p^.

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Dotiiiii} for §,m\^ Itoplc iiu)) Common Stljook

HOW PLANTS GROW,

A SIMPLE INTKODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

WITH

A POPULAH FLORA,

OE AN ARRANGEMENT AND DESCRIPTION OE COMMON PLANTS.

BOTH WILD AND CULTIVATED.

ILLUSTRATED BY 500 WOOD ENGRAVINGS.

By ASA GRAY, M.D.,

HSHEB PBOFESSOa OF NATUEAI. niSTORY IX HAEVARD UNITEIISITT.

NEW YORK :

IVISON, PHINNEY, BLAKEMAN & CO., 47 & 49 GREENE ST.
CHICAGO: S C. GRIGGS & CO., 39 & 11 LAKE ST.

"• 18 6 7.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by

1 VI PON AND PHINNEY,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York.

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JE©W I?a^IE3"SS (£}IS®*W

Consider the lilies of the field,
how they grow : they toil noty neither
do they spin : and yet i say unto you,
that even solomon in all his glory
■was not arrayed like one of these. —
Matthew vi. 28. 29.

Our Lord's direct object in this
lesson of the Lilies was to convince
the people of God's care for them.
Now, this clothing of the earth with W
plants and flowers — at once no beau- \j
tiful and so useful, so essential to all |
animal life — is one of the very ways ^
in which He takes care of his crea-
tures. And when Christ himself di-
rects us to consider with attention the
plants around us, — to notice how

n

h^

2 BOTANY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE.

thej grow, — liow varied, how numerous, and hoAv elegant tliey are, and with what
exquisite skill they are fashioned and adorned, — we shall surely find it prolitable
and pleasant to learn the lessons which they teach.

Now tliis considering of plants inquiringly and intelligently is the study of
Botany. It is an easy study, when pursued in the right way and with diligent
attention. There is no difficulty in understanding how plants grow, and are noui^
ished by the ground, the rain, and the air ; nor in learning what their parts are,
and how they are adapted to each other and to the way the plant lives. And any
young person who will take some pains about it may learn to distinguish all our
common plants into their kinds, and find out their names.

Interesting as this study is to all, it must be particularly so to Young People.
It appeals to their natural curiosity, to their lively desire of knowing about things :
it calls out and directs (i. e. educates) their powers of observation, and is adapted
to sharpen and exercise, in a very pleasant way, the faculty of discrimination. To
learn hoio to observe and how to distinguish tilings correctly, is the greater part of
education, and is that in which people otherwise well educated are apt to be sur-
prisingly deficient. Natural objects, everywhere present and endless in variety,
afford the best field for practice ; and the study when young, first of Botany, and
afterwards of the other Natural Sciences, as they are called, is the best train-
ing that can be in these respects. This study ought to begin even before the
study of language. For to distinguish things scientifically (that is, carefully and
accurately) is simpler than to distinguish ideas. And in Natural History* the
learner is gradually led from the observation of things, up to the study of ideas or
the relations of things.

This book is intended to teach Young People how to begin to read, with pleasure
and advantage, one large and easy chapter in the open Book of Nature ; namely,
that in which the wisdom and goodness of the Creator are plainly written in thti
Vegetable Kingdom.*

* Natural lUsiory is the study of the productions of the earth in their natural state, whether minerals,
plants, or animals. These productions make up what are called the Three Kingdoms of Nature^ viz. : — •

1. The Mineral Kingdom, which consists of the ]\Iinerals (earths, metals, crystals, &.C.), bodies not
endowed with life.

2. The Vegetable Kingdovi, which comprehends Vegetables or Plants.

3. The Animal Kingdom, which comprehends all Animals.

The natural history of the mineral kingdom is named ^Iinkrat.ogy.

The natural history of the vegetable kingdom is Botany, — the subject of this book.

The natural history of the animal kingdom is named Zoology.

BOTANY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. 3

In the First Part of this book we proceed to consider, under four principal
heads or chapters, —

I. IIow Plants Grow, and what their Parts or Organs are, Chapter I. Page 5.

The Parts of a, Plant, Section I. Page 5.

How Plants grow from the Seed, " II. " 10.

How Plants grow Year after Year, " III. " 23.

Different Forms or Kinds of Koots, Stems, and Leaves, " IV. *' 34.

II. How Plants are Propagated or Multiplied in Numbers, Chapter II. Page 56.

How Propagated from Buds, Section I. Page 56.

How Propagated by Seeds, " II. " 58.

Flowers : their Arrangement, their Sorts, Sec, " III. " 58.

Fruit and Seed, " IV. " 77.

III. Why Plants Grow ; what they are made for, and what

they do, Chapter III. Page 8o.

IV. How Plants are Classified, Xamed, and Studied, ' Chapter IV. Page 93.

Classification, — as to the Plan of it. Section I. Page 93.
Names of Plants, "

The Natural System of Classification in Botany, "

How to study Plants by the Flora, in Part II., "

The Second Part of the book consists of a Popular Flora for Beginners, viz.
a Classification and Description (according to the Natural System) of the Common
Plants of the country, both Wild and Cultivated.

Then follows a Dictionary of the peculiar terms which we have occasion to use
in describing plants, or their parts, combined with a full Index to Part I. Every
science, and every art or occupation, has terms or technical words of its own, and
must have them. Without them, all would be confusion and guess-work. In Bot-
any the number of technical words which a young student need to know is by no
means great, and a little diligent study and practice will make them familiar.

The first and most important thing for the student is, to know well the general
plan of a plant and the way it grows ; the parts plants consist of; the uses of the sev-
eral parts ; their general forms, and the names which are used to distinguish them.
This is all very interesting and very useful in itself; and it is indispensable for study-
ing plants with any satisfaction or advantage to find out their names, their proper^
ties, and the family they belong to ; i. e. to ascertain the kinds of plants.

II.

" 94

III.

" 96.

IV.

" 99

4 BOTANY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE.

Let the learners, or the class under their teacher, therefore, in the first place go
carefully once through the First Part of the book, or at least through the first two
chapters, verifying the examples and illustrations given, as far as possible, with their
own eyes, and searching for other examples in the plants and flowers around them.
Then they may begin to study plants by the Flora, or Second Part of the book, ac-
cording to the directions given in the last section of Chapter IV. "Whenever they
meet with a word which they do not remember or clearly understand, they will look
it out in the Index, and refer back to the place in the first part of the book where
it is used and fully explained. Remember that every one has to creep before he
can walk, and to walk before he can run. Only begin at the beginning ; take pains
to understand things as you go on, and cultivate the habits of accuracy and nice dis-
crimination which this study is eminently adapted to inspire. Then each step will
render the next one easy ; you w^ill soon make more rapid progress ; will be able to
ascertain with facility the names and the structure of almost all common plants ; and
will gradually recognize the various and interesting relationships which bind the
members of the vegetable creation together in natural famihes, — showing them to
be parts of one system ; varied expressions, as it were, of the thoughts of their Di-
vine Author ; planned in reference to one another ; and evidently intended to enlarge
and enlighten our minds, as well as to gratify our senses, and nourish, clothe, warm,
and shelter our bodies. So the study of Botany — the most fascinating branch of
Natural History, especially for the young — becomes more and more interesting the
more we learn of it, and affords a constant and unalloyed intellectual gratification.

When young students have thoroughly mastered this little book, they will be well
prepared to continue the study in the Lessons in Botany and Vegetable Physiol-
ogy, and in the Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, by the same
author.

The illustrations are referred to throughout by numbers, with " Fig." prefixed.
The numbers occasionally introduced, within parenthesis-marks, and without any
prefix, (as on p. 25, line 1, and p. 36, line 9,) are references to former paragraphs,
where the subject, or the word used, has already been explained.

* *

The illustrations on the first page represent: — Fig. 1, Our commonest wild species of true Lily,
viz. the Canada Lily. Fig. 2. The Chalcedonian Lily, a native of Palestine, with scarlet flowers, sup-
posed to be "The Lily of the Field" to which our Saviour referred in the Sermon on the Mount.
Fig. 3. Lilies of the Valley, not true Lilies, but belonging to the Lily Family.

CHAPTEE I.

now PLANTS GROW, AXD WHAT THEIR TARTS OR ORGANS ARE.

Section L— The Parts of a Plant.

/

4. Moriiiiig-Glory.

1. Plants are chiefly made up of three parts, namely, of
Root^ Stem, and Leaves, These are called the plant's Organs^
that is, its instruments. And as these parts are all that any
plant needs for its growth, or vegetation, they are called the
Organs of Vegetation.

2. Plants also produce Floivers, from which comes the Fruity
and from this, the Seed. These take no part in nourishing the
plant. Their use is to enable it to give rise to new individuals,
which increase the numbers of that kind of plant, to take the
place of the parent in due time, and keep up the stock ; that
is, to reproduce and perpetuate the species. So the Flower
with its parts, the Fruit, and the Seed, are called the plant's
Organs of Reproduction.

3. The different sorts of Lilies represented on the first page,
and the common Morning-Glory on this page, show all the
parts.

4. The Root (Fig. 4, r) is the part which grows downwards
into the ground, and takes in nourishment for the plant from the
soil. It commonly branches again and again as it grows : its
smaller branches or fibres are named Rootlets. Real roots never
bear leaves, nor anything besides root-branches or rootlets.

5. The Stem (Fig. 4, s) is the part which grows upwards,
and bears the leaves and blossoms. At certain fixed places the
stem bears a leaf or a pair of leaves.

6 HOW TLANTS GROW,

C. Leaves (Fig. 4, 7, /) are generally flat and thin, green bodies, turning one face
upwards to the sky, and the other downwards towards the ground. They make
the Foliage.

7. The Plant in VegCtalioil. We see that a plant has a body or trunk (in scien-
tific language, an axis), consisting of two parts, — an upper and a lower. The
lower is the Eoot : this fixes the plant to the soil. The upper is the Stem : this
rises out of the ground, and bears leaves, which are hung out on the stem in the
light and air. The root takes in a part of the plant's food from the soil : this the
stem carries to the leaves. The leaves take in another part of the plant's food
from the air. And in them what the roots absorb from the ground, and what they
themselves absorb from the air, are exposed to the sunshine and digested ; that is,
clianged into something proper to nourish the plant. For there is no nourishment
in earth, air, and water as they are ; but vegetables have the power of making
these into nourishment. And out of this nourishment it prepares, the plant makes
more growth. That is, it extends the roots farther into the soil, and sends out
mcfve branches from them, increasing its foothold and its surliice for absorbing;
while, above, it lengthens the stem and adds leaf after leaf, or shoots forth branches
on which still more leaves are spread out in the light and air.

8. So the whole herb, or shrub, or tree, is built up. A tiny herb just sprouted
from the seed and the large^rt tree of the forest alike consist of root, stem, and
leaves, and nothing else. Only the tree has larger and more branching stems and
roots, and leaves by thousands.

0. The Plant in Reproduction. After having attended in this way to its nourish-
ment and growth for a certain time, the plant sets about reproducing itself by seed.
And for this purpose it blossoms. Many plants begin to blossom within a few
weeks afler springing from the seed. All our annuals, of which the Garden Morn-
ing-Glory (Fig. 4) is one, blossom in the course of the summer. Biennials, such
as the Carrot, Parsnip, Mullein, and the common Thistle, do not flower before the
eecond summer ; and shrubs and trees, and some herbs, do not begin until they are
several years old.

10. The object of the Flower is to form the Fruit. The essential part of the
fruit is the Seed. And the essential part of a seed is the Germ or Embryo it con-
tains. The Germ or Embryo is a little plantlet in the seed, ready to grow into
a new plant when the seed is sov/n. Let us notice these organs one after the other,
bccrinnina; with I

AND WHAT THEIR PARTS ARE.

11. Tlie Flower. Flowers are most interesting to tlie botanist; who not only ad-
mires them for their beauty, the exquisite arrangement and forms of their i)arLS, and
the wonderful variety they exhibit, but also sees in the blossoms much of the na-
ture or character of each plant, and finds in them the best marks for distinguishin<T^
the sorts of plants and the family they belong to. So let the student learn at once

12. What the Parts of a Flower arc. A flower, with

all the parts present, consists of Calyx, Corolla, Sta-
mens, and Pistils. One from the Morning-Glory
(Fig. 4,y) will serve for an example. Here is one
taken off, and shown of about the natural size, the
corolla, Fig. 5, separated from the calyx, Fig. 6.
The calyx and the corolla are the Floral Envelopes,
or the leaves of the flower. They cover in the bud,
and protect the stamens and pistils, which arc the
Essential Organs of the flower, because both of these
are necessary to forming the seed.

1 3. The Calyx — a Latin name for " flower-cup " —
is the cup or outer covering of the blossom (Fig. G).
It is apt to be green and leaf-like.

14. The Corolla is the inner cup, or inner set of leaves, of the flower. It is veiy
seldom green, as the calyx commonly is, but is " colored," i. e. of some other color
than green, and of a delicate texture. So
it is i\\e most showy part of the blossom.
Fis;. 5 shows the corolla of the Morninir-
Glory whole. Fig. 7 is the same, split
down and spread open to show

15. The Stamens. These in this flower
grow fast to the bottom of the corolla.
There are five stamens in the Morning-
Glory. Each stamen consists of two parts,
namely, a Filament and an Anther. Tlie
Filament is the stalk ; the Anther is a little
case, or hollow body, borne on the top of the filament. It is filled with a powdery
matter, called Pollen. Fig. 9 shows a separate stamen on a larger scale : f, the
filament ; a, the anther, out of which pollen is foiling from a slit or long opening
down each side.

8

HOW PLANTS GKOW,

■ "tig.

-St.

16. The Pistils are the bodies in which the seeds are formed. They be-
long in the centre of the flower. The Morning-GIory has only one pistil :
this is shown, enlarged, in Fig. 8. The Rose and the Buttercup have a
great many. A pistil has three parts. At the bottom is the Ovary, which
becomes the seed-vessel. This is prolonged upwards into a slender body,
called the Style. And this bears a moist, generally somewhat enlarged por-
tion, with a, naked roughish surface (not having any skin, like the rest),
called the Stigma, Upon this stigma some of the pollen, or powder from
the anthers, foils and sticks fast. And this somehow enables the pistils to
ripen seeds that will grow.

17. Let us now look at a stamen and a pistil from one
of the flowers of a Lily (like those shown on a reduced
scale in Figures 1 and 2, on the first page), where all the

parts are on a larger scale. Here is a Stamen (Fig. 9), with
its stalk or Filament, f, and its Anther, a, discharging its yel-
low dust or Pollen. And by its side is the Pistil (Fig.
10), with its Ovary, ov.; and this tapering into a Style,
St. ; and on the top of this is the Stigma, stig. Kow cut
the ovary through, and it will be found to contain young
seeds. Fig. 11 shows the ovary of Fig. 10 cut through
lengthwise and magnified by a common hand magnifying-
glass. Fig. 12 is the lower part of another one, cut in
two crosswise. The young seeds, or more correctly the
bodies which are to become seeds, are named Ovules. In the Lily these
are very numerous. Li the Morning-Glory they are few, only six.

18. These are all the parts of the flower, — all that any flower has.
But many flowers have not all these parts. Some have only one flower-
cup or one set of blossom-leaves. Lilies appear to have only one set. Some
have neither calyx nor corolla; some stamens have no filament, and some
pistils have no style : for the style and the fi.lament are not necessary
parts, as the anther and the ovary and stigma are. These cases will all
be noticed when we come to study flowers more particularly. Mean-
while, please to commit to memory the names of the parts of the flower,
Calyx, Corolla, Stamens, and Pistils, and the parts of these also, and
learn to distinguish them in all the common blossoms you meet with, until
they are as familiar as root, stem, and leaves are to everybody.

11

AND WHAT THEIR TARTS ARE.

19. Notice, also, tliat the calyx and the corolla, one or both, often consist of
separate leaves ; as they do in the true Lilies. Each separate piece or leaf of a
corolla is called a Petal: and each leaf or piece of a calyx is called a Sepal.

20. The corolla, the stamens, and generally the calyx, fall off or wither away
after blossoming ; while the ovary of the pistil remains, grows larger, and becomes

21. The Fruit. So that the fruit is the ripened ovary. It may be a berry, a
stone-fruit, a nut, a grain, or a pod. The fruit of the Lily and also of the Morning-
Glory is a pod. Here is the pod or fruit of the
Morning- Glory (Fig. 4, fr. and Fig. 13), with
tiie calyx remaining beneath, and the remains
of the bottom of the style resting on its summit.
And Fig. 14 shows the same pod, fully ripe and
dry, and splitting into three pieces that the
seeds may fall out. This pod has three cavities
(called Cells) in it; and in each cell two pretty large seeds. Lily-pods have three
cells, as we may see in the ovary in the flower (Fig. 12), and many seeds in each.

22. Seeds. These are the bodies produced by the ripened pistil, from which new
plants may spring. Here (Fig. 15) is a seed of
Mornin^- Glory, a little enlarged. Also two seeds
cut throuiih lengthwise in two different directions,
and viewed with a magnifying-glass, to show what
is inside (Fig IG^ 17). The part of the seed that
grows is

23. The Embryo, or Germ. This is a little plantlet
ready formed in the seed. In the Morning-Glory it
is pretty large, and may readily be got out wdiole
from a fresh seed, or from a dried one after soaking
it well in hot water. In Fig. 16 it is shown whole
and flatwise in the seed, where it is a good deal
crumpled up to save room. In Fig. 17, merely the thickness of the embryo is
seen, edgewise, in the seed, surrounded by the pulpy matter, which is intended to
nourish it when it begins to grow. In Fig. 18, the embryo is shown taken out
whole, and spread out flat. In Fig. 19, its two little leaves are separated, and we
plainly see what it consists of. It is a pair of tiny leaves on the summit of a little
stem. The leaves (Fig. 19, r, c) are named Seed-leaves or Cotyledons ; the little
stem or stemlet is named the Radicle, r.

15

10 now PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED.

Analysis of the Section.

1.* Plants consist of two kinds of Orgnns : those of Vegetation ; -what thcv five: 2. those o/ Repro
duction; wliat tiiey arc, what tlieir use.

4. Tlie lioot; what it is; rootlets. 5. The Stem; what it is, what it bears. G. Leaves. 7. The
Plant in Vegetation; action of the root, stein, and leaves: they change earth, air, and water into nour-
ishment, and use this nourishment in growing. 8. Shrub or tree like an herb, only more extended.

9. The plant reproduces itself, by seed; blossoming. 10. Object of flowers, fruit, seed: all intended
for producing the germ or embryo; what this is.

11. Flowers, why particularly interesting to the botanist. 12. "What the parts of a flower are; Floral
Envelopes ; Essential Organs, Avhy so called.

13. Calyx. 14. Corolla. 15. Stamens; what they consist of; Filament; Anther; Pollen. 16. Pistils;
bow situated; parts of a pistil; Ovary, Style, Stigma; its use. 17. Stamens and pistil shown in
another flower, and the parts explained: Ovules, what they are. 18. All these parts not always
present; what ones often wanting. 19. Leaves of a corolla, called Petals; of a calyx, Sepals.
20. What becomes of the parts of a blossom.

21. Fruit, what it is, what it contains. 22. Seeds, what they are, what the part is that grows.
23. Embryo or Germ; what it consists of : Cotyledons or Seed-leaves; Piiidicle or Stemlet.

Section IL — How Plants groAV from the Seed.

24. Illustrated by the Morning-Glory. ^Ve now know Avhat all the parts of a plant
are ; that a plant, after growing or vegetating awhile, blossoms ; that flowers give
rise to fruit ; that the fruit contains one or more seeds ; and that the essential part
of a seed is the embryo or germ of a new plant. To produce, protect, and nourish
this germ, is the object of the flower, the fruit, and the seed. The object of the
embryo is to grow and become a new plant. How it grows, is what we have now
to learn.

25, Life in a Seed. But first let us notice that it does not generally grow at once.
Although alive, a seed may for a long while show no signs of life, and feel neither
the summer's heat nor the winter's cold. Still it lives on where it falls, in this
slumbering way, until the next spring in most plants, or sometimes until the spring
after that, before it begins to grow. There is a great difference in this resj^ect in
different seeds. Those of Red Maple ripen in the spring, and start about the mid-
dle of the summer. Those of Sugar ]\Iaple ripen in the fall, and lie quiet until the
next spring. When gathered and laid up in a dry place, many seeds will keep alive
for two, three, or several years ; and in this state plants may be safely transported

* The numbers are those of the paragraphs.

riO^V PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. 11

all around the world. How long seeds will live is uncertain. The stories of seeds
growing which have been preserved for two or more thousand years witli Egyptian
mummies, are not to be believed. But it is well known that Sensitive Plants have
been raised from seeds over sixty years old. Few kinds of seeds will grow after
keeping them for five or six years ; many refuse to grow afier the second year ;
and some Avill not grovr at all unless allowed to fall at once to the ground. There
is no Avay of telling whether the germ of a seed is alive or not, except by trying
whether it Avill grow, that is, will germinate.

2G. Germination and Early Growlll, Germination is the sproiiting of a plant from
the seed. Having just illustrated the parts of a plant by the Morning-Glory, from
the root up to the seed and the embryo in the seed, we may take this same plant
as an example to show hovv^ a plant grows from the seed. If we plant some of the
seeds in a flower-pot, covering them lightly with soil, water them, and give them
warmth, or if in spring we watch those which sowed themselves naturally in the
garden the }'ear before, and are now moistened by showers and warmed by sun-
shine, we shall soon see how they grow. And what we learn from this one kind
of plant vrill be true of all ordinary plants, but with some differences in the circum-
stances, according to the kind.

27. Tiie seed first imbibes some moisture through its coats, swells a little, and,
as it feels the warmth, the embryo gradually wakes from its long and deep sleep,
and stretches itself, as it were. That is, tlie tiny stem of the embryo lengthens,
and its end bursts through the coats of the seed ; at the same time, the tv.'o leaves
it bears grow larger, straighten themselves, and so throw oif the seed-coats as a
loose husk ; this allows the seed-leaves to spread out, as leaves naturally do, and
so the seedling plantlet stands revealed. Observe the whole for yourselves, if pos-
sible, and compare with these figures. Fig. 19 is I'epeated from p. 9, and repre-
sents the embryo taken out of the seed, straightened, enlarged, and the two leaves
a little opened. Fig. IG and 17 show how the embryo lies snugly packed away in
tlie seed. Fig. 20 shows it coming up, the seed-leaves above just throwing off the
coats or husk of the seed. Fig. 21 is the same, a little later and larger, with the
seed-leaves spread out in the air above, and a root well formed beneath. And Fig.
22 is the same a little later still.

28. At the very beginning of its growth, the end of the little stem which first
comes out of the seed turns downward and points into the eartli. From it the root
is formed, which continues downwards, branching as it grows, and burying itself

12

HOW PLANTS GllOW FIIO.M THE SEED.

Cotyledons or seed-leavei.

Radicle or steinlet.

Plumule.

more and more In the soil. The other end of the stem always turns upwards, and,
as the whole lengthens, the seed-leaves are brought up out of the ground, so that
they expand in the light and air, — which is the proper place for leaves, as the
dark and damp soil is for the root.

29. What makes the root always grow downwards into
the ground, and the stem turn upwards, so as to rise out
of it, we no more know, than we know why newly -hatched
ducklings take to the water at once, while chickens avoid
it, although hatched under the same fowl and treated just
alike. But the fact is always so.
And ahhough we know not how,
the ichy is evident enough ; for the root Is thereby at once
placed in the soil, from Avhich it
has to absorb moisture and other
things, and the leaves appear in
the air and the light, where they
are to do their work.

30. Notice how early the seed-
ling plant is complete, that is,
becomes a real vegetable, with
all Its parts, small as the whole
thing is (Fig. 21). For it al-
ready possesses a root, to connect
it -with the ground and draw up
what it needs from that ; a stem,
to elevate the folias-e into the
light and air ; and leaves, to take
in what It gets directly from the
air, and to digest the whole in tlie light (as explained In the last section. Par. 7).
That is, it already has all the Organs of Vegetation (Par. 1), all that any plant
has before blossoming, so that the little seedling can now take care of itself, and
live — just as any larger plant lives — upon the soil and the air. And all It has
to do in order to become a full-grown plant, like Fig. 4, is to Increase the size of
its organs, and to produce more of them ; namely, more stem with more leaves
above, and more roots below. "\Ye have only to watch our seedling plantlets a
week or two longer, and we shall see how this is done.

Cotyledons or
eeeU-leaves,

Radicle or atemlet

Root.

now PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED.

13

ol. The Eoot keeps on growing under ground, and sending off more and more
small branches or rootlets, each one adding something to the amount of absorbing
surface in contact -with the moist soil. The little stem likewise lengthens upwards,
and the pair of leaves on its summit grow larger. But these soon get their full
growth ; and we do not yet see, perhaps, where more are to come from. But now
a little bud, called the Plumule, appears on the top of the stem (Fig. 22), just be-
tween the stalks of the two seed-leaves ; it enlarges and unfolds into a leaf ; this
soon is raised upon a new piece of stem, which car-
ries up the leaf, just as the pair of seed-leaves were
raised by the lengthening of the radicle or first joint
of stem in the seed. Tlien another leaf appears on
the summit of this joint of stem, and is raised upon
its own joint of stem, and so on. Fig. 23 shows the
same plant as Fig. 22 (leaving out the root and the
lower part of the stem), at a later stage ; c, c, are the
seed-leaves ; / is the next leaf, which came from the
plumule of Fig. 22, now well raised on the second
joint of stem ; and /' is the next, still very small and
just unfolding. And so the plant grows on, the whole
summer long, producing leaf after leaf, one by one,
and raising each on its own joint of stem, arising
from tlie summit of the next below ; — as we see in -^

Fig. 4, at the beginning of the chapter, where many joints of stem have grown
in this way (the first Avith a pair of leaves, the rest with one apiece), and still
there are some unfolding ones at the slender young summit.

32. How t!:C Seedling is nourished at Ihc Beginning. Growth requires /oocZ, in plants
as well as in animals. To grow into a plant, the embryo in a seed must be fed
with vegetable matter, or with something out of which vegetable matter can be
made. When a plant has established itself, — that is, has sent down its roots into
the soil, and spread out some leaves in the air, — it is then able to change mineral
matter (viz. earth, air, and water) which it takes in, into vegetable matter, and so
to live and grow independently. But at the beginning, before its organs are
developed and established in their proper places, the forming plant must be sup-
plied by ready-made vegetable matter, furnished by the mother ])lant. On this
supply the embryo germinating from the seed feeds and grows, — just as the new-

14 HOW PLANTS GROAV FROM THE SEED.

born raiiraal does upon the mother's milk, or as the chick developing in the egg
does upon the prepared nourishment the parent had laid up for the purpose in the
yolk.

So. Tear open a fresh Morning-Glory seed, or cut a dried one in two, as in
Fig. 17, and this supply will be seen, in the form of a rich and sweetish jelly-like
matter, packed av/ay with the embryo, and filling all the spaces between its folds.
This is called the Albumen of the seed (that being the Latin name of the white of
an Qgg) ; and this is what the embryo feeds upon, and what enables its little
stemlet (Fig. 19, r) to grow, and form its root downwards, and carry up and ex-
pand its seed-leaves (r, c) in the air, and so become at once a plantlet (Fig. 21),
Avith root, stem, and leaves, able to take care of itself, just as a chicken does when
it escapes from the shelh

34. This moist nourishing jelly v/ould not keep long in that state. So, when
the seed ripens and dries, it hardens into a substance like thin dried glue or gum,
which will keep for any length of time. And whenever the seed is sown, and
absorbs moisture, this matter softens into a jelly again, or gradually liquefies, and
the seed-leaves crumpled up .among it drink it in at every pore. A portion is con-
sumed in their growth, while the rest is carried into the growing stemlet, thence into
the root forming at one end of it, and into the bud (ov plumule, Fig. 22) which
soon appears at the other end of it, — supplying the materials for their growth.

35. x>otice the same thing in "Wheat, Oats, or Indian Corn. The last is the best
example, because the grain is e-o large that all the parts may be clearly seen with-
out magnilying. The abundant jnilk or soft and rich pulp of green corn is the
same as tlie jelly in the seed of the Morning-Glory ; namel}^, it is the albumen of
the seed, 'provided for the embryo (the chit or germ) to feed upon when growth
begins. See Figures 44, 45, ccc. Tliis nourishing food (as we well know it to be)
was produced by the mother-plant during the summer, was accumulated in the
stalk at flowering-time, in the form of sugar, or syrup, was conveyed into the
flowers and forming seeds ; a part was used to form the germ or embryo, and the
rest was stored up with it in the seed, to serve for its growth into a plantlet the
next spring. That it may keep through the winter, or longer, the sweet milk is
changed into a starchy pulp, which hardens as the grain ripens into the firm and
dry mealy part (or albumen), which here makes the principal bulk of the seed.
But wheu sown, this meal softens and is slowly changed back into sugar again.
And this, dissolved in the water the seed takes in, makes a sweet sap, which the

HOW PLANTS GROW PKOM THE SEED.

15

embryo imbibes and feeds on as it sprouts. That the meal or starch of the grain
is actually changed into sugar at this time is clearly shown by malting, which is
merely causing heaps of grain to sprout a little, and tiien destroying the life of
the embryo by dry heat ; when the grain (now malt) is found to be sweet, and
to contain much sugar.

36. The nourishment which the mother-plant provides in the seed is not always
stored up outside of the embryo. In many cases it is deposited in the emhryo
itself, most commonly in the seed-leaves. Then the seed consists of nothing but
the embryo within its coats. IMaple-seeds are of this sort. Fig. 24 represents a

seed of Hed Maple in tlie lower part of the winged seed-
vessel, which is cut away so as to shmv it in its place. Fig.
25 is the seed a little magnified, and with the coats cut away,
bringing to view its embryo coiled up within and tilling the
seed completely. Fig. 26 is the embryo taken out, and a
little unfolded ; below is the radicle or stemlet ; above are the

two seed-leaves partly crumpled together.
Fig. 27 is the embryo when it has straight-
ened itself out, thrown off the seed-coats,
and begun to grow. Here the seed-leaves
are rather thick when they first unfold ; this
is on account of the nourishing matter which,
was contained in their fabric, and which is.
used mainly for the earliest growth of the-
radicle or stemlet, and for the root formed,
at its lower end, as we see in the next fig-
ure (Fig. 28: a, the radicle or stemlet of the embryo; h, h, the two seed-leaves;:
c, the root). By this time the little stock of nourishment is exhausted. But the-
plant, having already a root in the soil and a pair of leaves in the air, is able to.
shift for itself, to take in air, water, &c., and by the aid of sunshine on its foliage'
to make the nourishment for its future grow^th. In a week or two it will have-
made enough to enable the next step to be taken. Then a little bud appears at
the upper end of tlie stemlet, betwx^en the two seed-leaves, and soon it shows
the rudiments of a new pair of leaves (Fig. 28, d) ; a new joint of stem forms tO'
support them (Fig. 29) ; this lengthens just as the stemlet of the embryo did, and
so the plantlet gets a second pair of leaves, raised on a second joint of stem.

16

now PLANTS GKOW FROM THE SEED.

springing from the top of the first (Fig. 30). Meanwhile the root has grown
deeper into the soil, and sent out branches. Having now more roots below, and,
above, a pair of leaves besides the seed-leaves to work with, the seedling plantlet

ts

:all the sooner makes veg-
etable matter enouirh to
form a third pair of leaves
and raise them on a third
joint of stem (as in Fig.
■ 31) ; and so it goes on,
step by step. This nour-
ishment in the embryo of the Red-Maple seed was a few weeks before in the
trunk of the mother tree, as a sweet sap, that is, as 3Iaple-sugar.

37. Variations of the Plan of Growth. In the IMorning-Glory, after the pair of
-seed-leaves, only one leaf is found upon each joint of stem (see Fig. 23 and 4).
In the Maple there is a pair of leaves to every joint of stem, as long as it grows.
In the Morning-Glory the food in the seed, for the growth to begin with, was
stored up outside of the emhryo ; in the Maple it was stored up in it, that is, in
its seed-leaves. The plan is evidently the same in both ; but there are differ-

HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED.

17

encos in the particulars. 'While the same kind of plant always grows in exactly
the same way, different kinds differ almost as much at the beginning as they do
afterwards. The great variety wdiich we observe among the herbs and shrubs
and trees around us, — in foliage, flower, fruit, and everything, — gives to vegeta-
tion one of its greatest charms. AVe should soon tire of plants or flowers made
all after one exact pattern, however beautiful. We enjoy variety. But the bota-
nist finds a higher interest in all these differences than any one else, because he
discerns one simple plan running through all this diversity, and everywhere re-
peated in different forms. He sees that in everj^ plant there is root growing down-
Avards, connecting the vegetable with the soil; stem rising into the light and air,
and bearing leaves at regular places, and then blossoms, and that the parts of one
kind of blossom answer to tliose of another, only differing in shape ; and he de-
lights in observing how the tens of thousands of kinds of plants all harmonize Avith
each other, like the parts of concerted music, — plainly showing that they Avere all
contrived, as parts of one system, by one Divine Mind.

38. So in the beginning, in the growth of plants from the seed, although the
general plan is the same in all, the variations are many and great. The plan is
Avell shown in the two seedling plants which liave sefved for illustration, namely,
the Morning-Glory and the Maple. Let us now notice some of the variations, as
exhibited in a few very common plants. A great deal may be learned from the
commonest 2:)lants, if we w^ill only open our eyes to see them, and ^' consider how
they grow," and why they differ in the way they do. Take, for instance,

39. The Bean. Soak a bean in Avarm water (if a fresh one is not to be had)
and remove the coats. Tiie Avhole kernel consists
of an embiyo, as seen in Fig. 32. And almost
the whole bulk of this embrvo consists of two
tliick pieces, c, c, which are the cotyledons or
seed-leaves. We" may make out the plan of the
whole thing better by spreading these thick seed-
leaves wide open, as in Fig. 33. Here the two
thick seed-leaves are seen from the inside, c, c ;
they are connected Avith the upper end of a stemlet, Avhich is the radicle, r ; and
aboA-e this already shoAvs the bud or plumule, p.

40. So the embryo of the Bean is the same in plan as that of the Maple (Fig.
27), only the stemlet is nmch shorter in proportion, and the seed-leaves A'cry much
larjier and thicker. What is the reason of this difference ?

33

18

now PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED.

41. Tlie seed-leaves of the Bean are thickened by having so much nourishment

stored up in tliem, so much of it that they make good food for men. And the

object of this large suj^ply is that the })lant may grow more strongly and rapidly

f]-om the seed. It need not and it does not wait, as
the Maple and the Morning-Glory do, slowly to make
the second pair of leaves ; but is able to develop
these at once. Accordingly, the rudiments of these
next leaves may be seen in the seed before growth
begins, in the form of a little bud (Fig. oo, p), ready
to grow and unfold as soon as the thick seed-leaves
themselves appear above ground (Fig. 34), and soon
making the first real foliage (Fig. 35). For the
seed-leaves of the Bean are themselves so thick and
ungainly, that, although they turn green, they hardly
serve for foliage. But, having given up their great
stock of nourishment to the forming root and new
leaves, and enabled these to grow much stronger and
. faster than they otherwise could, they wither and fall
off. It is nearly the same in

42. The Cherry, Almond, &C. Fig. 36 is an Almond
taken out of the shell, soaked a little, and the thin
seed-coat removed. The whole
is an embryo, consisting of a
pair of large and thick seed-
leaves, loaded with sweet nour-
ishment. These are borne on a

very short radicle, or stemlct, which is seen at the lower end.

Pull off one of the seed-leaves, as in Fig. 37, and you may

see the plumule or little bud,

p, ready to develop leaves

and stem upwards, Avhile the

other end of the radicle

grows downward and makes

the root ; the rich store of

nourishment in the seed-

-=^'A

HOW PLANTS GKOW FKOM THE SEED.

19

leaves supplying abundant materials for the growth. A cherry-seed is just like an
almond, only on a smaller scale. Fig. 38 is the embryo of a Cherry, with the
very thick seed-leaves a little separated. Fig. 39 is the same developed into a
young plantlet. Fed by the abundant nourishment in'the seed-leaves, it shoots up
its stem and unfolds three or four leaves before the Maple (Fig. 28, 29) or the
Morning-Glory (Fig. 20-22)
would have made any. It is
the same in the Chestnut and
the Beech. In these, as in the
Cherry and the Bean, the thick
seed-leaves, which make the
whole kernel, come up, turn
green, and become thinner as
they give up their load of
nourishment to the frrowinii;
parts ; they evidently try to
become useful green leaves ;
but havino; been used for hold-
ing nourisinnent, they remain
too thick and clumsy for foli-
age, and they soon die or fall
off*. But in

43. The Ilorscchestiiut, the

Accrn, and the Pea, the seed-
leaves are so very tliick, and
so heavily loaded, that they
never undertake to serve any
other purpose than that of
feeding the other parts as they
grow. So they remain in the
shell or husk ; and, as they
are not to rise out of the
ground, there is no need for
their stemlet, or radicle, to
lengthen, except enough to get

41

43

20

HOW PLANTS GROW FKOM THE SEED.

out of the seed, and let the root form from the lower end of it, while the plumule
develops from its upper end directly into a strong leafy stem. Fig. 40 is an acorn
cut through lengthwise. The whole kernel consists of a pair of very thick seed-
leaves, loaded with starch, &c., and completely enclosing the very small and short
stemlet, or radicle, seen at the bottom. Fig. 41 is the acorn Avith the seedling
Oak growing from it ; the seed-leaves remaining in the shell, but feeding the strong
root which grows downwards and the stem which shoots so vigorously upwards.

44. Acorns and horsechestnuts may not always be found germinating ; but in
the Pea we have a familiar case of this way of growing, which may be observed
at any season by planting a few peas. Fig. 42 is a pea with the seed-coat taken
off, after soaking. Here the seed-leaves are so thick that the pair makes a little
ball ; and the stout radicle or stemlet appears on the side turned to the eye.
Fig. 43 shows the plantlet growing. The whole seed remains in the soil ; the
pluraule, well nourished by the great stock of food in the buried seed-leaves, alone
rises out of the ground as a strong shoot, bearing an imperfect scale-like leaf upon
each of its earlier joints, and then producing the real leaves of the plant, while the
radicle at the same time, without lengthening itself, sends down three or four roots
at once. So the whole plant is quickly established, and all the early growth is
made out of food provided for it the year before by the mother plant, and stored
up in the seed. One more illustration we may take from

45. Indian Corn. Here the

food provided for the early
growth is laid up partly in the
embryo, but mostly around it.
Fig. 44 is a grain cut through
fiat-wise ; Fig. 45, another cut
through the middle across its
thickness ; and Fig. 46, the embryo, or germ, of another grain, taken out
whole, — which may readily be done in green corn, or in an old grain
after soaking it for some time in warm water. The separate embryo is
placed to match that which is seen, divided, in the seed ; r is the radicle ;
jo, the plumule; and e, the seed-leaf or cotyledon, which in this plant is
single ; while in all the foregoing there was a pair of seed-leaves. The
greater part of the grain is the meal, or albumen, the stock of nourish-
ment outside of the embryo. In germinating, this meal is slowly changed

II0A7 PLANTS GROW YUOM THE SEKD.

21

into sugar, and dissolved in the water ■which is absorbed from the ground ; the coty-
ledon imbibes tliis, and sends it into the radicle, r, to make the root, and into the
plumule, p, enabling it to develop the set of leaves,
"wrapped up one within another, of which it consists,
and expand them one after another in the ah*. Fig.
47 shows a sprouting grain, sending down its first
root, and sending up the plumule still rolled together.
Fig. 48 is the same, more advanced, having made a
whole cluster of roots, and unfolded two or three
leaves. Nourished abundantly as it is, both by the
maternal stock in the grain, and by what these roots
and leaves obtain and prepare from the soil and the
air, the young corn gets a good start, is ready to avail
itself of the summer's heat, to complete its vegeta-
tion, to blossom, and to make and lay up the great
amount of nourishment which we gather in the crop.
4G. Tlie Onion. The cotyledon in Indian Corn, and
mo.-^t other plants which have only one, stays under
ground. In the Onion it comes up and makes the
iii'st leaf, — a slender, thread-shaped one, — and in-
deed it carries up the light seed on its summit. In
Indian Corn, all the early joints of stem remain so
short as not to be seen ; although later it makes long
joints, carrying up the upper leaves to some distance
from one another. In the Onion, on the conti'ary, the
stem never lengthens at all, but remains as a thin
plate, broader than it is long, with the roots springing from one side of it and the
sheathing bases of the leaves coverin": it on the other.

47. Number of Cotyledons cr Seed-leaves. Indian Corn (Fig. 46) and all such

kinds of grain-plant^, the Onion, Lilies, and the hke, have only one seed-leaf or
cotyledon to their embryo ; therefore they are called Moxocotyledoxous Plaxts,
and the embryo is called monocotyledonous^ — a long word, meaning " with one
cotyledon."

48. The embryo of the Morning-Glory (Fig. 19), of the Maple (Fig. 27),
Bean (Fig. 32-34), Almond, Peacli, and Cherry (Fig. 36-38), Oak (Fig. 40),.

22

HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED.

Pea (Fig. 42), and of all such plants, is dicotyUdonous, that is, has a pair of
cotyledons, or seed-leaves, which is what the word means. Therefore all such
plants are called Dicotyledonous Plants.

49. Pine-trees, and plants like them, generally have more than
two cotyledons, in a circle ; so their embryo is said to be i^hj-
cotyUdonous ; meaning " with several or many cotyledons." Fig.
49 is a ma2:nified view of a Pine-seed, divided len^jthwise, and
showing the long and straiglit embryo lying in the middle of the
albumen. The slender lower part is the radicle or stemlet ; the
upper part is a cluster of cotyledons or seed-leaves, in a close
bundle ; three of them can be seen as it lies, and there are as
many more behind. Fig. 50 is this embryo as it comes up from
the seed, its cotyledons (six in number) expanding at once into
a circle of slender, needle-shaped leaves.

50. It is a pity these three words are so long ; for the pupil
should fix them thoroughly in his memory ; because these differ-
ences in the embryo, or plantlet in the seed, run through the whole
life of the plant, and show themselves in many other dilferences

which very strikingly distinguish one class of plants from another. Let it be re-
membered, therefore, that

Moiiocotyledonous Plants, or Monocotyledons, are those which have only one
cotyledon or seed-leaf to their embryo.

Dicotyledonous Plants, or Dicotyledons, are those which have a pair of cotyledons
or seed-leaves to their embryo.

Polycotyledonous Plants, or Poly cotyledons, are those which have more than one
pair of cotyledons or seed-leaves to their embryo.

Analysis of tlie Section.

24. Flowers produce Fruit; this, the Seed; of this the essential part is the Embr3'-o which grows.
25. It is alive; but lies dormant awhile. How long seeds may live.

26. Germination, the beginning of growth; what is needful for it. 27. What takes place, illustrated
from the Morning-Glory. 28. How the stemlet grows by lengthening, and carries up the seed-leaves:
how the root is formed and grows downwards. 29. Instinct of each part to turn in its proper direc-
tion; and wh}'. 30. The little seedling a complete plant in miniature; its parts. 31. How it goes on
to grow: growth of the root; rootlets; of the stem. The Plumule or Bud. Development of the stem
piece by piece, each with its leaf.

32. How the seedling is nourished at the beginning. Growth requires food. 83. How this is sup-
plied by a deposit in the seed ; Albumen. 34. It is kept in a solid form until the embryo starts, and is

HOW PLANTS GROW YEAR AFTER YEAR. 23

then dissolved, turned into sugar, Sec, and feeds the plantlet. 35. This illtistrated in Wheat and
Indian Corn. 36. Or else tlie same nourishment is deposited in the embryo itself, in its seed-leaves;
illustrated by the ]\Iaple. 37, 38. Variations of the same plan of growth in different plants. The
^Mtiple compared with the jMorning-Glory. 39 - 45. A great abundance of food stored up in the embryo
causes a rapid and strong growth ; illustrated by the Bean; 42. by the Cherry, Almond, &c.; 43,44. by
tlie Horsechestnut, Acorn, Pea, &c. ; in these the seed-leaves do not come up in germinating; why.
45. In Indian Corn ; the stock of food partly in the strong embryo, partly outside of it. 46. The
Onion; its seed-leaf lengthens and comes up, but the stem never lengthens at all.

47. Number of cotyledons or seed-leaves in different kinds of plants; ilonocotyledonous. 48. Dico-
tyledonous ; Polycotyledonous. 50. These differences always accompany other diflerences in the
plant; Mouocotyledonous, Dicotyledonous, and Polycotyledonous Plants.

Section III. — How Plants grow Year after Year.

ol. Tlicy Grow oil as they Began. The seedling has all the organs that any plant
has, — even the largest and oldest, — excepting what belongs to blossoms : it has
all it needs for its life and growth, that is, for vegetation. It has only to go on and
produce more of what it already has, — more roots beneath to draw up more
moisture froui the soil, and more stem above, bearing more leaves, exposing a
larger surface to the light and air, in which to digest what is taken in from the soil
and the air, and turn it into real nourishment, that is, into the stuff which vege-
tables are made of. So, as fast as a young plant makes new vegetable material, it
uses it for its growth ; it adds to its I'oot below, and to its stem above, and unfolds
a new leaf or pair of leaves on every joint. Each joint of stem soon gets its full
length, and its leaf or pair of leaves the full size ; and now, instead of growing,
they work, or prepare nourishment, for the growth of the younger parts forming
above.

52. Simple Stems. In this way, piece by piece, the stem is carried up higher
and higher, and its leaves increased in number ; and the more it grows, the more it
is able to grow, — as we see in a young seedling, beginning feebly and growing
slowly for a while, but pushing on more and more vigorously in proportion to the
number of leaves and roots it has produced. In this way, by developing joint after
joint, each from the summit of its predecessor, a Simple Stem is made. Many
plants make only simple stems, at least until they blossom, or for the first year.
The Lilies, figured on the first page, and corn-stalks, are of this kind. Fig. 51 is
a sort of diagram of the simple stem of Indian Corn, divided into its component
pieces, to show how it consists of a set of similar growths, each from the summit

24

HOW PLANTS GROW YEAR AFTER YEAR.

of the preceding one. There are old trees even, which consist of a simple, un-
branched stem. Palm-trees, such as our Southern Palmetto (Fig. 79) are of thia

kind. But more commonly, as stems grow they multiply them-
selves by forming

53. Brandies, or side-shoots. These are formed both by
roots and by stems. Poots generally branch much sooner than
stems do. See Fig. 4, 20, 30, &c.

54. Roots send off their branches from any part of the
main root, or start from any part of a stem lying on or in the
soil ; and they have no particular arrangement.

bb. But the branches of stems spring only from particular
places, and are arranged on a regular plan. They arise from
the Axil of a leaf and nowhere else, except in some few pe-
culiar cases. The axil (from a Latin Avord meaning the
armpit) of a leaf is the hollow or angle, on the upper side,
where the leaf is attached to the stem. As branches come
only from the axils of leaves, and as leaves have a perfectly
regular and uniform arrangement in each particular })lant, the
places where branches will appear are fixed beforehand by the
places of the leaves, and they must follow their arrangement.
In the axils, commonly one in each, branches first appear in
the form of

bQ. Buds. A Bud is an undeveloped stem or branch. If
large enough to have its parts distinguishable, these are seen-
to be undeveloped or forming leaves ; and large buds which
are to stand over winter ai'e generally covered with protect-
ing scales, — a kind of dry, diminished leaves.

57. Terminal Bud. So the plumule or first shoot of the
embryo (see Fig. 22, &c.) is a bud. But this first bud makes
the main stem, and its growth, week after week, or year after

year, carries on the main stem. Palms (as Fig. 79) grow in this way, by this bud

only. Being always on the end of the stem, that is, terminating the stem, it is

called the Terminal Bud.

58. Axilhiry Buds. But the buds which are to form branches appear on the

sides of the stem ; and since they are situated in the axils of the leaves, as just ex-

THE AKRANGEMKNT OF BRANCHES.

25

plained (-Jo), they arc named Axillary Buds. (See Fig. 52, 53.) These buds
grow into branches, just as the first or terminal bud of the seedling grows to make
the main stem.

59. The ArraUgeniCllt of Branches, therefore, follows that of the axillary buds, and
this that of the leaves.
Now leaves are placed
on the stem in two
principal ways ; they
are either alternate or
opposite. They are al-
ternate wlien they fol-
low one after another,
there being only one
to each joint of the
stem, as in Morning-
Glory (Fig. 4, all after
the seed-leaves), and
in the Linden or Bass-
wood (Fig. 52), as well
as the greater part of
trees or plants. They

are opposite when there are two leaves upon each joint of stem, as in Ilorsechest-
nut, Lilac, and Maple (Fig. 31, 53) ; one leaf in such cases being always exactly
on the opposite side of the stem from its fellow. Now in the axil of almost every
leaf of these trees a bud is soon formed, and in general plainly shows itself before
summer is over. In Fig. 52, a, a, «, a, are the axillary huds on a twig of Bass-
wood, — they are alternate, like the leaves,- — and t is the terminal hud. Fig. 53,
a twig of Red ]Maple, has its axillaiy buds opposite, like the leaves ; and on the
very summit is the terminal hud. Next spring or sooner, the former grow into al-
ternate hranches ; the latter grow into opposite hranches. These branches in their
turn form buds in the axils of their leaves, to grow in time into a new generation
of similar branches, and so on, year after year. So the reason is plain why the
branching or spray of one tree or bush differs from that of another, each having its
own plan, depending upon the way the leaves are arranged on the stem.

CO. The spray (or ramification^ of trees and shrubs is more noticeable in winter.

26

HOW PLANTS GROW YI:AR AFTER YEAR.

Is I

Avhen most leaves have fallen. Even then we can tell how the leaves were placed,
as well as in summer. We have only to notice the leaf-scars : for each fallen leaf
has left a scar to mark where its stalk separated from the stem. And in most
cases the bud above each scar is now apparent or conspicuous, ready to grow into
branches in the spring, and showing plainly the arrangement which these are to

have. Here, for instance, is a last year's shoot of
Ilorsechestnut (Fig. 54), with a large terminal bud on
its summit, and with very conspicuous leaf-scars. Is;
and just above each is an axillary bud, b. Here the
leaves were opposite each other ; so the buds are also,
and so will the branches be, unless one of the buds on
each joint should fail. Fig. 55 is a similar shoot of a
Hickory, with its leaf-scars {I s) and axillary buds
(h) alternate, that is, single on the joints and one after
another on different sides of the stem ; and these buds
when they grow will make alternate branches.

61. The branching would be more regular than it
is, if all the buds grew. But there is not room for
all ; so only the stronger ones grow. The rest stand
ready to take their place, if those happen to be killed.
Sometimes there are more buds than one from the same
axil. There are three placed side by side on those
shoots of Red Maple Avhich are going to blossom.
There are several in a row, one above another, on
some shoots of Tartarean Honeysuckle.
G2. The appearance of plants, the amount of their branching, and the way in
which they continue to grow, depend very much upon their character and duration.

63. The L-urafion of PltinlS of different kinds varies greatly. Some live only for a
few months or a few weeks ; others may endure for more than a thousand years.
The most famihar division of plants according to their duration and. character is
into Hcrhs, Shrubs^ and Trees.

64. Herbs are pUmts of soft texture, having little wood in their stems, and in our
climate dying down to the ground, or else dying root and all, in or before Avinter.

65. Shrubs are plants with M'oody stems, which endure and grow year after year,
but do not rise to any great height, say to not more tlian four or five times the

MODE OF LIFE IX ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

Z/

height of a man. And if they reach this size, it is not as a single main trunk, but
bj a cluster of stems all starting from the ground.

G6. Trees are woody phmts rising by a trunk to a greater height than shrubs.

67. Herbs are divided, according to their character and duration, into Annuals,
Biennials, and Perennials.

68. Annuals grow from the seed, blossom, and die all in the same season. In
this climate they generally spring from the seed in spring, and die in the autumn,
or sooner if they have done blossoming and have ripened their seed. Oats, Barley,
Mustard, and the common Morning-Glory (Fig. 4) are famiHar annuals. Plants
of this kind have jihrous roots, i. e. composed of long and slender threads or fibres.
Either the whole root is a cluster of such fibres, as in Indian Corn (Fig. 48), Barley
(Fig. 5G), and all such plants ; or when there is a main or tap root,
as in Mustard, the Morning-Glory, &c., this branches off into slen-
der fibres. It is these fibres, and the slender root-hairs which are
found on them, that mainly absorb moisture and other things from
the soil ; and the more numerous they are, the more the plant can
absorb by its roots. As fast as nourishment is received and pre-
pared by the roots and leaves, it is expended in new growth, par-
ticularly in new stems or branches and new leaves, and finally in
flowers, fruit, and seed. The latter require a great deal of nour-
ishment to bring them to perfection, and give notliing back to the
plant in return. So blossoming and fruiting weaken the plant very
much. Annual plants usually continue to bear flowers, often in great numbers,
upon every branch, until they exhaust themselves and die, but not until they have
ripened seeds, and stored up in them (as in tlie mealy part of the grain of Corn,
&c.. Fig. 44, 45) food enough for a new generation to begin growth with.

69. Biennials follow a somewhat different plan. These are herbs Avhich do not
blossom at all the first season, but live over the winter, flower the second year, and
then die when they have ripened their seeds. The Turnip, Carrot, and Parsnip,
the Beet, the Radish (Fig. 57), and the Celandine, are familiar examples of bien-
nial plants.

70. The mode of life in biennials is to j)repare and store up nourishment through
the first season, and to expend it the next season in flowering and fruiting. Accord-
ingly, bi*ennials for the first year are nearly all root and leaves ; these being the
organs by which the plant works, and prepares the materials it lives on. Stem

56
Fibrous roots.

28

HOW PLANTS GROW YEAR AFTER YEAR.

tliey must liave, in order to bear leaves ; for leaves do not grow on roots. But
"what stem they make is so very short-jointed that it rises hardly any ; so that

the leaves seem to spring from the top of the root,
and all spread out in a cluster close to the ground.
As the plant grows, it merely sends out more and
more branches of the root into the foil beneath, and
adds more leaves to the cluster just above, close to the
surface of the warm ground, and well exposed to the
light and heat of the sun. Thus consisting of its two
working organs only, — root and leaves, — the young
biennial sets vigorously to work. The moisture and
air which the leaves take in from the atmo-^phere,
and all that the roots take from the soil, are digested
or changed into vegetable matter by the foliage while
exposed to sunshine ; and all that is not wanted by
the leaves themselves is generally carried down into
the body of the root and stored up there for next
year's use. So the biennial root becomes large and
heavy, being a storehouse of nourishing matter, which
man and animals are glad to use for food. In it, in
the form of starch, sugar, mucilage, and in other nourishing and savory products,
the plant (expending nothing in flowers or in show) has laid up the avails of its
whole summer's work. For what purpose ? This plainly appears when the next
season's growth begins. Then, fed by this great stock of nourishment, a stem
shoots forth rapidly and strongly, divides into branches, bears flowers abundantly,
and ripens seeds, almost wholly at the expense of the nourishment accumulated in
the root, which is now light, empty, and dead ; and so is the whole plant by the time
the seeds are ripe.

71. By stopping the flowering, biennials can sometimes be made to live another
year, or for many years, or annuals may be made into biennials. So a sort of
biennial is made of wheat by sowing it in autumn, or even in the spring and keep-
ing it fed down in summer. But here the nourishment is stored u}^ in the leaves
rather than in the roots.

72. The Cabbage is a familiar and more striking example of a biennial in v/lilch
the store of nourishment, instead of being deposited in the root, is kept in the

57
Radish.

MODE OF LIFE IN PERENNIALS.

29

leaves and in tlie short stem or stalk. These accordingly become thick and nutii-
tious in the Cabbage, just as the root does in the Turnip, or the base of the short
stem alone in Kohlrabi, or even the llower-stalks in
the Cauliflower ; all of which belonGT to the same
family, and exhibit merely different ways of accom-
plishing the same result.

73. Perennials are plants which live on year after
year. Shrubs and trees are of course perennial. So
are many herbs ; but in these only a portion gener-
ally survives. Most of our perennial herbs die down
to the ground before winter ; in many species all but
certain separate portions under ground die at the
close of the year ; but some parts of the stem con-
taining buds are always kept alive to renew the
jrrowth for the next season. And a stock of nour-
ishment to l)egin the new growth with is also pro-
vided. Sometimes this stock is laid up in the roots,
as for instance in the Peony, the Dahlia (Fig. 58),
and the Sweet Potato. Here some thick roots, filled

58
Dalilia-roots.

with food made by last year's vegetation, nourish in
spring the buds on the base of the stem just above
(a, «), enabling them to send up stout leafy stems,
and send down new roots, in some of which a new
stock of food is laid up during summer for tlie next
spring, Avhile the exhausted old ones die off; and so
on, from year to year.

74. Sometimes this stock of food is laid up in par-
ticular portions of branches
of tlie stem itself, formed
under ground, and which
contain the buds ; as in the
Ground Artichoke and the
Potato. Here these parts,
with their buds, or eyes, are all that live over winter. These thickened ends of
stems are called Tubers, In Fiir. oO, a is a tuber of last A-ear, now exhausted and

Ground -Artichoke.

0

HOW PLANTS GROW YEAR AFTER YEAR.

witliering awav, which grew in spring by one of its buds to make the stem (h) bear-
ing tlie foliage of the season. This sends oat some branches under ground, v/hich

GO in the course of the sea-

son thicken at the end
as they receive a stock
of nourisliment prepared
by this year's foliage,
and become new tubers
(r, a forming one ; d, d,
Avell-grown tubers of the
season), to live over
winter and make the
next year's growth.

75. Because they live
under ground, these tu-
bers are commonly su[>-
posed to be roots ; but
they are not, as any one
may see. Their eyes
are buds ; and the little
scales behind the eves
answer to leaves ; while
roots bear neither buds
nor leaves. The fibrous roots which grow from these subterranean branches are
xcry different in appearance from under-ground stems, as is plain to see in the
l^o!^ato-plant. Fig. CO shows
a few of the real roots, as
v,(,'il as several branches of
the stem, with potatoes form-
ing in all stages at their tips.
Fifr. CI is one of these form-
ing potatoes magnified, show-
ing a little scale behind each
eye which answers to a leaf. Fig. C2 is a part of a slice through an eye, more
magnified, to show that the eye is really a bud, covered with little scales.

63

Solomnu's-Seal.

MODE OF LIFE IN PERENNIALS.

31

76. In some perennial herbs, prostrate stems or branches
under gronnd are thickened with tliis store of nourishment for
their whole length, making stout RootstocJcs, as they are called ; as
in Sweet Flag, Solomon's Seal (Fig. Q'^), and Iris, or Flower-de-
Luce (Fig. G4). These are perennial, and grow on a little way
each year, dying off as much behind after a while ; and the newer
parts every year send out a new set of fibrous roots. The buds
which rootstalks produce, and the leaves or the scales they bear,
or the scars or rings which mark where the old leaves or scales
have fallen or decayed away, all plainly show that rootstocks are
forms of stem, and not roots. The large round scars on the root-
stock of Solomon's Seal, which give the plant its name, (from
their looking like impressions of a seal,) are the places from
■which the stalk bearing the leaves and flowers of each season
has fallen off in autumn. Fig. G3, a is the bud at the end, to
make the growth above ground next spring ; b is the bottom of
the stalk of this season ; c, the scar or place from which the stalk
of last year fell ; d, that of the year before ;
and c^ tliat of two years ago. \VW

11 . Finally, the nourishment for the next
vear's G:rowth may be deposited in the leaves • - '^i.^^^"->;v:

themselves. Sometimes it occupies all iho. '^^^■i'\''^^'''^\^^^'l,X\
leaf, as in the Houseleek (Fig. Q>b) and other

fleshy i^lants. Here the close ranks of the
thickened leaves are wholly above ground.
Sometimes the deposit is all in the lower
end of the leaf, and on the ground, or un-
derneath, as in common Bulbs. Take a
"White Lily of the gardens, for example, in
the fall, or in spring before it sends up the
stalk of the season (Fig. C6). From the
bottom of the bulb, roots descend into the
soil to absorb moisture and other matters
from it, while, above, it sends up leaves to digest and convert these matters into
real nourishment. "As fast as it is made, this nourishment is carried down to the bot-

es

Houseleek.

32

HOW PLANTS GROW YEAll AFTER YEAR.

torn of each leaf, which is enlarged or thickened for containing it. These thick
leaf-bases, or scales, crowded together, make up the bulb ; all but its very short stem,
concealed within, Avhich bears these scales above, and sends down the roots from
underneath. Fig. G7 shows one of the leaves of the season, taken
off, with its base cut across, that the thickness may be seen. After
having done its work, the blade dies off, leaving the thick base as

/

a bulb-scale. Every year one or more buds in the centre of tlie
bulb grow, feeding on the food laid up in the scale?, and making
the staUv of the season, which bears the flowers, as in Fig. 1 , 2.

78. An Onion is like a Lily-buib, only each scale or leaf-base
13 so wide that it enwraps all within, making coat after coat.

Eul!) an. I lower LiJ.ives of a Lily.

Leaf, lowti tiiil culoff.

79. In shrubs and trees a great quantity of nouri>hiT]ent, made the summer
before, is stored up in the young wood and bark of the shoots, the trunk, and the
roots. Upon this the buds feed the next spring ; and this enables them to develop
vigorously, and clothe the naked branches with foliage in a few days ; or with blos-
eoms immediately following, as in the Horsechestnut ; or with blossoms and foliage
together, as in Sugar Maple ; or with blosFoms before the leaves appear, as in Red
Maples and Elms. The rich mucihige of the bark of Slippery Elm, and the sweet
Fpring sap of Maple-trees, belong to this store, deposited in the wood the previous
summer, and in spring dissolved and rapidly drawn into the buds, to supply the early
and sudden leafing and blossoming.

80. In considering plants, as to "how they grow," it should be noticed that all of
them, from the Lily of the field to the tree of the forest, teach the same lesson of
industry. and provident preparation. No great result is attained witliout effort, and

WHY TIIEY GROW SO VIGOROUSLY IN SPRING. 33

long preceding labor. Not only was the tender verdure which, after a fc^Y spring
showers and sunny days, is so suddenly spread out over field and forest, all pre-
pared beforehand, — most of the lejives, even, made the summer before, and snugly
packed away in winter-buds, — but the nourishment which enables them to un-
fold and grow so fast was also prepared for this purpose by the foliage of the year
before, and laid up until it was wanted. The grain grows with vigor, because fed
with the richest products of the mother plant, the results of a former year's vegeta-
tion. The Lily-blossom develops in all its glory without toil of its own, because all
its materials were gathered from the earth and the air long before, by the roots
and the leaves, manufactured by the latter into vegetable matter, and this stored
up for a year or two under ground in the bottoms of the leaves (as starch, jelly,
sugar, &c.), and in many cases actually made into blossoms in the dark earth, where
the flower-buds lie slumbering in the protecting bulb through the cold winter, and in
summer promptly unfold in beauty for our delight.

Analysis of the Section.

51. The seedling is a complete plnnt on the simplest scale ; in growth it m3rely increases its parts,
and multiplies them in number, as fast as it makes materials for growth. 52. Simple stems, how
formed and carried up, piece by piece. 53. Branches : 54. of Roots, how they differ from those,
55. of Stems. Where these arise from ; in what form they appear. 56. Buds, what they are.
57. Terminal Bud, what it makes. 58. Axillary Buds ; why so named ; what they make. 59. How
branches are arranged, and what their arrangement depends upon: alternate; opposite. 60. The spray
and buds of shrubs and trees in waiter; Leaf-scars. 61. Why branches are not as regular and as many
as the buds or leaves.

62, 63. The Duration and Character of Plants as affecting the way they grow. 64. Herbs. 65. Shrubs.
66. Trees. 67. Herbs are annuals, biennials, or perennials.

68. Annuals ; their mode of life ; character of theii: roots, intended only for absorbing ; duration, &c.

69. Biennials ; how defined ; examples. 70. Character of their roots, and illustrations of their
mode of life ; the first year, food made and stored up ; the second year, food expended, for what p\ir-
pose. 71. How biennials may sometimes be made perennial, and annuals biennial. 72. The store of
food may be kept in the leaves, or in the stems above ground ; Cabbage, &c.

73. Perennials ; what they are ; mode of life of perennial herbs from year to year ; accumulation of
food in roots. 74. Accumulation of food in under-ground branches ; Tubers, as of Ground Artichoke.
75. Potato illustrated. 76. Accumulation in Avhole stems or branches under ground ; Pootstocks.
77. Accumulation of food in leaves, above ground, as in Houseleek ; or in the bottoms of leaves, usu-
ally under ground ; Bulbs ; as of Lily, and, 78. of Onion.

79. Food, how stored up in shrubs and trees, and for what purpose ; used in leafing and blossoming
in spring. 80. A lesson taught by vegetation.

34 HOW PLANTS GROW.

Section IV. — Different Forms or Kinds of Roots, Stems, and Leaves.

81. The Organs of Vegetation, or those that have to do with the life and growth
of a plant, are only three. Root, Stem, and Leaf. And the plan upon which j^lants
are made is simple enough. So simple and so few are the kinds of parts that one
would hardly expect plants to exhibit the almost endless and ever-pleasing diver-
sity they do. This diversity is owing to the wonderful variety of forms under which,
without losing their proper nature, each of these three organs may appear.

82. The study of the different shapes and appearances which the same organ
takes in different plants, or in different parts of the same plant, comparing them
with one another, is called MorpJwIogy, and is one of the most interesting parts of
Botany. But in this hook for vouno- beginners, we have onlv room to notice the
commonest forms, and those very briefly, — although sufficiently to enable stu-
dents to study all common plants and understand botanical descriptions. Those
who would learn more of the structure and morphology of plants should study the
Lessons in Botany.

§1. Of Boots.

83. The Root is the simplest and least diversified of the three organs. Yet it
exhibits some striking variations.

84. As to origin, there is the primary or original root, fomied from the embryo
as it grows from the seed, and the branches it makes. Annuals, biennials, and
many trees are apt to have only such roots. But when any portion of their stems
is covered by the soil, it makes secondary roots. These are roots which spring
from the sides of the stem. Every one knows that most stems may be made to
strike root when so covered and having the darkness and moisture which are gen-
erally needful for roots. Perennial herbs and most shrubs strike root naturally in
this way under ground. All the roots of plants raised from tubers, rootstocks, and
the like (74-76), are of this sort, and also of plants raised from slips or cuttings.
In warm and damp climates there are likewise many

85. Aerial Roots, namely, roots which strike from the stem in the open air. In
summer we often find them springing from the joints of the stalks of Indian Corn,
several inches above the soil. Some of these reach the ground, and help to feed
the plant. In the famous Banyan-tree of India aerial roots on a larger scale strike
from the spreading branches, high up in the air, grow down to the ground and into it,

KINDS OF ROOTS.

35

and so make props or additional trunks. Growing in this way, there Is no limit to
the extent of the branches, and a single Banyan will spread over several acres of
ground and have hundreds of trunks all made from aerial roots.

86. Aerial Rootlets, or such roots on a small scale, are produced by several woody
vines to climb by. Enghsh Ivy, our Poison Ivy, and Trumpet-Creeper are well-
known cases of the sort.

87. Air-PIautS. Roots which never reach the ground are also produced by certain
plants Avhose seeds, lodged upon the boughs or trunks of trees, high up in the
air, grow there, and make an
Epiphyte, as it is called (from
two Greek words meaning
a plant on a plant), or an
Air-Plant. The latter name
refers to the plant's getting
its living altogether from the
air ; as it must, for it has no
connection with the ground
at any time. And if these
plants can live on air, in this
way, it is easy to understand
that common vegetables get
part of what they live on di-
rectlv from the air. In warm
countries there are many very
handsome and curious air-
plants of the Orchis family.
A great number are culti-
vated in hot-houses, merely
fixed upon pieces of wood
and hung up. They take no
nourishment from the boughs of the tree they happen to grow upon.

88. FarasitiC Plants are tliose which strike their roots, or what answer to roots,
into the bark or wood of the species they grow on, and feed upon its sap. The
Mistletoe is a woody parasitic plant, which engi-afts itself when it springs from the
seed upon the branches of Oaks, Hickories, or other trees. The Dodder is a com-

Air-plaiits of the Orcliis family.

SG

now PLANTS GKOW.

mon parasitic herb, consisting of orange-color or whitish stems, looking like threads
of yarn. Tliese coil round the stalks of other plants, fasten themselves by little
suckers in place of roots, and feed upon their juices. Living as such a plant does
by robbing other jDlants of their prepared food, it has no leaves of its own, except
little scales in their place, and has no need of any.

89. Shapes and Uses of Roots. Common roots, however, grow in the soil. And their
use is to absorb moisture and other matters from the soil, and sometimes to hold

prepared food until it is wanted for use, as was explained in
the last section (70, 73). Those for absorbing are

Fibrous roots, namely, slender and thread-shaped, as in Fig.
48, b<o, and generally branching. Very slender roots of the
sort, or their branches, are called Rootlets ; and these do most
of the absorbing. The roots of annuals are mostly fibrous, as
they have nothing to do but to absorb ; and so are the smaller
branches of the roots of shrubs, trees, and other plants.

Fleshy roots are those of herbs \vhich form a thick and stout
body, from having much nourishment deposited in them. They
belong particularly to biennial herbs (G9), and to many pe-
rennials (73). Some sorts have names according to their
shapes. The root is a

Tap-root, when of one main body, and tapering downwards
to a point; as that of a Carrot (Fig. 71), and of a seedling
Oak (Fig. 41). And a tap-root is

Conical, when stout, and tapering gradually from the upper
end to a point below ; as a carrot (Fig. 71 ), parsnip, or beet.

Spindle-shajyed, when thicker in the middle, and tapering
upwards as w^ell as do w^n wards, like a radish (Fig. 57) ; and
V Turmp-sJiaped, or Napiform, when wider than long, or with
a suddenly tapering tin, as a turnip (Fig. 70). Roots are
Clustered or Fascicled when, instead of one main root, there
are several or many of about the same size; as in Indian Corn (Fig. 48), and other
grain (Fig. 56). Here the clustered roots are fibrous, being for absorbing only.
"When such roots, or some of them, are thick and fleshy, as they are when used
as storehouses of food, they become Tuberous. Tlie roots of the Dahlia, for in-
stance (Fig. 58), are clustered and tuberous, or tuber-like.

71. Carrot.

KIXDS OF STEMS AND BKAXCHES. 37

§ 2. Of Stems.

90. Forms or Kinds of Stems. Differences in the size and consistence of Ftcm?,
such as distinguish plants into herbs, shrubs, and trees, have ah-eady been noticed,
in paragraphs G4, Go, and GQ. A stem is

Herbaceous, when it belongs to an herb, that is, has very little v/ood in its com-
position, and does not live over winter above ground:

SJirubby, when it belongs to a shrub, or is woody :

Arboreous or Arborescent, wdien the plant is a tree, or like a tree ; that is, when
it is tall and grows by a single trunh.

91. The peculiar straw-stem of a grass or grain is named a Culm. It is gen-
erally hollow, except at the joints, which are hard and solid; but in Indian Corn,
Sugar- Cane, and some other Grasses, it is not at all hollow.

92. A? to the mode of growth or the direction it takes in growing, the stem 13
Erect or Upright, when it grows directly upwards, or nearly so :
Ascenain^, when it rises upwards at first in a slanting direction:

Declined or Recihicd, when turned or bent over to one side :

Decumbent, when the lower part reclines on the ground, as if too weak to staiul,
but the end turns upwards mere or less:

Procumbent or TrailinCf, when the whole stem trails along the ground :

Prostrate, when it naturnlly lies flat on the ground :

Creeping or Runnina, ^vfhen a trailing or prostrate stem strikes root along it3
lower side, where it rests on the ground :

Climbing, where it rises by laying hold of other objects for support ; either bjr
tendrils, as in the Pea, Gourd, and Grape-Vine ; or by twisting its leafstalks around
the sup{)orting bodj', as in the Virgin's Bower ; or by rootlets acting as holdfiists, as
in the Ivy and Trumpet-Creeper (86) :

Twining, wdien stems rise by coiling themselves spirally around any support, ua
in the Morning-Glory (Fig. 4), Hop, and Bean.

93. Several sorts of branches are different enough from the comm.on to have
particular names. Indeed, some are so different, that they would not be taken for
branches without considerable study. Such, for instance, as

9 L Tliarns or Spines. Most of these are imperfect, leafless, hardened, stunted
branches, tapering to a point. That they are branches is evident in the Hawthorn
and similar trees, from their arising from the axil of leaves, as branches do. And
on Pear-trees and Plum-trees many shoots may be found which begin as a leaf/

38

HOW PLANTS GROW.

branch, but taper off into a thorn. PricHes, such as those on tlie stems of Roses
and Brambles, must not be confounded with thorns. These are growths from the
bark (hke hairs or bristles, onlj stouter), and peel off with it; while thorns are
connected with the wood.

