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73

THE BOTANY

OF

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

OF

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR

IN THE YEARS 1839—1843,

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kr, R.N., F.R.S. &c.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.

ASSISTANT SIKOEON OF THE "EREBUS" AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

Victoria Barrier and Land. Lat. /& S, Mount Ere&its active Volcano . and Mount Terror.

-

0ublisneo unocr the aiutbonty of tbe JLoros Commissioners of tb: aiomirnltr.

LONDON:

REEVE, BROTHERS. KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND

1844.

TO

S?rr fHnsSt (Sracious iHnjrs'tH,

QUEEN VICTORIA,

UNDER WHOSE BENIGN AUSPICES

THE ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR VOYAGE,

LATELY MADE BY

HER MAJESTY'S SHIPS ' EREBUS ' AND ' TERROR,'

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, R.N., WAS AT ONCE SKILFULLY PLANNED AND SUCCESSFULLY ACCOMPLISHED ;

THE PRESENT WORK,

ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE BOTANY OF THE VOYAGE,

IS, WITH PERMISSION,

MOST HUMBLY DEDICATED

BY

HER MAJESTY'S DEVOTED AND DUTIFUL SERVANT,

THE AUTHOR.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, May 1, 1845.

At

SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE,

IN the beginning of the year 1839, the British Government having determined on fit- ting out an Expedition, for the purpose of investigating the phenomena of Terrestrial Magnetism in various remote countries, and for prosecuting Maritime Geographical Discovery in the high southern latitudes, H.M. Ships Erebus and Terror, commis- sioned by Captain Sir James Clark Ross, sailed from Chatham on the 29th of Sep- tember 1839. In addition to carrying out the above-mentioned leading views, it was enjoined to the officers, that they should use every exertion to collect the various objects of Natural History which the many heretofore unexplored countries about to be visited would afford.

On the outward voyage we touched at most of the Atlantic Islands, making a longer stay at some of them than is usual, on account of the nature of the observations that were instituted. At Madeira, which was tbe first visited, we called in the middle of October, and remained eleven days ; and then made Teneriffe and the Cape de Verds, whence we sailed for and landed upon St. Paul's Rocks*, under the Line, in long. 29° W. St. Helena was the next destination, and the course which it was found ne- cessary to follow took us to the Island of Trinidad off the Brazilian coast, lat. 20° S.

After spending a week at St. Helena, the vessels sailed for the Cape of Good Hope, arriving there on the 4th of April 1840. The Cape may be regarded as the starting-

* For an admirable description of these remarkable rocks, distant 350 miles from the nearest land (the Island of Fernando Noronha), see Mr. Darwin's Journal, p. 8.

54 :q

VI SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE.

point, whence the real object of the voyage, namely that which included South Polar Discovery, would commence. On the 6th of April 1840 we quitted Simon's Bay, and first entered a cold and inhospitable latitude (42° S.) on the 17th of the same month ; then, only four days after, holding a westward course, we passed to the south of Marion's Island, formed of fiat terraces of black volcanic rock and cone-shaped mountains, often of a reddish tinge, and towering to a considerable height. Here oc- curred the first botanical phenomenon, the Macrocystis pyrifera (a remarkable gigantic seaweed), being exceedingly abundant. The ships were hove to between Marion's and Prince Edward's Islands, with the view to going ashore the following day ; but during the night a heavy gale arose which drove them far to the westward, thus disappointing the hopes which had been formed of collecting objects of natural history on an island never previously explored by any scientific individual.

On the 28th, after a succession of storms, the Crozet Islands were gained : this group lies far to the westward of the position that had been assigned to it, namely in lat. 47^° S. and long. 46-48° E. ; and here the same disappointment awaited us, for after being blown off, and again on the 1st of May beating up to Possession, the most east- ern of the cluster, the threatening appearance of the weather forbade any attempt to land. The Crozet Islands are all volcanic, and of the wildest and most rocky aspect ; the harbours are very few, and some of the islands are entirely inaccessible. The mountains rise in peaks and cones to an elevation of 4000-5000 feet, exhibiting patches of perpetual snow on the summits, while dense fogs frequently envelope their bases, borne from the sea, to such an elevation, that the highest points alone are visible. To all appearance the vegetation is equally scanty and stunted as that which Kerguelen's Island afterwards afforded, and the questions which were put to a party of miserable sealers who came off to the ship, elicited no satisfactory information as to whether the valuable "Cabbage" of the latter island also inhabits the Crozet group. Scudding before heavy westerly gales, on the 6th of May a remarkable conical rock, called Bligh's Cap, was descried ; it lies off the north-west extremity of Kerguelen's Island ; but thick weather prevented Sir James Ross from making the land, from which the ships were again driven to a distance of 150 miles and obliged to beat back, finally casting anchor in Christmas Harbour, on the 12th of May 1840.

At Kerguelen's Island, all the plants that had been originally detected by the illus-

SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE. vii

trious Cook were gathered during the two and a half winter months that the " Erebus and Terror" staid there, together with many other species, a remarkable proof of the uniformity of the climate, and the comparative mildness of the winter season. The ships left Kerguelen's Island on the 20th of July, and arrived in the river Derwent, Van Diemen's Island, on the 16th of August 1840.

On the 12th of November 1840, we quitted Hobarton for our first voyage to the South Pole, during which the only places visited which yielded many plants were Lord Auckland's Islands, lat. 50|° S., long. 166° E., where we arrived after a week's sail from the last-mentioned coast, and staid there during the spring months of that latitude, and Campbell's Island, in lat. 52J° S., long. 169° E. Quitting that island again on the 17th of December, the ships finally sailed for an entirely unexplored region of discovery. The Macrocystis and D'Urvillcea were found in large vegetating floating patches, nearly as far south as any open water remained free of bergs, in lat. 61° S. The vessels entered the pack-ice in lat. 68° S., long. 175°.

During this voyage the vast extent of continent, since called "Victoria Land," was discovered*, together with the active volcano " Mount Erebus," the extinct one " Mount Terror," and that icy barrier, which, running east and west, in the parallel of 78° S., prevents all farther progress towards the polef. Two small islets were landed upon : one in lat. 71° 49' S., long. 170° 52' E. ; the other, Franklin Island, in lat. 76° S. and long. 168° 59' E. ; but neither of these spots presented the slightest trace of vege- tation. On the return voyage the Macrocystis again occurred, floating as usual in im- mense masses, in lat. 51° 10' S., and long. 137° E.

The expedition returned to Hobarton, Van Diemen's Island, late in the autumn (of that latitude), April 7th, 1841 ; on the 7th of July again started from Van Die- men's Island, and after a short visit to Sydney, cast anchor in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand, August 18th, 1841, where we remained three months. This time was spent in collecting materials for a Flora of New Zealand, in which object we received great assistance from Mr. Colenso and many other gentlemen, by means of whose zealous cooperation our collections were rendered extremely valuable.

The second exploring voyage was commenced on the 15th of November 1841. It had been Captain Ross's intention to land on Chatham Island, in lat. 44° S. and 176°

* Vide Chart. t Vide Vignette.

viii SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE.

W. , but the prevalence for several days of the densest fogs frustrated all attempts to sight the land. This was much regretted, for few* of the plants of that interesting group are known to botanists. After tracing the Macrocystis into the 57th parallel, tbe ships entered an ice-pack of immense magnitude on the 18th of December, in lat. 62° S. Here we were entangled till Feb. 2nd, 1842 (the midsummer of those cheerless re- gions), making no more progress during that time than from the latitude just mentioned to 68°, where we emerged into comparatively open water to the southward of a large body of the pack, which however trended to the westward. At this time the season was far advanced, and as, in the preceding year, the retreat had been commenced, through absolute necessity, on the 9th of February, so Captain Ross did not think proper now to re-enter the pack-ice, but proceeded along its edge to the westward, advancing so far as 187° W., and then to the southward and eastward. On the 20th of February a gale came on, which, though in open water, was sufficiently trying ; the wind was very high, and the spray which beat over the ships became frozen ere it reached the deck, forming every object into a mass of ice ; the coils of rope were covered by an icy incrustation several inches thick, and most of the running-gear about the bowsprits was carried away by the weight of ice formed on it.

On the 23rd of February the expedition came in view of the grand Victoria Barrier : the day being fine, the voyagers approached within a mile and a half of the Barrier, finally reaching 78° 10' S. lat. in the long. 162° W., having made six miles farther than in the preceding year, the highest latitude hitherto attained. Under all circumstances, this was more than had been expected ; for after the long detention, the rapidly closing sea- son rendered any progress very difficult ; but it was a great object to verify the magnetic and other observations, and to ascertain still more positively the position of the pole. Unable to proceed eastward, the retreat was commenced, tracing the pack edge. Sea- weed was again met with on reaching the parallel of 64°, and occasionally seen when running down the parallel of 60°, from 170° W. to 80° W., and thence in great abun- dance to the Falkland Islands, where the ships anchored in Berkeley Sound on the 6th of April 1842, not having seen land for 138 days, since leaving New Zealand.

A prolonged stay in the Falklands, though the season was winter (April to the beginning of September), afforded ample opportunities for thoroughly investigating the

* These few were collected by Dr. Dieffenbach, and are now deposited in the collection of Sir W. J. Hooker.

SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE. ix

Flora of that interesting and now highly important group, which, though it had heen partially examined by Admiral D'Urville, and previously by the officers of that unfor- tunate ship, the " Uranie," under the command of Captain Freycinet, still afforded considerable novelty.

On the Gth of September, the early spring of the southern latitudes, the " Erebus and Terror," with a portion of the officers, sailed from Berkeley Sound for the neighbour- hood of Cape Horn, and arrived there, after having been driven far out of their course by the equinoctial gales, on the 2 1 st, casting anchor in St. Martin's Cove, Hermit Island, lat. 56°, within a few miles of the far-famed Cape Horn, which is immediately opposite the mouth of the Cove. This is the most southerly spot on the globe which possesses any- thing above a herbaceous vegetation. Here, in the sheltered bays, the two kinds of Antarctic Beech, the Evergreen and Deciduous, form a dense, though small forest, and ascend, in a stunted form, to an elevation of 1000 feet on the hills. Many of the plants gathered during Cook's first voyage, by Sir Joseph Banks and Solander, and by Forster during his second, as also those which Mr. Menzies had detected, when accompanying Vancouver's expedition, and which have not been hitherto published, were found again ; and when the ships returned to the Falklands in November, Captain Ross transported many hundreds of young Beech-trees and caused them to be planted there, in hopes that the productions of so near a country might be found to succeed on these treeless islands. Some were also sent home and have since been distributed in England, from the Royal Botanic Gardens of Kew.

The third cruise to the South Polar Regions was commenced on the morning of the 17th of December 1842, when the expedition sailed from Berkeley Sound. An op- portunity was afforded again of tracing the southern limit of Seaweeds. The Macro- cystis was lost in lat. 55° S.,long. 57° W. ; but on attaining lat. 63°, long. 54°, another species appeared which had been originally discovered by Webster during the stay of Captain Forster's ship, the " Chanticleer," in Deception Island, one of the South Shetland group, and again found by the expedition of Admiral D'Urville, and has since been pub- lished under the name of Scytothalia Jucquinotii. On the 28th land was made, a por- tion of Palmer's Land, to which the name of " Terre Louis Philippe" has since been given by D'Urville. The ships were already in the pack-ice, through which we pene- trated, tracing the Lnd to 64°, and seeing a small volcanic island, lying a few miles off

X SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE.

the coast (Cockburn's Island), we landed upon it. The vegetable productions only amounted to twenty Cryptogamic species, three of them Seaweeds. Unable, after a series of fruitless efforts, to penetrate farther than 65°, and after having been more or less entangled in the ice for thirty-seven days, Sir James Ross finally bore up, and when, with great difficulty, the ships had been extricated from the pack-ice, we commenced tracing its edge to the eastward. A succession of easterly gales rendered the pro- gress in the advancing season tedious, most uncomfortable, and hazardous. At last however, on the 22nd of February 1843, the pack was lost sight of, trending to the south- west. On the 28th the Antarctic Circle was recrossed, and in spite of the rapidly shortening days, dark nights, and continual bad weather (for throughout the month of February, corresponding to an English August, only one day elapsed without snow), the Commander persevered in holding a southerly course. On Sunday the 5th of March, the weather being very thick, with snow-squalls, white petrels were seen, a bird whose appearance affords a sure indication of the proximity of pack-ice, and on the afternoon of the same day a heavy pack was descried, only a few yards ahead, with a terrific surf beating on it. The ice here was such as not to allow of being " taken" (or entered), even under the most favourable circumstances, and the ships were accord- ingly put about in lat. 71° 30' S., long. 15° W.

The thickness of the weather made it impossible to ascertain the course and posi- tion of the pack, and the Northward Voyage was commenced under violent N.E. equi- noctial gales. Beating to the northward, the ice occurred on both tacks, and the vessels were found to be in a bight of the pack, with the ocean loaded with bergs, and while the continued snow-squalls prevented the possibility of seeing any object ahead, the heavy seas and snow-laden state of the rigging rendered all human exertions ineffectual. From that date till the 11th of March, matters remained much the same, the ships beating to the northward with as much press of sail as could be exposed, trusting to Providence alone for guidance among the bergs. On the 1 9th the position assigned to Bouvet's or Circumcision Island was gained, but the weather rendered all endeavours, for three days, to discover land in this place of no avail. Both ships had a narrow escape of running foul of an iceberg, over which the sea was breaking, eighty feet high. The "Erebus," passing to windward, struck one of the floating masses from it ; and the "Terror," to windward of her consort, did not discover the danger till almost too late,

SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE. XI

when bearing up, she ran along the edge of the berg in the wash of the surf. On the 24th D'Urvillcea and Macrocystis were seen in lat. 51° S., and the last berg on March 25th, in lat. 47° S., the ships finally gaining the Cape of Good Hope on the 4th of April 1843, within two days of three years after they had first quitted that port for the high southern latitudes.

Respecting the climate of the various regions visited by the expedition, and especially that which prevails within the Antarctic Circle, little need here be said ; except that the vast proportion which water bears to land, tends to render the temperature uniform throughout the year, and the farther south is the position, the more equable does the climate seem to be. No analogy can prove more incorrect than that which compares the similar degrees of latitude in the north with those of the south. The most casual inspection of the map suffices to show the immense proportion of sea to land in the southern hemisphere, the mass of the continents terminating to the north of lat. 40° S., America alone dwindling away to the fifty-sixth degree. The scattered islands dis- covered to the south of this are therefore removed from the influence of any tracts which enjoy a better or continental climate. The power of the sun is seldom felt, and unless in the immediate neighbourhood of land, and accompanied by a comparatively dryland- wind, that luminary only draws up such mists and fogs as intercept its rays. After entering the pack-ice between 55° and 65°, the thermometer seldom, during any part of the summer day, rises above 32° or falls below 20° ; and while the southerly winds bring snow, the northerly ones transport an atmosphere laden with moisture, which, becoming at once condensed, covers the face of the ocean with white fogs of the densest description.

All islands and lands to the southward of 45° partake more or less of this inhospi- table climate, which, though eminently unfavourable to a varied growth of plants, still, from its equable nature, causes a degree of luxuriance to pervade all the vegetable king- dom, such as is never seen in climates where the vegetable functions are suspended for a large portion of the year. The remoteness of these islands from any continent, to- gether with their inaccessibility, preclude the idea of their being tenanted, even in a single instance, by plants that have migrated from other countries, and still more distinctly do they forbid the possibility of man having been an active agent in the dis- semination of them. On the contrary, the remarkable fact that some of the most

Xli SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE.

peculiar productions are confined to the narrowest limits, is a strong argument in favour of a general distribution of vegetable life over separate spots on the globe. Hence it will appear, that islands so situated furnish the best materials for a rigid comparison of the effects of geographical position and the various meteorological phenomena on vege- tation, and for acquiring a knowledge of the great laws according to which plants are distributed over the face of the globe. These subjects are however foreign to the pre- sent sketch, the author of which hopes, ere long, to have an opportunity of dwelling upon them at large and in a different form.

Those persons who have spent a series of years on the ocean, in pursuit of a favourite science, know how little can be effected by the unaided efforts of one individual, and where much is accomplished, how large is the debt of obligation incurred, not only to the facilities afforded by shipmates, but to the accommodating disposition of those with whom he comes in daily contact, and with whom he literally shares one cabin and one table. The author may here be allowed to say, that no man can be more deeply sensible than he is of the rare privilege he enjoyed, in having messmates who were ever ready to sacrifice their own convenience for his accommodation. Most especially does he feel it incumbent on him here to return his thanks to the commanding Officer of the expe- dition (as is his first duty) for the opportunity afforded of accompanying him, for the kindness always shown during this the most important and interesting scientific voyage that has been accomplished since the days of Cook, and for the generous manner in which that officer's private cabin and library were unreservedly placed at his disposal during the whole time the expedition was afloat. Attached as Sir James Clark Ross has ever been to the various branches of Natural History, he took a pleasure in promoting the interests of the collections at all times, and himself gathered many of the plants here described.

There were few of the officers of either ship who did not contribute something to the collection of plants ; but the botanist feels it peculiarly imperative on him here to enumerate and return his especial thanks to Mr. Lyall, Lieut. Smith, and Mr. Davis. Mr. Lyall indeed, as appointed to take charge of the botanical collections on board the " Terror," formed a most important herbarium, from which great assistance has been derived, amounting to no less than 1 500 species.

I.

FLORA ANTARCTICA.

PART I., BOTANY OF LORD AUCKLAND'S GROUP AND CAMPBELL'S ISLAND,

BOTANY

OF

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE.

FLORA ANTARCTICA.

I. LORD AUCKLAND'S GROUP AND CAMPBELL'S ISLAND.

Under this head will be considered the Botany of the few small islands which lie to the south of New Zealand, at least so far as have hitherto been examined. Of these, the two most important, Lord Auckland's group, in 50|° S. lat, 166° E. long., and Campbell's Island, lat. 52±° S. and long. 169° E., were visited by the "Erebus and Terror," and the former also by the French and American Discovery Ships*.

Upon McQuarrie's Island, lat. 55° S., long. 159° E., a very few plants have been collected, which are deposited in the herbarium of Mr. Brown, and some in that of Sir William Hooker, at Kew. I am not aware that any account has been published of these islands, nor of Emerald Island (lat. 57° S., long. 163° E.), the botany of which is en- tirely unknown, but which probably in this meridian constitutes the southern extreme of terrestrial vegetation. Floating masses of Macrocyslis and D'Urvilltea are found, how- ever, living and growing on the limits of the pack-ice, as far as the parallel of 64° S.

The Flora of these islands is closely related to that of New Zealand, and does not partake in any of those features which characterize Australian vegetation. Most of the plants may indeed be presumed to exist on the unexplored mountains, especially those of the middle and southern islands, of New Zealand ; but others are doubtless peculiar to those higher southern latitudes which they inhabit, thus being analogous to

* A few of the plants collected by the French have been published by two of the officers of Admira' D'Urville's Expedition, under the title of ' Voyage au Pole Sud, Botanique.'

VOL. I. B

2 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

those few novel forms that appear only in the most arctic parts of America. Even between the floras of Lord Auckland's and Campbell's Islands a marked difference exists, several species growing most abundantly in the latter which are not found at all in the former, where also the proportion of species common to other Antarctic coun- tries is less, and the affinity is greater with the productions of New Zealand.

Lord Auckland's Group. — A view of this small and very limited group, of about twenty miles long and eleven in its greatest breadth, as it appears on approaching from the sea, presents an almost equal distribution of wood, shrubs, and pasture-land. The mountains are low and undulating, nowhere exceeding 1400 or 1500 feet, clothed for their greater part, but scarcely to the very summits, with long grass, and frequently covered during November and December, though not generally, with snow. The climate is rainy and very stormy, so that on the windward sides the plants are stunted and checked, and resemble those of a higher southern latitude, or of an elevation several hundred feet above that which the same species inhabit on the sheltered parts. The whole group of islands appears formed of volcanic rocks, mostly of black trap, whose decomposition, especially among the ranker vegetation of the lower grounds, produces a deep rich soil. A Myrtaceous tree (Metrosideros umbellata) forms the larger pro- portion of the wood near the sea, and intermixed with it grow an arborescent species of Dracophyllum, several Coprosmas, Veronicas (frutescent) , and a Panax. Under these, and particularly close to the sea-beach, many Ferns abound ; conspicuous among them is a species with caulescent or subarborescent stems half a foot and upwards in diameter, crowned with handsome spreading tufts of fronds. Beyond the wooded region, some of the same plants, in a dwarf state, mingled with others, compose a shrubby broad belt, which ascends the hill to an elevation of 800 or 900 feet, gradually opening out into grassy slopes, and succeeded by the alpine vegetation. It is especially towards the summits of these hills that the most striking plants are found, vying in brightness of colour with the Arctic Flora, and unrivalled in beauty by those of any other Antarctic country. Such are the species of Gentian, and a Veronica with flowers of the intensest blue, several magnificent Composite, a Ranunculus, a Phyllachne, and a Liliaceous plant whose dense spikes of golden flowers are often so abundant as to attract the eye from a considerable distance. Here too the vegetable types of other Antarctic lands may be seen in the greatest number, and even such as are analogous to the Arctic productions, none of which can be more decided than a species of Hierochloe, Potentilla, Cardamine, Juncus, Drosera, Plantago, Epilobium, several Grasses, and Mosses belonging to the genera Andraa, Conostomum and Bartramia. Many of the plants in the lower grounds are no less striking and beautiful, as an arborescent Veronica bearing a profusion of white blossoms, a maritime Gentian, a handsome large-flowered Myosotis, the magnifi- cent Aralia polaris (Hombr. and Jacq.), two fine kinds of Anisotome, and several beau- tiful Ferns.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 3

Campbell's Island, two degrees to the southward of Lord Auckland's group, is smaller, far more steep and rocky, with narrow sheltered valleys, and the broader faces of the hills much exposed, and hence bare of any but a grassy vegetation. Except in the bays, the coast is as iron-bound as that of St. Helena, the rocks assuming even a wilder and more fantastic form. Ever lashed by heavy swells, and exposed to a suc- cession of westerly gales, this land affords no holding-place for such trees as skirt the beaches of Lord Auckland's Islands. In the narrow, sinuous bays, however, the scene is quite changed, for they are often margined by a slender belt of brushwood, with an abundant undergrowth of Ferns, stretching up the steep and confined guileys.

The geological features of the two islands are alike, and the only difference in cli- mate consists in that of Campbell's Island being still more forbidding and dreary. Fogs, snow-squalls and mists are the prevailing meteorological phenomena of these regions, and though such a state of atmosphere has a tendency to check the general mass of vegetation, still the constant moisture and equable temperature thus afforded support a luxuriant herbage in the very sheltered valleys. In Campbell's Island, the mountains, which rise very abruptly to about 1300 feet, are almost bare of vegetation, their rocky sides presenting a larger proportion of Grasses, Mosses and Lichens than in Lord Auck- land's group. Though all the handsomer plants are also found in the larger of the latter islands, yet, by growing here at a much lower elevation and in far greater abun- dance, they form a more striking feature in the landscape, the golden-flowered Liliaceous plant being conspicuous, from its profusion, at the distance of a mile from the shore.

I. RANUNCULACEjE, Juss.

1. Ranunculus (Hecatonia) pinguis, Hook. fil. ; acaulis, carnosus, pilosus, foliis omnibus radicalibus longe petiolatis reniformi-rotundatis crenato-lobatis, petiolis basi late vaginantibus, sea- pis crassis nudis v. 1-2-bracteatis folia aequantibus unifloris, sepalis 5-8 calyce brevioribus obovato- cuneatis v. linearibus, nectariis 3 quandoque nullis v. obsoletis, carpellis numerosissimis in capitulum globosum arete congestis vix compressis utrinque subalatis dorsoque carinatis stylo valido recto bi- alato apice ssepe uncinato terminatis. (Tab. I.)

Var. (3. pilosus ; minor, petiolis foliis scapis calycibusque magis pilosis, petalis linearibus sepalis J bre- vioribus, nectariis 3 valde distinctis.

Var. y. rhombifolius ; minor, foliis subrotundo-rhombeis 3-5-fidis segmentis subacutis crenato-dentatis v. integris.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group, a and /3 in boggy places on the hills, alt. 1000 feet; and from the sea to the mountain tops, alt. 1 200 feet, in Campbell's Island. 7. Rocky places in Lord Auck- land's group, alt. 1200 feet, rare.

b2

4 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

Radix perennis, crassa, subprsemorsa, rnagis minusve elongata, fibros pallidos camosos simplices, superne praecipue, emittens. Folia 1-2 una longa, 2-3 lata, omnia radicalia, patentia v. erecto-patentia, carnosula, crassa, pilosa (pilis deciduis), longe petiolata, reniformi-rotundata, radiatim venosa, basi lata subincurva, vel subrhomboidea, omnia pluri-lobata, lobis rotundatis magis minusve obtusis integris v. crenatis. Petio/i 1-3 unciales, folio longiores, semiteretes, pilosi, basi latissime vaginati, vaginis striatis nervosis extus sspe rigide fibrosis e reliquiis persistentibus vaginarum vetustarum, margine membranaceis. Scapi solitarii v. bini, rarius plures, erecti, crassi, foliis vix longiores, teretes, pilosi, 1- v. rarissime 2-flori, nudi v. 1-2-bracteati, bractea elongato-cuneata integra v. obtuse 1-2-dentata. Flos majusculus, unciam latus. Calyx 5- rarius 6-sepalus, sepalis patentibus, ovalibus, submembranaceis, purpureo-tinctis. Petala flava, purpureo-venosa, numero varia, 5_8-10, obovato-cuneata, v. lineari-spathulata, insequalia, calyce breviora, medio nectarifera, nectariis e glan- dulis 3 depressis marginatis, in totidem nervos sitis. Stamina plurima ; filamentis latis ; antheris ovalibus obtusis. Carpella numerosissima, in capitulum globosum magnitudine Coryli Avellana nucis, glaberrirna, lsevia, ovata, nee compressa, dorso carinatis, lateribus alato-marginatis, alis ad apicem styli stricti uncinati rective decurrentibus.

A very handsome species, and quite distinct from any with which I am acquainted. It possesses, however, several of the peculiarities of other Ranunculi from the mountains of South America and the high southern latitudes, particularly in the variable form and number of the petals. In its succulent habit and undivided leaves it has an affinity with R. Cymbalaria, but is perhaps most nearly allied to R. nivicola (Hook. Ic. PI. t. 571-2) ; especially as in one of our specimens the scape is bifid, 2-flowered, and bearing a large cauline leaf, thus showing a disposition in the plant to become caulescent. In the less divided foliage, shape of the petals, &c, it widely differs from that species, and more particularly in the curious nectaries which are only observable in the var. /3, becoming evanescent in the larger and common state of the plant. Here they are large, and situated each about the middle of one of the three principal nerves, which seems to branch into three, the mid- dle branch being continued through the nectary, while the lateral ones are thickened and run round its edge, all three uniting again at its summit. This circumstance may however be only caused by the thickened margin of the fovea, as the nerves do not appear branched in the petals of a, nor in those of intermediate states, where the nectaries are only perceptible as opake spots. These singular nectaries are also common to another scapi- gerous single-flowered species, the R. Gunnianus of Tasmania (Hook. Journ. Bot. vol. i. p. 244. t. 133), a plant which has also compressed or 2-winged styles.

Plate I. Fig. 1, sepal ; fig. 2 hfig. 3, petals ; fig. 4, petal of var. /3 ; fig. 5,"stamen ; fig. 6, ovarium ; fig. 7, the same cut open : — all magnified.

2. Ranunculus (Hecatonia) acuulis, Banks et Sol.; pusillus, glaberrimus, sarmentosus, foliis omnibus radicalibus longe petiolatis cordatis ternatim sectis, lobis seu foliolis subpetiolulatis, obtusis, intermedio integro v. trifido, lateralibus integris v. inaequaliter bifidis, scapis solitariis petiolo brevioribus, sepalis 3-5 ovato-rotundatis, petalis 6-8 flavis late spathulatis obtusis calyce duplo lon- gioribus medio squamuloso-nectariferis, capitulo globoso, carpellis paucis (5-7) ovatis gibbosis laevi- bus stylo recto brevi subulato terminatis. (Tab. II.) — Banks et Sol. MSS. in Herb. Mm. Brit. DeC. Prodr. vol. i. p. 34. A. Cunn. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Zeal, in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. p. 258.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; moist places near tbe sea.

These specimens entirely agree with others gathered in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand : the plant ap- parently prefers, and is perhaps confined to, the immediate neighbourhood of the sea, and in this meridian has a range of 16 degrees of latitude at the level of the ocean. The only species to which it has any affinity is the R.stenopetalus, Hook. (Ic. Plant, t. 677), from Chili, to which it is very nearly allied; the difference in the comparative breadth of the petals being almost the only one I have been able to detect. The situation of the nectary on the petals near their middle is common to a large proportion of the species of this genus in the

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 5

southern hemisphere, but very rare in those of the northern; the R.parvifiorus being perhaps the only British one in which it is inserted at a considerable distance from their base. The foliage of this plant is sufficiently accurately described by DeCandolle from Sir Joseph Banks's New Zealand specimens, but the corolla requires some correction, and the fruit was unknown to that author. The calyx consists of from 3-5 membranous, very concave, deciduous sepals. Petals narrow, variable in number, about twice as long as the sepals, bright yellow, li line long, spreading and horizontal in the expanded flower during the day, 3-nerved ; nectary con- spicuous, sunk, and covered with a closely appressed scale, forming together a deep fovea, opening upwards, placed on the middle of the petal and resembling the fructification of some Davallia. Filaments short, linear- subulate. Anthers broadly oblong. Ovaries about 15, some abortive, gibbous at the base, with a curved fal- cate style. Carpels forming globose heads, few in number, 5-8 or 10, rather large, compressed, especially towards the axis of the receptacle ; the style straight or curved, very short or longer and subulate.

Plate II. Fig. 1, bud ; fig. 2, flower ; fig. 3, sepal ; fig. 4, petals ; fig. 5, stamen ; fig. 6, ovarium ; fig. 7, head of carpels ; fig. 8, carpel removed; fig. 9, vertical section of the same; fig. 10, lateral; &nd fig. 11, front view of seed : — all more or less magnified.

3. Ranunculus (Hecatonia) subscaposus, Hook. fil. ; totus pilis subrigidis appressis fulvis hispido-pubescens, foliis plerisque radicalibus longissime petiolatis deltoideo-cordatis profunde tri- partitis lobis late cuneatis inaequaliter 3-/-fidis segmentis acutis, scapis folio brevioribus unifloris 1— 3-phylIis superne incrassatis et dense pilosis, petalis 5 calyce brevioribus obovato-oblongis infra medium squamuloso-neetariferis. — Hook. Ic. Plant, vol. viii. ined.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; by the margins of rivulets in the woods, D. Lyall, Esq.

This plant I never saw growing ; it was detected by my friend Mr. Lyall. In general appearance it very closely resembles the R. lappaceus, Sm., of Tasmania and the northern parts of New Zealand, a species which varies much in size, in the form of the leaves, and in the nature of the pubescence. The R. subscaposus is more slender in habit, with the hairs always closely appressed and of a tawny yellow colour ; but the most important distinction lies in the form and size of the petals, which in R. lappaceus are much larger than the calyx and very broadly obovato-cuneate, with a large triangular fleshy nectary at the very base; but in this plant they are smaller, of a very different shape, and the nectary consists of a minute flat round scale placed a little below the middle. The petioles are nearly a span long; the leaves about an inch in length and somewhat more in width.

II. CRUCIFER^E, Juss.

1. Cardamine hirsuta, L. ; var. subcarnosa ; glabra, flori bus majusculis, petalis albidis pur- pureisve, stylis brevibus latis, stigmatibus subsessilibus.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; very common on grassy banks from the sea to an altitude of 500 feet.

Abundantly gathered and used as a salad by the officers of the ships, its succulent leaves being an excel- lent antiscorbutic. A very dwarf hairy state of this is common among the rocks close to the sea, having the flowers always purple. Except in the very fleshy leaves, and, occasionally, coloured petals, this is in no way to be distinguished from the ordinary states of C. hirsuta, and especially from Cape Horn and Falkland Island spe- cimens, in which the style and stigmata are variable both in length and breadth ; in the large size of the petals it agrees with Icelandic and other hyperborean specimens. My friend Mr. H. C. Watson agrees with me in considering that no specific difference exists between this plant and our English C. hirsuta, though they grow nearly at the antipodes of each other. Of the stigmas in the European form, he observes, " they are broader

6 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

than the pods when in an early stage, but as the latter approach maturity, the stigmas shrink and dry. This change is not uniform in all English specimens."

2. Cardamine corymbosa, Hook. fil. ; hirsutula v. glabra, caulibus perbrevibus rigidis ad basin ramosis, ramis gracilibus flexuosis diffusis parce foliosis, foliis longe petiolatis pinnatisectis, foliolis 3-5 subpetiolulatis rotundatis terminali majore, lateralibus remotis saepe minutis, floribus corymboso- fasciculatis axillaribus v. terminalibus, corymbis nunc proliferis, pedicellis brevibus demum valde elongatis, siliquis anguste linearibus in stylum brevem attenuatis, replo angusto, valvis planis, stig- mate minuto. — Hook. fil. in Icon. Plant, vol. vii. pt. 2. tab. 686.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on turfy ground near the sea, common.

Radix perennis, e fibris crassis, subfusiformibus, albidis, ramosis, descendentibus. Tota planta pilis spar- sis patentibus hirsuta etciliata, v. glabra. Caulis perbrevis, crassiusculus, albidus, rigidus, fragilis, fere ad col- lum ramosus ; ramis 2-4 uncias longis, teretibus, gracilibus, patentibus, adscendentibus, subproliferim divisis. Folia perpauca, radicalia subnulla ; ramea remota, longe petiolata, pinnatisecta ; foliolis 3-5, rotundatis seu late ovatis obovatis cordatisve, integerrimis, petiolulatis, terminali majore 3-4 lin. longo, lateralibus remotis saepe minutis. Petioli graciles, 1-2 unciales, basi dilatati. Flores parvi, corymboso-fasciculati, axillares et terminates, nunquam, etiam fructiferi, racemosi. Pedicelli quandoque in axillis solitarii, primum brevissimi, demum valde elongati, unciam sesquiunciam longi, patentes. Sepala elliptica, ovata, venosa, purpurascentia. Petala calycem duplo superantia, obovato-spathulata, venosa, alba. Siliqua erecta, gracilis, stricta v. paululum curvata, i— | unciam longa, anguste linearis, compressa, apice in stylum brevem crassiusculum subulatum at- tenuata. Stigma obtusum, vix stylo latius. Semina uniseriata, fusca. Cotyledones obovatae. Radicula clavata.

This is a small and very distinct species of Cardamine, wiry and fragile in every part. The stems are short, or rather, at once, after springing from the collum, divided into spreading, ascending, filiform branches, with few and small leaves ; and with corymbs, or more correctly speaking, fascicles of flowers, which at no period seem to constitute a raceme. Sometimes even the flower is solitary and axillary ; generally several spring together from the side or apex of a stem, subtended by a leaf; sometimes a pedicel appears proliferous, running out into a stem and bearing a fascicle or corymb and a leaf at its apex : so that the inflorescence has little the appearance of that of a cruciferous plant.

3. Cardamine depressa, Hook. fil. ; glaberrima, subacaulis, foliis confertis plerisque radicalibus longe petiolatis undique patentibus obovato-spathulatis obtusis inferne sinuato-lobatis, racemis breviter pedunculatis corymbosis petiolo brevioribus, siliquis longe pedicellatis erectis linearibus compresso-tetragonis stylo brevi attenuato mucronato terminatis. (Tab. III.)

Var. (3. acaulis; foliis flaccidis tenui-membranaceis longissime petiolatis integris v. inferne subdentatis. — Tab. IV. B.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in gravelly moist places near the sea amongst grass. (3. In clefts of rocks, alt. 1200 feet.

Radix brevis, subfusiformis, valida, fibrosa, superne multiceps. Caules brevissimi, ramis abbreviate foliosis. Folia numerosa, conferta, undique patentia, v. superiora suberecta, petiolata, obovato-spathulata, gla- berrima, subcarnosa, sinuata v. lobata lobis obtusis, rarius integra, una cum petiolo 1 unc. longa, 3-4 lin. lata. Flores parvi, subcorymboso-racemosi. Racemi abbreviati, plerumque e collo ipso orti, foliis 1-2 subtensi, ter- minales, rarius, ob ramos subelongatos, axillares, petiolo multo breviores. Pedicelli floriferi brevissimi ; fructi- feri elongati, graciles, adscendentes, 3 lin. ad J unc. longi. Sepala concava, ovato-oblonga, obtuse trinervia. Petala anguste spathulata, albida, calycem plus duplo superantia. Filamenta compressa, inferne dilatata. Sili- qua erecta, i-1-pollicaris, f lin. lata, pedicello longior v. subaequilonga, linearis, compresso-tetragona, valvis pla-

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 7

nis v. subtorulosis medio uninerviis ; replo latissimo ; stylo brevi angusto ; stigmate parvo. Semina sub 20, testa rufo-fusca.

A very distinct species, which will come under the small section with undivided leaves, to which also the C. bel/idifolia, L., of Northern Europe, belongs ; a plant to which the present is unquestionably nearly allied. In both these species the leaves vary much, being sometimes, but rarely, almost entire in this, whilst in the C. bellidifolia they are more seldom sinuate or lobed. The very great breadth of the septum, which is winged on both sides, and forms an acute angle with the valves, is a most remarkable character, peculiar, as far as I am aware, to this and the following species ; at times it is almost as broad as the valves themselves. In South America this form is represented by C. chenopodiifolia, Pers., which is however a larger and caulescent plant, with very conspicuous showy flowers, — a similar species, or perhaps variety, inhabits the Andes of Chili, at an elevation of 10,000 feet. The var. /3 was gathered in a very imperfect state with young flowers only. In general appearance it differs much from the normal form of the plant, and more especially in the flaccid mem- branous texture, long petioles, with shorter, rather broader, and nearly or quite entire leaves. It may prove distinct, but the specimens are not in a fit state for satisfactory determination.

Plate III. Fig. 1, flower ; fig. 2, sepal ; fig. 3, petal ; fig. 4, stamens and ovarium ; fig. 5, stamen ; fig. 6, siliqua ; fig. 7, side-view of same ; fig. 8, siliqua, with valve removed ; fig. 9, seed; fig. 10, embryo : — more or less magnified. — Plate IV. B. var. /3.

4. Cardamine stellata, Hook. fil. ; parva, acaulis, piloso-hispida, foliis confertis stellatim patentibus longe petiolatis elliptico-spathulatis integris v. inferne sinuato-pinnatifidis, floribus corymbosis, corymbis sessilibus, pedicellis gracilibus, siliquis abbreviatis linearibus compresso- tetragonis, replo latissimo, stylo brevi subulate (Tab. IV. A.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on the debris at the base of precipices in very exposed places.

Planta pusilla, depressa, plagse inclementis typica, tota pilis albidis subhispida. Radix perennis, ad col- lum crassa, deinde fusiformis et fibrillosa. Caulis 0. Folia omnia radicalia, numerosa (circiter 15-20), ho- rizontaliter et undique stellatim patentia, longe petiolata, una cum petiolo 1-1 unc. longa, 2-3 lin. lata, ciliata, subcarnosa, e petiolo sensim dilatato-spathulata, v. elliptico-oblonga, obtusa, integra v. basi sinuato-lobata, seu pinnatifida, lobis obtusis. Flores corymbosi. Pedicelli elongati, e pedunculo brevissimo inter folia radicalia orti, hinc scapos ssepe simulantes, sub 3 lin. longi, erecti ; fructiferi magis elongati. Sepala lineari-oblonga, obtusa, 3-nervia, extus pilosa. Pelala \- \ lin. longa, obovato-spathulata, albida, calyce paulo longiora. Antherce dorso glandula parva. Siliqua parva, erecta, \ unc. longa, pedicellum subsequans, compresso-tetragona, recta v. paululum curvata, pilosa v. glabra, gradatim in stylum angustum acuminata ; valvis planis medio uninerviis ; replo latissimo ut in C. depressa. Semi?ia quoque loculo 6-8, rufo-fusca.

The habitat of this plant is remarkable, as it grows only in the most exposed situations on the weather shores, about 100 feet above the sea. In the form of the leaves it resembles the C. pusilla, Hochst., an Abys- sinian species, but these are here more crowded and spathulate, and the inflorescence is quite different. The siliqua, though shorter, has very much the same form as that of C. depressa.

Plate IV. A. Fig. 1, flower ; fig. 2, sepal ; fig. 3, petal ; fig. 4, stamens ; fig. 5, siliqua ; fig. 6, seed : — all magnified.

III. CARYOPHYLLE.E, Juss.

1. Stellaria decipiens, Hook, fil.; glabra, caule decumbente dichotome ramoso, foliis recur- vis omnibus (etiam supremis) petiolatis obovato-rhombeis acutis apice callosis carnosulis siccitate punctis minutis elevatis asperis, petiolis subciliatis, pedunculis di-tricholomis (rarius unifloris) folia

8 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

plerumque superantibus ad furcaturam pedicelloque unico medium versus 2-bracteatis, bracteis ovatis acutis scariosis albidis, petalis 5 bipartitis calycem sequantibus interdum eo brevioribus v. nullis filamentisque ima basi dilatatis fere hypogynis, stylis 3 — Hook.fil. in Icon. Plant, vol. vii. t. 680.

Hab. Lord Auckland's and Campbell's Islands ; common on the low grounds, especially in the woods, and near the sea.

Caules tetragoni, e basi valde ramosi, filiformes, 3-5 unc. longi. Folia carnosula, 3-5 lin. longa, obovata seu rhomboidea, hincinde, siccitate, minute tuberculata. Pe/ioli 1-3 lin. longi, latiusculi. Pedunaili folio ple- rumque longiores, solitarii, raro uniflori, biridi seu trifidi ; ramis inaequalibus. Petala saepe 0.

In many respects this agrees with the S. uliginosa, Murr., and more particularly in the size and arrangement of the inflorescence, but the stems are always decumbent, the leaves all petiolate, very patent or recurved, and not at all broader or ovate at the base ; their callous apices are common to both species. The peduncles generally bear two pedicels, which have a pair of bracts at the base, and a pair on one of the pedi- cels, whereas in S. uliginosa the peduncle is trichotomously divided, with the intermediate pedicel only desti- tute of bracts. The styles seem to be constantly three, and the stamens and petals are less decidedly perigy- nous than in the latter plant. In form the leaves resemble those of S. media, With., but the inflorescence is very different, and the stem wants the alternate line of hairs.

2. Stellaria media, With. — Engl. Bot. t. 53/. DeC. Prodr. vol. i. p. 396. Alsine, L.

Hab. Lord Auckland's Islands ; covering the tomb of a French sailor, and growing along with Poa annua, L. : undoubtedly introduced. A straggling, very common European form of the plant, still retaining all its characters.

IV. DROSERACEiE, DeC. 1. Drosera (sp.) ?

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the hills. — Of this I only once met with a solitary speci- men, scarcely in flower, resembling a good deal the D. uniflora, Willd., of Tierra del Fuego ; but it was lost among the many botanical rarities brought down to the ship on that day, so that I am only able to record the fact of a species of the genus growing on the island.

V. GERANIACE.E, DeC.

1. Geranium microphyllum, Hook. fil. ; pusillum, adpresse pubescens, caulibus adscendentibus, foliis omnibus longe petiolatis orbiculari-reniformibus 5-7-lobatis, lobis trifidis subtus discoloribus, pedunculis lateralibus solitariis v. binis elongatis unifloris supra medium bibracteolatis, petalis (albis) obovato-cuneatis integris v. retusis, glandulis ad basin staminum fere obsoletis, filamentis ciliatis, stylis brevibus, ovario piloso. (Tab. V.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; in boggy places, alt. 1000 feet.

Radix perennis, multiceps, ad collum squamosa ; squamis vaginantibus, ovatis, membranaceis, fuscis, nitidis. Caules ex eadem radice 3-4, 3-5 unc. longi, nudiusculi, decumbentes, deinde adscendentes, parce pilosi, crassitie pennae passerinae, internodiis remotis. Folia radicalia longissime petiolata, i unc. lata, supra, et subtus (prsecipue ad nervos) adpresse pilosa ; lobis lato-cuneatis, obtusis, 3-fidis, segmentis latis acutis ; laete viridia, subtus fusco-purpurea. Pelioli graciles, filiformes, 2 unc. longi, basi stipulis vaginati, inferne

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 9

glaberrimi, superne incano-pilosi. Stipule ovatae, acuminata?, rufo-fusca?, scarioso-membranacere. Pedunculi uniflori, erecti, petiolo breviores, superne pilosi, supra medium bibracteolati ; bracteis parvis, oppositis, ovatis, acuminatis. Petala 1^-2 lin. longa, patentia, alba. Stamina 10, subaequalia ; antlieris oblongis.

In the single-flowered peduncles this is allied to the Tasmanian G. potentilloides of L'Heritier, but the plant is much more dwarfish, with short procumbent or ascending stems, less hairy, especially below, with the hairs appressed ; the peduncles also are shorter than the leaves, which latter are less deeply cut.

Plate V. Fig. 1 , flower ; Jiff. 2, petal ; fig. 3, flower with the petals removed ; fig. 4, underside of the calyx ; fig. 5, portion of the stamens ; fig. 6, ovaria : — all more or less magnified.

VI. ROSACEA, Juss.

1. Sieversia albiflora, Hook. fil. ; parvula, hirsuta, caulibus seu scapis parce foliosis tri-quin- quefloris, foliis radicalisms interrupte lyrato-pinnatis, foliolis lateralibus minutis grosse dentatis, terminali maxirao orbiculari-cordato obscure lobato inaequaliter dentato, caulinis subsessilibus, pedi- cellis superne incrassatis unibracteatis, bractea sessili trifida, calycis segmentis patentibus ciliatis, petalis (albis) obovatis retusis extus pilosis, ovariis in stylum brevem rectum (nee geniculatum) attenuatis in stipitem articulatis, receptaculo elongato gracili. (Tab. VII.)

Had. Lord Auckland's group ; rocky places on the hills, alt. 1000 feet.

I reo-ret that owing to the early season I only met with two or three flowers of this rare plant, and not one specimen with perfect fruit. It is the smallest species known to me, and has a creeping, woody, subfusiform, oblique root, throwing out coarse fibres ; and from the summits of this spring most of the leaves. The stems, or rather scapes (for they remain withered stalks after the fall of the fruit), arise also from the top of this root, and are branched, twice or thrice as long as the radical leaves : they bear a few flowers with white petals, which are succeeded by the narrow elongated receptacle, hispid as it were with the persistent stipites of the carpels. It is this character which it has in common with a very arctic species, the S. Rossii, Br., together with the very short styles, that induces me to place it in Sieversia ; for the style seems too short ever to be geniculated. It further differs from all known species in having white petals.

Plate VII. Fig. 1, unexpanded flower ; fig. 2, expanded flower ; fig. 3, petal ; fig. 4 and fig. 5, stamens ; fig. 6, young ovarium ; fig. 7, receptacle after the carpels have fallen away : — all more or less magnified.

1. Aclena (Ancistrum) Sanguisorbce, Vahl., Enum. vol. i. p. 294. DeC. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 592. A. Cunn. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Zeal, in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 244. Ancistrum Sanguisorbae, Linn. fil. A. anserinsefolium, Foist. Gen. t. 2. A. diandrum, Forst. Prodr. n. 52. A. decumbens, Gcertn. Fruet. t.32.

Var. ft. minor ; depressa, ramis brevissimis, foliis valde sericeis. A. decumbens, Menzies in Herb. Hook.

Hab. Abundant in Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island, especially on cliffs over- hanging the sea. ft. On the mountains in rocky places. M'Quarrie's Island, in Herb. Hook. ; also found in Dusky Bay by Mr. Menzies.

The ordinary states of this plant differ in no particular from other specimens gathered at the Bay of Islands.

It is also a native of Tasmania, and probably of Southern Australia. Stems trailing, a span to two feet long.

Branches erect or ascending. Leaves irnpari-pinnate, with 4-6 pairs of obovate or oblong, coarsely serrated,

sessile leaflets, smooth on the upper surface, silky beneath, and more especially in the young plants, and invar.

VOL. I. C

10 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

|3. at the apices of the serratures, which are there terminated by pencils of white hairs. Flowers capitate upon long slender peduncles. Stigma plumose.

2. Acena (Ancistrum) adscendens, Vahl, Enum. vol. i. p. 29?. DeC. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 593. Ancistrum humile, Pers. Ench. vol. i. p. 30.

Hab. M'Quarrie's Island. (Herb. Hook.)

This is perhaps the most common and widely diffused species of the genus, being found abundantly through- out Chili and Fuegia, as well as in the Falkland Islands and Kerguelen's Land. It may readily be distinguished by its large size, and by its smooth red-brown, often glaucous, decumbent stems. The leaflets are generally membranous, obovate or cuneate, ^—| inch long, coarsely inciso-serrate, glabrous on the upper surface, pubes- cent or almost silky beneath. The scapes or peduncles, bearing the globose capitula, are quite glabrous. The whole plant varies much in the size and toothing of its leaflets, whence I am inclined to think it may be the large and ordinary form of A. Magellanica, Lam. ; although Vahl describes the peduncles of that plant as " superne subvillosi." I further doubt how far the A. ovdlifolia, Ruiz, and Pav. (Fl. Per. t. 103. f. c), will prove distinct ; it again is allied to the A. Sanguisorbce, Vahl. The present form was not found either in Tas- mania, New Zealand, or in Lord Auckland's or Campbell's Islands. The fact of its reappearance in a higher southern latitude is an interesting one, and in accordance with the known laws affecting the distribution of plants.

VII. ONAGRARl^E, Juss.

1. Epilobium Ihinceoides, Hook. fil. ; herbaceum glaberrimum caule repente vage ramoso, ramis divavicatis adscendentibus, foliis petiolatis cordato-rotundatis flaccidis argute dentatis, pedun- culis solitariis axillaribus rarius terminalibus folio longioribus fructiferis saspe valde elongatis, floribus erectis, sepalis apice glanduloso-apiculatis, petalis (roseis) calyce longioribus cuneatis profunde bifidis, stigmate indiviso clavato, fructibus glaberrimis erectis pedunculo brevioribus. (Tab. VI.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; abundant. Also more recently found amongst the mountains of New Zealand by Mr. Colenso.

A very pretty species, allied to the E. nummular {folium, R. Cunn., of New Zealand, but readily distin- guished by its much larger size and thin, flaccid (not fleshy) leaves, which are strongly eroso-dentate. In Mr. Colenso's specimens the stems are longer, and the leaves less rounded in form with longer petioles. Stems weak, terete, 3-6 inches long. Leaves in rather remote pairs, bright green and shining above, often discoloured and purplish beneath, ^—§ inch long, sometimes broader than long. Petioles 1-3 lines. Peduncles, even when flowering, very variable in length, from ~-3 inches long, generally erect. Sepals concave, especially towards the apex, which is produced into a thickened, short, club-shaped apiculus or gland. Petals about half as long again as the sepals, 1| lin. long, of a pale rose-colour, bifid nearly half-way down. Filaments thickened at the connectivum. Style gradually swelling upwards into a club-shaped obtuse stigma. Capsule (which I have seen ripe only in the New Zealand specimens) narrow, erect, quite glabrous, about an inch long.

Plate VI. Fig. 1, flower spread open ; fig. 2, petal ; fig. 3, flower with the petals removed ; fig. 4, front, and fig. 5, back view of a stamen : — all magnified.

2. Epilobium confer iifolium, Hook. fil. ; herbaceum, glabrum, caule repente radicante ramoso, ramis divaricatis decumbentibus teretibus cum lineis duabus oppositis incanis, foliis oppositis valde ap- proximatis subimbricatis breviter petiolatis oblongo-obovatis obtusis subcarnosis glaberrimis remote

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 1 1

et obscure dentatis, petiolis margine incanis basi connatis subvaginantibus, pedunculis sessilibus soli- tariis axillaribus, floribus erectis, petalis rubris subpurpureisve ad medium bifidis, ovario glaberrimo, stylo oblique clavato, capsula lineari elongata glaberrima. — Hook.fil. in Icon. Plant, t. 685.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on grassy banks and in moist places, abundant.

This little plant in every respect occupies the place in these islands, that the E. alpinum, L., does on the European mountains. The two species are indeed so very closely allied, that I look in vain for further constant characters than the creeping and rooting much-branched stem, the densely crowded, broader, and more obovate leaves with almost sheathing petioles, and the deeply bifid petals of the present one. The more remarkable points of similarity, besides the general appearance, are the lines of pubescence on the stem, the sessile or shortly pedunculated ovaria (which in E. alpinum are however often lengthened), the deep colour of the petals, and the simple clavate stigma, which is here decidedly oblique and gibbous at the base. A very similar species is found on the Andes of Peru and in Chili.

3. Epilobium nerterioides, A. Cunn. ; glaberrimum, caule repente radicante, foliis oppositis breviter petiolatis ellipticis rotundatisve subcoriaceis et carnosis marginibus integris recurvis, fructi- bus glaberrimis pedunculatis inclinatis pendulisve. — E. nerterioides, A. Cunn. Prodi: Flor. Nov. Zeal, in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 32.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in moist rocky places, alt. 1200 feet, rare, not found in flower or fruit.

In these very imperfect specimens the leaves are much more fleshy, and their margins more strongly re- curved, than in others gathered by Mr. Menzies in Dusky Bay, or by myself in the Bay of Islands. Like other species however of the same genus, the plant is probably a very variable one. Mr. Cunningham quotes the E. pendulum, Sol., as a synonym of E. nummular if olium, R. Cunn., a species very nearly allied to the present, but larger, with distinctly crenate leaves, and having the capsules hoary with a white down. In habit and foliage this plant resembles the Anagallis tenella, L., and as well as many of the New Zealand species, it has a pecu- liarly creeping mode of growth, which none of those of the northern hemisphere possess.

VIII. HALORAGE^E, Br.

1. Callitriche verna, L. DeC. Prodr. vol. iii. p. 70. D'Urv. Fl. Ins. Mai. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Par. vol. iv. p. 620. Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 138.

Var. (3. terreslris ; caulibus brevissimis repentibus, foliis approximatis carnosis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; common on the ground and on wet rocks near the sea. /3. On the ground by the margins of pools, Campbell's Island.

A very general plant throughout the Antarctic Islands visited by the " Erebus and Terror." First noticed as a native of the Falkland Islands by Admiral D'Urville, who, in his description of the plant, which is not uncom- mon there, and is identical with the var. /3. of Campbell's Island, alludes to the filament and ovarium as each arising from a minute bipartite calyx. Neither in my dried specimens, nor when in a fresh state, could I detect organs answering to this description. The bracteas, which are extremely caducous, and only exist in the very youngest state of the flower, are singularly falcate, linear-subulate and membranaceous, similar to those of C. platycarpa, Kiitzing. The leaves vary much in shape, and the whole plant in size, as in Europe. The anthers,

c 2

1 2 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

(though described as one-celled) are in reality didyrnous and 2-celled ; they first open down each side and then across the connectivum at the top, always remaining partially 2-celled. Filaments often very long, half an inch and upwards. The styles are also slender, and when highly magnified exhibit throughout their length minute papillae. Ovary (or female flower) 2-4-celled, pedicellate. The flowers are generally solitary ; the males in the axils of the upper, and the females in those of the lower leaves, with a small abortive leaf-bud in the opposite axil.

IX. MYRTACE^E, Br.

1. Metrosideros (Agalmanthus) lucida ; arborea, foliis oppositis petiolatis ellipticis utrinque acuminatis integerrimis glaberrimis coriaceis rigidis enerviis inferne glanduloso-punctatis (glandulis luteis) marginibus revolutis, floribus 3-5 ad apices ramulorum breviter pedunculatis umbellatis, calyce turbinate- sericeo, lobis late ovatis subacutis, petalis obovato-oblongis spathulatisve calycis limbo duplo longioribus apice ciliatis, filamentis petalo subtriplo longioribus. — Menz. MSS. in Herb. Hook. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zeal. p. 333. A. Cunn. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Zeal. I. c. vol. iii. p. 1 14. M. umbellata, Cav. Ic. vol. iv. tab. 337. Smith in Rees's Cycl. vol. xxiii. DeC. Prodr. vol. iii. p. 225. Agalmanthus um- bellatus, Hombr. et Jacrj. Voy. au Pol. Sud, Bot. tab. 1. sine descript. Melaleuca lucida, Forst. Prodr. n. 216.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; from the sea to an altitude of 500 feet. Abundant. (Not seen in Campbell's Island.)

Originally discovered by Sir J. Banks and Dr. Solander at Totarra nui in the North Island of New Zea- land, and a very fine drawing of it, made during Captain Cook's first voyage, is preserved in the British Mu- seum. It was again found by Forster during Cook's second voyage, in Dusky Bay, and by him first published. Mr. Menzies also gathered it at the latter locality. I am at a loss to conceive how the specimens came into the possession of Felix Nee, from whose collection Cavanilles figured and described the plant under the name of Metros, umbellata, as a native of Port Jackson. The figure given by the latter author is very characteristic, except that the peduncles are represented as too long and slender. In the plate accompanying the late French expedition of Admiral D'Urville, the sketch of the entire plant does not do justice to that which constitutes the largest tree on Lord Auckland's group, and the most abundant, skirting the whole line of sea-coast with a broad belt of evergreen flat-topped forest wood. The single trees are fiom 20-40 feet high, inclined, with trunks 2-3 feet in diameter, often flattened, seldom erect, covered with a pale reddish bark, which flakes off like that of the birch. From the trunks and lower branches there are often sent out large tufts of dry root-like pro- cesses, which run along the surface, and are covered with a loose thick and spongy light brown cuticle. The branches are spreading and ascending, from the inclemency of the climate and violence of the winds forming stag-headed trees, whose tops are perfectly flat, as if cut with a scythe. The ultimate branches, which bear a few leaves, are angular and covered with a loose white papery cuticle, which turns yellow in drying. The leaves are of a lurid but shining green, more yellow on the under surface, and there covered with large yellow glands. Petals when young white with red tips, in the more expanded state crimson, as are the stamens. The inflores- cence in this, as in all other New Zealand species, is in umbels or corymbs. The Myrtacete, which in North America do not attain a higher latitude than 26°, and in Europe only one reaches the 46th degree, in the south- ern regions are amongst the most Antarctic plants, being most abundant in Tasmania, lat. 42-44° S. ; in New Zealand, throughout the islands as far as 50^° S., and in South America accompanying other plants as far as o6° S., where that continent terminates in the South Polar Ocean.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 1 3

X. PORTULACEiE, Juss.

1. Monti a fontanel, L. DeC. Prodr. vol. iii. p. 362. M. linearifolia, VUrv. Fl. Ins. Mai. 1. c. vol. iv. p. 619. M. lamprosperma, Chamisso inLinnaa, vol. vi. p. 565. t. 7.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Islands; in moist places near the sea, abundant.

This is a very variable plant and an exceedingly common one in the southern regions. The specimens from the various Antarctic islands vary much in size, in the form of the leaf, in the number of the stamens, and in the number and nature of the surface of the seeds. Those of the Auckland and Campbell's Island specimens agree with the figure quoted of Chamisso's M. lamprosperma, but they are not larger than the seeds of European spe- cimens. The Falkland Islands, form again has the seeds very large with a black tuberculated shining testa, agreeing in the latter character with those of Kerguelen's Land, which are however smaller. In the Peruvian plant the seeds are very small, but covered and almost echinate with crowded elevated linear tubercles. Those of the English plant are not constant in size, but the testa is generally more opake and not remarkably tuberculated. It is difficult to find a more widely distributed phrenogamic plant than this, especially in the southern hemisphere, where it generally accompanies the Callitriche verna. In New Zealand and in Peru it inhabits a more elevated region. According to Boissier, it attains in Spain an altitude of 5000-7000 feet. In the Highlands of Scotland it ascends to 3000 feet, and reaches as far north as Iceland and Siberia in Europe and Asia. Though universally distributed over all the temperate parts of these two continents, and in the south, it appears to be singularly rare in North America, being hitherto detected only in Labrador, Greenland (whose Flora presents more European peculiarities than any other part of America east of the Rocky Mountains), Sitka and the Oregon.

1. Colobanthus subulatus ; dense pulvinatus nitidus, caulibus ramosis foliosis, foliis arete imbricatis strictis rigidis subulatis coriaceis supra canaliculatis basi scarioso-membranaceis vaginan- tibus apicibus subpiliferis, floribus terminalibus solitariis, pedunculis folio brevioribus, sepalis 4-5 erectis inaequalibus lanceolatis striatis pungentibus, staminibus 4-5 filamentis basi in annulum pe- rigynum coalitis, capsula 4-5-fida. — Sagina subulata, D'Urv. Fl. Ins. Mai. 1. c. p. 618. S. muscosa, /3. squarrosa et y. laricifolia, Sol. MSS. in Herb. Mus. Brit. Colob. Benthamianus, Fenzl, MSS. in Endl. Atakt. t. 49. Ann. U'ien. Mus. t49.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; in rounded tufts on rocks near the summits of the hills, alt. 1000 feet.

Caules I-I5 pollicares, ramosi, fastigiati, glaberrimi. Folia l|-2 lin. longa, pallide viridi-straminea, erecto- patentia, basi connata. Pedvnciili | lin. longi, subangulati, validi. Perianthium folia vix superans et iis immer- sum, basi truncatum ; sepalis basi incrassatis, in nostris exemplaribus 5, quorum 2 exterioribus paulo majoribus, 3 interioribus imbricatis. Stamina 5, rarius 4, manifeste perigyna, perianthii foliolis alterna ; filamentis com- pressis, subulatis; antheris bvalibus. Ovarium ovatum, disco perigyno insertum, 1-loculare, sub 5-ovulatum. Sty li 4-5. Stigmata lineari-clavata, intus glandulosa. Capsula ad medium 5-fida v. 4-5-partita, chartacea ; segmentis obtusis, perianthio persistente inclusa. Semina 3-4, angulata, subreniformia, compressa ; testa pallide brunnea, subtilissime granulata.

Of rare occurrence, and confined to the tops of the hills in Campbell's Island ; nowhere seen in Lord Auck- land's group. In the Falklands, and in Fuegia, where it was discovered by Banks and Solander, it is very common, both on the low grounds and on the mountains. I have followed Fenzl and Endlicher in placing this genus in Portulacea, though I must confess that to me it appears too closely allied to Caryopliyllea, and especially

14 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

to Sagina, to be far removed from that genus, while the habit is not that of an)' of this Order. The present plant differs from its congeners in being rigid and somewhat pungent ; the structure of the flower however entirely agrees with that of the previously described species. All the specimens I have examined from this locality have a 5-sepalous perianth, which in the South American state of the plant is as invariably 4-sepalous. It is also apt to assume here a monstrous state, the central axis of the capsule becoming proliferous and sending out from the position of the placenta; (in the natural state) two foliaceous shoots, each with two pairs of leaves, projecting beyond the perianth, and the ovules (abortive) arranged round the bases of these shoots.

2. Colobanthus muscoides, Hook. fil. ; densissime compactus carnosus, ramis confertis foli- osis, foliis arete imbricatis patentim recurvis lineari-subulatis obtusis supra planis basi lata connatis, pedunculis brevissimis solitariis terminalibus superne incrassatis, perianthio herbaceo parvo com- presso, sepalis 4 erectis lanceolatis obtusis concavis exterioribus majoribus dorso obscure carinatis, staminibus 4 per paria approximatis ex annulo perigyno incrassato ortis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on wet rocks especially near the sea, and immediately above high-water mark.

The smallest species in regard to size of leaves and flower with which I am acquainted, and yet perhaps most nearly allied to the finest of the genus, a Kerguelen's Land species. The whole plant is densely matted and fleshy, forming compact tufts. Stems 3-4 inches long. Leaves 2 lines. The flowers are much compressed, very minute and inconspicuous, 1 line long, sunk among the leaves. Perianth of four erect sepals, of which the lateral are larger, more concave, and keeled at the back. Perigynous ring very conspicuous, and swollen into two large yellow fleshy glands between the bases of the stamens.

3. Colobanthus Billardieri, Fenzl, Ann. TVien. Mus. 1. 48, in not. Spergula apetala, Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. vol. i.p. 112. t. 1S2. DeC. Prodr. vol. i. p.395. Hook. fil. in Bot. Journ. vol. ii. p. 410. Stellaria uniflora, Banks and Sol. MSS. in Mus. Banks.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on banks near the sea, scarce.

This species was originally discovered by Banks and Solander at Totarra nui, in the Northern Island of New Zealand, during Captain Cook's first voyage, and an excellent drawing of it, by Parkinson, is preserved in the Banksian collection. Labillardiere afterwards detected it in Tasmania, whence Mr. Gunn sent beautiful specimens, in describing which I had occasion to notice its near affinity with the genus Sagina. Fenzl (/. c. according to Walper's Repert. vol. ii. p. 249) quotes the Sagina crassifolia, D'Urv., as a synonym of his C. Bil- lardieri, and reduces the original plant of Labillardiere to a variety, under the name of ft. procerior. What I take for the plant of Admiral D'Urville, whose description (Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 617) is very charac- teristic, is much larger, of a different habit, and with truly linear very fleshy leaves, and is common in the Falk- lands, as well as the C. Quitensis, Bartl., which is closely allied to the C. affinis (Spergula affinis, Hook. Icon. Plant, vol. iii. t. 26b'). Labillardiere says of the stamens of C. Billardieri, " sub pistillo inserta," but this is not the case with the specimens I have examined. They are clearly placed at the exterior of a membranous disc which surrounds the perianth, remote from the base of the ovary. The Campbell's Island specimens are very small, scarcely an inch high, whereas the Tasmanian are twice or thrice that size.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 15

XI. CRASSULACE.E, DeC.

1. Bulliarda moschata, D'Urv., /*7. Lis. Mai. I.e. p. 618. Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 138. B. Magellanica, DeC. Bull. Pliilom. n. 49. Tilkea moschata, DeC. Prodr. vol. iii. p. 382. Hook. Icon. Plant, t. 535. Crassula moschata, Foist. Act. Goelt. ix. p. 26.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; abundant on wet rocks immediately above high-water mark.

Petala patentia, obovato-cuneata, concava, albida, ssepe rubro-striata. Filamenta subulata, carnosa, sicci- tate compressa et ut videtur dilatata. Squamie hypogynce 4, carpellis oppositis et iis paulo breviores, cuneata?. Carpetla trigona, obovata, superne oblique truncata, dorso canaliculata : stylis brevibus, recurvis.

The geographical range of this species is wide, being found along the west coast of South America, from lat. 46° S. to Cape Horn, and also in the Falklands and Kerguelen's Land, but nowhere so abundantly as in this group. Notwithstanding the name given it by its discoverer, I was unable to detect any odour of musk or smell of any kind in the fresh plant.

XII. UMBELLIFER.E, Juss.

1. POZOA, Lag.

Subgen. Schizeilema, Hook.fil. (Involucrum 5-6-phyllum. Flores hermaphroditi. — Herbaceo- carnosa. Caulis repens nodosus.)

1. Pozoa reniformis, Hook, fil.; foliis longe petiolatis reniformibus multilobatis lobis latis retusis, petiolis basi vaginantibus, pedunculis petiolo brevioribus, involucri foliolis 3-4 linearibus, pe- dicellis 5-7 brevibus, calycis lobis late ovatis obtusis. (Tab. XL)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; clefts of rocks and amongst stones on the hills, alt. 1400 feet.

Herba pusilla, glaberrima, carnosa, facie Hydrocotylis, graveolens. Caulis crassitie penna; passerinse, longe repens, articulatus, nodosus, ad nodos cicatricatus, apice foliosus. Folia A-| unc. lata, exacte reniformia, luride viridia, nitentia, radiatim venosa, lobis late rotundatis. Petioli 2-3 unciales ; vaginis basi magnis latis, superne acutis. Pedunculi ex axillis fohorum, breves, semipollicares. Pedicelli vix 2 lin. longi. Petala parva, obovata, subacuta, medio late uninervia. Stylopodia superne truncata. Fructus oblongus, tetragonus ; mericai-piis de- mum dorso canaliculars.

A decidedly extra-tropical South American form, belonging to a section of the Nat. Ord. hitherto un- known to the Floras both of New Zealand and Australia. The remarkable similarity of the flower and fruit to those of the P. coriacea, Lag. (Hook. Bot. Misc. vol. i. p. 331. t. 66), together with the uniformity in the struc- ture of its calyx and petals with that plant, have induced me to refer it to the same genus ; but, from the difference in habit and the structure of the involucre of the species thus brought together, I have ventured to place this in a separate subgenus. The original species (P. coriacea), and the P. hydrocotylifolia, Bridges and Fielding (Sertum Plant, t. 40), have the flowers monoecious, a character I do not observe in this. The simila- rity which the present plant bears to the genus Azorella, Gaud., is in many respects close ; the mericarps of this are hardly " parallelim biscutata," whilst those of Azorella are scarcely didymous. Though a very remarkable habit runs through most of the species of the latter genus, one of them, the A. Ranunculus, D'Urv., not only differs from its congeners in form and mode of growth, but in these respects much resembles this plant. In the

16 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

structure of the flower and fruit the}' totally differ, the former being truly an Azorella, and having the ciliated involucral leaves common to other species of that genus. The Az. daucoides, D'Urv. Fl. Ins. Mai. 1. c. p. 613, is probably a true Caldasia, Lag.

Plate XI. Fig. 1, flower ; fig. 2, flower with the petals removed ; fig. 3, petal ; fig. 4, ripe fruit ; fig. 5, transverse section of the same ; fig. 6, front, and/?#. 7, back view of seed ; fig. 8, vertical section of the same showing the embryo ; fig. 9, embryo removed : — all more or less magnified.

2. ANISOTOME, Hook.fil

Flores dioici (seu polygami). Calycis nun-go 5-lobus ; lobis (in flore steril.) patentibus, (in flore fert.) erectis, ineequalibus, persistentibus, 1-2 rarius 3 duplo longioribus lanceolatis, reliquis ovatis acutis. Petala obovata, acuta, v. acuminata, uninervia, brevissime unguiculata, patentia (lacinula inflexa nulla). Masc. Sta- mina aequalia. Ovarium nullum. Stylopodia magna, depressa. Styli deficientes. Fcem. Fructus ovali-oblongus, lobis calycinis erectis coronatus. Mericarpia subteretia, inoequalia, quinquejuga ; jugis alte carinatis alatislate- ralibus marginantibus ; unico (seminifero) jugis lateralibus dorsalique majoribus, altero (abortivo) jugis latera- libus dorsalique minoribus. Vallecula univittatae, vittae crassiusculse. Semen sulcatum, testa atro-fusca. — Herbse subsucculenta, elate, altitudinis humane, in i?isulis Auckland et Campbell provenientes. Caulis erectus, crassus, fistulosus, sulcatus. Folia maxima, longissime petiolata, bi-tripinnatisecta ; segmentis latis velangustis, mucronato- cuspidatis, marginatis. Petioli basi ventricoso-vaginantes. Umbellse ample, pluries composite ; vaginis maximis i'ix foliiferis bracteatis. Umbellulae globose. Flores numerosissimi, rosei v. pallide purpurei. Involucra et in- volucella polyphylla, foliolis lanceolatis equalibus.

1. Anisotome latifolia, Hook.fil.; foliis oblongis bipinnatisectis, segmentis obliquis ovato- oblongis imbricatis basi decurrentibus ina?qualiter 3-5-fidis lobis acutis mucronato-aristatis pungenti- bus reticulatim venosis venis depressis, superioribus confluentibus. (Tab. VIII., and Tab. IX. &X. B.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; in moist places from the sea to the tops of the mountains, abundant.

This is certainty one of the noblest plants of the natural order to which it belongs, often attaining a height of six feet, and bearing several umbels of rose-coloured or purplish flowers, each compound umbel as large as the human head. The foliage is of a deep shining green, and the whole plant emits, when bruised, an aromatic smell. The female flowers I have only seen in a specimen gathered by Mr. Lyall in Campbell's Island. They are of a peculiar structure, and show a striking affinity between this plant and the Aciphylla squarrosa, Forst. (Hook. Icon. PI. vol. vii. t. G07, 608), especially in the unequal mericarps. Both the male and female flow- ers vary in the size of the calycine segments, which are however constantly unequal, one or more being much the largest and longest. In the male the styles are reduced to mere points on the inner margin of the depressed purple stylopodia ; in the female the latter organs are conical, and terminate in long stout recurved styles, ca- pitate at the extremity : this structure is common to Aciphylla, according to Forster's figure (Genera, t. 6S). In the description of the genus I have described what may be considered the normal form of the fruit, but it is liable to much variation, and the five ridges are seldom fully developed in both mericarps. The five lobes of the calyx always give origin to as many larger ridges, and these again vary in size according to the number of large lobes : the most fully developed segment of the calyx, whether lateral or dorsal on the mericarp, always being opposite to the larger ridge. Very generally there are three large lobes to the calyx (of the female flower), one near the back of one mericarp, and two lateral on the other ; that with three has then five ridges, two large lateral, one (also large dorsal), and two intermediate smaller : the mericarp with only one large lobe has only four ridges ; two lateral (one of which is from the small lobe and largest of these two), the other very large, from the larger tooth. These mericarps are about two lines long, of a fuscous yellow colour, are obscurely glandular, and the

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 1 7

vitta; extend through their whole length. The seed hangs loose in the cell, is small, and covered with a rather thick blackish testa ; its sides have furrows corresponding to the valleculas.

Plate VIII. A small flowering portion of the plant, with the limb of the leaf; Fig. 1, unexpanded male flower ; fig. 2, the same expanded ; fig. 3, calyx and stylopodia : — the dissections magnified.

Plate IX. & X. B. Fig. 1, partial umbel of ripe fruit of natural size ; fig. 2, a single fruit removed from the umbel ; fig. 3, transverse section of the same, showing the inequality of the mericarps, one of which is empty with five ridges, the other fertile with four ridges : — all the dissections magnified.

2. Anisotome antipoda ; foliis lineari-oblongis tripinnatisectis segmentis teretibus divaricatis lineari-subulatis rigidis pungentibus striatis intus praesertim ad furcaturas transversim articulatis, racbibus superne canaliculars. (Tab. IX. & X.) — Ligusticum antipodum, Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Pol Sud, Bot. Phaner. tab. 3. sine descript.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; in moist places especially near the sea, and in the former islands ascending to the mountain tops in a more stunted form.

A scarcely less handsome plant than the former, with which it agrees entirely in habit, and more particu- larly in the structure of the male flowers. The umbels are however less densely crowded, borne on longer pe- duncles, and produce fewer partial umbels and flowers. I was unfortunate in not being able to detect female flowers, nor have I seen any nearer approach to that state of the plant than the occasional presence, amongst the flowers of the ray, of stylopodia and styles analogous to those of the female of the former species. The fruit of this plant is represented in the 'Botany' of the French Voyage of Discovery quoted above, but in it the mericarps are figured as equal, and the vitta? are probably accidentally omitted ; so very singular a character as the former may have been overlooked in the dry state of the plant ; the glands, which are very obscure in the former species, are in this very large and apparently confined to one side of each mericarp : a remarkable simi- larity, however, exists in the furrowed seeds and in the stylopodia of the two species. The lamellae in the fistu- lar portion of the stem are not represented, and the sketch of the entire plant bears but a slight resemblance to the state in which we drew it.

In structure, the fructification of this genus is more closely allied to Aciphyllu, Forst., than its general ap- pearance would lead one to suppose. The figure of that plant (in the Icones Plant.) was taken from a specimen in fruit, the only state in which we possessed it previous to the arrival of Mr. Stephenson's New Zealand collec- tion (vide Lond. Journ. of Bot. for September 1844), which contains small portions of apparently this plant (n. 81) in flower. In it the partial umbels are few-flowered, with the peduncles divaricating ; they are borne on axillary branches, subtended by a sheathing, lanceolate, acuminated, pungent involucral leaf ; towards the apex of the stem these branches are more crowded, and the involucral leaves are lengthened and become bifid or even trifid. The calycine segments are very small, broad, obtuse, and nearly equal in size. The petals (apparently pale yellow), though more incurved than in Anisotome, are scarcely furnished with an " inflexed lacinula" ; the stamens, sty- lopodia and styles are very similar in the two genera. The female flowers are probably more densely aggre- gated than the male, and in the inflorescence of the former the involucral leaves may rapidly assume the curious form represented in the ' Icones,' or Mr. Stephenson's specimens may belong to a different species, for certainly their mode of inflorescence bears little resemblance to the dense cylindrical female spike of the A. squarrosa. Both these genera will naturally rank near Ligusticum, from which they are however very distinct, and may be considered as forming a small natural group. What I am inclined to consider as a third species of Anisotome is the Ligusticum anisatum, Banks and Sol. MSS. in Mus. Brit. ; a plant discovered by Sir J. Banks and Dr. Solander in Queen Charlotte's Sound, and a fourth has been since gathered in Cook's Straits by Dr. Dieffenbach, and on the high mountain of Tongariro by Mr. Bidwill ; both these gentlemen's specimens are male. The An- VOL. I. D

18 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

gelica ? roseefolia, Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 581 (Ligusticum aromaticum, Banks and Sol. Ic. in Mus. Brit.), is also in some measure allied to these, though a plant of a very different habit ; its calycine segments are decidedly un- equal in size, and one of the two mericarps is often abortive.

In the three known species of Anisotome, all the parts connected with the inflorescence are subject to much irregular metamorphosis and monstrous development, the more important of which, as observed in the living plants of A. latifolia and A. antipoda, are the following : — 1st, the segments of the partial involucra become shrivelled, assuming the forms of peduncles, and bear at their apices stylopodia with distorted calycine seg- ments, or more perfect flowers with a reduced number of parts ; or, in one case, a solitary one-celled anther, full of pollen, adnate on the face of the leaf, a little below its apex : 2nd, the peduncles themselves of the outer flowers become foliaceous, or by dividing show a tendency to a further compound state of the umbel ; it also sometimes bears a single stamen at its apex, subtended by one large calycine segment : 3rd, the calycine segments vary from 2-6, but one or more are always so much larger than the others, as often to resemble involucral leaves : 4th, the petals are wanting, or vary from 1-6 ; sometimes two are combined into one ; at others they assume various shapes : 5th, the stamens are equally variable in number ; the filament is at times petaloid, or becomes forked and bears a second anther ; these are constantly perfect and full of pollen : 6th, the stylopodia are always 2 or more, often 3, generally of the plane depressed form common to the male flowers ; but the flowers of the ray sometimes bear 2-4 of entirely a different form, and similar to those of the fertile umbels ; these are sometimes accompanied with stamens : — generally no numerical relation can be traced between the parts of these irregularly developed flowers. That such a relation however exists is demonstrable in a very distorted example, where a flower was furnished with 6 calycine segments, 3 very large and the others very small, 2 petals, 6 stamens, one of which bore two perfect anthers, and 2 stylopodia, in all 17 parts, the normal number in the ordinary state of the plant. Perhaps the most complex example was exhibited in one of the outer pedicels of a partial umbel, which was terminated by 4 stylopodia surrounded by a 5-toothed calyx, the latter subtended on one side by 4 linear, foliaceous, very imperfectly developed organs, each of them fur- nished at its apex with an obscure depression filled with yellow powder. It here appears to me that the appa- rent pedicel is the peduncle of a partial umbel bearing one sessile female flower, and that the three superadded foliaceous organs represent the pedicels of male flowers, which are reduced to as many fovea? containing pollen, a most rudimentary state of the male flower. I did not observe whether the stylopodia were internal or exter- nal in relation to the axis of the plant and the three supposed male pedicels ; probably however the latter, as it is the flowers of the ray which generally bear female stylopodia.

Plate IX. & X. Fig. 1, flower ; fig. 2, calyx with the petals removed ; fig. 3, a petal ; fig. 4. front, and 5, back view of stamens ; figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9, portions of umbel and flowers distorted by monstrous development : — all magnified.

XIII. ARALIACE.E, Juss.

1. Panax simplex, Forst. ; arborea, inermis, foliis elliptico-lanceolatis subacutis obtusisve grosse serratis longe petiolatis cum petiolo articulatis (junioribus trifoliolatis), umbellis floralibus subrace- mosis fructiferis parce ramosis rarius simplicibus, umbellulis 6-10-floris. (Tab. XII.) — P. simplex, Forst. Prodr. n. 399. DeC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 253. A. Rich. Ft. Nov. Zeland. p. 281. t. 31. A. Cunn. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Zel. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. ii. p. 213.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; from the sea to alt. 500 feet, abundant. A very scarce plant, and hitherto only found in the southern extremity of New Zealand and the Antarctic

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 19

islands beyond it. As far as I am aware, it had been previously gathered by Forster alone. In this group it attains a height of 30 feet, amongst other trees near the sea. Its trunks are sometimes 2-3 feet in diameter, covered with a smooth brown bark ; the wood is white and close-grained. Branches much scarred, and clothed with a pale bark, very brittle. The distinct joint at the apex of the petiole indicates the truly compound nature of the leaves ; they are nowhere described as ternate ; a character which all young trees of this species exhibit. The whole plant has a faint but rank smell, like that of Ivy, which the copious lurid green but shining coria- ceous leaves much resemble, both in hue and texture. The involucral leaves are very small and subulate.

Plate XII. Fig. 1, unexpanded flower ; fig. 2, flower more expanded ; Jig. 3, petal from the same ; fig. 4 axx&fig. 5, immature stamens; fig. 6, germen after the petals have fallen away ; fig. 7, immature fruit ; fig. 8, vertical, and fig. 9, horizontal section of the same ; fig. 10, ovule : — all magnified.

1. Aralia polaris, Hombr. et Jacq. ; polygarna, herbacea, inermis, tota setis mollibus laxis obsita, foliis (maximis) longe petiolatis orbiculari-reniformibus basi profimde cordatis marginibus multilobatis lobis 3-5-dentatis dentibus subacutis, umbellis copiosis compositis partialibus multira- diatis globosis, involucris foliaceis, floribus densis, fructibus depresso-sphaericis exsuccis suberosis atris nitidis. — A. polaris, Hombr. et Jacq. in Voy. au Pol Sud, Bot. Phaner. t. 2. sine descript.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; in the woods and on banks, generally near the sea, but often attaining an altitude of 600-700 feet, covering large tracts of ground with its bright and shining green foliage.

Radix; rhizoma cylindraceum, elongatum, 2-3-pedale, ad terra? superficiem procumbens, transversim stri- atum seu annulatum, solidum, ochraceum, subtus fibras copiosas breves emittens. Tota planta setis mollibus patentibus simplicibus subcarnosis vestita. Caules herbacei, validi, 2-4-pedales, e collo ipso valde ramosi, ssepius prostrati vel adscendentes, teretes, striati, fistulosi, diametro 1-1 1 unciam, pallide flavido-virides. Folia pleraque ad furcaturas ramorum, inferiora majora longius petiolata, horizontaliter explanata, 1-1| ped. lata, crassa, carnosa, orbiculari-reniformia, flabellatim nervosa atque reticulatim venosa, utrinque, precipue subtus et ob nervos prominentes setosos rugosa, laete viridia, nitida. Petioli erecti, semiteretes, bipedales et ultra, basi membranaceo-vaginati ; vagina .semi-amplexicaules, superne (ut in plantis gramineis) in ligulam maximam membranaceam obovato-cuneatam expansae ; ligula superne truncata, bifida seu bipartita, laciniata, 2-3 unc. lata, pulcherrime radiatim et reticulatim venosa. Umbella terminales et axillares, compositae, maximae, diametro capitis humani, ter quaterque divisae. Umbellce partiales numerosae, globosae, multiflorae, diametro 1-2 unc. In- vohicra polyphylla : involucella oligophylla ; ultima monophylla, gradatim minora, omnia longe petiolata, radiis umbellse multoties longiora, folia caulinajuniorasimulantia, sed pluries minora, angustiora, saepe cuneata, altius- que lobata ; umbellulorum ultimorum saepius ad squamas ciliato-fimbriatas redacta. Pedicelli florum breves, clavati, g— J; unc. longi, sulcis tot quot ovarii exarati, florum masculorum graciliores. Flores copiosissimi, poly- gami, in capitulum globosum arete congesti, pallide flavidi, cereacei, subtranslucentes, nitentes, disco purpureo. Calycis tubus cum ovario adnatus, 3-4-sulcatus, margine integerrimo. Petala 5, ante expansionem late ovata, obtusa, deltoideo-reniformia.-subunguieulata, demum patentia, oblongo-obovata, carnosa, cellulosa, enervia, 1-1 j lin. longa. Fl. Masc. Stamina 5 ; filamenta brevia subulata, pauiulum incurva ; antherte rnajusculae, didyma\ puqiureae : pollen elliptico-oblongum, utrinque obtusum, sub lente lineis 1-2 longitudinalibus opacis notatum, hyalinum, in cumulo stramineum. Stylopodia plana, depressa ; styti nulli. Fl. Fert. Stamina ut in fl. masc., aut nulla. Stylopodia 3-4, subreniformia, elevata, sursum plana, luride purpurea, granulata, cavitatem in axin ovarii cingens. Styli 3-4, breves, subulati, lineares, subacuti, recurvi. Ovarium carnosum, 3-4-sulcatum, late turbinatum, 3-4-loculare, loculis circa axin cavum dispositis, 1-ovulatis; cvula ex apice loculi anguli interioris pendula, pyriformia, anatropa, funiculo brevissimo. Fructus subbaccatus, suberosus, aterrimus, depresso-glo- bosus, recens 3 rarius 4-sulcatus, in caulibus emortuis fibrosis dealbatis anni praeteriti persistens, disco vacuo

D 2

20 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

superne concavo ; epicarpium crustaceum ; endocarpium corneum v. osseuni ; sarcocarpium suberosum. Loculi 3-4, valde compressi, axi contrarii. Semen parvum, late ovato-ellipticum, plano-compressum, versus axin obtuse angulatum, loculum totum implens. Testa membranacea, pallide fusca. Albumen copiosum, farinaceo-corneum, albidum. Embryo minutissimus, pyriformis ; radicula supera, bilo proxima ; cotyledones breves, divaricats, obtusse.

One of the most handsome and singular of the vegetable productions in the group of islands it inhabits, which certainly contains a greater proportion of large and beautiful plants, relatively to the whole vegetation, than any country with which I am acquainted. Growing in large orbicular masses, on rocks and banks near the sea, or amongst the dense and gloomy vegetation of the woods, its copious bright green foliage and large umbels of waxy flowers, often nearly a foot in diameter, have a most striking appearance. The pretty black berries on the white and withered stalks of the former year's umbels form a curious contrast to the shining waxy appear- ance of the rest of the inflorescence. The whole plant has a heavy and rather disagreeable rank smell, common to many of its Nat. Order, but is nevertheless greedily eaten by goats, pigs and rabbits.

Beautiful as is the plate of Aralia polaris in the French South Polar Voyage above quoted, and faithfully as it represents the leaf and umbel, the insertion of both immediately upon the rooting stem, without the in- tervention of branches, and the absence of the great ligules, are quite unlike what is exhibited by my specimens. It is possible that the letter-press may account for this and some other apparent inaccuracies ; but although the plates have been in our possession for nearly a twelvemonth, I cannot learn that any descriptive matter has hitherto appeared. — The above particulars of the plant, and the analysis, were drawn up from living specimens ; and although the drawings, made at the same time from the recent plant, are not of sufficient novelty to justify their introduction amongst the plates of the present work, I have deemed it desirable to give them in the ' Icones Plantarum' (vol. viii. tab. 701. ined.).

XIV. RUBIACE^E, Juss.

1. Coprosma fcetidissima, Forst. ; arborea, glaberrima, foliis petiolatis exacte elliptico-oblon- gis obtusis apicibus vix mucronatis, floribus terminalibus solitariis, baccis subrotundis sessilibus.— (Tab. XIII.) C. fcetidissima, Forst. Prodr. n. 138. DeC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 578. A.Rich.Flor. Nov. Zel. p. 261. A. Cunn. Prodr. Flor. Nov. Zel. 1. c. vol. ii. p. 206.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in the woods near the sea, also ascending in the valleys to 900 feet.

This is a perfectly distinct plant, though confounded by Cunningham (as his specimens in Herb. Heward prove) with the C. lucida, Forst. It is probably a very abundant species in the middle and southern islands of New Zealand, where, however, it had until quite lately been gathered by Forster alone, in Queen Charlotte's Sound. It has been more recently detected on the mountainous interior of the Northern Island by Mr. Colenso, whose specimens (n. 117) are rather less robust, with the leaves narrower and more membranaceous. It is one of the few large-leaved species with truly solitary and sessile flowers and berries. In this group of islands it often attains a height of 20 feet, with a trunk 1| foot in diameter. The whole plant, especially when bruised or when drying, exhales an exceedingly fetid odour, much resembling that of the flowers of Hibbertia volubilis. I brought on board the " Erebus" specimens of this with other plants, late one evening, and finding that there were more tender species, which took a considerable time to lay in paper, than I could well get through that night, I locked this Coprosma in a small close cabin until I should have leisure to press it, but before half an hour had elapsed the smell was intolerable, and had pervaded the whole of the lower deck. The leaves, though very constant in form, vary much in size, and in the alpine specimens are scarcely more than ^-^ inch long.

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 21

Plate XIII. Fig. 1, longitudinal section of a ripe berry showing the nucules ; fig. 2, lateral, and fig. 3, back view of a nucule removed ; fig. 4, longitudinal section of do. ; fig. 5, front, and fig. G, lateral view of the seed re- moved from the nucule ; fi g. 7, longitudinal section of seed, showing the embryo \fig.8, cotyledons: — all magnified.

2. Copbosma affinis, Hook. fil. ; arborea, glaberrima, foliis petiolatis elliptico-lanceolatis acutis, floribus terminalibus solitariis sessilibus. (Tab. XIV.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in low woods near the sea.

This plant, which I found only in the state of young fruit, is so nearly allied to the preceding, that it is not without much hesitation I retain it as a distinct species, which I do on the ground of there being, in a large suite of specimens of C.fcetidissima, none with the leaves intermediate in form between that species and the pre- sent. It may he readily recognised by the larger and longer leaves, which are decidedly acuminated at the apex : its season of flowering too seems to be different.

Plate XIV. Fig. 1, an immature berry : — magnified.

3. Coprosma cuneata, Hook. fil. ; fruticosa, glabra, ramis attenuatis rigidis, ramulis pubes- centibus, foliis fasciculatis parvis rigidis coriaceis anguste cuneatis apice ernarginato-truncatis sessi- libus enerviis subtus pallidioribus, stipulis apice barbatis, floribus solitariis, fructibus in ramulis ultimis terminalibus solitariis globosis. (Tab. XV.)

(3. foliis longioribus, apice rotundatis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; in woods near the sea. /3. In ravines at an altitude of 900 feet on the former, and near the sea in Campbell's Island.

The investigation of the genus Coprosma, and especially of the small-leaved species, is attended with very great difficulty. Those of the extreme southern parts of the New Zealand group seem different from such as inhabit the northern islands, and these again from the Australian and Tasmanian kinds. In each locality, how- ever, the forms seem so protean, that more than words is required to assist in their determination, whilst the paucity of specimens hitherto received has obliged botanists to separate dissimilar specimens of what a more copious supply might prove to belong to the same plant. It is to avoid any further confusion that I have ven- tured to figure three species, of which I have no materials for such an analysis of the flower and fruit as a good botanical drawing should possess. The C. cuneata, in its ordinary form especially, appears one of the most distinct of these, and has the leaves invariably very blunt, larger at the upper extremity, and then retuse or decidedly notched : they are rigid and coriaceous in texture, and very uniform in size. In the woods near the sea it forms a remarkably harsh, woody, and repeatedly branched shrub, whose stems are often 2 inches in dia- meter at the base, and covered with a rough black bark. The pale, but bright, red of the berries, which are abundantly produced, forms a very pretty contrast amongst the deep shining foliage.

Plate XV. Fig. 1, ripe berries ; fig. 2, longitudinal transverse section of do.; fig. 3, nucules removed from the berry ; fig. 4, transverse section of a nucule ; fig. 5, front ; and fig. 6, side view of seed ; fig. 7, lon- gitudinal section of do. showing the embryo : — all magnified.

4. Coprosma myrtillifolia, Hook. fil. ; fruticosa, ramulis pubescenti-cinereis, foliis subfasci- culatis parvis lato-lanceolatis subcarnosis brevissime petiolatis acutiusculis glabris subtus obscure nervosis, baccis solitariis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in ravines about 600 feet above the sea.

A small and almost leafless bush, which, like its congeners, is very apt to vary in its mode of growth. In the ordinary state it grows 3-4 feet high, and from the lower parts of the stems and branches being bare of

22 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

leaves, it assumes a spiny appearance. The leaves are patent, ^— ^ inch long, scarcely coriaceous ; the stipules hairy and ciliated at the margins.

5. Coprosma ciliata, Hook. fil. ; fruticosa, ramis pilosis, foliis oppositis solitariis vel fascicu- latis submembranaceis elliptico-lanceolatis obtusis v. subacutis basi in petiolurn perbrevem attenuatis ciliatis, petiolo costaque subtus prsecipue hirsutis, stipulis apice barbatis.

/S. virgata, laxe foliosa, ramis virgatis tenuibus.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in ravines, alt. 500-1000 feet. /3. In Campbell's Island, in shady situations near the sea.

A common shrub, especially in Lord Auckland's group, where it forms a densely branched bush, growing from 8-10 feet high. The Campbell's Island specimens again are very lax, twiggy, and sparingly leafy ; and the leaves, which in a. are i— | inch long, are in /3. generally under that size. I have seen neither flower nor fruit. The bushes of the various species of Coprosma compose a dense and impenetrable thicket, on the margins of the narrow gulleys formed by water-courses on the faces of the hills. Becoming stunted and much branched from the violence of the perennial gales, they offer as powerful an obstacle to the traveller here as the beeches do in Tierra del Fuego. In both cases it is almost equally impossible to penetrate them ; but, extraordinary as it may appear, their branches are so gnarled and densely matted, that their flat summits will often bear the human weight, and almost admit of walking upon them.

6. Coprosma repens, Hook. fil. ; fruticulosa longe repens ramosissima glaberrima, ramis ra- mulisque brevibus, foliis parvis coriaceo-carnosis rigidis ovatis in petiolurn brevem latiusculum atte- nuatis supra planis v. concavis subtus convexis, stipulis brevibus obtusis carnosis una cum petiolis connato-vaginatis, floribus solitariis terminalibus baccis 2 — 4 pyrenis. (Tab. XVI.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's and Campbell's Island ; common from the sea to the tops of the hills.

Caules pedales et ultra, vage repentes, floras tenues ramosas ad axillas foliorum emittentes, cortice cinereo spongioso saepe obtecti, crassitie penna? passerina?. Folia breviter petiolata, horizontaliter patentia, conferta, crassiuscula, ovata v. elliptica, obtusa, concava, nitida, enervia, sub. 3 lin. longa. Stipulee late ovatse, obtusse, glaberrima?. Flores ad apices ramorum solitarii, sessiles, verosimiliter dioici. Calycis limbus profunde 4-par- titus ; segmentis lineari-ovatis obtusis. Corolla (in exemplaribus Tasmanicis solummodo mihi visa) tubulosa, subcampanulata, paululum curvata ; tubo elongato, ore quadrifido ; segmentis ovatis, subacutis. Stamina 4 ; filamentis longissimis, exsertis ; antheris majusculis, pendulis, linearibus, ungue uncinato terminatis. Styli 2, longe exserti, pubescentes. Bacca (in exempl. Aucklandicis) subglobosa, omnino sessilis, diametro 3 lin., pal- lide vel intensius rubra, carnosa et aquosa, intus 2-4-pyrena. Nuculee crustacean, 1-loculares, 1-spermae, unica v. duobus A. majoribus. Semen erectum ; testa fusca, membranacea ; albumine carnoso. Embryo majusculus ; radicula hilo proxima, elongata, terete ; cotyledonibits latis.

This plant is apparently identical with a species collected on Middlesex Plains, Tasmania, by R. C. Gunn, Esq. ; a remarkable circumstance, as its low, procumbent mode of growth gives it the appearance of being an Antarctic form of the genus. The Auckland Island specimens I gathered with young and ripe fruit only, the corolla and styles having invariably fallen away. These latter, as well as the stamens, I have drawn and de- scribed from Mr. Gunn's specimens, fully believing the two plants to be the same. I must however here re- mark, that other states from either locality may be found to possess unexpected characters of sufficient import- ance to keep them distinct. I am not aware of any other species exhibiting 4 nucules.

The prevalence of Rubiacea in these islands is a very singular fact in botanical geography ; ranking as they do in number of species next only to Composite among Dicotyledonous plants, and almost equalling

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 23

them both numerically and in the amount of space they occupy. In Antarctic America they are represented by a very few Stellatce, which group is here entirely absent. As no other order exhibits so remarkable an excess, they probably balance the strangely disproportionate want of Composite, which appear to have almost as few representatives in proportion to the mass of exogenous vegetation as any other island. Comparing the dicotyledonous vegetation of the Falkland Islands with that of Lord Auckland's, it will be seen, that in the former the Composite are to the other Dicot. as 1 : 2' 8, and that Rubiacece (Galium) are to Compos, as 1 : 21 : but in the latter group, Compos, are to the other Dicot. only as 1 : 4'5, and Rubiacece to Composite as 1 : 1*6 ! If in each we add these two Nat. Orders together, it will be found, that in the Falklands the proportion which the sum of Rubiacea and Composite bear to other Dicotyledonous plants, is as 1 : 2-7, and in Lord Auckland's group as 1 : 2-3 : proving, that as far as these two remote localities are comparable, Rubiacete only balance in the latter the want of what is generally, in all climates, the preponderating natural order. This is one only of many equally singular proofs, which a little patient investigation may deduce, that a harmony exists and may be traced in the vegetation of remote climates, whose Floras are otherwise totally dissimilar.

Plate XVI. Fig. 1, a ripe berry, nat. size; fig. 2, transverse section of do., showing the nucules ; fig. 3, nucules removed ; fig. 4, transverse section of the latter, showing the seed ; fig. 5, lateral, and fig. 6, front view of a seed ; fig. 7, vertical section of do. : — all magnified.

B. Flowering portion from Tasmanian specimens, nat. size ; fig. 1 , a male flower ; fig. 2, a female flower : — both magnified.

1. Nertera depressa, Banks in Geertn. i. t. 26. et Icon. ined. Plant. Nov. Zel. in Mus. Brit. t. 22. Forst. Prodi-, n. 501. Smith, Icon. ined. t. 28. Carmichael in Linn. Trans, vol. xii. p. 505. Gaudich. Flor. des lies Malouines in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 104. Gaud, in Freycinet, Voy. p. 135. WUrville, Flor. Ins. Mai. in Annal. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 612. Pet. TJiouars, Flor. Trist. d'Acun. p. 42. t. 10. DeC. Prodr. vol.iv. p. 451. A. Cunn. Flor. Nov. Zel. 1. c. p. 208.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; creeping amongst moss in the woods, where its bright red berries give it a pretty appearance.

My specimens are unfortunately not in flower ; they however entirely resemble the figures of N. depressa above quoted, and agree with numerous Falkland Island and other southern specimens of that plant with which I have compared it. In Mr. Cunningham's ' Flora of New Zealand,' its precise habitat is omitted ; but it is inserted in a MS. copy of that ' Flora' which formed part of my library at sea. There he mentions the " Falls of the Keri-Keri river " as the only locality in which he gathered it. In botanizing over that spot repeatedly in September and October 1841, in company with Mr. Colenso, we often met with Cunningham's plant, both there and afterwards in other moist places near cataracts ; it is however entirely different from the true N. de- pressa, being much smaller in all its parts, with narrower and more acuminated leaves. The berries of the Auckland Island specimens are very much vertically depressed, and their structure is entirely that of the genus Coprosma.

XV. COMPOSITE, Vaill.

Tribe SENECIONIDE.E, Less.