95. Tendrils, such as those of the Grape-Yine, Virginia Creeper (Fig. 72), and
the Melon or Squash, are very slender, leafless branches, used to enable certain

plants to climb.
They grow out
straight or nearly
so until they reach
some nei<rhborin<2:
support, such as a
stem, when the end
hooks around it
to secure a hold,
and the Avhole ten-
dril then shortens
itself by coiling up
spirally, so draw-
ing the growing
TcM.driu uf vii-giMia ciceper. shoot ncarcr to tlie

supporting object. When the Virginia Creeper climbs tlie side of a building,
the face of a rock, or the smooth bark of a tree, vrhich the tendrils cannot lay
hold of in the usual way, their tips expand into a flat plate (as shown in Fig. 73,
the ends of a tendril magnified), which adheres very firmly to the surface. This
enables the plant to climb up a smooth surface by tendrils, just as the Ivy and
Trumpet-Creeper climb by rootlets (8G).

96. Peduncles or Flower-stalks are a kind of branches, or stems, as is clear from
their situation. They are either a continuation of the stem, as in the Lily of the
Valley and the Chalcedonian Lily, represented on the first page ; or else they rise
■out of the axil of a leaf, as in the Morning-Glory (Fig. 4). Plainly, whatever
•comes from the axil of a leaf must be of the nature of a branch. So

97. B'lUls, that is axillary buds, are undeveloped branches, as already explained
in paragraphs 55 to 58.

98. The following kinds of branches are all connected with the ground in some
way, and most of them act in such a way as to make new plants.

KINDS OF STEMS AND BRANCHES.

39

99. A Stolon is a branch which rechnes on the ground, or bends over to it, and
strikes root (Fig. 74). Currant-bushes spread naturally by stolons, and so does
AVIiite Clover. The gardener imitates the process where it does not naturally
occur, or facilitates it where it does, by bending branches to the ground, and pinning
them dov\-n, when they strike root where they are covered by the soil, and then the
branch, having leaves and roots of its own, may be separated as an independent
plant. In this way the gardener multiplies many plants by layerinrj which he
cannot so readily propagate by seed.

^rS^^W~^

Runner.

74

Stolun.

100. A Eunner (Fig- 74) is a \evj slender, thread-like, leafless stolon, much like
a tendril, lying on the ground, and rooting and budding at the point ; fo giving rise
to a new plant at some distance from the parent, and connected with it during the
first year. But the runner dies in winter and leaves the young plant independent.
The Strawberry-plant affords the most familiar illustration of runners. Each plant
or olfshoot, as soon as established, sends out runners of its own, which make new
plants at their tip. In this way a single Strawberry-plant jiroduces a numerous
progeny in the course of the summer, and establishes them at convenient dis-
tances all around.

101. A Sucker (Fig. 74) is a branch which springs fi-om a parent stem under
ground, where it makes roots of its own, while farther on it rises above ground into
a leafy stem, and becomes an independent plant whenever the connection with the
parent stem dies or is cut off. It is by suckers that Kose and Raspberry bushes
multiply and spread so " by the root," as is generally said. But that these subter-
ranean shoots are stems, and not roots (though they produce root.-), Avill plainly
appear by uncovering them.

102. An Cff:^Ct is a short branch, next the ground or below its surface, like a
short stolon or sucker, bearing a tuft of leaves at the end, and taking root where this

40

HOW PLANTS GROW.

rests on the soil ; as in the Houseleek (Fig. Go), where one plant will soon produce

a 'cluster of 3oiing plants or offsets all around it.

103. A rkOOislock is any kind of horizontal stem or branch growing under ground.

Slender rootstocks occur in the subterranean part of the suckers of Roses, of Pepper-
mint, or of Canada Thistle, and of Quick-Grass or Couch-Grass
(Fig. 75), which spreads so widely, and becomes so troublesome
to farmers. They are well distinguished from roots by the
leaves which they bear at every joint, in the form of scales, and
by the buds which they produce, one in the axil of each scale.
These buds, which are very tenacious of life, are what renders
the plant so exceedingly difficult to destroy. For ploughing and
hoeing only cut up the rootstock into pieces, each with a tuft of
roots ready formed and with a bud to each joint, all tlie more
ready to grow for the division. So that the attempt to destroy

Quick- Grass by cut-

ting it up by the
roots (as these shoots
are called), unless the
pieces are carefully

U

Koolstuck of Q,ijick-;^rnss.

taken out of the roil, is apt to produce many active plants in place of one.

104. Thickened or fleshy rootstocks, such as tho^e of Solomon's Seal (Fig. Go)
Rnd Iris (Fig. G4), have already been illustrated (70).

105. A Tuber is a rootstock thickened at the end, as already explained in the
Potato and Ground Artichoke (74, 75, Fig. 50, CO). The eyes of a tuber are lively
buds, well supplied with nourishment for their growth.

106. A Corm or Solid Bulb, as of Gladiolus and Crocus
(Fig. 70), is a sort of rounded tuber. If well covered with
thick scales it v/ould become

107. A Bulb. This is a (mostly subterranean) stem, so
short as to be only a flat plate, producing roots from its lower
surface and above covered with thickened scales, — as was
lully explained in the last section (77).

108. Bulbs are scal^j, as in the Lily (Fig. GG), when the
scales are narrow ; or coated, as an onion, vvdien the scales enwrap each other, and
form coats.

Corm of Ciotus, wUli bud*.

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STEMS.

41

109. BulbletS are little bulbs, or fleshy buds, formed in the axils of leaves above
ground, as in the Bulb-bearing Lilv. Or in some Leeks and Onions thej take the
place of flower-buds. Falling off, they take root and grow into new plants.

110. TllC Internal Structure of Stems. Plants are composed of two kinds of ma-
terial, namely. Cellular Tissue and ]Vood. The former makes the softer, fleshj-, luid
pithy parts ; the latter forms the harder, fibrous, or woody parts. The stems of
herbs contain little wood, and nmch cellular tissue ; those of shrubs and trees
abound in the woody part.

111. There are two great classes of stems, which differ in the way the woody
part is arranged in the cellular tissue. They are named the Exor/enouSj and the
Endogenous.

112. For examples of the first class we may take a Bean-stalk, a stem of Flax,
Sunflower, or the like, among herbs, and for woody stems any common stick
of wood. For examples of the second class take an Asparagus-shoot or a Corn-
stalk, and in trees a Palm-stem. These names express

the different wavs in which the tv/o kinds ":rowin thickness
when they live more than one year. But the difference
between the tvv'o is almost as apparent the first year, and
in the stems of herbs, which last only one year.

113. The Endogenous Stem. Endorjenous means "inside-
growing." Fig. 77 shows an Endogenous stem in a Corn-
stalk, both in a cross-section, at the top, and also split
down lengthwise. The peculiarity is that the v.-ood is all
in separate threads or bundles of fibres running lengtlnvise,
and scattered amonsr the cellular tissue throufrliout the
whole thickness of the stem. On the cross-section their
cut ends appear as so many dots ; in the slice lengthwise
they show themselves to be threads or fibres of wood.
Fig. 78 is a similar view of a Palm-stem (namely, of our
Carolina Palmetto, of which whole trees are represented
in Fig. 79). It shows the endogenous plan in a stem
several years old. Here the bundles of wood are merely
increased very much in number, new threads having been
formed throughout intermixed witli tlie old, and any in-
crease in diameter that has taken place is from a general distention or enlargement

Endo'enouj Stems.

42

HOW PLANTS GROW.

of the whole. Such stems may Avell enough be called inside-groivers, because their
wood increases in amount, as they grow older, by the formation of new threads or
libres of wood within or amons; the old.

114. Moreover, endogenous stems
are apt to make few or no brandi-
es. Asparagus is the only common
example to the contrary ; that
branches freely. But the stalks
of Corn and other grain, and those
of Lilies (Fig. 1, 2) and the hke,
seldom branch until they come to
flower ; and Palms are trees of
tliis sort, with perfectly simple or
branchless trunks, rising like col-
umns, and crowned with a tuft of
conspicuous and peculiar foliage,
which all comes from the continued
growth of a terminal bud.

115. Tlic Exogenous Stem is the

kind we are familiar with in ordi-
nary wood. But it may be observed
in tlie greater part of our herbs as
well. It differs from the
other class, even at the be-
ginning, by the wood all
occupying a certain part of
the stem, and by its Avoody
bundles soon appearing to
run toirether into a solid
layer. This layer of wood,
whether much or little, is always situated around a central part, or p^V/^, which
has no wood in it, being pure cellular tissue, and Is itself surrounded by a bark
which is mainly or at first entirely cellular tissue. So that a slice across an exoge-
nous stem always has a separate cellular part, as bark, on the circumference, then a
ring of wood, and in the centre a pith; as is seen in Fig. 80, representing a piece

PaliucUus of vuriuUa a^ea, and a Yucca, y.

KINDS AND rORMS OF LEAVES.

43

'(;ii|.'iii(iillii17/M,Sv::-''lif;

'il:!!

liii

i!iiiii:!iil!:i!^.U^l

Exogenous Stems.

SI

of Flax-stem inagnifiGd ; and al-o in Fig. 81, -wlilcli shows the same structure in
a woody stem, namely, in a shoot of Maple of a year old, cut both crosswise and
len2;thwise.

116. The difference becomes still more
marked in stems more than one year old.
During the second year a new layer of
wood is formed outside of the first one,
between it and the bark ; the third year,
another laA'cr outside of the second, and so
on, a new layer being formed each year
outside of that of the year before. The

increase is all on the surface, and buries the older wood deeper and deeper in the
trunk. For this reason such stems are said to be exogenoi's or outside-growing
(from two Greek words which mean just this), a new layer being added to the wood
on the outside each year as long as the tree or shrub lives. And zo the oldest wood,
or Heart-wood^ is always in the centre, and the newest and freshest, the Sap-wood^
at the circumference, just beneath the bark.

117. The heart-wood is dead, or soon becomes fo. The sap-wood is the only
active part ; and this, with the inner bark, which is renewed from its inner face eveiy
year, is all of the trunk that is concerned in the life and growth of the tree.

118. Plants with exogenous or outside-growing stems, especially those that live
year after year, almost always branch freely. All common shrubs and trees of
the exogenous class make a new set of branches every year, and so present an ap-
pearance very different from that of mo3t of those of the endogenous or inside-
growing class.

§ 3. Of Leaves.

119. Leaves exhibit an almost endless variety of forms in different plants; and
their forms afford easy marks for distinguishing one species from another. So the
different shapes of leaves are classified and named very particularly, — which is
a great convenience in describing plants, as it enables a botanist to give a correct
idea of almost any leaf in one or two words. We proceed to notice some of the
principal kinds.

120. Tlicir Parts. A leaf with all its parts complete has a Blade, a Footstalk^
and a pair of Stipules at the base of the footstalk. Fig. 82 shows all three parts

44

IIOAV PLANTS GROW.

in a QuincG-Ienf : 5, the blade; p, the footstalk ; and st, the stipules, looking like a
pair of little blades, one on each side of the stalk. But many leaves have no
stipules ; many have no footstalk, and then the blade sits directly on the stem (or is
sessile), as in Fig. 138. Some leaves even have no blade; but this is uncommon*,
for in foliage tlie blade is the essential part. There-
fore, in describing the sliape of leaves, it is always
the blade that is meant, unless something is said to
the contrarv.

121. Leaves are either simple or compoiind. They
are simple when the blade is all of one piece ; com-
pound, wlien of more than one piece or blade. Fig.
1 28 to 132, and 1 33, are examples of compound leaves,
the latter very compound, having as many as eighty-
one little blades.

122. Their structure and Ycluing. Leaves are com-
posed of the same two kinds of material as stems (110),
namel}', of wood or fibre, and of cellular tissue. The
woody or fibrous part makes a framework of ribs
and veins, which gives the leaf more strength and
touijhness than it would otherwise have. The cellu-
lar tissue forms the green pidp of the leaf. This is
spread, as it were, over the framework, both above

and below, and supported by it ; and tlie whole is protected by a transparent skin,
which is termed the Epidermis.

123. Ribs, The stouter pieces or timbers of the framework are called Rihs.
In the leaf of the Quince (Fig. 82), Pear, Oak (Fig. 120), &c. there is only a single
main rib, running directly through tlie middle of the blade from base to point ; this
is called the Midrib. But in the Mallow, the Linden (Fig. 83), the Maple (Fig.
84), and many others, there are three, or five, or seven ribs of nearly the same size.
The branches of the ribs and the branchlets from them are called

124. Veins and VcinlctS, The former is the general name for them ; but the finest
branches are particularly called Vcinlefs. Straight and parallel veins or fine ribs,
like those of Indian Corn, or of any Grass-leaf, or of the Lily of the Valley (Fig.
3, 85), are called Nerves. This is not a sensible name, for even if in some degree
like the nerves of animals in shape, they are not in the least like them in use.

KINDS AXD FORMS OF LEAVES.

45

Nor are what we call irins to be likened particularly to the blooclvessels of ani-
mals. But this name is not ?o bad ; for the minute fibres which, united in bun-
dles, make up the ribs and veins, are hollow tubes, and serve more or less for con-
veying the sap.

125. As to the veininr/, or the arrangement of the framework in the blade, leaves
are divided into two classes, viz. : 1st, the Netted-veined or Reticulated, and, 2d,
the Parallel-veined or Nerved.

126. KfUcd-Velnetl or RcticillPited leaves are those in which the veins branch off
from the rib or ribs, and divide again and again, and some of the veins and veinlets
run into one another,

so forming reticulations
or meshes of network
tln-oufrhout the leaf.
This is shown in tlie
Quince-leaf (Fig. 82) ;
also in the Linden or
Bass wood (Fig. 83),
and the Maple (Fig.
84), where the finer
meshes appear in one
or two of the leaves.

127. Netted-veined
leaves belong to plants
which have a pair of
seed-leaves to their em-
bryo (-IS), and stems
of the exogenous structure (115). That is, these three hinds of structure, in em-
bryo, stem, and leaf, generally go together.

128. Parallel-veined or JJcrvcd leaves are those in which the ribs and veins run side
by side without branching (or with minute cross-veinlets, if any) from the base to
the point of the blade, as in Indian-Corn, Lily of the Valley (Fig. 85), &c., or
sometimes from the midrib to the margins, as in the Banana and Calla (Fig. 86).
Such parallel veins have been called Nerves, as just explained (124). Leaves of this
sort belong to plants with one cotyledon to their embryo (47), and with endogenoua
stems (113).

83. Linden.

Netted-veined Leaves of

84. Maple

46

now PLANTS GROW.

129. Parcdlel-veined leaves, we si-ee, are of two sorts; — 1. those with the veins or
nerves all running from the base of the leaf to the point (Fig. 85) ; and, 2. those
where they mostly run from the midrib to the margin, as in Fig. 86. IJetted-veined
leaves likewise are of tvro sorts, the Feather-veined and the Radiate-veined.

130. Feather-veined (al-
so called jiinnately veined)
leaves arc those in which
the main veins all spring
from the two sides of one
rib, viz. the midrib, like the
plume of a feather from
each side of the shaft. Fig-
ures 82, 88-97, 120, 122,
&c. represent feather-veined
leaves.

131. Fadi ate- Veined (al-
so called iiahnately veined)
leaves are those which have
three or more main ribs ris-
ing at once from the place
where the footstalk joins tlie
blade, and commonly diverg-
in"-, like raj'S from a centre ; the veins branching off from these. Of this sort are
the leaves of the Maple (Fig. 84), Mallow, Currant, Grape-Vine, and less dis-
tinctly of the Linden (Fig. 83). Such leaves are generally roundish in shape. It
is evident that this kind of veining is adapted to round leaves, and the other kind
for those longer than wide.

132. Shapes of LpRVes. As to general shape, the following are the names of the
principal sorts. (It will be a good exercise for students to look up examples which
fit the definitions.)

Linear ; narrow, several times longer than wide, and of about the same width
throughout, as in Fig. 87.

Lance-shaj^cd or Lanceolate ; narrow, much longer than wide, and tapering U]>
wards, or both upwards and downwards, as in Fig. 88.

Ohloncj ; two or three times longer than broad, as in Fig. 89.

85

Paiallel-vcincfl Leaves.

KINDS AND FOR3IS OF LEAVES.

47

Oval ; broader than ol3]ong, and with a flowing outline, as in Fig. 90.
Ovate ; oval, but broader towards the lower end ; of the shape of a hen's egg cut
through length wir-e, as in Fig. 91.

Orbicular or Bound ; circular or nearly circular in outline, as in Fig. 93.

93

Linear. Lanre-

Ovate.

Heart-shaped.

Orbicular.

Oblanceo- Spatulate.
lale.

Obovate,

133. Some leaves taper downwards more than upwards. Of these the common-
est forms are the

Oblanceolate, or Inversehj lance-shaped; that is, shaped like a lance with the
point downwards, as in Fig. 94.

Spatulate ; roundish above, and tapering
into a long and narrow base, like the old
form of the apothecary's spatula, Fig. 95.

Obovate, or Inversehj ovate ; that is, ovate
with the narrow end at the bottom of the
leaf, as in Fig. 96.

Cuneate or Wedge-shaped ; like the last,
but with the sides narrowing straight down
to the lower end, in the shape of a wedge, as in Fig. 97.

134. Of course these shapes all run into one another by imperceptible degrees in
different cases. The botanist merely gives names to the principal grades. Inter-
mediate shapes are described by combining the names of the two shapes the leaf
in question most resembles. For example : —

Lance-linear, or linear-lanceolate, means between linear and lance-shaped.
Lance-oblong, or ohlong -lanceolate, means between oblong and lanceolate in. shape. .
Ovate-lanceolate, between ovate and lance-shaped ; and so on.

135. Or else a qualifying word may be used, as somewhat ovate, slightly heart--
shaped, and the like. Thus, Fig. 92 is ovate in general form, but with the base a
little notched, i. e. someiohat heart-shaped. It is one of the kinds which depend upon;

Cuneate or •
Wetlge-sli.iped.

I

•1

48

HOW PLANTS GROW.

136. The shape at the hase. This is concerned in all the following sorts : —

Heart-shaped, or Cordate ; Avhen of the shape in which a heart is painted, the
base having a recess or notch, as in Fig. 98.

Kidney-shaped, or Reniform ; like heart-shaped, but rounder, and broader than
long, as in Fig. 99.

Auricled, or Eared ; having a small projection or lohe on each side at the base,
like a pair of ears, as in Fig. 101.

Arroiv-shaped, or Arroiu-headed ;
when such lobes at the base are

Heart-shaped,
ur cordate.

Kidney-shaped,
vr renifoiMi.

Arrow-shaped.

Auricled,
or eiired.

Halberd-shaped,
or hasiate.

pointed and turned backwards, like the base of an arrow-head, as in Fig. 100.

Halberd-shaped, or Hastate ; when such lobes point outwards, giving the whole
blade the shape of the halberd of the olden time, as in Fig. 102.

Shield-shaped, or Peltate ; when the footstalk is attached to some part of the
lower face of the blade, which may be likened to a shield borne by the hand with
the arm extended. Fig. 104 represents the shield-shaped leaf of a Water-Penny-
wort. Fig. 103 is the leaf of another species, which is not shield-shaped. A
comparison of the two shows how the shield- 103

sliaped leaf is made.

137. As to the Apex or Point, we have the
following terms, the first six of which apply
to the base as well as to the apex of a leaf: —

Pointed, Taper-pointed, or Acuminate ;
narrowed into a tapering tip, as in Fig. 105.

Acute ; ending in an acute angle. Fig. 106.

Obtuse; ending in an obtuse angle, or with a blunt or rounded apex ; as in Fig. 107.

Truncate ; as if cut off square at the apex, as in Fig. 108.

Round-kidney- shaped.

Shield-shaped.

KINDS AND FORMS OF LEAVES.

49

lietuse ; having a blunt or rounded apex slightly indented, as in Fig. 109.

Emarginate, or Notched; as if a notch were cut out of the apex; Fig. 110.

Ohcordate, or Inversely heart-shaped ; that is, with the strong notch at the apex
instead of the base, as in Fig. Ill and the leaflets of White Clover.

Cuspidate ; tipped with a rigid or sharp and narrow point, as in Fig. 112.

Miicronate ; abruptly tipped with a short and weak point, like a small projection
of the midrib, as in Fig. 113.

Awned, Awn-pointed, or Ari state ; tipped with a long bristle-shaped appendage,
like the beard {awn) of Oats, &c.

112 113

Apex of
Leaves :

Pointed. Acute. Obtuse. Truncate. Retuse.

Notched.

Obcordate. Cuspidate. Mucronate.

138. As to the margin, whether whole, toothed, or cut, leaves are said to be

Entire ; when the margin is an even line, as in Fig. 99 to 102.

Toothed ; when beset with teeth or small indentations ; of this there are two or
three varieties, as,

Serrate or Saw -toothed ; wh^n lu us us nr ns 119

the teeth turn forwards, like
those of a saw, as in Fig. 114.

Dentate ; when they point
outward, as in Fig. 115.

Crenate ; when scalloped in-

to broad and rounded teeth, as r
in Fig. 116.

Wavy {Repand or Undulate) ; t
' when the margin bends slightly \ Xi^J
in and out, as in Fig. 117.

Sinuate ; strongly wayy or
sinuous, as in Fig. 118.

Incised or Jagged ; cut into deep and irregular, jagged teeth or incisions, as in
Fig. 119. This leads to truly

139. lobed or Cleft Leaves, &c. : those with the blade cut up, as it were, into parts,
i. e. lohes or divisions. In a general way, such leaves are said to be lohed ; and the

Serrate. Dentate. Crenate. Wavy. Sinuate. Incised or Jagged.

50

HOW TLAXTS GROA\^

mimber of i>rojectiiig parts, or lobes, may be expressed by saying iwo-lohed. three-
lohed (Fig. 121), &c., according to their number. Or, more particularly, a leaf is

Lohed ; when the pieces are roundish, or the incisions open or blunt, as in Fig.
120, 121 ; and

Cleft; when cut about half-way down, with sharp and narrow incisions, as in
Fig. 122, 123 ; and so two-cleft^ three-cleft, Jive-cleft, &c., according to the number.

Parted ; when the cutting extends almost through, as in Fig. 124, 125. And we
say two-parted, three-j^arted, &c., to express the number of the parts.

Divided ; when the divisions go through to the base of the leaf (as in Fig. 127),
or to the midrib (as in Fig. 12G), which cuts up the blade into separate pieces, or
nearly so.

ICO 122 124

126

^

Piiinately

Palmuielj-

140. As the cutting is always between the veins or ribs, and not across them,
the arrangement of the lobes depends upon the kind of veining. Feather-veined
leaves have the incisions all running in towards the midrib (as in the upper row of
figures), because the principal veins all spring from the midrib ; while radiate or
palmately veined leaves have them all running towards the base of the blade, where
the ribs all spring from the footstalk, as in the lower row of figures. So those of

KINDS AND FORMS OF LEAVES.

51

the upper row are called pinnatehj lohed^ chft^ parted, or divided, as the case maj
be, and those of the lower row palmately lobed, cleft, &c. The number of the lobes
or pieces may also be expressed in the same phrase. Thus, Hepatica has a pal-
matehj three-lohed leaf (Fig. 121) ; the Red Maple a palmately Jive-cleft leaf (Fig.
84), and so on.

141. In this way almost everything about the shape and veining of a leaf may
be told in very few words. How useful this is, will be seen when we come to study
plants to find out their names by the descriptions.

142. All these terms api:)ly as well to the lobes or parts of a leaf, when they are
themselves toothed, or lobed, or cleft, &c. And they also apply to the parts of the
flower, and to any flat body like a leaf. So that the language of Botany, which i\\Q
student has to learn, does not require so very many technical words as is commonly
supposed.

143. Compound Leaves (121) are those which have the blade cut up into two or
more separate smaller blades. The separate blades or pieces of a compound leaf
are called Leaflets. The leaflets are generally ^om^ec? with the main footstalk, just
as that is jointed

with the stem, and
when the leaf dies
the leaflets fall off
separately.

144. There are
two kinds of com-
pound leaves, the
pinnate and the
palmate.

145. Pinnate
leaves have their
leaflets arransred
along the sides of
the main footstalk,
as in Fig. 128, 129, 130.

146. Palmate (also called Digitate^ leaves bear their leaflets all at the very end
of the footstalk; as in Fig. 131.

147. -There are several varieties of pinnate leaves, The principal sorts are: —

Odd-pinnate.

Pinnate with a tegdril

Abruptly pinnate.

52

HOW PLANTS GROW.

Interriiptedhj pinnate, when some of the leaflets of the same leaf are much smaller
than the rest, and placed between them, as in the Water Avens.

Abruptly pinnate, when there is no odd leaflet
at tlie end, as in Honey-Locust, Fig. 130.

Odd-pinnate, when there is an odd leaflet at
the end, as in the Common Locust (Fig. 128) and
in the Ash.

Pinnate ivith a tendril, when the footstalk is
prolonged into a tendril, as in Fig. 129, and all
of the Pea tribe.

148. Pinnate leaves may have many or few
leaflets. The Bean has pinnate leaves of only

131. Palmate leaf, of 5 leaflets. tlirCC IcaflctS.

149. Palmate leaves generally have few
leaflets ; there is not room for many on the
very end of the footstalk. Common Clover
has a palmate leaf of three leaflets (Fig.
136) ; Virginia Creeper, one of five leaflets
(P'ig. 72), as well as the Buckeye (Fig. 131) ;
while the Horsechestnut has seven, and some
Lupines from eleven to seventeen.

150. Twice or Thrice Compound Leaves are

not uncommon, both of the pinnate and of
the palmate sorts. Wliile some leaves of
Honey-Locust are only once pinnate, as in ^^^v
Fig. 130, others are doubly or twice pinnate,
as in Fig. 132. Those of many Acacias are
thrice pinnate. Fig. 133 represents oue of
the root-leaves of INIeadow-Rue, which is
of the palmate kind, and its general footstalk
is divided into threes for four times in suc-
cession, making in all eighty-one leaflets !
When a leaf is divided three or four times,
it is said to be decompound. This is ter-
nately decompound, because it divides each
time into threes.

132. A Iwice-pinnate leaf of Honey-Locust.

KINDS AND FORMS OF LEAVES.

53

151. Leaves williout Dlslinctioii of Footstalk and Blade, or with no veiy obvious

distinction of parts. Of this kind, among several others, may be mentioned, —

fi'^X f^^ Needle - shaped

leaves, such as
those of Pine-trees
and Larches (Fig.
134). These are
long, slender, and
rigid, and often with
little if any distinc-
tion of sides.

Awl-shaped or
Subulate leaves are
those which from a
broadish base ta-
per into a sharp
and rigid point, like

ih #°

Ternately decompound, or lour times compound leaf.

one sort of those of the Red Cedar and Arbor Vita? (Fig. 135,
those on the larger branchlets). Those on other branchlets, as
at a, are shorter, blunt, and scale-shaped.

Thread-shaped or Filiform
leaves ; round and stalk-like, as
those of the Onion.

Equitant leaves, like those of
Iris (Fig. G4), which are folded
together lengthwise, as may be
seen at the base, where they
override each other. They grow
upright, with their faces looking
horizontally, instead of having an upper and a lower surface, as most leaves do.

Needle-shaped leaves of Larch.

135
Awl-shaped leaves, &e.

54

HOW PLANTS GROW.

152. Stipules, as already exi:>lained (120), are a pair of appendages at the base of
the leaf, one on each side. These often grow fast to the base of the leafstalk,

as they do in the Rose and in Clover (Fig. 13G ; sf,
the stipules). Or they may join with each other and
form a kind of sheath round the stem, as they do in
the Button wood and in Polygonum (Fig. 137).
Many leaves have no stipules at all. In many
cases they fall off very early, especially those that
serve for bud-scales, as in Magnolia.

153. The Arrangement of Leaves on the stem has

already been explained as to the two principal ways
(59). Leaves are either

Alternate, when they follow each other one by one,
as in the Morning-Glory (Fig. 4) and the Linden
(Fig. 83); or

Opposite, when in pairs,
that is, two on each joint of
stem, one opposite the other,
as in Maples (Fig. 84). To
these may be added a third,
but less common arrangement,
viz. the

}Vhorled ; where there are
three, four, or more leaves on
the same joint of stem, forming

Stipules united.

a circle or whorl ; as in Madder and Bedstraw (Fig. 137')
variety of the opposite mode.

137'
Wliorled leaves.

But this is only a

Analysis of the Section.

81. Vegetation very simple in plan, very diversified in particulars. 82. The study of the forms of
the organs is Morphology.

83-89. Roots, their forms and kinds. 84. Primary or original; secondary; how they originate.
85. Aerial roots. 86. Aerial rootlets. 87. Air-Plants ; how they live. 88. Parasitic Plants, their
•economy. 89. Shapes of roots : fibrous; fleshy; the principal sorts.

90. Forms or kinds of stem ; herbaceous, shrubby, arboreous. 91. Culm or straw-stem. 92. Direc-
.tions or positions of stems. 93. Peculiar sorts. 94. Thorns or Spines, how shown to be branches;

ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION. 55

Prickles. 95. Tendrils. 96. Peduncles or Flower-stalks. 97. Buds, 98. Branches connected with
the ground. 99. Stolons. 100. Kunners. 101. Suckers. 102. Oft'sets. 103. Kootstocks. 104. Fleshy
Rootstocks. 105. Tubers. 106. Corms. 107. Bulbs; 108. scaly and coated. 109. Bulblets.

110. Internal Structure of Stems; Cellular Tissue; Wood. 111. The two classes of stems. 112. Ex-
amples, both in herbs and trees. 113. Endogenous stem; how its wood is arranged. 114. External
appearance and growth. 115. Exogenous stem; common wood. 116. How it increases in diameter
year after year: Sap-wood and Heart-wood. 117. The latter dead, the former annually renewed. 118.
External appearance and mode of growth.

119. Leaves ; their varieties, why useful to learn. 120. Their parts : Blade, Footstalk, Stipules.
121. Simple and Compound. 122. Structure and Veining of leaves: woody or fibrous part; cellular
tissue or green pulp ; Epidermis or Skin. 123. Eibs. 124. Veins and Veinlets; Nerves, so called.
125. Two kinds of veining. 126. Netted-veined or Reticulated. 127. Class of plants that have this
kind of veining. 128. Parallel-veined or Nerved ; class of plants that have this kind of veining.
129. Both kinds of two sorts. 130. Feather-veined or Pinnately veined. 131. Radiate-veined or Pal-
mately veined.

132 Shapes of leaves enumerated ; as to general outline. 133. Those that taper downward. 134,
135. Intermediate shapes, how expressed. 136. Shapes depending upon the base. 137. Forms of
apex. 138. As to margin or toothing, &:c. 139. Lobing or division. 140. How this is related to the
veining; how both the kind of lobing and the niimber of parts may be expressed, 141, so that a short
phrase will describe the leaf completely. 142. All the various terms apply as "well to other parts, as
to calyx, corolla, petals, &c.

143. Compound Leaves ; Leaflets. 144. The two kinds. 145. Pinnate leaves. 146. Palmate or
Digitate. 147. Varieties of pinnate leaves. 148. Number of leaflets. 149. Abo of palmate leaves ;
why their leaflets are generally fewer than those of pinnate leaves. 150. Twice or thrice compound
and decompound leaves.

151. Leaves without distinction of blade and footstalk ; Needle-shaped ; Thread-shaped ; Awl-
shaped; Equitant. 152. Stipules; often united with the footstalk, or with each other.

Ic3. The arrangement of leaves on the stem: the three modes, viz. alternate, opposite, Avhorled.

CHAPTEPt II.

now TLANTS AKE PROPAGATED OR MULTIPLIED IN NUMBERS.
Section I. — How Propagated from Buds.

154. Plants not only grow so as to increase in size or extent, but also multiply,
or increase their numbers. This they do at such a rate that almost any species,
if favorably situated, and not interfered with by other plants or by animals, "vvould
soon cover the whole face of a country adapted to its life.

155. Plants multiply in two distinct ways, namely, by Buds and by Seeds. All
plants propagate by seeds, or by what answer to seeds. Besides this, a great
number of plants, mostly perennials, propagate naturally from buds.

156. And almost any kind of plant may be made to propagate from buds, by
taking sufficient pains. The gardener multiplies plants artificially in this way,

157. By Layers and Slips or CllUingS. In hying or layering, the gardener bends
a branch down to the ground, — sometimes cutting a notch at the bend, or remov-
ing a ring of bark, to make it strike root the quicker, — and covers it with earth;
then, after it has rooted, he cuts off the connection with the parent stem. Thus he
makes artificial stolons (99). Plants which strike root still more readily, such as
Willows, he propagates by cuttings or slips, that is, by pieces of stem, containing
one or more buds, thrust into the ground or into flower-pots. If kept moist and
warm enough, they will generally strike root from the cut end in the ground, and
develop a bud above, so forming a new plant out of a piece of an old one. INIany
woody plants, which will not so readily grow from slips, can often be multiplied

158. By Grafting or Bodding. In grafting, the cutting is inserted into a stem or
branch of another plant of the same species, or of some species like it, as of the
Pear into the Quince or Apple ; where it grows and forms a branch of the stock
(as the stem used to graft on is called). Tlie piece inserted is called a scion. In
grafting shrubs and trees it is needful to make the inner bark and the edge of the
wood of the scion correspond with these parts in the stock, when they will grow
together, and become as completely united as a natural branch is with its parent
stem. In budding or inoculating, a young bud, stripped from one fresh plant, is
inserted under the bark of another, usually in summer; there it adheres and gen-

HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED. 57

erally remains quiet, as it would have done on tlie parent bough, until the next
s^^ring, when it grows just as if it belonged there.

159. The object of all these ways of artificial ^propagation from buds is to pre-
serve and to multiply choice varieties of a species which would not be perpetuated
from seed. For as the fruit of all the natural branches is alike, so it remains
essentially unaltered when borne by branches which are made to grow as artificial
branches of another plant, or to take root in the ground as a separate plant. The
seeds of an apple or other fruit cannot be depended upon to reproduce the very
same sort of apple, — that is, an apple of the very same flavor or goodness. The
seeds w^ill always reproduce the same species, but not the individual pecidiarities.
These are perpetuated in propagation from buds. This kind of propagation is there-
fore very important to the cultivator. It takes place naturally in many plants,

160. By StolOHS, Offsets, Runners, or Suckers, in ways which have already been
described (99 to 103, and Fig. 74). These are all forms of natural layering, and
they must have taught the gardener his art in this respect. For he merely imitates
Nature, or rather sets her at work and hastens her operations. Also,

IGl. By Tubers (74, 75, Fig. 59, 60). These are under-ground branches w^ith
lively buds, well charged with prepared nourishment, rendering them more inde-
pendent and surer to grow. Potatoes and Ground- Artichokes are familiar illus-
trations of the kind. They are propagated year after year by their buds, or eyes,
being very seldom raised from the seed. Each annual crop of tubers is set free at
maturity, by the death of all the rest of the plant.

162. By Corms, Bulbs, and Bulblels; as explained in paragraphs 77 and 106 to
109. Fig. 76 shows a corm or solid bulb of Crocus, which itself grew by feeding
upon its parent, wdiose exhausted remains are seen underneath : it has already pro-
duced a crop of buds, to grow in their turn into another generation of corms, con-
suming their parent in the process. Bulbs produce a crop of new bulbs from buds
in the axils of some of their scales. Tulips, Dafibdils, and Garlics propagate very
freely in this manner, not only keeping up the succession of generations, but multi-
plying greatly their numbers.

Analysis of the Section.

154. Plants multiply as -u'ell as grovv'. 155. In two -ways; all plants by seeds, many by buds.
156. Most kinds may be propagated hy buds artificially. 157. By Layers and Slips or Cuttings. 158. By
Grafting or Budding. 159. Object gained by this mode of propagation. 160. It takes place naturally,
by Stolons, Otfsets, &c. 161. By Tubers. 162. By Corms, Bulbs, and Bulblets.

58 HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

Section II. — How Propagated by Seeds.

1G3. Propagation from buds is really only the division, as it grows, of one
plant into two or more, or the separation of shoots from a stock. Propagation
from seed is the only true reproduction. In the seed an entirely new individual is
formed. So the Seed, and the Fruit, in which the seed is produced, and the Flower,
which gives rise to the fruit, are the Organs of Reproduction (2).

164. Every species at some period or other produces seeds, or something which
answers to seeds. Upon this distinction, namely, whether they bear true flowers
producing genuine seeds, or produce something merely answering to flowers and
seeds, is founded the grand division of all plants into two series or grades, that is,
into Ph^nogamous or Flowering Plants, and Cryptogamous or Flow-
ERLESS Plants.

165. Cryptogamous or FloWCrleSS Plants do not bear real flowers, having stamens
and pistils, nor produce real seeds, or bodies having an embryo ready formed in
them. But they produce minute and very simple bodies which answer the purpose
of seeds. To distinguish them from true seeds, they are called Spores. Ferns,
Mosses, Lichens, and Seaweeds, are all flowerless plants, reproduced by spores.

166. rilOBllOgamous or Flowering Plants are those which do bear flowers and seeds;
the seed essentially consisting of an embryo or germ, ready formed within its
coats, which has only to grow and unfold itself to become a plant ; as has been
fully explained in the first and second sections of Chapter I.

167. Flowerless plants have their organs too minute to be examined without
much magnifying, and are too difficult for young beginners. The ordinary or
Flowering class of plants will afford them abundant occupation. We are to study
first the Flower, then the Fruit and Seed.

Section III. — Flowers.
§ 1. Their Arrangement on the Stem.

168. Inflorescence is the term used by botanists for flower-clusters generally, or
for the way blossoms are arranged on the stem. Everything about this is governed
by a very simple rule, which is this : —

169. Flower-buds appear in the same places that common buds (that is, leaf-
buds) do ; and they blossom out in the order of their age, the earliest-formed first,

FLOWERS : THEIR ARRANGEMENT ON THE STEM.

59

and so on in regular succession. Now the place for buds is in the axils of the
leaves {cixillary buds, 58), and at the end of the stem (terminal hud, 57) : so these
are also the places from which flowers spring. Fig. 138 is a Trillium, with its

flower terminal, that is, from the summit of the stem.
Fig. 139 is a piece of Moneywort, with axillary flow-
ers, i. e. from the axils of the leaves. The Morn-
ing-Glory (Fig. 4) also has its flowers axillary.

170. Solitary Flo^YCrs. In both these cases the
blossoms are solitary, that is, single. There is only
one on the plant in Trillium (Fig.
138). In Fig. 139, there is on-
ly one from the same axil ; and
although, as the stem grows on,
flowers appear in succession, they
are so scattered, and so accom-
panied by leaves, that they cannot
be said to form a flower-cluster.

171. Flower-Clusters are formed
whenever the blossoms are more
numerous or closer, and the ac-
companying leaves are less con-
spicuous. Fig. 140 is a cluster
(like that of Lily of the A^alley,
Fig. 3) of the kind called a
raceme. On comparing it with

Fig. 139, we may perceive that it differs mainly in having the leaves, one under
each blossom-stalk, reduced to little scales, which are inconspicuous. In both, the
flowers really spring from the axils of leaves. So they do in all the following
kinds of flower-clusters, until we reach the Cyme.

172. The leaves of a flower-cluster take the name of Bracts. These are gen-
erally very different from the ordinary leaves of the plant, commonly much smaller,
and often very small indeed, as in Fig. 140. In the figures 141 to 144, the bracts
are larger, and more leaf-like. They are the leaves from whose axil the flower
arises. Sometimes there are bracts also on the separate flower-stalks (as on the
lower ones in Fig. 140) : to distinguish these we call them Bractlets.

133

Terminal Flower.

139

Axillary Flowers.

GO

HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

o\

173. The flower-stalk or footstalk of a blossom is called a Peduncle (9G). So
the flowers in Fig. 138, 139, &c. arc peduncled or stalked. But in
Fig. 1-41 they are sitting on the stem, or sessile.

174. In clusters we need to distinguish two kinds of flower-stalks ;
namely, the stalk of the whole cluster, if there be any, and the stalk
of each blossom. In such cases we call the stalk of the cluster the
Peduncle, and the stalk of the individual flowers we name the Pedi-
cel. In the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 3, as in Fig. 140), there is the
peduncle or general flower-stalk (which is here a continuation of
the main stem), and then the flowers all Ivdve pedicels of their own.

175. Kinds of Flower-Clusters, Of those which bear their flowers on
the sides of a main stalk, in the axils of leaves or bracts, the prin-
cipal kinds are the Raceme, the Corymb, the Umbel, the Head, and
the Spike with its varieties ; also the Panicle. In the head and
the spike the flowers are sessile. In the others they have pedicels
or footstalks of their own.

170. A Raceaie is a cluster with the blossoms arranged along the
sides of a main flower-stalk, or its continuation, and all on pedicels
of about the same length. A bunch of Currant-blossoms or berries,
or the graceful cluster of the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 3, 140) are
good illustrations. Fig. 142 shows the plan of the raceme. Notice that a raceme
always blossoms from the bottom to the top, in regular order ; because the lower
buds are of course the oldest.

Spike.

142

Raceme.

143

Corvmb.

144

Umbel.

177. A Corymb is a flat-topped or convex cluster, hke that of Hawthorn.

Fig.

FLOWERS : THKIR ARRANGEMENT ON THE STEM.

61

143 shows the plan of it. It is plainly the same as a raceme with the lower
pedicels much longer than the uppermost. Shorten the body, or axis, of a corymb
so that it is hardly perceptible, and we
change it into

178. An Umbel, as in Fig. 144. This is a
cluster in which the pedicels all spring from
about the same level, like the rays or sticks
of an umbrella, from which it talvcs its name.
The Milkweed and Primrose bear their
flowers in umbels.

179. The outer blossoms of a corymb or
an umbel plainly answer to the lower blos-
soms of a raceme. So the umbel and the

»

corymb blossom from the circumference

towards the centre, the

outer flower-buds being
the oldest. By that we
may know such clusters
from cvmes.

180. A Head is a flower-
cluster with a very short body, or axis, and without any pedi-
cels to the blossoms, or hardly any, so that it has a rounded
form. The Button-bush (Fig. 145), the Thistle, and the Red
Cloyer are good examples.

181. It is plain that an umbel would be changed into a head
by shortening its pedicels down to nothing ; or, contrarily, that
a head would become an umbel by giving stalks to its flowers.

182. A Spike is a lengthened flower-cluster, with no pedicels to
the flowers, or hardly any. Fig. 141 gives the plan of a spike ;
and the common Mullein and the Plantain are good examples.
A head would become a spike by lengthening its axis. A ra-
ceme would become a spike by shortening its pedicels so much
that they could hardly be seen. The Catkin and the Spadix are
only sorts of spike.

183. A Calkin or Anient is a spike with scaly bracts. The flowers of the Wil-
low, Poplar, Alder, and Birch (Fig. 146) are in catkins.

62

HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

184. A Spfldix is a spike with small flowers crowded on a thick and fleshy body
or axis. Sweet-Flag and Indian-Turnip are common examples. In Indian-Tur-
nip (Fig. 147) the spadix bears flowers only near the
bottom, but is naked and club-shaped above. And it is
surrounded by a peculiar leaf or bract in the form of a
hood.

185. Such a bract or leaf enwrapping a spike or
cluster of blossoms is named a Sjjcithe.

186. A set of bracts around a flower-cluster, such as
those around the base of the umbel in Fig. 144, is called
an Involucre.

187. Any of these clusters may be compound. That
is, there may be racemes clustered in racemes, making
a compound raceme, or corymbs in
corymbs, or umbels in umbels, making
a compound umbel, as in Caraway
(Fig. 148), Parsnip, Parsley, and all
that fiimily. The little umbels of a
compound umbel are called Umbel-
lets ; and their involucre, if they have
any, is called an Involucel.

188. A Panicle is an irreg-
ularly branching compound
fl jwer-cluster, such as would
bo formed by a raceme with
its lower pedicels branched.
Fig. 149 shows a simple
])anic]e, the branches, or
v.-hat would be the pedicels,
only once branched. A

bunch of Grapes and the flower-cluster of Horsechestnut are
more compound panicles. A crowded compound panicle of this
sort has been called a Thyrse.

180. A Cyme is the general name of flower-clusters of the
kind in which a flower always terminates the stem or main peduncle, and each of

147

SpatUx and Spathe.

148
Compound Umbel.

FLOWERS : THE Hi PARTS.

63

its branches. The plan of a C3'me is ilkistrated in tlie following]: fij^ares. Fi'^.

150, to begin with, is a stem terminated by a flower, which phiinly comes from

a terminal bud or is a terminal flower. Fig. 151 is the same, which has started

a branch from the axil

of each of the uppermost

leaves ; each of these

ends in a flower-bud.

Fig. 152 is the same,

with the side branches

again branched in the

same ^^'a7, each branch

endinsr in a flower-bud.

This makes a cluster

looking like a corymb, as

shown in Fig. 143 ; but observe that here in the cyme the middle flower, a,.

which ends the main stem, blossoms first ; next, those flowers marked h ; then

those marked c, and so on, the centre one of each set being the earliest ; whfle in

the corymb tlie blossoming begins wnth the outermost flowers and proceeds regu

larly towards the centre. The Elder, the Cornel, and the Hydrangea (Fig. 169)

have their blossoms in cymes many times branched in this way ; that is, they have

compound cymes.

190. A Fascicle is only a close or \qyj much crowded cyme, with very short
footstalks to tlie flowers, or none at all, as the flower-cluster of Sweet- William.

131
Plan of ihe Cyme.

§ 2. Forms and Kinds of Flowers.

191. The Parts of a Flower w^ere illustrated at the beginninjr of the book, in
Chapter L, Section I. Let us glance at them again, taking a different flower for
the example, namely, that of the Three-leaved Stonecrop. Although small, this
has all the parts very distinct and regular. Fig. 153 is a moderately enlarged view
of one of the middle or earliest flowers of this Stonecrop. (The others are like it,
only with their parts in fours instead of fives.) And Fig. 154 shows two parts of
each sort, one on each side, more magnified, and separated from the end of the
flower-stalk (or Receptacle), but standing in their natural position, namely, below^ or
outside a Sepal, or leaf of the Calyx; then a Petal, or leaf of the Corolla ; then a.
Stamen ; then a Pistil.

64

HO^V PLANTS ARE TROPAGATED.

Petal.

Stamen. Pistil.

Pistil. Stamen.

Petal.

192. This is a complete and regular, yet simple flower; and will serve as a pat-
tern, with which a great variety of flowers may be compared.

193. When we wish to desimate the
leaves of the blossom by one Avord, we call
them the Perianth. This name is formed
of two Greek words meaning " around the
flower." It is convenient to use in cases
where (as in the Lilies, illustrated on the
first page) we are not sure at first view
whether the leaves of the flower are calyx
or corolla, or both.

194. A Petal is sometimes to be distin-
guished into two parts ; its Blade, like the
blade of a leaf, and its Claio, which is a
kind of tapering base or foot of the blade.
More commonly there is only a blade ; but
the petals of Roses have a very short, nar-
row base or claw ; those of Mustard, a
longer one ; those of Pinks and the like, a
narrow claw, which is generally longer than
the blade (Fig. 308).

195. A Stamen, as we have already learned (15, 17), generally consists of two
parts ; its Filament and its Anther. But the filament is only a kind of footstalk,
no more necessary to a stamen than a petiole is to a leaf. It is therefore sometimes
very short or wanting ; when the anther is sessile. The anther is the essential part.
Its use, as we know, is to produce pollen.

196. The Pollen is the matter, looking like dust, which is shed
from the anthers when they open (Fig. 159). Here is a grain of
pollen, a single particle of the fine powder shed by the anther of a
Mallow, as seen highly magnified. In this plant the grains are beset
with bristly points ; in many plants they are smooth ; and they diflTer
greatly in appearance, size, and shape in different species, but are all just alike in
the same species ; so that the family a plant belongs to can often be told by seeing
only a grain of its pollen. The use of the pollen is to lodge on the stigma of the
pistil, where it grows in a peculiar way, its inner coat projecting a slender thread

Sepal

Sepal.

155

Pollen-sfrain.

FLOWERS : THEIR iS'ATURE.

65

Stigrna.

Style.

Ovary.

which sinks into the pistil, somewhat as a root grows down into the ground, and
reaches an ovule in the ovary, causing it in some unknown way to develop an
embryo, and thereby become a seed.

197. As to the Pistil, we have aho learned that it consists of three parts, the
Ovary, the Style, and the Stigma (16) ; that the style is
not always present, being only a stalk or support for the
stigma. But the two other parts are essential, — the
Stigma to receive the pollen, and the Ovary to contain the
ovules, or bodies which are to become seeds. Fig. 156
represents a pistil of Stonecrop, magnified ; its stigma
(known by the naked roughish surface) at the tip of the
style ; the style gradually enlarging downwards into the
ovary. Here the ovary is cut in two, to show some of the
ovules inside. And Fig. 157 shows one of the ovules, or
future seeds, still more magnified.

198. Nature of the Flower. In the mind of a botanist,
who looks at the philosophy of the thing,

AJiower answers to a sort of branch. True, a flower
does not bear much resemblance to a common branch ; but
we have seen (90-109) what remarkable forms and ap-
pearances branches, and the leaves they bear, occasionally
take. Flowers come from buds just as branches do, and
spring from just the same places that branches do (169).
branch intended for a peculiar purpose. While a branch with ordinary leaves is
intended for growing, and for collecting from the air and preparing or digesting
food, — and while such peculiar branches as tubers, bulbs, &c. are for holding pre-
pared food for future use, — a blossom is a very short and a special sort of branch,
intended for tlje production of seed. If the whole flower answers to a branch,
then it follows that (excepting the receptacle, which is a continuation of the
flower-stalk) —

The iKirt's of the flower answer to leaves. This is plainly so with the sepals and
the petals, which are commonly called the leaves of the blossom. The sepals or
calyx-leaves are commonly green and leaf-like, or partly so. And the petals or
corolla-leaves are leaves in shape, only more delicate in texture and in color. In
many blossoms, and very plainly in a White Water-Lily, the calyx-leaves run into

In fact, a flower is a

66

HOW PLANTS AKE PROPAGATED.

corolla-leaves, and the inner corolla-leaves change gradually into stamens, — show-
ing: that even stamens answer to leaves.

198\ How a stamen answers to a leaf, according: to the botanist's idea, Fi"-.

■'CD ' O

158 is intended to show. The filament or stalk of the stamen answers to the
footstalk of a leaf; and the anther answers to the blade. The lower part of the
figure represents a short filament, bearing an anther which
has its upper half cut aw^ay ; and the summit of a leaf is
placed above it. Fig. 159 is the whole stamen of a Lily-
put beside it for comparison. If the "whole anther corre-
sponds with the blade of a leaf, then its two cells, or
halves, answer to the halves of the blade, one on each side
of the midrib ; the continuation of the filament, which con-
nects the two cells (called the connective), answ^ers to the
midrib ; and the anther generally opens along w^hat answer
to the margins of a leaf

199. It is easy to see how a simple pistil answers to a
leaf A simple pistil, like one of those of the Stonecrop
(Fig. 154, 15G) is regarded by the botanist as if it were
made by the folding up inwards of the blade of a leaf,
(that is, of what would have been a leaf on any branch of the common kind,) so
that the margins come together and join, making a hollow^ closed bag, which is the

ovary ; a tapering summit forms the style, and some part of the
margins of the leaf in this, destitute of skin, becomes the stig-
ma. To understand this better, compare Fig. 160, represent-
ing a leaf rolled up in this Avay, with Fig. 156, and with Fig.
161, which are pistils, cut in two, that the interior of the ovary
may be seen. It is here plain that the ovules or seeds are at-
tached to what answ^ers to the united margins of the leaf. The
particular part or line, or whatever it may be, that the ovules
or seeds are attached to, is called the Placenta.

200. Varieties or Sorts of Flowers. Now that we have learned
how greatly roots, stems, and leaves vary in their forms and
appearances, we should expect flowers to exhibit great variety in different species.
In fact, each class and each family of plants has its flowers upon a plan of its
own. But if students understand the general plan of JlowerSy as seen in the

153

Plan of a Stamen.

Plan of Pistil.

FLOWERS : THEIR FORMS AND KINDS.

67

Moniing- Glory, the Lilj (Fig. 1-12), and the Stonecrop (191), tliey will soon
learn to understand it in any or all of its diverse forms. The principal varieties
or special forms that occur among common plants "will be described under the
families, in the Flora which makes the Second Part of this book. There stu-
dents will learn them in the easiest wav, as they happen to meet v;ith them in
collecting and analyzing plants. Here we will only notice the leading Kinds of
Variation in flowers, at the same time explaining some of the terms which are
used in describing them.

201. Flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils. There may be few
or many of each of these in any particular flower ; these parts may be all separate,
as i\\Qy are in the Stonecrop ; or they may be grown
together, in every degree and in every conceivable
way ; or any one or more of the parts may be left
out, as it were, or wanting altogether in a particular
flower. And the parts of the same sort may be all
alike, or some may be larger or smaller than the
rest, or differently shaped. So that flowers may be
classified into several sorts, of which the following
are the jjrincipal.

202. A Complete Flower is one wdiich has all the
four parts, namely, calyx, corolla, stamens, and pis-
tils. This is the case in all the flowers Ave have
yet taken for examples ; also in Trillium (Fig. 138,
reduced in size, and here in Fig. 1G2, with the
blossom of the size of life, and spread open flat).

203. A Perfect Flower is one which has both sta-
mens and pistils. A complete flower is of course a
perfect one ; but many flowers are perfect and not
complete ; as in Fig. 163, 164.

204. An Incomplete Flower is one which wants at
least one of the four kinds of organs. This may
happen in various ways. It may be

Apetahus ; that is, having no petals. This is the
case in Anemony (Fig. 163), and Marsh-Marigold. For these have only one row
of flower-leaves, and that is a calyx. The petals which are here wanting appear

Complete flower of Trillium.

163
Incomplete flower of Anemony.

68

HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

in some flowers very miieli like these, as in Buttercups (Fig. 238) and Goldthread.
Or the flower may be still more incomplete, and

Naked, or AcJilamydeous ; that is, without any flower-leaves at all,

neither calyx nor corolla. That is the case in

the Lizard's-Tail (Fig. 1G4), and in AYillows.

Or it may be incomplete by wanting either the

stamens or the pistils ; then it is

205. All Imperfect or Separated Flo^yel^ Of course,

if the stamens are wanting in one kind of blos-
,g^ som there must be others that have them. Plants

FWerof Luani-s-Taii. ^j^j^ imperfect flowers accordingly bear two sorts

of blossoms, namely, one sort

Staminate or Sterile, those having stamens only, and therefore not
producing seed ; and the other

Pistillate or Fertile, having a pistil but no good sta-
mens, and ripening seed only when fertilized by pollen
from the sterile flowers. The Oak and Chestnut, Hemp,
Moonseed, and Indian Corn are so. Fig. 165 is one of
the staminate or sterile flowers of Indian Corn ; these
form the " tassel " at the top of the stem : their pollen
falls upon the "silk," or styles, of the forming ear below,
consisting of rows of pistillate flowers. Fig. 166 is one
of these, with its very long style. The two kinds of
flowers in this case are

3Ioncecious ; that is, both borne by the same individ-
ual plant ; as they are also in the Oak,
Chestnut, Birch, &c. In other cases

Dioecious ; that is, when one tree or herb
bears flowers with stamens only, and another
flowers with pistils only ; as in Willows and
Poplars, Hemp, and Moonseed. Fig. 167 is
a staminate flower from one plant of Moon-
seed, magnified; and Fig. 168, a pistillate flower, borne by a plant from a different
root. There is a third way : some plants produce what are called

Polygamous flowers, that is,, having some blossoms with pistils only or v/ith

Indian Corn.

Moonseed Flowers.

FLOWERS : THEIR FORMS AND KIXDS.

69

IS9

Hydrangea.

stamens only, and others perfect, having both stamens and pistils, either on the same
or on different individuals. The Red Maj^le is a very good case of this kind ; the

two or three sorts
of flowers look-
ing very differ-
ently when they
appear in earh--
spring ; those of
one tree having
long red stamens
and no good pis-
til, those of other
trees having con-
spicuous pistils,
in some blossoms
with no good sta-
mens at all, in
others with short ones. There are also what are called abortive or

206. Neutral Flowers ; having neither stamens nor pistils, and so good for nothing
except for show. In the Snowball of the gardens and in richly cultivated Hydran-
geas all the blossoms are neutral, and no fruit is formed.

Even in the wild state of these shrubs, some of the
blossoms around the margin of the cluster are neu-
tral (as in the Wild Hydrangea, Fig. 1G9), consisting
only of three or four flower-leaves, very much larger
than the small perfect flowers which make up the rest of
the cluster. Also what the gardener calls Double Flowers^
when full, are neutral, as in double Roses and Buttercups.
These are blossoms which by cultivation have all their
stamens and pistils changed into petals.

207. A Symmetrical Flo^Ver is one which has an equal
number of parts of each kind or in each set or row.
This is so in the Stonecrop (Fig. 153), which has five sepals in the calyx, five petals
in the corolla, ten stamens (that is, two sets of stamens of five each), and five
pistils. Or often it has flowers with four sepals, and then there are only four

70

HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

nr

n

petals, eight stamens (twice four), and four pistils. So tlie floAver of Trillium (Fi
162) is symmetrical; for it consists of three sepals, three petals, six stamens (one

before each sepal and one before each petal), and
a pistil plainly composed of three put together,
having three styles or stigmas. Flax affords an-
other good illustration of symmetrical flowers (Fig.
170) : it has a calyx of five sepals, a corolla of
five petals, five stamens, and five styles. In such
flowers, and in blossoms generally, the parts alter-
nate "vvith each other ; that is, the petals stand be-
fore the intervals between the sepals, the stamens,
when of the same number, before the intervals be-
tween the petals, and so on.

208. An Uiisymmetrical Flower is one in which

the different organs or

sets do not match in

the number of their

parts. The flower of

Anemony, Fig. 1G3, is

unsymmetrical, having

many more stamens

and pistils than it has

calyx-leaves. And the

blossom of Larkspur

(Fig. 171) is unsym-
metrical, because, while ^ (r~"~~^^^p^

it has five sepals or
leaves in the calyx, there are only four petals or co-
rolla-leaves, but a great many stamens, and only one,
two, or three pistils. The sepals and petals are dis-
played separately in Fig. 172; the five pieces marked
5 are the sepals; the four marked p are the petals.

209. A Regular Flower is one in which the parts of each sort are all of the same
shape and size. The flowers in Flax (Fig. 170) and in all the examples pre-
ceding it are regular. While in Larkspur and Monkshood we have not only an
unsymmetrical, but

FLOWERS : THEIR FORMS AND KINDS.

71

210. All Irregular Flower ; that is, one in which all the parts of the same sort are
not alike. For in the Larkspur-blossom one of the sepals bears a long hollow
spur or tail behind, M'hich the four others have not ; and the four small petals are
of two sorts. The Violet-blossom (Fig. 173) and the Pea-blossom (Fig. 351) are
symmetrical (except as to the pistil), but irregular. Fig. 17-4 shows the calyx
and the corolla of the Violet above it displayed ; s, the five sepals ; p, the five petals.
One of the latter differs from the rest, having a sac or spur at the base, which makes
the blossom irregular. So far, most of the examples in this section are from

211. Flowers with tlie parts all distinct, that is, of separate pieces; — the calyx
of distinct sepals, the corolla of distinct petcds (i. e. Polyp etalous^, the stamens dis-
tinct (separate, &c.), and all the parts growing in regular order out of the receptacle,
in other words, inserted on the receptacle. These are t'tie simplest or most natural
flowers, the parts answering to so many leaves on a
short branch. But as in Honeysuckles (Fig. 389) the
leaves of tlie same pair are often found grown together
into one, so in blossom-leaves, there are plenty of

212. Flowers with tlicir parts united or growiv together.

Tlie flower of Morning-
Glory (Fig. 4) is a good
example. Here is the ca-
lyx of five separate leaves
or sepals (Fig. 176) ; but
in the corolla (Fig. 175)
the five petals are com-
pletely united into a cup,
just as the upper leaves
of Honeysuckles are into
a round plate. Then, in
Stramonium (Fig. 177),
the five sepals also are
united or 2:rown to"rether
almost to their tips into a
cup or tube ; and so are the five petals likewise, but not quite to their tips ; and the
five teeth or lobes (both of the calyx and of the corolla) plainly show how many
leaves there really are in each set. When this is so in the corolla, it forms what is
called a

176

Morning-Glory.

177

Stramonium.

72

HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

T75. Trumpet-
Honeysuckle.

213. Moiicpctalous corolla; i. e. a corolla of one piece. It is so called, whether it
makes a cup or tube with the border entire, as in Morning-Glory (Fig. 175), or with
the border lobed, that is, the tips of the j^etals separate, as in Stramonium (Fig. 177),
or even if the petals are united only at the bottom, as in the Potato-
blossom (Fig. 182). The same may be said of a calyx when the
sepals are united into a cup, only this is called 3Ionose'pafous. A mo-
nopetalous corolla (and so of a calyx) is generally distinguishable into
two parts, namely, its Tube or narrow part below, and its Border or
Limb, the spreading part above. It is regular when all sides and lobes
of it are alike, as in Fig. 175, 177, &;c. It is irregular when the sides
or parts are different or unequal in size or shape, as in Sage, Dead-
Nettle (Fig. 181), the common Honeysuckle, &c. It is

Tubular, when long and narrow without a conspicuous border, as
in Fig. 178, or

Trumpet-shaped ; tubular, gradually enlarging upwards, as in Trumpet-Creeper
and Trumpet- Honeysuckle (Fig. 178) ;

Funnel-shaped or Funnel-form (like a
funnel or tunnel) ; when the tube opens
gradually into a spreading border, as in
Morning-Glory (Fig. 175) and Stramoni-
um (Fig. 177) ;

Bell-shaped or Campanulate ; when the
tube is wide for its length and the border
a little spreading, like a bell, as in Hare-
bell (Fig. 179).

Salver-shaped ; when a slender tube
spreads suddenly into a flat border, as in Phlox (Fig. 180).

Wheel-shaped or Rotate ; same as salver-shaped, with the tube very short or none,

as in the corolla of the Potato (Fig. 182) and the
Nightshade (Fig. 183).
illiT— ^ X'^^^i/'W "^^ Labiate or Two-lipped ; when the border di-

vides into two parts, or lips, an upper and a
lower (sometimes likened to those of an animal
with gaping mouth), as in Sage, Dead-Nettie (Fig.
181, and the like. This is one of the irregular forms of monopetalous corolla,
and the commonest.

182

183

FLOWEliS : THEIR FOKM3 AND KINDS.

73

/.

214. StailieUS united are also common. They may be united by their filaments
or by their anthers. In the Cardinal-flower (Fig. 184), and other Lobelias, both
the anthers (a) and the filaments (/) are united into a

tube. So also in the Pumpkin and Squash. Botanists
use the following terms to express the different ways
in which stamens may be connected. They are

Syngenesious, when the anthers are united into a ring
or tube, as in Lobelia (Fig. 184 «), and in the Sun-
flower, and all that family.

Monadelphous (i. e. in one brotherhood),
when the filaments are united all into one
set or tube, as in Lobelia (Fig. 184y), and
the Mallow Family (Fig. 185) ; also in
Passion-flowers and Lupines (Fig. 187). isi. Lobeiia.

Diadelphous (In two brotherhoods), when the filaments are united
in two sets. Fig. 186 shows this in the Pea, and the like, where
nine stamens are combined in one set and
one stamen is left for the other.

Triadclphous (in three brotherhoods),
when the filaments are united or collected
in three sets, as in the Common St. John's-wort or Hy-
pericum (Fig. 297) ; and

PohjfuMphous (in many brotherhoods), when combined
in more than three sets, as in some St. John's-worts.

215. Pislils united are very common. Two, three, four,
or more grow together at the time of their formation,
and make a Compound Pistil. Indeed, wherever there

is a single pistil to a flower, it is much oftener a compound pistil than a simple
one. But, of course, when the pistils of a flower are more than one, they are all
simple. Pistils may be united in every degree, and by their ovaries only, by their
styles only (as they are slightly in Prickh'-Ash), or even by their stigmas only (as
in Milkweeds), or by all three. But more commonly the ovaries are united into
one Compound Ovary, while the styles or stigmas are partly separate or distinct.
Three degrees of union are shown in these figures. Fig. 188, two pistils of a Saxi-
frage, their ovaries united only part way up (cut across both above and below).

185. Mallow.

187

74

HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

Fig. 189, pistil of Common St. John's-wort, plainly composed of three simple ones,
with their ovaries completely united, while their slender styles are separate.

Fig. 190, same of Shrubby St.
John's-wort, like the last, but with
the three styles also grown together
into one, the little stigmas only sepa-
rate ; but as it gets older this style
generally splits down into three, and
when the pod is ripe it aLo splits
into three, plainly showing that this
compound pistil consists of three
united into one. On turning now
to Fig. 8 and Fig. 10 to 12 on the
same page, it Avill be seen that the
pistil in Morning-Glory and in Lily
Compound Pistils of two anil three ctiu. Is a compouud ouc, uiadc of three

united even to their stigmas. This is shown externally, by the stigma being some-
what threc-lobed in both. And it becomes perfectly evident on cutting the ovary
in two, bringing to vicAV the three cells (Fig. 12, as in Fig. 189, 190), each an-
swering to one simple ovary.

216. So compound ovaries generally have as many cells as there
are simple pistils or pistil-leaves in their composition ; and have the
placentas (199) bearing the seeds all joined in the centre: that is, the
placentas or compound placenta in the axis. But sometimes the
partitions or divisions between the cells vanish, as in Pinks : then
the compound pistil is only one-celled. And sometimes there never
were any partitions ; but the pistil was formed of two,
three, or more open pistil-leaves grown together from
the first by their edges, just as petals join to make a
monopetalous corolla. Then the ovules or seeds, or
the placentas that bear them, are parietal^ that is, are
borne on the parietes or wall of the ovary. Fig. 191
is the lower part of a compound ovary, with three pa-
rietal placentas or seed-bearing lines; and Fig. 192 is
a diagram, to explain how such a pistil is supposed to be made of three leaves united
by their edges, and these edges bearing the ovules or seeds.

One-celled compound ovary, wiih placentas
parietal.

FLOWERS : THEIR FORMS AND KIn'dS.

75

Half of a Cherry-blossom.

217. Flowers with one set cf Organs united with another. The natural waj is, for

all the parts to stand on the receptacle or end of the flower-stalk, — the stem-part

of the blossom (191). Then the parts are

said to be free^ or to be inserted on the

receptacle. So it is in the Buttercup, Lilj,

Trillium (Fig. 1G2), Flax, &c. But in many-
flowers one set of organs grows fast to an-
other set, or, as we sav, is inserted on it.

For instance, we may have the Petals and

Stamens inserted on the Calyx, as in the

Cherry and all the Rose family. Fiof. 193

is a floAver of a Cherry, cut throuirh the

middle lengthwise, to show the petals and stamens growing on the tube or cup

of the calyx. The meaning of it is that all
these parts have grown together from their
earliest formation. Next we may have the
^ Calyx cohering or grown fast to the Ovary,
or at least its cup or loAver part grown
to the ovary, and forming a part of the
thickness of its walls, as in the Currant and
Gooseberry, the Apple and Hawthorn. Fig.
194 is a flower of Hawthorn cut throucrh
lengthwise to show this. In such cases

all other parts of the blossom appear to grow on the ovary. So the ovary is said

to be inferior, or, which is the same thing,

the calyx (i. e. its lobes or border) and the

rest of the blossom, superior. Or else we

say " ccdyx coherent with the ovary" which

is best, because it explains the thing.

Stamens inserted on the Corolla. The

stamens and the corolla generally go to-
gether. And when the corolla is of one

piece (i. e. monopetalous, 213), the stamens

almost always adhere to it within, more or

less; that is, are borne or "inserted on the "'• ^°^'»"=-«'°'^-

Half of a Hawthorn -blossom.

7G HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

corolla." Fig. 105 Is tlie corolla of Morning-Glory laid open, to show the stamens
inserted on it, i. e. grown fast to it, towards the bottom. We may even have the

Stamens inserted on the Style, that is, united with it even up to the stigma. It is
so in the Orchis family.

218. Gymiiospermous or Open and Naked-seeded Pistils. This is the very peculiar

pistil which belongs to Pines, Spruces, Cedars, and all that family of plants ; and it
is the simplest of all. For here the pistil is an open leaf or scale, bearing two or
three ovules on its upper or inner surface. Each scale of a Pine-cone is an open
pistil, and the ovules, instead of being enclosed in an ovary which forms a pod, are

naked, and exposed to the pollen shed by the stamen-bearing
flowers, which falls directly upon them. Fig. 196 is a view
of the upper side of an open pistil or scale from a forming
Larch-cone, at flowering-time, showing the two ovules borne
on the face of it, one on each side near the bottom. Fig.
197 is the same grown larger, the ovules becoming seeds.
When ripe and dry, the scales turn back, and the naked
seeds peel off and fall away.

219. Plants which have such open scales for pistils accordingly take the name of
Gymnospermous or Nahed-seeded. The Pine family is the principal example

of the kind (see p. 201). All other Flowering plants are

Angiospermous, that is, have their ovules and seeds produced in a seed-vessel
of some sort.

Analysis of the Section.

168. Arransrement of Flowei's, or Inflorescence. 169. Situation of Flower-buds : terminal and axil-
lary. 170. Solitary flowers. 171. Flower-clusters. 172. Bracts and Bractlets. 173, 174. Flower-
stalks: Peduncle and Pedicels. 175. Kinds of flower-clusters. 176. Eaceme; order of opening of the
blossoms. 177. Corymb. 178. Umbel. 179. Comparison with Eaceme, &c. 180. Head. 181. Com-
parison with the Umbel, and, 182. the Spike. 183. Catkin or Anient. 184. Spadix. 185. Its Spathe.
186. Involucre. 187. Compound Clusters: Umbellets; Involucel. 188. Panicle; Tliyrse. 189. Cyme.
190. Fascicle.

191. Flowers: their parts illustrated by the Stonecrop: 192. A pattern flower, 193. Leaves of flower
or Perianth. 194. Petal; its Blade and Claw. 195. Stamen; its parts. 196. Pollen; its structure
and use. 197. Pistil ; its parts. 198. Nature of the flower; its parts answer to leaves. 198\ How a
stamen answers to a leaf. 199. How a pistil answers to a leaf : Placenta.

200. Sorts of Flowers : one general plan : 291. Varied in several ways. 202. Complete flower.
203. Perfect flower. 204. Incomplete flower: apetalous; naked. 205. Imperfect or separated flowers :
staminate or sterile ; pistillate or fertile ; monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous. 206. Xeutral flowers.

FRUIT.

77

207. Symmetrical flowers. 208. Un?ymmetrical flowers. 209. Eegular flowers. 210. Irregular
flowers.

211. Flowers with the parts distinct. 212. With their parts gi-own together. 213. Monopetalous
coroha, &c. : its varieties in form. 214. Stamens united; syngenesious, monadelphous, diadelphous,
triadelphous, and polyadelphous. 215. Pistils united into a Compound Pistil: illustrations. 216. Those
with two or more cells and placentas in the centre; of one cell with placentas parietal or on the walls.

217. Flowers with one set of organs united with another; as petals and stamens with the calyx; the
tube or cup of the calyx with the ovary; stamens with the corolla; or with the style.

218. Gymuospermous or i\aked-seeded Pistil of Pines, &c. 219. Division of plants on this account.

Section IV. — Fruit and Seed.

§ 1. Seed- Vessels.

220. After the flower comes the Fruit. The ovary of the flower becomes the
Seed-vessel (or Pericarp) in the fruit. The ovules are now seeds.

221. A Simple Fruit is a seed-vessel formed by the ripening of one pistil (with
whatever may have grown fast to it in the flower, such as

the tube of the calyx in many cases, 217). Simple fruits
may be most conveniently classified mto Fleshy Fruits^
Stone Fruits, and Dry Fruits.

222. The principal sorts of fleshy fruits are the Berry,
the Pepo, and the Pome.

223. A Berry is fleshy or pulpy throughout. Grapes,

tomatoes, gooseberries, currants,
and cranberries are grood ex-
amples. (Fig. 198 shows a
cranberry cut in two.) Oranges
and lemons are only a kind of
berry with a thicker and leath-
ery rind.