1. TRINEURON, Hook.fil.

Capitulum sub-12-florum ; floribus exterioribus 8-10, foemineis, 2 serialibus; interioribus abortu masculis j

omnibus ut videtur tubulosis. Involucrum octophyllum, subbiseriale, squamis inter se subsequalibus oblongo-

lanceolatis obtusis trinerviis, nervis latiusculis pellucidis transversim septatis. Receptaaditm nudum, minutum,

convexiusculum. Fl. Fqjm. Corolla tubulosa, basi globosa, medio cylindracea et constricta, ore obliquo 4-den-

24 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

tato, sub-bilabiato, dentibus obtusis, 1 reliquis sub-duplo longioribus. Stylus incrassatus, cylindraceus, exsertus, basi bulbosus, bifidus, ramis ovato-oblongis obtusis marginibus apiceque stigmatiferis. Achcenium calvum, late obovatum, apice retusum, extus planiusculum, intus carinatum, carina marginibusque celluloso-incrassatis. — Fl. Masc. Corolla tubulosa, clavata, subtetragona, angulis incrassatis linea elevata cellulosis, 4-dentata, dentibus acutis erectis sequalibus. Stamina 4 ; filamentis ima basi corolla insertis, angulis incrassatis alternantibus ; an- theris vix ac ne vix liberis, basi breviter productis. Stylus exsertus, basi (ut in fl. fcem.) bulboso-incrassatus, apice capitato truncato obscure bilobo. Achcenium parvum, vacuum. — Herba repens laxe ccespitosa, ramosa, gla- berrima, ad terrain niontibus insularum Auckland et Campbell obvia. Folia alterna. Capitula inconspicua in ramis ultimis, primum inter folia sessilia, demum pedunculis propriis ultra folia productis apice foliiferis elevata. Flores fusco-purpurascentes. Folia spathulata v. lineuri-spathulata elongata.

1. Trineuron spalhulatum, Hook. fil. (Tab. XVII.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on peaty soil, near the summits of the mountains, alt. 1200-1400 feet.

Caulis breviusculus, 1-2 unc. longus, sublignosus, repens, fibras copiosas validas elongatas per totam lon- gitudinem emittens, et reliquiis foliorum vetustorum undique tectus, superne parce ramosus ; ramis brevibus ascendentibus erectisve foliosis ultra folia in pedunculum nudum apice floriferum productis. Folia basi imbri- cata, undique patentia, lineari-spathulata, glaberrima, integerrima, plus minusve elongata, ^-1 unc. longa, ob- tusa, 3-5-nervia, plana, subcarnosa, laete viridia. Capitula parva, subsolitaria, vel 3-4 aggregata, juniora valde inconspicua, inter folia occulta, demum pedunculata ; pedunculo \-\ unc. longo, apice folioso, foliis 2-3 reliquis longioribus. Flores minimi, vix ^ lin. longi, sub lente pulcbre rubro-purpurei.

A very remarkable genus, most nearly allied to Abrotanella, Cass. (Oligosporus emarginatus, Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 104. t. 3. fig. 4), but of a very different babit, and in many other particulars quite distinct, especially in the more numerous scales of the involucre, inserted in two series, in the many-flowered capitula, the quadrifid corollas of the ray, the curious tetragonous corollas of the disc, and the thickened cellular structure which exists in several parts of this plant. Besides the achsenia having a thickened border and keel in front, formed of large lax transparent cells, the incrassated angles of the male flowers and the three nerves of the involucral leaves, exhibit the same singular character. In both the latter cases, the substance of the organs themselves, which are opake and fleshy, seems to be divided by broad lines of a transparent substance, marked with transverse septa.

Many of the discoid Senecionidea, and especially in the tribe Hippice of Lessing, are remarkable for the curious and anomalous structure of their inflorescence. In several instances, as in the present, it may be doubted whether the flowers of the ray are really tubular, the general unequal division and oblique aperture of the mouth appearing to indicate their true structure as either ligulate or 2-lipped ; 2-lipped perhaps in the present and the following genus, and assuredly 1-lipped or ligulate in Abrotanella, where I observe the three teeth all to point towards one side of the tube, with the middle one the longest. The teeth in this species have the margins thickened, and apparently revolute. The base of the style is peculiarly incrassated, especially in the female flower, having the base of the corolla swollen around it, and the thickened portion often forms a depressed sphere, in which the style seems to be inserted, and it sometimes assumes the appearance of a fleshy ring or corona, surmounting the top of the ovary.

The name is adopted in allusion to the three cellular nerves or lines of the ovary and involucral scales.

Plate XVII. Fig. 1 , capitulum ; fig. 2, scale of the involucrum ; fig. 3, side view, and fig. 4, front view of flowers of the ray ; fig. 5, back, and fig. 6, front view of ripe achsenium ; fig. 7, style of a flower of the ray, with its bulbous base ; fig. 8, flower of the disc ; fig. 9, stamen, and fig. 10, style from the same :— all magnified.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 25

2. CERATELLA, Hook.fil.

Capitula aggregata, singulo S-10-floro ; floribus exterioribus sub 8, fcemineis, 1-serialibus ; interioribus abortu masculis, omnibus, ut videtur, tubulosis. Involucrum 8-10-phyllum, squamis biserialibus coriaceis subacutis valde inaequalibus, interioribus linearibus 1-3-nerviis angustatis, exterioribus foliaceis latioribus plurinerviis. nen'is omnibus cellulosis pellucidis transverse septatis. Receptaculum nudum, angustum, minutum, planiuscu- lum vel subconicum, foveolatum. Fl. Fcem. Corolla tubulosa, elongata, basi giobosa, ore profunde 4-dentato, dentibus majusculis subinasqualibus oblongis obtusis concavis medio macula oblonga pallida eellulosa pellucida deorsum in lineam extensa. Sty/us validus, exsertus, basi bulbosus, apice breviter bifidus. Achanium com- pressum, tetragonum, anguste tetrapterum, alis membranaceis, oblongo-obovatum, 4-eornutum, comubus bre- vibus divaricatis, 2 exterioribus sublongioribus. Fl. Masc. Corolla tubulosa, lineari-clavata, 3-4-dentata, sub 3-4-angulata, angulis pellucidis, dentibus concavis, dorso macula pellucida et linea extensa, ut in fl. fcem. An- thera latiusculae, inclusae, basi breviter biaristata?, apice apiculata?, flavae. Stylus validus, eylindiaceus, corolla i brevior, apice sensim latiore abrupte truncato margine crenato. Achanium obscure 4-gonum, parvuni, vacuum omnino calvum. — Herba pusilla, dense ctespitosa, Androsacis/«ci'e, rupibus prceruptis ad cacumina montium insula Campbell proveniens. Folia alterna, densissime imbricata, stellatim patentia. Capitula aggregata, inter folia summa sessilia. Flores purpurascentes, parvi, inconspicui.

1. Ceratella rosulata, Hook. fil. (Tab. XVIII.)

Hab. Campbell's Island; in crevices of rocks at the tops of the mountains, at an elevation of 1 400 feet ; very sparingly.

Caules dense pulvinati, ramosi, duri, rigidi, 1-1^ unc. longi, validi, inferne foliis vetustioribus dense obsiti, fusco-nigrescentes. Folia arete imbricata, stellatim patentia, coriacea vel subcornea, superiora rosulata, basi latiore vaginante scariosa, medio contracta, deinde ovata, acuta, plus minusve concava, subtus striato-nervosa, marginibus acuentibus, superiora gradatim minora, 2-3 lin. longa, intense viridia, aetate fusco-tincta. Capitula in summos ramos 8-10, congesta, brevissime pedunculata, inconspicua, foliis subtensa, 2 lin. longa. Involucri squama irregulariter inserts, ovato-oblongae, subacutae, concavae, nervosa?, nervis (ut in Trineuro) eelluloso-in- crassatis transversim septatis pellucidis, interiores angustiores. Flores parvi, purpurei.

This plant is perhaps more closely allied to the last genus (Trineuron) than to any other, and exhibits many remarkable points of affinity with it, especially in the pellucid thickened parts of the flower and nerves of the involucral leaves ; likewise the general structure of the capitula, corollas, stamens and styles is much alike in both. But while so many instances of resemblance exist, the totally different nature of the achtsnium becomes the more striking. In the tufted habit, harsh, coriaceous, even horny texture, the plant is more allied to Abro- tanella emarginata.

These three genera form together a small group, allied in several respects to Hippia, Lessing, but na- turally distinct, all the species of that division being herbaceous, more or less odorous, and often even furnished with pellucid glands.

The name is derived from the little horn-like processes of the achaenium.

Plate XVIII. Fig. 1, ahead of capitula ; fig. 2, single capitulum, removed ; fig. 3, receptacle and involucral scales ; fig. 4, a flower of the ray ; fig. 5, the same cut open ; fig. 6, achaenium ; fig. 7, a 3-toothed flower of the disc ; fig. 8, the same, with four teeth ; fig. 9, the same cut open, and fig. 10, a stamen from do. : — all magnified.

3. LEPTINELLA, Cass. Capitulum go florum, heterogamum ; floribus exterioribus foemineis bi-triserialibus, disci abortu masculis tu- VOL. I. E

26 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

bulosis. Involucrum hemisphsericum, 1-4-seriale, S-20-phyllum, squamis oblongo-obovatis vel suborbiculatis ad- pressis. Reveptaculum conicum, nudum,, papillosum. Flor. Radii. Corolla compressa, tubulosa, basi latiore, ore obliquo 3-4-dentato, quasi e duplice membrana formata. Stylus exsertus, inclinatus, basi bulbosus, apice bifidus, ramis divaricatis oblongis versus apicem barbatis. Achcenium calvum, valde obcompressum, elongato-obo- vatum, marginibus incrassatis. Flor. Disci. Corolla tubulosa, infundibuliformis, 5-dentata, dentium marginibus incrassatis. Antheree ecaudatse, cohserentes, exserta?. Stylus exsertus, apice abrupte incrassato, cyathiformi, basi bulboso. Achcenium parvum, vacuum. — Herbse antarcticce et hemisphterii austratts incolce, odore Fceniculi vel Tanaceti, plus minusve pilosis seu Janata. Caules prostrati, radicantes, ramis brevissimis foliosis adscendenti- bus. Folia alterna, petiolata, basi scarioso-vaginantia, pinnatisecta. Capitulatory, solitaria, longe pedunculata, pedunculis terminalibus. Flores lutei. Cass, in DeC. Prodr. (jiaucis verbis mutatis).

1. Leptinella lanala, Hook. fil. ; caule prostrato, petiolis foliis superne pedunculisque lana longa densa molli albida vestitis, foliis petiolatis oblongis obtusis pinnatifidis segmentis acutis mar- gine superiore pinnatifido-serratis basi vaginantibus, involucris carnosis floribusque totis glandulis obsitis, pedunculis foliis brevioribus in ramis brevibus terminalibus, involucris 3-4 serialibus glabris.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; hanging abundantly over rocks and cliffs near the sea.

Caules herbacei, prostrati, decumbentes et adscendentes, vage ramosi, hie illic radices fibrosas emittentes ; vetustiores nudi, pallide brunnei, remote cicatricosi ; juniores foliosi, lanati, vaginis scariosis foliorum obsiti, |-2 ped. longi, pennre gallina; crassitie, lana copiosa laxa, gossypio simillima, e fibris intertextis tenuissimis simpli- cibus albidis formata. Folia petiolata, alterna, patentia, ovato-oblonga, obtusa, sub 1 unc. longa, flavo-viridia, plana, pinnatifida, supra juniora praesertim lanata, crassa, carnosa, segmentis ovatis obliquis 1-2 lin. longis, margine inferiore integra recta, superiore pinnatifido-serrata, segmentis acutis. Petioli folio requilongi, lati, plani, basi vaginantes, scarioso-nervosi, nudi. Pedunculi e summis ramulis orti, solitarii, subunciaies, recti, densissime lanati, foliis breviores. Capitulum diametro ^ unc. Involucrum 4-5-seriale, squamis exterioribus valde carnosis, glandulosis, elliptico-rotundatis, viridibus, 1-1 i lin. longis, interioribus angustioribus, submem- branaceis. Receptaculum nudum, conicum, latiusculum, papillosum, papillis elevatis ad apices foveolatis flores gerentibus. Flores radii foeminei, 3-4-seriales, densissime imbricati numerosi, glandulis conglobatis prominen- tibus obsiti. Corolla ovato-oblonga, compressa, e membrana duplici formata, 4-crenata, lobo unico longiore alio sa?pe obliterato. Stylus breviter exsertus, basi bulbosus, quasi annulo carnoso epigyno valde depresso cinc- tus, apice breviter bifidus, ramis divaricatis obovato-oblongis obtusis extus dorso penicillatis. Achcenium ob- ovatum, compressum, margine subincrassato. Flores disci numerosi, abortu masculi, glandulosi ut in fl. radii. Corolla tubuloso-infundibuliformis, 4-dentata, dentium marginibus incrassatis. Antheree cohaerentes, inclusre. Stylus validus, supeme exsertus, inclinatus, apice cyathiformi. Achcenium vix ullum abortivum.

This plant resembles, in some respects, the L. scariosa, Cass., but is very much larger, densely woolly in many parts, with its leaves shorter and less regularly divided ; it also wants the pellucid glands which beset the leaves of that species and contain a powerful essential oil.

Plate XIX. Fig. 1, receptacle and involucrum ; Jig. 2, a flower of the ray ; fig. 3, side view of the same ; fig. 4, transverse section of the same ; fig. 5, style from the same ; fig. 6, bifid apex of do. ; fig. 7, flower of the disc ; fig. 8, style of the same ; fig. 9, stamen ; fig. 10, glands from the corolla : — all magnified.

2. Leptinella plumosa, Hook. fil. ; tota pilis longis laxis molliter hirsuta, foliis longe petio- latis lineari-oblongis obtusis tripinnatifidis segmentis ultimis subulatis, pedunculis terminalibus la- teralibusque solitariis elongatis gracilibus petiolo ajquilongis, involucre 1-seriali floribusque eglan- dulosis, corollis fcemineis cordato-ovatis. (Tab. XX.)

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 27

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; amongst gravel and on grassy banks near the sea. McQuairie's Island, (Herb. Hook.)

Caulis herbaceus, repens, breviusculus, crassitie pennse anserinae et ultra, parce ad apicem praecipue ramo- sus, ramis divaricatis brevibus foliosis 1-uncialibus nodosis, ad nodos fibras crassas descendentes emittens, hie illic molliter sericeo-pilosus. Folia longe petiolata, una- cum petiolo 3- unc. ad pedalem, flaccida, molliter pilosa, multisecta, quasi pulcherrime plumosa, lato-oblonga, pinnata ; pinnae alternae, patentes, divaricata?, sub- falcatae, J— 1 unc. longae, lineari-oblongae, superiores utrinque bipinnatifidos, inferiores margine posteriore inte- gro, superiore solummodo pinnatifido, segmentis linearibus acuminatis margine exteriore pracipue profunde et acute inciso-serratis. Petioli folio acquilongi, graciles, antice plani vel concavi, marginibus submembranaceis, basi longe et latissime scarioso-membranacei, vaginantes, vaginis \ unc. longis integris striato-nervosis, ore nudo. Pedunculi gracillimi, axillares, in ramis brevissimis terminales, petiolo paulo longiores, plus minusve laxe albidosericei. Capitula solitaria, diametrocircaj unc, depresso-globosa. Involucrum cyathiforme ; squama1 1-seriales, aequales, basi subconnatoe, oblongae, obtusae, herbaceae, floribus breviores, marginibus late scariosis denticulatis apice fusco-purpureis. Receptaculum nudum, elevatum, conicum, totum papillosum, papillis infe- rioribus gradatim longioribus, bine flores radii manifeste stipitati. Flares radii fceminei, 2-3-seriales, numero;i, dense aggregati, imbricati, incurvati. Corolla structura insignis, cordato-ovata, compressa, dorso parum con- vexa, superne attenuata, ore obliquo 4-dentato, dentibus brevissimis obtusis unico longiore, e duplici membrana quasi formata, interiore cylindraceo graeili stylum amplectente et ejusdem formae, apice ovarii inserta ; inter has duas membranas vacua. Stylus validus, basi globoso-incrassatus, exsertus, cylindraceus, tubo interno corolla1 arete vaginatus, apice bifidus, ramis brevibus obtusis dorso ad apicem hirsutulis. Achtenium corolla angustius, obovatum, obcompressum, crassum, calvum, marginibus incrassatis. Semen in loculo solutum. Embryo elon- gato-pyriformis. Flores disci abortu masculi, tubulosi. Corolla infundibuliformis, 5-dentatus, dentibus patenti- bus marginibus incrassatis. Anthers ^-exsertae, cohajrentes, ecaudatae, filamentis linearibus ad medium tubi insertis. Stylus validus, crassiusculus, exsertus, paulo inclinatus, apice dilatato cyathiformi marginibus mem- branaceis integris, basi bulbosa, bulba oblongo-cylindracea. Achcenium minutum, abortivum.

This is by far the most beautiful species of the genus, apparently common to the islands of the high South- ern Indian and Pacific Oceans, but hitherto unknown among the Antarctic American groups. It was first detected on McQuarrie's Island, whence specimens were received by Mr. Frazer in New Holland, and by him transmitted to England ; but it is not ascertained who found them, though it is more than probable they were gathered by some person accompanying a sealer. It is the only Composite plant as yet known to inhabit Ker- guelen's Island, where it covers very large tracts of ground with its silvery and beautifully feathery foliage, smelling strongly, but not unpleasantly, of parsley. The female corollas of both species are represented as they being of my original sketches : when dried they seem much more compressed, their membranous texture- appear in such extreme tenuity, that it is probable they never recover their original form after once being sub- jected to pressure.

Plate XX. Fig. 1, receptacle and part of involucrum ; Jiff. 2, scale of involucrum ; fig. 3, flower of ray in na- tural state ; fig. 4, anterior, and fig. 5, lateral view of the same from dried specimens ; fig. 6, transverse, and fig. 7, longitudinal section of the same ; fig. 8, apex of style from do. ; fig. 9, achaenium cut open ; fig. 10, flower of disc ; fig. 11, portion of corolla and stamen of do. ; fig. 12, style of do. : — all magnified.

3. Leptinella jorojaffi^oi, Hook. fil. ; tota pilis sericeis patentibus mollibus hirsuta, caule re- pente, foliis petiolatis glandulis impressis pellucidis punctatis oblongis obtusis basi attenuatis pinna- tisectis segmentis obovatis inciso-pinnatifklis laciniis acutis, pedunculis folio brevioribus solitariis axillaribus sublanatis, involucri scpiamis 1-1^ serialibus oblongis obtusis extus hirsutis marginibus ad apices late scariosis denticulatis fusco-purpureis, floribus glandulosis, floris fceminei corollis ovatis achaenio brevioribus, floris masculi corollis 4-fidis dentium marginibus incrassatis fuscis.

E 2

28 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on banks near the sea.

In many respects this species is intermediate between the two former, but is equally distinct from both, and so nearly allied to the L.scariosa, as to induce me to adopt the name of propinqua; it differs from that plant in its much larger size, more divided leaves and very woolly habit. The genus Leptinella appears to have been hitherto but little understood by botanists ; it was founded by Cassini in 1822, upon (apparently very im- perfect) specimens of two plants whose habitat was entirely unknown. In 1841 it was again taken up by the authors of ' Contributions to a Flora of South America, &c.' (vide Hook. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 325), where a supposed new species, L. acano'ules, H. and Arn., is described. This latter is a very common plant in the ex- treme south of the American continent, and we have assumed it to be thei. scariosa of Cassini and DeCandolle, the leaves and peduncle being either smooth or hairy in that plant. There are still some characters described by the above-mentioned authors as belonging to that genus which my specimens do not exhibit. Thus all the flowers are stated in one species to be females : I do not find this to be the case ; nor should much stress be laid upon a peculiarity of structure, drawn from a single capitulum " dont les fleurs sont extremement petites et defigurees ou alterees par la desiccation et la compression" (Cassini in Diet. Sc. Nat. vol. xxvi. p. 67). In all the plants of the genus which I have examined, the heads of flowers are monoecious ; but the flowers of the disc especially, being all males, are, after the performance of their functions, easily displaced by pressure. The "long, straight, linear, obtuse, bracteiform leaf" (Diet. Sc. Nat. I.e.) at the base of the peduncle is also not apparent ; nor am I able to conceive to what organ of our plant this can apply, except a young cauline leaf, generally present near the peduncle, can have assumed such a form or suffered mutilation. On the other hand, the description of the involucral scales, covered, as are the flowers, with glands, and the characters drawn from those organs themselves, will, collectively, accord with no other plants that have ever fallen under my notice. The second described species, L. pinnata, seems hardly to differ from the L. scariosa, except indeed that the notice of the above-mentioned glands is under it omitted ; but Cassini further mentions the singular character of the female corolla being " enflee," an anomalous structure, upon which I shall here offer a few remarks.

In all the four species of the genus with which I am acquainted, the style of the flowers of the ray is invested, or sheathed loosely, by a very delicate hyaline tube, marked, in several instances, by distinct slen- der nerves, always five in number. This tube enlarges around the swollen bulb of the style and is inserted underneath it into the apex of the achanium : at its summit it meets the inflated corolla, and in the form of a membrane or tissue completely continuous with it, they together constitute the four obtuse, inconspicuous, rounded lobes of the corolla. The latter organ, thus viewed, consists of two distinct membranes, united above and perhaps below. On first observing this structure in L. plumosa, whose flowers are not furnished with glands, and whose corolla is, so far as I can detect, entirely nerveless, I was inclined to consider the corolla as reflected upon itself, the reflected portion entirely investing and concealing the real tube : because I was unable to trace any intervening tissue connecting the two parietes or opposite coats, where an apparent complete va- cuity exists ; and especially because in some allied genera of Cotulece, and in other plants not far removed from the present genus, the corolla is reflected, and in a Tasmanian species as much as half-way down its whole length, its lower free margin being obscurely four-lobed ; and in Otochlamys, DeC, its base is produced downwards so as to hide a great portion of the achaenium. On the other hand, in the three species which are supplied with glands, it is only the outer surface of the exterior coat of the corolla which is furnished with these organs. Were this outer membrane the reflected limb of the corolla, the true situation of the glands would be on its inner surface ; but though appendages of the cuticle are not uncommon on the surface of both ligulate and tu- bular flowers of Composite, I am not aware of their ever existing on that surface. The oblique mouth of these corollas and the constantly unequal divisions at its apex, of which one is always the largest, seem to point out the larger tooth as being analogous to the ligula of radiate capitula, especially as one of the four teeth is often suppressed. Lastly, the five nerves, which are most evident in L. lanata on the inner tube, are not visible on the outer ; it is very difficult to trace their termination, but they do unite at the summit of the tube, forming

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 29

as many arches as there are nerves, apparently without reference to the number of teeth of the corolla, in the thickened substance of which they are entirely lost. Amongst the discoid groups of Senecionidea, there are many anomalous structures of the female corollas. Thus, in Stromjylosperma, Less., the limb of that organ is reduced apparently to a very short tube, completely continuous with the achaenium ; and one of the principal characters of SoUva, R. and Pav., consists " in the want of corolla or" (as Mr. Brown remarks) " perhaps its accretion with the persistent style" (vide Linn. Trans, vol. xii. p. 101). The original species, L. scariosa, Cass., was transmitted alive to England from Cape Horn, and is now cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, where it blossoms copiously, and as it increases rapidly and has been widely distributed, I hope that the atten- tion of microscopic observers will be directed to the singular structure of its flowers. Though possessed of no beauty, it derives an interest from being one of the most Antarctic flowering plants.

The glands, so conspicuous in this and some of the other species , appear to be conglobate and formed of about four very prominent papillae, confluent at their margins; in this species and in L. scariosa they are transparent, but in L. lanata, after drying, they turn opake and whitish. I observed that in the fresh state they contained no evident secretion or essential oil, nor can they be connected in any way with the peculiar odour which several of the species possess, as this is inodorous or nearly so, and L. plumosa, which smells strongly, is unprovided with these organs.

4. OZOTHAMNUS.

1. Ozothamnus (Petalolepis) Vauvilliersii, Hombr. et Jacq. ; fruticosus, foliis patenti-recurvis oblongo-cuneatis supra canaliculars glabris subtus ramulisque junioribus adpresse fulvo-tomentosis marginibus revolutis, corymbis terminalibus capitatis polycephalis ramosis, involucris turbinatis sub- cylindraceis squamis exterioribus araneo-tomentosis intimis radiatis scariosis albidis. — O. Vauvilliersii, Hombron et Jacquinot in Voy. au Pol Sud, §c. Bot. Dicot. Phanerog. pi. 5. sine descript.

Hab. Lord Auckland's Islands ; from the sea to an altitude of 300-400 feet, very common. Also found on the high mountain of Tongariro, in the Northern Island of New Zealand, by Mr. Bidwill.

Frutex elegans, 6-8-pedalis. Caulis erectus, validus, 1-2-pedalis, e basi ramosus, cicatricibus dilatatis foliorum lapsorum notatus, cortice tenui griseo tectus ; ligno albido tenaci. Rami fasciculati, stricti, erecti. virgati, 3-4 ped. longi, inferne cicatricosi, superne ad foliorum insertionem tuberculati, fusco-flavidi, hie illic pubescentes, cortice lamellato, ramulis subtomentosis. Folia undique inserta, subdecussata, patentia, recurva, brevissime petiolata, 4-6 lin. longa, elongato-cuneata, ad apices rotundata, coriacea, supra canaliculata, glaber- rima, nitida, luride viridia, subtus nervo medio valido subcarinata, dense sed appresse fulvo-tomentosa, margini- bus revolutis integerrimis. Corymbi terminates, capitati, compositi, pluries ramosi, polycephali, 1-1^ unc. lati, pedunculis pedicellisque brevibus divaricatis tomentosis. Znvolucrum sub 2-3 lin. longum, 3—4 seriale, squ".mis extimis brevibus subcoriaceis rubro tinctis, gradatim longioribus marginibus scariosis, intimis radiatis, ungue elongato erecto scarioso marginibus ciliato-serratis, lamina late ovata obtusa subpetaloidea albida margine un- dulata, omnia dorso plus minusve araneo-tomentosa. Reccptaadam angustum, planum, papillosum, sub 10-12- florum. F/ores involucro breviores, omnes tubulosi, hermaphroditi, tubo gracili elongato quinquefido, dentibus ovato-oblongis subacutis extus versus apices puberulis ciliatis. Antheree elongatae, inclusse, straminese, basi biaristatK, filamentis supra medium dilatatis. Stylus basi subincrassatus, ramis elongatis linearibus semitere- tibus intus canaliculars, apicibus truncatis penicillatus. Pappus 1-serialis, setis scabris inferne nudis imo basi subconnatis. Achcenium obconicum, sulcatum.

30 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

5. HELICHRYSUM, DeC.

Subgen. Conodiscus, Hook. fil. (Capitulum homogamum,floribus omnibus hermaphroditis 5-dentatis. Involucri squama interiores 2-3-seriales, radiantes. Receptaculum valde conicum, elongatum, nu- dum, papillosum. Pappus uniserialis, setis scabris basi subconcretis. — Caules herbacei, prostrati, bast radiculites, divaricatim ramosi, ramis ad apices capitula solitaria gerentibus.) — An genus proprium ?

1. Helichrysum prostratum, Hook. fil. ; caule decumbente ramoso, foliis (omnibus caulinis) obovatis v. obovato-spathulatis obtusis mucronatis supra arachnoideis subtus ramulisque dense et appresse argenteo-lanatis, involucri squamis interioribus radiantibus albidis scariosis lineari-ligulatis ad apices 2-4-dentatis. (Tab. XXI.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; confined to rocks at the tops of the hills in the former locality ; abundant in the more southern islands, trailing over rocks and banks near the sea. Also found on Mount Egmont, in the Northern Island of New Zealand, at an altitude of 4000 feet, by Dr. Dieffenbach.

This is a graceful and very elegant plant, in many places, and especially on the low grounds of Campbell's Island, covering the banks with its silvery foliage and abundance of flowers. It differs from all other species of the genus Helichrysum, DeC, in the prostrate straggling habit, and in the stems, which are scarcely thicker than a sparrow's quill, being leafy throughout their length, irregularly branched, with the branches divaricating, ascending at their apices, and there bearing the solitary capitula ; whereas the Australian species particularly are of an erect growth, those of a more herbaceous habit with larger, as it were radical leaves at the base of the stem. It is however the conical and elongated receptacle that removes this species so far from the 212 de- scribed in DeCandolle ; a character so evident, and of such importance, as almost to induce me to raise the pre- sent plant into a new genus. It is further to be remarked, that though the genus is extensively distributed throughout Australia and Tasmania, where it does not inhabit the mountains, in New Zealand it is represented hj the present species alone, which is confined to the most elevated mountains of the Northern Island, and only descends to the lower grounds in a much higher southern and more rigorous latitude.

The leaves are rather scattered upon the stems, \-^ inch long, elliptical-obovate, produced into a short petiole, rather membranous in texture, silvery white from the dense appressed tomentum beneath, above pale green and opake, covered with scattered silky arachnoid hairs, the margins quite entire. The capitula are i-| of an inch across the ray, pure white or faintly tinged with rose-colour, the outer scales shorter, subulate or lanceolate, cobweby with a loose tomentum. Flowers of the disc very small, almost concealed by the copious white or pale straw-coloured pappus. Tube of the corollas 4-cleft, the segments puberulous externally towards the apex. Anthers biaristate at the base.

Plate XXI. Fig. 1, receptacle and scales of the involucre; fig. 2, inner radiating scales from involucre ; fig. 3, a flower ; fig. 4, seta of the pappus ; fig. 5, flower with the pappus removed ; fig. 6, anther; fig. 7, styles : — all magnified.

ASTEROIDE.E, Less.

6. PLEUROPHYLLUM, Hook, f I.

Capitula multiflora, heterogama ; floribus radii 1-3-serialibus ligulatis foemineis, disci hermaphroditis tubu- losis 4-5-dentatis. Involucrum depresso-hemisphwricum, sub 3-seriale, squamis imbricatis lineari-lanceolatis disco brevioribus. Receptaculum planum, nudum, alveolatum, dentatum. Flor. Radii. Corolla tubo terete

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 31

piloso, ligula brevissima v. elongata 3-dentata v. inaequaliter 2-3-fida v. tripartita, segmentis linearibus obtusis. Stylus teres, gracilis, exsertus, ramis saepe insequalibus linearibus elongatis compressis marginibus incrassatis glaberriniis. Pappus rigidus, pallide stramineus, (siccitate fuscus,) 2-3-serialis, multisetus, setis subasquilongis subpaleaceis scabris. Achanium obconico-cylindraceum, compressum, totum setosum, setis erectis appressis. breviter stipitatum, stipite tenui gracili alveolo iramerso. Fl. Disci numerosi. Corolla infundibuliformis, tubo terete piloso, limbo 4-5-fido, segmentis elongato-ovatis obtusis revolutis marginibus incrassatis. Antherce 5, cohserentes, inclusae, basi obtuse et brevissime appendiculata?. Pollen echinulatum. Stylus cylindraceus, ramis exsertis linearibus divergentibus, marginibus incrassatis, apicibus latiusculis conicis acutis extus (dorso convexo) marginibusque papillosis. Pappus ut in fl. radii. Achctnium obconico-elongatum, subtetragonum, setosum et stipitatum ut in fl. radii. — Herbse elatce, pulcherrime argenteo-sericece.fere ut in Argyroxyphio, hie illic lanatce. Folia alterna, basi subvaginantia ; radicalia maxima. Flores racemosi, purpura. Pappus rigidus, copio- sus, fioribus disci longior. — Nomen ; irXevpov, costa, and fvWav, folium.

§ 1. Radiatum ; radii corollis elongatis minute tridentutis. (Pleurophyllum verum.)

1. Pleurophyllum speciosum, Hook. fil. ; foliis villoso-lanatis, caule superne praecipue pedun- culisque dense albo-tomentosis, capitulis radiatis radiis elongatis, receptaculo convexiusculo margi- nibus alveolarum crassis carnosis. (Tab. XXII. & XXIII.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; chiefly found upon wet banks and in marshes near the sea, but also ascending to the tops of the mountains in a stunted form.

Radix fusiformis, crassa, carnosa. Caulis elongatus, 2-3-pedalis, erectus, simplex, teres, v. obscure angu- latus inferne crassus, carnosus, solidus, dense albo-tomentosus, tomento e pilis simplicibus inarticulatis inferne demum deciduo. Folia omnia coriacea et subcarnosa, mi ltinervia, nervis parallelis, integerrimis, villosis, sub- sericeis, et pilis fuscis brevibus rigidis moniliformibus subscabrida : radicalia approximata, ovalia, apice obtusa, patentia, subpedalia, 6-8 uncias lata, fusco-viridia, basi villosissima, margine obtusa subrevoluta, subtus pal- lidiora ; superiora seu caulina gradatim minora ; suprema lanceolata obtusa. Kacemus terminalis, elongatus, foliosus ; folia (seu bracteae) inferiora flores superantia. Pedunculi crassi, densissime albo-lanati, inferiores in- terdum compositi 3-4 flores ; superiores simplices, patentes, sub-unciam longi. Capitula majuscula, sub 2 unc. lata, speciosa, pulcherrime purpurea, disco intensiore. Involucrum piano hemisphaericum, bi-triseriale ; squamis lanceolatis obtusis imbricatis, exterioribus albo-lanatis, interioribus pilosis, 4-6 lin. longis discum subaequantibus. Receptuculum paululum convexum, epaleaceum, alveolatum, alveolarum marginibus (seu parietibus) crassiusculis undulatis. Flores Radii elongati, uniseriales, ligulati, circiter 15 ; ligula lineari, \ unc. longa, patente, ob- scure 3-dentata ; tubo brevissimo patentim piloso, pilis inollibus laxis pellucidis articulatis. Stylus cylin- draceus bifidus, ramis lineari-oblongis obtusis purpureis planiusculis marginibus incrassatis. Achcenium sub 2 lin. longum. Flokes Disci circiter 60, intensius purpurei, tubulosi, infundibuliformes ; tubo piloso, pilis ut in fl. rad., 5-fido et segmentis recurvis apicibus extus glabris. Antherce Havre. Stylus ramis exsertis.

An extremely handsome mid showy species with copious large purple flowers, stems 2-3 feet high, and ample radical leaves, resembling those of Plantago major, L., but very much larger, strongly ribbed with pro- minent stout parallel nerves.

Plates XXII. & XXIII. Fig. 1, receptacle ; fig. 2, setse of the pappus ; fig. 3, a flower of the ray ; fig. 4, tube and style of do., showing the hairs on the tube of the former ; fig. 5, front view, and fig. 6, lateral view of the achaenium of a flower of the ray ; fig. 7, a flower of the disc ; fig. 8, corolla from the same ; fig. 9, a stamen from do. ; fig. 10, styles from the same : — all magnified.

32 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

§ 2. Discoideum; radii corollis abbreviatis, bifidis trifidis v. tripartitis. (Pachythrix, Hook.fil.)

2. Pleurophyllum criniferum, Hook.fil.; caule toto dense albo-lanato, capitulis globosis, subdiscoideis ligulis brevissimis, receptaculo planiusculo alveolato, alveolarum marginibus submem- branaceis dentatis. (Tab. XXIV. & XXV.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; generally in marshy places from the sea to an elevation of 1000 feet, abundant. MeQuarrie's Island. [Herb. Hook.)

Radix crassa, carnosa, subfusiformis, descendens, nigro-fusca, collo fibris crassis elongatis rigidis crispato- tortuosis fuscis sublignosis (reliquiis foliorum) coronata. Caulis elatus, erectus, crassus, simplex, v. rarius inferne parce ramosus, 4-6-pedalis, basi unciam diametro, carnosus. Folia inferiora approximata, multinervia, plicata, subtus praecipue valde sericea, basi longe sericeo-villosa, nervis crassis subtus prominentibus fuscis ; marginibus minute spinuloso-serratis : radicalia maxima, concava, ovalia, obtusa, saepe bipedalia, pedem fere lata, basi attenuata amplexicaulia ; superiora sensim minora, angustiora, apice acuminata, basi magis attenuata : suprema fere subulata, in bracteis transeuntia. Capitula in racemum spithameum et ultra disposita, nutantia, majus- cula, subglobosa, unciam lata, pedicellata, pedicellis subuncialibus curvatis teretibus rachique dense sericeo- lanatis. Involucri squamae lanceolatae v. subulatae longissime subaristato-acuminatae, crassa? et coriaceae, dorso pilosae, medio uninerves, marginibus scariosis argute ciliato-serratis, apicibus fuscis. Pappus rigidus, subpale- aceus v. nitidus, recens flavidus, siccitate fuscus apicibus opacis. Fl. Radii sub 3-seriales, ligulati, tubo brevi terete curvato piloso pilis patentibus mollibus laxis moniliformibus ; ligula late ovata, brevissima, tubo subaequi- longa, 4-nervis, 3-dentata, v. inaequaliter 2-3-fida, v. tripartita, segmentis linearibus obtusis, marginibus in- crassatis, luride purpurascens.

A very common and striking plant, often covering a great extent of ground, and forming the larger pro- portion of the food of the hogs which now run wild upon the islands of Lord Auckland's group. It is indeed so abundant in the marshy spots on the latter islands that these animals frequently live entirely amongst it, especially when it grows near the margins of the woods, where they form broad tracks or runs through the patches, grubbing up the roots to a great extent, and by trampling down the soft stems and leaves use them as soft and warm forms to litter in. The leaves are exceedingly handsome, generally two feet long and one or a little more in breadth, from their concavity holding a considerable quantity of the rain-water or melted snow which so frequently falls in those latitudes ; in substance they are coriaceous, but not nearly so much so as in the preceding species, and they are more copiously silky. A full-grown leaf is generally traversed by 30-40 parallel strong nerves, very prominent on the under surface and then dark-coloured and nearly glabrous, depressed on the upper with longer silky hairs. The intervening parenchymatous substance is traversed by numerous slender anastomosing veins, beneath densely clothed with a white appressed cottony wool, and above silky with scattered subarachnoid hairs. The hairs and woolly substance which clothe all the stems, leaves and pedicels of the capitula are formed of simple terete transparent matted filaments. I do not find amongst them any of the short rigid beaded setae which are intermixed with the softer hairs of the P. speciosum. The capitula are 15-20 in number ; the lower ones only bracteate with the uppermost leaves, the terminal generally having a smaller elongate subulate nearly glabrous green bract. The intermediate ones are the most densely silky on both sides, often so much so as entirely to hide the nerves ; in these, too, the curious but minutely spinuloso-serrate character of the margin is most easily detected ; the apices of the serratures are callous and glabrous, almost entirely hid amongst the silky tomentum.

Though this plant is nearly allied to the former species (P. speciosum), and agrees with it in all the most important characters, they materially differ in the more outward points of resemblance. Indeed I only know one genus to which the present plant bears any marked similarity in general habit and appearance, and that is the ArgyroxypMum, DeC. (Prodr. vol. v. p. G68 ; Hook. Ic. Plant, vol. i. p. 75). The mode of growth of these

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 33

two plants is the same, and both are natives of Pacific Islands, abounding in peculiarly inclement localities ; the present being an inhabitant of the Antarctic regions, while the Argyroxyphium is found only on the sum- mits of the highest mountains on the Sandwich Islands. Mr. Douglas brought it from the volcano of Mouna Kaah, which reaches an altitude of 18,400 feet, -where it was one of the last plants he met with, and he used its dead stems for fuel. In the clothing and substance (as far as can be judged from dry specimens) of the stem, in the disposition of the inflorescence and form of the involucral scales, and in the short ligula? of the flowers of the ray, these plants entirely accord : and the lower leaves of the latter, though uniform in size and shape with the upper, and having the margins quite entire, are always clothed with a similar but more beautiful and dense silky coat of hairs. On a further examination of the form of the corollas and acha?nia the analogy ceases. It must not however be overlooked, that the pappus of P/europhyllutn, though composed of setae (and not of short palea?), is of a peculiarly harsh and rigid texture, with each seta flattened and scabrid on the opposite margins, quite unlike the soft character that organ assumes in most Composite, both showing its affinity to other Asteroidete, and some approach to the short rigid palese of the Sandwich Island plant. Although the Argyro- xyphium is placed by DeCandolle in Senecionidca , its styles appear to me to differ in no important particular from those of the PleurophyUum and of other large Asteroid genera. In both these, the styles of the flowers of the ray are always longer than those of the disc, with the arms also longer, linear, obtuse and flattened, erect or diverging in most of the tribe, divaricated and inclined to become revolute in ArgyroxypMum ; they are invariably quite smooth throughout, and surrounded with a thickened darker-coloured border (the stigmatic series), those of the corresponding side of each arm meeting at the base. In the flowers of the disc they are shorter, equally bordered with a thick conspicuous margin, abruptly ceasing at the commencement of a conical, acute, rather broader apex, which is plane and smooth, or most indistinctly glandular, on the inner surface, but with the margins and convex back densely studded with elongated papilla; or glands (the pollen collectors) ; these papilla?, except under a very high power, appear as hairs : the arms have further a strong opake central nerve in each, meeting and uniting at the base. In Argyroxyphium the conical apices are very short and studded with long papilla?, whence they appear abrupt, and each of the arms is split into two parallel lamina?, between which a knife is easily inserted, when the midrib is seen remaining on the inner of the two lamellae, and the stigmatic series on the outer. I do not think that in a natural system the two genera now under consideration should be far separated from one another, or from the following genus Celmisia, Cass.

Though generally so very bulky a plant, that an ordinary specimen of the PL criniferum weighs many pounds, I have seen it so dwarfish upon the mountains as barely to exceed a span in height, with all the leaves lanceolate, more densely silky, and thus even more nearly resembling Argyroxyphium than it does in its ordinary state. The masses of curly fibres, which may be taken up in handfulls from the summit of the roots of a common-sized plant, form a very remarkable character.

Plates XXIV. & XXV. Fig. 1 , receptacle and portion of involucre with flower of ray and disc in situ ; fig. 2, single scale of the involucre ; fig. 3, alveola? of the receptacle ; fig. 4, seta? of the pappus ; fig. 5, a corolla with the ligula 3-partite ; fig. C, a flower of the ray with the ligula 3-toothed ; fig. 7, style from the same ; fig. 8, front, and Jig. 9, lateral view of the acha?nium ; fig. 10, flower of the disc ; fig. 11, corolla of do. ; fig. 12, stamen, and fig. 13, style from do. : — all magnified.

7. CELMISIA, Cass.

Capitulum multiflorum, heterogamum ; fioribits radii 1-serialibus, ligulatis, foemineis; disci numerosis, tubu- losis, hermaphroditis, 5-dentatis. Involucrum campanulatum, v. depresso-hemispha?ricum, pluriseriale, squamis elongatis ina?qualibus disco paulo longioribus v. suba?quilongis. Receptaculum nudum aut alveolatum, epalea- ceum, latiusculum, plus minusve convexum. Flor. Radii. Corolla tubo elongato terete glaberrimo v. piloso pilis articulatis ; ligula lineari, patente, interdum revoluta, apice subintegra v. 3-dentata, albida, sa?pius roseo suffusa. Stylus teres, gracilis, exsertus, ramis linearibus plus minusve elongatis obtusis v. subacutis, marginibus valde VOL. I. F

34 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

incrassatis ltevibus glaberrimis. Pappus rigidus, multisetosus, sub-biserialis, rufus, v. pallide stramineus, setis subpaleaceis ina?qualibus scabris v. barbellatis. Acha/iium elongato-obconicum v. oblongo-cylindraceum, basi attenuatum, estipitatum, nudum, pilosum, v. setis appressis hispidum. Flor. Disci. Corolla tubulosa, plus mi- nusve elongata et infundibuliformis, tubo terete glabra v. piloso ut in fl. radii, limbo 5-fido, segmentis patenti- revolutis obtusis, marginibus incrassatis, apicibus extus glabris v. barbatis. Anthers cohaerentes, basi inteo-er- rimse, ecaudata;, rarius breviter biaristats, v. in appendices abbreviatas productse. Pollen globosum, ecbinulatum, luteum. Stylus teres, elongatus, ramis brevioribus quam in floribus radii, primum linearibus marginibus incras- satis glaberrimis, deinde sublatioribus in conum brevem v. elongatum intus planum nudum dorso convexo mar- ginibusque papillosis productis, papillis interdum elougatis. Pappus tubo subsequilongus et achanium ut in floribus radii. — Herbre speciostE Australasica, et insularum Tasmania, Novce Ze/andia et Antarctica/rum incola, albido-lanata sen sericea, rarius glaberrimte. Folia pleraque radicalia, lanceo/ata v. linearia, rarius oblonga. Caules sen Scapi erecti, foliosi, apice capitulum solitarium gerentes.

Subgen. Ionopsis, Hook. fil. (non H.B.K. nee DeCand.) Involucri squama lineares oblusce. Receptaculum convexum, subhemispfuericutn. Flores disci intense purpura,. — Herba tota glaber- rima, nitens, quasi vernicosa seu polita.

1. Celmisia vernicosa, Hook. fil. ; acaulis, subsurculosa, foliis raclicalibus nurnerosissimis stel- latim-patentibus linearibus acutis mucronatis coriaceis remote subserratis rigidis glaberrimis verni- cosis marginibus revolutis, costa subtus latissima, scapo foliaceo vaginato, capituli disco purpureo, styli florum disci ramis acutis. (Tab. XXVI. & XXVII.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on banks and rocky places near the tops of the hills, alt. 1200 feet, and near the sea on the exposed islets. Campbell's Island ; abundant in the immediate neigh- bourhood of the sea.

Radix subfusiformis, elongata, obliqua, hie illic fibrosa, superne punctis elevatis copiosis cicatricata ; collo rigide setoso e reliquiis foliorum emortuorum, et non raro surculoso ; surculis (an scapis abortivis ?) ramos simu- lantibus simplicibus 2 uncias ad spithama?um longis fibrosis foliis superioribus majoribus. Folia radicalia, nume- rosissima, lwte viridia, imbricata, plerumque horizontaliter et stellatim patentia, unciam ad 3-4 uncias longa, 1-3 lineas lata, linearia, seulineari-subulata, coriacea, rigida, mucronato-acuta, integerrima v. remote et obscure serrata, glaberrima, nitida, quasi vernicosa, margine revoluta, basi dilatata membranacea, superne ad costam linea depressa, subtus costa latissima prominente. Scapi radicales, 1-10-13, adscendentes, demum erecti, spitha- msei fere ad pedalem, foliosi, foliis (v. bracteis foliaceis) approximatis lineari-lanceolatis acutis basi vagiuantibus subsucculentis apicibus rigidis vernicosis. Capitulum solitarium, erectum, majusculum, unciam ad sesqui-unciam latum, radiatum, roseo-album, disco intense purpureo. Involucrum plano-hemisphsericum, e squamis s. foliolis biserialibus linearibus obtusiusculis coriaceo-membranaceis rigidis nitidis linea dors,ali notatis, marginibus sub- ciliatis viridibus apice purpureis, 4—5 lineas longis. Flores radii sub-20, fceminei ; ligula lineari- oblonga, 4-nervis, revoluta, apice obscure 2-3-dentata, tubo brevi hirsuto, pilis articulatis. Styli rami lineares, brevius- culi, obtusi, albidi, eglandulosi. Achanium (vix maturum) obconicum, sericeo-setosum. Pappus e setis rigidis subpaleaceis pilosis uniserialibus. Flores disci numerosi, compacti, hermaphroditi. Achcenium et pappus ut in floribus radii. Corolla tubulosa, infundibuliformis, superne ventricosa, teres, 5-fida, segmentis apice reflexis, tubo hirto, pilis ut in floribus radii. Antherce 5, in tubum connata?, lineari-oblonga1, flava?, basi breviter bisetosa?, inclusa?. Styli rami exserti, breviusculi, purpurei, dilatati, compressi, piano- convexi, acuti, ad apicem dorso margimbusque glanduloso-stigmatosi, intus nudi. Receptaculum parvum, nudum, cenvexum, depresso-punc- tatum, epaleaceum.

This is a very handsome plant, to which even the beautiful drawing now prepared for publication hardly does justice, one of the specimens gathered on Campbell's Island measuring nearly a span across the leaves.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 35

from whose bases arose no fewer than thirteen flowering scapes, ten of them with the blossoms fully expanded. The delicacy of the rays, tipped with a faint rose-colour, forms a striking contrast with the dark purple eye and the glossy varnished deep green foliage. Like many other Antarctic plants, it varies considerably in size, some of our specimens being scarcely an inch and a half across the leaves, which lie densely compacted and all hori- zontally patent, radiating from the summit of the root like the spokes of a wheel, of a very coriaceous texture, singularly smooth and shining like the surface of a shell, or as if covered with a thick coat of copal varnish : their apices in the smaller specimens are incrassated or the leaves are clubbed at the apex, from the union of the thick costa with the equally incrassated margins. This thickening extends to the bractese or leaves on the scapes and even to the scales of the involucre ; when dry they are of a rich but pale yellow-brown colour.

The genus Celmisia, as modified above, will contain several species very closely allied in habit, and all bearing a much greater similarity to the original Australian C. longifolia, A. C, than the C. vernicosa does. Upon the closest examination, I can detect no characters of sufficient importance to warrant any further subdi- vision of the following species, which I shall therefore include under the name of Eucelmisia, considering them as typical of the genus, near to which the above -described species should assuredly rank.

I shall here, in a note, subjoin the characters of the other species, and proceed with some remarks upon them*.

* Synopsis of the species of Celmisia known to the Author.

CELMISIA, Cass.

§ I. Eucelmisia. 1 . Species Australasica.

1. C. longifolia, Cass.; foliis linearibus utrinque argenteo-lanatis scapo lanuginoso subsequilongis, pappo rufo, achaeniis glaberrimis, stylorum apicibus breviusculis obtusis.

a. foliis explanatis, scapo folioso. — Hab. Jamieson's Valley, Port Jackson ; Gaudichaud.

/3. foliorum marginibus revolutis, scapo nudiusculo. — Hab. Blue Mountains ; Cunningham.

2. C. spathulata, A. C. ; " foliis elliptico-oblongis in petiolum longe attenuatis utrinque glabris." — DeC. Hab. Oyster Harbour, King George's Sound ; A. Cunningham.

3. C. asteliafolia, MSS. ; foliis elliptico- v. lineari-lanceolatis, supra argenteo-lanatis subtus dense sericeo- tomentosis marginibus revolias, scapis folio subduplo longioribus parce foliosis, achaeniis pilosis, antheris basi breviter biaristatis, stylorum apicibus ut in C longifolia.

Hab. Mount Wellington and other lofty mountains of Tasmania ; Frazer and Gunn.

2. Species Nova Zelandia.

4. C. gracilenta, Hook, fih Aster gracilentus, Banks and Sol. MSS. ; foliis scapisque ut in C. asteliafolia, achaeniis glaberrimis, styli ramis longe productis gradatim acuminatis, papillis filiformibus elongatis.

Hab. New Zealand, Northern Island; Banks and Solander. Great Barriere Island on the East coast; Dr. Sinclair. Lofty mountains of Waikato Lake ; Colenso, Bidwill. Mount Egmont ; Dr. Dieffenbach.

5. C. graminifolia , Hook. fil. ; foliis lanceolatis v. lineari-lanceolatis subflaccidis, supra glaberrimis, subtus appresse argenteo-lanatis, acuminatis, scapis 2-3 foliis brevioribus, stylis ut in C. gracilenta.

Hab. Bay of Islands, New Zealand.

6. C. spectabilis. Hook. fil. ; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis integerrimis valde coriaceis basi vaginantibus longis-

F 2

36 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

C. longifolia (1.). This is the original species, whereon the genus was founded by Cassini ; the specimens having been brought home by Gaudichaud from the voyage of Admiral Freycinet, and described in ' Diet. Sc. Nat.' vol. xxxvii. p. 259. DeCandolle considers Cunningham's Blue Mountain species (Arctotis gnaphalodes, Cunn. MS. in Herb. Hook.) as identical with this. Our specimens differ from Gaudichaud's figure only by having the leaves much narrower, with their margins revolute and the scapes far less leafy upwards. The achsenia are constantly glabrous, the pappus pale reddish, and the papillose part of the arms of the style is as long as the linear and glabrous portion. Of the C. spathulata (2.), A. C. MSS., we have no specimens ; in its gla- brous foliage it differs from all but C. vernicosa. A third species is founded on a Tasmanian plant not rare on the summit of Mount Wellington, where it forms large matted patches. The first specimens I had seen were ga- thered there by Mr. Frazer, and more latterly by myself and Mr. Gunn, who detected it in other mountainous parts of the colony. I have called it C. asteliafolia (3.), from the great similarity it bears in foliage, general aspect and habitat to Aste/ia alpina, Br. The leaves are extremely variable in breadth and in the degree of re- curving in their margins ; they are often very like those of C. longifolia, but never exceed a span in length. The scapes too are longer, less leafy, and the flowers larger than in that species ; the hairy achsenia also afford a constant character. The flowers of the ray are pink, the pappus yellow. The above three species are Austra- lian. Those found in New Zealand are C. gracilenta (4.), a plant so very near, even in the variable form of its leaves, to C. longifolia, that it was not till I had examined the styles that I could detect any differ- ence ; the conical papillose portion of these being much produced, gradually acuminated, and three times the length of the lower part of the arms, with the papilla; almost filiform. From C. astelitefolia it differs in having a glabrous achsenium, which is much longer than in any of the former species. Nearly allied to this is the C. graminifolia (5.), mainly distinguished from the former by its foliage. Decidedly the finest species are the three following, two of them originally discovered and described by Forster ; the first is C. spectabilis (6.), of which I possess a specimen from Mr, Bidwill. Though hardly exceeding a span in length, including the scape, the base of the stem, while covered with the sheathing leaves, is fully an inch in diameter, and densely clothed with long, beautifully silky wool. The leaves are broad and remarkably coriaceous, their upper surface, in the dried state, minutely striated with anastomosing lines, and the under densely clothed with buff-coloured appressed tomentura. The scape is stout, loosely covered with shaggy white wool, and producing a large, solitary, apparently white flower, an inch and a half broad. The achaenia are elongated, all of them glabrous ; the tubes of the corolla, especially of the ray, have long, straight, pellucid, scattered, distantly jointed, and very slender hairs. Pappus yellow, rigid ; the outer setae, as in the other species of the genus, short, the rest gradually length- ening. Ligules of the flowers of the ray linear, abruptly truncated, with three large teeth and four nerves. Anthers shortly biaristate at the base ; styles with the arms rather elongated, the conical papillose portion of those of the disc short and rather obtuse. Forster's first species, C. holosericea (Aster, Forst.), has been found, I be- lieve, by that botanist alone : his specimens exist in the British Museum, accompanied by his fine drawing of

sime sericeo-lanatis supra glabris subtus tomento fulvo appresso densissime obtectis, achaeniis glaberrimis, tubo corolla? piloso, antheris breviter biaristatis.

Hab. Northern Island ; Tongariro ; Mr. Bidwill.

7. C. holosericea, Hook. fil. (Aster holosericeus, Forst. Prodr. n. 296); " herbaceus, foliis oblongo-lanceo- latis serratis, subtus argenteo-sericeis, scapis unifloris foliosis." — Forst. I. c.

Hab. Dusky Bay ; G. Forster.

8. C. coriacea, Hook. fil. (Aster coriaceus, Forst. Prodr. n. 297) ; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis valde coriaceis supra medio sulcatis glabris subtus villosis, achamiis pilosis, pappo rufo.

Hab. Dusky Bay ; G. Forster.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 37

both the present and the last species. Richard (Flora Nova? Zelandia?, p. 249) described it from other and less perfect individuals, aided by Forster's MS. in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes at Paris. He how- ever does not notice its affinity to Celmisia, and considers the C. coriacea as probably a variety of it, though Forster's figures essentially differ in general appearance, and other characters are found in the parts of the inflorescence of no less importance, the achamia described by Richard being "silky and stipitate" (attenuated?) at the base. Mr. Cunningham, in his ' Prodr. Flor. Nov. Zeland.,' first noticed the probable relation existing between these last two species and Celmisia (Cass.). The scales of the involucre in all the New Zealand spe- cies, except C. vernicosa, are narrow and almost subulate, becoming recurved and finally squarrose in the older capitula ; this is, however, a variable character.

I may here mention another little-known New Zealand plant, originally discovered by Forster, and called by him Arnica oporina (Forst. Prodr. n. 290) ; it is nearly allied both to these and the former genus Pleuro- phyllum. I have carefully examined specimens from Dusky Bay, gathered by Mr. Menzies, and others from Chatham Island, received from Dr. Dieffenbach. The achaenia are ribbed and hairy, the pappus rigid, rather scanty, pale-coloured, scabrous, and of very unequal seta?. The tubes of the corollas in the ray are glabrous, in those of the disc slightly hairy. In both flowers the arms of the style precisely resemble those of Celmisia and are very long, those of the disc with short papillose extremities. A comparison of this plant with the genus Chiliotri- chum of Cassini, (published in DeCandolle's Prodromus, vol. vi. p. 216, and Hooker's Icones Plantarum, vol. v. t. 485) does not enable me to detect any generic distinction : the arms of the style in the flowers of the ray are indeed rather longer in the latter and slightly attenuated upwards, and the achaenia are glandular and not hairy. Both approach very closely the genus Eurybia, Cass., or Olearia, Mcench.

Plate XXVI. & XXVII. Fig. 1, involucre cut open, showing the hemispherical receptacle with a flower of the disc and of the ray ; fig. 2, a flower of the ray ; fig. 3, seta? of the pappus ; fig. 4, tube of the ligulate flower ; fig. 5, style from do. ; fig. 6, flower of the disc ; fig. 7, corolla from do. ; fig. 8, anther from the same ; fig. 9, styles from the same : — all magnified.

Dubii generis.

Amongst the plants collected in Lord Auckland's group, are two apparently belonging to the natural order Composite, but which, in the absence of flower or fruit, I am unable to place under any genus. One of these may belong to Gnaphalium, but is quite different from any New Zealand or other species which has come under my notice. The only specimen of it which I possess was gathered by Mr. Lyall, and consists of apparently a few radical leaves, or probably of a young plant whose stems are not yet produced upwards.

1. Gnaphalium ? radice lignoso, caule breviusculo 2-3 unc. longo adscendente e basi ramoso folioso, foliis confertis patulis obovato-lanceolatis subspathulatis obtusis integerrimis planis medio obscure uninerviis utrinque lana laxa molli albida vestitis f-1 unc. longis 4-5 lin. latis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; on the sea-beach, D. Lyall, Esq.

The woolly substance which entirely clothes the leaves and stem of this plant is formed of simple, terete, transparent, matted filaments, similar to that of Gnaphalium luteo-album, L., to some states of which this bears a good deal of resemblance. It may with equal probability be referred to a species of Heliehrysnm, and except that the apices of the leaves are not apiculate or mucronate, it has much the appearance of young plants of H. apiculatum, Lab.

The other plant, if I am right in referring it, as I do with little hesitation, to Composite, forms one of the most handsome shrubs or low trees belonging to that natural order. It was also detected by Mr. Lyall, from whose specimens I shall here give a short description : —

Subarborea, ramis ultimis lignosis teretibus striatis v. canaliculars vaiidis, | unc. diametro.

38 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

cortice tenaci e fibris crassis parallelis tomento denso albido adpresso vestito, foliis alternis petiolatis amplis 8 pollicares ad pedalem longis late elliptico-ovatis acutis v. acuminatis crenato-dentatis valde coriaceis supra (costa basi excepta) glaberrimis laete viridibus nervis reticulatis subtus tomento appresso dense lanatis, venis prominulis, junioribus ad apices ramulorum convolutis lanatis basique dense argenteo-sericeis pilis longioribus, petiolo valido ~ unc. longo basi dilatato semiamplexicauli tomentoso § unc. longo. — Caetera ignota.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; Ewing Island, a small islet at the mouth of Rendezvous Har- bour, D. Lyall, Esq.

Of this plant Mr. Lyall remarks, " A short stout trunk rises a few inches above the ground, and then sends off horizontally patent branches, which radiate as from a common centre for 10 or 12 feet on all sides, a little above the surface of the earth. The leafy apices then ascend. The leaves are of a dark green colour, which they lose in drying." A piece of the wood which accompanied the specimen is about 1| inch in diameter ; the bark of a light grey colour, rather thin and soft, deeply grooved on the surface, the grooves corresponding to sinuous, anastomosing, longitudinal ridges, enclosing elongated, somewhat lozenge- shaped spaces ; the wood is whitish or pale yellow, hard, tough and close-grained, the layers indistinct, and the medullary rays nume- rous and very slender ; it resembles the stem of some shrubby species of Ozothamnus. This fine plant is most remarkable for the size and thick coriaceous texture of the leaves, which are in many respects similar to those of the genus Brachyglottis, Forst. I have seen nothing like it in the collections of Banks and Solander, Forster or Menzies. It is a rare plant in the islands now under consideration, and will probably be found to be a native of the southern extremity of New Zealand.

XVI. STYLIDIE^, Br.

1. FORSTERA, L.

Flores monoici v. dioici. Calyx basi bibracteolatus, limbo 3-G-partito, segmentis erectis. Corolla tubu- loso-campanulata, tubo brevi v. elongato, limbo 4-9-partito, segmentis inajqualibus, sestivatione imbricatis, 1-2 ext. majoribus, patulis concavis, fauce nuda v. glanduloso-incrassata. Glandulce epigynts 2, opposite, semi- lunares, staminibus alternre. Anthera ad apicem columnar opposite, divaricate, reniformes, spurie biloculares, rima transversali dehiscentes, valvula superiore majore fornicata. Pollen 3-5-angulatum. Stylus intra colum- nam occlusus. Stigma (v. apex styli) minimum, 2-lobum (an 4-lobum ?), ramis floribus fertilibus porrectis, superne villosis v. subplumosis. Ovarium obovatum, carnosum, uniloculare, rarius biloculare, multiovulatum, ovulis columnar centrali f uniculis brevibus adnexis, ascendentibus. Capsula ovalis, unilocularis. — Yierhx parvx, perennes, glabra, coriaceo-.:arnos(P, antarcticte seu montibus altisshnis Nova Zelandia provenientes. Folia imbricata. Flores in summos ramos sessiles, v. pedunculos elongates solitarii v. bini. — Endl.

^ Helophyllum, Hook, til.; floribus sessilibus solitariis, culycis limbo 5-6-parlilo, lobis aquu- libus,foliorum apicibus nodoso-incrassatis.

1. Forster a clavigera, Hook. fil. ; densissime et compacte crespitosa, caulibus erectis parce ramosis, foliis arete imbricatis semiteretibus apicibus nodoso-incrassatis, floribus terminalibus sessi- libus solitariis. (Tab. XXVIII.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; on the mountains in turfy and boggy places, very common.

Caules erecti, stricti, parce ramosi, densissime compacti, cespites firmos fragiles formantes, per totam lon- gitudinem foliosi, hinc illinc axillis foliorum radices fibrosas emittentes, fibris validis elongatis fuscis horizon- taliter patentibus carnosis simpliciusculis, et deorsum in radices subsimiles gradatim attenuate, 1^—2 polli-

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 39

cares, una cum foliis diametro i pollicis. Folia undique inserta, creberrime imbricata, nurnerosissima, stricta, erecto-patentia, linearia, obtusa, glaberriina, basi dilatata subvaginantia, marginibus tenuiter raembranacea, medio subcontracta, dorso teretia, antice anguste plana vel canaliculata, ad apices globoso-incrassata, coriacea, crassa, dura, viridia, nirida, 2|-3 lin. longa; adulta inferne turgida, subampullacea, fusco-brunnea, suberosa, laxius imbricata. Flores ad apices ramulorum omnino sessiles, inter folia occlusi, limbo corolla; solummodo exserto, verosimiliter monoici, v. potius hermaphroditi. Calycis tubus brevis, turbinatus, v. floribus masculis obconicus, basi bibracteolatus ; limbus 5-6-partitus, lobis linearibus obtusis erectis carnosis semiteretibus medio uninerviis. dorso infra apices pilosis, tubo corollas sequilongis ; bracteolae oppositae, segmentis calycinis simillimse, basi remotac. Corolla campanulata, albida ; tubus latus, brevis, teres ; limbus sub-bilabiatus, nempe inaequaliter 5-9- partitus, segmento unico v. duobus caeteris majoribus, rarius 4-partitus, segmento unico maximo 2-nervi, omnibus obovatis obtusis concavis planis v. ad faucem biglandulosis sinubusque incrassatis. Glandulte epigynce 2, oppo- sitse, semilunares, columnar basin fere cingentes, crassae et earnosae, virides, antberis alternae. Columna valida, erecta, ante anthesin protrusa, recta v. paululum inclinata, teres, superne incrassata. Anthera 2, ad apicem columnar sessiles, transversa;, majusculac, reniformes, v. potius hypocrepiformes, divaricatae, 1-loculares, connec- tive carnoso in loculum porrecto costam elevatam formante, hinc spurie biloculares, linea curvata homotropa horizontaliter dehiscentes, valvis subcarnosis cellulosis purpureis ina?qualibus, superiore majore fornicato sub- erecto post antbesin revoluto, inferiore horizontaliter porrecto marginibus lateralibus revolutis. Pollen opacum, 3-4-angulatum, flavo-viride, minutissime granulatum, angulis globoso-incrassatis, margine hyalino cinctum. Stylus floribus abortivis intra antheras occlusus, parvus, angustus, inconspicuus, convexus, v. brevissime bilobus ; floribus fertilibus bilobus, lobis porrectis divaricatis antheris alteruis uncinatis carnosis sursum glanduloso-plu- mosis. Ovarium flore masculo angulatum, pedicellum breve crassum simulans ; flore fertili late obovatum, v. turbinatum, teres, carnosum, 1- rarius 2-loculare, cc ovulatum ; ovulis parvis ascendentibus. Capsula immatura coriaceo-caraosa, 1-locularis. Semina semi-matura 6-8, obovata, ascendentia ; testa membranacea, pallide brunnea ; albumine carnoso. Embryo non visa.

Though abundant upon the hills of Lord Auckland and Campbell's Islands, this plant has not hitherto been brought from any part of New Zealand, neither from the mountains of the Northern Island, whence Mr. Bidwill and Mr. Colenso have sent home several of the more common Antarctic species, nor in the southern parts of that group, so well explored by Forster and Menzies. In general habit and appearance it bears a greater similarity to the Phyllachne uliginosa, Forst., than to its New Zealand congener, Forstera sedoides, L., although in the more essential characters it is much more nearly allied to the latter, the leaves being entire, the calycine seg- ments equal and regular, and the epigynous glands much developed. In other respects, and especially in the mode of growth and form of the leaves, the present plant is so dissimilar from either, that I have ventured to place it under a separate sectional name, adopted in allusion to the incrassated apices of the leaves.

There are several points in the structure of the three plants above alluded to which seem to require some consideration ; and having the opportunity of examining the flowers of all the species, I shall here offer a few remarks upon them, premising that, except in the case of F. clavigera, the specimens at my disposal were too few to allow of the full verification of the observations.

Linnaeus first supposed Phyllachne to be monoecious (Suppl. Plant, p. 62), and Swartz (Schrader, Journ. fur Botanik, vol. i. p. 273, translated in Koenig's Annals, vol. i. p. 286) follows Forster (Charact. Gen. t. 58) in supposing both this and F. sedifolia to be dioecious. If, as I suspect, the only truly fertile flowers of F. cla- vigera are such as bear the uncinate plumose styles, that plant is certainly monoecious. Out of very many flowers examined, I only found such stigmata in two, both of which had abortive anthers, and they were more- over furnished with the only capsules in which I saw the immature seeds brown, and apparently fertile. Though there is a marked difference in the development of the apex of the style in the abortive flowers of this plant, it never, that I have seen, approaches the form it bears in the fertile flowers ; at all other times it is exceedingly minute and probably variable in the lobes. Of the P. uliginosa 1 examined six flowers, only one of which

40 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

contained perfect stigmata ; in it the style branched into two capitate arms, pubescent externally, and in all respects analogous to the stigmata of the former plant ; the ovary was however in so very young a state, that I could not detect any concomitant character in the ovules ; the anthers were decidedly abortive. In F. sedi/olia, L., I have seen no other stigmata than two small uncinate fleshy bodies, concealed between the two upper valves of the anthers, parallel with them, and alternating with two small glands ? at the back of these organs. In form and situation they answer to the plumose stigmas of the two former, but they are smooth throughout. In another flower I find the apex of the style to be depressed and to appear minutely 4-lobed, with the lobes unequal and rounded : in both these cases the anthers were full of pollen, and the ovules in a rudimentary state. In Swartz's description of this plant he notices a crest of projecting hairs, arising from a fleshy septum, obscurely lobed under the microscope, which connects the two anthers and separates the two lobes of the true apex of the style or stigmas. Swartz distinctly alludes to the two small glands or stigmata as being protected by the upper valves of the anthers, and they are hence probably analogous to two of the four lobes into which, in the flower I examined, the apex of the style appeared to be divided. Swartz's supposition, that the septum and crista of fine hairs form a connectivum between the anthers, separating the stigmata, appears to me to indicate a most anomalous condition of those parts ; and as it is, from its position and structure, analogous to the arms of the style and stigmata in the two former species, I conclude that that author examined fertile flowers of F. sedi/olia. It is still more remarkable that so acute and very accurate an observer should have been unable to detect the glands at the base of the column, which in both my specimens are exceedingly large, and project upwards like two horns from the top of the ovarium for half the length and upwards of the tube of the corolla, and wrhose apices in the young state of the flower lie between the anthers. It is possible that they may be obscurely developed in fertile flowers of this species, which however is not the case in those of F. clavigera or of Phyllachne uliginosa.

In F. clavigera there are apparently two very different states of the corolla : in many of my specimens of this plant that organ is divided into 5-7 lobes, all of them concave and even, of the same thickness throughout ; more rarely they are 4 or 9 ; but in other corollas taken from the same specimens the divisions are undulated, with the borders of the sinuses much thickened, and each of them furnished at the throat with two linear, elevated, divaricating ridges or glands, which branch off from the middle nerve in the upper part of the tube, and are abruptly clavate at the extremity, near the margin of the segment, with whose thickened margins they some- times unite. In some respects they resemble the nectaries of Ranunculus pinguis (Tab. I.), being only occasion- ally present ; they however contain no secretion. Though I could trace no connection between this, the common form of the corolla, and the fertile or abortive state of the ovarium, I may remark, that where the segments are smooth and even, the apex of the style is hardly prominent or visible between the anthers, and also that in the most divided corollas the segments were most undulated and thickened ; in F. sedi/olia they are also very distinct, though nowhere described that I am aware of; and they are also evident, but not so fully developed, in the few flowers of Phyllachne which I have examined. I have also described the corolla as somewhat two-lipped, a character not very evident in all instances, and depending upon the inequality and comparative size of the segments ; one or two are almost invariably larger than the rest, and external in aestivation ; when there are two large lobes they are placed near one another ; and when the corolla has more than five segments, these two are subdivided into four by short sinuses ; where only four segments exist, it is caused by the union of two of the small lobes.

All the species have the anthers spuriously 2-celled, by means of a thick fleshy ridge which runs at the base of the anther, between the valves, and projects half-way across the cavity. After the dehiscence of these organs, they together form a cross placed horizontally on the top of the column, from their unsymmetrical con- traction ; of these, the lower one on each side projects horizontally and forms a right angle with the axis of the column, its two lower lobes approximating below ; the upper becomes erect, and its upper margin being revolute, meets that of the opposite anther; this appearance is represented at fig. 10. The ovary, which is generally

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 41

1 -celled, I have rarely found divided into two cells by a more or less thickened septum. Two bundles of vessels, one from each of the arms of the style, meet in the column and traverse its length ; at the summit of the ovarium they sometimes again divide, and as separate cords enter its cavity, meeting again in the central column whicli bears the placenta?.

The last circumstance to which I shall here allude concerns the inflorescence of these species of Stylidiem. In one of Mr. Bidwill's specimens of F. sedi/olia from the mountain of Tongariro, in the Northern Island of New Zealand, the peduncle is 2-flowered, and the position of the bracts on the pedicels, and at the base of the ovaria, shows their true situation and the nature of the inflorescence to be the same in Forstera as in many Stylidia. This two-flowered specimen has six bracts, two of which are placed at the forking of the peduncle, one situated upon and belonging to each of the pedicels ; but the other four form two pairs, each pair placed imme- diately at the base of the ovarium. In the solitary and sessile-flowered species it is sometimes difficult to di- stinguish the bracts from the upper leaves ; in F. clavigera however they are sufficiently distinct, but never more than two, nor in P. uliginosa are there probably more, though they gradually pass into the ordinary forms of the leaf. In the latter plant some foliaceous expansions, which are generally considered as segments of the calyx, are often placed upon the germen ; I have not remarked how they are disposed upon distinctly fertile ovaria of this species ; where however that organ is imperfectly developed, it may be readily understood how a little irregularity in the insertion either of the calycine lobes or bracts might lead to the one being mistaken for the other.

Plate XXVIII. Fig. 1, branch of F. clavigera with an expanded plicate corolla, and the arms of the style developed ; figs. 2 and 3, cauline leaves from the same ; fig. 4, flower with the segments of the corolla even and plane ; fig. 5, a portion of a corolla from fig. 1 ; fig. 6, ovarium and epigynous glands ; fig. 7, column with per- fect anthers ; fig. 8, longitudinal section of the same ; fig. 9, pollen from the same ; fig. 10, anthers after the pollen has escaped ; fig. 11, column with stigmata and imperfect anthers ; fig. 12, transverse section of 1 -celled ovarium ; fig. 13, longitudinal section of 2-celled do. ; fig. 14, immature seeds : — all magnified.

XVII. LOBELIACE.E, Juss.

1. PRATIA, Gaud.

Calyeis tubus ovatus v. obovatus, rarius obconicus, lobis 5 ovatis acutis superioribus paulo longioribus. Corolla subcampanulata, longitudinaliter fissa, unilabiata, lobis subaequalibus elongato-ovatis. Anthera 2, infe- riores apice setis paucis terminatae. Stigma bilobum, lobis extus puberulis. Fructus indehiscens, baccatus, bilocularis, carnosus, v. membranaceus, polyspermus. — Herbse parvce, glabra, repentes, Australes et Antarctica, succo aqueo ; ramis radicantibus divaricatim ramosis. Folia alterna. Pedunculi solitarii, nudi, v. bracteoluti.

1. Pratia arenaria, Hook. fil. ; glaberrima, subcarnosa, foliis breviter petiolatis ovato- v. ob- ovato-rotundatis undulatis marginibus obtuse sinuato-dentatis, floribus immaturis in axillis foliorum sessilibus, fructibus brevissime pedunculatis globosis purpureis. (Tab. XXIX.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; creeping over the open sandy shores of Enderby's Islet, Ren- dezvous Harbour : Lieut. H. Oakeley.

Caules elongati, 4-7 uncias longi, crassi, carnosi, diametro pennae gallina?, teretes, divaricatim ramosi,

ramis paucis patentibus repentibus ad axillas foliorum inferiorum fibras crassas emittentibus. Folia remota, sub-

semiunciam longa, distantia, horizontaliter patentia, v. ascendentia, circumscriptione plus minusve rotundata,

plerumque concava, undulata, carnosa, in petiolum latum brevem 2 lin. longum contracta, f unc. lata, paulo

VOL. I. G

42 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

longiora, marginibus sinuato-undulatis, vel subdentatis, nervis tenuibus reticulatis, in axillis gemmas floresve gerentia. Flores valde immaturi tantum mihi visi, parvi, brevissime pedunculati ; pedunculi basi v. supra basin bibracteolati, bracteolis parvis lanceolatis acutis. Calycis tubus oblongus ; limbus inaequaliter 5-lobus, tubo brevior, lobis ovato-subulatis acutis, superiore majore basi utrinque et duobus proximis basi extus auriculati?, 2 iuferioribus minoribus. Corolla profunde 5-loba, lobis aestivatione valvatis virido-purpureis. Stamina lobis corolla? alterna, filamentis crassis, antheris cobserentibus, 2 superioribus ad apicem 3-4 setosis, seta intermedia longiore. Ovarium biloculare, loculis multiovulatis ; ovulis anatropis, funiculis brevibus. Stylus apice bifidus, lobis brevibus extus puberulis v. pilosis. Baccu subglobosa, obscure bisulcata, v. biloba, lobo superiore majore basi gibboso, segmentis calycinis coronata, sub 4 lin. longa, bilocularis, parietibus carnosis rubro-purpureis venosis, dissepimento carnoso ad medium incrassato placentifero. Semina numerosissima, funiculis brevibus dissepimento adnata, ascendentia, parva, ovalia, testa Crustacea atra nitida, nunc brunnea, seu castanea, albumine carnoso. Embryo minimus, ortbotropus, pyriformis, radicula tereti crassa obtusa hilo proxima, cotyledonibus brevibus.

A very distinct species, of which I much regret that I have not more satisfactory specimens which would allow of an examination of the expanded flowers. The peduncles of the bud and of the berry are so remark- ably short, as at once to point out this as very distinct from any others of the genus ; and it further differs from all the other round-leaved species in the size and obscure toothing of the leaves, their very short petioles, and in the red-purple colour of the berries. It is most nearly allied to the P. angulata (vide infra).

Having had the opportunity of examining some species of Pratia in Herb. Hooker, I shall here append the characters of all that are known to me as certainly belonging to this genus* ; besides which, there are several

* PRATIA, Gaud.

§ I. Lobis calycinis 3 v. pluribus basi auriculatis.

1. P. arenaria, Hook. fil. ; vide supra. Hab. Auckland Islands.

2. P. Cunninghamii ; ramis ascendentibus, foliis subdistichis sessilibus ovato-lanceolatis v. oblongo-ovatis obtusis obtuse repando-serratis coriaceo-carnosis, pedunculis folio -1— ^ brevioribus, bacca ovato-globosa submem- branacea, seminibus testa coriacea pallide brunnea areolata v. granulata. — Isolobus ? Cunninghamii, Alph. DeC. in Prodr. vol. vii. p. 354. Lobelia inundata, Cunn. MSS. (non Br.) an Lob. concolor, Brown, Prodr. p. 563 ? Pratia erecta, Gaud, in Freycin. Voy. Bot. p. 456 ?

Var. (3. longipes ; pedunculis folio sequilongis longioribusve.

Hab. New Holland; morasses on the banks of the McQ_uarrie River: Frazer. Lowlands about the Hunter River ; A. Cunningham.

(i. Inundated banks of the Lacblan River; A. Cunningham.

§ II. Lobis calycinis basi nudis, seu auriculis nullis.

3. P. repens, Gaud. ; ramis repentibus radicantibus, foliis erectis longe petiolatis carnosis subcordato-orbi- culatis sinuato-dentatis, pedunculis crassis petiolo requilongis bi- tri-bracteolatis, bacca globosa carnosa, semini- bus pallide fuscis. — P. repens, Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 103. Voy. Freyc. pp. 134 and 456. t. 79. D'Urv. Fl. Ins. Mai. in M£m. Linn. Soc. Paris, vol. iv. p. 608. Alph. DeC. in Prodr. vol. vii. p. 340.

Hab. Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, and S. Chili, on the east and west side of the Andes.

I have not retained the var. Urvil/eana, Alph. DeC. 1. c, because in my specimens the calycine segments are

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 43

other New Zealand and New Holland solitary-flowered creeping Lobeliacea with unilabiate corollas, but in the absence of any specimens with fruit I am unwilling to add them here.

The genus Prat la was established by M. Gaudichaud on a species detected by himself in the Falkland Islands, the P. repens, which was first described in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 103 {anno 1825); but the original discoverers of the genus were Banks and Solander, who, during Captain Cook's first voyage, gathered the P. angulata in New Zealand (in 1769) : to the species of M. Gaudichaud there was first added another from La Plata by M. Chamisso (Linnsea, vol. viii. p. 212), and more lately what appears to me a truly distinct species was published as a variety of this last, under the name of P. hederacea, (i. elliptica(vi&z Hook. Bot. Journ. vol. i.p. 278). I have seen the fruit of all these except the P. hederacea, and they agree with the characters of Pratia. In 1839 M. Alph. DeCandolle removed the Pratia begonifolia, Wall., and erected it into a separate genus, Piddingtonia, mainly on account of the 2-lipped corolla ; besides this character of the corolla, which has the two outer lobes

very variable in length, as is the corolla itself and the tube of the calyx in shape, the form of the latter depending upon the greater or less maturity of the seeds.

4. P. hederacea, Cham. ; ramis repentibus, foliis petiolatis membranaceis late ovatis rotundatisve crenato- dentatis basi subcordatis, petiolis limbo longioribus, pedicellis folio longioribus, corolla filamentisque intus basi villosis. — Chamisso in Linnma, vol. viii. p. 212. Alph. DeC. in Prodr.xol. vii. p. 340.

Hab. South Brazil and Uraguay ; Chamisso, Gaudichaud.

Having only seen a solitary but authentically-named specimen of this (communicated from Herb. reg. Berol.), I have no opportunity of dissecting the flowers : in the villous tube of the corolla it differs from all the other species I am acquainted with.

5. P. elliptica ; caule repente, ramis erectis prostratisve, foliis distichis brevissime petiolatis oblongis obtusis remote repando-dentatis dentibus obtusis, pedunculis folio longioribus fructiferis valde elongatis, capsula meru- branacea elongato-pyriformi, seminibus parvis, testa kevi pallide brunnea. — P. hederacea, /3. elliptica, Alph. DeC. in Prodr. vol. vii. p. 340. Lob. hederacea, /3. elliptica, Hook. # Am. Bot. Journ. vol. i. p. 277. L. odorata, (5. Graham in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. for 1831.

Hab. Buenos Ayres and mouth of La Plata River, in marshy places ; Tweedie.

The authors of ' Contributions to a Flora of South America' remark, that the fruit does not seem to differ from that of a true Lobelia ; but the only seed-vessel I have examined seems truly indehiscent, and the corolla is most distinctly unilabiate. It is very different from the true P. hederacea, a plant those authors were not then acquainted with, and in many respects, especially in the distichous leaves, it resembles the P. Cunninghamii.

6. P. angulata; ramis prostratis elongatis basi radicantibus apicibus adscendentibus, foliis petiolatis ovato- oblongis v. ovato-rotundatis obtusis repando-dentatis, pedunculis gracilibus folio multoties longioribus, semini- bus testa pallide brunnea minute punctata. — Lobelia angulata, Forst. Prodr. n. 309. A. Richard, Flor. Nov. Zel. p. 227. A. Cunn. Prodr. Flor. Nov. Zel. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. ii. p. 50. L. littoralis, R. Cunn. in A. Cunn. Prodr. Flor. Nov. Zel. 1. c.

Hab. New Zealand ; Northern and Middle Islands in moist places.

This is a very variable plant in the size of the leaves, corolla and berries.

7. P. ? Boliviensis, Alph. DeC. in Prodr. vol. vii. p. 340. Hab. Bolivia.

Of this species I know nothing.

g2

44 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

removed by a deeper division from the rest, the calycine segments are more membranous and foliaceous, and the whole plant more or less hairy ; its berry is very similar to that of P. arenaria, being large and apparently purple. Unless in specimens furnished with tolerably ripe fruit, it is difficult to recognise the genus Pratia, the character of the corolla being common to other true Lobeliacea, as is also that of the calyx, except that some of the species possess additional small lobes at the base of one or more of the segments. The bracts on the peduncles are also only occasionally present, and their situation is very variable.

Plate XXIX. Fig. 1, a youngflower on a branch, of the natural size; Jig. 2, the same removed ; Jig. 3, an anther aristate at its summit ; Jig. 4, young stigmata ; Jig. 5, ripe berry ; Jig. 6, transverse, and Jig. 7, longitu- dinal section of the same ; Jig. 8, ripe seed; Jig. 9, the same cut open, showing the embryo ; Jig. 10, embryo removed : — all mugnijied.

XVIII. EPACRIDEiE, Br.

Tribe STYPHELIE/E, Br.

1. ANDROSTOMA, Hook.fd.

Calyx 5-phyllus, basi bibracteolatus (pedunculis multi-bracteolatis). Corolla urceolata, limbo imberbi, segmentis 5 acutis. Stamina fauce corolla? sinubus inserta, filamentis breviusculis antljerisque omnino exsertis. Discus hypogynus cyathiformis, profunde 5-lobus. Ovarium 2-4-loculare, loculis monospermis. Drupa baccata putamine osseo. — Fruticulus ex Insulis Auckland et montibus Novte Zelandite, prostratus, ramosus, ramorum apicibus ascendent ibus. Folia parva, sparsa, linearia, patentia, Integra, subtus striata. Flores parvi, inconspicui.

1. Androstoma empetrifolia, Hook. fil. (Tab. XXX.)

Hab, Lord Auckland's group ; in the upland regions, abundant.

Caules prostrati, graciles, filiformes, elongati, spithamsei ad bipedalem et ultra, diametro pennse corvinae, basi nudiusculi, fusco-brunnei, cicatricosi, ramosi, ramis elongatis, apicibus ascendentibus foliosis. Folia parva, l^lin. longa, undique inserta, nullibi conferta, inferioribus sparsis, horizontaliter patentia, breviter petiolata, linearia, subacuta, marginibus recurvis ; supra convexa, medio canaliculata, fusco-viiidia ; subtus glauca, striata, pubescentia, demum glabra, rigida et coriacea ; juniora imbricata, erecta ; seniora caduca. Flores rari, sparsi, axillares, valde inconspicui, solitarii v. bini, pedunculati. Pedunculus ^ lin. longus, 1- rarius 2-florus, arcuatus, villosus, multi-squamosus, squamis 10-12 parvis imbricatis ovatis obtusis pergamentaceis medio incrassatis, marginibus subscariosis ciliatis, dorso sericeo-pubescentibus. Calyx 5-phyllus, basi bibracteolatus, tubo corolla? aequilongus, foliolis erectis late ovatis subacutis 3-5-nerviis ciliatis dorso pubeseentibus ; bractea? 2, oppositae, forma et textura inter foliola calycina et squamas pedunculi, sed manifeste calyci propria?. Corolla tubuloso- urceolata, minima, inconspicua, sub i lin. longa, ad medium 5-fida, segmentis suberectis ovato-lanceolatis acutis medio uninerviis nervisque duobus lateralibus inconspicuis, marginibus recurvis sub lente minutissime scabridis, aestivatione imbricatis. Stamina 5, tota exserta, filamentis lineari-subulatis fauce ipsa intra sinus corolla? insertis, erectis, segmento \ brevioribus superne curvatis, anthcris apice filamenti pendulis late oblongis. Discus hypo- gynus carnosulus, cyathiformis, profunde quinquelobus, lobis rotundatis integris. Ovarium ovatum, sessile, basi disco hypogyno cinctum, gradatim in stylo valido attenuatum, 2-4-loculare, loculis uniovulatis, ovulo funiculo brevi angulo superiore interno loculi pendulo, elongato. Drupa immatura, carnosa, late ovata, 1 lin. lata, corolla ventricosa calyceque persistente suffulta et semi-immersa stylo acuminata; putamine indurato 2-4-loculari.

As this plant has been found by Mr. Bid will on Tongariro, it is probably not uncommon in the alpine

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 45

regions of New Zealand, especially as it is particularly abundant in Lord Auckland's group, where it creeps over the ground and forms low wiry bushes, resembling the Crow-berry (Empetrum nigrum); the flowers are very inconspicuous, smaller than those of any other plant of the Nat. Ord. with which I am acquainted. The ripe fruit I have never seen ; Mr. Bidwill describes the plant as bearing a white berry. The name, from avi)p (stamen) and fTTOfia (os, oris), is adopted in allusion to the position of the stamens, wherein the chief distinction lies between this genus and Lissanthe, Br.

Plate XXX. Fig. 1, flower and peduncle ; fig. 2, a scale from the peduncle ; fig. 3, a calycine leaflet ; fig. 4, corolla ; fig. 5, the same expanded ; fig. 6, the same cut open, showing the insertion and position of the stamens ; fig. 7, front, and fig. 8, back view of a stamen ; fig. 9, ovarium ; fig. 10, unripe berry ; fig. 11, transverse section of do. ; fig. 12, unripe seed :— all magnified.

Tribe EPACRE.E, Br.

2. DRACOPHYLLUM, Lab.

Calyx 5-phyllus, basi bracteatus, bracteis persistentibus vel caducis. Corolla tubuloso-infundibuliformis, limbo 5-partito, lobis patentibus v. suberectis aestivatione imbricatis, apicibus inflexis cucullatisve imberbibus, tubo tereti subventricoso vel campanulato, fauce plus minusve contracta. Stamina 5 inclusa, corolla; adnata, v. rarius hypogyna. Squama hypogynce 5. Capsula 5-locularis, loculicide 5-valvis, placentis ab apice columnar centralis pendulis solutis. Semina pendula, angulata, testa reticulata. — Frutices vel arbores Australasian et Nova Zelandia, unico Nova Caledonia, paucis ex insulis Antarcticis pervenientibus ; ramis denudatis annulatis cicatricosis . Folia imbrieata, basi vaginantia, graminea v. subulata. Flores racemosi, seu spicati, pedunculis lateralibus termi- nalibusve. Bractea? a lobis ealycinis plerumque vix distinguendte . — Character e Candollei Prodromo ad species omnes mihi cognitas includendas mutuatus.

1. Dracopiiyllum longifolium, Br. ; arboreum, ramis atris exustis, ramulis castaneis, foliis ad apices ramulorum confertis e basi lata vaginante abrupte angustioribus longissime lineari-subulatis strictis rarius (plantis junioribus) recurvis concavis striatis pubescentibus vel glabris, floribus spi- catis, spicis solitariis rarius binis aggregatisve lateralibus 7-9-floris, pedicellis articulatis, bracteis deciduis, corollas tubo campanulato calycem superante, limbi segmentis late ovatis obtusis. (Tab. XXXI. & XXXII.)— Brown, Prodr. p. 556 (in nota). A. Rich. Ft. Nov. Zel. p. 219. A. Cunn. Prodr. Flor. Nov. Zel. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. ii. p. 48. DeC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 770. Epacris lon- gifolia, Forst. Prodr. n. 68. Char. Gen. t. 10. n. 1. et MSS. in Mus. Par. a CI. A. Richard, I. supra cil. evulgata.

Hab, Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; in woods near the sea, abundant, never ascending more than 400 feet on the hills.

Caulis seu truncus arboreus, ascendens, 15-25 ped. altitudine, diametro H pedalis, et paulo ultra prope basin, ramosus, cortice fusco atro quasi usto sulcis longitudinalibus confluentibus exarato obtectus, ligno albido molli.laminibusinconspicuis, radiis medullaribus paucis latiusculis ; ramis brachiatis erecto-patentibus ; ramulis teretibus crassitie pennse corvinse longe denudatis et cicatricibus horizontalibus annulatis, cortice castaneo nitido, apicibus solummodo foliosis. Folia fasciculata, pleraque stricta, erecta, e basi vaginante longissime lineari-subu- lata, supra pubesccntia, v. subsericea, concava, subtus v. dorso glaberrima, convexa, subcarinata, margine integer- rima sub lente per totam longitudinem ciliata, sensim acuminata apicibus pungentibus, coriacea, striata, lrete viridia, 8 unc. ad pedalem longa, 3-4 lin. lata ; plantis junioribus planiora, glabra, patentia, v. reflexa, graminea ; vagina oblonga, basi amplexicaulis, striata, lamina duplo latior, ^— | unc. longa, margine scariosa, superne

46 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

ciliata, pallide brunnea, nitida; terra tota sub arboribus foliis emortuis delapsis sparsa. Pedunculi solitarii v. fasciculati, rarius plantis junioribus ad apices ramulorum terminales, plerique e ramis brevissimis laterales, 1|— 2 uric, longi, stricti, erecti, inclinati, v. rarius nutantes, 7-10 flores; rachi terete glabra suflexuosa articulata ad nodos dilatata cyathiformi. Pedicelli breves, 1-2 lin. longi, cum rachi articulati. Flores subconferti, rarius secundi, erecti, demum nutantes, basi 2-4-bracteati. Bractete inferiores subfoliaceae, flore longiores, interdum elongati ; superiores ovatae, obtusa?, striatse, corollam subaequantes, marginibus scariosis ciliatis, demum deciduae. Calyx 5-phyllus, foliola tubo corollae paulo breviora, bracteis omnino similia, sed minora, intimis angustioribus submenibranaceis. Corolla tubuloso-campanulata, ^ unc. longa, albida, tubo terete sub ore paulo constricto, limbo 5-fido, segmentis patentibus basi imbricatis late ovatis obtusis marginibus subundulatis, medio incrassatis, apice inflexo, praefloratione incurvo. Stamina 5, filamentis linearibus breviusculis infra faucem corollas insertis ; antheris parvisoblongo-quadratis, apicibus exsertis. Pollen stramineum, hyalinum, e sphaerulis 3-5 conglobatis compositum. Glanduhe hypogyrue 5, ovario breviores, loculis opposite, oblongo-cuneatse, superne truncatae, retusae. Ovarium, sessile, late obovatum, 5-lobum, 5-loculare, loculis dorso sulcatis ; ovulis plurimis elongato- pyriformibus, funiculis brevibus columnae centrali affixis pendulis. Stylus validus, erectus, tubo A brevior, apice tmncatus, 3— i-crenatus. Capsula coriacea, foliolis 2-3 calycinis persistentibus inclusa, loculicide 5-valvis. Semina immatura angulata ; testa reticulata laxa.

A most abundant plant, forming a great portion of the woods which skirt the shores of these islands. The true Drucophyllum longifolium has hitherto been known to botanists only through the specimens collected by the Forsters during Cook's second voyage, and to some of the few who possess portions of the valuable collection formed by Mr. Menzies in Dusky Bay. Mr. Forster made full descriptions of his specimens, which have been published by M. Richard, and as a few discrepancies occur in comparing our own specimens with his, I shall here allude to them, premising that they only refer to such characters as depend much on the different localities the plant may inhabit. That the above-described plant is specifically the same as that gathered both by Forster and Menzies, is evident on the comparison of my specimens with the original drawing of that author. Thus, the leaves are described as smooth and reflexed : they are only so in the younger and more luxuriant state of the trees in Lord Auckland's Islands ; as they grow larger and more exposed to the violence of the climate they become strict, erect, rigid, coriaceous and pubescent above, all of which characters Mr. Menzies' specimens possess, except that they are also smooth. Again, the spikes are solitary in the young trees, but in the older most frequently from 2-5 together ; I have however never seen them nearly a palm long, or indeed more than two inches ; in the British Museum drawings they are about that length. The tube of the corolla is hardly if at all longer than the calyx, and not " duplo longior," and its segments can hardly be considered as acute. The present species is certainly most nearly allied to the D. squarrosum (vide in note, p. 48), but the leaves are broader and more rigid, and the corolla of quite a different shape.

Plate XXXI. & XXXII. Fig. 1, flower with bracteae ; fig. 2, corolla removed ; fig. 3, the same laid open ; fig. 4, a hypogynous scale ; fig. 5, ovarium and hypogynous scales ; fig. 6, transverse section of the ovarium ; fig. 7, longitudinal section of one cell of do. ; fig. 8, unripe seed removed from do. : — all magnified.

2. Dracophyllum scoparium, Hook. fil. ; arbuscula, ramis ramulisque fasciculatis strictis fusco-castaneis, foliis e basi vaginante gradatim angustatis lineari-subulatis strictis rigidis antice planis v. subcanaliculatis marginibusque pubescentibus dorso semiteretibus apicibus triquetris, flori- bus spicatis, spicis plurimis brevibus erectis sub 4-floris, bracteis foliolisque calycinis corollam supe- rantibus omnibus late ovatis acuminatis marginibus ciliatis exterioribus foliaceis intus sericeis, corolla late campanulata tubo brevi, segmentis brevissimis late ovatis obtusis. (Tab. XXXIII.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; near the sea, not common. Arbor humilis. Caulis ascendens, 6-8 pedalis, basi compressus ramosus, cortice et ligno ut in D. longi-

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 47

folio sed prioris colore pallidiore, ramis densis erectis, ramulis breviusculis fasciculatis graeilibus sub ^ lin. dia- metro. Folia apicibus ramulorum conferta, omnia stricta, erecta, 1^ unc. longa, | lin. lata, fusco-viridia, intus marginibusque pubescentia, subsericea, vagina latiuscula, brunnea, superne attenuata. Spicoe numerosa?, inter folia conferta?, breviuscutae, A-J unc. longa?, axillares et terminales, stricta?, erectae, rarius nutantes, 3-4 fiores, rachi articulata glabra castanea. Flores breviter pedicellati, pedicellis cum rachi articulatis pubescentibus. Bracteee 2-3, corollam superantes. exteriores basi late vaginantes, deinde lineari-subulate ut folia sed breviores, coriacea?, spicis ajquilongse, marginibus dorsoque carinato-ciliatis, intus sericeo-pubescentes, interiores minores. Calycis foliola ovata, acuta, striata, marginibus scariosis ciliatis, tubo corolla? breviora, persistentia. Corolla sub 1| lin. longa, pro genere latissima, late campanulata, suburceolata, albida, inter bracteas occulta inconspicua, tubo brevi calycem vix superante, segmentis brevissimis late ovatis obtusis concavis, primum incurvis apice obtuso inflexo, demum patentibus subinvolutis. Stamina ad faucem inserta, parva, filamentis brevibus. Capsula late obovata, bracteis foliolisque calycinis persistentibus inclusa, valvis coriaceis obovatis apicibus incur- vis medio septiferis ; columna centralis valida, sublignosa, angulata, superne in ramos 5 pendulos clavatos fissa semina gerentes.

A very peculiar species, most nearly allied to the D. Lessonianum, A. Rich., and D. Urvillianum, A. Rich., but very distinct from both. It has also been gathered upon the Chatham Islands by Dr. Dieffenbach, in whose specimens the leaves are most beautifully margined, and the backs of the bracteae covered with a silvery and velvety pubescence. I do not however place much reliance on the pubescence of any of the species of this genus, which appears a very variable character.

The genus Draeophyllum was established by Labillardiere upon the D. verticillatum, a plant of New Cale- donia (vide Voyage de Labill. vol. ii. p. 211. t. 40), and afterwards adopted by Mr. Brown, who added the D. secundum of Australia as a second species ; both these have the flowers racemose or panicled, the bracteas caducous, and the stamens either hypogynous or inserted at the very base of the corolla. In a subgenus or section called Sphcnotomu, the latter botanist included some other New Holland plants with spiked flowers, persistent bracteas, and stamens inserted upon the corolla ; this has since been erected into a genus by Mr. Sweet (Fl. Austral, t. 44), and retained as such by all future authors. Mr. Brown having further remarked that some of Forster's New Zealand Epacridece, as E. longifolium and E. rosmarinifolium, Forst., belonged to the genus Draeophyllum, as modified by him, they were forthwith published as such by M. A. Richard, who added two more species to the genus, and also by Cunningham, who published a third (D. latifo/ium) ; but none of these authors proposed any sectional characters for these species, which differ most materially from those of Mr. Brown's first section of the genus, in many of them having epipetalous stamens, as also in the flowers being spiked and the bractese persistent, and which equally differ from Sphenotoma in habit and the form of the corolla. Lastly, M. DeCandolle, in 1839, remodelled the generic character of Draeophyllum, and, intending it to include only the plants of Mr. Brown's first section, described the calyx as " ebracteatus," and the stamens as " corolla? non adnata," both characters the opposite of what most of the New Zealand species exhibit.

Having received several allied new species of this genus from New Zealand, I shall add their characters here and give a conspectus of the whole, both for the purpose of showing the position of D. longifolium and D. scoparium in the series, as also because I am anxious to seize the first opportunity afforded me of laying the new species before the public and remodelling this fine genus*. I may here remark, that as a genus it is an exceed-

* DIIACOPHYLLUM, Br.

§ I. S/aminibus hypogynis, v. basi corollas inserlis. 1. D. secundum, Br. Brown, Prodr. p. 556. DeC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 769. Hab. New Holland ; in the neighbourhood of Port Jackson.

48 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

ingly natural one, Richea, Br., being its nearest ally and indeed its representative in Tasmania, whence Mr. Gunn has lately sent a splendid new species, probably the most magnificent plant in the whole Natural Order.

Plate XXXIII. Fig. 1, a flower surrounded by the bractese ; Jiff. 2, the same removed from the bractea? ; fig. 3, calycine leaf ; fig. 4, segments of the corolla and stamens ; fig. 5, germen and hypogynous scales ; fig. 6, ripe capsule enclosed in the persistent bractese ; fig. 7, the same with the bractea? removed ; fig. 8, the same split open ; fig. 9, a valve of the capsule ; fig. 10, a seed : — all magnified.

2. D. verticillatum, Lab. Labillardiere, Voyage, vol. ii. p. 211. t. 40. DeC. I. c. p. 770. Hab. New Caledonia; on the mountains.

§ II. Sta?ninibus epipetalis, floribus paniculatis, bracteis caducis, foliolis calycinis tubo corolla multo brevioribus.

3. D. latifolium ; arboreum, foliis |-1§ pedalibus longissime lanceolatis subflexuosis (pro genere latis) mar- gine obtuse serrulatis, panicula effusa nutante pilosa demum glabra, bracteis deciduis, floribus parvis, foliolis calycinis a?qualibus pubescentibus late ovatis corolla multo brevioribus. — A. Cunn. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Zel. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. ii. p. 48. DeC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 770. Epacris longifolia, Banks and Sol. MSS. in Mus. Brit.

Hab. New Zealand; common in the woods of the Northern Island.

The most handsome but smallest-flowered species of the genus. Leaves an inch broad at the base. Panicle a foot long, very much branched.

4. D. strictum, n. sp. ; arbuscula ?, foliis 2-3 uncialibus late-subulatis suberectis strictis e basi vaginante gradatim acuminatis concavis marginibus serrulatis, panicula 2 unciali recta subcoarctata pilosa ramis crassis, bracteis deciduis, foliolis calycinis ovatis acutis tubo corolla? ^ brevioribus, corolla majuscula 5 lin. longa.

Hab. New Zealand ; Mountain of Tongariro : Mr. Bidwill.

Much smaller than the D. latifolium, and remarkably different in the size of the flower.

5. D. affine, n. sp. ; arbuscula, foliis 2-uncialibus late-subulatis patentibus e basi lata vaginante gradatim acuminatis planiusculis, marginibus serrulatis, panicula 2-unciali nutante glabra effusa ramis tenuibus, bracteis deciduis, foliolis calycinis late-ovatis acutis tubo corolla? \ brevioribus, corolla 1\ lin. longa.

Hab. New Zealand ; mountains of the interior : Dr. Dieffenbuch.

At first sight this much resembles the last species, but it has much smaller flowers and is otherwise very distinct.

§ III. Staminibus epipetalis, floribus spicalis (unica specie solitariis), foliolis calycinis bracteis simillimis tubo

corolla aquilongis.

6. D. longifolium, v. supra.

Hab. New Zealand ; in Dusky Bay, and Lord Auckland and Campbell's Islands.

7. D. squarrosum, n. sp. ; arbuscula, foliis 3-4 uncialibus patentibus squarrosis subgramineis (junioribus strictis) e basi subscariosa vaginante gradatim liueari-subulatis glaberrimis marginibus serrulatis concavis, spicis 1^-2 uncialibus lateralibus fasciculatis 5-6-floris, bracteis foliolisque calycinis ovato-lanceolatis gradatim acu- minatis florem superantibus, corolla? tubo gracili, limbi segmentis lanceolatis obtusis.

Hab. New Zealand ; Northern Island, Manukau Bay : W. Colenso, Esq.

A small diffuse tree, 12-14 feet high, allied to D. longifolium, but the leaves are of a different habit and texture, and the corolla quite unlike that of the southern plant : both of these have large leaves, and more the

Campbells Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 49

XIX. MYRSINE.E, Br. Tribe EMBELIE.E, A. DeC.

1. SUTTONIA, A. Rich.

Flores polygami, v. hermaphroditi. Calyx 2-5-partitus rarius obsoletus, lobis obtusis, eroso-dentatis, ciliatis, aestivatione imbricatis. Corolla petala 4-5, distincta, v. rarius ima basi subconnata, obovata v. lineari-oblonga,

appearance of the species of the former sections. The following are more shrubby, and though of a different habit, I am unable to separate them by any decided character into a distinct section.

8. D. Lessonianum, A. Rich. ; frutescens, ramis castaneis, foliis fasciculatis 2^-3-uncialibus lineari-subu- latis semiteretibus supra planis, vaginis elongatis abrupte truncatis marginibus ciliatis, spica lj-2 unciali 5-S-flora, floribus remotis, bracteis foliisque calycinis persistentibus coriaceis flore longioribus gradatim acumi- natis, corollas segmentis oblongo-lanceolatis tubo subgracili. — A. Rich. Flor. Nov. Zel. p. 233. A. Cunn. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Zel. I.e. DeC. Prodr. I.e. D. attenuatum, A. Cvnn. MSS. in Herb. Hook. Ardisia frondosa, a. lon- gifolia, Banks and Sol. MSS. in Mus. Brit.

Hab. New Zealand ; a very common plant in the Northern Island, also found on the Middle Island.

9. D. Urvilleanum, A. Rich. ; frutescens, ramis atris, foliis fasciculatis 2A-3-uncialibus strictis supra cana- liculatis, vaginis brevibus subciliatis, spica i unc. longa 3-4-flora, floribus approximatis, bracteis persisten- tibus foliolisque calycinis ovatis breviter acuminatis, corolla? segmentis ovato-oblongis tubo subcampanulato. — A. Richard, A. Cunningham et DeC. locis citatis. Ardisia frondosa, ft. squarrosa, Banks and Sol. MSS. in Mus. Brit.

Hab. New Zealand ; Northern Island, generally at a little distance from the sea ; Tasman's Bay, Middle Island : D'Urville.

Stems always black and as if charred on the surface. This and the preceding are very closely allied, but assuredly quite distinct ; the most prominent characters of the present are the shortly acuminated bracts, abbreviated spikes, and channeled leaves ; other distinctions are well pointed out by A. Richard, to which DeCandolle adds " foliis rigidis," though in our specimens they are less so, if anything, than in D. Lessonianum. but rather shorter. Cunningham appears to have confounded the two, though he knew both plants, this being the common species on the banks of the Keri-Keri river. His MSS. name of D. attenuatum is also attached by himself to specimens (in Herb. Hook.) of Lessonianum and not of Urvilleanum, under which, in his ' Prodromus,' he quotes his own name as a synonym.

10. D. scoparium, Hook. fil. ; v. supra. Hab. Chatham and Campbell's Islands.

11. D. robustum, n. sp. ; fruticosum, ramis fuscis, foliis fasciculatis 1^-2-uncialibus subcurvatis semitere- tibus rigidis supra planis, vaginis basi abrupte truncatis ciliatis, spica |-1 unc. longa valida 3-4-flora, floribus confertis, bracteis persistentibus foliolisque calycinis rigidis duris ovato-lanceolatis gradatim acuminatis, corolla? tubo subgracili segmentis ovali-oblongis.

Hab. New Zealand ; Northern Island : Edgerley.

This is a very distinct species though similar to the three former, and having leaves, though shorter and more rigid, of the same character as those of D. Lessonianum, as are the calycine leaves, flowers and segments of the VOL. I. H

50 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

primum erecta, concava, demum patentia et ssepe revoluta, ciliata, a?stivatione imbricata, quincuncialia. Sta- mina tot quot petala, prope basin corolla? inserta ; filamentis breviusculis, linearibus ; antheris ovato-lanceolatis,

corolla, in all which respects it differs from D. Urvilleanum, but agrees with that plant in the few-flowered spike.

12. D. subulatum, n. sp. ; fruticosum, ramis fuscis parce foliosis gracilibus, foliis fasciculatis e basi lata vaginante lineari-subulatis |-|-uncialibus strictis erectis rigidis subtriquetris, vaginis latiusculis sub lente ciliatis, spicis J-i-uncialibus lateralibus ramulisque brevissimis terminalibus 2-fioris, floribus parvis approximatis, brac- teis persistentibus florem superantibus foliolisque calycinis late ovatis acutis v. acuminatis, corolla? tubo campa- nulato, segmentis latis.

Hab. New Zealand ; mountainous interior of Northern Island : /. T. Bidwill, Esq., and IV. Colenso, Esq.

A very distinct plant, readily recognised by the small size of all its parts.

13. D. rosmarinifolium, Br. ; fruticosum, ramis apice foliosis, foliis 1^-uncialibus erectis rigidis coriaceis apice obtusis dorso convexis subcarinatis striatis antice canaliculars basi modice dilatatis vaginantibus, floribus sessilibus solitariis, bracteis lanceolatis acutis, corolla? segmentis ovatis obtusis. — Forst. MSS. in A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 220. Brown. Prodr. p. 556. A. Rich. A. C. Prodr. et DeC. locis citatis. Epacris rosmarini- folia, Forst. Prodr. n. 69.

Hab. " Summis Alpibus Nova? Zelandia? ;" G. Forster.

" Ha?c forte species ex E. longifolia enata, solo ingratiore et frigidiore pumila evasit, foliaque longa flores- que racemosos amisit." — Forst. MSS. I. c.

In Lord Auckland's group the D. longifolium assumes no such form, and from the British Museum speci- mens this appears to be an entirely different species from any other.

14. D. recurvum, n. sp. ; suffruticosum, ramis ad apices tantum foliosis, foliis uncialibus e basi vaginante linearibus gradatim attenuatis obtusis recurvis supra canaliculars subtus convexis.

Hab. New Zealand ; Tongariro : Mr. Bidwill.

Apparently a very small plant, 4-5 inches high, the branches terete, fuscous-black, above transversely scarred. In consequence of the blunt apices of the leaves I have placed this near D. rosmarinifolium, but I much regret having neither flowers nor fruit.

RICHEA, Br. Prodr. p. 555.

1. Richea dracophylla, Br. Prodr. 1. c. DeC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 769.

Hab. Tasmania ; on the high mountains, especially in the southern and western parts of the island.

2. Richea pandanifolia, n. sp. ; caule erecto simplici 15-25-pedali apice tantum folioso, foliis crassis valde coriaceis 3-4-pedalibus squarroso-recurvis e basi vaginante lanceolata longissime lineari-subulatis superne planis marginibus argute serratis cartilagineis, paniculis axillaribus ovatis effusis basi spathaceo-bracteatis, floribus parvis breviter pedicellatis, pedicellis bracteolatis, bracteolis 1 v. 2 lineari-subulatis fugacibus, corolla clausa calyptra?formi, filamentis ovario vix ^ longioribus.

Hab. Tasmania ; Port Davy, Peak of Teneriffe, Frenchman's Cap, and several other mountainous situations, especially in the southern parts of the island : Backhouse MSS. {in Bibl. Hook.) and in Ross' Hobartown Almanack, R. C. Gunn, Esq.

I am indebted to Mr. Backhouse's valuable ' MSS. Notes on Australian Botany ' for information concerning

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 51

basi cordatis, bilocularibus. Pollen sphaericum. Ovarium ovatum, in stylum brevem attenuatum, 1-loculare, 1- rarius 2-ovulatum, ovulis latere placentae globosae carnosae immersis. Stigma capitatum, cyathiforme, rarius infundibuliforme, varie divisum, crenatum v. lobatum, interdum flmbriatum. jFVurfwsbaccatus, putamine crus- taceo, 1-loculari. Semina 1 v. 2, reliquiis membranaceis placentas indusiata, subglobosa, interdum latere trans- versim constricta ; testa membranacea ; albumine corneo, albido. Embryo filiformis, cylindraceus, oblique trans- versa, paulo arcuatus v. sigmoideus. — Frutices vel arbusculae Nova Zelandice et insularum Norfolcice Auckland et Campbell, glabra, glanduloso-punctatte. Folia varia, plerumque subcoriacea, Integra, venosa. Pedunculi later ales, fasciculati, bracteali. Flores parvi. — Character genericus a Flora Novae Zelandiae Ach. Richardi (p. 349) emendatus.

1. Suttonia divaricata, Hook. fil. ; fruticosa, ramis divaricatis arcuatis tortuosis parce foliosis, foliis ad apices ramulorum lateralium 2-4 breviter petiolatis late-obovatis retusis v. obcordatis cori- aceis, pedunculis brevibus curvatis lateralibus basi squamosis, calycis 4-5-fidi lobis obtusis, petalis obovatis. (Tab. XXXIV.) — Myrsine ? divaricata, A. Cunn. Flor. Nov. Zel. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. ii. p. 47. Alph. DeC. in Prodr. vol. viii. p. 95.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; abundant in woods near the sea, never ascending the hills.

Frutex, rarius arbuscula, erectus, ramosus, parce foliosus, rigidus, primo intuitu spinescens, facie Coprosmce, 4-S-pedalis. Radix lignosa, diffusa. Truncus brevis, subpedalis, cylindraceus, prope basin diametro 10-12 uncias ; cortice atro, transversim rugoso, subannulato ; ligno duro, albo. Rami divaricati, horizontaliter patentes, apicibus plerumque deflexis, lignosi, tenaces, gemmis basibusque ramulorum delapsorum tuberculati, cortice fuligineo v. atro-fusco obtecti ; ramulis brevibus, subdistiche divaricatis, interdum pubescentibus, apicibus tantum foliosis. Folia parva, ^ unc. longa, ramulis ultimis alterna, vel plerumque 2-3 ad apices fasciculata, rarius solitaria, horizontaliter patentia, late obovata et retusa, v. obcordata, basi in petiolum brevem attenuata, integerrima, glaberrima, planiuscula v. concava, subcoriacea, nervis prominulis utrinque reticulata, glandulis sparsis, majusculis, elevatis, aurantiacis, pellucidis punctata, et serie intramarginali circumdata, supra laete viridia, nitida, subtus pallidiora ; petiolo brevi, glabro v. pubescente, supra canaliculato, | lin. longo. Flores parvi, inconspicui, breviter pedunculati, ramis ramulisque lateralibus 2-4 glomerulati. Pedunculi arcuati, 1-1^ lin. longi, basi pluribracteolati, e gemmulis squamosis orti; bracteolis minimis, ovato-rotundatis, brunnei marginibus scarioso-membranaceis. Calyx parvus, obovatus, carnosus, 4- rarius 5-fidus ; lobis suberectis v. patulis, late ovatis, obtusis, glanduloso-punctatis, marginibus erosis, ciliatis. Petala 4-5, basi remota, infra faucem calycis inserta, patentia, persistentia, demum basi ovarii crescentis appressa, obovato-oblonga, apice rotundata, \ lin. longa, subchartacea, rufo-brunnea, glanduloso-punctata, margine membranaceo, pellucido, eroso, cilato v. subfimbriato, pilis breviusculis, articulatis, flexuosis, medio uninervia, nervo obscure ramoso. Stamina 5, petalis \ breviora ; filamenta brevia, linearia, compressa, crassa, supra basin petalorum affixa ; an- therte coriaceae, filamento longiores, oblongo-lanceolatae, subacutae, basi cordatae, valde compressae, per totam longitudinem rimis lateralibus dehiscentes. Ovarium ovato-ampullaceum, teres, in stylum validum brevem attenuatum, 1-loculare, 1-ovulatum; placenta carnosa et subaquosa, globosa, ovarii loculum implens, basifixa, latere unico excavata ; ovulum solitarium, conico-pyriforme, horizontale, funiculo brevi, fundo cavitatis placentae affixum. Stigma capitatum, forma varians, saepe lobatum v. crenatum, nunc excavatum, cyathiforme, mar-

this splendid plant, and to Mr. Gunn for magnificent specimens. It is known to very few of the inhabitants of the colony, in consequence of the remoteness and inaccessible nature of the localities it inhabits. Amongst the bushrangers it is called " cabbage- tree," and was always described by them as resembling an American aloe placed on the top of a long pole. I shall have a further opportunity of making some remarks upon it in the Flora of Tasmania.

H 2

52 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

ginibus integris, varie lobatis vel fimbriatis, raro in acetabulum dilatatum. Bacca spharica, valde depressa, pallide cajrulea, 2-3 lin. diametro, breviter pedunculata ; epicarpio tenui, membranaceo ; sarcocarpio spongioso, insipido, albido ; putamine ovato-globoso, crustaceo, extus venoso, venis basi ad apicem radiantibus. Semen unicum, majusculum, reliquiis exsiccatis tenuiter membranaceis brunneis placenta? circumdatum, sphsericum, latere unico medio valde constrictum ; testa membranacea, tenui, prope hilum subplicata, pallide fusca ; albu- mine duro, corneo, albido. Embryo teres, filiformis, axi seminis contrarius, oblique transversus ; radieula elon- gata ; cotyledonibus parvis, semiteretibus.

This is not an uncommon plant in the woods at the sources of rivers which fall into the Bay of Islands, New Zealand, and it has also been gathered in other parts of the Northern Island of New Zealand, where it assumes a more straggling and less woody appearance than the Auckland Island specimens present. It is the only shrub which in this longitude Inhabits a level so nearly that of the ocean in the respective latitudes of 35° and 52^° S. Mr. Cunningham, who first detected this species, describes the berries as spotted with black; in the southern specimens, which may in this respect be a variety, they are of a uniform pale blue, and quite unmarked.

I have ventured to retain M. A. Richard's generic name of Suttonia for this and several other Myrsinea of New Zealand, and though that author gives no etymology of the name, I cannot but suppose it was adopted as a well-merited compliment to the Rev. Dr. Sutton of Norwich, one of the original members of the Linnsean Society of London, and author of an excellent paper on the British species of Orobanche, read before that Society in 1797 (vide Linn. Soc. Trans, vol. iv. p. 193).

The other species which will be included under Suttonia, as above characterized, are (1.) S. australis, A. Rich. (Myrsine Urvillei, Alph. DeC. ; Myrsine undulata, A. Cunn. ; Merista laevigata, Banks and Sol. MSS.); (2.) S. tenuifolia*, n. sp. ; (3.) S. salicina (Myrsine salicina, Hew. MSS.). All these have the petals free, except the last, in which they are slightly adherent at the base, and they further differ from Myrsine in having solitary or rarely (in M. salicina alone) two ovules and seeds. The original discoverers of the genus were Sir J. Banks and Dr. Solander, who, accompanying Captain Cook during a five-months' investigation of various parts of the shores of New Zealand, were the first Europeans that ever landed there, and the indefatigable col- lectors of most of the singular and new forms of plants with which those islands abound. The name Merista, given by them to one of the species, was probably adopted in allusion to the division of the corolla. The draw- ing and description of M. Richard were made from very imperfect specimens, and the genus incorrectly referred to Terebinthace e.

The Myrsinea are for the most part inhabitants of climates whose temperature is equable, and they particu- larly abound in insular localities, as the islands of the Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Bourbon, and Madagascar. Their utmost northern limit in the old world seems to be the Azores, lat. 39° N., Madeira, lat. 32°, and Teneriffe ; but in no part of the adjacent continent of Africa do they cross the northern tropic ; in Europe they are entirely wanting, and in Asia extend only to Japan, in north latitude 40°. The order is very rare in North America, and especially to the northward of Mexico, only one species inhabiting the United States, the M. Floridana, A. DeC, and that is confined to the southern state whose name it bears, lat. 30° N. In the southern hemisphere they nowhere (except in New Zealand) are found to the southward of the 36th parallel, and there in S. Brazil only. In Africa they reach the 33rd, and the 34th in Australia. Their extension into the 53rd degree in the

* Suttonia tenuifolia, n. sp. ; arbuscula, foliis petiolatis ovatis vel ovalibus obtusis tenuibus submembra- naceis integerrimis reticulatim venosis punctis glandulosis parvis, fructibus globosis solitariis v. binis pedicel- latis.

Hab. Norfolk Island, on the skirts of woods : A. Cunninyham (in Herb. Hook.).

A larger and more membranous-leaved species than the S. australis, to which it is nearly allied.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 53

South Pacific Ocean is hence a remarkable circumstance, and probably in some measure to be accounted for by the uniform temperature which the New Zealand Islands possess ; they further there bear a larger proportion to the other dicotyledonous vegetation than they do in any other part of the globe. I have alluded to the S. divaricata having a considerable range in latitude, a circumstance not without parallel in the order to which it belongs. Of this M. Africana, L. is an extreme instance, that plant being found both at the Cape of Good Hope, in Abyssinia, and in the Azores Islands. The species of the Natural Order are however, as M. A. DeCandolle well remarks (Linn. Trans, vol. xvii. p. 99), very confined as regards their geographical limits, MelastomacecB and Myrtaceos being two of the very few groups containing about the same or a greater number of species which are more so.

Plate XXXIV. Fig. 1, a flower; fig. 2, the same laid open ; fig. 3, a petal and stamen ; fig. 4, a flower with the germen more advanced ; figs. 5, 6 and 7, various forms of stigmata ; fig. 8, half-ripe berry ; fig. 9, lon- gitudinal section of the same; fig. 10, placenta and young seed ; fig. 11, the same cut open longitudinally ; fig. 12, young seed; fig. 13, ripe berry; fig. 14, longitudinal section of the same; fig. 15, seed covered with the shrivelled remains of the placenta; fig. 16, seed removed from do. ; fig. 17, longitudinal section of seed showing the embryo ; fig. 18, embryo removed : — all magnified.

XX. GENTIANE^, Juss.

1. Gentiana (Antarctophila, Griseb.) concinna, Hook. fil. ; annua, caule breviusculo ramoso, ramis teretibus suberectis v. patulis foliosis, foliis coriaceis elongato-spathulatis obtusis marginibus minutissime serrulatis, floribus confertis paniculatis inter folia sessilibus v. brevissime pedunculatis, segmentis calycinis linearibus corolla ^ brevioribus, corolla campanulata limbi lobis obovato-oblongis obtusis albidis rubro pictis, glandulis fauce corolla; 5 orbiculatis subdepressis, antheris post anthesin extrorsis. (Tab. XXXV.)

Var. ft. elonguta ; caule ascendente spithameo vage ramoso, foliis majoribus subtus 3-costatis, floribus albidis rubro-purpureo pictis.

Var. y. robusta ; caule erecto crasso simplici v. ramoso, foliis lanceolatis obtusis subtus 3-5-costatis. Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the bleak and exposed faces of the mountains. (3. amongst rocks and in sheltered situations on the tops of the hills. 7. Campbell's Island ; on the hills, abun- dant.

Radix simplex, elongato-fusiformis, 1-2 unc. longa, descendeus, hinc illinc fibrosa, ssepe multiceps, intus lutea, sapore amaro. Caules solitarii v. plures, perbreves, erecti, 1^-3 uncias longi, nunc ex ima basi dichotome ramosi, rarius solitarii, inferne simplices, elongati, superne fastigiatim ramosi. Rami abbreviati, rarius 1-2 uncias longi v. ultra, erecti, teretes, foliosi, crassitie pennae passerinae, superne et ramuli laterales floriferi. Folia inferiora seu radicalia conferta, plerumque stellatim patentia, rarius laxa et suberecta v. stricta, ssepius plus minusve recurva, elongato-spathulata, in petiolum gradatim attenuata, latitudine varia, f-1 unc. longa, supra medium 4 lin. lata, coriacea, marginibus recurvis, sub lente minutissime cartilagineo-serrulatis, medio uniner- via, et nervis duobus lateralibus interdum obsoletis, superne convexiuscula, canaliculata, subtus costa elevata, lsete flavo-viridia, fusco purpureove picta, siccitate corrugata ; folia caulina breviora ; petiolus latiusculus, mar- ginibus basi membranaceis. Inflorescentia paniculata, sed ramis valde abbreviatis, foliosis, foliis superioribus multoties brevioribus, ita ut flores videantur glomerati, paucique inter folia summa sunt solitarii. Calyx 5-fidus, tubo brevi, obconico, segmentis lineari-oblongis, obtusis, coriaceis, dorso subacutis, corolla ^ brevioribus, viridibus.

54 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

versus apices purpurascentibus. Corolla campanulata, 5-fida, subrotata, 4-5 lin. longa ; tubo brevi, urceolato, pallide flavo, supra medium glanduloso, glandulis 5 majusculis, orbiculatis, depressis, pallide viridibus ; lobis obovato-oblongis, obtusis, concavis, integerrimis, sestivatione dextrorsum contortis, tubo duplo longioribus, albidis, basi macula nervisque latis pulcherrime rubris, siccitate pallide flavis. Stamina tubo corolla? infra faucem inserta, lobis glandulisque alterna, inclusa ; filamentis validis, lineari-subulatis, elongatis, erectis, purpureis, api- cibus arcuatis, primum incurvis, demum recurvis ; antheris versatilibus, oblongo-quadratis, violaceis, loculis lineari-oblongis, rimis longitudinalibus antice dehiscentibus, post antbesin (ob apicem filamenti reflexum) pos- ticis. Pollen stramineum, ellipticum, lseve, 3-lobatum, utrinque subacutum. Ovarium lineari-lanceolatum, basi in pedicellum breve contractum, superne in stylum validum, gradatim attenuatum, compressum, 1-loculare, pluri- ovulatum ; ovula biserialia, placentis suturalibus funiculis brevissimis adnexis, anatropis ; stigmata 2, patentia, carpophyllis contraria, subcapitata. Capsula lineari-oblonga, v. lanceolata, £ unc. longa, submembranaceo- coriacea, valvis planiusculis, dorso medio sulcatis. Semina numerosa, minuta, biserialia, globosa, subangu- lata ; testa membranacea, pallide fusca, albumini carnoso appressa.

This elegant little species is one of the most attractive plants on the exposed hills, flowering copiously in November and December. The variety /3. is rather uncommon and seldom flowers ; its appearance is more that of a large leafy state than of perfect or characteristic specimens. The y. I have never found in flower, and it may prove a distinct species, though the roots are annual and its leaves of the same nature as some of the larger specimens of G. concinna. The former of these varieties approaches the G. montana, Forst., of New Zealand, Tasmania and Australia, itself a very variable plant, according to our own and Forster's original specimens in the British Museum, and to the description of Forster quoted by Richard (Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 203), and the works of Brown and Grisebach (Gen. et Sp. Gentian, p. 235). All the states of the latter however differ from this in the much larger flowers, acute lobes of the corolla, and long peduncles of the flowers. The present plant affords further a proof of a certain similarity in the whole Flora of the south circumpolar regions, a pecu- liarity more strongly marked in the analogous latitudes of the Northern hemisphere, where large tracts of land with a concomitant vegetation are situated nearer the pole. I must confess that I have much difficulty in recog- nising more than one species in Tasmania, which is itself closely allied to several South Chilian and Patagonian plants, as G. Patagonica, Griseb., G. multicaulis, Gill, and G. diffusa, H. B. K.

I am here anxious to correct an error I have fallen into, in considering the G. Grisebachii (Hook. fil. in Ic. PI. t. 636) as distinct from G. montana, Forst. ; I have lately had the opportunity of examining large suites of specimens of the true plant, of which the G. Grisebachii is decidedly a small state. And so also with regard to the G. bellidifolia (Ic. PI. t. 635) ; though different from the ordinary states of Forster's G. saxosa, and especially from the specimens from which he made his drawings, it is not specifically distinct from other states which have been gathered by Forster, but which, when the G. bellidifolia was published, I had not the opportunity of examining.

Plate XXXV. Fig. 1, a flower ; fig. 2, corolla removed from the same ; fig. 3, corolla laid open ; figs. 4, 5 and 6, stamens and anther ; fig. 7, pollen ; fig. 8, ovarium ; fig. 9, one valve of do. and ovules ; fig. 10, capsule ; fig. 11, seeds : — all magnified.

2. Gentiana (Andicola, Griseb.) cerina, Hook. fil. ; perennis, caule prostrato vage ramoso, ramis ad apices adscendentibus, foliis cartilaginco-carnosis obovato-spathulatis obtusis vel retusis 3-nerviis in petiolum latum attenuatis, floribus inter folia summa confertis sessilibus, corolla late campanulata subrotata lobis oblongo-lanceolatis obtusis albidis purpureo-venosis, tubo glandulis depressis 5, antheris post anthesin extrorsis. (Tab. XXXVI.)

Had. Lord Auckland's group; near the sea on rocky islets in Rendezvous Harbour.

Radix fusiformis, elongata, 3-4 unc. longa, cortice crasso, fusco, transversim rugoso tecta, inferne divisa,

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 55

superne plantis junioribus multiceps, ad collum foliosa, vetustioribus caules plurimos vel solitarios emitters. Caules prostrati, elongati, 4 unc. ad pedem longi, 2-3 lin. diametro, crassi, subsucculenti, teretes, siccitate sub- angulati, e basi rarnosi, per totam longitudinem foliosi v. inferne nudi, e foliis inferioribus deciduis annulati, internodiis |-f uncialibus, superne incrassati, apicibus ascendentibus, ramis abbreviatis ssepius floriferis. Folia nutnerosa, inferiora, pra?sertim exemplaribus raraosis junioribusque, latiora, rosulata, circa collum stellatim patentia, omnia plus minusve recurva, late spathulata, obtusa, retusa, v. emarginata, marginibus integerrimis, interdum recurvis, 1-1^ unc- longa, £-| unc. lata, 3-nervia et reticulatim venosa, nervis subtus prominulis, late sed pallide viridia, nitida, purpureo picta, siccitate fusca et nigrescentia, interdum membranacea ; petiolo lato, superne piano, subtus convexo, deorsum dilatato, semiamplexicauli, cum caule articulato. Inflorescentia vero- similiter paniculata, sed ramis obsoletis et pedunculis abbreviatis, hinc flores ut videtur solitarii v. bini, et inter folia subsessiles. Flores, solummodo plantis junioribus visi, iisque ramis caulibusque abbreviatis. Calyx cam- panulatus, 5-fidus, segmentis late linearibus, obtusis, corolla ^ brevioribus, 3-nerviis, apicibus recurvis. Corolla late campanulata, subrotata, 4-5 lin. longa, albida, 5-fida, lobis late obovato-oblongis, obtusis, concavis, 5-6 nerviis, nervis rubro-purpureis ; — glandulis, staminibus, ovarloq\ie ut in G. concinna.

During our stay in Lord Auckland's group I much regretted being unable in my drawings, to imitate the pel- lucid and waxv appearance, especially of the flowers and leaves of this most beautiful plant, to which in other respects the artist has done ample justice. It bears nearly the same relation to the G. saxosa, Forst., as the former- described species does to G. montana. Though placed by Dr. Grisebach (in his excellent Essay on Gentianece) in separate sections of that genus, there appears to me to be but little to remove these two species far from one another, except the annual root of one. As is the case with G. saxosa, the leaves of this are variable in breadth, but not to the same extent, and it entirely differs from that plant in the prostrate habit of growth, very short peduncles of the flowers, and in the broader and shorter corollas, which are not much longer than the lobes of the calyx. The anthers in all the New Zealand as in the Tasmanian species are versatile on the apex of the filament, which is curved and at first projects forward ; after the discharge of the pollen, or rather the first dehiscence of the anthers, the apex of the filaments immediately becomes erect and then reflexed, whence in the expanded flowers the anthers are almost invariably found to be extrorse. Although Gentians are seldom white-flowered as species, this and the former are decidedly so, with red or red-purple at the base of the segments, and the veins of the same colour ; the pure blue of the European species is unknown amongst those of these regions, or of the higher latitudes of South America. Indeed I think that few genera display so full a series of colours in the flowers as this does; red, blue, yellow and white are all exhibited in it, with many of the intermediate compound tints. Yellow and white are rare in the regions of the Gentians, but almost invariably present ; the red species are nearly confined to the Andes of South America and New Zealand. Amongst Dr. Jameson's ' Botanical Notes on the Flora of the Andes of Peru and Colombia' I find the following interesting remark: "Of sixteen species of Gen- tian with which I am acquainted, one-half are red, four purple, two blue, one yellow, and one white." (Bot. Journ. vol. ii. p. 649.) Their inferior limit under the line we find from the same source to be 7852 feet, and they ascend from thence nearly to the limits of perpetual snow on Cotopaxi* ; they do not in South America descend to the level of the sea in a lower latitude than 54° or thereabouts, where however there are no alpine species, though the snow-line does not descend below 4000-3500 feetf. In the Himalayan, where the species are all blue-flowered, one species has been gathered by my friend Mr. Edgeworth near Ratha Kona, on the ManaPass, at an elevation of 16,000 feet, near the limit of perpetual snow ; and another reaches in lat. 31° N. the altitude of

* 15,646 feet, Jameson, I.e. p. 657. The mean lower limit of perpetual snow on the Andes under the equator is at an altitude of 15,748 feet, according to Humboldt; and 15,496 from the mean on six mountains measured by Dr. Jameson.

t King, in Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc. vol. i. p. 165. Darwin, Journ. p. 277.

56 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

12,689 feet, according to Dr. Royle (Must. Plant. Himmal. vol. i. pp. 22 and 278). In Ceylon a species has been gathered at between 6000 and 8000 feet of elevation. One species, G.prostrata, H. B. K.,has a most extra- ordinary range, both in longitude and latitude : in southern Europe it inhabits the Carinthian Alps, between 6000 and 9000 feet high ; in Asia it has been found on the Altai mountains about lat. N. 52°. Its American range is much more remarkable, it having been gathered on the tops of the Rocky Mountains in lat. 52° N., where they attain an elevation of 15,000-16,000 feet, and on the east side of the Andes of South America in 35° S. : it descends to the level of the sea at Cape Negro ; in the Straits of Magalhaens in lat 53° S. ; and at Cape Good Hope in Behring's Straits, lat 683-° N.

The fact of the occurrence, and the great number, of species of Gentiana inhabiting only the more elevated regions of the temperate and tropical zones, and there reaching the snow limit, renders it very remarkable that they should be so proportionally scarce in the higher latitudes both of the northern and southern hemispheres. Generally speaking, the inhabitants of these elevated and cold regions are species of such Natural Orders and genera as compose the mass of the Polar vegetation. It is so to a great extent with certain groups of Ranun- culacete, of Graminete, Caryophyllea, Cruciferee, Ericeee, &c. &c, but not with Gentianem ; the proportion which the species of the transition temperate zones bear to the other plants of those regions on the one hand, and to the tropical species of the same genus on the other, is in both cases remarkably small. They are entirely unknown to the Floras of the Polar American Islands ; very few inhabit Greenland, Iceland, or the Arctic sea- shores in the North, or Tasmania, New Zealand, Fuegia, or the Antarctic Islands in the South; and again in other parts of N. Europe and America, or of Chili and Patagonia, they are infinitely less numerous than in the Alps of Middle and South Europe, or the Andes of the equator.

Plate XXXVI. Fig. 1 , flower ; fig. 2, corolla ; fig. 3, stamens ; fig. 4, ovarium : — all magnified.

XXI. BORAGINE.E, Juss.

1. Myosotis capitata, Hook, fil.; radice perenni multicauli, caulibus validis ascendentibus foliosis pilosis pilis patentibus, foliis lineari-oblongis v. subspathulatis obtusis supra sericeo-pilosis rarius subhispidis subtus pilis laxioribus glabriusculisve, racemis capitatis densifloris simplicibus v. conjugatis foliis supremis brevioribus, calyce cylindraceo, corollae tubo terete calycem | superante limbi lobis planiusculis rotundatis. (Tab. XXXVII.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on gravelly banks near the margins of the woods, close to high- water mark.

Radix crassa, elongata, 2-3-pollicaris, diametro pennse anatinae, horizontalis et descendens, per totam lon- gitudinem fibras crassas, simplices vel fibrillosas emittens, fusco-nigra, ad apicem bi- tri-multiceps, reliquiis folio- rum vetustorum subsquamosa. Caules simplices, ascendentes, rarius lateralibus prostratis, apicibus tantum erectis, crassi, 4 unc. ad spithamsam longi, J- unc. lati, teretes, pilosi, pilis mollibus, patentibus, hie illic densis, foliosi. Folia plurima, radicalia, seu caulibus abbreviatis fasciculata, patentia, lineari-oblonga, obtusa rarius basi atteuuata et spathulata, 1^—2 unc. longa, 4-6 lin. lata, plana, medio uninervia, venis lateralibus reticu- latis, obscuris, supra pilosa, pilis appressis, subsericeis, simplicibus, albidis, vetustiora scabriuscula pilis basi glo- boso-incrassatis, subtus glabra vel parce pilosa, pilis laxis, mollibus, undique patentibus, basi glabra, lata, semi- amplexicaulia, marginibus ciliatis, caulina minora, suberecta v. recurva, basi marginibus membranaceis, suprema plerumque racemum superantia. Racemus terminalis, breviter pedunculatus, solitarius, simplex vel furcatus, interdum conjugatus, in capitulum circinatum volutus, pluriflorus, ebracteatus. Flores conferti, erecti, breviter pedicellati, pedicellis hirsutis sub lineam longis. Calyx elongatus. cylindraceus, 1^ lin. longus, hirtus, lobis elongatis, lineari-oblongis, obtusis, obscure 3-nerviis. Corolla hypocrateriformis ; tubus elongatus, teres,

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 57

rectus, calyce sub \ longior ; limbus explanatus, lobis rotundatis, venosis, intense cyaneis, alabastris rubris ; faux glandulis fornicatis, medio superne emarginatis fere clausa. Stamina 5, inclusa, apicibus solummodo antherarum exsertis, filamentis brevibus. Nuculic4, basifixa?, immatura? late ovata?, acuta?, piano compressa?, dorso convex- iuscula?, intus medio obscure carinatse, marginibus acutis, sub-ancipitibus ; pericarpium subcrustaceum, tenue, fuscum. Stylus elongatus, gracilis, stigmate clavato, obtuso, exserto terminatus.

This is a very pretty species, though not quite so handsome as its near congener, M . alpestris, Schm., from which it differs at first sight in the smaller corollas, which are of a deep violet-blue, as in M. Azorica, H. Wats. It may I think be distinguished from any of the species of this difficult genus by the dense capitate racemes, together with the narrow calyces and calycine segments and the long tube of the corolla. Another allied species, the M.fulva, Hook, and Arn., which inhabits the west coasts both of extratropical North and South America, chiefly differs from this in the shorter tube of the white corolla, and in the calyces being densely covered with silky fulvous or pale brown hairs.

Plate XXXVII. Fig. 1, a flower ; fig. 2, corolla laid open ; fig. 3, young achaenia and style ; fig. 4, dorsal, and fig. 5, anterior view of acha?nia nearly mature : — all magnified.

2. Myosotis antarctica, Hook. fil. ; parvula, caespitosa, caulibus plurimis confertis prostratis v. ascendentibus foliosis, foliis obovato-oblongis subhispido-pilosis basi latis, floribus raris in axillis foliorum superiorum solitariis breviter pedicellatis, calycis segmentis lineari-subulatis obtusis, corolla? tubo calyce bis longiore limbo patente. (Tab. XXXVIII.)

Hab. Campbell's Island; on the debris at the base of precipices in the most exposed places along with Cardamine stellata, and in clefts of rock on the very summits of the mountains.

Radix perennis, brevis, subfusiformis, descendens, aterrima, multiceps, copiosissime fibrosa, fibris ramosis fasciculatis. Caules plurimi, abbreviati, 1 unc. longi vel breviores, undique patentes, subrigidi, parce ramosi, foliosi, interiores ascendentes, vetustiores prostrati, emortui anni prateriti longiores. Folia conferta, basi intcrdum imbricata, horizontaliter patentia, subcoriacea, obovato-oblonga, obtusa, inferiora et radicalia majora, vix # unc. longa, 2-4 lin. lata, supra medium uninervia, subhispido-pilosa, pilis albidis appressis, subtus glabri- uscula, pilis paucis, laxis, patentibus, versus basim latam glabra, marginibus ciliatis, vetustiora pilis sparsis, rigidis, basi globoso-incrassatis, demum deciduis obsita. F/ores 4-6, parvi, inconspicui, vix racemosi, terminales solum- modo in spicani nudam dispositi, 3-4 inferiores in axillis foliorum supremorum solitarii, subsessiles v. breviter pedicellati, plerumque inter folia occlusi. Calyx cylindraceus, segmentis corolla i brevioribus, § lin. longis, pilosis, pilis elongatis, fructiferis subfuliaceis. Corolla tubus cylindraceus, elongatus, limbo explanato, lobis concavis, obovato-rotundatis, azureis, venosis. Stamina 5 ; filamentis brevibus, incurvis, subulatis ; antheris majusculis. Ovaria 4, parva, sessilia. Stylus filiformis, stigmate simplice clavato terminatus. Nuculte 4, unico v. pluribus abortivis, valde compressa?, ancipites v. subbialata?, ovata?, acuta?, dorso convexiuscula?, intus planiores, medio subcarinata?. Pericarpium tenue, crustaceum, atrum, nitidum, la?ve. Testa membranacea. Embryo majusculus, compressus ; radicula parva, supera; cotyledonibus majusculis, plano-convexis.

This is a very small species^ typical of a high latitude and rigorous climate, preferring also those localities where few other plants but lichens and mosses can exist. It is remarkable as belonging to a small section of the genus, apparently confined to the islands of New Zealand, of which the M. spathulata, Forst., is the type. These have many of the lower flowers solitary in the axils of the uppermost leaves, and the true ebracteate raceme reduced to a very short and few-flowered spike.

The leaves of several of the New Zealand species of Boraginece so closely resemble one another in form,

that unless good flowering specimens are examined, two genera may easily be considered as belonging to one

and the same plant. Such are a species of Exarrhena, Br., and the M. spathulata of A. Richard. The latter

is a very distinct plant from either M. capitata or M. antarctica, as also from the true spathulata of Forster,

VOL. I. I

58 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

and has been described and figured (in Mus. Banks) as M. riglda, Banks and Sol, MSS. Forster accurately describes the flowers of his plant as solitary, most of them being truly so ; but, from its being similar in all other respects to a plant brought home from New Zealand by Admiral D'Urville, except in the latter having the flowers in a raceme, M. Richard altered (in his Flora Nova; Zelandire, p. 198) the character of Forster. His species is probably the M. rigida, Banks and Solander, or another nearly allied plant which we possess from New Zealand.

The M. antaretica is certainly an extreme instance of any of the species having a leafy inflorescence ; although the genus is generally described as having " racemus ebracteatus," there are some European and even British species, which, in having the lower flowers solitary in the axils of the uppermost leaves removed from the base of the raceme, show an evident analogy to the southern ones.

Several of the species of the northern hemisphere, though nearly identical with others of the southern, are not known to grow within 80 or 90 degrees of latitude of one another. This is the case both in the eastern and western hemispheres. A very few are inhabitants of the elevated and cold regions of the tropics, under the equator, where they attain, on the Andes of South America, an altitude of 12,000 feet. In the old world the present species represents the southern limit of the genus ; especially as, from the elevation it attains in Campbell's Island, it may be supposed capable of existing at the level of the sea in a much higher southern latitude.

Plate XXXVIII. Fig. 1, flower ; fig. 2, corolla laid open ; fig. 3, ovaria ; fig. 4, stamen ; fig. 5, calyx with ripe fruit ; fig. G, back, and fig. 7, front view of an acheenium ; fig. 8, transverse section of an achaenium ; fig. 9, embryo removed : — all magnified.

XXII SCROPHULARINE.E, Juss.

1. VERONICA, L.

1. Veronica eUiptica, Forst. ; fruticosa v. arbuscula, ramulis obscure bifariam albo-puberulis, foliis decussatis horizontaliter patentibus ellipticis oblongis oblongo-lanceolatis v. obovato-oblongis acutis v. mucronatis rarius obtusis coriaceis glabris aveniis marginibus interdum ciliatis costa subtus prominula ultra apicem producta junioribus remote crenato-serratis, racemis axillaribus brevibus rarius corymboso-ramosis pauci-(4-10)-floris, calycis laciniis ovatis acutis v. acuminatis tubo corollae paulo brevioribus, corolla majuscula alba v. carnea, capsulis late ovatis. — Forst. Prodr. n. 10. et in A. Richard, Flor. Nov.Zel. p. 189. A. Cunn. Prodr. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 458. V. decussata, Ait. Hort. Keiv. vol. i. p. 31. Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 242, et auctorum. V. decussata, 0, Banks and Sot. MSS.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; margins of woods near the sea, abundant.

This is a very well-known plant in our gardens, introduced from the Falkland Islands, and is one of the most antarctic trees, both in this longitude and in that of extreme Southern America, there reaching the 57th parallel of latitude. It was first collected in New Zealand by Forster, its original discoverer, in Dusky Bav, where it has since been found by Anderson and Menzies. I believe it however to have been noticed before as a native of the Straits of Magalhaens, by the older navigators.

In combining the V. decussata Ait. with V. eUiptica, I have followed the unpublished opinion of Dr. Solander. In the British Museum there are drawings of the latter plant by Forster, New Zealand specimens collected probably by that author, and notes by Dr. Solander. The specimens alluded to are in fruit only, and agree in the foliage with the figures, which represent it in its flowering state. Dr. Forster's own handwriting

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 59

(of V. elliptica) is on the same sheet with it ; but another plant, V. Menziesii, Benth. MSS., has been fastened down on the paper at a future period, and the habitat " New Zealand, Dusky Bay, Gul. Anderson," is written on the back, a station probably applying to the latter specimen alone. Solander's handwriting, of V. decussata, />, at the bottom of the sheet, applies to both, as in his manuscript he quotes both Forster and Anderson for the species. I am thus particular in alluding to the British Museum specimens, because there is a discrepancy be- tween the plant of Forster as described by him, and our own, according to his MS. description, published by M. A. Richard, I. c, where the tube of the corolla is described as being twice the length of the calycine segments, and the latter as subulate. In all our specimens, both from Lord Auckland and Campbell's Islands, as also in those of Antarctic America, the tube of the corolla is a little longer than the calyx, sometimes as much as one- third, but it appears even more so before the expansion of the corolla ; and by subulate that author might have alluded to the acuminated apex which the segments sometimes have. Though Forster's drawing does not exhibit the calyx, it coincides too closely with the preserved specimen, and both with our plant, to leave any doubt in my mind that we have here another instance of the similarity of the vegetation of the higher latitudes. Dr. Solander indeed considers the New Zealand plant as a different variety from the Southern American, and in his MSS. description of the southern species, to which I have access through the kindness of Mr. Brown, he separates the former as " /3. floribus carneis (Forster), rami's glabriusculis. Frutex sesquipedalis." In Forster's drawing the mineral white used to colour the flowers has become discoloured, and the pink alluded to by Dr. Solander almost obscured ; in our specimens they are of a pure milk-white when fresh. The want of down on the branches arises from age.

In Lord Auckland's group this species attains a much larger size than it does in America, there seldom exceeding four feet in height, whilst Forster describes the Dusky Bay tree as twelve feet, and I have seen it as much as thirty on the margins of the woods close to the sea, where it may be readily distinguished by its pale green foliage and erect branches. I saw but one specimen in full flower, growing on an inaccessible rock overlooking Rendezvous Harbour ; from a distance it seemed powdered with white flowers.

In New Zealand this genus is one of the most extensive of flowering plants, containing no less than twenty-five species, of which four-fifths are shrubby or arborescent. Of these, ten were originally discovered by Sir J. Banks and Dr. Solander during their visit to these islands, and are described in the MSS. above alluded to. Under one of them, the V. macrocarpa, Dr. Solander dwells upon that peculiarity in the structure of the fruit which separates many of them from the European forms of the genus : he writes, " Hsec, et quinque sequentes, (V. sulicifolia, myrtifolia, stricta, pubescens, parvijlora,) a reliquis Veronicis diff'erunt, corolla subrin- gente et cupsula apice integra acutiuscula, ut fere proprium constituant genus." Mr. Brown (Prodr. p. 434) dwells more at length on this peculiarity, explaining the structure and its modifications, and further using it as a sectional character.

The extreme difficulty of determining the species of this section was also alluded to by Dr. Solander, who continues in the MSS. above quoted, " valde atfines sunt, ut differentia specirica difficillime eruatur, prsecipue si specimina sicca consulantur ; nee ilia sine capsulis distinguere possibile est. Plantae autem viva? habitu dis- crepant, facillimeque tunc dignoscuntur, ut alias species esse distinctas credam." This difficulty has not been a little increased by the accession of new species, similar to the above in form ; and the whole genus is now so large as to require a complete remodelling ; this is expected from the pen of Mr. Bentham, to whom 1 am indebted for the discrimination of my species. As his remarks bear reference to all the Auckland and Campbell's Island species, I shall avail myself of his kind permission to give the definition of the sections under which they will be arranged. " For this section," Mr. Bentham says, " I adopt as sectional Jussieu's name of Hebe, with the character : capsula septicido-bipartibilis, carpeliis dorso breviter intus profunde bifidis. Placentte stipitatre. Folia crassiuscula, nitida, glaberrima, omnia opposita. Racerni axillares, v. ad apices ramorum corym- bosi, v. paniculati. Corolla tubus latitudine vix longior v. rarius brevissimus." Of this section there are five subsections, almost wholly composed of New Zealand species ; under the second of these, this and the two follow-

i 2

60 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

ing will rank, thus characterized : " § 2. Decussata. Frutices Antarctica? v. Australasica?. Folia crassiuscula, nitida, glaberrima, decussatim opposita, integerrima v. rarius subserrata, costa valida, venis inconspicuis. Racemi ad apices ramorum corymboso-congesti, v. rarius in axillis abbreviati, pauciflori. Capsula acuta v. obtusiuscula, turgida v. parallele compressa." — Benth. MSS.

2. Veronica Benthami, Hook. fil. ; fruticosa, ramulis junioribus bifariam puberulis demum glabris, foliis decussatis oblongis v. oblongo-obovatis v. lineari-oblongis obtusis basi angustatis ses- silibus planis coriaceis uninerviis linea puberula alba marginatis integerrimis v. ultra medium remote serratis, racemis terminalibus, floribus inter bracteas foliaceas breviter pedicellatis, calycis laciniis 5 valde inaequalibus obtusis corollas tubo multo longioribus, corolla 5-partita, capsula majuscula late ovata acuta. (Tab. XXXIX. & XL.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on rocky places on the hills, abundant.

Frutex erectus, 2-4 pedalis, ramosus. Caulis brevis, validus, fuscus. Rami patentes, demum ascendentes, annulati, nudi, cortice fusco, opaco, longitudinaliter corrugato tecti. Ramuli erecti, validi, crassi, interdum crassitudine penna? anserinae, 5-7 unc. longi, obscure tetragoni, angulis obtusis, creberrime annulati v. potius transversim cicatricosi, basi nudi, sursum versus apices tantum foliosi, cortice pallide testaceo. Folia decussata, irobricata, horizontaliter patentia, inferiora majora, 1—1 ^ unc. longa, |-1 unc. lata, gradatim minora, sessilia v. in petiolum brevissimum attenuata, ima basi interdum connata, plana, forma varia, saepius obovato-oblonga, nunc elliptica v. oblonga, rarius lineari-oblonga v. angustiora, obtusa, subacuta v. mucrone obtuso, basi semper atte- nuata, coriacea, integra v. supra medium remote crenato-serrata ; margine tenuiter recurvo, linea latiuscula, alba, puberula, subargentea circumdato, versus apicem latiore et interdum plus minusve super pagiuam supe- riorem folii extensa, et tomento molli breve ciliata ; supra intense viridia, subnitida, medio canaliculata, avenia ; subtus pallidiora, subglaucescentia, costa medio prominula, valida; siccitate atro-fusca v. testacea, supra sa?pius transversim corrugata. Racemi elongati, 1|-2| unc. longi, terminales, erecti, validi, bracteis foliaceis tecti, sa?pius simplices, interdum basin versus ramosi, ramis abbreviatis. Rachis tota albido-pubescens v. subtomen- tosa, teres, stricta ; fructifera, demum elongata, basi nuda; anni praeteriti persistens, lignosa, ramulo lateralis. Bractece foliaceae, folia summa omnino simulantes, sed minores, inferiores f, suprema? ^ unc. longa?, albido-mar- ginata? ut folia caulina, brevissime petiolatae, petiolis basi distantibus, omnes floriferae. Flores racemo singulo circiter 20-30, quorum 6-8 tantum simul explicant, in axillis bractearum solitarii, pedicellati, limbo corolla? exserto, conspicuo. Pedicelli±-l unc. longi, erecti, pubescentes ; fructiferi elongati, validi, lignosi. Calyx pro- funde quinquepartitus, majusculus, campanulatus v. infundibuliformis, corolla? tubo multo longior, interdum limbum ejus aequans ; laciniae 2 exteriores laterales, caeterae \ longiores et bis latiores, obovato-spathulatae, obtusae, foliaceae, sub 2 lin. longae, albo marginatae ; caeterae subaequales, lineari-spathulatae, apicibus rotundatis paululum recurvis. Corolla hypocrateriformis, ampla, ringens v. patens, diametro 5-6 lin., intense azurea, venis violaceis ; tubus limbo A brevior ; laciniae inter se aequales v. inaequales, plerumque 5, rarius 3 v. 6, nunquam 4 (mihi visae), obovato-spathulatae v. late obovata?, forma variae, nunc angustiores, nunc latiores. Stamina 2, rarius 3, fauce corolla? inserta ; filamenta brevia, valida, subulata, laciniis sub \ breviora ; antheris majusculis, purpureis, loculis divaricatis. Ovarium late ovatum, subacutum, compressum, 2-sulcatum, 2-loculare, loculis pluriovulatis ; ovulis marginibus inflexis dissepimentorum adnexis. Stylus validus, breviusculus, paulo curvatus. Stigma capitatum. Capsula in spicam v. racemum elongatum, erectum, nudum disposita?, breviter v. longius pedicellata?, pedicellis nunc 3-5 lin. longis, majuscula?, erectae, paulo longiores quam lata?, 3-4 lin. longa?, cori- acea?, late ovata?, acutae, turgidae, bi- tripartibiles, bi- triloculares, septicide v. rarius locuiicide bi- trivalves ; valvula? ovata?, acutae, pallide (lava? v. atrae, dorso ab apice ad medium et antice ad basim fissa? ; placentae pedi- cellata?, ab urraque valvula discedentes, pedicellis gracilibus ; rarius, et solummodo ubi capsula trilocularis sit, semina marginibus connatis dissepimentorum affixa sunt. Semina parva, imbricata, brunnea, compressa, ala lata,

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 61

coriacea, olivaceo-fusca, basi profunde emarginata circumdata. Testa membranacea. Embryo clavaformis, orthotropus.

This is not only a beautiful, but a very remarkable plant, and one of the greatest ornaments to the barren hills it inhabits, the flowers being nearly as large as those of V. elliptica, Forst., and of a most beautiful blue colour. In the pedicellate flowers, crowded upon an erect, leafy, terminal raceme, a few of which only expand at one time, it is more nearly allied to some of the British herbaceous species than to the shrubby group of New Zealand. It may also be remarked, that two of the largest-flowered species, whose corollas are of the finest blue, are more alpine in their habitats than most of their congeners, as is the case with this plant and with the V. saxatilis of the European Alps.

In garden specimens of the V. speciosa, R. Cunn. (Bot. Mag. t. 4057), I have observed the calyx and corolla to vary in the number of parts, from three to four, but I am not aware that the stamens in any species except the present ever exceed two, or that the corolla is constantly pentamerous. The V. decussata, Ait. (elliptica, Forst.) is figured and described in the 'Botanical Magazine' by Mr. Curtis (t. 242) as sometimes having five parts to the corolla, which is the nearest approach I know of to the present case. I shall however first point out the remarkable structure of the calyx, before more fully describing the corolla.

The calyx is constantly 5-cleft; the segments very large and singularly unequal in size, two being much larger than the rest, always external and of the form of cauline leaves ; the other three are nearly equal, so that at first sight the calyx appears 3-cleft, with two lateral bracts on its base ; the large segments are however remote from the true bract on the base of the pedicel. Neither of these is the posticous lobe, nor is the solitary smaller one placed between them, which is the lowest ; but the two others, one of which is a little larger than the other, are nearly opposite the back lobe of the corolla.

The corolla is rather variable in form ; when regularly developed it is 5-cleft, with rather broad, nearly equal, patent segments, the two lowest being the smallest, the upper the posticous. The segments are however often so very equal in size, that, from their appearance alone, it is not possible to judge which is the upper one. The increased number of parts might be supposed to arise from the division of the back lobe, which is in so many Veronicas the larger, and the stamens would thus be placed one at the outer base of two contiguous segments. This however is not the case in any 5-cleft flowers ; when diandrous, only one segment separates them, which I have seen to be the upper when they are equal in size, and it is more evidently so when two of the lobes are smaller than the rest, which are then placed opposite the two stamens and are the lower. The addi- tional lobe is formed thus from the division of the lower, or what is generally the smaller, lobe in others of the genus. Some analogy to this structure may be found in the case of V. nivea, nob. (Icon. Plant, t. 640), which has the lower lobe truly bifid, as I have proved by an examination of other specimens, and not accidentally, as suggested in the description of that plant on its first publication. In some spikes all the flowers are ringent, the tubes of the corollas longer, and the segments narrower than in the normal state of the plant. Of these some are 6-cleft, of which I found two instances, one diandrous and the other triandrous. In the diandrous flower the sixth lobe was formed from the division of the upper or posticous lobe into two unequal segments, and one of the stamens was abortive and inserted lower in the tube of the corolla than the other. In the tri- androus specimen the sixth lobe was due to the splitting of the lower into three. We have here instances of both the upper and lower segment in this species becoming divided. I never saw any tendency in either of the lateral ones to divide, further, than that, in one instance of a 5-lobed corolla, one of these had a large tooth on its lower margin. Three-lobed corollas are rare ; the two I examined were regular, with the segments nearly equal and very broad. The genus Veronica is generally described as having the upper or back lobe the largest; this is not constantly, though often the case, but the lower lobe is generally the smallest, sometimes remarkably so. In V. nivea, mentioned above, the lateral divisions are much the largest, as is the case with V. Cataracts, Forst., and its ally V. diffusa, nob., very distinctly. The V. tetragona, Hook. (Icon. Plant, t. 5S0) is figured with the upper lobe bifid ; it is probably rarely so, as in all the specimens I examined it was quite entire.

62 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

In the several instances of the flowers being triandrous, the stamens were all perfect ; two in the usual position of those organs in Veronica, and the third opposite the upper segment, and hence in a position analo- gous to the centre of the lower lobe. I found no trace of abortive stamina in other parts of the corolla, or in the position of the third stamen in diandrous flowers.

The capsules vary much in size, from 2 lines to nearly ^rd of an inch in length. Those with three valves were very large, and in one instance occupied the whole raceme ; in other cases only a few of the capsules were 3-celled. In most instances, and always in the 2-valved, the valves separate from the central column which bears the placenta? and seeds, and the dehiscence is truly septicidal. In many of those with the addi- tional valve, the capsule is only partially septicidal, one or more of the valves separating from the central column ; whilst the inner margins of the dissepiments of the others are united from above the middle to the base, with the seeds attached to an inflexed portion and escaping at the top of the capsule, which is split no further down in front than at the back ; in other cases all the contiguous dissepiments were thus united, and with the valves not separating at all, either from the axis or from one another, or with the axis itself dividing into three por- tions, which remain attached to the valves ; in both the latter cases the capsules are spuriously loculicidal. I am not aware of this dehiscence occurring in any other of the New Zealand shrubby species of Veronica, or that a 3-valved capsule has been previously observed in the Natural Order Scrophularinece.

Plate XXXIX & XL. Fig. 1, flower; fig. 2, calyx with an outer segment removed, showing the ovarium ; fig. 3, a regular triandrous corolla; fig. 4, the same laid open ; fig. 5, a diandrous corolla ; fig. 6, a similar one with a lateral segment toothed ; fig. 7, a 6-cleft corolla, the upper segment split and one stamen abortive ; fig. 8, another 6-cleft corolla, triandrous, the lower segment divided into three ; fig. 9, a 3-cleft corolla ; fig. 10, a sta- men ; fig. 1 1, transverse section of an ovarium ; fig. 12, back, and fig. 13, lateral view of a capsule ; fig. 14, transverse section of do. ; fig. 15, column and seeds ; fig. 16, a 3-celled capsule; fig. 17, transverse section of do., with one valve free, the other partially united to the column ; fig. 18, transverse section of another 3-valved capsule, with the central column divided into three parts and adhering to the valves; fig. 19, back view of a ripe seed ; fig. 20, front view of another ; fig. 21, lateral view of do.; fig. 22, embryo : — all magnified.

3. Veroxica odora, Hook. fil. ; fruticosa, glaberrima, ramis ramulisque erectis strictis virgatis, foliis decussatis uniformibus breviter petiolatis elliptico-ovatis submueronatis v. obtusiusculis concavis crassis rigidis marginibus tenuiter cartilagineis minute crenulatis, racemis brevibus ad apices ramu- lorum corymboso-confertis, calycis laciniis 4 obtusiusculis corollas tubum asquantibus, corollas laciniis majoribus oblougis tubo longioribus, staminibus corolla paulo brevioribus. (Tab. XLI.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in woods near the sea, not uncommon, forming scattered bushes.

Frutex elegans, gracilis, 2—4 pedalis, parce fastigiatim ramosus. Caulis erectus, validus, nudus, semipedalis et ultra, planta juniore obscure tetragonus, cortice atro-fusco. Rami elongati, erecti, stricti, virgati, superne foliosi, hie illic divisi, 2-3 pedes longi, cortice fusco, pallidiore obtecti. Ramuli graciles, crassitie fere penna? anatinse, subangulati, angulis obtusis, creberrime annulati, utrinque decussatim sulcati, in sulcis puberuli, per totam longitudinem foliosi, simplices v. rarius divisi v. ad apices floriferos furcati, olivaceo-fusci, siccitate fragiles. Folia decussatim opposita, ^-f unc. longa, sub \ unc. lata, omnia magnitudine formaque conformia, horizon- taliter patentia, inferiora subreflexa, caduca, brevissime petiolata, concava, interdum subcymbiformia, exacte elliptico-ovata, subacuta, basi vix truncata, avenia, glaberrima, valde coriacea, subcornea, dura, marginibus acuentibus, tenuiter cartilagineis, sub lente argute et creberrime crenulatis, supra luride viridia, subnitida, polita, medio canaliculata ; subtus pallidiora, costa valida, elevata, percursa, opaca, punctis minimis, albidis notata, siccitate fusco-brunnea, supra obscure transversim rugosa, rigida, subpungentia. Petioli breves, vix •§ lin. longi, crassi, erecti, ramulo appressi, basi latissimi, cum ramulo incrassato articulati, facile soluti. Flores inter folia summa corymboso-racemosi, conferti, conspicui, odorem Jasmini officinalis spirantes. Racemi axil-

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 63

lares et terminales, aggregati, subcapital, densiflori, A- unc. longi. Pedunculi (seu rachides) brevissimi, angu- lati, bifariam puberuli, articulati, siccitate fragiles, infra flores bracteolati. Bractea parvse, sub \ lin. longse, basi subconnatae, latissime ovatse, concavse, subcymbiformes, crassa? et coriacese, marginibus membranaceis, ciliatis. Pedicelli brevissimi, v. subnulli. Calyx profunde 4-partitus, v. subtetraphyllus, lacinise inter se suba?quales, bracteis wquilongae, late ovato-oblongae, obtusa;, tubum corollas Eequantes, medio et pracipue versus apices incras- satae, 3-nerves ; marginibus tenuioribus, sub lente ciliatis. Corolla alba, subrotata v. hypocrateriformis, tubo (pro genere) elongato, diametro 3-4 lin. ; tubus paulo longior quamlatus, rectus ; limbus tubo longior, 4-fidus ; lacinise subsequales, patentes, subrecurvse, oblongo-obovata?, obtusse, venosas, superior paulo major, inferior angustior. Stamina 1 ; filamenta crassiuscula, subulata, laciniis corolla; paulo breviora, versus apices attenuata ; anthers purpurea?, majuscuhe, loculis paulo divaricatis, superne confluentibus ; hinc anthera subunilocularis, rima hypocrepiformi debiscentes. Pollen ellipticum, profunde 3-sulcatum, luteum, siccitate castaneum, opacum. Ovarium ovatum, acutum, compressum, bisulcatum, biloculare. Stylus gracilis, paulo curvatus, exsertus. Stigma minutum, vix capitatum. Fructus non visus.

This species is more remarkable for the delicious fragrance of its flowers than for any beauty of appear- ance. From the uniform size of the leaves and their regularly patent disposition on the slender simple branches, it affords a more striking example of folia decussata than any of the genus. It is in this respect allied to the V. elliplica, Forst., as also in having crowded, white, subcapitate flowers, and in their being sweet-scented. Most of these characters, and especially that of the corolla being white, seem more usual amongst the alpine species of this genus in New Zealand, than in those of the lower lands of this or of other countries.

There are three other species to which this is allied ; V. diosmwfoUa, R. Cunn., V. buxifolia, Benth., and V., Icevis, Benth. The first of these, which has also white flowers, may be recognized at once by these being in larf e lax panicles ; they are small, on long, often slender peduncles, with acute calycine segments ; the leaves also are longer and serrated. The V. buxifolia is a very fine alpine species, brought from the mountains of the interior by Dr. Dieffenbach, which differs from the V. odora in the leaves being more densely imbricated, shorter, shining on both sides, and remarkably truncate at the base above the petiole ; it has also very short, often sim- ple racemes, covered with large concave imbricating bracts, as in the V. Benthami, but closer ; the tubes of the corolla are sometimes as long as the very broad segments, — that organ is thus truly hypocrateriform ; the leaves are covered on both sides with more numerous minute white dots. V. lavis, Benth. is more nearly allied to our plant than any of the above in the form of the leaves, but they are more acute, more distantly placed, without any white dots ; the panicles also are lax, minutely pubescent, the flowers smaller, and the branches sin- gularly black and opake when dry, terete and wrinkled, with the transverse annuli or scars remote and incon- spicuous, very unlike the generally crowded transverse contractions of its congeners, which often give the stem the appearance of being jointed.

The leaves are closely placed in V. odora, and each is jointed upon a thickening of the stem, which thick- ened portion appears like a broad petiole, united to the branch, and extending from the base of the true petiole to the leaf below, its edges almost meeting those of a similar thickening below the opposite leaf, but leavin"- a furrow between, which is covered with a fine pubescence. As this thickening occurs opposite and below each pair of leaves above it, and the furrow to the pair below, the stem is decussately furrowed throughout its length. In many, and in most species indeed, the stem is incrassated below the leaf, but the thickened portion has not, as here, the appearance of a distinct body.

Plate XLI. Fig. 1, portion of the stem and pair of leaves ; Jig. 2, flower ; fig. 3, calyx; fig. 4, corolla ; fig. 5, the same cut open ; fig. 6, front, and fig. 7, back view of stamen ; fig. 8, ovarium : — all magnified.

64 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

XXIII. PLANTAGINE.E, Juss.

1. Plantago (Psyllium, Endl.) Aucklandica, Hook. fil. ; acaulis, collo crassissimo elongate, foliis vix petiolatis numerosis confertis obovato-lanceolatis obtusis glabris 7_9-nerviis integerrimis v. obscure sinuato-dentatis, basi angustatis intus ferrugineo-tomentosis, scapis plurimis erectis v. ascen- dentibus parce hispido-pilosis, spicislineari-elongatis densifloris, bracteis obtusis, segmentis calycinis late ovatis obtusis, capsulis calyce duplo longioribus 2-spermis. (Tab. XLII.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; on the mountain ridges at an altitude of 1000-1200 feet, in a peaty soil.

Planta 4-10-pollicaris, niagnitudine satis varia, habitu P. media. Radix perennis, perpendicularis v. incli- nata, tri- quadri-pollicaris, fusiforniis, crassa, per totam longitudinem fibras crassas, succulentas, elongatas emittens, et interne in fibras ramosas, subsimiles desinens ; collum cra^sissimum, interdum J pollicis diametro, tomento rufo reliquiisque paucis foliorum vetustorum cinctum, rarius elongatum et supra terram elatum, sim- plex v. rarissime biceps. Folia numerosissima, singula planta 15-30, conferta, exteriora patentia, plurima suberecta, crassa et coriacea, exemplaribus plerisque 4-5-pollicaria, 2^ unc. lata, inter se admodum conformia, obovato- v. elliptico-lanceolata, obtusa v. subacuta, in petiolum latum, ima basi dilatatum contracta, 7-10- nervia, vix costata, utrinque glaberrima, v. rarius pilis conspersis, paucis, albis subhispida, praecipue ad basim scaporum villoso-barbata, tomento molli, denso, ferrugineo, e pilis intertextis, simplicibus, remote articulatis for- mata ; marginibus tenuiter subrecurvis v. planis, remote et obscure sinuato-dentatis ; supra luride-viridia, opaca ; subtus pallidiora ; siccitate fusca, v. atro-fusca ; interiora et juniora angustiora, subspathulata, 3-5-nervia ; inti- mislineari-lanceolatis. Scapi plurimi, 5-10, elongati, una-cum spica 5-8-pollicares, erecti v. ascendentes, cur- vati, graciles, teretes, pilis patentibus, albis, superne praecipue subhispidi, basi ferrugineo-tomentosi, crassitie pennre corvinas, siccitate atri. Spica 2-3 unc. longs, ^ unc. lata?, cylindricae, obtusae, superne praecipue densi- florae, floribus basi distantibus ; racbi pilosa. Flores magnitudine P. majoris, omnino sessiles, unibracteati. Bractea late ovatos, obtusae, concavae, subcymbiformes, crassae et carnosae, calyce paulo breviores, basin ejus fere cingens. Calyx tetraphyllus, basi villosus, | lin. longus ; segmentis late ovato-oblongis, suborbicularibus, sca- pbiformibus, medio carnosis, marginibus membranaceis, siccitate scariosis. Corolla tubus calyce paulo longior ; limbi segmentis ovato-lanceolatis, acutis, patenti-reflexis, marginibus involutis, medio late uninerviis, tubo paulo brevioribus. Stamina filamentis planis, flexuosis, longe exsertis ; antberis majusculis, late sagittatis. Pollen angulatum, flavum. Ovarium obovatum, compressum, utrinque sulcatum basi attenuatum, spurie biloculare ; columua centralis placentifera a dissepimentis retractis discedens, ovula 2, peltata gerens. Capsula turgida, ovata, foliolis calycinis bis longior.

This species is very distinct from any with which I am acquainted, and is apparently most nearly allied to the P. hirtella, H.B.K. (Nov. Gen. et Sp. t. 127), but that plant has the bracteas and calycine segments acute ; it grows nowhere on the low grounds of Lord Auckland's group, but appears confined to the summits of the hills, where it is not unfrequent. It is remarkable for its numerous leaves, which are generally quite smooth and very fleshy, often forming a dense head, not unlike that of a small cabbage. In the smoothness, thick and succulent habit and stout collum, it bears some affinity to the caulescent species of Juan Fernandez and other insular situations ; in some of which the apparent stems are, as in P. Fer/iandeziana, Bert., in reality an elon- gation of the naked collum : indeed of the so-called shrubby or caulescent species, very few of this group or form are really so, except the P. princeps, Cham, and Schl. (Linnaea, vol. i. p. 167). The stem of P. Que- leniana, Gaud., is of the same nature as that of P. Fernandeziana, the two plants indeed are very closely allied, as are those of P. arborescens of Madeira and the Canary Islands, and of P. robusta of St. Helena.

The uniform and equable climate of insular situations, especially in the southern hemisphere, would appear

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 65

peculiarly favourable to a vigorous development of the stem and leaves of plants ; there being no winter's cold sufficient to destroy even the herbaceous vegetation, a constant accession of new matter ensues in the summer, which only decays with the death of the plant. The elongation of the collum is, under these circum- stances, very frequent amongst many truly herbaceous, perennial-rooted plants, whose congeners in other cli- mates are cut off during the winter's frosts, close to the ground, and where the summer season is too dry to admit of much exposure of so large a portion of the root. In the group of islands now under consideration, I have remarked this peculiarity of structure in Ranunculus, Cardamine, Sieversia, Pozoa, both species of Pleu- rophyllum, Cehnisia, Gentiana, and others. In Kerguelen's Land a remarkable instance occurs in the famous Cabbage of that island, a new genus and species of Crucifera, to which the generic name of Pringlea was given by its discoverer Mr. Anderson, and which I shall shortly have the opportunity of figuring as P. antiscorbutica. In the southern extreme of America the P. monanthos, D'Urv., assumes this spuriously caulescent form, as well as Statice and many other herbaceous genera, and in the various small oceanic islands the same character prevails. As a natural sequence, it is to be expected that plants generally represented by small suffruticose species, should under these circumstances become frutescent or arborescent, of which we have many instances. Veronica:, Composites, Araliacea, Myrtacete, Rubiacete, Campanulacete, Lobeliacece, and Ferns, are all more fully developed in the Pacific islands in proportion to the number of smaller species, and to the mass of the vegetation, than they are in other climates.

Plate XLII. Fig. 1, flower and bractea ; fig. 2, corolla ; fig. 3, the same cut open ; fig. 4, anther and upper part of filament ; fig. 5, ovarium ; fig. 6, young capsule ; fig. 7, transverse section of the same ; fig. 8, immature seeds on the column ; fig. 9, capsule surrounded by remains of corolla, calyx and bractea ; fig. 10, hair from the bases of the leaves : — all magnified.

2. Plaxtago (Arnoglossum, Encll.) carnosa, Br.; acaulis, collo crassissimo, foliis plurimis con- fertis stellatim patentibus crassis carnosis spathulatis lanceolatisve obtusis inciso-dentatis seu runci- natis glaberrimis aut rarius pilosis basi nudis, scapis plurimis foliis aequilongis, floribus capitatis, capitulis compressis 1-4-floris, bracteis foliolisque calycinis acutis, capsula calyce inclusa rotundata 4-8-sperma. (Tab. XLIII.) — P. carnosa, Br. Prodr. p. 425 (wore Lam.). P. triantha, Spreng. Syst, Veg. vol. i. p. 439.

Var. ft. foliis glaberrimis majoribus.

Var. y. pumila, foliis plus minusve hispido-pilosis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks near the sea, generally immediately above high-water mark, all the states ; abundant.

Planta maritima, depressa, succulenta, rupibus tenaciter affixa. Radix perennis, breviter fusiformis, copio- sissime fibrosa ; fibris aterrimis, plerisque tenuibus, fastigiatis, aliis validis, crassis, subsucculentis. Collum cras- sissimum, breve, nigrum, simplex v. rarius biceps, nudum, fibrosum, non raro surculos emittens. Folia petio- lata, 1-3 unc. longa, horizontaliter stellatim patentia, conferta, numerosissima, singula planta 40-60, succulenta, lanceolata, spathulata, v. lineari-spathulata, obtusa, basi attenuata, margine varie secta, sinuato-dentata, inciso- dentata v. ssepius runcinata, rarius utrinque uni-bidentata v. omnino integra ; supra luride virescentia, opaca, medio sulcata, avenia ; subtus pallidiora, costa medio prominula, nervisque 2 per totam longitudinem percursa ; glaberrima v. in var. /3. pilis patentibus v. appressis, sparsis, rigidis, albis subhispida ; intima breviora, dense com- pacts, rosulata, obovata, margine sinuata. Scapi valde numerosi, 15-20, horizontaliter pateutes, apicibus ascen- dentibus, ex axillis foliorum orti, longitudine foliorum v. iis breviores, interdum brevissimi, glabri v. plerumquc pilosi, pilis patentibus ut in foliis. Spica ad capitulam late ovatam, superne truncatam redacta, valde com- pressa, \ unc. lata, latior quam longa, pauci-2— 4-flora. Bracleie majuscula?, ovatae, cymbiformes, subacute v. acuminata;, carnosse, marginibus membranaceis, basin calycis fere cingentes. Calyx tetraphyllus, foliolis late VOL. I. K

66 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

oblongo-ovatis, valde concavis, acutis v. subito acuminatis, medio carnosis, marginibus late subscarioso-membra- naceis. CorolltE tubus latiusculus ; limbus quadrifidus, segmentis ovatis, acutis, marginibus involutis, medio late uninerviis. Staminum filamenta basi lata ; antherm oblongo-sagittatre. Pollen globosum, flavum. Ova- rium parvum, elliptico-ovatum, compressum, utrinque sulcatum, spurie biloculare j ovulis 6-8, peltatis, placentas columnari affixis. Stylus simplex, erectus, filiformis, per totam longitudinem glanduloso-pilosus, apice simplex. Capsula chartacea, brunnea, late obovata, turgida, paulo compressa, basi stylo apiculata, infra medium circum- scissa. Columna centralis libera, erecta, clavata, bialata, alis ultra columnam in cornubus 2 productis. Semina valde depressa, 6-8, etsi compressione mutua angulata, pleraque triangularia, pallide testaeea, translucida ; testa mucilaginosa, membranacea ; albumen inter corneum et carnosum, semini conforme ; embryo compressus, ut mihi videtur oblique transversus ; radicula obtusa, ad hilum paulo versa ; cotyledones niajusculre, plano-con- vexse.

This plant was first detected by Mr. Brown in Tasmania, in the southern parts of which island it is not uncommon, growing, as in Lord Auckland's group, on maritime rocks, and from whence we have specimens of both varieties from Mr. Gunn. In habit and foliage it most resembles the P. Coronopus of any European species, but it differs totally from that plant in the structure of the capsule, as also in the inflorescence. It belongs to a small group of the genus, not hitherto recognised, but which are remarkable for having the flowers solitary or truly capitate and not spiked, never more than from three to five in number. This inflorescence differs very much from that of several species in which the spike is abbreviated, either naturally or by accident, to a few flowers.

The species naturally allied to P. carnosa are the P. rigida and nubigena, H. B. K., P. monanthos, D'Urv., P. andieola, Gill., P. pauciflora, Lam., and P. barbata, Forst., all natives of the southern regions of the globe and of the western hemisphere, whose only representative in the old world is the present plant. If however the sections proposed by Endlicher are adopted, these species will be found to be in several cases widely sepa- rated from one another. P. nubigena, a very beautiful species, has only two-seeded capsules ; the seeds are quite unlike those of carnosa, being large, elliptical-oblong, black and punctated, with a broad hollow on the face. Of P. rigida we have specimens gathered by Mr. Mathews on the Pampas of the Cordillera in Peru; it is perhaps the most singular species of the genus in the structure of its flowers, which are solitary, almost sessile, on very short peduncles, surrounded by a very broad sheath or spatha rather than bract at the base ; the calycine segments are lanceolate, acuminate, with a tuft of silky hairs at the base ; the tube of the corolla is twice as long as the calyx, slender, and at least three times longer in proportion to its breadth than in any of the genus which I have examined ; the filaments very long, straight and erect. M. Kunth places it in a section " cap- sular loculis 1-spermis," but says he has not seen the fruit. From the small size of the ovarium I could not detect the ovules in the flower I examined. P. monanthos, though generally single-flowered, has often two or even three flowers ; the capsule is four-seeded ; it is a very distinct species, common in the Falkland Islands and in Fuegia, singularly variable in size, and in favourable situations often becoming spuriously caulescent, with stems similar to those of the P. arborescens of Madeira ; the leaves are then two inches long ; whilst in other situations, as on the exposed rocks of Cape Horn, the whole plant resembles a densely tufted moss, the leaves being rosu- late and not two lines long. Had I not the opportunity of examining it in its native state, I should not have con- sidered several of its varieties as belonging to one and the same species. P. andieola, Gill., is a very singular plant with roots as thick and long as the little finger, the collum often much thicker, bearing two or more capi- tula of very coriaceous, lanceolate, smooth or pilose leaves, about 1^ inch long. The scapes are longer, often twice as long as the leaves, slender and hairy, with three to five flowers. The ovarium contains several ovules, and the capsule four or more seeds, rarely less, but sometimes only two. It has been gathered on the Andes of Chili, both by Dr. Gillies and by Mr. Bridges. P. pauciflora, Lam., and P. barbata, Forst., seem involved in some confu- sion ; I have seen no specimens answering to the description of either, if they be truly distinct. In Mr. Ander- son's collection, formed during Captain King's voyage, there is a species (P. imberbis, MSS.) agreeing with

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 67

the description given by Lamarck, except that the whole plant is perfectly glabrous ; it also is four-seeded, and the flowers vary from one to three. These species pass into other forms of the genus : the P. monanthos, by P. arborescens, into the ovate and compressed spike of P. Psyllium and its allies ; and the P. nubigena through P. tumidu, Link, into the ordinary forms with cylindrical elongated spikes.

Plantago is perhaps as universally distributed a genus as any of dicotyledonous plants. In Arctic Ame- rica Dr. Richardson has gathered the P. major, L., in lat. 68° N., and I have seen the P. monanthos, D'Urv., in the immediate neighbourhood of Cape Horn, in the 57th degree of south latitude : other species not only run along the whole chain of the Andes, from Fuegia through Chili, Peru and Colombia, from whence they are continued along the Rocky mountains, but they also frequent the vast plains on both sides of these great barriers. Under the equator in South America they attain an altitude of 13,000 feet, whence Prof. Jameson has sent to us a species, gathered on Pichincha in Colombia. In the continent of Europe they are no less universally distributed, P. major, which Mr. Humboldt brought from a height of 6000 feet on the Andes of Peru, occurring in Lapland as far north as 67°, whilst in the same country the P. maritima reaches the 72nd degree. In Asia their principal parallel is in Persia, Cashmere and Affghanistan, where Mr. Griffiths has collected numerous species, and from whence they spread over the great Siberian plains to Kamtschatka and the borders of the Chinese empire. A few species are natives of Upper India, Nepaul, and the Himalayan mountains. Only one occurs in the Peninsula of India, the P. Uspaghool, Roxb. ; this is cultivated in the colder season, and Dr. Ro)Tle considers it as probably a native of Persia. Hitherto they are unknown in the Malay peninsula and islands, being natives of open and not wooded localities. For this reason they are not found, as far as we know, in central Africa, though several species are natives of the Cape of Good Hope, and are frequent along the southern shores of the Mediterranean. The various Atlantic islands, as well as the Mauritius and Ceylon in the Indian Ocean, and those of the Pacific, Australia and New Zealand, have all representatives of the genus.

I have retained Mr. Brown's name for this species, the P. carnosa of Lamarck being probably a variety of P. maritima, L.

Plate XLIII. Fig. 1, flower and bract; fig. 2, corolla cut open ; fig. 3, stamen; fig. 4, ovarium ; fig. 5, capsule with persistent calyx and bract ; fig. 6, the same removed; fig. 7, the same with the upper valve fallen away; fig. 8, side view of dissepiments and seeds ; fig. 9, front view of the same; fig. 10, seed showing the hilum ; fig. 11, side view of the same ; fig. 12, seed cut open parallel to, and fig. 13, at right angles to the axis : — all magnified.

XXIV. POLYGONE.E, Juss.

1. Rumex Cuneiforms, Campd., Mon. des Rum. p. 95. Cham, et Schlecht. in Linncea, vol. iii. p. 5S. Roem. et Schult. vol. vii. p. 1416.

Var. alismafiolius, Hook. fil. ; foliis ovato- v. lineari-oblongis rarius basi attenuatis : — an species distincta ?

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the sandy and pebbly beach near the N.W. point of the large island, rare.

Of this plant I have seen neither flower nor fruit, having met with it in a very young state only. In habit, size, and general appearance it very closely resembles the R. cunei/olivs. It has the large membranous stipules of that plant, which are fimbriated only in age ; the branching and size of the two are also the same ; but in the Auckland Island specimens the leaves are not decidedly cuneate at the base, often indeed quite the contrary. Of the true plant we have many specimens from both sides of America, from the southward of the province of St. Paul on the east coast, and Valdivia or. the west, to the Straits of Magalhaens. They vary but slightly in the form and length of the leaf, some being attenuated, others cordate at the base ; always, in the American specimens, broadest above the middle, and crisped rather than undulated at the margin.

k2

68 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

XXV. URTICE.E, Juss.

1. Urtica australis, Hook. fil. ; caule elato basi prostrato radicante vnlido glaberrimo v. parce piloso ad nodos setoso, foliis amplis longe petiolatis ternatis infimis oppositis late ovato-cordatis grosse crenatis sinubus segmentisque acutis 5-7-nerviis utrinque parce setosis et sub lente scabriusculis subtus pilosiusculis, stipulis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis integris v. bifidis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in woods near the sea, rare ; also on the pebbly beach above high-water mark.

Caulis basi repens, remote nodosus, ad nodos radicans, deinde ascendens et erectus, 2-3 pedalis, teres, crassus, crassitie pennae olorina?, herbaceus, succulentus, glaberrimus v. hie illic parce pilosus, pilis albidis, ple- rumque ad nodos subincrassatos setosus, internodiis 3-4 uncialibus. Folia longe petiolata, infima opposita, superiora ternata, camosiuscula, siccitate submembranacea, majuscula, 4-6 unc. longa, 3-5 lata, late ovata, acuta, basi plus minusve profunde cordata, grosse serrato-dentata, segmentis latis, acutis v. rarius breviter acu- minatis, saspius cucullata, nervis 5-7 validis percursa, tuberculis minutis scaberula, setis paucis, sparsis, subtus pilosiuscula, pilis obscuris albis. Petioli folio aequilongi v. paulo breviores, graciles, glaberrimi. Stipulce ad basin petioli 2, i-| unc. longae, foliaceae, erectas, lanceolatae, acuminata?, glaberrimaa, interdum foliorum opposi- torum connatae, tunc latiores et plus minusve profunde bifidse.

Planta maritima paulo diversa ; humilior, crassior, foliis minoribus petiolis superne stipulisque majoribus setosis. Plantis junioribus folia inferiora latiora evadunt, argutius serrato-dentata.

I find no species in the Herbarium exactly agreeing with this ; it is however nearly allied to a New Zea- land plant of which we have very imperfect specimens collected in the southern part of the Northern Island by Mr. Bidwill, with the petioles rather shorter and the leaves and stem copiously setose.

2. Urtica Aucklandica, Hook. fil. ; tota pubescens, caule erecto robusto angulato, foliis omni- bus oppositis petiolatis late ovatis acutis basi plus minusve cordatis grosse serrato-dentatis segmentis acuminatis multinerviis rugosis sparse setosis coriaceis, petiolo lamina | breviore, stipulis subfolia- ceis plerisque connatis late ovatis bifidis nervosis, perigonio masc. tetraphyllo.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; on the sea-beach near the margins of woods, rare.

Herba rigida, tota pilis brevibus, cinereo-albidis pubescens. Caulis erectus, validus, durus, rigidus, pedalis, crassitie pennae anserinae, tetragonus, angulis obtusis, ad nodos incrassatus et setosus ; internodiis contractis, subuncialibus, sulcatis. Folia opposita, patentia, petiolata, majuscula, 2-3 uncias longa, li-2|lata, late ovata, acuta, basi saepius cordata, interdum imo rotundata, cucullata, grosse serrato-dentata, sinubus acutis, seg- mentis latis breviter acuminatis, coriacea et rigida, rugosa, subplicata, pluri-7-9-nervia, nervis subtus prominulis costata, reticulata, sparse et praecipue subtus ad nervos setosa, setis urentibus, luride virescentia, opaca ; sicci- tate nigrescentia ; juniora fusco-pubescentia. Petioli subunciales, validi, sulcati. Stipulce majuscula?, foliaceae, late ovatae, bifidae, bipartitae v. rarius usque ad basin fissae, et tunc lanceolatae, acuminata^. Spica mascula axillares, breviusculae ; immaturae tantum mihi visas. Flores aggregati, pedicellati ; pedicellis basi bracteolatis ; bracteola ovata integra. Perigonii foliola rotundata, concava, \ lin. longa, dorso setosa. Stamina 4, filamentis brevibus.

This is unlike any species with which I am acquainted, and apparently quite distinct from the last, though I much regret having been unable, from the early season of the year, to obtain more satisfactory specimens of both.

Campbells Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. G9

XXVI. ORCHIDE^E, Juss.

1. Chiloglottis cornuta, Hook. fil. ; perianthio ringente, foliolis inferioribus linearibus obtusis canaliculars, interioribus erectis ovato-lanceolatis acutis dorsali ovato-lanceolato acuminate, labello trulliformi versus apicem attenuate disco 6-glanduloso, glandula intermedia basali (appendix labelli) porrecta subrecurva.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on the decaying roots of trees in shaded places, rare : D. Lyall, Esq.

Radix tuberosa ; tuberibus 2, pisiformibus, remotis, caudice elongato, radiciformi, descendente connexis. Folia 2, petiolata, patentia v. subrecurva, ovata, v. ovato-lanceolata, subacuta, 1-1^ unc. longa, l-i unc. lata, nervis parallelis, venisque transversalibus reticulata, planiuscula. Petioli erecti, §-f unc. longi, basi vaginantes, vagina scariosa, integra. Scopus erectus, gracilis, brevis, i uncialis, medio bracteatus, uniflorus. Bractea spa- thacea, ovata, acuminata, membranacea, florem immaturum amplectens. Flos una cum ovario | unc. longus, erectus. Perianthium obliquum, foliola omnia erecta ; exteriora v. sepala subaequalia, superius v. dorsale paulo majus, concavum, vix cucullatum, ovato-lanceolatum, longe acuminatum, apice subulatum, sub 5-nerve ; infe- riora labello supposita, ima basi lata, deinde linearia, obtusa, curvata, marginibus involutis, superiore aequilonga ; foliola interiora sive petala erecta, ovato-lanceolata ; exteriora breviora, submembranacea, trinervia, versus apices subserrulata v. undulata. Labellum erectum, unguiculatum, petalis paulo brevius ; lamina planiuscula trulliformis, vel triangulari-cordata, attenuata, basi truncato-biloba, breviter petiolata, disco 6-glanduloso ; glandula v. tubercula valde prominentes, 4 laterales subquadratae, compressae, squamseformes, duae prope basin, aliaeque altius sitae ; intermediarum basali (v. appendicula) supra discum elata, porrecta, cornu referens, et re- curva, antice canaliculata ; quinta trilobata. Columna erecta, modice arcuata, valida, superne bifida, bialata, alis angustis. Anthera apice recurva.

An glandula? laterales labelli vere clavats, siccitate tantum compressae et quasi squamaeformes ?

This is a very interesting plant, belonging to an Australian genus of which only two species were previously known. I have never seen it alive, and am therefore unable to give a coloured figure of the plant. In Tasma- nia two species grow at the foot of Mount Wellington, in a latitude however much below that of Campbell's Island and in a widely different climate. The flower is smaller than that of C. Gunnii, Lindl., to which, of the two other species, the present is, on account of the erect petals, most nearly allied. I am inclined to think that the glands on the disc of the labellum will be found to prove a variable character. In one Tasmanian species they bear the most striking resemblance in form and colour to an ant.

2. Thelymitra stenopetala, Hook. fil. ; foliis petiolatis lineari-lanceolatis gradatim acuminatis, scapo 1-2-floro, perianthii foliolis lanceolatis acuminatis, cuculli lobulis lateralibus plumosis, capsulis inclinatis paulo curvatis lineari-oblongis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in woods and on the bare ground in exposed places, not un- common.

The leaves of this plant are dark green, very coriaceous, about 4 inches long and 3-4 lines in breadth, gra- dually attenuated below into a narrow sheathing petiole. The scapes of the former year, bearing the fruit and crowned with the withered, persistent perianth, were found along with the young leaves. The capsules are shortly pedunculate, pale brown, i-| of an inch long ; the column considerably curved, the lateral lobes each with a tuft of hairs.

I have closely compared my very indifferent specimens of this plant with the several species of New Zea- land and Tasmania, and have no hesitation in describing it as new.

70 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

3. Thelymitra ? uniflora, Hook. fil. ; perianthii foliolis exterioribus ovato-oblongis acutis, interioribus obovato-lanceolatis breviter acuminatis, labello late obovato-spathulato subcuneato basi depresso, cuculli lobulis lateralibus erectis apice bifidis medio uninerviis imberbibus, anthera sub- term in ali.

Hab, Lord Auckland's group ; on the bare ground and growing in tufts of moss, Forstera, &c, on the bleak hills.

Of this species I possess only the old scapes, which are about six inches long, each bearing a solitary cap- sule, with the withered perianth. The leaves I have never seen, but there are traces of sheaths or leaves on the scape, and of a larger one, probably a bractea, below the flower. The capsule is turgid, elliptical-obovate, erect, about half an inch long and quite glabrous. The leaflets of the perianth are rather shorter than the capsule and strongly nerved, as is the labellum, which is rounded at the lower extremity, with a short apiculus. The anther is inserted a little below the apex of the column.

I am very uncertain as to the genus of this plant ; it differs from any with which I am acquainted ; yet I am unwilling, in the absence of better specimens, to constitute a new one of it. In the petaloid, very distinct lateral lobes of the column, which is 3-cleft 'nearly to the base, it shows some analogy to Diuris, and in the ter- minal anther to the group which includes Caladenia and many other New Holland Orchidete. The regular and nearly equal leaflets of the perianth, to which the labellum is very similar in form and structure, induce me to retain it among Thelymitra. It is further undoubtedly nearly allied to a plant included by Mr. Gunn under the genus Macdonaldia (vid. Lindl. Swan River Botany, p. 50. no. 217, and Gen. and Sp. Orchid, p. 385), which contains two Tasmanian species, one M. Smithiana, Lindl. (I. c. t. 9. B.), in which the column is undivided or obliquely trifid or three-lobed ; the rounded anther is situated below the apex of the column, on its inner face, and is villous ; in the colour and appearance also of the plant, and in the shape of the leaflets of the perianth, it differs from Thelymitra. The other species, M. cyanea, Lindl., very much resembles the more ordinary forms of Thelymitra in size, habit, colour, and in the shape of the perianth ; in the more terminal acute anther, and in the lateral lobes of the column being produced upwards beyond the anther and bifid at the apex, it agrees with the T. ? uniflora.

4. Caladenia sp. ? ; folio lineari acuto parce glanduloso-piloso, perianthii foliolis subaequilon- gis dorsali late ovato acuto lateralibus ovato-lanceolatis interioribus lanceolatis subacutis, labello sub- quadrato unguiculato disco nudo.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; amongst moss in the woods near the sea.

This apparently belongs to the genus Caladenia, but it is in a very young state, and the glands on the labellum are probably undeveloped. The roots are small, oblong tubers, connected by a terete cauliculus. Leaves i-2 inches long. The only flowers I possess are just emerging from a large cucullate bractea ; they are of a pale flesh-colour mixed with yellow.

5. Caladenia sp. ?; foliis ovato-lanceolatis acutis parce piloso-glandulosis seu glabriusculis, perianthii foliolis exterioribus extus glandulosis lateralibus linearibus obtusis dorsali latiore, interiori- bus anguste linearibus obtusis, labello obovato-cuneato basi seriebus 2 glandularum ornato.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; amongst moss in the woods, not un- common.

What I take to be the leaves of this plant (for though growing along with the scapes they were not attached to them) are solitary or rarely two together, arising from a short cauliculus terminating in an elongated tuber and throwing out stout horizontal fibres from its lower extremity. The withered scapes, which

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 71

bear solitary capsules, are 2-3 inches long ; the capsules half an inch long, oblong-turbinate, obscurely glandular, and crowned with the reflexed leaflets of the perianth. In one specimen the labellum was furnished with only four glands in two lines ; in another they extended to the middle with four or six in each series.

6. Acianthus rivularis ? A. Cunningham, Prodr. Flo?: Nov. Zel. in Hook. Comp. hot. May. vol. ii. p. 376. Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orchid, p. 397.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on mossy banks in the woods, common.

I have seen neither flower nor fruit of this plant, and only a withered capsule of what I believe to be Mr. Cunningham's A. rivularis, gathered in New Zealand by Mr. Colenso. The leaves of the former vary very much in size and shape according to their age ; the younger ones are cordate or ovate and cordate at the base, acute ; as they grow older they become orbicular, deeply lobed at the petiole, of the same size and texture and similarly nerved as in the genus Acianthus.

Dubii generis.

The following species I am unable to refer to any genus, the flowers being too imperfectly developed for a satisfactory determination.

7. Tuberibus didymis obovatis ad collum fibras validas horizontaliter emittentibus, caule erecto basi vaginato, vagina elongata integra ore abrupta tenuissime scariosa, folio solitario lineari-elongato semiterete superne canaliculato crasso et subcarnoso basi fisso scapum vaginante, scapo 3-5-floro, floribus spathaceo-bracteatis ut in Orthocerate, perianthii foliolis valde immaturis subcequalibus ex- terioribus late ovatis acutis, interioribus paulo angustioribus, labello late obovato nudo, columna semiterete lobis lateralibus nullis, anthera majuscula terminali.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in woods near the sea, not uncommon.

Tubers about 3 lines long, similar to those of Orchis latifolia, but much smaller ; from these the leaf springs at once, its petiole surrounded by a tubular cylindrical sheath. The leaf is 6-8 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, acute or blunt at the apex, green, and of a singularly thick and fleshy texture when recent, coriaceous w'hen dry and quite black. The young scape is covered with what appear sheathing cucullate bracts ; they arise one from the base of each of the flowers ; the latter are very small.

8. Foliis solitariis (rarius binis) lineari-lanceolatis acutis valde concavis coriaceis nervis paral- lelis basi vaginatis, scapo ut videtur bibracteolato, flore immaturo solitario, perianthii foliolo dorsali late ovato subacuto cucullato lateralibus interioribusque linearibus obtusis, labello ovato disco ob- scure 6-7-glanduloso, anthera terminali.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in woods, rare.

The leaves here are 2-3 inches long, very concave ; the petiole inclosed in a long scarious sheath which is split above ; the flower is small and inclosed in two sheathing bracts. This plant has some points in common with Chiloglottis, Br., but the leaves are not like those of that genus.

72 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

XXVII. ASPHODELEiE, Juss.

1. CHRYSOBACTRON, Hook.fi!.

Dioicum. Flores racemosi. Masc. Perianthium corollinum, hexaphyllum ; foliola patentia, aequalia, ovato- oblonga, obtusa, medio incrassata. Stamina 6, hypogyna ; filamenta elongato-subulata, perianthio breviora, nuda; antherce versatiles. Ovarium ovatum, acuminatum, trisulcatum, vacuum. Flor. fcem. Perianthium ut in./?, masc, sedfoliolis post anthesin erectis, demum deciduis. Stamina 6, antheris incompletis. Ovarium late ovatum, profunde trisulcatum, triloculare, lobis dorso canaliculars, loculis bi- rarius uniovulatis. Ovula, ubi 2, collateralia, funiculis brevibus infra apicem loculi angulo interiori suspensa. Stylus validus, erectus, teres. Stigma capitatum, parvum, obscure 3-6-lobum. Capsule ovata, trilocularis, loculicide trivalvis ; valvce coriaceo- submembranaceae, intus medio septiferae. Se7iii7ia loculis plerumque bina, collateralia, triquetra ; testa atra, sub- crustacea ; albumen corneum ; embryo axilis, paulo curvatus, albumine parum brevior ; radicula incrassata. — Herba speciosa, elata,perennis, Aucklandica, et in insula Campbell proveniens. Radix elongata, tuberibus elongatis fasciculatis donata. Folia late ensiformia, basi vaginantia. Scapi solitarii v. plurimi, pedales et ultra. Flores racemosi, uurantiaci.