224. The Pepo or Gourd Fruit

(such as a squash, melon, cu-

cumber, and bottle-gourd, Fig.

19S. Berry.

199) is only a sort of
berry with a harder rind.

225. A Pome or Apple-Fruit is the well-known fruit of
the Apple, Pear, Quince, and Hawthorn. It comes from a compound pistil with
a coherent calyx-tube (that is, from such a flower as Fig. 194), and this calyx,

199. Pepo.

78

now PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

growing very thick and fleshy, makes the Avhole eatable part or flesh of the fruit
in the haw and the quince. The real seed-vessels in the quince (Fig. 201),
apple (Fig, 200), and the like, consist of the five thin, parchment-
like cells of the core, containing the seeds. In the quince, all the
flesh is calyx. But in the pear and apple the flesh of the core,
viz. all inside of the circle of greenish dots which are seen on cut-
ting the apple across (Fig. 200), belongs to the receptacle of the
flower, which here rises so as to surround the real seed-vessels.
Cutting the apj^le lengthwise, these dots come to view as slender
greenish lines, separating what belongs to the core from what be-
longs to the calyx : they are the vessels which in the blossom
belong to the petals and the stamens above. In the haw, the cells
become thick and stony, and so form a kind of

226. StOIie-Fruit or Drupe. Plums, cherries, and peaches (Fig.
202) are the commonest and best examples of the stone-fruit. It
is a fruit in which the outer part becomes
fleshy or pulpy, like a berry, while the
inner part becomes hard or stony, like a
nut. So the Stone (or Putamen, as the botanist terms it)
does not belong to the seed, but to the fruit. It has the
seed in it, Avith coats of its own.

227. Dry Fruits are those that ripen without flesh or
pulp. They are either dehiscent or indehiscent. Dehis-
cent seed-vessels are those which split or burst open, in
Forne regular Avay, to discharge the seeds. Indehiscent
^ seed-vessels arc those that remain closed, retaining the seed until they grow, or

until the seed-vessel decays. All stone fruits and fleshy
fruits are of course indehiscent.

228. The sorts ot indehiscent dry fruits that we need
to distinguish are the AJcene^ the Grain, the Nut, and
the Key.

229. The Akcne includes all dry, one-seeded, closed,
small fruits, such as are generally mistaken for naked

seeds ; such, for instance, as the little seed-like fruits of Buttercups. (Fig. 203 is one
of these, whole, a good deal enlarged ; Fig. 204, one with part of the wall cut away.)

Akene.

FRUIT.

79

205
Nut and Cuj-ule,

That they are not seeds is plain from the way they are produced, and from their
bearing a style or stigma, at least when young. They are evidently pistils ripened ;
and on cutting them open, the seed is found \Yhole within (Fig. 204).

230. A Grain (or Canjopsis) is the same as an akene, except that the thin seed-
vessel adheres firmly to the whole surface of the seed. Indian corn,

wheat, rye, and all such kinds of grain are examples.

231. A Nut is a hard-shelled, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit, like an
akene, but on a larger scale. Beechnuts, chestnuts, and acorns (Fig.
205) are familiar examples. In all these the nut is surrounded by
a kind of involucre, called a Cupule or Cup, which, however, is no
part of the fruit. In the Oak, the cupule is a scaly cup ; in the
Beech and Chestnut, it is a kind of bur ; in the Hazel, it is a leaf-like
cup or cov(iring ; in Hop-Hornbeam, it is a thin and closed bag.
The fruit of the "Walnut, Butternut, and the like, is between a drupe
and a nut, havino; a tleshv outer layer.

232. A Key or Key-Fruit (called by botanists a Samara) is like an akene or nut,
or any other indehiscent, one-seeded fruit, only it is winged. The
fruits of the Ash (Fig. 20G) and of the Elm (Fig. 207) are of this
kind. That of the Maple consists of two keys partly joined at the base,
both from one floAver (Fig. 208).

233. Dehiscent Fruits, or dry fruits which sj)lit or burst open in some
regular way, take the general name of

234. Pods. These generally split lengthwise when ripe and dry.

Pods formed of a simple pistil mostly open down
their inner edge, namely, that
v>hich answers to the united mar-
gins of the pistil-leaf. Compai-e
Fig. IGO with Fig. 209 : the latter
is the simple pod of a Marsh-
Marigold open after ripening, and
the seeds fallen, go becoming a
leaf again, as it were. Some such
pods also split down the back as
well as down the inner side ; that

is, along what answers to the midrib of the leaf; as do pea-pods (Fi^

6

COG

£03
Pair of Keys.

399

Opened Follicle.

211).

80

HOAV PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

235. A Follicle is sucli a simple pod which opens down one side only. The pods
of Peony. Columbine, and Marsh-Marigold (Fig. 210) are Ibllicles.
23 G. A Legume is a pod of a simple pistil, which splits into two

pieces. It is the fruit of the Pea or Pulse family.

Fig. 211 is a legume of the Pea, open, separated into

its two valves.

237. A Capsule is the pod of any compound pistil.
When capsules open regularly, they either split iJiroiigh
the partitions, or where these would be, as in the pod of St. John's-
wort (Fig. 212) ; this divides them into so many follicles, as it were,
which open down the inner edge : or else they split open into the
hack of the cells, as in the pods of the Lily, the Iris
(Fig. 213), &c.

238. The pieces into which a pod splits are called
its Vahes. So a follicle (Fig. 210) is

one-valved ; a legume (Fig. 211), two-valved ; the cap-
sules in Fig. 212 and 213, both three-valved, &c.

239. Two or three forms of capsule have peculiar
names. The principal sorts are the Siliqiie, the Silicle,
and the Pyxis.

240. A Siiiqae (Fig. 214) is the pod of the Cress
family. It is slender, and splits into two
valves or pieces, leaving behind a partition
in a frame which bears the seeds.

241. A Silicle or Pouch is only a sihque
not much longer than broad
Shepherd's Purse ; Fig. 21 G, the same
with one valve fallen.

242. A Pyxis is a pod which opens
crosswise, the top separating as a lid.
Fio-. 217 shows it in the Common
Purslane ; the lid falling off.
"'^ Silicle. ^ 243. There remain a few sorts of

fruits which are more or less compound or complex. They may be
classed -under the heads of Aggregated, Accessory, and Multiple fruits.

2!'2

Capsules, ojieninj.

Fisr. 215 is the silicle of

217, Pyxii.

FRUIT.

81

219

244. AggrCgiliCd Fruits are close clusters of simple fruits all of the same flower.
The raspberry and the blackberry are good examples. In these, each grain is a
drupelet or stone-fruit, like a cherry or peach on a very small scale.

245. Accessory Fruits are those in which the flesh or conspicuous part belongs to
some accessory (i. e. added or altered) part, separate from the seed-vessel. So that
what we eat as the fruit is not the fruit at all in a strict botanical sense, but a calyx,
receptacle, or something else which surrounds or

accompanies it. Our common checkerberry is a
simple illustration. Here the so-called berry is a
free or separate calyx, Avhieh after flowering be-
comes thick and fleshy, and encloses the true seed-
vessel, as a small pod within. Fig. 218 shows the
young pod, partly covered by the loose calyx.
Fig. 219 is the ripe checkerberry, cut through tlie middle lengthwise, the calyx now
thick, juicy, and eatable, and enlarged so as to enclose the small, dry pod.

246. A Rose-hijy (Fig. 220) is a kind of accessory fruit, looking like a pear or a

haw. But it consists of the tube of the calyx, lined
by a hollow receptacle, which bears the real fruits,
or seed-vessels, in the form of bony akenes. Fig.
221, a rose-hip when in flower, cut through length-
wise, shows the whole plan of it : the pistils are seen
attached to the sides of the urn-shaped receptacle,
and their styles, tipped with the stigmas, project a
little from the cavity, near the
stamens, which are borne on
the rim of the deep cup.

247. A Straivherry is an ac-
cessory fruit of a different shape. Fig. 222 is a forming one,
at flowering time, divided lengthwise : below is a part of the
calyx ; above this, a large oval or conical receptacle, its whole
surface covered with little pistils. In ripening this grows
vastly larger, and becomes juicy and delicious. So that, in fact, what is called a
berry is only the receptacle of the flower, or the end of the floAver-stalk, grown very
large and juicy, and not a seed-vessel at all, but bearing plenty of one-seeded dry
seed-vessels (akenes, 229), so small that they are mistaken for seeds.

221

Rose-hip.

222. Youn J Strawberry.

82

now PLANTS ARE PUOrAGATED.

223

Mulberry.

248, Multiple Fruits are masses of simple or accessory fruits belonging to differ-
ent flowers, all compacted together. Mulberries (Fig. 223) are of this sort. They

look like blackberries, but each grain belongs to a separate
flower ; and the eatable pulp is not even the seed-vessel of that,
but is a loose calyx grown pulpy, just like that of Checker-
berry, and surrounding an akene, which is generally taken for a
seed. The pine-apple is much like a mulberry on a large scale.
A fig is a multiple fruit, being a hollow flower-stalk grown pulpy,
the inside lined by a great number of minute flowers.

249. So, under the name of fruit very different things are
eaten. In figs it is a hollow flower-stalk ; in pine-apples and
mulberries, clusters of flower-leaves, as
well as the stalk they cover ; in straw-
berries, the receptacle of a flower; in blackberries, the

same, though smaller, and a cluster of little stone-fruits

that cover it; in raspberries, the little stone-fruits in a

cluster, without the receptacle. In checkerberries, quinces,

and (as to all but the core) apples and pears, we eat a

fleshy enlarged calyx ; in peaches and other stone-fruits,

the outer part of a seed-vessel ; in grapes, gooseberries,

blueberries, and cranberries, the whole
seed-vessel, grown rich and pulpy.

250. TllC Cone of Pine (Fig. 224) and
the like is a sort of multiple fruit. Each
scale is a whole pistillate flower, con-
sisting of an open pistil leaf, ripened, and

bearing on its upper face one or two naked seeds, — as explained at the end of the last
section (218, 219). Fig. 225 shows the upper side of one of the thick scales taken
off, bearing one seed ; the other, removed, is shown, with its wing, in Fig. 226.

§ 2. Seeds.

252. A Seed is an ovule fertilized and matured, and with a germ or embryo
formed in it.

- 253. In the account of the growth of plants from the seed, at the beginning of
the book (Chapter I. Section I.), seeds have already been considered sufficiently

225

£25

Pitch-pine Cone.

SEEDS.

bS

for our purpose. As the pupil advances farther in his hotanical studies, he will
learn much more about them, as well as about fruits and flowers, in the Lessons
in Botany, and other works.

254. A seed consists of its Coats and its Kernel Besides the true seed-coats,
which are those of the ovule, an outer loose covering, generally an imperfect one,
is occasionally superadded while the seed is growing. This is called an An'l.
Mace is the aril of the nutmeg. The scarlet pulpy covering of the seeds of the
Strawberiy-tree and tlie Staff-tree or Waxwork is also an aril.

255. The Seed-Coats are commonly two, an outer and an inner ; the latter gen-
erally thin and delicate. The outer coat is sometimes close and even, and fitted to

the kernel, as in Morning-Glory (Fig. 227) ; some-
times it is furnished with a tuft of long hairs, as in
Milkweed (Fig. 229), or else is covered with long
woolly hairs, as in the Cotton-plant, wdiere they
form that most useful material, Cotton-wool. In
some ca^es the outer coat is extended into a
thin border or wing, as in the Trumpet-Creeper
(Fig. 228). Catalpa-seeds have a fringe-like wing
or tuft at each end. The seeds of Pines are
M'inged at one end (Fig. 22G). All these tufte
and win<T^3 are contrivances for renderinir such seeds buovant, so that, wdien shed,
they may be dispersed by the wind. Thistle-down, and the like, is a similar con-
trivance on the fruit or akene.

256. The seed is often supported by a stalk of its own, the Seed-stalk. Where
the seed separates, it leaves a mark, called the Scar or Hilum. This is conspicu-
ous in a bean and a pea, and is remarkably large in a horsechestnut.

257. The Kernel is the whole body of the seed within the coats. It consists of
the Embryo, and of the Albimien, when there is any.

258. The Albumen is a stock of prepared food, for the embryo to live upon at the
outset, in those cases M'here it has not a similar supply laid up in its cotyledons
(32-35, 45). In Fig. 17, 44, and 49, the seeds have albumen. In Fig. 25, 32, 40,
and 42, they have none, but the whole kernel consists of

259. The Embryo, or rudimentary plantlet in miniature, the body in the seed
which grows. To this the seed, the fruit, and the blossom are all subservient. The
albumen of the seed, when there is any, is intended to nourish the embryo when it

237

84

HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

grows, until it can provide for itself; the seed-coats to protect it, especially after it
is shed ; the seed-vessel, to protect it and to nourish it while forming ; the stamens
and pistil, to originate it.

2 GO. The embryo consists of its Radicle or original stemlet, from one end of
which the root starts, from the other the stem is continued ; also of one or more
Cotyledons or Seed-leaves^ and often of a Plumule or bud for continuing the stem
upwards. How the embryo grows into a plant, was fully explained at the com-
mencement of this book.

Analysis of the Section.

Fruits are

Simple Fruits fire

§ 1. Table of Kinds of Fkuit.

Piiragr,

1. Simple: seed-vessels of one pistil, 221

2. Aggkegated: clusters of seed-vessels all of the same flower, . 244

3. Accessory: the flesh, &c. external to and separate from the pistil, 245-247

4. Multiple: composed of the simple or accessory fruits of more than

one flower, . . . 248

Fleshy Fruits (222), such as the
Stone-Fruits, or the .

! Berry,
Pepo,
Pome,
Dia'PE,
f Akene,

' Indehiscent, 228,

\

Grain,

Nut,

223
224
225
226
229
230
231
232

Dry Fruits, 227, <

Dehiscent, or Pods, 233,

I Key,

'Of a Simple ( Follicle,235

Pistil, ( Legume, 236

( Capsule, 237

of a Compound j Silique, 240

Pistil,

\

219, 248.

I SiLICLE, 241

[ Pyxis, 242
Cone, 250

Multiple Fruits are ! Angiospermous, or closed,

( Gymnospermous, or naked-seeded, 218, 219,

§2. Seeds. — 252. "What a seed is. 253. Its nature already considered. 254. Its parts; Aril
occasionally met with. 255. Its coats, and the appendages, wings, &c. 256. Seed-stalk, and scar.
257. Kernel, 258. Albumen, sometimes present; its office. 259. Embryo, to which all the other parts
of the seed, the fruit, and the flower are subservient. 260. Parts of the Embryo: Riidicle, or Stem-
let; Cotyledons, or Seed-leaves; Plumule, or Bud.

CIIAPTEE III.

WHY PLANTS GP.OW, AVHAT THEY ARE MADE FOK, AND WHAT THEY DO.

201. \\'q liav(3 now become acquainted witli all the organs of plants, both those
concerned in their life and growth, or ver/etation, and those concerned in muhiplying
their numbers, that is, in rejjrocluction. The iirst being the root, stem, and leaves ;
the second, the flowers (essentially the stamens and pistils), with their result, fruii
and seed. AVe have learned, also, how plants grow from the seed, produce part
after part, branch after branch, and leaf after leaf, and at length blossom and go to
seed. ATe see tliat plants, vrith their organs, that is, instruments, are a kind of liv-
ing machines at work ; and it is now time to ask. How they operate, What they hrinj
to pass, and What is the object or the result of their doings. Such questions as these,
young people, with their curiosity awakened, would be likely to ask, and they
ought to be answered. To understand these things completely, one must know
something of chemistry and vegetable anatomy,* — which we do not propose here
to teach. But a general account of the matter may be given in a simple way,
which shall be perfectly intelligible, and may give a clear idea of the purpose which
plants were created to fulfil in the world, and how they do it. Let us begin by
conslderinii;

262. The Plailt ill Action. Take any living plant, — it matters not what one, —
and consider what it is doing. For greater simplicity, take some young plant or
seedling, where vegetation goes on just as in a full-grown herb or tree, only on a
smaller scale. The plant is

2G3. Absorbing, or drawing in what it lives upon; from the soil and the air. This
is moisture, air, and other matters which the rain, as it soaks into the ground, may
liave dissolved on its way to the roots. It is by the roots, lodged in the damp soil,
that most of the moisture which plants feed upon is taken in, and with this they
always get some earthy matter. This earthy matter makes the ashes which are
left after burning a piece of wood, a leaf, or any part of a plant. Moisture 13

* After studying this chapter, the pupil will be ready to learn more of the subject in the Lessons in
Botaivj and Vtrjetable Physioloffij. Lessons 22, 23, 24, and 25 treat of Vegetable Anatomy ; and Lessou
26, of the Plant doing its work.

86 AVIIY PLANTS GKOlY,

also absorbed by the leave?, either from drops of rain or dew, or from the vapor of
water in the air. Air is largely absorbed by the leaves, and some also by the roots,
either as dissolved in water, or else directly from the crevices and pores of the
£oiI, which are filled with air.

264. Plants absorb their food by their surface. Animals have an internal cavity,
— ix stomach, — to hold their food; and from the stomach it is taken into the
system. Plants have nothing of this kind. They absorb their food by their sur-
face,— by the skin, as it were ; and when very young and with the whole sur-
face fresh and thin, by one part almost as much as another. But as they grow
older and the skin hardens, they absorb mostly by their fresh rootlets and the tips of
the roots, and by the leaves, — the former spread out in the soil, the latter spread
out in the air. For while the skin or bark of the older parts of the roots is hard-
ening, new tips and rootlets are always forming in growing plants, with a fresh sur-
face, which absorbs freely. And as to the leaves, they are renewed every year
(even evergreens produce a new crop annually, and the old ones fall after a year
or two) ; and the skin of every leaf, especially that of the under side, is riddled
with thousands of holes or little mouths (called Breathing-pores), which open into
the chambers or winding passages of tlie pulp of the leaf, so that the air may cir-
culate freelv throuG^hout the whole.

265. Plants absorb their food all in the fluid form. Tiiey are unable to take
in anything in a solid state. They imbibe or drink in all their food, in the form of
water, with whatever the vrater has dissolved, and of air or vapor, by one or both
of which their leaves and roots are surrounded. The reason they imbibe only fluid
is this. The roots, leaves, and all the rest of the plant, under the microscope, are
seen to be made up of millions of separate little cavities, each cut off from the
surrounding ones by closed partitions of membrane. All that the plants take into
their system has to pass through- these partitions of membrane, — which fluid (air
or moisture) alone can do.

266. The common juices of plants are called Sap. Wliat they take in from the
€oiI and the air, not being digested or made into vegetable matter, is called Crude
<Sap. All that the roots imbibe has to be carried up to the leaves to be digested
tliere. So while the roots are absorbing, the stem is

267. Conveying tllC Crude Sap to the Leaves. There is no separate set of vessels,
and no open tubes or pipes for the sap to rise through in an unbroken stream, in
the way people generally suppose. The stem is made up, like the root, of cavities,

AMD WHAT TIIEY DO. 87

or colls divided off by whole partitions ; and to rise an inch the sap generally has
to pass through several hundred such i^artitions. "When there is much v.'ood, the sap
rises mostly through that. Now the fibres and the vessels of the wood are tubes,
most of them several times longer than wide ; but their ends do not open into
each other; a closed partition divides each cavity from the next, which tlie sap has
to get through some way or other. How it gets through so readily, we do not
alt02:cther know ; but there is no doubt about the fact.

2G8. Carried into the leaves, and distributed through their broad surface, the
crude sap is exposed to the light and air. A large part of it is water ; and each
drop of this serves to bring up a minute portion of earthy matter, which it dissolved
out of the soil. Most of the water, no longer wanted, is evaporated from the leaves
by the warinth of the sun, and exhaled ; that is, it escapes in vapor into the air,
mostly through the breathing-pores (2G4). What remains, the plant is at the same
time

2G9. DigCSlJIlg or Assimilating. Assimilating is the proper word. To assimilate
is to make similar, or to turn into its own substance. This is just what plants do
in their leaves. They change into vegetable matter that which was mineral matter
(air, earth, or v/ater) before. This they do only in the leaves, or other green parts,
and in these only when they are exposed to the light of day, that is, to the influ-
ence of tlie sun. AVe see, therefore, why plants are so dependent on tlic light.
They cannot grow Avithout it, except so far as they are fed by vegetable matter
pre})ared beforehand; — as the seedling is fed at the beginning, by vegetable matter
of the parent plant stored up in the seed ( Chap. II. Sect. II.) ; and potato-shoots,
by tliat provided in the tuber or potato (74, 75), &:c. This enables them to begin
their growth in the dark. But the inheritance only serves to set up the young
])lants ; when they have exhausted it, they have to work for themselves, to take
in air and water, and a little earth, and assimilate it, — i. e. make vegetable matter
of it, — in their leaves or other green parts, with the help of sunshine. This they
do throu2:hout the whole ofrowino; season.

270. Tlie new-made vegetable matter Is dissolved in the vratcr or tlie sap In the
leaf, and forms a thin mucilage. Tliis is prepared or Elaborated Sap, fit to be
used in growth ; for it contains tlie same material as that which the plant itself is
built of It is to the plant just what the prepared clay is to the earthen vessel, or
to the bricks of which the house is built. It has only to be conveyed where it is
wanted and used for growing.

88 AVUY PLANTS GROW,

271. Some Forms and Cliangcs of Vegetable Matter. It mny be used at once, or it

may be stored up until it is wanted. In annual herbs, as already explained (G8),
nearly all of it is used for growth or for blossoming, as fast as it is made. In
biennials, like tlie Beet, Carrot, and Turnip (70), a great 2)art of it is stored
up somewhere, generally in the root, and used the next year. In such perennials
as the Potato, a part is laid up in the tubers (which are all of the plant that
survives the winter), to begin a vigorous growth the next season. In shrubs and
trees a part is annually deposited in the newest wood and bark, to be used for de-
veloping the buds the next spring. In all, a portion is deposited, as we know,
sometimes in the fruit, always in the seed, for the use of the embryo or new plant,
at the besfinninsr of its "•roAvth.

272. When vegetable matter is laid up for future use, a large part of it is gen-
erally in the form of starch. Kearly the wliole bulk of a potato, or of a grain of
corn, is starch. This consists of little grains which are like mucilage solidified, and
they may be turned into mucilage again. When the plant takes up a deposit of
starch into its system, as fast as it dissolves it in the sap it generally changes it into
sugar. INIucilage, starch, sugar, and plant-fabric, all have the same chemical com-
position, or very nearly ; and the plant readily changes one into the other as it needs.
Kotlce the changes of vegetable matter in a plant of Indian Corn. In the leaves,
where it is made, the elaborated sap is in the form of mucilage; in the stalk, at
flowering-time, while on its way to form and nourish the blossoms and grains, it
turns sweet, being changed into sugar ; in the grain, a part is changed into starch
and laid up there : when the grain germinates, the starch is dissolved and changed
back into sugar ; and in the growing plautlet which it nourishes, the sugar is at

length changed into plant-fabric.

273. Circulation or Conveyance of Elaborated Sap, or Dissolved Vegetable Matter. The

new-made vegetable matter rarely accumulates in the leaves where it is made, ex-
cept in the Century-plant, Houseleek (Fig. Go), and other fleshy-leaved plants.
It is generally distributed through all the plant (that is, thi'ough all its living parts),
or carried especially to where a stock is to be laid up, or Avhere growth is taking
place. So the elaborated sap, passing out of the leaves, is received into the inner
bark, at least in trees and shrubs, — or in herbs it may descend through the soft
parts generally, — and a part of what descends finds its way even to the ends
of the roots, and is all along diffused laterally into the stem, where it meets
and mingles with the ascending crude sap or raw material. So there is no separate

AND WHAT THEY DO. 89

circulation of the two kinds of sap ; and no crude sap exists separately in anj
part of the j^lant. Even in the root, where it enters, this mingles at once with
some elaborated sap already there, and as it rises through the stem they mix more
and more. But whatever is not assimilated must be, before the plant can use it ;
that which has been assimilated, can be used wherever it may be.

274. The elaborated sap, like the crude, is contained in the cavities, cells, or
short closed tubes which make up the fabric of the plant, and circulates or passes
from one to another through the partitions. How it passes through, and what at-
tracts it where it is wanted, we do not very well know. And what we do know
could not be well explained to the young beginner, for whom this book is written.
The same may be said about

275. Growtlli Growth is the increase of a living thing in size and substance.
In plants it is done by the increase in the number of the cells (or cavities divided
off by partitions) which make up the fabric, and by the increase of each in size to
a certain extent. That is, growth is the building-up of the plant, or of additions to
it, out of vegetable matter. And this vegetable matter was made in the leaves
(either of the same plant or of its parent), out of mineral matter drawn from the
earth and the air, — was mostly made of air and water. For the earthy part
which is left behind when we burn a plant (and so turn all the vegetable matter
back into air and vapor of water again) forms only a \QYy small part of its bulk.

27G. If the pupil would learn more particularly how growth takes place, and
how plants change mineral into vegetable matter, they must study three or four les-
sons of the Lessons in Botany already referred to. But our short and simple
account of the plant in action, i. e. vegetating^ is sufficient for answering the main
question, viz. : — •

277. What riniUs do. Vegetation consists essentially of two things, namelj-, as-
similation Sin(\. growth. In assimilation plants are changing mineral matter — air,
water, and a little earth — into vegetable matter; and in growth this vegetable
matter is wrought into all manner of beautiful and useful forms. This is the work
which the vast variety and infinite number of plants over all the earth are busily
engaged in. It is tJieij' peculiar loorh ; for only plants can live upon (or assimilate)
mineral matter ; they only have the power of changing air, water, and eai'th into
organic matter.

278. What is the effect of this action of plants, especially upon the air Ave
breathe ? And what becomes of all the vast amount of vegetable matter which

90 AVHY PLANTS GROW,

plants have been making, day by clay, since God said, Let the earth bring forth
grass, and the herh yielding seed, and the fruit-tree yielding fruit after his kind^
whose seed is in itself upon the earth, — and it ivas so ? Tlie answer to these ques-
tions ^vill show us pUiinly

279. What Plants are made for. In the first place, in the very act of making
vegetable matter, plants fulfil one great purpose of their existence, that is,

280. They purify the air for animals. That part of the air which renders it fit
for breatliing is called oxygen ; this makes up about one fifth part of the air we
breathe. At every breath animals take in some of this oxygen and change it
into carbonic acid; that is, they combine the oxygen with carbon from their blood,
which makes carbonic acid, and breathe out this carbonic acid into the air, in place
of the oxygen they drew in. Now this carbonic acid is unfit for the breathing of
animals, — so much so, that, if it were to increase so as to make any considerable part
of the atmosphere, man and other animals could not live in it. But plants prevent
the carbonic acid from accumulating in the air. "While animals need the oxygen of
the air, and in using it change it into carbonic acid, hurtful to them, plants need the
carbon of this carbonic acid ; indeed, it makes a very large portion of their food, —
as we plainly see it must, when we know that about half of every part of a ])lant is
carbon, that is, charcoal. And this carbonic acid is the very part of the air that
plants use ; they constantly take it from the air, decompose it in their leaves during
sunshine, keep the carbon, and give back the oxygen pure, so keeping the air fit
for the breathing of animals. The carbon which plants take from the air in this
way, along wnth water, &c., they assimilate, that is, change into vegetable matter :
and in doinsr this

281. They niahe all the food which animals live upon. Animals cannot live upon
air, water, or earth, nor are they able to change these into food which they may
live upon. This work is done for them by plants. Vegetable matter in almost
every form — especially as herbage, or more concentrated in the accumulations of
nourishment which plants store up in roots, in bulbs and tubers, in many stalks,
in fruits, and in seeds — is food for animals. '■'■And to every beast of the earth, and
to every fowl of the air, and to everything that creepeth upon the earth, " as well as
to men, is given " eve7y green herb for jneat." Some animals take it by feeding
directly upon vegetables ; others, in feeding upon the flesh of herbivorous animals,
receive what they have taken from plants. Man and a few other animals take in
both ways what plants have jirepared for them. But however received, and how-

AND WHAT TIIKY ARE MADE FOR. 91

ever chanfred in form in the progress from plant to animal or from one animal to
another, all the food and all the substance of all animals were made bj plants.
And this is what plants are made for.

282. Notice also that plants furnish us not merely needful sustenance, but almost
every comfort and convenience. Medicine for restoring, as well as food for support-
ing health and strength, mainly comes from plants.

283. They furnish all the clothing of man ; — not only what is made from the
woolly hairs of certain seeds {cotton), or from the woody fibres of bark {linen), and
what is spun from Mulberry-leaves by the grubs of certain moths (as silk), but
also the skin and the fur or wool of animals, owe their origin to plants, just as
their flesh does.

284. The?/ furnish vtensils, tools, and huilding materials, in great variety ; and
even the materials which the mineral kingdom yields for man's service (such as iron)
are unavailable without vegetables, to supply fuel lor working and shaping them.

285. They supply all the fuel in the ivorld ; and this is one special service of that
veo-etable matter which, in the solid form of wood, does not naturally serve for foocL
Burned in our fire-places, one part of a plant may be used to cook the food fur-
nished by another part, or to protect us against cold ; or burned under a steam-boiler
it may grind our corn, or carry us swiftly from place to place. Even the coal dug
from the bowels of the earth is vegetable matter, the remains of forests and herbage
which flourished for ages before man existed, and long ago laid up for his present
use. We may proceed one step flirther, and explain where the heat of fuel comes
from ; for even a child may understand it. Plants make vegetable matter only in
the light, mostly in the direct light of the sun. With every particle of carbonic
acid that is decomposed, and vegetable matter that is made, a portion of the sun's
heat and light is absorbed and laid up in it. And whenever this vegetable matter
is decomposed, as in burning it, this heat and light (how much of each, depends upon
the mode of burning) are given out.

286. So all our lighting as well as warming, which we do not receive directly
from the sun, w^e receive from plants, in which sunlight has been stored up for our
use. And equally so, w^iether we burn olive-oil or pine-oil of the present day, or
candles made from old peat, or coal-gas, or lard, tallow, or wax, — the latter a vege-
table matter wdiich has been somewhat changed by animals. And, finally,

287. The natural umrmth of the bodies of animals comes from the food they
eat, and so is supplied by plants. A healthy animal, no longer growing, receives into

92 WHY PLANTS GROW.

his system a daily supply of food without any corresponding increase in weight, or
often without any increase at all. This is because he decomposes as much as he
receives. If a vegetable-feeder, far the greater part of his Ibod (all the starch of
grain and bread, the sugar, oil, &c.), after being added to the blood, is decomposed,
and breathed out from the lungs in the Ibrm of carbonic acid and water. That is
just what it would become if set on fire and burned, as wlien we burn oil or tallow
in our lamps or candles, or wood in our fire-places ; and in the process, in animals
no less than in our lamps and fire-places, the heat which was absorbed from the sun,
when the vegetable matter was produced from carbonic acid and water, is given
out when this matter is decomposed into carbonic acid and water again. And this
is what keeps up the natural heat of animals. We are warmed by plants in the
ibod we consume, as well as by the fuel we burn.

288. In learning, as we have done. How Plants Grow, and "Why they Grow,
have we not learned more of the lesson of the text placed at the beginning of this
book, and of the verses that folloAV ? ^'Wherefore, if God so clothe the gross of the
feld, shall he not much more clothe you ? . . . . Therefore take no thought, saying,
What shall ive eat ? or. What shall ive drink ? or, Wherewithal shall we be clothed ?
For your Heavenly Father hnoicetli that ye have need of all these things." And
we now perceive that causing plants to grow is the very way in which He bounti-
fully supplies these needs, and feeds, clothes, warms, and shelters the myriads of
beings He has made, and especially Man^ whom He made to have dominion over
them alL

C II A P T E U I V .

now PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED, NAIMED, AND STUDIED.
Section I. — Classification.

289. Classification in Botany is the arrangement of plants according to their
kinds and according to their resembhnices.

200. In order that the vegetable creation might be adapted to every soil, situa-
tion, and climate, and to the different wants of the greatest variety of animals, as
M'ell as to the many peculiar needs of mankind, God created plants in a vast num-
ber of kinds. And in order that these should be perpetuated and kept distinct,
He ordained that each should yield fruit and seed " after its kind" So each sort of
plant multiplies and perpetuates itself from generation to generation. Each of
these sorts is a '

291. Species. The individuals, or separate plants, of each sort represent that
species, just as men and women represent the human species. The individuals of
the same species are not always, or not commonly, exactly alike. Tiiey may differ
in size according to their greater or less vigor ; they may vary in the color of their
blossoms, or the shape and flavor of their fruit, and yet plainly be of one species.
It is very apt to be so in cultivated plants. The different sorts of A})ples belong to
one species ; all the sorts of Pears are of one species ; and so of Peaches. Such
sorts, which have arisen in the course of time and under change of circumstances,
are called Varieties.

292. Varieties may be kept up with certainty by propagating from buds, that is,
by cuttings, grafts, offsets, and the like (Chap. II. Sect. I.), but not by seeds, — at
least when left to themselves. And varieties have nothing definite about them, but
shade off into one another; while the species are always separate.^ Apple-trees
never vary into Pear-trees, nor Pear-trees into Quince-trees. The cultivator pays
much attention to varieties, and takes particular pains to preserve and multiply
them. To the botanist, who is concerned mainly with wild plants, they are of much
less account. The botanist studies species.

293. According to their degrees of resemblance species form Genera, Orders or
Families, and Classes.

94 now PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED,

204. GcnilS ; plural Gciiern. Species wliicli are very much alike belong to the
same genus. The genus is a group of species which have the Hower and fruit
consti'ucted on exactly the same plan. The Cabbage and the Turnip belong to the
same genus. The diiferent species of Raspberry and Blackberry belong to one
genus, — the Bramble genus. The different species of Roses compose the Bose
genus ; of Oaks, the Ocih genus ; and so on.

295. All Ordei' or Family (the two words meaning the same thing in Botany) is a
kind of genus on a wider scale, consisting of genera, just as a genus consists of
species. For example, while all the Oaks belong to the Oak genus, there are other
trees which are a good deal like Oaks in the whole plan of their flowers, fruit, and
seeds, so much so that we say they belong to the Oak family. Among them are the
Chestnut, the Beech, and the Hazel ; each a genus by itself, containing several
species. So the Pear genus, the Quince genus, the Plawthorn genus, the Rose
genus, and the Bramble genus, with many more, belong to one great order. The
Pea genus, the Bean genus, the Locust genus, the Clover genus, and the like,
make up another order.

29 G. A Class is a great group of orders or families, all on the same general plan.
The Rose family, the Oak family, and a hundred others, all belong to one great
class. Lilies, AmaryUises, L'ises, Palms, Rushes, and Grasses belong to another
great class.

297. There are other divisions ; but these are the principal ones in all classifi-
cations, both of the vegetable and of the animal kingdom. And these four stages
always rank in this way : the species under the genus, the genera under the order
or family, and orders under the class, viz. : — ^v

Class,

Okder or Family,

Genus,

Species.

Section II. — Names.

298. The name of any plant is the name of its genus and of its species. The
name of the genus answers to the surname or family name of people, as Smith or
Broum. The name of the species answers to the baptismal name, as John or James.
"We distinguish persons by these two names, as Joltn Smith and James Smith ; John

NAMED, AND STUDIED. 95

Brown and James Brotvn, Sec. In the same way, we name a plant by giving the
name of the genus along with that of the species ; as White Oak, Red Oah, Water
Oak. Here the first word is the name of the species, which is nothing by itself,
but joined to the second word, which is the name of the genus, it designates the
species of Oak; and the two together completely name the plant we mean.
These are

299. Popular Names, or the common names in our own language. Plants also
have truly Scientijic Botanical Names, which are the same in all countries. On
this account they are in Latin. Some of them are the ancient Latin or Greek
names ; others are words made in later times, but all are in Latin form. Thus, the
scientific name of the Oak genus is Quercus ; of the Ash genus, Fraxiyuis ; of the
Rose genus, Bosa ; of the Pear genus, Pyrus ; of the Bramble or Blackberry
genus, Ruhus, &:c. The names of some genera are in honor of botanists or discov-
erers ; as, Linncea, named in honor of Linnaeus ; Magnolia, after Magnol ; Kalmia,
after Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus, who travelled in this country ; Claytonia, after
Clayton, a botanist of Virginia.

300. In the Latin or scientific name, that of the genus comes before the species.
8o the scientific name of the White Oak is Quercus alba; of Red Oak, Quercus
rubra ; of Water Oak, Quercus aquatica. In fact, these are just the popular names
turned into Latin. It is not always so ; for what we call Post Oak is botanically
named Quercus obiusiloba, which means an Oak with blunt lobes to the leaves..
And our White Ash is Fraxinus Americana, meaning " American Ash " ; Red Ash
\s Fraxinus pubescens, m&Zinmg "Downy Ash"; Black Ash \^ Fraxinus sambuci-
folia, meaning "Elder-leaved Ash." But our Green Ash is Fraxinus viridis^.

which means the same thing as the common name.

30 L The name of the genus is a substantive. That of the species is generally
an adjective; as, viridis, green; sambucifolia, Elder-leaved; Americana, Aiwqv'i-
can ; aquatica, growing in water ; and so forth.

302. Accordingly, any plant is named in two words, that is, by giving the name
of its genus and of its species.

303. The names of the class, order, &:c. make no part of the name of the plant
itself. And these names differ in different systems of classification, while those of"
the genus and species are the same in all systems.

7

96 HOW PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED,

Section III. — The Natural System.

304. There are two kinds of classification in Botanj^, viz. Natural and ArtijiciaJ.
They differ in the way the genera are arranged in orders, classes, &c.

305. An Artificial Classification is one in which plants are arranged for conven-
ience of reference, or for finding out their names, without any particular care for
bringing like things together. Tournefort made an artificial classification of plants
by their flowers, mainly by their corolla, which was in common use in the last cen-
tury until Linnaeus contrived a better one, in which the classes and orders were
founded upon the number, position, &c. of the stamens and pistils. This was in
general use for many years. But now we use artificial classifications only in the
form of Tables or Analyses, as a key for finding out the family a plant we are
studying belongs to, and so readily referring it to its place in

306. The Natural System. In this system plants are classified according to their
relationships, that is, according to their resemblances in all respects. Tlie most
important resemblances are used for the classes, &c. ; the most important after these
for the orders; more particular ones mark the genera; and matters of shape, pro-
portion, color, &c. mark the species. So the whole together forms a system, in
which all known plants are to be ranked in their natural order, each standing next
those which it is most like in all respects ; the whole forming, as it were, a great
map, in which the classes and other great divisions jnight answer to countries,
.the orders to counties, and the genera to towns or parishes.

307. Such a system is not a mere convenience for ascertaining the name of a
•plant, but is an illustration, as far as may be, of the plan of the Creator in the

vegetable kingdom. And the Botanist sees as much to admire, and as plain evi-
'dences of design, in the various relations of the species of plants to each other

• (i. e. in their resemblances and their differences), as he does in the adaptation of

• one part of a plant to another, and in the various forms under which any one organ
•may appear. The different kinds of plants are parts of a great Avhole, like the
members of a body, or the pieces of an harmonious but complex edifice or struc-
iture ; and this whole is the Vegetable Kingdom.

308. What the main divisions in the system are, may be gathered from what is
stated in several places in Part I. In the first place, the wdiole vegetable kingdom
divides into two great Series or Grades^ — a higher and a lower. The higher
series contains all

NAMED, AND STUDIED. 97

Flowerixg on Ph^exogamous Plants, namely, those that are propagated
by means of real flowers, producing seeds, which contain an embryo ready formed.
The lower series consists of

Flowerless or Cryptogamous Plants, which produce no real flowers and
no true seeds, but only something of a simpler sort, answering to flowers and giv-
ing rise to spores, which, serve the purpose of seeds.

309. This has been explained in Chapter 11. Section II. p. 58. Next, the
great series of Flowering Plants is divided into two Classes. These classes are
distinguishable by the stem, the leaves, the flower, and the embryo or germ of the
seed. They are : —

Class I. Exogens, or Dicotyledons (more fully named, Exogenous or Di-
cotyledonous Plants). Plants of this class, as to their stems, have the wood all
between a separate pith in the centre and a bark on the surface, and each year the
stem lives, it forms a new^ layer of wood on the surface of that of the previous year
(111, 115 — 118). As to the leaves, they are netted-veined or reticulated, the veins
branching and forming meshes (12G, 127). As to the jioivers, their parts are gen-
erally in fives or fours (or the double or treble of these numbers), very rarely
in threes. As to the embryo, or germ, it always has a pair of cotyledons or seed-
leaves (48), or sometimes more than a pair (49).

Class 11. Endogens, or Monocotyledons (or more fully, Endogenous or
Monocotyledonous Plants). Plants of this class, as to their stems, have their wood
in threads mixed with the pith and scattered throughout every part, never forming
layers, and the bark is never to be peeled off clean from the wood (112 — 114).
The leaves are almost always parallel-veined (127 — 129). The Jioivers have their
parts in threes (or twice three), very rarely in twos or fours, never in fives, which
is much the commonest number in the other class. And the embryo has but one
cotyledon or seed-leaf (47, 50).

310. So the class of any plant may be told from a piece of its stem alone; or
from a single leaf, in most cases ; or from a blossom ; or from a seed ; or from the
])lantlet as it springs from the seed, and in its first leaves shows the nature of the
embryo. The seeds generally are not easy to study without a dissecting micro-
scope, nor can we always have them growing. But the student will hardly ever
fail to tell the class at once, by the stem, the leaves, or the flowers, and by the
whole look of the plant.

311. The first Class divides into two Subclasses, of very unequal size, viz. : —

98 now PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED,

Subclass I. AxGioSPETiMS (or AngiospermoKs Plants), -whicli have pistils of
the common sort, in which the seed is formed and contained (16, 219). This takes
all of the first class except the Pine family, and one or two small orders little
known in this country. These form the

Subclass II. Gymnosperms, that is, Gymnospermous or Naked-seeded Plants
(218, 250). Here the ovules and seeds are naked, there being no pistil at all, as
in the Yew, or only an open scale that answers to it, as in Pines, Cedars, &c.

312. The first class contains about a hundred common orders or natural fam-
ilies ; the second not half so many.

313. The lower or second series, that of Floioerless or Cryptogamoxis Plants j
divides into three classes, viz. : —

Class III. AcKOGENS, which includes the Fern family, the Plorsetail family,
and the Chib-moss family.

Class IV. Anophytes, which consists of the orders of Mosses and LiverAvorts.

Class Y. Thallophytes, which includes Lichens, the Algaj or Seaweeds, and
the Fungi or Mushroom family.

314. But Flowerless plants, being too diflicult for the beginner, need not be
further mentioned here.

315. The orders or families in the natural system are pretty numerous. They
are named, in general, after some well-known genus which may be said to repre-
sent the family. Thus the order to which the Rose belongs is called the Rose
family ; that to which Crowfoots or Buttercups belong, the Crowfoot family ; that
to which Cress and Mustard belong, the Ci^ess family ; the Oak gives its name to
the Oah family, the Birch to the Birch family, the Pine to the Pine family,
and so on. Their Latin or scientific names are also generally made from the
Latin name of a leading or well-known genus. For example, Rosa, the Pose, gives
its name to the Pose family, viz. Rosacece, meaning Posaceous plants ; Ranun-
culus, the Crowfoot genus, gives to its family the name of RaniincularecE ; and
Papaver, the Poppy, gives to its family that of Papaveracece ; Berberis, the Bar-
berry, that of BerheridacecB ; and so on.

316. The student's principal difBculty at the beginning will be to fmd out the
order or f-unily to which a plant belongs. This is because the orders are so numer-
ous, and commonly not to be certainly distinguished by any one point. But after
eome practice, the order will be as easy to make ont as the class ; and in many
cases it will be known at a glance by the strong family likeness to some plant
which has been examined before.

NAMED, AND STUDIED. 99

317. Let lis now introduce our pupils to the Popular Flora, by ^vllich thej may
study the common plants they meet with, and find out their structure and their
names.

Section IV. — How to study Plants by the Popular Flora.

318. Cli'cclioiis for gatlicring Specimens to Examine. Gather specimens with flowers,

flower-buds, and also with fruits, eitlier forming or fuU grown, wlien all these are
to be had at the same time, as they frequently are, at least in herbs, except in
spring. Sometimes the remains of last year's fruit are to be found, enough to tell
what the kind of fruit was. Very often the nature of the fruit can be told before-
hand, from the pistil, either at flowering-time or soon after. However, most of
our common plants may be made out from the blossoms and leaves only. Small
herbs should be taken up by the roots.

319. Specimens which are to be kept for some time, or carried to some distance
before they are studied, should be put at once into a close-shutting tin box, where
they will keep long without withering. Botanical boxes are made for the purpose.
A candle-box, or any tin box V\'ith a lid, and of convenient size for carrying, will
answer.

320. For examining Plants to make out the structure of the flowers, fruits, &c.,
the instruments most needed are, —

A sharp, thin-bladed pocket-knife, such as a common penknife, for making sec-
tions or slices ;

A pair of small forceps, which, although not always necessary, are very conven-
ient for holding little parts ; and

A hand microscope or magnifying-glass, such as may be purchased for a dollar
or less. A single glass, mounted in horn, or in metal, and (for carrying in the
pocket) shutting into a case of the same material, which serves as a handle when
open, is the commonest and best for our purpose.

A stand-microscope is a most convenient thing, when it can be had. This has a
glass stage under the lens or magnifying-glass, on which small flowers, or their
parts, may be laid. This leaves both hands free for dissecting or displaying
the minute parts, with needles mounted in handles, while the eye is examining
them under the microscope. Common needles, mounted in the bone handles used
for holding crochet needles, are very convenient, and cost little. A compound

100 HOW PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED AND STUDIED.

microscope, however nccessarj for studying vegetable anatomy, is of no use for our
common botanical j^urposes, whicli require no high magnifying. A pocket magni-
fying-glass, held in the hand, is all that is absolutely necessary.

321. Lessons in examining Plants. How a pupil, or a class, is to proceed in
examining any plant by our Popular Flora, for the purpose of finding out its class,
its order or family, and then its genus and species, — that is, its name, — we will
show by a few plain examples.

322. Technical words or terms are used all along, which you may not remember
the meaning of, as defined in the first part of the book ; and some of them may
not have been mentioned or explained there. Whenever you come to a word which
you do not perfectly understand, turn at once to the Index and Dictionary, begin-
ning on page 217, and look it out. There you will find it explained, or will be
referred to the page of the book where the term is explained or illustrated. Turn
back to the place, and read what is said about it. Do not attempt to proceed fast-
er than you understand things. But by looking out and understanding the words
as you meet with them, the principal terms used in botanical descriptions (here
made as simple as possible) will soon be familiar, and your subsequent progress
will be all the more rapid for the ^^ains taken in the earlier steps.

323. For the first example we will take a Buttercup or Crowfoot, such as may
anywhere be met with in spring and early summer. With specimens in hand,
turn to page 105. You ask in the first place, —

Does the plant belong to the First Series, that of Pha^nogamous or Flowering
Plants ? Certainly ; for it bears flowers, with stamens and pistils. (The Second
Series, that of Flowerless Plants (p. 97), consisting of Ferns, Mosses, &c., we do
not meddle with in this book, they requiring too much magnifying, and being too
difficult for the young beginner.) Next yon ask, —

To wliich class does it belong ? The diflTerences between the tAvo classes are
mentioned on page 97, and the characteristics of Class I. are illustrated on page
105. As the stem is hollow, it may not be easy to see that it has a dehcate ring
of wood under the bark and outside of the pith (as in Fig. 230) ; but this may be
perceived in a cross slice under the microscope. And even if we had ripe seeds, a
microscope and some skill in dissection Avould be required to take out the minute
embryo, and see that it has a pair of cotyledons. But we may tell the class by the
two other points, viz. by the leaves, and by the number of parts to the blossom.
The leaves are plainly netted- veined, and the parts of the flower, that is, the sepals

HOW TO USE THE POPULAR FLORA. 101

and the petals, are five. So the plant belongs to Class I. Proceed then with the
"Key to the Families or Orders of Class I." on page lOG. This class has two
subclasses. So you next ask, —

To Avhich subclass does the plant belong, to Angiosperms or to Gymnosperms ?
For the character of the Gymnosperms, see the end of the Key, at the foot of
page 111 ; that of Angiosperms begins the Key. The centre of the flower we are
examining is occupied with a great number of sm.all one-seeded pistils, each tipped
with its short style and stigma ; and the ovary is a closed bag containing an ovule
or 3'oung seed. So the plant cleaily belongs to Subclass I. Proceed then with
the Key; which leads you next to ask, —

To which division does the plant belong, — the PoI?/petaIous ? (in black letters
immediately under the subclass), or the Monopetalous ? (toj) of page 109), or the
Apetalous? (lower part of page 110). Plainly to the first or Pol^petalous division;
for there is both a calyx and a corolla, and the latter is of five separate petals.

This division, in the Key, subdivides into, "A. Stamens more than 10," and
" B. Stamens 10 or fewer" (p. 107). Our plant has many stamens, and so falls
under the head A.

This head subdivides into three (marked 1, 2, 3), by differences as to where and
how the stamens are borne. Pull off' the calyx and the corolla, or split a flower
through the middle lengthwise (as in Fig. 238), and you will plainly see that tlie
stamens stand on the receptacle, under tlie pistils, unconnected either with the calyx
or the corolla. So the plant falls under the head 1.

Under this is an analysis of some of the characters (i. e. distinguishing marks) of
the fifteen or sixteen families which belong here. Tlie lines that are set in are
subdivisions under the longer line above them. The lines which rank directly un-
der one another (and begin with the same or a corresponding word) make alter-
natives, among which you are to choose that with which your plant agrees. In
this instance the lines of the first rank here begin with the word "Pistils" or
" Pistil," and there are five of them. Try the first : " Pistils more than one,
entirely separate from each other." That is the case .with our plant. Under this
line, in the next rank, is a triplet, or a choice between three. Our plant is an " herb,.
with perfect flowers," and so falls under the fir/t line. Under this is a couple
of equivalent lines, relating to the leaves. Onr plant agrees not with tlie second,,
but \vith the first of these ; and that line ends with the Eno;li.sh name of the
family we are seeking for, viz. the Crowfoot Family, and refers to page 112,,
where this family is described.

102 HOW PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED AND STUDIED.

Turn now to the account of tliis family, and read over the descriptive marks
given, to see if you have been led to a right conclusion. The description agrees,
as far as it goes. Knowing the family, you now ask, —

To what genus of this family does the plant belong? The genus gives the
principal name of the plant ; so this is the same as asking, What is the plant's
name ? Now, in every family which has several genera or kinds under it, we have
a key to the genera, like that which we have just used under the class to find out
the famil}'. Try the key, then, under this family, to find out the genus.

This key begins with a pair of lines, viz. " Climbing plants," &c., and " Not
climbing," &c. Our plant agrees with the latter. Under this, in the next rank,
is a i^air of lines, beginning with " Pistils " (the second line of the pair is the sixth
on p. llo). You perceive that our plant fills under the first. Under this is the
line beginning " Petals none." Our flower has petals ; so pass on to the other one
of the pair, which is the fifth line on p. 113. This reads "Petals present as well
as sepals, the latter falling off early " (which agrees) ; and leads to the name of
the genus, i. e. " {Ranunculus) Crowfoot."

The first name, in j^arentheses and in Italic type, is the scientific or Latin name
of the genus ; the other, in small capitals, is the popular English name of the genus.
When we have only one species to the genus, Ave do not in this book proceed
farther. But there are many Crowfoots, so you next inquire, —

What is the species ? Look on, till you come to the name of the genus in dark
letters, on p. 114. Here a few more marks of the Crowfoot genus are given; and
then the marks of ten common species of Crowfoot follow, under several heads. We
are supposed to have in our hands one of the two large yellow-flowered species, com-
monly called Buttercups. Compare the specimens with the divisions marked by
stars. It cannot belong to that with one star, for the petals are not white ; it does
belong to that with two stars, for the petals are yellow, and bear a little scale on
the inside just above the bottom. Under this are two divisions, marked with dag-
gers. Not growing under water, our plant belongs to that marked -h- -i— . Under
this are two further divisions, marked ++ and ++ ++ : our plant, having the " petals
much longer than the calyx," belongs to the second of these.

Under this head are four species. The English name is given at the beginning
of the line, in small capital letters ; a short description follows, and the scientific or
Latin name is ajopended, in Italic letters, at the end. Here the R. of course stands
iov Ranunculus. A comparison with the description will show which species it is

HOW TO USE THE POPULAR FLORA. 103

that "sve happen to have. If a field plant flowering in May, and with a bulbous
base of the stem just underground, it is the Bulbous Crowfoot or Buttercup,
or in Latin, R. hulbosus. If the taller species, without a bulb, and flowering in
summer (which is the most common kind throughout the country), it is Tall
Crowfoot or Buttercup, or R. acris. Having in this way made out one
Crowfoot, you will be sure to know any other one as soon as you see it, and will
only have to find out the species, comparing your specimen with the descriptions,
on p. 114.

324. Suppose, for the next example, you have specimens, with flowers and young
fruit, of a common plant in wet grounds in spring, here called Cowslip, though this
is not its correct English name. With specimens in hand, turn to p. 105. -j

To which class does it belong ? Its netted-veined leaves (and the structure of
the stem, as seen in a slice under a good magnifying-glass) plainly refer it to Class I.
You next ask, — ■

To which subclass ? The pistils and pods plainly refer it to Subclass I.

To which division ? At first view you may think it has a corolla ; but there is
no calyx outside of these yellow leaves of the flower, even in the bud. So you will
conclude that these leaves are the calyx, notwithstanding their rich color and petal-
like appearance ; and you will turn to the Apetalous division, on p. 110.

Continue the analysis under that division. The flowers are separate, and "not
in catkins " ; so it falls under A. The seeds are numerous in each ovary or pod ;
so it falls under No. 1. The "calyx is free from the ovary," according to the
second of the first pair of lines. So you have only to choose between the three
lines of the triplet under this, beginning with "Pod." As the pistils and pods are
one-celled and simple, we are brought to the name f Crowfoot Family, p. 112.
The mark f denotes that you have in this case an apetalous plant belonging to
a flmiily in which the flowers generally have petals. You turn to this family, p.
112, and proceed as before. You are led along the same track, until you reach the
line " Pistils many or several, becoming akenes in fruit." Your flowers have a
number of pistils, but these contain numerous seeds, and make pods in fruit, as in
Fig. 240. So you pass on to the other line of the couplet, Avhich reads, " Pistils
more than one-seeded, becoming pods " ; which agrees with the plant in hand. The
first line in the next rank reads : " Sepals petal-like, not falling when the flower
first opens " (so it is in your plant) ; and, of the four lines of the next rank, yon can
take only the first : " (Sepals) golden-yellow : petals none : leaves rounded, not

104 HOW PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED AND STUDIED.

cut." This brings you to the name of the genus, — In Latin or scientific form,
Caltha ; in EngUsh, Marsii-Marigold. Being the only species, Ave need go no
farther with it.

825. On reflection and comparison, you will perceive the family likeness between
the Marsh-Marigold and the Crowfoot, different as they are in some particulars ;
and between these and the Globe-flower, tlie Gold-thread, the Anemony, and even
the Larkspur and Aconite, when you have studied these plants. But the family
likeness is not quite so strong at first view in this family as it is in most others.

326. Another example we will take from the plant figured on p. 5 and the fol-
lowing pages (Fig. 4-19), a very common ornamental twiner about houses, flovr-
eting all through the summer. Begin, as before, on p. 105. You perceive at once
that the plant belongs to Class L ; for it has netted-veined leaves, the parts .of the
flower are in fives, and the embryo (which is easily extracted from the fresh seed.
Fig. 16-19) has a pair of seed-leaves. There is a regular pistil, and the seeds in
a pod ; so the plant belongs to Subclass L There is both calyx and corolla, the latter
of one piece ; so the plant belongs to the Monopetalous division, p. 109. The corolla
is borne on the receptacle below the ovary ; so you pass to the head B. The sta-
mens are just as many as the lobes, or rather here the plaits, of the corolla ; so you
pass No. 1, and take No. 2. The stamens stand before the plaits, so that they would
be alternate with the divisions of the corolla, if it w^ere not that the five petals it
consists of are united to the very top ; so you take the second of the two lines com-
mencing with the word " Stamens." These are " inserted on the corolla," and are
entirely separate and " free from the stigma " ; so you take the fourth line of those
in the next rank. There is a style (p. 110) ; so the plant falls under the second of
the two lines of the next rank. The ovary and pod have 3 cells ; so it falls under
the third of the lines beofinninoj with the word '^ Ovary." The stamens are 5, and
the pod few-seeded (2 seeds in each cell) ; so it falls under the third of the lines
beginning with " Stamens." The plant twines, and the seeds are large ; so }'ou are
brought to the name of the family, the Convolvulus Family, and are referred to
p. 184. Read over the marks of the family, and then search for the genus in the
key or arrangement ; and you will find that the name of the genus is, in scientific
language, Ipomcea^ in popular English, Morning-Glory.

327. One more example, to show how plants are to be studied by the Flora, will
be sufficient. Take the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 3 on p. 1), which in this country
adorns almost every flower-garden.

HOW TO USE THE POPULAR FLORA. 104*

328. "\Vitli plants in hand, turn to p. 105, and compare with the distinguishing
marks of Class I. A slice across the stem shows no ring of wood around a pith.
The leaves are not netted-veined. The parts of the ilower are not in fives or fours,
but in sixes, that is, twice threes. So the plant does not agree with Class I. in
anj respect. Turn therefore to Class II., on p. 203. Examining slices of the stem
with a magnifjing-glass, you may find threads of wood interspersed in the cellular
part or pith. The leaves ai-e parallel-veined (Fig. 502, 503). The flowers have
their parts in threes or twice threes ; i. e. the cup of the blossom has six lobes,
and there are six stamens ; and, although there is only one pistil, the stigma is
three-lobed and the ovary has three cells, showing that it is composed of three
pistils grown into one. So, without looking for the embryo in a ripe seed, Avhich
is not often to be had, you are sure the plant belongs to Class II. Endogens or
Monocotyledons.

329. To find out the family or order the plant belongs to, try the Key. There
are three divisions of the class. First, the Spadiceous, which has the flowers ses-
sile on a spadix or fleshy axis. Not so with the plant in hand, which has drooping
blossoms in a slender raceme. Pass on, therefore, to the second or Petaloideous
division. In this the flowers are not on a spadix, nor enclosed in chaffy bracts or
glumes, and they have a calyx and corolla, or a perianth colored like a corolla.
Our plant belongs to this division. The first line under it reads : " Perianth free from
the ovary " ; this is the case in our plant. Proceed to the next rank : " Of 3 green
or greenish sepals and 3 distinct and colored petals." Not so in our plant ; so we
pass to the corresponding line : *' Of 6 petal-like leaves in two ranks, or G-lobed and
all colored alike." Here our plant belongs. Proceed to the two lines under this,
besinnimx with the word "Stamens." Our flowers have six stamens ; so vre take the
second line of the pair. Pass to the two lines of the next rank, beginning with
"Anthers." These in our plant are turned inwards: so we take the second line of
the pair, and are led to the Lily Family, p. 209. Turn to that page : read over the
marks of the family, and go on to ascertain the genus. Having few seeds or ovules
in the ovary, small flowers, and running rootstocks, we find our plant to agree with
the first line of the key to the genera of the Lily Family. The simple and naked
scape or flower-stalk from the ground, &c. accords with the third line of the next
rank ; and the flowers in a raceme answer to the, first of the two lines under that.
And this brings us to the name of the genus, viz. in Latin form, Convcdlaria ; in
English, Lily of the Valley, — the only species of the genus.

104^ HOW PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED AND STUDIED.

330. Signs and Abbreviations used in the Popular Fiora. These are very few and

easily understood.

The signs for degrees (°), minutes ('), and seconds (") are used for size or height ;
the first for feet, the second for inches, and the third for lines or twelfths of an inch.

Accordingly 1° or 2° means one or two feet long or high, as the case may be.

And 1' or 2' means one or two inches long or high.

And 1" or 2" means, one or two lines or twelfths of an inch long.

An asterisk or star before the name of a genus — as * Fennel-flower and
* Peony on p. 113, or * Radish, * Turnip, * Candytuft, &c. on p. 125 — denotes
that there are no wild species of that genus in this country, but they are to be met
with only as cultivated plants.

§ This mark stands for section of a genus, or a suhgemis, I. e. a section almost
distinct enough for a genus. See under Magnolia, p. 117 ; also p. 147, where
Pyrus^ § Sorhus, and Pyrus^ § Mains, &:c. denote that Sorhus and Makes are only
sections or subgenera of the genus Pyrus.

To save room, the name of the genus generally is not printed in full under each
species. So, under Virgin's Bower, p. 113, the first species, Wild Virgin's
BoAVER, is given in full. In the second, " Sweet V." stands for Sweet Virgin's
Bower. Also, as to the scientific name, " C. Flammula " stands for Clematis Flam-
mula, — and so elsewhere.

N., S., E., and AV., which are occasionally added after the description of a
species, stand for North, South, East, and "West, and indicate the part of the coun-
try where the plant naturally grows. For example, the Long-fruited Anemony,
p. 114, is found North and West (N. and W.), &c. When there is no such refer-
ence, the species may be found in almost any part of the Northern United States.

Fl. is an abbreviation for flowering, or sometimes for flower. P. 115, line 1,
&c. " Fl. spring," means flowering in spring, " Fl. summer," line 8, means flowering
in summer. Cult, is an abbreviation for cultivated.

Accents. In the Latin or scientific names, the syllable upon which the accent
fiiUs is marked with a ' or \ When the accented vowel has a long sound, it is
marked ^; as Anemone, p. 115, Aconitum, p. 116. When the vowel has the short
sound, it is marked ' ; as Clematis and Hepc'dica, p. 115.

All Latin or Latinized names, when of only two syllables, take the accent on
the first syllable, and therefore do not need to be marked.

fart § u n: n li .
POPULAE FLORA,

A CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF

THE COMMON PLAXTS OF THE COU,NTRY,

BOTH WILD AND CULTIVATED, UNDEPw THEIK
NATURAL ORDERS.

A Flora is a botanical account of the plants of a country or district, with the
orders or families systematically arranged under the classes, the genera under the
orders, and the species (when there are more than one) under the genus they be-
long to, — along with the characters of each class, order, genus, &c. ; that is, an
enumeration of the principal and surest marks, or some of them, by which they are
to be distinguished. A full Flora of all the plants which grow in this country,
including those in common cultivation, would at the least fill a large volume ; and
M'ould be both too expensive and too unwieldy for the young beginner. The
Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States (including Virginia and Ken-
tucky, and extending west to the Mississippi River) is a volume of over 600 pages,
or 700, including the Mosses. And this vrork does not include foreign plants culti-
vated in our fields or gardens, except those that have run wild in some places.

The Popular Flora, which occupies the rest of this book, is for the use of
beginners, and is made as brief, simple, and easy as possible. For greater facility
in the study, it includes only the common wild plants of the country (especially of
the Northern States), and those ordinarily cultivated in our fields or gardens, for
use or ornament. The families or genera which are too diflficult for young begin-
ners, such as Grasses, Sedges, the large family of plants with compound flowers
(the Sunflower Family), and the like, are altogether omitted or only briefly

104* POPULAR FLORA.

alluded to. So also are tlie Ciyptogamous or Flowerless Plants, as already
mentioned. To save room, when there is only one sjoecies, or only one common
species, to a genus, we do not proceed any farther with it than to the name of the
genus, both scientific and popular.

Under the species the I^nglish or popular name is placed foremost, in small capi-
tals ; the scientiiic or Latin name at the end. The scientific names throughout are
l)rinted in italic letters.

Full instructions for using the Flora in studying plants are given in Chapter
IV. Section IV. ; at the close of which, the few abbreviations and signs employed
are explained.

Classes and other great Divisions.

Page

Series I. FLOWERING or PHiEXOGAMOUS PLANTS, 105

Class I. EXOGENS or DICOTYLEDONS, 105

Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMS, 106

polypetalous division, 106-160

moxopetalous division, 161-189

Apetalous Division, 190-200

Subclass II. GYMNOSPERMS, 201

Class II. ENDOGENS or MONOCOTYLEDONS, 203

Spadiceous Division, 205 - 206

Petaloideous Division, 206-215

Glumaceous Division, 215-216

Series IL FLOWERLESS or CRY^PTOGAMOUS PLANTS, 216

Class III. ACROGENS, 216

Class IV. ANOPHYTES, 216

Class Y. THALLOPHYTES, 216

POPULAE FLOP A.

SERIES I.

FLOWERING OE PHiENOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Plants which produce real Flowers (or Stamens and Pistils) and Seeds. —
See Part I. Paragr. 164, 16G.

CLASS L — EXOGEXS OR DICOTYLEDOXS.

Stem composed of pith in the centre, a separate bark on the surface, and the
wood between the two, of as many rings or
layers as the stem is years old.
Leaves netted-veined, that is, with some of

the veins or
veinlets run-

niuGj together

so as to form
meshes of

!!|i.

230

Exojensus stem of the first year.

net-work or reticulations.

Flowers with their parts most commonly in fives
or fours, very seldom in threes.

Embryo dicotyledonous, i. e. of a pair of seed-

233 S34 233 236

2?2. Netted-veined leaves of Maple. Embryos of, 233. Sujar-Map'ie ; 234,235. Morning-Glory; 236. Cherry,

leaves, or in the Pines and the like often polycotyledonous, that is, of more than
one pair. — The class may be told by the stems and leaves without examining the

106 POPULAR FLORA.

seeds ; but embryos are represented in the figures, to show the student what is
meant. — For the other class, see i>. 203.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OR ORDERS OF CLASS I.

Subclass I. — ANGIOSPERMS.
With a regular pistil, and a seed-vessel in "which the seeds are formed. See Paragr. 219, 311.

I. Polypetalous Division. Calyx and corolla both present ; the petals entirely separate.

A. Stamens more than 10.

1, Stameiis on the receptacle, unconnected either icith the calyx, corolla, or ovary.

Pistils more than one, entirely separate from each other.

Herbs, with perfect flowers. Page

Leaves not shield-shaped, generally cut, toothed, or compound, Crowfoot Family, 112

Leaves shield-shaped, fixed by their middle, Watek-shield, 121

Woody vines, with dioecious flowers, shield-shaped leaves fixed near the edge, Moonseed F. 118

Small trees with perfect flowers, 6 petals, and entire leaves, Custard-Apple F. 118

Pistils many, grown togetlier one above or over another on a long receptacle, Magnolia F. 117

Pistils several, sunk in the flat top of a broad receptacle, Nelumbo, 121

Pistils 3 to 6, the ovaries partly grown together in a circle, making

A bladdery pod of several cells. Fennel-flower in Crowfoot F. 112

A several-horned one-celled pod, Mignonette F. 125

Pistil only one, at least having only one ovary; and that

Simple and one-celled, only one placenta or seed-bearing part.

Petals 6 to 9, large. Leaves 1 or 2, many-lobed, ^lay- Apple in Barberry F. 119

Petals 4 and irregular, or else very small, Crowfoot F. 112

Compound, with many seeds on a placenta from the bottom of the cell. Purslane F. 130

Compound, if one-celled, then with two or more seed-bearing lines on the walls.

Calyx falling when the flower opens; sepals fewer than the petals, Poppy F. 122

Calyx falling after blossoming. Style 1: ovary several-celled.

The 5 sepals edge to edge in the bud. Fruit dry, 1-seeded, Linden F. 133

The sepals overlapping in the bud. Fruit many-celled, • Orange F. 134

Calyx remaining beneath the fruit.

Leaves with transparent or dark colored dots, all opposite, St. Joiin's-wort F. 128

Leaves not dotted. Ovary and pod one-celled, Cistus F. 127

Leaves not dotted. Ovary several-celled. Aquatic or bog plants.

Leaves pitcher -shaped. Style umbrella-like, Sidesaddle-Flower F. 121

Leaves rounded and heart-shaped. Style none, Water-Lily F. 120

2. Stamens connected tvith the bottom of the petals, and these home on the receptacle.

Filaments united in a pretty long tube or column: anthers kidney-shaped, one-ceiled. Mallow F. 131
filaments.united only with the base of the petals: anthers oblong, two-celled, Caihellia F. 132

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF CLASS I.

107

3. Stamens borne on the cnhjx, or lohere the caljjx (ichen coherent) separates from Hie ovary.

Petals many, in several rows.

Shrubs with opposite simple leaves and dingy-purple flowers,
Leafless fleshy plants, of singular shapes,

"Water-plants, with the large flowers and leaves floating on the surface,
Petals 4 or 5, rarely 6.

Leaves with stipules, alternate,

Leaves without stipules. Pods many-seeded.

Style and stigma one. Pod surrounded by the free calyx,
Styles or stigmas 3 to 8. Calyx coherent below with the ovary.

Shrubs: leaves opposite. Pod with several cells. Philadelphus in Saxifrage F. 157
Herbs: leaves fleshy. Pod one-celled, opening by a lid, Puesla>'e F. 130

Cai:olixa- Allspice F. 152
Cactus F. 153
Watek-Lily F. 120

Rose F. 140

Lytheum F. 153

B. Stamens 10 or fewer.

1. Corolla irregular. (Pistil one.)

Leaves opposite, palmately compound. C<.dyx 5-toothed. Shrubs or trees, Horsechestxut F.
Leaves alternate, with stipules.

Filaments often united, but not the anthers. Two lower petals approaching or joined.

Pod simple, with only one row of seeds, Pulse F.

Filaments short: anthers 5, united. Lower petal with a sac or spur at the base. Pod

with 3 rows of seeds on the walls, Violet F.

Leaves alternate, Avithout stipules. Flower generalh' 1-spurred or 2-spurred.

Stamens 5, short; their anthers a little united. Pod bursting at the touch. Balsam F.

Stamens 8, sepax'ate. Fruit of 3 thick and closed pieces, Indian-Cress F.

Stamens 6, in two sets. Flower closed. Pod one-celled.

Fumitory F.

139

141

128

136
133
123

2. Co7'oUa regular, or nearhj so.

Stamens just as many as the petals, and standing one before each of them.
Pistils more than one, and separate. Petals 6. Flowers dioecious,
Pistil with one ovary but with five separate styles,
Pistil and style one (the latter sometimes cleft at the summit).
Anthers opening by uplifted valves or doors. Petals 6 or 8,
Anthers not opening by valves, but lengthwise.

Woody vines. Calyx minute: petals falling very early,
Shrubs. Calyx larger, its divisions 4 or 5,
Herbs. Ovary and pod one-celled.
Sepals 2 : petals 5 : stigmas 3,

Sepals as many as the petals: style single: stigma one,
Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or twice as many, or of
Calyx with its tube adherent to the surface of the ovary.

Stamens 3, united with each other more or less. Flowers monoecious.
Stamens distinct, as many or twice as many as the petals.

Moonseed F. 113
Leadwort F. 173

Barberry F. H9

Grape- Vine F. 137
Buckthorn F. 138

Purslane F. 130

Primrose F. 1T3

some unequal number.

Gourd F.. 154

103 POPULAR FLORA.

Seeds many in a one-celled berry. Shrubs, CuitrANT F. 1'.")

Seeds many in a 2-celled or l-cel!ed pod: styles 2, Sa.\ifi:agi-: V. 1^7

Seeds many: pod4-celied: style 1 : stigmas 4, EvEXlNG-PiaMnosic F. 153

Seeds (1 to 5) one in each cell. Border of the calyx obscure.

Flowers in cymes or heads. Style and stigma one, Coknel F. ICO

Flowers in umbels.

Umbels compound: styles 2: fruit dry, Parslky F. l-'S

Umbels simple or panicled: styles 3 to 5, rarely 2: fruit a beny, Aualia F. 159
Cal3'x free from the ovary, at least from the fruit.

Leaves punctured with transparent dots, sharp-tasted or aromatic.

Leaves simple, all opposite and entire, St. Joiin*s-avoi:t F. 128

Leaves compound, Kue F. 137

Leaves without transparent dots.

Pistils more than one. Leaves -with stipules, Pose F. 14G

Pistils 4 or 5. Herbs v/ithout stipules, - Stoneci:op F. 15G

Pistils 2, nearly distinct. Stipules none, Saxifeage F. 157

Pistil one, simple, one-celled : style and stigma one, Pulse F. 141

Pistil one, compound, either its styles, stigmas, ur cells more than one.

Style one (in Cress F. often short or none), entire, or barely cleft at the top.

Anthers opening by holes or chinks at the top, | .r ■,-. ^^g

Anthers opening across the top, )

Anthers opening lengthwise.