1. Chrysobactrox Rossii, Hook. fil. (Tab. XLIV. & XLV.)

Radix, rhizoma horizontale seu perpendiculare, crassum, carnosum, 1-2 unc. longum, pollicis humanse et ultra diametr., transverse rugosum, hie illic constrictum, atrum, tubera elongata, fasciculata undique emittens. Tubera cylindrica, 2-3 uncialia, carnosa, atro-fusca, crassitie pennae anserinae, fibris crassis intermixta. Collum validum, brevissimum, simplex v. rarius bi- triceps, tuberibus minoribus, horizontaliter patentibus circumdatum. Caulis nullus. Folia plurima, circiter 12-16, omnia radicalia, erecto-pafcentia, inferiora horizontalia v. recurva, elongata, interdum bipedalia, lato-ensiformia, 2-4 unc. lata, integerrima, obtusa v. subacuta, superne praecipue concava, plurinervia, nervis approximatis et venis transversis inconspicuis reticulata, late viridia, nitida, subtus pallidiora, crassa, herbacea, basi longe vaginantia ; vaginis 3-4 unc. longis, integris, striatis ; ore obliquo sub- membranaceo ; sinu obtuso. Scapi solitarii vel nonraro plurimi, 6-8, erecti, validi, pedales, ^— ^ unc. diametr., striati, ad apices canaliculati, intus spongiosi, fructiferi et anni prateriti emarcidi, fistulosi, dealbati. Racemi conspicui, erecti, 4-7 unc. longi, 14—2 unc. diametr. ; masculi breviores, subconico-ovati, pedicellis nempe florum inferiorum elongatis, horizontales, apice attenuati, subacuti ; faminei elongati, cylindracei, obtusi, paulo angus- tiores ; rachis infra pedicellos sulcata, saepe medio turgida, vacua, vel per totam longitudinem fistulosa. Flores numerosissimi, conferti, pedicellati, odore suavi. Pedicel/i graciles, ^-1 unc. longi, in floribus famineis suberecti, fructiferi subincrassati, erecti, basi bracteolati. Bractcohe lineari-elongatae, obtusae v. subacuta?, pedicellis nunc longiores, sed saepius abbreviatae, foliaceae, floribus concolores. Perianthium corollinum, hexaphyllum, aureum, 3-4 lin. diametr. ; foliola lineari-oblonga, v. oblongo-ovata, supra medium paulo contracta, costa paulo incras- sata e nervis 3 approximatis, valde inconspicuis formata, 3 interiora vix ac ne vix minora, floribus masculis patentia, ad apices subincurva, famineis erecto-pateutia, post anthesin erecta, capsular immaturae appressa, dein decidua. Stamina 6, foliolis perianthii opposita, iis breviora, hypogyna, erecto-patentia ; filamenta valida, elon- gato-subulata, teretia, glaberrima ; antherce versatiles, oblongae ; loculis parallelis, contiguis, rimis longitudina- libus dehiscentibus ; in floribus fcemineis imperfectis, vacuis. Pollen flavum, ovoideum, longitudinaliter bi- vel trisulcatum. Ovarium, fl. masc, elongato-ovatum, trisulcatum, apice acutum v. trifidum, una cum perianthio marcescens et deciduum ; fl.foem. late ovatum, turgidum, 2 lin. longum, obscure trigonum, angulis obtusis, 3-sul- catum,3-loculare ; loculi 2- rarius 1-ovulati; ovula collateralia, ex angulo interno infra apicem loculi orta, funiculis brevibus suspensa. Stylus terminalis, erectus, validus, teres, longitudine ovarium aequans, stigmate parvo, sub- capitato, obscure 3-6-lobato terminatus. Capsulce late ovata, 3-4 lin. longse, submembranaceae, 3-loculares, loCa- licido trivalves ; valvce ellipticae, dorso canaliculatae ; dissepimenta membranacea. Semina elliptico-ovata, triquetra,

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 73

dorso convexa ; dum solitaria latiora, intus carinata. Testa utrinque in alam producta ; membrana exterior laxa, membranacea, atro-fusca; interna Crustacea, aterrima, nitida, sub lente impresso-punctata. Albumen car- nosum, pallide viride. Embryo axilis, filiformis, teres, paulo arcuatus, carnosus, viridis, albumine parum brevior ; extremitate radiculari incrassata, obtusa : — Monstra, racernis bifidis, seu scapis divisis, dicephalis, non raro occurrunt.

I am unable to refer this to any described genus of Asphodelea, and have adopted the name* in allusion to the magnificent racemes of golden-yellow nowers which it bears. It will rank near Anthericum, L., from which it differs in having only one or at most two ovules and in the erect style. It is also very nearly allied to Bul- binella, Kunth (En. Plant, vol. iv. p. 569), especially in general appearance; but in that genus the perianth is persistent, a character probably of more importance than the number of ovules or bearded filaments, which have hitherto been considered sufficient to distinguish genera too nearly allied in other respects.

Perhaps no group of islands on the surface of the globe, of the same limited extent and so perfectly isolated, can boast of three such beautiful plants, peculiar to their flora, as the Pleurophyllum speciosum (Plate XXII. & XXIII.), Celmisia vernicosa (Plate XXVI. & XXVII.), and the subject of the foregoing description. The last, from its greater abundance and conspicuous colour, is certainly the most striking of the three, not only giving a feature to the landscape wherever it grows, but in Campbell's Island covering the swampy sides of the hills in such profusion as to be distinctly visible at the distance of a full mile from shore. The specific name I have given in compliment to Sir James Ross, who, during our two days' stay in this island, brought to me, amongst many other new plants, one most luxuriant specimen of this, having three crowns of leaves from one root and no less than seven racemes of flowers, some of which were bifid ; it was between three and four feet high ; I much regretted the impossibility of preserving it whole, and the necessity there was of cutting it up into many fragments. The difficulty of preserving specimens at all, in latitudes so constantly wet and stormy, is very great ; especially on board ship, where, from the vicissitudes of the climate, they can rarely be exposed to the air on deck : the operation is rendered doubly tedious, when, as in the islands under consideration, the vege- tation is of a very succulent and coriaceous consistence. Most of my specimens required to be changed daily, and the papers to be dried over a long smoke funnel which traversed Captain Ross's cabin, the limited accommodation of our ships affording no other place available for this purpose. But for this privilege, constantly allowed me during the voyage, and which to any one less devoted than that officer to the objects of the expedition must have proved an insupportable annoyance, my collections would have been small indeed. The present plant was collected on the 15th of December 1840, but not fully dried when we had reached the 78th degree of lati- tude in February 1841.

It is very natural that the great size and luxuriance of this and several other plants of the high southern latitudes should excite surprise. Arguing from those countries in the northern hemisphere which are upon the limits of terrestrial vegetation and which have a similarly rigorous climate, the vegetation of the former might be expected to consist of small and densely tufted plants. This is however not the case, and I have endeavoured to account for the apparent anomaly from the fact that the higher southern regions enjoy a singularly equable, though to the human constitution always inclement climate. It is further to be remarked, that the Flora, even under these circumstances of a peculiar luxuriance in individuals, is composed of very few species ; and again, that in the South, hardly any state of vegetation is met with between that of considerable abundance and almost complete sterility, and on ascending the mountains few or no new forms occur : the great mass of the alpine plants (even on the limits of perpetual snow) being those which inhabit the open lands at the level of the ocean. The botany of the densely wooded regions of the southern islands of the New Zealand group and of Fuegia is much more meagre, not only than that of similarly clothed regions in Europe, but of islands many degrees nearer the North-

VOL. I.

* Derived from \pvcrus, gold, and fictKrpov, a staff.

74 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

em Pole than these are to the opposite one. Iceland for instance, in lat. 62° N., proverbially barren as it is, and upon which no tree, but a few stunted birches, is to be found, contains certainly five times as many flower- ing plants as Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island together, whose rich vegetation is evident on their being first approached from sea ; and yet the numerical proportion which the two great groups of flowering plants bear to one another in each country is almost identical. Kerguelen's Land is on the southern limit of vegetation in its own longitude, as we may presume from its containing only eighteen species of flowering plants ; but these cover as much of the surface of the island as the plants of Spitzbergen do, and yet the latter country contains forty-five species, though on the verge of Arctic vegetation and infinitely nearer the Pole. Lastly, on Walden Island (lat. S0^° N.) we have the last traces of phsenogamic plants in the northern hemi- sphere, and in the opposite one beyond the South Shetlands (63° S.) no flowering plants exist ; but whilst the former islet boasts of ten species of flowering plants, the latter contains but a solitary grass.

The uniformity of the Flora at the different levels in any given island of the South is to be expected from the paucity of species, and we further find that these are spread over vast extents of country. This is remark- ably the case with the southern American Flora, where the northern limit at which the antarctic Beech grows near the sea is 45°, from which latitude as far as 56° S. the level of the ocean seems to be its natural habitat : again, the plants which form the bogs of the Chonos Archipelago in lat. 45° S. are the same as those of Cape Horn, and the general features of the vegetation of the two localities are the same. In the northern temperate regions a very different state of things will be found to prevail : compare the Flora of the south of France, in the latitude of the Chonos Archipelago, with that of Argyleshire in the parallel of Cape Horn, and how little similarity exists ; and this not only because the plants of France cannot bear the climate of Scotland, but be- cause new forms are developed in the latter country, equally unsuited to the south of France. Many parallel cases to this might be adduced, all tending to prove that there are conditions in the physical geography of the southern islands which render them unfavourable to the production of species, but which are accompanied with a luxuriant development of such as do exist : and further, that species which form the mass of the vegetation under these conditions are such as continue to be typical of the Flora through many degrees of latitude whose mean temperature is considerably different.

The equable climate which these countries now under consideration enjoy, is doubtless mainly attributable to the vast body of ocean surrounding them ; and though the want of new species must in a measure depend on the limited extent of surface for their development, it is not altogether from the want of space that the pau- city of new forms in proceeding to the South is to be accounted for, since in no other part of the globe can sixteen degrees of so luxuriant a Flora composed of so few species be traversed.

All parts of antarctic America as it is called, a name its ungenial climate alone, and not its geographical position, warrants, are wet, foggy and cold ; snow-storms and gales of wind prevail throughout the year ; and not only on the hills, for the atmosphere seems so loaded with moisture, that a precipitation on the upper regions is generally followed at once by rain or snow on the lower grounds. In the summer the sun scarcely exerts any power without raising mists which intercept its rays. The difference between the summer and winter tem- perature is small, and the diurnal changes trifling. The perennial hurricanes which sweep the exposed surfaces of the hills seem alone materially to check the vegetation, for even on the mountains the plants of the plains reappear wherever a shelter is afforded. In no part of Scotland does 1700 feet of elevation exist without show- ing a material change in the vegetable kingdom, such a height producing many subalpine and even alpine plants not met with at the level of the ocean ; but though in Hermite Island the mountains attain that height, there is scarcely a plant growing upon them which does not equally exist in the open grounds near the sea. Nor is there probably any country where the prevailing species, forming the mass of the Flora, have such wide ranges as in Antarctic America.

From this we may presume, that plants will pass through many degrees of latitude, and consequently from

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 75

one climate to another, provided there is no sudden change of temperature to check their progress* ; that is to say, if in each climate the difference between the extremes is the same, small, and that change slow ; and that we may expect the range of individual species to increase with the uniformity of the temperature throughout the year.

The above observations have been drawn chiefly from a consideration of the antarctic American Flora, which is the only one sufficiently investigated hitherto for this purpose. The plants of the Middle Island of New Zealand are only known from the collections of Banks and Solander, Forster and Menzies, which were made in Queen Charlotte's Sound and Dusky Bay, chiefly in the latter ; those of the Southern or Stewart's Island are entirely unknown; the Northern Island maybe considered as pretty well explored, but an aggregate of the whole shows the Flora of New Zealand to be in all probability the poorest of any country of its size situated in the same latitude. Though this group extends from lat. 34° to the 48th degree, the summers of the northern extremity are not scorching, nor the winters, in its southern, severe. It is true that its high moun- tains have been but partially explored ; but botanists have ascended them, as Mr. Bidwill, Dr. Dieffenbach, and Mr. Colenso, in whose collections the amount of new forms from so considerable an altitude as that of 6-10,000 feet is very trifling, and the species brought by each person the same. In the immediate neighbourhood of Port Jackson, 400 species of flowering plants may be easily collected in four days' excursions ; in the same time scarcely half that number would be detected in the Bay of Islands, very little to the southward of Sydney in latitude ; and on extending the journeys further in each country to thirty or forty miles, the disproportion in- creases. A remarkable uniformity in the Flora pervades all the South Sea Islands, also accompanied with a singularly equable temperature. The change which an elevation of 10,000 feet produces in the Flora of Colom- bia is complete, and the number of species inhabiting the plains of Quito much exceeds that in the low forests of the west coast of America, in the same parallel ; but though the volcanic islands of the Sandwich group attain a greater elevation than this, there is nosuch development of new species at the upper level.

Amongst the many branches of inquiry into which the science of Botanical Geography divides itself, that which concerns the comparative richness in species of countries similarly situated is a highly interesting one. An exuberant vegetation we find not to be necessarily the index of an extensive flora, nor is it in the most densely clothed spots that the greatest variety of forms is to be met with, but very often the contrary. Few lands we have seen are so deceptive in this respect as New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego ; and on extending the inquiry, we further see that the sandy plains of Australia, the Cape of Good Hope, and the campos of central Brazil, are richer in species than the more luxuriant woods of those or most other countries.

Plate XLIV. & XLV. Fig. 1, a male flower ; fig. 2, petal ; fig. 3, stamen ; fig. 4, pollen ; fig. 5, imperfect ovarium of male flower ; fig. 6, female flower with pedicel and bractea ; fig. 7, ovarium from do. ; fig. 8, ovule ; fig. 9, immature capsule ; fig. 10, longitudinal, and fig. 11, transverse section of do. ; fig. 12, ripe capsule, the valves burst open ; fig. 13, side, and fig. 14, front view of a seed ; fig. 15, transverse section of do., showing the outer membrane ; fig. 16, albumen coated with the inner membrane removed from the outer ; fig. 17, embryo : — all magnified.

* A familiar instance of the advantage of slow changes of temperature in enabling plants to endure trans- portation, is found in the application of Mr. Ward's glazed cases for transmitting plants to England through different climates. One of the main features of his philosophical contrivance is, that their construction induces a slow change of temperature in the atmosphere immediately surrounding the plants, and prevents their suffering from any sudden variations.

l2

76 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

" Genus inter ASPHODELEAS et JUNCEAS."— Brown.

ASTELIA, Banks et Soland.

Flores polygamo-dioici. Herm. Masc. Perianthium semiglumaceum, sexfidum v. profunde sexpartitum ; laciniis oblongis lineari-oblongisve, sub apice incrassatis, 3 exterioribus paulo majoribus, dorso sericeis. Sta- mina 6, laciniis perianthii inserta ; filamentis brevibus v. elongatis ; ancheris brevibus, didyrnis, introrsis ; pollen ovoideum v. angulatum, granulatuni v. minutissime echinulatum, latere unico excavaturn. Ovarium aborti- vum. Fl. Herm. F<em. Perianthium ut in masculo, persistens. Stamina imperfecta. Ovarium oblongum v. globosum, obtuse trigonum v. trilobum, uni- tri- sexloculare. Ovula plurima, biserialia, ascendentia, anatropa. Placenta in ovariis unilocularibus 3-seriales, parietales, v. summo loculi affixa? ; in iis trilocularibus angulo in- teriore superne suspensse. Stylus brevissimus, crassus, teres, saepius subnullus. Stigma sessile, trilobum. Bacca turgida, globosa v. elongata, perianthio emarcido v. rarius baccato suffulta v. inclusa et stigmate plerumque coro- nata, interdum submembranacea uni- trilocularis, rarius 5-6-locularis, loculis 2-polyspermis. Semina ovoidea v. angulata, ad raphin incrassata v. subcarinata, in bacca uniloculari plurima, interdum pulpa immersa, horizon- talia, biserialia, rarius pendula ; in bacca pluriloculari ex apice loculi pendula ; funiculis brevibus ; umbilico nudo. Membrana seminis externa Crustacea, interdum ossea, aterrima, nitida. Nucleus pendulus ; membrana interior tenuis, chalaza lata orbiculari ope raphis cum umbilico junctus. Albumen dense carnosum. Embryo parvus in basi albumiuis inclusus, extremitate radiculari incrassata bilo proxima. — Herbse insularum Oceani Pacifici et Antarctici, Nova Zelandia Tasmaniwque incola, nullibi copioste, caspitosa , plus minusve sericeo-paleacea. Caules breviusculi, foliosi. Folia elongata, plerumque carinata, trinervia. Flores racemosi, paniculati v. scapis abbreviates bini, basi bracteolati.

1. Astelia linearis, Hook. fil. ; foliis patulis lineari-elongatis acutis canaliculars appresse argenteo-paleaceis sericeis v. glabriusculis subtus carinatis, scapo perbrevi 1— 2-flore, flore inferiore basi bracteato, bacca lineari-oblonga carnosa obtuse trigona 1-loculari, seminibus plurimis placentis parietalibus affixis.

Var. /3. subulata ; pumila, foliis lineari-subulatis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the bare ground, not uncommon, especially on the hills in open places.

Species pusilla, polymorphs, dense caespitosa, habitu A. alpinat et pumila sed foliis multoties angustioribus, magnitudine varians. Radix lignosa, fusiformis, descendens, parce fibrosa, fibris patentibus, flexuosis, elon- gatis, 2-3 unc. longis, 1 lin. diametr. Caules breviusculi, £-3 unc. longi, densissime compacti, pluries divisi, vaginis fuscis foliorum obtecti, una cum foliis i-| unc. diametri, basi reliquiis fibrosis et squamosis foliorum vetustorum obsiti. Folia omnia radicalia, inferiora interdum recurva, undique patentia, (an obscure trifa- riam imbricata ?) basi late vaginantia, 2-4 unc. longa (in var. /3. ^-| uncialia), lineari-elongata v. rarius an- guste lanceolata, 2-3 lin. lata, gradatim acuminata, crassa et coriacea, supra profunde sulcata v. canaliculata, ad margines plerumque recurva, subtus medio carinata, utrinque plus minusve paleis squamisve argenteis v. rufo- fuscis obtecta v. subsericea, interdum sed rarius glaberrima, luride viridia, ad apices fasciculo squamarum peni- cillata ; vagina latiusculae, scarioso-membranaceae, squamosa; ; squamis byalinis, appressis, elongatis, fimbriato- laceris, deciduis. Scapus solitarius, perbrevis, \ unc. longus, inter vaginas foliorum occlusus, argenteo-squa- mosus, apice bifidus, biflorus. Flores approximate erecti ; inferior subsessilis, basi bracteatus ; superior pedi- cellatus. Bractea lineari-elongata, obtusa, utrinque furfuraceo-squamosa. Fl. Masc mihi ignoti. Fan. Perianthium sexpartitum ; lacinia; lineares, obtusae, exteriores majores, extus sericeae, versus apices incrassatae, subcucullatae, dorso penicillatee, interiores angustiores, apicibus subincrassatis. Stamina imo perianthii inserta,

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 77

parva, imperfecta. Ovarium ovato-oblongum, obtuse trigonum, stigmate trilobo sessili terminatum, uniloeulare. Placentce parietales, triseriales, nerviformes. Ovula plurima, biserialia, semi-anatropa, ascendentia. Bacca carnosa, oblongo-elongata, ^ unc. longa, prismatica, angulis obtusis, pallide rufa, perianthio duplo longior. Semina plurima, horizontalia, obovata, obtusa, latere unico compressa, subcarinata ; funiculus crassiusculus, sub- elongatus, filamentosus ; membrana exterior Crustacea, subossea, aterrima, nitida; nucleus pendulus solutus, chalaza orbiculari apiceque fusca ; membrana interior tenuis, pallide fusca. Albumen carnosum. Embryo parvus, ovatus, basi albuminis inclusus ; radicula hilo proxima.

Since the first appearance of the ' Prodromus Flora; Nov. Holl.,' in which Mr. Brown published the genus Astelia from the manuscripts of Banks and Solander, nothing seems to have been done by the many authors who have transcribed his characters and remarks towards determining its affinities. Mr. Brown himself views it as intermediate between Asphodelcce and Juncece, and retains it at the end of the former order ; from this it has been removed with one consent by all future classifiers, some placing it after Juncece and others with Me- lanthacece. Mr. Forster's name of Melanthium pumilum, given to the Fuegian species, shows that he considered it as being most nearly allied to the latter-named order ; but I am not aware that any other author has stated his reasons for following Forster's views of its affinity, except perhaps Thunberg, whose dissertation de Melan- thaceis I have never seen.

In 1819 Sir J. E. Smith (Appendix to Rees's Cyclopaedia) added a new species to the genus, the A. Men- ziesiana of the Sandwich Islands ; the form of the seeds is mentioned, but no particulars of their structure. This species was redescribed by Gaudichaud (Voy. Freyc. Bot. p. 420), who does not seem to have been aware of Sir James Smith's paper, and he named it A. veratroides, placing it in Melanthacecc without any remark ; the fruit seems unknown to Gaudichaud, but was described as three-celled by Smith and again by Hooker and Arnott (Bot. Beechey Voy. p. 97), who also retain it in the same order.

A. Richard published his 'Flora Nova; Zelandiae ' in 1830, wherein no notice is taken of the genus Astelia, but a species of it is figured and described as Hamelinia (nov. gen.) veratroides : the male flowers and ripe fruit appear to have been both unknown to that author, the ovary is described as trilocular, and the genus arranged in Colchicacece (Melanthacece).

In 1836 Mr. Cunningham described (in his Prodr. Flor. Nov. Zel.) two species of Astelia, under one of which {A. Banksii), Richard's Hamelinia is quoted as a synonym ; it is placed in Junci. Shortly afterwards Endlicher (in his ' Genera Plantarum ') removed it to the end of Juncece. Lastly, Kunth takes up the genus Astelia (Enum. Plant, vol. iii. p. 364) and follows Endlicher's views of its affinity. Though however his work was published as late as 1841, all notice of Cunningham's species are omitted, and the A. Banksii receives the third name of A. Richardi.

I have had the opportunity of examining the ripe fruit of six species of the genus, and find the seeds of all to agree in structure and to partake of the peculiarities both of Liliacea and Juncece ; with Melanthacets they have fewer characters in common.

Except in the more fleshy substance of the capsule in most of the species and its not bursting by valves, to which however there is a manifest tendency in the A. pumila, there is no material difference in that organ between Astelia and Juncus. The ovaria are the same in both, being one or more celled ; when one-celled generally bearing the anatropous ovules in two series on three lines of parietal placentas, and when three-celled they are pendent from the inner angles of the cells. The internal structure of the seeds of the two genera is identical ; the outer coat alone, from becoming thick and even in Astelia, agrees only with Rostkovia amongst Juncece, but in being crustaceous and black differs from all. The nucleus, raphe, chalaza, inner coat of the seed immediately surrounding the albumen, the albumen itself, and form and position of the embryo, are precisely alike in both. Together with these remarkable accordances in structure there are many points of discrepancy, especially in habit, as also in the chaffy covering of the leaves and other parts, the uniformly dioecious or poly-

78 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

gamous flowers, the texture of the leaflets of the perianth and their being often united above the base, the subulate and generally terete, not linear or compressed filaments, the short anthers and different nature of the pollen, which is minutely granular and furrowed on one side, and the constantly nearly sessile and three-lobed stigma.

With Asphodeleee, Astelia has many points in common : though, as stated above, the internal structure of the seed is more manifestly that of Juncece, it is not opposed to the description of that organ in Asphodeleee, and the brittle black shining testa is almost typical of that order. The stamens are the same, in some Astelia being much elongated and bearing versatile anthers ; and the form of the pollen likewise, though I have always ob- served it to be granulated. The thickened and subincurved apices of the leaflets of the perianth are analogous to the cucullate tips of these organs in Drimia and Albuca. The form of the perianth is variable in the New Zealand species, nor is its texture always peculiarly semi-glumaceous, as in one species the lacinise, which are linear, are also thin, membranous and white ; in another it expands at the base into a broad, flattened or cup- shaped disc with six equal lobes ; in a third the base is subcampanulate, with erect linear lacinke, subpeta- loid in texture ; and in a fourth species it completely surrounds the ripe berries, which are very large. Nor is the berry itself very constant in internal structure, as in Dianella, Lam., amongst Asphodelea, it is baccate, and as in Allium, L., it varies in the number of cells from one to three. In one of the above New Zealand species it is, as far as I can judge from dried specimens, one-celled, with many seeds pendulous from the summit, attached by short funiculi to what probably was a fleshy pendent column, but of which I see only the membranous re- mains ; if any dissepiments existed they must have been very imperfect. Another species has the berry con- stantly three-celled, with several seeds pendulous from the upper inner angle of the cell ; and in a third the fruit is membranous and subcapsular with three to six cells, each containing two or more pendulous seeds, which are convex at the back and with the sides much compressed like those of many Asphodelea. To Melanthacea the genus is allied inhabit, in the polygamous flowers, in the perianth sometimes (exactly similar to that of Wurmbia, Thunb.) forming a tube round the fruit, in the baccate fruit, and in the form and surface of the pollen, which in some Melan- thacete is minutely granular : from this order however they essentially differ, in the aestivation of the perianth not being induplicate, in the anthers being at no period extrorse, in the single style, sessile, lobed stigma, and in the crustaceous integument of the seed. Whilst alluding to this order I may mention another plant whose affinity has been considered dubious, the Campynema linearis, Lab. (Flor. Nov. Holl. vol. i. p. 93. t. 121). This I have lately examined, and find it to be, as Mr. Brown rightly conjectured (Prodr. p. 290), truly Melanthaceous, with the tube of the perianth united to the ovarium. The fruits I have only seen in an immature state ; but in them the adhesion of the perianth to the capsule is evident, and in a forwarder state the line of separation would doubtless be more clear. The plant is dioecious or probaoly polygamous, the anthers extrorse and caducous, the filaments after their falling away becoming recurved and projecting between the segments of the perianth ; the pollen is yellow and granulate. The immature seeds are very numerous, imbricated in two series in each cell, and are attached to the middle of the dissepiments.

I have not ventured to subdivide the genus Astelia, as I doubt if characters of sufficient importance will be found to render it necessary, especially until good specimens in all states of the New Zealand species shall have been examined. The A. pumila, Br., is the most abnormal species in habit and in the subcapsular fruit; it is allied to the Tasmanian A. alpina, Br. in the form of that organ and shape of the leaves, and, on the other hand, to A. linearis in the short two-flowered scape. The A. alpina again, having a racemose inflorescence, con- nects these with the New Zealand species, in one of which the ovarium is one-celled. There are probably two species in the Sandwich group, one of which has two seeds in each of the cells of the berry and the seed-coat is very thick and osseous.

The A. linearis is the most inconspicuous of any of the species, owing to the grassy appearance of the leaves and its small size. Both the A. pumila and A. alpina are very striking plants ; the former constituting singular hard flat green beds on the bogs, often several yards across ; while the latter, with its beautifully silky and copious foliage, is a great ornament to the top of Mount Wellington and other mountains of Tasmania.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 79

Some of the New Zealand species are wonderful features in the forest scenery of those islands ; they form huge tufted masses, often as large as the human body, perched on the naked limbs of the most lofty pines ; elevated as they are 80-100 feet above the ground, they remind the beholder of the nest of some gigantic bird.

XXVIII. JUNCE.E, DeC. JUNCUS. L.

1. Juncus antarcticus, Hook. fil. ; pumilus, casspitosus, culmo terete superne nudo foliis sub- ajquilongo, foliis radicalibus e basi vaginante linearibus serniteretibus versus apices obtusos cylin- draceis, floribus 2-4 capitatis hexandris, perianthii foliolis subulato-lanceolatis exterioribus concavis dorso acutis, stylo nullo, capsula perianthii longitudine triloculari. (Tab. XLVI.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on the exposed summits of the mountains : alt. 1000 feet, rare.

Plantce perpusillae, vix unciam longae, inter muscos csespites densos formantcs. Radix fibrosa; fibris elon- gatis, tortuosis. Culmi erecti, \-^ unc. longi, ima basi divisi, rarius parce ramosi, reliquiis foliorum vetustorum vaginati, foliosi. Folia plurima, radicalia, numerosa, sub \ unc.longa, basi vaginantia, suberectavel paulo cur- vata, e basi latiore lineari-subulata v. linearia, semiteretia v. superne obscure canaliculars, versus apices cylin- dracea, obtusa ; basi vaginante elongato-ovata, medio coriacea, striata, marginibus subscariosis. Scapi solitarii, rarius bini, stricti, erecti, subvalidi, foliis breviores, post anthesin elongati. Flores plerumque 3, capitati, basi bibracteolati, unico non raro incompleto, altero breviter pedicellato. Bracteolte ovatae, acuminatae, longitudine variae, flores plerumque superantes, unica interdum subelongata, folium simulante. Perianthium li lin. longum, castaneum, nitidum ; foliola subaequalia; exteriora lanceolato-subulata, coriacea, concava, dorso acuta, vix cari- nata ; interiora planiuscula, sublatiora, medio coriacea, marginibus anguste membranaceis. Stamina 6 ; fila- menta latiuscula, plana, uninervia ; anthera oblongae, subrecurvae, apice brevissime unguiculatae. Ovarium parvum, obovatum, turgidum, triloculare, in stylum non attenuatum ; valvis dorso carinatis. Stigmata 3, sessilia, inclusa, lineari-subulata, post anthesin torta. Ovula plurima, angulo interno loculi biserialia. Capsula perianthio inclusa, castanea, ovata v. ovato-oblonga, subacuta, 3-locularis, 3-valvis ; valvce convexae, medio dorso canalicu- late, intus septiferae ; dissepimentis in axi capsulae primo inter se cohaerentibus, denique solutis. Semina plurima, quovis loculo 15-20, funiculis brevibus margini septorum adnexa, ovato- v. elliptico-oblonga, obtusa, flavo- brunnea; funiculi incrassati, reliquiis filamentosis membranae externa; seminis circumdati : testa membranacea, pallide flavo-brunnea, obsolete striata v. reticulata.

This curious little species is allied to none with which I am acquainted ; in size and general appearance it somewhat resembles the Luzula arcuata, Hook., of the Scottish Alps. The form of the leaves is that of Juncus castaneus, Sm., but they are in this plant solid internally and of quite a different structure. The capitate flowers and naked scapes are common to this, with the J. biglumis, L., /. triglumis, L., and with the following.

Plate XLVI. Fig. 1, leaf ; fig. 2, section of central part of do. ; Jig. 3, upper part of do. ; fig. 4, capitulum ; fig. 5, flower ; fig. 6, outer leaflet of perianth ; fig. 7, inner leaflet of do. ; fig. 8, stamen ; fig. 9, ovarium ; fig. 10, capsule inclosed in perianth ; fig. 11, the same removed with the valves burst open ; fig. 12, transverse section of do. ; fig. 13, one valve of capsule ; fig. 14, seeds : — all magnified.

2. Juncus scheuchzerioides, Gaud.; culmo brevissimo compresso basi fastigiatim ramoso, foliis erectis longissime lineari-subulatis compressis basi longe vaginantibus intus articulatis, scapo bre- vissimo foliis multoties breviore, floribus 6-8 capitatis hexandris bractea elongata subtensis, perian- thii foliolis ovato-lanceolatis medio coriaceis omnibus planiusculis, stylo elongato, capsula perianthio

80 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

sublongiore semitriloculari. — Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 100, et in Freyc. Voy. Bot. pp. 132 & 419. D'Urv. Fl. Ins. Mai. in Trans. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iii. p. 124. Rcem. et Schultes, vol. vii. pt. 1. p. 196. La Harpe, June. 36. Kunth, En. Plant, vol. iii. p. 325. — Var. /3. inconspicuus. J. incon- spicuus, D'Urv., Gaud., La Harpe, locis citatis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; sparingly in marshy places near the tops of the hills, alt. 1000 feet ; more abundant in the latter island at the level of the sea. /3. Camp- bell's Island, not uncommon in gravelly places.

Cuhni brevissimi, sub \ unc. longi, saepius pluries divisi, surculos radicantes interdum lateraliter emittentes, basi fibrosi ; fibris simplicibus. Folia subdistiche inserta, stricta, erecta, basi longe vaginantia, longitudine varia, in var. (i. plerumque vix 1 unc. longa, sed exemplaribus plerisque 4-8 uncialia, per totam longitudinem compressa, in acumen curvatum v. uncinatum saepe ad apicem attenuata, herbacea et subgraminea, nunquam dura v. coriacea, striata, pallide viridia ; intus fistulosa, transverse articulata, nodis siccitate solummodo externe conspicuis, internodiis 2-4 iin. longis, nervis prominentibus costatis ; vagina A-^ folii aequantes, nienibranaceo- dilatatae, superne oblique rotundatae v. truncatae, seu in auriculas interdum sursum productae. Scapi foliis £-A breviores, graciles, teretes vel paulo compressi, superne nudi. Capitula 4-8-flora, bractea foliiformi, plus minusve elongata subtensa. Bracteola late ovatae, acuminata?, 3-5-nerves, dorso infra apicem carinatae. Peri- anlhii foliola exteriora vix concava, ovato-lanceolata, acuminata, medio coriacea, trinervia, dorso subcarinata ; marginibus late membranaceis, subscariosis, infra apicem involutis, fusco-purpureis ; interiora planiuscula, ovato- oblonga, obtusa v. breviter acuminata, medio incrassata, nervosa, viridia ; marginibus albidis v. pallide fuscis, late membranaceis. Stamina foliolis periantbii breviora ; filamenta plaDa, linearia, subelongata ; antheralineari- oblongae, apice breviter unguiculatse. Ovarium triquetrum, triloculare. Stylus erectus. Stigmata 3, elongato- filiformia, horizontaliter patentia, post anthesin torta. Capsula ovato-oblonga, perianthio paulo longior, trigona, angulis obtusis, 3-valvis ; valvce dorso concava?, medio subcanaliculatae, septiferae ; dissepiment is retractis, poly- spermis. Semina plurima, bisei'ialia, ovoidea ; membrana externa byalina, filamentosa, tenuissima, caduca, ad raphin incrassata ; interna pallide fusca, reticulata, utrinque reliquiis membrana? externa; subfilamentosa ; cha- laza latiuscula, opaca.

The Auckland and Campbell Island plant is assuredly identical with that of South America, and as a spe- cies it is exceedingly distinct from any other with which I am acquainted, except perhaps, as Kunth suggests, the /. microcephalus, H. B. K. Of this plant we have copious specimens, but as they are in the hands of Meyer, who is now preparing a monograph of the genus Juncus, I am unable to compare them. So far as my recollection serves me, there is much similarity between this species and one from the Andes of South America ; but judging from the descriptions of Kunth in Humboldt's Nov. Gen., the J. microcephalus differs materially from this in size, in the creeping rhizoma, in the leaves being shorter than the scapes, the dichotomous corymb and many other characters ; in fact, the articulated leaves, described by Kunth as terete, but by La Harpe as compressed, seem to be almost the only character the}* possess in common. This is a much more common species than the J. antarcticus, and differs as materially from it in the structure of the leaf, as the J. biglumis does from J. tri- glumis. The J. scheuchzerioides has the leaves of a very soft texture, as are the leaflets of the perianth, none of which are carinated at the back. The difference between the length of the scape and leaf is very remarkable.

I have retained the /. exiguus, Gaud., as a variety, though it hardly possesses characters sufficient to rank as such ; it consists here, as in the Falkland Islands, of small specimens of the plant, often growing in a poorer soil or drier locality.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 81

2. ROSTKOVIA, Desv.

Flos majusculus, solitarius. Perianthium glumaceum, hexaphyllum ; foliolis lineari-subulatis, 3 exteriori- bus paulo majoribus, dorso acutis. Stamina 6, imo perianthii inserta, foliolis opposita ; antherm apice unguicu- latae. Ovarium oblongum, elongatum v. ovatum, trigonura, uniloculare. Ovula plurima, biserialia, placentis 3 parietalibus adnexa, anatropa. Stylus validus, elongatus, apice incrassatus. Stigmata 3, exserta, maxima, lineari-subulata, intus glandulosa, dorso profunde canaliculars. Capsula unilocularis, trivalvis, valvis medio intus carinatis, carinis e septis retractis formatis. Semina plurima, horizontalia v. ascendentia. Testa, varia. Embryo minimus, subquadratus, in basi albuminis carnosi inclusus. — Herbae Antarctica. Culmi basi vaginati. Folia solitaria v. plurima, elongata, teretia. Scapi graciles, apice uniflori, foliis breviores. — Character ex Des- vaux, paucis mutatis. — Rostkovia et Marsippospermum, Desv.

1. Rostkovia Magellanica ; culmis casspitosis simplicibus v. ima basi divisis, foliis plurimis strictis erectis basi vaginantibus longe lineari-subulatis semiteretibus infra medium canaliculatis, sea- pis foliis longioribus, floribus bractea elongata subtensis, perianthii foliolis ovato-lanceolatis margini- bus late scarioso-membranaceis, capsula perianthio paulo longiore, seminum testa albumine conformi coriacea. — Rostkovia sphaerocarpa, Desvaux, Journ. de Bot. vol. i. p. 327. Juncus Magellanicus, Lamk. Encycl. Method, iii. p. 266. Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 100, et in Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 132. D'Urv. Fl. Ins. Mai. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 604. Kunth, En. Plant, vol. iii. p. 357-

Hab. Campbell's Island ; in mossy and springy places on the hills, especially at the sources of streams.

Culmi basi compressi, subelongati, inclinati, fibras crassas emittentes, interdum subsurculosi, simplices vel divisi, rarius parce ramosi. Folia plurima, ad basin scapi cujusvis 8-10, erecta, stricta, rigida, longissime lineari-subulata, 5-10 unc. longa, basi longe vaginantia, semiteretia v. obscure trigona, intus solida, supra basi ad medium canaliculars, superne subtriquetra, ad apices pungentia, plus minusve curvata, glaberrima, polita, nitida : vagina? compressse, \- 1 unc. longse, basi 3-4 lin. lata, subchartacea?, superne coriacea?, oblique trun- cate. Scapi solitarii v. rarissime duo, erecti, graciles, teretes v. subtrigoni, foliis ^—^ breviores, infra florem soli- tarium subincrassati, rigidi, solidi. Bractea ad basin floris 2, valde inaequales ; superior e basi ovato-lanceolata subulata, concava, chartacea, perianthium vix superans ; inferior concava, e basi vaginante late ovata, longe subulata, erecta, stricta, perianthium bis quaterve superans, interdum folium omnino simulans. Perianthium \ unc. longum ; foliola lineari-oblonga, attenuata, acuta v. acuminata, inter se subsequalia ; exteriora paulo majora, concava, dorso acuta, superne carinata, coriacea, striata, castanea, nitida, marginibus late scariosis, pal- lidis ; interiora planiora, medio incrassata. Stamina 6, inclusa ; filamenta linearia, medio uninervia, perianthio £ breviora ; anthera lineares, elongate, filamentis paulo breviores ; connectivo ultra apicem in unguem brevern, obtusum, subrecurvum producto ; loculis parallelis, rimis lateralibus dehiscentibus. Pollen tetragonum, intus 3-4- granulosum, flavum. Ovarium elliptico-ovatum, in stylum attenuatum, obtuse trigonum, 1-loculare. Placenta nerviformes, parietales, dissepimentis obsoletis site. Ovula plurima, biserialia, ascendentia, funiculis brevibus pla- centis adnexa, anatropa. Stylus elongatus, erectus, validus, strictus, basi gracilis, superne gradatim incrassatus, ovario aequilongus. Stigmata 3, tota exserta, erecto-patentia, subulato-filiformia, ad baseos latiores confluentia, intus per totam longitudinem glandulosa, dorso glaberrima, profunde canaliculata. Capsula perianthium superans, late obovato-oblonga, prismatica, angulis obtusiusculis, apice acuta, v. stylo persistente mucronata, dura et cori- acea, sublignea, castanea, nitida, quasi vernicosa, unilocularis, polysperma, trivalvis ; valvce oblonga?, utrinque acuta?, concava?, dorso medio canaliculate, intus septo incompleto costatre. Semina numerosa, conferta, lentifor- mia, utrinque obtusa, paulo compressa, latere unico subcarinata, hevia, castanea, nitida, basi pallidiora ; umbilico nudo. Membrana seminis exterior crassa, coriacea, intus spongiosa ; interior membranacea, obscure reticulata, VOL. I. M

82 FLORA ANTARCTICA. {Auckland and

pallide flavo-brunnea, utrinque (chalaza apiceque) fusca, albumini appressa, exteriore remota ; inter has duas raphe saepius solutus apparet. Albumen carnosum. Embryo parvus, albidus, oblique tetragonus, in basi albu- minis immersus, hilo proximus.

This species was, according to Lamarck, originally discovered by Commerson, who accompanied Bougain- ville in his voyage to the Straits of Magalhaens, &c. I have gathered it abundantly both in Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. In the latter locality it is very abundant, and had been previously detected by M. Gau- dichaud and by Admiral D'Urville. It is rare in Campbell's Island, and was not observed upon Lord Auckland's group. It is equally distinct from the R. grandiflora (Marsippospermum grandiflorum, Desv., Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 533) and from the following, in the elongated bractea which subtends the flower, as well as the size of the plant, form of the leaf and capsule, and curious structure of the seeds. I have no hesitation in retaining Lamarck's specific name of Magellanica for this plant, the species being well characterized by that author, and known to Desvaux at the time he established the genus Rostkovia ; this he did upon different grounds however from those which induce me to retain it.

M. Desvaux founds the genus on this solitary species, but grounds his generic character on an erroneous idea of the structure of the capsule, which he describes (Journ. de Bot. 1. c.) as " capsula globosa, uniloculars, non dehiscens ; trophospermum suturale " (p. 326) ; and again in the previous page, " Je crois que la capsule ne s'ouvre point; par suite d'une observation generale, e'est que tout fruit qui n est point anguleux dans aucune de

ses parties, n est pas dehiscent, surtout s'il est sph&rique les graines en grand nombre sont disposees sur

trois trophospermes (placentae) fixes sur les parois de la capsule et alternant avec les indices de dehiscence qui s'aper^oivent au milieu des parois des loges, et qui sont toujours indiques, malgre que cette dehiscence n'ait point lieu dans quelques genres de la famille des Joncinees" (p. 325). The capsule of R . Magellanica I have described as of a very hard consistence, and its dehiscence does not take place until a considerable period after the apparent ripening of the seeds ; that it does burst is however abundantly evident, and the dehiscence takes place by three valves, exactly as in Desvaux's genus Marsippospermum and in other Juncece, the placentae occupy- ing the axis of the valves. From the above extract I conclude that M. Desvaux did not examine fully ripe cap- sules, and took the groove at the back of the valves, which is seen in almost all Junci, denoting the position of the placenta, for the line of dehiscence. In the work alluded to no description of the seeds themselves is given, though another genus is founded on a supposed peculiarity of structure in that organ. Mr. Brown (Piodr. p. 258), in his observations on the genus Juncus, remarks that no dependence is to be placed on the form of the testa as a generic character, " nee secernendae eae seminibus scobiformibus, testa nempe, quae in pluribus utrinque laxa, in his valde elongata ;" and as in the genus Juncus itself there are several forms of that organ, so in Rostkovia, as it now stands, it differs remarkably in two of the species. In R. grandiflora the outer inte- gument of the seed is lax and drawn out at both ends, as in Juncus castaneus, Sm., and several other species ; but in the R. Magellanica it assumes a form which I have not seen in any other species of the Natural Order, forming a very thick, even seed-coat, hard, smooth and shining externally, marked on one side with a pro- minent ridge, indicating the position of the raphe ; within it is soft and spongy, with a large cavity. Inside this the nucleus hangs loose, suspended by the vessels of the raphe, which are more or less detached and often quite separate from the walls of the seed-coat, except at the base. The inner membrane immediately surrounds the albumen ; it is thin and membranous, obscurely striated or reticulated, of a pale brown colour with a broad orbi- cular dark-coloured chalaza at the summit and another dark spot and apiculus at the pendent apex. This mem- brane is quite free from the outer, and analogous to what is generally considered as the testa in many Junci which are described as not having that organ scobiform, but in which the true outer membrane of the seed, ana- logous to the coriaceous one of the present species, is delicate and hyaline, either altogether deciduous or leaving a few filamentous residua round the base and apex of the seed, or as in J. scheuchzerioides, leaving the raphe as the only attachment between the seed and placenta. In some species of the Order this outer membrane forms with water a transparent jelly, in which the seed appears immersed ; it is very similar to what is seen surround-

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 83

ing the moistened achaenia of some Composites. In South American specimens of R. Magellanica the seeds are paler and generally angled or. compressed ; the vessels of the raphe are also seen entirely detached from the walls of the membranes and running quite free between them to the summit of the albumen covered with the inner membrane, which thus appears suspended in the cavity of the outer coat, like the seed of some Amaran- thaceous plant attached to a long funiculus.

The R.grandiftora is the type of this genus, to which the name of Marsippospermum was given by Desvaux ; but from that word denoting a structure in the seed foreign to this species, and not implying a character pecu- liar to any group of Junci, I have substituted that of Rostkovia, to include both these and the following. The very peculiar habit and appearance of the species, the singularly large and solitary flowers, unlike those of any Junctis, together with the elongated style and the disproportionate size of the stigmata, are characters peculiar to all these, and appear of sufficient importance to warrant the retaining them under a separate generic name. M. Kunth in his ' Enumeratio Plantarum' (vol. iii. p. 356) places the R. Magellanica near Juncus trifidus, L., a plant to which it has assuredly no affinity, either in habit, inflorescence, or structure of the capsule. The R. grandiflora the same author removes to another section, and arranges it (probably following Mr. Brown's suggestion) along with /. castaneus, Sm., biglumis, L., triglumis, L., and some others of more dubious affinity, in a group at the end of the genus.

2. Rostkovia gracilis, Hook.fil. ; rhizomate valido repente, culmis erectis fastigiatis gracilibus, foliis solitariis elongatis basi squamosis et vaginatis filiformibus teretibus rigidis, scapis solitariis folio ter brevioribus, bractea infra-florali solitaria brevissima obtusa, perianthii foliolis longissime lanceo- late-subulatis, capsula lineari-oblonga perianthio multoties breviore. (Tab. XLVII.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; amongst rocks and also in marshy places ; common at an elevation of 800-1200 feet.

Rhizomata caespitosa, intertexta, horizontaliter repentia, 3-4 unc. longa, valida, crassa, sub ^ unc. diametr., dura, lignea, per totam longitudinem et praecipue versus apices culmos perplurimos superne emittentia, reliquiis foliorum vetustorum ubique vestita, subtus fibrosa; fibris validis, elongatis, 1-2 unc. longis, descendentibus, cuivatis, diametro pennae passerinas, copiosissime fibrillosis. Culmi numerosi, fastigiati, erecti, stricti, teretes, basi squamosi et vaginati ; squama e vaginis junioribus explanatis formats?, striata?, nitidas, castanese ; vagina 2-3, folium arete amplectentes.elongatae, l-l|unc. longae, teretes, striata?, fulvaev. pallide castaneae, basi brunneae, politae, vernicosae, ad apices rotundatae, mucronata? ; mucrone plus minusve elongato, pungente. Folium soli- tarium v. rarius duo, erectum, filiforme, elongatum, |-1 pedale, gracile, teres, striatum, vix ^ lin. diametr., gra- datim acuminatum, apice subpungente, pallide viride, politum, intus spongiosum, fasciculis 8-10 tubulosis intra- marginalibus vasorum percursum. Scapus erectus, solitarius, gracilis, teres, 2-3 uncialis, folio bis terve brevior, infra fiorem paulo incrassatus. Flos solitarius, majusculus, erectus, |-1 unc. longus. Bracteola infra- floralis solitaria, parva, late ovato-oblonga, obtusa, membranacea, sub lineam longa. Perianthium angustum ; foliola longe lineari-subulata, gradatim acuminata ; exteriora subinaequalia, longiora, et paulo latiora, interne plana, supra medium concava, dorso carinata, medio pergamentacea, striata, castanea, nitida, marginibus late scariosis ; inte- riora subsimilia sed breviora et angustiora. Stamina breviuscula, foliolis interioribus perianthii | breviora ; Jila- menla brevia, latiuscula, plana, medio uninervia ; antherce filamentis quadruplo longiores, lineari-elongatae ; con- nectivo ultra apicem in unguem obtusum, subrecurvum producto ; loculis parallelis, contiguis, rimis lateralibus dehiscentibus. Pollen flavum, obtuse tetragonum. Ovarium elongatum, ovato-oblongum v. subconicum, obtuse trigonnm v. prismaticum, in stylum gradatim acuminatum, uniloculare, pluriovulatum, staminibus brevius. Pla- centa nerviformes, 3-seriales, a valvis facile divulsae. Ovula plurima, ascendentia, biserialia, funiculis brevibus placentis adnexa. Stylus rectus, elongatus, validus, ovario aequilongus, superne subincrassatus. Stigmata 3, majuscula, erecta, basi confluentia, perianthio inclusa, filiformi-subulata, intus glandulis pellucidis obsita, dorso

M 2

84 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

glaberrima, profunde eanaliculata ; marginibus recurvis. Capsula lineari-oblonga, trigona, angulis obtusis, peri- anthio | brevior, unilocularis, trivalvis, polysperraa. Valvm lineari-lanceolatre, acuminata?, concava?, coriacese, pallide fuscre, medio intus dissepimento incomplete) carinata?, dorso canaliculate. Semina — ?

I mucb regret not finding the seeds of this fine species amongst my dried specimens ; a few were contained in the old capsules when first collected, of which I neglected to make any note at the time : if my memory does not deceive me, they were small and covered with a pearly white, very lax and much elongated outer membrane, not unlike that of Narthecium ossifragum. It is most remarkable for the apparently entire suppression of one of the bracteola? at the base of the flower, and also differs from the two other species in having a coriaceous, not indurated capsule. It is more nearly allied to the R. grandiflora (Marsippospermum grandiflorum, Desv.) than to R. Magellanica in size, in the creeping rhizoma, the solitary leaf sheathed at the base, the unequal outer leaflets of the perianth, and in the long capsule and lax outer coat of the seed ; that plant is however of a much larger size, has longer rhizomata and scapes, with two or three bracteola below the flowers, and an almost woody capsule. The seeds of R. grandiflora, like those of Juncus castaneus and especially of J. triglumis, are fusi- form, invested with a loose, pale yellow, lax, glistening membrane, thickened ou one side, denoting the position of the raphe, and produced at both ends ; it is formed of elongated cellular tissue. The albumen is covered by a rather thick inner coat, composed of hexagonal cellular tissue, and is pendulous in the cavity of the outer mem- brane by the vessels of the raphe, which, arising from near the funiculus, terminate in a broad dark-coloured chalaza at the top of the inner coat. The small quadrate embryo is placed at the lower or opposite extremity, close to the apex, which is acute and discoloured.

Plate XLVII. Fig. 1, flower and bractea; fig. 2, stamen; fig. 3, ovarium, style and stigmata; fig. A, transverse section of ovarium, showing the young ovules ; fig. 5, an ovule ; fig. 6, a ripe capsule : — all magnified.

3. LUZULA, DeC.

1. Luzula crinita, Hook. fil. ; foliis planiusculis crinito-ciliatis, spicis plurimis in capitulum majusculum solitarium sessile late ovatum foliaceum arete congestis rarius unico pedunculato brac- tea elongata foliacea subtensis, bracteolis scariosis fimbriato-laceris, perianthii foliolis ovato-lanceo- latis coriaceis exterioribus carinatis apicibus subrecurvis, stylo elongate, membrana exteriore seminis fugacea. (Tab. XLVIII.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; in the former locality found only near the tops of the hills, alt. 1200-1400 feet ; more abundant in the latter, from the sea to alt. 1200 feet.

Herla csespitosa, magnitudine sat varians, summis montibus locisque algidis vix pollicaris, sole sub calidiore 8-pollicaris ad pedalem evadit. Radix descendens, perennis, elongata, 1-2 unc. longa, valida, reliquiis copiosis foliorum vetustorum vestita, ubique fibras tenues, elongatas, fasciculatas emittens ; saepius superne pluries divi- sa, non raro autem simplex vel biceps. Culmi plurimi, rarius solitarii, basi prsecipue et plus minusve per totam longitudinem foliosi, erecti, stricti, validi, glaberrimi, striati, superne obscure trigoni, ad apices mono-dicephali, plerumque ultra folia extensi, interdum abbreviati foliisque multoties breviores. Folia plurima, erecto-patentia, seu omnia v. infima solummodo squarroso-recurva, plantis junioribus planiuscula, demum marginibus plus minusve incurvis involuta, subcoriacea, lineari-subulata, ad apices obtusas incrassata, 3-5 unc. longa, ^— i unc. lata, niargine pilis elongatis, flexuosis, albidis ciliata et crinita, laete viridia, basi vaginantia, superiora abbre- viata, omnia vaginantia ; vagina elongats, erect*, striata?, integrae ; ore obliquo, laxe lanuginoso. Spica v. potius panicula, multiflora?, ramis pedunculisque abbreviatis hinc inflorescentia capitata ; capitula solitaria, terminalia, v. rarius 2, unico pedunculato, late ovata, obtusa, v. globosa, integra v. lobata, 3 unc. longa, atro- fusca, opaca, basi lanuginosa, medio 2-3-bracteata, et bractea unica v. bracteis duabus foliaceis, interne con- cavis, 1-1 5 unc. longis subtensa. Flores parvi, sub 1 lin. longi, numerosissimi, dense conferti, brevissime pedi-

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 85

cellati ; pedicelli bracteolati ; bracteoke parvae, late ovata?, longe acuminate, pilosas, concavse, membranaceo-scariosse, finibriato-lacerse, laciniis longe piliferis, ultra florem productis. PeriantMi ibliola 3 exteriora lanceolata, longe acu- minata, versus apices leniter recurva, concava, superne earinata, coriacea, atro-fusca; interiora breviora, planiuscula, oblongo-lanceolata, acuminata, medio coriacea, rufo-brunnea, marginibus late scariosis, pallidioribus. Stamina (5, perianthio i breviora ; filamenta elongata, linearia, compressa ; authene breviusculse, oblongse, ad apices brevissiine unguicidate. Pollen straminemn, globosum, immatururn trigonum, hyalimun, nucleo opaco, intus tripartito. Ovarium elliptico-ovatum, trigonum, utrinque angustatmn, superne in styliun attenuatum, uniloculare, triovulatum ; stylus ovario brevior, erectus, gracilis, in stigmata 3 inclusa filiformia desinens. Ovida 3, e basi loculi erecta, anatropa ; funiculis brevibus. Capsula perianthio inclusa et subaequilonga, membranacea, obovata, acuta, turgida, trigona, angulis obtusis, uuilocularis, trisperma, trivalvis ; valvar late obovato-oblongoe, acute, concavfe, dorso cana- liculate, intus medio carinate. Semina 3, parva, ovoidea, fundo loculi funiculis brevibus adnexa, valvis opposita ; membrana exterior laxa, tenuis, hyalina, albida, latere unico ad raphem incrassata, lacera, demum decidua, reHquiis circa chalazam tantum et funievdum persist entibus ; interior albiunini appressa, brunnea, striata v. reticidata, ad chalazam latam apicemque pendulum atra. Albumen camosum. Embryo parvus, ovato-oblongus, teres, funiculo proxi- mus albumine iuclusus.

This appears to be a very distinct species, most nearly allied to the L. Alopecunis, Desv., of Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands, a plant which Mr. Kunth considers as a form of L. Peruviana, Desv., and which much resembles the present in size, general appearance, and in all particulars but the segments of the perianth, which are in L. Alopecurus lacerated and fimbriated at the scarious margins, like the braeteola>. It also resembles some states of L. campestris, D. C, as that plant appears in Tasmania, but the leaflets of the perianth are nearly scarious through- out in that species, more plane and not so thick and coriaceous ; the outer ones are also in this very convex and distinctly carinated above the middle.

Plate XL VIII. Fig. 1, flowers ; jig. 2, outer leaflet of the perianth ; jig. 3, inner do. ; fig. 4, a stamen ; fig. 5, immature pollen ; jig. 6, the same more advanced ; fig. 1, ovarium ; fig. 8, longitudinal section of the same ; fig. 9, a ripe capside ; fig. 10, seed ; jig. 11, vertical section of the same : — all magnified.

XXIX. RESTIACE^E, Br.

1. GAIMARDIA, Gaud.

1. Gaimakdia ciliata, Hook, fil.j dense raespitosa, foliis erectis undique arete imbricatis lmeari-subu- latis obtusis teretiusculis compressis fistulosis basi vagioantibus dorso versus medium marginibusque vagi- narum ciliatis, pedunculis fruetiferis folio longioribus.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; exposed places on tlie liills, very abundant, forming large green patches.

Radix fibrosa ; fibris simplicibus, tortuosis, spongiosis, albidis. Caules erecti, ramosi, 2-3 una longi, dense fastigiatim compacti, fobosi. Folia plurima, erecta, caidi appressa, \ unc. longa, lineari-subulata, gradatim attenuata, apicibus obtusis, teretia, lateraliter compressa, intus fistulosa, dorso ad medium ciliata, basi longe vaginantia, hete viridia, nitida, vctustiora flavo-bnumea ; vagina folio adnata;, scarioso-membranacese, hyalina?, superne in ligidam breveni, apice rotundatam, integram producte, marginibus dorsoque ciliatis, pOis elongatis, albidis, articulatis. Pedunculitis anni praeteriti elongatus, validus, erectus, folio longior. — Csetera mihi omnino ignota.

A close examination of this species with the Gaimardia australu (Gaudichaud in Freyc. Voy. Rot. p. 418. t. 30). has satisfied me that they are, as far as I can judge without flowers or fruit, congeneric. The habit of the two plants is entirely the same, and both form extended plane hard green tufts on the bare boggy surface of the hills in their respective islands, often of two or three yards across. The present is rather the smaller species, with much smaller leaves, not flattened on the upper surface, ciliated at the back about the middle, as also on the sides and margins of the sheaths, which are produced upwards into a shorter ligula than in G. australu.

N

86 FLOEA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

2. Gaimardia pallida, Hook, fil.; csespitosa, rainosa., ramis brevibus fastigiatis compressis, foliis sub- distichis cquitantibus lanceolato-ensiformibus acuminatis compressis fistiilosis basi ad medium vaginantibus, pedunculis brevissimis flores fcemineos 1-3 stamenque luiiciun gerentibus, fructiferis folio brevioribus, ovario 1-3-loculari, stylis 1-3.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; forming small pale-coloured tufts amongst other plants in springy places on the hills.

Radices fibrosse ; fibres simphces, tenues, horizontaliter patentes, spongiosse, albidae, saepe e basibus foliorum v. ramorum ortae. Catties fastigiatim ramosi, 1-1 \ unc. longi, casspites densos, convexos, 2-3 une. latos formantes, copiose fobosi; rami una cum foliis pateutibus compressi, -Lime, lati et ejusdein longitudinis. Folia arete imbricatn, in rarnis ultiniis plurima, subdisticlie inserta, flabellatim cbsposita, basi equitantia, deinde erecto-patentia, stricta, lanceolato-ensii'ormia, acuminata, vix aristata, sub 3 liu. longa, lateraliter compressa, supra obscure eoncava, basi ad medium et ultra vaginantia, intus fistidosa v. junioribus laxe cellidosa, glaberrima, albida, ad apices immaturaque palbde viridia, textura mollia ; vagina apertae, membranaceae, subhyalinse, obsnne reticulata", superne gradatim in folium evanidae. Flores valde immatmi tantum mihi visi, inter folia summa omiiino occlusi. Pedunculus brevissimus terminalis, fructiferus post anthesin elongatus, anni prasteriti ramo lateralis, compressus, anceps, foliis brevior. Glumes duae, flore -| breviores, tenuissime byalinae, oblique tmncatae ? an a dissectione laeerae ? Stamen sobtarium ; jUamen- tum crassum, erectum, teres ; anthera majuscula, ovoidea, undocularis, riiua longitudinab dchiscens, medio dorso affixa. Ovaria 2-3 v. rarius plura, distincta v. inter se plus minusve coabta, sessdia? eoUateraJia, 1-3-locularia, stylos tot quot loculos gerentia ; nunc ovarium solitarium columniforme abortivum.

The early season in which we visited Campbell's Island was a subject of much regret, as some of the most interesting, especially of the alpine plants, were detected only in a state unfit for satisfactory examination. It is with much hesitation that I have referred the present to Gaimardia, in preference to erecting it into a new genus from such imperfect specimens, though I have bttle doubt but that it will prove to be a new form of that interesting group to which Mr. Brown's genera Desvauxia {Centrolepis, Lab.) and Alepyrum belong, but which have, with the excep- tion of Gaimardia, been hitherto considered as confined to Australia. With Desvauxia it has much similarity in texture, in the soft leaves, green oidy towards the extremities, and fistulose, in the simple spongy fibrous roots and glistening appearance of the lower parts of the stem ; there is also a marked tendency in this plant to a union of the, carpels into one pistil, with as many styles as there are ovaries. In the tufted habit, alpine and antarctic locabty, short peduncle and apparent want of spatha, it agrees with Gaimardia, but differs from that genus in the sohtary stamen, greater number of ovaria which are probably sessde, the latter, however, I am not inclined to consider as a character of much value, as in Ms description of that genus M. Gaudichaud says, "Ovarium unicum, interdmn ovaria duo, allero effoeto," and, further, I have gathered capsules of that species which are truly one-celled and dehisce down one side only. In the present plant the ovaria vary from one to three, and are either one, two, or three-celled, fre- quently there are three together, with as many variations in developement, and not rarely one is reduced to a simple column ; at other times all are combined into a single axis. In the imperfect state of these minute organs, in the only specimens I possess, I have found it impossible to decide whether or not two of the upper leaves are analogous to the glumes or spatha; of Desvauxia, or whether the two hyaline scales surrounding both stamen and ovaria are the only floral envelopes.

M. Gaudichaud's genus appears to me certainly most nearly allied to the order Centrolepidem or Desvauxieee, and from their near affinity to Erioeattlon in all respects but the want of as many iioral envelopes, of which several modi- fications occur in the former group, I have considered them true species of Itestiarere with a reduced number of parts. G. atistralis is described as having the stamens opposite the glumes ; I have only examined that plant in the state of ripe fruit, wherein it appears to me that the remains of the filament alternate with the glumes and carpels.

Campbell's Islands] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 87

XXX. CYPERACE^, DeC. 1. OREOBOLUS, Br.

1. Oreobolus pectinatus, Hook, fil.; culniis dense csespitosis rainosis foliosis, foliis distichis equitan- tibus lineari-subulatis apicibus obtusis rigidis basi vaginantibus, scapo brevissiuio terrninali unifloro post anthesin elongato, perianthii foliolis ciliatis interioribus utrinque unidentatis. (Tab. XLLX.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; on the bare and exposed faces of the lulls, forming dense convex masses.

Radix fibrosa ; fibra elongata?, 2-3 una longu\ valid*, crassitie penna? passerina?, teretes, liic illic tortuosa?, suberosa? v. spougiosa?, inferno fibrillosa?. Caules densissime ca?spitosi, duri, rigidi, ramosi, per totam longitudinem foliosi, plerumque 2 unc. longi sed locis udioribus 4-6 unciales, interne pra?cipue radices fibrosaa emittentcs. Folia densissime imbricata, disticlia, equitantia, basi vaginantia, flabellatim disposita, lineari-subnlata, obtusa, \— J unc. longa, paulo curvata v. ascendentia, supra canaliculata, subtus convexa, medio obscure 1-nervia, basin versus 5-7 nervia, rigide coriacea, erassiuscula, ad margines minute cartilagineo-serrulata, la?te viridia, inferiora pallide fusca, vetustiora suberosa, grisea ; vagina lamina? \ longitudine, una basi integra?, sinu obtuso, superne Mantes, coriacea?, ad margines subscariosa?, nervis promincntibus 7-9 eostata?, superne oblique truncata?, palbde rufo-fusca?. Pecluu- culi terminales ; floriferi brevissimi, post anthesin elongati ; fruetiferi validi, i-f unc. longi, infra medium turgidi, superne sidcati, obscure angulati, ad apicem a lapsu glmnarmn cieatricosi. Ghana 2, subsequales, lineari-oblonga?, subacuta?, 2 lin. longa?, coriacea?, enerves, concava?, albida?, convoluta?, superior inferiorem amplcctens, decidua?, tlorem solitarium iucludentes. Perianthinm minimum, sexpartitum v. potius hexaphyllum ; foliola erecta, ovata, acuta, planiuscula, ad margines ciliata, subenervia, ad mecbum obscure incrassata, coriacea, subreticulata, persistent ia, post anthesin subincrassata, pergamentacea ; interinra minora, utrinque obtuse uni-dentata. Stamina 3, hypogyna, fohohs perianthii exterioribus opposita ; filameuta longissime linearia, medio uninervia, longe exserta ; aniheree line- ares, basifixa?, longitudinaliter dehiscentes ; eonnectivo ultra locidos producto, apice obtuso j pollen hyalinum, stramineum, tri-tetragouum, angidis obtusis, intus granulis opacis tot quot anguhs. Ovarium minutum, triquetrum, elongato-obovatum, obtusum, uniloculare, uniovidatum, superne hemisphericiun, hispidulum ; oval inn erectum. Stylus elongatus, exsertus, gracilis, teres, erectus, basi modice bulboso-incrassatus, cum ovario articulatus, deciduus, in stigmata 3, aequilonga, filii'orniia, pilosa productus. Nux obovata, obtusa, perianthio persistente basi circumdata, trigona, ad angulos longitudinaliter sidcata, quasi trivalvis, valvis coalitis, extus nitida, intus Crustacea, subossea ; vertex depressus sub lente granulatus v. subhispidus. Semen erectum, locido confonne, pyriforme, basi subito atten- uatum ; funiculus brevissimus. Testa membranacea, pallide viridis; chalaza apicahs, orbicularis, fusca; raphe tenuis, superne latior, deorsum evanida. Albumen copiosmn, carnoso-farinacciun. Embryo par\iis, late obconicus, obtusus, parte superiore solummodo vix et ne vix basi albuminis mrmersa.

The equitant leaves will at once distinguish this very distinct species from either the Tasmanian 0. pmiiilio, Br. or 0. obtusanguhts, Gaud., which are more nearly allied to one another than to the present in appearance.

M. Gaudichaud describes four imbricating scales or glumes in the Falkland Island species ; but in this, as in the Tasmanian, there are certainly only two. The six leaflets of the perianth are most probably analogous to the hy- pogyuous seta? in Scirpns, and more especially to those organs in Pterolepis, in which genus they are flattened ; from their great breadth in Oreobolus they are seen to belong to two series, a character difficult of detection if it exists where those organs consist of simple slender seta?. The structure of the pericarp is somewhat singular, it is obovate and distinctly trigonous in all the species, the angles are channelled and the three sides much thickened, but the thickening is not continued to the apex, where there is a shallow cavity with a convex base ; in a longitudinal section the thickened sides are found to be coriaceous, and have the appearance of three valves united at their mar- gins and to the inner crustaceous pericarp, which they do not altogether enclose, but leave its convex apex free at the

88 FLORA ANTAECTICA. {Auckland and

snrmnit. This thickening of the three sides takes place during the growth of the seed-vessel, as in the young ova- rium the sides are much narrower than the apex, which is convex and hispid, and which answers to the convex base of the hollow at the top of the ripe nut. I have examined several embryos in all the species, and very many of the present ; their structure and forrn are exceedingly constant, lying in the very bottom of the seed, the broad upper end sunk in a shallow fossa at the base of the albumen.

Plate XLIX. Fig. 1, a leaf; fig. 2, a flower enclosed in the glumes; fig. 3, the same, with the glumes re- moved; fig. 4, a stamen; fig. 5, ovarium, style and stigmata; fig. 6, immature nut after the style has fallen away; fig. 7, a ripe nut enclosed in the persistent perianth ; fig. 8, longitudinal section of a nut, showing the seed ; fig. 9. a seed removed, cut vertically, showing the embryo : — all magnified.

2. ISOLEPIS, Br.

1. Isolepis AucJdandica, Hook, fil.j pusilla, dense ceespitosa, culrnis erectis setaceis basi divisis foliosis teretibus polyphyllis, foliis culmo subsequilongis semiteretibus supeme canaliculatis striatis, spica solitaria lateralis squamis paucis omnibus floriferis, staminibus stigmatibusque 3, nucibus elliptico-ovatis trigonis laevibus pallide straniineis. (Tab. L.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; in moist places especially near the sea, also amongst grass on the lulls, abundant.

Radices caespites 2-3 unc. latos formantes, fibrosae, fibris elongatis, creberrime intertextis, tortuosis, fibrillosis, atro-fuscis. Culmi plurimi, dense fastigiati ; basi crassitie pennae passerinse, subelongati, i unc. longi, nodosi, ad nodos fibrillosi, vaginis rufo-castaneis foliorura vetustorum obtecti, ter quaterve clivisi ; supeme subvalidi, nudi, erecti, 24— 4-unciales, teretes, striata. Folia 2-6, plerumque 3-4, erecta, basi vaginantia, subcoriacea, glaberrima, laevia, filifonnia, obtusa v. apice rotundata, culinmn plerumque paulo superantia, interdum i- J unc. lata, semiteretia, dorso convexa, supra canabcidata, marginibus subinvolutis v. planiusculis, sub lente bneis alternantibus viridibus albidisque striata. Vagina 4/ unc. longae, teretiusculae, eompressae, basi rufo-castaneae, nitidae, nervosa?, amice membranacese, reticulata?, ore oblique truncato, intcgeirimo, ligula nulla. Spicula solitaria, v. rarius spieidae 2, parva, linea vix longior, latiuscida, apice truncata, nempe squamis inferioribus elongatis spicam a?quantibus. Squama paucse, 6-8, late ovatae, valde concavae, coriaceae, ad margines late membranacese, in apicem crassum productse, dorso superne subincrassatae, carinatae, lateribus tenuiter 3-5 nerviis, virides v. castaneo purpureove pictae, nitidae. Sta- mina 3 ; filamenta Mnearia, plana, reticulata, superne latiora ; anthera basifixas, elongatae, loculis basi apiceque divaricatis. Ovarium minimum, ovatum, in stylum rectum desinens. Stigmata 3, exserta, elongata, liispida. Nux squama paido brevior, elliptica, utrinque acuta, trigona, compressa, angidis obtusis, glaberrima, lasvis, non polita, pallide flava v. straminea.

It is not before the most careful examination and comparison of this with many other similar species from various parts of the world, that I have decided upon describing it as new. Nor coidd I make it agree with the description of any of the numerous species of the southern hemisphere. It appears not only to differ from the European, but also from the twelve or fourteen plants belonging to this genus now known to inhabit Australia and New Zealand. In habit and appearance it resembles /. setacea, L. and /. Savii, from which it differs in the leaves being always more numerous and as long or longer than the culm, iu the shorter spikes, and more materially in the seed, which is twice as large as in those species and of quite a different shape, being elhptical-ovate, compressed, trigonous with the angles roimded, the surface is smooth but not shining and the colour pale yellow. My suite of specimens is very extensive, and these characters are constant in them all. The breadth of the leaves is greater in the upland specimens than in those of the sea-coast.

Plate L. Fig. 1, apex of the culm and spikelet ; fig. 2, a scale and flower; fig. 3, a stamen ; fig. i and fig. 5, ripe achasnia : — all magnified.

Campbell's Islands.} FLORA ANTARCTICA. 89

3. CAEEX, Mich.

1. Carex ternaria, Forst.; spicis 9-10 cylindraceis acutis pedunculatis alteniis evaginatis ferrugineis longissime foliaceo-bracteatis simplicibus gerninatisque, mascuks 3—4 remotiuscuks, fcemineis 5-6 geminatis unica solum simpKci, stigmatibus 2, perigyniis {peradolescentibus) oblongis ore integro squama lanceolata acuta v. obtusa ferruginea longe bispido-aristata multeities brevioribus. Boott, MSS. C. ternaria, Sol. MSS., Forst. Prodi: uo. 519. C. gerninata, Sckku/ir, Curie, p. 83. no. 51. Tab. IF. 8f P. p. A. Cunn. Prodi: Flat: Nov. Zel. in Hook. Comp. to Bot. Mag. v. 2. p. 373.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the margins of woods near the sea, but not common, growing with the C. trifida.

Culm/us bipedalis et ultra, basi foliorum rudimentis purpuras lanceolatis, ad margines lacerato-reticidatis tectus, firmus, apice gracilis, triqueter, scaber ; pars spicas gerens pedalis. Folia 3—1 liu. lata, culmo longiora, carina rnar- gimbusque scabra. Bractea foliacese, longissima?, evaginatse, superiores setacea;, spicis suis (nisi 2 supremis nias- culis) longiores. Spica? 2-2-i- poll, longas, 1|— 2 lin. lata?, altemae ; supremae 3^< maseuke, simplices ; reliquae fcemineae, 2 superiores geminates, inferior simplex ; vel infima superioresque geniinatse, una media simplex. Pedtui- cnli triquetri, scabri, 1-2 poll, longi. Squama ferruginese, obtnsae v. acuta?, nervo viridi in aristam plus minus longam serratam producto. Perigynium immaturum. — Boott.

For the above description I am indebted to Dr. Boott, who has most kindly given me the aid of his great skill and experience in determining such species of this fine genus as were collected during the voyage. With his sanc- tion I have retained Banks and Solander's manuscript name of this plant, as adopted by Forster in his Prodromus, and which was changed by Schkuhr into geminata, certainly without sufficient authority, and of which he says, " Cette plante me parvint sous le nom de C. ternaria, mais ne trouvant rien en elle qui ait quelque rapport avec ce nom, je me sms era fon.de a douter que ce soit la plante que Forster indique," &c. M. Schkukr's specimens seem to have been in a very imperfect state, but given him from Forster's herbarium. Our own entirely agree with those preserved in the British Museum. It appears to be rather a common plant in many parts of New Zealand.

2. Carex trifida, Cav.; spicis 6-10 oblongo-cylindraceis obtusis alternis breviter vaginatis ferrugineis longissime foliaceo-bracteatis soktariis, masculis 2—1 sessilibus approximatis, foemineis 5-6 breviter pedun- culatis, stigmatibus 3, squamis lineari-oblongis integris v. apice trifidis segmento intermedio in aristam sub- ulatam liispidam producto, perigyniis pedicellatis obovato-oblongis longe rostratis, rostro bidentato. C. trifida, Cavanilles Icones, vol. v. p. 41. t. 465. Brong. Foy. de la Coqitille, Bot. Phan. p. 158. JFilld. Sp. PI. v. 4. p. 301. Spr. Sj/st. Feg. v. 3. p. 829. C. iucrassata, Banks and Sol. MSS. in Bill. Banks. C. aristata, HUrv. Fl. Lis. Mai. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Paris, vol. iv. p. 599. Gaud, in Freyc. Foy. Bot. p. 131.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; by the margins of the woods near the sea in moist places.

Rhizomata densissime congesta et intertexta, ca?spites convexos, supra terram elatos, 1-2 pedales diametr. formantia, crassitudine pollicis humanse, inclinata v. prostrata, fnsca, fibras crassas, diametr. pennse anatinse demit - tentia, et in fibras subsimiles desinentia. Culmi 15-30 v. phues, fascicidati, erecti, 2-1 pedales, copiosissime foliosi, glaberrimi, basi crassi, una cum vaginis folioruni |— 1 unc. diametr., triquetri, reliquiis pallidis vaginisque scariosis ssepe laceris fohorum vetustonun obtecti, supeme graciles, inclinati, pars spicas gerens 1— 1-j pedalis. Folia plu- rima, circiter 12-20 quotas culmo, longe vaginantia, valde elongata, cuhuiun longe superantia, 3-5 pedalia, diffusa, flexuosa, supra medium curvata et pendula, gradatim in apicem trigonmn filiformem hispidurn producta, profunde striata, rigida, kete viridia, subtus pallidiora, subglaucescentia, ad costam subtus prominentem marginesque recurvas scabrido-ciHata, inferne carinata, superne medio per totam longitudinem canaUculata. Vagina fohorum inferiorum

90 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

2-4 pollicares, superiorum pedales, trigones v. compressa?, dorso coriacea?, carinata?, rigida?, nervosa?, profunde striata?, antice scariosa?, hyalina?, albida? ; ore integro, abrupto, margine nndulato ; ligula angusta, conica, integer- rima. Bractea foliacea?, folia superiora omnino simulantes sed minores, spicis multoties longiores, vaginis abbreviatis. Spicte 2-4-unciales, 3-5 lin. lata?, late cylindracea? v. elongato-ovata? v. oblongas, obtusa? v. subacuta?, basi saepius attenuata?, aristis elongatis squamarum quasi erinita?, inferiores rarius bifida?, v. spicula abbreviata subtensa? ; mas- cula? suprema?, 2-4, approximata?, ceteris breviores, medio sa?pius tiirgida?, breviter pedicellata? v. subsessiles, basi brevissime vaginata? ; bractea abbreviata, spiea brevior, torta ; fceminea longiores, longius pedicellata?, fructiferae squarrosa?. Pedunculi breviter exserti, sub \ uneiales, trigoni, striati, scaberuli, saepe apices versus flexuosi. Squama scariosa?, forma varia?, lineari- v. oblongo-lanceolata?, 3-4 lin. longa?, planiuscula?, erecta?, florifera? appressa?, fructi- ferae squarroso-subrecurva?, omnes striata?, castaneo-brunnea?, nitida?, linea pallida medio notata?, ad apices integrae, in aristam aequilongam vel ter longiorem producta?, vel sa?pius trifida?, segmento intermedio elongato arista?formi ; arista straminea, erecta, flexuosa, liispida, interduni \ unc. longa. Stamina 3 ; anthera lineares, straminea?, 2-3 lin. longae. Perigynium iminaturum elliptico-ovatum, utrinque attenuatum, pedicellatum, squama A brevius, valde com- pressum, dorso convexum, ore bifido : stylus 1, una cum stigmatibus 3 perigynio a?quilongus. Fructus (exemplari- bus Americanis tantum mihi visus), majusculus, squama? suba?quilongus, elongato-obovatus v. obovato-oblongus, turgidus, sublonge pedicellatus, obscure trigonus, superne rostratus, ad apicem bidentatus, fulvus, nitidus. Achanium parvum, perigynio duplo brevius, obovato-ellipticum, utrinque acutum, glaberrimum, angulis acutis, luride fuscum. Pericardium crustaceum. Embryo basi albuminis totus inclusus.

This is a very handsome species, discovered by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander in New Zealand, though first described from Falkland Island specimens by Cavanilles. In Antarctic America it is more abundant, and attains a larger size than it does in Lord Auckland's group, but I can detect no further difference between them ; Dr. Boott also considers them entirely the same. In Cavanilles' figure the scales are represented as shorter and more abruptly truncated than they are in most of my specimens ; they, however, vary so much in form that little de- pendence can be placed upon that character. M. D'Urville, in his Flor. Ins. Mai. 1. c, describes this species under the name of C. aristata and says of it, " forsan eadem species ac C. trifida, Cav. ? verum in nostra nunquam squamam trifidani vidi." Cavanilles' character, however, " gluma apice trifida, laciniis lateralibus latioribus, media breviore ex qua arista prodit subulata," &c, seems to me sufficiently to accord with this and M. D'Urville's plant, whilst his characteristic figure leaves no doubt of their identity, or at least of the latter being a variety with all the scales short, in our plant it is only on the lower part of the spikes that they are so broad. The embryo appears to me wholly included in the base of the albumen.

3. Cabex appressa, Br.; spica decomposita androgyna subelongata, partialibus appressis inferioribus distinctis, spiculis parvis ovatis acutis apice rnasculis, bracteis subulatis spicula brevioribus elongatisve, squamis ovatis acutis concavis, perigyniis late ovato-rotundatis infra orem minute bidentatum attenuatis utrinque nervosis marginibus supra medium denticulatis, stigmatibus 3. C. appressa, Brown, Prodr. p. 242.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Islands ; in the woods especially near the sea, forming large harsh tufts.

Rhizomata intertexta, dense fasciculata, ca?spites 5-6 uncias latos formantia, repentia, crassiuscula, diametr. penna? corvina?, hie illic fibrosa, ad colluin reliquiis folioi-um vetustorum obtecta. Cidmi erecti, exteriores inclinati, ascendentes, basi una cum vaginis folioriun crassit. digiti minoris, pedales et infra, supeme nudi, paido inclinati, scaberuli, sulcati, rigidi, triquetri, ad angulos scabridi; pars spicas gerens 3-5-unciaHs, stricta. Folia plurirna, S-10 quovis culmo, basi vaginantia, flexuosa, rigida, divra, 2-3 pedalia, \ unc. lata, in apiceni elongatiun, trigo- num, scabridmn producta, medio canaliculata, subtus pra?cipue profunde striata, acute carinata, carina marginibus- que lente recurvis denticulato-ciliatis, pallitle riridia, subnitida, subtus palbdiora. Vagina 1-2-unciales, obtuse trigona?, compressa?, profunde striata?, coriacea?, antice scariosa?, Integra? ; ore integerrimo, truncato ; ligula angusta,

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. !Jl

scariosa, horizontalis, vix liueam longa. Inflorescentia subpaniculata, e spicis plurimis cornpositis formata, in pani- culam linearem, elongatam, coarctatam, \ unc. latani, interruptaui disposita. Spica partiales muticae, \-\ unc. longs, breviter pedicellatae, rachi appressae, lineari-oblongaa, compress*, spiculas 5-10 gerentes, basi nud* v. bracteat*, evaginat*. Bractea duni adsit spica partiali brevior v. *quilonga, subulata, liispida, basi latior, serniamplexicaulis, scariosa, interdum ad squamam elongatam, aristatam, vacuam redacta. Spicules parv*, ovat* v. oblong*, obtusa?, cylindrace* v. paido compress*, androgyn*, squamis superioribus masculis. Squama appressse, fructiferae squarroso- pateutes, late ovat*, subacute v. obtus*, valde concav*, scariosae, medio coriaceae, dorso obscure carinatae, carina plerumque superne ciliata, li bin. longae, pallide flavo-brunne*, nitidas, medio linea straminea notatae. Stamina 3 ; anthera lineares, parvae. Perigynium immaturum breviter pedicellatum, elliptico-oblongum, utrinque attenuatum, valde compressum, nervosum, ad margines supra medium argute denticulaturn, dorso convexiuseulum, nervo utrin- que minute scabrido. Ovarium parvum, obovatiun, ad apicem profunde emarginatum. Stylus vix exsertus, in stigmata 3 desinens. Fructus squamam paido superans, nervis phirimis costatus, late orbicularis v. ampullaceus, basi subcordatus, breviter pedicellatus, superne in rostrum subelongatum apice bidentatum attenuatus, antiee planus v. concavus, dorso convexus v. turgidus, pallide fuscus v. atro-fuscus, subnitidus, acliaenio appressus, marginibus supra medium utrinque serratis. Achanium late elliptico-ovatmn, utrinque attenuatum, subinduratum.

A frequent inhabitant of the woods in some parts of Tasmania, New Holland, and New Zealand ; of a rigid harsh texture, cutting the hand when incautiously grasped.

4. UNCmiA, Pers.

1. Uncinia Hookeri, Boott; spica ferruginea laxiflora tenui cylindracea apice mascula, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis (arista pallida duplo brevioribus) lanceolatis ore integro laevibus nervosis alternatim ccmtiguis squama lanceolata acuminata acuta ferruginea nervo viridi infra apicem evanescente brevioribus. — Boott, MSS. (Tab. LI.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; grassy places in the woods, also on the rocks at the tops of the lulls.

Radix stolonifera. Culmus 6-pollicaris (anni prioris marcidus pedalis), filiformis, laevis, basi foliatus vaginisque feiTUgineis striatis tectus. Folia plana, ^—1 hn. lata, culmo subduplo longiora, carinata, apice triquetra, scabra ; in exemplaribus minoribus vix tripollicaribus, locis siccis natis foha rigida cm-vat a. Spica 171in. longa, 1-g-lin. lata, ferruginea, laxiflora, e floribus laxis, alteniatim contiguis, pars tertia suprema mascula, nuda v. rarius setaceo-brac- teata. Squama omnes conformes, lanceolatae, elongatae, acuminatae, acutae, nervo viridi, infra apicem albo-hyalimmi evanescente, perigyniis (floriferis) paululum longiores. Perigynium (floriferum) 2-i Hn. longum (cum arista et sti- pite 4-1- lin. longum) i- hn. latum, lanceolatum, utrinque attenuatum, pallidum, nervosum, ore integro, stipitatum. Achanium immaturum. Stigmata 3, longe plumosa, ferruginea. — Boott.

Plate LI. Fig. 1, a male flower and scale ; fig. 2, pollen; fig. 3, a female flower and scale; fig. -t, the same removed from the scale with the perianth laid open ; fig. 5, ovarium, style and stigmata ; fig. 6, arista : — all magnified.

XXXI. GRAMINE.E, Juss.

Tribe AVENACE^E, Kunth.

1. HLEROCHLOE, Gmel.

1. Hierochloe redolens, Br.; panicida effusa subnutante, glumarum valvis flosculis subaequilongis interiore trinervi nervis 2 lateraHbus ad medium attingentibus, flosculis masculis 5-nerviis pubescentibus

92 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

basi sub barbatis infra apices trancatas aristatis marginibus longe dorsoque ciliatis, hermaphrodito obtuso apice mueronato v. subaristato, foliis plaiiis glabriusculis, ligulis late ovatis obtusis. H. redolens, Brown, Prodr. p. 209 (in observat.). Kunth Agrost. p. 37 (in part.). H. Banksiana, Encll. Bemerhmgen iiher die Flora der Siidseeinseln, p. 156. no. 549. Holcus reddens, Sol. MSS. et Font. Prodr. no. 563. non Vahl. Torresia redolens, Roem. et Schultes, vol. ii. p. 516. A. Cu?m. Prodr. Flor. Nov. Zel. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 372.

Hab. Campbell's Island; in marshy places near the sea; rare, not observed in Lord Auckland's group.

Gramen perenne, plerumque elatum tri-quadripedale, in Insula Campbell vix bipedale, efespitosum, odore suavi. Radices fasciculate?, intertextae, fibrosis ; fibris elongatis, 1-2-uncialibus, crassiusculis, crassitie penna? passerina?, de9- cendentibus, duris, albidis, hie illic fibrillosis. Cidmi basi plus minusve elongati, inclinati v. prostrati, diametr. pennae corvinae et ultra, rarius divisi, nodosi, cylindraeei, ad nodos fibrillosi, superne vaginis scariosis obtecti, interaodiis sub i uncialibus, siqierne ascendentes, rarius erecti, basi coinpressi, foliosi, una ciun foliis i mic. diametr., profunde striati, keves, nitidi, pallide virides, siccitate flavi, remote nodosi, ad nodos subgeniculati, nodis constrictis, fusco-brunneis, opacis, interaodiis J—2 -uncialibus, superioribus 5-8 unc. longis. Folia plurima, culmo subrequi- longa, basi longe vaginantia, infima stricta, abbreviata, superiora elongata, 1-2 pedalia, sub i unc. lata, erecto- patentia, demum flexuosa, plana, superne involuta, lierbacea, v. subcoriacea, profunde striata, superne glaberrima, laevia v. sub lente minutissime scaberula, nitida, la?te viridia, subtus glaucescentia scabriuscida. Vaginae 3-7 unc. longa?, compressas, ad basin fissae, profunde striata;, glaberrima?, nitidae, virides, rnbro-purpureo pietae, ad margines scariosa?, inferiores latiores, Mantes, basi purpurascentes, vemicosae ; bgula late ovata, obtusa, scariosa, integra v. lacera. Panic/da gracilis, elongata, inclinata v. nutans, effusa, 6-10 unc. longa, sub 2 unc. lata, pallide flavo-fusca, nitida ; radii striata, glaberrima ; ramis elongatis, gracillimis, angulatis, hie ilbc parce pilosis, inferioribus 2— t unc. longis, nutaiitibus. Spicule pedicellatae, pedicellis spicula f brevioiibus, pilosis. Gluma bivalvis, membranaceo- scariosa, glaberrima, nitida ; valves subaequales flosculis paido longiores v. aequilonga?, 2-3 lin. longae, acuminata?, uervo medio tenui, dorso subdenticulato ; inferior uninervis v. rarissime basi nervia duobus lateralibus brevissimis ; ■superior trinervis, nervis lateralibus medium vix attingentibus, inconspicuis, viridlbus. Floscidus inferior subses- silis, intermedins tenninalisque pedicellati. Flosculi laterales. — Palea inferior ovato-oblonga, superne subtrun- cata, cmarginata v. bifida, dorso aristata, quinquenervis, v. inaequilateralis et sexnervis, ad nervos angnlata, inferne ciliato-subbarbata, superne pubescens v. pilosa, dorso brevissime ad maxginesque longe sericeo-cihata, ciliis margi- uum rectis v. paulo eurvatis ; arista erecta, infra apicem inserta, gluma breviore, scabrida : Palea superior inferiore paulo brevior, lineari-oblonga, bifida, bicarinata, carinis extus ciliatis. Stamina 3 ; filamentis breviusculis ; antlieris elongatis, stramineis. Floscuiajs terminalis v. intermedius lateralibus i minor. Palea inferior ut in flosculis lateralibus sed plerumque glaberrima, apice tautum puberula et dorso versus apicem ciliata ; arista brevi, infra apicem inserta, hispida. Palea superior lineari-oblonga, concava, apice truncata, medio uninervis, v. rarius nervis duobus, apiee extus nervoque dorso pubescentibus. Squamula 2, ovato-lanceolata?, acuminata?.. Stamina 2 ; fila- mentis brevibus ; antlieris parvis. Ovarium oblongo-lanccolatiun, utriuque attenuatum. Styli basi coutigm, palea bis longiores. Caryopm parva, cylindracea.

The above described plant is very nearly allied both to the Hierocldoe antarctica, Br., and to the II. Magellaniea, Pal. de Beauv., if indeed these three be truly distinct. When describing the first of them, Mr. Brown remarks, " huic quam maxime affinis est Holcus redolens, Forst :" and he draws the chief distinction from the inner glume of the latter being three-nerved and the cilia? on the margin of its lower florets being curved. In the Tasmanian specimens of H. antarctica, which I have examined, I find that the upper glume is often furnished with two short lateral nerves at the base, and in the New Zealand species (H. redolens) the cilia? alluded to are as often straight as curved. Perhaps a more constant character between the plants of these two countries exists in the surface of the leaves of the //. antarctica being decidedly scabrid, not only to the touch but under a moderate magnifying power, its florets also are not so abruptly truncated ; I have not been able to detect any other points of difference. The South

Campbell's Islands] FLOEA ANTAECTICA. 93

American plant again, which is the Rolens redolem, Vahl, (not of Forster), is considered by A. Brongniart as a variety (redolens) of the Hierochloe antarctiea, Br. (Voy. de la Coquille, Bot. Phan. p. 144. t. 23.), and he quotes Raspail (Ann. Sc. Obs. vol. ii. p. 83.) in confirmation of his views ; it certainly differs but slightly from the plant of the Old World, and chiefly in the longer cilise at the back of the lower florets, in having the glumes three-nerved, the panicle more contracted, and rather larger glumes. The leaves are generally quite smooth and glossy, the under surface only obscurely scabrid.

Besides the above mentioned species there are four more very distinct ones in the Southern Hemisphere, (as well as three natives of the Cape of Good Hope); one, the H. ifr««o«i,s, mihi (vid. infra), from Lord Auckland's group ; another, the H. utriculata, Kunth, a native of Chili ; and two hitherto undescribed species. The first of these is from Australia, H. rariflora, mini*, and was discovered by Mr. Baxter in King George's Sound ; it may readily be distinguished by its slender culms, branching upwards, and its narrow scabrid leaves, loose few-flowered panicle and small locustae. The other, //. Fraseri, MS., will be described in the Flora of Tasmania ; it is the smallest of any of the southern species, and has a more coarctate panicle of small locustae, resembling that of H. australis, E. and S. ; the florets themselves are marked with purple as in H. paucifiora, Br., the glumes are large, broad and three-nerved, the lower palea silky, acute, with a short awn, the leaves are mnch shorter than the culm.

Mr. Brown's remarks upon the structure of the florets of this genus, in the ' Plantae rariores Javanicre' are very important (vid. fasc. 1. p. 8. sub genere Ataxia), especially regarding the nature of the upper palea of the middle flower. I have described that organ as sometimes two-nerved in H. redolens, which is a strong argument in favour of that author's assumption that " the median nerve is here formed of two confluent cords," and hence that the real nature of the upper palea is the same as in other genera of grasses. Where I observed two nerves to exist, both were rather faint, but distinctly scabrid on the back. The frequently emarginate or bifid apex of this palea in the other species of the genus, where I have not seen a double nerve, is also worthy of remark.

The Hierochloe redolens is a scarce plant in Campbell's Island and of stunted growth; it was not observed in Lord Auckland's group.

2. Hierochloe Brunonis, Hook, fil. ; pellicula ovata subeffusa nutante, glumarum valvis sequalibus flosculis longioribus lanceolatis acuminatis basi trinerviis nervis laterabbus brevibus, flosculis masculis 5-nerviis pubescentibus basi pilosis superne bifidis inter segnienta acuta aristatis dorso scabridis margiuibus breviter ciliatis, herniaphrodito apicem versus integrum breviter aristatum piloso, foliis involutis glaberrimis, ligulis late ovatis scariosis. (Tab. LII.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; in the former islands growing towards the tops of the mountains, alt. 1000-1-400 ft. ; abundant near the sea in the latter.

Gramen pulchrum, suaviter odoruin, 1-ly pedale. Radix fibrosa, fibris tenuibus, elongatis, fibrillosis. Culmi parce caespitosi, basi inelinati, lignosi, crassitie pennse corvina?, reliquiis pallidis fibrosis foliomm vetustorum obsiti, ad collum ssepe bis terve divisi et surculos nodosos ad nodos radicantes emittentes, superne erecti, gracdes, curvati, foliosi, striati, una cum vaginis foliorum \ unc. diametr., remote nodosi, nodis constrictis, flavo-fuscis. Folia subdi- stiche inserta, suberecta, stricta v. paido eurvata, |—1 ped. longa, longe lineari-subvdata, gradatim attenuata, imo apice acuta, involuta, subcoriacea, extus laevia v. obscure striata, glaberrima, nitida, straminea, intus profrmde striata, opaca, sub lente scabenda, pallide viiidia. Vagina erects, subcompressse, culmo appressa\ latiuscvdee, usque ad

* Hierochloe rariflora, Hook. fil. ; panicula laxa effusa paucifiora, glumarum valvis insequalibus fioscidis | bre- vioribus, palea inferiore obtusa, arista nulla, flosculi intermedii palea superiore apice bifida ciliata, foliis anguste linearibus scabridis, cukuis elongatis basi ramosis Miosis.

Hab. Australia. King George's Sound, Baxter.

P

94 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

basin fissae, foliorum inferiorum 1-1| una longte, coriacea;, sulcata?, politse, nitida?, pallide straminese ; folionun superioruni elongatse, teretes, profunde striata;, ad colliun subincrassata; j Vujula scariosa, late ovata, obtusa, fimbriato- lacera. Panicula nutans, ramosa, 4-5 una longa, ovato-lanceolata, 1-J- unc. lata, multiflora ; raclii gracili, curvato, tereti, la?vi ; rands liic illic subverticillatis, gracillimis, flexuosis, inferioribus uncialibus, suberectis. Spicules obo- vnto-oblongae, i una longa;, pedicellate;, pedicello sparse piloso. Gluma bivalvis ; valvae sequales, scarioso-mem- branaceae, floseulis A longiores, lanceolatse, longe acuminata;, dorso convexse, glaberrima;, micantes, marginibus versus apices saepe laceris, nervo medio tenui, vix scaberulo, duobus lateralibus infra medium evanidis, viridibus. Flosculi straminei, fusco-purpureo picti, breviter pedicellati, pedicello nudo v. obscure eiliato. Florcm masculortjm palea inferior late ovato-oblonga, concava, quinquenervis, subsericea, apicem versus pilosa, superne bifida, inter segmenta acuta aristata, dorso sub arista ciliata, basin versus fere nuda, ad marginem pilis subcurvatis breviuscuHs ciliata ; arista scabrida, recta v. subtorta, ultra glumas vix producta : palea superior inferiori subaequilonga, oblonga, apice bifida, binervis, bicariuata, carinis ciliatis. Stamina 3 ; filamentis elongatis ; antheris exsertis, stramineis. Flosculi hermaphroditi palea inferior ut in fl. masc. sed glabrior, superne tantummodo pilosa, ad apicem subacuta, in aristam brevem setiformem producta, dorso superne ciliata, marginibus nudis : palea superior lineari-oblonga, concava, infra apicem emarginatum subpubescens, nervo medio tenui extus scaberulo. Squamnla 2, ovata;, acuminata;. Stamina 2 ; antheris minoribus quam in fl. masc. Ovarium ellipticum, utrinque attenuatum. Styli 2, basi approxi- mati ; stigmatibus plumosis. Caryopsis non visa.

This is a handsome and veiy distinct plant, with more the habit of growth of the European species than of the larger and more leafy H. redolens or antarctica. It is very abundant in some parts of the islands now under consi- deration, always growing in exposed situations, where its graceful habit and nodding panicles are a great ornament to the dreary regions it inhabits.

Plate LII. Fig. 1, spikelet ;fi(j. 2, florets removed from the same ; fig. 3, a male floret ;fig. 4, a hermaphrodite floret ; fig. 5, upper palea from the same ;fig. 6, squamula ; fig. 7, ovarium, styles and stigmata from the same : — all magnified.

Tribe AGKOSTLDE^E, Kuntli. 2. AGROSTIS, L.

§. I. Moris swperwris rudimenta nidla.

1. Agrostis leptostachi/s, Hook. fil. ; panicula gracillima effusa pauciflora, ramis elongatis versus apices floriferis, glumarum valvis sequilongis lineari-lanceolatis marginibus superue carinisque ciliatis flosculum sessile longe superantibus, palea inferiore late ovata basi nuda apice truncata quadrifida clorso pilosa infra medium aristata, arista glumas superante, palea superiore nulla (an minima?), setula nulla.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; growing amougst tufts of other plants near the sea, scarce.

Radix fibrosa. Culmi graciles, erecti, foliosi, 6-8 una longi. Folia longe vaginantia, erecto-patentia, 5-7 unc. longa, planiuscida, demum involuta, anguste Hnearia, 1-2 lin. lata, striata, sub lente scabriuscula, luride viridia, opaca. Vagina 2-3 unc. longee, cylindracese, diametr. pennse corvina;, usque ad basin fissa;, profunde striata;, scabriuscula;, pallide virides v. strarninese, ore contracto ; ligula elongato-oblonga, truncata, scariosa, lacera. Pani- cula effusa, sub 3 unc. longa, parce ramosa ; rachi ramisque capillaribus, sub lente scabridis. Spiculce pedicellata;, pedicello gluma sub \ breviore, superne incrassato, sidcato. Glumarum valvae -i una longa;, flosculum inclusion subduplo longiores et ultra, lineari-lanceolatae, dorso acute carinatae, carina argute ciliato-denticulata, viridi. Flos- culus brevissime pedicellatus, pedicello glaberrimo. Palea late ovato-oblonga, sparse pilosa, apice truncata, 4-den- tata, quinquenervis nervo medio infra medium in aristam desiiiente ; arista glumani subosquante, gracili, scabrida, basi curvata v. geniculate.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 95

Of this grass I have only seen immature specimens, with the panicle, however, fully formed ; it is very distinct from any species with which I am acquainted, certainly wanting the' rudimentary setula of the second flower, and, as far as I can observe, the upper palea also. Its habit and general appearance are decidedly those of A. Bittardieri, Br. and A. cemula, Br., plants which have been removed not only from this genus, but into a separate division of the Natural Order (Arundinacete) as it is now divided. These, with several other Australian and New Zealand species appear to form a very natural group, though they vary in the presence or absence of the upper palea, of the setula, of the awn, and of a bearded pedicel to the flower; neither the genus Lacltnagrostis (founded by Trinius) as defined by Nees (Act. Acad. Cees. Leop., &c, vol. xix. Suppl. p. 146), nor Deyeuxia, Clar., as adopted by Kunth (Agrost., p. 239.), will include these species. Under whatever genus they may rank, their affinity appears to me to be near Agrostis, L. and not with Calamagrostk, Adans. and Arundo, L.

2. Agrostis multicaulk, Hook, fil.; panicula contracts lineari-oblonga, glumarmn valvis sequilongis obscure pilosis dorso denticulatis flosculo sessili glaberrinio bis longioribus, palea inferiore late ovata apice truncata quadrifida quinquenervi nervo dorsali ad meaium in aristarn elongatam products, superiore i bre- viore ovata obtusa, setula nulla, foliis substrictis lineari-subulatis, cubnis basi pluries divisis.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on the sloping faces of the hills in the most exposed parts of the island, not common.

Radix fibrosa. Cidmi fascicidati, 5-7 unc. longi, validi, basi horizontales v. subrepentes, nodosi, ad nodos fibrosi, same genicidati, crassitie penna; auatinae, ramosi, supeme erecti, simplices, remote nodosi, foliosi. Folia plurima, longius vaginantia, 2-3 unc. longa, lineari-lanceolata v. subulata, concava, supeme involuta, striata, utrinque scabrida, luride viridia, opaca. Vagina elongatse, 1-2 unc. longae, ad basin fissse, utrinque contractae, foKomm supremorum medio turgidae, sulcata?, pallide virides, ore contracto ; Vujula ovato-oblonga, scariosa, apice truncata, laeera. Pauicida coarctata, sub 1-1- imc. longa, lineari-oblonga ; rachi ramisque validis, scabridis. Spicules pedicel- latse ; pedicello breviusculo, infra florem incrassato. Glumarum valva 2 lin. longa?, lanceolata?, acuminata?, obscure scabriuscidse, dorso cihato-dentata?, marginibus superne subdenticulatis. Flosculus sessilis, basi nudus. Palea inferior gluma \ brevior, glaberrima, late ovata, concava, superne truncata, quadridentata, dentibus erosis, quinque- nervis, nervo dorsaH ad medium in aristarn tenuem scabridam glumas superantem producta ; palea superior inferiore ■| brevior, oblonga v. ovato-oblonga, apice rotundata. Stamina 3 ; filamentis brevibus ; anlheris late oblongis, stra- mineis. Caryopsis lineari-oblonga, utrinque attenuata.

This is not an uncommon grass at the bases of precipices and on the exposed slopes of the island. It is re- markable for being nearly allied to a species brought by Dr. Jameson from the extreme verge of vegetation on Pichincha in Colombia, the A.foliata *, mihi ; that species is, however, more leafy and its whole culm is enclosed in the sheathing vagina?.

3. Agrostis subulata, Hook, fil.; parva, csespitosa, panicula erecta paucifiora, glumarum valvis ovato- lanceolatis parce pilosis, dorso margmibusque supra medium scabrido-ciliatis flosculo glaberrimo subsessili

* Agrostis foliata, Hook. fil. ; panicula contracta compressa oblonga obtusa densiflora, glumarum valvis eequilongis glaberrimis viridi-purpureis dorso cihatis, flosculo sessili, palea inferiore glaberrima apice 4-dentata 5-nervi, nervo medio in aristarn validam elongatam glumas superantem producta, superiore minima hyalina, foliis longe vagjnantibus lanceolatis planis utrinque scaberulis, vaginis compressis lamina bis longioribus tm'gidis sulcatis gla- berrimis, eulmis valde foUosis basi compressis validis.

Hab. Colombia; on Pichincha at the limits of perpetual snow, alt. 15,676 ft. — Prof. W. Jameson.

96 FLOEA ANTARCTICA. {Auckland and

duplo longioribus, palea inferiore late obovato-oblonga superue truncata 4-5-dentata quinquenervi nervo medio apicem attingente v. supra medium in aristam mutieam producto, inferiore minima squamseformi (an nulla?), foliis plurimis glabemmis sctaceo-filiformibus eulmo brevioribus. (Tab. LIII.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on elevated and exposed rocks at the highest summits of the mountains.

Radix fibrosa. Cidmi csespitosi, basi interdum inclinati, stricti v. curvati, saepius divisi, 1-2 unc. longi, bis terve nodosi, copiose foliosi, una cum foliis 3 liu. lati, supcrne nudi, stricti, foha ~ superantes, teretes, laeves, nitidi, nodis incrassatis. Folia plurima, basi vaginantia, stricta, curvata v. superne subrecurva, lineari-setacea, iiivoluta, rigida, profunde striata, vix 1— 1-J uiiciaba, sub lente setis minimis ascendentibus scaberula, laete viridia. Vagina latiusculae, aperta?, lamina; aequilongae, his latiores, basi submembranaceae, sulcata;, ad orem gradatim angustatae ; ligula scariosa, late ovata, obtusa, apice saspius lacera. Panicida sub \ unc. longa, contracts, 2 hn. lata, pauci-sub 13-flora; rachi ramisque erectis, scabridis. Spicula rnajusculae, brevissime pedicellatae ; pedicebo valido, scaberulo. Glumarum valva inaequales, superior major, \\ lin. longa, utraeque lanceolatae, acutae, marginibus superne eUiatis, carina scabrido-dentata. Palea inferior menibranacea, glaberrima, late oblonga, superne abrupte truncata, irregula- riter erosa v. subquadridentata, nervo medio interdum ad medium in aristam tenuem desinente, mmc ad apicem producto v. infra apicem evanido : palea superior minima, hyalina, enervis, apice truncata v. rotundata, fioscidis honnullis milii non visa. Squamida late cultrifomies. Stamina 3;filamentis brevibus ; ant/ieris late oblongis, stranuneis. Ooarium late elliptico-ovatum ; stylis breviusculis ; stigmatibus pliuuosis. Caryopsis perianthio inclusus sed eo non adhaerens, ovato-oblonga, teres, palea; aequilonga.

A small tufted grass, nestHng in the crevices of rocks in the most elevated places, highly characteristic of the rigorous climate it inhabits. In general appearance it resembles one or two of the Antarctic American species, but is quite distinct from them and from any other with which I am acquainted. The upper palea, if ever really present, is extremely small, what I have taken for it may have been a portion of the lacerated base of the lower ; in parts of such extreme minuteness and of so 'membranous and hyaline a texture, it is very difficult to ascertain clearly the true position and form of this organ and of the squamulae.

Plate LIII. Fig. 1, a spikelet ;fig, 2, front, mi fig. 3, back view of floret ; fig. 4, squamida, stamens and ovarium ; fig. 5, ripe caryopsis : — all magnified.

§. II. Palea superiore basi setula aucta.

4. Agrostis AucMandica, Hook. fil. ; panieula contracta, glumarum valvis subasquilongis dorso ciliatis flosculo breviter pedicellato duplo longioribus, palea inferiore subsericea basi barbata apice bifida quinque- nervi, nervo medio in aristam validam geniculatam producto, palea superiore paulo breviore apice bifida bicarinata carinis ciliatis basi setula longe plumoso-ciliata aucta, fobis radicabbus erecto-patentibus strictis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; rocky places on the very tops of the hills, scarce.

Culmi csespitosi, breviusculi, 3-4 unc. longi, validi, erecti, basi foliosi, simpbces v. parce ramosi, superne folio unico foliisve duobus vaginati. Folia breria, sub pollicaria, stricta, erecto-patentia, hneari-subulata, v. subsetacea, involuta, striata, glaberrima. Vagina laminam subajquantes et paido latiores, fobonun superiorum elongata?, profunde striatas, utrinque attenuatae, metbo tui-gidse, ore contracto ; ligula ovata, scariosa. Panicida J mic. longa, paucifiora ; rachi ramisque scabridis. Gluma sub 1£ Hn. longa ; valvce lanceolatae, acuminata;, concavae, uninerves, acute carinatae, carina cihata, floscido incluso bis longiores, superior paido brevior. Flosadus brerissime petbcel- latus. Palea inferior ima basi sericeo-barbata, concava, apice bifida, inter segmenta subacuta aristata, subsericea, qiunquenervis, marginibus dorsoque ciliatis ; arista valida geniculato-curvata, scabrida, imo apice obtusa. Palea superior inferiore panun brevior v. aequilonga, lineari-oblonga, apice bifida, binerris, bicarinata, carinis argute cihato-

Campbell's Island*. J FLORA ANTARCTICA. 97

denticulatis. Setula palea inferiore A brevior, longissime plurnoso-barbata ; pilis strictis, sericeis, flosculo sequilongis. Squamula 2, oblique ovato-lanceolatae, acuminatae. Stamina 3 ; flamentis breviusculis ; antkeris subexsertis, lineari- oblongis, strarnineis. Ovarium late ovatmn ; stylis basi approsimatis ; siigmatibus exsertis, phimosis.

Of this plant I have but very imperfect specimens, nor could I anywhere detect more of it than one or two culms which grew in the highest parts of the island, from whence the snow had but recently disappeared.

Tribe AVENACE.E, Kwdh. 3. TKISETUM, Kunth.

1. Tiusetuji suhspicatum, Beauv. Agrost. p. 88. Brown in Parry's First Voyage, App. p. 292. Richardson's App. to FrauMin's 1st Voy. p. 3, and in Franklin's Journal, p. 731. Hooker, App. to Parry's 2nd Toy. p. 409. App. to 2>rd Voy. p. 129. Flor. Bor. Am. v. 2. p. 244. T. phleoides, Kunth Gram., vol. i. p. 101. Agrost. p. 295, (non Trinius). Avena phleoides, I/Urv. Fl. Ins. Mai. in Trans. Soc. Linn. Par. vol. iv. p. 001. Brongniart in Buperrey, Voy. Bot. Phan. p. 29.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on ledges of rocks at the very summits of the mountains, abundant.

I have very closely compared numerous specimens of this plant with most copious suites of authentically named forms of the T. suhspicatum from the northern hemisphere, without being able to detect any specific difference. In Europe and Northern America the plant varies much in size, in being of a slender or robust habit and hi the form of its panicle ; similar discrepancies are not observed in Campbell's Island, where its habitat is very limited ; but in the Falkland Islands and in Tierra del Fuego it assumes various forms, whence it has been described by Admiral D'Urville as a different species, which was adopted by Brongniart with much doubt. The T. molle, Kunth and Trinius, {Avena mollis, Mich.), is decidedly only a variety of larger growth and may be added to the other synonyms already included by Kunth under this species. Few grasses have so wide a range as this, nor am I acquainted with any other Arctic species which is equally an inhabitant of the opposite polar regions. In Europe it is found at a very great elevation on the Alps and on the Pyrenees, as also in Lapland. In Asia it frequents the Altai range, the northern parts of Siberia and Kamtschatka, from whence it crosses to Kotzebue's Sound, and is apparently more generally distributed through Arctic America (than in the Old World), from the utmost limits of Polar vegetation in Melville Island, throughout Greenland and the Arctic Islands, the Arctic sea-coast, Labrador, Canada, and the Pocky Mountains. We have specimens in no way different from some of the European states, which were gathered on the Andes of Peru by Mr. McLean, and it is a particularly common grass on the sea-coast and upland regions of the Falkland Islands, forming a considerable portion of the pasturage. In Fuegia and South Chili it is probably no less abundant.

Tribe FESTUCACE.E, Kmth.

4. BKOMUS, L.

1. BaoMUS antarctieus, Hook., fil. ; glaberrimus, panicula inclinata subcoarctata, ramis rnultifloris, spiculis ovato-oblongis 6-8-floris, flosculis pedicellatis basi sericeo-barbatis, arista valida palea longiore, foliis involutis culmuin elaturn superautibus. (Tab. LIY.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; a common grass upon the lulls, forming large tussacks, particularly at an elevation of between 800 and 1200 feet.

Gramen elaturn, 3-4 pedale, ceespites supra terrain 2-3 ped. diametr. formans. Culmi ascendentes, validi, fascicidati ; pars infima prostrata, subrepens, crassa, lignosa, 3-4 unc. longa, diametro digiti minoris, uudique fibras crassas tortas intertextas emittens, reliquiis rigidis foliormn ernortuorum obtecta, simplex v. divisa ; culmi

Q

98 FLORA ANTARCTICA. {Auckland and

deiiide ascendentes, foliis plurimis per totani longitudinem vaginati, una cum foliis 1 unc. diametr., graciles, nodosi ; internodiis sub 2-uncialibus ; nodis constrictis, briumeis. Folia longissinia, 3^ pedalia, basi longe vaginantia, lineari-elongata, in apiceni subfilifoiinem gradatim desinentia, panicidam longe superantia, per totani longitudinem involuta, glaberrima, coriacea, profunde striata, lsevia, polita, viridi-straminea, supra pallide virescentia ; marginibus laevissimis, prope ligidam parce pilosis. Vagina elongate, interdum pedales, ad basin fissae, compressse, iuferiores paulo curvatae, suleatae, coriaceae, ad margines seariosas, inferne indurates, subbgnosae, pallide flavas ; ligula tenuissima, sericeo-barbata. Panicula subcoarctata, ovata v. ovato-oblonga, compressa, 4-6 unc. longa, multiflora, ramosa ; rachi glaberrima, angulata; ramis gracillimis divisis, ad axillos pilosis v. barbatis. Spicules pedicellatae ; |— 1 unc. longae, ovato- v. lineari-oblongse, i unc. lata?, multi-8-ll-flores, pallide flavae, nitidae. Glumes coriaceas, flosculis •| breviores, valvar lanceolate, concavae, ecarinatae, glabemmae, obscure quinquenerves, nervis tribus interioribus inter- dum supra medium in uniun coabtis ; valva superior major, nervis magis distinctis, marginibus inferne sericeo-ciliatis. Mosculi pedicellati, basi remotiuseuli ; pedicellis dense villoso-barbatis. Palea 2, coriaceae, subsequales, inferior concava, ad margines dorsoque basi sericea, superne bifida, inter segmenta laneeolato-subulata longe aristata, 5-7 nenis, nervis extus costatis ; arista erecta v. patula, valida, palea bis longiore, scabriuscula, stramiuea. Pedea supe- rior lineari-oblonga, apice bidentata, lougitudinaliter plicata, bicarinata ; carinis dorso ciliatis, basi extus sericeis. Squawida 2, ovatse, acuminatae, iutegrae. Stamina 3, inclusa; antheris fid\is. Ovarium obovatum, compressum, sub-longe stipitatum ; stglis basi remotis ; stigmatibus parce plumosis.

This is a fine species and quite distinct from any other ; it grows throughout the islands in great abundance, especially on the upland regions, where it forms much the greater proportion of the herbage, appearing in large, often isolated tussacks, one or two feet in diameter. Amongst them the Albatrosses are wont to raise their curious nests, which they construct of dirt and the straw of this grass, moidded into the form of a very large low Stilton cheese, with a shallow hollow at top : in these they lay a solitary egg weighing 16-20 oz. So strong is their attachment to their progeny that in no instance can an Albatross be removed from its charge without actual force ; they vigorously defend their nests, striking boldly at the aggressor with their bills, so that it is sometimes difficult to obtain pos- session of the egg at all without cruelty to these beautiful and snow-white birds, whose confidence in man leads them to suspect no evil until actually attacked, and whose self-denying devotion to their young deserves a different treatment. The great size and beauty of the egg, coupled with its rarity in European collections, are attractions too strong to be resisted ; and even had it not these reasons for being prized, it possesses in the excellence of its con- tents for culinary purposes a great recommendation to the members of a mess long restricted to salt provisions.

The tufts of Bromus antarcticus are of a very rigid, hard and wiry consistence, and after a few hours sunshine become so dry, that on being ignited a rapidly devouring flame quickly spreads from one hummock to another, until many acres are blazing in a most alarming manner. A fire incautiously kindled on one occasion by a small party of officers, soon covered many miles of ground ; after consuming all the Bromus in its neighbourhood, it com- municated with the brushwood which borders the woods, and thence to the low dense forest itself, for many hours threatening the destruction of the observatories and our little temporary village ashore ; the progress of the fire was happily checked for a time by a small stream, until a severe storm of sleet, which the falling barometer and unusual (for these latitudes) fineness of the weather had predicted, finally put an end to the conflagration. From the ships in the harbour the sight was very grand, especially at night, the flames seeming to leap from spot to spot wherever this grass prevailed.

Plate LIT. Fig. 1, a spikelet ; jig. 2, a floret removed from the spikelet ; fg. 3, squamulae, stamina and ova- rium, &c. ; fig. 4, two forms of the squaniulas : — all magnified.

5. FESTUCA, L.

1. Festuca scoparia, Hook. fil. ; panicula pauciflora subcoarctata, spiculis compressis majusculis 4-5- floris, glumarum valvis subsequalibus trinerviis flosculis brevioribus, palea iuferiore scaberula basi longe

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 99

villoso-barbata apice subacuta, foliis arete involutis plerumque longissime lnieari-filiformibus rigidis gradatim attenuatis, c.nlmis erectis fasciculatis superne gracilibus nudis.

Far. /3, minor, foliis culmo subsequilongis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; abundant, especially in rocky places near the sea : £. Campbell's Island, on ledges of rock, alt. 1000 feet.

G-ramen elatum, 2-3 pedale, suberectum, ca?spites magnos densos pra?sertim inter rupes efficiens. Radix fibrosa, fibris intertextis, crassis, diametr. penna? corvinee, elongatis, 1-2 uncialibus, tortis, ramosis, suberosis v. spongiosis, pallide fuscis, fibrillosis v. interdum subtomentosis. C'ulmi plurimi, dense fascicidati, copiose foliosi, basi una cum vaginis foliorum 4r unc. diametri, ima basi divisi, e parte infinia prostata, ramosa, lignosa, aseendentes, gracdes, 1-2 pedales, glabenimi, vix striati, bis terve nodosi ; internodiis 2-3 uncialibus ; nodis eonstrietis, flavo-fuscis. Folia longissima, anguste lineari-filifonnia, gradatim attenuata, subflexuosa, cubmun bis terve superantia, basi longe va- ginantia, per totam longitudinem arete involuta, glaberrima, striata, subrigide coriacea, vaginis angustiora, in var. /3, folia stricta, rigida, culmo breviora. Vagina? bneares, elongata?, 8-10 imc. longa?, ad basin latiorem fissa?, superne hiantes, pallide straminea?, Ireves, nitida? ; ad orem utrinque in auriculas breves sursum productae ; ligula horizon- tali, angusta, inconspicua. Panicula 3-5 unc. longa, suberecta v. paulo inclinata, parce ramosa, pauciflora ; rachi gracili, scabrida; ramis alternis, angulatis, scabridis, 3-5-floris. Spicule pedicellata?, valde compressa?, ovato-ob- longa?, sub 4 lin. longa?, 1-flora?. Glumaruni valvce coriacea?, suba?cpiales, flosculis breviores, lanceolata?, acuta?,' concava?, dorso nervisque scabriebs, inferiore paido minore. FloscitU dissiti, inferior subsessilis, reliqui pecbcellati, pedicello nisi ad basin flosculi nudo. Paha inferior lineari-oblonga, subacuta, dorso convexa, basi longe villoso- barbata, extus parce pilosa, quinquencrvis, nervis prominentibus, extus scabridis. Palm superior i brevior, apice bifida, bicarinata, carinis scabrido-ciliatis. Squamults obovato-oblonga?, ad medium bipartita?; segmentis ina?qua- bbus, ovato-subulatis, acuminatis. Stamina 3 ; flamentis breviusculis ; antheris paulo exsertis, stramineis. Ovarium minutum, late obovatum ; stylis basi discretis. Caryopsis glabra, palea \ brevior, obovata, apice gibbosa, latere unico excavata, stylis lateralibus.

This plant is most nearly aUied to Festitca ? littoralis, Br. (Prodi-., p. 178), from which it differs, according to our specimens from various parts of New Holland, Tasmania, and New Zealand, in the longer leaves, fewer flowered panicle, narrower florets, in the entire absence of any toothing at the apex of the lower palea, and in the long villous beard at its base. That plant also has turgid distichous approximated florets, resembbng those of a Uniola. I have referred this species to Festitca, as Mr. Brown has the F. littoralis, though with a mark of doubt ; they are mani- festly congeneric, but in this I see no approach to the character of Danthonia ; they further bear a good deal of re- semblance to the F. spadicea, L., a South of Eiuope plant.

Of M. Labillardiere's F. littoralis we have an authentically named specimen, gathered by that voyager himself, and received from our liberal correspondent Mr. Webb of Paris ; it entfrely resembles the figure given in ' Planta? Nov. Holl.' (t. 27), especially in the branching and elongated lower portion of the culm, but the pedicels of the florets are decidedly hairy and the lower palea truncated, characters not portrayed in the plate alluded to, but which Mr. Brown has observed in bis plant. This species Nees v. Esenbeck notices in his ' Gramma Nova? Hollandiae,' (vid. Lond. Journ. of Bot., vol. ii. p. 119), as " Schcdonorus Billardierianus, N. ab E., Poa littoralis, Lab. nee P. Br.," and further quotes Mr. Gunn's specimens, which agree with Labillardiere's own and with Mr. Brown's description. Kunth (Agrost., p. 409), unites these two plants, retaining them under a section of Festitca, which includes his " species anomala?, minus cognita? et dubia?." Sprengel refers it to Triodia, and Trinius in his beau- tiful work places it in Arimdo ! (A. triodioides, Trim Species Gramin. vol. iii.)

2. ~FESTUCAfoliosa, Hook. fil. ; panicula inclinata majuscula coarctata ramosa multiflora, ramis erectis compositis, spiculis sub 4-floris late ovatis, glumaruni valvis lauceolatis v. acuminatis sequalibus, flosculis

100 TLOKA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

brevitcr pecliccllatis brevioribus, palea inferiore subsericea acuta quinquenervi basi barbata dorso scabrida, superiore breviore bifida, squamulis basi counatis, foliis subdistiche insertis longissimis latis planis carinatis glaberriniis, culmis caespitosis compressis. (Tab. LV.)

Var. /3, minor, spiculis minoribus subtrifloris.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on banks and in rocky places, chiefly near the sea, very abundant. /3. more common hi Campbell's Island ; growing amongst rocks. McQuarrie's Island, {Herb. Hook.)

FMzomata prostata, crassa, lignosa, 3-4 line, longa, crassitie digiti minoris et infra, ereberriine nodosa, radices plurimas fibrosas ubique emittentia, reliquiis fibrosis foliormn vetustorum obtecta, caespites densos magnos scabellum simulantes effieientia, versus apices culmos plurimos emittentia ; fibris 3-4 unc. longis, filiformibus, subrigidis, liic illic tortis, simpKcibus v. fibrillosis. Culmi validi, erecti, 2-3 ped. longi, \-\ unc. lati, basi compressi et foliis ab- breviate vaginati ; in var. 0, 6 unc. ad pedaleni et graciliores. Folia plurima, plantis junioribus praesertiin distiche inserta, longissime Hnearia, flexuosa, culmum longe superantia, 3—1 ped. longa, gradatiai attenuate, latiuseula, |~ J unc. latitudine, plana, per totaui longitudinem carinata, glaberrima, striata, utrinque opaca, herbacea, laete viridia, subtus glaucescentia. Vagina latse, 3-4 unc. longae, compressae, striates, opacae, ad basin fissae, folionun vetustorum 1 unc. latae, emarcidse fibrosas ; ore paulo contraeto, ssepe fusco-brunneo ; ligula conica, longituduie varia, scariosa, acuta v. obtusa, Integra v. lacera. Panieula lineari-oblonga, eontracta, valde compressa, decomposita, nutans v. in- clinata, 5-8 unc. longa, 1-3 lata, raclii valida, tereti, glaberrima; ramis suberectis, compositis, 1-1—2 unc. longis, glaberrimis, pohtis, mvdtifloris. Spicules pedicellatas, 2-1-- 3 lin. longae, pedicello graeili, curvato. Glumarum valvm eequales, kmceolatae, acuminata?, flosculis breviores, concavae, sub-carinatae, basi trinerves ; nervis tenuibus, iutermedio dorso vix scaberido, lateralibus medium vix attingentibus. Mosauli 3-5, plerumque 4, inferior sessUis, rebqui bre- viter pedicellate pedicello glabro. Palea inferior subberbacea, acuminata, apice subincurva, dorso cibata, basi breviter villoso-barbata, subsericea, quinquenervis. Palea superior paulo brevior, oblonga, bifida, bicarinata, carinis cihatis. Squaniula basi earaosfe et connatae, subquadratas, obbque bifidse ; segmentis acute, erosis ; in var 0, obo- vatae, bipartitse, segmentis aeiuninatis. Stamina 3 ; jilamentis elongatis ; ant/wris exserte, stamineis. Ovarium minimum, ovatimi ; stylia basi approximate, elongatis ; stigmatibm parce phimosis.

A grass of large growth and very leafy, affording a rich and nutritious food for animals ; in some cases it forms large mounds or tussacks, not unbke those of the Dactylis caspitosa of the Falkland Islands (the Tussack grass), but smaller ; with, however, a similarly luxuriant habit. In size it varies extremely, froni several feet to a few inches in height, and from a robust to rather a slender habit ; it is only indeed when growing in large masses that it assumes a characteristic appearance, in this respect further resembling the celebrated grass above mentioned. The small specimen from McQuarrie's Island especially, I should have been inclined to regard as another species, had the plant not appeared in a similarly starved state in Campbell's Island. In the large cidms the ample sheaths of the old leaves conceal the compressed form and distichous insertion of the leaves, which are very marked in the younger ones, and in certain states as conspicuous as in small states of the Tussack grass itself.

It is with much hesitation that I refer this to Festuca, for I know no species of that genus with a similarly leafy and soft habit, or with cgmpressed culms and distichous leaves, the only one indeed which appears to bear any resemblance to it is the jP. Bonax, Lowe, a Madeira plant, and that merely in being of a large size and having a somewhat similar large and branched panicle. The want of the arista alone at the apex of the lower palea restrains me from placing it with what is certainly its nearest ally, the true Tussack Grass.

Plate LV. Fig. 1, spikelet ; flg. 2, a floret ; Jig. 3, connate squanmlae ; fig. 4, one squamula of var. /3 ; fig. 5, ovarium, style and stigmata : — all magnified.

Campbell's Islands] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 101

6. POA, L.

1. Poa annua, Linn., Sp.pl. 99. et auctorum.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; abundant on the tomb of a French sailor, growing with SteUaria media, With.; both undoubtedly introduced.

This is the common European form of the plant ; it has not as yet spread far from the above locality.

2. Poa ramoshsima, Hook, fil.; glaberrima, panicula contractu ovato-lanceolata, ramis strictis sub- erectis alternis bis terve divisis, spiralis ovatis 3— 1-floris, glumis acutis, flosculis basi remotis, palea inferiore acuta quinquenervi, foliis planis pauiculam superautibus vaginisque laevibus, ligula late ovata apice truncata lacera, cuhnis laxe cajspitosis basi longe muhs et prostratis supeme fasciculatini ramosissimis, ramis brevibus omnibus floriferis.

Yar. /3, palea exteriore basi extus longe villoso-barbata.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; very common on the rocks overhanging the sea, trailing over banks, &c. £. Campbell's Island ; plentiful on the faces of liills sloping to the south ; rare in Lord Auckland's group.

Gramen gregarium, late supra terrain diffusum, pascuum copiosimi efficiens, pedale et ultra. Oulmi elongati, longe prostrati, pars prostata nuda, simplex, pedalis, crassitie pennee corvinae, rigida, fusca, vaginis emarcidis et fibrosis foliorum vetustorum vestita, nodosa ; internodiis teretibus, glaberriniis ; nodis incrassatis. Rami plurimi, ab apice partis prostrati erecti v. ascendentes, fascieulati, pluries divisi, 3-4 unc. longi, foliosi, omnes floriferi, gra- ciles, basi pare nodosi, foliis emarcidis subcriniti. Folia erecta, pauiculam superantia, 3— i unc. longa, auguste lineari-subidata, vix -| lin. lata, planiuscula, glaberrima, obsolete striata, utrinque opaca. Vagina; laminam longitud. subasquantes, teretes, laeves, striata;, ad basin fissse, marginibus subscariosis, collo interdum castaneo ; Vujula scariosa, late ovata, superne abrupte truncata, lacera. Panicula erecta, lineari-oblonga v. ovato-lanceolata, 1— 1-i unc. longa, \ imc. lata, compressa, ramosa ; rachi gracili, angulata, laevi ; ramis alternis, erectis, \ unc. longis, spicidas pedicel- latas 3— 1 gerentibus. Spieults herbaceae, ovato-laneeolatse, 2 lin. longa;, 3-5-florse. Glumarum valvte subaequales, concavae, acutoe, glaberrima3, flosculis breviores ; superior latior, trinervis ; inferior acuminata, uninervis. Flosculi dissiti, longius pedicellati, infimo sessili ; pedicello glaberrinio v. infra paleam barbato. Palea inferior late ovata, acuta, qmnquenervis, ncrvis lateralibus obscuris, glaben-ima, var. p excepta ubi palea basi villoso-barbata evadit. Palea superior lineari-oblonga, inferiore brevior, apice bifida, bicarinata, carinis glabris. Stamina 3 ; filamentis brevibus ; antkeris straniineis, inclusis.

This is a very abundant grass in both groups of islands and of a most singular habit of growth. The culmts are invariably prostrate and quite simple for a foot or so, when they suddenly ascend and divide into many short, leafy branches, each bearing a panicle of flowers. It forms a copious, soft, green herbage, especially on the banks near the sea, always throwing its long culms over the edges of the cliffs, which are thus fringed with a delicate festoon of green.

The almost constant presence of a villous tuft at the base of the lower palea, in the Campbell's Island specimens, is a singular circumstance ; but as I have detected no further distinction between these two varieties, and in some specimens observed intermediate grades, it cannot be considered as a character of specific importance.

3. Poa brerighunis, Hook, fil.; glaberrima, panicula laxa erecta pauciflora, rachi gracili, ramis sub- erectis oppositis v. subverticillatis divisis versus apices floriferis, spiculis obovato-oblongis 4-floris, glumarum valvis ineequalibus inferiore minima, superiore flosculis \ breviore apice bifida v. emarginata, flosculis pedi-

R

102 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

cellatis basi nudis, palea inferiore glaberrima ovato-lanceolata obtusa concava trinervi nervis sub lente scabridis, fobis planis liiieari-setaceis cubno brevioribus, culmis basi rarnosis inclinatis v. ascendeutibus.

Hab. Campbell's Island; open grassy places near the sea, not uncommon.

RMzomata teniiia, breviuscula, ramosa, radices fibrosas plurimas emittentia ; fibris tortis, filiforniibus, fibril- losis, fuscis. Culmi basi pluries divisi et inclinati, deinde ascendentes, graciles, 6 unc. ad pedalem, crassitie pennae passerina?, nodosi, ad nodos plerumque geniculati ; internodiis imcialibus, glaberrimis, striatis, kevibus, nitidis ; nodis subincrassatis, fuscis. Folia panca, 1-j— 3 unc. longa, cubno breviora, suberecta v. patentia, anguste lineari- subidata, sub 1-1-j lin. lata, gradatim attenuata, planiuscula, striata, glaberrima, utrinque opaca, kete viridia. Vagina lamina breviores, profimde striata?, marginibus scariosis, ore paido contracto ; ligula late ovata, apice rotun- data, scariosa. Panicida erecta, laxa, gracilis, 3-5 unc. longa, parce ramosa, pauciflora, raebi tereti, gracili, stricta, striata, lsevi, nitida ; ramis remotis, plerumque verticillatis v. oppositis, gracillimis, divisis, suberectis patentibusve, inferioribus elongatis, 1-1- unciaUbus, versus apices floriferis. Spicula sub \\ lin. longa?, obovato-oblonga?, com- pressa?, 4-flora?, pedicellata? ; pedicello spicula? subaequilongo, striate, scaberulo. Glumarum valves parvse, glaberrima?, valde inaequales, inferior minuta, ovata, obtusa, concava, uninervis ; superior duplo triplove major, flosculi dimidii longitudine, ovato-oblouga, apice truncata, emarginata v. bidentata, concava, trinervis, nervo medio scabendo. Flosculi basi dissiti, glaberrimi, infimus sessilis, reliqui pedicellati, terminalis cum arista brevi alterius incompleti sa?pe auctus ; pediceUis glaberrimis. Palea inferior oblongo-lanceolata, obtusa, concava, trinervis, nervis prominen- tibus sub lente scaberulis. Palea superior paido brevior, lineavi-oblonga, apice bifida, bicarinata, carinis minute cuiatis. Squamula late obovato-quadrata?, obbque bifida?, segmentis acutis, valde iusequalibus. Stamina 3 ; fila- mentis elongatis ; antheris exsertis, brevibus, late oblongis. Ovarium obovato-oblongiun ; stylis basi discretis, lateraliter insertis ; stigmatibus longe phimosis, exsertis.

In several respects this species approaches the following genus Catahrosa, especially in the small glumes, the upper one of which is erose or toothed at the apex, and in the remote bases of the styles, but the palea? are not truncated, though obtuse, and the florets are always four in number.

In the very short glumes and indeed in the entire structure of the spikelets, florets and their squamula? and ovarium, it resembles the Sphenopus divaricatus, Reich., with which it further agrees in the branching of the pa- nicle, its few flowers being placed towards the apices of the branchlets ; but it has not the general habit of that curious little grass, nor the peculiarly thickened pedicels to the spikelets. M. Kunth (Agrost., p. 392), has reduced the genus Sphenopus (Trinius) to Festuca ; but Theodore Nees, in his beautiful genera of German plants, has retained that generic name and published an excellent analysis of it ; I quite agree with him in considering it as more closely allied to Poa, in which genus its original describer, Gouan, placed it, than to Festuca.

7. CATABEOSA, Palis.

1. Catabrosa antarctica, Hook, fil.; panicula laxa pauciflora, glumarum valvis infequabbus inferiore lineari-oblonga subacuta superiore oblongo-lanceolata apice breviter bifida v. bidentata, palea inferiore apice truncata basi pilosa 3-5 nervi nervis obscuris inter medio in aristam brevissimam setiformem products, antheris brevibus late oblongis, fobis anguste bnearibus involutis paniculam superantibus, culmis gracibbus erectis basi divisis. (Tab. LVL)

Hab. Campbell's Island; on moist rocky ledges, rare, only found at an elevation of 1000 feet.

Bremen gracile, 6-8 unciale, magnitudine sat varians. RMzomata laxe caespitosa, elongata, 1-2 unc. longa, cur- vata, crassa, diametro pemia? corvina? vel minora, lignosa, fusca, nodosa, ad nodos fibrosa, versus apices divisa v. sub- ramosa; fibris elongatis, tortis, fuscis, fibrillosis. Culmi fasciculati, erecti, graciles, foliosi, 2-5 unc. longi, remote nodosi ; internodiis teretibus, striatis, sub ± uncialibus, glaberrimis ; nodis coustrictis, brunneis. Folia erecta,

Campbell's Islands.] FLOKA ANTAECTICA. 103

elongata, culniuni superantia, superne flexuosa, basi longe vaginantia, longe et anguste linearia, involuta, glaberrima, striata, laevia, lsete viridia. Vagina folii \ longitudine, angusta?, ad margines subscariosa?, profunde striata? ; ligula elongata, lineari, acuminata, membranacea, ad apicem fimbriata. Panicula 3-5 unc. longa, erecta, gracilhina, parce raniosa, pauciflora ; rachi gracili, tereti, la?vi, flexuosa ; rarnis alternis vel plemrnque subverticillatis, filiformibus, divisis, suberectis v. modiee patentibus, pra?sertini apicem versus floriferis. Spicula parva?, \\ lin. longa?, remotee, micautes, glaberrima?, 2-rarius 3-flores, flore terminali tabescente, pedicellata ; pedicello sub lente glaberrimo. Glunue bivalves; valvar insequales, floscidis inferioribus breviores, herbaceo-coriacea?, inferior oblongo-lanceolata, acuta, marginibus minute ciliatis, uninervis, nervo dorso scabemlo ; superior \ longior, oblongo-lanceolata, apice bifida truucata v. emarginata, concava, dorso carinata, trinervis, nervis prominentibus, lateralibus ad medium evanes- centibus, carina dorso ciliata, marginibus superne tenuiter ciliatis. Flosctdi remoti, superior pedicellatus ; pedicello infra florem incrassato, et pubescente. Pidea inferior late ovato-oblonga, concava, abrupte truncata, superne plus minusve distincte 4-5-deutata, dente medio interdum in aristam brevissirnam producto, membranacea, obsolete 3-5 nervis, basi pilosa : palea superior suba?quilonga, apice bifida, bicarinata, carinis ciliatis. Squamulce ovata?, acumi- nata?, subcaruosa?, integra?. Stamina 3, filamentis gracilibus ; antheris late oblongis, prope basin fixis, loculis apicem versus divaricatis, flavo-stramineis. Ovarium, late obovatum, basi subattenuatum ; stylis basi distinctis, latere vmico insertis ; stigmatibus valde plmnosis. Caryopsis ovato-oblonga, paleis -g-brevior.

My specimens of this grass, though not in so good a state as is desirable, are, I think, sufficient to prove it a most distinct species of an European genus, which reaches in Great Britain the parallel of 59°, the 67th degree in Lapland and Iceland, and the 57th in North America.

The present species differs considerably from the type of the genus, in its slender habit and narrow leaves, and more particularly in the larger glumes being less truncated and narrower, in the more unequal palea? and obscure nerves of the lower one, and in the very short anthers.

Plate LVI. Fig. 1, a spikelet ; fig. 2, glumes; fig. 3, a floret; fig. 4, a squamula; fig. 5, a stamen; fig. 6, ovarium, styles and stigmata ; fig. 7, caryopsis : — all magnified.

XXXII. FILICES, Willtl.

1. HYMENOPHYLLUM, Sm.

1. Hyjiexophylltjm minimum, A. Rich. ; pusillum, casspitosiun, glaberrirniim, frondibus late-ovatis falcato-reeurvis pinnatifidis v. basi pinnatis, segmentis integris bifidis rariusve bipartitis linearibus obtusis rnarginibus eiliato-dentatis per totam longitudinern concavis subrigidis siccitate rufo-fuscis, involucris termi- nalibus omm'no exsertis subpedicellatis obovato-cuueatis valvis dorso spinuloso-ciliatis, ore breviter bilobo argute dentato, rachi stipiteque crassiusculis rigidis. H. minimum, A. Richard, Flor. Nov. Zel. p. 93. 1. 14. f. 2. F. Cum/. Prodr. Flor. Nov. Zel. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 3(39. Presl, Hymenoplii/ll. p. 32.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on trunks of trees in the woods; rare.

Caudex repens, radicans, rigidus, filifonnis, seta equina crassior, ater. Frondes plerumque plus minusve falcato- recurva? v. demissa?, rarius suberecta?, \- A imc. longa?, rigida?, firmae, pinnatifida? v. segmentis inferioribus dis- sitis, basi pinnata? ; pinnis seu segmentis superioribus integris, inferioribus bifidis v. bipartitis, infimis interdum pinnatifidis, omnibus linearibus, obtusis, argute ciliato-dentatis, per totam longitucbnem concavis, fusco-brmmeis, siccitate riifis ; costa rachique vabdis, glaberrimis. Involucrum ad apicem frondis terminale, sobtarium, majuscu- lum, breviter pedicellatuni, ovato-cuneatiun, basi attenuatum, durum, siccitate atiiun ; valvis dorso spinulis mollibus basi latiusculis obsitis ; ore breviter bilabiato, latiusculo, labiis rotundatis, argute spinuloso-dentatis, dentibus erectis, sinubus rotundatis ; receptaculo valido, rarius elongato, exserto.

X

104 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Auckland and

During the examination of the materials from which the genus Hymenophyllum was described in the second part of the " Species Filicum," I had but cursorily investigated the Auckland Island species, and considered the H. minimum of Richard to be a small variety of II. Tunbridgenae, with terminal involucres. This state is not uncommon in the vicinity of the Bay of Islands, and this I laid before my father ; whence the H. minimum was by him included as a synonym of that widely diffused species. Amongst my specimens of H. multifidum I now find others of tliis very minute and most distinct plant, which have enabled me to correct that error. In the rigid consistence of the frond, its decurved habit and lurid colour, it is more nearly allied to H. multifidum than to any other species, but the curiously spimdose valves of the involucre afford an excellent specific character, as do the small size, simple frond and singu- larly concave segments, which appear bke the half of a tube, that is, hollow throughout their length and open at the end. Between this plant and the Trichomanes ccezpitosum of the Falkland Islands and Cape Horn, much analogy exists, especially in size, locality and habit ; in each the fronds are generally once divided, with the segments con- cave and obtuse ; both have the indusia free or nearly so, spimdose at the back of the valves, and though often lateral in the latter plant, the fructifications are, especially on small specimens, very generally terminal, and may prove to be truly lateral in II. minimum, shoidd that plant be found in a more luxuriant state than M. Richard's or my spe- cimens exhibit. In the ' Flora Novas Zelandiae ' M. Richard does not mention the original discoverer of the species ; the figure in the ' Voy. de la Coquille ' is not characteristic of the curious involucres.

2. Hymenophyllum multifidum, Sw. Syn. Fil. p. 149 and 378. Hook, and Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 165. Presl, Hj/menop/iyll. p. 32. Hook. Sp. Fil. vol. i. p. 98.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; in all situations, from the level of the sea to the tops of the mountains, growing on the ground, on trunks of trees and on rocks.

A very common New Zealand fern, from the latitude of the Bay of Islands to that of Campbell's Island ; repre- senting in this region the H. tortuosum of Antarctic America and the H. Tunbridgense of the Northern Hemisphere. It is very variable in size, but the fronds are always remarkably bent downwards, their apices often touching the ground.

3. Hymenophyllum demissum, Sw. Sgn. Fil. p. 147 and 374. ScMuhr Fil. 1. 135. c. F. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 92. Hook. Sp. Fil. vol. i. p. 109. Sphaerocioniuni deinissvun, Presl, Ilymenophi/ll. p. 35.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in dense woods near the sea, often covering the ground with large patches of a lurid green colour.

The specimens of this beautiful species are smaller than those collected in the northern island of New Zealand, but do not otherwise differ,

Mr. Presl's genus Sphrerocionium is apparently founded only upon the form of the receptacle, in its being " shorter than the indusium, naked and cylindrical below, and thickened and globose at the apex, which alone bears the capsides ; " such characters can hardly be applied to this species, where the receptacle, though short, produces capsules for at least two-thirds of its length, the lowest portion or thud part only being naked and cylindrical, gra- dually thickening upwards into an elongated club-shaped body.

The structure of the receptacle in most species of the genus Hymenophyllum, in its more extended sense, ap- pears to me very uniform ; in length it varies extremely, but there is generally a short cylindrical body, which may be considered a pedicellus to the elongated capsuliferous portion or true receptaeulum ; upon the comparative length of this latter portion the genus of Presl rests. In some New Zealand specimens of this fern the pedicel is so short as to be almost obliterated, the receptacle appearing like a stout column covered throughout its length with capsules ; in others the whole organ is reduced to an elevated tubercle in the bottom of the involucre. Of the other plants included by Mr. Presl under tliis genus I have examined several ; of these, S. infortunatwn, the only

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 105

St. Helena species of this genus, and originally noticed in Pritchard's list of the plants of that island as Hym. capillare, has the receptacle more nearly as described, though I shoidd rather have called it clavate than " apice globoso-in- crassatum " ; the capsides are not confined to its apex, but extend half way down the receptacle. S. ricc'upfoHum I have not seen in fruit; it appears, however, identical with H.polyantltos, Sw. (v. Sp. Fil. p. 107.). Whether the H. polyantlios, Hook, and Grev., be that of Swartz, or, as Presl supposed, another species, is difficult to decide, without authentic specimens of Swartz's plant ; it is, however, an excessively common West Indian form, nor does its receptacle differ in any particular from that of several species of Spharocionium ; as from S. sanyuinolention, Presl, (certainly a variety of polyant/ws, Hook, and Grev., if not of Swartz), from some states of demissum and others. S. caiidicidatum : in most of the specimens in Hook. Herb, the short pedicellus is surmounted by a very large depressed sphere covered with capsides, in some indusia this character is very striking, but in others, from the same specimen, it becomes considerably smaller, and in what is manifestly the same plant from other localities the receptacle is simply clavate but very broad. S. dilatation : this very common New Zealand plant is properly retained in the immediate vicinity of demissum ; in no case, however, do I find its receptacle to be globose and incrassated at the apex, it is very like, and varies similarly with, that of the last-named plant. S. crispatum : the receptacle of Indian specimens quite agrees with Presl's character, in some Van Diemen's Land ones that organ is narrower at the summit. <S'. badium, gracile, axillare, and abietinum have the receptacles very short and clavate, or more or less capitate. It is not to be w-ondered at that an organ so variable in the above-mentioned species shoidd afford too frail characters upon which to found a genus ; and a similar examination of some of the plants included in Presl's Hymenophylhon will show that it exists of all lengths, between the long exserted stout column so often seen in H. multifidwm and secundum and the short sessile receptacle of demissum and dilatation ; transition stages, connecting the two genera, are found in both. The limits of Hymenophyllum, as established in the ' Species Filicum,' have been defined after a study of several thousand specimens ; a re-examination of many of which has convinced me that neither can most of the new genera formed out of it remain, nor such sections as that author has proposed under the names of Evo- luta and Dimidiata.

Having occasion to describe several species of this genus during the course of publishing the results of the Antarctic Expedition, some apology seems necessary for not adopting Presl's views of the Order Hymenophyl- lacece. I am fully sensible of the great value of that author's labours and of the accuracy and precision with which he has described what he has examined, as also of his intimate acquaintance with the whole order of Ferns : and whilst I cannot but place some reliance upon the residts of my own observation of far more extensive suites of specimens, in many cases gathered by myself, than Presl has probably had access to, I would further remark, that whilst examining, in the Hookerian herbarium, almost all the species mentioned by Presl, and authentically named specimens of many, I have constantly met wdth abundant evidence of that writer's accuracy in his descriptions of individual species, together with full proof that he has considered some of their peculiarities as of too much im- portance in Systematic Botany.

4. Hymenophyllum flabellatum, Lab.; Fl. Nov. Hott. v. 2. p. 101. t. 250. f. 1. Hook. Sp. Fil. v. 1. p. 111. Presl, Hymenqph. p. 32. H. nitens, Brown Prodr. p. 159. Hook, et Grev. Ic. Fil. 1. 197.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; not uncommon on the old and decaying trunks of trees and upon rocks both near the sea and on the lulls.

Of a paler but brighter and more glistening green than the former. A very abundant New Zealand and Tas- manian species, varying a good deal in size and somewhat in the form of the frond.

5. Hymenophyllum rarwm, Br. ; Prodr. p. 159. Hook. Sp. Fil. v. 1. p. 101. H. semibivalve, Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t, 83. Presl, Hymenoph. p. 32.

Far. fi. Hook. Sp. Fil. p. 101.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in woods near the sea, rare.

s

X

106 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

A very variable species, which also inhabits the extreme south of the American continent, as well as other and warmer parts of the globe. Presl, retaining the name of H. semibivalve, arranges this in his section " Cycloglossum" removing it from that of " Euhymenophyllum," in which the II. asplenioides, fumarioides and nitens, Br., are placed; but in the structure of the involucre and receptacle I have been unable to detect even a specific difference between those species and the H. rarum or semibivalve. The H. fumarioides, on the authority of Drege's specimens, which are so named and agree in the main with Bory's description, has been included in the " Species Tilicum " under H. rarum, of which plant I have examined numerous and very varying Cape forms from Messrs. Harvey, Forbes, Mund and Capt. Carmichael, and have also gathered it upon Table Mountain. In both Tasmanian and New Zealand spe- cimens I have seen the receptacle to be either included or exserted, and in one from the former country the form of the indusia varies from being short, almost wholly sunk in the frond, much broader than long, with scarcely promi- nent lips, to an elliptical ovate form, with the lips protruded and nearly twice the length of the sunk portion. The H. asplenioides and abruptum are both very nearly allied to H. rarum, the latter especially ; the former has a much stouter caudex and stipes.

2. ASPEDIUM, Sic.

1. Aspidium (Polystichum) renustum, Honibr. et Jacq.; frondibus elongatis lineari-oblongis acumi- natis bipinnatis, pinnis linearibus acurriinatis, pirmulis breviter petiolatis oblique ovatis acutis basi superne productis grosse crenato-dentatis coriaceis concavis glaberrimis venosis, segrnentis inferioribus obtusis supe- rioribus acutis acurninatisve, radii stipiteque superne villoso-hirtis, subtus paleis majuseulis dense vestitis. A. venustum, Hombr. et Jacq. in Toy. an Pole Sud, Bot. Monocot. Cryptog. t. 5. sine descript. A. Waik- arense, Colenso, MSS. in Herb. Hook.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; very abundant from the level of the sea to an altitude of 1200-1400 feet.

Filiv, in sylvis maritimis caulescens. Caudex 2-4 pedalis, erectus, stipitibus frondiuni vetustorum fibrisque nigro- fuscis ubique vestitus, \ ped. diametr. et infra, versus apicem frondibus undique patentibus coronatus. Frondes 3-5 pedales, exemplaribus sylvicolis horizontaliter patentes, alpicolis suberectae, i— |- ped. latas, lineari-oblongae, gradatim acuminata? ; pinnis plurimis, 4-6 unciahbus, j unc. latis, linearibus, acmninatis, coriaceis, glaberrimis, pinnatis, pinnis ultimis in caudam profunde et argute serratam confluentibus, pirmulis distantibus v. subimbricatis, divaricatis, breviter sed manifeste petiolatis, infimis supra rachin plus minusve productis, omnibus oblique ovatis, acutis, convexis, rigide coriaceis, grosse crenato-serratis, basi cuneata superne oblique producta, margine inferiore costs parallelo, segmento infimo majore, obtuso, intermediis obtusis acutisve, supremo acuto, pungente, rarissime omnibus obtusis acutisve, superne lineis depressis notatis, venis furcatis pluriesve divisis, subtus prominentibus, gla- berrimis, rarius exemplaribus valde coriaceis evanidis. Sori parvi v. minimi, plermnque 4-7 quavis pinnula, costse propius quam margini ; receptaculum elevatum ; indusimn minimum, stipitatiun, peltatim affixum, orbicidare. Costa rachisque rigidse, valida?, superne tomento molli rufo subvillosa;, subtus hie illic tubercidatse, hirtse, squamis pale- isque undique et tota obsitae ; palea plurimae, majusculae, seariosse, subsquarrosae, cm-vatse, ovato-oblongae, in acumen elongatum attenuatae, rufo-brunnese, nitidaj, margine pallide fulvo.

The above description has been drawn up after the examination of many states of a plant, which will very likely give as much trouble to a botanist in the antipodes as the states of its representatives, A. aculeatum and angular e, have caused to those of Europe. It was first discovered by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander in New Zealand, to small specimens gathered by whom the MS. name oiAsp. coriaeeum, /3. is attached in the Banksian Herbarium. I consider myself fortunate in having met with it in Lord Auckland's group, where it varies considerably, inhabiting various situations from the level of the sea to an altitude of 1200 to 1400 feet ; in the former locality appearing as a most elegant subarborescent species, for the stipites do really become consolidated into a ligneous caudex, and in the

Campbell's Islands.] FLOEA ANTARCTICA. 107

upper regions forming small tufts of the ordinary mode of growth in ferns. Besides these variations in size and luxuriance, depending wholly upon climate, I find that the pinna? and pinnules are more or less remote, with longer or shorter apices, and the segments of the latter are either decidedly rounded and blunt, or all acuminated and pungent ; in general, however, the lower segments are obtuse and the upper acute. As a species it is abundantly distinct from A. proliferum, Br., in the presence of the large palese. In New Zealand it is probably even a more sportive plant than iu the islands now under consideration, for I am inclined to refer to it Mr. Colenso's A. TFaikar- eme, A. sylvaticiim, and A. pulcherrimum.

The islands of New Zealand have long been known to produce a very large proportion of Ferns compared to their phaenogamic plants ; a circumstance which must strike the most casual observer. Being an attractive branch of Botany, it might be supposed that the excess of this Natural Order was rather apparent than real, and only due to its species being more generally collected and transmitted to England : but this is not wholly the case, the exertions of recent collectors having increased this proportion, to what is probably the maximum; for being more widely distributed than the higher orders, the hitherto partially explored middle island may be expected to produce new forms of flowering plants, accompanied with a large number of Ferns it is true, but those of species already detected elsewhere. The species of widely spread natural orders, being very frequently themselves distributed over large areas, it follows that the relative amount which such bear to the remainder of the vegetable kingdom, in a country so large as New Zealand, cannot be ascertained from an examination of the productions of one half of its area only. Mr. Brown has stated (Expedition to Congo, App. p. 462) the conditions which appear most requisite for the abundant production of Ferns, and these are to a great extent amply fulfilled in the position and climate of New Zealand ; for not only the number of species is great, but the mode of growth of many is indicative of a lower latitude than they inhabit, no less than six assuming the arborescent form, one of which attains the 47 th degree of south latitude : besides this, other species, whose stipites spring from the root at once, become caules- cent, having their fronds disposed on the apex of the caudex, as those of the true tree-ferns are, giving a totally different, as well as far more beautiful habit to the plant. Of this there are a few examples in New Zealand, as the Aspidium pennigeriim and several species of Lomaria, and a more striking one in the Asp. venustum, which presents this unexpected appearance in the high latitude (for these regions) of the 53rd degree, and is wholly due to the shade, moisture, and equable climate of the sea-level in Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; for on ascending the hills, or even leaving the woods, this fern assumes the ordinary appearance of other Aspidia.

Although the most abundant production of Ferns is found under the physical features of shade, moisture, and a certain amount of heat, these are not on the one hand always present where the Ferns do preponderate to a great degree, nor on the other do the latter always appear where these conditions are the most evident.

The small island of St. Helena has its Flora composed of nearly equal portions of Pluenogamic plants, Ferns, and other Cryptogamiae, the Ferns forming about a third part of the whole, and nearly equalling the flowering plants ; this is only to be expected from St. Helena fulfilling the above conditions in a most eminent degree. The little island of Ascension, on the other hand, about 500 miles distant, is proverbially called a cinder, with hardly water sufficient to supply a garrison composed of a mere handful of men, and absolutely but one small drip, rather than spring, in the whole island, supplied by the percolation of condensed sea-vapours on the narrow top of a hill, 2818 feet high; no shade exists any where, and the soil is porous volcanic scoria?, that scorches the feet after being heated by a tropical sun ; under all these circumstances it produces likewise as many Ferns as native flower- ing plants. It is true that they are confined to the top of Green Mountain, whose slopes in many places are completely covered by them, but they enjoy no shade, the only native woody plant not attaining two feet in height ; and what is more remarkable, out of nine species of Ferns existing under these circumstances, only two are common to Ascension Island and St. Helena ; several are peculiar to their isolated position, and one is a species of Mara/da, a genus I believe to be in general particularly impatient of exposure. I kuow no parallel instance to this amongst the Atlantic islands ; a far larger proportion of the ferns, both of St. Helena and of Tristan d'Acunha, is common to both these spots, and to other parts of the globe, than are those of Ascension ;

108 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Auckland and

and in the little island of Trinidad, in lat. 20° S., where we effected a landing with considerable difficult}', in a rocky cove which was cut off by precipices from all other parts of the island, I found the Ferns at the level of the sea in the proportion of 2-3 to the phsenogamic plants, and the species were the most common Brazilian ones. This remarkable disparity between the vegetable productions of two islands so contiguous as St. Helena and Ascension, and both so remote fi-om any other land whatever, has some analogy to what obtains in the islands of another isolated group, also situated within the Tropics, though in another ocean — the Galapagos. From the examination of an excellent herbarium formed by Mr. Darwin in three of these islands, and of some of the plants from a fourth island, as well as of those collected by Mr. Douglas, Dr. Scouler, Mr. Macrae, and Mr. Cuming, in the localities also visited by Mr. Darwin, it would appear not only that the plants of that little archipelago differ widely from those of the main land of S. America, but that its several islets possess in some cases different genera, and more often representative species. The Ferns there bear but a small proportion to the whole Flora, though a more considerable one to that of the two islands in which they are most abundant, and they are rather the common forms of the West Indies than of the neighbouring coasts of Columbia, Peru, or of Mexico.

The Aspidium venustum, as it grows in the low woods of Lord Auckland's group, is, for its size, among the most ornamental of Ferns, the larger tree-ferns alone excepted. In one respect it even excels those of more majestic growth, for its feathery fronds are spread out below the level of the eye, so that the beautiful symmetry of the crown, with its rich velvetty crosier-formed young leaves in the centre, is thus fully displayed.

3. ASPLEMUM, L.

1. Asplenium obtusatum, Forst. Prodr. n. 430. Lab. Fl. Nov. Holl. v. 2. p. 93. t. 242. f. 2. Brown, Prodr. p. 150. Sehhuhr, Ml. v. 1. p. 6. t. 68. Hombr. et Jacq. in Toy. aw Pole Sud, Bot. Monocot. Crypt. 1. 1. A. (sine descripf.).

Tar. IS. obliquum; — A. obliquum, Forst. Prodr. v. 429. Labillard. I.e. t. 242. f. 1. Sclikulir, 1. c. t. 71. A. cliondropliyUiun, Bertero in Herb. Hook. A. apicidentatum*, Hombr. et Jacq. 1. c. t. 1. A. (sine descripf.).

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; very common on the rocks near the sea and at the margins of the woods.

All the various stages between the A. obliquum, Forst., and A. obtusatum, Forst., exist in Lord Auckland's group, and probably in other islands of which this plant is an inhabitant ; one of the specimens indeed, is inter- mediate between the excellent delineations of the two given by Schkuhr. MM. Hombron and Jacquinot have also figured both the states (from Lord Auckland's group), retaining them under the name of "obtusatum," and added to the plate a representation of another, under the name of A. apicidentatum, which is equally abundant with the others, and I have been unable to distinguish it even as a variety ; the production of the apex of the pinna into a tooth, not affording a constant character. I have not quoted the Flora of Mr. Cunningham, or of M. A. Richard, the former not having gathered this species at the time of the publication of his Prodromus, and the latter author, considering it identical with A. htcidum, Forst., leaves it doubtful whether he knew both species. Besides the greater size, different texture, and shining surface of the A. htcidum, its involucres are always very much narrower and longer in proportion to the breadth of the frond. Both are common to many parts of the southern hemisphere, and are particularly frequent in the Pacific Islands.

I have retained the name of obtusatum for this species, that variety being the more frequent of the two de- scribed by Forster.

* A. apicidentatum, Homb. and Jacq.; this name probably applies to the pinnaj being terminated by a tooth ; but all the pinna? being serrated throughout their whole margin, I presume the term is not used in its ordinary acceptation.

Campbell's Islands] FLORA ANTARCTICA, 109

2. Asplenium scleroprium, Hombr. et Jacq. in Toy. an Pole Sud, Pot. Monocot. Crypt. t. 1. D. sine Rescript.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group. (J/J/. Hombron et Jacqiiiiwf.)

On this plant I can give no information, the plate of MM. Hombron and Jacquinot being unaccompanied by any description. Some of my specimens of A. obtusatum approach the figure quoted above, and entirely agree with it in the fonn of the son : they differ in the pinna; being less strongly crenato-serrate. The name probably alludes to the texture of the plant, which like that of many of the southern species is remarkably thick and coriaceous.

3. Asplenium flaccidin//, Yorst.; Prod): n. 426. Presl, Pferid.'p.lQQ. Caenopteris «! Darea auctoriuu.

Var. fi. AucUandicum, Hook, fil.; erectum, frondibus lineari- v. oblongo-lanceolatis crassis pinnatis, pinnis lineari-laiiceolatis inciso-serratis, involucris a costa remotis interdiun supra seginenta productis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; frequent on the margins of woods near the sea.

Yarietas erecta, bi-tripedalis, crassa et coriacea, laete-virens, sublucida, inter Asplenium verum Ceenopteridemque quasi media. Frondes 1-1-j- ped. longae, \- J lata;, apice in laminam attenuatam basi profunde laciniatam products', pinnatae. Pinna reinotse, sublonge petiolatfe, lineari-elongata: v. lanceolatae, crassa;, 3-5 unc. longae, \ unc. lata;, basi suboblique attenuatae, superne in apicem linearem obtusam sinuatam subcaudatam producta?, per totam longitudinem regulariter profunde iuciso-serratae ; laciniis linearibus, obtusis, sub \ unc. longis, infimis rarissime bifidis, costa crassa, latiuscula ; venis simplicibus, obsciuis, ad apices laciniarum percurrentibus. Sori latiusculi, a costa remoti, parte superiore saepe ultra pinnam supra lacinias producto, iisque marginale. Rachis latiuscula, subalata, supra medio costata, subtus canaliculata, plerumque glaberrima. Stipes validus, crassitie pennae anserinae, basi civrvatus et ascendens, angulatus, hinc illinc paleis rarissimis membranaceis sparsis.

Tliis is a very handsome Fem, and, as it appears in Lord Auckland's group, very different frorn A. obtusatum, but is so closely allied to the A.flaccidum, a very common plant in the New Zealand Islands, that I have retained it as a variety of that plant. The pinnae are attenuate and narrow, produced at the apex into a long caudate obtuse lacinia, they are remarkably uuiform throughout the frond, but in my largest specimen the base of one 'of the lowest pinnae is trapezoid, much broader than the rest, more deeply divided, with the veins sometimes forked. This, together with the remoteness of the short sori from the costa, and their frequent extension along the inner edge of the lacinia;, is what obtains in the more entire varieties of the A.flaccidum. The tendency to produce the sori at a distance from the costa appears to remove this species from A. obtusatum, Forst. and its allies, to which its regularly pinnated frond bears much resemblance, connecting it on the other hand with A. bulbiferum, Torst., and its inconstant ally A. laxum, Br., some of whose states again are very near to varieties of this. With refer- ence to the very variable nature of some genera of Ferns, and especially of those in the islands of the Southern Hemisphere, I may here transcribe a remark made by a very acute observer of plants, Mr. James Backhouse, dming his visit to Norfolk Island:* "On the rocks of the S. coast Asplenium difforme grows, a Fern resembling the A. marinum of England. At a short distance from the shore its leaves become more divided, and in the woods, in the interior of the island, they are separated into such narrow segments, that the lines of fructification are thrown upon their margins. It then becomes Canopteris Odontites. But every possible gradation is to be met with between this state, and that in which it grows on rocks washed by the sea." Having no Norfolk Island specimens of these plants, I am unable to offer any further comment except that some specimens of A. difforme in Mr. J. Smith's Herba- rium seem to confirm this view, and that Mr. Backhouse's well known accuracy entitles any observation of his to much consideration. The A. marinum itself has a wide geographical range, varying considerably in its several localities, and more in some places than in others ; some of these I have alluded to in describing the plants of the Galapago Islands. (MS. ined.)

* Narrative of a Visit to the Austraban Colonies, by James Backhouse.

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110 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

4. PTERIS, L.

1. Pteris vespertilionis, Lab.; Fl. Nov. Roll. vol. ii. p. 96. t. 245. Brown, Prodi: p. 154.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; very common on rocks near the sea.

These specimens, which are small, accord with others gathered in Tasmania. The veins are generally free, but in the broader pinnules the upper primary one often unites with that of the segment below it. The P. Brunoniana of New Zealand (A. Cunn. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Zel. in Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 365.), has the veins much more anas- tomosing, in which respect it differs from the plant of New Holland. This is also the case in specimens of a very similar plant from Brazil, the Mauritius, Juan Fernandez, and the Philippine Islands. The more simple veined species is apparently an inhabitant of New Holland, Tristan d'Acunha, and the Cape of Good Hope.

The Lord Auckland's group specimens, growing in the immediate neighbourhood of the sea, have a very suc- culent habit.

5. LOMAEIA, WUld.

1. Lomakia procera, Spreng. Syst. Teg. vol. iv. p. 65. A. Cunn. Prodr. Flor. Nov. Zel. in Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 363. L. procera var. teginentosa, Hombr. et Jacq. in Voy. au Pole Slid, Bot. Monocot. Crypt. t. 2. E. sine descript. Stegania procera, Brown, Prodr. p. 153. A. Rich. Flor. Nov. Zel. p. 86. 1. 13, fertile frond only. Bleehnum, Siv., Lab. Flor. Nov. Holl. vol. ii. p. 97. t. 247.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; abundant, especially by the banks of streams and in watery places, ascending to the tops of the lulls where it is very stunted.

This is the ordinary New Holland and Tasmanian form. M. A. Richard, in the Flor. Nov. Zel., gives an ex- cellent figure of the sterile frond along with the ban-en state of another, probably the following, species.

2. Lomaria lanceolata, Spreng. et A. Cunn. locis citatis. Stegania, Brown et A. Rick.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; in woods close to the sea abundant.

' J

6. POLYPODIUM, Sw.

1. Polypodioi viscidum, Spreng. Sp. PI. vol. iv. p. 61. Cheilanthes viscosa, Carm. in Linn. Soc. Trans. vol. xii. p. 511. non Link. C. fragilis, Carm. in Herb. Hook. " Polypodhun villoso-viscidiun, Auhert dii Pet. Thonars, Flore de Trist. d'Acunha, in Mel. de Bot. p. 44." Carm. 1. c.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; moist places on the hills, especially under the shelter of bushes.

My specimens entirely accord with Capt. Carmichael's in Herb. Hook. Very similar plants inhabit other islands of the Southern Hemisphere, which have been placed in Polypodium or Cheilanthes, according to the views enter- tained by the authors of the several species as to the nature of the recurved apices of the lobules, which, especially in a young state, cover the sori. The species most nearly allied to this are the Pohjpodiuni viscosum of Pritchard's ' Catalogue of St. Helena plants,' the J', viscidum of Colenso MSS., a native of New Zealand alluded to in a catalogue of those col- lected by Mr. Stephenson (vid. Hook. Lond. Bot. Journ. vol. iii. p. 413.), and a Juan Fernandez species in Herb. Hook., bearing the name of P. spectal/ile, Kaulf. ?, in Mi-. Bertero's hand-writing ; all these have the sori invariably placed close to the margm of the segments, in whose concave apices they are somewhat sunk. The P. rugosulum (Lab.Fl. Nov. Holl. vol. ii. p. 92. t. 241.), another closely albed plant, is retained in this genus by Mr. Brown (Prodr.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTAECTICA. Ill

p. 147.), and to it the Cheilaiitlies ambigua, A. Rich. (Flor. Nov. Zel. p. 84.), seems very nearly related. M. Richard accurately describes his plant, of which I have gathered specimens near the Bay of Islands, and shoidd be inclined to place them near to the P. ru/josulu/i/, Lab.; though in habit and most of the characters it approaches a true species of Cheilanthes or Eypolepis, from the interior of New Zealand, which is hitherto undescribed. Mr. Colenso's P. viscidum, a mountain plant, is, I believe, identical with this from Lord Auckland's group.

2. Polypodium Grammitidis; Brown, Prodr. p. 107 et auctorum. Grammitis heterophylla, Lai. Flor. Nov. Holl. v. 2. p. 90. t, 239.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the trunks of trees, rare.

This plant appears intermediate between the genera Polypodium and Grammitis ; I have followed Mr. Brown in retaining it in the former of these. The Auckland Island specimens do not differ from those of New Zealand and Tasmania.

7. PHYMATODES, Presl,

1. Phymatodes Billardieri, Presl, Pterid. rj. 196. Polypodium Billardieri, Brown, Prodr. p. 147, et auctorum. P. scandens, Lab. Nov. Holl. vol. ii. p. 91. t. 240. P. phymatodes, A. Bid/. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 66.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; common on trunks of trees and rocks in the woods near the sea.

The Auckland group specimens are equally variable with those of New Zealand and Tasmania.

8. GRAMMITIS, Sw.

1. Grammitis australis, Brown, Prodr. p. 146. A. Cunn. Flor. Nor. Zel. I.e. p. 362. Hombr. et ■fact], in Voy. an Pole Sud, Bot. Monocot. Crypt, t. 2. G. G. Billardieri, Wittd. Sp. PI. vol. v. p. 139. Presl, Pterid. p. 209. G. rigida et G. humilis, Hombr. and Jacq. 1. c., t. 2. fig. P. and H.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; very common in all situations, from the level of the sea to the tops of the mountains.

A copious suite of specimens, collected at different levels, from the sea to an altitude of 1400ft., prove all the three species figured by MM. Hombron and Jacquinot to belong to states of one plant. The same varieties are found on ascending Mount Wellington in Tasmania, where also they pass insensibly into one another. I have retained Mr. Brown's name for this species, the name G. Billardieri having been already applied to another of the genus, and I am not aware whether the ' Prodromus Flora? Novae Hollandiae ' or "VYilldenow's ' Species Plantariun ' appeared first in the year 1810.

9. SCHIZ.EA, But.

1. ScmzjiA australis, Gaud. Flor. Ins. 31,//. in Ami. Sc. Nat. Maie. 1825, p. 98 et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 296. S. palmata, Hombr. et Jacq. in Voy. nu Pole Sud, Bot. Monocot. Crypt, t. 4. Z. sine descript.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; upland places, very common on the hard soil, which is often bare of any vegetation but Lichens.

These specimens entirely accord with the description of M. Gaudichaud's S. australis, quoted above : the figure of Mil. Hombron and Jacqidnot not affording any character to distinguish their .S'. palmata specifically from this, and no letter-press having accompanied their plates, I feel obliged to set aside the name they have adopted.

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112 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Auckland and

10. LYCOPODIUM, L.

1. Lycopodium scariosum, Forst. Prodr. n. 484. Spr. Syst. Veg. vol. iv. p. 18. Hook, and Grev. in Bot. Misc. vol. ii. p. 388. L. Jussieui, Desv. Eucycl. Bot. Suppl. vol. iii. p. 534. Willd. el auctorum. L. reptans, Banks and Sol. MSS. in Blbl. Banks.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in woods, I). Lyall, Esq.

Sir J. Banks and Dr. Solander it would appear were amongst the original discoverers of this species, though it is of so general occurrence throughout many parts of the tropics, as very probably to exist in some of the older Herbaria. Forster's name seems to have been entirely overlooked by botanists; it is attached to a specimen, pre- served in the British Museum, of the plant now well known under the name of L. Jussieui Desv., a very widely diffused species, especially throughout the S. American continent. Mr. Colenso has collected it in the mountainous interior of the northern island of New Zealand, and Sir J. Banks and Dr. Solander in Admiralty Sound. There exist, in Herb. Hook., South American specimens from as far south as Valdivia, and also froin Peru, New Grenada, and Jamaica, where it appears to be abundant, varying slightly in habit, being sometimes suberect or ascending, but more generally having a long trailing caudex, which sends up erect branching stems.

The L. scariosum belongs to a small section of the genus, whose natural position is between the two great groups, namely, that with the leaves imbricated all round the stem, and that in which they are stipulate, distichous, and more or less of a membranous texture. The spikes of this section are generally pedunculate and often branched, as in this species and L. complanatum, L. ; but sometimes sessile, which is the case with L. decurrens, Br. ; in the former character, as in the coriaceous fobage, often indistinct stipules and arctic, alpine or temperate habitats, this section differs from the tropical distichous-leaved division to which the form of foliage approximates it. Like most natural groups, the limits of this cannot be very strictly defined ; Mr. Brown's L. decurrens has the sessile spikes of the tropical species of Selaginella and some states of L. complanatum ; approaching forms of L. Alpiwum, D., pass into the imbricated ones. The allies of L. scariosum are few ; I am acquainted with the following ; 1. L. decurrens, Br., only known as an inhabitant of the Alps of Van Diemen's Land ; 2. L. complanatum, L., this is a very widely diffused plant throughout the temperate and arctic regions of Europe, Asia, and America; we possess specimens of a very similar, if not the same species, from upper India and the Peninsula of Hiudostan, as also from Jamaica, from Mexico, Columbia. Peru, Caraccas and Brazil, it is the L. thuyoides, H. B. K. ; 3. L. volubile, Forst., a very common New Zealand species this and the two following have compound panicles of spikes, with elongated and spreading branches ; 4. L.flicaule,* (vid. infra) ; 5. L.\ comans, (vid. infra) ; 6. L. V'iyhtianum, Wall., some states of this have the leaves towards the

* L.jilicaule, Hook. fil. ; vage ramosmn, caule gracillimo nudo tcreti valde ramoso, raniis divaricatis paten- tibus filifonuibus compressis foliosis utrinque stipulatis, foliis altemis oppositisve linearibus longe decurrentibus parte superiore solum libero curvato subulate apice pilifero, stipulis parvis raris piliferis, pdis diaphanis, spicis plurimis pedicellatis paniculatis inclinatis v. pendulis, squamis late ovatis aciuninatis.

Hab. Upper India. Moflong fir forest Khaisya Hills, Mr. Griffiths. A very fine species ; the branches are of a dusky red color when dry ; the ultimate ones, with the leaves, 1 bne across. The panicles of spikes are lateral, 3-4 inches long and spreading ; the spikes themselves, \-\ inch long, generally curving.

f L. eomam, Hook. fil. ; pendulum, caule dichotome ramoso tereti hinc dlinc cicatricato nudo v. foliis diaphanis sparsis, raniis longissimis pendulis gracilibus flaccidis pluries divisis valde compressis utrinque stipulatis foliosis, foliis distichis suboppositis alteniisve longe linearibus per totam fere longitudinem decurrentibus coadunatis apicibus solum liberis aeutis, stipulis scariosis raris, spicarum paniculis lateralibus valde ramosis, ramis pedicellisque teretibus foliis sparsis lanceolatis scariosis obsitis, spicis longe pedicellatis arcuatis, squamis ovatis in laminam erosam seariosam diaphanam productis.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 113

apices of the branches quadrifarious, in others they are so almost throughout the branches, it is probably not dif- ferent from, — 6. L.alpinum, in which they are sometimes distichous, when the more sessile spikes alone distinguish it from L. complanatum. The quadrifarious disposition arises from the stipules becoming leaves. Of other species, referred to this section in the Botanical Miscellany (1. a), there are no specimens in Herb. Hook. L. alpinum I have mentioned as perhaps a doubtful species of this section, its leaves being sometimes imbricated even in more than four series ; in some Norway specimens the spike-bearing branches are elongated and become rather bare of leaves, which are also more appressed, thus exhibiting a manifest approach towards some species with pedicellate fructification. It may further be remarked that L, complanaturn is not a British, and L. alpinum hardly an American plant.

The leaves of L. de/idroideum, Mich., a species apparently confined to North America, are sometimes partially distichous ; they are not, however, coadunate with the branches, as in this group.

2. Lycopoditjm clavatum, L., rar — L. magellanicum, Swart: Syn. Fil. p. 180. Wdld. Sp. PL vol. v. p. 15. Gaud. Fl. Ins. Mai. in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 98, and in Freycinet, Toy. Bot. pp. 130 and 282. I/Urv. Fl. Ins. Mai. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 597.

Has. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the hills, not uncommon, but only found at a considerable elevation.

These specimens differ in no respect from others which I have gathered in the Falkland Islands and on Mount Wellington, Tasmania, and have considered to be the L. fastigiatwm, Brown, (Prodr., p. 165). The Falkland Island plant, which is also common in Antarctic America, varies from one to many inches in height. The caudcx is ascending or creeping, often one to two feet long, naked or clothed with leaves ; the branches are erect and divide in a panicled form, and are copiously leafy ; the leaves are subacute or acuminated, always more or less curved, but are at some times much more numerous than at others. In starved alpine specimens the spikes are solitary and often sessile : as the plant inhabits lower levels and more favourable situations its peduncles elongate, fork or branch, and bear two or more spikes : the spikes themselves vary from \ to 2 inches long, with the scales ovato- lanceolate, acuminate, rather variable in length, and more or less recurved.

The species of Lycopodium are liable to great variation, as a copious suite of any one will readily show ; many of them have been examined and characterized with reference to the country they inhabit and their congeners in that country, and have not been compared with the whole genus. As our collections increase, specimens are constantly presenting themselves, which tend to unite the species of two distant localities ; partly because they par- take of the characters of both, and also because, coming as many do, from intermediate stations, they strengthen the supposition that such are mere forms of one widely diffused plant. It is seldom that a collector has the time, and few have the inclination, to preserve such a series of specimens from one locality, as will give any idea of the amount of variation a species may be liable to, in a limited area : on the other hand, the extreme varieties are col- lected as two different species, and a future author is often obliged to describe as a third an unrecorded state of what actually exists in both situations. TheX. magella/nicum, Sw., presents a case in point. In the Falkland Islands, states of it are not unfrequently met within all respects resembbng the L. clavatum, excepting that the leaves are not

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming, no. 2346.

A very fine species. Branches 1-2 feet long, about a Hue broad, lurid red. Leaves 2 lines long, wholly con- solidated with the branch, except their apices, which are sometimes free and acute, or more rarely with a diaphanous point. The stipules are often irregularly placed, generally with long diaphanous acuminated apices, appressed to the branch. The pedicels of the spikes and branches of the panicle have leaves similar to the stipules. Panicles 3-4 inches long, then pedicels about an inch ; the spikes curved, about f inch, their scales with long suberect or patent diaphanous apices.

U

114 FLORA ANTARCTICA. {Auckland and

piliferous at the apex ; so close indeed is the resemblance in habit that M. D'Urville has remarked, " Je possede un echantillon de Gandichaud, double de taille, et voisin de notre L. clavatum" Such being the case, should L. clavatum be seen to vary in this respect, and especially if it is found to inhabit all intermediate latitudes between its northern habitats and Fuegia, we shall be obliged to conclude either that the plants are the same, or that L. ma- gellanicum may be so sportive as to assume a form undistinguishable from the European plant. The former of these conclusions is generally admitted in such cases. The limits within which a species varies are acknowledged to be wider in one locality than in another, and two closely allied individuals may be modified almost infinitely without running into one another, as it is called ; but, since the knowledge of specific difference is limited to the powers of observation, which are only attainable by the microscope, we are forced to acknowledge it possible that two totally different plants, inhabiting widely separated countries, may present to our senses a precisely similar appearance and remain undistinguishable ; a conclusion which, if acted upon without caution, would lead to the subversion of all our confidence in what are universally confessed to be well established species.

The acute-leaved Lycopodia, which are not piliferous at the apex and otherwise closely allied to the L. magd- lanicum, are L.fasligiatum, Br., and L. Pic/iincJiense, Hook. (Ic. PL t. 85), the latter certainly is, and probably the former also, a state of or identical with this ; both of them, though inhabiting a lower latitude, are only found at a great height. From Owyhee we have L, Jieterophyllum, Hook. (Ic. Fil. t. 113), in which the leaves are some of them simply acute as in the more southern form, but others piliferous and ciliated or erose at the margin, the former a very constant character in the L. clavatum, and the latter sufficiently obvious in some states only of that plant ; in other respects this is not to be distinguished from the above or from a very common Chilian species, whose leaves have long acuminated points, and which seems identical with the L. dendromorp/ium, Kunze ; of this, however, I have only seen barren specimens, evidently passing into the L. arhtatum of the tropics, a very widely diffused and generally acknowledged variety of L. clavatum. Many states of X. clavatum are enumerated by Mr. Spring, in his account of the Brazilian Lycopodia, (vid. Regensburg Flora, 1838).

The last named author seems to have described from copious suites of specimens, and to have arrived, in most points, at the same conclusions with myself; thus, he has found it necessary to combine the L. alopecuroides, L. and L.longipes, Hook, and Grev., with L. inundation, L., to which must be added L. Mathewdi, Hook. (Ic. PI. t. 26), and perhaps L. contextual, Mart. (Fl. Bras. Crypt, vol. i. p. 38, t. 23, f. 1.), these species I had considered as merely forms of one, before Mr. Spring's paper was pointed out to me. The L. caroliuianiim, L., accompanies the last men- tioned species throughout the temperate and warm parts of the American continent, and has also a very wide range through other countries, having been found in Tropical and South Africa, the East Indies, Madagascar, Tasmania, and New Zealand ; these two constitute part of a natural section allied to the Clavatum group in the spiked, more or less pedunculate fructifications, and ascending direction of the leaves on the prostrate stems, and to the Complanatum division in the tendency of the leaves of L. carolinianum to become distichous and decurrent, the other species of it are L. selaginoides, L. and L. pygmaum, Kaulf. A third group of species, which, like the former, have cylindrical spikes, contains — 1. the L. annotinum, L., a species spread over all temperate and Northern Europe, Asia, and especially America, where it is found as far south as the Alleghany and White Mountains. There are what ap- pear barren specimens of this in Hook. Herb, from Dr. Wallich, under the MS. name of L. Heyneanum. In South America L. annotinum is represented by a more slender but very nearly allied plant, whose spikes are sometimes bifid and spuriously pedunculate; it is Hartweg's 1474 and 1479 from Colombia, where it has also been gathered by Professor Jameson. — 2. L. diaplianum, Sw., this is a Tristan d'Acunha species, very distinct in the form of the scales of the spikes and long piliferous apices of the leaves. — 3. L. sericeum, Mst., this is the L. scariosum, Hook. (Ic. PL t. 87, note), from Peru, one of the most beautiful species of the genus. I know of no others very closely allied to these, they rank near the Clavatum group, from which indeed they only differ in the truly sessile spikes, and also approach that containing L. complanatum, through L. alpinum, whose spikes are sessile.

The L. ceruuum, L., may be considered as the type of another natural section, it is perhaps the most abundant

Campbell's Islands.'] FLOEA ANTARCTIC A. 115

species of the genus, throughout the tropics especially, probably covering more space than any two others. There are specimens from no less than fifty different stations and seventy collectors, preserved in the Hookerian Herbarium ; its northern limit seems to be lat. 39°, where it is found in the Azores Islands, and its southern the Cape Colony ; this, like several other very widely diffused species, does not inhabit the Australian continent, so far as I am aware. The following species should rank with it, — 2. L. pendulinum, Hook. (Ie. PI. t. 90). — 3. L.tortum, Sieber. — 4. L. densim, Lab. — 5.? L. dendroideum, Mich., this species is of rather dubious affinity and should perhaps be more pro- perly placed in the Complauatum group, the branches being spread out in a flabellate manner, the whole frond very compressed or plane, and the leaves having a tendency to become bifarious ; the latter are described as "being 4-6 fariously disposed, with those of the under surface smaller than the rest," (vid. Bot. Misc., vol. ii. p. 386), this is always the case, but at the same time those both on the upper and lower surface of the branches are appressed whilst the lateral spread, and the lower are often so small as to partake of the nature of stipules. All the species of the Cernuum group are robust in habit, erect, generally tall, copiously branched with their branches spreading on all sides ; the spikes are sessile and very numerous, their mode of growth suffices to distinguish them from those of the Annotinum section.

The four groups above enumerated contain most of the imbricate-leaved species with uniform capsules arranged in terete spikes ; they are I believe strictly natural, though all are not founded upon characters of equal value. One species, more nearly allied to some of the above than to any of the other great divisions of the genus, stands very much by itself, the L. iaterale, Br. (Mr. Brown's L. diffusion being possibly a variety of it), in which the spikes are placed upon such very short branches as to appear truly lateral ; in this respect, as in their obscurely angular form, it approaches some of the distichous-leaved group, but the habit is totally dissimilar and the foliage like that of L. inundatum, var. Alopecuroides.

3. Lycopodium varlum, Brown, Prodr. p. 165 et auctorum. L. pachystachyon, Desv. Encycl. Meth. Sujijil. vol. iii. p. 5-44.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; very common in the woods.

Under the former species I enumerated the different groups into which those of tins genus with leaves imbri- cated round the stem and terete spikes arranged themselves ; they forai, together, one of the large primary divisions of Lycopodium ; they are inhabitants of the cold as well as of the tropical parts of the globe, generally assuming, as they approach the. equator, a larger growth and more robust habit, both the individual species peculiar to the low latitudes, and the varieties of those which equally inhabit the polar regions, being more fully developed within or near the tropics. There they are not replaced by the distichous-leaved group, but under most conditions are equally abundant with them. Throughout all changes of temperature and varieties of exposure, the scales of the spike never exhibit any tendency to become foliaceous, nor do they possess capsules in the axils of the leaves.

There are, however, other Lycopodia whose fructifications are as manifestly spicate as the last, and which accompany them through all climates, but whose spikes are angular and the scales not materially different from the cauline leaves ; these, in passing from a temperate to a warmer parallel, gradually lose their spicate character, the capsides appear equally in the axils of the upper leaves and in the spikes, the latter become gradually re- duced and at length obliterated, when the fructifications are wholly axillary : under excessive heat and moisture, the same effect is produced by the prolongation of the axis beyond the apex of the spike, into a leafy branch, similar to the lower parts of the stem, and at the same time the conversion of the scales into ordinary leaves. A third modification is presented in those whose spikes divide or branch. Here there is a blending of the two divisions Selago and Phlegmaria, through L. varitim and its allies, which together, I consider to form one natural group ; and it is further to be remarked, with regard to them all, that these modifications of the inflorescence are not only the effects of latitude and cbmate, but that one species seems to assume all these appearances in a single locality, which in other parts of the globe is invariable through a considerable area ; and that the causes of the change

116 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

are at one time quite latent and at another conformable to our ideas of the effects of temperature and local circum- stances. It is not only in the inflorescence that this group is liable to vary, but one form passes into others by the modifications of many of its organs at once, and this to so great an extent as to render it extremely difficult to define any one species between the two extremely dissimilar forms of L, Selago and L. Phlegmasia. Want of space obliges me here to confine my attention to the phases under which L. varium occurs ; these are so remarkable and were so wholly unexpected, that if we agree to consider such plants to be the same species as only offer forms undis- tinguishable to our senses, it will follow that the most of these supposed species must merge into one, and that Lijeopodium Selago is perhaps the most variable plant in the world.

L. varium, in Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island, is one of the finest of the genus ; it grows nearly erect on the bare ground, to a height of 1-2 feet, branching upwards, copiously leafy, with large spreading leaves, bearing at the apices of the branches numerous pendulous or drooping tetragonous spikes 2— 1 inches long. The stems of this species are often nearly the thickness of a swan's quill with spreading leaves as broad as the middle finger ; I have no where seen handsomer specimens of it than this island presents, and more constant ones, for it is confined to the woods, and does not ascend the hills, neither varying in the narrow belt it inhabits nor seeking other localities where it woidd be exposed to the influence of exciting causes. The case is very different in Tasmania, where it also grows very commonly in the subalpine woods, and from whence I have specimens of Lycopodia pre- senting all intermediate stages between this and L. Selago, the connecting links being similar to what have been considered different species in other parts of the globe. Form and habit alone have not induced me to unite such dissimilar plants, for I have in vain sought with the microscope for diagnostic characters. The smallest Tasinanian specimens have been published as L. Selago (Hook, and Grev. in Bot. Misc., vol. iii. p. 101), they are about five inches high, simple at the base, branching upwards, in all respects similar to the American and European plant ; they are likewise copiously supplied with gemma;, giving a squarrose appearance, these were first observed on the North-west American specimens of L. Selago, but are now known to be common on this species even in Scotland, where a variety occurs with small very acuminated leaves, those of the gemmEe being sometimes much altered, broadly obovate-oblong, acute, and keeled on the back. In the next stage of the Tasinanian plant, the stem ascends from a curving prostrate base, is about 5-G inches long, the lower leaves are linear, acute or acuminate, patent or subsquar- rose, subserrulate towards their arjices, obscurely nerved in the middle, the upper leaves are generally appressed for nearly the whole length of the stem, lanceolate or ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, acute or subacute, obscurely nerved, the margins cartilaginous with obsolete serratures : this form is quite identical with others of L. Selago from Cumber- land, as well as with many from North Em-ope, Asia, and America. The two first described states inhabit exposed places, the following (the third), which grows on rocky places on the margins of woods, has the stems a foot or more high, branching, much curved and ascending at the base, sparingly branched above ; the leaves, except towards their apices, are patent or subsquarrose, larger and more loosely placed than in the former, with the nerve more thickened, those at the summits of the branches are similar to the leaves of the second state but more distinctly serrated. L. Selago of Tasmania resembles L. -sul/erecfum, Lowe, of Madeira and other wanner parts of the northern hemisphere, in which the leaves are generally all squarrose, nearly entire or strongly ciliate at the margins ; this is such a fonn as a species, in passing from a colder to a more genial temperature, might be supposed to assume. In the fomth stage of the Tasinanian plant the leaves become larger, more patent or subreflexed, coriaceous and shining, still they are more or less acute, and the capsxdes are wholly axillary, sometimes confined to the middle of the branch, at others to the upper portion, which looks rather different from the lower and indicates the transition to L. varium. This state is nearly allied to some Indian forms of the genus, as also to L. hicidulum, Mich., which varies in the serratures of its leaves and in other particulars approaches very near, if it does not absolutely merge into American forms of L. Selago. Nor is it to be distinguished from Ceylon and Tristan d'Acuuha specimens of L. insulare, Carm., which further passes into L. crassum, Hook, and Grev., and through it into some other South American species.

The remaining Tasinanian states of L. Selago may be considered as belonging to L. varium ; in the fifth of these

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 117

(from the small one with which I commenced), the stout stem becomes naked below, sparingly leafy upward, with long, linear, coriaceous, acute or obtuse leaves, the capsules are both axillary and spicate, but the spike is interrupted, the scales being at one time small, and at another foliaceous. This approaches the L. taxifolium, Sw., and L. lini- folium, L., natives of various parts of the world, also L. gnidioides, L., Cape specimens of which differ from the normal state of var'ium only in having axillary capsules, wliilst in other localities it becomes pendulous and spicate ; and so with regard to the L. Flagellaria, Bory, of New Zealand, wluch I cannot distinguish, except by its mode of growth, from L. varium. To dwell at length upon all the varieties of this species would be out of place here, and occupy many pages ; the transitions from it to PMegmaria are not obscure, the variations of that plant being excessive.

The importance of the question, " whether two perfectly similar plants, from remote quarters of the globe, are to be considered as belonging to one species," has induced me to canvass very fully the claims of many supposed forms of Lycopodium to the title of distinct species. In all such cases, my first object has been to determine whether the plant inhabits various intermediate countries. When, as is the case with Callitriche verna (p. 11.), Montia fontanel (p. 13.), Gentiana prostrata (p. 56, in note), Myosotk fulva (p. 57, note), and Trisetwm xubspicatum (p. 97.), they are found to do so, there need be little hesitation in referring them, after due examination, to one plant ; in such instances, the supposition of a double creation of the same species, or of one of them being a variety of some other really distinct plant, which plant wholly resembles another from other countries, would be confessedly a gratui- tous assumption. Where however no intermediate stations can be detected, these suppositious become more plau- sible ; the only alternatives to such conclusions being, 1st, the possibility of the species being destroyed in the inter- vening positions which it may formerly have inhabited ; 2nd, the great improbability that the seed has been carried at once from one polar region to the other ; or, lastly, what I have endeavoured to establish with regard to Lycopo- dium varium and Selago, that the species does exist in all intermediate latitudes, but in a hitherto unrecognised form ; a circumstance the less to be wondered at on many accounts, and the following in particular. Our daily increasing knowledge of Ferns proves that the species are infinitely more widely distributed than has been supposed. The several species being variable in limited areas, it is to be expected that the amount of variation should increase proportionally with the space they cover; because the individual species of many widely distributed genera, as Lycopodium, have often themselves wide ranges ; because the lower we descend in the scale, according to which all known vegetable productions are now arranged, the more universally we find the species scattered over the surface of the globe ; and lastly, the minute size and abundance of the sporules of Lycopodium are favourable to their extended dispersion.

ACOTYLEDONES. XXXIII. MUSCI.

(By W. Wilson*, Esq. and J. D. Hookek.)

1. AXDBE-EA, Ehrh.

Theca quadrifida, rarius octofida ; valvulis apice operculo persistente comiexis. Calyptra mitraeformis. Vaginula apophysiformis, setam brevissimam occultaus, denmni stipitata.

The peduncle, which elevates the mature capsule in this genus, is nothing more than an elongated receptacle (pseudopodium, Brid.) of a white colour ; such as is also found in Sphagnum. In an early stage, this receptacle scarcely differs in appearance from that of other mosses ; by its subsequent elongation the theca is elevated, generally above

* I here most gratefully acknowledge the invaluable assistance afforded me in the more complete determination, and in the diagnoses and descriptions, of the mosses, by our old and valued friend William Wilson, Esq., of Warrington ; whose accuracy in botanical, and especially in microscopical investigation, and knowledge of this tribe of plants, are beyond praise. — J. D. H.

X

118 FLOEA ANTAECTICA. [Auckland and

the perichartial leaves, whilst the true pedicel or seta remains wholly included in the vaginula. The calyptra hence continues attached to the vaginula for a much longer period than in other genera, and its rupture is occasioned by the distension of the theca ; and not by an elongation of the seta. If a very young capside be longitudinally divided, the seminal sac will be seen lining its interior, and also extending over the surface of the columella, the apex of the latter being attached to the summit of the operculum. The sporules, in a very early stage, are aggregated in fours, and long before the bursting of the calyptra attain a deep brown colour.

The inflorescence is usually, and perhaps invariably, monoecious, the male fructification being on separate branches ; though A. mutabilis (nobis) appears really dicecious. Both kinds of flowers are, at first, truly terminal, though, owing to the rapid growth of innovations, especially on the male surculi, they soon become, to all appearance, lateral and even axillary. The male flowers, from their small size, are, in general, concealed by the cauline leaves. The anthe- ridia vary in number, from one or two to seven, intermixed with paraphyses, which, however, have not been seen in A. mutabilis (nobis), and which that species probably wants. In the female flower the archegonia are generally four, never more, and are not accompanied with any paraphyses.

1 . Andre^a nitida, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caulibus suberectis laxe ctespitosis parce ramosis, foliis erecto-patentibus ovato-oblongis obtuse apiculatis concavis enerviis nitidis marginibus reflexis, perichaetia- libus paulo longioribus erectis. (Tab. I/VII. fig. III.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; on rocks near tlie tops of tbe bills, at an altitude of 1200 feet; very rare.

Caules semi-unciales et ultra, erassiusculi, sub A una lati, lnc illic divisi. Folia suberecta, conferta, imbricata, subliugulata, obtusa, siunmo apice apicidata, dorso convexa, subcarinata, margine superne apiceque subreflexa, puniceo- atra, luce obversa rufo-brunnea, siccitate erecta, vis crispata ; perichatialia subsirnilia, sed longiora, tenera, rnarginibus plains, areolis minimis subrotundatis. Injlorescentia terminalis, dioica ? Flores masculi gemmiformes, ovati, acuti, denique laterales, foliis caulinis dimidio breviores, foliis valde concavis ovato-rotundatis acutis ocelusi ; antheridia 6 aut plura, paraphysibus paucis filiformibus immixta. Flores fceminei : Archegonia quatuor, paraphysibus nullis. Fedicellus (seu pseudopodium) ^ unc. longus, perichaetii dimidio longior, v. rarius eo inclusus, apice (ad vaginulam propriam) incrassatus. Tlieca sessilis, parva, elliptica, nigro-fusca, 4-valvis, siccitate dilatata, \ lin. longa.

A highly remarkable species, and quite unlike any hitherto described.

Plate LVII. Fit/. III. — 1, a tuft, of the natural size ; 2, branch and theca ; 3 and 4, leaves ; 5, a moist theca ; 6, an archegonium : — magnified.

2. Axdre^ea acutifolia, Hook. fil. et \Yils. ; caulibus fastigiatim ramosis, ramis apice ramulosis, foliis erecto-patentibus incurvis rigidis lanceolato-subulatis acutis v. ovatis longe acuminatis concaviusculis enerviis basi inaequalibus siccitate erectis, perichsetialibus elongatis lanceolatis convolutis, tlieca subexserta.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on rocks, barren.

Caules erecti, conferti, ramosissimi, \ una longi et ultra, siccitate rigidi. Folia undique inserta, patentia, deinde incurva, ovata, acmninata, basi gibbosa, enervia, infra medium deuticulata, siccitate subappressa, opaca, rufo-bmnnea, juniora flavo-viridia v. rufescentia, areolis pellucido-punctatis moniliformibus ; perichcetialia submajora, lanceolata, erecta. Flores masculi gemnn'fonnes, foliis ovatis concavis inclusi. Antheridia 4-7, paraj)hysihus filiformibus \ breviora. Fedicellus perichsetimn vix supcrans. Theca parva, nigra, paido exserta. Sporce majusculre, femigineae.

This species may be distinguished from A. alpina by its narrower and much more acuminated leaves, which are of a paler hue, never shining, gibbous at the base ; those of the perichsetimn do not differ materially from the cauline ones. The specific character and description are drawn up in part from Hermite Island (Cape Horn) specimens ;

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 119

those now before us, from Campbell's Island, are smaller, less branched and various in colour, sometimes forming small dense tufts, hardly ^ inch in height, but not different in other respects.

3. Andimlea mufabilis, Hook. fil. et \Vils.; cauhbus csespitosis elongatis ramosis gracillhnis, foliis confertis laxisve erecto-patentibus rarius falcato-secuudis lanceolatis ovato-lanceolatisve subconcavis enerviis siccitate appressis.

Far. /3, microjofa/Ma ; foliis minimis ovato-lanceolatis. (Tab. LVII. fig. II.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; on rocks, at an elevation of 1200 feet; rare, (with female fructifica- tion). Campbell's Island; on the hills, in rocky places, from 800-1000 feet of elevation, with male inflorescence only.

Museus polymorphus, ea?spitosus. Canles semi- ad bi-unciales, inferne nudi, supeme ramosi. Folia basi macula flava uotata, dorso vix papulosa, areolis granvdoso-punctatis. Injlorescentia dioica ; folia perigonii ovato-rotundata, acuta, concava. Antheridia 3 v. plura, elliptica, majora longiusque pedicellata quam in affinibus. Paraphyses nulla1. Folia perichsetiaha caulinis longiora, elliptico-lanceolata, convoluta.

Tliis species, of which we have no examples in good fruit, differs from A. rupestris in the more erect and narrower leaves. The specific character has been drawn up from an examination of Falkland Island specimens, as well as of those from the Islands now under consideration. The other varieties are enumerated in the London Journal of Botany (vol. 3. p. 536.).

Plate LVII. Fig. II. — 1, a tuft of the natural size ; 2, a branch ; 3 and 4, leaves : — magnified.

4. Andre;EA sululata, Harvey; caule subramoso, foliis falcato-secundis subulatis attenuates basi clila- tatis crassinerviis, perichsetiahbus convolutis. A. subulata, Harvey in llooh. Ic. Plant, vol. hi. t. 201.

far. y, pericluetialis ; theca foliis perichsetiahbus rninoribus immersa. (Tab. LVII. fig. I.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; upon rocks, at a considerable elevation on the hills.

The cauline leaves of this variety are longer and more strict than in the other states of the plant enumerated in the ' London Journ. of Botany' (1. c), and the theca and perichsetium very inconspicuous ; we cannot however venture to separate it as a species. It differs from A.Rothii, its nearest ally, in the leaves being longer and the nerve thicker, the latter occupying the whole breadth of the leaf, except at the base, so as to have been overlooked, and the leaves consequently described as nerveless.

Plate LVII. Fig. I. — 1, specimens of the natural size ; 2, a branch ; 3 and -i, cauline leaves ; 5, section of ditto ; 6 and 7, perichsetial leaves ; 8, a theca : — magnified.

2. SPHAGNUM, Bill.

Theca globosa, stomate nudo exannulato. Columella apice libera, abbreviata. Calyptramedio rupta, basi persis- tente. Vaginula apophysiformis, pedicelliun brevissimum occultans, demum stipitata. Ferichcetium laterale.

Bridel, supposing this genus to be destitute of a vaginula, constituted it a separate order ; in which he was followed by Bruch and Sclumper.

The female flower, at first sessile, in every respect like that of other pleurocarpous mosses, occupies the place of a ramulus, or is inserted in the axis of two or more branches. As the fructification advances, the receptacle elongates, and the pericheetial leaves, becoming separated from one another, it presents the appearance of a lateral branch. The antheridia arc found in the fertile plant at the clavate and often discoloured extremities of short deflexed ramuli.

120 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

They are roundish, on pedicels as long or longer than themselves, generally solitary in the axils of the perigonial leaves, which are somewhat ventricose at the base, but not otherwise different from those of the stems.

The anatomy of the theca of Sphagnum is very peculiar. What appears the columella does not extend, as in other genera, to the summit of the theca, but is a continuation of the seminal sac, ascending from the bottom of the theca, and forms a portion of the same membrane which also lines the under surface of the operculum, passing completely across the stoma, as shewn in Plate INTL. fig. VI., where the central figure is drawn from a sketch and section pre- pared by Mr. Wilson.

This curious structure of the seminal sac is quite different from what obtains in most genera of mosses, and appears to have been misunderstood by Arnott and Greville, in whose excellent essays upon the ' Genera of Mosses,' the columella is described as sinking, along with its opercular membrane, so low, as to assume the appearance of a tympanum, stretched across the interior of the theca, a little below its base (Weru. Trans, vol. iv. p. 181.); then figure however does not represent the columella bearing any residua of the opercular membrane, but merely having the base of the seminal sac drawn up into the axis of the theca in the form of a cone, which is its true origin. The more striking peculiarities of the sporular sac of Sphagnum are these ; 1st. its forming a bag or cyst without any orifice : 2nd, in the drawing up of the base of this bag into the axis of the theca, but not so far as to reach the level of the stoma, nor consequently the upper surface, or that opposite the base, which remains entire and stretched across the stoma. If the columella were earned up to the same height as in other mosses, an obliteration of the upper part of the sporular membrane woidd be caused by the perforation of the latter, (if we regard the metula as a portion of the columella), or else there would ensue a mutual cohesion of the membranes of columella and sac.