Herbs: stamens on the persistent calyx, LYTTrr:r:M F. 152

Herbs: stamens on tlie receptacle, G, two of them shorter, Ckess F. 124
"Woody plants. Fruit few-seeded.

Stamens fewer than the 4 long petals, Frtxce-thef, 1c:9

Stamens as many as the broad petals, Staff-teee F. 130

Styles or sessile stigmas 2 to 6, or style 2- to 5-cleft.
Ovary and fruit one-celled, and

One-seeded. Shrubs, Sumach F. 137

Six-seeded on 3 projections from the walls, Pinweed, 127

Several- or many-seeded. Stamens distinct.

Seeds in the centre of the pod. Leaves all opposite, Pink F. 129

Seeds on the walls or bottom of the pod, Saxife.age F. 157

Many-seeded along the walls of a long-stalked berry.

Stamens monadelphous, Passioxfloweu F. 155

Ovary with 2 to 5 or more cells.

Sessile stigmas and stamens 4 to 6, Hoeey F. 171

Styles 3. Leaves opposite, compound, Bladdeexet F. 135)

Styles or long stigmas 2. Fruit 2-winged, iLvi'LE F. 138

Styles or divisions of the style 5.

Stamens 5: pod partly or completely 10-celled, Flax F. 134

Stamens 10: pod 5-celled. Leaves con^pound, Wood-Soiu:el F. 135
Stamens 10 (or fewer -with anthers): styles imited
•with a long beak, splitting from it with the
6 one-seeded little pods when ripe, Geraxium F. 135

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF CLASS I.

109

II. Monopetalous Division. Corolla -with the petals more or less united into one piece.

"Nvhicli rank in other divisions are marked f.)

(Those

Composite F. 164

Lobelia
t GouxiD

F. 167
F. 154

Teasel F. 164

A. Corolla on the ovaky, i. e. tube of calyx coherent.

Stamens united by their anthers, and

Not by their filaments. Flowers in heads, with a calyx-like involucre,
Also generally by their filaments, more or less. Flowers not in heads.
Corolla irregular, split down one side. Flowers perfect,
Corolla regular, succulent vines, with tendrils. Flowers monoecious,
Stamens separate from each other, and

Inserted on the corolla. Leaves opposite or whorled.

Leaves opposite, without stipules. Head of flowers with an involucre,
Leaves opposite, without stipules. Head, if any, without an involucre.
Stamens two or three fewer than the 5 lobes of the corolla,
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, or one fewer,
Here one might expect to find the
Leaves whorled, without stipules,
Leaves opposite, with stipules.
Inserted with, but not on, the regular corolla.

Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. Herbs,

Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla. Woody plants,

B. Corolla on the receptacle below the ovary, i.e. Calyx free (except in Brookweed).

1, Sta77iens more in number than the lobes of the corolla.

Leaves compound : pod one-celled. Flowers commonly irregular.

Stamens 10 or rarely more when the lower is regular.

Stamens 6 in two sets. Petals 4, united.
Leaves simple or palmately divided. Stamens many, monadelphous in a tube,
Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens united only at the bottom, or separate.

Stamens very many, adhering to the base of the corolla.

Stamens on the corolla, twice or four times as many as its lobes.

Stamens separate from the corolla, twice as many as its lobes,

Valep.ian F.

164

Honeysuckle F.

161

fMlRABILIS F.

191

Madder F.

163

Campanula F.

167

Huckleberry F.

168

tPuLSE F. 141
fFuMlTOlIY F. 123

t Mallow F. 131

t Camellia F. 134
Ebony F. 172
Heath F. 168

2. Stamens Just as many as the lobes of the regular corolla, 5, 4, or rarely 6 or 7.
Stamens one opposite each division of the corolla.

Styles 5: calyx a chaff-like cup: petals 5, almost distinct.
Style 1, (Petals sometimes almost distinct,)
Stamens alternate with the divisions or lobes of the corolla, 5 or rarely 4,
Inserted on the receptacle,

Inserted on the corolla, but connected more or less with the stigma.
milky. Ovaries and pods 2 to each flower.
Anthers lightly adhering to the stigma: filaments monadelphous,
Anthers only surrounding the stigma: filaments distinct,
Inserted on the corolla, free from the stigma.

Juico

Leadwort F. 173
Primrose F. 173

Heath F. 168

JIlLKWEED F. 188

Dogbane F. IS^

110

POPULAR FLORA.

Style none : stigmas 4 to 6 : corolla very short, deeply cleft.
Style one, rarely 2, sometimes 2-^eft or 3-cleft.

Ovary deeply 4-lobed, in fruit making 4 akenes.
Stamens 4. Leaves opposite, aromatic,
Stamens 5. Leaves alternate, not ai'omatic,
Ovary and pod one-celled : the seeds on the walls.
Leaves lobed or cut. Style 2-cleft above.
Leaves entire and opposite, or alternate, with the 3 leaflets
Ovary and fruit with 2 oi: more cells.

Stamens 4, long. Flowers in a close spike,
Stamens 5. Pod or berry many-seeded.
Flower not quite regular. Style entire,
Flower quite regular: stamens all alike,
Stamens 5. Pod few-seeded.

Twining herbs. Seeds large.

Erect or spreading herbs. Style 3-cleft at the top.

Holly F. 171

Sage or Mint F. 173

bokkage f. 181

Wateeleaf F. 182

entire, Gentian F. 187

Plantain F. 172

FiGAVORT F. 175

Nightshade F. 1S5

Convolvulus F. 184

POLEllONIUM F. 183

3. Stamens 2 or 4, always fewer than the lobes of the corolla or cahjx.

Corolla more or less irregular, mostly 2-lipped.

Ovary 4-lobed, making 4 akenes. Stems square: leaves opposite, aromatic. Sage or Mint

Ovary and fruit 4-celled and 4-seeded. Stamens 4, )

Ovar}-- one-celled, making one akene. Stamens 4, )

Ovary and pod one-celled, many-seeded on the walls. No green leaves,

Ovaiy and pod 2-(5elled with many large and winged seeds.

Ovary and fruit irregularly 4- 5-celled, with many large seeds.

Ovary and pod 2-celled, with many or few small seeds,
Corolla regular. Stamens only 2. Woody plants.

Corolla 4-lobed or 4-parted,

Corolla 5-lobed, salver-shaped,

J

AGE OR Mint F.

178

Vervain F.

177

Broom-Rape F.

174

BiGNONIA F.

174

Fig wort F.

175

Olive F.

189

Jessamine F.

188

III. Apetalous Division. Corolla none: sometimes the calyx also wanting. (Those which are
merely apetalous forms of the preceding divisions are marked f.)

A. Flowers not in catkins, or catkin-like heads.

1. Seeds many in each cell of the ovary or fruit.

Calyx with its tube coherent to the 6-celled ovary, Birthwort F. 190

Calyx free from the ovary.

Pod 5-celled, 5-horned, Ditchwort in fSTONECROP F. 156

Pod 8-celled, or one-celled with 3 or more styles, Carpetweed, &c. in jPink F. 129

Pod or berry one-celled and simple, tCROWFOOTF. 112

2. Seeds only one or two in each cell of the ovary or fruit.

Pistils more than one to the flower, and separate from each other.
Calyx present and petal-like. Stamens on the receptacle,
Calyx present; the stamens inserted on it. Leaves with stipules,

fCROAVFOOT F. 112

tPiOSE F. 146

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF CLASS I.

Ill

Pistil only one, either sinnple or formed of two or more witli their ovaries united.

POKIWEED F. 191

Styles 10. Fruit a 10-seeded berry, '

Styles or stigmas 2 or 3.

Herbs with sheaths for stipules, and entire leaves,

Herbs with separate stipules, and compound or cleft leaves,

Herbs without stipules, and

Without scaly bracts. Flowers small and greenish,
With scaly bracts around and among the flowers.
Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves. Fruit a pair of keys.
Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves and deciduous stipules.
Stamens on the throat of the calyx, alternate with its lobes,
Stamens on the bottom of tlie calyx.
Style one : stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a key. Leaves pinnate.
Style or sessile stigma one and simple.

Calyx tubular or cup-shaped, colored like a corolla.
Stamens 8, on the tube. Shrubs: leaves simple.
Stamens 4, on the throat. Herbs: leaves compound.
Stamens 5 or less on the receptacle. Calyx imitating a monopetalous
funnel-shaped corolla: a cup outside imitating a calyx.
Herbs with opposite leaves, IMirabilis

Calyx of 6 petal-like sepals colored like petals: stamens 9 or 12: anthers opening

by uplifted valves. Aromatic trees and shrubs, Laurel

Calyx in the sterile flowers of 3 to 5 greenish sepals: stamens the same number.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, Kettle

Buckwheat
Hemp

goosefoot

Amaranth

t Maple

bucktiiorx

Elji

Ash in t Olive

Mezereum

Burnet in tIi(;8E

F. 192

F. 196

F. 191
F. 192
F. 140

F. 138
F. 195
F. 1£9

F. 195
F. 146

F. 191
F. 194
F. 195

B. Flowers one or both sorts ix catkins or catkix-liice heads.

Twining herbs, dioecious : fertile flowers only in a short catkin. Hop in the Hemp F. 196*

Trees or shrubs.

Sterile floAvers only in catkins. Flowers monoecious.

Leaves pinnate. Ovary and fruit (a kind of stone-fruit, without an involucre), Walnut F. 197
Leaves simple. Nuts one or more in a cup or involucre, Oak F. 197

Both kinds of flowers in catkins or close heads.
Leaves palmately veined or lobed.

Calyx 4-cleft, in the fertile flowers becoming berry-like. j\Iulberry, &c. in Nettle

Calyx none : flowers in round heads.
Leaves pinnately veined.

Flowers dioecious, one to each scale. Pod many-seeded,
Flowers mona^cious, the fertile ones 2 or more under each scale.
Flowers only one under each fertile scale. Fruit one-seeded,

F. 195
Plane-tree F. 196

Willow

Birch

Sweet-Gale

F. 199
F. 199
F. 198

Subclass H. — GYMNOSPEEMS.
Proper pistil none ; the ovules and seeds naked, on the bottom or inner face of an

open scale, as in Pines, or without any scale at all, as in Yew,

Pine Family, 201

112

POPULAR FLORA.

I. Polypctalous Division.

1. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Order EANUNCULACEiE.

Herbs, or sometimes slightly woody plants, with a colorless juice, sharp or acrid to the
taste. Parts of the flower all separate and distinct, and inserted on the receptacle. Petals
often wanting or of singular shapes. Stamens many, or at least more than 12. PistiU
many, or more than one (except in Larkspur, Baneberry, and Bugbane), and entii-ely
separate, except in Fennel-flower, in fruit becoming akencs or pods, or sometimes berries.
The leaves are generally compound, or much cut or parted, and without stipules.

237. Flower of Pennsylvanian AneiTiony. 238. Half a (lower of a rrov\-rnot. tnajnifirrl. 2C9. A petal, sliowiiis its litile scale 240^ Pod
of Marsh IMangoUl, opening. 241. A pislil of Anciuony, iin^Jiifipd. llie ovary cm lliiotish to show the ovnie in it 2-1'i Akeiic of Crnvi-
font, enlarged. 243. Same, cut tlirnnsli to show the stefl in il. 244 Knlarjeil cross section of the sepals of Vn'jjiii's-Cower So. 1, in tl:«
bud. 2i5. Same of Virgiu's-Bower No 3. i.43. Akene and feathery tail orstyle of Virgiu's-Eower No. 1.

The genera are numerous. The following table or key leads to the name of each.

Climbing plant?, with opposite, generally compound leaves, no real petal?, the edges of

the sepals turned inwards in the bud, ( Clematis) Vihgin's-Boweiu
Not climbing: leaves all alternate except in Anemony: sepals overlapping in the bud.
Pistils many or several, one-seeded, becoming akenes in fruit.
Petals none: but the sepals colored like petals.

Three leaves under the flower exactly imitating a calyx, {Ilejydticn) Hepatica.

POPULAR FLORA. " 113

Ko such calyx-like leaves (or involucre) close to the flo-\ver.

Flowers single, on long, nuked stalks, (Anemone) Axemo«y,

Flowers several in a simple umbel, handsome, ) / ^i t ^ » ht r.

Flowers many in a panicle, small, )

Petals present as well as sepals, the latter falling off early, (Rununctdus) Cnovrvoo'ix

Pistils more than one-seeded, becoming pods (except in Baneberry).
Sepals petal-like, not falling when the flower first opens, and

Golden-yellow: petals none. Leaves rounded, not cut, (C'tllha) Marsii-TiTakigolix -

Yellow or yellowish: petals stamen-like. Leaves deeply cut, ( J/o7/i«s) Gloiie-klowkk.
■\Vhite: pistils several, on stalks of their own. Leaflets 3, {Coptis) Goldthkkad.

Clue, purple, red, &c., rarely white. Pistils not stalked.

Pistils 5, united below into a bladdery pod, (Nlfjella) *FE^'^■EL-FIX)vvE^,

Pistils 2 to 5, rarely one, separate.

Sepals 5, all alike: petals 5, in tlie form of largo spurs, {Aquilbgia) Columrixe.
Sepals 5, dissimilar. Flower irregular.

Upper sepal long-spurred: petals 4, {Ddphiniuvi) LAnic.srrn,

Upper sepal hood- or helmet-shaped; petals 2, (Aconitam) Acu^;rni

Sepals petal-like, white, falling when the flower opens: petals minute or none.

Flowers in a short raceme. Pistil one, making a berry, , {Act^n) Baneuehiit.

Flowers in a long raceme. Fruit a dry pod, ( Clmidfuga) Bugbaxe.

Sepals leaf-like, not falling ofl": petals large and showy, {Piednia) * Pi-xjxy.

*^^=^ Those genera which have more than one common species are next given, with the distmguishing
marks of the species.

Virgiii's-Bower. CUmnils.

Calyx of 4 petal-like sepals, their margins not overlapping, but turned or rolled inwards in the bud.
(Fig. 244, a cross-section of the calyx in the bud, shows this slightly in species Xo. 1, and Fig. 245,
much rolled inwards, in Ko. 3.) Xo real petals. Fruit of many akenc-, their style remaining ge:>'
crally in the form of a long and feathery tail (Fig. 24G). Flowering in summer.

1. Wild VinciN's-BoAVEii. Flowei-s white, in panicles, small, somewhat dioecious; leaflets 3, toothed^

akcnes with long feathery tails (Fig. 240). Banks of streams. C. Virf/inianch

2. Sweet V. Flowers panicled, white; leaflets 5 to 9, entire. Cultivated in gai'dens. C. Fldvimulx.
S. VixE-BowER. Flower single; sepals purple, large; fruit short-tailed, naked. Cult. C. ViliccUcu

riepatica (or Liverleaf). Ilcpdilca.
Calyx of C to 12 petal-like sepals, which are naturally taken for a corolla, because just underneath
is a whorl of 3 little leaves exactly resembling a calyx; but it is a little w-ay below the flower. Peal
petals none. Pistils se%'eral, making naked-pointed akene-. — Low herbs, in woods, sending up from tho
ground, in early spring, rounded 3-lobed leaves, which last over the next winter, and scapes witlv
single (blue, purple, or nearly white) flowers.

1. EouND-LonED H. Lobes of the leaves 3, rounded and blunt. Common X. u; E. 77. (n'loba,

2. SiiAiM'-LoiiED IL Lobes of the leaves 3 or 5, acute. Common W. 77. acutilobcu

Aiie'moiiy. Anemone.
Calyx of from 5 to 15 petal-like sepals; no leaves just underneath it, but the flowers on long and
naked footstalks. Xo real petals. Akenes blunt or short-pointed, not ribbed nor grooved. Perennial
herbs: their upper or stem-leaves opposite or ia whorls. Flowers generally single, handsome. Tho

114 POPULAK FLORA.

following are the common wild species : they grow in woods and low meadows ; the first three blossoni
in summer; the fourth in early spring.

1. ViuGiNiAN Akkmony. Principal stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, on long footstalks, 3-parted and cut-

lobed, hairy; middle flower-stalk leafless, the others 2-leaved in tiie middle, new ones rising from
(heir axils, and so producing the blossoms all summer; sepals greenish white, acute; pistils very
many, in an oval woolly head. A. Vh'fjiniana.

2. LoxG-FKUiTED A. Stem-leaves many in a whorl ; flower-stalks 2 to 6, all leafless, very long; sepals /

blunt; head of fruit (an inch) long: otherwise like the last. N. & W. A. cylindrica.

8. rENNSYLVANiAN A. Hairy; stem-leaves sessile; main ones 3 in a whorl, but only a pair of smaller
ones on each of the side flowering branches; sepals large, white or purplish; akenes flat, many in
a round head. A. Pcnnsyhdnica.

4. Grove A. Smooth, low, one-flowered; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, on long footstalks, divided into 3

■or 6 leaflets; sepals white or purplish; akenes only 15 to 20, narrow. A. nemorosa.

Meadow-Rue. Thalktrum.

Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Real petals none. Pistils 4 to 15, becoming ribbed or
grooved akenes. — Perennials, with compound leaves. No. 1 is almost an Anemony, except for its
ribbed akenes, and luis a few handsome and perfect flowers in an umbel. The other two have small
and mostly dicecious flowers in a compound panicle, and decompound leaves; one of the lower leaves
is shown in Fig. 133.

1. Anemony M. Low, delicate ; stem-leaves all in a whorl at the top; sepals 7 to 10, white or pink-

ish, like those of Grove Anemony, with which it generally grows. Fl. spring. T. aneviono\de&.

2. Early M. Plant 1° or 2° high; leaves all alternate, the rounded leaflets with 5 to 7 roundish lobes;

flowers greenish, in early spring. Woods. T. dioKum.

5. Late ^L Much like the last, but 3° to 6" high; leaflets 3-lobed; flowers white, in summer. Com-

mon in meadows and along streams. T. CornidL

Crowfoot. Ranuncidus.
Sepals 5, falling early. Petals 5 (sometimes accidentally more), flat. Akenes many in a head, flat.

* Petals white, with a round spot at the base : herbage all under Avater.

1. White Water-Crowfoot. Leaves made up of many delicate thread-like divisions. R. aqudtilis.

* * Petals yellow, and with a little scale on the inside at the bottom. (Fig. 239.)

H- Herbage all or nearly all under water.

2. Yellow Water-C. Like the last, but larger in all its parts, and yellow-flowered, the upper leaves

«ften out of water and much less cut. N. & W. E. Fdrshu.

-t- -!- Not growing under water.
4-4- Petals not longer, but often shorter, than the calyx : plants erect, in wet places.

3. SiiALL-FLOWERED Crowfoot. Very smooth, slender ; first root-leaves crenate. B. abortivus.

4. Cursed C. Very smooth, stouter ; leaves all cleft or lobed ; head of fruits oblong. R. scelerdlus.
b. Hook-beaked C. Hairy; leaves all 3-cleft, lobes broad; akenes with long and hooked benks, col-
lected into a round head. R. recurvdttcs.

'6. Bristly C. Stout, bristly-hairy; leaves divided into 3 or 5 stalked leaflets, which are cleft and cut
again into narrow lobes ; akenes straight-beaked, in an oblong head. E. Painsijhunicu&.

POPULAR FLORA. 115

++ ++ Petals always much longer than the calyx. Dry ground, except No. 8.

7. Eaely C. Low, 4' to 9' high; root-leaves nearly pinnate ; petals narrow. Fl. spring. E./ascicularis,

8. CitEEPiNG C. Stems reclining, making long runners in summer; leaves variously divided ; petals

obovate. Wet places. Ji- rejpens.

9. BuLuous C, or Eakly Buttercup. A solid bulb at the base of the upright stem ; leaves divided

and cut; petals round, large, and bright yehow. Isaturalized, K. in meadows. Fl. spring.

R. bulbbsus.

10. Tall C, or Later Buttekcup. Stem upright, 2° or 3° high, no bulb at the bottom; leaves di-
vided and cut; petals obovate, not so large and bright-colored as the last. Fl. summer. R. acris,

Globe=f!owei'. TrdlUus.
Appears like a large Crowfoot or Buttercup, but the yellow leaves of the blossom are sepals ; within
are the petals, small, and of peculiar shape, appearing like larger stamens. And the nine or more pistils
make several-seeded pods.

1. European G. Sepals 10 to 15. golden-yellow, converging, and so making a rather globe-shaped

flower; petals longer than the stamens. Cult, in gardens; fl. spring. T. Europhm.

2. A:merican G. Sepals 5 or G, spreading, pale greenish-yellow; petals shorter than the stamens, and

liable to be overlooked. Swamps, N. T. Americamis.

Columljiiie. Aqmlhjia.
Sepals 5, petal-like, all similar. Petals 5, in the form of large hollow spurs. Pistils 5, making many-
seeded pods. — Leaves twice or thrice compound; leaflets in threes. (Fig. 247.)

1. Wild C. Flowers scarlet, yellow inside, nodding; spurs hooked. Rocks. A. Canadensis,

2. Garden C. Flowers blue, purple, or v/hite; spurs straight. In all gardens. A. vuUjaris,

Larkspur. Delplwiium.
Sepals 5, petal-like, dissimilar, the upper one prolonged behind into a hollow spur. Petals 4, small;
the upper pair with hardly any claws, but with long spurs which run back into the spur of the calyx;
the lower pair with short claws and no spur ; in some species all the petals grow together into one
body. Pistils and pods 1 to 5, many-seeded. — Flowers showy, in racemes or panicles, mostly white,
blue, or purple. (Fig. 251, 252.)

* Gai-den annuals: leaves finely cut: petals united into one body (Fig. 253): pistil only one.

1. Common or Field Larkspur. Flowers scattered on spreading branches; pods smooth. D. ConsoUda.

2. Rocket or Ajax L. Flowers crowded in along and close raceme; pods hairy. D. Ajacis.

* * Garden perennials : pistils 2 to 5 : the four petals separate. Many varieties are cultivated,

mostly of the two following species.
S. Great-Flowered L. Leaves cut into linear distant lobes ; pods downy. D. grandljlbrum.

4. Bee L. Leaves cleft into 3 to 7 wedge-shaped and cut-toothed lobes; petals bearded. D. datum.
* * * Wild species at the West and South: perennials, with 4 separate petals and 3 to 5 pods.

5. Tall Wild L. Stem 2° to 5° high; leaves parted into 3 or 5 narrow wedge-shaped pointed divis-

ions; flowers many in a long raceme, blue-purple, in summer. D. exaltatum.

6. DwARE L. Stem 1° high or less; the 5 divisions of the leaves cleft into linear lobes; flowers few,

loose, and large, purple-blue, in spring; pods spreading. D. trkonit.

IIG

POPULAR FLORA.

7. AzuKE L. Leaves parted and cut into narrow linear lobes; flowers many in a close raceme, sky-
blue or white; pods erect. JJ. aziireum.

Aconite, (ilonkshood, Wolfsbane.) Aconittnn.
Sepals 5, petal-like, dissimilar, tlie upper one largest and forming a hood or helmet. Petals only 2, and
those are small and curiously shaped bodies, with a curved or hammer-shaped little blade on a long
claw, standing under the hood. Pods as in Larkspur. — Flowers in racemes or panicles, showy, blue,
or purple, varying to white. Herbage and roots, poisonous. (Fig. 254, 255.)

1. Garden Aconite. Stem erect and rather stout, very leafy; divisions of the leaves parted into

linear lobes; flowers crowded. A. NapcUus.

2. Wild A. Stem weak and bending, as if to climb ; lobes of the leaves lance-ovate; flowers scattered,

in summer. W. A. uncinatuiiu

Four pptnls of L.TrUspur No. 1,
uaiieU iiUo uiic body.

8-)7. Finwcr, &c. ofWiM Colnmliine.
JJ|8. A pt-t;il. V:-19. TIil- 5 \)o.Xi opca-

251. Flowprof I.-.uksp.jrNi.G. CW. Il5

Sepals uii J pci.iU displayed.

234. Flower of Acaniie. Cjj Its parts di*.
)htjeil ; .<t, (lit; SL-p.ils ; ;>, tlie puiulj;
«<, sl.tmens an J pUliU u:i lli<; nLiwci-'>ia!k.

POPULAR FLORA.

117

2. MAGlSrOLIA FAMILY. Order MAGNOLIACE^.
Trees or shrubs, with aromatic or strong-scented and bitter bark, and alternate simple
leaves, which are never toothed ; large, thin stipules form the covering of the buds, but
fall off carlv. Flov/ers larije, sinirlc at the ends of the branches ; their leaves in threes,
viz. 3 sepals colored like the petals, and G petals in two ranks or 9 in three ranks, their
margins overlapping in the bud. Stamens very many, on the receptacle, with long anthers
occupying, as it were, the side of the filament. Pistils many, packed and partly grown
toijether one abo^•e the other, so as csr

to make a sort of cone in fruit. —
We have only two genera.

1. Stipules flat, not adhering to the

leafstalk. Petals G, greenish-or-
anire. Filaments slender. Pistils
overlving each other and grown to-
gether to make a spindle-shaped
cone, dry when ripe, and sepa-
rating into a sort of key-fruit.
Leaves somewhat 8-lobed, and as
if cut off at the end. Or.c species
only is known, tlie
(Liriodcndron Tulijiifcra) TuLir-Ti:EE.

2. Stipules making a round and pointed

bud, adhering to the lower part of
the leaf-stalk. Petals C to 9. Fil-
aments below the anther very short.
Cone of fruit rose-red and fleshy
when ripe, the pistils opening on
the back, the scarlet fleshy-coated

seeds hanging by delicate and very 233. Small La.u.UMa-nor,.-,. ZS:. a »tnmen n^a-nifie,!. tSJ. I:s cone of f.uil,

elastic threads, Magnolia. ^^^ ^"^'^^ iian-in- as th^/ (i.op.

Ma2;nolia. MdrjnbUa,

Our wild species divide into LaureWIagnolias, Cucumber-trees, and Umbrella-tree?.

4 1. LAUIiEL-MAGXOLIAS. Leaves thick, evergreen at the South; leaf-buds silky; flowers rather
globe-shaped, appearing through the summer, white, very fragrant

1. Gi;eat Lauuel-Magnolia. Tree with leaves deep-green and shining above, rusty beneath when

young; flower very large. S. It has stood the winter as far north as Philadelphia. M. f/i-cmd/Jlura.

2. Small. Laukel-M. (or White P)Ay). Shrub or small tree; leaves oblong, whitish beneath; flower

about 2' broad. Swamps. E. & S. M. fjlauca.

§ 2. CUCUMBER-TPEES. Leaves thin, scattered along the branches, a little downy beneath, buds

silky; flowers not sweet-scented, nor showy, nor very large, appearing in spring.
8. CojmoN Crcu:MnEn-M. A tall tree; leaves oval or oblong, pointed; flowers greenish; young fruit

resembling a very small cucumber. Common W.

M. acuininata.

118

POPULAR FLORA.

4. Yellow CucuMBER-M. A low tree; leaves ovate or a little heart-shaped; flowers cream-yellow.

S. ; sometimes cultivated at the North. M. cordaku

^ 3. UMBRELLA-TREES. Leaves thin, large, those on the flowering shoots forming an umbrella-like
circle underneath the blossom; leaf-buds smooth; flower large and white, not sweet-scented, ap-
pearing in early spring; petals about 4' long, tapering below.

5. Eak-leaved Umbeella-M. Leaves nearly 1° long, auricled at the base (Fig. 102). S. J/. Fraseii.

6. Common Umbrella-M. Leaves 1° to 2° long, tapering into a short footstalk. 31. Umbrella.

7. There is, besides, the Great-leaved M., with much the largest flowers and leaves of all, the latter

2° or 3° long, scattered, heart-sliaped at the base, and white-downy beneath ; flower 8' or 10' broad.
S. and cult, rarely. It does not belong exactly to either the above divisions. M. macrojjjnjlla.

8. The Purple Magnolia, from Japan, is a shrub in some gardens and grounds, flowering before the

leaves are out. JL jjurjjurea.

3. CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. Order ANONACE^.

Trees or shrubs, resembling the ]MagnolIa family, but the three petals of each set not
overlapping each other
in the bud ; the bark and
foliaije not aromatic, but
unpleasant-tasted ; the
seeds large and bony,
their albumen variegated
like a nutmeir, or cut into
slits. Leaves entire, des-
titute of stipules. Only
one genus in this coun-
try, and one species com-
mon ; the

Com:\iox Papaw. A

small tree, with ding}--
purple flowers appear-
ing in early spring rath-
er before the leaves ;
the 3 outer petals much
larger than the 3 inner
ones ; fruits eatable
"when ripe, in autumn,
2' or 3' long. Common
West and South along

nvert, m licn sou. ^^^ Br.inch of Pnpaw in fiower. ^61. AEtamen. SG?. Flower with all but the pisiilj tntie*

Asiini7ia tl'iloba. od' ihe recepmcle. 163. Fruits ; iwo of tlitra cut ihiou^h. 261. A Beed cut through l«

ibow the Viuie^dted nlliumen.

POPULAR FLORA.

119

4. MOONSEED FAMILY. Order MENISPERMACE^E.

"Woody climbers, with alternate leaves and small dioecious flowers (as shown in Fig. 1G7,
1G8) ; the sepals and petals each 4 or 6 and both of the same color, and a few one-seeded
pistils, becoming small drupes in fruit, with a moon-shaped or kidney-shaped stone. "We
liave two f^enera of one soecies each, the first common at the North, the second at tho
South.

1. Stamens 12 to 20 : pistils 2 to 4. Flowers white : leaves rounded and angled shield-shnped. Fruit

blue-black, ( Menispermum) Moonseed.

2. Stamens 6, one before each petal. Flowers greenish: leaves heart-shaped. {Cocculus) CoccuLus.

5. BAHBERRY FAMILY. Order BERBERIDACE.E.

Readily distinguished (Avith a single exception) by having the sepals and petals in
sixes, or eights (not in fives),
and with just the same number
of stamens as petals, one before
each petal (on the receptacle),
the anthers opening by an
uplifted valve or door on each
side. Pistil only one. Harm-
less, except the May- Apple (also
called Mandrake), which has
rather poisonous roots, although
the fruit is innocent and eata-
ble. Having only one species
of each genus, we may ascertain
them by the following key : —

fours,

*65. Shooi ; 266. cluster of leaves nnd raceme
spread open ; !c63. a petal moie rna^'iutieil

267. enlarged flower
and, ^69. a stumeu,

with the anther openiug', of the common Barberry

Shrubs with yellow bark and wood, and yellow flowers. Stamens and petals 6. ■ j^
Leaves appearing simple, in a cluster above, a branching thorn, which is 265

an altered leaf of the year before. Berries red, (Berberis) Barberry.

Leaves scattered, pinnate, evergreen: no thorns. Berries blue, {Mahonia) * Maiioxia;;

Herbs, with perennial roots, all with compound or deeply lobed leaves.

Flowers yellowish-green, small. Stamens and petals 6. Leaves decompound, from

the root and also at the top of the stem, ( Caulojjhylhim) Cohosh.

120

POPULAR FLORA.

Flowers •white, rntlier larjre: petals Inrger than the fiigncions calyx-
Stamens and narrow j^etals 8. The one-liowered scape and the 2-parted leaves

rising separately from tlie ground. Fruit a many-
seeded pod opening by a lid, (Jeffersdnia) Twinleaf.
Stamens 12 to 18: petals rounded, G to 9. Flowering stems 2-leaved at the top:

leaves shield-shaped and several-cleft, large, with a
nodding flower in the fork, {Podophyllum) May-Applb.

G. WATER-LILY FAMILY. Order NYMPILEACEiE.

AYatcr-plants Avith flowers and leaves on long footstalks, rising out of the water or res*fe-
in2 on its surface : the leaves
either shield-shaped or deeply
heart-shaped. Petals and sta-
mens generally very many. —
To the proper Water-Lily fam-
ily may here well enough be
added the Water-shield and
the Nelumbo, each of a sin-
gle species. This gives us
four ironera, ■which are distin-
guished as follows: —

1:73

Fruil of Xclumbo.

271 272

270. Flower, bii'l, and leaf of White Water-Lily. C71 . Flower with the part* cot
avv;iy, ail liui two peial-like sinmcns. one ordinary Etamen, and the compouod
pistil. 272. Slice acrosi the ll-celled pistil.

1. Leaves and flowers from very thick and long creeping rootstocks. Sepals and the
many petals and stamens graduall}' blending into each other, and growing to the
surface of the many-celled and many-seeded compound pistil. Flower white, sweet-
Bceuted, {NymphcBa) White Water-Lilt.

POPULAR FLORA.

121

2. Leaves and flowers from rootstocks like the last. Sepals 5 or 6, roimdefl, partly petal-

like and yellow. Within these a mass of small, square-topped bodies looking like
and not much larger than the stamens, but really answering to petals; and above
them the real stamens in great numbers, all under the many-celled and flat-topped
pistil, {Nupliai-) Yellow Poxd-Lilt.

3. Leaves and small dull-purple flowers from a slender stem rising in the water; the oval

leaves attached by the middle of the under side (centrally peltate). Sepals and
petals narrow, each 4, and 12 to 18 stamens, all under the 4 to 16 separate and
few-?eeded pistils, {Bras'enin) WAXEnsTiiEUJ.

4. Sepals and petals (alike in many ranks) and stamens many, all falling off early, all un-

der the pistils, which are 12 or more in mimber and separately embedded in the flat
upper face of an enlarged top-shaped receptacle. In fruit they are round and eat-
able nuts (Fig. 273). Leaves very large (1° or 2° broad), round, attached by the
middle underneath, cupped, rising out of the water, as do the great greenish-
yellow flowers also, on long stalks. Common W. &; S. (Ndumbium) XELUMca

7. SIDSSADDLE-FLOWEE, FAMILY. Order SxVP.RACENIACEiE.

r>o_2:-plants Avitli liollow, pitclier-sliaped or trumpet-sliapecl leaves, all from the root,
makin^f the curious jrenus

SidesadtIle»FIower. Snvracenia.

Sepals 5, colored, persistent; and below the calvx are 3 small
bractlets. Petals 5, fiddle-shaped, curved inwards. Stamens
veiy many, on the receptacle. Style with a broad and 5-angled
umbrella-shaped top, covering the 5-cclIed ovary and the stamens.
Pod many-seeded. Flower single, large, nodding on the summit
of a long scape.

1. PuHi'LE Sidesaddle-Floaveit, or Pitchek-Plaxt. Petals

deep purple, arched over the pistil ; leaves pitcher-shaped,
yellowish-green, veined with purple, and Avith a broad wing
down the inner side. Common N. & S. S. j^urpiirea.

2. Ped S. Petals red; leaves long, trumpet-shaped, with a nar-

row side wing. S. S. rubra.

3. Spotted S. Petals yellow ; leaves tmmpet-shaped, 12' to

IS' long, with a hooded top spotted with white on the back,
and a narrow side wing. S. S. vaj'iuliiris.

4. Yellow S., or Trumpets. Petals yellow, drooping when

old; leaves 1° to 3° long, trumpet-shaped, with an upright
rounded top turned back at the sides, side wing hardly any.
Very common S. S.Jlava.

Leaves of Purple S. ; one of them cut oS.

122

POrULAR FLORA.

8. POPPY FAMILY. Order PAPAVERACE.E.

Herbs with a milk-white, yellow, or reddish juice (colorless in Eschscholtzia), which is
bitter or acrid and poisonous, alternate leaves, and flowers remarkable for having onlv 2

(rarely 3) sepals, whicli
fall when the blossom
opens, but 4 (or in one
case 8 or 12) petals,
which fall early. Sta-
mens many, on the re-
ceptacle. Pistil one,
compound, but almost al-
ways one-celled, many-
seeded, the seeds borne
on the walls or on pro-
jections from them (pa-
rietal). Eschscholtzia is
remarkable for its calvx
shaped like a pointed
cap or a candle-extin-
guisher. — In most cases
we have only one spe-
cies of each genus.

275 275

875. A nower-biid caBtin? itsculyi,
und, 27S, a flower of Poppy.

277. Poii of Celandine open-
ing. 273. Krnme of tlia
same, uirneil flatwise, niid
seeds still on it.

273. FIcuver-ljiul, &c.
of Es'.'hscholtiia.
280. The cap-slinped
oalvx fallen off.
281'. The pod.

Petals 4, crumpled or plaited in the bud, which nods before opening (except in the Prickly-Poppy).
Ovary and pod incompletely several-celled, by plates or placentas projecting from
the walls and covered with numberless seeds. Stigmas making a flat
sessile cap. Pod hard, opening by pores under the edge of the cap of
stigmas, . {Pajx(ver) ^Fovrr.

Ovary and pod strictly one-celled, opening by valves, and leaving the placentas as a
slender frame between them. Flowers yellow, rarely white.
Pod and leaves prickly. Style none: stigmas 4 or 6, {Argtmbne) Prick LY-PorPY.

Pod bristly. Style present: stigmas 3 or 4, {StijUphorum) Celaxdine-Poppy.

Pod smooth, slender (Fig. 277): stigmas 2, {Chelidunium) Celandine.

Ovary and long narrow pod 2-celled by a thick partition in which the seeds are em-
bedded; stigma 2-horned, {Glaucium) * Horx-Poppy.
Petals not crumpled in the bud, which does not nod.

Petals 8 to 12, narrow, Avhite. Pod oblong. Juice orange-red, (Sangtdnann) Bloodroot.

. Petals 4, broad, yellow. Sepals united into a pointed cap'which falls off as a lid (Fig.
280, 281). Receptacle or end of the flower-stalk expanded and top-
shaped. Stigmas 3 to 7, slender, unequal. Pod many-ribbed. Juice
watery, colorless, but strong-scented, * Eschscholtzia.

POPULAR PLORA.

123

9. FUMITOHY FAMIIiY, Order FUMARIACEiE.

Tender herbs with a colorless juice, compound alternate leaves, and irregular flowers
with only two small scale-like sepals, a flattened and closed corolla of 4 petals more or less
grown together, the two outside ones larger with small spreading tips, the two inner small

and with spoon-shaped tips stick-
ing together face to face over the
anthers and stigma : stamens on
the receptacle, G in two sets or
bundles, one before each of the
larger petals, or all joined in one
tube below. The middle anther
of each set is two-celled ; the side
ones only one-celled. Pistil one,
in the manner of the Poppy fam-
ily. Pod one-celled. Bitterish,
harmless plants, with singularly
shaped flowers, some of them,
handsome. We have four gen-
era, two of them of only one
species each.

282. Bulb, and, 283, leaf anrl flowers of Dicentra No. 1. 2S4. Flower, natural size. 235,285. Same, taken to pieces. 287. Diagram
of the fiower of a Corydal. 2S3. Une of the sets of Etameiis uniled.

Flower heart-shaped, or with a spur on each side at the base.

Petals all permanently united into a slightly heart-shaped (pale flesh-colored)
corolla, which dries without falling and encloses the four-seeded
pod. A delicate vine climbing by the tendril-like divisions of its
thrice-pinnate leaves, . {AdVumia) Smoke- Yine..

Petals less united, readily separated. Pod several-seeded, {Dicentra) Dicextra.

Flower with a projection or spur at the base on one side only.-

Ovary slender, forming a several-seeded pod, ( Corydalls) Corydai>.

Ovary and fruit, round, small, one-seeded, not opening, {Fumaria)Y\j^i\ior^Y..

124

POPULAR FLORA.

Dicentra. Dicentra (wrongly called Dielytrd).
The species are perennials with singular and handsome flowers in racemes, blossoming in spring.
* Wild species, in rich woods ; the decompound and finely cut leaves and naked flower-stalk rising
separately from the ground, in early spring. Delicate low plants, chiefly found N. & \^.

1. Dutciimak's Breeches D. (Fig. 282-286.) Herbage from a sort of bulb, of coarse grains;

corolla Avhite, tipped with cream-color, with 2 very large spurs. D. Cucullaria.

2. Squihrel-Corn D. Underground shoots bearing little yellow tuber-like bodies, resembling grains

of Indian Corn; corolla white and flesh-color, fragrant like Hyacinths. D. Canadensis.

* * Garden species, leafy-stemmed, 2"^ or 3° high, with Peony-like leaves.

3. Showy D. Racemes drooping, one-sided ; flowers pink-purple, 1' long. Cultivated. D. specidbilis.

Corydal. Corydalls.

Our two species are leafy-stemmed biennials, glaucous, with twice-pmnate leaves, and linear or
.slender pods. They grow in rocky places and flower in spring and summer.

1. Golden C. Low and spreading; flowers yellow in simple racemes; pods hanging. C. aurea.

2. Pale C. Upright; flowers purplish and yellowish ; racemes panicled ; pods erect. C. glauca.

10. CRUCIFEROUS OR CRESS FAMILY. Order CRUCIFEK^E.

Herbs, with alternate leaves, a sharp-tasted ■watery juice (never poisonous, but often
very acrid or biting) ; perfectly distinguished by their cruciferous flowers, tetrad jnamous
stamens, and by having the sort of pod called a silique or silicle (240,
241). The flower is called cruciferous because the 4 petals, with claws
enclosed in tne 4-sepalled calyx, have their blade spreading so as to form
the four arms of a cross. As to the stamens, they are 6 in number (on
the receptacle), two of them always shorter than the other four. The
pistil makes a pod, like tliat of the Celandine, &c. in the Poppy family
(Fig. 277), except that a partition stretches across betAveen
the two thread-shaped placentas, and divides the cavity into
two cells. When the pod opens, the two valves fall away,
leavino; the seeds attached to the edo-es of this frame. The
whole kernel of the seed is an embr}0. It is always bent or
folded up, in various ways. The flowers of the whole family are

so much alike, that the genera have to
be distinguished by their pods and seeds.
This makes the family too diflicult for
the beginner. But so many plants of
the family are common in cultivation,
that we add a tabular kev, leading to
the names of the principal kinds.

289

293

292

289. Flower of Mustard. 290. Stamens and pistil, more magnified. 291 Pod (silique) of Toothwort, opening. 292. Pod (silicle or pouch)
■ of Shepherd's-Puise. 293. Same, with one valve fallen off.

POPULAR FLORA. 125

1. Pod (silique) generally several times longer than tcide.

Pod not splitting open when ripe, but becoming hard, beak-pointed. Seeds round.

Flowers pink or purple. Pod thick, fleshy when young, {Edphanus) *Eadish.

Flowers yellow, turning whitish or purplish. Pod long, necklace-shaped,

{Raphanus^ § Raphanislrum) Jointed-Charlock.
Pod splitting, i. e. opening when ripe by two valves, which fall off and leave the partition.
Pod ending in a beak. Seeds round. Flowers yellow.

Calyx erect in blossom. Roots, stems, or leaves, &c. be- ) (Brdssica) \ *Turnip and

coming fleshy in cultivation, i ( *Cabbage.

Calyx open or spreading in blossom, {Sinajns) Mustard.

Pod not beaked, i. e. not ending in a strong-pointed tip. Seeds flat or oblong.
Calyx unequal, two of the sepals projecting or pouch-shaped at the base.

Flowers yellow or orange. Pod and seeds flat, ( Cheirdnthus) * Wallflower.

Flowers rose, purple, or white. Pods not flat.

Stigmas thickened on the back. Seeds flat, {MattJdola) *Stock.

Stigmas close-pressed together. Seeds oblong, {Hisperis) *Rocket.

Calyx equal, i. e. the sepals all alike or nearly so.
Pods flat. Flowers white or purple.

Valves of the pod with a mid-nerve or vein, {^rabis) Rock-Cress.

Valves of the pod without a nerve.

Stem-leaves alternate or scattered, ( Carddmi7ie) Bitter-Cress.

Stem-leaves 2 or 3, whorled or clustered. Root fleshy, (Dentaria) Tooth wort.

Pods obtusely 4-sided, linear. Flowers yellow, (Bnrharea) Winter-Cress.

Pods awl-shaped. Flowers pale yellow, (Sisgrnbriuni) Hedge-Mustard.

Pods turgid, short-linear or oblong, {Nasturtium) Watek-Ckess.

2. Pod {sllicle or pouch) shorty tlie length not more than two or three times the breadth.

Pod opening when ripe by 2 valves which foil off and leave the partition.

Pod globose or ovoid, many-seeded, (Armordcia) Horseradish.

Pod pear-shaped, rather flattish, many-seeded. Flowers yellow, ( Camelma) False-Flax.

Pod flat, with a broad partition. Seeds many, {Draba) Whitlows-Grass.

Pod flat, with a broad partition. Seeds 2 to 4.

Flowers purple, large. Pod large, stalked above the calyx, {Lunaria) *Hoxesty.

Flowers white, small. Pod small, 2-seeded, (Kdniga) *Sweet-Alyssum.

Pod flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Flowers white or purple.

Seeds many; pod triangular-obcordate with a shallow notch, ( Capsella) Shepherd's-Purse.
Seeds only one in each cell.

Petals all alike. Flowers very small, (Lepidium) Peppergrass.

« Petals unlike; the two on the outer side of the flower larger, {Ib'eris) ^Candytuft.

Pod not opening, 1-celled, 1-seeded, wing-like. Flowers yellow, (Isdtis) *Woad.

Pod not opening, but jointed across the middle, fleshy. Flowers purplish, ( Cakile) Sea-Rocket.

11. MIGNONETTE FAMILY. Order EESEDACEiE.

A family consisting of a few European herbs, with small and irregular flowers, which
deserves notice merely because it contains the

126 POPULAR FLORA.

Mignonette. Reseda.

Sepals 4 to 7, green, not falling off, open in the bud. Petals 4 to 7, unequal, on broad claws, the
small blade cleft as if cut into several narrow slips. Stamens 10 or more, borne on an enlargement of
the receptacle, turned to one side of the blossom. Pod short and broad, one-celled, dividing at the
top into 3 to 6 horns, opening between the horns long before the seeds are ripe. Tlie seeds are kidney-
shaped, numerous, and parietal, that is, borne along the walls of the pod. — Herbs, with alternate
leaves and small dull-looking flowers crowded in a raceme or spike.

1. Common- ]\Iignoxette. Low and spreading; leaves some entire, others S-cleft; sepals and petals

6 or 7. Cultivated for its very fragrant small flowers. 7?. odorata.

2. Dyer's-Weed. Stem simple, upright, 2° high; leaves all entire, broadly lance-shaped; sepals and

petals 4. A weed along road-sides in some places ; used for dying yellow. R. Lutcola.

12. VIOLET FAMILY. Order VIOLACEJE.

Herbs with 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 5 stamens borne on the receptacle, the lower petal

rather different from the rest and enlarged at the bottom into a projecting sac or spur.

Stamens very short and broad, the anthers a little united by their edges around the pistil.

Pistil one, with one style. Pod one-celled, with three rows of seeds on its walls. — Leaves

with stipules. Roots and juice rather acrid. The common plants of the family belong to

the genus,

1. Violet. Vwla.

Flower nodding on the summit of the flower-stalk. Style club-shaped; stigma bent over to one
side. — Flowering in spring, and some species continuing to blossom all summer.

* Stemless species, i. e. leaves and naked flower-stalks all from rootstocks on or under ground,
-t- Garden species from Europe spreading by runners or rootstocks above ground.

1. Sweet or English Violet. Leaves rounded heart-shaped; flowers blue-purple, also a white

variety, very fragrant. Cultivated, generally double-flowered. V. vdorata.

H- H- Wild species, with tufted and fleshy uneven rootstocks. Flowers short-spurred.

+H- Flowers purple or blue, nearly scentless.

2. Common Blue V. Flowers pretty large; side-petals bearded; leaves on long upright stalks, heart-

shaped or kidney-shaped, the sides at the bottom rolled in when young, slightly toothed, or in
the lobed or Hand-leaf variety cleft or parted in various degrees. Low grounds. V. ciiculUda.

3. Hairy V. Leaves short-stalked and flat on the ground; flowers .smaller ; otherwise like the last.

Dry soil, S. & W. V. villosa.

4. Arrow-leaved V. Early leaves on short and margined footstalks, oblong-heart-shaped, halberd-

shaped, arrow-shaped, lance-oblong or ovate. Varying greatly, hairy or smoothish; side petals or
all of them bearded ; flowers large for the size of the plant. Dry or moist ground. V. sagittata.

6. Bird's-foot V. Leaves cut into fine linear lobes; petals lilac-purple, large, beardless. Jloist
sandy soil. V.pedata.

++ +H. Flowers small, white, faintly sweet-scented, the lower petal streaked. Small, in damp soil.

6. Bland V. Leaves rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped; petals without any beard. V.hlanda.

7. Primrose-leaved V. Leaves oblong or ovate ; side-petals generally bearded. V. piimulcefblia.

POPULAR FLORA.

127

8. Lance-leaved Violet. Leaves lance-shaped, erect, smooth ; petals not bearded. V. lanceolata.

-M- -M- ++ Flowers light yellow, small.

9. Round-leaved V. Leaves round ovate and heart-shaped, spreadmg flat on the groiind; side-

petals bearded and brown-streaked inside. Cold woods, N. V. rotundifbUa.

* * Leafy-stemmed species,
-t- Wild species, perennial, with heart-shaped leaves, blossoming nearly all summer.

10. Long-spurred V. Spur h' long, considerably longer than the pale bluish corolla. V. rostrata.

11. JIuhlenberg's V. Low, spreading by runners; spur stout, not more than half the length of
the pale violet corolla. Wet woods. V. Muhlenbergii.

12. Pale V. Spur much shorter than the cream-colored corolla; lower petal streaked. V. striata.

13. Canada V. Tall ; petals white above, violet-tinged beneath ; spur very short. V. Canadensis.

14. Downy V. Tall, leafless below, downy; corolla yellow, spur very short. V. imbescens.

-)- -t- Cultivated or run wild ; root annual or biennial.

15- Heakt's-ease or Pansy V. Low; upper leaves oval, the lower heart-shaped; stipules large
and leaf-like, pinnatifid; corolla yellow-whitish, violet-blue, and purple, varying or mixed, large
and showy in the cultivated Pansy, becoming small when run wild. V. tricolor.

13. CISTUS FAMILY. Order CISTACE^.

This small family consists of low sliriibby plants or perennial herbs, in Europe with a

showy corolla which opens only once, in sunshine,
the petals ftiHIng off at sunset. Here it contains
only a few less handsome, or homely, weed-like
plants. They may be known by the fbllowiug
marks. — Leaves some of them alternate. Calyx
remaining after blossoming, of 5 sepals, three of
them large and two smaller, often very small, the
latter entirely outside in the bud and looking like
bracts. Petals 5 or 3, all alike, overlapping each
other in the bud, each with one edire coverinfj the
one before it, but covered by that behind it. Sta-
mens from 3 to 20 or more, all separate, borne on
the receptacle. Pistil one, making a one-celled
pod, with the seeds borne on three lines down the
walls, or on projections from them, that is, with
3 parietal placentas.

295

^294. Flower, &c. of Fiostweeil. 293. Its calyx and
pistil. 293. Its ovary cut across and niagmfied.

Petals 5, yellow, falling after the flower has opened for one day only.

Style none. Petals crumpled in the bud, (Ilelidnthemum) Frostweed.

Style slender. Little shrubs with minute leaves on sandy shores, (Hitdsdnia) Hudsonia.

Petals 3, purplish, persistent. Flowers very small. {Lecliea) Pinweed.

128

POPULAR FLORA.

14. ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. Order HYPERICACE^..

Herbs or low shrubs, with the leaves all opposite and dotted, as if punctured, with trans-
parent or dark-colored dots, one or both ; the juice generally acrid. Flowers with 4 or 5
persistent sepals, as many petals, and more numerous, commonly a great number of sta-
mens, and in 3 or 5 clusters, borne on the receptacle. Styles 2 to 5, commonly separate, or
sometmies all united into one. Ovary only one, in fruit a pod, either one-celled with 2 to

5 (commonly 3) parietal pla-
centas, or with as many cells
and the placentas in the inner
angle of each cell (Fig. 189,
190), when ripe splitting through
the partitions (Fig. 212).

293 297 293 300 301

297. Flowers. &c. of St John's- wort No. 4. 29S Pistil of 3 united. •-'99. Pod cut across. 300. Plan of the flower of Marsh St.
Jobn's-wort, in a cross secuon of tlie bud. 301. One of the clusters of lliree stamens.

Sepals 5, all nearly alike in size and shape.

Petals 5, flesh-colored, oblong, equal-sided, stamens about 9, in three sets, and a thick

gland between each set, {Elodea) Marsh St. John's-wort.

Petals 5, yellow, unequal-sided. Stamens generally many, {Hupericum) St. John's-wort.

Sepals 4, in two pairs, one pair large, the other small; petals 4, {A'scyrum) St. Peter' s-wort.

St. John's-wort. ffijperimm.
* Stamens very many, in 5 sets. Styles 5, rarely 6 or 7.

1. Great St. John's-wort. Perennial herb, with stems branched, S° to 5° high; leaves closely

sessile, oblong; petals 1' long, narrow. N. & W. H. pyramidatum.

* * Stamens very many. Styles 3 or splitting into 3. Perennials or shrubs.

2. Shrurby S. Shrub 1° to 4° high, very bushy; branchlets 2-edged; leaves lance-oblong; styles

at first all united into one (Fig. 190), when old splitting into three. W. & S. K jjroUJicum.

3. Naked-flowered S. Shrubbv at the base, 1° to 4° high; branches sharply 4-angled; leaves

obloncr; cvme stalked and naked. S. & W. S. nudiflbi-nm.

4. Common S. Herb 1° or 2° high, bushy-branched; stem somewhat 2-edged; leaves nan-ow-oblong,

with transparent dots; sepals lance-shaped; petals bright yellow. A weed in pastures, &:c.

H. perforatum.

POPULAR FLOKA.

129

5. CoRYMBED S. Herb 1° to 2° high, with a terete stem, little branched; leaves oblorsg, dotted with

black as well as with transparent dots, and so generally are the pale j-eUow petals ; sepals oblong.
Low grounds. //. cory^nhusum.

* * * Stamens few, 5 to 15. Styles 3, short. Pod one-celled. Slender annuals, growing in wet

or sandy places, 4' to 15' high : flowers very small.

6. Smat.l S. Stem weak, with spreading branches, leafy to the top; leaves ovate or oblong, partly

clasping, o-ribbed. H- midilum.

7. Canada S. Branches erect, leaves lance-shaped or linear; cymes leafless. TI. Canadcnse.

8. Pine-weed S. Bushy-branched, the branches wiry and very slender; the leaves very minute,

awl-shaped, close-pressed to the branches; flowers minute, sessile along the branches. H. Sarothra.

15. PINK PAMILY. Order CARYOPPIYLLACEiE.

Herbs with opposite and entire leaves, wliicli are not dotted, the stems swollen at the
joints. Flowers regular, their parts in fives, sometimes in fours. Stamens never more
than tw^ice as many as the petals or sepals, and often fewer, on the receptacle or the calyx.
Styles or stigmas generally separate, 2 to 5. Fruit a pod, whith is generally one-celled,
with the seeds from the bottom or on a central column. These are kidney-shaped, and
Lave the embryo on the outside of the albumen, generally coiled around it. — Bland

306

338

30*2. Piece of Sirle-flowerin!! Saiidwort. 303. p'lower mngnifiefl. 3'^4. A ree'l divide^l, sliowin^fie eniHr-o coilefl a— >iiii<) the ont^i.Ie of '
the albumen. 305. lisul cf tsajid-Sjiurrey cm tliioush len-^Jiwise aii.l niagiiilieil. oOj. Lower jjuit ol' liic oviiy of llit! same, cui acrods.
3o7. Flower of a Calclifly cut tlirough lengUiwise. 3ud. A sep.irale petal.

130 POPULAR FLORA.

herbs : some are insignificant weeds ; others have handsome flowers, and are cultivated for
ornament. The}' form two main sub-families, one containing the Pinks, the other the Chick-
weeds. For lack of room, only the principal genera can be given here, without the species,
which are numerous.

I. PINK Subfamily. Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals Avith long claws, -which are en-
closed in the tube of the calyx. The petals and the 10 stamens are generally raised more or less on a
stalk within the calyx. Pod many-seeded, opening at the top. Flowers mostly rather large and showy.
Calyx furnished with two or more scaly bractlets at the base. Styles 2, {Didnilms) * Pink.
Calyx naked, i. e. without any bractlets at the base.

Styles 2. Calyx cylindrical and even, '' .. {Saponana) Soapwokt.

Styles 2. Calyx oblong and strongly 5-angled, ^ ( Vaccaria) Cowueub. ^ ,-:

Styles 3. Calyx 5-toothed, {Silhie) Catchfly.J^vT

Styles 5. ^ ^f

Calyx with short teeth, which are not leaf-like, (Lyclmis) * LYCHNis.=&fl^«'='i^^ ***

Calyx with leafy lobes, which are longer than the petals, * {xigrostemma) Cockle.

II. CHICKWEED Subfamily. Sepals separate or nearly so. Petals without claws, spreading,
sometimes wanting. Small or low herbs; many are weeds. Flowers small, mostly white, except in
Sand-Spurrey.

Pod 3-celled, many-seeded. Petals none. Prostrate annual weed, {MoUurjo) Caupetweed.

Pod one-celled, with several or many seeds. Styles 3 to 5.

Stipules or little scales between the leaves none.
Petals 2-cleft or parted, or notched at the end.

Styles and petals 5. Pod opening by 10 teeth. ( Cerastliim) Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Styles 3 or 4. Pod splitting into valves, {Sldlaria) Chickweed.

Petals entire, not notched nor cleft.

Styles 3, fewer than the petals, {Arenaria) Sandwort.

Styles 5 or 4, as many as the petals, • {Sagma) Pearlwokt.

Stipules in the form of scales between the bases of the leaves.

Styles 3. Leaves not whorled. Petals purple, {Sperf/ularia) Sand-Spurkey.

Styles 5. Leaves in whorls, narrow. Petals white, {Spergula) Spuruey.

16. PURSLAlSrE FAMILY. Order PORTULACACEiE.
!More or less fleshy herbs, with entire leaves, and flowers which open only in sunshine.
Sepals fewer than the petals (i. e. sepals 2, petals 5), with a stamen before each one, or
else with many stamens. Pod one-celled, with the seeds, like those of the Pink family, on
stalks rising from the base of the cell. Harmless and tasteless herbs; the Spring-Beauty
has handsome flowers in the spring in woods. The common Purslane is a well-known gar-
den weed and pot-herb, and the Great-flowered Purslane, with its cylindrical fleshy leaves
and larjre red or scarlet flowers, is a common ornamental annual in cultivation.

'Calvx 2-cleft, the tube united with the lower part of the ovary. Petals opening only
once. Stamens 7 to 20. Pod many-seeded, opening round the middle, the top
falling off as a lid. Annuals. {Poriulaca) Purslane.

POPULAR FLORA.

131

Calyx 2-leavecl, free from the ovary, which makes a few-seeded pod, spUtting into 3 valves.
Stamens 5, one before each petal. Leaves 2 and opposite in our species, on a
stem which comes from a small tuber. Flowers rose-color, in a raceme, open-

ing for several days.

( Clayibnia) Spki^'G-Beauty.

309. Half of a flower of the common Purslane, divided lengthwise and magnified. 310. Pod of the same, openin? by a lid.
311. Claytonirt or Spring-Bemuy. 312 Its 2-cIeft calyx and pod 313. Ripe poil cut acro.ss, and splitting' into three
valves. 314. Seed, more magnified. 315. Same, cut througn, to show the coiled embryo. 316. Embryo taken out.

17. MALLOW FAMILY. Order MALVACE^.
Distinguislied by the numerous monadelphnus stamens (i. e. united by their filaments into
a tube or column), with kidney-shaped one-celled anthers, and the five sepals or lobes of the
calyx applied edge to edge without overlapping (i. e. valvate) in the bud, and persistent.
Leaves almost always palmately-veined, alternate, with stipules. Petals united at the bot-
tom with the tube of stamens. There is often a sort of outer calyx, below the true one,
called an involucel. All innocent plants, full of mucilage (it is extracted from the root of
Marsh-Mallow), and with a very tough fibrous inner bark. Flowers often handsome.

Anthers all at the top of the column of united filaments (Fig. 317).

Involucel or outer calyx present. Cells of the fruit many in a ring, separating whole
when ripe, one-seeded.
Involucel 9-parted. Separated little pods margiiiless. Plant soft-downy: root pe-
rennial, {Althcea) Marsii-IMallow.
Involucel about 6 -parted. Separated pods with membranaceous margins. Plants

tall, roughish: root biennial. Flowers large, (AltJicea, ^ A'lcen) * Hollyhock.

Involucel 3-6-cleft. A flat plate covering the circle of pods, {Lavatern) * Lavatera.

Involucel 3-leaved. Circle of pods naked, around a narrow axis, ( Malva) JilALLOW.

^

132

POPULAR FLORA.

{Najma) Glade-]\Iallow.

(Sida) Sid A.
{Ahiitilon) Indian-jMallow,

Involucel or outer calyx none.

Flowers dioecious, small, white. Pods or cells one-seeded,
Flowers perfect. Cells of the pod 5 to 15.

Seed only one in each cell. Flowers yellow or white,
Seeds 2 to 9 in each of the cells.
Anthers attached along the sides of the upper part of the slender column. Pod of 3 to 5

cells, and sphtting into as many valves.
Involucel of many thread-shaped leaves.

Calyx splitting down one side when the flower opens. Pod long,
Calyx not splitting down one side. Pod short. Seeds naked,
Involucel of 3 heart-shaped toothed leaves. Seeds bearing wool,

(Abelmoschis) * Okka.

(Hibiscus) Hibiscus.

( Gossypiura) * Cotton.

317. Stamens nf Mallow unifd in a tiil'e (monadelplioiif). SIS. An anther more magnified. 319. Ploweis and leaf of
INIaish-Mail'iW. 320. Us compouuU iJisiil magiiiticd. Si.1. Pod of Hibiscussunouuded by the calyx and involu-
cel. 3i2. The pod spliiling- into 5 valves.

Mallow. Mdlva.

Involucel or outer calyx 3-leaved. Petals notched at the upper and broader end. Styles many.
Little pods oi'. cells many in a ring around a narrow axis or column (the whole shaped like a cheese),
when ripe falling away separately, each one-seeded. — Herbs ; flowering all summei*.

1. Low JLvLLow. Poot very long; stems spreading on the ground,; leaves round-kidney-shaped,

long-stalked, scarcely lobed, crenate ; flowers several in the axils, small, whitish. Very common
weed in waste and cultivated ground. M. rotundifblia.

2. High I\I. Stem 3° high; leaves lobed; flowers large, rose-purple. Gardens. M. sylvesins.
8. Musk M. Stem 2° high; leaves 5-parted and the divisions cut into linear lobes (the smell faintly

musky); flowers large, rose-color. Gardens. M. moschata.

4. CuKLED :M. Stem 4° to 6° high ; leaves round, toothed, much ciirled around the edge ; flow-
ers small, white, sessile in the axils. Gardens. ^^' cnspa.

Hibiscus. Blhhcus.
Flowers large, with an involucel of many narrow bractlets, and a 5-cleft calyx, which does not open
down one side. Stamens in a long and slender column. Stigmas 5. Pod short, 5-celled, splitting
■when ripe into 5 valves, many-seeded; the seeds smooth or hairy, not long-woolly. Showy herbs or
shrubs: flowerinsr in autumn.

POPULAR FLOKA.

133

1. Shrubby or Alth.ea Hibiscus. Shrub 5° to 10° high, smooth ; leaves -vvedge-ovate, toothed,

3-lobed ; flowers short-stalked, white, purple-red, &c. (single or double). Cialtivated for orna-
ment. U. Synacus.

2. Gkkat Ked H. Herb 8° high from a perennial root, smooth; leaves deeply cleft into 5 lance-linear

lobes; corolla red, 8' to 11' broad! S. and in gardens. //. coccineus.

3. Halberd-leaved H. Herb 6° high from a perennial root, smooth; lower leaves 3-lobed, upper

halberd-shaped; calyx bladdery after flowering; corolla flesh-colored, 3' long. H. militaris.

4. ]\lARsn H. Herb 5° high from a perennial root; leaves soft-downy and whitish underneath, ovate,

pointed, the lower 3-lobed; base of the flower-stalks and leafstalks often grown together; corolla
5' broad, white or rose-color with a crimson eye. Salt marshes, Sec. II. Jloscheutos.

5. Bladder-Ketmia H. (or Flower-of-an-Hour). Herb 1° to 2° high from an annual root, somewhat

hairy; lower leaves toothed, upper 3-parted, with narrow divisions; corolla greenish-yellow with a
dark-brown eye, opening only in midday sunshine ; calyx bladdery after flowering, enclosing the
pod. Gardens, &c. H. Trionum.

18. LINDEN FAMILY. Order TILIACE^.
Has the tougli and fibrous inner bark and the bland mucilage of the Mallow family,
distinctions are shown in the only genus we have, viz. : —

Its

mm^

323

326

323. American Linilen, in fiower. 324. Masfnified cross-section of a flower-bud.
3'^5. A inlt of stamens with the petal-like scale. 323. Pistil. 327. Fruit
cut in two.

Linden or Basswood. TUla.
Sepals 5, thick, valvate (the margins edge to edge) in the bud, falling off after flowering. Petals 5,
cream-color. Stamens very many, on the receptacle, in 5 clusters: anthers 2-celled. Pistil one: ovary
5-ceIIed, with two ovules in each cell; in fruit woody, small, closed, mostly one-seeded. — Lm^ge, soft-
wooded trees, with heart-shaped leaves, often oblique at the base. Flowers in a smnll cluster on a
slender and hanging peduncle from the axil of a leaf, and united part way Avith a narrow leaf-like bract.
(Also called Lime-trees.)

134

POPULAR FLORA.

1. A^iEKiCAN Linden or Bassavood. Leaves green, smooth, or in some varieties downy underneath;

a petal-like body iu the middle of each of the 5 clusters of stamens. T. Americana.

2. EuKorEAN Linden. Leaves smooth or nearly so ; stamens hardly in clusters, no petal-like bodies

■with t]iem. Cultivated in cities, &c. as a shade-tree. T. Europoea.

19. CAMELLIA FAMILY. Order CAMELLIACEJE.
Shrubs or small trees, "with alternate and simple leaves, not dotted ; large and showy
flowers, with a persistent calyx of 5 overlapping sepals, and very many stamens, their fila-
ments united at the bottom with each other and with the base of the petals. Anthers
2-celled. Fruit a woody pod of 3 to 6 cells, containing few large seeds. To this belongs
the grateful Tea-plant of China, and the

Ca:^iellia, of our green-houses,

Loblolly-Bay, of swamps in the Southern States,

CnmeUia Japonica.
Gordbnia Lasidnihus.

20. ORANGE FAMILY. Order AURANTIACE.E.

Like the last, this family hardly claims a place here, being only house-plants, except far
south. Known by having 20 or more stamens in one row around a single pistil, and the leaves
having a joint between the blade and the winged or margined footstalk : they (and the fra-
grant petals) are punctate with transparent dots, looking like holes when held between the
eye and the light, which are little reservoii^s of fragrant oil. Fruit a berry with a thick rind.

Orange, Citrus Aurdniium.

Lemon, Citrus Limbnium.

21. FLAX FAMILY. Order LINAGES.
Herbs with tough fibres in the inner bark, simple leaves, and oily seeds with a mucilagi-
nous coat ; consisting only of the Flax genus, which is known by the following marks : —

328. Common Flax.

329. Half of a flower, enlarged.

330. Pod, cut across.

Flax. Linum.
Sepals 5, overlapping, persistent. Petals 5, on the receptacle. Stamens 5, united with each other
at the bottom. Styles 5. Pod 10-celled and splitting when ripe into 10 pieces with one seed iu eacli.
Flowers opening only for one day.

POPULAR FLORA.

135

1. Common Flax. Kootfinnual; leaves lance-shaped; flower blue. Cultivated. Z. vsifatlssimum.

2. ViKGixiA Flax. Root perennial; leaves oblong or lance-shaped ; flowers very small, yellow. Dry

woods. L. Virrjinianum.

22. WOOD-SOBREL FAMILY. Order OXALIDACEyE.

Small herbs witli sour juice, compound leaves of three leaflets, and flowers nearly as in

the Flax family, but with 10 stamens, a 5-celled ];)od, and two or more seeds in each cell.

One genus, viz.

"Wood-Sorrel. Oxalis.

Sepals, petals, and styles 5. Stamens 10; filaments united (monadelphous) at the base. Pod thin,
5-lobed. Leaflets obcordate. Flowering in summer.

1. Common W. One-flowered scape and leaves rising from a scaly rootstock, hairy; petals large,

white with reddish veins. N. in cold and moist woods. 0. Aceiosella.

2. Violet W. Several-flowered scape and leaves, from a scaly bulb ; petals violet. 0. violacea.

3. Yellow "W. Stems ascending, leafy; flowers 2 to 6 on one peduncle, small, yellow. 0. siricta.

23. GERAlSriUM FAMILY. Order GERANIACEiE.

Herbs or small shrubs, with scented leaves, having stipules, the lower ones opposite.

Hoots astringent. Sepals
5, overlapping. Petals
5. Stamens 10, but part
of them in some cases
without anthers : fila-
ments commonly united
at the bottom. Pistils
5 grown into one, that
is, all united to a lono;
beak of the receptacle
(except the 5 stigmas) ;
and when the fruit is
ripe the styles split away
from the beak and curl
up or twist, carrying
with them the five lit-
tle one-seeded pods, as
shown in Fig. 334. — There are three genera, viz. Geranium or Cranesbill ; Erodium,
which differs in havinn; only 5 stamens with anthers, and the fruit-bearinji stvles bearded
inside ; and Pelargonium, which has the corolla more or less irregular, generally 7 stamens
with anthers, &c. The latter are the House Geraniums, from the Cape of Good Hope,
of several species and many varieties. We describe only the wild species of true

?31. Leaf, anil 332. Flowers of Wild Geranium. £33. Stamens and pistil. 334. Fruit bursting.
335. Seed. b36 bame, cut across.

136

POrULAR FLORA.

Geranium or Cianesbill. Geraniiim.
Petals all alike. All 10 stamens with anthers, every other one shorter. — Herbs.

1. Spotted G. Stem erect, from a perennial root ; leaves 5-parted, also cut and toothed, often

Avhitish-blotched; petals pale purple. Borders of woods; fl. in spring and summer. G. maculutum.

2. Carolina G. Stems spreading from a biennial or annual root; leaves 5-parted, and cut into nar-

row lobes ; flowers small ; petals flesh-color, notched at the end. "Waste places. G. Carolinianum.

3. HERn-RoBEKT G. Stems spreading; leaves 3-divided, and the divisions twice pinnately cleft;

flowers small, purple. Moist woods aud ravmes; fl. summer. G. lioberlianum.

24. IISTDIAN-CRESS FAMILY. Order TROPyEOLACETE.
Twining, climbing, or trailing herbs, with a watery juice of a sharp taste like ^Mustard,
alternate leaves, and showy irregular floAvers, as in

Indian-Cress (commonly called Nasturtium). TrojJCBolum.
Calyx projecting into a long hollow spur behind, petal-like, 5-cleft. Petals 5, of two sorts, two of
them borne on the throat of the calyx, the 3 others with claws. Stamens 8, unequal. Fruit 3-lobed,
separating into 3 thick and closed one-seeded pieces.

1. Common I. or Nasturtium. Very smooth; leaves roundish, shield-shaped; flowers large; petals

orange-yellow, the claws of 3 of them fringed. Cult, very common. T. mojus.

2. Canarv-bird I. Climbing high; leaves deeply lobed ; petals pale yellow, cut-fringed. Cult.

T. 2yere(/rinum.
25. BALSAM FAMILY. Order BALSAMINACEiE.

Tender annuals, with a bland watery juice and very irregular flowers ; such as those

of the principal genus,

Salsam (or Jeavel-aveed). Impatiens.

Calyx and corolla colored alike and diffi-
cult to distinguish, in all of 6 pieces, the
largest one extended backward into a large
and deep sac ending in a little spur; and the
two innermost unequally 2-lobed. Stamens
on the receptacle, 5, very short, united over
the pistil; This forms a thick-walled pod,
which when ripe suddenly bursts with con-
siderable force, or falls into 5 coiling pieces
at the touch, scattering the rather large
seeds. — Leaves simple, alternate. Flowers
showy, produced all summer.

3C8. Calyx and corolla displayed.

1, Garden PjAlsam. Flowers very showy, white, red, or pink, often double, clustered in the axils

of the crowded lance-shaped leaves. Garden annual. - I- Balsdmina.

2. Pale Jewel- aveed. Flowers pale-yellow, sparingly spotted, the hanging sac broader than long;

leaves ovate or oblong. Common in rich and shady or wet soil. /. jydllida.