Sphagnum may be considered to possess the simplest form of sporular sac, the dehiscence of which is probably caused by a removal of the upper portion in the same plane as the stoma and parallel to the operculum. The next stage of development of this organ is, perhaps, presented in some astomatous mosses ; Voitia *, for instance, a per- pendicular section of the theca in which genus exhibits the seminal sac in the form of a vertically elongated ring, supported in the axis of the theca by the corculum of the columella. The latter passes uninterruptedly from the apex of the seta to the top of the persistent operculum, thus apparently perforating the sac, by whose inflected walls it is lined for the greater part of its length. In this case, dehiscence and the escape of the sporules may be supposed

* In the young state of Voitia hyperborea, of which (through the kindness of Sir James Ross), I have exa- mined many thecas, there is a communication between the seminal sac and the lining of the walls of the theca (thecal membrane), by means of conferva-like filaments such as are seen in most other mosses. Tracing the different membranes upwards, from the apex of the theca, I was led to believe that the same tissue formed the thecal mem- brane, the conferva-like filaments, and the corculum of the columella ; and further, the immediate communication between all the surfaces of the seminal sac and the walls of the theca afforded room for a conjecture, that the latter were immediately concerned in the development of the sporules, especially as before the separation of the spores both the thecal membranes and filaments were full of a grunious fluid, which afterwards disappears. If such a view be correct, the internal structure of the theca of Voitia is very simple, and consists, 1st, of stout cells forming the external walls ; 2nd, of a fine tissue, not only lining the former and sending filaments to the opposite walls of the seminal sac, but, becoming more condensed at the base and apex of the cavity of the theca, it ascends in its axis and meets the descending portion in the hollow of the columella, over whose surfaces they both ramify ; and 3rd, of a vertically elongated ring (the seminal sac) through whose centre this second membrane passes. Mr. Wilson (to whom I am indebted for my knowledge of the structure of both theca and cellular tissue of Sphagnum), has not been able, from the want of specimens, to confirm this view of the structure of Voitia ; he, however, informs me, that " the existence of such a connecting tissue is only analogous to what is found in Gymuosttomum pyriforme, whose sporular sac is connected with the base of the theca by a bundle of filaments;" he also adds, that " in many Poly- tricha there is a distinct, almost woody, central axis to the columella, with filaments intervening betwixt it and the winged folds of the sporular sac which forms the outer part of the columella." — J. D. II.

Campbell's Islands] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 121

to take place through the decay of the theca, when, as frequently happens, the theca and seta are together detached from the plant, and possibly, if persistent, the operation may be aided by the development of a fungus which we have seen in the walls of the capside of V. hyperborea.

The more complicated structure of these parts, which most peristomed mosses possess, may eventually prove mere modifications of, or deviations from the simpler organization of Voitia and Sphagnum. Gymnostomum pyriforme tends to confirm such a theory ; in it the columella (what is considered as such being the inflected portion of the sac), ascends from the bottom of the theca to the level of the stoma, and then, expanding outwards, like the mouth of a funnel, reunites with the seminal sac around the rim of the stoma (vid. Grev. and Am. 1. c. vol. p. — ). After a time, the edge of the funnel breaks away from that of the sac and with the columella shrivels up, thus giving egress to the sporules.

Mr. Valentine, in his ' Genera of Mosses,' has accurately described the cellular tissue of Sphagnum, which is, in several respects, exceedingly curious. The cells themselves are bounded by very thick lines, formed of slender tubes, running between the contiguous cells, but on one side of the leaf only ; a transverse section of a small por- tion of a leaf, exhibiting both the cells and the interjected tubes, is shown at fig. 46. Valentine considers that the latter are derived from the elongated tubes of the stem.

The cells themselves are furnished, in some forms of the genus, with one or more spiral filaments, closely ad- hering to their walls, sometimes these are entire throughout the length of the cell, at others broken or both broken and branched. We are inclined to believe that the spiral filament is terete and adheres by a small portion only of its surface to the tissue of the leaf; the extreme minuteness and transparency of the parts, however, increase the difficulty of determining such a point with the accuracy that is desirable. No function has, hitherto, that we are aware of, been assigned to these filaments ; they may act powerfully in enabling so delicate a tissue to withstand the pressure of the water.

The pores, by means of which a communication between the cavity of the cells and their surrounding medium is preserved, are, in most cases, numerous and large, in others less so ; they appear more frequent on the upper sur- face of the leaf, but are by no means confined to it, for sometimes they are placed opposite to one another, when the leaf itself is perforated. They exist both in cells provided with spiral filaments and without ; in some instances, where the. spires are broken and branched, the pores are bordered with a thick ring given off from the filament, whence probably arises the supposition that what appeared to be pores were supplementary coils. They vaiy greatly in size, occasionally extending completely across the cell. Valentine describes them as resembling a minute truncated cone ; to us they appear on the same plane with the walls of the cells, except where their edges are thick- ened, as described above. In S. niacropliyllum the cells are devoid of any filaments, are very narrow, much elongated, and each perforated by from 8 to 14 large pores, which sometimes nearly divide the cell on one side ; they are by far most numerous on the upper surface of the leaf. The uses of these pores are hitherto unknown, they may be due to the nature of the situations in which the species are found. We have not proved them to reside in the intercellular tubes, though their existence in their walls is possible also. On the other hand, the latter alone may continue reservoirs for water during diy seasons, when, from the porous nature of the former, they readily part with their moisture.

Until the dehiscence of the operculum, no rupture of the calyptra takes place in Sphagnum. We have not ob- served the desilient property of the operculum, noticed by some authors. The sporules in all the species are clustered together in fours, of which three only are generally visible at first sight, as represented at Fig. VI. In most of the species the surface of the theca is studded over with stomatiform pores ; these are however very inconspicuous, if not wholly absent, in S. cymbifolium. The true pedicel is included within the vaginula and is singularly dilated be- low the orifice of the latter.

Plate LVII. Fig. VI. — 1, Longitudinal section of theca of S. cymbifoliwm ; 2, section of cellular substance from centre of the same ; 3, spores in a very young state ; 4, cellular tissue of leaf showing spiral vessels and pores ;

Y

122 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Auckland and

5, cell of 8. maerophyllwm with no spiral filament and many large pores ; 6, transverse section of the cells of a leaf of S. ctpribifolium : — all higlily magnified.

1. Sphagnum compaetvm, Brid., caule crecto rarnoso, ramis dense confertis, foliis iinbricatis concavis ovato-oblongis obtusis apice denticulatis, theca ovato-rotundata, pseudopodio brevi. S. compactum, Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. i. p. 16.

Tar. /3, rig'ulum ; foliis subrigidis convolutis superue attenuatis apice patulis, pseudopodio gracili sub- elongato. Nees et Hornsch. Bryol. Germ. vol. i. p. 14. t. 2. f. 5*.

Tar. y, ovatum ; foliis patentibus ovatis subacutis.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; in bogs near the sea, both the varieties grooving together.

The variety y. ovatum may possibly be a distinct species, though we have not ventured to separate it speci- fically ; it differs from the usual state of the plant in the ovate, not oblong, leaves, which are more acute at the apex, with somewhat cartilaginous margins. Dr. Lyall's specimens, though fragments, evidently belong to a much larger moss than S. cymbifolium, Dill., with more tiunid branches. Of this species Bridel remarks, " a S. cymbi- folio, foliis semper apice denticulatis, i.e. praemorsis, ut et toto habitu distinctissimum." The oblong leaves of var. /3 and the absence of the spiral fibres in the outer cells of the ramuli also appear constant peculiarities.

In this, as in some other species, it is not uncommon to observe the spiral fibres of the lower cells of the leaf disposed in a double or triple helix. The interposed circular discs are readily seen to he pores, from their strong similarity to the distinct apertures found on the cells of the ramulus. The outer cells of the branches seem analo- gous to the ordinary cellular tissue of the leaves, and the inner to their intercellular tubes ; whence the true position of the latter on the upper surface of the leaf may be inferred : whilst, on the other hand, the concavity of the foliage would lead to the supposition of their occupying the opposite one.

3. LEPTOSTOMUM, Br.

Peristomium simplex e thecse membrana interiore ortum, annulare, suberectum, indivisurn v. rarius subdentieula- tum. Calyptra glabra, dirnidiata. Theca sequalis v. rarius gibbosa, oblonga, in apophysin spuriam obconicam attenuata.

1. Leptostomum gracile, Br. ; caule csespitoso subramoso, foliis oblongis subacutis piliferis inferioribus ovato-lanceolatis, theca pendula oblongo-cylindracea, operculo hemispherico. L. gracile, Brown in Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. x. p. 321. Schwa eg. Suppl. vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 12. 1. 104. Gymnostomum gracile, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 22.

Hab. Campbell's Island; on exposed rocks, altitude 1200 feet, barren.

It is not yet proved whether the L. gracile and L. inclinans be really distinct. Our specimens agree with the former, in having a strong excurrent nerve ; they differ from it in the stems being densely matted with radicles, and from L. inclinans in the leaves not being contorted when dry and then- margins not revolute. There is a new and very well marked species in the Hookerian Herbarium, L. Bridgesii, Wils., MS., from Conception and Colchagua in Chili, in which the leaves are piliferous, with the nerve evanescent below the apex, the seta short, and the theca, instead of being pyriform, is widest at the base.

4. SPLACHNUM, L.

Peristomium simplex. Denies sedecim, per paria coadunati v. approximate longitudinaliter exarati, tandem rerlexi et plerumque theca? extus apprcssi. Calyptra campanulata, basi subintegra v. fissa, theca brevior. Theca sequalis, apophysata, exannulata.

Campbell's Islands.] FLOEA ANTAECTICA. 123

It is With much reluctance that we refuse to adopt the views of Bruch and Schimper, who, in their beautiful ' Bryologia Europaea,' subdivide Splaclinum into three or four genera. The several characters which the two species here enumerated possess and which are not conformable with those of any of the subgenera alluded to, would, were these adopted, oblige us to construct a fifth for their reception. S. octoblepkarum and S.purpurascens are so nearly allied to the S. mnioides, that we doubt the propriety of even retaining two genera which might be founded on the very dissimilar structure of the calyptra, but on that character alone, unaccompanied with any ditference of habit. In one of Bruch and Schimper's divisions, Tetraptodon, the calyptra is truly dimidiate and neither indexed nor ap- pendiculate at the base ; in the other, we always find it, previous to its separation from the vaginula, indexed at the base, but when the seta elongates and carries up the calyptra, this inflexed portion is drawn out and remains as a lace- rated and somewhat incurved membrane or appendage. A similar structure is observable in Sc/ilotJieimia, under which genus the development of S. quadrifida is illustrated.

In all the species which we have had an opportunity of examining in a recent state, and especially in S. splie- ricum, ampullaceum and mnioides, there is a very peculiar arrangement of the sporules, in lines radiating from the columella. Each of these lines is composed of eight or more sporules, contained either in separate cells or in mem- branous tubes, of a nature evidently analogous to the asci of some Fungi. This structure is probably common to all the species and may be traced obscurely in the dried state of some ; it has, however, escaped the observation of Bruch and Schimper, who perhaps did not examine specimens in a sufficiently young state.

The southern species, those at least from the higher latitudes, inhabit decayed vegetable matter.

1. SpLAcmajM purpurascens, Hook. fil. et "Wils. ; caule elongato, foliis patulis obovatis acurninatis in- tegerrinris vmdulatis evauidinerviis apicibus recurvis, theca elliptico-oblonga microstoma, apophysi obconica angusta, operculo conico. (Tab. LVII. Fig. V. 1.)

Far. ft minor. (Tab. LVII. Fig. Y. 8.)

Hab. Campbell's Island; in moist bogs, amongst grass; altitude 1000 feet.

Caides laxe caespitosi, vix ramosi, semiunciales et idtra. Folia patula, subremota, planiuscula v. undulata, sic- citate crispa, laxe reticulata, inferiora luride purpuraseentia. Infiorescentia monoica; flores masculi gemmaceo- capitulifomies ad baseos foliorum sessiles v. in ramulis propriis terminales. Seta uncialis, valida, rubra, nitida, sensim in apophysin theca brevioreni incrassata. Peristoma denies oeto, conniventes, luteoli, integri v. medio rima longi- tudinali ad apicem non producta fissi, siccitate fusci et reflexi. Columella apice dilatata, plerumque breviter exserta. Operculum paivum, anguste conicum, subrostellatum, rarius hemisphericum, flavescens v. rufo-brunneum. Calyptra non visa.

Nearly allied to S. octohlepharum, but larger, the leaves wider, more distant, less produced at the apex and more crisped when dry. Capsule narrow and more attenuated below, with a smaller mouth. In the var. /3, both the two lateral of the longitudinal and the transverse lines on the teeth are very faint ; in no instance do the teeth in this species appear to be really formed of four, the lateral lines always ceasing below the apex ; the lower part of each double tooth is formed by four cells in a line, but their summits of only two.

Plate LVII. Fig. V. — 1, 8. purpurascens, of the natural $i;e; 2, a leaf; 3 and 4, capsides ; 5, teeth closely approximated in pairs ; 6, the same, of var. 0 ; 7, the same of var. a, with a longitudinal fissure and some spo- rules : — magnified. 8, a small tuft of var. /3, of the natural si:e.

2. Splachntjm octoblepliarum, Hook. ; subramosum, foliis obovatis longe acivminatis subpiliferis inte- germnis, theca una cum apophysi clavata, peristomii dentibus octo solitariis. S. octoblepliarum, Rook. Muse. Exot. t. 167. Schwaeg. Suppl. II. pt. 1. p. 105. t. 129. (omitted in B ridel. Bryol. Univ.)

Var. /3, pyr /forme; foliis magis erectis confertis, apophysi angustiore. (Tab. LVII. Fig. TV. 1.)

124 FLORA ANTARCTICA. {Auckland and

Var. y, major ; foliis majoribus latioribus luride viridibus, dentibus 8 gerninatis. (Tab. LVil. Fig.LV. 6.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; vars. a and /3, in spongy bogs and in boles of trees in the woods, frequent. Campbell's Island ; var. a, not uncommon ; and var. /3, in the wet and wooded valleys, on the ground.

From its northern ally, 8. mnioides, this species differs, both in the structure of the peristome and in the shorter calyptra, which is mitraeform and inflexed at the base ; also in the carinate leaves. The inflorescence appears truly monoicous, once only we found a hermaphrodite flower. In the varieties a and 0, the theca varies greatly in form, and the columella is either included or exserted. In var. y, the leaves are often very large, and the teeth connive so closely as to appear but 8, which are separable into 16 ; they are pale yellow, each with a faint middle line : when dry they are erect, recurved or reflexed, and generally of a purple brown colour.

Plate LVJLL. Fig. IT. — 1, a small tuft of var. /3, of the natural size ; 2, a leaf ; 3, a capsule; 4, teeth; 5, a calyptra ; — magnified : 6, a plant of var. y, of the natural sice ; 7, a leaf; 8, a capsule ; and 9, teeth of the same : — magnified.

5. DBYPTODON, Br id.

Peristomium simplex. Dentes sedecim, inaequaliter bifidi, v. apice lacero-fissi. Calyptra mitrreformis, basi lacera. Theca aequalis, annulata. Brid. Bryol. Univ., vol. i. p. 191.

This genus is perhaps not distinct from Grimmia,

1. Dryptodon" cmpidus, Hook. fil. et V\"ils. ; caule fastigiatim rarnoso, foliis ovato-oblongis acuminatis v. e basi ovata gradatini subulato-acivminatis carinatis nervo percurrente, seta perbrevi, theca elliptica, oper- culo rostrato. (Tab. LVIL Fig. IX.)

Hab. Campbell's Island; on alpine rocks.

Caules laxe caespitosi, superne fastigiatim ramosi, subrigidi, Folia erecto-patentia, subrecurva, margine basi reflexa, fcrma sat varia, superiora longiora, apice subdiaphana, vix pilifera, nervo valido continuo instructa, flavo- viridia, siccitate crispatula erecta ; pericluetialia breviora, elliptico-oblonga, obtusa v. acuta. Seta vix lineam longa, foliis immersa, pallida, tandem lateralis. Theca erecta v. incliuata, elliptico-oblonga, fusco-lutea. Peristoma dentes vix ad medium fissi, rufi, coimiventes, siccitate reflexi. Operculum conico-rostratiun, rectum, theca -| brevius. Calyptra conico-mitrasformis, subpkcata, costata, fusca, basi lacera et inflexa, opercido paido longior. Annulus parvus.

The foliage of this moss bears a considerable resemblance to that of Eacomitrium fasciculare, from which it differs in the very short seta, pale elliptical theca, and in the peristome being truly that of a Dryptodon.

Plate LVIL Fig. IX. — 1, a specimen of the natural size; 2, a cauline leaf; 3 and 4, pericluetial leaves; 5, theca; 6, operculum ; 7, teeth; 8, calyptra: — magnified.

G. KACOMITMUM, Brid.

Peristomium simplex. Dentes sedecim ad basin usque bi-tri-quadripartiti, cruribus nliformibus conjuncti. Calyptra mitrKformis v. campanulata et subulata, theca brevior, basi lacera. Theca aequalis exanuulata.

1. KACOiirntiuii lanuginosum, Bridel, Bryol. Univ. vol. i. p. 215. Triehostomum, Iledtr. Muse. Frond. vol. iii. p. 3. t. 2. Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 105. t. 19.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; amongst tufts of grass at the foot of precipices, rare and barren.

This does not appear to differ from European specimens.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 125

7. ORT1IOTRICHUM, Hedic.

Peristomium simplex v. duplex, rarius nullum ; exterius dentes triginta duo, geminatim v. bigeminatim coadu- nati, (liinc quasi octo v. sedecim apparent) ; interim ciliae octo, aequales, v. sedecim, alternis brevioribus, ereetis v. horizontaliter patentibus. Calyptra campamdata, costata, basi lacera v. crenata, plerumque pilosa. Theca erecta, sequalis, exanuulata, tandem sulcata, in setam superne incrassatam gradatim attenuata.

1. Oethotrichuji cramfolium, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule brevi subrarnoso, foliis erecto-patentibus lanceolato-subulatis obtusis carnosis nervo crasso subcontinuo, theca breviter exserta ppiforrni leevi, peris- tomii dentibus sedecim, ciliis nullis, calyptra glabra. (Tab. LVIL Fig. YIII.)

Tar. /3 ; foliis longioribus, theca breviore foliis immersa.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; on rocks and stones immediately above high- water mark. Var. /3, Campbell's Island, with the following species.

Caides pulvinati, 2-4 Hn. longi. Folia suberecta, erassa, coriacea, supra plana, apice subobtusa, marginibus basi inflexis, nervo crasso infra apicem evanido, siccitate paulo incurva, olivacea v. fusco-lutea, demum nigricantia, suprema Hnearia, basi latiora, Infloresceutia dioica? Fl.masc. gemmifonnis, terminalis. Seta sub liueam longa, valida ; vaginula oblonga. Theca erecta, pyrifonnis, v. subturbinata, fusco-lutea, collo brevi, siccitate subeybndracea. Peristoma dentes liberi, siccitate erecti v. reflexi, lutei. Spora majuscula?, subrotunda?, rufo-olivaeeae. Operculum convexum, rostello recto, thecae \ longitud. Calyptra plicata, glabra, rufo-brunnea, basi octofida.

Perliaps allied to the 0. psychrophilum, Montague (Ann. So. Nat., vol. ix. p. 52); but the leaves are more erect with their margins not refiexed, the capsule even, of a thicker texture, and there is no inner peristome. It bears some resemblance to the 0. Magellanicum, Mont., from which the same characters will also distinguish it. The dry foliage is of an almost horny consistence.

Plate LVIL Fig. VIII. — 1, a specimen of the natural she ; 2, a portion of stem and theca ; 3 and 4, leaves ; 5, transverse section of ditto; 6, teeth; 7, sporules ; 8, calyptra : — magnified.

2. OitTHOTKiCHUJi aiigustifoUum, Hook. fil. et Wils.j caule brevi subramoso, foliis ereetis anguste lineari-subulatis acutiusculis carnosis nervo contmuo, theca subsessili immersa elliptica, operculo rostellato, peristomii simplicis dentibus sedecim. (Tab. LVIL Fig. VII.)

Hab. Campbell's Island; on rocks at an elevation of 1200-1100 feet.

Caules pulvinati, 2-3 lin. longi, luridi, rigidi, ramis subterminalibus abbreviates. Folia suberecta, conferta, elongata, stricta, opaea, subcarnosa, supra plana, nervo crasso continuo, siccitate subinciirva, atro-viridia ; pericJia- tialia longiora, lanceolata, acuminata, superne attenuata, subsecunda. Seta brevissima. Theca elliptico-ovata, parva, pallide fusea, ore majusculo. Dentes couniventes, pallide ferruginei, siccitate reflexi. Spora majusculaj. Operculum basi convexum, rostello brevi recto. Calyptra non visa.

Allied to the former species, but with larger, much narrower and amiost setaceous leaves ; the capsule also is smaller and hidden amongst the foliage.

Plate LVIL Fig. VII. — 1, a tuft of the natural size; 2, branch; 3 and 4, leaves; 5, theca and seta: — magnified.

8. MACROMITRIUM, Brid.

Peristomium simplex v. duplex ; exterius dentes sedecim, lanccolati, plus minusve geminatim connexi ; interius membrana apice lacera, multiiida. Calyptra conica, glabra v. pilosa, basi in lacinias plurimas sequilongas fissa. Theca sequalis, exannulata.

Z

126 FLOKA ANTARCTICA. {Auckland and

In an early state the difference between the calyptra of this genus and of Orthotrichum is very considerable, being, in the present case, linear and subulate ; but in the latter genus campanulate. We consider Bridel's defini- tion of this as drawn from more natural characters than that of Schwaegrichen.

1. Macro jiitrium longirostre, Schwaegr. ; caule repente, ramis erectis, foliis confertis erecto-patentibus lineari-lanceolatis lineis duabus notatis sohclinerviis siccitate tortilibus, theca ovali sulcata, calyptra glabra. M. longirostre, Scliwaeg. Suppd. vol. ii. j)t. 2. p. 131. 1. 112. Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. i. p. 310. Orthotri- chum, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 25.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; abundant on the trunks of trees near the sea.

This species varies considerably in colour and in habit ; the leaves are, sometimes, narrower and more spreading than in these specimens ; when dry they are always twisted round the stem.

2. Mackomithium aeutifolium, Bricl. ; caule repente ramosissimo, foliis lanceolatis valde acurninatis tortis nervo subexcurrente, theca ovata striata, operculi rostro aciculari, calyptra glabra. M. acuti- fohiun, Bricl. Bryol. Univ. vol. i. p. 736. Orthotrichuni, Hook, and Grev. in Edinb. Journ. of Science, vol. i. p. US. t, 5.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks at the top of the hill above Kendezvous Harbour, barren and very scarce.

9. SCHLOTHEIMIA, BriJ.

Peristomium duplex ; exterius dentes sedecim, per paria approxirnati, siccitate spiraliter revoluti ; interim meru- brana conica, in lacinias sedecim pluresve dentiformes inaequaliter fissa. Calyptra comco-mitrsformis, glabra, basi appendiculata, demum lacera. TJwca sequalis, exannulata.

Some sjiecies of Macromitrium, possessing a double peristome, have been confounded with this genus : from our own experience we are inclined to consider the appendicnlate cylindrical calyptra as the most decisive character of Schlotheimia ; the structure of the peristome apparently affording marks of minor importance only. In an early stage, a fold of the calyptra is produced downwards below the point of insertion of that organ into the vaginula, as in some Splachna, E/iealypta, and possibly in other genera of Mosses. This inverted portion, after the lengthening of the seta has detached the calyptra, splits into four or more segments; rid. Plate LVIII. Fig. I. — 11 and 12.

1. Schlotheimia qnadrifda, Bricl. ; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis cuspidatis tortis, theca oblongo-pyriformi laevi, calyptra glabra. S. quadrifida, Brid. Suppl. Muse. vol. ii. p. 18. Schwaeg. Suppl. vol. i. pt. 2. p. 41. and vol. ii. pt, 2. p. 147. t. 57. Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. i. p. 321. (Tab. LVIII. Fig. I.)

Unr. /3 ; caule robusto, foliis magis confertis inferioribus nigricantibus hrevius cuspidatis.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on rocks and dead bushes, frequent. Yar. /3, on rocks at an elevation of 1200-1400 feet.

This species approaches the S. Bromiii, Schwaeg. (Suppl. vol. ii. pt. 2. p. 52. t. 167), from which it differs in the shorter and less excurrent nerve, and from S. nitida in the leaves being straight and not recurved. The leaves of var. 0 are of a darker colour, more closely and regularly twisted round the stem, and do not readily recover in water.

It is singular to remark how far these tropical forms extend into the southern regions, whence we infer that an equable climate is the chief condition they require. In Tasmania, where the climate is more excessive than in New Zealand under the same parallel, the Schlotheimia and Macromitria are almost unknown, though in the latter loca-

Campbell's Islands] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 127

lity, and indeed throughout the three islands of New Zealand, they abound. Wherever they grow they invariably affect shade and shelter. The European genus Orthotrichim, on the other hand, of which there are several Tasma- nian examples, is very rare in New Zealand ; and in Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island, as in the Falk- land and other Antarctic Islands, the species court exposure, growing on black and exposed rocks, enduring the fidl power of such solar heat as those regions afford during the day, and of the frost, wind, and nocturnal radiation at other times. Under these circumstances, their foliage is of a peculiarly hard and almost horny consistence, espe- cially when dry.

Plate LVIII. Fig. I. — 1 and 2, tufts of the natural size; 3, cauline leaf; 4, upper leaf from near the peri- chaetium; 5, theca; 6, peristome; 7, a tooth; 8, calyptra; 9, calyptra, in a very young state, adherent with the vaginula, split open, exposing the enclosed seta, which is erroneously represented as bulbous; 10, the same, entire, surrounded by pistilla ; 11 and 12, calyptra, showing the base inflexed and attached to the summit of the vaginula : — magnified.

10. VvEISSIA, Eedw.

Peristomium simplex, dentibus sedeeim, suberectis, angustis, imperforatis. Calyptra cuculliformis. Tlieca sequalis, exapophysata, annulata v. exaimulata.

1. Weissla crispula, Ludw. ; caule erecto diviso, foliis imbricatis seeundis lanceolatis acuminatis ca- naliculatis siccitate crispulis, tlieca erecta oblonga, operculo oblique rostrato. W. crispula, Hedw. Sj). Muse. p. 68. t. 12. Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. i. p. 346.

Var. ft, ambigua ; foliis brevioribus subsecundis siccitate vix crispatis, perichsetialibus acuminatis nervo excurrente, seta breviore, dentibus interdum per paria approximatis. (Tab. LVIII. Fig. II.)

Hab. Campbell's Island; on exposed rocks from 600-1200 feet above the level of the sea, abundant.

After a very careful comparison of the Campbell's Island plant with specimens of W. crispula froin Snowdon, we are at length satisfied of the specific identity of the two. It is still uncertain whether the W. crispula of Hooker and Taylor be the same as that of Hedwig. The characters of the latter and of W. cirrata, as given by Schwaegrichen (Siipp.voLi.pt. 1. p. 75.), differ very slightly. Of W. cirrata bothlledwig and Bridel remark," folia marginibus reflexis aut innexis," the former we find constantly to be the case, in which respect the plant differs essentially from crispula. It is more than probable that the Moss from Snowdon, figured by Dillenius (Hist. Muse. t. 47. f. 38.), and quoted by Bridel as a synonym of his Dicranurn interruptiuu, is the W. crispula of Hooker and Taylor, which may well be considered by Bridel, a Bicrauum, having the habit of that genus, and the peristome being unknown to him.

Plate LVIII. Tig. II. — 1, tuft of the natural sbe; 2, a branch and theca ; 3. a leaf; 4, a theca; 5, teeth ; 6, calyptra : — magnified.

2. Weissia contecta, Hook. fil. et VTils. ; caule fastigiatim ramoso, foliis erectis strictis lanceolatis superne setaceis integerrimis solidinerviis, setaperbrevi, tlieca ovata, operculo rostrato. (Tab. LVIII. Fig. III.)

Hab. Campbell's Island; on alpine rocks.

Caules sesquiunciales, dense casspitosi, subrigidi, fragiles. Folia conferta, erecta, vix secimda, 3 lin. longa, in apicem rigidum linearem e nervo crasso excurrente formatmn producta, integerrima, canalioulata, marginibus basi inflexis, inferiora fusco-atra, superiora flavo-vhidia ; perielialialia majora, conformia. Infiorescentia monoica. Ft. masc. ad basin fceminei, gemmiformes ; anlhcridia paraphysibus phmniis immixta. Seta vix lineam longa, crassiuscula, innovationibus mox lateralis. Theca badia, ore patente. Annulus o. Denies pyramidati, ineurvi, transverse sidcati, ferrugineo-lutei, integri v. apice fissi, siccitate reflexi. Sporce minutse. Operculum basi hemisphericum, rostro obliquo, capsida parum breviore. Calgptra coriacea, subulata, parva, fusca.

128 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

This agrees with no other species of the genus in habit. It is allied to Dicranum filiforme, Schwaeg., but has entile teeth. The calyptra and operculum we have only seen detached amongst the leaves. There is a very similar plant in the Hookerian Herbarium, received from Mr. Dickson ; it has however a much longer seta, the perichaetial leaves are smaller and shorter, the cauline subsecund, more crisped when dry, and furnished with a thinner nerve.

Plate LVIII. Fig. III. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves ; 4, periehatial leaf, seta, theea, &c. ; 5, teeth ; 6, calyptra : — magnified.

11. SPRUCEA* Brid.

Peristomium simplex. Denies sedecim, bifidi. Calyptra ampla, glabcrrima, latere fissa, basi integerrima. — Holomitrium, Bridel. Endl. et Mart.fi. Bras. p. 17.

The generic name was founded on a mistaken view of the nature of the calyptra, described by Bridel as " elongato- conica, basi coarctata latereque integerrima ; " it is entire, in a very young state only, before the theca is developed. Hornschuch first modified the description of that organ, which is tridy dimidiate in all the species, though not as the last named author describes it, " campanulata." Except in greater size, it does not differ from that of TTeissia. The essential difference between a dimidiate and mitriforni calyptra arises simply from the former being too narrow to contain the mature theca, whilst the other is of sufficient capacity for that purpose. In habit this genus appears to us far less intimately allied to Racomitrium than to Bidymodon, with which it coincides in the dilated bases of the leaves ; the chief peculiarities are the shorter teeth and longer operculum, characteristics which, if taken in conjunction with the large perichaetial leaves, may serve to keep the present distinct.

1. Speucea perichcetialis, Brid. ; caule erecto rainoso, foliis inibricatis erecto-patentibus lanceolatis acuminatis inargine planis, nervo continuo, periclisetialibus vaginantibus, theca oblonga, operciilo aciculari. Holomitrium perichartiale, Brid. Bri/ol. Univ. vol. i. p. 227. Trichostomum, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 73.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; not uncommon on the stems of shrubs.

In this species the teeth are split near the summit only, perforated below, and of a similar structure with those of a Bryplodon, Brid.

12. DICRANUM, Hedw.

Peristomium simplex ; dentibus sedecim, bifidis. Calyptra cuciuliforniis.

1 . Dicranum Memiesii, Tayl. ; caule ascendente subrarnoso, foliis secundis setaceis basi lanceolatis subrigidis apice sub lente scrrulatis siccitate strictis nervo latiusculo valido subexcurrente, seta brevi, theca elliptico-oblonga basi substrumosa semiimmersa, operculo longirostro. D. Menziesii, Taj/lor in Phytologist, vol. ii. p. 1094.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on trunks of trees sparingly, barren.

Caules semiunciales. Folia suberecta, conferta, 3-5 lin. longa, valde angusta, supra canaliculata, flavescentia, marginibus basi inflexis ; perichatialia vaginantia \-\ breviora, basi dilatata. Seta 3 lin. longa, pallida, vix tortilis.

* Though very averse to the system of changing names, we should not feel ourselves justified in allowing that of Holomitrium, founded, as the name is, upon incorrect characters drawn from imperfect specimens, to remain. In proposing that of Sprueea for this fine genus, we commemorate the services rendered to British Botany, and espe- cially to Muscology, by our acute friend, Mr. Richard Spruce, of York.

CampbeUs Islands] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 129

Theca suberecta, curvata, brunnea, siccitate infra orem contracta, denmni obscure striata. Bentes suberecti, inciirvi, rubri. Operculum capsulani sequans, rostro gi'acili, curvato.

The above description has been drawn up from original specimens, gathered by Mr. Mcnzies (during Vancouver's Voyage) in Dusky Bay, New Zealand. This plant differs from B.fasciatum, Hedw. (Sp. Muse. p. 127. t. 28.), in the longer, more setaceous, nerved leaves, solitary seta, and oblong theca. Two closely allied forms occur in Herb. Hook., one having longer stems and more rigid, lurid green leaves, suddenly dilated at the base ; the other with lax spreading foliage.

Plate LVIII. Fig. IV. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, part of branch with theca; 3, leaf; 4, lower part of ditto ; 5, theca : — magnified.

2. Diceanum pungens, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule elongate subramoso, foliis secundis patentibus lineari- lanceolatis attenuatis convolutis apice carinatis serrulatis tenuinerviis, perichsetialibus elongatis convolutis, seta mediocri torta, tlieca inelinata oblonga curvula, operculo longirostro. (Tab. LIX. Fig. I.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; barren in the latter locality.

Caules 3-4-unciales, robusti, erecti v. curvati, parcc ramosi. Folia 4-5 lin. longa, conferta, patentia, subrigida, inferiora subscpiarrosa, superiors dense congesta, supra carinata, marginibus apices versus dorsoque serratis, ple- rumque arete convolutis, nervo tenui, luteo-vii'idia, nitida, siccitate supra medium torta ; periclia/ialia intima 8 lin. longa, enervia, convoluta, integerrima. Seta interduni binse, 8-9 lin. longse, graciles, subflexuosa?, rubra?, siccitate tortae. Tlieca parvula, elliptico-oblonga, subcurvata, basi vix strumosa, rufo-bruimea, siccitate infra orem contracta. Denies pro genere parvi, conniventes, demum supra medium fissi, ferruginei. Operculum (delapsum) theca longius, curvirostrum. Calyptra straminea.

This very handsome species resembles the B. Blumii, Schwaeg. (Suppl., vol. ii. pt. 2. p. 116. 1. 185), inaccu- rately described as nerveless, but differs essentially in the form of the theca. B. Billardieri has shorter and broader leaves, and larger theca?. In B. setosum, nobis, a nearer ally, the leaves are more setaceous and fragile, the nerve broader, and occupying the whole breadth towards the apex, the capsule is longer and more curved, the peristome larger and of a red colour, and the seta not twisted when dry.

Plate LIX. Fig. I — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2, front, and 3, back view of a leaf; 4, young theca ; 5, martvre ditto ; 6, teeth : — magnified.

3. Dicraxoi Billardieri, Schwaeg. ; caule elongato dichotome ramoso, foliis subsecundis basi lanceo- latis longe acuminatis denticulatis, theca strumosa, operculo longirostro. D. Billardieri, Schwaeg. Suppl. vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 70. t. 121.

Var. 0, dwriuseulum ; caule humili fastigiatim ramoso, foliis magis rigiclis attenuatis, nervo latiore, seta longiore.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the ground and dead trunks of trees in woods, both varieties.

The habit of the var. ft which also grows on the more exposed uplands, is rather peculiar ; still we can find no specific distinction between them. The B. Nova Hollander, Hornsch., does not appear different from this species.

4. Dicrantjm setosum, Hook. til. et Wils. ; caule fragili subramoso, foliis strictis fragihbus suberectis longissime lanceolato-setaceis apice serrulatis nervo latiusculo subexcurrente, seta longiuscula, theca oblonga curvata, operculo longirostro. (Tab. LVIII. Pig. V.)

Var. p, attenuatum ; caule flexOi elongato ramoso. (Tab. LVIII. Eg. V. 2.)

2 A

130 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the ground, at the roots of trees in the woods. Var. /3, Campbell's Island.

Caules 1-2 unciales et ultra, densi, fragiles. Folia semiuncialia, nitida, fiavida, solidinervia, nervo in aristam longam excurrente ; perichatialia abbreviata, vaginantia, basi dilatata. Seta 1 une. longa, crassiuscula, vix torta. Theca suberecta, arcuata, substruinosa. Operculum tbeca longius, rostro tenui curvato. Calyptra fusca, apice rubra.

We are not acquainted with any species with which the present could be confounded. _D. longisetum, Hook., has the leaves of a similar form, but their nerve is very broad and indistinct, and the theca is erect. D. eapillaceum, Brid. (Bryol. Univ., vol. ii. p. 460), differs in the striated capsule. The stems of the var. /3 are four inches long.

Plate LYIII. Fig. V.— 1, a tuft, of the natural size ; 2, a stem of var. /3, of the natural size ; 3 and 4, leaves ; 5, theca and calyptra; 6, operculum: — magnified.

13. CAMPYLOPUS, Brid.

Peristomium simplex ; dentibus sedecim, bifidis v. bipartitis, imperforatis, cruribus sequalibus. Calyptra conica, fissa, rarius integra, basi fimbriato-lacera v. subciliata. TJieca sequalis, exannulata, exapophysata, nunc basi inaquali pseudo-apophysata.

1. Campylopus introficxus, Brid. ; caule erecto ramoso, foliis imbricatis e basi lata lanceolatis acuminatis piliferis nervo lato excurrente, seta madore curvata, theca elliptica striata, operculo conico. C. introflexus, Brid. Bnjol. Univ. vol. i. p. 472. Dicranum, Hedio. Sjh Muse. p. 147. t. 29. fig. 1-7.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; growing both in moist and thy places on the lulls.

This species is remarkable for the divergence of the filiform apices of its leaves and the broad nerve which is obscurely lamellated at the back, their margins also are so inflexed as to give them a subulate appearance. The nu- merous theca; arise from aggregated perichretia and are quite buried and concealed amongst the fobage. New Holland specimens of this moss exist in the Hookerian Herbarium under the name of D. pudicum, Hornsch. D. capitifiorum, Pal. de Beauv., from Bourbon, has more strict leaves, more distinctly lamellated at the back.

2. Campylopus flexuosus, Brid. ; caule erecto subramoso, foliis rigidiusculis concavis subulatis acumi- natis nervo lato continuo, seta curvata, theca ovata striata, operculo recto cuspidato. C. flexuosus, Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 469. Dicranum, Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 146. t. 38. f. 1-6. Rook, et Tayl, Muse. Brit. p. 94. 1. 16.

Hab. Campbell's Island; barren.

14. LOPHIODON* JIooLfl. et Will.

Peristomium simplex ; dentibus sedecim, pyrainidatis, per paria approximatis. Calyptra cucuLUformis.

This genus corresponds with the Cynodon of Bridel, a preoccupied name. The present species does not accord with Schwaegrichen's definition of Cynodontium, and we are thus obbged to establish a genus for its reception.

1. Lophiodox strictus, Hook. fil. et Wils. (Tab. LIX. Pig. II.) Var. j3, foliis longioribus flavidis, theca majore.

* Nomen e Xocjuov parva crista et 68ovs dens.

Campbell's Islands.] FLOKA ANTAECTICA. 131

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; on moist rocks at an altitude of 1200 feet in the former locality, descending lower in the latter. Var. 0, Lord Auckland's group, with the former.

Caules sesquiuneiales, esespitosi, fastigiatim ramosi, ramis gracilibus. Folia erecta, subsecunda, striata, sicci- tate appressa, subrigida, longe lineari-setacea, basi lauceolata, vaginantia, flavo-viridia, inferiora nigrescentia ; nervo valido continuo, apicem versus obtusurn denticulatuin paido dilatato ; periclteetialia majora, convoluta. Infores- centia dioica ; Fl. masc. terminalis, geumiiforrais. Seta vix uncialis, pallida, subtorta. Tlieca erecta, ovata, cylin- dracea, basi rotunda, badia, lsevis, nitida. Peristoma denies breves, fere horizontals, rnadore conniventes, siccitate erecti, pallide ferruginei. Annulus majusculus. Spora inajusculae. Operculum conico-rostratiun, erectiun, theca paido longior. Calyptra tlieca longior, scariosa, fusca, latere fissa.

The singular apex of the leaf distinguishes this species, even in a barren state, from JFei-ssia contecta, or any similar moss.

Plate LIX. Fig. I. — 1 and 2, specimens of the natural size ; 3 and 4, leaves ; 5 and 6, theca? ; 7, peristome ; 8, teeth ; 9, calyptra : — magnified.

15. CEEATODON, Brid,

Perktomium simplex ; dentibus basi liberis, bipartitis, eruribus trabeculisque horizontalibus connexis, superne solutis, flexuosis. Calyptra cuculliformis. Tlieca imequalis, annulata, tandem profuude sulcata, substrumosa. — Cera- todon, Brid. Brgol. Univ., vol. i. p. 480.

1. Ceratodon purjmreus, Brid. ; 1. c. Didyniodon purpureus, Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 113. t. 20. Dicranurn, Iledwig, S<p. Muse, p, 130. t. 36.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; on the ground, abundant.

16. POLYTEICHUM, L.

Perktomium simplex; dentibus 32-64, brevibus, inflexis, cartilagineis, apicibus membrana horizontali (epi- phragma) connexis. Tlieca cxanmdata, ore epiphragmate (e columellas apice dilatato) clausa. Calyptra cuculliformis, glabra, v. indusio villoso e pibs intertextis obtecto. Tlieca exannulata. — Psilopdum, Catharinea, Pogonatum et Polytrichiuu, Bridel et auctorum.

We would gladly avail ourselves of Bruch and Schimper's subdivisions of this genus, as proposed in the ' Bryo- logia Europaea,' did not the antarctic species prove them to be unnatural. Even the European species, do not coin- cide with the views of those authors, for the Pogonatum naiunn, Br. and S., has the inner membrane of the sporangium surrounding the columella perfectly cylindrical, and thus is at variance with their definition ; and there is nothing essentially different between its structure and that of Atrickum, of the corresponding membrane in which no mention is made. This inner sporuliferous lining of the columella exists in all mosses, as well as in the Atrickum undulatum. Br. and S., and is the portion of the seminal sac, which, being inverted at the base, ascends the axis of the theca surrounding the columella ; it forms the visible columella ; the tissue itself, being often of extreme tenuity, is fre- quently overlooked and its continuity with the sporular membrane is not always evident. We have attempted to explain this structure at p. 120, under Sphagnum. That the characters derived from the calyptra are not of generic value is proved by that organ being exposed in P. magellanicum and dendroides, which have otherwise all the cha- racters of Pogonatum. The origin of the villous hairs composing the outer calyptra of many species and their original attachment to the vagiuula did uot escape the notice of Ehrhart and Mohr and subsequently of Wahlenberg, although overlooked by Bruch and Schimper, whose analyses of the genera of mosses are unequalled in point of exe-

132 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Auckland and

cution. The origin of these hairs in no way argues the absence of paraphyses, which those authors observe, and which are sufficiently perceptible though of only half the diameter of the hairs themselves, these are perfectly straight and inserted near the base of the vaginula.

1. Poiathichum magellanicum, Hedw. ; caule ramoso, foliis rigidis patentibus recurvis basi ovatis vaginantibus delude subulatis serratis, theca inclinata v. horizontali oblonga serni-cylindracea supra plana, operculo conico-rostrato, calyptra glabra. P. magellanicum, Hedw. Sj). Muse, p. 101. t. 20. f. 1, 2. Catha- rinea, Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 106. (Tab. LIX. Kg. III.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; moist ground, amongst grass near the tops of the lulls.

Theca junior erecta, matiua inclinata, tandem horizontalis, basi subgibbosa, fusco-bmnnea.

In the peculiar form of the capsule (ill represented in Hedwig's figure) and in general habit, this moss bears a strong similarity to Baicsonia ; Menzies, who describes the theca as subcylindrical in the Limiaean Transactions (vol. it. p. 71.), is the only observer who has remarked its peculiar structure. The naked calyptra allies this species to the Catharinea of Bridel, whence some may include it under the division called Pogonatum by Bruch and Schim- per ; on the other hand, the absence of an apophysis will connect it with Oligotrichum. From Polytrichum of Bruch. and Sehimper, it differs in wanting proper angles on the capsule, and from Atrichum, of the same authors, in having the inner or inverted portion of the sporular membrane surrounding the columella 4-winged.

Tins moss is found in as low a south latitude as Brazil, from whence we have seen specimens collected by Baddi and named Catharinea pseudo-poly i richmn , and there are others in the Herbarium formed by Jlr. Gardner. It varies in the length and somewhat in the disposition of the leaves, which are sometimes widely spreading and squarrose, but in the specimens now under consideration, they are shorter than in others from Cape Horn. The seta is also of variable length.

Plate LEX. Fig. III. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves ; 4, young theca ; 5, mature ditto ; 6, teeth; 7, transverse section of theca; 8, calyptra :— -magnified.

17. CONOSTOMUM, Swartz.

Peristomium simplex ; dentibus sedeeim, in conum persistentcm conniventlbus, apicibus subulatis. Calyptra brevissima, conico-subulata, stricta, latere fissa. Theca subinsequalis, exannulata.

1. Con'ostomum australe, Swartz; caule erecto valde ramoso, ramis fastigiatis obscure pentagonis, foliis densis arete imbricatis lineari-lauceolatis acuminatis supremis longe piliferis, theca cernua subrotun- data v. ovato-globosa. C. australe, Swartz in Schroder, Neu Bot. Jovrn. vol. i. pt. 3. p. 31. t. 6. Schcaeg. Suppl., vol. i. pt. 1. p. 80. and pt. 2. p. 108. 1. 130. Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. i. p. 152.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; on moist rocks, at a considerable elevation.

Conoslomum has recently been united with Bartramia, by Bruch and Sehimper. The genus is still an emi- nently natural one. It is not upon the most evident characters, such as the various species of Polytriclium present, however constant they may be, that natural genera can in many cases be founded.

18. BAETEAMIA, Hedw.

Peristomitim duplex ; externa dentes sedeeim, iuflexi ; interim membrana carinata, in lacinias sedeeim integras bifidasve fissa, ciliis interjectis v. nullis. Calyptra cucidliformis. Theca globosa v. ovato-globosa rarius elongata, insequalis; ore obliquo, exannulato. — Philonotis et Bartramia, Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 15 et 32.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 133

1. Bartrahia patens, Brid. ; caule erecto subramoso, foliis patentibus rigidis linearibus aeuminatis serrulatis basi dilatatis vaginantibus, tlieca obliqua, operculo couvexo. B. patens, Brid. Bri/ol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 38. Schwaeg. Suppl. vol. i. pt. 2. p. 55. t. 62. B. squarrosa, Turner in Koenig's Annals of Botany, vol. i. p. 583. t. 2. f. 2.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on rocks, half way up the lulls ; barren.

Allied to B. ithyphylla, Brid. ; but larger, with the leaves longer and more dilated at the base.

2. Baiitramia robusta, Hook. fd. et Wils. ; caule erecto subramoso, foliis patentibus rigidis subulatis serrulatis basi quadratis vaginantibus nervo lato continuo, seta crassiuscula, theca erecta, operculo coirico rostellato. (Tab. LIX. Fig. IV.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; in moist places, especially towards the tops of the bills ; barren in the latter island.

Caules csespitosi, pollicares, robusti, basi radiculis intertexis fuscis dense obtecti et connexi. Folia densa, rigida, subfragilia, nervo latissimo crasso superne supra paginam folii totani extenso, flavo-viridia, inferiora subrufescentia. Infiorescentia dioica ; Fl. masc. teraiinalis ; antheridiis plurimis oblongis, paraphysibus longioribus immixtis. Seta 8 lin. longa, valida, baud torta, rubra. Theca erecta, globosa, brunnea, siccitate sulcata. Peristomium non visum, an nullum ? Operculum couico-rostellatum, luteum. Calyptra fusca.

A more robust species than the B. patens, with broader and more rigid leaves, their dilated bases truly quad- rate. The capsule is perfectly erect and the operculum rosteliate. It essentially differs from the former in the dioecious inflorescence. The thecae are not in a fit state to show the peristome, if this moss really possesses one, of wliich we have some doubt. This is uot distinguishable from the B. potosica of Montague (Ann. Se. Nat., 2nd Series, vol. ix. p. 56), judging only from the description of that author ; but an examination of authentic specimens proves the two truly distinct, the latter being more closely allied to B. patens, though having shorter leaves with their bases not quadrate, but oblong or almost obovate.

Plate LIX. Fig. IV. — 1, plant of the natural si;e ; 2 and 3, leaves ; 4 and 5, theca ; 6, old ditto ; 7, calyptra : — magnified.

3. Barteamia pendida, Hook. ; caule subpinnatim ramoso fastigiato, foliis ovato-lanceolatis longe aciumnatis-serrulatis striatis nervo continuo, tlieca pendula ovato-globosa subcyliudracea sulcata, operculo planiusculo. B. pendula, llooh. Muse. Exot. t. 21. Philonotis pendida, Brid. Bri/ol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 27. Milium pendulum, Smith in Linn. Trans, vol. vii. p. 262.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; frequent in marshy places, always barren. Variable in aspect and sometimes resembling B. fontana.

19. BRYUM, Bill.

Peristomium duplex ; exterius dentes sedecim, asquidistantes, lanceolati, simplices ; interim membrana tenera, sedecim cariuata, in processus totidem dorso earinatos producta, ciliis aut mulis aut plurimis filiformibus interjectis, dentibus extends oppositis. Calyptra parvula, cuculbfonuis. Theca inclinata v. pendula, oblonga, pyriformis v. clavata, plerumque annulata, collo brevissimo v. elongato instructa. Caules apices verms innovantes. — Bryurn, "VVebera, Pohlia, Cladodium, et Ptychostomum, Bridel et auctorum.

In the generic character, given above, we have closely followed that of Bruch and Schimper (Bryol. Europ.), though not satisfied of the propriety of excluding Mnium.

■2 B

134 FLORA ANTAECTICA. {Auckland and

1. Brytm nutans, Schreb. ; caule subramoso breviusculo v. elongato, fobis superioribus elongato-lan- ccolatis apice serratis inferioribus ovato-lanceolatis integerriniis, theca nutante v. pendula oblongo-pj-riformi longitudine varia, operculo majusculo convexo papillate B. nutans, Schreber, Fl. Lips. p. 81. Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 203. t. 29. Bruch et Scliimper, Bryol. Europ. Fasc. 6-9, p. 34. t. 12.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; on the hills, at an altitude of 1000 feet; rare, growing in a peaty soil.

The description given above is mainly taken from the ' Bryologia Europsea,' the authors of which add to the specific character " hermaphroiUtum, antheridiis per paria in foliorum summorum perichartialiunique axillis inque archegonioriun receptacido." The Auckland Island specimens are immature and vary in size, but coincide well with others of British growth. This is a moss of a high arctic as well as antarctic latitude.

2. Beytjm Wahlenbergii, Schwaeg. ; caule simplici erecto v. ascendente, foliis apices versus serratis in- ferioribus remotis ovatis acuininatis, caulinis confertis lanceolatis costa evanida instructis, theea inclinata v. pendula brevi pjrifonni, operculo convexo v. subconico mamillato, dentibus majusculis. B. Wahlenbergii, Schwaeg. Suppl. vol. i. pt. 2. p. 92. t. 70. Bruch et Schbnper, Bryol. Europ. Fasc. G-9, p. 44. t. 19.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; barren. (Br. By all.) The inflorescence of this moss is dioecious.

3. Brytjm llaadnm, Hook. fil. et TTils. ; caule subsimplici, foliis imbricatis erecto-patentibus oblongis obtusis integerrimis concavis, nervo tenui subcontinuo, theca — ? (Tab. LX. Fig. I.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; in boggy places, frecoient, but barren.

Caules pollicares, csespitosi, parce ramosi, flaccidi. Folia subereeta, laxe imbricata, valde concava, membranacea, pellucida, laxe reticulata, areolis rhomboideo-hexagonis, marginibus non reflexis, siccitate appressa, contracta, nitida, iufima rubella v. rosea, superiora pallide viridia, nervo rubello sub apicem v. evanido. Fructus deest.

A very beautiful moss, remarkable for its brilliant reddish and very membranous foliage. Allied to B. celhdare, Hook, (in Schwaeg. Suppl., t. 211 a, idem ac Poldia tiirhhiata, Schwaeg., I.e. t. 194?); but the leaves are larger, much more concave and obtuse, and the stems longer.

Plate LX. Fig. I. — 1, and 2, specimens of the natural she ; 3, a portion of a branch and leaves ; 4, leaf : — magnified.

4. Bbtum truncorum, Brid. ; caule erecto subsimplici, fobis marginatis obovatis serratis longe acuini- natis supremis rosulatis, theca pendula elongata cyHndracea, operculo brevi conico apice acuto. B. truncorum, Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. i. p. 699.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; in moist exposed places, barren.

These specimens seem to be of the same species as others gathered in New Zealand with capsules, and which agree well with Bridel's description of B. truncorum, a Bourbon plant, detected by Bory de St. Vincent. Our moss is closely allied to the B. ramosum, Hook. (Ic. Plant, t. 20. f. 2), and also to B. patens, Hook, and TA lis. (Lond. Journ. of Bot., vol. iii. p. 155), from which latter, as also from B. roseum, it differs in the margined leaves and in the remarkably narrow elongated theca. It is perhaps the B. leptothecium, Tayl. MSS.

5. Bryoi (innulatuiii, Hook. fil. et \Tils.; caule perbrevi, fobis patentibus subrigidis ovato-lanceolatis acutis integerrimis sobdinerviis, theca pendida ovata, operculo conico, annulo latissimo. (Tab. LX. Fig. II.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on the low grounds, scarce.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 135

Caules cfespitosi, 2 tin. longi. Folia conferta, subeoncava, nervo crasso continuo vix excurrente instructa, sic- citate uon crispata. Seta 3-4 tin. longa, apice arcuata. Theca subobovata. Peristoma externi dentes lutei, tra- becular, trabecutis reniotis. Aunulus rnagnus, iusignis, longitudine i peristomii exterioris.

We advance this species with much hesitation and after a very carefid examination. It is most nearly allied to the B. balanoides (Tayl. MSS.), of which it may possibly be a variety, differing from that moss in the rigid and differently shaped leaves, in the large annulus and distant trabecidse of the outer teeth. The capsule is not suffici- ently mature to show the nature of the cilia; of the inner peristome.

Plate LX. Tig. II. — 1, a specimen of the natural she ; 2, 3, 4, and 5, leaves ; 6. theca : — magnified.

20. FUNARIA, Sclireb.

Peristomium duplex ; exterius dentes sedecim, obtiqui, apice cohgerentes ; interim cilia totidem membranacea, basi connata, v. membrana plana, in ciliis 16, dcntibus oppositis, fissa. Cahjptra cucullifomiis, ventricosa, basi subtetragona. Theca inrcquatis, piriformis, cernua, saspius annulata.

1. Fuxaria hygrometriea, Hedw. ; caule brevissimo subsiniplici, foliis appressis ovato-lanceolatis inte- gerrimis nervo excurrente, seta arcuata rnadore torta, theca cernua pyriforrni profuude sulcata, operculo planiusculo. F. hygrometriea, Hedw. Sjj. Muse. p. 170, et auctorum.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; frequent on the hills ; not seen in Lord Auckland's group.

The absence of this moss, in the parts of Lord Auckland's group explored by the expedition, is very remark- able, considering its abundance in Campbell's Island, and is doubtless owing to the presence of carbonized matter over the surface of a great part of the latter island. In the Antarctic regions, as in Europe, the Funaria invariably follow fires, and the confervoid filaments of its youngest state constitute the first appearance of vegetation on the burnt soil of the Falkland Islands.

§ PLEUROCARPI. 21. ANCECTANG1UM, Brid.

Stoma nudum. Calyptra cuculliformis. Theca sequalis, exannulata. Seta lateralis. — Hedwigia, Hook. Muse. Fxot.

1. Amcectangiuji Humhohlti, Brid.; caule erecto diviso pinnathn ramoso, ramis deflexis subrecurvis, foliis hnbricatis obovatis concavis enerviis piliferis, theca subglobosa sulcata, operculo basi planiusculo oblique rostrate A. Hiunboldti, Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 165. Hedwigia, Hook. Muse. Bxot. t. 137. Sehwaeg. Snppl. vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 9. t. 103.

Var. /3, australe ; caule breviore, foliis acutis seta recta breviore terminatis marginibus nou cartilagineis.

ELvb. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; on moist rocks, at an elevation of 1100 feet in the former and 600 in the latter island.

The original specimen, figured in the ' Musei Exotici,' has the leaves terminated by a slender hair-like produc- tion of their own length, whilst others, gathered by Dr. Lyall at Rio, are muticous in that respect ; those now before us are intermediate, and some others from Cape Horn more closely resemble the moss of the Andes.

22. LEUCODOjST, Sehwaeg. Peristomium simplex, membranaceum ; dentibus sedecim, bipartitis. Calyptra cuculliformis.

136 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

1. Leucodon Lagurus, Hook.; caule rarnoso toinentoso, foliis irnbricatis ovatis coneavis aciuninatis piliferis seminerviis, theca erecta cylindracea, operculo acnjninato. L. Lagurus, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 136. Sckwaeg. Swppl. vol. i. pt. 1. p. 121. 1. 133.

Var. /3, foliis ruajoribus ima basi biuerviis.

Hab. Campbell's Island; on rocks, at an elevation of 1000 feet, barren.

In the original specimens the leaves are generally nerved half-way up ; in the present they possess two very short nerves ; but the variety is not otherwise distinguishable from the Antarctic American plant.

23. LESKIA, Hedmg.

Peristomium duplex ; exterius dentes sedeeim acuti ; interim membrana in dentibus sedecim ajquilongis fissa. Calyptra cucnlliformis.

1. Leskia concinna, Hook. ; caule erecto bipinnatim ramoso, foliis distickis oblongis acuminatis mar- ginatis apice serratis evanidinerviis stipulis conformibus duplo brevioribus, theca suberecta oblonga, operculo subulato. L. concinna, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 34. Sckicaeg. Siippl. t. 269. Hvpopterygiuni, Bridel, Bryol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 711.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; shady rocks on the tops of the lulls, altitude 1200-1100 feet.

This moss, which is furnished with accessory leaves (stipules) on the lower surface of the stem, belongs to the same group as Hypnum landman, Hook. (Muse. Exot. t. 35), and L. rotulata, Hedw., they should perhaps be separated from Leskia and from LTookeria, to which they are in some respects allied. Bridel's genus Hypopterygium is so constructed as not to admit of these, the fertile flowers being lateral and not covered by the stipules, and the ealyptra truly dimidiate instead of mitriform. In Pterigynandrum ciliatum, Hedw., which has the habit of this group, the peristome is single.

2. Leskia tamariscina, Hedw. ; caule flabellatim ramoso, ramis subdivisis, fobis disticliis oblicpie lanceolatis serrulatis evanidinerviis, stipulis rotundatis rnucronatis, theca oblonga subpendula, operculo conico rostellato. L. tamariscina., Hedw. Sjj. Muse. p. 212. t. 51. (excl. si/n. Swartziifid. Hook.). H-qioptery- gium, Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 715.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; barren. {Br.Lyall.)

According to the remark in Hooker's Muse. Exot. (sub. t. 35), the name Leskia tamariscina of Swartz (Fl. Ind. Occ), should be substituted for that of L. rotulata, Hedw. We are not aware that any subsequent author has no- ticed the curious tubular setiform processes in the axillae of the leaves aud sometimes of the stipides in this moss.

3. Leskia Novee-Hottandia, Sckwaeg. ; caule erecto siinplici, foliis disticliis oblongo-lanceolatis apice denticulatis nervo in cuspidem excurrente, seta basilari elongata, theca ascendente cylindracea. L. Novje Hollandia?, Sckwaeg. Snjgj?. vol. i. pt. 2. p. 160. t. 83. Rliizogonium, Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. 2. p. 664.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the trunks of trees in the deepest and darkest recesses of the woods ; scarce and barren.

21. HYPNUM, Bill.

Peristomium duplex ; exterius dentes sedecim, lanceolati, reflexdes ; interim membrana carinata, in cilia totidem interdum pertusa ciliolis interjectis fissa. Calyptra cucidliformis. — Isothecium, Hypmmi et Stereodon, Bridel.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 137

a. Foliis distichis.

1. Hypxtjm lif art uiti , Hook. ; caule erecto subpimiatim rarnoso, foliis remotis erccto-patcutibus distichis lanceolatis margiuatis duplicato-serratis sobdinerviis, theca horizontali ovata, operculo conico acuminato. H. bifariurn, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 57. Schwaeg. Svppl. t. 257, a. Isothecium, Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 35G.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; ou the dead trunks of trees.

The serratures of the leaves are composed of a double row of spines, as in E. spiniforme. The operculum is half the length of the theca, shorter and less acuminated than in the figure in ' Musci Exotici.'

b. Foliis imbricatis. * Foliis solidineniis*

2. Hypxuii spiniforme, L. ; caule erecto subsimpbei, foliis patentibus lineari-subulatis marginatis du- plicato- spinuloso-serratis soliclinerviis, seta subbasilari, theca ovata arcuata, operculo oblique conico rostrato. H. spiniforme, Linn. Sji. PL p. 15S7. Hedwig, Mmc.vol. iii. p. 59. t. 25. Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 557.

Var. (3, caule gracili, foliis brevioribus lanceolato-subulatis luridis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; var. /3, under large tussacks of grass on the lulls, rare and barren.

Neither in this nor in any other specimens of H. spiniforme have we seen the leaves to be bifarious.

3. Hypxtjm elongat/im, Hook. fil. et Vfils. ; caule elongato robusto subramoso, ramis elongatis, foHis erecto-patentibus ovato-lauceolatis nervo excurrente apiculatis serrulatis striatis. (Tab. LX. Fig. IH.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; in dry rocky places on the lulls, rare and always barren.

Caules 4-6 unciales, basi procumbentes, deinde ascendentes, incurvi, parce et vage ramosi. Folia suberecta, dense imbricata, serrulata, phcato-striata, siccitate erecta, subtorta, nervo tenui hi apiculum exsertum suhelongatmn desinente instructa, flavo-viridia, nitida, inferiora sordide viridia, dorso papulosa, areolis minutis oblongis, basi mar- ginibusque pellncidis reticulatis.

This moss closely resembles the H. densumf, Swartz (Fl. Ind. Occ), which is but ill represented in Hedwig's ' Species Musconun.'

Plate LX. Fig. III. — 1, a specimen, of the natural size; 2, leaf: — magnified.

4. Hypxoi consimile, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule elongato subramoso debili, foliis erecto-patentibus supremis secundis ovato-lauceolatis acuminatis serrulatis striatis nervo subexcurrente. (Tab. LX. Fig. IV.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; iu marshy places on the hills, barren.

* The subdivisions here proposed appear to us more natural than those in general use, of which they are in some respects modifications.

f An original specimen of this iu Herb. Hook, may be thus characterized ;

H. densum, Sw. ; foliis lanceolatis acuminatis argute serratis fragilibus siccitate striatis evanidinervhs (areolis rotundatis) margine basi pimctatis. H. densum, Swartz, Fl.Ind. Occ, p. 1S29.

Hab. Jamaica; roots of trees on the Blue Mountains, {Swartz).

2 c

13S FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

Caules 3-4 unciales, graciles, laxe enespitosi, parce ramosi ; ramis erectis. Folia laxe inabricata ut in H. elon- gate/, sed multo minora et e basi subquadrata gradatim attenuata, minute serrulata, nervo valido apice incrassato subexcurrente instructa, areolis minimis subrotiindis v. punctiformibus.

This moss might readily be taken for a slender state of the H. elongatum, nobis, from which it is truly distinct iu the lower part of the leaf being subquadrate, angled on each side a little above the base, thence tapering gradually to a point, in the margin being more minutely serrated, the nerve stronger, and in the smaller reticidation.

Plate LX. Fig. TV. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves ; 4, portion of a leaf, shewing the reti- cidation : — Magnified.

5. Hypnum seabrifolium, Hook. fil. et TVils. ; caule pinnatim ramoso, foliis laxe imbricatis ovato-lan- ceolatis acuminatis margine scabris dorso papulosis nervo valido subexcurrente. (Tab. LX. Fig. VI.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; barren. (I)/: Lj/all.)

Caules unciales et ultra, ramis interdum divisis. Folia cauHna dissita, patentia, subrecurva ; ramulina minora, laxe imbricata, ereeto-patentia, vix secunda, siccitate incurva, nervo continuo, omnia margine scabra subdenticulata, glaucescentia, areolis minimis punctiformibus opacis.

This is one of the discoveries of my zealous friend Dr. Lyall, the value of whose collection is particularly noticed in the preface to this work. The number of mosses and sea-weeds especially, brought home from the Antarctic regions, was much increased through that officer's unwearied exertions.

Nearly allied to the H. crispifolium, Hook. (Muse. Exot. t. 31), but smaller, with the leaves neither plicate nor falcate.

Plate LX. Fig. XI. — 1, a specimen of the natural she; 2, a branch; 3 "and 4, leaves; 5, apex of ditto: — magnified.

* * Foliis riiptinerviis.

6. Hypxum rutabuhim, L.; caule procurnbente vage ramoso, rarnis subcompressis, foliis patentibus laxe imbricatis ovatis acuminatis subserrulatis nervo ad medium evanido, seta scabra, theca cernua ovata, operculo conico. H. rutabuhim, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1590. Hedw. Muse. Frond, vol. iv. p. 29. 1. 12. Hoot, et Tai/l. Muse. Brit. p. 176. t, 26.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; in marshy situations. There are two varieties in the collection, both of them ban-en.

7. Hypntjm serpens, L. ; caule subpiimatim ramoso, ramulis simpliciuscuks filiformibus suberecti^, foliis patentibus ovatis acuminatis evanidinerviis, tlieca cernua oblonga, operculo convexo subconico acuto. H. serpens, Finn. Sjj. PI. p. 1596. Hedwig, Muse. Frond, vol. iv. p. 45. 1. 18. Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 155. t. 21.

Var. /3 ; foliis subsolidinerviis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; the var. (3 only. (Dr. Lyall.)

Except in the more defined nerve, this does not materially differ from British specimens.

* * * Foliis subenermis.

3. Htpntjm aeutifoli/'M, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule fastigiatim ramoso, foliis dense imbricatis suberectis elliptico-lanceolatis acuminatis integerrimis enerviis. (Tab. LX. Fig. V.)

Hab. Campbell's Island.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 139

Caulk procumbens, uncialis. Rami conferti, fastigiati, subsimplices, graeiles, fragiles. Folia subsecunda, sic- citate erecta, subappressa, vix pilifera, concava, luride viridia, areolis hnearibus.

Allied to H. extenuatum, Brid., but smaller, the leaves more erect, and tapering gradually to a very narrow point.

Plate LX. Fig. V. — 1, a specimen, of the natural size ; 2, portion of branch and leaves ; 3, leaf : — magnified.

9. Hypnum chlamydophylhm, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule prostrate subranioso, ramis simplicibus elon- gatis cuspidatis, foliis imbricatis patentibus quadrato-rotundatis integerrimis basi trimcatis concavis nervo bre- viusculo evanido, seta elongata gracili leevi, theca cernua ovato-oblonga,, operculo conico. (Tab. LXI. Fig. I.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on tlie ground, barren.

Caules sesquiunciales, vage ramosi ; ramis 1 unc. longis, ad apices e foliis arete convolutis cuspidatis. Folia valde concava, ad apices rotundata, obtusissima, basi latissima, truncata, subauriculata, pallide luteo-viridia, subsca- riosa, pellucida, splendentia, nervo simplici infra mediimi evanido v. nervis duobus brevibus, areolis anguste oblongis inferioribus midto majoribus ; peric/iatialia erecta. Seta fere 1-J- unc. longa, gracilis, laevis, torta, rubra. Theca cernua v. horizontalis, ovato-oblonga, brunnea. Peristominm luteum. Operculum breve, theca concolor.

Allied to H. coclilearifolium, but with the habit of a Leskia, and readily distinguished by its cuspidate branches, wider and more flaccid leaves which are singularly broad and truncate at the base, where also there are a number of large pellucid cells ; the seta also is longer and more slender.

The above description has been drawn up in part from fertile Tasmanian specimens, gathered in that country by Mr. Lawrence. There are in the Hookerian Herbarium several allied uudescribed species, both from New Zea- land and Tasmania. A Fuegian moss, Hypnum ? aurkulatum, Mont., (Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Cryptog., t. 20. fig. 3), is the American representative of this, it differs in having the base of the leaves produced on each side into two lobes.

Plate LXI. Fig. I. — 1, a specimen, of the natural size ; 2, 3, and 4, leaves ; 5 and 6, thecae : — magnified.

10. Hypnum cocJdearifoUum, Sclrwaeg. ; caule subrepente, ramis ascendentibus apice radicantibus, foliis imbricatis subrotundis obtusiusculis concavissimis subhemispliericis enerviis, theca cernua ovata, oper- culo conico. H. flexile*, Hook. Muse. Exot. 1. 110. [excl. syn. Swartzii, Hedwigii, et Schwaegr.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; at the foot of precipices near the tops of the mountains, altitude 1200-1-100 feet; barren.

This moss is a native of the woods of New Zealand, even as far north as lat. 30° S. ; hence its occurrence only at the tops of mountains in the most bleak and exposed situations of so high a latitude as Campbell's Island was quite unexpected. We cannot distinguish it from more luxuriant northern specimens in its barren state.

11. Hypnum Arluscula, Sw:; caule erecto bipinnatim ramoso, foliis imbricatis erecto-patentibus ovatis

* The Hypnum Jlexile, Hedw., is a very different moss from this, as may be inferred from the following descrip- tion drawn up from an authentic specimen : —

hzsKiAjlexilis, Hedw. ; eaule pendulo subpinnatim ramoso, foHis ovato-oblongis rigidiusculis apicnlatis (apiculo recurvo) enerviis, perichsetialibus squarrosis, theca erecta elliptica, operculo subulato, calyptra valde pilosa. — L. flexilis, Hedw, Sp. Muse. p. 234. t. 58. Hypnum? Swwrtz, Prodr. p. 141. Fl. Incl. Oee. p. 1830.

Hab. Jamaica ; on the tops of mountains in the southern parts of the island, (S/cart:).

140 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

obtusis integerrimis concavis subbinerviis, seta brevi, tlieca erecta ovata. H. Arbuscula, Smith, in Linn. Trans., vol. xix. p. 230. t. 23. Hook. Muse. Exot. 1. 112. Isotheciurn, Brid. Bri/ol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 372. Var. /3, foliis subdisticliis. H. Arbuscula, Sclnvaecj. Snppl. t. 300.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; rocky places on the hills ; and on the ground in the woods, where it was found in fruit by Dr. Lyall. Var. /3, Lord Auckland's Island ; barren. (Br. Lyall.)

The original specimens, figured in the ' Musci Exotici,' are there correctly described as baring the leaves imbri- cated all round the stem, but the seta is represented too long and slender. The stems of the var. /3 are somewhat compressed, and the leaves thus become in a measure distichous, as shown in Schwaegrichen's figure, winch may indicate, a different species. The majority of our specimens agree well with the figure in ' Muse. Exot. ;' except that the theca is more truly elliptical and somewhat apophysate, gradually tapering downwards into a thick slightly curved seta, which is very Little longer than the capsule and barely exserted beyond the perichartial leaves. We have never seen the seta so short, or the theea so globose, as they are represented by Schwaegrichen. The arcuate stems sometimes root at the apex.

c. Foliis pat id is squarrosis.

12. Hypntjm aciculare, Brid.; caule vage ramoso, ramis sitnplicibus, foliis squarrosis ovatis acuminatis apice inciso-serratis subenerviis, theca incLhiata cylindracea arcuata, operculo aciculari longissimo. H. acicu- lare, Brid. Bri/ol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 505. Sekwaeg. Snppl. vol. ii. p. 280. t. 92.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; on the ground in the woods, rare in fruit.

The calyptra is remarkably long in this moss, lanceolato-subulate, slightly inflated when young, of a rich chest- nut-brown colour.

d. Foliis secundis. * Nervosis.

13. Hypnum comosmn, Lab. ; caule repente, ramis erectis supeme fastigiatim ramosis subdendroideis, foliis imbricatis subscopariis patentibus ovato-lanceolatis apice serratis nervo excurrente superioribus subse- cundis, theca pendula sulcata, operculo curvirostro. H. coniosum, La Billard. Fl. Nov. IIoll. vol. ii. p. 107. t. 253. f. 2. Schwaeg. Suppl. vol. i. pt. 2. p. 265. t. 91. Isothecium, Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 374.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; forming large tufts in the woods near the sea, rarely fruiting. In habit this fine moss resembles some species of Bartramia.

14. Hypnum hispidum, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule ramoso curvato v. arcuato, foliis imbricatis falcato- secundis ovatis longe acuminatis integerrimis subplicatis nervo crasso longe exserto, seta lsevi, tlieca ovata fequali, operculo longirostro. (Tab. LXI. Fig. II.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; rocky places near the tops of the hills, barren.

Caules 2-4 unciales, vage ramosi, ramis rigidis simpliciusculis, curvatis. Folia dense imbricata, rigida, basi ovata, deinde setaceo-subulata, nervo valido excurrente longe acuminata, subconcava, basi obscure plieata, atro- viridia, siccitate suberecta, areolis minutis ; perichatialia minora, ovata, nervo longe exserto. Seta valida, flexuosa, a une. longa, rigida, rubra, apice arcuata. Theca sequalis, subhorizontalis, fusco-lutea, opercido aequilongo, rostro obliquo. Calyptra non visa.

This is a very common moss in the northern island of New Zealand, growing on rocks, on the exposed roots of large forest-trees, especially of the Podocarpus dacrydioides, and upon stones in streams of water ; under the last circum-

Campbell* Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 141

stances the stems become much elongated, and the whole plant resembles the Ancectangium aquaticum, Hedw. The drawing is made from New Zealand specimens.

Plate LXI. Fig. II. — 1, a specimen of the natural size; 2, another, of the aquatic state, also of the natural size; 3 and 4, leaves; 5, young theca; 6 and 7, mature theca? : — magnified.

15. HYFmmJilieinim, L. ; caule comprcsso pinnatim rarnoso, foliis falcato-secundis lanceolatis acumi- natis basi cordatis solidinerviis perichsetialibus striatis, theca cernua subcylindraeea, operculo conico acuto. H. filicinum, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1590. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 258. t. 76. f. 7-10. Hook et Tai/l. Muse. Brit. p. 183. t. 26.

Var. /3, minor; caule gracili, foliis suberectis lanceolatis.

Hab. Var. /3. Lord Auckland's group; in woods by the banks of streams. (Dr. Li/all.)

Though the habit is more delicate than that of British specimens, we are unable to separate this moss specifically from II. filicinum, of which a perfectly intermediate variety occurs in the Falkland Islands.

16. Hypnum fluitans, L. ; caule erecto v. natante subpinnatirn ranioso, foliis laxe iinbricatis falcatis lanceolatis acuminatis nervo ultra medium producto, theca cernua oblonga, operculo conico. H. fluitans, Linn. Fl. Suec. Ed. 2. p. 399. Hedw. Muse. Frond, vol. iv. p. 94. t. 36. Hook. Muse. Brit. p. 185. t. 24.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; in swampy places, barren.

* * Foliis enerviis.

17. Hypnum ffraeile, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule rarnoso, ramis gracilibus subrecuxvis, foliis iinbricatis secundis erecto-patentibus ellipticis obtusiusculis concavis subdenticulatis subenerviis, perichsetialibus squar- rosis. (Tab. LXI. Fig. III.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; dry rocky places near the tops of the hills, scarce and barren.

Caules unciales et ultra, curvati, subsimplices, nunc valde raniosi ; ramis gracilibus. Folia elliptica, subspathulata, minutissime denticulata, nervo infra medium evanido v. nervis duobus brevibus, areohs linearibus supremis latio- ribus ; perieliwtialia ovata, acuminata, serrulata, enervia.

Allied to H. micans, Wils. (in Hook. Brit. Fl. vol. ii. p. 86), but different in the branched stems and larger leaves, which are not recurved at the margin.

Plate LXI. Fig. III. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2, a portion of a branch ; 3 and 4, leaves : — magnified.

18. Hypnum cupressiforme, L. ; caule decumbente vage pinnatim rarnoso, ramis siniplicibus incurvis, foliis circinnato-falcatis secundis ovatoJanceolatis integerrimis subenerviis, perichsetiahbus conforrnibus, theca subcernua cylindracea, operculo conico cuspidate H. cupressiforme, Linn. Sji. PI. p. 1592. Hedw. Muse. Frond, vol. iv. p. 59. t, 23. Hook, et Tai/l. 3Iusc. Brit. p. 189. t. 27.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; abundant, but barren.

19. Hypnum leptorliynclmm, Brid. ; caule subpinnatirn cliviso, foliis falcatis tortis lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis apice denticulatis enerviis, theca nutante oblonga, operculo longissime et tenuissime rostrato. H. (Stereodon) leptorhynchum, Brid. Bri/ol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 621. Sckwaeg. Sitjjpl. vol. i. pt. 2. p. 295. t. 93.

Yar. ft seta brevior.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; both varieties on the trunks of prostrate trees, rare.

2 D

142 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

20. Hypxi'ii Terra-Nova, Brid. ; caule pmuatim ramoso, ramis incurvis siniplicibus, foliis secundis circiimatim falcatis ovato-lauceolatis subintegris enerviis, perichEetialibus elongatis recurvis subcrinitis sub- serrulatis, tbeca suberecta cylindracea, operculo brevi conico apiculato. H. Terrfe-N1 ova?, Brid. Brgol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 619. (Tab. LXI. Kg. IV.)

Var. 0, anstrale ; foliis e basi lata gradatim attenuatis subpiliferis integerrimis.

Hab. Var. /3. Campbell's Island ; on decayed vegetable matter in the woods.

Our specimens do not sufficiently depart from the description of Bridel to wan-ant our considering them as a distinct species ; the only difference appears to lie in the entire perichsetial leaves and the cauline being probably more gradually attenuated from the base upwards. The seta is half an inch long. Operculum convex, subcorneal, or nearly hemispherical.

Plate LXI. Fig. IV. — 1, a specimen of the natural size; 2, 3, and 4, leaves; 5 and 6, theca? : — magnified.

25. HOOKEKIA, Sw.

Peristomium duplex ; exterius dentes sedecim, basi liberis ; interim membrana erecta, in lacinias sedecim cari- natas fissa, ciliolis interjectis plermnque nullis. Calyptra mitrfeformis.

1. Foliis marginatis midique imbricatis.

1. Hookema nervosa, Hook. fil. et TVils. ; caule parce fastigiatim ramoso, foliis imbricatis erecto- patentibus ovato-lanceolaiis aenminatis carinatis marginatis integerrimis soliclinerviis, tbeca erecta ovato- cylindracea apophysata, calyptra basi fimbriata. (Tab. LXI. Kg. V.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; on twigs of bushes in ravines, at an altitude of 500 feet, rare.

Catdes fere l\ unciales, dense conferti, ranhs fastigiatis. Folia arete imbricata, acuminata v. longe cuspidata, inargirje incrassata, nervo vahdo subexcurrente, pallide viiicba, siccitate appressa, areolis rotundatis ; perichatialia breviora, erecta, elliptica, obtusiuscida. Seta 3-4 lin. longa, rubra, apice scabriuscula. Theca parvula, suberecta. Calyptra conico-subulata, basi fimbriata, apice scabriuscula, fusco-brunnea.

This moss closely resembles the Baltonia splacJinoides, Schwaeg., and cannot be generically removed from that plant. It differs specifically in the inflorescence not being hermaphrodite, in the shorter peristome, in the spondes being twice the diameter, the calyptra twice as long, less conical, the seta shorter and thicker, the theca more ob- long; the leaves wider, more patent, carinate, and nerved to the very apex or beyond it. We have South American specimens of B. splacJinoides ; but none corresponding with the moss now before us.

Plate LXI. Fig. V. — 1 and 2, specimens of the natural size ; 3, a leaf; 4 and 5, perichretial leaves ; 6, theca ; 7, operculum; 8, teeth; 9, calyptra; 10, base of ditto : — magnified.

2. Hookekia pulcliella, Hook. hi. et \Vils. ; caule procumbente distiche ramoso, ramis compressis, foliis confertis imbricatis subdistichis obovatis obtusis marginatis seminerviis, theca suberecta oblonga apo- physata, operculo rostrato, calyptra basi dense fimbriata superne glabra. (Tab. LXn. Kg. I.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; on bushes and the ultimate branches of trees, about 500 feet above the sea, rare, but abundantly fruiting.

Caules semiunciales et ultra, subphmatim ramosi ; ramis subcomplanatis molhbus. Folia late obovata obtusa interdum apiculata, flaccida, pellucida, lateraba patentia, antica posticaque subappressa, margine tenue cartilaginea, albida, integerrima, nervo teniu ad mediiun evanido instructa, areohs parvis rotundatis hiferioribus majoribus ; peri- chcetialia minora, erecta, ovata, obtusa, subconvoluta. Seta vix semiunciahs, apice scabriuscula, luride rubra, infra

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 143

thecam paulo incrassata. TJieca suberecta, parvula, oblonga, basi obconica, seta concolor, apophysi angusta. Peri- slomium stramineurn. Operculum tlieca paulo brevius, basi conoideum, rostro recto cyHndraceo, margine submem- branacea, seniitliaphana. Calyptra tliecse parimi longior, conico-subulata, fusco-lutea, apice rufo-fusca, basi ciliis plurimis coiifertis fimbriata.

A most beautiful little flaccid and tender species, of a pale straw colour, with the calyptra exactly as in Bawsonia splachnoides, Schwaeg., whence the species will form a connecting link between Baltonia and Hookeria (PterigophyMum, Brid.). It is not improbable that this curious structure of the calyptra, which appears to be of very rare occurrence in the genus, may, in conjunction with the erect theca and some other peculiarities, prove of sufficient importance to separate these species from all other Hookeria.

Plate LXII. Fig. I. — 1, a specimen of the natural size; 2, a leaf; 3 and 4, theca; 5, operculum; 6, ca- lyptra : — magnified.

3. Hookeria denticulata, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule suberecto parce ramoso, foliis laxe Lmbricatis sub- quadrifariis lateralibus disticbis intermediis appressis subrotundis grosse dentatis nervo ad medium evanido, theca pendula ovata, operculo rostrato, calyptra glabra. (Tab. LXII. Fig. II.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; in wet and marshy places, not uncommon, rare in fruit, which was only seen in the former locality.

Caules pollicares, parce ramosi ; rami compressi, subincurvi, siccitate rigidi. Folia configuratione sat varia, late oblonga, ovata, v. obovata, obtusa, musco recenti micantia, pellucida, siccitate nigricantia, subcrispa, fragilia, madore tardius nervo valido plerunique furcato infra medium evanido interdum brevissimo, areohs majuscidis hexa- gonis; perichatialia parva, ovata. Seta ■§■ unc. longa, crassa, vix torta, rubra. Theca cernua v. pendula, elliptica, basi atteuuata, rufo-bruunea, opaca. Peristoma dentes extend flavi, lineis duobus rubris notati. Operculum rostra- turn, rectum, theca brevius. Calyptra conico-rnitrseformis, glabra, carnosa, rufo-fusca.

Our specimens want both the operculum and calyptra, the descriptions of which are taken from Tasmanian specimens. This species bears much affinity to H. quadrifaria, but is smaller and readily distinguishable by its dentate leaves. In general aspect it approaches the H. cristata.

Plate LXII. Fig. II. — 1, specimen from Cape Horn of the natural sice ; 2, a Campbell's Island specimen of the natural size ; 3 and 4, leaves : — magnified.

4. Hookeria pennata, Smith; caule erecto simplici, foliis bifariis verticalibus ovato-lanceolatis serratis subenerviis, stipulis orbicularis mucronulatis serratis, seta perbrevi, theca suberecta ovata, operculo conico acuminato. H. pennata, Smith, in Linn. Trans, vol. is. p. 277. Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 163. Cyathophorum, BriJ. Bryol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 722.

Var. /3, minor; foliis rotundatis concavis fusco-olivaceis. (Tab. LXII. Fig. III.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in the dark woods, barren : var. /3, on decaying stumps of trees by a water-course, also barren.

The var. /3 is certainly not entitled to rank as a species, though at first sight its difference appears striking. Another form, probably also a variety, with very narrow leaves, has been sent from Assam by Mr. Griffith, under the name of Neckera Adiantum, Griff. MSS. Hookeria pennata, on account of its accessory leaves (stipules), ap- pears most naturally allied to those species included by Bridel in Hypopterygium ; it is only in the much advanced state that the vagimda becomes hollow and cup-shaped, whence Bridel's name of Cyathophorum is scarcely tenable, considering that the vaginula in other species of Hookeria is very turgid. The calyptra is truly mitriforrn.

We have New Zealand specimens of this magnificent moss, nearly a foot long and loaded with theca?.

Plate LXII. Fig. III. — 1, a specimen of the natural size; 2 and 3, leaves : — magnified.

144 FLOKA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

XXXIV. HEPATICLE, Jms.

(By Dk. Thomas Taylor* and J. D. Hookek.)

1. JUXGERMAXNIA, L.

(1. Gym>tohiteion, Nees.)

1 . Juxgermanxia sfj/gia, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; perpusilla, caule erecto laxe csespitoso ramoso, foliis erectis subinibricatis appressis obovatis obtusis integris v. emarginatis, periclisetiis rotundatis caule duplo latioribus. (Tab. LXII. Fig. IV.)

Hab. Campbell's Island; on rocks on the lulls, growing amongst other Hepatica and Mosses.

Caides 2-3 liu. longi, crassiusculi, superne fusco- v. atro-purpurei, inferne fusco-olivacei vage ramosi ; ramis divaricatis. Folia minima, subsecunda, alterna, vix imbricata, obovata v. oblonga, apices versus obtusos late emar- ginata, segmentis obtusis, rarius integra, rnargine superiore interdum scariosa. Pericluetia subrotunda, foliis imbri- catis, latiusculis, ad apices albidos plerumque scariosis.

A very inconspicuous little species, approaching /. concinnata (Lightf.), of which it is probably the repre- sentative in these islands. The leaves are, however, more distant, never bifid at the apex, the stems slenderer and the perichsetia sessile and round. Its colour is like Ch/mn. adustmn, Nees, a German plant, with short and simpler stems.

Plate LXII. Fig. IV. — 1, a plant of the natural size; 2, a specimen, magnified; 3, stem and leaves; 4, leaf: both magnified.

2. Jtj>'gerila>~ntia acinacifolia, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; atro-fusca, caulibus erectis csespitosis parce rarnosis, foliis secundis ante imbricatis erectis acinaciformibus integerrirnis apice rotundatis demum scariosis concavis atro-purpureis. (Tab. LXII. Fig. V.)

* The liberal manner in which the most eminent Naturahsts in each department of Cryptogamic Botany have afforded their cooperation, has removed the diffidence I should otherwise have felt in publishing this difficult portion of the Antarctic Flora. To Dr. Taylor's extensive knowledge and keen discrimination I owe the diagnoses of the Hepatica and Liehenes. The large amount of Jungermanmia which were collected, and the entangled manner in which they delight to grow, rendered their separation a task demanding no ordinary patience and skill. Further, the microscopic investigation of eighty different species and a much greater number of specimens, entailed upon that gentleman and myself an amount of labour which we woidd fain hope has resulted in the correct determination of a collection so unexpectedly novel and interesting. After a thorough examination by Dr. Taylor, the specimens have passed twice under my own eyes, preparatory to the completion of the descriptions and the drawings, which latter have been further revised by Mr. Fitch when transferring them to the stone ; this severe scrutiny will, it is to be trusted, reduce the errors into which I shoidd otherwise personally have fallen, to a very small number.

Amidst so many new species it is not to be wondered that some are advanced with hesitation. In a tribe of plants so minute, a casual resemblance or a sbght variation may often lead (without reference to the microscope) on the one hand to a union of what are not the same, and on the other to a multiplication of species. The difficulty of holding a middle course between these extremes is acknowledged. Our plan, when investigating the plants of new countries, so remote from any whose productions are explored, has been, to consider tangible characters, though often slight, as specific differences ; at the same time stating the amount of difference, and hoping that future ob- servers may obtain such materials as will cither unite these with the plants of other lands, or tend still further to prove them distinct.

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 145

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on rocks near the hill-tops, growing amongst mosses, &c.

Cmspites luride atro-purpurei, vix 1 unc. alti, supra muscos elati. Caides saspius curvati, anni prseteriti nunc ad apices innovationibus binis instructi. Folia ita irnbricata et secimda ut caulis superne profuude canaliculata ap- pareat, opaca, aciuacilbmiia, margine posteriore lente reciu-va, anteriore convexa.

A larger plant than the former, or than /. concinnata ; of a rigid habit, more sparingly branched and of a fus- cous or blackish purple colour, with leaves so densely imbricated all round the stem, that the latter appears terete and grooved down the front. It is perhaps more nearly allied to the J. lutescens, Gottsche, but its leaves are broadly rounded, of a thinner texture, the shoots pale lenion-colour, the whole plant of a different habit, and further, the latter is furnished with stipules.

Plate LXII. Fig. V. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2, another specimen, magnified ; 3, part of stem and leaves; 4, a leaf; both magnified.

3. Jungeehaknia ochrophylla, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; pallide viridis, caule suberecto v. deeumbente parce ramoso, foliis distichis laxe imbricatis erecto-patentibus late obovatis v. subquadratis breviter bifidis segmentis obtusis concavis, stipulis valde inconspicuis v. nidlis. (Tab. LXII. Kg. VI.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; amongst mosses on rocks at the tops of the lulls, altitude 1200 feet.

Laxe caespitosa. Caspites pallide virescentes, 1 unc. lati et ultra. Caides subunciales, superne subincrassati, irregulariter pinnatim ramosi. Folia semiamplexicaulia, irnbricata, patentia, subdivaricata, obovata, basi angusta, concava, bifida, sinu brevi, segmentis longitudine vix \ folii obtusis. Stipula dum adsint minima;, oblonga?, apicibus vix emarginatis.

This has more the appearance of the European /. minuta than of any of its congeners, but the leaves are not so abruptly truncate, the notch at their summits is much narrower and then sides more rounded. It is a more con- spicuous plant than either of the two preceding, of a looser texture and paler colour, and has patent leaves. Erom J. perigonialis, nobis, it may be distinguished by its greater size, paler hue, stout stems and more crowded leaves, which are loosely reticulated and have obtuse segments.

Plate LXII. Fig. VI. — 1, specimen of the natural size; 2, a portion of a branch with leaves; 3, a leaf; both magnified.

(2. Sarcoscyphus, Corda.)

4. Jungermannia perigonialis, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; pusilla, caule csespitoso erecto subramoso, foliis approximatis suberectis secundis obovatis v. ovato-rotundatis insequaliter bifidis subobtusis basi semi-am- plexicaulibus margiuibus integerrimis, perigoniis ovato-oblongis, foliis perigonialibus arete imbricatis sub- iutegris valde concavis basi ventricosis saccatisve. (Tab. LXII. Fig. VII.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; ou rocks, at the tops of the lulls.

Caspites densi, luride brunnei, 2-3 unc. diametro. Caides graciles, intertexti, sub i unc. longi, crassiusculi. Folia laxe irnbricata, subsecunda, curvata, breviter bifida, sinu obtuso, segmento inferiore plermnque majore. Peri- gonia plurima, terminalia v. ramidis ultirnis lateralia, basi subampullacea v. in sacculum product a, apicibus brevibus, rarius emarginatis, nunc bifidis.

No calyces have been observed upon this plant, which is so nearly allied to the /. Funckii, Mohr, that they might easily be confounded ; the latter differing in its short stems and more closely imbricated leaves, which are, as well as those of the convolute perigonia, acutely bifid ; the segments of all are acute. It also a good deal re- sembles /. stygia, nobis, though the plant is larger and the leaves have a very different direction.

2 E

146 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

Plate LXIT. Fig. VII. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2, front view and 3, lateral view of portion of stem and leaves ; 4, leaf ; 5, ditto of perigonium ; magnified.

(3. Auliculaeia, Co-rda.)

5. Jtogeiiiiax>"1a occlusa, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caule erecto laxe caespitoso, ramis binis simplicibus v. parce ramosis, foliis appressis reniformi-rotuiidatis basi sublobulatis in ramos decurrentibus integerrimis concaviusculis. (Tab. LXII. Fig. V1TI.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; in moist boggy places.

Caules biunciales, luride v. pallide virescentes, inferne bnumei v. nigrescentes. Folia olivacea, pallide flava v. brumiea, supeme arete in capitulum cii'cinnatum imbricata, areolis crebris minimis.

This is evidently the southern representative of /. compressa, from which it is distinguishable by the inferior margin of the leaf being produced into a lobe, as also by the closer and smaller cells of the leaves. In the European plant the lower lobe of the leaf is decurrent on the stem, but does not form a lobe nor is it produced below the junction of its inferior margin with the branch.

Plate LXII. Fig. VIII. — 1, a specimen of the natural size; 2 and 3, leaves; magnified.

6. Juxgekmajtn'ia stronyylophylla, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; minuta, caulibus csespitosis erectis rarnosis, foliis minimis suberectis laxe imbricatis secundis rotundatis integerrimis concaviusculis, stipulis truncatis bifidis, calyce oblongo subcompresso ore rotundato bilabiato. ((Tab. LXII. Fig. IX.)

Var. /3, minima ; gracilis, foliis minoribus.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on the hills : var. £, Lord Auckland's group ; in wet places at the roots of grasses, &c.

Caspites brunnei v. virescentes, supra muscos prostrati v. iis immixti. Caules graciles, subflexuosi. Folia minima, laxe cellulosa, pellucida, cellulis marginalibus majoribus, madore sub lente pallide fusco-oHvacea. Stipules oblongae v. obovatae, truncatae, bifidee. Folia perichatialia elongata calyce oblongo-obovato ore crenato paulo longiora. Va- rietal /3, minor evadit, fohis remotis perigoniisque instructa. Perigonia plurima, lateralia, e foliis majoribus confertis ventricosis spicatis formata.

There is no northern congener with which this will bear any close comparison ; the form of the calyx and pericha?tial leaves resemble the /. crenulata ; the present is, however, a very much smaller plant, distinctly stipulate, of a different habit and with rounder leaves.

Plate LXII. Fig. IX. — 1, a specimen of the natural size; 2, the same, magnified; 3, portion of branch with leaf and stipule ; magnified.

(4. Gottschea, Nees.)

7. JrjNGERMA?TN*iA Lehmaiiniana, Lind. in Lehm. Pugill. Plant. IF. p. 60. Gottsche, Nees et Liu- denb. Synops. Hepat. p. 20. G. Hombroniana, Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud. Bot. Crypt. 1. 16. f. 1. et in Ann. Sc.Naf.lM3. p. 243.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks and at the roots of trees in the woods, abundant.

Also a native of Tasmania and of New Holland. We quite agree with the authors of the ' Synopsis Hepati- carum ' in uniting G. Hombroniana, Mont, with this.

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 147

8. Jungermannia pinnatifolia, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 114. Gottsche, Lindenberg et Nees, Synops. Hepat. p. 22. G. ciliigera, Hook.fil. et Tayl. in Hook. Lond. Jonrn. of Bot. vol. iii. p. 376. (Tab. LXIII. Kg. I.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; growing amongst mosses in the woods, often forming large tufts by itself.

This noble plant was described under the name of /. ciliigera in the' London Journal of Botany,' quoted above. The specimens differed from the pubhshed figure in the lobes of the leaf being considerably unequal, and espe- cially in their being produced at their union below into a ciliated wing or keel, characters which appear to have been overlooked in the ' Mmci Exotici.' We have added a correct drawing of this species, which was prepared be- fore we were aware that it was an already pubhshed plant.

Plate LXIII. Fig. I. — (sub nom. /. ciliigera), 1, a specimen of the natural size; 2, the same, magnified: 3 and 4, leaves ; 5, calyx ; magnified.

9. Jtjngermannia Balfonriana, Tayl.; caulibus erectis laxe csespitosis subsimplicibus squamosis, foliis subimbricatis patentibus lobo ventrali oblongo-falcato subtus apicem versus cristato cristis tribus ciliatis, dorsali serni-ovato utroque obtuso ciliato, stipulis quadrato-rotimdatis quadrifidis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in woods near the sea.

Laxe ceespitosa, pallide vnidis. Caules e caudice repente erecti, 3 unc. longi, squamis ciliatis lanceolatis obsiti. Folia conferta, vix imbricata, oblongo-lanceolata, obtusa, superne lobo verticali aucta. Stipularum lacinise obtusa?, cibatae.

The GottscJiea of Nees are a group of Jungermannim almost confined to the southern hemisphere ; one is a native of the Philippine Islands, and a few others inhabit the Peninsula of India and the Island of Java ; but the larger proportion frequent the humid and temperate woods of New Zealand, from whence we have received no less than eight species ; they are certainly the mobiles of the order Hepaticce. J. Balfonriana is most nearly allied to Gottschea Blumii of Nees, a Java plant ; from which it may be discriminated by its smaller size, less falcate leaves, more entire cauline scales, and above all by the quadrifid stipides. It was first received by Dr. Balfour from New Zealand, though probably originally discovered by Mr. Colenso in that island, or by the Antarctic Expedition in Lord Auckland's group. A figure of it will be given in the Plora of New Zealand.

10. Jungerjiannia pachyphylla, Lelrmarm, Pugillus Plant. VI. p. 61. Gottsche, Nees et Lindeni. Synops. Hepat. p. 19.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the bare ground, at an elevation of 600-800 feet, very rare.

Originally discovered by Du Petit Thouars in Tristan d'Acunha. Our specimens are small and very imperfect ; growing on the bare ground in exposed places, the plant is with difficulty detected.

(5. Plagiochixa, Nees et Mont.)

11. Ju>-gerjian>*ia fascieulata, Lind. Sp. Hepat. Fasc. 1. p. 7. n. 2. 1. 1. Gottsche, Lind. et Nees, Synops. Hepat. p. 27.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; forming large tufts in the woods.

A very fine species, hitherto only known as a native of New Holland. The stems are rigid and wiry, 2-3 inches long, branching upwards, with the branches erect and curving. The leaves are rather coriaceous, pale fus- cous-yellow ; it belongs to the same section with the European /. spinulosa, Dicks.

148 FLORA ANTARCTICA. {Auckland and

12. Jungermajjnia hemicardia, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caule ascendente subtriangulari simplici v. ramoso, foliis dense arcteque imbricatis erecto-patentibus oblique et late ovatis basi cordatis apicibus rotundatis mar- ginibus integris v. superne denticulatis subconcavis, margine anteriore recurvo posteriore basi in lobulum producto. (Tab. LXIII. Kg. II.) .

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on exposed rocks, near the summits of the hills.

Caspites fusco-olivacei, 1-2 unc. lati. Catties una cum foliis triangulares, f— 1 unc. longi, e rhizomate repente ascendentes, simpliciusculi, rigidi, antice plani, profunde caualicidati. Folia arete imbricata, integra v. denticulata, opaca, dense cellulosa, areolis minimis hexagonis.

The leaves of this species meet back to back and are so closely imbricated that the stems appear triangular, their anterior margins not touching but leaving a space which appears like a groove running down the whole length of the stems, then- recurved margins are rather tumid and decussate on the opposite face. In general habit this resembles the J. punctata, Tayl., a species recently detected both in Ireland and the Canary Islands, froin which the gibbous or oblique leaves will readily distinguish it.

Plate LXIII. Fig. II. — 1, a specimen of the natural size; 2, astern; 3, portion of a branch; 4 and 5, leaves ; magnified.

13. Jungermannia circinnalis, Lehm. Pugitt. Plant. IF. p. 64. Lehm. et Lind. Spec. Hep. p. 1 24. t. 27. Gottsche, Lind. et Nees, Sj/nops. Hep. p. 53.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks and on the lulls, rare.