8. Spotted Jewel-weed. Flowers orange, spotted with reddish-brown ; sac longer than broad.

J.J'uIva.

337
337. Flower of No. 2.

338

POPULAR FLORA. 137

26. HUE FAMILY. Order EUTACEiE.
Stronof-scented, sharp-tasted, and bitter-acrid plants, the leaves dotted with transparent
dots like punctures (which are filled with volatile oil) ; the stamens on the receptacle, as
many or twice as many as the petals.

Herbs, very strong-scented, with perfect flowers. Stamens 8 or 10.

Leaves decompound. Flowers yellow : petals concave. Pod roundish, {Ruta) * Rue.

Leaves pinnate. Flowers white or purple, large : petals slender: stamens long. Pods

5, flattened, slightly united, {Dictdmnus) *Fraxikel,l,A.

Shrubs or trees. Stamens 4 or 5, only as many as the petals.

Flowers dicecious. Pistils 2 to 5, making fleshy pods with one or two black seeds.

Leaves pinnate. Stems prickly, {Znnthoxylum) Prickly-Ash.

Flowers polygamous. Pi^^til 1, making a 2-celled, 2-seeded key, winged all round.

Leaflets 3. Stems not prickly, {Pt'elta) Hop-tree.

27. SUMACH FAMILY. Order ANACARDIACEiE.
Trees or shrubs with a milky or a resinous-acrid juice (in some cases poisonous), and al-
ternate leaves : — of which we have only the genus

Sumach. Rhus.
Flowers small, gi'eenish-white or yellowish. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5 ; the latter borne on an en-
largement of the receptacle which fills the bottom of the calyx. Styles or stigmas 3, on a one-celled
ovary, Avhich makes a one-seeded little stone-fruit with a thiu flesh. Fl. summer. Xos. 4 and 5 are
poisonous to most people when touched.

1. Staghorx Sumach. Sm'all tree ; branches ard stalks velvety-hairy; leaves pinnate, pale be-

neath ; flowers and crimson-hairy sour fruit very many, in a great crowded panicle. R. typhina.

2. Sjiooth S. Shrub; branches and stalks very smooth, pale : otherwise like the last. R. (/la bra.

3. Dwarf S. Shrub 1° to 4° high ; branches and stalks downy; leaves pinnate, with the stalk wing-

margined between the shining leaflets; fruits red and hairy. R. copallina.

4. Poison S. or Dogwood. Shrub smooth; leaves pinnate; leaflets 7 to 13, entire; panicles slender

in the axils; fruit smooth. Poisonous to most people. Swamps. R. venenata.

5. Poison Ivy. Smooth ; stems climbing by rootlets ; leaflets 3, large, ovate, either entire, notched, or

lobed, variable on the same stem. Poisonous like the last. R. Toxicodendron.

6. Venetian S. or Smoke-tree. Shrub, with simple oval or obovate leaves; branches of the panicle

lengthening after flowering, and feathered with long hairs, making large light bunches. Cult.

R. CoCinxis.
28. GRAPE FAMILY. Order VITACE^.

Shrubby plants with a watery and sour juice, climbing by tendrils ; known by having a
minute calyx with scarcely any lobes, the petals valvate (edge to edge) in the bud and fall-
ing off very early, and the stamens (5 or 4) one before each petal ! — Only two genersu

Grape. Vitis.
Petals 5, cohering slightly at the top while they separate at the base, and generally thrown off with-
out expanding. Berry with 4 bony seeds. Leaves lobed. Flowers polygamous iu the wild species,
and having the fragrance of Mignonette.

138

POPULAR FLORA.

1. EunoPEAx Grape. Flowers all perfect; lesires deeply and sharply lobed. Cult, in several varie-

ties, viz. Sweetwater Grape, Black Hamburg, &c. V. vinifera.

2. NoKTiiEKN Fox-GEArE. Leaves very woolly when young, remaining rusty-AvoolIy beneath; ber-

ries large, purple or amber-colored. — Improved varieties of this, without the foxy taste and the
tough pulp, are the Isabella and the Catawba Grapes. F. Labrusca,

3. Summer Grape. Leaves with loose cobwebby down underneath, smoothish when old ; panicles of

fertile flowers very long and slender; berries small, ripe with first frost. V. cestivalis.

4. Frost Grape. Leaves thin, heart-shaped, never woolly, not shining, sharply and coarsely toothed,

little or not at all lobed ; panicles loose ; berries blue or black with a bloom, sour, ripening late.
Common along river-banks, Szc. V. core/if uUa.

5. Muscadine or Southern Fox-Grape. Bark of the stem close, not thrown off in loose strips, as

in the others; leaves round-heart-shaped, shining, not down}-, very coarsely toothed; panicles small,
with crowded flowers; berry large, musky, with a very thick and tough skin. A variety is the

Scuppernong Grape. Common S.

Virgi nia-Cree per. A mjje lopsis.

Petals 5, thick, opening befoi'e
they fall. Leaves palmate with 5
leaflets (Fig. 74). Berries small,
blackish. A very common tall-
climbing vine, wild and culti-
vated. A. quinquefblia.

V. vulpina.

&10. Flower opening. 341. Snme, with the
peuils r.illt;n.

339. Twig of Grape-vine,

29. BUCKTHOBN FAMILY. Order RHAMNACE^.
"Woody plants, with simple alternate leaves, known by having the stamens as many as the

small petals (4 or 5) and one before each of them,
0/ \rO 'S^vO /lAm hoth. inserted on the calyx or on a fleshy cup which

lines the tube of the calyx ; the lobes of the latter

valvatc, i.e. edge to edge in the bud.
5 cells, and one large seed in each.

Fruit of 2 to

342. Flowers of a Buckthorn. 343. Same, cut through lengthwise.

342

343

Calyx free from the ovary, greenish. Petals shorter than the calyx, or none, (Ehamnns) Buckthorn.
Calyx below adherent to the ovary, its lobes petal-like (white in our species) and

bent inwards, shorter than the stamens and long- clawed petals, ( CeanoUnis) New-Jersey Tea.

POPULAR FLORA.

139

3-17

^44

3:5

Z4Q

30. STAFF-TFiEI] FAMILY. Order CELASTRACE.E.
Woody plants, with simple alternate or opposite leaves; the divisions of the calyx and
the petals both overlapping in the bud; the stamens as many as the petals (1 or 5) and
alternate with them, inserted on a thick expansion of the receptiicle (disk) Aviiich fills the
bottom of the calyx. Pod colored, of 2 to 5 mostly one-seeded cells, showy Avhen ripe iu
autumn, especially when they open and display the seeds enveloped in a pulpy scarlet aril.

Flowers polygamous or nearly dioeciou?, wlilte, in racemes: disk cup-shaped: style long.
Fod globular, orange-yellow. Leaves alternate. Our only species is a tv/in-

ing shrub, sometimes called Bittersweet, (Celdsinis) "Waxwork. Ou-oif-Un^

Flowers perfect, flat, dull green or dark purple, in axillary racemes: disk flat, covering
the ovary, and bearing 4 or 5 very short stamens, the short style just rising
through it. Pods red, lobed. Shrubs: leaves opposite, {Euonymiis) BuuxiXG-r.usii

Pods smooth, strongly lobed, '^r Spixdlk-tkee.

Pods roundish, rough, {Euonymus) STUAWiiEiiKY-uutJir. A-GiteX

31. SOAPBERRY FAMILY. Order SAPIXDACEiE.
The proper Soapberry family belongs mostly to warmer climates ; bnt wo have

shrubs and trees belonir-
ing to three of its sub-
families :

L DLADDERNUT Sur-
fa:mily. Flowers regular and
perfect. Stamens 5, as many
as the petals, and alternate
with them. Seeds bony.
Leaves opposite, pinnate or
with 3 leaflets, having stipule?,
and also little stipules (st'tpels)
to the leaflets.

Shrub: flowers white in racemes. Fruit of 3 bladdery
pods united. {StcqjJvjlki) Bladdekxut.

II. HORSECHESTNUT Subfamily. Flowers po-
lygamous, some of them having no good pistil, mostly
irregular and unsymmetrical. Calyx bell-shaped or
tubular, 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, with claws, on tho
receptacle. Stamens generally 7, long. Style one.
Ovary 3-celIed, with a pair cf ovules in each cell,
only one or two ripening in the fruit; which becomes
345 Snrne, a leathery 3-valved pod. Seeds very large, like chest-
■ari.e, <iivi.ie(i cnisswjsJ, siiowing ii'iM nuts. iMue Ornamental trccs, with opposite palmate
t«-oc.v,>ies.ne:.ci,.eii. 349 s.,'m., p.utiy g.own, o..iy c./seed jgaves, and flowcrs iu tliick paniclcs.

growing, iofi. l>.ii)e poil bursting. ' i

Petals 5, spreading; stamens declined: fruit prickly. Leaflets 7, (yEsculus) *Hor.SECnESTNUT.

Petals 4, unlike, with long claws in the calyx. Leaflets generally 5, {yEsciihis, § Pavia) Buckeye.

10

3!4. Hrd FiicVeye, \e''\ice(\ in si7e.
xpuh ca'.yx ai)il l«o |ieials I iktii aw:iy
divWeil Ieii2lliwi-e. 343

140 roruLAii flora.

III. ^iIAPLE Subfamily. Flowers generally polygnmoiis or dinccioii?, regular. Petals often
ijonc, but tlio calyx soinetinics ]ieta!-Iike. Stauiciis 4 to 12. Styles 2, uuiied below. Fruit a j)air of
i.i'ys u:iitod at tho bottom (Kig. 2Ud). Leaves opposite.

Flowers clicrc'lou?, sniail and greenish: petals none: stamens 4 cr 5. Leaves pinnate, / ,

with 3 to 5 veiny loallets: twig^ green, {XL-fjiindo) Xecuxdo.''^)^ "^^^

Flowers polygamous or perfect. Leaves simple, palmately lobcd, {Acer} Mai'Lk.

Buc.ceye. uEsmlus, ^ Pavia.

All wild species at the West and South: also cultivated for ornament: flowering in late spring or
nimmcr.

1. Fktid rr Ohio F-uckeye. Petals small, erect, pale yellow, shorter than tl:e curved stamens;
young fruit jjrickly like Ilorsechestnut; a tree. Iviver-banks, W. yE. (jlabra,

5. £wia;T F.l'CKKYK. Petals yellow or reddish, erect, er.closing tl:e stamens; fruit smooth. yK.fiava,
Z. Fi:i» PucKEVE. Petals red, :ilso the tubular calyx: otherwise like the last. Shrub. yE. Pada.
4. t>.MAi.E-KL()\VEi;Ei> B. Leaflets Stalked ; petals white, rather spreading; stamens very long; fruit

tniooth. ; seed eatable, not bitter, as are the others; flowers in a long raceme-like panicle. Shrub.
C £; cult. A paycijlora,

Map'e. Acer.
r^- Flowers in terminal racemes, with petals, greenish, in late spring: stamens G to 8.

1. STr.ii'Ei) ^LvrEE. Park green, with darker stripes; leaves large, with 3 short and tiiper-pointed

lobes; racemes hanging. Small tree in cool wood.s; common, N. A. Peuiixyhriiiiium.

fi. SIduntain M. Dark gray; leaves S-lobed; racemes erect ; flowers small. Shrub, N. A. spicatiuit.

6. Gycamoiik M. An imported shade-tree, with large strongly 5-lobed leaves, and lurgo hanging

r:icemes, flowering soon after the leaves appear. A. Pseudu-Plulanus.

^f --c- Flowere in loose clusters, j-ellowish-grecn, appearing ■with the leaves, in spring.

4. KonwAY ^I. An imported shade-tree, with le.ivcs resembling Sugar JI:\plc, but brighter green on
both sides, rour.dcr, anil with some long pointed teeth; flowers in an erect terminal corynil), with
petals; wings of the fruit very large, diverging. A. plalandides.

fj. SuGAK or Pocic M. Leaves with 3 or mostly 5 long-pointed lobes, their edges entire except a
few coarse wavy teeth; flowers hanging on very slender hairy stalks, without petals; fruit with
i-athcr small wing?, ripo ia autumn. Tall tree; in rich woods, and commonly planted for shade. ;

*■ A, s'luht'n-inum.

^ e >*. Flowers in early spring, considerably earlier than the leaves, on short pedicels, in small
umbel-like clusters from lateral leafless buds: stamens genendly 5: fruit ripe and falling in early
Eummer.

C White or Silver JL Leaves very deeply 5-lobed, cut and toothed, white beiieath; flowera
l^recnish-yellow, .-ihort-stalked, without petals ; fruit woolly when young, with very large and
smooth diverging wings. Tree common on river-banks, and planted for shade. A. ddsycurjniuu

V. Ted or Soft M. Leaves wdiitish beneath, with 3 or 5 short lobes, toothed ; flowers on very
fhort stalks vrhich lengthen in fruit, with linear-oblong pe*^al.<, red or sometimes yellowish ;
Avings cf the fruit small, reddish. Wet places: a common tree. A. ruhvum

POPULxVR FLOrwA.

141

32. PULSE FAMILY. Order LEGUMINOSvE.

A l.ircjG f^imily, distinguished by the peculiar irregular corolla called papilionaceous
(i. e. LutterHy-shaped), and for having the kind of pod called a ler/imie for its fruit. Leaves
alternate, often compound, Avith stipules. Stamens generally 10, inserted on the calyx.
Pistil one, simple. The papilionaceous corolla, ■which Is familiar in the Pea-blossom and the
like, consists of 5 irregular petals ; viz, an upper one, generally largest and outside in the
bud, called the standard; Uvo side petals, called ?c/»^,s', and two lower ones put together
and commonly a little joined, forming a kind of pouuh which encloses the stamens and

style, and which, being shaped somewhat like the prow
of an ancient vessel, is named the keel. A few flowers in
the family arc almost regular, or not papilionaceous. In
one case (to be mentioned in its place) all but one petal is
■wanting. Another set have perfectly regular blossoms ;
but are known by the pod and leaves. The legume is of
every variety of shape and size. The Avhole kernel of
the seed is an embryo, "with thick cotyledons, as is familiar
in the Bean and Pea (Fig. 32, 42). We give the princi-
pal sorts.

(P(i

SSI. Papilionaceous corulla of LocuEt.

332. I<s petals displ.iyerl : t. stfin'lnnl ;
V, to, wiiigs ; A', ihe keel luiil open.

353, Lefume of
Pea, open.

3SS

354. Flower of False Indigo No. 2. 3'5. Same, with the

petals renioveil.
353. Fliwer of Arnorpha, enlarged, 357, Stamens .ind pistil

of the same.

I. TRUE PULSE Family. Coroll.-irefillypnpilionaceou?, and the standard outside, wrapped around
the other petals in the bud (in Amorpha, Fig. 356, only the standard is present). Leaves either sim-
ple or only once compound.

142 roruLAR flora.

* Stamens, 10, united by their filaments, either all into a closed tube (mo7iade!photis, Fig. 187), or 9 in

a tube split down on one side, and the 10th separate or nearly so {diadtlj^hotis, Fig. 1£6).
Shrubs or trees, not twining nor climbing.

Flowers white or rose-colored, in hanging racemes. Leaves odd-pinnate, {Rohinla) Locust-tree.

Flowers yellow, in small racemes. Pod bladdery. Leaves odd-pinnate, {Colh(ta) *Bladdek-Sknna.

Flowers yellow, in hanging racemes. Pod narrow. Leaflets 3, ( Qlisics) * Laisukmim.

Shrubs, Avith long twining stems. Flowers blue-purple in racemes, ( Wistaria) Wistaria-

Herbs.

Stems not twining, climbing, nor with anj^ trace of tendrils.

Leaves simple: stipules winging the stem below the leaf. Flowers yellow. Pod

inflated, many-seeded, ( Crotalarin) Rattlebox.

Leaves of 5 to 15 palmate leaflets. Flowers in a long raceme, {Li/jmius) Lltink.

Leaves abruptly pinnate, of 4 leaflets. Pod formed underground, (A'rachis) * Peanut.

Leaves odd-pinnate, of several or many leaflets.

Leaflets serrate. Flowers single, white. Pod inflated, 2-peeded, ( Cicer) * Chick-Pea.
Leaflets entire. Flowers in a raceme or spike.

Corolla broad. Pod flat, narrow, several-seeded, ( Te2)lirdsia) Hoaky-Pea.

Corolla narrow. Pod inflated or turgid, often 2-celled, {Astragalus) Astragal.

Leaves of 3 (or rarely 5) leaflets. Pods like akenes or burs.
Stipules cohering with the base of the leafstalk.

Flowers in heads. Pod thin and small, in the persistent calyx, ( TrifuUum) Clover.
Flowers in spikes or racemes.

Leaflets not dotted, but generally serrate.

Pods wrinkled, like akenes, coriaceous, {Melilbtus) JIelilot.

Pods curved, or else coiled up in various ways, {Medicago) IMedick.

Leaflets. &c. sprinkled with dark dots, entire. {Psoralea) Psoralea.

Stipules not at all united with the leafstalk.

Pods very small and flat, closed, one-seeded, (Lesjjedeza) Bush-Clover.

Pods separating into several-seeded flat roughish joints, {Desmbdium) Tick-Trefoil.
Stems climbing or disposed to climb : leaves pinnate with a tendril at the end.

Calyx with 5 leafy lobes. Seeds globular. Leaflets few, (Pisum) * Pea.

Calyx-lobes or teeth not leafy.

Tendril conspicuous. Style hairy along the inner side, {Ldthyrus) Everlasting-Pea.
Tendril conspicuous. Style hairy round the tip, ( Vicia) Vetch.

Tendril hardly any. Seed oblong, fixed by one end, (Faba) * Hoese-Bean.

Stems twining more or less: no tendrils to the leaves.
Keel of the corolla coiled into a ring or spiral.

Leaflets 3, Avith stipels, (Phaseolus) Beax.

Leaflets 5 or 7. Flowers brown-purple. Tubers underground, (A'pios) Groundnut.
Keel not coiled or twisted. Leaflets 8, with stipels.

Calyx 4-cleft, the lobes acute, {Galdctia) Milk-Pea.

Calyx 4-toothed. Pods both above and under ground, {Ampkicarpcen) Hoo-Peanut.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Flower large, purple-blue, ( CUtbria) Butterfly-Pea.

* * Stamens 10, separate, except at the very base. Petal only one ! (Fig. 356.) Shrubs:

leaves pinnate: flowers small, violet-purple, in a spike or raceme, (Amdrjjha) Amoepha.

♦ *

POPULAR FLOKA. 143

* Stamens 10, separate (Fig. 355). Petals 5, pea-like. Pod inflated, {Baptisia) False-Indigo.

II. BRASILETTO Subfamily. Corolla sometimes papilionaceous or nearly so, but then with
the standard within the other petals, generally more cr less irregular; the petals overlapping one an-
other in the bud. Stamens 10 or fewer, separate.

Trees, with simple round-heart-shaped leaves, but appearing rather later than the papilio-
naceous purple-red flowers, CCercis) Eed-bud.

Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves and ^-ellow flowers, not papilionaceous, ( Cassia) Senna.

Trees, with the leaves, or some of them, more than once compound. Flowers dioecious
or polygamous, not at all papilionaceous.
Stamens 10, and petals 5, on the top of the funnel-shaped tube of the calyx. Pods

broad and hard. Leaves very large, twice-pinnate, ( Gynmodadus) Kentucky Coffee-tkee.
Stamens and petals 3 to 6, on the bottom of an open calyx. Pods long and flat, hav-
ing a sweet juice or pulp inside. Leaves, some of them once pinnate, others twice
pinnate. Tree with compound thorns, ( Gleditschia) Honey-Locust.

in. ^n^IOSA Subfamily. Flowers very small, in heads or spikes, regular: petals edge to edge in
the bud, and sometimes united below. Leaves generally twice or thrice pinnate.

Stamens very many and long, yellow or yellowish. (Cult, in greenhouses: some species

are Avild far South), * Acacia.

Stamens 5. Petals separate, whitish. Pod smooth, [Desmantlais) Desmanthus.

Stamens 4 or 5. Petals united into a cup, rose-color. Pod bristly, flat, breaking uj) into

joints. Leaves closing suddenly wlien touched, {Mimosa) "*■ Sensitive-i'lant.

Stamens 10 or 12. Petals united into a cup, rose-color. Pod narrow, rough-prickly.

Leaves rather sensitive. S, {Schrdnkia) SENsixivE-IjiiiEr..

Locust-tree. Rohinia.

Flowers show}', in hanging axillary racemes. Stamens diadelphous. Pod flat, several-seeded.

.Leaves odd-pinnate. — Trees, wild in tlie Southern, cult, in tlio Northern States. Fl. in early summer.

1 Co:\iMON Locust-tree. Tree with a pair of spines for stipules; flowers Avhite, in slender racemes,

sweet-scented; pod smooth. R. Pseiidachcia.

2. Clammy L. Tree with clammy twigs; racemes thick ; calyx purplish; pod rough. R. viscosa.

3. Bkistly L. or PiOSE-Acacia. Shrub, with bristly stalks and twigs; flowers large, rose-colored.

Ji. li isj)ida.
' Clover (or Trefoil). Trifullum.

Flowers many in a head. Calyx persistent, its teeth very slender. Corolla withering away or per-
sistent after flowering; the petals grown together more or less into a tube below, and the diadelphous
fitamens united with it. Pod generally shorter than the calyx, thin, only one- or few-seeded. Low
herbs: leaves Avith 3 leaflets, the stipules adhering to the base of the footstalk (Fig. 13G).

1. Red Clover. Leaflets obovate or oval, with a pale spot on the upper side; flowers rose-red, in a

dense head with leaves underneath it. Fields, cultivated. T. praimse.

2. PjUFFALo C. Leaflets obovate, toothed : flowers rose-colored, pedicelled, in an umbel-like long-

stalked liead. Prairies, &c., W. & S. T. rejlcxum.

3. White C. Low, smooth, creeping; leaflets obcordate or notched; flowers Avhite, in a loose umbel-

like head, raised on a long stalk. Fields, d'C, everywhere. T. repens.

144 rOPULAIl FLORA.

4. KAnniT-FOOT C. Silky, ]o^v, erect, {\nd branching; root annual; leaflets narrow; flowers ■whitish,

in dense and soft-silky oblong heads. Common in poor dry land. T. arcisnsc

5. YiiLLOW C. Low, annual, smoothish; corolla yellow, turning brownish. Waste grounds.

T. ar/rhriunu
Melilot (or Swekt-Clovei:)- Md'dbtus.

Flowers in a raceme or spike, small. Corolla falling alter flowering. Pod roundish ar.d small, liko
an akene, hardly opening, containing only one or two seeds. — Ainiuals or biennials, with sweet-scented
foliage; leaflets three, toothed. Growing in gardens and around houses.

1. Ykllow Mkmi.ot. Leaflets obovate or oblong, obtuse; corolla light yellow. JL qfJicuidJls.

2, WiuxK M. Leaflets as if cut ofl' square at the end ; corolla white. Ji. aWa.

Medick* Medicaf/o.

Flowers like those of ^lelilot, either few or many in a clnstcr. Pod curved or coiled, either kidnej'-
shaped or rolled up spirally in various ways. Leaves of 3 leaflets.

1. LiJCEiiNK, or Puitri.E Medick. Stems upright from a deep perennial root;

leaflets obovate-oblong ; flowers purple in short racemes ; pods spiral.
Cultivated for green fodder. M. saliva.

2. Black ]M. Stems reclining ; leaflets wedge-obovate; flowers yellow, in

short spikes; pods curved (Fig. 358), wrinkled, turning blackish. Waste
grounds. J/, liqmhnn.

3. Snail M., with 2-flowered peduncles, is sometimes cultivated in gardens, on account of its singular

pods coiled like a shell (Fig. 359). , J/. scuidluUi.

EverlastingoPea or Vetchling. LcAlnjrus.
Lobes or teeth of the calyx not leafy. Style flattish. Otherwise tlie flowers nearly the same as in
the true Pea.

* Garden species, cultivated for Qrnamcnt; with winged stems and only one pair of leaHcts.

1. Sweet Pea. Root annual; flowers 2 or 3 on a long peduncle, sweet-scented L. odor at us.

2. Gaiidex Eveulastixg-Pea. Root perennial ; flowers many, pink or purple, L. htifiVms.

* * Wild species, with perennial roots and more than one pair of leaflets.

3. Maiisii E. Stems lightly winged or margined ; leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, lance-linear or lancc-oblong;

stipules lance-shaped; flowers 2 to 5, purple. Moist ground, N. L.jxdi'istrii.

4. Pale E. Leaflets 3 or 4 pairs, ovate, pale; stipules rather large, half heart-shaped; flowers 7 to 10,

cream-color. Banks and thickets, W. & N. /--. cdirvkitcvs.

5. Veiny E. Leaflets 5 to 7 pairs, oblong or ovate; stipules very small; flowers many on the peduncle,

purple. Shady banks, S. Sc W. L. vcuosus.

6. Beach Pea. Leaflets 4 to C pairs, oval or obovate; stipules large and leafy; flowers C to 10 on tho

peduncle, purple. Shore of the sea, N. and of the Great Lakes. L. viaritimus.

Vetch or Tare. Viiin.
Like the last, but Avith small and usually more numerous leaflets; and the thread-shaped style hairy
round the end or down the outer side.

* Perennials, all wild species: flowers small, in a raceme on a long peduncle.
1. Tufted V. Downy ; leaflets many, lance-oblong, strongly mucronatc ; flowers crowded, bent
down in the spike, blue, turning purple, summer. Thickets, N. V. Cracca,

POPULAR FLORA. 145

2. Cai:()mna V. Smooth; leaflets 8 to 12, oblong; flowers man}-, whitish, tipped with blue, rather

scattered on the peduncle, in spring. Bunks, Sec, common. V. Ctn-oliniaiia,

3. 4^^^'='<^'-^^' ^^' Smootli; leaflets 10 to 14, oval or oblong, very veiny; (lowers 4 to 8 on the pe-

duncle, purplish or bluish, in summer. N. V. Ameriacad^

* * Annual: flowers large, one or two together, sessile in the axils of the leaves.

4. Common' Takk. Leaflets 10 to 14, narrow; flowers violet-purple. Cultivated fields, V. BnCiva*

Bean* Phasholus.

Keel of the corolla (with the included stamens and style) twisted or coiled, so as to form n nr><r, of
one or more turns of a spiral coil. Stamens diadeiphous. I'od flat or flattish, several-seeded. Seeds
fl;ittis!i. Plants twining more or less, in one cultivated variety short and erect. Leaves of tln-ca
leaflets, tlie end leallet some way above the other two (i. e. pinnate of 3 leaflets): and they have siqxdi
or little stipules to tlie leaflets. Fi. summer.

* Wi!d species: mostly found South and West.

1. ri:i:KxxtAL Bean. Climbing high; leaflets round-ovate, pointed; flowers in long paniclcd racemfa,

purj)lc; pods curved. Wooded banks, &c. J'. pa^^mnA,

2. TiiAiLiNG HiCAX. Annual, spreading on the ground ; leaflets 3-lobed or angled ; (lowers Cnw^

crowded at the end of a long erect peduncle, purplisli; pods narrow, straight. Sandy places.

P. dlctirsiJollus„
* * Cultivated Beans.

3. Common or Kidney Bean. Known by its straight pods, pointed by the hardened lower part of tho

style, and tiie tliick rather kidney-shaped seeds. Th,o Dwat.f or Busii Bean is a low ami
small variety which does not twine. The Scaueet Klnnei: is a free climbii.g variety, gen-
eral! v red-Howered. P. vulgaris.

4. Lima Bean. Known bv its broad and flat, curved or scymitar-shaped pods, with fev.' and large flat

seeds. The Civet Bean is a small variety of it. P.lajulltis,

False-Indigo. Bnptisla.
Flowers generally in racemes. Standard erect, with the sides rolled back: keel-petals nearly pcpa-
rate and straight, like the wings. Stamens 10, separate! Pod stalked in the calyx, bladdery, but
ratlier thick-wallcd, pointed, containing many small seeds. — Perennial herbs, erect and branched,
with palmate leaves of 3 leaflets. — The commonest arc the following: —

1. Yellow False-Indigo. Glaucous, bushy-branclied; leaves almost sessile; leaflets small, wcrlge-

obovate; flowers few at the ends of the panicled branchlets, yellow, produced all tummer. Dry
grounds, common. B. iinctbrlu

2. Blue F. Tali and stout; stipules lance-shaped, as long as the petiole; leaflets v.-edge-oblong;

flowers many, large, blue, in a long raceme, in spring or early summer. (Fig, 354, 355.) Kich
soil; common W. tS; S. and also cultivated in gardens. B. austrulis,

Eenna. Cdssla.

Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 5, spreading, not papilionaceous, but a little irregular. Stamens 10, but
those on one side of the blossom commonly shorter, or without anthers; tho anthers open :it the top
by two cliiidcs or holes. Pods many-seeded. — Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate. The commoa
tpecies are herbs, with yellow flowers, in summer. *

146

POPULAR FLORA.

1. Maryland Senn'A. Root perennial; stems 3° or 4° high; leaflets 6 to 9 pairs, lance-oblong, 1' or

more long, used for medicine instead of the unported senna. Rich soil. C. Murilundica.

2- Partkidge-Pea S. Annual, low, spreading; leaflets 10 to 15 pairs, linear-oblong, 5' long; flowers

large and showy ; anthers 10, six of them purple, Sandy fields. C Chamcecnsta.

8. Sensitive S. Flowers small, short-stalked; anthers only 5: otherwise like the last. C. nktitans.

33. ROSE FAMILY. Order I10SACE.E.
A large and most important family of plants, distinguished by having alternate leaves
with stipules, and regular flowers ; their generally 5 petals (sometimes wanting) and sta-
mens (generally numerous, at least
above 10) inserted on the persistent
cah'x. The seeds are few and their
■whole kernel is embrvo, as is seen in
an almond (Fig. 36), Apple-seed, or
Cherry-seed (Fig. 38), &c. The
family furnishes some of our most
esteemed fruits : all the plants are
innocent, except the strong-scented
folia"-e and bark, in the Almond sub-
familv. For fiijures illustratinfr this
family, see those of Cherry-blossom
(Fig. 193), Hawthorn-blossom (Fig.
194), the fruit of Apple and Quince,
(Fig. 200 and 201), Peach (Fig.
202), Rose and Strawberry (Fig. 220
- 222), and the annexed figures.

I. AL]\IOND Subfamily. Pistil only one, free from the calyx, becoming a stone-fruit. — Trees or
fihrubs Avith simple leaves ; the bruised bark and foliage with, a peculiar aromatic scent and flavor. —
The plants of this division are all ranked under two great genera {Amijfjdabis and Frunus), but under
several subgenera, here adopted for the convenience of the common names.

Calyx with a rather deep cup. Petals rose or red-purple. Stone of the fruit rough.

Flesh of the fruit becoming a dry husk. We have the dwarf Flowering-Almond in

gardens, with double flowers. It does not form fruit here, {Amyfjdalus) ^Almont>.

Flesh pulpy: surface downy (or in Nectarine smooth), {Persiat) *Peach.

■Calyx with a short and broad cup. Petals white. Stone of the fruit smooth, and

Flattened, with grooved edges: skin of the fruit downy, (Armen)acn) * Apricot.

Flat or flattish, generally edged: fruit smooth, with a bloom, {Pnmus) PLUi-M.

Roundish or globular: fruit smaller, smooth, without a bloom. ( Cerasiis) Cherry.

II. ROSE Subfamily. Pistils few or many (rarely only one), separate from each other and freo
from the persistent calyx, but sometimes (as in the Rose, Fig. 360) enclosed and concealed in its tube.
■Stipules generally united with the bottom of the leafstalk on each side.

360
SjO. Sectiaii ofn Rose-bud

351. American Crab-Apple.

POPULAR FLORA. 147

Pistils generally 5, making few-seeded pods.

Petals broad: Ciilyx open, o-cleft. Shrubs or herbs, (Spircea) JIeadoav-sweet.

Petals lance-shaped: calyx narrow, 5-toothed. Herbs, {Gillenia) Imjia>;-Physic.

Pistils only one or two, making akenes, enclosed in the narrow-mouthed tube of the calyx.

Petals 5, yellow: stamens 12 or more : calyx bur-like, i^Agrimbnia) Aguimony.

Petals none; but the 4 spreading lobes of the smooth calyx petal-like.

Flowers perfect, in a spike: stamens 4, long (white), (Sanguisdrba) Buhxet.

Flowers monoecious, in a head: stamens man}', (Poierium) * Salad-Buknkt.

Pistils 3 to 10, making akenes: stamens many. (Stemless herbs.)

Petals 5, yellow. Leaves of 3 leaflets, ( Wakhteinia) Bakren-Strawbekky.

Petals 5, white. Leaves simple, rounded-heart-shaped, {Dalibdrda) Daliuakda.

Pistils many, making akenes, or in Brambie berry -like in fruit.

Calyx open, with 5 additional outer lobes (making 10) or 5 accessory teeth.

Akenes tipped with a long feathery or hooked or twisted tail (style), (Geum) AvExs.

Akenes seed-like; the short style falling off.

Receptacle of the fruit dry and small, (Poieniilla) Cixquefoit^.

Receptacle of the fruit becoming very large and pulpy, {Frcif/aria) Stija-\vi5erky.

Calyx open, flat, 5-!obed. Ovaries in a head, becoming berry -like, {liubns) Brajirle.

Calyx with an urn-shaped or globular closed tube and 5 lobes, {Rusa) Rose.

IIL PEAR Subfajiily. Pistils 2 to 5, their styles more or less separate, their ovaries united with
each other and with the thick tube of the cah'x which encloses them and makes a fleshy fruit (^jome).
Stipules free from the leafstalk. Trees or shrubs.

. Cells of the fruit containing only one or two seeds. [or Sttadbush.

Petals long and narrow. Fruit berry-like, its cells becoming 10, (Ameldnclner) June-bei;ry

Petals broad or rounded.

Fruit drupe-like, containing 2 to 5 stones, ( Cratisf/us) ETawtiiorn.

Fruit with 3 to 5 parchment-like pips.

Leaves pinnate: fruit berry -like, scarlet when ripe, {Pyrus, § Sorbus) JIountaix-Asii.
Leaves simple.

Flowers small in compound cymes: fruit small, berry-like, black or

dark red, mawkish, (Pijriis, ^ Adeiwrachis) Choicecerry.

Flowers lai-ge in simple clusters or umbels: fruit fleshy.

Petals tinged with red or rose : fruit .^unk in at both ends, {Pyrus, § Malus) Arrlk.

Petals white: fruit tapering into the stalk, (True Pyrus) * Pear.

Cells of the fruit parchment-like and many-seeded, ( Cydbnia) * QuI^■CE.

Cherry. Primus, § Cerasiis, &c.
* Flowers, like those of Plums, two or more together on separate footstalks from separate lateral buds,

appearing at the same time with the leaves.

1. Cultivated Cherry: several varieties are commonly cultivated of the European, P. Ccrasus.

2. Wild Red Cherry. A small tree, with bridit-s;reen narrow leaves, and small licht-red sour fruit.

Common in rocky woods, &c. P. Pennsylvdnica.

* * Flowers in hanging racemes, appearing after the leaves, late in spring. Wild species.
8. Choke Cherry. Shrub or small tree, with gray branches, broad and sharply serrate leaves, and
astringent dark crimson fruit, ripe in summer. P. Virginidna.

148 * roruLAR flora.

4. "Wn.D Rlactc Chkhry. Shrub or Inrge tree, with rccklish-brown bark on the branches, oblonjr or

lance-oblong leaves with .short and blunt teelh, untl purplish-black vinous fruit, ripe in autumn.

P. stroliiicu
Pium. Prmuts.

All arc cultivated, except the Beach Plum ; but No. 2 is also wild; so is No. 3 in the Southwest.

1. Ct)M.MON Plum {P. dumcstica), with all its varieties, probably came from the Bullack Pluji (P.

insililia), and that perhaps from tiie thorny Sloe (/'. .ynnds:i).

2. Wild (Rkd and Yellow) Plum : well known for its very juicy pulp in a (red or partly yellow)

toui^li skin; leaves coarsely serrate. /'. Americana.

8. CiiiCiCASAW Plu.ai : with lance-shaped finely serrate leaves, and small red, f.iin-skinned, cherry-
like fruit. S. P. Cliicasn.

4. Beach Plum. A low busk on the sea-coast, with the leaves downy beneath, and a small purple

or crimson fruit. P. viariliiiia.

Mead o\v -Sweet. Spircea.

Calyx o-cleft. Petals f), broad or roundish.. Pistils commonly 5, making little pods (follicles) with

2 or few seeds in each. Nos. 1, 2, 4, and G are wild species, but also cult, in gardens and grounds.

* Shrubs, with white flowers, except No. 2.

1. Common Mf.adow-Saveet. Smooth, 2° or 3" high ; leaves oblo: g or lancc-ohlong and wedge-

slinpeJ; llowcrs in a crowded panicle, sometimes j)alc flesh-color. Wet grounds. <S snUciJolla.

2. Dov\->;y M.. or IIaediiack. Leaves coated with wool beneath: flowers rose-color. S. tomentbsa.
8. Itallvn M., or ?\lAV\vr.EATii. Smooth ; stems 3° or 4° long, rcci;rvod; leaves .'■mall, spatulate,

entire; flowers small, in umbels on short leafy shoots. Cult.; fl. in spring. S. hupeiiiifuUtu

4. NiNEiiAUK M. Smoothish, 4° to 10° high; branches recurving; leaves rounded, 3-!obed ; flowers

in umbels, in spring; pods 3 to 5, bladdery, turning purplish. Old bark of stems peeling ofl[' in

tiiin layers. Pocky banks, N. & W., and cultivated. S. opidifulia.

6. SoT;r.-LEAVED ^I. Smooth, 3° to C° high ; leaves pinnate; leaflets oblong-lance-shaped, pointed, cut-

tootlied; flov.-ers in a large panicle, in spring. Cultivated. <S. surbij'olia.

^ * Herbs, with perennial roots, and interruptedly pinnate leaves, and flowers in a crowded compound
cyme, on a long naked stalk. All but No. C are foreign species.

6. QuEEX-OF-Ti:E-Pr.Aii;iE M. Smooth; leaflets 3 to 7 and some little ones; cnd-leafict very large,

parted ar.d cleft; flov.'crs peach-blossom-color, in summer. W. and cult. S. lubiila.

7. 1:x<;li-ii M. Leaves smaller than in the last, white-downy beneath; flowers white. S. Ulmaria.

8. Di:orv.-or.T }J. Smooth; leaflets 9 to 21, besides the minute ones, linear-oblong, mucli cut; cymes

of a few slender branches; flowers white, single or double. S./lU/jcucIuU.

Indiaii-Phj-sic. GlUhnia. '^ (tJu^^juIXaX <il' |^^ ^'^
Ctilyx narrow or club-shaped, 5-tooth.od, Petals 5, lance-shaped, rather unequal, white or pale rose.
Stamens 10 to 20, short. Pistils and little pods 5. — Herbs, with perennial roots, and leaver of three
cut-toothed thin leaflets. Piowers in a loose corymb or panicle, in summer.

1- CoMJioN IxDiAX-PiiYSic (cr BowMAx's P(X)t). Leaflets oblong; stipules small and entire. W.

and cultivated in gardens. (^- trij'oludn.

2. Wksteux L (or Ameiucan Ipecac). Leaflets lancc-shapcd, more cut than iu the last, as are tho

large stipules. W. ^'- srqmlacea.

POPULAR FLORA. 149

Avc::s. Cenm.

Calyx bcil-shnpccl or flattisli, S-clcfl", nncl with 5 ndditionul llttlo lobes between. Petals 5. Stamens
many. Pistils many in a head, making akoncs, which are tipped witli the stylo, vcniainiiig as a long,
nakevl or hai)y tail. Perennial herbs: llowers single or somewhat corymbed. — la all our common
«j>ecics the style is jointed and hooked round in the middle.

<? Upper and mostly liairy joint of the style falling off, leaving the lov.er and smooth portion, which
remains hooked at the end: flowers rather small: root-leaves mostly interruptedly i)innate; stem-
leaves or lobes 3 to 5. Dry wootls and fields.

1. WiMTK AvLNS. Smoothish or dov.ny ; petals v.-liitc, as long as the calyx, akenes bristly. C. album.

2. VinciMAX A. Eri.stly-halry, stouter than the last; petals greenish-white, shorter t!:an tlie calyx;

akenes smooth. G. Vi-fjinianuta.

5. Ykli.ow a. Piather hairy, large; petals yellow, longer than the calyx. G. slriclum.

^- * Upper joint of the style persistent and feathered with long hairs; flowers rather large, iioddin".

4. "Watku a. Poot-leaves with a large a:id rounded-lobed c:Kl-leaflet, and some very small ones
below; stem-leaves few, 3-cleft or of 3 small leaflets; petals not spreading, somewhat i;otc!ied at
tlie broad summit, purplish. — Wet banks of streams. G. rirale,

Cinquefoll. Potentilla.
Calyx open or flat, o-parted, and with 5 additional outside lobes altemato v/ith the others, making
10. Petals 5. Stamens many. Pistils many in a head, on a dry receptacle, making seed-like akenes,
the styles falling olT.

* Leaves palmate. Herbs, with yellow flowers.

1. Notnv.vY CiNQUHFOiL. Ercct, coarsc, hairy ; leaflets 3, obovate, cut-toothed. Fields. P. Xon-'-f/ica.

2. Canada C. Punner-liko stems decumbent or spreading; leaflets 5, obovate-oblong; i>eduncles long,

axillary, 1-flowered. Fields and banks. P. CtnmlcnsU.

8. SiLvKUV C. J^ow, with spreading branches, white-woolly, as are the 5 leaflets beneath. P. ar(jintea.

* * Le:ive3 pinnate. Herbs (except No. o): receptacle of the fruit hairy.

4. Silvi:i:-wi:kd. Creeping, sending up leaves of 9 to 19 cut-toothed leaflets, besides little one? inter-
posed, silvery-white beneath, and single long-stalked yellow flowers. "Wet banks, N. P. Anscrmn.

6, Siii:uin;Y C. Shrub very bushy, 2° to 4° high; leaflets 5 or 7, crowded near the end of the short

footstalk, lance-oblong, entire, silky beneath ; flowers yellow. Bogs. P. fruiicbsi.

6. JIai:sii C. Stems ascending from a scaly creeping base; leaflets 5 or 7, crowded, serrate, lance-
oblong; flowers dull purple. Cold bog=, N. P.paluitris,

Bramble. Ruhus.
Calyx open, deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Pistils many; their ovaries ripening into llttlo borry-liko
grains (or rather dru2)ekts)^ making a kind of compound berry. — Piather shrubby or herbaceous pe-
rennials.

^ 1. PASPBERRY. Fruit falling from the dry receptacle, usually with the grains lightly cohering.

* Leaves simple, lobed: flowers large and showy : petals spreading.

1. Puiu'LK FLOWKniXG-PASi'DKHiiY. Bristly and- clammy with odorous brownish glnnds ; leaves

rounded, with 3 or 5 pointed lobes; flowers in a corymb, rose-purple; fruit flat. Rocky l)anks,

N. Fl. summer. R, ndoratus.

1. V.';in-i; Flowkuixg-R. Like No. 1, but the flowers white and smaller. N. \V. &; cult. R. Nulkanus.

loO POPULAR ILOllA.

* * Leaflets 3 or 5, white-clown}^ beneath: flowers smfill: petals white, erect.

3. Gardkn I^ASPr.EiiUY. Stems with some slender hooked prickles as well as bristles ; petals shorter

than the calyx; fruit red, Szc, the grains minutely downy. Cult. li. Ickeus.

4. Wild Red R. Stems very bristly; petals as long as the calyx; fruit pale red, very tender. Very

common N. R- sirigbsui.

5. Black R. (or TimiBLEBEKRY). Plant glaucoi;s all over; the long recurved stems and stalks

beset with hooked prickles ; fruit dark purple. Borders of ^voods and fields, R. occ'uknialis.

§2. BLACKBERRY. Fruit of large grains, remaining on the juicy receptacle, black or dark purple
when ripe: petals white, spreading; leaflets 3 or 5.

6. High Blacicberky or Bramble. Stems mostly erect, angular, bearing stout curved prickles;

young shoots hairy and glandular; leaflets ovate or oblong, pointed, downy underneath and prickly
on the midrib; flowers large, in racemes; fruit large, sweet. R. viUusus.

7. Low B. (or Dewberry). Stems long, trailing; leaves smaller and nearly smooth; flowers fewer,

and the large sweet fruit ripe earlier than in the last. Sterile or rocky ground. R. Canadensis.

8. Sand B. Stems low, but erect, with stont hooked prickles; leaflets wedge-obovate, whitish-woolly

beneath ; fruit sweet. Sandy soil. New Jersey & S. R. cuncifblius.

9. Running SwA?iir-B. Stems slender, creeping, hooked-prickly; leaves nearly evergreen, shining,

obovate; flowers small; fruit of few grains, reddish until ripe^ sour. Wet woods, N. R. hispidus.

Rose. Rosa,

Calyx with an urn-shaped hollow tube (Fig. 360), bearing 5 leafy lobes at the top, 5 petals and
many stamens, and within enclosing many pistils attached to its walls. The ovai'ics ripen into bony
and hairy akcnes, and the calyx makes a fleshy or pulpy, red and berry-like fruit (hip). — Shrubs, Avith
pinnate leaves of 3 to 9 leaflets. (Stigmas just rising to the mouth of the calyx, except in No. 1.)

* Wild Roses. But No. 1 is cultivated, especially in double-flowered varieties, and the Sweet-Brier,
which came from Europe, is also kept in gardens, for its sweet-scented leaves. Flowers in all
bright rose-color.

1. Prairie Rose, Stems climbing high, prickly; leaflets 3 or 5, large; petals deep rose-color turning

pale; styles cohering together, and projecting out of the tube of the calyx; flowers in corymbs,
scentless, in summer. Edges of prairies and thickets; W, and cult. R. setifjera.

2. Sweet-Brier R. (or Eglantine). Stems climbing, and with stout hooked prickles; leaflets 5 or

7, roundish, downy and bearing russet fragrant glands beneath; hip pear-shaped. Road-sides,
gardens, «S:c. R- ruhif/inosa.

3. SwA5iP R. Stems erect, 4° to 7° high, with hooked prickles; leaflets dull, 5 to 9; flowers in

corymbs; hips rather bristly, broader than long. R- Carolina.

4. Low Wild R. Stems 1" to 3° high, with mostly straight prickles; leaves smooth and commonly

shining; flowers single or 2 to 3 together; hips as in the last. Common. R- Uuida.

5. Bland R. Low, pale or glaucous, Avith few or no prickles; calyx and globular hips very smooth.

Rocks: flowering early in summer, N, R- hlanda.

* * Cultivated species are very numerous and much mixed. The commonest are: —

Cinnamon Rose, R. cinnamomea. Damask R., R. Damascena.

Scotch or Burnet R., R. finnosissima. Cabbage or Hundred-leaved R,, R. ceniifblia^

POPULAR FLORA.

151

Moss R., 7?. ceniifoHa, van muscbsa.
White R., H. alba.
Yellow R., Ji. luiea.

CnixA R., R. Indlcn.

Cherokee R. at the South, R. Icevif/ata.

MuLTiELOKA R., R. viuliijldra.

Hawthorn. Cratltcjus.

Calyx -with a globular or near-shaped tube coherent with the 2- to 5-celled ovar}-, making a pome
with as many one-seeded stones. Petals 5, roundish. Styles 2 to 5. Thorny small trees or shrubs.
Flowers in spring, mostly in corymbs, white, or with a red variety of the cultivated.

1. English Hawthokx (or White Thorn). Leaves obovate, Avith a Avedge-shaped base, lobed

and cut; styles 2 or 3; fruit small, coral red. Cult, for hedges and ornament. C. Oxyactiniha.

2. Washington H. Leaves broadly ovate, truncate or a little heart-shaped at the base, often cleft or

cut; styles 5; fruits coral-red, not larger than peas. S. C. conlata.

8. Scaulet-fkuited H. Smooth; leaves round-ovate, thin, toothed or cut, on slender stalks; fruit

scarlet, oval, ^' in diameter. C. coccinea.

4. Peak H. (or Blackthorn). Downy, at least when young ; leaves thickish, oval, ovate, or

wedge-obovate, narrowed into a short or margined footstalk; flowers large; fruit large, crimson, or
orange-red, eatable. C. iomentosa.

5. CocKSPUR H. Smooth; leaves wedge-obovate or inversely lance-shaped, merely toothed above the

middle, thick, shining; fruit dark red; thorns very long. C. Crus-gdlli.

6. Summer H. Rather downy; leaves obovate or wedge-shaped, often cut; flowers few (2 to 6);

fruit rather pear-shaped, yellowish or reddish. S. C.Jinva.

Apple. Pyrus, § Mains.

1. Common Apple. Leaves ovate, serrate, downy beneath ; flowers white tinged with pink. Every-

where cultivated. P- Mains.

2. Siberian Crab- A. Leaves ovate, serrate, smooth ; calyx smooth. Cult, occasionally. P.haccata.

3. American Crab-A. Leaves broadly ovate or heart-shaped, cut-toothed or somewhat lobed,

smoothish; flowers rose-color, sweet-scented; fruit greenish, fragrant (Fig. 361). Common. W.

P. covonaria.

Mountain-Ash or Rowan Tree. Pyrus, § Sorbus.

Both the wild and the foreign species are planted for the beauty of their bright scarlet fruits, in broad
compound cymes, ripe in autumn. Fl. white, summer.

1, American ^L Leaflets 13 to 15, lance-shaped, taper-pointed, smooth. Wild, N. P. Americana.

2. European ^L Leaflets shorter, broader, paler, and not pointed ; fruit larger. P. aucuparia.

Quince. Cydbnia.

1. Common Quince. Flowers single at the tips of the branches, white; lobes of the calyx leaf-like

and downy, as well as the ovate entire leaves ; fruit pear-shaped. Cult. C. vulyavis.

2. Japan Quince. Shrub, hardly of the same genus, for the flowers are on side spurs of the thorny

branches, earlier than the smooth leaves; calyx top-shaped, with short lobes; petals large and red;
fruit like a small apple, very hard. Cultivated for ornament. C. Jaj>6nica.

152

POPULAR FLORA.

34. CAB-OLIITA-ALLSPICE FAMILY. Order CALYCANTIIACE.E.

A small flimily of a few rather curious s!irub:s, with opposite leaves; represented by the

Carolina-Allspice. Cahjcdntlius.

Flowers somewhat on the p!:in of tlie rose, having a large

number of simple pistils contained in a sort of closed calyx-cup,

or liollow receptacle, and attached to its inner surface, liut tlie

outside is covered with sepals or calyx-lobes, which are colored

like the petals (brown-purple); these are many and narrow, in

several rows. Stamens many, on the top of

the cup; filaments liardly any; anthers long,

tipped with a point. Ovaries making large

akenes, enclosed in the large and dry hip.

Seed-leaves of the embryo lolled up. Shrubs,

M'ith rather aromatic bark, ^c. and opposite

entire leaves, without any stipules. Tlowers

large, when bruised giving out a fragrance

resembling that of strawberries. Wild in the

Southern States, especially in and near the

mountains; and also cultivated, especially the

first species.

Sj2. Floweriiiir branch of Carolina Allspice. 3?3 Ilalfcf
a citlyx rnp of llie same, cut ihroufli len-flhw ise. (Cuinpai*
il wuli ;i Rose, Fij. 360 ) i.6i. A ripe fiUil or hip.

330 SSI

1. Common C. Leaves oval or roundish, downy beneath. Commonly cult, in gardens

2. Smooth C. Leaves oblong, smooth, green both sides; flowers smaller.

3. Glaucous C. Leaves oblong- or lance-ovate, pointed, glaucous or whitened beneath. C. f/luucus.

C. Jloriilus.
C. herif/aius.

35. LYTHRUM FAMILY. Order LYTHRACEJE.

IIerb3 with entire and mostly opposite leaves, and no stipules; the calyx tubular or cup-
shaped, beariiirj from 4 to 7 petals and 4 to 14 stamens on its throat, and enclosing the
many-seeded ovary and thin pod. Between the 4 to 7 teeth of the calyx arc as many
additional projections or supernumerary teeth. Style one.

Flowers regular, or nearly so.

Calyx cylindrical, several-ribbed or angled: petals 4 to 7, rather unequal: stamens

twice as many as the petals: pod 2-cel!ed, {Ly(hrnm) Lytiirum.*

Calyx short bell-shaped: petals 5: stamens 10 or 14, long and protruded: pod with

3 to 5 cells: leaves often whorled, [Nescca) Nes-K^v.

Flowers with an irregular tubular calyx, spurred or projecting at the base on the upper
side. Very unequal petals, and 12 unequal stamens in two sets. Pod few-seeded,
bursting through one side of the calyx, ( Ciiphen) Cupiiea.

*■ Sometimes called Loosestrife ; but this name properly belongs to plants of another family.

POPULAR FLORA. 153

3G. EVErTIlNG-PRIMROSE FAMILY. Order ONAGRACE^.
Ilsrbs, or soaietiincs slirub.^, known by having the parts of the blossom in fours, the tube
of the calyx coherent with the 4-celled ovar}', and often prolonged boyond, its summit
bearing 4 ])etals, and 4 or 8 stamens. Style 1, slender: stigmas generally 4. In grccn-
liouse cultivation we have several species of Fuchsia, well known ibr their pretty hanging
flowers, the smaller kinds called Ladles' Eardrop. The showy parti is a colored (generally
red) calyx, its 4 lobes longer than the purple petals. Fuchsias are shrubs; the rest of tho
family are herbs Clakkia, knovk^i by the long-clawed petals, and broad petal-like stigmas,
is sometimes cultivated, and so are several Evening-Primroses. The commonest wild
plants of the family arc Evenixg-Pkimuoses and Willow-iiekds.

Eveuing-Priiurose. G^nothera.
Calvx witli tlie tube continued on bevond the oviirv, beiiriii'r 4 narrow lobes turned down, 4 jren-
endly obcordate petals, and 8 stnmens. — Several species are cultivated more or less commonly in
flower-gardens. The following are common wild, and have yellow flowers, in summer.

1. Common 1^. Tall; leaves lance-shape<l; flowers in a spike, opening at sunset or in cloudy weather,

sweet-scented; pod cylindrical; root biennial. Fields, &c. iE. biennis,

2. Low E. Stems sever:** from a pereimial root, 1° to 8° high; flowers large, opening in sur.shine;

pods rather club-shaped, and 4-winged, stalked. "\V. & S. 0'2.fiiit'utisa.

3. Small E. Stems \° to 1° high ; flowers small, h' wide, open in sunshine; pods club-shaped, scarcely

stalked, strongly 4-angled. Fields, &C. (E.j'umiLi,.

Wlllowhcrh* F.jnlbhlum.

Calyx with its tube not continued beyond the ovary. Petals 4, purple or whitish. Stamens 8. Pod
long and slender, many-seeded; the seeds bearing a long tuft of downy liairs.

1. Gkkat W. Stem simple, 4° to 7° iiigh: leaves lance-shaped; flowers showy, pink-purple, in a long

loose spike; petals on claws, widely spreading; stamens and style turned down. Pich ground,
especially where it has been burned over or newly cleared. E. anf/usiijoliuin.

2. Small \V. Branching, l"" to 2'' high; leaves lance-oblong, commonly purple-veined; flowers very

small; petals purplish. Wet places, every where. E. coloraiam,

37. CACTUS FAMILY. Order CACTACE^E.
Fleshy and generally prickly plants, without any leaves, except little scales or points, of
very various and strange shapes, generally the petals and always the stamens very numer-
ous, and on the one-celled ovary, which in fruit makes a berry. Being house-plants (with
one exception) they must here be passed by, merely mentioning the

Piuckly-Pkau Cactus, which grows hi dry sandy or rocky places, southward, ami consists of flat
an<l rather leaf like rounded joints of stem, growing one out of nnother, prickly at the buds,
and bearing yellow flowers of rather few petals; the ovary making a largo berry full of swcot and
eat.able pulp. OjJunlia vul(;ari^

154

POPULAR FLORA.

38.

GOURD FAMILY. Order CUCURBITACE^E.

Succulent or tender herbs, Avith alternate and radiate-
veined leaves, and with tendrils. Flowers commonly mo-
noecious, in the axils. Fertile flowers Avith the tube of the
calyx coherent with the ovary. Petals often united with
each other into a monopetalous corolla, and united with or
borne on the cup of the calyx. Stamens
generally 3, and more or less connected
by their anthers or their filaments, or by
both ; the anthers curiously contorted.
Fruit a pepo (224), berry, or pod. Seeds
large and flat ; the whole kernel is an em-
brj'o. The most important plants of the
family are those cultivated.

3j5. Ktaniinate flower of a Sqitash. ■with the cntolla and upper piirt of the calyx cm away, to shnw the united stamens. 367. The latter,
ejiliu-sed, and tlie njass uf aiitlieis cut across t68. fc-eparale slaiiieii u( a JVicit-n, tiilaij^ed, si. owing the lung and contorted anlher. 363.
Kinbryu of Kqnash. S7U. isectiou of same, a little enlarged, seen etigewise.

Petals united into a large, bell-shaped, 5-lobed, yellow corolla. Stamens with three fila-
ments united into a tube, except at tlic bottom: the anthers also *firmly grown
together; the turns of their long cells parallel, running straight up and down.
Style 1: stigmas 3, each 2-lobed. Fruit large, firm-fleshy. Seeds with a blunt
edge, {Cucurbita) *Gour?D, i. e.

Petals united only at the base or separate. Anthers loosely crooked. [Squash and Pumpkin.

Ovary and fruit many-seeded. Anthers and filaments 3, separate or separable.

Petals white, with greenish veins. Peduncles very long. Fruit with a hard or

woody rind variously shaped, {Lagenaria) ^Boitle-Gourd.

Petals 3'ellow. Calyx with a bell-shaped cup. Seeds pointed and sharp-edged.

Fruit narrow, rough-pimpled when young, ( Cucumis sai'ivtis) *Cucumbi>;k.

Fruit thick, smooth, sweet. Fertile flowers perfect, ( Cucumis Melo) *Muskmelon.

Petals bufl[" or cream-color. Calyx with hardly any cup. Leaves much cut.

Fruit large and smooth, sweet. Seeds thick-edged, smooth, ( C'dridhis) *Watep.:melox.
Fruit a rough, reddish berry. Seeds wrinkled, (Momordica) ^Balsam-Apple.

Ovary and fruit one-seeded or 4-seeded. Small-flowered climbers, wild in this country.
Corolla of the sterile flowers 6-parted, vv-hite. The long racemes rather prett}' in
cultivation. Fruit an oval, weak-prickly, bladder-like pod, bursting
at the top, and containing 2 fibrous-netted cells, with 2 large seeds in / ,

each. Leaves sharply 5-lobed, {Eclmiocyslis) Bladder-Cucumber. '< ^''''^''<.^^

Corolla of the wheel-shaped sterile flowers 5-lobed, greenish-white. Fruit a

small, ovate, 1-seeded, prickly-barbed bur. Leaves 5-angled, (Sicyos) Bur-Cucumber.

39. PASSION-FLOWEPv FAMILY. Order PASSIFLORACEyE.
This small family of tendril-bearing vines, with alternate palmately-lobed leaves, is mainly
represented by the

POPULAR FLORA.

155

Passion-FIower. PassiJIdra.
Sepals 5, united at tlie ba?e. Petals 5, accompanied by a crown or ring formed of a double or triple
fringe, inserted on the base of the calyx. Stamens 5, mona-
delphous; the filaments making a long sheath to the slender
stalk of the ovary: this is one-celled and becomes an eata-
ble berry, with many seeds in 3 or 4 rows on its walls. The
species are mostly South American; and some large-flowered
and handsome ones are cultivated in hot-houses. The early
missionaries fancied that they found in these flowers emblems
of the implements of our Saviour's passion ; the fringe repre-
senting the crown of thorns; the larj^e anthers fixed bv their
middle, hammers; and the 5 styles (tapering below and with,
large-headed stigmas), the nails. We have two wild species,
common S. and \\.

371. Passion-Plower No. 1, enlarged.

1. Small P. Leaves bluntly 3-lobed, otherwise entire; flowers greenish-yellow, 1' wide. P.lutea.

2. J^AYPOP P. Leaves 3-cleft, the lobes serrate; flowers 2' broad, white, with a triple flesh-colored

and purple crown; fruit like a hen's egg in shape and size. P. incarnata.

40. CUHRANT FAMILY. Order GROSSULACE^.

372

377 376

375

374

Consists of the Currants
and Gooseberries, which
belong to the same botan-
ical genus. Shrubs, with
alternate rounded and ra-
diate-veined leaves ; the
tube of the calyx coherent
with the one-celled ovary,
and continued above it
into a cup which is often
colored, like a corolla, and
bears the 5 little petafe and
5 stamens. Seeds many,
with a pulpy outer coat,,
borne upon the walls of the
berry on two thickened
lines (parietal placentas).

373

Garden Gooseberry: 372. wilh flo^vers ; 373. with fniit. 374. Cup of the c.ilyx Inii open, bearing- the 5 little petals and stamens.
S7j. Tlie pistil. 37G. Younj berry cut across. 377. Yuung- heriy divided lengthwise.

Gooseberry. Ribes, § Grossularia.

Stems generally armed with thorns under the clusters of leaves, and sometimes with scattered*
prickles. Peduncles bearing single or few flowers.

11

loG POPULAR FLOKA.

1. Gardkn Gooseberry. Thorns large ; flower-stalks short ; berry bristly or smooth, R. Uva-nnspa.

2. Pkickly Wild G. Thorns slender or none; flowers greenish, long-stalked ; stamens and style not

projecting; berry prickly; leaves downy. "Woods, N. R. Cyndsbaii.

3. Small Wild G. Thorns very short or none; flowers purplish or greenish, very short-stalked; sta-

mens and 2-cleft style a little projecting; berry small, smooth. Low grounds, N. R. Idrtdbim.

4. Smooth Wild G. Thorns stout or none; flowers greenish, on slender stalks; stamens and the two

styles very long and projecting (i' long) ; berry smooth. W^oods, common W. R. roiundifbUum.

CuiTant. Ribes.
Stems neither thoniy nor prickly. Flowers in racemes, appearing in early spring. Berries small.

1. Eed Currant. Leaves rounded heart-shaped and somewhat lobed; racemes from lateral separate

buds, hanging; flowers flat, greenish or purplish; berry smooth, red, and a white variety. Gar-
dens, &c. Wild on Mountains, N. R. riibrum.

2. Fetid C. Stems reclined; leaves deeply heart-shaped, 5-lobed; racemes erect; flowers greenish,

flattish; pale red berry and its stalk bristly, strong-smelling. Cold woods, N. R. 2>rostratum.

3. Wild Black C. Leaves on long foot-stalks, slightly heart-shaped, sharply lobed. sprinkled with

dots both sides; racemes rather drooping; flowers oblong, yellowish-white; berries oblong, black,
rather spicy. Wooded banks. R.jloyidum.

4. Garden Black C. Leaves on shorter footstalks, less dotted ; racemes looser, and black berries

larger than in No. 3. Gardens. R. nujrum.

5. Missouri or Buffalo C. Leaves smooth; racemes with leafy bracts; flowers (calyx) long and

tubular, bright yellow, spicy-fragrant. Cultivated for ornament. R. aiireunu

41. STONECROP FAMILY. Order CRASSULACEJE.

Herbs -with, thick and fleshy leaves (except in one pe-
culiar plant of the family, viz. the Ditch wort) ; the flowers
remarkable for being perfectly regular and symmetrical
throughout, i. e. having the sepals, petals, and pistils all of
the same number and all separate, or nearly so (except
in Ditchwort) ; the stamens also of the same number, or
just twice as many. Pods containing few or many seeds.
Mostly small plants : several are found in gardens.

S78. Flower of Stonecrop.

Flowers with petals, and their pistils entirely separate from each other.

Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10, {Sedum) Stonecrop.

Sepals, petals, and pistils 6 to 20. Stamens 12 to 40, {Sempervivum) Houseleek.

Flowers with 5 sepals, no petals, and 5 pistils grown together below. Leaves thin, lance-
shaped, {Penthonim) Ditchwort.

Stonecrop or Orpine. Sedum.
1. Mossy Stonecrop. Small and creeping, moss-like; the stems thickly covered with little ovate
thick and closely sessile leaves; flowers yellow. Cultivated for garden edging, 5:c. S. acre.

POPULAR FLORA. 157

2. Three-leaved S. Stems spreading, 3' to 8' high; leaves wetlge-ohovate or oblong, the lower ones

in whorls of 3; the earliest flower with the parts in fives, the rest generally in fours; petals white.
Rocky woods, S. and W. and in gardens. S. ternatum.

3. Handsome S. Stems 4' to 12' high; leaves thread-shaped; flowers crowded; petals rose-purple.

Rocky places, S. W. and cultivated. S. pukhdlum.

4. Great S. or Live-for-ever. Stems 2° high; leaves oval; flowers in a close compound cyme,

purple. Gardens. S. Td'ephium.

42. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. Order SAXIFRAGACE^.

Herbs, or in the case of Hydrangea, &c. shrubs, differing from the last in having the
pistils fewer than the petals, and generally more or less united -with each other and with
the tube of the calyx. Petals 5 (rarely 4), on the calyx. Stamens 5 or 10, or in Alock-
Orange many.

Herbs. Leaves generally alternate. Petals 5. Styles only 2.

Stamens 10, short. Petals entire. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, Pod 2-beaked or pods 2,

many-seeded, {Saxifraga) Saxifrage.

Stamens 5. Petals small, entire (greenish or purplish), between the short lobes of the
bell-shaped calyx. Pod 1-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded. Flowers in a long
panicle, {ffeiichera) Alum-koot.

Stamens 10, short. Petals pinnatifid, whitish, slender. Styles and pod short, one-
celled, the latter few-seeded at the bottom, opening across the top. Stem
2-leaved below the slender raceme, {^fttella) Mitkewort.

Stamens 10, and the 2 styles much longer than the slender-clawed petals. Pod slen-
der, few-seeded at the bottom. Flowers white in a short raceme on a
naked scape, ( Tiarella) False-Mitre wort.

Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Tube of the calyx coherent with the ovary. Seeds many.

Flowers small, in compound cymes ; some of the marginal ones generally large and
neutral (Fig. 169), or in cultivation nearly all the flowers becoming so.
Petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 2, diverging, and between them the
little pod opens, {Hydrangea) Hydrangea.

Flowers large, somewhat panicled. Petals 4 or 5, white, showy. Stamens 20 or
more. Styles 3 to 5, united below: pod with as many cells, very many-
seeded, ' {Philadclphiis) Mock-Oraxgjs,

Saxifrage. Saxifraga.

1. Early Saxifrage. Leaves all clustered at the root, obovate, toothed; scape 4' to 9' high, many-

flowered ; flowers white, in early spring. Damp rocks. S. Virginiensis.

2. Swamp S. Leaves all at the root, lanceroblong, 3' to 8' long; scape 1° or 2° high, clammy, bearing

many small clustered greenish flowers. Bogs and wet ground, N. iS. Pennsylcdnica.

Hydrangea. Hydrangea.

1. Garden Hydrangea. Leaves very smooth; flowers mostly large neutral ones, blue, purple, or

pink. A well-known garden and house plant. //. Hortensia.

2. Wild H. Leaves thin, nearly smooth,' sometimes heart-shaped; flowers mostly perfect, white.

H. arborescens.

158

POPULAR FLORA.

Mock-Oraiige (or Syrsnga). PhiladclpJins.

1. Common M. or Syringa. Flowers cream-colored, fragrant, in large panicles; pty'es separate.

Cultivated. P. corona rius.

2. Scentless }.l. Flowers larger and later than in tlie first, few on the spreading branchlets, pure

white. Cultivated; also wild S. Leaves tasting like cucumbers. P. inoddrus.

43. PABSLEY FAMILY. Order UMBELLIFEEiE.

Herbs with small flowers in compound umbels, the 5 petals and 5 stamens on the top of
the ovary, with which the calyx is so incorporated that it is not apparent, except some-
times by 5 minute teeth. Styles 2. Fruit dry, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into two
akenes. Stems hollow. Leaves generally compound, decompound, or much cut. Some
species are aromatic, having a volatile oil in the seeds : most, but not all, of these are
harmless. Others contain a deadly poison in the roots and leaves. The deadly poisonous
sorts are marked f : the most deadly is the Water-Hemlock^ also called Musqiiash-root, and
Beaver-Poison. — The kinds in this large family are known by their fruit, and are too
difficult for the beginner. The principal common kinds are merely enumerated in the fol-
lowing key. (Fig. 148 shows the compound umbel in Caraway, a good and familiar
example of the family.)

SSi 381 380

333

S79

379. Part of Stem, leaf, umbel, &c of Poison-Hemlock. 330 A separate umbellet. 3S1. A flt'Wer magnified. 382 Afro
half of it cut ofl'. 384. Fruit of kswebI Cicel/ ; lUe two long akenes sejiaraiiiig.

it 383. Lowef

POPULAR FLORA. 159

Seeds flat on the inner face, where the two akenes or parts of the fruit join.

Fruit covered all over with hooked pricldes, (Sanicula) Saxicle.

Fruit prickly on the ribs only. Umbel becoming concave, {Daucus) *Caki;ot.

Fruit not prickly, but winged on the margin.

Flowers yellow, all ahke, (Pastinaca) *PAKSxir.

Flowers white, the outer corollas larger, (Heradeum) Cow-Pars>ip,

Flowers white or whitish, all alike.

Akenes 5-ribbed on the back. Leaves simply pinnate, {Arcliemora) CowBAXE.f
Akenes 3-ribbed on the back. Leaves decompound, {A7ifjelica) *Axgelica.

Fruit not prickly, winged on all sides, (Levistlcum) *Lovage.

Fruit neither prickly nor winged.

Flowers yellow. Plant sweet-aromatic; leaflets long and slender, {Fceniculum) *Fen>;el.
Flowers white.

Umbels with neither involucre nor involucels.

Divisions of the leaves very slender, ( Carum) ^Caraway.

Divisions or leaflets wedge-shaped, (Apium) *Celery.

Umbels with 3 leaved involucels, but no involucre, {JSihiisa) Fool's-Paksley.

Umbels with both involucres and involucels.

Leaves decompound, finely divided, {Petrosehnum) *Parsley.

Leaves 2 or 3 times compound; leaflets coarse, ( Cicuta) Water-Hem lock. f

Leaves simph^ pinnate, (Slum) WATER-PAKSNiP.f

Seed grooved or hollowed down the whole length of the inner face. (Flowers white.)

Herbage rather unpleasant-scented: leaves decompound, finely cut, ( Coiiium) PoisoN-HEMLOCic.f
Herbage, fruit, &c. sweet-scented.

Fruit narrow-oblong, ribbed, ( Oicero2)hyllum) Chervil.

Fruit long, tapering downwards, ( Osmorrhiza) Sweet-Cicely.

Seed and fruit curved in at the top and bottom, or kidney-shaped, strong-scented.

Flowers white, (Coridndrum) *Coriander.

44. AHALIA FAMILY. Order ARALIACEiE.
Much like the last, but often shrubs or trees ; the styles almost alwavs more than two,
and the fruit becoming berry-like. Also the umbels are not regularly compound, but
either simple or panicled. Flowers often polygamous. Here belongs the true or English
Ivy, with evergreen simple leaves, which thrives in some places in northern exposures ;
also the following wild plants.

Aralia. Aralia.
Petals, stamens, and styles 5. Flowers white or greenish in summer. Berries black. Herbage, roots,
Sec. aromatic. Leaves compound or decompound, large.

1. Prickly A. or Axgelica-tree. Shrub or low tree with a stout simple stem, very prickly;

leaves very large; leaflets ovate; umbels many in a large panicle. S. and cult. A. spinbsa.

2. Bristly A. Stem 1° high, bristly below, woody at the base; leaves twice pinnate; umbels few,

corymbed. Rocky woods. N. A. hispida.

3. Spikenard A. A stout spreading herb; Avith thick SAveet-spicy roots; leaves very large and de-

compound; leaflets somewhat heart-shaped; umbels many, panicled. Rich woods. A. racembsa.

IGO

POPULAR FLORA.

4. Saesapakilla a. Roots very long and slender, horizontal (used as a pubstitnte for sarsaparilla);
the compound long-stalked leaf, and the naked flower-stalk bearing few umbels, rising separately
from the ground, liloist woods. A. nudicaulis.

Ginseng. Aralia, § Ginseng.
Styles 2 or 3. Flowers white. Berries red or reddish when ripe. Low herbs ■with simple stems,
bearing at the top a whorl of leaves and one long-stalked umbel.