This agrees with authentic specimens of Lehmann's plant, except hi the summits of the stems not being so re- markably eircinnate as they are described. Such circinnate summits, however, are truly perigonia, whose leaves are smaller, more ventricose and erect than those of the stem ; and further, some of them contain in their axilla? a single, rather large, peclicellated anther. Our specimens are about half an inch long, stout and curved ; the leaves much more lax than in the former species.

14. Jungermannia cogmta, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; parvula, fulva, caule erecto csespitoso subsimplici v. rainoso, foliis laxe imbricatis patulis late ovatis v. elliptico-oblongis acuminatis paucidentatis basi attenuatis decurrentibus, margine anteriore vix recurvo, calyce terminali perichaetio aequilongo vix curvato bilabiato labiis ciliato-dentatis. (Tab. LXIII. Fig. III.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; on alpine rocks, growing amongst stunted tufts of Hymenophyllum multifidum.

Caspites diametro 1-2 unciales, inferne brunnei, superne flavi v. flavo-fusci. Caules erecti, 1 unc. longi, subri- gidi, inferne nudi, parce ramosi, anni prsecedentis ssepius innovati, apicibus subcurvatis. Folia distieha, subpatentia v. divaricata, coriacea, apices versus 3-5 dentata, dente apicali majusculo acuminato, margine anteriore subrecurvo decurrente ; foba pericha;tii erecta, elongata, magis dentata.

This has much affinity to the /. decipiem, Hook., a very variable species in the form of the leaves, but in which their cellules are much larger and more lax, while in this they are so dense as to be hardly distinguishable. The European plant differs further from the present in a character alluded to by the authors of the ' Synopsis Hepati- carum,' who remark, " J. decipiens ab omnibus congeneribus margine dorsab folii iimexo nee reflexo differt."

Plate LXIII. Fig. III. — 1, a specimen of the natural size; 2, the same, magnified; 3 and 4, portions of stems and leaves; 5, perichsetium and calyx ; magnified.

15. Jungermannia ple?irota, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; casspitosa, caule erecto diviso v. parce ramoso, foliis

Campbell's Islands] FLORA ANTAECTICA. 149

laxe inibricatis erecto-patentibus obovatis obtusiusculis apices versus parce crenato-dentatis basi angustatis, margine auteriore recurvo decurrente, calyce elongato-obovato basi nudo 4-5-alato ore contracto denticulato. (Tab. LXIII. Fig. IV.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on moist rocks, near the summits of the hills.

Caspites subdensi, 2-3 unc. diametro, pallide straminei v. virescentes. Caules i unc. longi, subrigidi, sirapli- ciusculi. Folia inferiora integra v. interduiu unidentata, superiora apices versus plus minusve irregulariter crenato- dentata, omnia conformia, basi angustata antice decurrentia, apices versus rotundata, cellulis distinctis. Calyx ter- minalis, subpedicellatus, erectus, basi attenuatus, foliis caulinis vix duplo longior, alis 4-5 angustis planis v. rugosis, duobus oppositis interdum opacis, ore subtubuloso, crenato v. 4-fido, tandem fisso, foliis perichsetii propriis nullis.

In external appearance this species very closely resembles the former, the leaves are, however, more loosely cellular, and in the structure of the calyx it widely differs. The Peruvian PI. gymnocalycina, Lind., (Spec. Hep. p. 48. 1. 10) has the calyx equally naked below and of a similar outline, but it is smooth and furnished with only two very obscure ribs, its foliage also is perfectly dissimilar and the whole plant is much larger. The wings of the calyx are formed out of deep folds of its membrane.

Plate LXIII. Fig. IV. — 1, a specimen of the natural size; 2, calyx and upper leaves; highly magnified.

16. Jungermannia fiiscella, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caule subesespitoso ascendente curvato vage ramoso, foliis laxe imbricatis patulis late oblongo-rotundatis basi obliquis subdeflexis siccitate verticalibus v. sub- crispatis, margine anteriore recurvo subdecurrente, posteriore in lobidum latum producto denticulato, calyce terminah obovato truncato deflexo fohis perichsetialibus breviore. (Tab. LXIII. Fig. V.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in moist boggy places.

Caspites late diffusi, 3-4 uncias diametro, luride olivacei v. fusco-atri. Caides 1^-2 unciales, superne cur- vati, subgraciles, saepe reflexi, siccitate una cum foliis subcrispatis subsquarrosis rigidi. Folia latiuscula, dense cellulosa, opaca, areolis subpunctiformibus, luce transmissa pallide fusco-obvacea, marginibus integris v. plerumque margine posteriore denticulato, supremis interdum omnino sub lente denticidatis.

In many respects this species resembles Montagne's P. pusilla (Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, tab. 16. f. 3), a species, judging from the plate, founded upon a young and imperfect specimen, and which we think exists in the Herbarium of the Expedition of a larger size. It differs from this in the deep serratures of the leaves, in the habit and colour and above all, in belonging (according to the figure) to a section having the leaves coadunate at the base. In the form of the foliage our plant more nearly resembles the P. hemicardia, nobis, but is very different in the disposition of the leaves on. the stem. A few calyces were observed ; they are very uniform, shorter than the pericha:tial leaves and concealed by them ; some are proliferous, the stem being produced through their axis and ex- serted : this abnormal state has been observed in /. Lyoni, Tayl., and in several species of mosses, as in Conomitrium Berterii, Montagne (Cryptog. BohV. t 3. f. 4).

Plate LXIII. Fig. V. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2, 3, 4, leaves ; magnified.

(6. Jungermannia, Wees.)

17. Jungermannia colorata, Lehmann, in Limma, vol. iv. p. 366. Gottsche, Nees et Lind. Syuops. Hepat. p. 86.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; in various situations from the sea to the hill tops, abundant.

2 F

150 FLORA ANTARCTICA. {Auckland and

This is one of the most universally diffused species in the Southern Hemisphere, and especially abundant throughout the Antarctic regions ; it bears considerable resemblance to the /. orbicularis, Mich., of North America, and to several other species.

18. JCngermannia intortifolia, Hook. fil. et Tayl.j sordidc purpurea, csespitosaj caulibus erectis sub- flaccidis simplicibus v. parce ramosis, foliis patentibus iinbricatis concavissimis oblongo-rotundatis insequa- liter bi-quadriiidis segmentis acuminatis margiuibus incurvis paucidentatis, stipulis imbricatis rotundatis emargiiiatis v. biliclis subdentatis valde concavis. (Tab. LXIV. Kg. I.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; in bogs on the bill-sides.

Caspites lati, interdum supra terram extensi, fiaccidi, sordide purpurei. Caules 1-J-- 2 unc. longi, erecti, su- perne incrassati, subdichotome ramosi. Folia valde concava et veutricosa, quasi inflata, amplexicaulia, rarius integra, segmentis aciuninatis, apicibus incurvis, substantia flaccida cellulosa laxe reticulata, vix pellucida. Stipules spepe latere unico solummodo dentatse, inajusculse, membranaceae, dense invbricatae.

The whole of the texture of this fine species is, when wet, so flaccid, that its large closely imbricated stipules are at first with difficulty distinguished from the leaves. It is perhaps more nearly allied to the /. serrulata, Sw. (Muse. Exot. t. 88), than to any other; still, this is quite a distinct plant, much larger, stouter, with the leaves somewhat fleshy and brittle, longer and more erect, of a lurid purple colour.

Plate LXIV. Fig. I. — 1, a specimen of the natural size; 2, portion of stem with leaves and stipules; 3, a leaf; both magnified.

19. Jungerjiannia sehismoides, Montague in Voy. an Pole Sad, Bot. Crypt, t. 17. fig. 1. et in Ann. So. Nat. 1S43. p. 250. Gottsche, Lindenb. et Nees, Syn. Hepat. p. 81.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; creeping amongst mosses and other Hepaticce.

Gottsche (Synopsis, 1. c.) compares this species with J.piligera, Nees, a plant of Java ; it is perhaps more like ./. incumbens, Lehm. of Tristan d'Acunha, differing by the greater size and nearly equal segments of the leaves. These have no near ally in Europe.

20. Jungermanxia multicuspidata, Hook. fil. et Tayl.j laxe csespitosa, subramosa, prostrata, ramis interne radicantibus apicibus ascendentibus, foliis distantibus suberectis laxis obovatis bi-tri-quadrifidis seg- mentis acutis v. acuminatis laxe cellulosis, calyce terminali v. laterali elongato cylindraceo ore dentato.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; in pools, near the sea.

Caspites inter Sphagna repentes vel in aquam subnatantes, rarius supra terram in umbrosis, 1-2 unc. diametro, laxe intertexti, pallide albido-straminei. Caules subramosi, plerumque ad basin calycis innovationibus birds instructi, graciles, laxe fohosi. Folia pellucida, valde membranacea, ad medium divisa, sinubus obtusis, segmentis subdivari- catis ; pericluetiaUa erecta, laxe imbricata, plerumque tri-quadrilida. Calyx pericha;tio bis longior, elongatus, cylin- chaceus, ore contracto insequaliter 3-5 dentato, latere fissus, infra orem obscure sidcatus.

This species has indeed many points in common with /. bicuspidata, the same pale colour, loose leaves with large cellules, acuminated segments, and an elongated calyx. It is marked by the smaller size, the stem-leaves being more erect, the division of the leaf deeper, and the calyx more generally terminal than in /. bicuspidata, L.

21. Jungerman'NIA turgescens, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caule caespitoso procumbente rainoso, foliis imbri- catis secundis suberectis concavis reniformi-rotundatis hitegerrimis, margine anteriore decurrente, stipidis

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 151

obovatis rotundatisve integerriinis apice bifidis, calyce terminali compresso oblongo truncato ore integerrimo v. obscure lobato. (Tab. LXIV. Fig. II.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the ground, near the tops of the hills.

Caspites 2-3 unc. lati, pallide flavo-olivacei. Caides vix unciales, intertexti, vage rainosi, prostrati, apieibus ascendentibus. Folia fere reniformia, e marginibus valde incurvis concava, subpellucida, areolis niiiiutis. Stipulee parvae, sinu brevi, segrnentis subacutis. Calyx in rarao anni praeteriti terminalis, compressus, oblongus, basi angus- tatus, vix curvatus.

The leaves on the fertile shoots of this species rapidly increase in size upwards, becoming more densely imbri- cated ; the terminal pair or perichsetial leaves are the largest and most erect.

Those species of Jungermannia with round, concave, imbricating leaves and bifid stipules, which inhabit the north of Europe, have their calyces subeylindrical or ovate ; the present differs from all of them in that organ being decidedly compressed and truncate, appearing like a flattened cylinder after the egress of the capside. It may by some be considered as forming a separate genus, to which perhaps our /. strongylophylla should be referred.

Plate LXIV. Fig. II. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2, back view of stem, leaves, and stipules ; 3, front view of leaf and stipide ; 4, back view of leaf; 5, stipule; 6, calyx; magnified.

22. Jungermannia notopki/lla, Hook. fil. et Tayl.j straminea, caule erecto subsimplici v. ramoso, foliis numerosissimis arete irnbricatis patenti-recurvis reuiformi-rotundatis valde concavis integerrimis mar- ginibus incurvis, stipulis ovato-rotuudatis obtusis v. emarginatis integriusculis. (Tab. LXIV. Fig. III.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on banks, in the woods near the sea, forming large patches.

Caspites majusculi. Caides graciles, teretes, superne subincrassati et incurvi, pallide straminei, flaccidi, 2 unc. longi. Folia densissime imbricata, marginibus valde incurvis, quasi inflata, substantia molli, tlaccida, subpellucida, subauriculiformia, obbqua, antice decurrentia, carnosa. Stipulee valde concavee, lata;, pleruinque integrae, magnitu- dine 4- fobonun.

This curious and fine species is of a peculiarly flaccid and as it were greasy texture when moist ; there is no European or exotic Juiigermannicl known to us with which it can be at all compared.

Plate LXIV. Fig. III. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2, portion of stem with leaves and stipules ; 3, leaf and stipule ; 4, stipide ; magnified.

23. Jungermannia ei/mlalifera, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caule laxe implexo suberecto v. procumbente subsimplici tereti curvato, foliis arete denseque irnbricatis erecto-patentibus oblique rotundatis serrulatis concavis margine anteriore sursuni in appendiculain obovato-rotundatam producto, stipulis transversis latis- simis arete irnbricatis obscure trilobis integerrimis, calyce laterali ovato-oblongo subcomprcsso plicato ore dentato. (Tab. LXIV. Fig. V.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the roots of old trees in the woods, rare.

Caspites laxi, pallide virescentes v. lutescentes. Caides subimciales, teretes, intertexti, simplices v. parce ra- mosi, flexuosi, prostrati, apieibus ssspius incurvis. Folia densissime imbricata, subsecunda, marginibus anticis approximatis, appendicibus seu auricnlis pedicellatis e membrana duplici formatis instructa, substantia subcarnosa, flaccida, pellucida, cellulis cbstinctis. Calyx vere lateralis, basi subtumidus, infra orem compressus, longitudinaliter plicatus, foliis perichaetialibus paucis.

A singularly beautiful and easily recognised plant, with much the habit and external appearance of /. notophylla, nobis, but most distinct from it and from any other species. The appendages of the leaves and the broad obscurely lobed stipules all closely imbricating up the stem give the appearance of a very complicated structure. Like the

152 FLORA ANTARCTICA. {Auckland and

J. notophylla it swells much in moistening, and assumes a stout and as it were greasy appearance, from the pecu- liar texture of the distended cells. The broad stipules, reaching nearly across the back of the stem, resemble those of /. Billardieri, and are as regular and close along the whole plant as the scales of a snake.

Plate LXIV. Fig. V. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2, front ; 3, back, and 4, side view of stem ; 5, a leaf; 6, calyx and perichaetium : magnified.

24. Jungeehannia (liphphylla, Hook. fil. et Tayl.j caule procumbente laxe implexo divaricatim ra- nioso, foliis distichis arete imbricatis divaricatis bilobis lobis plica conduplicatis ciliatis v. ciliato-dentatis, lobo superiore erecto patente multo minore ovato subacuto substipulifornii, inferiore patente late ovato obtuso, stipulis subquadrato-rotundatis bifidis seginentis ciliato-dentatis. (Tab. LXIY. Fig. IV.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; creeping over the caudices of Ferns, rare.

Canles subsolitarii, vage repentes, v. casspites laxos pianos sub 1 unc. diametro formantes, planiusculi, pro- cumbentes, parce divaricatim ramosi, 1 unc. longi, latiusculi, albidi. Folia tenerrima, membranacea, laxe eellulosa, pellucida, dense imbricata, pulcherrirae ciliato-dentata, valde concava, profunde biloba, lobis valde inaequalibus, lobo anteriore imdto minore supra faciem anticam caulis extenso, stipulam referente ; folium superius in sinu concavo in- ferioris receptum. .^

In some respects this remarkably beautiful species resembles a Gottscliea, but it is in reality more allied to the genus Scapania of Liudenberg, from whose pubbshed characters it differs only in the presence of stipules ! From what we have seeu of the fructification, however, it widely departs from that group. The calyptra, in a specimen from M'Quarrie's River (New Holland), is globose, destitute of any calyx, surmounted by a truncated stvle, rough with numerous barren pistilla on its surface, and sin-rounded by scales ; the scales are laciniate, the outer- most the narrowest, and all enclosed in a triphyllous perichaetium.

Plate LXIY. Fig. IV. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2, front, and 3, back view of a branch ; 4, a sti- pule : magnified.

25. Jungermaxnia minuta, Crania, Hist. Given, p. 285. Hoot. Brit. Jang. t. 44. Gottsche, Nees et land. Sj/nops. Hepat. p. 120.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; amongst mosses and other Hepatiea.

This little species is probably not uncommon in the high southern latitudes, having been also gathered in Kerguelen's Land.

26. Jo'germaxn'ia tenacifolia, Hook. fil. et Tayl.j caule rigido tenui laxe csespitoso erecto subsim- plici flexuoso, foliis distantibus patentibus rigidis tenacibus elliptico-oblongis obtusis integerrimis basi angustatis marginibus planis v. recurvis, stipulis conformibus minoribus integris bifidisve. (Tab. LXIV. Fig. VI.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; amongst other Hepatica, mosses, &c, in exposed situations near the tops of the hills.

Ceespites laxi, fusco-brunnei v. atri. Canles graciles, vix 1 unc. longi, rigidi, vix ramosi, flexuosi. Folia stipulis conformia semper patentia, dura, rigida, opaca, rarius reeurva, fusco-brunnea.

We know of no species with which the present can at all be compared. The leaves and stipules are so nearlv alike and so regidarly stiff and patent, that the stems look pectinated with a triple row of spines, standing at regular intervals. This rigidity, combined with the slender habit, is very remarkable.

Plate LXIV. Fig. VI. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2, back, and 3, side view of portion of stem ; 4, leaf; 5, stipule: all magnified.

Campbell's Islands] FLOEA ANTARCTICA. 153

27. Jungermannia vertebralis. — Scapaiiia? vertebralis, Gottsche, Bind, et Nees, Synops. Hepat. p. 72.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on trees, very rare.

Our specimens of this beautiful species are smaller, but otherwise they coincide with those of Tasmania. It is very closely allied to the /. c/doroleuca, nobis, from Cape Horn, and also to the /. demifolia, Hook.

(7. Gymnanthe, Tayl., subgenus novum.)

Receptaculum commune terminale, descendens, obconicum. Calyx nullus. Capsula quadrivalvis, seta suffidta. Elateres spirales seminibus imnrixti. Anthem in fohoruin axillis Hberse, pedieellatae. — Stirps exstipulata ; perichaetia majora ; folia caulina infirm minima. Tayl. MSS.

28. Jungermannia saccata, Hook. ; Muse. Exot. t. xvi. J. tenella, nobis in Loud. Journ. of Botany, vol. iii. p. 377, 560 and 579.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in the woods, abundant.

The figure of this plant, in the ' Musci Fxotici,' does not well accord with our species, in which the upper mar- gin of the leaf is more produced into a lobe, the apex blunter and sometimes emarginate or even bilobed, the lower margin more recurved and the whole base broader.

To this group may be added the Jungermannia (Acrobolbus, Gottsche) Wihoni, Nees, and the following.

29. Jungermannia Urvilleana. — Scapania Urvilleana, Mont, in Toy. au Pole Slid, Bot. Crypt, t. 16. f. 2. et in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1843. p. 247. Gottsche, Bind, et Behm. Syn. Hepat. p. 63.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; mixed with other Hepatica in the woods.

This species, rather variable in its form, especially of the margins of its leaves, is a native of Tasmania, as well as of Lord Auckland's group and the Straits of Magalhaens, where it was first detected by D'Urville.

(8. Lophocolea, Nees.)

30. Jungermannia bispinosa, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caulibus procumbentibus implexis subramosis, foliis laxe imbricatis secundis erecto-patentibus oblongo-ovatis v. quadratis obtuse emarginatis bifidisve segmentis divaricatis acuminatis basi lata decurrente, stipulis minimis bipartitis segmentis subulatis integerrimis v. utrinque subdentatis. (Tab. LXIV. Fig. VII.)

Hab. Campbell's Island; on moist ground and trunks of trees in the woods.

Coespites implexi, 2-3 unc. lati, pallide straminei. Caules prostrati, subflexuosi, graciles. Folia secunda, re- mota, bifida ; stipidis bifidis, rarius midtifidis.

Very nearly allied to the /. bidentata, L., differing in its smaller size, more remote and suberect leaves, which are narrower, their cellules more minute, then1 emargination deeper, and in the stipules being less and generally not so compound.

Plate LXIV. Fig. VII. — 1, a specimen of the natural size; 2, portion of the stem, magnified.

31. Jungermannia lenta ; Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caulibus elongatis csespitosis subsimplicibus flexuosis

2 G

154 FLORA ANTAKCTICA. [Auckland and

flaccidis ascendentibus, foliis contiguis patentibus disticliis oblongis biiidis segmentis divaricatis acuminatis integerrimis, stipulis minutis lanceolatis bipartitis integerrimis, calyce obovato compresso trigono, ore bila- biate) dentate

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in large tufts upon the moist trunks of trees.

Ccespites lati, interdum 2-3 unciales, supra albidi v. pallide straminei, inferne dilute bnmnei. Caules 1-2 unciales, valde intertexti, elougati, graciles, simplices v. rarius ramosi, apices versus paulo curvati, flaccidi, cellidosi. Folia e caide prostrato suberecta, paulo divergentia, hinc quasi biserialia, oblonga, versus medium sublatiora, emar- ginata v. bifida, siuu obtuso, segmentis acuminatis ; perichcetialki conformia, erecta. Stipules bifidse, integerrimae, rarius basi extus unidentatae. Calyx membranaceus, pellucidus, trigonus, latere anteriore latiore, angulis incrassatis opacis, ore niajusculo bdobo, lobis acuminatis argute dentatis. Capsula ovalis, pedunculo \ unc. longo.

This species is very nearly allied to and apparently intermediate between the /. bidentata, L. and J.perpusilla, nobis, the former in particular, from which it is only to be distinguished by the smaller size and the entire segments of the stipules ; from the latter it may be known by being at least double the size, by the more tufted habit, the deeper emargination of the leaf, their more acuminate segments and larger cells, and by the deeper division of the stipides. There are numerous radicles issuing from the stem throughout its whole length, their position is immedi- ately above the stipules, whence it seems highly probable that, when less tufted, the plant may be wholly creeping. This species will be figured in the Flora of New Zealand, of which island also it is a native.

32. Jungermannia perpus'dla, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caespitosa, caulibus ascendentibus subrarnosis, foliis erecto-patentibus subsecundis oblongo-ovatis biiidis segmentis divaricatis subobtusis integerrimis, sti- pulis minutis oblongis biiidis v. rarius laceris, perigoniis ovatis. (Tab. LXIV. Fig. IX.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; mixed with other Hepatka and mosses, sparingly.

Ccespites parvi, pallide flavi, laxi. Caules vix 3 lin. longi, subramosi, gracUes. Folia patentia, ovata, basi lata, bifida v. rarius trifida, siuu obtuso. Stipules diametro caulem aequantes, in segmentis 2 aequilongis integris v. rarius sectis divisae. Perigonia e foliis ventricosis imbricatis ad apices recurvis in spicam brevem ovatam dis- positis. Perichcetii abortivi folia elongata, subdentata, sinu minus profunda.

Under the preceding, to wluch this bears most affinity, we have pointed out their relative peculiarities.

Plate LXIV. Fig. IX. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2, a portion of a branch, magnified.

33. Jungermannia grisea, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caespitosa, procumbens, caulibus implexis raniosis, foliis patentibus approximates supremis congestis oblongo-rotundatis integerrimis marginibus recurvis, sti- pulis bipartitis segmentis hinc unidentatis v. rarius multipartitis, calyce terminali oblongo trigono compresso ore dentato. (Tab. LXIV. Fig. VIII.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; creeping amongst mosses, &c., rare.

Ccespites depressi, plani, fusco-olivacei. Caules 1 unc. longi, vage ramosi, flexuosi, apicibus ascendentibus. Folia inferiora disticha, marginibus recurvis, convexa, suprema appressa, secunda, in capitulum congesta, substantia crassiuscula, luride flava, subpellucida, cellulis minimis. Calyx 1 bn. longus, trigonus, angulis incrassatis opacis, latere inferiore latiore, ore triangulari dentato. Perichcetii folia tria, erecta, horum duo superiora majora magisque elongata quam in fobis caubnis, rotundata, integra ; tertium v. stipulare, oblongum, emarginatum, marginibus recurvis.

This very closely resembles the L. discedens, Nees ; it is, however, a larger species, of a paler colour. The leaves are erecto-patent and not recurved, their tops entfre, the stipules are divided, and each segment is again divided or bears a tooth at the outer margin.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 155

Plate LXIV. Fig. VIII. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2, portion of branch ; 3, perichaetium and calyx : both magnified.

34. Jungermannia midtipenna, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; procurnbens, caulibus implexis ramosis, foliis dis- ticliis patentibus imbricatis obovatis acutis obtusisve truncatis v. emarginatis margine anteriore gibboso in- feriore decurrente, stipulis subquadratis varie sectis pleruinque bifidis segmentis divisis v. quadrifidis rarius irregulariter dentatis interdum in lacinias quatuor divaricatas subulatas fissis, calyce oblongo triquetro ala superiore latiore ciliato-dentata.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the ground and on the bark of trees in the woods.

Caspites horizontales, appressi, pallide brunnei v. run, rarius virescentes. Catiles vix 1 una longi, vage ramosi. Folia late ovato-oblonga, exacte opposita, horizontahter patentia, forma apices versus varia, plerumque truncata v. late emarginata, laxo cellulosa, pellucida, superiora interdum utrinque cum stipulis connata ; perichcetialia erecta, dentata. Stipula variae, interdum subintegras, marginibus irregulariter dentatis, saepius late quadrats?, quadrifida? v. bifidae, segmentis basi extus unidentatis, rarius quadripartitae, laciniis divaricatis elongato-subulatis.

This plant has so many points in common with /. heteropkylla, Schrad., that we retain it as a separate species with much hesitation, and chiefly on account of the larger cells of its more rounded leaves, which are more gibbous above and narrower towards the apex ; the broad stipules, which are never ovate, and also on account of the longer calyx, of which the lips are more frequently and deeply toothed, as are the perichsetial leaves. Through a mistake the specific character and description of /. intortifolia, nobis, were repeated under this species in the ' London Journal of Botany,' vol. iii. p. 381.

35. Jungermannla sjnnifera, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caulibus prostratis laxe implexis subramosis, foliis densis arete imbricatis erecto-patentibus tenerrimis laxe reticulars ovato-oblongis basi decurrentibus rnargi- nibus recurvis bifidis segmentis elongatis subulatis, stipulis majoribus latissimis reniformibus sexfidis seg- mentis lanceolatis. (Tab. LXV. Fig. I.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on wet rocks near the tops of the hills, scarce.

Pallide flava v. albo-virescens, inter alias Hepaticaa repens. Caulis i unc. longus, apicem versus attenuatus recurvus, antice canaliculars. Folia arete imbricata basi latiora antice approximata, margine inferiore longe decurrente, sinu obtuso, segmentis acumiuatis divaricatis, cellulis inajusculis laxis pellucidis. Stipule plerumque conformes, pro genere maxima;, basi concavae, amplexicaules, in lacinias sex erectas v. divergentes subulatas fissae. Anthera inter baseos foliorum perigonii parte superiore caulis sitae, pedicellatse, albas, majusculae.

A highly beautiful species and very different from any we have ever seen. The apices of the leaves are rather variable, in general they are bifid for i or i way down, with a rounded sinus ; but, in other cases, the segments have more the appearance of subulate appendages placed on each of the rounded apices of the leaf; in one instance a trifid leaf was observed, the third segment was on the upper margin towards the base.

Plate LXV. Fig. I. — I, a specimen of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves ; 4, stipule ; magnified.

36. JuNGERMAifNiA allodonta, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caulibus implexis prostratis ramosis, foliis distichis imbricatis horizontahter patentibus ovato-oblongis obtusis rotundatisve utrinque ad apicem bisetosis v. trun- catis rarius acutis v. apiculatis, stipulis minutis lanceolatis bipartitis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the bark of trees in the woods.

Caspites 1-2 unc. diametro, plani, appressi, luride virescentes. C'aules sub 1 une. longi, vage ramosi, prostrati, hie illic radicantes, una cum foliis sub 1 lin. lati. Folia tenera, laxe cellulosa, alterna, horizontaliter patentia,

156 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

ovato-oblonga v. subquadrata, basi lata decurrente, plerumque rotundata, apicem versus setis duabus subulatis divaricatis aucta, hinc quasi bieaudiculata, non raro autem truncata v. subemarginata, superiora interdum acuta v. apiculata. Stipula profunde bifida;, sscpius in lacinias duas subulatas parallelas v. paulo divergentes partita;, inconspicuse.

37. Jungekmanxia planivseida, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; laxe csespitosa, caule procumbente ramoso, foliis membranaccis tenerrimis disticliis laxe imbricatis patentibus ovato-rotundatis basi obliquis latioribus decur- rentibus iutegerrimis, stipulis ovatis apice bifidis utrinque unidentatis rariusve integris. (Tab. LXV. Fig. II.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on wet rocks near the sea, in the beds of streams, &c, forming large patches.

Caspiles majusculi, 3-4 unc. lati, fusco-purpurei, innovationibus pallide olivaceis. C'aules nigricantes, sub 2 unc. longi, flaccidi, vage ramosi, procumbentes v. prostrati. Folia magnitudine varia, plerumque majuscula, 1-i Un. longa, laxe cellulosa, tenerrima, pellucida, apicibus rotundatis ssepe recurvis, marginibus interdum undulatis. Stipules bifida;, segmentis subulatis erectis approximatis.

This exhibits much the habit and mode of growth of the last, but is a widely different and far larger plant ; it is very variable in size, some of the shoots on the same branch having leaves not half the length of others.

Plate LXV. Fig. II. — 1, specimen of the natural size; 2, branch with stipule and leaf; 3, leaf; 4 and 5, stipules ; magnified.

(9. Cheiloscyphus, Cor da.)

38. Jtjngebmannia ausfralk, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; csespitosa, procumbens, caule ramoso, foliis imbri- catis suberectis rotundatis basi superne sublobatis inferne decurrentibus, stipulis bipartitis varie sectis seg- mentis plerumque basi dentatis, fructu in ramis brevibus terminali, calyce oblongo curvato subcompresso bialato bilabiato labiis rotundatis obscure crenatis. (Tab. LXV. Fig. III.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; moist banks in the woods and on trunks of trees.

Caspites 2-3 unc. lati. C'aules robusti, suberecti v. procumbentes, vage ramosi, nunc inter Hepaticas abas solitarii, sub 1 unc. longi, fusco-brunnei, srepe per totam longitudinem radicantes. Folia inferiora subpatentia, superiora imbricata, erecta, appressa, oblongo-rotundata, apicibus rotundatis integerrimis, cellulis plerumque majus- culis opacis. Stipulte forma varia;, plerumque oblongae et bifida;, utrinque basi unidentatse, segmentis divaricatis acuminatis, rarius subquadratae, quadrifida;, v. quadridentata?. Calyx exscrtus, paulo curvatus, oblongus, basi eylindra- ceus, superne compressus, bialatus, alis subundulatis, ore obliquo bilabiato, labiis divergentibus obscure crenulatis.

The fertile branches of this plant are short, with about five pahs of leaves, of which the upper, or perichastial, are oblong, and the corresponding stipide is the largest and most deeply laciniated. A broken capsule, found within the calyx, contained rounded angular seeds and slender much-twisted spiral filaments, each formed of a double hebx. The barren plant strongly resembles some states of /. polyantlios, L., but in the fertile plant the oblong winged calyx, the included calyptra, and the more divided and toothed stipides abundantly distinguish it.

Plate LXV. Fig. III. — 1, specimen of the natural size; 2, branch and calyx; 3, leaves and stipule; 4 and 5, stipides : magnified.

39. Jungermannia BUlardieri, Schwaeg. Muse. Hepat. Prodr. p. 19. HooJc. Muse. Ejcot. t. 61, Chei- loscyphus, Corda, Nees et auctorum.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; abundant in the woods and in marshes on the hills.

Campbell's Islands.] FLOE A ANTARCTICA. 157

40. Jungermannia coaUta, Hook.; Muse. Exot. t. 123. Cheiloscyphus, auctomm. Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the trunks of dead trees, &c, in the woods.

41. Jungermannia sinuosa, Hook.; Muse. Exot. 1. 113. Cheiloscyphus, auctomm.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; at the roots of trees, growing mixed with mosses.

Our specimens are quite white, the leaves, and especially the stipules, broader than in the figure quoted above ; the latter renifonn, with shorter laciuias.

42. Jungerman^iia leiicoplujlla, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; laxe esespitosa, caulibus erectis elongatis subra- mosis gracilibus, foliis arete imbricatis patentibus membranaceis convexis subtriangularibus una cum stipulis coahtis marginibus recurvis ciliato-dentatis, stipulis oblongis erectis margimbus recurvis eroso-dentatis, calyce elongate oblongo compresso bilabiato labiis denticulatis, perigonii foliis confertis abbreviatis. (Tab. LXV. Kg. IT.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the ground in the woods, generally mixed with other species.

Caules laxe csespitosi, dispersi, flavo-fusci v. pallide brunnei, tenues, curvati, vage ramosi, vix 1 unc. lati, cum foliis stipulisque subtrigoni. Folia una cum stipulis in laminam triangidarem horizontaliter patentem perfoliatam oinnino coahta, margiuibus recurvis seu potius deflexis, substantia tenera pellucida laxe cellulosa. Perigonia ter- minaha v. lateralis, raniis angustiora, conspicua, fohis brevioribus quam foha cauhna magisque confertis. Antkera 3-4, pedicellata?, minimse.

A well marked and beautiful species.

Plate LXV. Fig. IT. — 1, a specimeu of the natural size ; 2, front, 3, back, and 4, side view of a branch j magnified.

43. Jungermannia fissistipa, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caule prostrato subranioso, foliis disticlris oblique patentibus densis arete imbricatis ovatis obtusis apices versus grosse dentatis, marginibus decurvis inferiore integerrimo basi decurrente, superiore cum stipula rotundata fimbriato-lacera coalito. Cheiloscyphus fissi- stipus, Gottsche, Lehn. et Lincl. Spec. Hepat. (ined.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the dead and decaying trunks of trees, in the woods.

This beautiful and strongly scented species is a near ally of /. coalita, Hook. ; but hi that the leaves are simply bifid at the apex, in this they are toothed repeatedly, and the stipides are much more divided, besides being gene- rally distinctly bifid at the apex owing to the terminal pah of teeth being more remote than the others.

(10. Lepidozea, Dumorf.)

44. Jtjngermannia lamfolia, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; esespitosa, implexa, caule elongato pinnate, rarnis breviusculis patentibus attenuatis recurvis, foliis stipulisque quadrato-rotundatis quadrifidis rarius tri-quinque- fidis segmentis acutis incurvis, calyce in ramis inferioribus abbreviatis terminali lanceolato acuminato sub orem denticulatum plicato.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; at the roots of trees, &c, abundant.

Caspites plani, appressi, subdensi, dilute flavo-brunnei v. olivacei. Caules graciles, 1-2 unc. longi, ramis diva- ricatis. Folia horizontaliter patentia, caide oblique inserta, remota, lsevia, pallida, pellucida. Stipula \ magnituchnjs fohi. Perichatium perbreve, e foliis paucis erectis appressis quam fohis caulims minus profimde sectis. Capsula cyliudracea ; semina numerosa, luride-brunnea, globosa ; Jila spiraliter torta, elongata, helice duphci.

2 H

158 FLOKA ANTAECTICA. [Auckland and

This and the following may be considered representatives of the British /. reptans, L., to which the present is very nearly allied, though differing in the much smaller size, the less pinnated stems, the more distant leaves which have not the singularly prominent cells of the northern plant, and especially in the short perichaetium and elongated calyx. It is also a native of New Zealand, in the Flora of which country it will be figured.

45. JxmGEBMAKiaA patentissima, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; subcsespitosa, caule valido repente pinnatim ra- lnoso, ramis brevibus, foliis plus minusve imbricatis patentibus v. incurvis cellulosis latissime obovato-quad- ratis basi angustatis tri-quadrifidis segmentis integerrimis obtusis rectis v. incurvis, stipulis brevibus sub- quadratis transverse elongatis tri-quadridentatis. (Tab. LXV. Kg. V.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; creeping among tufts of other Hepatica, on trunks of trees, &c.

Caides inter Hepaticas alias Muscosqne dispersi, pallide fiavo-olivacei, breviusculi, vix \ unc. longi, validi, cras- siusculi, cellidosi ; ramis plerumque inconspicuis, brevibus, alternis, versus apices attenuatis. Folia caulina plerumque conferta, patentia (sed oblique, non horizontalia), subquadrata, plus minusve obovata, basi angustata v. subcuneata, segmentis incurvis v. planis, obovatis, 3-5-fidis, saepius 4-fidis, cellulis majusculis. Stipules caule vix latiores, seg- ments brevibus.

This plant approaches nearer to the /. reptans, L., than the former ; it is, however, very much smaller, the leaves more closely imbricated, generally more deeply divided and narrower at the base.

Plate LXV. Fig. V. — 1, specimen of the natural size ; 2, portion of branch ; 3 and 4, leaves ; 5 and 6, sti- pules ; magnified,

46. JrNGEiniANNiA tenax, Greville, in Annals of Lyceum of New York, vol. i. p. 277. pi. 23.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the dry trunks of trees and on the ground.

A curious little species, first described by Dr. Greville, who gives an excellent figure of it, from New Holland specimens.

47. Jungekmannia tetradactyla, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; csespitosa, implexa, caule debili prostrato sub- pinnatim raruoso, foliis subremotis distichis patentibus basi quadratis quadrispinosis spinis articulatis, stipulis minimis quadripartitis, calyce elongate cylindraceo ore contracto eiliato.

II us. Lord Auckland's group ; creeping over patches of /. coalita.

Caspites 1-2 unc. lati, pallide flavo-virides. Caules interdum 1 unc. longi, innovationibus plurimis ramosi ; celluke externse latre, pellucida?, alba?, centrales virides, opacse, hinc cauhs sub lente quasi ala membranacea cinctus appareat. Folia caulina reniota, ramidina (plerumque superiora) conferta, basi angusta, deinde latiora, hi spinas elongatas desinentia. Stipula caide vix latiores, segmentis subulatis.

Closely allied to the /. centipes, nobis, of Tasmania, from which it may be distinguished by the (transparent) more branched and pinnate stems, the more distant and patent transparent leaves, which are more deeply divided, with the segments elongated and setaceous : the two species are very near in other respects.

From New Zealand we have this plant with calyces and perigonia ; the former are remarkably large in propor- tion to the size of the plant, being as long as the shoots winch bear them, they are ovato-cylindrical and slightly bent on one side. The perichastial leaves are erect, with a longer entire portion or base than the cauline. Perigonia forming cylindrical spikes, their leaves large, bifid above with tumid bases, each containing in its axhla a single mi- nute, round, brown, pedicellated anther.

48. Juxgermaxsia (tixpar, Mont.; caulibus elongatis caespitosis ramosis, foliis laxe imbricatis rarius in ramulis terminahbus imbricatis patenti-incurvis obovato-cuneatis basi angustatis ad medium trindis seg-

Campbell's Islands.} FLORA ANTARCTICA. 159

mentis lineari-subulatis subacutis, stipulis minoribus conforrnibus, perigoniis termiualibus capitatis pro planta inajusculis . — aii J. hippurioides varietas ? J. dispar, Montague in Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Gryptog. (ined.) Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the ground.

49. Jungermannia Ziippwrioides, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; minima, laxe ceespitosa, caule procumbente ra- moso, foliis subimbricatis patentibus obovatis bi-trifidis basi angustis, segmentis linearibus subacutis, stipulis minutis valde inconspicuis erectis appressis trifidis. (Tab. LXV. Kg. VII.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on decayed bark, and at the roots of grasses and ferns in wet places.

Catspites per innovatioiiibus vagis intertexti, pallide olivacei. Caules vix imciales, irregulariter pinnati, una ciun foliis densis crassiusculi. Folia conferta, imbricata, patentia, quasi verticillata, profunde bi-trifida rarius quadrifida, laciniis celhdosis inarticulatis. Stipules valde ineonspicuae, cauli latiori arete appressse, plerurnque in segmenta tria divisae.

A very distinct little species, though not easily characterized ; the figure will give the best idea of its habit and peculiarities. It is most nearly allied to the /. tetradactyla, nobis, (vid. ante) from which it may be recognized by its shorter and more patent leaves, which, as well as the stipules, are usually trifid.

Plate LXV. Fig Nil. — 1, specimen of the natural size; 2, portion of branch ; 3, stipules; magnified.

50. Jtjngekmannia albula, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; niajuscula, caulibus subimplexis erectis ramosis, foliis dense et arete imbricatis erecto-patentibus concavis late et oblique ovato-rotundatis fimbriato-laceris laciniis plerisque profunde bifidis, stipulis concavis majusculis rotundatis sex- ad decemfidis laciniis bifidis. (Tab. LXV. Fig. VI.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; creeping through tufts of Gottscliea Lehmanniana.

Caules rage dispersi, palhde albido-virescentes, subpinnatim v. dichotome ramosi, |~1 unc. longi, sub a lin. lati, rands breviuscidis sa;pe dichotomis, innovationibus flagelliformibus interdum instructis. Folia latissima, concava, basi semi-amplexicaidia, dense imbricata, sese amplectentia, laxe cellulosa, membranacea, pellucida, margine ante- riore basin versus dentata, casterum in lacinias curvatas bifidas partita. Stipula -i- magnitudine folh, imbricatse, con- spicuse, margmibus lacimatis.

This is a very beautiful plant, much larger and of a different aspect from any of the former.

Plate LXV. Fig. VI. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2, lower, and 3, upper view of a portion of a branch ; 4, leaf; 5, stipule : — Magnified.

(11. Mastigobrytjm, Nees.)

51. Juxgermanxia Novcb Holhuulice, Nees; caule prostrato ramoso subtus flagellifero divaricatirn ra- moso, ramis patentibus plerisque recurvis, foliis arete imbricatis oblongo-aciuaciformibus curvatis concavis abrupte truncatis apice eroso bi-tridentato stijmlis caide latioribus remformi-rotundatis margimbus recurvis dentatis v. multifidis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; common in the woods, creeping amongst mosses and other Jlepatiea.

52. Jungermannia involuta; Herpetium involutum, Mont, in Voy. an Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, t. 18. fig. 2. et in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1843. p. 253.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; common in the woods, forming large tufts.

A very handsome species, variable in size ; of a much larger and more erect habit, and with broader leaves than the /. Nova Hollandiee, the latter have larger cells also.

ICO FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

53. Jungermannia atro-virens, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caule gracili erecto disperso ramoso subtus fla- gellifero, foliis parvis patentibus subdistantibus triaugulari-rotundatis apice inaequaliter bifidis segmentis acutis integerrirnis, cellulis parvis punctiformibus rnargiueni versus inferiorem inajoribus, stipulis niinutis transversis semi-rotundatis tripartitis segmentis acutis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; creeping througli tufts of Bicrana and other mosses, in the woods and on the lulls, not uncommon.

Caules 1-2 unciales, graciles, saepe solitarii, vage ramosi, rigidi, erecti, interdum subflexuosi, crassiusculi, oli- vaceo-brunnei. Folia pro niagnitudine caidis parva, vix imbricata, verticabter patentia, oblique ovato-rotundata v. subtriangularia, bifida v. bidentata, segmento inferiore majore, apicibus plerumque inciuvis, palhde brunnea v. flavo- fusca, subopaca, densa ; cellulis rnanifeste punctiformibus. Stipulce tridentatae, dentibus acutis v. obtusis.

A very distinct species, which can scarcely be confounded with any other, of a wiry habit though particularly graceful and slender ; this character, together with the great disproportion between the breadth of the leaves and stem, and the unequal cellules which are so large towards the inferior margin as almost to resemble a nerve, will readily distinguish it from any other. A similar disposition of the cellules is seen in M. inaquilaterum, Nees.

54. Jungermannia nutans, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caulibus crassiusculis caespitosis subsimplicibus erectis incurvis apicibus saepe nutantibus, foliis deusis arete inibricatis patentibus valde concavis late ovatis apice inaequaliter bifidis margine subintegris camosiusculis laxe cellulosis, stipulis erectis late ovato-rotundatis apice bifidis v. subdentatis, stolonibus subbasilaribus ascendentibus ad apices demivm foliosis. (Tab. LXV. Fig. VIII.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in moist places on the ground, and at the roots of trees.

Caules caaspitosi, simplices, erecti, incurvi v. nutantes, ut in /. tenaci, Grev., crassiusculi, caraosuli, cellidosi, albidi v. pallide vh'escentes, ad apices siccitate sagpe nigricantes, sidjunciales. Folia valde concava, bifida, segmento inferiore minore, cellulis saepe margines versus prominulis aquosis, ad medium folii majoribus.

Very imlike any of the other species of this genus, though in some respects approaching the J. tenax, Grev., in which the stems are branched and the leaves midtifid. The whole plant is of a singularly flaccid or flabby con- sistence, formed of watery or fleshy cells, a good deal similar to those of/, notopliylla, nobis (vid. ante).

Plate LXV. Fig. VIII. — 1, specimen of the natural size; 2, portion of branch; 3, stipule: — magnified.

(12. Schisma, Bumort.)

55. Jukgeemaknia Scolopenclra, Hook. ; Muse. Exot. t. 40. Scliisma Scolopeudra, Nees et auct.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; on the hills, abundant; often resembling a Racomitrium in its habit of growth.

(13. Mastigophora, Nees.)

56. Jungermannia hirsuta, Nees.

Hab. Campbell's Island.

This we have compared and found to agree with authentic specimens of /. hirsuta, Nees, but we are not aware where that species is published.

(14. Trichocolea, Nees.)

57. Jtjngermannia mottissima, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; laxe caespitosa, implexa, caule ascendente bipin- natim ramosissimo, foliis confertis alteruis patentibus e basi lata dichotoma multifichs laciniis capillaribus sti-

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 161

pulis bifitlis dichotome laciniatis, calyce ex parte inferiore caulis obovato clavato bilabiate- undique squamis liueari-lanceolatis laciniatis tecto.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; abundant on moist rocks on the hills, on trunks of trees in the woods, &c.

Caspites plani, molles, albidi, juniores pallide virides. Caules 4-6 imc. lorigi et ultra, teretes ; rami divari- cati, conferti, per totam longitudinem caulis subaequilongi, hinc caidis subpectinatus. Folia basi patentia, sursum erecta, apicibus incui'vis. Stipules foliis conformes sed minores. Calyx sub 2 lin. longus, lateralis ; pedicello fere -5- unc. longo ; capsula oblonga.

This very beautiful plant is nearly allied to /. tomentella, Ekr., from which it differs in the more procumbent or prostrate mode of growth, in the more crowded cylindrical (not compressed) branches, in the stipules and leaves being broader at the base and dichotomously divided, and in the calyx bearing elongated linear-lanceolate scales. It is also a native of New Zealand.

58. Jungerjiannia polyacantha, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caulibus subcaespitosis erectis ramosis spiculosis, foliis laxe imbricatis patentibus stipulisque basi angustis quadrifidis laciniis multifidis ramosis ultimis spiculaeformibus articulatis, calyce terminali majore lineari-obovato superne turnido subquadridentato hispido. (Tab. LXV. Kg. IX.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in woods near the sea.

Caules tenues, graciles, laxi, inter Muscos Hepaticasque alias dispersi, v. csespitosi, pallide flavi, flaccidi, debiles, vix \ unc. longi, parce ramosi, apicibus plerumque e foliis plurimis confertis incrassati, spiculis articulatis obsiti. Folia basi semiamplexicaulia. Stipules concava?. Calyx vere terminalis, pro planta maximus, squamis foliaceis obo- vatis multifidis hispidus.

A very curious and distinct little species. The stems and branches have a peculiarly hispid and squarrose ap- pearance, from the acicular scales and apices of the leaves which beset them and point in all directions. In some respects it resembles /. tetradacfyla, nobis, and in others the /. setacea and J. trichophylla, from all of which it is abundantly distinguished by the compound segments of the leaves. From /. tomentella, its nearest ally, it differs in its much smaller size and different habit, in the rigid and fragde texture of its more deeply divided leaves, which appear hardly to possess any base or lamina, and in the crenate mouth of the calyx.

Plate LXV. Fig. IX. — 1, specimen of the natural size ; 2, leaf; 3, calyx: — magnified.

(15. Radtjla, Dumort.)

59. Jungermamjia complanata, L. ; Syst. Nat. vol. ii. p. 706. Hook. Brit. Jungerm. t. 81. Hab. Campbell's Island ; upon the bark of trees.

60. Juxgermajtnia pliysoloba, Mont., caulibus csespitosis prostratis subpinnatim ramosis, ramis com- planatis, foliis suberectis imbricatis convexis integerrimis lobo superiore obovato-rotundato margine recurvo, pericluetialibus oblongis transversis deflexis, calyce elongato obconico compresso truncato integerrimo. Ra- dula physoloba, Mont, in Voy. au Pole Slid, Bot. Crypt, t. 17. fig. 4. et in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1814. p. 255. J. complanata, var. /3, Hook. Brit. Jungerm. t. 81. f. 17. J. Aquilegia, nobis, in Lorul. Journ. of Botany, vol. iii. p. 291.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; growing mixed with mosses on wet rocks.

2i

162 FLORA ANTARCTICA. {Auckland and

Caspites lati, appressi, plaiii, olivaceo-brumiei. Caules 1-4 una longi, irregulariter pinnati, ramis divaricatis. Folia basi angusta, concava ; lobo inferiore basi tumido, superiori obtuse angidato arete appresso.

Found abundantly in Ireland, and according to Lindenberg in Switzerland ; in the former locality, as in its southern habitat, preferring wet rocks. It may be distinguished from /. complanata, L., by its smaller size, more convex leaves, thin texture and brown colour, by the lesser lobe being tumid at the base and not sharply reflected on the larger or upper, and by the deflexed perichsetial leaves ; besides these characters we may remark that the peri- gonia are usually terminal and not upon lateral short branches, and that the angulate portion of the lower lobe is shorter than in /. complanata.

61. Jtjngermannia uvifera, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; canJe implexo procumbente pinnatim ramoso, foliis imbricatis patentibus integerrirnis, lobo superiore majore convexo late oblongo-rotundato apice recurvo basi rotundato, inferiore superne truncato v. rotundato ovato-oblongo obtuso inferne subtumido apice lobo supe- riori appresso, perigoniis lateralibus filiforinibus sub foliis latentibus, calyce obovato-oblongo valde compresso subcochleariforrni utrinque marginibus acutis subalatis lateribus basi ad medium 4-5 costatis, ore truncato integro.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the bark of trees, &c, abundant.

CcBspites plamusculi v. tumidi, late extensi, olivaceo-brunnei, implexi. Caules 1-2 unc. longi, crassiusculi, valde ramosi, foliis convexis undique imbricati, apicem versus saepe purpurascentes. Folia subrecivrva, late obovato- rotundata ; lobo superiore nunc deorsum in auxiculam producto, nunc angustiore, lobo inferiore \ magnitudine su- perioris, superne eo arete appresso inferne tumido, forma varia, substantia opaca laete sed pallide flavo-brunnea. Innovationes infra folia plurimi, breves, parvi, perigoniis saepe alternantes. Perigoma omnino inter folia occlusa, minuta, filiformia, fohis 8-10 urceolatis arete imbricata. Perichatium e foliis duobus erectis constans, apicibus la- tis rotundatis, lobo inferiore subinvoluto.

This species is closely allied to the R. pectinate, Nees, but the upper lobes of the leaves are more elongated and the lower are broad at the apex, the perigoma also are shorter. The calyx is here remarkable for the compressed margins being almost winged and the two sides furnished with several elevated costse. The smaller lobe of the leaf is at first very tumid, more appressed when older.

(16. Madotheca, Dmnort.)

62. Jungekmannia elegantida. Madotheca elegantula, Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, t. 18. f. 3. et in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1843. p. 255.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on trunks of trees in the woods.

Very closely allied to the European /. platyphylla, differing chiefly in the less decidedly pinnate ramification, in the more distant branches, in the frequent toothing of the lower lobe (not shown in Montague's figure), and in the plane margins of the stipules, which are recurved only at the tips ; the capsule also is split down to the very base into four valves. Montague compares it with M. mibsquarrosa, Nees and Mont., from Juan Fernandez.

(17. Frullania, Nees.)

63. Jungermannia Magellamca, Lamarck, Encycl. Bot. vol. iii. p. 28. Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 115.

Hab. Campbell's Island; on alpine rocks.

The foliage is paler in colour and more lax than in the specimens figured in the ' Musci Exotici.' It is also a native of Tasmania, from whence we have specimens with fully formed calyces.

Campbell's Islands.] FLOE A ANTARCTICA. 163

64. Jungermannia clavigera, Hook., Muse. Exot. t. 70.

Has. Campbell's Island ; on rocks, and on the trunks of trees.

These specimens vary much in colour, in general they are of a richer brown, and less olivaceous than in the figure quoted, at other times they are nearly black.

65. Jungermannia ptycliant/ia. Frullania ptychantha, Mont, hi Toy. au Pole Slid Bot. Crypt. 1. 19. f. 3. et in Ann. So. Nat. 1843. p. 257. J. Myosota, nobis in Bond. Journ. of Bot. v. 3. p. 393.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; on tlie trunks of trees, and on rocks on the lulls, abundant.

The periehaetial leaves in this species are three, closely embracing the base of the calyx ; the two lateral entire, obovate, having a strap-shaped acute curved inner lobe with reflexed sides ; the third or stipular lobe is oblong, deeply divided into recurved linear segments, whose margins are uneven but not toothed. Calyx cybndrical and smooth for \ way up, then ovate-rotundate, exserted, laciniated ; in the young state it appears terminated by a short tube.

This species may be known from all others by the minute, divergent auricles below the leaves, and more par- ticularly by the plicate calyx. Montague compares it with F. gracilis, nodulosa and integristipula, and adds that besides the difference in the calyx, the first of these has the involucral leaves serrated, and in the two others the stipules are entire.

66. Jungermannia attophylla, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; cauhbus laxe dispersis flaccidis graeilibus flexuosis subramosis, foliis distantibus erecto-patentibus patulisve late ovatis obtusis acutisve mtegriusculis laxe reti- culatis, auriculis anguste oblongo-pyriforrnibus clavatisve incurvis a folio divergentibus, stipulis minutis bihdis segmentis lanceolatis saepius clavatis. (Tab. LXVI. Fig. I.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on the hills, rare, growing with other Jungermannia.

Caules 2-3 lin. lougi, parce ramosi; rami alterni, siccitate subatri, madore lsete sanguineo-purpurei. Folia forma sat varia, inferiora longiora, late ovata v. elliptica, obtusa v. rarius acuminata, integerrima v. bi-tridentata, cellulis pro planta maximis, auriculis pedicellatis majusculis erectis interdmn deflexis.

A beautiful little species and one of the smallest that is known of this subgenus ; as in /. clavigera the lobes of the stipides are often replaced by club-shaped amides.

Plate LXVI. Fig. I. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2 and 3, front and back view of leaves ; magnified.

67. Jungermannia rostrata, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caule exiguo repente subpinnathn ramoso, foliis subap- proximatis patcntibus rotundatis subapiculatis integerrhnis lobo inferiore oblongo-lanceolato appenchculato, stipulis minutis rotundatis bifidis integerrhnis, perigoniis obovatis rotundatis, periclnetiis oblongo-rotundatis, calyce obovato apice tubuloso basi angusto lineari.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on Parmelia enteromorpha, Ach.

Caspites 1-2 unc. lati, rufo-brunnei. Caules minuti, graciles. Folia rotundata, lobulo inferiore \ magnitutUne superioris ; perichatialia oblonga, apiculata, incurva, marginibus lobuh inferioris refiexis. Calyx perichaetio bis longior.

The present species bears much general resemblance to J. lobulata, Hook., differing from it in the smaller size, the narrow base of the calyx, which is of a different and less trigonous form, being wider above, and in the acute or apiculate leaves of the perichcetium. It is as small as the previous species.

68. Jungermannia reticulata, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; cauhbus implexis prostratis subpinnatim ramosis,

164 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Auckland and

ramis brevibus, foliis distichis imbricatis patentibus concavis late rotuiidatis apice recurvis superioribus late ovatis grosse dentatis, aurieulis interdurn nullis superioribus nunc bifidis seginento exteriore clavato interiore subulato, stipulis bi-quadripartitis. (Tab. LXVI. Tig. II.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; rocks on the mountains.

Ceespites 2-3 unc. lati, planiusculi, rupibus appressi, intertexti, nigrescentes, nunc pallidiores, innovationibus laete purpureis. Canles sub 2 unc. longi, interdurn elongati, ramis plerumque brevibus. Folia tenerrima, valde pel- lucida, areolis majusculis, inferiora integerrima, ssepe lobulo intus aucta. Stipula concavse, profunde partitas, non- nullis v. omnibus clavatis.

This is a very beautiful microscopic object, and though allied to /. clavigera is very distinct from it. The lower leaves are sometimes nearly reniform, with no auricle whatever, but the most remarkable differential character lies in the very lax reticulation of its cells

Plate LXVI. Fig. II. — 1, a specimen of the natural size; 2 and 3, leaves; 4, 5 and 6, stipules; magnified.

69. Jungermannia aterrima, Hook. fil. et Tayl.j pusilla, caule implexo procumbente vage ramoso, foliis imbricatis patentibus convexis rotundato-oblongis integerrirnis marginibus recurvis, aurieulis late oblongo- pyriforrnibus inflatis, stipulis minutis ovatis bipartitis segmeutis lanceolatis basi extus unidentatis, perigoniis rotundatis, foliis perichsetialibus integerrirnis incurvis. (Tab. LXVI. Tig. III.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on alpine rocks, mixed with Andrecea and other mosses.

Ceespites nigri, apicibus nitidis rarius purpurascentibus ; ramis subsolitariis. Folia rotundata v. late et oblique ovata. Stipula bipartite, integrae v. utrinque dente majusculo extus aucto et hinc quadrifidfe. Planta plerumque monoica. Perigonia breviter pedunculata, arete imbricata, rotundata, superne longitudinaliter sidcata, marginibus foliorum valde incurvis. Periclicetii foKia tria, secunda, valde concava, corpora tria rotundata referentes.

This has some points of affinity with the /. fragilifoUa, Tayl., a species lately observed in Ireland and Swit- zerland, which is equally minute but not so uniformly black and sliining, and has the leaves less densely cellular, and the perichfetial ones dentate.

Plate LXVI. Fig. III. — 1, a specimen of the natural size; 2, 3 and 4, leaves; 5 and 6, stipules; 7, perichse- tial leaf; magnified.

70. Jtjxgermannia congesta, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; csespitosa, caule procumbente ramoso, foliis imbri- catis patentibus hitegerrimis late ovatis rotmidatisve subapiculatis, auricula inflata oblongo-pyriformi, stipulis minutis ovato-rotundatis bifidis integerrirnis, foliis perichaetialibus oblongis apiculatis integerrirnis albidis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks and on the bark of trees.

CcBspites extensi, sub 2 unc. lati, pahide flavo-brunnei. Caules gracdes, sub 2 unciales, pinnatim ramosi ; ramis erecto-patentibus, ssepe ascendentibus v. sursum curvatis. Folia valde convexa, plerumque apiculata, 'auricula caule remota infra marginem foKi extensa. Stipula integerrirnae, caule vix latiores, apicem versus bifida, segmentis acutis. Folia perichcetialia erecta, integerrima, acuminata, duobus lateralibus oblongis lobulo inferiore margine inflexo, stipulari in segmenta duo lanceolata apiculata integerrima fissa.

Very similar to the /. ptgehantha, Mont., but the whole plant much smaller, the auricles occupy a different position, and the perichfetial leaves are of a different form. The barren perichaetia which have roimded summits, are probably modified in the perfect plant. Prom J. aterrima, to which it is in some respects allied, it may be known by the larger size, pale colour, acute perichaetial leaves, and, above all, by the entire stipules.

CampbelTs Islands] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 165

71. Jungermannia scandens. Frullania scandens, Mont, in Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt. 1. 19. f. 2. et in Annal. des Sc. Nat. 1S43, p. 258.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; on branches of trees (MM. Hombron et Jacquinot).

This species was not found during the stay of the Antarctic Expedition in Lord Auckland's group. Monta°-ne compares it with F. Mans, ornithocepkala, and obscura, Nees.

(18. Lejeunia, Lib.)

72. Jungermannia implexieaulis, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caulibus cajspitosis suberectis ramosis, foliis laxe imbricatis suberectis patentibus vnlde concavis ovatis obtusis apicibus marginibusque incurvis areolis punctiformibus, lobulis anguste ovatis tuniidis inflexis, stipulis rotundatis caule latioribus apice fissis seg- mentis suberectis.

Has. Campbell's Island; creeping through tufts of mosses in rocky places.

Caules -j-1 unc. longi, inter muscos dispersi v. crespites plus rninusve confertos formautes, olivaceo-vh'ides, vage ramosi, ramis erectis. Folia valde concava, hinc oculo nudo rami moniliformes apparent, subdecurrentia, lobulo cauli proximo, areolis minimis punctiformibus. Stipulce fere orbiculares, primo visu integrse, sed fissse segmentis approximatis v. imbricatis.

Very nearly allied to the /. serpyUifolia, Dicks. ; it has, however, a different aspect, owing to the erect leaves, which are not plane but very concave, and instead of being loosely cellular are formed of a very compact tissue, the cells of which require a high power to be distinguished, the leaves themselves also are twisted forwards and not pa- tent. The stipules appear undivided, except wheu the segments are forced asunder ; whdst in /. serpyUifolia they diverge and often have a very rounded sinus between them.

73. Jungermannia Mimosa, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caulibus implexis repentibus ramosis, foliis imbrica- tis patentibus concavis oblique obovato-oblongis subcurvatis v. acinaciformibus apicibus patentibus recurvis integerrimis, lobulis ovatis involutis, stipulis late ovatis acute bifidis, calyce late elliptico-ovato pentggono ore contracto subtubuloso.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on moist alpine rocks.

Cxspites parvi, fusco-olivacei. Caules sub \ unc. longi, irregulariter vage ramosi, ascendentes. Folia subincurva, ut in J. serpyUifolia, sed prsesertim apices versus latiora et ad latus curvata, hinc subacinacifonnia, lobulo erecto- patente ; substantia crassiuscida, areolis parvis. Stipiilrr caule vix latiores, apice fissee, segmentis subdistantibus erectis, sinu obtuso. Folia perickalialia late oblongo-rotundata, integra, concava, apicibus recurvis, tertio stipulse conformi sed magis concavo. Periyouia lateralia, spicata ; foliis arete imbricatis, brevibus, rotundatis, tumidis. Calyx basi angustatus, obovatus v. obovato-ellipticus, pentagonus v. sub 5-alatus, ore minuto tubuloso.

The chief points of distinction between this and the .7. serpyUifolia, Dicks., reside in the denser structure of the leaves, then- tops being recurved"; the larger calyx, which tapers towards the narrower base, and the rounder more concave perichstial leaves. From /. iii/plexicaulis it may be known by the more cellular and planer leaves, their very different direction, and the remote segments of the stipules.

74. Jungermannia primordialis, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caulibus exilibus implexis vage ramosis, ramis subpatentibus, foliis laxis suberectis anguste obovatis apicibus rotundatis concavis integerrimis lobo inferiore ovato iuvoluto, stipulis minimis emarginato-bifidis segmentis linearibus subobtusis divaricatis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on a species of Sticta in the woods.

2 K

166 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

Caspiies parvi, pallide olivaceo-virides. Caules sub J- unc. longi, ramis divaricatis. Folia remota, suberecta, anguste obovata, lobo inferiore extus ad inflexionem dento obtuso aucto.

The miimte size, more erect, narrow and more distant leaves, will readily distinguish this species from small states of /. serpyllifolia, even in the absence of fructification.

75. Jungermannia albo-virens, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; minima, caulibus implexis prostratis rainosis, foliis laxis patentibus valde concavis oblongis apice rotimdatis integerrimis, lobulis involutis ovatis tumidis, stipu- lis exiguis oblongis bifidis segmentis obtusis acutisve, calyce in ramo brevi proprio terminali obovato-elongato basi angustato apice quadriplicate tubuloso. (Tab. LXVI. Fig. IV.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks at the summits of the mountains, mixed with other J anger - manniee.

Laxe cellulosa. Caules per plantas alias dispersi, non csespitosi, pallide flavo-olivacei, 2-3 lin. longi, siccitate fragiles, irregulariter ramosi, ramis remotis. Folia basi semiamplexicaulia et subsaccata, superne oblonga et rotun- data, apicibus plerumque reeurvis, cellulis majusculis aquosis. Stipula cauli arete appressse, inconspicuse, oblonga?, caule vix latiores. Ferichatii foliola tria, lateralibus erectis concavis obtusis lobulo acuto intus auctis, tertio v sti- pulari oblongo bifido stipulis omnino conforrni sed majore. Calyx apice tubulosus, demum in lacunas quatuor de- hiscens. Capsula spherica, pallide brimnea, valvis basi coadunatis. Senium majuscula, pauca, angulata ; filis spira- libus paucis, diametro \ seminiun.

Very nearly allied to the J. ulicina, Tayl. (./. minutisshna, Brit. Jung.), preferring also wet mosses on which to grow. The British plant may be distinguished by its smaller size, the larger cells of the leaves, which are not so concave and subacute, whilst then lobulus has a sharp process or tooth at the point of involution, also by the more divided stipules, whose segments are acuter, and by the recurved perichsetial leaves.

Plate LXVI. Fig. IV. — a specimen of the natural size ; 2, portion of branch ; 3, leaf, and -4, stipule : magnified.

76. Jungermannia latitans, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; minima, caule tenuissimo prostrato ramoso, foliis remotiusculis suberectis celluloso-crenulatis ovatis acutis apicibus seepe incurvis, lobulis ovatis involutis, sti- pulis inconspicuis bifidis segmentis lanceolatis obtusis, foliis perichsetialibus late obovato-cuneatis acuminatis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group; mixed with other Hejiaticce.

Cellulosa, minima. Caspites laxi, dispersi, planiuscub, pallide virescentes. Folia remotiuscula, longitudine varia, acuta v. acuminata, cellulis preecipue versus margines majusculis tumidis et prominentibus, hinc folia subcre- nata, lobulo a latitudine folii. Stipula valde inconspicure, caule vix latiores. Perichatii foliola ramis anni pnece- dentis terminalia, erecta, obovata, acuminata, lateralia incurva, tertio oblongo concavo bifido.

Closely resembling the /. kamatifolia, Hook. ; but the leaves are much broader. From /. echinata, Tayl., it may be known by the presence of stipules ; from /. albo-virens, by its smaller size, more cellular texture, and acute leaves.

77. Ju>*GERMAKNiA plicatiloba , Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caulibus implexis procumbentibus vage ramosis, foliis laxis erecto-patentibus valde concavis rotundato-quadratis subtruueatis integerrimis, lobo inferiore in- curvo apice angidato superiori subrequali basi tumido appresso, stipulis exiguis emarginato-bifidis segmentis linearibus subincur\is.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on Parmelia intestiniformis, Acli.

Caspites minuti, laxi, pallidi. Caules vix \ unc. longi. Folia remota. Stipulce minima;.

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 107

The shoots of this species appear like rows of the minutest beads, so small is the whole plant, and the stem is all but imperceptible, even with a tolerable lens. The position of the lobe on the lower part of the leaf resem- bles that of a Radula.

(19. Symphiogyna, Nees.)

78. Jungermannia Thyttantkus, Hook., Muse. Exot. t. 95.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in the shaded woods, abundant but barren.

79. Jtjngermaxxia flabellata, Lab., Fl. Nov. Hott. vol.ii. p.109. t. 254. f. 1. Hook. Muse. Exot. t. ] 8. Hab. Lord Auckland's group; with the former, but also barren.

(20. Aneura, Nees.)

80. Jungeruannia mnltifda, L. Hook. Brit. Jungerm. t. 45.

Var. /3, incisa ; frondibus atro-viridibus carnosis inciso-ramosis, lobis pinnatis apice bilobis subdecurvis. J. incisa, nobis, in Hook. Loud. Journ. of Bot. vol. iv. p. 93.

Var.? y, minima ; caespitosa, frondibus vix i lin. latis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; var. /3, in the former locality only ; var. y, Lord Auckland's group. (Dr. Lyall.)

Of this widely diffused and highly variable plant we have noticed what appear to be the most striking varieties ; all of them are destitute of any trace of fructification, and some may be improperly included under this species, or even genus ; there are, however, no grounds for removing them from Aneura, and being anxious to draw attention in this work to all that is known of the Flora of the South, we prefer arranging such dubious plants with their nearest apparent allies, to passing them by unrecorded.

(21. Metzgeria, Nees.)

81. JuNGVVLMAzrxiAfurcata, L. Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 55. and 56. Var. y, aruginosa, Brit. -Jungerm. I.e.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; very abundant at the roots of ferns and other plants ; var. y, on the bark of trees.

This plant is as variable in size in this part of the world as in others.

, (22. Zoopsis, Hook. f I. et Tayl.)

Perichatium e squamis paucis lanceolatis. Calyx e frondis nervo ortus, pedicellatus, obovato-oblongus, in lacinias plurinias fissus. — Frondes lineares, parce ramosce, e ceilidh hexagonis pro magnititdine planta majusciilis tumidis formatce, nervo centrali valido, marginibus crenatis interdum sinuato-repandh. Calyx maximus. — Planta anomala a Diplolana, Nees, differt calyce simplici, hinc, scilicet extrorsmn, squamis pericha?tialibus prsedito.

82. Jungermaxsia argentea, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; Hook. Lond. Journ. of Botany, vol. iii. p. 400. sub Metzgeria. (Tab. LXVI. Fig. VI.)

16S FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; at the roots of trees, ferns, &c, growing amongst other Hepatica and mosses.

Caspites parvi, procuinbentes, argentei, inter muscos dispersi. Frondes rigidiusculae, 2-3 lin. longae, simplicius- culae, gracillima;, compressa? v. complanatse, e cellulis majusculis hexagonis nemun vakdum ineludentibus formats, niar- ginibus e cellulis irregulariter prominentibus sinuato-repandis, rarius bine inde in lobos expansis, nervo centrali ^"iridi valido. Rami pauci, patentes, simplices v. rarius furcati. Calyces pro magnitudine plants maximi, e nervo centrali ipso orti, breviter peclicellati, urceolati v. campanulati, laxe cellidosi, in lacinias plurimas magis articulatas minusve profunde fissi, basi squarois paucis (periehastio) muniti.

A verj' singular plant, closely allied to none in the Order Hepatica ; it forms pale silvery patches at the roots of ferns, &c., in the woods, but has only been found fruiting in New Zealand, where, as in Tasmania also, it is pro- bably abundant. In the specimens from Lord Auckland's group the fronds are hardly sinuated at the margins and often formed of only one or two series of cells surrounding the axis ; in those from more Northern Latitudes other series of cells are superadded, the fronds are more compressed, and their margins so sinuated from the irregularly placed cells as to resemble the rudiments of leaves. Though the walls of the cells are exceedingly delicate, the whole plant is of a rigid texture, and very slowly recovers itself when moistened ; this somewhat horny consistency of the frond, resembling some Serttrlaria, has suggested to us the generic name. The drawing was made before the fructi- fication was observed, by Mr. Wilson, upon the New Zealand specimens.

Plate LXYI. Fig. VI. — 1, a small tuft of the natural size ; 2, a frond ; 3, a section of the same, very highly magnified.

2. HYGEOPLLA, Tayl.

1. Hygropila dllatata, Hook. fil. et Tayl. in Hook. Lond. Journ. of 'Sot. vol. iii. p. 576.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the ground in damp woods.

This is one of the numerous frondose Hepatica which cover the ground so abundantly in the humid regions of the South ; they evidently belong to many species, but having never been found in fructification, it is exceedingly difficult to distinguish the species by the form and texture of then variable fronds, and still more to determine the genera to which they belong. The present, of which our specimens are but imperfect, seems identical with a very common New Zealand plant, which abounds in moist places, and especially near cataracts.

3. MAECHANTIA, March. 1. Marchaxtia polt/morpha, L.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; abundant. A plant universally distributed throughout the Southern Hemisphere.

4. AXTHOCEEOS, Michel. 1. A>thoceros punctatus, L.?

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on the wet ground.

We are not assured of the identity of this plant with the European A. pimctatus, L., the specimens being very imperfect.

Di'i/i generis. Eiccia? cochleata, Hook. fil. et Tayl., in Hook. Lond. Journ. of Sot. vol. iv. p. 96. (Tab. LVI. Fig. V.)

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 169

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; growing in dense tufts of mosses and Hepatica, on exposed rocks to- wards the lull tops.

Frondes laxe csespitosse, vix -§- uric, longse, -^ crassitudine, olivaceEe, ascendentes, lineari-oblongse, crassse, con- cavse, hinc inde lobatae, apicibus procumbentibus bilobis, lobis rotundatis integerrimis conniventibus, marguubus integria incurvis. Substantia carnosa, intus spongiosa, laxe cellulosa.

This being quite unlike any of the hitherto described Hepatica, we attached the generic name ofRiccia from a cer- tain resemblance in the form of it's frond to several species of that genus, but the plant is more probably allied to some frondose Jungermannia, — /. epiplnjUa for instance. The concave frond with entire connivent lobes, par-takes of the habit of that of Collema granulation, Ach., but our plant is certainly a Hepatica.

Plate LXVT. Fig, V. — 1, a specimen of the natural size; 2, a frond, and 3, a section of the same; magnified.

XXXV. FUNGI, L.

(By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley.)

The number of Fungi collected during the Expedition is very small, in proportion to that of other cryptogarnic plants, with the exception of those found in New Zealand and Van Diemen's Land. In the more southern locali- ties, Fungi may naturally be expected to cease, sooner than Algre, Lichens, and Mosses ; and accordingly, from such localities, the amount of species is trifling indeed. Even where the degree of cold is not sufficient to prevent the growth of Fungi, their fructification is materially affected ; and thus, in the higher forms, the hymenium will frequently be found barren ; while, in some hypoga;ous species, transformations of the sporophores themselves take place, causing the fructifying mass to assume a very anomalous appearance. Some species indeed, as Pilobolus crystallinus and Hydropliora stercorea, seem to flourish most in the frosty nights of autumn, and the species of the genus Chatonypha and Lanosa nivalis thrive either beneath or upon the surface of the snow ; but I know of uo other exceptions to the more general habit of these species, and in these cases, the temperature either does not descend below the freezing point, or, as in the case of the CJiatonypha, vegetation takes place only when the surface of the snow is just melting under the influence of the sun.

Amongst the more northern islands visited by the Expedition it is probable that some interesting forms, had time allowed, would have rewarded further research ; though, indeed, constant attention was directed, even to the obscurest forms of vegetation, wherever circumstances woidd permit. As it is, there is a considerable number of new species to describe, and some of them possess much interest, especially a new Cyttaria from Cape Horn, the specimens of which are so numerous as to afford an excellent opportunity of examining the structure of this curious genus ; which, like Fodisoma and Gymnosporangium, which infest certain species of Juniper, developes itself on the living branchlets of the deciduous-leaved Beech. Some of the species, like those of other Cryptogams, are identical with plants of the Northern Hemisphere ; and this is especially observable in New Zealand, where the identity is not confined to those families in which it is more usual.

1. AGARICUS, Z.

1. Agabicus pyx'ulatus, Bulliard, tab. bQS.fig. 2.

Var. /3, hepaticus, Fries Epicr. p. 122. Ag. subhepaticus, Batsch El., fig. 211. Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in the woods near the sea.

A plant, so far as can be judged from the specimens, which were much damaged by insects before being

2 L

170 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [AucMafrd and

gathered,' belongs to 'the species quoted above. The stem is either equal or attenuated upwards, generally, smooth, except towards the base, where it is at times clothed with cottony filaments which spread over the soil.

2. CLADOSPOEIUM, Link.

1. Cladosporitjii herbarum, Link, 06s. II. p. 37.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; on the leaves of Carer appressa, B^. w nvtg :V ,

This fungus originates beneath the cuticle, in slender dull black parallel lines ; it afterwards forces i itself through to the surface and resembles some Puccinia. No characters exist to distinguish it- as a species,: though its haWteJs very peculiar. . , , ,

3. HENDEKSONIA, Bert.

1. Hendersonia microsticta, Berk.; peritlieciis sparsis punctiformibus atris globosis minutis, sporis lanceolatis acutis triseptatis. (Tab. LXVLlL Fig. I.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the withered stems of Chrysobactron Bossii of the previous year's growth.

Perithecia parva, epidermide tecta, subprominula, atra, globosa. Spores pellucida?, irregulares v. rlanceqlatae. utrinque acuta?, triseptatae, quandoque breyiter pedicellatse ; endochromio cellulis conformi.

There are no external characters by which this maybe discriminated from several other black punetiform.FV«y<'. The structure of the spores indicates a total want of affinity with Splueria ; theses, under a low power, appear, .nuilti- septate or triguttate ; but, with a higher lens and well adjusted light, each is seen to be furnished with three trans- parent septa : their shape is that of Neottiospora.

Plate LXVIII. Fig. I. — 1, stem of Chrysobactron with fungus of the natural size ; 2, a portion Of the same', magnified.

:

4. UEEDO, Pers. , - . , v „ . a

1. Uredo antarctica, Berk. ; amphigena, maculis oppositis purpureis, soris bullatis, sporis majusculis laevibus late obovatis fuscis. (Tab. LXVIII. Fig. II.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on leaves of Luzula crhiita.

Amphigena ; maculis parvis, oppositis, subrotundatis, purpureis, subtus pallidioribus. Sori bullati. .Spores obsoletissinise, pedicellate, obovatae v. subglobosa?, laeves, guttula centrak' oleosa prsediti.

External appearance very closely resembling the Cceoma Luzida, Libert., but the form of the spores is quite different, and also like Credo oblongata, which likewise grows upon Luzula, but is a very different parasite.

Plate LXVIII. Tig. II. — 1, leaf of Luzula with fungus of natural size ; 2, portion of ditto, magnified ; 3, spores very highly magnified.

5. SPILEMA, Hall.

I. Sph^eria herbarum, Pers. Synops. p. 79. {quoad var. y, tectam), Fr. Syst. Myc. vol. ii. p. 511. Notaris in Act. Acad. Turin, vol. vii. p. 30. cum analyst optima. (Tab. LXVIII. Fig. III.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the scapes of Chry'sobactroto Bossii with Hen- derson ia m icrosticta .

Campbelts Islands. .] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 171

Fries says of this plant, or rather of what have been referred to it, " Farrago specierum mhiimarum" and un- der it two very different productions are given in the ' Scleromycetes Suecicae,' (no. 38). Of one of these, both a larger and smaller form occur ; the other is identical with what has been published as a small state of Spkana com- planata. I have given, at nos. 267 and 288, of my British 'Fungi' (Fasc. 4th), the latter as Fries' s var. minor of Sp. herbanim and Sp. eomplttnata intending to illustrate his views, and with no idea that it would prove identical with any of the larger or normal species, which are well distinguished by then- sporidia. These, in the true S. her- barum, are oblong, with several longitudinal and transverse dissepiments, like what are seen in Sp/iaria Lab/trni, in the specimens before me from Auckland Island and in the larger English form. The plant published in my ' Fasciculi' is destitute of asci, which is the case with S. acuta, Iloffni. The analysis of the latter plant as given by Greville, belongs to S. coniformis which often occurs on the same stem. It is not properly a Sp/iaria but either a Spheeronema or a Septoria, as extended by Desinazieres, or finally, if Splimria be remodelled according to the plan upon which De Notaris has revised the Italian species, it will come under some new generic name.

On carefully removing the cuticle of the Clirysobactron, I find that in the snecimens before me the nerithera'a

DIRECTIONS TO BINDER.

Page 171-2 issued with Vol. I. is to be cancelled and the present leaf substituted in place of it.

The volumes should be lettered as follows : —

THE

BOTANY

OF THE

ANTARCTIC VOYAGE.

I. FLORA ANTARCTICA.

VOL. I.

THE

BOTANY

OF THE

ANTARCTIC VOYAGE.

I.

FLORA ANTARCTICA.

VOL. II.

. 0 , — — «^..^ jJU. .«o iJun^Lnvjiiiica uiimiicuiao cjuuucua, suu t^ucujue luauuia periuiecium mmutum

globosum ostiolo subprominulo punctiformi latitat. Asci prinium breves, sporidiis pellucidis elliptieis biseriabbus demum lineares, sporidiis fuscis breviter cymbiformibus uniserialibus, uucleo magno globoso.

I know of no species at all resembling the present. The change in the form of the asci and sporidia is very instructive and confirms me in my opinion, that Sp/iaria Iterbarum and its accompanying uniseptate state belong to the same species (vid. supra). It is worthy of observation, that the sporidia exhibit these changes whilst still colourless. Septa are however sometimes formed as in the genus Diplodia after the spores have acquired their colour.

Plate LXVIII. Fig. IV. — 1, leaf and fungus of the natural size ; 2, portion of the same, magnified; 3, an immature and mature ascus : 4, sporidia : — all magnified.

170 FLORA ANTARCTICA. .. [Auckland and

gathered,1 belongs' to-the species quoted above. The stem is either equal or attenuated upwards, generally- smooth, except towards the base, where it is at times clothed with cottony filaments which spread over the soil.

2. CLADOSPORIUM, Link.

1. Cladosporium herbarum, Link. Obs. II. p. 37.

1 , .in.-.* art* jrj-

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; on the leaves of Carex qppresm, ,%. ,,,

This fungus originates" beneath the cuticle, iu slender dull black parallel lines ; it afterwards forces' itself through to the surface and resembles some Puccinia. Xo characters exist to distinguish it- as a species,: thongh its habifera very peculiar. ■ ■

3. HENDEESONIA, Berk.

Plate LXVIII. Fig. II. — 1, leaf of Lamia with fungus of natural size ; 2, portion of ditto, magnified ; 3, spores very highly magnified.

5. SPILERIA, Hall.

1. Spbleria herbarum, Pers. Synops. p. 79. (quoad var. y, teetam), Fr. Syst. Myc. vol. ii. p. 511. Notaru in Act. Acad. Turin, vol. vii. p. 30. cum analyst optima. (Tab. LXVIII. Fig. III.) v"-

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; on the scapes of Ckry'sobactron Rossii with Hen- derson ia microsticta.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 171

Fries says of this plant, or rather of what have been referred to it, " Farrago specierum rnhiimarnm" and un- der it two very different productions are given in the ' Scleromycetes Suecicas,' (no. 38). Of one of these, both a larger and smaller form occur ; the other is identical with what has been published as a small state of Spharia com- planuta. I have given, at nos. 267 and 288, of my British 'Fungi' (Fasc. 4th), the latter as Fries's var. minor of Sp. herbarum and Sp. complanata intending to illustrate his views, and with no idea that it woidd prove identical with any of the larger or normal species, which are well distinguished by their sporidia. These, in the true S. her- barum, are oblong, with several longitudinal and transverse dissepiments, bke what are seen in Spharia Labunii, in the specimens before me from Auckland Island and in the larger English form. The plant published in my ' Fasciculi' is destitute of asci, which is the case with S. acuta, Hoffni. The analysis of the latter plant as given by Greville, belongs to S. coniformis which often occurs on the same stem. It is not properly a Spharia but either a Spharonema or a Septoria, as extended by Desmazieres, or finally, if Spharia be remodelled according to the plan upon which De Notaris has revised the Itahan species, it will come under some new generic name.

On carefully removing the cuticle of the Cliry&obactrou, I find that in the specimens before me the perithecia give out a few stout filaments which creep for a short distance ; this I believe to be a common occurrence with the subcuticular species. On the same stalks, individuals having the same external characters occur, in which the sporidia are uniseptate. This form I at first believed to be a distinct species, but am now satisfied that it is an imperfect state of S. herbarum ; especially since three septa are sometimes visible.

Plate LXVIII. Fig. III. — 1, stem of Chrysobactrou with fungus of natural size; 2, portion of ditto, magnified; 3, ascus of S. herbarum ; 4, the same, of an immature specimen ; 5, sporidia of ditto : — highly magnified.

2. Spileria nebuhsa, Pers. ? Synops. Fung.]). 31. Hab. With the former.

Very imperfect ; as are also the published descriptions of S. nebuhsa itself.

3. SPHiBRiA nigrella, Fries? Si/st. Mycol. v. ii. p. 512. Hab. With the two former.

Specimens, unfortunately without fructification and therefore scarcely determinable.

4. Spileria plueosticta, Berk. ; gregaria, peritheciis globosis atris epidermide fusco-maculato tectis, ostiolo prominulo punctiformi, ascis liiiearibus, sporidiis uniserialibus fuscis breviter cymbiformibus. (Tab. LXVIII. Fig. IV.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; on the dead leaves of Hierochloe Bnnonis.

Gregaria, ocido nudo maeulas parvas punctiformes brunneolas exhibens, sub quaque macula perithecium minutum globosum ostiolo subprominulo punctiformi latitat. Asci prirnum breves, sporidiis pellucidis ellipticis biserialibus demum lineares, sporidiis fuscis breviter cymbiformibus uniserialibus, nucleo magno globoso.

I know of no species at all resembling the present. The change in the form of the asci and sporidia is very instructive and confirms me in my opinion, that Spharia herbarum and its accompanying uniseptate state belong to the same species (vid. supra). It is worthy of observation, that the sporidia exhibit these changes whilst still colourless. Septa are however sometimes formed as in the genus Diplodia after the sjoores have acquired their colour.

Plate LXVIII. Fig. TV. — 1, leaf and fungus of the natural size; 2, portion of the same, magnified; 3, an immature and mature ascus ; 4, sporidia : — all magnified.

172 FLOEA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

5. Sphjeria (foliicolae) depressa, Berk; gregaria, minor, atra, peritheciis tectis subglobosis lsevibus collo destitutis siccitate depressis, sporidiis lanceolatis. (Tab. LXVIII. Fig. V.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on the dead leaves of Luzula crinita.

Gregaria, epidermide atro-punctato omnino tecta. Perithecia minora, subglobosa, collo destituta, siccitate depressa. Asci lineares, paraphysibus tenuioribus imnrixti. Sporidia biseriata, lanceolata, endochromio bipartito sed non septato.

The only species with which the present can be compared are S. duplex and S. Scirpicola ; from both these it will be found to differ by the external characters given above, and, from the latter in particular, by the simple pellucid and neither triseptate nor yellowish sporidia.

Plate LXVIII. Fig. V. — 1, leaf and fungus of the natural size; 2, portion of the same, magnified; 3, asci and paraphyses ; 4, sporidia, shewing the endochrome collected at either extremity ; magnified.

6. DOTHIDEA* Fries.

1. Dothidea hemispherica, Berk ; hypogena, solitaria, erumpens, macula subeffusa epiphylla nigra, stro- mate hemispherico carbonaceo, cellulis ellipticis obtusiusculis, ascis breviusculis, sporidiis nniseptatis oblongis. (Tab. LXVLT. Fig. II.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the leaves of Veronica odora.

* I take the present opportunity of describing two new species of Dothidea, contained in the Herbarium of Sir W. J. Hooker.

1. Dothidea circumscripta, Berk. ; innata, gregaria, maculis suborbicularibus irregularibus depressis nigris nitidis circumscriptis, cellulis paucis magnis depresso-globosis, collo brevi, ostiolo papillseformi, ascis clavatis, sporidiis oblongo-lanceolatis. (Tab. LXVIII. Fig. VI.)

Hab. Andes of Columbia {Jameson). Chacapoyas, Peru {Mathews) ; on various species of Vaccinium

Hypophylla, rarissime epiphylla, innata. Macula % liu. lata?, suborbiculares v. confluentes, irregulares, depressa?, nigra?, nitidae, quandoque leviter undulata?, minutissime granulates, ostiolis paucis, papilkeformibus notata?, bnea nigra plus minusve evidenter circumscripta?, demum omnino fatiscentes, et scutellam epidennide rnarginatam exhibentes. Cellules fructifera? paucissimse, magna?, globosa?, depressa?, collo brevi, ostiolo papilkeformi. Asci clavati. Sporidia octona, oblonga, hinc acuminata,

A very pretty species, remarkable for the small number of fructifying cells and the dark line enclosing the stroma, which is especially evident when the latter is abortive ; beyond this line there is sometimes a coloured ring. The sporidia are almost of the same shape with those figured by Corda, in Rhytisma Fugeniacearum ; when young they are filled with distinct granules which become less evident as they are more developed. In age the stroma com- pletely decays and falls out, leaving a scutellum surrounded by the cuticle. This follows from the dark line indi- cating a harder substance than that of the stroma, which is not always externally visible, but will be found on making a vertical section.

Plate LXVIII. Fig. VI. — 1, a branch of Vaccinium and fungus of the natural size ; 2, a section, slightly mag- nified; 3, asci, slightly magnified; 4, sporidia, highly magnified.

2. Dothidea bullata, Berk. ; epiphylla, bullata, suborbicularis, nigra, superficialis, crassiuscula, rugosa, granu- lata, intus nigra, cellulis ellipticis, ostiolo papilla?formi, ascis oblongis, sporidiis oblongis nniseptatis.

Hab. Peru ; on the leaves of a resinous shrub. {Matheics.)

Epiphylla, submarginalis, superficialis. Macula \ imc. lata?, suborbiculares, crassiuscula?, depresso-bullatse,

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 171

Fries says of this plant, or rather of what have been referred to it, " Fan-ago speeierum minimarum " and un- der it two very different species are given in the ' Scleroniycetes Suecicae,' (no. 38). Of one of these, both a larger and smaller form occur ; the other is identical with what has been published as a small state of Splueria complanata. I have given, at nos. 267 and 288, of my ' British Fungi' (Fasc. 4th), the same plant, in two different stages of growth, as Sp. herbarum and Sp. complanata ; these are intended to illustrate the views of Fries, and with no idea that either would prove identical with any of the larger or normal species, which are well distinguished by their sporidia. These, in the true S. herbarum, are oblong; with several longitudinal and transverse dissepiments, like what are seen in Splueria Laburni, in the specimens before me from Auckland Island and in the larger English form. The plant published in my ' Fasciculi ' is destitute of asci, which is the case with S. acuta, Hoffm. The analysis of the latter plant, given by Greville, belongs to S. coniformis (which often occurs on the same stem), and does not therefore properly refer to Spharia at all ; but either to the Sphceronema or to the genus Septoria, as ex- tended by Desmazieres, or finally, if Spharia be remodelled according to the plan upon which De Notaris has revised the Italian species, it will come under a new generic name.

On carefully removing the cuticle of the Chrysobactron, I find that in the specimens before me the perithecia give out a few straight filaments which creep for a short distance ; this I believe to be a common occurrence with the subcuticular species '. On the same stalks individuals having the same external characters occur, in Which the sporidia are uniseptate. This form I at first believed to be a distinct species, but am now satisfied that it is' an imperfect state of S. herbarum ; especially since three septa are at times seen.

Plate LXVIII. Fig. III. — 1, stem of Chrysobactron with fungus of natural size ; 2, portion of ditto, magnified j 3, ascus of S. herbarum j 4, the same, .of an 'immature specimen ; 5, sporidia of ditto ; — highly magnified.

2. Spharia nebulosa, Pers. ? SpwjJs.Fung.^.2>\. Hab. With the former.

Very imperfect ; as are also the published descriptions of S. nebulosa itself.

3. Sph^rta nigrella, Fries? Si/st. Myeol. v. 2. p. 512. Hab. With the two former.

Specimens, unfortunately without fructification and therefore undeterminable.

4. Spharia pkceosticta, Berk. ; gregaria, peritheciis globosis atris epidermide fusco-maculato tectis, ostiolo prominulo punctiformi, ascis linearibus, sporidiis uniserialibus fuscis breviter cymbiformibus. (Tab. LXVTIL Fig. IV.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the dead leaves of Hierochloe Brunonis.

Gregaria, ocido nudo maculas parvas punctifonnes bruuneolas exhibens, sub quaque macula perithecium minus globosum ostiolo subproniinulo punctiformi latitat. Asci primum breves, sporidiis pellucidis ellipticis biseriahbus, demum lineares, sporidiis fuscis breviter cymbiformibus uniseriabbus, nucleo magno globoso.

I know of no species at all resembling the present. The change in the form of the asci and sporidia is very instructive and confirms me in my opinion, that Spharia herbarum and its accompanying uniseptate state belong to the same species (vid. supra). It is worthy of observation, that the sporidia exhibit these changes whilst still co- lourless. Diplodia presents a somewhat analogous case to this, septa being sometimes formed in that genus after the spores have acquired their colour.

Plate LXVIII. Fig. IV. — 1, leaf and fungus of the natural size ; 2, portion of the same, magnified ; 3, an immature and mature ascus ; 4, sporidia : — all magnified.

172 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

5. Sp&sria (foliicola?) depressa, Berk.; gregarea, minor, atra, peritheciis tectis subglobosis lsevibus callo destitutis siccitate depressis, sporidiis lanceolatis. (Tab. LXYIII. Fig. V.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on the dead leaves of Luzula crinita.

Gregaria, epidermide atro-punctato omnino tecta. Perithecia minora, subglobosa, callo destituta, siccitate depressa. Asci lineares, paraphysibus tenuioribus immixti. Sporidia biseriata, lanceolata, endochromio bipartito sed non septato.

The only species with which the present can be compared are the S. duplex and S. saxifricola ; from both these it will be found to differ by the external characters given above, and, from the latter in particular, by the simple pellucid and neither triseptate nor yellowish sporidia.

Plate LXVIII. Fig. V. — 1, leaf and fungus of the natural size; 2, portion of the same, magnified; 3, asci and paraphyses ; 4, sporidia, shewing the endochrome collected at either extremity ; magnified.

6. DOTHIDEA* Fries.

1. Dothidea hemhpherica, Berk.; hypogena, solitaria, erumpens, macula subeffusa epiphylla nigra, stro- mate hemispnerico carbonaceo, cellulis ellipticis obtusiusculis, ascis breviusculis, sporidiis uniseptatis oblongis. (Tab. LXVII. Fig. II.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the leaves of Veronica odora.

* I take the present opportunity of describing two new species of Dothidea, contained in the Herbarium of Sir \Y. J. Hooker.

1. Dothidea circumscripta, Berk.; innata, gregaria, maculis suborbicularibus irregularibus depressis nigris nitidis circurnscriptis, cellulis paucis niagnis depresso-globosis, collo brevi, ostiolo papillseformi, ascis clavatis, sporidiis oblongo-lanceolatis. (Tab. LXVIII. Fig. YI.)

Hab. Andes of Columbia (Jameson). Chacapoyas, Peru (Mathews); on various species of Vaccinium.

Hypophylla, rarissime epiphylla, innata. Maculee f lin. lata?, suborbicidares v. confluentes, irregulares, depressae, nigrse, nitidae, quandoque leviter undulata?, minutissime granulata?, ostiolis paucis papillaeformibus notatse, linea nigra plus minusve evidenter circmnscriptae, demiun oinnino fatiscentes, et scutellam epidermide marginatam exhibentes. CellulcB fructiferae paucissima?, magna?, globosse, depressae, collo brevi, ostiolo papillaeformi. Asci clavati. Sporidia octona, oblonga, hinc acuminata.

A very pretty species, remarkable for the small number of fructifying cells and the dark Une enclosing the stroma, which is especially evident when the latter is abortive ; beyond this line there is sometimes a coloured ring. The sporidia are almost of the same shape with those figured by Corda, in Eliytisma Eugeniacearum ; when young they are filled with distinct granules which become less evident as they are more developed. In age the stroma com- pletely decays and falls out, leaving a scutellum surrounded by the cuticle. This follows from the dark fine indi- cating a harder substance than that of the stroma, which is not always externally risible, but will be found on making a vertical section.

Plate LXVIII. Fig. VI. — 1, a branch of Vaccinium and fungus of the natural size; 2, a section, slightly mag- nified; 3, asci, slightly magnified; 4, sporidia, highly magnified.

2. Dothidea bullata, Berk.; epiphylla, bullata, suborbicularis, nigra, superficialis, crassiuscula, rugosa, granu- lata, intus nigra, cellulis ellipticis, ostiolo papillaeformi, ascis oblongis, sporidiis oblongis uniseptatis.

Hab. Peru; on the leaves of a resinous shrub. (Mathews.)

Epiphylla, submarginalis, superficialis. Macula i unc. lata?, suborbicidares, crassiusculse, depresso-bullatae,

Campbell's Islands.] FLOEA ANTARCTICA. 173

Hypogena, nigra, maculam nigrani subeffusam superne stromatis indicern exhibens, una tanturn niacula in sin- gulo folio ut videtur evoluta. Stroma -§—1 lin. latum, hemisphericmn, carbonaceurn, extus scabriusculum, neo evidenter papillato-granulosum, demum fatiscens : intus carbonaceum, superne reticulatim cellulosum, sub lente atro-caeruleum vel demum viridi-fuscum constans, basi in floccos abeunte. CeUulte fructifem oblongo-eUiptica>, periphericse, obtusi- usculae, vix apiculatse. Asci breviusculi. Sporidia octona, oblonga, uniseptata, medio constricta.

This species has much more the habit of a Spkaria than most Dothidea, being of a carbonaceous texture, like the Spharia fragiformis ; but though, on making a delicate vertical section, a thin stratum of tissue, consisting of only a single layer of cells, occasionally appears, no trace of this is seen on the sides of the cavities distinct from the neighbouring tissue. The specimens procured are not numerous, in no instance does more than one individual appear upon a single leaf, the latter being probably of too small a size to support more than a solitary stroma of such high organization. Like some other species indicated by Montague in his ' Fungi of Cuba,' this is probably originally produced between the layers of the cuticle, for some of the latter is found beneath the stroma. The cells of the stroma pass at the base iuto a mass of reticulated filaments, without any membrane being attached to the meshes.

Plate LXVII. Fig. II. — 1, a sprig of Veronica odora, with the fungus of the natural size ; 2, a section of the fungus; 3, a portion of the same, more highly magnified; 4, an ascus; 5, sporidia; 6, a section shewing the loose cellular tissue of the centre, the pentagonal tissue about the base of the cells, and the elongated tissue between them : — all magnified.

2. Dothidea spilomea, Berk.; gregaria, kypophylla, maculis epipliyllis nullis v. obsoletissimis, subinnata, depressa, tenuis, orbicularis, ssepe confluens, minutissime granulosa, nitida, cellulis globosis, ascis clavatis, sporidiis oblongis uniseptatis medio constrictis. (Tab. LXYII. Kg. I.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the leaves of Veronica elliptica, Forst.

Hypogena, nigra, nitida ; maculis \-\ lin. latis, gregariis, orbicularibus, quandoque confluentibus, depressis, subinnatis, tenuibus, minutissime granulatis. Stroma tenue, subtus cum parenchymate confusum. Cellulee fructifem globosae, ostiolo punetiformi. Asci clavati. Sporidia oblonga, quandoque curvata, uniseptata, medio constricta.

In some leaves the spots are very numerous, in others they are but few and of a larger size. The species is most allied to the D. amphimelana, Mont., and D. ZoUingeri, B. and M., although not very near either ; it exhibits, also, some affinity with D. granulosa, Hook, et Am. Externally it strongly resembles the punctiform variety of Rhytisma salicinum. The spots are of a shining black, and are very minutely granulated under a lens.

Plate LXVII. Fig. I. — 1, a sprig of Veronica elliptica, covered with the parasite, of the natural size; 2, a section, slightly magnified; 3, ditto, more highly magnified; 4, asci; 5, sporidia : magnified.

7. ASTEKOMA, Dec.

1. Asteroma dilatatum, Berk.; superficiale, maculis riccia^formibus, lobis dilatatis e filamentis serpen- tibus approximatis in membranam-congestis. (Tab. LXVIII. Fig. VII.)

nigrse, non tamen nitidae, rugosiuscula;, granulatee, intus nigra?, substantia sub lente fusca. Cellules fructiferce ellip- tica;, albo-farctee, ostiolo papill<eformi. Asci oblongi, basin versus latiores. Sporidia oblonga, uniseptata.

A very fine species, allied to D. amphimelana, Mont., D. Rutce and JD. puccin hides. The first of these is more regular and innate, besides having a spot on the imder side opposite to that on the upper ; whereas, in the present species, in consequence of the superficial mode of growth, there is no such spot. I). amphimelana has no evident border to the stroma. B. Btetts has uuiseptate sporidia, but they are short and brown ; in which respect also D. bullata differs from D. puccinioides, and in several other characters from both, as its much larger size.

2 M

174 FLOEA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the leaves of Panax simplex, Forst.

Macula omnino superficiales, orbiculares, epiphylte, 2 lin. latse, opacse, olivaceo-nigrce, Lichenem parvum Fu- cumve referentes, lobatfe, lobis apice dilatatis e filamentis approximatis constantibus.