1. True Gixsej^g. Root long and large, warm-aromatic ; leaflets 5. Rich woods, N. A. gmnquefuUa.

2. DwAKF G. (or Groundnut). Root round, sharp-tasted ; leaflets 3 or 5; stem 4' to 6' high. Damp

woods, N. FI. spring. A. trifblla.

45. CORNEL FAMILY. Order CORNACE^.
Shrubs or trees (except our Dwarf Cornel), the calyx coherent with the ovary, which
makes a berry-like stone-fruit; represented (except
by the Tupelo or Pepperidge-tree, Nijssa^ here
omitted) only by the genus

1. Cornel (or Dogwood). Cornus.

Petals 4 and stamens 4, on the ovary. Teeth of the calyx

4, very small. Style 1. Ovary 2-celled, in fruit berry-like
with a 2-seeded stone. Leaves entire, opposite, except in
No. 7. Flowers in spring or early summer.
* Flowers greenish, in a head, which is surrounded by a

4-leaved involucre resembling a large white corolla ;
fruit bright red.

1. Dwarf Cornel (or Bunchberry). Herb low, Avith 4

or 6 leaves near the top. Damp woods. C Canadensis.

2. Flowering C. or Dogwood. Tree; leaves of the co-

rolla-hke involucre obcordate. C.fiorida.

* * Flowers white, in flat and open cymes: shrubs

5. Round-leaved C. Branches greenish, warty-dotted ;

leaves round-oval, woolly beneath ; fruit pale blue.
Woods. C. circinata.

4. Silky C. Branches purple ; young stalks and lower

side of the ovate or oblong leaves silky woolly; fruit
pale blue. Swamps. C. sericea.

5. Red-Osier C. Branches red-purple; leaves ovate, smooth, white and roughish beneath; fruit

white. Wet banks of streams. C. stohnifera.

6. Panicled C. Branches gray ; leaves lance-ovate ; cymes convex; fruit white. C. jmiiiculata.

7. Alternate-leaved C. Branches greenish streaked with white; leaves crowded at the ends of

the shoots, but alternate; leaves pointed; fruit bright blue. Hill-sides. C aUernifolia.

385

385

Dwarf Cornel,
enlarged. 587

38S

39S, A separate flower
A fiuil cut across.

rOrULAR FLORA.

161

II. Monopetalous I>ivision.

46. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Order CAPRIFOLIACEyE.

Shrubs or woody twiners (or one or two are herbs), distinguished hy having a mono-
petalous corolla bearing the 4 or 5 stamens, and borne on the ovary, and the leaves opposite
without stipules.

333. Flower of Trumpct-TrGiiieysMokle 3?9 Small-floweed Honeysucklp. 390. A sepai ate flower. 3S1. An ovary JivirJeJ
lengthwise, anJ magnified. 3S2. Fioweis, &c. of Fly-Honeysuckle, No. 11.

Herb creeping: the naked flower-stalk forking and bearing two sweet-scented, droopinfr,
pretty flowers, with a 5-lobed and purple-tinged corolla hairy inside, but
the stamens only 4, {Linncea) Twinflowe^..

Shrubs or woody vines. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, 4 or 5.
Style one. slender: stigma one.

Corolla elongated, mostly irregulai*. Berry several-seeded, (Loniccra) Honeysuckle.

Corolla elongated, nearly regular. Pod manj^-seeded, (DleriiUa) Bcsh-Honeysuckue.

Corolla short bell-shaped, regular. Berry 2-seeded, {SijmjjJioricdrpus) Snowbekky.

Style hardly any: stigmas generally 3: corolla very short and open, 5-cleft, regular.
Flowers small, white, very many, in compound cymes.
Leaves pinnate. Berry 3-seeded, (Samhiicvs) Eldek.

Leaves simple. Fruit berry-like with one flat stone, ( Vibujmum) Vibubnuji..

162 POPULAR FLORA.

Honeysuckle. Lonicera.

Teeth of the calyx very short. Corolla tubular below, irregular aud 2-lippecI, four lobes belonging
to one lip and one to the other, except in No. 1.

§ 1. Twining woody plants: flowers long, crowded in little heads at the end of the branches, or in ses-
sile v<horls in the axils of the uppermost leaves.

* Corolla long and narrow, appearing regular, the 5 short lobes nearly equal.

1. TiJUMPET H. Uppermost pair of leaves united into one rounded body; corolla red, yellowish inside

(also a yellow variety), scentless. Wild S. and cultivated. L. sempcrvireiis.

* * Corolla 2-lipped: uppermost leaves on the flowering branches united round the stem into one flat

or cup-shaped body, except in No. 2.

2. Common H. or Woodbine. Le&.ves all sejmrate ; flowers purple-red outside, large, sweet-scented;

berries red. Cultivated; as also the next. L. Periclpnemim.

3. Italian H. Leaves glaucous ; flowers blush-colored, sweet-scented; berries yellow. L. Capri fdliiim.

4. Wild Sweet-H. Flowers smaller; otherwise nearly as in No. 3. S. and cultivated. L. grata.

5. Wild Yellow-H. Leaves thick, very glaucous both sides; several pairs united, flowers pale yel-

low; the tube rather long. W. and S. L. jlava.

6. Small-fl. H. Leaves glaucous; flowers small, yellowish and purplish or crimson. L. jJarviJidra.

7. Haiuy IL Leaves, &c. hairy, dull green, not glaucous; flowers clammy, orange. N. L. hirsuta.

§ 2. Twining: leaves all separate, a pair of flowers in the axil of some of them, on a short 2-leaved foot-
stalk. Cult, from Japan and China.

8. Japan H. Slender, hairy; corolla deeply 2-lipped, reddish outside, white inside, sweet. L.Japonica.

^ 3. Upright bushes: leaves all separate; flowers two on an axillary peduncle; their two ovaries often
united at the base or into a double berry (Fig. 392): corolla short, irregular.

9. Taktarian H. Very smooth ; leaves somewhat heart-shaped; flowers rose-color, handsome, in

spring. Cultivated for ornament. L. Tartdrica.

10. Fly H. Leaves petioled, ovate or heart-shaped, thin, a little hairy below and on the margins;
corolla almost equally 5-lobed, greenish-yellow ; ovaries separate. Woods, N. L. ciliata.

11. Swamp Fly-H. Leaves sessile, oblong; peduncles long; corolla deeply 2-lipped, whitish. In
swamps, N. L. oblon<j}fblia.

Elder. Samhhcus.

1. Common Elder. Leaflets 7 to 11, smooth; cymes flat; berries dark purple. S. Canadensis.

2. Red-berried E. Stems more woody; leaflets 5 or 7, downy beneath; cymes convex or pyramid-

like; berries bright red. Cold woods, N. ; fl. spring. S.jiubens.

Viburnum, llbihmum.

Shrubs or small trees, which have a variety of names. Leaves simple. Cymes flat. Fruit berry-like,
with one flat stone. To the genus belongs the Laurestinus, cultivated in houses. All the following
are wild in this country; but a variety of No. 6 is well known as a cultivated ornamental shrub.
Flowering in spring or early summer.

* Flowers all alike, small and perfect: fruit blue or black.
1. Naked V. or Wythe-rod. Leaves thickish, entire, or wavy-toothed. Swamps, N. V. nudum.

%

POPULAR FLORA.

163

2. Sweet V. or Sheep-berry. Leaves ovate, pointed, very sharply serrate, on long and margined

footstalks; cymes sessile; fruit rather large, eatable. A small tree. V. Ltntago.

3. Blacs-Haw V. Leaves oval, blunt, shining; otherwise like No. 2. S. and W. V. prunifblium.

4. Arrow-wood V. Leaves round-ovate, coarsely toothed, strongly marked with straiglit veins,

smooth ; cymes small, stalked ; fruit small, bright blue. Shrub, in wet places. V. dcniaium.

5. ^Lvple-leaved V. or DockMackie. Leaves roundish and with 3 pointed lobes, coarsely toothed,

downy beneath; cymes long-stalked. Rocky woods: a shrub. V. acerifblium.

* * Flowers at the margin of the cyme neutral, consisting merely of a large and flat corolla, white

(just as in Hydrangea, p. 69, and Fig. 169.)

6. Snowball V. or Cranberry-tree. Leaves with 3 pointed lobes, smooth ; fruit red, sour.-

Swamps, N. — The Snowball-tree or Gueldek-Rose is a cultivated state of this, with all the
flowers become neutral. T'. Opulus.

7. Hobblebush V. Branches long and spreading, often taking root; leaves large, round-ovate or

hearf-shaped, many-veined, scurfy beneath; cyme sessile, very broad; fruit red, turning blackish.
Damp woods, N. V. laniaiioules.

47. MADDER FAMILY. Order RUBIACE^E.

Well distinguished by its regular monopetalous corolla, bearing 4 or 5 stamens alternate
with its lobes, and itself borne on the ovary (the calyx being coherent) ; and the leaves
in whorls, or else opposite and with stipules between them.

391

399

833. P:ece»f Madder, in flower. 39f. Half of a flower, inagnified. 395. Y011115 fruits. S9S. Rine f.uit.

3J7. Coniiiioii Ll.itli ibS Sectiua of a Cower Icii^tliwisc, iiuigiiifieii, i-id iLu coiollu laid o^eii. bS<9. Corolla of another flower Jaid
opiin, and the style.

164

POPULAR FLORA.

1. Lea^yes in whorls. Ovary 2-celled, separating in the ripe fruit into two closed and one-seeded pieces:
^-~--' teeth or limb of the calyx small or hardly to be discerned.

Stamens 5 and the corolla 5-parted. Fruit berry-like when ripe, {Ruhia) *Madder.

Stamens and divisions of the wheel-shaped corolla 4, rarely 3. Fruit a pair of dry or
fleshy akenes, smooth in some species, in others rough, iu others beset with
hooked prickles, making little burs, {Galium) Bedstkaw.

2. Leaves opposite, and with stipules, either as little scales or forming a small sheath.

Shrub: flowers (white) many in a close round head (Fig. 145), ( Cephaldnihus) Buttonbush.

Small herbs. (Corolla 4-lobed.)

Flowers twin, on one ovar}-, which makes a double-eyed red berry. Small creepino-

evergreen, with round leaves. Corolla bearded inside. {Mltchclla) PAnxKiDGE-BERKY.

Flowers separate, peduncled. Fruit a diy pod. Stems erect. ( Oldeiih'mdia. § Iluuslbnia) Bluets.

48. VAIiERIA]^ FAMILY. Order VALERIANA CE.E.
Herbs, Avith strong-scented roots, opposite leaves, and no stipules, a 5-lobcd monopetalons
corolla bearing only 2 or 3 stamens, and borne on the ovary, which makes a small one-
seeded dry fruit. Flowers small, in cymes or clusters, ■white or purplish.

Limb of the calyx crowning the fruit in the form of feathery bristles, ( Valeriana) ^Valerian.

Limb of the calyx only one or more blunt teeth, {Fedia) LAaiB-LExxucE.

49. TEASEL FAMILY. Order DIPSACEiE.

Herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, and perfect flowers in dense heads, surrounded
by an involucre, and with a chaffy bract under each blossom. Corolla tubular or funnel-
form, with 4 or 5 lobes, bearing 4 stamens, and itself borne on the ovary, which becomes an
akene in fruit, containins; one hano-inor seed.

Flowers in a rough-chaffy head : calyx- cup-shaped, short: lobes of the corolla 4. Stem

and leaves rough or prickly, {Dipsicus) Teasel.

Flowers larger than tlie chaff: calyx with long-awned or bristle-shaped lobes : lobes of the

corolla 4 or 5, unequal, {Scabiosa) *Scabiou&.

50. COMPOSITE or SUNFLOWER FAMILY. Order COMPOSITiE.

Known by having what were called compound Jlowers, which are really a number of

flow^ers closely crowded into a head, and this surrounded by an in-
volucre which was taken for a calyx. The Scabious has its flowers
in such heads. But the distinguishing mark of the present family
is that its five stamens arc united by their anthers, or syngenc-
sious. Fig. 400 shows the stamens, their anthers connected into
a tube, through which the style passes. Fig. 401 shows this tube
split down on one side and spread open flat. What gives the
whole head so much the appearance of one large blossom is, that,

rri

POPULAR FLORA.

1G5

in most cases, these flowers have a strap-sltaped corolla. This will be understood by sup-
posing a long tubular corolla to be split down on one side and spread out flat. In the
Cichory (Fig. 402), DandeHon, and the like, all the flowers are strap-shaped. But in Sun-

floAver, Coreopsis (Fig. 404),
Aster, and many others, only
the flowers round the marfrin
are strap-shaped ; these are
called rwjs or ray-flowers, and
at first view much resemble
the petals of a many-petalled
blossom, — all the more so, be-
cause in Coreopsis and Sun-
flower these ray-flowers are
neutral, having neither sta-
mens nor pistils. But in As-
ters and Daisies, they are pis-
tillate, having a pistil only.
The blossoms, which in these
cases fill the body of the head,
and are so small that the su-
perficial observer is apt to
take them for stamens or pis-
tils, are regular and perfect, with a tubular and 5-lobed corolla (Fig. 405 a). They are
called disk-flowers. In Thistles, Thoroughwort, Wormwood, and some kinds of Ground-
sel, all the flowers are
of this sort, i. e. there
are no rays, but all
the flowers tubular.
In all, the ovary is
one-celled and one
seeded, and makes an
akene in fruit. The
corolla beins: on the
ovary, the latter is of

COUl'Se covered bv the ^^'^' ^^^'''' "'" Cicliory-fljwers, diviileil lengthwise and enlarged.

tube of the calyx adherent to it. Sometimes there is no limb or border to the calyx ;
then the akene is naked, as in that of Mayweed (Fig. 40G). When the hmb of the calyx
is present in any form on the ovary or akene, it is named the pappus (which means seed-
down). In Cichory the pappus or calyx is a ring or cup crowning the akene (Fig. 407) ;
in Sunflower it consists of two chafly scales, which fall off early (Fig. 408) ; in Ilelenium

402. Flowers of Cichory, all with strap-shaped corollas.

1C6

POrULAR FLORA.

there are five chaffy and ponited scales (Fig. 409). But more conimonly the pappus con-
sists of bristles, or downy hairs (as its name denotes). Asters, Groundsels, and especially

Thistles, afford most familiar examples of such a
hairy or downy pappus; those of Thistles, &c.
in autumn sailing about in every breeze. Fig.
411 shows the very soft downy pappus of Sow-
Thistle. Fig. 410, that of the Dandelion; this is
raised upon a long beak to the akcne, which
lengthens greatly after flowering.

This family contains about an eighth or tenth
part of all Flowering plants. But it is too diffi-
404. Half of a heaii of flowers of Coreopsis. cult for tlic bcginncr. So we hcrc barcly men-

tion a few of the common plants which belong to it.

Ray-flower,
ueulrai.

Ray-flower,
I.eutral.

405. Slice of the same, enlarged, with one ray-fl.iwer, and part of another, and one perfect disk-flower (i) , witli its bract or chaff (b),

1. Among those which have no rays, or strap-shaped corollas, are T/iislles, Burdock^
Everlasting and Cudweed^ Wormwood, Thoroiighicort or
Eupaiorium^ Button- Snakei'oot, and Ironweed.

2. With rays or strap-shaped corollas at the margin
(either neutral or pistillate), and tubular flowers in the
centre ; Coltsfoot, Aster, Fleahane, Daisy, Golden-rod,
Sunjlower, Coreopsis, Mayweed, Chamomile, §'c.

3. With all the flowers strap-shaped and perfect (and

40S 407 4(i8 409 410 411

in this division the plants have a milky juice) : Ciclwry or Succory (Fig. 402), Salsify,
Hawkweed, Sow-thistle, Dandelion, and Lettuce.

yy\

POPULAR FLORA.

167

51. LOBELIA FAMILY. Order LOBELIACEvE.

Herbs with milky (acrid-poisonous) juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, the
stamens free from the peculiarly irregular corolla, which is split down on one side (Fig.
184), and borne with it on the many-seeded ovary. AYe have only one genus, viz. : —

liObelia. Lobelia.
Calyx with its short tube adherent to the 2-celled ovary, and with 5 slender teeth or lobes. Corolla
unequally 5-lobed, and split down to the bottom on the upper side ! Stamens 5, united into a tube both
by their filaments and their anthers ! Style one. Pod opening at the top. The following are the
commonest wild species (all but Nos. 3 and 4 in low grounds); fi. summer and fall.

1. Caudinal-floweu L. Tall, smooth, with a raceme of large, brilliant red flowers. L. cardinalls.

2. Great Blue L. Rather hairy, 1° or 2° high; leaves lance-oblong; flowers 1' long, crowded in a

leafy raceme, light blue. L. syphilitica.

3. Spiked L. Stem simple, straight, and slender, 1° to 3° high, including the long and naked spike-

like raceme of small pale-blue flowers; lowest leaves obovate or oblong. L. spicata.

4. Indian-Tobacco L. Branching, 8' to IS' high: leaves ovate-oblong; flowers very small, in irregular

leafy racemes, pale blue ; pods inflated. Open places. L. injlata.

52. CAMPANULA FAMILY. Order CAMPANULACEiE.

Like the last family in all general respects, except that the
showy corolla is regular, 5-lobed ; the 5 stamens separate ; the
sti<niias and the cells of the pod 3 or 5. Juice milky. The
principal genus is

Campanula or EellfloAver. Campanula.
So called from its generally campanulate or bell-shaped corolla (Fig.
179 and 412). The fallowing are the commonest species.

* Wild species : stigmas and cells of the pods 3.

1. Harebell C. A slender and very pretty plant, growing on shaded

cliffs, 5' to 12' high; root-leaves round or heart-shaped, long-stalked,
toothed ; stem-leaves very narrow, entire ; flowers nodding, the
bright blue corolla bell-shaped, i' or more long. C. rotundifblia.

2. JIarsii C. a slender plant growing among grass, in wet places, with

rough-angled stem and lance-shaped leaves ; a few small pale
flowers on diverging peduncles. C. aparindidts.

3. Tall C. Stem tall, leafy, ending in a leafy loose spike (1° or 2°

long) of blue flowers; corolla wheel-shaped; style long and curved.
Eich low ground. C. Americana.

* * Garden species : stigmas and cells of the pod 5.

4. Canterbury Bells. Hairy, with stout stems, very large blue (or white) flowers, and broad

appendages of the calyx covering the pod. (7. Miidium.

4'i2 Hiuebel

168

POPULAR FLORA.

53. HEATH I^AMILY. Order ERICACE^..
Distinguished generally by the anthers opening by a pore or pmall liole at the top of each
cell, and from all the other orders with a monopetalous corolla, except the tAvo foregoing,
by having the stamens free from the corolla, as many or twice as many as its lobes. Bat
the petals are sometimes entirely separate, especially in the third, and fourth sub-families.
Fruit several-celled. Style one. This large order comprises four very distinct sub-fami-
lies, viz. : —

413. Half of a Cranberry-blossom, magnified. 414. A Checkerberry plant,
or Aromatic Wiiitergreen . 415. Slice across the " berry," and the pod in-
side. 416. Wintergreen, No. 3, 417. A liower, natural size. 418. A «ta-
nien. 419. Pod cut across. 4-^0. A pistil. 421. A seed.

413

T. HUCKLEBEERY Subfamily. Teeth of the calyx, corolla, and stamens on the ovary, the tube
of the calyx coherent with its surface. Style and stigma one. Anthers of two nearly separate cells,
tapering upwards into a tube or tip, which opens at the end. Shrubs, &c.
Ovary 10-celled with one ovule in each cell; berry with 10 largish seeds, or rather stones,

in a circle {Gayhssada) Huckleberrt.

POPULAR, FLORA. 169

Ovary with many ovules in each cell, making small seeds.

Stamens 10, rarely 8, included in the cylindrical or cblong-bell-shaped 5-toothed

corolla. Berry blue or black, sweet, many-seeded, ( Vaccinium) Blueberry.

Stamens 10, longer than the open bell-shaped 5-cleft corolla. Berry ripening few

seeds, mawkish, ( Vaccinium stamineum) Deerberry.

Stamens 8, much projecting beyond the deeply 4-parted reflexed corolla. Berry

4-celled; many-seeded, red, sour, {Vaccinium^ ^ Oxycoccus) Cranberry.

II. HEATH Subfamily. Calyx, corolla (generally monopetalous), and stamens free from the
ovary, inserted on the receptacle. Shrubby plants (except Clieckerberry), sometimes small trees.

1. Corolla remaining dry after blossoming. Stems covered with very small and narrow

leaves. Only house-plants in this country, (Erica) *Heath.

2. Corolla falling off after blossoming.

Fruit a berry or berry-like. <, \^u^

Trailing small-leaved evergreen. Corolla roundish, (Arctosidphylos) Bearberry. '

Fruit a dry pod enclosed in a berry-like calyx, {Gaultheria) Checkerberry.*

Fruit a naked dry pod.

Corolla salver-shaped, with a slender tube. A trailing, scarcely woody ever-
green, with round-heart-shaped leaves, (Epiacea) May-flower,!
Corolla ovate or oblong-cylindrical, 5-toothed, (Andromeda) Akdromeda.
Corolla of 5 separate petals, regular, white.

Flowers in panicled racemes, appearing in summer, ( Clethra) Sweet-Pepperbush.

Flowers in umbels. Leaves rusty-woolly beneath, (Ledum) Labrador-Tea.

Flowers irregular, rose-purple, two of the petals nearly separate, (Rhodbra) Eiiodora.
Flowers bell-wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, with 10 pouches, (Kdlmia) American Laurel.

Flowers bell-shaped or short funnel-shaped without pouches, 5-lobed.

Stamens 10. Leaves evergreen, (Rhododendron) Rhododendron.

Stamens 5. Leaves falling in autumn, (Azdka) Azalea.

III. WINTERGREEN or PYROLA Subfa:mily. Calyx, d'c. free from the ovary; the 5 separate
petals and 10 stamens on the receptacle. Low and herbaceous, or nearly so, and with evergreen leaves.

Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely spreading. Style long, (Pyrola) Wintergreen.

Flowers in a general corymb or umbel, or only one or two. Style very short, ( Chlmdphila) Pipsissewa.

IV. INDIAN-PIPE Subfamily. Low herbs growing in leaf-mould in woods, destitute of green
foliage (parasitic on roots), having white or flesh-colored scales in place of leaves.

Flower one, nodding at first. Calyx of 2 to 4 scales : petals of 5 spatulate scales :

stamens 10, (Munoiropa) Indian-Pipe.

Flowers several in a scaly raceme; the terminal blossom with 5 petals and 10 stamens.

all the others with only 4 petals and 8 stamens, (ffypopiiys) Pinesap.

* Called Wintergreen in the country in most places; also Boxberry or Partridge-berry; but
the latter name rightly belongs to Mitchella, and that of Wirrtergreen to Pyrola, which is so named in
England.

t Also called Trailing-Arbutus and Ground-Laurel. Nearly the earliest-flowering plant in the
Northern States, prized for the rich spicy fragrance of its pretty rose-colored blossoms.

170 POPULAR FLORA.

Huckleberry. Gayhissacia.

Differing from Blueberries in the ratlier spicy and sweet berry having 10 large seeds, or rather
small stones. The foliage and young shoots iu tlie common species are sprinkled with waxy or sticky
dots. Flowers purplish in racemes.

1. Black or Common H. Branches, leaves, &c. clammy when young; racemes and pedicels short;

fruit black, without any bloom. Very common, furnishing the principal huckleberries of the
market, ripe late in summer. G. resinbsa.

2. Pale H. or Blue-Tangle. Leaves and fruit glaucous ; pedicels long and drooping. G.frondbsa.

3. Dwarf II. Branches rather hairy ; leaves thickish and shining ; i-acemes long, with leaf-like

bracts. E. near the coast. G. chimasa.

Blueberry. Vaccinium.

Flowers white or tinged with pink, in short clusters, rather earlier than the leaves. Berries blue or
black, and generally with a bloom, many-seeded. Leaves deciduous.

1. Common Blueberry. Stem 5° to 10° high; leaves ovate, oval, or oblong. Swamps. V. corymbbsum.

2. Low B. Stems 1° high, and obovate or oval glaucous leaves smooth. V. vacillans.

3. Dwarf B. Stems *° to 1° high, smooth, leaves lance-oblong, fringed with fine bristle-pointed teeth,

smooth, shining both sides. Dry woods, &c. This is the earliest blueberry or blue huckleberry
in the market. V. Pennsylvdnicum.

4. Canada B. Stems 1° or 2° high; branchlets and lance-oblong leaves downy: otherwise much like

the last. N. V. Canadense.

Cranberry. Vaccinium, § Oxycoccus.

Slender, almost herbaceous, creeping or trailing, grow-ing in bogs, wnth their small leaves rather

crowded, entire, thickish, and evergreen, whitened beneath. Flowers single, nodding on the summit of

a slender stalk, pale rose-colored, the corolla almost divided into 4 long and narrow petals turned back.

Berries ripe in autumn.

1. Large Cranberry. Stems 1° to 3° long; leaves oblong, blunt, nearl}-- flat, almost ^' long; berries

i' to 1' long, deep red (the principal cranberry of the market). V. maci^ocdrpon.

2. Small Cranberry. Stems hardly 1° long; leaves ovate, acute, not half as large as those of No. 1,

the margins more rolled back; berries much smaller, often speckled. N. and in mountain bogs.

V. Oxycoccus.
Kalmla or American Iiaurel. Kdlmia.

Flowers (in early summer) showy, in corymbs or umbels: an anther is at first lodged in each of the
10 pouches of the corolla. Leaves evergreen, very smooth.

L ilouNTAiN L. or K. Leaves lance-ovate, bright green both sides; flowers large, pale or deep rose-
color, in terminal corymbs; pedicels, &c. clammy. Stems 4° to 10° high. K. latifblia.

2. Sheep L. or La:mbkill. Leaves lance-oblong, blunt, pale beneath, petioled, mostly opposite,

flowers small, purple; the corymbs becoming lateral; shrub 1° or 2° high. K. angusUfblia.

3. Pale L. Leaves oblong, sessile, opposite, white-glaucous beneath; flowers few, large, lilac-purple.

Swamps, N. K. glauca.

Rhododendron (or Rose-Bay), Rhododendron.

Calyx very small or obscure. Corolla large, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, more or less bent to one side,
slender. Shrubs or low trees, with evergi-een leaves and a corymb or umbel of large and handsome
flowers from a terminal scaly bud, in early summer. We have only one common species, viz. : —

'Vm

POPULAR FLORA. 171

Great E. or Laurel. Leaves lance-oblong, 4' to 10' long, green both sides; flowers 1' wide, pale
rose or white, greenish, and spotted in the tliroat. Damp, deep woods. R. maximum.

Azalea. Azalea.

Shrubs, like Rhododendron, but with thin and deciduous leaves; the long stamens only 5. Our twa
common wild species (wrongly called Honeysuckle) grow in swamps,

1. Purple A. or Pixxteu-flower. Flowers rather earlier than the leaves; corolla funnel-shaped

with long recurved lobes, pink-purple or rose-color. A. nudijiiyra.

2. Clammy or White A. Flowers white, clammy, sweet-scented, later than the leaves, which are

whitish or pale beneath. Common E. A. viscosa.

Wintergreen (or Shin-leaf). Pyrola.

Leaves evergreen, rounded, all next the ground, around the base of a scape bearing a raceme of
greenish-white (or rarely rose-colored) nodding flowers. Petals 5, all separate, not spreading. Stamens
10: filaments awl-shaped, naked. Stjde long. Pod 5-lobed.

* Style turned down and curved.

1. Round-leaved W. Leaves orbicular, thick, shining ; raceme many-flowered ; calyx-lobes laRce-

shaped. ^loist woods. P. rotundifblia.

2. Oval-leaved W. Leaves broadly oval, thin ; flowers many; calyx-lobes ovate, short. P. elliptica.

3. Small W. Leaves roundish, thick, small; flowers few; cells of the anther pointed. P. chlordniha.

* * Stvle straight.

4. Oxe-sided W. Leaves thin, ovate; flowers small, all on one side of the raceme. P. secunda.

Pipsissewa. Chimapldla.

Leaves evergreen, oblong or lance-shaped, toothed, crowded or scattered on short ascending stems,
■which bears at the summit from 1 to 7 fragrant flesh-colored flowers in a corymb or umbel. Petals
orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10; their filaments enlarged and hairy in the middle. Style
very short: stigma broad and flat. Dry woods; fl. early summer.

1. Umbelled p. (or Prince's-Pine). Leaves lance-shaped with a tapering base, serrate, bright

green, not spotted; flowers 4 to 7. C. umbellata.

2. Spotted P. Plant smaller, 3' to 5' high: leaves lance-ovate, obtuse at the base, blotched with

white, flowers 1 to 4. C. maculkta.

54. HOLLY FAMILY. Order AQUIFOLIACEJE.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small regular (often polygamous) flowers in
the axils ; the minute calyx and the 4 - 6-parted (greenish or white) corolla free from the
ovary. Stamens 4 to 6, attached to the very base of the corolla, alternate with its divisions.
Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas nearly sessile. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing
4 to 6 small seedlike stones. — Consists mainly of the genus

Holly. Ilex.
Containing several species, some with deciduous, others with evergreen leaves.
1. American Holly. Leaves thick and evergreen, spiny-toothed, oval ; parts of the blossom in
fours ; fruit red. — Tree with ash-colored bark and white wood. /. c^aca.

12

172

POPULAR FLORA.

2- WiNTERBERRY IT. Of Black Alder. Leavcs thin and deciduous, serrate, veiny, obovate or ob-
long; peduncles very short; parts of the blossom often in sixes; fruit red. Shrub: low grounds.

Tliis belonjrs to the section Frinos.

/. verticillixicu

65. EBONY FAMILY. Order EBENACE^.
Of this small family, we have only one species, a tree, which deserves notice, viz. ; —

<23 * Persimmon. Diospyros.

Tree with alternate thickish leaves;
-/ \^ ^ .^^ .^yf^ in their axils some trees bear clustered

stamina^e flowers, with a 4-cleft corolla
and about 16 stamens; others single and
larger perfect flowers, with a 4-lobed
corolla and 8 stamens. Calyx 4-cleft^
rather large, thickish. Corolla pale yel-
low. Pistil one, with 4 styles: the ovary
ripening into a plum-like fruit, which is
very astringent when green, but sweet
and yellow and eatable after frosts, con-
taining 8 large and bony flat seeds.

D. Vinjinlanci.

A2'i 425 <24

Ail. Kertile flower. 421. Corolla und stamens of the same, laid open.
^i. ir'itiil. 4'^. btclioii ut' the same.

56. PLANTAIN FAMILY. Order TLANTAGINACE^.

Consists mainly of the genus of low stemless herbs called

Plantain (or Rib-Grass). Plantago.

.Flowers greenish, on a scape, in a close spike. — Calyx of 4 persistent sepals. Corolla
falver-shaped, thin, withering on the pod. 4-lobed. Stamens 4, generally with very long
fl.nd weak filaments, borne on the corolla. Style and stigma one, slender. Pod 2-celle(l,
opening crosswise, the top falling off as a lid, the loose partition falling out with the
seeds. Leaves generally with strong ribs.

1, Common Plantain. Leaves ovate or
slightly heart-shaped, several-ribbed;
eceds 7 to 16. P. major.

!J. Virginia P. Small (2' to 7' high), hairy;
leaves oblong, 3-5-ribbed; seeds 2.

P. Mrr/inica.

S. English P. or Pipple-Grass. Hairy,
with long lance-shaped or linear leaves,
nnd a short and thick spike or head, on
1° or 2° high; seeds 2. Com-
P. lanceolata.

4L Seaside P. Smooth; leaves linear, thick
nnd fleshy; seeds 2. Salt marshes on the
coasL

a ecape
men E.

428

427

429

4C6

425. Youn» spike of common Plantain 427 A flow er mngnifieit, 423 Pn.
P. maHtima. til of the same. 4-.49. i'ruit, opening by a lid, tlie williered corolla ou ll»«
lid.

POPULAR FLORA.

173

57. LEADWORT FAMILY. Order PLUMBAGINACEiE.
Famiilar to us in two plants only, viz. ^Maksii-Rosemary on the coast, and Thrift in

gardens; known by having a dry and scaly funnel-shaped
calyx, and 5 petals united only at their base, with a stamen
before each, and 5 styles on a single one-seeded ovary.

Flowers (rose-color) in a round head on a long and
naked scape : leaves very narrow, all in a close tuft
at the root, {Anneria) Thrift.

Flowers (lavender-color) spiked or sessile along the
branches of a forking panicle : leaves spatulate,
thickish, on petioles, nearly all of them from the
stout rootstock, (Stddce) Maksh-Kosemaky.

<30. Calyjt mid corolla of Tlirift ; separalctl. 431. Pislil of the same, with its 5 style* :
al«o the lower pa:t of an ovary more magnified, cut across.

58. PRIMROSE FAMILY. Order PRIMULACEiE.
Herbs, with regular perfect flowers; completely distinguished by having the stamens of
the same number as the lobes to the corolla and one before each., inserted on the tube; the
pistil with a one-celled ovary or pod, with one large placenta rising from its base, and bear-
ing many or few seeds.

Leaves under water pinnately divided into thread-like divisions; flowering stems hollow,

and inflated between the joints, {Ilottdniu) Featheefoil.

Leaves simple and entire or barely toothed.

Calyx with its tube coherent with the base of the ovary. Flowers very small, white,

in racemes. Leaves alternate, {Sdmolus) Brookweed.

Calyx and corolla free, inserted on the receptacle.
Leaves all at the root: flowers in an umbel.

Calyx tubular: corolla salver-shaped: stamens included, {Pvimvla) Primrose.

Calyx and corolla 5-parted, turned back : anthers long, and filaments ver}'

short, connected, (Dodecdiheon) Dodecatkeon.

Leaves several in a whorl at the summit of the slender stem. Calyx and corolla

7-parted, wheel-shaped, with narrow divisions, ( Trientdlis) Stak-flower.

Leaves (mostly opposite or whorled) borne along the whole length of the stem:
corolla 5-parted.
^ Corolla wheel-shaped, yellow, {LysimdcJim) Loosestrifk,

Corolla wheel-shaped, blue or purple: pod opening by a lid, {AnagdlUs) Pimpernel.

lioosestrife. Lysimdchia.
This is the only genus in the Primrose family of which we have more than one common wild spe-
cies. The 5 stamens have their filaments a little monadelphous at the base, and often unequal. Fl. in
summer.

1. Stp.ict L. Leaves opposite or scattered, lance-shaped : stem ending in a long raceme leafy at tho
base; divisions of the corolla lance-oblong. Low grounds. L. stricta.

174

POPULAR FLORA.

2. Four-leaved L. Stem simple; leaves lance-ovate, in whorls of 4 (sometimes of 3 or 6); flowerg

long-stalked from the axil of the leaves. Sandy grounds. L. quadviJoUa.

3. CiLiATE L. Leaves opposite, lance-ovate, with a rounded or heart-shaped base, on long ciliate

footstalks; flowers long-stalked from the upper axils; divisions of the corolla ovate, pointed, and
with wavy or slightly toothed margins. Low grounds. L. ciliaicu

4. Lance-leaved L. Leaves lance-shaped, oblong, or linear, narrowed into a short margined foot-
stalk; flowers, tScc. nearly as in No. 3. S. & W. in low grounds. L. lanceolaia.
-£> tji M*» <t ^^q,

59.

BIGNOlSriA FAMILY.

Order BIGNONIACE^.

432. Corolla of Cntalpa laid open, with the stamens.
4c!3. Wiuged seed of Trumpet-Creeper.

dotted) in large panicles. Calyx 2-npped.

Plants with mostly opposite leaves, and large and slioAvy flowers : the corolla 2-lipped
or rather irregular, bearing on its tube 4 stamens (2 long and 2 short) or only 2, often

with rudiments of the other one or three.
Fruit a large 2-celled pod, with many large
seeds : the whole kernel is a flat embryo.
Calyx free and corolla on the receptacle, as
it is in all the following families with mono-
petalous corolla.

Woody plants, with winged seeds, in long
pods. Vine climbing by rootlets:
leaves pinnate. Calyx 5-toothed.
Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed: sta-
mens 4, {Tecoma) Trumpet-Creeper.
Tree, with simple heart-shaped leaves,
and white flowers (purple-tinged or
Corolla bell-shaped and 2-lipped: stamens
generally 2, with vestiges of one or three others, ( Cntdlpa) Catalpa.
Eank clammy herb (cult, and wild S. W.) with wingless seeds in a large and long-pointed
fruit, the outer part of which is fleshy and falls off from the inner fibrous-woody part:
this is crested and long-beaked, the beak at length splitting into 2 hooked horns. Corolla
dull-colored: stamens 2 or 4, perfect, {MarUjnia) U^'ICORK-plaxt.

60. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. Order OROBAXCHACEiE.

Herbs parasitic on the roots of trees, &c., readily known by their irregular monopetalous
corolla, 4 stamens, in two pairs ; the ovary one-celled with innumerable small seeds on the
walls. Also, like other parasitic plants, they are entirely destitute of green herbage,.yel-
lowish or brownish throughout, and with scales in place of leaves.

Stems slender and branched, with few and small scales and many flowers scattered along

the branches, (Epiphegns) Beech-drops.

Stems short and thick, covered with broad scales, so that the plant resembles a fir-cone

Flowers under the upper scales: stamens projecting, ( Co7idphoUs) Squaw-rooT.

Stems or naked and 1-flowered scapes slender, from a scaly base: stamens included in the

curved and salver-shaped corolla, {Ajjh^Uon) Naked Broom-rapb.

7T)

POPULAR FLORA.

1" ^

61. FIGWORT FAMILY. Order SCROPIIULARIACEiE.

Plerbs "Nvith a 2-lipped or more or less irregular monopetalous corolla, and 4 stamens
,. ^ in pairs (2 long and 2 short), or only 2 perfect stamens;

rarely all 5 present: style 1 : the ovary 2-celled and
making a many-seeded pod (few-seeded in some Speed-
wells and Cow- wheat). Flowers often showy. Two lobes
always belong to the upper lip, three to the lower.

434

434. Corolla of a Pentslemon,
laid open, showing the 4 perfect
Btaniens and ihe fifth as a sterile
naked filament.

435. Stamens (with a piece of
the corolla) of another Pentste-
mon, with the sterile filament
bear.iei.

436. Piece of Purple Gerardia.

. 437. CoroU.i Ini 1 open, showing
the 4 ftamens in pairs.

433. Style and Ciilyxof the same.

439. Part of a pod.
. 449. Flower of Toadflax.

441. Plant of Hedje-Hyssop.

442. Flower laid open ; one pair
of good stamens ; one pair of ster-
ile filaments.

435

441

44:2

433 439 440

* Corolla wheel-shaped or with a very short tube, the lobes more or less unequal.

Calyx and corolla 5-cleft: stamens 5, some of them rather imperfect, ( Verbdscum) Mullein.

Calyx and corolla 4-parted: stamens 2, ( Vei'onica) Speedwell.

* * Corolla more or less tubular, bell-shaped and irregular, or 2-lipped.

•4- Upper lip or lobes covering the lower in the bud (except sometimes in Monkev-flower).
Corolla with its 2-lipped mouth closed by a palate, i. e. an inward projection of the lower
lip: stamens 4.
Corolla with a slender spur at the base on the lower side, (Linaria) Toadflax.

Corolla sac-like at the base on the lower side, (Antirrhinum.) Sxapdkagox-

Corolla 2-parted: the lower lip sac-shaped in the middle; the short tube with a protuber-
ance at the base on the upper side: stamens 4, {Collinsia) Collinsia-

176 POPULAK FLORA.

Corolla ovoid, small, dull gi'eenish purple, with 4 short unequal erect lobes, and one small

recurved one (the lower). Stamens 4 and a rudiment, {Scruj)hula}-ia) Figwokt.

Corolla shaped like a turtle's head, the mouth closed or nearly so, without a palate. Sta-
mens 4 with woolly anthers; and a sterile filament beside?, ( CAe/c*??^) Tuktleiiead.

Corolla open at the irregular or 2-lipped mouth. Stamens 4, and a sterile filament besides

(Fig. 434, 435), {Pentstemon) Pentstemon.

Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip with the sides turned back, the lower lip turned down.
Stamens 4, no vestige of the fifth. Calyx elongated, 5-angled, 5-
toothed. Stigmas with 2 broad lips, (^Mimulus) ^loMiEY-FLOWEit.

Corolla somewhat 2-lipped, open. Stamens only 2 perfect. Calyx 5-parted.

Sterile filaments included, or none. Corolla yellow or whitish, {Gratiola) Hkdge-IIy.ssop,

Sterile filaments long, protruding from the purple or blue corolla, (Ili/sdnihes) False-Pimveuneu

H- •<- Lower lip or the side lobes covering the others in the bud.

■Corolla (large, purple or white) tubular, open; the border slightly 5-Iobed, {Dif/ilaUs) *Foxglove.
Corolla salver-shaped. Flowers in a spike.

Stamens 2, projecting, longer than the 4 lobes of the corolla, ( Veronica Virginlca) Culveu's-hoot.

Stamens 4, included: lobes of the corolla 5: calyx tubular, 5-toothed, {Biuhnera) Beue-iiearts.
Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, somewhat irregularly 5-lobed. Stamens 4, ( Gerc'trdin) Gekap.dia.
Corolla tubular, decidedly 2lipped, the narrow upper lip erect or arched, enclosing the 4
stamens. Flowers in a spike. Pod many-seeded.

Bracts large and colored, scarlet in our species. Calyx tubular, ( Cas(ille)a) Painted-cup.

Bracts green, small. Leaves pinnatifid, {Pcdiculavis) Lousewokt.

Mullein. Verbascum.

Flowers in a long terminal spiko or raceme. Corolla 5-parted, almost regular. Stamens 5, unequal,
but generally all with anthers. Root biennial.

1. Common IM. Tall, woolly throughout; the simple stem winged by the prolonged bases of the leaves;

flowers yellow, in a long thick spike; two of the filaments smooth. Fields, &;c. V. Thapsvs,

2. Moth M. Green, smoothish ; stem 2° or 3° high ; leaves toothed ; fiowers yellow or white in a loose

raceme ; filaments all bearded with yellow wool. Road-sides. V. Blallaria.

Speedwell. Veronica.

Flowers small; one or two of the lobes of the 4-parted border of the corolla always smaller than the
others. Stamens 2, protruding. Pod flattened, many-seeded in the common species.

^ 1. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube longer than the border. Pod not notched at the end.

1. CuLVER's-nooT S. A tall perennial, with lance-shaped pointed leaves in whorls, and whitish flowers

crowded in clustered spikes. Woods, W. and S., and cultivated in gardens. I', l^irrjinicn.

^ 2. Corolla wheel-shaped, tube very short, pale blue or white. Pod notched at the end. Leaves opposite.

* Flowers in single racemes from the axils of the leaves.

2. "Watek S. Smooth; stems rooting at the creeping lower part, then erect; leaves sessile by a heart-

shaped base, ovate-lanceolate; corolla pale blue with darker stripes. Brooks. l'. Aiutgdllis.

3. Bkook S. or Bkooklisie. Leaves ovate or oblong, on petioles ; otherwise like the last. T'. Amencana,

4. Maksh S. Smooth, slender; leaves sessile, linear, acute; raceme zigzag, loose. V. scutellaUu
6. Common S. Downy; stems creeping; leaves Avedge-oblofig, serrate; raceme dense. Dry ground,

in open woods. V. oj/lcinalis.

POrULAR FLORA. 177

* * Flowers in a terminal loose raceme.

6. TiiYME-LEAVED S. Smootli and small, 2' to 4' high from a creeping base; leaves ovate or oblong,

the lowest petioled and rounded. Fields, everywhere. V. serjyyUifolla.

>• * * * Flowers in the axils of the upper leaves. Eoot annual.

7. PunsLANK S. or Xeckweed. Smooth, branching, erect; lower leaves oval or oblong, toothed,

and petioled; uppermost oblong-linear, sessile, and entire. Cult, grounds, &c. V. }}cre<j)ina.

8. CoKX S. Hairy; lower leaves ovate, crcnate, petioled; the upper sessile, lance-shaped, and entire.

Cultivated grounds. . V- ait^nsii.

Toadflax. Llnarla.

1. Common T. ( Butte h-axd-Eggs, PiAMsted). Stems branching, crowded with the pale linear

leaves; flowers crowded in a close raceme, large and showy, pale yellow with the palate orange-
colored. A weed in fields and road-sides. L. vidgaris.

2. Wild T. Stem very slender, simple, with scattered linear leaves; prostrate shoots at the botton*

with broader leaves; flowers very small, blue, in a slender raceme. Sandy soil. L. QinadeTisis.

Gerardia. GerdnUa.
Plants with large and showy somewhat leafy-racemed flowers; tlie corolla a little irregular, but hardly
2-lipped. Stamens woolly or hair}-; the 4 anthers approaching in pairs. Fl. late summer and autumn.
* Corolla rose-purple; calyx bell-shaped, with 5 short teeth: plants low and bushy-branched.

1. PuurLK G. Leaves linear, rough-margined; flowers 1' long, short-stalked. G. jmrpitrta.

2. Slendeh G. Leaves linear; flower about i' long, on a long and slender stalk. G. tenuifblia.

* * Corolla yellow, with a rather long tube, woolly inside: calyx 5-cleft, leaf-like.

3. Downy G. Stem (3° or 4° high) and oblong or lance-shaped leaves clothed with a fine close down^

upper leaves entire, lower ones sinuate or pinnatifid. AVoods. G.Jlava.

4. Smooth G. Smooth throughout and glaucous, 3° to 0° high; lower leaves twice pinnatifid, ujlper

once pinnatifid or entire. Kich woods. G. quercifblia.

5. Cut-leaved G. Rather downy, bushy-branched, 2° or 3° high, very leafy; leaves pinnatifid, the

crowded divisions cut and toothed. G. pediculciria.

62. VERVAIIT PAMILY. Order YERBENACEvE.

Herbs or slirubby plants, with opposite leaves, a 2-lippecl or unequally 5- (or rarely 4-)
lobcd corolla, and 4 stamens in pairs (i. c. 2 long and 2 short ones) : the pistil with a single
ovary and only one seed in each cell ; the fruit either berry-like with 4 stones, or dry and
splitting into 2 or 4 akenes, or in Lopseed consisting of a single akene. This family is in-
termediate between the foregoing order and the next. The two following are the com-
monest 2:enera.

Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped. Corolla 2-Iipped. Ovary l-celled, simple. Herb, in woods,
with small whitish flowers in slender and loose spikes; the calyx containing
the akene, turned down in fruit, {Phrijma) Loi'skei>.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, with 5 slightly unequal lobes. Flowers

ia spikes or heads, summer and autumn, ( Verbena) Veuvaim,

178

POPULAR FLORA.:

Vervain. Verbena.

* Showy Verbexas: low and showy-flowered species, in gardens in summer, the greater part from

South Ainericii, viz. V. Mdindres (red) and others, now much mixed. And there is one species
of this sort wild in Western prairies, A^iz. : —

1. Aublet's Vekbena. Rather hairy; leaves pinnatifid or cut; spikes flat-topped in blossom, like a

corymb ; corolla light purple, »S:c. V. AuUetia.

* * Common Vervains: weeds or weed-like plants, in fields and road-sides, with small flowers iu ,

long spikes, which are generally panicled.

2. Common Y. Erect, slenderly branched, 1° to 3° high; leaves sessile, cleft or pinnatifid and cut-

toothed; spikes very slender; flowers very small, purplish. V. officinalis..

o. White Y. Leaves petioled, ovate or oval, serrate; spikes of white flowers very slender. V. uriicifulia.
4. Blue Y. Leaves petioled, lance-shaped or lance-oblong, the lower often cut or 2-lobed at the base;

spikes of blue flowers thick and close; stem 4° to 6° high. V. haslata.

6. Low Y. Stems io to 1° high; leaves lance-linear, sessile, scarcely toothed; spikes one or few,

thickish; flowers purple. S. and W. F. anfjustifulia.

63. SAGE OR MINT FAMILY. Order LABIATyE.
Herbs with square steins and opposite aromatic leaves, a 2-lippcd (or rather irregular)

corolla, 4 stamens in pairs (2 long and 2 shorter), or else only 2 sta-
mens, and a 4-parted ovary, in fruit making 4 akcnes around the
base of the single style. That is, among the families with 2-lipped
or irregular monopetalous corollas this is at once known by the 4-
lobed ovarv, makini^ 4 akenes. The leaves are commonlv more or
less dotted with small glands, which contain a volatile oil, peculiar to
each species. This gives the warm aromatic properties which all
plants of this family possess. By distillation, the oil is extracted from
several species, as from Peppermint and Spearmint, Lavender, Pen-
nvroval, &g. Or the dried foliai^e is used for seasoning or for herb
drinks in the case of Summer- Savory, INIarjoram, Thyme, Catnip,
«3 piowerofGar.ienSarre. aud Sagc. Tlic followiug arc the comuion genera or kinds of this

414. Pistil of the same, iho 4- , n •^

lobeii ovary in the bott,.m of 'large tamily.
the caFyx, hulf of which is
cut nway.

* Stamens 4, turned down so as to rest upon the lower lip of the corolla.

Flowers in racemes, white: calyx soon reflexed, its upper lobe large and round: upper

lip of the corolla 4-cleft, the lower entire. Leaves ovate, fragrant, ( Ocimum) *Sweet-Basil.
Flowers in a naked and peduncled spike, pale blue: calyx narrow, 5-toothed: the 5 lobes

of the corolla almost equal: stamens short: leaves narrow, hoary, (Lardndula) *Lavendeu.
* * Stamens 4, ascending, and projecting from the upper side of the corolla. Akenes veiny.
Corolla cleft down the upper side, the lower lobe much larger than the other 4. Flowers

purplish, rarely white, in a spike, ( Teiicrium) Germander.

Corolla with the border cleft into 5 almost equal lobes, blue.

Stamens very long, curved : lobes of the corolla turned rather forward, ( Trichostema) Blue-curls.
Stamens slightly projecting from the equally 5-lobed corolla, {Tsanthus) False-Pennykoyal.

m

POPULAR FLORA. 179

* * * Stamens 4 or 2, not turned down, and not protruding from the upper side of the flower.

Corolla scarcely at all two-lipped, almost equally 4-lobed. Flowers small.

Stamens 4 with anthers, almost equal in length, {Meiiihn) Mint.

Stamens only 2 with anthers. Flowers in dense axillary whorls, {Lycoptis) "Water-Hokehound.
Corolla evidently 2-lipped: stamens 2, or only 2 with anthers.

Upper lip nearly flat or spreading, 2-lobed or notched at the end.

Calyx equally 5-toothed, bearded in the throat. Cymes terminal, {Cun'ila) DITTA^'Y.

Calyx 2-lipped: upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft.

Throat of the calyx bearded: corolla small: 2 sterile filaments, {Iled'eoma) Pexxykoyal*
Throat of the calyx naked; that of the large corolla bearded; the middle

lobe of its lower lip large and hanging, fringe-toothed, {ColUnsbnia) HoKSE-BAi^iL.
Upper lip of the corolla arched, entire or slightly notched, holding the stainens.

Calyx equally 5-toothed, tubular: lips of the large corolla long and narrow.

Flowers crowded in close and leafy-bracted heads, {Mondrda) Hokse-]\Iixt.

Calyx 2-lipped.

Upper lip Avith 3 bristle-pointed teeth. Flowers in heads, {Blejuhilla) Blephili^U

Upper lip entire or 3-toothed. Anthers with only one cell, on the end of a

long connective astride the end-of the filament, {Salvia) Sagk.

Corolla 2-lipped: stamens 4, all with anthers.

Upper and inner pair of stamens longer than the lower or outer pair,

And curved downwards. Flowers spiked, small. Herbs tall, {Loj^hdnihus) Giant-Hyssop.
Both p:urs of stamens ascending under the upper lip.

Flowers in terminal spikes or clusters, (Nq^eici) Catnip.

Flowers few in the axils of kidney-shaped leaves, (Ckclwma) Gkound-Ivy.

Upper pair of stamens shorter than the lower or outer pair.
Upper lip of the corolla flat and open, or barely concave.

Stamens distant or diverging, not approaching under the upper lip.

Calyx tubular, equally 5-toothed, 15-nerved. Stamens long, {Uijssojjits) *Hyssop.
Calyx 10 to 13-nerved, ovate, bell-shaped, or short tubular.
Calyx naked in the throat.

Flowers in dense heads or clusters, {Pycndnihemtim) ]\Iountain-]Mint.

Flowers clustered in the axils or spiked, {Saturtia) *Summer-Savory.
Cah'x hairy in the throat.

Flowers spiked, and with large colored bracts, ( Origanum) JIarjoram.
Flowers loosely clustei-ed : bracts minute, {Tlnjmus) *TiiYiiE.

Stamens with their anthers approaching in pairs under the upper lip.

Calyx tubular. Flowers in a head-hke cluster, surrounded with awl-
shaped bracts, ( Clinopbdium) Basit^
Calyx tubular-bell-shaped and 2-lipped: corolla curved upwards.

Flowers few in loose clusters, {Melissa) *Balm.

Upper lip of the corolla concave, the whole throat inflated and funnel-shaped.

Flowers large in naked spikes, {Physostcf/ia) False-Dragonhkad.

Upper lip of the corolla arched or hood-like.
Cah-x 2-lipped, closed over the fruit, and

Very veiny, the lips toothed: flowers in a bracted short spike, {Brunella) Self-heal..
Not veiny, becoming helmet-shaped; lips entire, . Scutellaria) Scullcap.

180 POPULAR FLORA.

Culyx not 2-lippccl, 10-toothed. Clusters axillary, head-like, (Mcij^riiLuan) Honnrouxni
Calyx not 2-lipped and only 5-tootlied,

Funnel-shaped and much larger than the corolla, {Moluccella) ^Molucca-Balm-

Bell-shaped or top-shaped, much shorter than the corolla.

Anthers opening crosswise: calyx-teeth spiny-pointed, {^GaleojJsls) HEMP-XiiXTHi.
Anthers opening lengthwise.

Corolla not enlarged in the throat: stamens turned down after shed-
ding their pollen, {Slachys) Hkdge-Xettle. .
Corolla enlarged in the throat: calyx-teeth not spiny, {Lainium) Dkad-Nettle. ^rUf,SkC
Corolla not enlarged in the throat: calyx top-shaped with spiny *
teeth. Akenes 3-angled. Leaves cleft and cut, {Leonurus) 'i^loTWEiiwoixT. ^, ^^ .

Mint. Mentha.

Herbs with sharp-tasted leaves and small whitish or purplish flowers: upper lobe of the short co-
rolla either entire or notched.

1, Wild ^Iixt. Flowers in head-like clusters around the stem in the axils of the petioled leaves;

plant hairy, or iu one variety smoothish. Wet places. M. Canadensis.

2. PErPEUMiXT. Smooth; clusters of flowers crowded in short spikes; leaves petioled, oblong or

ovate. J/, piperita.

8. Speakmixt. Nearly smooth ; spikes paniclcd ; leaves lance-ovate, almost sessile. M. vividis.

Horse^Miiit. Mondrda.

Herbs with mostly simple stems, and rather large flowers in close head-like clusters at the summit
of the stem, and around it in the axils of the upper leaves, surrounded by large bracts.

* Root perennial : upper lip of the narrow corolla entire, the 2 stamens projecting from it: leaves

lance-ovate or slightly heart-shaped.

1. r)ALM H. or Oswego Tea. Green, rather hairy ; corolla long, bright red; uppermost leaves and

bracts tinged with red. Moist banks, N., and in gardens. JA didyma.

2. COMMOX n. Pale, smoothish or soft downy; flowers purplish or whitish, smaller. M.fstuldsn.

■t * Root annual: upper lip of the corolla notched: stamens not projecting.

S. Dotted H. Leaves lance-shaped; bracts yellowish and purple; corolla yellowish, purple-spotted.
Sandy soil, S. J/, punctata.

Scuilcap. Scntellavia.
Well marked by the tubular ascending corolla (mostly blue or bluish-purple) with a strongly arched
upper lip; the calyx with two short entire lips, closed after the corolla falls, and having an enlargement
on the back, the whole becoming of the shape of a helmet. Fl. summer.

* Flowers small, in axillary one-sided racemes.

1. :^L\.D-DOG S. Smooth, branched, slender; leaves lance-ovate or oblong, pointed, serrate, on slender

stalks. Wet places. S. laterijibra.

* * Flowers in terminal racemes.

2. Larger S. Hairy and rather clamm}', 1° to 3° high; leaves heart-shaped or ovate, wripkled-

vciny ; upper lip of the corolla blue, the lower pale and purple-spotted. S. and W. S. versicolor.
8. Haiky S. Hairy, 1° to 3° high, slender; leaves ovate, crenate, obtuse, veiny. S.jjilosa.

POPULAR FLORA.

181

i. Narrotv'-lkaved S. Jlinutely lionry or downy, slender, !<* or 2° liigli; leaves Inncc-oblonj^ or
linear, entire; raceme short, as in the foregoing. K. and S. S. iiiie(jri Julia.

* *- * Flowers single, in the axils of the leaves.

5. DwAKi' S. 3Iinutely downy, 3' to G'high; leaves round-ovato or the upper lance-ovate, entire,

2' long. Dry or sandy banks of rivers, (Sec. S. parvula.

6. Slendku S. Slender, 1° or 2° high; leaves lance-ovate, serrate, with a roundish or slightly heart-

shaped base, sessile; flowers s' long. Wet woods. S. (jaltricuUUa.

64. BOBHAGE FAMILY. Order BORRAGINACEiE.

Herbs with alternate entire leaves, not aromatie, commonly rough : the flowers regular,
with a 5-leaved calyx, 5-Iobed corolla, 5 stamens on the tube, one style, and a 4-Iobed

ovary, making 4 akenes.
Flowers generally in one-
sided raceme-like clusters,
coiled up at the tip, and
unfolding as the blossoms
expand. Inno:^-cnt mucila-
ginous and slightly bitter
plants, the roots of some
species yielding a red dye.

r43

^•55. Ernnch orFor?»>tmc-not, in f'ower.

416. Tlie cjioll.i Kud open, wall ilie
etameiis. mauiiliel

447. Tilt: pisiil with its 4-lobe(l ovary ;
calyx, &c. cui "dw.iv.

44^. 'J" wo of llie ripe akenes in (lis
cnlyx ; the nvo sepils in\v,i,ils llie eya
anl two ol llie iikeiifs iftiiovi'd.

449. Akene cut th:Mujrli li^njjihwise,
m.iq;-nifiei| ; ihewlmle kernel eiiibiyu.

4.50. Klowcii ol' Coinl':ey.

451. Corolla i:nl.\rz't'l, hiiil npen, shnw-
lag the sli^rp scales inside, uiid the stamens.

* Ovary 4-parted, making 4 akenes around the base of the style.

Akenes or lobes erect, fixed by the lower end, separate from the style, not prickly.

Corolla somewhat irregular (the lobes rather unequal), funnel-shaped (blue or purple).

Its throat naked and open : stamens protruding, rather unequal, {L'duum) ^'Il'^;u^s-BuGt,oss.
Its throat closed by 5 blunt scales; tube curved: stamens included, {Lycopsis) Bugloss.

Corolla, &c. perfectly regular.

Its throat closed by 5 converging scales, one before each lobe.

Corolla wheel-shaped; its lobes acute. Plant rough-bristly, {Borrago) *Borrage.

Corolla tubular and somewhat funnel-shaped, 5-toothed, {Symphytum) Comfkey.

Its throat open, naked or with 5 small projections. Akenes mostly stony.

Lobes of the tubular corolla acute and erect, ( Onosmbdium) False-Guomwell.

Lobes of the trumpet-shaped corolla spreading, rounded, short. Akenes

fleshy. Plant very smooth, {Martciisia) Luxe wort.

182

POPULAR FLORA.

Lobes of the salver-shaped or funnel-shaped corolla spreading, rounded. ■■,

Each "with one edge outside and one inside in the bud : corolla very

short, {^f1J0s^tis) Scokpion-Grass or Fokget-me-kot.

Two lobes covering the others in the bud.

Corolla short, white or whitish, funnel-shaped, {LitJiospermum) Gromwelu

Corolla long, orange-yellow, salver-sliaped, [Litliospermum, § Bdtscliia) PuccooN.
Akenes or lobes of the ovary prickly, fixed by their side or upper end to the base of the

style. Corolla salver-shaped, with 5 scales in the throat.
Erect, prickly on the margins only. Flowers small, { Echinosper mum) ^tick?>kkv>.

Oblique or flattened from above, short-prickly or rough all over, ( Cunoylossum) Hound's-toxguic

* * Ovary not lobed, but splitting when ripe into 4 akenes: corolla short, {Heliotrbjnum) ^Heliotropiju

-^^.^

452

453

452. Flower of Virgriniu Waterleaf. 453. Corolla laid open, and stamens.
454. Calyx and young pod, with the style.

65. WATERLEAF FAMILY. Order HYDROPHYLLACEiE.

Herbs with lobed, compound, or toothed and mostly alternate leaves ; the regular flowers
much like those of the Borrage Family, except as to the ovary, which is globular and only

one-celled and bears the
few or many ovules and
seeds on the wiills (pari-
etal), or on two projections
from them. In Waterleaf,
Nemophila, &c., the two
placentas, beaiing the few
seeds, broaden and make
a kind of lininij to the
pod. Corolla bell-shaped
or wheel-shaped ; its lobes and the stamens always 5. Style 2-cleft above. The AVater-
leaf furnishes our principal plants of the family that are common wild. But some Ke-
mophilas and Phacelias, from Texas and California, are showy garden annuals.

Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones. Stamens not projecting beyond the corolla.

Calyx without appendages or teeth between the divisions, large in fruit, {Ellisia) Elusia.

Calyx with 5 reflexed teeth between the divisions, {Nemophila) *KEMORniLA.

Leaves alternate : appendages of the calyx none or minute : stamens long.

Mostly annuals: seeds on the walls of the pod, or two narrow placentas, {Pliacclia) Phacelia.
Perennials, Avith scaly-toothed rootstocks. Seeds 1 to 4, enclosed in a membrane
which lines the pod. Flowers white or bluish, clustered: filaments
bearded below, {Ilijdroplnjllum) Waterleat.

Waterleaf. nijdroplujllum.

1. Virginia W. Smoothish, 1° or 2° high; leaves pinnately divided into 5 or 7 narrow and toothed

or cleft lobes; calyx hairy. Rich woods. //. Mrginicunu

2. Canada \V. Smoothish ; leaves rounded, palmately lobed, longer than the peduncle ; calyx

smooth. Rich woods. H- Canadeitse.

r>i

POPULAR FLORA.

183

66. POLEMONIXJM FAMILY. Order POLEMONIACEiE.
Herbs, not twining (but Cobasa climbs by tendrils), with regular flowers, all the parts in
fives, except the pistil, which is 3-celle(l and the style 3-cleft at the top, the 5 sjjreading

lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud,
i. e. overlapping so that one edge of each
is outside of that behind it, but inside
of the next one. Flowers generally
handsome. All the kinds here given
are cultivated ; but the Phloxes are Avild
in this country (especially W. and S.),
and so is one Polemonium. Gllias are
pretty garden annuals from California,
&c . Cobaja, which is placed here, though
very different from the rest, is a great-
flowered vine from Mexico.

457
456. Flowers of Polemonium. 437. Pod of

455
455. Flowers of Phlox.
Poleni»:<'uiiii, cut across.

Climbing by tendrils on the pinnate leaves: flowers axillary, single: calyx leafy: corolla

bell-shaped, large, but dull-colored, ( Cobcea) *Cob.ea.

Not climbing: flowers in panicled cymes or clusters.

Stamens inserted at very unequal heights on the long tube of the salver-shaped
corolla, short, included: calyx narrow, 5-angled: seeds only one in each cell.
Leaves all entire, sessile, and opposite, except the uppermost, {Phlox) Piiix)X.

Stamens all inserted at the same height. Leaves mostly alternate and compound.
Corolla almost wheel-shaped (light blue): stamens turned towards the lower side

of the flower: leaves pinnate, {Polemdnium) Polemonium.

Corolla funnel-shaped or salver-shaped : stamens not turned to one side : seeds

several. Leaves once to thrice pinnately divided, ( Gilia) Gilia.

Phlox. Plilox.
* Perennial herbs, growing in open woods, and in gardens.

1. Panicled P. Stem stout, 2° to 4° high; leaves lance-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, taper-

ing or the upper ones heart-shaped at the base; panicle large and broad; corolla pink or white, the
lobes entire. Fl. summer. P- paniculata.

2. Spotted P. Stem 1° or 2° high, slender, simple, purple-spotted ; lower leaves lance-shaped, upper-

most lance-ovate, tapering upwards from the rounded or slightly heart-shaped base; panicle
narrow ; calyx-teeth rather blunt ; corolla pink-purple, or varying to white in gardens, the lobes
entire. Fl. summer. P- maculata.

3. Hairy P. Stems slender, ascending, 1° or 2° high, clammy-hairy; leaves lance-shaped or lance-

linear; cyme flat; calyx-teeth long, awn-pointed; lobes of the rose-pink corolla entire. Fl.
early summer. - P- pUbsa.

4. Running P. Spreading by creeping runners, bearing roundish and thickish smooth leaves; flow-

ering stems 4' to 8' high, with oblong leaves; flowers few and large; lobes, of the red-purple
corolla round and entire. Fl. early summer. P. reptans.

184 POPULAK FLORA.

£. SrriEADiNG P. Stems nscendins:, 9' to 18' high, rather clammy; leaves ovate-oblong or broad
lance-shaped; cyme looi^ely-ilowered; lobes of tlie pale lilac or bluish corolla generally obcortlato
and rather distant from each other. Fl. spring, N. & W. P. dicaricaUu

6. Gkound p. or Moss-Pink. Plant creeping and tufted in flat mats; leaves awl-shaped or lance-

linear, small, crowded; corolla pink or rose-color, with a darker eye, sometimes v.'hite. Fl. spring,
in sandy or rocky soil. S. Sc E. P. subulUia.

* * Garden annual from Texas.

7. Dkummoxd's p. Rather clammy, branched; leaves lance-oblong, the upper heart-shaped at the

base; coi'oUa crimson, purple or rose-color, lobes entire. P. DrummoiitliL

Polemonium. Pohmbnium.

1. Blue P. (Called in gardens Jacob's LrtA/cr or Greek Valerian.) Stem erect, 1° or 2" high, leafy,

leaflets many ; seeds several. Gardens. P. ccevideum.

2. Wild P. Stems weak, spreading; leaflets 7 to 11; flowers few. Woods, W. .Sc S. P. rejHans.

67. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. Order CONVOLVULACEiE.

Twilling or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with alternate leaves and regular
flowers : calyx of 5 sepals : corolla 5-plaited or 5-Iobed. Stamens 5. Pistil making a
round pod, with 2 to 4 cells and one or two large seeds erect from the bottom of each cell.
(For illustrations see Fig. 4 to 7, 13 to 22.) Dodders are leafless parasitic plants of tha
family.

Plants with foliage, and bearing large flowers, open onlv for one day. Style one.

Stamens protruded beyond the mouth of the tubular or trumpet-shaped and crimson

or scarlet corolla, ( Uudmodit) Quamoclit.

Stamens included in the tube of the almost entire corolla.

Stigma thick, 2-lobed: corolla bell-shaped: pod 4-celled, 4-seeded, {Batatas) Sweet-Potato.
Stigma capitate, thick, with 2 or 3 lobes: corolla funnel-form: pod with 2 or 3

cells, and 2 seeds in each cell, {[jX)vuea) Moknixg-Glouy.

Stigmas 2, long, linear or oblong. [Bindweed.*

Calj'x naked at the base: corolla bell-shaped, { Convdlvulus) ^Convolvulus or

Calyx covered by 2 large bractlets : corolla funnel-form, ( Cahjsthcjia) Bkacted-Bixd weed.
Plants with leafless whitish, reddish, or yellowish thread-like stems, twining over other
plants, and attaching themselves to their bark, on which they feed: flowers in clus-
ters: corolla bell-shaped, with 5 scales inside the stamens: pod 2-celled, cells 2-seeded :
embryo spiral, without any cotyledons, ( Cuscuia) Doddbh.

Qunmoclit* QudmocUt.

1. Cypress-vixe Q. Leaves narrow, pinnately dissected into thread-shaped divisions; limb of tho

corolla rather deeply 5-lobed. Garden annual. Q, vidcjaris.

2. Scarlet Q. Leaves heart-shaped, entire or nearly so; corolla scarcely lobed, Q coccinea,

* The low Three-colored Convolvulus ( C tricolor) is a garden annual.

tV.

POPULAR FLORA.

185

Moming-GIory. Tpomcba.

1. Common Jf. Annual; stem liniry, tlie Imirs bent downwards; leaves lienrt-shnped, entire; flowers

3 to 5 on the peduncle; flowers purple or pink varying to white, opening early iu the morning,
closing in briglit sunshine; pod 3-cellcd. Cult. &c. I. purpurea.

2. Wild ^I. (or ]\Iax-of-tiie-Earth). Smooth ; root huge, perennial ; leaves heart-shaped, entire or

some of tliem narrowed in the middle; flowers 1 to 5 on a peduncle, white with purple in the
tube, opening in sunshine. Sandy banks. I. panduratus.

68. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. Order SOLAXACE.E.

Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, ■with a colorless bitter or nauseous juice (often poisonous) ;
alternate leaves ; and regular llowers, •with 5 (or in cultivattnl ])lants sometimes G or 7)
mostly equal stamens and one pistil. Ovary -with 2 or more cells, in fruit becoming a
many-seeded berry or pod. Corolla plaited in the bud, or valvate, i. e. the lobes placed
edge to edire.

438 Upi)£r part of ihe corolla of Strnmonium (Fi?. 177) in buil. <33. Cioss-seclion of the same, to show how it is plaited and folded.
45t. Kl'iwer of l"o!):>cco. 431 Us |)Oil ami calyx. 462. fciaine, will) llie upper pari cut aw.iy 463 Flowers and beriiei uf Billersweet
Niglitsliade. 434. Flower of HeuOane. 465. Fod of tlie same, o|)eiiiiig by a lul.

Corolla wheel-shaped : stamens closely converging or united around the style (Fig.
182, 183). Fruit a berry.
Anthers longer than the very short filaments, and

Connected with each other, opening lengthwise. Berry several-celled, (Ljjcopersicnm) *Tomato.
Not grown together, opening at the top by two pores, {Solanum) NioiixsiiADa

Anthers shorter than the filaments, heart-shaped, separate, opening lengthwise. Berry
pod-like, inflated, the pulp very pungent (Cayenne or Red Pepper),

( Cdpsicwn) *CArsicuM.

186 POPULAR FLORA.

Corolla between wlieel-shaped and bell-shaped, or very open and short funnel-shaped,
\vith an almost entire border: anthers separate, shorter than the filaments: ca-
lyx enlarged and enclosing the berry.
Calyx 5-lobed, becoming a bladdery bag around the (eatable) berry, (Plij/salis) Grouxd-Ciiekey.
Calyx 5-parted, the divisions becoming heart-shaped: berry dry, {Nicdndra) ^Apfle-of-Peru.
Corolla funnel-shaped, bell-shaped, or tubular: stamens separate: filaments slender.
Calyx 5-parted, leafy, spreading: stamens curved or unequal.

Corolla bell-shaped : stamens curved: fruit a black berry (deadly poi-
t sonous), {Atropa) ^Deadly Nightshade.

Corolla funnel-shaped: stamens unequal: fruit a pod, {Petunia) *Petukia.

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed.

Shrubby, with vine-like branches and narrow leaves : corolla funnel-shaped,

small: fruit a berry, {Lijcium) *-]\lATiaMOXY-vi>-E.

Herbs (annuals), unpleasant-scented, mostly large-flowered. Fruit a pod.

Corolla (dull and veiny) and stamens rather irregular: pod in the urn-shaped

calyx, opening at the top by a lid (Fig. 465), {Ihjoscijamus) Hexba>-e.
. Corolla perfectly regular, generally long funnel-shaped.

Calyx 5-angled, long, filling away after flowering : pod large and
prickly, 2-celled and becoming 4-celled, 4-valved. ( Flower,
Fig. 177, 458), {Datiira) Stramonium.

Calyx not angled, remaining around the smooth pod, which opens by

several slits at the top, (Nicotiana) ^Tobacco.

The only genus which needs to have the species enumerated is the

Nightshade. Solanum.
* Anthers blunt : plants not prickly.

1. Common Nightshade. A very common low, much-branched, homely weed, in damp or shady

grounds ; root annual; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed; flowers very small, white; berries black,
small, said to be poisonous. S. mgrum.

2. Bittersweet N. Stem rather shrubby, climbing; leaves ovate and heart-shaped, some of them

halberd-shaped or with an ear-like lobe at the base on one or both sides; flowers blue-purple,
in small cymes; berries bright red. Around dwellings, iS:c. (The flowers are represented in Fig.
182, as well as Fig. 463.) S. Dulcamara.

3. Jerusalem-Cherry N. A low tree-shaped shrub, with lance-oblong and smooth entire leaves,

scattered and small white flowers, succeeded by large bright red berries like cherries. Cultivated
in houses, &c. S. Pseudo-Caj)sicum.

4. Potato or Tuberous N. Shoots under ground bearing tubers (Fig. 60); leaves interruptedly

pinnate; the leaflets very unequal, some of them minute; corolla only 5-angled (Fig. 1S3), white
or blue. Cultivated. ^- tuberoswn.

* * Anthers long and taper-pointed : stems and leaves prickly.

5. Egg-Plant N. Leaves ovate, wavy or somewhat lobed, downy; berry oblong, purple or whitish,

from the size of an egg to that of a melon, eatable when cooked. Cult. S. Mdongena.

6. Horse-Nettle N. Leaves ovate or oblong, wavy or angled, hoary-hairy; corolla bluish; berry

yellow. A weed, S. ^- Carolincnse.

■yyi

POPULAR FLORA. 187

69. GSNTIAIT FAMIIiY. Order GEXTIANACEJE.

Smooth herbs with a colorless bitter juice ; the leaves, with two exceptions, opposite,
sessile, and entire ; the regular flowers having as many stamens as there are lobes to the
corolla, and alternate with them ; stigmas or branches of the style 2 ; pod one-celled, with
many and usually very small seeds on the walls, usually in two lines. — Tonic, generally
very bitter plants : none of them poisonous. Flowers commonly large and handsome.

Leaves simple, opposite and sessile. Corolla with the lobes convolute, i. e. each with one
edge in and one out, in the bud.
Corolla wheel-shaped, 5- to 12-parted, white or pink, in cyme?. Style 2-parted.
(Two or three handsome-flowered species in salt marshes, and one or two
on river-hanks, &c., especially South), (Snbbdtia) Sabbatia.

Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped, commonly blue. Style very short or none : stig-
mas 2, broad, {Gentiana) Gentian.

Leaves simple, alternate or all from the root, round-heart-shaped, floating on the water,
with very long footstalks, which bear near their summit a cluster of small
white flowers, along with some spur-shaped bodies. Corolla- 5-parted, the
lobes folded inwards in the bud, {Limndnihemum) Floating-Heart..

Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets; footstalks long, alternate, their base sheathing the thickish
rootstock or the lower part of a scape, which bears a raceme of white
flowers. Corolla 5-parted, the lobes wdiite-bearded inside, their edges
turned inwards in the bud. One species, in bogs, (Mtnydnthes) Buckbean..

Gentian. Gentidna.
* Stamens separate: no plaits or fringes between the lobes of the corolla.

1. Five-flowered Gentian. Slender, branching; leaves lance-ovate; branches about 5-flowered;

corolla light blue, hardly 1' long, with 5 pointed naked lobes. Fl. late summer and autumn; as do.
all the species. G. quinquejlbra.

2. Fringed G. Leaves lance-shaped or lance-ovate; flowers single on a long naked stalk; corolla

2' long, sky-blue, with 4 obovate beautifully fringed lobes. Low grounds. G. crinvta.

* * Anthers cohering with each other more or less : corolla with 5 plaited folds.

3. Closed G. Stout, leafy to the top, the flowers in sessile clusters, terminal and in the axils of the-

upper lance-oblong leaves; corolla pale blue or purplish, rather club-shaped, with the mouth con-
tracted, and with 5 fringe-toothed plaits, the lobes hardly any. G. Andrewsii.

4. SoAPWORT G. The light blue corolla more open and bell-shaped, its lobes short and broad, but-

longer than the intervening plaits; otherwise much as No. 3. S. and W. G. Sapondria.

6. Whitish G. Leaves lance-ovate with a heart-shaped clasping base ; corolla dull white or yellowish,
with lobes longer than the plaits. S. and W. G.alba..

70. DOGBANE FAMILY. Order APOCYNACE^.

Plants with a milky and acrid juice, a tough inner bark, generally opposite and entire-
leaves, and regular flowers : corolla 5-lobed, the lobes convolute in the bud (one edge in,,

13

188

POPULAR FLORA.

the other out) ; the 5 stamens on the corolla alternate with its lobes; the anthers generally
more or less adherent to the stigma. Ovaries 2 ; but the stigmas, and often the styles also,
united into one ; the fruit two separate pods. Seeds generally many, and with a tuft of
down at one end.

Corolla with a funnel-shaped tube and a wheel-shaped 5-pavted border: style one.

Leaves generally in whorls. Shrub, with large rose-colored flowers, {Nerium) *Oleander.

Leaves opposite, evergreen in the common creeping species. Fl. blue, ( Vinca) *Peuiwinkle.

Leaves alternate, very many, nari'ow. Erect herbs with pale-blue salver-shaped flow-
ers: seeds not tufted, {Amsbnia) Amsonia.
Corolla bell-shaped, white or pinkish : style none. Herbs, with opposite leaves. {Ajjocynum) Dogbank.

Dogbane. Ajwcynum.

1. Spreading D. Branches of the low erect stem widely diverging; leaves ovate or oval ; cymes few-

flowered ; lobes of corol-
la recurved ; tube shorter
than the calj'x. Thickets,
&c. A. androscemifbllum.

2. Hemp D. or Indian Hemp.

Stem and branches erect
or ascending; cymes few-
flowered ; lobes of the co-
rolla not recurved, the
tube not longer than the
calyx. A. canndbinum.

463. Summit of a plant of Dogbane,
No. 1, with flowers and pods.

467. Floweis, enlarged.

4aS. Flower wiih the corolla cut
av.ay, \f> show the stamens.

469. The stiiniens taken away, to show
the pistils; two ovaries, wiili their two

• targe stigmas united into one mass.

470. A seed, with Us tuft of long liairs
' or down at one end.

71. MILKWEED Fx\MILY. Order ASCLEPIADACE^.

Plants with milky juice, tough bark, and in other respects like the Dogbane family, but
•with the 5 short stamens all united by their filaments into a rino- or tube, the anthers m'own
fast to the large stigma, and the grains of pollen in each cell cohering into a waxy or tough
mass. Flowers in simple umbels. Pods a pair of many-seeded follicles : seeds furnished
with a long tuft of silky down at one end (Fig. 229). The flowers in this family are
curious, but are too difficult for the beginner. The two common genera may be distin-
guished as follows : —

Corolla 5-parted, reflexed: five hoods to the stamens, with a horn in each, (Ascfepias) IMilkweed.
Corolla, &c. as in Milkweed, but the hoods without any horn, I^Acerdtes) Gkeen-Milkweed.

rOrULAR FLORA. 189

72. JESSAMINE FAMILY. Order JASMINACE^E.

Shrubby, mostly climbing plants, -with opposite and mostly compound (pinnate) leaves,
and perfect flowers with a salver-shaped corolla of 5 or more lobes overlapping in the bud,
but only 2 stamens. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 or 3 ovules erect from the base of each cell.
Kg wild species ; but in gardens and houses we have the common (Jdsm'muni) *Jessamine.

73. OLIVE FAMILY. Order OLEACE^.

Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves ; the corolla, when there is any, 4-lobed, and the
lobes valvate (edge to edge) in the bud, but the stamens only 2 and short : sometimes
there are 4 distinct petals ; and all our species of Ash are without petiils. Ovary 2-celled,
with 2 ovules hanging from the top of each cell : the fruit often one-celled and one-seeded ;
either a stone-fruit, as in the Olive and Fringe-tree; a berry, as in Privet; apod, as in
Lilac ; or a key, as in the Ash.

Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, with a 4-lobed border: flowers perfect, in thick
panicles. Leaves simple, entire.
Corolla salver-shaped with a long tube: fruit a flat 4-seeded pod, (Syi'ingn) *Lilac.

Corolla short, funnel-shaped; fruit a 1- or 2-seeded berry. Low shrub, {Ligustrum) *Privet.

Corolla of 4 very long and narrow petals, barely united at the bottom. Drupe one-seeded.
Low tree or shrub, with simple leaves, and slender drooping panicles of delicate
snow-white blossoms, ( Chiondnthus) Fringe-tree.

Corolla none: even the calyx small or sometimes none: stamens 2, rarely 3 or 4, on the ♦
receptacle : fruit a key, winged at the top or all round, one-seeded. Trees, with
opposite pinnate leaves, ( Frdxinus) Ash.

Liilac. Sijringa.

1. Com:mox Lilac. Leaves more or less heart-shaped; flowers lilac or white, in spring. Cultivated:

one of the commonest ornamental shrubs. S. vulgaris.

2. Persian Lilac. Leaves oblong or lance-shaped ; clusters more slender. Cultivated. S. Fersica.

Ash. Frdxinus.
The flowers in all our species appear in early spring, in clusters, and are dioecious, or nearly so.

* Key winged from the top only : leaflets stalked.

1. White Ash. Shoots and stalks smooth; leaflets 7 to 9, pale (smooth or downy) beneath; body of

the key marginless and blunt. F. Americana.

2. Red Ash. Shoots and stalks velvety; leaflets 7 to 9, downy beneath ; body of the key 2-edged,

acute at the base, the wing long and narrow. F. pvbcscens.

3. Green Ash.. Smooth throughout; leaflets 5 to 9, green both sides; key as in No. 2. F. viridis.

* * Key winged all round, oblong.

4. Black Ash. Leaflets 7 to 11, sessile; oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, green both sides; no

calyx to the fertile flowers. Swamps; common N. F. sambucifblia.

5. Blue Asii. Branchlets square; leaflets 7 to 9, short-stalked, lance-ovate. W. F. quculrangulaia.

190

POPULAR FLORA.

III. Apetalous l>ivisioii.

74. BIRTH WORT FAMILY. Order AEISTOLOCHIACEiE.

Herbs or twining vines, with perfect and large flowers, the tube of the 3-lobed calyx

coherent with the 6-celled
and many-seeded ovary.
Leaves mostly heart-
shaped or kidney-shaped,
and entire, on long foot-
stalks, alternate, or else
from the rootstock at the
surface of the ground.
Lobes of the cahx edjxe
to edge in the bud, usu-
ally dull-colored.

471. Pl.\nt of Canada Asarum or
Wild-Giiiger, in flower. 47i IMa^ni-
fied flower divided lengthwise, and the
calyx spread out flat. 473. Flower,
with the lobes of the calyx ml away,
and the ovary cut across. 474. A sep-
arate stamen, more magnified ; outside
view. 475. Magnified seed divided
lengthwise.

Stemless herbs, with a pair of leaves and a flower between them from the spicy-tasted
and creeping rootstock: calj'x short, 3-c left or 3-lobed; stamens 12, with fihiments,
which are united only with the base of the thick 6-lobed style, and are pointed above
the anthers, {Asanim) Wild-Ginger.

Twining shrubs or else low herbs: calyx a crooked tube, with a narrow throat and a
slightly 3-lobed spreading border: stamens 6, sessile on the outside of the 3 lobes of
the sessile stigma, i. e. two anthers or 4 cells to each lobe, attached to the stigma
by their whole length: fruit a 6-valved pod, filled with numerous flat seeds,

{Aristolbchia) Birthwort.

Birth wort. Aristolbchia.

1. Snakeroot B. or Virginia Snakeroot. Herb 8' to 15' high ; several stems from a tufted root,

downy; flowers borne next the ground, in general shape much like the letter S; leaves oblong-
heart-shaped or halberd-shaped. Rich woods; becoming scarce. A. serpenfaina.

2. Pipe-vine B. A tall woody climber, with rounded kidney-shaped leaves. 8' or 12' broad when

full grown; flower l.-' long, curved like a Dutch pipe; greenish outside, and Avith the short
3-lobed border brown-purple within. Alleghany Mountains, or near them; and cultivated for
arbors. A. Sipho.

Ok,

POPULAR FLORA,

191

75. MIRABILIS FAMILY. Order NYCTAGINACE^.

Has some Avild representatives far Avest and south, viz.: Oxybapiius, &c,, Avlth several
flowers in a calyx-like involucre, the funnel-shaped calyx rose-purple, and exactly like a
corolla. And in gardens Mirabilis or Four-o'Clock (so called from the flowers opening
late in the afternoon) is common. Here there is only one flower in the bell-shaped invo-
lucre, which exactly imitates a calyx, while the large funnel-shaped calyx is just like the
corolla of a Morning-Glory. Stamens 5 : style one. Leaves opposite, heart-shaped, long-
stalked. The
CoJiMON FouK-o' Clock or JIirabilis, from Mexico, well known in gardens, is M. Jaldpa,

76. POKEWEED FAMILY. Order PHYTOLACCACEiE.

Is represented with us by one,
and that a very common, species of

Pokeweed. Phjtolucca.

Sepals 5, rounded, concave, petal-like,
white. Stamens 10, under tlie ovary.
Ovary green, composed of 10 one-
seeded ovaries united into one: st\des
10, sliort and separate. Fruit a dark
crimson 10-seeded berry. A coarse
rank herb, with a thick, acrid, and
poisonous root, a large pithy stem, and
alternate oblong leaves ; the flowers
in racemes opposite the leaves. Low
and rich ground, everywhere common ;
flowering all summer, ripening its
abundant berries in autumn.

P. decdndra.

476. Summit of a flowering branch of Polfe-

V eed.

477. Fiiut-bearing' branch.

478. A flower, enlarged.

479. Younj fruit.

480. Same, ci't across.

481. Seed divided lengthwise, and magnified.

482. Erabryo, more magnified.

77. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. Order CHENOPODIACEiE.

Homely herbs, with mostly alternate leaves, without stipules, and no dry scaly bracts
amou'T the small and greenish flowers ; the calyx enclosing the onc-eellcd and one-seeded

192 POPULAR FLORA.

ovary, but not adhering to It, and bearing from one to five stamens. Styles 2 to 5,
short. Weeds (several called Pigweeds), abounding in cultivated or waste grounds, and
some are pot-herbs. The small flowers and ti'uits make them too difficult for the beginner.
The following key will lead the student to the name of the principal common kinds.

Leafless fleshy herbs, in salt marshes, with perfect flowers in fleshy spikes, {Salicdrnia) Samphike,
Leafy herbs, with broad or broadish, generally tender leaves, not prickly : calyx wingless.
Flowers perfect.

In clusters or spiked heads: calyx becoming berry-like, altogether making a

strawberry-like red pulpy fruit, {BUium) Elite.

In small sessile clusters collected in spikes or panicles : calyx dry and herba-
ceous.
Akene thick and hard, below adherent to the calyx. Leaves smooth, {Beta) *Beet.
Akene very thin and breaking away from the seed. Leaves often mealy.

Pigweeds, ( Chenopbdium) Goosefoot.

Flowers monoecious: the fertile ones single in the axils of the leaves. Sea-coast, and

one rarely cultivated as a pot-herb, [A triplex) Okache;

Flowers dioecious, in spiked clusters : calyx over the fruit, with 2 to 4 horns or pro-
jections: leaves arrow-shaped, - (Spinacia) *SrixACH.
Leafy and much-branched plants on the sea-shore ; the leaves awl-shaped and prickly-
tipped: flowers perfect : calyx winged in fruit, {Salsola) Saltwort.

78. AMARANTH FAMILY. Order AMARANTACETE.

Herbs, much like the last family In almost every character, except that the
flowers are furnished with 3 or more dry and scale-like thin bracts : these are
sometimes brightly colored, so as to make showy clusters or bunches, and,
being dry, they do not wither after blossoming. The little one-seeded pod
In many cases Is a pyxis (242), that is, It opens round the middle, the upper
part falling off, as a lid. The common species belong mainly to two genera : — ^gg p^_, ^^^^

nranlh openings bj

Flowers in spiked or panicled clusters, terminal or axillary: stamens 5 or 3, separate: a i"i.
little pod opening by a lid. To this belongs one kind of Pigweed, and the
Prince's Feather, Love-lies-bleedixg, Coxcomb, &c., in gardens and
enriched soil, {Amni^dntus) Amaranth.

Flowers in a head: stamens 5, monadelphous, and the filaments 8-cleft, the middle lobe

bearing the anther, {Gomp)hrena) *Globe-Amaranth.

79. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Order POLYGONACEiE.

Herbs with alternate entire leaves, and mostly perfect flowers ; with a calyx of 4 to G
sepals (separate or united at the base), and 3 to 9 stamens inserted on its base : ovary one-
celled making a one-seeded akene; Its styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Besides, this family may
always be known by the stipules which form a sheath above each joint (as in Fig. 137).
The watery juice Is often sour, as in Rhubarb and Sorrel, sometimes sharp and biting.

i

ou

POPULAR FLORA. 193

Calyx of 5 (rnrely 4) nenrly similar pepnls, all more or less petal-like.

Stamens 4 to 9: akene generally small: cotyledons narrow, (Pohjfjonnm) IvNOTWEia).

Stamens 8: styles 3: akene triangular, shaped like a beechnut, much longer than the
calyx: cotyledons very broad and folded in the mealy albumen: root annual:
leaves nearly halberd-shaped : flowers white, corymbed, {Faijojyyrum) *Buckwiii-:at.

Calyx of 6 sepals, and

All alike and petal-like ^ white): stamens 9: styles 3, {Rheum) ^Rhubakk.

Three outer ones herbaceous and spreading: three inner larger, especially after flow-
ering, when they close over the triangular akene: flowers dioecious: leaves
sour, eared or halberd-shaped, {Rumex, § AcetoscUu) Soiujel.

Flowers perfect or polygamous: leaves bitter: coarse herbs, {Rumex) Dock.

Knotweed. Pohjgonum.

* Flowers single or several together in the axils of the leaves, greenish or whitish: sheaths (stipules)

cut-fringed or torn into narrow shreds.

1. Common Knotweed, Knotgrass, or Goosegrass. Spreading on the ground, small ; leaves

sessile, lance-shaped or oblong, pale ; a variety has nearly upright stems and oblong or oval leaves.
The commonest weed in yards and waste places. P. aviciUare.

2. Slender K. Upright, somewhat branched; leaves linear, acute, sheaths fringed. Dry soil. P.tinue.

* * Flowers in terminal heads, spikes, or racemes.

•*- Xot twining nor climbing, and leaves not heart-shaped nor arrow-shaped: calyx petal-like and

5-parted, except in Xo. 10.

3. Oriental K. or Prince's Feather. Tall annual, 4° to 7° high; leaves ovate; spikes of rose-

colored flowers long and nodding; stamens 7; akene flatfish. Gardens. F. orieniale.

4. "Water K. Stems floating In water, or rooting in mud, or upright; leaves lance-shaped or oblong;

spike thick and short; flowers rose-red; stamens 5; styles 2. P. amphiblum.

5. Pennsylvania K. Stem upright, l°too°]iigh; leaves ]ance-shape<l ; spike oblong, thick, erect,

its peduncle. beset with club-shaped bristles or glands; flowers rose-colored; stamens 8; akene
flat. ^loist ground. F. Pennsylvdnicum.

6. Lady's-Tiiumb K. Stems, &c. like the last and next, but no bristles on the peduncle; leaves with

a darker spot on the upper side; spike short and thick, erect; flowers greenish-purple; stamens
G. Very common in waste places. P. Persicaria.

7. Smartweed or "Water-Pepper K. Upright, annual, 1° or 2° high, very acrid and biting to the

taste; leaves and also the greenish sepals marked with fine transparent dots; spikes short but
loo^e, drooping; akene flattish or bluntly triangular. Sloist ground, common in waste places,
yards, and near dwelUngs. P. nijdropiper.

8. "Wild Smartweed K. Upright, 1° to 3° high from a perennial root, biting like the last, and the

leaves dotted; spikes very slender, erect, whitish or flesh-color; stamens 8; styles 3; akene sharply
triangular. Wet places. * ■ P. acre..

9. Mild Water-Pepper K. Upright, 1° to 3° high; often creeping at the base and rooting in water;

leaves roughish, not biting, narrowly lance-shaped; spikes slender, erect, rose-color; stamens 8;
style 3-cleft at the top ; akene sharply triangular. Shallow water. P. hj/drcpipero)fks.

10. "\'iRGiNiA K. Stem 2^ to 4''high, angled; leaves large, ovate or lance-ovate, taper-pointed; flow-

194

POPULAR FLORA.

ers scattered in a long and naked slender spike; calyx greenish, 4-parted; stamens 5; styles 2,
bent down in fruit. Thickets. P. Vii-fjinianum.

^- ^_ Somewhat climbing, or supported by recurved sharp prickly bristles on the strong angles of tha
stems, &c.; flowers white or flesh-color in small racemes or heads; root annual. The prickly
angles cut like a saw, whence the plants are called Tear-Thumb.

11. Akkow-leayed K. Leaves arrow-shaped (Fig. 100), short-stalked; akene 3-angled. P. sngiilatum.

12. Halberd-leaved K. Leaves halberd-shaped (Fig. 102), long-stalked ; akene flattish. Lovr
grounds. P. arifvlium.

^_ s-^ ^- Twining annuals, with smooth stems and greenish or whitish flowers in panicled racemes;

leaves heart-shaped and partly halberd-shaped.

13. Climbing K. Smooth, climbing high over shi-ubs, tScc. ; racemes leafy ; 3 of the calyx-lobes more
or less winged in fruit. Thickets in low ground. P. dunwtbrum.

14. BixDAVEED K. Low, stems roughish ; racemes corymbed; three of the calyx-lobes ridged in the
middle. Cult, and waste grounds. P. Convolvulus.

80. LAUREL FAMILY. Order LAURACEvE.

Trees or slirnbs, with spicy bark and leaves ; the latter marked "svith transparent dots
■under a magnifjing-glass, alternate and simple ; the calyx of 6 petal-like sepals. Stamens

9 or 1 2 on the very bot-
tom of the calyx ; the
anthers opening by up-
lifted valves. Pistil sim-
ple, with a one-celled
ovarv, in fruit formin<j
a berry or drupe, one-
seeded. ♦Flowers gener-
ally polygamous or dioe-
cious in spring. — Aveiy
well-marked family, most-
486 43, 485 487 1}' 'm hot couutrics, but

4S4. Sterile fiovver of Sassafras. 485. Fertile flower of Hie same. 483 Mn2iufiecl_st^men, We pOSSCSS tWO Or turce

with (wo ."/"TJcf .■ at lite liase , t'^e aiit'icr orpii iishv two Inr'j,. ;,nrl t-vi siiiill valve": ^'~7 ^'-^^'h ^ _ j. *.• . ^,,

villi the ova y iiivitleil to show 1|]C ovule liaiigiiig from the top. 4&8. Leaf and cluster of fi uil. representatives.
489. Lower half of full, cut across.

Flowers perfect : stamens 9, with good anthers, and 3 sterile ones. Tree, with entire

oblong leaves; common South, (Pcrsea) Red-Bay.

Flowers dioecious or nearly so, greenish-yellow: stamens 9, about 3 of them with yel-
low glands at the base of the filaments (Fig. 4f6).
Anthers 4-celled and 4-valved. Tree: flowers in stalked corymbs, appearing with

the leaves; some of the latter 3-lobed, { Sassafras) Sassafras.

Anthers 2-celled and opening by a single valve to each cell. Shrub: flowers in ses-
sile clusters, appearing earlier than the entire leaves, {Benzoin) SriCEBUSH.

POPULAR FLORA.

195

81. MEZEREUM FAMILY. Order TIIYMELEACE^E.

Shrubs, -with very tough and acrid bark ; entire generally alternate leaves ; and perfect
flowers, with a tubular

calyx colored like a co- ■^jk /

roUa, bearing 8 or 10 " ~^ "^

stamens, free from the
simple pistil. Ovary one-
celled, one-ovuled, mak-
ing a berry in fruit. — We
have one Aviid plant of
the family ; Daphne Me-
zereum is a hardy low
shrub in gardens, and D.
odora in houses. Flowers
appearing earlier than
the leaves.

490. Floweiin? l.ranclilet of Leath-
eiwodfi. 4&1 Biaiicli wiili fuliaytf
und r.iut. 43"2. A Hotter, nii«2riiifi<;il.
4^3 S;iiiie, iriore iiiagailieii, the calyx
l.ti.l upeii.

Calyx salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, generally rose-color, the border 4-lobed: stamens 8,

in two sets, included; filaments hai'dly any, {Dti/jhne) * Daphne. -^

Calyx tubular, pale yellow, with no spreading border, obscurely 4-toothed: stamens 8,

with long protruded filaments, {Dirca) Leatherwood.

82. NETTLE FAMILY. Order URTICACE.E.

Monoecious, dioecious, or barely polygamous herbs, shrubs, or trees, with stipules, and a
reo-ular calvx, free from the ovarv, which forms a one-seeded fruit. Divides into four dis-
tinct subfamilies which mi^ht be reckoned as families, viz. : —

I. ELM Subfamily. Trees, with alternate simple leaves, and polygamous or often nearly perfect
flowers : styles or long stigmas 2.

Ovary 2-celled, a hanging ovule in each cell: stamens 4 to 9. Flowers earlier than the

leaves. Fruit a thin key, winged all round, one-seeded (Fig. 207), {Ulmus) Elm.

Ovary one-celled, with one hanging ovule: stamens 5 or 6. Fruit a small drupe. Leaves 7.

ovate or heart-shaped, ( Cellis) Hackberky. .

IL BREADFRUIT Subfamily. Trees, with a milky or colored juice, an<l alternate leaves; the
flowers in heads or catkin-like spikes, the fertile ones fleshy in fruit, or both kinds in a fleshy receptacle.
Styles 1 or 2: ovary becoming an akene in fruit. Lmer bark often tough and fibrous.

Flowers, of both kinds mixed, enclosed in a peai'-shaped fleshy receptacle like a rose-hip

which is pulpy when ripe, (Ficus) *Fig.

-ac

J't.e.fce4 t>»5iM.ia. .jBA*Wf«* '^tu.

196 POPULAR FLOKA.

Flowers moncocioiis, both kinds in separate catkin-like spikes; the calyx, Szc. in the fer-
tile sort becoming fleshy and eatable, making a berried multiple fruit (248,
Fig. 223). Stamens 4. Styles 2, (Morus) Mulberry.

Flowers dioecious: the fertile ones collected in a close and round head which is flesliy in
fruit. Stamens 4. Style 1.
Sterile flowers in spikes. Leaves round-ovate or heart-shaped, rough above, soft-
downy beneath, some of them palmately lobcd, {Broussonctia) *Papeu-Mulbei:iiy.
Sterile flowers in racemes. Leaves oblong, smooth above, entire; branchlets spin}-,

{Madura) *Osage-Oraxgk.

in. NETTLE Subfamily. Herbs (in this country), with opposite or alternate leaves, a tough
fibrous bark, and a colorless juice. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in spikes, racemes, &c.. not in
catkins. Stamens of the same number as the sepals. Ovary one-celled, and style or stigma only one;
fruit an akene.

Plants beset with stinging bristles.

Leaves opposite: sepals 4 in both kinds of flowers: stigma a little tuft, ( Urfica) Nettle.

Leaves alternate: sepals 5 in the sterile, 4 unequal or 2 in the fertile, flowers: stigma

awl-shaped, {Lajjoriea) Wood-Nettle.

Plants destitute of stins;ins: hairs, and
^ Very smooth: leaves opposite : sepals 3 or 4, separate : stigma a tuft, (P'dea) Clearweeu.

~^. Smooth or hairy: leaves often alternate: calyx in the fertile flowers a cup with a

narrow mouth enclosins; the ovary.
, . . Stigma long and thread-shaped: flower-clusters naked, in spikes, { Boehmeria) False-Nettle.

i\» Stigma a little tuft: flowers in axillary cymes or clusters, accompanied by

^ leafy bracts, {Parietaria) Pellitory.

IV. HEMP SuBFAJiiLY. Herbs, with dioecious flowers, a colorless juice, fibrous tough bark, and
opposite, or sometimes alternate, palmately-lobed or compound roughish leaves. Sterile flowers in
compound racemes or panicles, with 5 sepals and 5 stamens. Fertile flowers crowded, and with only
one sepal, which embraces the ovary and akene: stigmas 2, long.

Herb erect, annual: leaves of 5 to 7 lance-shaped toothed leaflets. Stamens drooping.

Fertile flowers in spiked clusters, each with a narrow bract, ( Cannabis) Hemp.

Herb twining: root perennial: leaves heart-shaped and lobed. Fertile flowers in short
and scaly catkins, with broad and thin bracts, in fruit making a sort of
membranaceous cone, * ( Uumulus) Hop.

83. PLATQ"E-TREE FAMILY. Order PLATANACEiE.

Tliis consists only of the genus

Plane-Tree. Pldtnmts.

Flowers monoecious, in separate round catkin-like heads. No calyx nor corolla to either kind.
Sterile flowers consisting of short stamens and club-shaped scales intermixed: fertile flowers, of little
scales and ovaries, which become club-shaped akenes, covered below with long hairs. Style awl-
shaped, simple. Trees, with colorless juice, alternate palmately-lobed leaves and sheathing stipules.
Only one species in this country, viz. : —
American P., Sycajiore, or Buttoxwood. A well-known tree by river-banks. P. occidentaUs.

POPULAR FLORA. 197

84. WALITUT FAMILY. Order JUGLANDACEJE.
Timber and nut trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, no stipules ; the sterile flowers in
hanrrinof catkins and with an irregular calyx; the fertile ones single or few tooether at the
end of a shoot ; their calyx coherent with the ovary, and 4-toothed at its summit. Fruit
a kind of stone-fruit ; the outer part becoming dry when ripe, and forming a husk, the
stone incompletely 2-celled or 4-ceIled, but with only one ovule and seed. The whole
kernel is a great embryo, with the cotyledons separated, lobed, and crumpled. — Only
two genera : — ■

Catkins of the sterile flowers single; the bracts or scales united with the calyx: stamens
8 to 40. Fertile flowers with 4 small petals between the teeth of the calyx: short
styles and stigmas 2, fringed: husk of the fruit thin, and not separating into valves
or regular pieces. Bark and bruised leaves strong-scented and staining brown. Leaf-
buds nearly naked, {Jurjlans) Walnut.

Catkins 3 or more on one peduncle: stamens 3 to 8; anthers almost sessile. Ko petals in
the fertile flowers: stigma large, 4-lobed. Husk of the fruit splitting into foiu* pieces
or valves, which separate from the smooth stone or shell. Wood very hard ntid
tough. Leaf-buds scaly (Fig. 55), (Cdrya) Hickory.

Walnut. Juqlnns.

j-

1. Blaciv Walxut. Leaves and stalks smoothish; leaflets man}^, lance-ovate, taper-pointed; fruit

round, tlie thin husk drying on the very rough stone. Common W. /. nigra.

2. Butternut, or Gray-barked W. Leaves, stalks, and oblong fruit clammy-downy when young,

the stone with more ragged ridges, and tree smaller than No. 1. J. cinhrea.

3. True or Exolish W. Smooth; leaflets onlj' about 9, oblong; fruit round; husk separating from

the thin and nearly smooth stone. Cultivated, from the South of Europe. J. regia.

Hickory. Cdrya.
* Fruit and stone round or roundish.

1. Shagbark H. (also called Shellbark or Sweet H.) Bark on the trunk shaggy and scaling

off; leaflets generally 5, three of them lance-obovatc, the lower pair smaller and oblong-lanceolate,
finely serrate; husk thick; stone roundish, thick or thin; seed very sweet: furnishes the hickory-
nuts of the market. ' C. alba.

2. Mockernut H. Bark cracked on the larger trunks ; leaflets 7 to 9, roughish-downy beneath,

slightly serrate, oblong-lanceolate ; catkins hairy; husk and stone very thick; seed sweetish but
small. Common S. and W. C. iomentosa.

3. Pignut H. Bark close and smooth; leaflets 5 to 7, smooth, lance-ovate, serrate; fruit pear-shaped

or obovate, the husk and stone rather thin; seed sweetish or bitterish, small. C. glabra.

i. BiTTERNUT or SwAMP H. Bark of trunk smooth; buds little scaly: leaflets 7 to 11, lance-oblong,
smooth; husk and stone of the fruit thin and tender; seed very bitter. Wet woods. C. amara.
* * Fruit and thin stone narrowly oblong: husk thin.

5. Pecan-xut PL Leaflets 13 or 15, oblong-lauceolate, oblique, serrate; stone olive-shaped, thin; seed
very sweet. W. & S. C. olivoifdrm'u.

198 POPULAR FLORA.

85. OAK FAMILY. Order CUPULIFERib:.

Trees or shrubs, with aUernate and simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous stipules, and
monoecious flowers ; the sterile flowers in slender catkins (or in head-hke clusters in the
Beech) ; the fertile flowers surrounded with an involucre which forms a cup, bur, or ba<»
around the nut.

Fertile flowers scattered, or 2 or 3 together, their

Involucre one-flowered, of many little scales, forming a cup around the base of the

hard and roundish nut or acorn (Fig. 'iUo), ( Quercus) Oak.

Involucre containing 2 or 3 flowers, becoming a very prickly and closed bur enclos-
ing the nuts, and splitting into 4 thick pieces.
Xuts 1 to 3, roundish or flattish, thm-shelled. Sterile catkins long, ( Castanea) Chestnut.
Nuts 2, sharply 3-angled. Sterile catkins like a head-like cluster, (Fac/us) Beech.

Involucre a leafy cup, lobed or torn at the end, longer than the bony nut, ( Curyhis) Hazel.

Fertile flowers also collected in a kind of catkin. Nut small like an akene.

Involucre an open 3-lobed leaf, 2-flowered, ( GnjAnus) Hornbeam.

Involucre a closed bladdery bag, one-flowered, the whole catkin making a fruit like

a hop in general appearance, ( Ostrya) Hop-Horxbeam.

Oak. Quercus.

* Acorn ripening the first year, therefore borne on shoots of the season : cups stalked, except iu

No. 2 : kernel generally sweet-tasted.

1. OvERCUP or Bur Oak. Leaves obovate, sinuate-pinnatifid, whitish-downy beneath; acorn 1' or

Ih' long, in a deep cup with a mossy-fringed border. Q. maci-ocdrjxi.

2. Post Oak. Leaves oblong, pale and rough above, grayish-downy beneath, pinnatifid, with 5 to 7

blunt lobes; cup saucer-shaped, much shorter than the acorn. Small tree. Q. ohtusiloha.

3. "White Oak. Leaves smooth when full grown, pale beneath, pinnatifid; the lobes 5 to 9, oblong or

linear, entire; cup much shorter than the oval or oblong acorn. Rich woods. Q. alba.

4. Swa:mp Chestnut-Oak. Leaves obovate, whitish-downy beneath, coarsely and bluntly toothed

or sinuate; cup thick, hemispherical, with stout or pointed scales: acorn oval, 1' long. Q. Prinus.

6. Yellow Chestnut-Oak. Leaves lance-oblong, or oblong, acute, whitish, but scarcely downy

beneath, rather sharply and evenly toothed; cup thin, and acorn smaller than in No. 4. Rich

woods. Q- Castanea.

6. Chinquapin Oak. IMuch like No. 4, but a mere shrub, 2° to 6° high, with a thin cup and a smaller

acorn. Sandy, barren soil. Q- iJrinmdes.

* * Acorn ripening in the autumn of the second year; ripe fruit therefore on wood two years old,

sessile: kernel bitter.
•(- Leaves entire or nearly so, narrow.

7. Live Oak. Leaves thick, evergreen, hoary beneath, oblong, small. Sea-onast, S- Q. virens.

8. Willow Oak. Leaves light green, smooth, lance-linear, tapering, C or 4' long. S. & W- Q,. Phellos.

9. Shingle or Laurel Oak. Leaves shining above, rather downy beneath, lance-oblong, thickish;

cup saucer-shaped ; acorn globular. Common S. & W. (i- imbnch'ia.

POPULAR FLORA. 199

-I- H- Leaves or some of them a little lobed, broader upwards.

10. "Water Oak. Leaves smooth and shining, spatulate or wedge-obovate, with a tapering base;
cup very short ; acorn globular. Swamps, S. Q. aqvudca.

11. Black-Jacic Oak. Leaves thick and large, broadly wedge-shaped, and with 3 or 5 obscure
lobes at the summit, shining above, rusty-downy beneath, the lobes or teeth bristle-pointed.
Small tree, in barrens. Q. nigra.

^ H_ M_ Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, long-stalked, the lobes or teeth bristle-pointed.

12. Bear or Scrub Oak. Leaves wedge-obovate, slightly about 5-lobed, whitish-downy beneath.
A crooked shrub, 3'' to 8° high; in barrens and rocky woods. Q. U'uifuUa.

13. Spanish Oak. Leaves grayish-downy beneath, narrow above, and with 3 to 5 irregular and nar-
row often curved lobes; acorn very short. Dry soil, S. & E. A fine tree. Q.falcata.

14. Quercitron Oak. Leaves rusty-downy when young, becoming nearly smooth when old, oblong-
obovate, sinuate-pinnatifid; cup top-shaped, coarse-scaly; acorn globular or depressed. Large
tree; the inner bark thick and yellow, used for dyeing. Q. tinctbria.

15. Scarlet Oak. Very like the last, but the oval or oblong leaves smooth and shining, deeply pin-
natifid (turning deep scarlet in autumn), the lobes cut-toothed ; acoi'n rather longer than wide.
Large tree, common in rich woods. Q. coccinea.

16. Red Oak. Leaves smooth, pale beneath, oblong or rather obovate, with 4 to 6 short lobes on
each side; acorn oblong-oval, 1' long, with a short saucer-shajDed cup of fine scales. Common
tree in rocky woods, &c. Q. rubra.

17. Pin or Swamp Spanish Oak. Leaves smooth and bright green on both sides, deeply pin-
natifid, oblong; the lobes diverging, cut and toothed, acute; acorn globular, only i' long. Low
grounds, N. Q. paliislris.

86. BIRCH FAMILY. Order BETULACE^.

ISIonoecious trees, witli siiDple serrate leaves, and both kinds of flowers in scaly catkins
(Fig. 146), two or three blossoms under each scale. Sterile flowers each with 4 stamens
and a small calyx : fertile flowers with a 2 celled ovary bearing 2 long stigmas, and in fruit
becoming a scale-like akene or small key. Only two genera : —

Sterile flowers with a calyx of one scale: fertile flowers 3 under each 3-lobed bi'act; each
consisting of a naked ovary, in fruit becoming a broad- winged little key. Bark and
twigs aromatic, {Bctula) BiRCir.

Sterile flowers generally with a 4-parted calyx: fertile catkins short and thick, with hard

scales, not falling off: fruit generally wingless, {Alnus) Alder.

Birch. Betula.

1. White Birch. A small and slender tree, with white outer bark; leaves ti-iangular, very taper-

pointed, on long and slender stalks. Common E. B. alba.

2. Paper B. A large tree, with white outer bark, peeling ofi" in papery layers, and ovate or heart-

shaped leaves. Common N. B. ixiiyyviicea.

3. River B. Tree, with ovate and angled acutish leaves, on short stalks, a brownish close bark,

and short woolly fertile catkins. Common S. & W. B. nigra.

c^

200

POPULAR FLORA.

4. CiiERTtY or Sweet B. Tree, Avitli he.irt-ovnte and pointed leave?, downy on the veins beneath
and a close bark, bronze-colored on the twigs, which are spicy-tasted, like the foliage of Check-
erberry. Common N. . B. Itnlu.

87. SWEET-GALE FAMILY. Order MYRICACE^.

Shrubs (generally low), with fragrant alternate leaves; and with catkins much as in the
Birch family, but short and with only one naked blossom under each scale ; the ovary
forming a little nut or dry drupe.

Flowers moncecious: fertile catkins round and bur-like: fruit a smooth little nut. Leaves

lance-linear, pinnatifid. Fern-like, whence the common name, ( Comjjtdnia) Sweet-Fern.
Flowers dioecious: scales of the fertile catkins falling oft*, and leaving only the small
round tVuits, Avhich are incrusted Avith wax, and so appear like drupes. Leaves
entire or seiTate, {^fl/l■^ca).

One species in wet grounds, N.. with wedge-lanceolate pale leaves, (M. Gale) Sweet-Gale.

One on the sea-coast with lance-oblong, shining leaves, and waxy fruit, {M. cerifera) Baybekuv.

88. WILLOW FAMILY. Order SALICACEtE.

Dioecious trees or slirubs, with both
kinds of blossoms in catkins (often
earlier than the foliage) ; the flowers
naked (without any calyx or corolla),
one sort of two or more stamens
under a scaly bract ; the other of a
one-celled pistil with two styles or
stigmas, making a many-seeded pod :
the seeds bearing a \on<r tuft of down.

CD O

Leaves alternate and simple : wood
soft and light : bark bitter. — The
Willows are of very many species,
and are much too difficult for tlie
beginner.

494. Shoot and catkin of sterile flowers of the Com-
moa Wiiiie Willow. 495. A scale separated, wiili us
tiower, consisting' of tuo stamens and a little gl.xnd,
magnified. 4S6. Shoot and fertile catkin of the s^iine.
497 A pistillate fiower with us scale and gland, mag-
nified.

Scales of the catkins entire: stamens 2 to 6: stigmas short: leaves narrow,
Scales of the catkins cut-lobed: stamens 8 to 40: stigmas long: leaves broad,
buds covered with a resinous varnish,

(Sallx) Willow.
Scaly leaf-

{Pojnilus) PoPLAit.

Jt'kr

POPULAR FLORA.

201

89. PITTE FAMILY. Order CONIFER.E

The only familiar family of Gymnospermous plants (218,
250), consisting of trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly
awl-shaped or needle-shaped leaves, and monoecious or dioecious
flowers of a A-ery simple sort, and collected in catkins, except in
Yew. In that the fertile flower is single at the end of the
branch. No calyx nor corolla, and no proper pistil... Ovules
and seeds naked. Sterile flowers of a few stamens or anthers,
fixed to a scale. Cotyledons often more than one pair, some-
times as many as 9 or 12, in a whorl. — For illustrations, see
Fig. 49, 50, 134, 196, 197, 224 to 226, and 498, 499. — This
family comprises some of our most important timber-trees, and
the principal evergreen forest-trees of Northern climates. It 498. Feni'e flowers, or young cone,

- , ^^ T 1 1 r •^' °f Arbor Vitae, entarjed. 499. Inside

consists 01 three well-marked subiamilies : — view of one of the scales n„i\ us pair

of naked ovnies, nmre magnified.

I. PINE Subfamily. Fertile flowers many in a catkin, which in fruit becomes a strobile or cone
(2.50); tlie scales of which are open pistils (each in the axil of a bract), with a pair of ovules or seeds
borne on the base of each. Seeds scaling off with a wing. Cones ovate or oblong. Leaf-buds scaly.
Flowers monoecious.

Leaves 2 to 5 in a cluster, from the axil of a thin scale, evergreen, needle-shaped. Cone

with thick or sometimes thin scales, (Pinus) Pine.

Leaves many in a cluster (Fig. 134) on side spurs, and also scattered along the shoots of

the season, needle-shaped, falling in autumn. Cone with thin scales, {Larix) Larch.

Leaves all scattered along the shoots, evergreen, linear or needle-shaped. Cone with thin

scales, (Abies) FiK.

IL CYPRESS Subfamily. Fertile flowers few, in a rounded catkin, formed of scales which are
generally thickened at the top, and without any bracts, bearing one or more ovules at the bottom.
Leaves scale-like or awl-shaped. Leaf-buds without any scales.
Flowers monoecious. Cone dry, opening at maturity.

Leaves deciduous and delicate, linear, 2-rauked. Cone round and woody, each shield-
shaped scale 2-seeded, ( Taxbdium) Bald-Cypress.
Leaves evergreen, small, scale-like and awl-shaped (of two shapes).

Cone woody and round; the scales shield-shaped, ( Cupressus) Cypress.*

Cone of a few oblong and nearly flat loose scales (Fig. 498), ( Thuja) Arbor-vit.e.*

Flowers dioecious, or sometimes monoecious. Fruit composed of a few closed scales,

which become pulpy and form a sort of false berry, (Juniperus) Juniper.

in. YEW Subfamily. Buds scaly: leaves linear. Fertile flower single at the end of a branch,
ripening into a nut-like seed. This is enclosed in an open and at length pulpy, berry-like red cup, in
our only genus, viz. ( Tuxus) Yew.

* Our only Cupressus is C. thyoides, the White Cedar, rather common South. The Arbok-vit.b,
Thuja occidenialis, so common North, and cultivated for evergreen hedges, is also called White Cedar.
Our liED Cedar is a Juniper.

202 POPULAR FLORA.

Pine. Finns.

* L,eaves 2 or 3 in a sheath, rigid: bark of tree rough: scales of the cones woody, thickened on the

back at the end, and commonly tipped with a prickly point.

1. Jersey or Scrub Pine. Leaves in twos, only about 2' long. A straggling tree, S. & E. P. imps.

2. Red Pine (wrongly called Norway Pine); leaves iu twos, 5' or 6' long; scales of the cones not

pointed. A large tree, N. P. resinosa.

8. Yellow Pine. Leaves slender, in twos or threes, 3' to 5' long; cones small, their scales tipped
with a weak prickly point. P. mitis.

4. Pitch Pine. Leaves rigid, dark green, in threes, 3' to 5' long; cones with a stout prickly point

(Fig. 224). Common N. P. rigida.

5. LoDLOLLY Pine. Leaves in threes, 6' to 10' long, light green; cones 3' to 5' long. Light or ex-

hausted soil. S. P. Ti£da.

6. LoNG-LEAVED PiNE. Leavcs in threes, 8' to 11' long, dai'k green; cones 6' to 8' long. Common

S. & E. P- aiistralis.

* * Leaves 5 together, slender: bark of young tree smooth: scales of cone naked and not thickened.

7. White Pine. Leaves pale green; cones narrow, 4' or 5' long, hanging. A large tree, in moist

woods North, with soft hght wood. P. Strobus.

Larch. Larix.

1. American Larch or Tamarack. Leaves very slender, short; cones not over 1' long, of few

rounded scales. Swamps, N. L. Amei'icana.

2. European Larch. A cultivated tree, with longer leaves and much larger cones than our wild

species, the scales three times as many. L. Eurajxea,

Fir or Spruce. Ahies.

* Cones upright on short side-shoots, falling into pieces when ripe, the scales separating from the axis;

leaves flat, becoming more or less 2-ranked, whitish beneath.

1. Balsam Fir. Leaves narrowly linear; cones cylindrical, 3' or 4' long, 1' thick, bluish. Damp

woods and swamps, N. -4. balsamea.

* * Cones hanging from the ends of branches, not falling to pieces.

2. Hemlock Spruce. Leaves linear, flat, ^' long, 2-ranked; cones oval, 5' long. Hills. A. Canadensis.

3. Black Spruce. Leaves needle-shaped, 4-sided, not 2-ranked, uniformly green ; cones ovate, 1' to

li' long, with thin edged scales. Swamps and cold woods. A. nigra.

4i White or Single Spruce. Cones oblong-cylindrical, 1' or 2' long, the scales with thickish edges:

otherwise nearly like the last: found only at the North. A. alba.

5. NoRv/AY Spruce. Cones cylindrical, 5' to 7' long; leaves longer than in our wild species. A

handsomer tree, from Europe, now commonly planted as an evergreen. A. excelsa.

Juniper. Juniperus.

1. Common Juniper. Shmb spreading; leaves in whorls of three, lincar-awl-shaped, prickly-pointed,

green beneath, white above; berries dark purple. Dry hills, N. J- commiims.

2. Savin J. or Red Cedar. Shrub or tree; leaves small and much crowded, awl-shaped and loose

on vigorous shoots; on others smaller, scale-like, and closely overlying each other in 4 ranks;
berries purplish with a white bloom. Dry hills. Wood reddish, very durable. J. Viryiniana.

POPULAR FLORA.

203

CLASS II. — ENDOGENS OR MOXOCOTYLEDONS.

Stem having tlie wood in threads or bundles, interspersed among the piih or
cellular part, not forming a ring or layer, and not increasing by annual layers.

Leaves parallel-veined, not branching and forming meshes of network. To this
some Arums, Trillium, Greenbrier, &c. are exceptions, having more or less netted
veins.

S03

500 Endosrenoiis stem of one re.-xr nl'I, shown in a Corn-stalV. 5"! Ona of several years oM, of Palmetto.
Piir:illel-vpinc'l leaves cl' tlie t\vo kijicU : 502 that of Lily of the ValUy ; 5 3. one ofCalla 501. Mas'nifiel
section of the seed of Iris, showing llie small moaocotylejonous embryo. 6l.5. Planllet of Iris growing from
the teed.

Flowers with their parts mostly three or six, never five.

Emhryo monocotyledonous, i. c. of only one true seed-leaf: so in
germination the leaves are all alternate or one above another.

Except the Palmetto and one or two Yuccas at the South (Fig.
79), and some Greenbriers, all the Endogcns of this country are herbs.
In warmer climates there are many Palms and other vv'oody plants of tlie class, all
having an appearance very different from our common trees and shrubs (113,. 114).

14

503

204 POPULAR FLORA.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OR ORDERS OF CLASS IL

I* Spadiceous Division. Flowers collected on a spadix (184), 1. e. sessile and crowded in a spiko
or head on a thickened axis, and with or without a spathe or enwrapping bract (18u).

Trees or shrubs, with simple steins; the flowers having calyx and corolla. Palm Fa:\iily, 205

Herbs, tlie small and crowded flowers either naked or with a small perianth.

Spadix surrounded by a large spathe: flowers generally naked: fruit a berry. )
Spadix without u spathe: perianth of 6 pieces, J Akum r. 20o

Spadix without any proper spathe: perianth none: fruit an ak en e, Cat-tail F. 20G

-Spadix (as it ujight be called) raised above a small spathe, covered with Line aiid

tubular, C-lobed flowers. Belongs to the next division, Pickei;el-weed F. 203

II» Petaloideous Division. Flowers not on a spadix and not enclosed by glumes or chafl\' or scale-
like bracts (as in Grasses and Sedges), but having a calyx and corolla, or a G-!eaved or C-lobed
(rarely 4-leaved) perianth colored like a corolla.

Bcrianth free from the ovary, that is, inserted underneath the ovar}', and
Of 3 green or greenish sepals and 3 distinct and colored petals.

Pistils many, in a ring or a head, making akenes, ' WATEn-Pr.ANTAiN F. 20G

Pistil 1: styles or sessile stigmas 3. Leaves whorled, veiny, TinLMUM F. 206

Pistil and slender style 1: leaves alternate, parallel-veined, SriDEiavoirr F. 207

Of mostly G petal-like leaves in two ranks, three outside and three inside, or else G-
(rarely 4-) lobed, all colored alike.
Stamens only 3, or G and the three on one side of the flower much shorter than

the rest, Pickei:el-\veed F. 205

Stamens 6, or as many as the divisions of the perianth, all alike.
Anthere turned outwards, i. e. on the outer side of the filament.

Leaves in whorls: flowers perfect : long stigmas 3, Indian CucuMREi:-nooT, 207
Leaves alternate, and with side tendrils, netted-veined between tlic ribs:

flowers dioecious: styles or sessile stigmas 3, Gr.EExnRiEii F. 208

Leaves alternate, without tendrils: flowers perfect or polygamous : styles

3 or 3-cleft, Coeciiicuji F. 20!)

Anthers turned inwards, i. c. on the inner side of the filament: style 1:

stigmas 1 or 3, Liey F. 20D

Perianth adherent to the ovary below, and therefore apparently borne on it.

Stamens G: anthers turned inwards. Flowers regular or nearly so, Amakyelis F. 213

Stamens 3: anthers turned outwards. Flowers ofren irregular, Ii:is F. 214

Stamens only one or two and united with or borne on the style. Flowers irregular, of

singular shapes, Oi:ciiis F. 215

III« Glumaceous Division. Flowers not on a spadix, and without any corolla-like perianth, but
with ijluviea, i. e. thin scales, such as the chaff or husk of Grain and Grasses. Srems rush-liko
or straw-like.
Clumcs 0 in a whorl to each flower, like a calyx, Push F. 215

Glume one to each flower, the flower in its axik Flowers collected into heads or spikes, Seoge F. 216
Glumc3 2 or 4 to each flower, in two sets, Gkass F. 216

POPULAR FLORA. 205

I. Spadiceoias Division.

90. PALM FAMILY. Order PALM^.

Although some, like the Dwarf Palmettos of the Southern States, make only rootstocki
not rising out of the ground, most Palms form trees, -with a simple, unbranched, cylindrical
trunk, crrowinn: bv the terminal bud onlv, and always surmounted by a crown of laroe and
peculiar, long-petioled leaves. These are fan-shaped in the Palmetto (Fig. 79), pinnate
in the Date-Palm, &c. The floAvers burst forth from a spathe ; are small, but generally
perfect, and furnished Avith a perianth of G parts, in two sets, the outer answering
to a calyx, the inner to a corolla. Fruit a nut; that of the Cocoanut is a good illustra-
tion. The principal Palms of our southern sea-coast belong to the genus {Clidniijcrop^^
Palmetto.

91. ABUM FAMILY. Order ARACE.E.

Herbs ^vith sharp-tasted or acrid juice, and more or less fleshy in their texture ;
the leaves either slmjile or compound, and commonly so much netted-veined that the
plants might readily be mistaken for Exogens. The small flowers are closely spiked or
packed on a fleshy axis, forming a spadix. The fruit Is a berry, or sometimes dry and
leathery, but containing some pulp or jelly. The following are the principal genera we
meet with.

Spathe present, forming a hood, wrapper, or a petal-like leaf.

Flowers naked, i. e. without any perianth, mona?ciou=, dioecious, or polygamous.
Covering only the base of tlie long spadix, which is enclosed in the hooded

spathe (Fig. 147). Stem simple, from a rounded corni: leaves com- , ^-^rfLit

pound, of 3 or more leaflets, {An&}£mci) Indiax-Turxip.

Covering the whole length of the spadix. Leaves simple, arrow-shaped (Fig.
503) or heart-shaped: spadix on the end of a scape, bearing stamens
only at the upper part.
Spathe green, thick, and closely folded around the spadix: anthers sessile.

Herb growing in shallow water, (Pehdndra) Annow-ARUM.

Spathe white and petal-like, open, ( Culla) Calla.

Flowers with a 4-leaved perianth or cal^-x, perfect, on a globular spadix, sun'ounded
by a thick, shell-shaped, purplish spadix coming out of ground in
earliest spring, some time before the great ovate and heart-shaped, veiny
leaves; odor that of the skunk. Stamens 4, {Symplocdrjms) Skunk-Cabbage.

Spathe none at all ; the spadix naked, covered with flowers, which are perfect, with a
perianth of 6 or sometimes 4 pieces, and as many stamens.
Spadix on the summit of a scape rising out of the water: leaves oblong, on a long

petiole, ( Ordnilum) Goldex-Club.

Spadix from the side of a leaf, or from a stem similar to one of the long and erect,
linear, 2-edged or sword-shaped leaves: all springing from a sharp-
aromatic and creeping rootstock, {^Acorus) Sweet-Fl,vq.

L-

CU~0~ <J<.<^ LC/Vi'1

206 POPULAR FLORA.

92. CAT-TAIL FAMILY. Order TYniACEiE.
Mai-sh herbs, with Hnear, sword-shaped leaves (erect, except they float in water), and
monoecious naked flowers in dense spikes or heads, one sort consisting of some stamens
only, the other of pistils only. Fruit a one-seeded akene. No spathe, except some open
bracts or leaves.

Flowers in one long spike or spadix, the upper part bearing stamens only, the lower slen-
der pistils only closely packed together; ovary long-stalked and surrounded
by slender down, ( Typha) Cat-tail.

Flowers in separate heads, some bearing stamens only, others pistils only, each sur-
rounded by several scales, but no down, {Sparganiusa) Buk-Reed.

EI. Peti^loldcoiss Division.

93. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. Order ALISMACE.E.
Marsh or aquatic herbs, with a distinct calyx of 3 green or greenish sepals and a corolla
of 3 white petals, 6 to many stamens on the receptacle, and many one-ovuled pistils
collected into a ring or head, becoming akenes in fruit. Leaves mostly oblong-heart-shaped,
lance-shaped, or arrow-shaped, sometimes with cross veinlets, long-petioled. Flowers on
scapes. Two genera are common.

Flowers perfect with about 6 stamens, small, in an open panicle: pistils 15 to 20 in a ring:

leaves not arrow-shaped, (Alismn) Water-Plaxtain.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in a loose raceme or spike; the sterile ones with many
stamens; the fertile with many pistils in a head, making thin winged akenes.
Leaves or some of them generally arrow-shaped, (Saffittaria) Arkowheap.

94. TRILLIUM FAMILY. Order TRILLIACEiE.
Herbs with simple stems rising from a short rootstock, rather conspicuously netted-
veined leaves in a whorl, and perfect and regular flowers : — containing in this country
only the genus Trillium and the Indian Cucumber-root, which are here described.

Trillium.* Trillium.
Stem bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 broad leaves and one rather large flower. Calyx of
3 green spreading sepals. Corolla of 3 spreading petals. Stamens 6, with short filaments and long
erect anthers turned inwards, inserted on the receptacle. Pistil one, 3-celled, commonly with 3 to 6
lobes or ridge?, and making a purple many-seeded berry in fruit: styles or long sessile stigmas 3,
spreading. — They all grow in rich woods, and blossom in spring or early summer,

1. Sessile FLOWERED T. Flower and the ovate leaves both sessile; petals rather erect, dark dull

purple or greenish. W. & S. T. sessile.

2. Eecurved T. Leaves narrowed at the base into a footstalk; sepals turned down; petals nar-

rowed at both ends ; otherwise like No. 1. W. T. recurvalum.

* Also called Birtiiroot, Wake-Robix, and Three-leaved Nightshade.

POPULAR FLORA.

207

3. KoDDiXG T. Ivcaves nearly sessile, rhombic-ovate ; flower small, on a short peduncle curved

down under the leaves; petals oblong-ovate, pointed, recurved, wavy. E. & S. T. ca-nuum.

4. EitECT T. or BiUTiiROOT. Leaves sessile, round-rhombic

Avith a very abrupt point; flower on a nearly upright pe-
duncle; petals ovate, acutish, spreading, dull purple or some-
times greenish-white. Common N. T. erectiim.
6. Great-klowered T. Leaves and peduncle nearly as in
Ko. 4; petals obovate, erect at the base, then gradually
spreading much longer and broader than the sepals, white,
turning rose-color when old. N. and \V. T. (jrandijlbrum.

6. Painted T. Leaves petioled, pale green, ovate, taper-pointed ;
flower on an iipright peduncle; petals lance-ovate, point-
ed, Avideiy spreading, longer than the sepals, wavy, white,
adorned with delicate pink-purple stripes at the base. Cold
damp Avoods, (S:c. N. T. eriithrocarpiim.

' '^ ^ 505. Flowe. ol" Trillium, natural »i7.e.

fi-r ■
Indian Cucumlier-root. Medeola.

Stem 1° to 3° high, from a white tnberous horizontal rootstock, having the taste of a cucumber,

bearing near the middle a whorl of 5 to 9 obovate-lanceolatc pointed sessile leaves, and at the top

one of 3 ovate smaller leaves, and a few small greenish-yellow flowers in an umbel, on recurved stalks.

Sepals and petals each 3, oblong and alike, recurved. Stamens G: filaments longer than the anthers.

Stigmas 3, sessile, long and thread-shaped. Ovary one, making a round S-celled and few-seeded berry.

One species, in damp woods; flowering in summer. J/. Virginica.

95. SPIDSRWORT FAMILY. Order COMMELYNACEyE.
Tender herbs, with alternate parallel-veined leaves sheathing at the base, and
perfect flowers, having 3 green or greenish sepals and 3 petals on the I'cceptaclc.
Pistil one, with one long style and one stigma. Pod small, 3-eelled or sometimes
2-celled, few-seeded. Flowers opening in the morning for only one day, the
delicate (generally blue or purple) petals then melting away. There arc two
genera Avild ; and the Splderwort is cultivated in every flower-garden.

Flowers regular: the 3 petals and G stamens
all alike: filaments bearded with ioint-
cd colored hairs : leaves lance-linear,
sessile, all alike, ( Tradescdniln) Spiderwort-

Flowers irregular: two of the petals kidney-
shaped on long claws, and one smaller:
stamens unequal, only three of them
with good anthers : filaments naked :
lower leaves with sheathing footstalks,
the uppermost sessile and somewhat
heart-shaped, (^CovimeVijiia) I)AY-rLo\VEU.

Of"! Flott-er of Spilerwort.

6<;8. Pisiil, m.isiiJiiedi the^vary cut across.

208 ^ POPULAR FLOKA.

96. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY. Order PONTEDERIACEiE.

Is represented by three or four plants in this country, of which much the commonest
is the

Pickerel-iveed. PontecTcna.

Perianth blue, of G divisions, unequally united below into a tube ; the 3 Tipper divisions most
united and making a 3-lobed upper lip, the 3 lower spreading and separate some \vay down, making
a lower lip: after expanding, for one day only, the upper part coils up and Avithers awav, >vliilc tlie
base of the tube thickens and encloses the small one-seeded fruit. Stamens C; the 3 lower on slender
projectmg filaments; the 3 upper inserted lower down on the tube, with very short filaments and
generally imperfect anthers. Style 1 : stigma 3-Iobed. Stout herbs in shallow -water, with long-
petioled leaves and long peduncles or few-leaved stems (their leaves ■with sheathing footstalks, the
uppermost one merely a sheathing spathe or bract), bearing a spike of flowers.

1. Common Pickeuel-aveed. Stems 2° or 3° high; leaves thickish, lance-ovate or ovate-oblong, and
generally more or less heart-shaped at the base. Common everywhere; fl. all summer. P. curdala.

07. GREEI^EBIEB EAMILY. Order SMILACEiE.
Of this iamily, as here arranged, avc have only a single genus, viz. : —

Greenbrier. Smilax.

Known at once b}' being climbing plants (or disposed to climb) and having a tendril on each side
of the footstalk of the leaf; and bv the leaves being veinv between the ribs, almost as in Kxcoens,
alternate, sometimes evergreen, simple, and entire. Plov/ers dioecious, in axillary umbels. Perianth
generally of G equal and spreading greenish or yellowish separate pieces. Tlie sterile flowers have as
many stamens, with oblong or linear one-celled anthers fixed by their base to the filament, and turned
inwards. The fertile flowers have a round ovary, with 3 short spreading styles or stigmas. Fruit
a berry, with 2 or few large seeds. FI. summer,

* Stems woody and often prickly, yellowish-green : ovary and berry 2-ceIled and 2-seeded, black when

ripe, generally with a bluish bloom.

1. Common G. or Catdkieu. Leaves thickish, round-ovate or slightly heart-shaped, and with 5 to

9 ribs, green both sides ; branchlets often square; prickles short; peduncles of the umbel not longer
than the petiole. ^loist thickets. S. roiundifblia.

2. Glaucous G. Leaves ovate, glaucous beneath ; peduncles longer than the petiole : otherwise

nearly as Ko. 1. S. (/lauca.

3. BuiSTLY G. Leaves ovate and heart-shaped, large and thin, green both sides ; stem below covered

with long and weak blackish bristly prickles ; peduncles much longer than the petioles. Thickets,
N. and Vr. ^\ hiqnda.

4. Lauickl-leaved G. Not prickly; leaves lance-oblong or lance-linear, thick and evergreen, with'

3 to 5 ribs; i^eduncles of the umbel very short. Sandy soil, S. S. Invrifblia.

* * Stem lierbaceous, climbing, not prickly: ovary and blue-black beny 3-celled, G-seeded.

5. Caukiox-floweu G. Leaves thin, pale, mostly heart-shaped, v»'ith 7 to 9 ribs, sometimes rather

downy beneath, long-petioled; peduncles 3' to 8' long, longer than the leaves; flovrcrs of the odor
of carrion. }iIeadows and river-banks. , S. herbacea.

POPULAR FLORA. 20i)

93. COLCHICUM FAMILY. Order MELANTHACEyE.
Herbs, w\tl\ parallcl-veineJ leaves; the flowers generally perfect or polygamous; (ho
perianth of (J similar divisions colored alike; the G stamens with their anlhei-s turned out-
wards. Ovary one, 3-celled, bearing 3 styles, -which are generally separate, but some-
times united into one. ^lany are acrid or poisonous plants, none more so than the common
Verati-um or \Vhitc-Hellebore, which is often called Poke, a name which properly belong*
to Phytolacca, p. 191.

Flower and leaves rising from n, corm underground: perianth a long tube, bearing G sim-
ilar petal-like lobes, {Cdkhicum) *ColciiicuMv
Flowers wltlt a perianth ot" 6 separate leaves.

Periuntli persisting or withering witliout falling. Plants acrid-poisonous: flowers

polygamous, in panicles, terminating the simple leafv stem.
Divisions of the perianth on claws, bearing the stamens: leaves narrow: flowers

cream-colored, turning greenish-brown with age, {Mddniliium) Melaxtiiium.

Divisions of the perianth without claws, greenish. Leaves oval or oblong, partly

clasping, plaited, ( Vevairum) WiUTE-HEL.LEBOr:E.

Perianth falling off after flowering. Plants not poisonous: stems generally forking:
leaves sessile or clasping, ovate or lance-oblong: flowers perfect, generally
single, nodding: divisions of the perianth long and narrow.
St3-le3 united into one at tlie bottom. Perianth large, lily-like, yellowish: fruit

a few-seeded pod. Flower-stalk not twisted or jointed, ( Ucularia) Bellwort.
Styles united into one almost to the top. Divisions of the whitish or rose-colored
perianth recurved: fruit a many-seeded red berry. Flower-stalks
single in the axil of the leaves, and with a joint or abrnpt bend or
twist in the middle, (SlrejAopus) Twist-stalk.

Bellwort. UvnUiria.

1. Largk-floweked B. Leaves oblong, clasping-perfoliate, i. c. the stem appearing to run through

the lower part of the leaf; perianth pale greenish-yellow, li' long. Ricli woods, N. & W. (All
the species flower in the spring.) U. fjrandijldra.

2. Pekfoliatk B. Like the last, but the flower smaller and yellow, and the anthers more pointed.

Comsnon E. U. perfoliata.

3. Sessile-leaved B. Smaller than the rest; leaves sessile, not encompassing the stem; flower

cream-color. U. sessilifdlia.

99. LILY FAMILY. Order LILIACEiE.

A large family, with much variety in appearance. Leaves parallel-veined, and sessllo or
sheathing. Flowers perfect and regular ; the perianth of G divisions or lobes (or in on9
case with only 4), all colored alike, inserted on the receptacle free from the ovary.
Stamens as many as the parts of the perianth, with their anthers turned inwards. Pistil
one, with a 3-celled (rarely 2-celled) ovary and a single style ; but with as many stigmas,
or lobes to the stigma, as there are cells in the ovary. Fruit a pod or a berry.

210 POPULAR FLORA.

Fruit a few-seeded beny : flowers small. Herbs from rootstocks : no bulbs.

Stems much branched: leaves fine and thread-shaped, in clusters, {Asparagus) ^Aspakagus.
Stems simple above ground and leafy. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong.

Flowers axilkuy, nodding, greenish; perianth tubular, G-lobcd: stamens above
the middle, on very short filaments. Rootstock thick, marked with
broad round scars on the upper side (Fig. 63), {Pubjijonatum) Solomon's-Seal.
Flowers in a terminal raceme, white: perianth G-parted, in one case 4-parted,
the divisions narrow and widely spreading, the stamens on its base:
filaments slender, { Smilac'inn) Smilacina.

Stems or scape simple and leafless above ground; the broad leaves all from its base
or from the slender rootstock.
Flowei's small, in a slender raceme, white; perianth bell-shaped, 6-lobed (Fig. 3):

leaves very smooth, ( Convallaria) *LiLY-OF-TriE- Valley.

Flowers rather large, in an umbel, greenish-yellow or whitish: perianth C-leaved:

leaves of the plant ciliatc, ( Clintunia) Clintonia.

Fruit a 3-celled pod, splitting into 3 valves when ripe.

Perianth wdieel-shaped, or sometimes erect or bell-shaped, G-leaved: flowers on a
scape or nearly naked stem, rising from a coated bulb: seeds round
and black, few.
Flowers in a corymb, white: style 3-sided, ( Oi^ithogalum) *Star-of-Bethletiem.

Flowers in a raceme, blue or purple: style thread-like, {Scilla) Squilu

Flowers in an vnnbel from a scaly bract or involucre, {^iUium) 0^'iox.

Perianth funnel-shaped, bell-shaped, or glob3-shaped, more or less united into a tube
or cup, bearing the G stamens, except in some Day-Lilies.
Scape and leaves from a coated bulb: flowers in a raceme. Leaves narrow.

Perianth globular, blue, small, {Jluscuri) *Grape-Hyacinth.

Perianth short, funnel-shaped or bell-shaped, 6-cleft, {Uyacinthus) ' ^Hyacikth.

Scape or stem leafy towards the bottom, from fibrous roots (no bulb), bearing a
few large flowers in a cluster at the top: stamens curved to one side.
Flower opening for only one day, {IlemerocdUts) *Day-Lily.

Perianth bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, Szc, but of G separate petal-like divisions:
seeds many, mostly flat, pale.
Simple-stemmed herbs from a scaly or coated bulb: stamens on the receptacle
or attached to the very base of the deciduous perianth.
Anthers fixed by their middle and swinging free: stems leafy to the top.

No honey-bearing spots, or merely a groove at the bottom of each divis-
ion of the perianth. Bulb scaly, {Lillum) Lilt.
A round and large honey-bearing spot near the bottom of each division

of the perianth, (PctiUum) *Crowm-Imperial,.

Anthers erect on the filament, appearing to be fixed by their base: stem or
scape leafy only at or towards the bottom.
Style none or hardly any: stigmas 3 on the long 3-sided ovary, ( TiiUpn) *Tulip.
Style long: ovary roundish: 'leaves 2, spotted, {ErTjthrbnium) Dogtooth-Violet.
Stems woody, palm-like, or not rising above the ground, from roots or rootstocks
(no bulbs): leaves evergreen, sword-shaped. Flowers white, tulip-
sh;xped, in a large, terminal, compound panicle, ( Yucca) Yucca.

POPULAR FLORA. 211

SmiJaciiia (or False Solomo>''s-Seal). Smilacina.

1. r^ACEMED S. Minutely downy, 2° or 3° high, m:iny-leaved ; leaves lance-oblong, tapering tibrnptly

at both ends, ciliate; flowers many, in compound racemes. !Moist grounds. S. ractmoscu

2. STAR-FLOAVEr.ED S. Nearly smooth, 1° or 2° high; leaves many, lance-oblong, slightly clasping,

pale beneath; raceme simple and few-flowered. Moist thickets, (S:c., N. S. stelliUa.

3. TiiitEE-LEAVED S. Smooth, 3' to G' high; leaves commonly 3, oblong, tapering into a sheathing

base; flowers several, in a slender simple raceme. Bogs, N. S. trifdlia.

4. Two-EEAVED S. ' Nearly smooth, 3' to 5' high, with commonly 2 heart-shaped leaves, the lower one

generally petioled; flowers in a simple short raceme; perianth 4-parted, reflexed; stamens 4.
iloist "woods, in spring. S. hlfblia.

Onion (Garlic and Leek). Allium.
^ 1. Onion proper, -with hollow, stem-shaped leaves, and an open, Avidely spreading, star-shaped blossom.

1. Gakdex Onion. Scape naked, much longer than the leaves, hollow, sv/ollen in the middle;

flowers whitish; luribel often bearing small bulbs (top-onions); the large bulb turnip-shaped.
Commonly cultivated. A. Cepa.

2. Chives 0. Scape naked, about as long as the slender leaves; all growing in tufts, from small

bulbs; flowers purplish, crowded. Cultivated. A. SthoznojJrasum.

§ 2. Garlics and Leeks. Leaves flat or keeled and not hollow, except in No. 3.

3. Field Garlic. Leaves thread-shaped, slender, round, but channelled on the upper side, hollow;

bulbs small ; umbel bearing flowers with a green-purple erectish perianth, or else only bulblets.
Naturalized in low pastures and gardens. A. viiuale.

4. True or English Garlic. Bulbs clustered and compound ; leaves lance-linear, nearly flat;

umbel bearing pale purple flowers with an erectish perianth, or else bulblets. Cultivated in gar-
dens; not common. A. safivum.

6. Gardkn Leek. Bulb single ; leaves linear-oblong, acute, somewhat folded or keeled : flowers
crowded ill the umbel; perianth erectish, violet-purple. Rarely cultivated. A. Porrum.

6. "Wild Leek. Bulbs clustered, narrow, oblong, and pointed; leaves lance-oblong, blunt, flat, dying
ofl" by midsummer, when the naked scape appears with its loose umbel of white flowers; pod
3-lobed. Rich woods, N. and W. _^. tricoccum.

Day-Lily. IltmerocdUls.

* Flowering stems tall, leafy towards the bottom, somewhat branched above: leaves long and linear,
keeled, 2-ranked: stamens on the top of the narrow tube of the perianth: seeds black and wingless.

1. Common Day-Lily. Flower dull orange-yellow; inner divisions wavy, blunt. Gardens. II. fulva.

2. Yellow D. Flower light yellow; inner divisions of the perianth acute. Gardens. II. flava.

* * Flowering stems naked, simple: leaves broad and flat, ovate or oblong, and often heart-shaped,

Avith veins springing from the midrib, long-stalked ; stamens on the receptacle: seeds flat and
winged (Funkia).

3. White I). Flower white, funnel-shaped; leaves more or less heart-shaped. Gardens. II. Jnponicn,

4. Blue D. Flower blue or bluish, the upper part more bell-shaped than in No. 3; leaver scarcely

heart-shaped. Gardens. //, cceriilea.

212

POPULAR FLORA.

liily. Lillum.
* Foreign species, everywhere cultivated.

1. WniTK Lily. Leaves lauce-shuped, scattered along the stem; flowers erect; perianth bell-shaped,

white, smootli inside. L. album.

2. BuLii-BEAiiiNG L. Leaves lance-shaped, scattered along the tall stem, producing bulblets in their

axils; flowers several, erect; perianth open-bell-shaped, orange-yellow, rough inside. L.hulbiJ'erum.

* * Wild species: flowers orange-colored, reddish, or yellow.

y 8. Wild Ohaxge L. Stem 1° to 3° high, bearing scattered (or sometimes whorled) lance-linear leaves

and 1 to 3 erect reddish-orange open-bell-shaped flowers, the G lance-shaped divisions narrowed at

the base into claw^s, purplish-spotted inside. Common in light or sandy soil. L. Pldladclphlciim.

4. Wild Ykllow L. Stem 2° to 4° high, bearing distant -whorls of lance-shaped leaves and a few
nodding flowers on slender peduncles; perianth yellow or orange, with brovv-n spots inside, bell-
shaped with the divisions spreading or recurved to the middle. Moist meadows, and along streams.
(Fi"". 1.) So.'^'^c^^ -'-•'• />• Canadcnse.

6. SuPKKc or TuRK's-CAr L. Stem 4° to 7° high, only the lower leaves in whorls; flowers many,
bright orange or reddish, with strong brown-purple spots inside, more recurved and larger than the
last, but very much like it. Rich low grounds. L. suj}crbiim.

Dogtooth Violet. Erythrbnium.

1. Yellow D. or Adder's-tokgue. Leaves oblong-lance-shaped, pale-dotted, much blotched;
flower pale yellow ; style club-

shaped, stout: stigmas united,
^loist grounds : fl. in early
spring. E. Auicrlcunum.

2. White D. Flower white or
bluish; the style less thick,
than in No. 1. Rather com-
mon W. E. dlbidum.

8. EuitoPEAN D. Leaves ovato
or oblong, scarcely spotted;
flowers purple or i-ose-color;
style thread-shaped and not
thickened upwards; stigmas
separate. Cultivated ; not
common. E. Dm$-canis.

509. Vellnw Dogtooth-Violet.
BIO. Tiie Lu'.b.

611. Psriiinlli laid open, and stamens.
61^ The l-Hilil, enlarjfel.
5ia. Lower liilf of .1 poj, cut across unJ
magnified.

610

POPULAR FLORA. 213

100. ATtlABTLLIS FAMILY. Ortlcr AMARYLLIDACEyE.

Like the Lily Family, but with the (regular or slightly irregular) G-cleft perianth cohe-
rent below with the surface of the ovary, and therelbre in appearance iuserted on its
Bummlt. Stamens G. Fruit a o-celled pod. Herbs generally with naked stems or scapes,
and long linear leaves, from a coated bulb, commonly with showy flowers. Herbage and
bulbs acrid and poisonous.

Flower with a, cup or crown nt the throat of the salver-shaped or funnel-shaped perianth.
Stamens lonjr, from the edge of the cup-shaped crown: anthers linear, swinging free:
divisions of the perianth long and narrow, recurved. Flowers v.hitc,
showy; tlie cluster leafy-bracted, {Pancratium) *Paxckatium.

Stamens included in the cup, unequal: filaments very short. Flowers from a scale-
like spathe, (Narcissus) =5<"XAncissr3.
Flower without any cup or crown on the perianth.

Anthers fixed by the middle and swinging free, linear or oblong: fiiaments generally

curved. Flowers large and showy, generally red or pink, {Amaryllis) ^A^iauyllis.
Anthers erect on the filament.

Flowers in a spike, funnel-shaped, white, very fragrant, {PoUdnihes) -/^Tueekose.

Flowers in an umbel, or single: perianth C-parted down to the ovary.

Flower single, from a 1-leaved spathe, white, nodding: tln-ee inner divisions
of the pei-ianth shorter than the three outer, and notched at the end :
anthers long-pointed, {Galunthus) *Sx-owDRor.

Flowers one or more from a 1-leaved spathe, white, nodding; the G divisions

of the perianth ahke, ofteii green-tipped: anthers blunt, (Z,e?««/Mm) ^Snowflake.
Flowers few, with 2 small bracts at the base of the pediceis; the star-shaped
perianth yellow, closing and remaining on the pod. Leaves grass-
like, hairy. Plant small, {Ilijpdxijs) Stak-Ghass.

Narcissus. Narcissus.

* Tube of the flower slender; the cup or crown much shorter than the G spreading divisions; anthers

borne on the inside of the cup, or 3 of them a little protruding, on short filaments.

1. Poet's N. Scape flattish, tall, mostly one-flowered; flower Avhite, the very sliort and flat crown

yellow, generally margined with crimson or pink; sweet-scented; leaves bluntly keeled, rather
glaucous. Gardens. N. pociicus.

2. Jonquil N. Flowers 1 to 4, on a round and slender scape, yellow, very fragrant, the cup saucer-

shaped; leaves terete, channelled down one side. Gardens. N. JonquiUi.

8. Polyanthus N. Flowers several, on a flattish scape, white, with a bell-shaped cup, not fragrant;

leaves fiat, glaucous. Gardens. N. Tazetta.

* * Tube of the flower short, funnel-shaped; the cup or crown very large, bell-shaped, with a w:ivy-

crisped or toothed margin, equalling or longer than the C divisions of the perianth, and bearing
the stamens on its base.

4. DAFFoniL. N. Flower one, large, sulphur-yellow, with a deeper 3'ellow cup, on a flattened scape
1° high; leaves flattish. In all gardens; most common with flowers double, so tliat tlieir structure
is obscured. N. Pseudo-Narcissus.

214

POPULAR FLORA.

101. IRIS FAMILY. Order IRIDACEiE.
Herbs witli perennial roots, commonly with rootstocks, bulb?, or corms, and witli eqiiltcvnt
leaves (151, Fig. 64); the flowers perfect, regular or irregular; tube of the corolla-like

perianth below coherent
with the surface of the
ovary, and so appearing
to grow from its summit ;
stamens only 3, one before
each of the outer divis-
ions of the perianth ; their
anthers turned outwards,
i. e. lookinsc towards the
perianth and opening on
that side. Ovary 3-celled,
making a many-seeded
pod : style one : stigmas
3, often flat or petal-like.
Herbage, rootstocks, &c.
generally acrid or sharp-
tasted. Flowers generally
showy, and from a spathe
of one or more leat-like
bracts, or from the axils of
the uppermost leaves, each
one generally opening but

514. Plant rf Cresled Dwarf Iris. 515. Top of the style nnd tlie 3 petaMlke etismas, also
2 of the slaiiieiis. 5lj. Mauiiifk-il iiisiil and lower )i.irl of the lulie of the iitriuui li, divideil OUCC.
Iciiglliwise : (lie fohige cm luvay. 517 Lower |.iut of a pod, divided Cicsswise. 61S. tited.
S19. Mugiiified seciiou of llie fame, iliowiii^ ilie eiiibiyo.

Filaments monadelphous in a tube which encloses the style as in a sheath: stfgmas
thread-shaped: perianth 6-parted nearly to the ovary, widely spread-
ing, opening in sunshine and for only one day.

Flowers small, blue or purple, with G equal obovate divisions: stigmas simple: stems
or scapes fiat or 2-winged, from fibi'ous roots; leaves narrow and
grass-like, {Sisijrinchium) Bluk-eyed-Grass.

Flowers very large, orange and spotted with crimson and purple; the 3 inner divisions
much smaller and narrowed in the middle: stigmas each 2-cleft:
scape terete, from a coated bulb; leaves plaited, ( Tif/ridia) *Tiger-flower.

Filaments separate: stigmas flattened, or petal-like.

Perianth 6-parted down to the ovary, regular and wheel-shaped, the divisions obovate-
oblong, all alike, yellow, Avith darker spots: seeds remaining after the
valves of the pod fall, berry-like and black, the whole looking like a
blackberry (whence the common name). Stems leafy below, from a
rootstock: leaves sword-shaped, {ParduntJnis) *Blackbeury-Lily.

POPULAR FLOPvA, 215

Perianth irregularly G-cleft ; 3 of the lobes arched and making an upper lip, the 3
lower more spreading, yellow, orange, or reddish. Stem rising from a
corm, and bearing many flowers in a one-sided spike, {Gladiolus) *Corn-Flao.

Periantli 6-cleft; the divisions of two kinds, the 3 outer recurved or spreading, the 3
inner alternate with the others, smaller, erect, and differently shaped:
stigmas 3, petal-like, one before each erect stamen. Generally with
thick creeping rootstocks, (Iris) Ir.is.

Perianth ■with a slender tube, rising (with the linear flat leaves) from a conn or solid
bulb (Fig. 76); the summit divided into 6 roundish, equal, erect, or
barely spreading divisions: stigmas 3, thick and wedge-shaped, some-
Avhat fringe-toothed. Fl. in early spring, ( Crocus) *Crocus.

Iris or Flower°de»Luce. Iris.
* Common cultivated species in gardens : outer divisions of the perianth with a bearded crest.

1. CojiMON Iius. Flowers several on a stem, 1^ to 3^ high, and much longer than the sword-shaped

leaves, light blue or purple. /. sambucina.

2. Dwarf Garden Ikis. Flowers close to the ground, hardly exceeding the sword-shaped leaves,

violet-purple, the divisions obovate, the 3 outer recurved. FI. in early spring. Lpumila.

* * Wild species.

8. Crested Dwarf Iris. Low and almost stemless, from rootstocks spreading on the ground; leaves
short; flower pale blue, the tube thread-shaped (2' long) and longer than thespatulate divisions, the
three outer divisions with a beardless crest. Fl. spring. S. and \V., and in some gardens. /. cristata.

4. Larger L or Blue-Flag. Stem stout, 1° to 3° high, bearing several crestless and beardless purple-
blue and variegated flowers, their inner divisions much smaller than the outer; leaves sword-
shaped, i' -wide. Wet places; flowering in late spring. /. versicolor.

6. Slender I. or Blue-Flag. Stem slender; leaves narrowly linear (i' wide), and flower smaller
than in No. 4: otherwise much like it. Wet places, E. /. Virginica.

102. OHCHIS FAMILY. Order ORCHIDACEiE.

Plants with irregular and often singular-shaped flowers, the perianth standing as it were
on the ovary, as in the two preceding orders ; but remarkable for having the stamens, only
one or two, united with the style or stigma. This may best be seen in the Lady's Slipper,
of which we have three or four common species : the slipper is one of the petals, in the form
of a sac. The flowers of various sorts of Orchis are striking and peculiar ; but the family
is too difficult for the young beginner, and therefore the kinds are not described here.
Fig. 69 represents two air-plants of this family, belonging to tropical countries.

Iff. Ga^smaceoias Division.

103. RUSH FAMILY. Order JUNCACE^.

The true Rushes are known by having flowers with a regular perianth, which, although

glumaceous, i. e. like the chaffy scales or husks of Grasses, is of G regular parts, like a calyx,

enclosing 6 (or sometimes 3) stamens, and a triangular ovary. This bears a style tipped

with 3 stigmas, and in fruit becomes a 3-seeded or many-seeded pocj. There arc two

21 G POPULAR FLORA.

common genera, each with several species: the parts are too small and difficult for the
young student.

Pod 1-celled and 3-seeded. Leaves flat and haiiy, {Liiziila) "Wood-Rush.

Pod 3-celled, many-seeded. Leaves generally thread-shaped, or none at all, (Juncus) RusiL

104. SEDGB FAMILY. Order CYPERACEiE.

A large family of Rush-like or Grass-like phmts, including the Sedges, CLUBRUSnEe,
Bulrushes, and the like, which have no perianth, but the flowers, collected in heads or
spikes, are each in the axil of a single glume in the form of a chaff or scale. These plants
are much too difficult for the young beginner.

105. GRASS FAMILY. Order GRAI\IIXEiE.
The true Grasses make a large and most important family of plants, with straw stems
(called culms, 91) ; leaves with open sheaths; and flowers with 2-ranked glumes or chaffy
scales, a pair to each flower, and another pair to each spikelet. It includes not only the
very numerous kinds of true Grasses, but also of Corn, i. e. the Cereal grains, of which
Wheat, Barley, Rye, Oats, Rice, and ISIaize or Indian-Corn are the principal;
also Sugaii-Caxe, Broom-Corn or Guinea-Corn, and Millet.

SERIES II.

FLOWERLESS OR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Plants destitute of flowers, and propagated by spores instead of seeds. See
Part I., Paragiv 1G5, 308, 312-314.

CLASS III.— ACROGENS.

This class includes the Ferns, the Horsetails, and the Club-Mosses.

CLASS IV. — ANOPHYTES.
This class includes the Mosses and the Liverworts.

CLASS Y. — THALLOPHYTES.
Includes the Lichens, the Alg^ or Seaweeds, and the Fungi or Mushrooms.

INDEX TO PART I.

AND

DICTIONARY OF THE BOTANICAL TERMS

USED IN THIS BOOK.

*** Tho numbers refer to the page where the term is explained or illustrated.

Abortive : imperfectly formed.

Abortive Flowers, 69.

Abruptly pinnate, 52.

Absorbini^, 85.

Accessory Fruits, 81.

Achlamvdcoui Flower: without calyx or co-
rolla, G3.

Acorn, 79.

Acro;:;cns, 9S.

Ac-ule;tte: bearinc^ prickles.

Acuminate : taper-pointed, 48.

Acute: endins: in a point, 48.

Adherent : narurally united to.

Adnate : naturally grown fast to.

Aerial IJoots and Rootlets, 34, 35.

Aggregated Fruits, 81.

Air^Phmts, 35.

Akene : a seed-like frait, 78.

Albumen, of the seed, 14, 83.

Albuminous : liaving albuinen.

Alternate (leaves or branches), 25, 54.
" in the parts of tlic flower, 70.

Ament: a catkin. Gl.

Angiospcrmous, 76. 97.

Animal Kingdom, 2.

Annual : living only one year or season.

Annuals, 27.

Anther, 7, 64.

Antherlf.jrous : bearing an anther.

Apetalous : without petals, 67.

Ap])le-Fruit, 77.

Appressed : close pressed together, or pressed
against another body.

Aquatic : growing in water.

Arboreous or Arborescent : tree-like or relating

to a tree. 37.
Aril : an additional covering of a seed, 83.
Aristate : same as awned. 49.
AiTow-shapc'd, or Ari-ow-headed, 48.
Artificial System of Classification, 96.
Ascending: rising gradually upwards, 37.
Assimilation, 87.
Auricled or Auriculate: bearing cars (auricles),

or small appendages, 48.
Awl-shaped : very narrow and pointed, 53.
Awned, Awn-pointed, 49.
Axil : the angle l)Ctweeii a leaf and the stem on

the upper side. 24.
Axillary : situated in an axil.
Axillary Buds, 24.

Flowers, 59.
Axis : the trunk or stem, or a line through tho

centre of any organ, 6.

Baccate: bcn'v-likc (from Bacca, a berry).

Bark, 42. '

Base: that end of any body by which it is at-
tached to its support.

Beak : a long and narrow tip to a fruit, &c.

Bearded : beset or fringed with strong hairs or
beard.

Bell-shaped, 72.

Berry : a pulpy simple fruit, 77.

Biennial : living only two years.

Biennials, 27,

Bifid : two-cleft or split.

Bilabiate: same as two-lipped, 72, 178.

Bipinnate : same as twice pinnate, 52.

218

INDEX AND DICTIONARY

Bipinnatifid : twice pinnatifid.

BiteiTiatc : twice divided into thrces.

Bladdery : thin and intlated.

Blade of u leaf, 43 ; of a petal, G-i.

Border of a corolla, &c., 72.

Bracts and Bractlets, 59.

Branches, 24.

Breathing-pores of leaves, 2G4, 265.

Bristles : stiif and strong liairs.

Bristly : hcsct with bristles.

Budding, 5G.

Buds, 24, .38.

Bulblets, 41, 57.

Bulbous : like a bulb in shape.

Bulbs, 31, 40, 57.

Caducous : dropping off very early, as the calyx

of Poppies and Bloodroot.
Calyx, 7, 63.

Campanulate : bell-shaped, 72.
Capillary : slender and as fine as hair.
Capitate : headed ; bearing a round, head-like

to]) ; or collected in a head, as the flowers

of Button-bush, Gl.
Capsule : a pod, 80.

Cartilagineous or Cartilaginous : like cartilage.
Caryopsis : a grain or seed-like fruit, 79.
Catkin : a scale-like spike, as of Birch, &c., 61.
Caulescent : having a stem which rises out of the

ground.
Cells, in vegetable anatomy, 89.
Cells of the ov^arv or fruit, 8, 74.
Cellular Tissue, 41.
Cereal : relating to corn or corn-plants, held by

the ancients to be the gift of Ceres.
Chaff: thin bracts, in the form of scales or

husks.
Ciliate : frinired with hairs along the martrin,

like tlie eyelashes fringing the eyelids.
Circulation in plants, 86, 88.
Class, 94.
Classification, 93.
Claw, of a petal, &c., 64.
Cleft : cut about half-way down, 49, 50.
Climbing, 37.

Club-shaped : tliickened gradually upwai'ds.
Clustered : collected in a bunch.
Clustered Roots, 36.
Coated Bulbs, 40.
Coherent, calyx or ovary, 75.
Column : the united filaments of monadelphous '

stamens, as of the Mallow (Fig. 317), or|

the stamens and style united, as in the Or-
chis Family.
Complete Flower, 67.
Compound Corymb, Cyme, &c., 63.
Leaves, 44, 51.
Ovary, 73.
Pistil", 73.
Compressed : flattened on two sides.
Cone, as of the Pine, 82.
Confluent : when two parts or bodies arc blended

together.
Conical lioot, 36.
Connate : orown together from the first. \

Connective, of the anther, 66.

Convolute, leaf, &c. : rolled up.

Convolute, in the flower-bud, 183, 187.

Cordate : heart-shajicd, 48.

Coriaceous : of a leathery texture.

Conn, or Solid Bulb, 40", 57.

Corolla, 7, 63.

Corymb, 60.

Corymbose, or Corymbcd : in corymbs, or like

a corymb.
Cotyledons : seed-leaves, 9, 84.
Creeping, 57.

Crenate : the margin scalloped, 49.
Cruciform : cross-shaped, as the corolla of the

Cruciferous Family, 124.
Crude Sap, 86.

Crustaceous : of a hard and brittle texture.
Cryptogamous, Cryptogamous Plants, 58, 97.
Culm : a straw-stem, 37.
Cuneate : wedge-shaped, 47.
Cupule ; the acorn-cup, and the like, 79.
Cuspidate : tipped witli a sharp rigid point, 49.
Cut : said of leaves, &c., which aj)pear as if cut

or slit from the margin inwards, 49, 50.
Cuttings, 56.
Cyme,"^62.
Cymose : in cymes, or like a cyme.

Deciduous : fiilling off, as petals generally do
after blossoming, or leaves in autunm.

Declined : turned to one side, or to the lower
side, 37.

Decompound : several times compound, 52.

Decumbent : reclined on the ground, 37.

Decurrent : said of leases continued downwards
on the stem, like a wing, as in Thistles.

Definite : uniform and rather few in number.

Dehiscence : the regular opening of pods.

Dehiscent Fruits, 79.

OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

219

Dentate : toothed ; the teeth pointing outwards

but not forwards, 49.
Denticulate : toothed with minute teeth.
Depressed : flattened from above.
Diadelphous Stamens : united by their filaments

in two sets, 73.
Dicotyle'donous, Dicotyledonous Plants, 22, 97.
DitFu.^e : loosely and widely spreading.
Digestion in plants, 87.
Digitate, 51.
Dioecious Elowers, 68.
Dissected : cut into fine divisions.
Distinct : of separate pieces, unconnected with

each other, 71, 73.
Divided ; cut through or nearly so, 50.
Divisions, 49.

Double Flowers (so called), 69.
Downy : clothed with soft and short hairs.
Drupe : a stone-fruit, 78.
Drupaceous : like a drupe.
Dry Fruits, 77, 78.

Eared : bearing ear-like projections, or auricles,
at the base, on one or both sides, 48.

Elaborated Sap, 87.

Elliptical : regularly oval or oblong.

Emarginate : notched at tiie end, 49.

Embryo : the germ of a seed, 6, 9, 83.

Endogenous Stem, Endogenous Plants, 41, 97.

Ensiform : sword-shaped, as the leaves of Iris
(Fig. 64).

Entire : the margin even, not toothed or cut, 49.

Epidermis : the skin of a plant, 44.

Epiphytes : air-plants, 35.

Equitant (riding astride), 53.

Erect, 37.

Essential Organs of the Flower, 7.

Evergreen : holding the leaves green over winter.

Exogenous Stem, Exogenous Plants, 41 -43, 97.

Exserted : protruded, or projecting, as the sta-
mens in Fig. 45

Family, 94.

Farinaceous : mealy or like meal.

Fascicle : a bundle or close cluster, 63.

Fascicled Roots, 36.

Feather-veined, 46.

Fertile Flower, 68.

Fibrous Roots, 27, 36.

Fiddle-shaped : obovate but conti'acted on each

side near the middle.
Filament (of a stamen), 7, 64.

15

Filiform : thread-sliapcd.

Fleshy Fruits, 77. — Plants, 31. — Roots, 35.

Floral : relating to the flower.

Floral Envelopes, 7.

Flower, 5, 7, 58.

Flower-bud : an unopened flower.

Flower-clusters, 59.

Flowering Plants, 58, 97.

Flowerless Plants, 58, 97.

Flower-stalks, 38, 60.

Follicle : a simple pod opening down one sido

(Fig. 210), 80.
Footstalk of a leaf, 43.
Free : not united with any other part, as when

the calyx is not united with the ovary, nor

the petals with the calyx, <Sbc., 75.
Fringed : the margin beset with bristles, (Sbc., or

finely cut into slender appendages.
Fruit, 5, 9, 77.

Fujjacious : falling: or Avithcrinir very earlv.
Funnel-shaped, or Funnel-form, 72.

Generic name : the name of the genus.

Genus : plural Genera, 94.

Germ, 6, 9.

Germinate: to grow from the seed, 11.

Germination, 11.

Gibbous : projecting or bulging on one side.

Glands: a name given to very dilferent things;
to little fleshy bodies in some flowers (p. 128) ;
to places in the leaves of the St. John's-
wort, the Orange, &c., appearing like dots,
which contain a volatile oil ; and to the lar-
ger oil-cells in the rind of the Orange and
Lemon. Also hairs or any projections on
the surface of leaves or stalks which contain
or exude any aromatic, glutinous, or watery
matter, are called glands ; as on the leaves
and footstalks of the Sweet-Brier and of the
Flowering Raspberry, p. 149.

Glandular: bearing glands, or gland-like.

Glandular hairs : hairs tipped with a j^land or
head.

Glaucous : whitish or whitened with a bloom, or
fine powdery matter that rubs oft', as that on
a Cabbage-leaf.

Globose : shaped like a ball or sphere.

Globular : nearly globose.

Glomerate : collected into close or a head-like
cluster.

Glumaceous : glume-like ; resemWing or bearing
glumes.

220

INDEX AND DICTIONARY

Glumes : the chaffy bracts oi- scales which make '

the coverings of the flowers of Grasses, I

Sedges, &c.
Gourd-Fruit, 77.
Grafting, 56.
Grain, 78, 79.

Granular : composed of small particles or grains.
Growth, 89.
Gymnospermous (naked-seeded), Gymnosper-

mous Plants, 76, 97.
Gynandrous : stamens borne on the pistil or

style, as in the Orchis Family.

Hairy : bearing or covered with hairs, especially

rather long ones.
Halberd-shaped, 48.
Hastate : same as halberd-shaped, 48.
Head, 61.
Heart-shaped, 48.
Heart-wood, 43.

Helmet : a name giA'en to the upper sepal of Ac-
onite (Fig. 254), &c.
Herbaceous, 37.
Herbarium : the botanist's collection of dried

plants.
Herbs, 26.
Hilum : the scar of the seed, or point by which

it is attached, 83.
Hirsute : hairy with stiff or beard-like hairs.
Hispid : bearing still stiffer and stouter hairs or

bristles.
Hoary : grayish-white, or covered with a fine

and close whitish down.
Hooded : sliaped like a hood or cowl ; concave

or arched.
Horny : having about the texture of horn.
Hybrid : a cross between two species.

Imbricate or Imbricated : the parts overlapping ;

some of them outside and others inside in

the bud.
Imperfect FloAvers, 68.

Incised : irregularly and rather deeply cut, 49.
Included : enclosed ; not sticking out.
Incomplete Flowers, 67.
Incurved : curving inwards.
Indefinite : too numerous to be readily counted,

and not uniform in number.
Indehiscent: not splitting open, 78.
Indigenous : native to the country.
Inferior : growing beneath some other organ ; as

the calyx beneath the ovary, 75.

Inflated : bladder-like, as if blown up.

Inflexed : bent inwards.

Inflorescence, 58.

Inoculating, 56.

Inserted : borne on, or attached to, 71, 75.

Insertion : the place or the mode of the attach-
ment of anv organ to that which bears it.

Interruptedly pinnate, 52.

Inversely heart-shaped, 49.
" lance-shaped, 47.
" ovate, 47.

Involucel, 62.

Involucre, 62.

Involute : Avith the end or edges rolled inwards.

Irregular Flowers, or Corolla, &c., 71, 72.

Jagged, 49.

Jointed : separating by a joint, or dividing across
into two or more pieces.

Keel : a projecting ridge on the under sui'face of
a leaf, as of Day-Lily, &c. The two lower
petals of a papilionaceous corolla united are
also termed the Keel, or Keel Petals, 141.

Keeled : furnished with a keel or projecting
ridge on the lower side.

Kernel of a seed, 83.

Key, or Key-Fruit, 78, 79.

Kidney-shaped, 48.

Labiate : two-lipped, 72.

Laeiniate : slaslied ; cut into narrow and iiTCgu-

lar lobes.
Lance-linear, 47.
Lance-oblong, 47.
Lanceolate or Lance-shaped, 46.
Lateral : belonging to, or borne on, the side.
Leaflets : the pieces of a compound leaf, 51.
Leaf-buds : buds which develop lea\'es.
Leaf-scars, 26.
Leaves, 6, 43.
Legume : a pea-pod, 80.
Limb of a corolla, tS:.c., 72.
Lips, 72.

Linear, 46. Linenr-lanceolate, 47.
Lobed : having lobes, 49, 50.
Lobes : any strong divisions of a leaf, &c., 49.
Lower side of a flower : that which looks away

from the stem, and towards the bract.
Lyre-shaped, a pinnatifid leaf with the end lobe

largest and rounded, as in Radish (Fig. 57),

28.

OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

221

Membranaceous : of the texture of membrane or

thin skin.
Midrib : the middle rib of a leaf, 44.
Mineral Kingdom, 2.
Monadelphous, 73.
Monocotvle'donous, IMonocotyledonous Plants,

21, 22, 97.
Monoecious Flowers, 68,
Monopetalous : the corolla of one piece, 72.
Monoscpalous : the calyx of one piece, 72.
Morphology, 34,
Mucronate, 49.
Mulberry, 82.
Multiple" Fruits, 82.

Naked Flowers, 68.

Kaked-seeded, 76.

Names of Plants, 94.

Napiform : turnip-shaped (Fig. 70), 36.

Natural History, 2.

Natural System, 96.

Naturalized : introduced from a foreign country,

but run wild.
Nectariferous : honey-bearing.
Needle-shaped, 53.
Nerves, Nerved, 44, 45.
Netted-veined, 45.
Neutral Flowers, 69,
Notched, 49,
Nut, 78, 79.
Nutlet : a little nut or stone.

Obcordate : inversely heart-shaped, 49.

Oblanceolate, 47.

Oblique (leaves, &c.) : unequal-sided.

Oblong, 46.

Oblong-lanceolate, 47.

Obovate : ovate inverted, 47.

Obtuse : blunt, 48.

Odd-pinnate, 52.

Offset, 39, 57.

Open Pistils, 76.

Opposite (leaves or branches), 25, 54.

Orbicular : circular in outline, 94.

Order, 94.

Organs, 5; of Reproduction, 5, 58.

" of Vegetation, 5.
Oval, 47.
Ovary, 8, 65.
Ovate, 47.

Ovate-lanceolate, 47.
Ovules : rudimentary seeds, 8, 65,

Palmate, 51.

Palmately cleft, lobed, &.C., 50, 51,

" veined, 46,

Panicle, 62.

Papilionaceous Flower or Corolla, 141.
Pappus : thistle-down, and the like ; the limb of

the calyx in the Sunflower Family, 165.
Parallel-veined, 45.
Parietal Placenta, 74.
Parted : cleft almost through, 50.
Parasitic Plants, 35.
Pedate : like a bird's foot ; palmately divided,

with the side divisions two-parted.
Pedicel : the footstalk of each separate flower of

a cluster, 60.
Pedicelled : raised on a pedicel.
Peduncle : a flower-stalk. /

Peduncled : having a peduncle.
Peltate: shield-shaped, 48.
Pepo : a gourd-fruit, 77.
Perennial : living year after year.
Perennials, 29.
Perfect Flower, 67.
Perfoliate : where the stem apparently pa.sses

throuL''h the leaf, as in Beliwort, No. 1 and

2, p. 211.
Perianth : the blossom-leaves, 64.
Pericarp : seed-vessel, 77.

Persistent : not falling off; remaining after flow-
ering.
Petal : a leaf of the corolla, 9, 64.
Petiole : the footstalk of a leaf, 43.
Petioled : having a petiole or footstalk.
Phainogamous (also called Phanerogamous)

Plants, 58, 97.
Pine-cone, 82.
Pinnate, 51.
Pinnately cleft, lobed, parted, &c., 50, 51.

" veined, 46.
Pinnatifid : same as pinnately cleft.
Pistil, 8, 65.
Pistillate Flowers, 68.
Pitcher-shaped leaves, 121.
Pith of a stem, 42.
Placenta, 66, 74.
Plumose : plume-like ; feathered.
Plumule, 13, 84.
Pod, 79.
Pointed, 48.
Pollen, 7, 64.
Polyadelphous, 73.
Polycotyledonous, 22.

222

INDEX AND DICTIONARY

Polygamous FIoAvcrs, 68.
FolypetaloLis : of separate petals, 71.
Polysepalous : of separate sepals.
Pome : sui-h a fruit as an apple or pear, 77.
Pouch : see Silicle, 80.
Prickles, 38.
Procumbent : 37.
Propagation from buds, .56.
" from seeds, 58.

Prostrate, 37.
Pubescent : downy ; the surface bearing fine and

soft hairs, or pubescence.
Punctate : dotted, as if pierced with minute

punctures ; as the leaves of the Orange and

Lemon. St. John's-wort, &c.
Putamen : the stone of a drupe or stone-fruit, 78.
Pyxis, 80.

Kace : a A-ariety of a species wliich may be prop-
agated from seed.

Paceme, 60.

Kacemed or Racemose : bearing racemes.

liadiate-vcined, 46.

Padical : belonging to the root.

lladicle of the embryo, 9, 84.

]lamitication : branching, 25.

Kay, 61, 165.

Pcceptacle of a flower, 63.

Keclined, 37.

Pecurved : curved outwards or downwards.

Peflexed : bent backwards or downwards.

Regular Flowers, &c , 70. 72.

Ren i form : kidney-shaped, 48.

Repand : wavy-margined, 49.

Reproduction, 6, 58.

Retuse : blunted, or slightly indented, 49.

Revolute : rolled backwards.

Reticulated : in the form of network, as the veins
of one class of leaves, 45.

Rhombic, Rhomboidal : like a rhomb in outline ;
i. e. four-sided with the side-angles obtuse.

Ribs, 44.

Root, 5, 34.

Rootlets, 5, 36.

Rootstocks, 31, 40.

Rose-hip, 81.

Rotate : wheel-shaped, 72.

Runner, 39, 57.

Running, 37.

Sagittate : arrow-shaped.
Salver-shaped, 72.

Samara, 79.

Sap, 86.

Sap-wood, 43.

Saw-toothed, 49.

Scabrous : M'ith a rough surface.

Scale-shaped, 53.

Scalloped, 49.

Scaly Bulbs, 40.

Scape : a naked flower-stalk arising from near or

underground.
Scar of a seed, 83.
Scion, 56.
Seed, 5, 9, 82.
Seed-coats, 83.
Seed-leaves, 9, 84.
Seed-scar, 83.
Seed-stalk, 83.
Seed-vessels, 77.

Sepal : a leaf of the calyx, 9, 63.
Separated Flowers, 68.
Serrate : saw-toothed, 49.
SeiTulate : finely serrate.
Sessile : sitting ; stalkless, 44, 60, 64.
Setaceous : in shape like a bristle.
Sheath : the stalk or base of a leaf, or any body

enwrapping the stem.
Sheathing : wrapped around the stem, like a

sheath.
Shield-shaped, 48.
Shrubs, 26.
Shrubby, 37.

Silicle : a short silique, or pouch, 80.
Silique: the pod of the Cress Family, 80, 124.
Silky : clothed with a coat of fine and glossy,

close-pressed hairs.
Simple : of one piece, &c.
Simple Fruit, 77.

" Leaves, 44.
Sinuate : with a strongly wavy outline, 49.
Solitary : single, 59, &c.
Spadiceous : bearing a spadix.
Spadix, 62.

Spathaceous : having or like a spathc.
Spathe, 62.
Spatulate, 47.
Species, 93.

Specific name : the name of the species.
Spicate or Spiked : arranged in a spike.
Spike, 61.
Spikelet : a small spike, or one of the divisions

of a compound spike.
Spines, 87.

OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

2-23

Spindle-shaped, 36.

Spiny or Spinose : bearing spines.

Spores, 58.

Spur : a slender hollow projection, as that of the
upper sepal of Larksjiur (Fig. 2.')l), the
lower petal of a violet (Fig. 73), &c.

Stamens, 7, 64.

Staniinate Flowers, 68.

Standard of a papilionaceous corolla, 141.

Stellate : star-shaped.

Stem, .'), 23, 27.

Stemless : without a stem, or without one rising
out of the ground.

Stemlet. 9.

Sterile Flowers, 68.

Stigma, 8, 6.5.

Stipel : the stipule of a leaflet.

Stipules, 43, 54.

Stock, 56.

Stolon, 39, 57.

Stoloniforous : bearing stolons.

Stone-Fruit, 77, 78.

Strap-shaped corolla, 165.

Strawberry, 81.

Striate : marked lengthwise with fine lines

Strobilaceous : resembling or bearing a

Strobile : a fruit like a Pine-cone, 82.

Style, 8, 65.

Subclass, 97.

Subfamily or Suborder ; a marked division of an
order, such as might be considered impor-
tant enough to form a separate order. See
pp. 139, 146.

Subgenus : a marked division of a genus, such
as might perhaps be taken as a separate
genus.

Subulate : awl-shaped.

Succulent : juicy.

Sucker, 39, 57.

Suspended : lianging from the top.

Sword-shaped : erect and sharp-edged lancc-lin-
ear leaves, like those of Iris (Fig. 64).

Superior : above some other part it is compound
with, as •' ovary superior," 75 ; on the upper
side.

Symmetrical Flower, &c., 69.

Syngenesious, 73, 164.

Taper-pointed, 48.

Tap-root, 36.

Tendrils, 38.

Terete : long and round, like ordinary stems ;

same as cylindrical, but it may taper, as

stems generally do.
Terminal : belonging to or borne on the summit.
Terminal Bud, 24.
Terminal Flowers, 52.
Ternate : in threes, or divided into three.
Ternatelv compound, &c., 52.
Thorns, 37.
Thread-shaped, 53.
Throat of a corolla or calyx : the summit of the

tube inside.
Thyrse : a close compound panicle, like that of

the Horsechestnut, 62.
Three-valved, &c., 80.
Thrice compound, thrice pinnate, &c , 52.
Tomentose : woolly, with a coat of soft entan-
gled hairs or down.
Toothed : the margin cut into short and sharp

projections or teeth.
Top-shaped : conical inverted, or Avith the point

downwards.
Trailing. 37.
Trees, 27.
Triadelphous, 73.
Tritid : same as three-cleft.
Triple-ribbed : when a stout rib rises from eachi

side of a midrib above the base.
Trumpet-shaped, 72.
Truncate : as if cut off at the end, 48.
Trunk, 37.
Tubers, 29, 40, 57.

Tuberous or Tuber-like Roots, &c., 36.
Tube of a corolla, &c., 72.
Tubular: tube-shaped, or with a tube, 72.
Tumid : swollen or thickened.
Turgid : nearly same as Tumid.
Turnip-shaped, 36.
Twice compound, 52.

" pinnate, &c., 52.
Twin : in pairs.

Twining : climbing by coiling, 37.
Two-lipped, 72.
Two-valved, &c., 80.

Umbel, 61.
Umbellet, 62.

Unarmed : not spiny or prickly.
Undershrub : a very low, shrubby plant.
Undulate: wavy.
Unsymmetrical Flowers, 70.
Upper : in a flower, the upper side is that nextt
the main stem and away from the bract.

224

INDEX AND DICTIONARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Utricle : like an akene, but with a thin and loose
pericarp.

Valves : the pieces into which a pod splits, or
by which an anther, &c. opens, 80.

Varieties, 93.

Vegetable Kingdom, 2.

Vegetation, 6, 89.

Veining of leaves, 44.

Veinlets, 44.

Veins, 44.

Veiny : full of veins.

Velvety : clothed with a coat of soft and fine
hairs, like the pile of velvet.

Vertical : upright, or in the direction of the
length of a thing.

Verticiliate ; same as whorled.

Villous, or Villose : hairy with long and soft

shaggy hairs.
Viscid, or Viscous : glutinous.

Wavy, 42.

Wedge-shaped, 47.

Wheel-shaped, 72.

Whorl, .54.

Whorled, 54.

Winged : furnished with a broad and thin ap-
pendage or wing-like border of any kind, as
the seeds of Trumpet-Creeper (Fig. 228), or
the fruit of Maple, Ash, and Elm (Fig. 206
-208).

Wood, 41.

Woolly : clothed with a coat of long and entan-
gled soft hairs, like wool.

INDEX

TO THE

NAMES OF PLANTS IN TPIE POPULAR FLORA.

Abelmoschus,

Abies,

Abutilon,

Acacia,

Acerates,

Aconite,

Aconitum,

Acorus,

Acrogens,

Actj3ea,

Adder' s-tongue,

Adenorachis,

Adlumia,

Jilsculus,

^thusa,

Agrimonia,

Agrimony,

Agrostemma,

Alcea,

'A\gse,

Alisma,

Alismacese,

Allium,

Almond,

Almond Family,

Althaea,

Alum-root,

Amarantacese,

Amaranth,

Amaranth Family,

Amarantus,

Amaryllidacefe,

Amaryllis,

Amaryllis Family,

Amelanchier,

American Laurel,

Amorpha,

Amphicarpaea,

Ampelopsis,

Amsonia,

Page

Pajje

132

Amygdalus,

146

201, 202

Anacardiaceas,

137

132

Anagallis,

173

143

Anemone,

113

188

Anemony,

113

113

Andromeda,

169

113

Angelica,

159

205

Angiosperms or

Angiosper-

98, 216

mous Plants,

98, 106

113

Anonacese,

118

212

Anophytes,

98, 216

147

Antirrhinum,

175

. 123

Apetalous Division, 190

139

Aphyllon,

174

159

Apios,

142

147

Apium,

159

147

Apocynaceas,

187

130

Apocynum,

188

131

Apple,

147, 151

216

Apple-of-Peru,

186

206

Apricot,

146

206

Aquifoliacese,

171

210, 211

Aquilegia,

113, 115, 116

146

Arabis,

125

146

Arachis,

142

131, 132

Araceaj,

205

157

Aralia,

159

192

Aralia Family,

159

192

Araliaceae,

159

192

Arbor-Vitse,

201

192

Arctostaphylos,

169

213

Arenaria,

130

213

Armeniaca,

146

213

Aristolochia,

190

147

AristolochiaceK,

190

169, 170

Arisasma,

205

142

Archemora,

159

142

Argemone,

122

138

Armeria,

173

' 188

Armoracia,

125

Pag©

Arrow-Anim, 205

Arrowhead, 206

Arrow-wood, 163

Arum, 205

Arum Family, 205

Asarum, 190

Asclepias, 188

Ascyrum, 128

Asimina, 118

Ash, 189

Asparagus, 210

Aster, 166

Astragal, 142

Astragalus, 142

Atriplex, 192

Atropa, 18ft

Aurantiacese, 134
Avens, 147, 149

Azalea, 169

Bald-Cypress, 201

Balm, 179

Balsam-Apple, 154

Balsam Family, 136

Balsaminacese, 136

Baneberry, 113
Baptisia, 143, 145

Barbarea, 125

Barberry, 119

Barberry Family, 119

Barren-Strawberrv, 147

Basil, " 179

Basswood, 133

Batatas, 184

Batschia, 1S2

Barberry, 200
Bean, 142, 145

Bearberry, 169

Beaver-Poison, 158

Bedstraw, 164

Beech, 198

.^ aId£L „ ^.^r^^-

"lU,

226

INDEX TO THE

Beech-drops,

Beet,

BellHower,

Belhvort,

Benzoin,

Berberidacese,

Berberis,

Beta,

Betula,

Betulacea3,

])ignoniacefE,

Bignonia Fan:i!}',

Bindweed,

Birch,

Birch Family,

Birthroot,

Birthwort,

Birthwort Family,

Bitter-Cress,

Bitternut,

Bittersweet,

Black-Alder,

Blackberry,

Blackberry-Lily,

Black-Haw,

Blackthorn,

Bladder-Cucumber,

Bladdernut,

Bladdernut Family,

Bladder-Senna,

Blephilia,

Blite,

Blitum,

Bloodroot,

Blueberry,

Blue-curls,

Blue-eyed-Grass,

Blue-hearts,

Bluets,

Boehmeria,

Borrage,

Borrage Family,

Borraginacece,

Borrago,

Bottle- Gourd,

Bowman's-root,

Boxberry,

Bracted- Bindweed,

Bramble,

Brasenia,

Brassica,

Breadfruit Family,

Brooklime,

Brookweed,

Broom -Rape Family,

Brous?onetia,

Brunella,

169,

147,

174

192
167
209
194
119
119
192
199
199
174
174
184
199
199
206
190
190
125
197
186
172
150
214
163
151
154
139
139
142
179
192
192
122
170
178
214
176
164
196
181
181
181
181
154
148
169
184
149
121
125
195
176
173
174
196
179

Buchnern,
Buckbean,

4>uckeye, — 139,

Buckthorn,
Buckthorn Family,
Buckwheat,
Buckwheat Family,
Bugbane,
Buglos?,
Bulrush,
Bunch berry,
Bur-Cucumber,
Iiurdock,
Burnet,
Burning-bush,
Bur-Reed,
Bush-Clover,
Bush-Honeysuckle,
Butter-and-Eggs,
Buttercup,
Butterfly-Pea,
Butternut,
Buttonbush,
Button-Snakeroot,
But ton wood,
Cabbage,
Cactaceoe,
Cactus Family,
Calla,
Caltha,

Calycanthacefe,
Calvcanthus,
Cakile,
Camelina,
Camellia,
Camelliaceje,
Camellia Family,
Campanula,
Campanulacese,
Campanula Family,
Candytuft,
Canterbury Bells,
Capsella,
Caprifoliacere,
Capsicum,
Caraway,
Cardamine,
Cardinal-FloAver,
Carolina-Allspice,
Carolina-Allspice Family,
Carpetweed,
Carpinus,
Carrion-flower,
Carrot,
Caruni,
Carya,
Caryophyllacese,

17G

Cassia,

143, 145

187

Castanea,

198

140

Castilleia,

176

138

Catal])a,

174

138

Catbrier,

203

193

Catchfly,

130

192

Catnip,

179

113

Cat-tail,

206

181

Cat-tail Family,

206

216

Caulophyllum,

119

ICCL

138

154

Celandine,

122

166

Celandine Poppy,

122

147

Celastracere,

139

139

Celastrus,

139

206

Celery,

159

142

Cephalanthus,

164

161

Ce tis,

195

177

Cerastium,

130

115

Cerasus,

146

142

Cercis,

143

197

ChaBrophylliim,

159

164

Chama3rops,

205

166

Chamomile,

166

196

Checkerberry,

169

125

Cheiranthus,

125

153

Chelidonium,

122

153

Chelone,

176

205

ChenopodiacejB,

191

113

Chenopodium,

192

152

Cherrv,

146, 147

152

Chervil,

159

125

Chestnut,

198

125

Chick-Pea,

142

134

Chickweed,

130

134

duckweed Family,

130

134

Chimaphila,

169

167

Chionanthus,

189

167

Chives,

211

167

Chokeberry,

147

125

Clubrush,

216

167

Cicer,

142

125

Cichory,

166

161

Cicuta,

159

185

Cimicifuga,

113

159

Cinquefoil,

147, 149

125

Cistacere,

127

167

Cistus Family,

127

152

Citrus,

134

152

Citrullus,

154

130

Clarkia.

153

198

Claytonia,

131

208

Clearweed,

196

159

Clematis,

112

159

Clethra,

169

197

CHnopodium,

179

129

Clintonia,

210

POPULAR PLORzV.

227

Clitoria,

Clover,

Club-Mosses,

Cobfea,

Cocculus,

Cockle,

Coffee-tree,

Cohosh,

Colchicum,

Colchicum Family,

Collinsia,

Collinsonia,

Coltsfoot,

Columbine,

Colutea,

Comfrey,

Commelyna,

Commelynace£E,

CompositiK,

Composite Family,

Comptonia,

Coniferje,

Conium,

Conopholis,

Convallaria,

Convolvulaceae,

Convolvulus,

Convolvulus Family,

Coptis,

Coreopsis,

Coriander,

Coriandrum,

Cornace^B,

Cornel,

Cornel Family,

Cornus,

Corn-Flag,

Corydal,

Corydalis,

Corylus,

Cotton,

Cowbane,

Cowherb,

Cow-Parsnip,

Crab- Apple,

Cranberry,

Cranberry-tree,

Cranesbill,

Crassulaceae,

Cratsegjus,

Cress Family,

Crocus,

Crotalaria,

Crowfoot,

Crowfoot Family,

Crown-Imperial,

Cruciferous Family,

113,

142
142, 143

216

183

119

130

143

119

209

209

175

179

166

115

142

181

207

207

164

164

200

201

159

174

210

184

184

184

113

166

159

159

160

160

160

160

215

124

124

198

132

159

130

159

151

169

163

135

156

151

124

215

142

113

112

210

124

123,
123,

134,

Cryptogamous Plants,

Cucumber,

Cucumber-root,

Cucumber-tree,

Cucumis,

Cucurbita,

Cucurbitacese,

Cudweed,

Culver's-root,

Cunila,

Cuphea,

Cupressus,

Cupuliferce,

Curi-ant,

Currant Family,

Cuscuta,

Custard-Apple Family,

Cydonia, ' 147,

Cynoglossum,

Cypress,

Cypress Family,

Cvtisup,

Daftbdil,

Daisy,

Dalibarda,

Dandelion,

Daphne,

Datura, \

Daucus,

Day-Lily, 210,

Deadly-Xightshade,

Dead Nettle,

Deerberry,

Delphinium, 113,

Dentaria,

Desmanthus,

Desmodium,

Dewberry.

Dianthus,

Dicentra, 123,

Dicotyledons or Dicotyledo-

nous Plants,
Dictamnus,
Dielytra,
Diervilla,
Digitalis,
Diospyros,
Dipsaceas,
Dipsacus,
Dirca,
Ditch wort,
Dittany,
Dock,

Dockmackie,
Dodder,
Dodecatheon,
Dogbane,

97,

187,

97
154
207
117
154
154
154
166
176
179
152
201
198
156
155
184
117
151
182
201
201
142
213
166
147
166
195
186
159
211
186
180
169
114
125
143
142
150
130
124

105
137
124
161
176
172
164
164
195
156
179
193
163
184
173
188

Dogbane Family,

Dogtooth- Violet,

Dogwood,

Draba,

Dutchman's Breeches,

Dyer's Weed,

Ebenaceae,

Ebony Family,

Echinocystis,

I-'chinospermum,

Echium,

Egg-Plant,

Eglantine,

Ellisia, ^-

Elm,

Elm Family,

Elodea,

210,

or Endogenous
97,

P^ndogens,
Endogens
Plants,
Epigtea,
Epilobium,
Epiphegus,
Erica,
Ericaceas,
Erodium,
Erythronium,
Eschscholtzia,
Euonymus,
Euputorium,
Evening-Primrose,
Evening-Primrose Family,
Everlasting,

Everlasting-Pea, 142,

Exogens or Exogenous

135,

210,

Plants,
Faba,

Fagopyrum,
Fagus,

False-Dragonhead,
False-Flax,
False-Gromwell,
False-Indigo,
False-Mitrewort,
False-Nettle,
False-Pennyroyal,
False-Pimpernel,
False Solomon's-Seal,
Featherfoil,
Fedia,
Fennel,

Fennel-Flower,
Ferns,
Ficus,
Fig,

Figwort,
FigAvort Familv,

97,

143,

187
212
160
125
124
126
172
172
154
182
181
186
150
182
195
195
128
203

203
169
153
174
169
168
136
212
123
139
166
153
153
166
144

105

142

193

198

179

125

181

145

157

196

178

176

211

173

164

159

113

216

195

195

176

175

'^

tc^'^JfL

]

228

INDEX TO THE

* m

Fir,
Flax,

Flax Family,
Fleabane,
Floating-Heart,
Flower-de-Luce,
Flowering Plants,
Flowerless Plants,
F lo wer-of-an-Hour,
Foeniculum,
Fool's-Parsle}',
Forget-me-not,
Four-o" Clock,
Foxglove,
Fragaria,
Fraxinella,
Fraxinus,
VFringe-tree,
Frostweed,
Fuchsia,
Fumaria,
Fumariacese,
Fumitory,
Fumitory Family,
Fungi,
Funkia,
Galactia,
Galanthus,
Galeopsis,
Galium,
Garlic,
Gaultheria,
Gaylussacia,
Geranium,
Geranium Family,
Gerardia,
Germander,
Geum,

Giant-Hyssop,
Gilia,
Gillenia,
Ginseng,
Glade-Mallow,
Gladiolus,
Glaucium,
Glechoma,
Gleditschia,
Globe-flower,
Glumaceous Division,
Golden-Club,
Golden-rod,
Goldthread,
Gooseberry,
Gnosefoot,
Goose foot Family,
Gordon! a,
Gossypium,

97,
&7,

201, 202
134
134
166
187
215
105
216
133
159
159
182
191
176
147
137
189
189
127
153
123
123
123
123
216
211
142
213
180
164
211
169
170
135
135
177
178
149
179
183
148
160
132
215
122
179
143

113, 115
215
205
166
113
155
192
191
134
132

168,

176,
147,

147,

Gourd,

Gourd Family,
Gramine£e,
Grape,

Grape Famih',
Grape Hyacinth,
Grass Family,
Gratiola,
Greenbrier,
Greenbrier Family,
Green-Milkweed,
Greek Valerian,
Gromwell,
Grossulacete,
Grossularia,
Ground-Cherry,
Ground-Ivy,
Ground-Laurel,
Groundnut,
Guelder-Rose,
Gymnocladus,
Gymnosperms or
spermous Plants,
Hackberry,
Hardback,
Harebell,
Hawkweed,
Hawthorn,
Hazel,

Heart's-ease,
Heath,

Heath Family,
Hedeoma,
Hedge-Hyssop,
Hedge-Mustard,
Hedge-Nettle,
Helianthemum,
Heliotrope,
Heliotropium,
Hemerocallis,
Hemlock,
Hemlock-Spruce,
Hemp-Nettle,
Henbane,
Hepatica,
Heracleum,
Hesperis,
Heuchera,
Hibiscus,
Hickory,
Hoary-Pea,
Hobb'lebush,
Hog-Peanut,
Holly,

Holly Family,
Hollyhock,
Honesty,

142,

Gymno-
98,

154
154
216
137
137
210
216
176
208
208
188
184
182
155
155
186
179
169
IGO
163
143

111
196
148
167
166

147, 151
198
127
169
168
179
176
125
180
127
182
182

210, 211
159
202
ISO
186
112
159
125
157
132
197
142
163
142
171
171
131
125

Honey-Locust,

143

Honeysuckle,

161, 162

Honeysuckle Family,

161

Hop-tree,

137

Horehound,

180

Horse-Balm,

179

Horse-Bean,

142

Horsechestnut,

139

Horsechestnut Family,

139

Horse-^Iint,

179, 180

Horseradish,

125

Horse-Nettle,

186

Horsetails,

216

Hottonia,

173

Hound's-tongue,

182

Houseleek,

156

Houstonia,

164

Huckleberry,

168, 170

Huckleberry Family,

168

Hudsonia,

127

Hyacinth,

210

Hyacinthus,

210

Hydrangea,

157

Hydrophyllacese,

182

Hydrophyllum,

182

Hyoscyamus,

186

H3'pericum,

128

Hypopitys,

169

Hypox5's,

213

Hyssop,

179

Hyssopus,

179

Iberis,

125

Ilex,

171

Ilysanthes,

176

Impatiens,

136

Indian-Corn,

216

Indian-Cress,

136

Indian-Cress Family,

136

Indian Cucumber-root,

207

Indian-^Iallow,

132

Indian-Physic,

147, 148

Indian-Pipe,

169

Indian-Pipe Family,

169

Indian Tobacco,

167

Indian Turnip,

205

Ipomcea,

184, 165

Iridaceas,

214

Iris,

215

Iris Family,

214

Ironweed,

166

Isanthus,

178

Isatis,

125

Jacob's Ladder,

184

Jasminacea3,

189

Jasminum,

189

Jeffersonia,

120

Jefusalem-Cherrj',

186

rOPULAIl FLO

RA.

Tl'd

Jessamine,

189

Linacese,

134

Matthiola,

125

Jessamine Family,

189

Linaria,

175. 177

!ALay-Apple,

120

Jewel-weed,

136

Linden,

'133

May-flower,

169

Jointed-Charlock,

125

Linden Family,

133

Maypop,

155

Jonquil,

213

Linnasa,

161

Mayweed,

166

Juglandace£B,

197

Linum,

134

Maywreath,

148

Juglans,

197

Liriodendron,

117

!Meadow-Ilue,

113, 114

Juncus,

216

Lithospermum,

182

Meadow-sweet,

147, 148

June-berry,

147

Liverleaf,

113

Medeola,

207

Juniper,

201

,202

Liverworts,

216

Medicago,

142, 144

Juniperus,

201

,202

Lobelia,

167

Medick,

142, 144

Kalniia,

169

,170

Lobeliaceas,

167

Melanthacese,

209

Kentucky Coffee-tree,

143

Lobelia Family,

167

Melanthium,

209

Ketmia,

133

Loblolly-Bay,

134

Melilot,

142, 144

Knotgrass,

193

Locust-tree,

142, 143

Melilotus,

142, 144

Knot weed,

193

Lonicera,

161, 162

Melissa,

179

Koniga,

125

Loosestrife,

152, 173

^lelon,

154

LabiatsB,

178

Lophanthus,

179

Menispermaceae,

119

Labrador-Tea,

169

Lopseed,

177

Menispermum,

119

Laburnum,

142

Lousewort,

176

Mentha,

179, 180

Ladies' Eardrop,

153

Lovage,

159

Menyanthes,

187

Lady's Slipper,

215

Lucerne,

144

Mertensia, "*

181

Lagenaria,

154

Lunaria,

125

Mezereum,

195

Lamium,

180

Lupine,

142

Mezereum Family,

195

Lamb-Lettuce,

164

Lupinus,

142

^lignonette,

126

Lambkill,

170

Luzula, '

216

Mignonette Family,

125

Laportea,

196

Lychnis,

130

Milk-Pea,

142

Larix,

201

202

Lycium,

186

Milkweed,

188

Larkspur,

113

115

Lycopersicum,

185

Milkweed Family,

188

Lauracese,

194

Lycopsis,

181

Millet,

216

Laurel, 169

170

171

Lycopus,

179

^limosa.

143

Laurel Family,

194

Lungwort,

181

Mimosa Family,

143

Laurel-Magnolia,

117

Lysimachia,

173

Mimulus,

176

Lavandula,

178

Lythracese,

152

^lint.

179, 180

Lavatera,

131

Lythrum,

152

Mint Family,

178

Lavender,

178

Lythrum Family,

152

Mirabilis,

191

Leadwort Family,

173

IMaclura,

196

Mirabilis Family,

191

Leatherwood,

195

j\ladder.

164

^litchella,

164

Lechea,

127

IMadder Family,

163

^litella,

157

Ledum,

169

^lagnolia,

117

]\Iitrewort,

157

Leek,

211

Magnolia Family,

117

Mockernut,

197

Leguminosse,

141

Mahonia, -^

119

Mock-Orange,

157, 158

Lemon,

134

Maize,

216

]\Iolucca-Balm,

180

Leonurus,

180

^Lallow,

131, 132

Molucella,

180

Lepidium,

125

]\Iallow Family,

131

Mollugo,

130

Lespedeza,

142

Mains,

147, 151

Momordica,

154

Lettuce,

166

Malva,

131, 132

Monarda,

179, 180

Levisticum,

159

Malvaceas,

131

Monkey-flower,

176

Lichens,

216

Mandrake,

119

Jlonkshood,

116

Ligustrura,

189

JIaple,

140

Monocotyledons, or I\Iono-

Lilac,

189

^laple Family,

140

cotyledonous Plants,

97, 203

Lilium,

210

212

■\Iarrubium,

180

!Monopetalous Division,

161

Lily,

210,

211

JIarsh-Mallow,

131

Monotropa,

169

Lily Family,

209

Marsh-Marigold,

113

Moonseed Family,

119

Lily-of-the- Valley,

210

[Marsh-Rosemary,

173

Morning-Glory,

184, 185

Lime-tree,

133

Martynia,

174

^lorus,

196

Limnanthemum,

187

Matrimony- Vine,

186

Mosses,

216

230

Motherwort,

Mouiitain-A!^li,

Jilou^e-ear Chickweed,

^lulberry,

Jtlulleiiij

ISIuscari,

Mushrooms,

Muskmelon,

;Musqnfish-root,

Mustard,

^Myosotis,

Myrica,

Mvricaceoe,

Naked Broom-Eape,

Napa^a,

Narcispus,

Nasturtium,

Neck weed,

Nelumbium,

Nelumbo,

Nemoyjhila,

Nepeta,

Nerium,

Nescea,

Nettle,

Nettle Family,

New-Jersey Tea,

Nicaii(h-a,

Nicotiana,

Nigella,

Nightshade,

Nightshade Family,

Nuphar,

Nyctaginacere,

Nympha^a,

NymphDjaceoe,

Nvssa,

Oak,

Oak Family,

Oats,

Ociinum,

(Enothera,

Oldeiilandia,

O'.eacea:;,

Oleander,

Olive Family,

Okra,

Onagraceffi,

Onion,

Oiiosmodium,

Opuntia,

Orache,

Orange,

Orange Family,

Orchidaceaj,

Orchis,

Orchis Family,

INDEX TO THE

180
147, 151
130
196
175, 176
210
216
154
158
125
182
200
200
174
132
213
125, 136
177
121
121
182
179
188
152
196
195
138
186
186
113
185, 186
185

Origanitm,

Ornithogulum,

Orontium,

Orpine,

Osage-Orange,

Osmorrhiza,

Ostrya,

Oswego Tea

Oxalis,

Oxalidacece.,

Oxybaphus,

Pceonia,

Fainted-Cup,

Palmfs,
Palmetto,
Palm Family,
Pancratium,
Pansy,
Papaver,
Papaveracese,
Papaw,

Paper-Mulberry,
Pardanthus,
Parietaria,

Parsley, ,

Parsley Family,
Parsnip,
Partridge-berry,
Partridge-Pea,
Passitlora,
Passifloracese,
Passion-flower,
121 Passion-flower Family,
191 Pastinaca,
120 Pavia,
120 Peach,
160 Pea,
198 Peanut,
198 Pear,
216 Pear Family,
178 Pearl wort,
153 Pecan-Nut,
164 Pedicularis,
189 Pelargonium,
188 Pellitory,
" 189 Peltandra,
132 Pennyroyal,
153 Penthorum,
210, 211 Pentstemon,
181 Peony,
153 Pepel-idge-tree,
192 Peppergrass,
134 Periwinkle,
134 Persea,
215 Persica.
215 Persimmon,
215 Petaloideous Division,

164,

179

210

205

156

196

159

198

180

135

135

191

113

176

205

205

205

213

127

122

122

118

196

214

196

159

158

159

169

146

155

154

155

154

159

139

146

142

142

147

147

130

197

176

135

196

Petilium,

Petroselinum,

Petunia,

Phacelia,

Phcenogamous Plants,

Phaseolus,
Philadelphus,
Phlox,
Phryma,
Physalis,
Physostegia,
Phytolacca,
Phytolaccacefe,
Pickerel-weed,
Pickerel-weed Family,
Pignut,
Pilea,
Pimpernel,
Pine,

Pine Family,
Pinesap,
Pink,

Pink Famfly,
Pinweed,
Pinxter-flower,
Pipe-vine.
Pipsissewa,
Pisum,

Pitcher-Plant,
Plane-tree,
Plantaginace£B,
Plantago,
Plantain,
Plantain Family,
PlatanaceaD,
Platanus,
Plum,

Plumbaginacere,
Podophyllum,
Poison-Hemlock,
Poison-Ivy,
Poke,
Poke weed,
Pokeweed Family,
PolemoniaceoJ,
205 Polemonium,
179 Polemonium Famfly,
156 Polianthes.
176 Polyanthus,
113 Polvgonacese,
160 Polygonum, i
125 Polvgonatum,
188 Pol'ypetalous Division,
194 Pond-Lily,
146 Pontederia,
172 Pontederiaceae,
206 Poplar,

97,
142,

201,

146,

210

159

186

182

105

145

157

183

177

186

179

191

191

208

208

197

196

173

202

201

169

130

129

127

171

190

169

142

121

196

172

172

172

172

196

196

148

173

120

159

137

209

191

191

183

184

183

213

213

192

193

210

112

121

208

208

201}

183,

4

■k

-^•4

ri

r-V^

Poppy,

Toppy Family,

Populus,

Portulaca,

Portulacacefe,

Potato,

Potentilla, 147,

Poterium,

Prickly-Ash,

Prickly-Pear,

Prickly-Poppy,

Primrose,

Primrose Family,

Primula,

Primulacese,

Prince's-Feather,

Prince's-Pine,

Prinos,

Prunus, 146,

Psoralea,

Ptelea,

Puccoon,

Pulse Family,

Pumpkin, '

Purslane,

Purslane Family,

Pycnanthemum,

Pyrola,

Pyrola Family,

Pyrus, ' 147,

Quamoclit,

Quercus,

Quince, 147,

Kadish,

Kamsted,

Ranunculacere,

Ranunculus, 113,

Raphanus,

Raspberry,

Rattlebox,

Red-Bay,

Red-bud,

Red-Cedar,

Reseda,

Resedacese,

Rhamnacese,

Rhamnus,

Rheum,

Rhododendron,

Rhodora,

Rhubarb,

Rhus,

Ribes,

Rib-Grass,

Rice,

Robinia,

Rock-Cress,

POPULAR

FLORA.

"^ol

122

Rocket,

125!

Scorpion-Grass,

182

122

Rosa,

147, 150

Scrophularia,

176

200

Rose-Acacia,

143

ScrophulariaceK,

175

130

Rosacea,

146

Scullcap,

179, 180

130

Rose,

147, 150

Scutellaria,

179, 180

186

Rose-Bay,

170

Seaweeds,

216

149

Rose Family,

146

Sedge Family,

216

147

Rowan-tree,

151

Sedum,

156

137

Rubia,

164

Self-heal,

179

153

Rubiacese,

163

Senna,

143, 145

122

Rue,

137

Sempervivum,

156

173

Rue Family,

137

Sensitive-Brier,

143

173

Rubus,

147, 149

Sensitive-Plant,

143

173

Rumex,

193

Shadbush,

147

173

Rush,

216

Shagbark,

197

193

Rush Family,

215

Sheep-berrv,

163

171

Ruta,

137

Shellbark, '

197

172

Rutacese,

137

Shepherd's-Purse,

125

148

Rye,

216

Shin-leaf,

171

142

Sabbatia,

187

S icy OS,

154

137

Sage,

179

Sida,

132

182

Sage Family,

178

Sidesaddle-Flower,

121

141

Sagina,

130

Sidesaddle-Flower Family, 121

154

Sagittaria,

206

Silene,

130

130

Salad-Burnet,

147

Silver-weed,

149

130

Salicaceai,

200

Sinapis,

125

179

Salix,

200

Sisymbrium,

125

169

Salicornia,

192

Sisyrinchium,

214

169

Saltwort,

192

Sium,

159

151

Salsifv,

166

Skunk-Cabbage,

205

184

Salsoia,

192

Smartweed,

193

198

Salvia,

179

Sinilacea),

208

151

Sambucus,

161, 102

Smilacina,

210, 211

125

Samolus,

173

Smilax,

208

177

Sam ohire.

192

Smoke-tree,

137

112

Sand-Spurrey,

130

Smoke-vine,

123

114

Sandwort,

130

Snakeroot,

190

125

Sanguinaria,

122

Snapdragon,

175

149

Sanguisorba,

147

Snowball,

163

142

Sanicle,

159

Snowberry,

161

194

Sanicula.

159

Snowdrop,

213

143

Saponaria,

130

Snowflake,

213

202

Sarsaparilla,

160

Soapberry Family,

139

126

Sarracenia,

121

Soapwort,

130

125

Sassafras,

194

Solanacese,

185

138

Satureia,

179

Solanum,

185, 186

138

Savin,

202

Solomon's-Seal,

210

193

Savory,

179

Sorbus,

147

169

Saxlfraga,

157

Sorrel,

193

169

Saxifragacese,

157

Sow-thistle,

166

193

Saxifrage,

157

Spadiceous Division,

205

137

Saxifrage Family

, 157

Sparganium,

206

156

Scabiosa,

164

Speedwell,

175, 176

172

Scabious,

164

Spergula,

130

21G

Scarlet-Runner,

145

Spergularia,

130

142

Schrankia,

143

Spice-bush,

194

125

Scilla,

210

. Spiderwort,

207

232

INDEX TO THE

Spiderwort Family,

Spikenard,

Spinach,

Spinacia,

Spindle-tree,

Spiraja,

Spring-Beauty,

Spruce,

Spurrey,

Squash,

Squaw-root,

Squill,

Squirrel-Coru,

Stachys,

Staff-tree,

Staff-tree Family,

Staphylea,

Star-flower,

Star-Grass,

Star-of-Bethlehem,

Statice,

Stellaria,

Stickseed,

Stock,

Stonecrop,

Stonecrop Family,

St. John's-wort,

St. John's-wort Family,

St. Peter's-wort,

Stramonium,

Strawberry,

Strawberry-bush,

Streptopus,

Stylophorum,

Succory,

Sumach,

Sumach Family,

Summer-Savory,

Sunflower,

Sunflower Family,

Sweet- Alyssum,

Sweet-Basil,

Sweet-brier,

Sweet-Cicely,

Sweet-Clover,

Sweet-Fern,

Sweet-Flac:,

Sweet-Gale,

Sweet-Gale Family,

Sweet-Pea,

Sweet-Potato,

Sycamore,

Symphytum,

Symplocarpus,

Symphoricarpus,

Syrinjra,

Tare,

■o")

207

Taxu?,

201

Urtica,

106

159

Tea-Plant,

134

Urticaceae,

195

192

Tear-Thumb,

194

Uvularia,

209

192

Teasel,

164

Vaccaria,

130

139

Teasel Family,

164

Vaccinium,

169, 170

147, 148

Tecoma,

174

Valerian,

164

131

Tephrosia,

142

Valeriana,

164

202

Teucrium,

178

Valerianacese,

164

130

Thalictrum,

113, 114

Valerian Family,

164

154

Thallophytes,

98, 216

Veratrum,

209

174

Thimbleberry,

150

Verbena,

177, 178

210

Thistle,

166

Verbenacege,

177

124

Thorn,

151

Verbascum,

175, 176

180

Thoroughwort,

166

Veronica,

175, 176

139

Three-leaved Nightshade, 206

Vervain,

177, 178

139

Thrift,

173

Vervain Family,

177

139

Thuja,

201

Vetch,

142

173

Thyme,

179

Vetchling,

144

213

Thymus,

179

Viburnum,

161, 162

210

Thymeleaceaj,

195

Vicia,

142

173

Tiarella,

157

Vinca,

188

130

Tick-Trefoil,

142

Viola,

126

182

Tiger-flower,

214

Violacete,

126

125

Tigridia,

214

Violet,

126

156

Tilia,

133

Violet Family,

126

156

TiliaceiB,

133

Viper's-Bugloss,

181

128

Toadflax,

175, 177

Virginia Snakeroot,

190

128

Tobacco,

186

Virgin's-Bower,

112

128

Tomato,

185

Virginia Creeper,

138

186

Tradescantia,

207

Vitis,

137

147

Trailing-Arbutus,

169

Vitacese,

137

139

Trefoil,

143

"Waldsteinia,

147

209

Trichosteraa,

178

Wake-Robin,

206

122

Trientalis,

173

Wallflower,

125

166

Trifolium,

142, 143

Walnut.

197

137

Trilliacese,

206

Walnut Family,

197

137

Trillium,

206

Water-Cress,

125

179

Trillium Famify,

206

Water-Hemlock,

159

166

Trollius,

113, 115

Water-Horehound,

179

164

Trumpet-Creeper,

174

Waterleaf,

182

125

Trumpets,

121

Waterleaf Family,

182

178

Tuberose,

213

Water-Lily,

120, 121

150

Tulip,

210

Water-Lily Family,

120

159

Tulipa,

210

Watermelon,

154

144

Tulip-tree,

117

Water-Parsnip,

159

200

Tupelo,

160

Water-Pepper,

193

205

Turnip,
Turtlehead,

125

Water-Plantain,

206

200

176

Water-Plantain Family

206

200

Toothwort,

125

Watershield,

121

144

Twinflower,

161

Wheat,

216

184

Twin leaf,

120

AVhite-Bay,

117

196

Twist-stalk,

209

White-Cedar,

201

181

Tvpha,

206

White-Thorn,

151

205

Typhaceae,

206

White-Hellebore,

209

161

Umbelliferse,

158

Whitlow-Grass,

125

158, 189

Umbrella-tree,

118

Wild-Ginger,

190

144

Unicorn-Plant,

174

Willow,

200

POPULAR FLORA.

233

Willow Family,

Willow-herb,

Winterberrv,

Winter-Cress,

Wintergreen,

Wintergreeu Family,

169,

200
153
172
125
171
169

Wistaria,

Wood,

Wolfsbane,

Woodbine,

Wood-Xettle,

Wood-Sorrel,

142

Wood-Sorrel Family,

135

125

Wormwood,

166

116

Wythe-rod,

162

162

Yucca,

210

196

Yew,

201

135

Zaiithoxylum,

137

THE END.

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