This pretty species, which was unfortunately not found in fruit, resembles somewhat Rhytisma quercinum, Rudolph, for which I am indebted to Dr. Montague. That species, however, originates beneath the cuticle, while this is, I believe, entirely superficial. The ramification is different, the tips of the branches being dilated in a fla- bellate form. The stroma, also, consists of approximated threads, not of an irregular cellular membrane. This struc- ture is almost identical with that of Myrionema punctiforme, Harv., except that the filaments are there much branched, which I do not find to be the case here.

This species is accompanied with another in a very imperfect state, and which may be a species of Dothidea.

Plate LXVIII. Fig. VII. — 1, leaf of Panax, with fungus, of the natural size ; 2, portion of the same, magni- fied; 3, filaments, very highly magnified.

8. HYSTERIUM, Tod.

1. Hysterium breve, Berk.; peritheciis brevibus ellipticis nigris prominulis, rima angustissima, ascis linearibus elongatis. (Tab. LXVIII. Fig. VIII.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on the dead leaves of Uncinia Hookeri, Boott.

Perithecia minuta, nigra, nitida, prominula, breviter elliptica, raro utrinque apiculata, rima angustissima. Asci elongati, liueares, paraphysibus filiformibus rectiuscidis immixti, sporidiis fibformibus.

This species is manifestly different from the small form of H. culmigenum, and the nature of the asci and para- physes are further distinct, being in the latter plant shorter and of a different form, with the apices of the paraphyses curved or curled. The apiculate extremities may not prove to be a constant character, though the probability is that it will, at least in full grown specimens.

Plate LXVIII. Fig. VIII. — 1, leaf and fungus of the natural size; 2, portion of the same; 3, peritheeium shewing the contained asci ; 4, ascus ; all more or less magnified.

9. AYLOGRAPHUM, Mberf.

1. Aylogeaphuh Bromi, Berk.; peritheciis simplicibus filis arachnoideis comitatis, sporidiis oblongis uniseptatis medio constrictis. (Tab. LXVIII. Fig. IX.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the leaves of Bromus antarcticus.

Mycelium arachnoideum, fuscum, quandoque abundantius et sterile, in maculis autem fertilibus parcum. Peri- thecia minima, oblonga, brevia, recta v. curvata, simplicia, atra, nitida. Asci brevissimi, obovati, tenerrimi. Sports octonae, oblongo-ellipticse, medio constricts, uniseptatse.

The species of this genus, which has principally been investigated by Madame Libert, resemble extremely mi- nute Opegrapha. The present individual approaches the A. junceum, but differs from it and from all others by the septate sporidia. The peritheeium easily breaks up into its elemental cells, and such I find to be also the case with some of Madame Libert's species ; while, in others, the cellular structure is more permanent and forms a beautiful microscopic object.

Plate LXVIII. Fig. IX. — 1, a portion of leaf and fungus, of the natural size ; 2, peritheeium, magnified, showing the contained asci ; 3, ascus ; and 4, sporidia : — highly magnified.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 175

10. ANTENNARIA, Link.

1. Antennaria scoriadea, Berk.; spongiosa, floccis fasciculatis sursum lateraliter connexis, peridiis subellipticis irregularibus. (Tab. LXVII. Fig. III.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the branches and twigs of several shrubs and trees, but especially of Dracophyllum longifolium.

Spongiosa, ramos incrustans. Flocci \-\ una longi, fasciculati, superne processibus brevibus lateralibus more Zygnematis connexi, subtus e membrana reticulata vel mycelio repente nascenti, filamentis tenuioribus immixti, erecti, irregulariter ramosi. Articuli moniliformes vel praesertmi in filamentis ultimis continui, laeves, nucleo globoso so- litario. Perithecia subelliptica, irregularia.

A very singular substance, which must strike the traveller through the woods especially of New Zealand or of Lord Auckland's group, in both which localities it is very abundant, resembling charcoal, and sometimes so widely diffused that the branches look as if burnt. The colonists of the former islands call it " the black moss." Distin- guished from A. pannosa and A. Robiimonii by its long fasciculate threads, giving it exactly the habit of Scorias spongiosa. The finest specimens have a rigid bristly appearance, quite different from that of any other species of the genus. This has been also gathered in Valparaiso by Mr. Bridges, and at the Swan River by Mr. Drummond. I have not been able to trace the developement of the peridia in the Auckland Island specimens, but it would ap- pear that, as in M. Robinsouii, M. and B., they arise either from a swollen articulation or from a process given off by an articulation, in either case they are dependent on a simple metamorphosis of the latter.

Plate LXVII. Fig. III. — 1, a plant of the natural size ; 2, flocci from the base of the tufts, with a portion of the cellular matrix ; 3, flocci from the summits of the tufts, laterally aggregated ; 4, sporangia ; 5, portions of the filaments in various states : — all more or less highly magnified.

11. SCLEROTTUM, Tod.

1. Sclerotium durum, Pers. Synops. Fung. p. 121.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the capsules of Gentiana concinna.

This production is enumerated here because it has hitherto appeared in the works of Mycologists, but I am decidedly of Leveille's opinion that it should be expunged.

XXXVI. ALGJE, L.

By W. H. Harvey, Esq., M.D., and J. D. Hooker.

1. MARGIN ARIA, A. Rich.

Radix ramosa. Frons plana, linearis, sursum flabellato-pinnata ; pinnis coriaceo-membranaceis, spinuloso-denta- tis, enerviis, dichotome fissis ; margiue superiore vesiculas petiolatas receptaculaque gerente. Conceptacula recep- tacubs semi-immersa, globosa, poro pertusa. " Sports magnae, obovato-pyriformes, perisporio initio inclusae, mox nudse, e cellulis parietabbus oriundaj, paraphysibus immixtse, in M. Boryana vero e morphosi idtimi articuli filoruni ut videtur ortse, forsan hinc minutae et tautum ut gemma? habendas." — Mont.

Obs. The genera Marginaria, A. Rich., Carpophyllum, Grev., Scytothalia, Grev., and Seirococcus, Grev., are all very closely related to each other, and to Sargaasum. From the latter they differ more by possessing a frondose, imperfectly leafy mode of growth, than by any very decided structural character ; and habit alone will scarcely se- parate some of them from the decurrent species of that genus, S. decurrens, Feronii, Boryi, &c. These last have

176 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

lately been erected into a distinct genus, by Kiitzing, under the name of Plerocaulon, and on grounds equally valid with those which separate some of the above groups. Seirococcus was distinguished from Scytothalia by Dr. Greville, by having moniliform instead of oblong or lanceolate receptacles ; but the genera have been reunited by Montague, who has added a new species (Scyt. Jacquinotii) , and this last approximates so closely to Marginaria, as to reduce the clearly appreciable differences between Scytothalia, Mont., and Marginaria, to the former having entire and the latter spinuloso-dentate margins, — a circumstance of very minor importance, and perhaps of specific value only. Carpopliyllum, may be distinguished by the position of its vesicles and the clustering of its receptacles from Fucus ; on the other hand it approaches Sargamim through S. Boryi, Ag. Marginaria contains but two species, of which Kiitzing in his late work constitutes as many genera. A. Richard, on the contrary, struck with the slight characters on which he had established Marginaria, afterwards combined it with Sargassum.

The paraphyses, so carefully described by Montagne in the generic character as occuring mixed with the spores, answer well to the antheridia observed lately by MM. Decaisne and Thuret in Fucus, whence this species would be regarded by these authors as hermaphrodite.

1. Mahginapia Urvilleana, A. Rich.; Montagne Prodr. P/tycear. in itin. ad Polum Antarct. p. 10. Voy. an Pole Sud, Pot. Crypt, p. 60. t. 3. f. 1. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 10. t. 3. Sargassum Urvilleanum, A. Rich. Serf. Astrolab. p. 138. A. Cunn. in Hook. Comp. to Pot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 327.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; very abundant in shallow water.

Pinna 12-18 unc. longee, £-1 unc. lata?, coriaceo-membranacese, nigro-fusca3j plana?, laeves, enerves, argute serratae, obtusae, basi sensim attenuates, subpetiolatas, irregulariter dichotome fissae, ramis superioribus plerumque simplicibus, inferioribus divisis, sinubus angustis rotundatis, laciniis erecto-patentibus. Vesicula sphaericae, 4-8 lin. latae, muticse, petiolo inconspicuo piano 1 lin. longo suffultae, margine pinnulamm superiori affixae. Receptacula breviter peduncidata, 2-3 lin. longa, ad basin frondis secus marginem superiorem in serie elongata inserta, divaricata, lanceolata, obtusa, compressa, torulosa. Conceptacula globosa, receptaculis immersa, demum plus minusve convexa, poro pertusa. Spora exemplaribus nostris immaturaa.

Dr. Montagne enumerates Blossevillea retorta, Mont., and B. retrofiexa, Kiitz., as natives of Lord Auckland's sjroup, and also the Carpopliyllum macrophyllum, Mont.

2. D'URYLLLEA, Pory.

1. D'Urvillea utilis, Bory in Duperrey Voy. Pot. Crypt, p. 65. 1. 1 and 2. f. 2. If Urville, Fl. Ins. Mai. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 594. Montagne, Crypt. Poliv. et in Voy. au Pole Sud, Pot. Crypt. p. 23. Decaisne in Arcldv. 3Ius. vol. iv. p. 153. t. 5. f. 1-6. Postels et Rnppr., Illust. Alg. t. 1. Fucus antarcticus, Ckamisso in Choris, Toy. Pittor. t. 7.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island, and in the open sea for ten degrees southward of these groups.

The distribution of this species will be considered with that of the genus Macrocystis in the second portion of the Flora Antarctica.

3. XIPHOPHORA, Mont.

Frons olivacea, linearis, compresso-plana, coriacea, dichotome ramosa. Vesicida nullae. Conceptacula per totam frondem sparsa, ramis immersa, tuberculiformia, poro pertusa, intus naturae diversae ; altera sporas obovatas, nigro- fuscas, demum quadripartitas, limbo hyalino cinctas, parietibus affixas, sessiles ; altera fasciculos filorum ramosorum, articulatorum, apicibus turgidis et demum in corpuscula granulis repleta (antheridia vel gemmas) mutatos foventia.

We fullv agree with our excellent friend Montagne in the propriety of establishing the present genus, and

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 177

for the several reasons adduced by him in his memoir, in the ' Annates des Sciences Naturelles^ Oct. 1842. He must allow us, however, to claim for La Billardiere, not only the discovery of the plant, but that of its fruit also ; for, though the description of that author be imperfect, there can exist no doubt that the tubercles immersed in the frond, which he notices, are what we now know to be fructification. We further enter our protest a»ainst the system of changing the specific name from gladiatus, which is quite unexceptionable, to Billardieri. In the general character we have described the spores as finally divided into four, more or less unequal parts, when they resemble the tetraspores of several Floridece, which doubtless, as demonstrated by M. Decaisne and Thuret in other Fucacea, form together but a single spore. Young, and even nearly mature, seeds exhibit no traces of this internal division ; while those that are fully grown and have assumed a dark colour, are divided by very clear lines and even spaces. " With regard to other organs in the Fucacea, which M. Montagne calls gemma? or acrospenns, we incline to con- sider them analogous to what are termed antheridia in some other families." *

1. Xiphophoea Billardieri, Mont. Prodr. Nov. Pliyc. in itin. adPolum Ant a ret. p. 12. Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 55. t. 7. f. 1. Fucus gladiatus, Labill. PL Nov. Roll. II. p. 3. t. 256. Encycl. Met/i. Bot. Si/j>j)l. V. p. 439. Lamouronx in Mem. dii Mm. d'Hist. Nat. XX. p. 36. Turner, Hist. Fiu: t. 240. Berkeley in Ann. Nat. Hist, for 1843, p. 57. Ctenodus, Kiitzing. (Tab. LXIX. Fig. III.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks in the sea, very abundant.

Conceptacula per totam frondis longitudinem praeeipue apicem versus sparsa, immersa, tuberculiformia, leviter eouvexa, poro pertusa, externe consimilia, interne nucleis diversis instructa. Altera sporas obovatas v. pyrifornies. Sporte magna?, sessiles, e cellulis parietalibus ortae, perisporio hyalino circumdatse, nucleo priuium simplici demum quadripartito nigro-fusco donatse, cum paraphysibus simplicibus articulatis filiformibus achromaticis coninrixtas. Altera contra filis ramosissimis tenuibus hyalinis articulatis farciuntur, quorum externi turgidi materie granulosa repleta evadunt.

Plate LXIX. Fig. III. — Divided spores of Xipkop/iora (called erroneously tetraspores on the plate).

4. LAMINARIA, Ay. 1. Laminaria, (sp.)? Hab. Campbell's Island. (Br. Lyall.) A fragment of a young frond, too imperfect for description or determination of the species.

* The remark in inverted commas was made by Dr. Harvey. — The division of the spores of Fucacea was observed while examining the 2)' Urvillea utilis in a fresh state, when they were considered as tetraspores, and again by Dr. Montagne and by myself, in dried specimens of XJphophora. More recently, and since the above was written, the interesting paper of MM. Decaisne and Thuret has appeared, in the 'A/males des Sc. Nat.' (Series 3. vol. iii. p. 1.) It is there shown that this structure exists in five species of Fucus abundant on our shores ; F. nodosus, serratus, vesiculosus, canaliculatus and tuberculatus : also in Himanthalia, which I have elsewhere allied to V Urvillea (London Journ. of Botany, vol. ii. p. 325), and the mode of division in the original spores is excellently followed and illus- trated, as also their germination, a most important point. I cannot omit here an allusion to two of the most re- markable recent discoveries in modern Botanical Science, made by those observers, and published in the same paper : — that of organs, in every respect analogous to the antheridia of mosses (of whose nature my coadjutor, Mr. Harvev, had formed the same idea), existing in all the above-mentioned Fuci; and these antheridia being wholly filled, be- fore bursting, with bodies endowed with rapid motion and apparent volition, and which, though thus proved to be truly of vegetable origin, have hitherto been ranked in the animal kingdom. I am indebted to the friendship of M. Decaisne for a demonstration of these curious phenomena in living Alga', and for the original drawings from which the plates that accompany his interesting paper in the 'Annates ' are executed. — J. D. H.

2 N

178 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

5. MACROCYSTIS, Ag.

1. Microcystis pyrifera, Agardh, Sp. vol. i. p. 47. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. vol. xix. p. 297. t. 26. f. 1.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group, Campbell's Island, and in the open sea to the south as far as the 65th degree.

The observations on this genus and its distribution, are reserved for the Cryptogamie portion of the other Antarctic Islands.

6. DESMARESTIA, Lamour.

] . Desmakestia viridis, Lamour.; fronde cartilaginea basi subcompressa, supra cylindracea decomposito- pinnata, piimis pinnulisque exacte oppositis nliformibus ultimis capillaribus. D. viridis, Lamo/ir. in Ann. Mus. xx. 25. Endl. Gen. PI. Suppl. vol. iii. p. 28. Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. p. 344. Dichloria viridis, Grev. Alg. Brit. p. 36. t. 6. Sporochnus viridis, Ag. Spec. Alg. vol. i. p. 154. Syst. p. 259. Eucus viridis, Ft. l)an. t. 886. Turn. Hist. Fug. t. 97. Engl. Bot. 1. 1 669.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group. {Br. Byall.)

We defer our remarks on this plant, and on the genus Desmarestia in general, to a future portion of this work. The present species was found abundantly at Christinas Harbour in Kerguelen's Land, Berkeley Sound, and Port William in the Falkland Islands, and at Cape Horn ; and will, therefore, come more properly along with some new species into the flora of those regions.

7. DICTYOSIPHON, Grev.

Obs. The following species differs in some points from this genus, being of a thicker substance and denser structure, and with the walls composed of a greater number of rows of cells, which are themselves very much smaller. The surface of the frond is, therefore, not in the least reticulated. Still the fructification is so identical with that of Dictyosiphon, that we are unwilling to separate it, especially since the habit is not dissimilar.

1. Dictyosiphon 1 fascicidatus, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; caule filiformi subindiviso, ramis abbreviatis pluries ramosis quadrifariis raro oppositis ssepissime fasciculatis alternis vel secundis omnibus ramulisque basi attenuatis acutis, sporis densissime per ramulos sparsis serni-immersis. (Tab. LXIX. Fig. I.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks in the sea.

Radix pusilla? Frondes circumscriptione lanceolatas, csespitosas, 4-8 unc. longse, fusco-olivacea;, membranacea;, vix coriaceae, cylindracese, v. subcompressse, primo filis articulatis laxe repletse, mox tubulosse et cavae, e cellulis mi- nutis coloratis rotundis 3-4 serialibus interioribus majoribus formatae. Caulis indivisus vel basi in ramos elon- gatos simplices partitus, inferne setaceus, supra sensim latior, medio i-1 lin. latus, apicem versus attenuatus, per totam longitudinem ramis plurimis pateutibus vestitus. Rami breves, 1-2 unc. longi, nunc brevissimi, utrinque attenuate, irregulariter inserti, mine quadrifarii, nunc subdistichi, saepissimc fascicidati, alterni vel secundi, rarius oppositi ; ramulis conformibus setaceis, gracilibus, erectis, alternis, oppositis v. fasciculatis, simplicibus, basi attenuatis apice subulatis. AjcUI/p acutse. Sjiora olivacea; v. nigrae, ovales, per totam frondem sparsas, nee in soros aggre- gate, limbo tenui hyalino cinctee, semi-immersae, demum prominulae.

A single specimen of this plant, which seems to be common in Lord Auckland's group, was picked up by Dr. Lyall in Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands. It was more bushy than the Auckland Island specimen, with longer branches ; the outline is ovate and not lanceolate ; the main branches chiefly are crowded and fasciculate, the minor ones of the ramuli more frequently distichous, often opposite and rather patent. In fact, part of the plant exhibits the bushy aspect of Dictyosiphon and part resembles Striaria ; the scattered fruit distinguishing it from the latter genus.

Plate LXIX. Fig. I. — 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2, branch ; 3, section of ditto ; — magnified.

Campbell's Islands] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 179

8. CHORDA, Stackh.

From tubulosa, filiforuiis, simplex, intus transversim septata, extus fills minutis clavatis horizontalibus omnino velata. Fructus : spora pyriformes filis periphericis immersae.

1. Choeda lomentaria, Lyngb., Hydr. Ban. p. 74. t. 18. Grev. Alg. Brit. p. 48. Hook. Br. Fl. vol. ii. p. 276. Harv. Br. Alg. p. 35. Wyatt, Alg. Banm. no. 6. Scytosiphon Filum, var. y. Ag. Sp. Alg. vol. i. p. 162. Ag. Syst. p. 257. C. riniosa, Mont.t Prod. Plryc. Antarct. p. 12. Voy. an Pole Sud, Bot. C'rypL p. 44.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks in the sea.

Radio; scutata. From (in exemplaribus Aucklandicis) pedalis, 2 lin. lata, basi tenuissima, longe setaceo-fili- formis, sursum seusim latior, apicem versus subattenuata vel acuminata, remote septata, constricta, interdum sub- continua et aequalis. Color sordide badius v. fusco-okvaceus. Superficies tola filis clavatis minutissimis sporis immixtis velata. — Charta? arete adkseret.

These specimens differ sbghtly from the European form of the species, in having the constrictions less obvious and at much wider intervals. In some individuals scarcely any constriction occurs, and then it is not easy at first sight to distinguish them from a common state of Asperococcus ecliinatus. In others, again, they are evident, and microscopical examination proves that they do not belong to Asperococcus. At the Falkland Islands this plant was also found, and the specimens from that locality are identical with the common European appearance.

9. ADENOCYSTIS, Hook.Jil. et Harv.

Radix scutata. From membranacea, saccata, intus cava, aqua repleta, foveis convexis opacis fila arachnoidea emittentibus conspersa, filis minutis clavatis omnino velata. Fructus : spora pyriformes filis periphericis immersae.

Obs. This genus differs from Asperococcus in having its fructification spread over the entire surface, as in Chorda, and not confined to distinct sori ; and from the latter in being destitute of septa, and in possessing innumer- able pale depressions, composed of radiating filaments with very short coloured joints, emitting from their apices tufts of colourless, long, jointed, byssoid fibres. These appear afterwards to fall away, leaving depressions and often punctures of the membrane in their place. The tufts of arachnoid fibres do not expand well after having been dried, though they may always be found in the damaged state, by carefully scraping away the surface of the frond.

1. Adenocystis Lessoni, Hook. fil. et Harv.; Asperococcus Lessoni, Bory, in Buperrey Voy. p. 199. t. 11. f. 2. Grev. Syri. p. xlii. Midi. Gen.. Supp. vol. iii. p. 26. (TAB.LXlX.Fig.il.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks left by the tide, abundant.

Radix scutata, exigua. Frondes 1^ unc. longa?, -t lata?, csespitosas, e stipite setaceo-filiforrni 1 lin. longo orta;, ellipticas vel obovatee, infiatae, aqua semper repleta?, obtusissimae, membranacea?, vix reticulata?, cellubs minutissimis constituta?, glandulis superficiariis v. subimmersis convexis dense conspersa?. Glandules hemisphaerica?, e filis minutis l-adiantibus brevissime articulatis atro-fuscis formatae, fibrillas penicillatas longe articulatas hyalinas arachnoideas apice gerentes, demum concava?. Superficies frondis filis coloratis (endochromaticis) minutissime clavatis erectis in strato tenuissimo connexis induta. Sport? obovata?, nigro-fusca?, limbo hyalino cincta?, per totam frondem sparsae, filis periphericis immersae, sessiles. Color fusco-olivaceus, sordidus. Substantia mollis. — Chartae adhaeret.

Our plant strongly resembles the Fncus saccatus of Turner, {Bumontia saccata), especially specimens from Nootka Sound ; a close microscopic examination being necessary to distinguish them. Possibly the plant, alluded fo by Turner, in his description of F. saccatus, as having been sent to him from New Holland by Mr. Brown, and

180 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Auckland and

which that author regarded as a species of Asperococeus, may be identical with the present, it being very abundant throughout the Antarctic Islands, even so far as 64° south, where it inhabits the Icy Sea.

Plate LXIX. Fig. II. — 1, a portion of the frond, in an old state, exhibiting a depression from which the fila- ments are given off; 2, 3, and 4, spores which cover the whole surface of the frond; 5, full formed spore : — all highly magnified.

10. ASPEROCOCCUS, Lamour.

1. AsPEROCOCcrs echinatus, Grev., Alg. Brit. p. 49. t. 9. A. rugosus, Lamour. Essai, p. 62. En- cseliiim echinatum, Ag. Sp. Alg. vol. i. p. 145.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks in the sea, very common-

11. CHORD ARIA, Agardh.

1. Chordama flagelliformis ; Ag. Sp. Alg. vol. i. p. 166. Syst. p. 256. Lpigb. Hydr. Ban. t. 13. Hook. Br. Fl. vol. ii. p. 275. Grev. Alg. Brit. p. 45. t. 7. Harv. Man. p. 45. Wyatt, Alg. Bantu, no. 57. Fucus flagelliformis, Turner, Hist. Fuc. t. 85. Engl. Bot. t, 1222.

Hab. Campbell's Island. {Br. Lyall.) Apparently identical with the British plant.

12. SPHACELARIA, Lyngl.

1 . Sphacelaria funicularis, Mont. ; fronde basi stuposa in ramis paucis crassis ramulis densissime vestitis apice flabellatim partitis divisa, ramis ultimis fasciculatis elongatis fastigiatis circumscriptione ob- ovatis ramulis elongatis articulatis dichotome pinnatis obsessis. S. funicularis, Motif. Prodr. Phyc, fyc, p. 13. Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 38. 1. 14. f. 1.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks left by the tide, very abundant.

Radix magna, fills brunneis ramosis intricatis vel stupa obtecta. C'aulis 3-4 unc. longus, 1 lin. diam. sub- dichotome in ramos paucos divisus, totus densissime ramulis quadrifariis abbreviatis pinnulatis vestitus. Rami apice flabellatim fastigiati ; minores graciles, erecti, simpbces, ramulis dimorphis quadrifariis obsiti, aliis abbreviatis subappressis simplicibus subidatis, alteris elongatis dichotome pinnatis, pinnulis alteme furcatis vel sub-bipinnatis, pinnis pinnulisque elongatis remotis. Apices nunc acuti, nunc sphacelati, massam sporarum includentes. Color olivaceus. Substantia rigida, dura.

Nearly allied to S. scoparia, Lyngb.

12. RHODOMELA, Ag.

1. Rhodomela glomerulata, Mont.; "fronde tereti filiformi siccitate longitrorsum striata ramosissima, ramis circumscriptione corymbosis iterum ramosis, ramentis lateraHbus simplicibus aut bifidis corniformibus fasciculum sessilem sticlndiorum oblongorum vel ovato-lanceolatorum sinu foventibus." Mont. Prodr. Pltyc. Antarct. p. 4. Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 141.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group. (Admiral 17 Urville.)

The R. Gaimardi, Gaud.? of Montague is certainly our Polgsiphonia botryocarpa.

13. POLYZONIA, Suhr.

1. Polyzonia cuneifolia, Mont. ; surculo articulato polysiphonio repente, caulibus erectis filiformibus

CampbelTs Islands] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 181

articulatis alternatim ramosissimis, ramis ramulisque patentibus simplicibus elongatis, foliis distichis breve petiolatis trapeziformibus basi cuneatis apice abrupte truncatis, margine inferiore integerrimo superiore in- ciso-dentato v. lobato, stichicliis spicatis supra-axillaribus lanceolatis dentatis, eeramidiis axillaribus sessilibus solitariis ovatis v. suburceolatis. P. cuneifolia, Mont. Prodr. Phyc. Antarct. p. 4. Toy. an Pole Sud, Pot. Crypt, p. 143. (Tab. LXXVI.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; abundant on the stems of the larger Alga.

Frondes primordiales repentes, caulibus ahjarum radicibus disciformibus seriatim affixse, multistriatse, foliis dis- tichis ornatae. Caules e surcidis repentibus orti, erecti, setacei, 4-5 unc. longi, distiche fohosi, articulati, indivisi ; ramis pliuiniis, patentibus, elongatis, simplicibus, distiche alternis vel secimdis ; ramulis conformibus, alternis v. secundis. Folia patentia, disticha, 1. Un. longa, breve petiolata, ssepissime trapezoidea, rarius subrotundata, apice tnmcata, basi late cuneata v. deltoidea; margine inferiore stricto, integerrimo, superiore lacero-dentato, v. 4-5- lobato, lobis serratis. Ceramidia ovato-urceolata, in sinu folii profunde fissi sessilia, sporarum fasciculum pyriforme foventia. Stichidia in spicis supra-axillaribus foliosis (v. bracteatis) ordinata, sessilia, lanceolata, dentata, sphaero- sporarum seriem solitariam iucludentia. Sphrerospora magnae, atro-rubescentes. Color amaene roseus, siccitate vix et ne vix nigricans. Substantia membranacea. — Chartae laxe adhasret.

Most of the numerous specimens of this truly beautiful plant are covered with fructification, chiefly stichidia, the ceramidia being, as is the case with many of the Rhodomelea, much more rarely produced.

Plate LXXVI. Fig. 1, a leaf ; 2, a branch bearing stichidia; 3, a stichidiuni ; 4, a branch with ceramidia; 5, a ceramidium ; 6, spores from the same : — magnified.

14. POLYSLPHONIA, Grev.

1. Polysiphon'ia botryocarpa, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; caule inarticulato valido elongato flexuoso, ramis alterne ramosissimis, ramulis erecto-patentibus alternis secundis sensim attenuatis ultimis subulatis articulatis, articulis multistriatis diametro aequantibus, capsulis minutissimis ovatis in glomerulis parvis pedicellatis den- sissime congestis, stichidiis seriatim affixis lanceolatis. Rhodom. Gaimardi, Gaud. ? Montague, Voy. an Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 140. (Tab. LXX.)

Var. a, crassior ; caule alternatim et angulatim flexuoso, ramulis crebrioribus.

Var. ft tenuior ; caule curvato, ramulis elongatis minus divisis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; both varieties abundant on the roots of large Alga, &c.

Radix scutella parva, fibris suppeditata. Caulis 8-14 unc. longus, basi -i Un. diam. sursum attenuatus, carti- lagineus, opacus, venis anastomosantibus reticulatus, alternatim flexuosus, nunc genicidatus, nunc curvatus v. alterne arcuatus, subsimplex vel e basi parce divisus. Rami alterni, cauli conformes, inter se circumscriptione late ovati, plus minusve decompositi, alterne v. secunde partiti, non vere dichotomi. Ramuli ultimi alterni v. dichotomi, subulati, erecti v. erecto-patentes, simpbces, articulati, articubs 4-5-striatis, diametro asquantibus. Sipl/ones in ramis majoribus septem principales tubulum centralem angustum radiatim cingentes, cellubs irregidaribus peripheriam versus sensim minoribus circumdati. Color atro-rubescens. Ceramidia miuutissima, ovata, in glomerulis perpusillis subterminabbus laterabbus v. axillaribus aggregata, in quoque glomerulo numerosissima, pecbcebata, sporarum pyri- formium fasciculmn includentia. Stichidia ramulis ultimis seriatun affixa, remotiuscula, sphasrosporas majusculas angulatas pluilseriatas includentia : — Chartse laxe adhasret.

This species is of so large a size, such considerable diameter of filament, is so opaque and withal exhibits such sbght external appearance of articulation, that it seems at first sight, to possess considerable affinity with R/todomela, and further bears a strong resemblance to R. subfusea, which it exceeds in size, while agreeing with it in ramification. A careful examination, however, induces us to place it in Polysiphonia, and in the section to which P . fruticulosa

2 0

182 FLOKA ANTARCTICA. {Auckland and

belongs. The internal structure of the stem is similar to that of P.fruticulosa, but there are fewer radiating fibres, and is quite unlike that of Mod. subfusca. There are two varieties, one more robust, flexuous and densely branched than the other ; but they do not appear specifically distinct. Both bear capsidar fruit, of a peculiarly clustered character, different from that of any other Polysiphonia, and we regard it as the principal distinction on which the species rests. The capsules are farther remarkable for their minuteness in proportion to the plant producing them. Their number, however, compensates for size, thirty or forty occupying a space not greater than that of a capsule of the dimensions usual in this genus.

Plate LXX. Fig. 1, portion of a stem of the natural size; 2, branch and ceramidia ; 3, ceramidium; 4, lon- gitudinal section of the same ; 5, spores; 6, branch and stichidia ; 7, stichidium ; 8, sphaerospores : — magnified.

%. Polysiphonia Lyallil, Hook. fil. et Harv.; caule cartilagineo setaceo inarticulato alterne vel vage ramoso, ramis elongatis simplicibus inarticulatis ramulis brevibus articulatis quadrifariis multifidis densis- sime vestitis, ramulorum articulis diametro aequalibus 3-5 veuosis. (Tab. LXXFV. Fig. I.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group. (Dr. Li/all.)

Caulis erectus, 4-5 unc. longus, validus, simplex v. basi divisus ; ramis paucis, elongatis, alternis v. secundis, simplicibus ; caulis et rami inarticulati, densissime e basi ad apicern ramulis brevibus 1 lin. longis obsiti. Ramuli articidati, quadrifarii, patentissimi irregulariter multifidi, nunc fere dichotomi, alterne v. secunde partiti ; ultimi subulati, acuta, patentes v. recurvi. Articuli 3-5-striati, diametro subaequales v. vix longiores. Color intense fusco-ruber. Fructus . . . . ? Siphones in ramis majoribus quatuor, magni, tubulum centralem angustum cruciatim cingentes, cellulis irregidaribus peripheriam versus sensim miuoribus cireumdati.

We have much pleasure in naming this very distinctly marked and beautiful species after its discoverer, Dr. Lyall.

Plate LXXIV. Fig.l. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, branch; 3, portion of stem ; 4, ditto of branch : — magnified.

3. Polysiphonia dumosa, Hook. fil. et Harv.; caule erecto rigido flabellatim ramoso inarticulato, ramis patentibus alternis v. subdichotomis elongatis, ramulis distantibus aequalibus brevibus patentissimis sub- distichis laxe pimiatis subulatis, articulis ramulorum brevissiniis. (Tab. LXXV. Fig. I.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; parasitic on the stems of large Alga.

Caules caespitosi, 1-3 unc. longi, erecti, cylindracei, basi simplices, sursum flabellatim ramosi v. irregulariter dichotome v. alterne clivisi. Rami simplices v. divisi, per totam longitudinem ramulis 1-2 lin. longis, horizontali- patentibus subdistichis laxe pinnatis obsiti. Pinnulis patentes, subulatae, acutae, strictae, curvatae v. tortae. Arti- culi in ramulis tantum manifesti, brevissimi, 3-5-striati. Siphones ramidini quatuor, niagni, tubulum centralem angustum cruciatim cingentes, cellulis irregularibus peripheriam versus sensim miuoribus cireumdati. Color badius, apices versus fusco-ruber. Substantia rigida. — Chartae vix adhaeret.

Allied to P. Lyallii, but much smaller in all its parts ; of a duller colour and more rigid substance, dift'erently branched and with less dense ramuli, which are nearly, though not strictly, distichous. In aspect, it somewhat resembles P. ceratoclada, though quite unlike that species in internal structure.

Plate LXXV. Fig. I. — 1, portion of a branch ; 2, stem and branch ; 3, section of stem : — magnified.

4. Polysiphonia punicea, Mont. ; punicea, caule vage ramoso articulato setaceo flexuoso, ramis alternis v. secundis subremotis, ramulis alternis remotiuscuhs flabellato-dicliotomis abbreviatis patentissimis ultimis subulatis recurvis, articulis ramorum diainetro 3-4-plo longioribus 3-5-venosis ramulorum subquadratis biveniis pellucidis apicibus acutis, " capsulis subsessiHbus ovato-acumiuatis " (Mont.), sticludiis lanceolatis sphaerosporas pluriseriatas includentibus, ceramidiis sessilibus solitariis urceolatis, ore contracto porrecto. P. punicea, Mont. Prodr. Fhyc. Antarct. p. 6. Yoy. au Pole Sud, Pot. Cryjrt. p. 128. t. 5. f. 3.

Campbell's Islands] FLOE A ANTARCTICA. 183

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the roots and stems of sea-weeds.

Caulis 4-8 una longus, setam porcinam diam. asquans, sursum attenuatus, subangulatim flexuosus, vage ramo- sus, nunc subsimplex, ramis lateralibus instructus, nunc e parte inferiore subdichotorne divisus, articulatus, Rami inferiores longiores, superiores sensim abbreviati, simplices v. ramosi, patentes v. divaricati ; ramulis abbreviatis, fla- bellatis, dichotomis, patentissimis, laxe quadrifariam insertis, ultimis subulatis divaricatis v. recurvis. Articuli caulis et ramorum majorum diam. 3-4-plo longiores, 4-5-striati, medio pellucide coccinei v. punicei, ad geniculos cellulis minutis superficialibus donati liinc opaci ; ramulorum diam. vix longiores v. sequales, 2-3-striati. Siphones in ramis majoribus novem, tubulum centralem amplum radiatim cingentes, cellulis externis nullis; caides hinc sulcati. Ceramidia non visa. Stichidia lanceolata, spheerosporas magnas quadripartitas pluriseriatas includentia. Substantia tenera. — Chartse adhaeret.

Slightly variable in some minor characters, yet a distinctly marked and easily recognized species. Main branches irregular, being imperfectly dichotomous or having a simple stem furnished with lateral branches. The most striking specific character consists in the dichotomously multifid fan-like ramuli, which are set rather laxly along the branches. We have not seen ceramidia ; several of our specimens produce stichidia, of the shape described by Montagne ; but the sphaerospores are in a double and occasionally a triple row, as in Basya. In one individual, the ceramidia are replaced (by disease) with a cluster of sphasrical bodies, forming a mass which resembles the favella of a Callitham- nion, and, from which, fascicles of ramuli are given off in a proliferous manner. These call to mind the capsules of P. botryocarpa, and though their structure be very irregular, they suggest a doubt whether the remarkable fructifi- cation of the latter plant is not abnormal.

5. Polysiphonia rudis, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; pusilla, fills caespitosis rigidis tenacibus gracilibus subfas- tigiatis ramosis, ramis alternis apicem versus crebrioribus inferioribus filiformibus nudis elongatis superio- ribus basi nudis apice pinnatis, pinnulis subulatis elongatis erectis, articulis ramorum diametro 2-3-plo ramulorum sesqui-longioribus 3-4-striatis. (Tab. LXXIV. Fig. II.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; parasitic on larger Alga.

Caides dense csespitosi, e filis intertextis orti, 1-1^ una longi, siccitate rigidi, madore tenaces, atro-fusci, vix rubescentes, indivisi. Rami inferiores erecti, elongati, simplices, filiformes, nudi ; superiores sensim breviores, apices versus breviores, inferne nudi, superne pinnati, pinnis subulatis erectis inferioribus longioribus, hinc ramulis corym- bosis. Circumscriptio ramorum obovata. Articuli per totam plantain manifesti, ramorum diametro 2-3-plo longi- oribus pauci-striatis, ramulorum sesqui-longioribus.

Plate LXXIV. Fig. II. — I, a specimen of the natural size ; 2, lower portion of branch and stichidia ; 3, upper ditto; 4, a stichidium; 5, sphaerospores : — magnified.

6. Polysiphonia ceratoclada, Mont. ; filo primario repente, caulibus erectis compressis indivisis demum ramos alternos emittentibus, ramis ramulisque brevibus subulatis patentissimis v. recurvis vestitis, ceramidiis sessilibus ovatis suburceolatisve, articulis brevissimis. P. ceratoclada, Mont. Prodr.Phyc. Ant. p. 6. Toy. au Pole Sud, Pot. Crypt, p. 130. t. 5. f. 2. (Tab. LXXVI. Pig. II.)

Var. ft secundata; ramis incurvis, ramulis plerumque secundis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; both varieties generally parasitical on Laurencia pinnatifida.

Tota raniulis subulatis obsita. Caides e filis repentibus Algas alias infest antibus, erecti, 1-4 una alti, eom- pressi, in exemplaribus minoribus simplices, in majoribus ramis alternis cauli similibus donati. Ceramidia solitaria, ovata, lateralia, sessilia. Stichidia subulata, attenuata, sphaerosporas uniseriatas foventia. Substantia rigidula. Color fusco-ruber. — Chartse laxe adhaeret.

The habit of this plant is precisely that of a Polyzonia ; Montague's specimens are in a young state, in which

184 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

simple stems, destitute of branches, and merely clothed with patent subulate ramuli, rise from creeping filaments ; such individuals are from -i-l inch high. But, when larger, lateral branches begin to be developed, in every respect similar to the main stem. In one specimen, i\ inches long, which alone is in fructification, the branches are 1-1-j inch in length. The variety /3 is a remarkable one, and possibly a distinct species, it is smaller and slenderer, with the branches much curved and the ramuli very generally secund.

Plate LXXVI. Fig. II. — 1, portion of a branch; 2, the same with ceramidia; 3, section of stem; 4, cerami- clium ; 5, spores : magnified.

7. Polysiphonia decipiens, Mont. ; " csespitosa, fragilissima, filis cylindraceis subcontinuis fusco-nigris irregulariter virgato-ramosissimis, ramuJis erectis, spinis subulatis spiraliter alternis strictis, articulis diametro multoties brevioribus ex siccatione collapsis 3-5-venosis; fructu .... ?" Mont. Prodr. Phyc. Antarct. p. 5. Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 131.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group. {Admiral JJfUrville.)

8. Polysiphonia cladosfephis, Mont. ; " filo primario articulato polysiphonio vage ramosissimo fusco- purpureo nigrescente, ramis conformibus e geniculis ramellos verticillatos dichotomos monosiphonios dense imbricatos emittentibus, fructu .... ? " Mont, in Ann. des Sc. Nat. (Nov. 1843), p. 39. Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 132. t. 13. f. 4.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group. (Admiral If Urville.)

Apparently nearly related to P. byssoides, Grev., and still more closely to P. byssoclados, Harv. (Griffithsia australis, Ag.)

15. JANIA, Lamour.

1. Jania Hombronii, Mont., Voy. an Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 146.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks in the sea, abundant.

What we take for Montagne's plant much resembles the Corallina officinalis, L.; we are not, however, well versed in these vegetables, which have only recently been skilfully investigated by Decaisne.

16. LAURENCIA, Lamour.

1. IjA.v~KESCiA.pinnatifida, Lamour.; var. y, angusta. Fucus Turn. Hist. Fuc. vol. i. p. 40. Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks in the sea.

17. DELESSERIA, Lamour.

1. Delesseria crassinervia, Mont.; caule alato ramoso, foliis lineari-lanceolatis e costa valida proliferis, capsulis in costa sessilibus, soris spheerosporarum bnearibus costee parallelis. D. crassinervia, Mont. Prodr. Phyc. Ant. p. 1.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island.

We have some doubts as to the validity of this species, which differs from B. Hypoglossum only in the com- parative breadth of its costa; a somewhat inconstant character, being, at times, excessively broad, covering nearly the whole lamina, at others, nearly, if not quite, as narrow as in D. Hypoglossum. These intermediate forms do not exist among our Campbell's Island individuals, but in those from the Falklands.

2. Delesseria dichotoma, Hook, fil.et Harv.; costa crassa dichotoma frondem cuneatam obtusam v. emarginatam dernurn bifido-laciniatam percurrente infra apicem evamda, frondibus e costa denudata orien-

CampbelVs Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 1S5

tibus oblongis cuneatis rariusve clliptico-lanceolatis costa furcata, soris rotundatis rnaculatis, eoccidiis costa- libus v. sparsis. (Tab. LXXI. Fig. II.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island. (Br. Lyall.)

Frons junior, folium obovatum, obtusum v. emarginatum, demum bilobum ; costa furcata, demum repetito- dichotoma, deorsum crassa, sursiun attenuata, sub apicem evanida. Frondes adultas caulk furcatus v. dichotomus, 2-3 unc. longus, setae porcinse crassitie, nudus v. interruptim alatus, supeme in frondes cimeatas v. dichotomas abeuns j inferne denudatus v. frondibus novis primordiali conformibus sed angustioribus minusque cuneatis ornatus, hie 1-j unc. lougse, costis supra medium furcatis fructiferis. Coccidia in laminam rarius in costam sita, sphaerica, sparsa, granulis cuneatis repleta. Sori sph<erosporarum rotundati, supra laminam dispersi. Substantia membranacea. Color purpureo-roseus v. sanguineus. — Chartae adhaeret.

When fully grown, this species resembles a very broad and luxuriant state of D. alata, found in the north of Ireland, but differs essentially from it in its mode of growth. Judging by young specimens, it appears to originate in a broadly ovate or cuneate leaf, traversed by a forked, or, as the frond advances, repeatedly dichotomous midrib, which, though gradually evanescent, is obvious for nearly the whole length of the lamina, and thus differs from the imperfectly branching veins of the Nitophylla. In old and battered specimens, however, this character can only be detected in the young parts ; in them, the costa of the first formed leaf becomes denuded, considerably thickened and converted into a dichotomous stem, irregularly winged in portions, and only preserving, on the upper part, the remains of its former character ; while, all along its denuded portions, spring numerous new fronds, narrower than that which forms the principal one, and less cuneate, but in other respects simdar.

Plate LXXI. Fig. II. — 1, 2, and 3, specimens in different states, of the natural size; 4 and 5, coccidia; G and 7, sphaerospores : — magnified.

18. NITOPHYLLUM, Grev.

1. Nitophyllum crispatwm, Hook. fil. et Harv.j fronde basi nervosa cuneata latissime expansa v. oblonga dicliotoma v. laciniata margine crispata, nervis rarnosis, laciniis cuneatis apicibus axillisque obtusis, soris minutis rotundatis coccidiisque sparsis. (Tajb. LXXI. Kg. I.)

Hab. Campbell's Island ; dredged up in three fathoms water.

Two specimens, one with capsular, the other with granular fruit, we refer to this species. The capsuliferous specimen bears a very great resemblance to the north of Ireland variety of N. laceratum ; the gramdiferous, again, has more the oblong form of N. punctatum. Both agree in being traversed, especially in the lower part, with obscure dichotomous nerves, in having the margin crisped, and exhibiting a tendency to dichotomous division. The scat- tered granular fructification essentially distinguishes it from N. laciniatum, and the form and size of the spots, from N. punctatum.

Plate LXXI. Fig. I. — 1, 2, and 3, specimens of the natural size ; 4, coccidia ; 5, sphaerospores : — magnified.

2. Nitophyllum punctatum'? Grev. Alg. Brit. p. 79. t. 12. Agardh, Species Alg. vol. i. p. 186. Aglaophyllum, Montague in Plant Cell. Canar. p. 150.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; with the former.

Decayed fragments, which appear to belong to this species, are all that were procured.

19. PLOCAMIUM, Byngb. Obs. The genera Thamnophora and Flocamium appear to differ in no respect from each other, and so perfectly

186 FLOEA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

do they agree in habit, that plants regarded by the elder Agardh as varieties of PL coccineum (/3 and y) are considered by his son as distinct species of Tkamnophora* .

1. Plocamium coccineum, Lyrigb. ; Hyd/r. Ban. p. 39. t. 9. Grev. Alg. Brit. p. 12. t. 98. Hook. Brit. Fl. vol. ii. p. 293. P. vulgare, Bamottr. PI. coccineum, fenestratum, Lyugbyanum, et Binderianum, Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. p. 449 and 450.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; abundant.

This is the only species of the genus found in the northern hemisphere and is apparently common, especially in all temperate regions of the globe.

20. BHODOMENIA, Grev.

1. Bhodomexia Hombroniana, Mont.; " fronde cartilagineo-inembranacea plana e basi substipitata dichotoma pinnatifissa, pinnis ob axiUas obtusas patenti-erectis obtusis, margine fimbriate seu ramenta den- tata conceptaeulifera etnittente, conceptaculis bemisphericis papillula instructis." Mont. Prodr. Phyc. An- tarct. p. 1. Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p.157 . t. 1. f. 2. (Tab. LXXII. Fig. II.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the stems of large Alga.

Our specimens of this plant are young, and as they differ from the more advanced state in form and in colour, we have added a figure; the colour in this state is of a beautiful red purple, sometimes inclining to violet. When fully developed, the species assumes the appearance represented by Dr. Montague in the plate quoted above. We are indebted for magnificent specimens, collected at Akaroa, to M. Kaoul.

Plate LXXII. Fig. LT. — 1. a young specimen, of the natural size; 2, 3 and 4, marginal leaflets bearing the fructification ; 5, section of the same : — magnified.

2. Khodomenia ornata, Mont.; " fronde carnoso-membranacea oblongo-lanceolata latissima plana vivide purpurea utrincjue margine prolifera, foliis s. pinnulis obovatis substipitatis tandem cuneatis maximis palma- tifissis, conceptaculis per totam frondem sparsis." Mont. Prodr. Phye. Antarct. p. 1. Toy. cm Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 160. t. 11.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group. (Admiral B'Urville.)

The plant, from which the magnificent plate given by Montagne was executed, is marked by the lamented D'Urville as a native of Lord Auckland's Island, where, we regret to say, it was not collected by the Antarctic Ex- pedition.

3. Bhodomexia dic/iotoma, Hook. fil. et Harv.; fronde membranacea rosea basi cuneata latissima dicho- toma, axillis rotundatis, laciniis patentibus linearibus v. cuneatis obtusis demum emarginatis et bifidis. (Tab. LXXII. Fig. I.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; on rocks in the sea.

* I had long supposed that the sphaerospores of these genera were different ; but after a complete examination of the fruit of T. corallorhiza, costata, angusta, Mertensii, procera, CunningJiamii, Telfairia and cornnta, and compa- rison with that of PL coccineum, I have been obliged to abandon this idea. In all, the spharospores are cylindrical, divided into four by three transverse striae. Kiitzing separates PL cornutum under the generic name of Thamnocarpus, but I am at a loss to conceive upon what grounds. — TAr. H. H.

Campbell's Islands.] FLOKA ANTARCTICA. 1S7

From flabellatim expansa, 4-7 unc. lata, basi cuueata, pluries dichotoma, laciniis linearibus cimeatisve, \-\ una latis et ultra, patentibus, apicibus obtusis emarginatis bifidisve. Substantia tenuis, membranacea, e cellulis super- ficiem versus minimis coloratis formata, interioribus rnagnis hyalinis. — Chartse non adhaeret.

Our specimens of tins plant are unfortunately barren, it resembles in outline the Phyllophora obtusa, but is of a very different consistence. Its nearest ally is the R. Pahnetta, to gigantic specimens of which it may be compared.

Plate LXXII. Fig. I. — 1. a specimen of the natural size; 2, lacinia of a specimen with narrower fronds, also of the natural size.

Dr. Montagne adds R. corallina, Grev., R. variegata (Halymenia, Bory), and R. bifida, Grev., as natives of Lord Auckland's group, but the specimens are imperfect and they may belong to some of the former.

21. HYPXEA, Lamour.

1. Hypxea multicomu, Mont.; "fronde filiformi tereti compressa inordinate corvmboso-rarnosissirnaj ramis ultimis subdistichis alternis aut subsecundis furcatis, ramnlis patenti-recurvis liamulosis, plui'ibus apice coivformi incrassatis sporoplioris." Mont. Voy.au Pole Siul,Bot. Crypt, p. 153. t. 9. f. 1. Rhodomela, Mont. Prodr. Pliyc. Antarct. p. 4.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group. (Admiral jyUrville.)

22. GRATELOUPIA, Agardlt.

1. Geateloupia ? Aucklandica, Mont.; "fronde cartilaginea filiformi tereti vage raniosissima, rands ramentisque confertis faseiculatisque subcompressis basi attenuatis saepius ex insigni frondis tuberculo sin- gulis pluribusve enatis, fruetu .... ? " Mont. Prodr. Pltyc. Antarct. p. 7. Toy. an Pole Slid, Bot. Cryjjf. p. 15. t, 10. f. 1.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group. (Admiral & Urville.)

23. PHYLLOPHORA, Grev.

1. Phyllophora obtusa, Grev.; fronde corneo-rnembranacea stipitata basi longe cuneata enervi flabeUi forrni subdieliotome laciniata, laciniis latissimis valde obtusis axillis acutis, coccidiis stipitatis sporophyllisque e frondis pagina ortis aggregatis. P. obtusaj Grev. in Wern. Trans.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on shells, Src, in the sea.

Radix scutata, parva, parce fibrosa. Frondes aggregatae, 6-14 unc. longa?, basi cuneatae, in stipitem filiformem attenuatae, 1-1-g- unc. longa;, alterne dichotome fissae v. palmatas, simplices v. furcatse, valde obtusa?, axillis angustis acutis. Coccidia pedicellata, in soros elongatos laciniarum paginam oecupantes aggregata, globosa, pedieello filiformi v. foliaceo. Sporophylla aggregata, rotundata, sphserosporas minutas foventia. Substantia siccitate rigide membra- nacea v. cornea, subtransluceus. Color amasne roseus.

The Auckland's group specimens are small and barren, but agree entirely with those of the Cape of Good Hope, from which in part the preceding description has been prepared.

21. GIGARTINA, Lamour.

1. Gigartina divaricata, Hook. fil. et Harv.; caule cartilagineo-caruoso compresso Lineari subdieliotome diviso, ramis disticliis pinnatis subpinnatisve, ramulis pateutissimis linearibus subatteimatis.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; tluown up on the beach.

138 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

Caulis 4-6 unc. longus, subdichotome divisus, 1-2 lin. latus, compressus, strietus, ramis subquadrifariis distichisve dense obsitus. Rami divaricati, stricti, coinpressi, rugulosi, nudi, parce pinnati v. subbipinnati, apicibus longe nudis. Pinnules horizontals, breves, simplices v. furcatae, lineares, acuta?, nunc abbreviates et spiniformes. Color lividus v. nigro-rubescens, ad apices ramulomm pallidior purpurascens. Substantia cartilagineo-earnosa, ftrma, elastica, siecitate valde contracta. — Chartae non adhaeret.

Our specimens are imperfect and barren, but sufficient to prove them to be a very distinct species of Gigartina. The whole plant is very elastic, shrinking much in drying ; internally it is composed of a dense body of anastomosing filaments, radiating towards the circumference through a firm gelatine.

G.pistillata, Lam., is also enumerated in Montague's account of Lord Auckland's Island.

25. NOTHOGENIA, Mont.

1. Nothogexia variolosa, Mont, in Ann. Sc. Nat. Series 2. vol. xx. p. 302. t. 10. f. 3. Chondrus vario- losa, Mont. Prodr. Phyc. Antarct. p. 6. Toy. au Pole Bad, Pot. Crypt, p. 110. Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks in tbe sea, abundant.

Frondes caespitosae, 4-5-unciales, anguste bneares, 1-1^ Un. lata?, compressse, plana; v. subcanaUculata?, basi cuneatae, superne pluries dichotoma?, laciniis basi angustatis, ultimis elongatis obtusis v. emarginatis -j- 1 unc. longis. Conceptacula per totam laciniarum supremarum, immersa, convexa, vermcaeformia, poro pertusa, utraque frondis pagina sparsa. Substantia cartdaginea. Color fusco-ruber, purpurascens. — Chartae laxe adhaeret.

2G. CHONDRUS, Stach

1. Chondrus tuberculosus, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; fronde cartilaginea basi cuneata late lineari furcata v. ter quaterve dichotoma plana v. canaliculata, laciniis patentibus obtusis, axillis rotundatis, verrucis sphae- roideis pagina frondis superiore extantibus medio depressis demum pertusis massam densam sporarum rose- arum includentibus.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks in the sea.

Frons 2-uncialis, basi simplex, superne plus minusve furcata, margine simpbei pinnulisve ornata. Lacinia planae v. pagina superiore canabculata, patentes v. divaricatae, sm'sum latiores, obtusae. Coccidia v. verruca nurne- rosissima, magnitudine seminis Brassicae, globosa, latere concavo frondis sita, extantia, rarius pagina frondis immersa, basi constricta, apice depressa v. umbilicata, siecitate apotheciam Lichenis referentia, demum pertusa. Sporce mi- nutae. Substantia crassa, carnoso-cartilaginea, siecitate valde contracta. Color Hvidus. — Chartae laxe adhaeret.

Apparently a distinct species. Smaller than Not h. variolosa, but broader, less frequently dichotomous and with very different fructification. The coccidia? are situated on one side of the frond, prominent, constricted at the base and contain a large dense spherical mass of spondes, similar to those of the differently shaped warts of Chondrus crispus. The shape of the fruit is that of Iridcea Radula or stiriata, and when dried under pressure it resembles the apothecia of a Collenia.

27. IRLTLEA, Pory.

1. Iuidma Pad ul a, Bory, in Paper rey Toy. Pot. Crypt, p. 107. Grev. Alg. Brit. p. 61. Sphaerococcus Radula, Agarih, Sp. Alg. vol. i. 268. Fucus Radula, lib. Panics, Esper, t. 113. Fucus bracteatus, Gmel., Turn. t. 25. Mastocarpus Radula, et Cliondrodictyon Capense, Klitz. Phyc. Gen. p. 396 and 398.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; very abundant on rocks in the sea.

Radix scutata, fibris comitata. Caulis 1-2 unc. longus, basi cylindraceus, crassitie pennae corvinae, mox com- pressus, superne dilatatus, divisus v. ramosus. Frondes basi rotundatae, cuneatae v. attenuatae, eUipticae lanceolatseve,

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 1S9

6-20 una longee, rarius bi-tripedales, crassse, simplices v. fiircatee v. ad basin bipartite, nunc margine frondes acces- sorias ernittentes, interdum poris perplurimis pertusee. Superficies frondis kevis, lucida, adulta papillosa ; papillis creberrimis, tandem totam f'rondeni utrinque vestientibus, apice fructiferis, favellidia immersa poro pertusa gerentibus. Sjwra minutse, rosea?, densisshne aggregate. Spl/arospora frondibus papillarum destitutes immersa;, substrato eor- ticali sitre, in globulis minutis punctiformibus aggregata;, totam frondem pustulantes. Substantia crassa, carnosa. Color lividus, rubescens purpurascensve, raro atro-sangnineus.

There is scarcely a maritime rock on the Antarctic coasts, that does not abound with, this most protean species in all stages of growth, and bearing fronds with every variety of outline. It is much eaten by marine animals, and from this or other causes, amongst which may be reckoned the fall of the fructiferous papilla;, the plant is frequently found more or less perforated with round holes, sometimes so regularly as to resemble coarse lace : this state has been described by Kiitzing, under the name of Ckondrodictyon Capense, and by Decaisne as Iridoea clathrata (Ann. Se. Nat. Ser. III. vol. ii. p. 236). More puzzling is the form of the secondary fructification or spha;rospores, which is so like a primary fruit, that had not both Mr. Harvey and myself seen this plant growing on its native rocks, we should have supposed the individuals producing them to belong to a different species. The secondary fruit of /. stiriata is of the same nature.

The I. micans, Bory, volans, Grev., and laminarioid.es, Bory, enumerated by Montagne as natives of Lord Auckland's group, are probably states of this.

28. HALYMENIA, Agardh.

1. Halymexia hidssima, Hook. fil. et Harv.; fronde plana tenui gelatinoso-membrauacea latissime ovato- lanceolata sirnplici bifida v. margine laciniato-pinnatifida, laciniis ovato-lanceolatis acutis. (Tab. LXXIII.)

Var. /3, bifida • fronde lanceolata basi attenuata bifida v. bifurcata, laciniis lanceolatis erectis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; both varieties abundant on rocks in the sea. Frondes 2-1-1 una longse, 4-6 latse, tenues, basi cuneatae, late lanceolata; v. ovato-oblongse, acuta;, simplices v. furcatse, margine piano sirnplici integerrimo v. laciniis plurimis subpinnatifido. Substantia gelatiuosa. Favellidia numerosissima, per totam frondem sparsa, cellulis medullaribus immersa. Color amasne roseus.

We offer this as a new species with some doubt, the varieties of H. ligulata approaching it. The fronds are so broad and thin, that the favellidia form convexities on its surface, which are more or less obliterated when moist.

Plate LXXIII. Fig. 1, portion of the surface of the frond ; 2, section of the same ; 3, spores : — all magnified.

29. DUMONTIA, Lamour.

1. DuiioXTiA fil "iformis, Grev., Alg. Brit. p. 165. t. 17. Halymenia, Agcirdh Sjyec.Alg. vol. i. p. 214. Hab. Campbell's Island. (Dr. Lyall.)

Identical with the European plant. Found also at the Cape of Good Hope and in other widely separated localities.

2. Dumontia cornuta, Hook. fil. et Harv.; fronde tubulosa hie ilh'c inflata clivisa, parte inferiore nu- diuscula superiore rarnis confertis fasciculatisve quacirifarhs vestita, rarnis furcatis patentibus flexuosis alter- natim rarnulosis, ramulis recur\ds utrinque attenuatis apicibus acutis.

Hab. Campbell's Island. (Br. Byall.)

Frondes crespitosa;, 2-3 una longre, tubulosa;, irregulariter inflata;, 2 lin. lata;, vage divisa; ; rarnis intricatis, patentibus, flexuosis, furcatis ; ramulis fusiformibus, patentibus v. recurvis. Color fuscatus, bacbus v. rubescens.

Our specimens of this plant are barren; we refer it to Dumontia from the tubular inflated frond, structure, and habit.

190 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Auckland and

30. BALLIA, Han.

1. Ballia Brunonis, Harv., in Hook. Journ. of Bot. vol. ii. p. 191. Sphacelaria callitricha, Agardh Ic. Alg. Bwrojp. t. 6. Ballia callitricha, Mont. Voy. an Pole Sitd, Bot. Crypt, p. 94.

Var. /3, Hombroniana. B. Hombroniana, Mont. Prodr. Phyc. Anlarct. p. 9. Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 95. 1. 12. f. 1.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the roots and stems of large Alga, abundant.

Caulis in exeinplaribus Aucklandieis 2 unc. altus, seta porcina duplo crassior, Lirtus, vage ramosus, di-trichoto- mus ; ramis priniariis apice flabellatim ramidosis, circumscriptione rotundatis, fastigiatis, 3-5 lobatis. Hamuli bi-tri- pinuati, pinnulis subremotis acirtis. ArticuU pinnaruin diarnetro duplo vis triplo lougiores, ovato-oblougi, rarius oylindracei, apice angustati, pinnularum sesqui-lorigiores, ovati. Substantia rigida, cornea. Color purpureo-roseus.

The Auckland's group specimens appear to belong chiefly to the B. Hombroniana of Montague, a native of Akaroa*, on the middle island of New Zealand; they differ from those of Tasmania and the Falklands in being shorter and of a denser habit, in having longer articulations to the pinnae and pinnules, and in the latter being ge- nerally only twice pinnated, with the ultimate pinnules separated and remote, like the teeth of a comb. Kerguelen's Land individuals connect these fomis. We have examined several hundreds of specimens, from seven or eight dif- ferent localities in the Antarctic Ocean, without being able to trace any constant specific distinction amongst them ; the same individual often bears both bipinnate and tripinnate fronds, with the segments remote or approximated ; the length of the articulations and their form, and the outline of the branches from broadly ovate to linear-lanceo- late are equally variable characters. We can, however, well understand Montagne's drawing a different conclusion from an examination of but few specimens of the extremes.

31. PTILOTA, Agardh.

1. Vtilota formosisshiui, Mont., caule ancipiti compresso costa articulata percurso vage ramoso de- composite pimiato, pinnis valde insequalibus pinnulisque alternis patentibus idtimis serratis, favelhs sessilibus, involucri foliis pinnatifhlis, sphserosporiis marginabbus pedicellatis. Pt. formosissinia, Mont. Prodr. Phyc. Ant. p. 8. Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 98. t. 9. f. 3. (Tab. LXXVI1.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; abundant.

Radix callus exiguus. Frondes aggregate, 6-10 unc. longoe, 4-6 lata;, flabelliformes. Caulis (Jugamentum Ag.) basi teres, mox plano-compressus, linearis v. utrinque subattenuatus, \- \\ lin. latus, distiche ramosissimus. Pinna \ unc. longae, alternse, pinnatse v. bipinnate ; pinnulis brevibus, alternis, patentibus, serratis v. pectinatis, apice subacutis. Favella sessiles, involucro quadrifotiato pectinato cinctse, sphsericae, sporis minutis angulatis farctas. Splicer osporm marginales, pedicellate, globosse, demum 4-pai-titae. Color amame puniceus. Substantia cartilaginea, firma. — Charte laxe adhseret.

We have numerous specimens of this magnificent plant in the most perfect state of fructification. The favella?, involucred with four regularly pectinated bracteae, are striking objects under the lens. The stem is not strictly arti- culate, in our specimens at least, but traversed by a strong raised articulated mid-rib, most evident on the old frond and occupying one-third of the breadth of the stem. The surface cellules, like those of other parts of the frond, are minute, but internally divided by transverse diaphragms into a series of cells fidl of gelatiue, whose walls are formed of jointed fibres.

* " Insula Leyden, Batavia," is also given as a habitat (in Voy. au Pole Sud) probably erroneously, for the genus has not hitherto been found to the northward of the 40th degree of south latitude.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 191

Plate LXXVII. Fig. 1, favella in situ ; 2, the same removed with the involucre laid open ; 3, sphserospores : — magnified.

82. CERAMIUM, Adams.

1. Ceramium rabrum, var. y, secundatum, Agardh, Sp. AJg. p. 149. Cer. secundatum, Lgngb. Ilydr. Ban. t. 37.

Var. f, tenue, Agardh, Sp. Alg. vol. ii. p. 119.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; both varieties abundant.

2. Cerajiiuji diaphanum, Agardh, Sp. Alg. vol. ii. p. 150. Var. /3, AucMcmdiewm, proliferum, articuhs brevibus. Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; not common. Apparently a curious state of the C. diaphanum.

3. Ceramium cancellatum, Agardh, Sp. Alg. vol. ii. p. 145.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; parasitic on other seaweeds, rare.

Our specimen entirely agrees with others collected at the Cape of Good Hope, and with the description of Agardh ; it is doubtful, however, whether all may not be varieties of C. obsolelum, Ag., from which they differ mainly in the more branched and less virgate habit. One of our South African specimens is so repeatedly branched, as eminently to justify Agardh' s character, " ramis distichis multifidis quasi cancellatis ;" that from Lord Auckland's group is taller and the extreme divisions alone retain that character ; neither of these are more than four inches long ; we have, how- ever, much larger examples, in which it is wholly lost. The station of Agardh's C. cancellatum is dubious, and his comparison of it with a plant brought from the Cape of Good Hope by Gaudichaud, renders it very probable that the Southern Ocean is its place of growth.

33. GEIFFITHSIA, Agardh.

1. Griffithsia setacea, Ag.? vol. ii. p. 129.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group.

Our young aud mutilated specimens of what we refer to G. setacea are not sufficient for a satisfactory determi- nation of the species. The articulations are rather narrower than in the European plant, but they do not otherwise differ.

34. CALITHAMNION, Lyngb.

1. Calithamnion gracile, Hook. fil. et Harv.; filo prirnario repente rarnoso, caulibus erectis laxe bi- tripinnatis, pinnis remotis valde «longatis, pinnulis brevibus alternis erecto-patentibus simplicibus v. apice ramulosis, articuhs primariis diametro 4-5-plo, secundariis sub 3-plo longioribus.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; dredged up in four fathoms water.

Fila 1-2 unc. longa, gracillima, e fibrillis repentibus ramosis orta, laxe irregulariter alterne rarius opposite pin- natim divisa. Spharospora sessiles, rninutas, sphasrica?. Favella ignotae. Articuli pellucicb. Color roseus. Substantia tenera.

2. Calithamnion pectin atum, Mont.; " microscopicum, filo prirnario repente pinnis pinnulisque oppo-

192 FLORA ANTARCTICA. {Auckland and

sitis pntentibus, articulis cylindraceis diametro duplo longioribus aut Eequalibus, spha>rosporis axillaribus." Mont. Prodr. Phyc. Ant. p. 9. Toy. au Pole Slid, p. 90.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; creeping on other Alga. (Admiral If Urville.)

3. Caltthamnion //'uium, Hook. fil. et Harv.; caulibus mgrescentibus intertextis, primariis robustis basi venosis continuis hirtis apice artieulatis, seciuidariis elongatis ramulis pinnatis quadrifariis densissime vestitis, piimulis simplicibus incurvis obtusis, articulis diametro sesqui-longioribus. (Tab. LXXVIII. Eg. II.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; parasitic on other seaweeds.

Caules esespitosi, fibris intertextis basi comitati, 2-3 unc. longi, robusti, vage quadrifariam ramosi, per totam longitudincnx ramulis quadrifariis densissime velati. Rami cauli similes, longitudine vara; ramuli inferiores breves caulibus habitum liirtum funalemve impertiimt, superiores longiores et phmati evaduut ; secundarii (v. plumulse) pinnati, piuuis alternis erecto-patentibus elongatis obtusis incurvis, racliide flexuosa. Color atro- v. fusco-ruber. Spharospora sphserica?, solitaria?, latere interiore ramidi affixae, pusillae. Substantia rigidiuscula. — Chartfe adhferet.

In liabit this approaches the C. tetricum, but after a careful comparison both with that and with C. Arbuscula, which it also resembles, we are convinced that it is distinct from either. The plumules are very different from those of the former species and larger than in the latter. It is not likely to be confounded with any other species.

Plate LXXVIII. Fig. II — 1, a plant of the natural size; 2, branch; 3, ultimate pinnule; 4, portion of the same : — magnified.

4. Calithamxiox mierojoterwm, Hook. fil. et Harv.; parvum, erectum, caule articulato parce ramoso, raniis distichis alternis circumscriptions obovatis obtusis bi-tripinnatis, pinnis alterne multifidis flexuosis, pinnulis erecto-patentibus obtusis, articulis caulis ramorumque diametro 2-3-plove longioribus, ramulorum diametro aquantibus, splioerosporis scssilibus solitariis cllipticis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; parasitical on Ptilota formosimma. (Dr. Lyall.)

Radix scutata. Caulis subsolitarius, 2-3 lin. longus, erectus, parce distiche et alterne divisus. Rami basi pinnis simplicibus ornati, superne bi-tripinnati, nunc pimndis alterne multifidis ut in C. tetragono. Ramuli alterui, inferiores simplices, superiores iterum divisi. Articuli pellucidi, rosei, venis destituti. SpJiarosporce minutfe, rainulis sparsa?, appressfe, ellipticfe, massam quadrifidam includentes. Color pidcherrime roseus. Substantia tenera.

This does not belong to the parasitical section of the genus typified by C. Dariesii, but rather resembles some of the larger species, as C. tetragonum, to which, in the form of the joints, the disposition, shape and relative size of the sphasrospores, it is closely allied.

35. CONFERVA, Agardh.

1. Coxfeeva Pacificu, Mont., Prodr. Phijc. Antarct. p. 16. Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 7.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks in the sea, very abundant.

Ccespites 3-4 una longi, vage fimiculari-divisi, e filis graeilibus intricatis laete virentibus compositi. Fila ramo-

sissima ; ramis inferioribus irregulariter ramosis, ramidos radicifomies hie illic emittentibus, superioribus vage ramosis

dichotomis v. secundis, ramulis erectis, supremis appressis elongatis strictis. Articuli partis inferioris breves, cbametro

2-3-plove longiores, superiores sensim elongati, ramtdonun supremorum longissinii. Color lfete viridis, nitens.

Substantia membranacea. — Chartfe adlneret.

This species is nearly related to the C. arc/a of Europe, to some varieties of which, especially that called C. centralis, it bears a very close resemblance.

The C. virgata, Ag., is enumerated by Montague in his Flora of the ' Voy. au Pole Sud.'

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 193

2. Coxpekva verticittata, Hook. fil. et Harv.; csespitosa, filis gracillimis strictis parurn divisis, ramis lateralibus simplicissiinis longissimis erectis strictis oppositis ternis quateniisve, articulis fili primarii clia- metro multoties, ramorum quadruplo, longioribus pellucidis.

Haw. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks in tbe sea, very abundant.

Fila tenuissima, 4 unc. longa, rigidula, simplicia v. parum divisa, erecta, stricta, ramis lateralibus ornata. Rami saepius terni quaternive, verticillati, rarius bini, rarissime alterui, longissimi, filo primario longiores, erecti, strictissimi, simplices, ramulis omnino destituti, apice sphacelati. Articuli fili primarii diametro 7-8-plo longiores, clavati, geni- culis nodosis, ramorum cylindracei diametro 3-4-plove longiores. Color siccitate luride viridis, opaca ; planta vivente pallida, subhyalina. — Chartse laxe adhseret.

Very nearly allied to C. JlageUiformis, Sulir, a native of the Cape of Good Hope, agreeing with that plant in the remarkable ramification, but differing in the more slender habit, not being one half the diameter, and in having much larger articulations, especially on the main threads, which are singularly clavate with swollen joints, a character we do not observe in any states of C. JlageUiformis. It cannot be confounded with any other species of the genus.

36. CODIUM, Stack.

1. Codiuji tomentosum, Stack., Grev. Alg. Brit. p. 185. 1. 19. Hook. Br. Fl. vol. ii. p. 318. Mont. in Voy. an Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 35.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; very abundant.

Equally abundant in the Antarctic as in the Northern Seas. Montague gives the C. adherens, Ag., as a native

of this group.

37. ULVA, L.

1. Ulva latissima, Linn., Flor. Suec. no. 1159. Mont. Toy. au Bole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 33. Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; most abundant. The U. reticulata, Forsk., is mentioned by Montague as a native of this group.

38. POKPHYRA, Agarih.

1. Porphyra capmsis, Kiitzing.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Islaud ; on rocks in the sea.

This differs from the European P. vulgaris in the rigid texture of the frond, which is not always simple in the Cape of Good Hope specimens. The P. columbina, Mont., appears to be the same plant.

39. SCHIZONEMA, Agardh.

1. Schizoneiia crisjiitm, Mont.; " filis csespitosis viridibus crispatissimis apice penicillato-ramosis, ramis obtusis, cymbellis subparallelogrammis." Mont. Prodr. PJiyc. Antarct. p. 16. Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 2.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the fronds of the smaller Alga.

\\ e have observed what we take to be this species, together with an Aelinanthes and several other imperfect Diatomacea, upon Ptilota formosissima and some of the filamentous Alga, amongst which is probably the Acli- nanthes brevipes, Aa'.

2 R

194 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

XXXVII. LICHENES* L.

(By Dr. Thomas Taylor and J. D. Hooker.)

1. USNEA, Ach.

1. XJsREA.j>ticata, AcH.i 8yn. IAch. p. 305. Engl. Bot. t. 257. Sc&arer Inch. Helv. no. 401.

Var. /3, /«>(!«, Ach. 1. c. Se/icerer, no. 399.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; both varieties, abundant.

The variety /3, in Lord Auckland's group, is evidently the original plant, from which the U. hirta varies, and both are undoubtedly forms of U.florida ; the latter, in its ordinary fruiting state, does not attain a high northern or southern latitude, being replaced by the U. melaxantha, which almost reaches the limits of Antarctic vegetation. We have little hesitation in affirming (with the author of the British Flora) that not only all the English species of Usnea are different aspects of one plant ; but also that it is the only individual of the genus which we know to inhabit the temperate and warm parts of the globe.

2. Usnea barbata, Ach., Spi. Lick. p. 306. Var. is, .mlphurea; palhde strarninea v. sulphurea.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; the var. /3 only, but abundant.

This differs from the European plant in no respect but its pale sulphur or lemon colour ; it is plentiful through- out Tasmania, Fuegia, and the Falkland Islands, and is decidedly a state of U. Idrta /3, hardly distinguishable from V. hirta itself, as the most casual observation in these islands will prove. It is often detached from its original place of growth, and, being carried by the winds over the barren Mis, is found in great abundance, sticking to low bushes and even to the rigid shrubby thallus of U. melaxantha, in Fuegia and the Falklands. Some of the slenderest states are with difficulty to be discriminated from the genus Cornicularia, the filaments being brittle and the central thread not very apparent.

2. RAMALINA, Ach.

1. Ramalina infiata, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; thallo hi cfespitem orbicularern congesto palhde flavo v. albido dichotome ramoso fistuloso turgido submembranaceo intus vacuo, lobis fistulosis intus stuppeis nunc fora- mhiulosis ultimis aeuniinatis, apothechs substipitatis concavis, disco concolore pruinoso, margine inflexo integerrimo. Cetraria inflata, nobis, in Hook. Loncl. Journ. of Bot. vol. iii. p. 646. (Tab. LXXIX. Fig. I.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on rocks near the sea.

Planta caasjiitosa, albida, siccitate rigidiuscula, madore flaccida, membranacea, pellucida, brunneo picta. Timlin* e basi subscutata ramosissima, 1-2-uncialis, cavus, iuflatus, paulo compressus ; ramis erectis, sub 3-4 lin. latis, fistu- losis, sublacunosis, raro pertusis, intus vacuis v. parce stuppeis, extus lsevibus, ramulis alternis angustatis. Apothecia lateralia v. temiinalia, oblique inserta, stipite brevi ; disco planiusculo, sub 3 lin. lato, concolori v. fusco-pruinoso ;

* In arranging these species of a most variable Order of plants, the Synopsis of Acharius is followed, because it appears to us the more natural. That the precise plant referred to, under his name, may be the better understood, we have cited two works, which seem particidarly worthy of attention, from the discrimination which the authors have shewn in selecting a variety of forms ; these are the ' Lichenes Helvetica? 'of M. Schaerer, and the ' Stirpes Cryptogamicae Voges. Khenan.' of Mougeot and Xestler.

Campbell's Islands.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 195

exeipulo thallode crassiusculo ; margine integerrirno, primum inflexo ; sporis 4-8 in quoque asco, oblongis, utrinque obtusis, linea transversa medio notatis.

Mr. Chuxchill Babington has pointed out to us the affinity of this species with the R.pusdla, Prev. (Fries, Lieh. Eur. p. 29), a native of the Isles Hyeres in the Mediterranean Sea. Of this plant we possess no specimens, and from the description the only points of difference seem to lie in the greater size of the present, which has the apo- thecia more separated from the thallus and are plane instead of concave. It is also a native of Tasmania.

The R. geniculate, nob. (in Loud. Jouni. of Bot.), is allied to the present species in its fistulose thallus, but is much smaller and very differently branched. A third congener, or perhaps the true R. pusilla, is a native of Tas- mania. The other species inhabiting the southern regions, are R. ovata, verrucosa, and terebrata, all allied to, and perhaps varieties of, R. seopulorum itself, in many cases almost undistinguishable from R.fraxinea and fa-stigiata.

Plate LXXIX. Fig. 1, a specimen of the natural size ; 2, an older state of the same ; 3, portion of ramulus and apothecium; 4, section of apotheeiuni ; 5, portion of lamina proligera ; 6, ascus ; 7, spores: — more or less magnified.

3. SPH.EROPHOEON, Ach.

1. Sph.erophorok tenerum, Laurer, in Linnaa, vol. ii. p. 45. t. 1. f. 4. S. australe, noils, in Hook. Loud. Joi/rn. of Bot. vol. iii. p. 654.

Var. /3, curium ; S. curtum, nobis, in Lond. Joum. of Bot. vol. iii. p. 654.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the ground in turfy places ; /S, in more ele- vated situations.

Laurer's description of this species is very characteristic, though drawn up from a small state of the plant, the apothecia not being always small, but sometimes even a line in diameter, they terminate in nearly erect, stout, solid, naked, terete branches, are hemispherical, broader than the branch winch bears them ; in the adult state margined only with the remains of a thallodal border, which afterwards falls away entirely. This is the decisive mark between all forms of S. tenerum and S. corallinum, for the colour varies from a rich brown to white and pink. It is an abun- dant Australian and Fuegian species.

2. Sph^erophoron australe, Laurer, in Linnaa, vol. ii. p. 44. S. insigne, Laurer, 1. c.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group.

I am indebted to Mr. Churchill Babington for an authentic specimen of this beautiful species. Irr the normal state it differs widely from S. compression, the whole frond being plane, branched in a palmate manner, repeatedly and dichotomously divided, with all the divisions divaricating and spread out like a fan, slightly convex above, there smooth but hardly shining, pale olive-green or yellowish ; underneath, it is plane or slightly convex, more rugose and white ; the ramuli of the oldest states are often transversely cracked or articulate ; others again, and especially the Tasmanian specimens, are membranaceous and buff-coloured, wholly unlike any other aspect hitherto observed in the genus. In alpine specimens, growing with Leptostomum inclination, which bear fruit abundantly, the apothecia are large, covered with a thin, buff-coloured membrane, fixed wholly to the underside of the frond, which appears prostrate and branched beyond it. From Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island we have several varieties of this plant; 1. The thallus quite plane, repeatedly dichotomously branched, grey above, white beneath, powdered with minute black soredia (or abortive apothecia), the apothecia rare, small, nearly terminal on the under surface of the frond. 2. Thallus short, pale yellow, densely tufted, with the ultimate branches broader and truncate ; always barren. 3. Thallus short, less divided especially below, white, pale greenish-yellow or pink ; ultimate branches very short, thin, their apices everywhere tipped with abortive apothecia. 4. Branches few, broader, stouter ; apo- thecia large. This is the ordinary fruiting state of the plant in these islands, and some specimens cannot be distin-

196 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Auckland and

guished from the figure in English Botany of S. fragile (t. 114.), S. compressum, Ach., whence it comes to be a doubt whether if we consider this, the fruiting, as the ordinary state of the plant, all should not merge into S. com- pressum, itself a variety of S. corallinum ; against which it may be urged that the membranous Tasmanian specimens also produce fructification abundantly.

3. SphyEROPhoron comjore-ssmn, Ach., Syn. Licit, p. 2S7. Lichen fragilis, Bag. Bot. t. 114. Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the trunks of trees. Under 8. auatrale, Laur., we have stated our impression that this is a state of that plant.

4. STEKEOCAULON, Ach.

1. Stereocaulon ramulo.wiii, Ach., Syn. Lich. p. 284. A. Rich. Flor. Nov. Zel. p. 34. t. 9. f. 3. S. inacrocarpum, A. Bich. 1. c. t. 9. f. 4. Lichen Salazinus, Bory, Voy. vol. iii. p. 10G. t. 1G. f. 3. (Tab. LXXX. Kg. 1.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; particularly abundant in the latter locality.

Our specimens of this plant are truly magnificent, and this has induced us to add a figure, shewing the globose appendices (abortive apothecia) which are not represented in the works quoted above. Small specimens of this species, both from New Zealand, Tasmania and the group now under consideration, so much resemble the S.paschale, as to be with difficulty discriminated from it, whence we suspect the present plant may prove a remarkably luxuriant state of that, for it is abundant throughout many warm latitudes, to the exclusion of the S.paschale, which reappears in the higher latitudes of Cape Horn and Kerguelen's Land.

Plate LXXX. Fig. I. — 1, vertical section of an apothecium; 2, portion of lamina proligera : — both magnified.

2. Stereocaulon Argus, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; thallo erecto tereti-cylindraceo v. subcompresso fastigiatim ramoso albo-cinerascente, gemmis granulatis ramosis, ramulis appendicibus globosis plerumque terminatis, apotheciis terminalibus, excipulo thallode crasso extus rugoso, margine primum inllexo, disco brunneo con- cavo demum reflexo. (Tab. LXXIX. Kg. II.)

Hab. Campbell's Island; rocks on the mountains, abundant.

Thallns validus, 2-3 unc. altus, primum strictus, erectus, demum curvatus, elongatus. Apothecia magnitudine varia, semper margine thallode crasso immersa; excipuli marginibus retate per reflexionem marginis apothecii omnino oeclusis ; ascis oblongo-lanceolatis, granulis angidatis repletis, filamentis raris dilatatis transverse septatis immixtis.

A very distinct plant, well characterized by the thick cup into which its plane apothecia are immersed, the latter in age become much broader, their margins roll back carrying the border of the excipulus inwards, when it requires a longitudinal section to shew the true nature of the apothecium.

Plate LXXIX. Fig. II. — 1, a specimen in the ordinary state ; 2, the same much older, both of the natural size ; 3, section of young apothecium ; 4, section of ripe ditto ; 5, the same when old ; 6, portion of lamina proligera ; 7, septate filament ; 8, asci : — all more or less magnified.

5. OENOMYCE, Ach.

1. CjENOMyce rangiferina, Ach., Syn. Lich. p. 277. Engl. Bot. 1. 173. Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the ground.

Campbell's Islands.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 197

2. C.EXoin'CE aggregata, Ach., Syn, Licit, p. 275. C. terebrata, Laitrer, in Linnaa, vol. ii. p. 43. (fid. eel. Montague.) Dufourea collodes, nobis, in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 650. (Tab. LXXX. Kg. II.)

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island; on the ground, abundant.

One of the most widely diffused species throughout the Southern Hemisphere ; though variable, its limits are well defined. Its nearest ally is the beautiful C. retijjora, Lab.

Plate LXXX. Fig. II. — 1, a specimen in the ordinary state, natural size; 2, portion of the same, magnified; 3, large, and 4, small variety, natural size ; 5, apothecium, magnified.

3. C/EXOHYCE ecmocyna, var. gracilis, Ach. Syn. Licit, p. 2G1. Engl. Bot. t. 12S4. Scharer, Licit. Helv. vol. lxv. C. sarmentosa, nobis, in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 651.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on dry ground on the hills.

4. GMNOKYCEjpyzidata, Ach., Syn, Licit, p. 252. Engl. Bot. t. 1393. Scltcerer, no. 68.

Var. rigitla ; olivaceo-cinerea tota gemniis granulatis tecta, t hallo foliaceo, podetiis brevibus inflatis rigidis scaberrirnis. C. rigida, nobis, in Lond. Journ. of Bot. p. 652.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; in the woods j p, on dry turfy soil.

5. Cenosiyce uncialis, Ach., Syn. Licit, p. 276. Engl. Bot. 1. 174. Hab. Lord Auckland's group. [Admiral If Urville.)

6. PELTEDEA, Ach.

1, Peltidea polydactyla, Ach., Syn. Licit, p. 240. Mougeot el Nestler, n. 633. Hab. Campbell's Island ; on the ground, abundant.

7. STICTA, Ach.

1. Sticta orygmma, Ach., Syn. Licit, p. 233. Montague in Toy. auPole Slid, Bot. Crypt, t. 15. f. 1.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the branches of slirubs, very abundant.

Acharius cites " Stateu Land " as the habitat of this species ; we have never seen specimens from the American Continent (the Cape Horn station epioted in the ' Lond. Journ. of Bot.' being erroneous), whence it is possible that the author may refer to another plant ; we have, however, followed our friend Montague, who gives this name to his beautiful plate of our plant.

2. Sticta foveolata, Delise, Monogr. de Sticta, p. 101. t. 8. f. 36. Mont, in Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, ined. S. linearis, nobis [in part), Lond. Journ. of Bot. vol. iii. p. 647.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the trunks of trees.

Except in being of a rather larger size, this does not differ from a copious suite of specimens which we have examined from Tasmania. The apotheeia are variable, generally with the disk flat, but sometimes concave, and in these specimens very much so. In both this and the 8. Billardieri, which seems hardly distinct from it, the border of the apotheeia is often evanescent.

2 s

198 FLORA ANTAECTICA. {Auckland and

8. Sticta Freijcinetii, Delise; thallo flavo-cinnamomeo rariusve olivaceo nudo glabro laevi piano v. eon- cavo rim is albidis, subtus nudo v. velutino atro v. luride brunneo, lobis linearibus concavis divaricatim ramosis, marginibus undulatis crenatis v. sinuato-lobatis glaberrimis v. sorediatis, cyphellis albidis, apotlieciis sparsis plerisque marginalibus breviter stipitatis concavis extus villosis puberulisve, disco piano rufo-fusco demum valde concavo, margine fimbriato crenato setate involuto. — S. Freycinetii, Delise, Monogr. de Sticta, p. 124. 1. 1-1. f. 45. S. glabra, nobis, inLond. Journ. of Bot. vol. iii. p. 647.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the trunks of trees and on rocks in moun- tainous places, very abundant.

Au exceedingly variable plant, of which we have added a character, that of Delise being imperfect. The most obvious specific distinction lies in the pubescent apothecia with fimbriated margins to the cups, to which may be added, the pale colour, and the wrinkled margins of the lobes, which are sometimes extremely concave. In alpine specimens the thallus is often quite smooth underneath, with the margins singularly crumpled. The colour varies, underneath it is of all shades, from black to a dirty yellow. Cape Horn and Falkland Island specimens are more plane, with the lobes and apothecia larger.

4. Sticta cellulifera, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; thallo stellatim expanso subdichotome ramoso fusco v. flavo olivaceo saepe virescente glabro profunde reticulatim lacunoso rimis albidis, subtus fuliginoso tomentoso api- cibus loboriun flavescentibus, lobis ktiusculis rotundatis angulatisve subacutis obtusis retusisve, cyphellis parvis flavis, apotlieciis plurimis plerisque marginalibus, disco atro piano demum concavo, marginibus integris crenulatisve inflexis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the trunks and branches of trees, abundant, also on the mountain rocks.

We know of no single character by which this form, which is as variable as any of its congeners, may be recog- nized. In its normal state the whole frond is fully a span across, all parts of it rugose with deep lacunae ; specimens from the woods are of a lax habit, with lobes an inch broad, of a pale brown or yellow beneath ; those from the mountains, again, are deep olive green and almost black beneath, with the lobes short and round, and the cyphellae of a bright yellow. In many respects it is very closely aUied to the S. carpoloma, Debse, which, according to Mon- tagne (whose authentically named collection of Sticta is the completest I have seen), has the apothecia invariably mar- ginal. The present plant includes in part both S. impressa and S. cellulifera, of the ' London Journal of Botany.'

5. Sticta Menziesii, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; thallo stipitato valde coriaceo obovato-cuneato ecostato flavo- fusco subtus brunneo, laciniis plamusculis lobatis retusis supra glaberrimis lsevibus subtus puberulis, cyphellis immersis luteis marginibus elevatis, apotlieciis sparsis atro-fuscis, disco piano demum concavo, marginibus tenuiter inflexis.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the trunks of old trees.

Discovered by Mr. Menzies in Dusky Bay, New Zealand. Very distinct from S.filiciiia, of Acharius, in the ecostate frond, very thick texture, and dark coloured apothecia. Mr. Menzies' specimens have rather broader lobes, but do not otherwise differ from those gathered in Lord Auckland's group. The S. httifrons, A. Rich., is also eostate, and of a different colour, with small pale yellow-red apothecia. The present is in New Zealand probably confined to the southern extremity.

6. Sticta RicJiardi, Mont., Toy.au Dole Sud, ined. S. carpoloma, A. Richard, JFlor.Nbv.Zel.Tp.SQ.t. 9.f. 1. Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the trunks of trees.

Campbell's Islands] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 199

Dr. Montague distinguishes this from the 8. carpoloma, Delise, by its having the apothecia on the surface, as well as on the margins of the frond, and by its different under surface. Our specimens are in a rather imperfeet state.

The S. variabilis, Ach., is also enumerated by Montague as a native of Lord Auckland's group.

8. PARHELIA, Ach.

1. Parhelia rubig'mosa, Ach., Syn. Lick. p. 202. Lichen affinis, Engl. Bot. t. 983.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; on the bark of living trees, also on the ground on the lulls.

A most variable plant and a very abundant one in New Zealand and Tasmania ; on the hills the thallus is re- duced to a few imbricating scales, as in Squamaria, and the apothecia are strangely contorted and closed, having the border closely indexed ; iu this state we are inclined to suspect that it passes into the Lecanora Hypnorum of these islands.

2. Parhelia sphinctrina, Mont, in Toy. au Pole Sucl, Bot. Crypt. 1. 15. f. 3.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the bark of trees.

This, judging from our copious suites of Tasmanian and New Holland specimens, is hardly distinct from P. ru- biffinosa. Montagne's figure of it is excellent.

9. LECANORA, Ach,

1. Lecanora Hypnorum, Ach., Syu. Lich. p. 193.

Hab. Campbell's Island ; upon tufts of Andreaa and other mosses.

The upright mode of growth and slender lacinias of the thallus, distinguish the present from its allies ; the spe- cimens are of a dusky yellow colour.

2. Lecanora versicolor, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ;" substrato adnato tenui atro, thalli squamuhs subrotundis planis crenulatis albidis demum flavis confertis bevibus, apotheciis majusculis sessihbus coneavis, disco nigro-pruinoso, margine integerrimo subincurvo.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on bark.

Caspites 1 unc. latae, nigro-limitatae, substrato continuae, fuscae v. pallide virescentes. Apothecia squamis ma- jors, disco nigro-pruinoso, margine thallode crassiusculo.

Allied to the L. varia, but marked by the scattered apothecia, dark discs and smooth thallodal border.

3. Lecanora tartarea, Achv Syn. Lich. p. 172. Engl. Bot. 1. 156 et 1634. Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the ground.

Specimens, apparently of this plant, are iu a very imperfect state,

4. Lecanora Parella, Ach., Syn. Lich. p. 169. Engl. Bot. t. 727. Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the lulls.

Also in a very rudimentary state.

200 FLORA ANTARCTICA.

10. LECIDEA, Ach.

1. Lecidea geomcea, Taylor, m Flor. Hibem. p. 124. L. uliginosa, var. y, Ach. Syu. LicJi. p. 25. Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the ground.

2. Lecidea incana, Hook., Br. Fl. vol. ii. p. 181. Lichen incanus, Engl. Bot. t. 1683. Biatora pa- chycarpa, Fries, Lich. Euro]}, p. 259.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the ground.

Mi'. Churchill Babington informs us, that he has proved the L. incana to be merely a deliquescent state of Fries's Biatora pachycarpa.

11. PORINA, Ach.

1. Poeixa granula ta, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; thallo tartare'o grauulato albido, granulis subrotundis rugosis confertis fertilibus majoribus, poris 1-5 pertusis, nucleis pellucidis pallide lutescentibus. Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; bare ground on the hills.

This plant grows mixed with young states of Lecanora Parella, from which it is with difficulty distinguished, it forms large pure white or pinkish patches, sometimes several inches in breadth, very convex, and often raised above the soil ; the apothecia are hemispherical, with a broad depression, in the centre of which again is often a co- nical mamilla ; there appear to be no spores in the apothecia, and the plant may be merely a rudimentary form of some more highly organized lichen. It is also abundant at Cape Horn and in the Falkland Islands.

12. THELOTEEMA, Ach.

]. Theloteema /epadinum, Ach., Sj/n. Lich. p. 115. Lichen inclusus, Engl. Bot. t. 678. Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on the bark of trees, abundant.

13. OPEGRAPHA, Ach.

1. Opegeapha atra, Pers. ; O. denigrata, Ach. Engl. Bot. t. 1753. Hab. Campbell's Island ; on the bark of Bracophyllum scoparium

201

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

TO

PART I. OF THE FLORA ANTARCTICA,

CONTAINING THE

BOTANY OP LORD AUCKLAND'S GROUP AND CAMPBELL'S ISLAND.

Page

Acena adscendens, Yahl 10

Sanguisorbas, Vahl 9

Achnanthes brevipes, Ag 193

Acianthus rivularis, A. Ciiim 71

Adenocystis Lessoni, Hook.jil.et Harv. Tab.LXIX.

Fig. II 179

Agalmauthus nmbellatiis, Hombr. et Jacq 19

Agaricus pyxidatus, Bull 169

subliepaticus, Batsck ib.

Aglaopligllum punctatum, Mont 185

Agrostis Aucklandica, Hook.Jil 96

foliata, Hook.Jil 95

leptostachys, Hook.Jil 94

multieaulis, Hook.Jil 95

subulata, Hook.Jil. Tab. Ill ib.

Alsine media, L 8

Ancistrum anserinafolium, Forst 9

decumbens, Gsert ib.

diandrum, Forst ib.

humile, Pers 10

Sangnisorbce, Linn, fil 9

Andreaea acutifolia, Hook.Jil. et Wils 118

mutabilis, Hook. fil. et Wils. Tab. LVII.

Fig. II 119

nitida, Hook.jil.et Wils. Tab. LVII. Fig. III. 118

subulata, Harv. Tab. LVII. Fig. 1 119

Androstoma empetrifolia, Hook.Jil. Tab. XXX. .. 44

Anisotome antipoda, Hook.fi/. Tab". IX.-X 17

latifolia, Hook.Jil. Tab. VIII 16

Ansectangiuni Huniboldti, Brid 135

Antennaria scoriadea, Berk. Tab. LXVII. Fig. III. 175

Anthoceros punctatus, L.? 168

Aralia polaris, Hombr. et Jacq 19

Ardisiajrondosa, a, 0, Banks et Sol 49

Page

Asperococcus Lessoni, Bory 179

echinatus, Grev 180

rugosus, Lam ib.

Aspidium venusturn, Hombr. et Jacq 106

Waikareme, Colens., MS ib.

Aspleniuni apicidentatum, Hombr. et Jacq 108

cliondroplujllum, Bert 106

flaccidum, Forst 109

obliqunm, Forst 10S

obtusatum, Forst ib.

scleroprium, Hombr. et Jacq 109

Astelia linearis, Hook.Jil 76

Aster coriaceus, Forst 36

yracilvutus, Banks et Sol 35

holosericens, Forst 36

Asterome dilatatum, Berk. Tab. LXVIII. Fig.VII. 173

Avetta p/dceoides, D'Urv 97

Ay lograpmimBrorni, .&>•£. Tab. LXVIII. Fig.XI. 174

Ballia Brunonis, Harv 190

Callitricha, Mont ib.

Hombroniana, Mont ib.

Bartramia patens, Brid. 133

pendula, Hook ib.

robusta, Hook. fil. et Wils. Tab. LIX. Fig. IV. ib.

sqxarrosa, Turn ib.

Biatora pachgcarpa, Fries 199

Blecluium procerum, Sw 110

Bronius Antarcticus, Hook.Jil. Tab. LTV 97

Bryum annulatum, Hook.Jil. et Wils. Tab. LX.

Fig. II 134

blandum, Hook.Jil. et Wils. Tab. LX. Fig. I. ib.

nutans, Schreb 134

truncorum, Brid. 134

Wahlenbergii, Schicagr ib.

202

INDEX.

Page

Bulliarda moschata, D'Urv 15

Magellanica, D.C ib.

Caladenia sp. ? 70

Calithamnion gracile, Hook.fil. et Harv T91

hirturn, Hook.fil. et Harv. Tab. LXXYIII.

Fig. II 192

microptermri, Hook.fil. el Harv ib.

pectinatum, Mont 191

Calbtriebe verna, D.C 11

Campylopus flexuosus, Brid 130

iiitroflexus, Brid. ib.

Cardamine coryrnbosa, Hook.fil 6

depressa, Hook.fil ib.

liirsuta, L 5

stellata, Hook.fil. Tab. IV. a 7

Carex appressa, Br 90

aristata, D'Urv 89

geminaia, Schk ib.

incrassata, Banks et Sol ib.

ternaria, Font ib.

trifida, Cav ib.

Catabrosa Antarctica, Hook.fil. Tab. LYI 102

Catharinea Magellanica, Brid 132

Ceknisia astelisefolia, Hook.fil 35

coriacea, Hook.fil 36

gracilenta, Hook.fil 35

graminifolia, Hook.fil ib.

holosericea, Hook.fil 36

longifolia, Cass 35

spathulata, A. Cunn ib.

spcctabilis, Hook.fil ib.

vernicosa, Hook.fil. Tab. XXVI.-XXVII. . 84

Genomyce aggregata, Acli. Tab. LXXVI. Fig. II. 196

ecmocyna, var., Ach ib.

pyxidata, Ach 197

rangiferina, Ach 196

sarmentosa, Hook. fil. et Tayl ib.

terebraia, Laurer ib.

uneialis, Acli 197

Ceramium cancellation, Agardh 191

diaphamim, Agardh ib.

rubrum, y.'Ag ib.

secundaiiim, Lyngb ib.

Pajte

Ceratella rosvdata, Hook.fil. Tab. XYIII 25

Ceratodon pivrpureus, Brid 131

Cheilanthes viscosa, Carm 110

fragilis, Carm ib.

Cheiloglottis comuta, Hook.fil 69

Cheiloscijphus coal it us, Gottsche 157

fissistipus, Gottsche ib.

sinuosus, Gottsche ib.

Chondrodicti/on Capense, Kiitz 188

Chondrus tuberculosus, Hook.fil. et Harv 188

Chorda lomentaria, Lyngb 179

riniosa, Mont ib.

Chordaria nagelliformis, Ag 180

Chrysobactron Bossii, Hook.fil. Tab.XLIY.-XLV. 72

Cladosporium Herbaram, Link 170

Colobanthus Benthatnianus, Fenzl, MS 13

Billardieri, Fenzl 14

muscoides, Hook.fil ib.

subulatus, Hook.fil 13

Conferva Paeiiica, Mont 192

verticillata, Llook.fil. et Harv 193

Conostomum nustrale, Sw 132

Coprosma affinis, Hook.fil. Tab. XIV 21

ciliata, Hook.fil 22

cuneata, Hook.fil. Tab. XV 21

fffitidissinia, Worst. Tab. XIII 20

myrtillifolia, Hook.fil 21

repens, Hook.fil. Tab. XVI 22

Crassida moschata, Forst 15

Ci/uthoplionim jieiiiiatitiii, Brid 143

Delesscria crassinervis, Mont 184

dichotoma, Hook.fil. et Harv. Tab. LX. . . ib.

Desmarestia viridis, Lam 178

Bichlora viridis, Grev ib.

Dicranum Billardieri, Sc/nc 129

fiexuosum, Hedw 130

introflexmn, Hedw 130

Menziesii, Tayl. Tab. LVIII. Fig. IV 128

pungens, Hook. fil. et TFils. Tab. LIX.

Fig. 1 129

purpurea Hi, Hedw 131

setosnm, Hook. fil. et ll'ih. Tab. LXYIII.

Fig.V 129

INDEX.

203

Page

Dictyosiphon ? fasciculatus, Hook. fil. et Hare.

Tab. LXXIX. Fig. 1 178

Didymodon purpureas, Hook, et Tayl 131

Dothidea circumscripta,^^. TAB.LXVIII.Fig. VI. 172

bullata, Berk ib.

hemisphaerica, Berk. Tab. LXVII. Fig. II. . ib.

Spilomsea, Berk. Tab. LXVII. Fig. 1 173

Dracophyllum affine, Hook.Jil 48

attemmtum, A. Cumi. MS 49

latifolium, A. Cunn 48

Lessonianum, A. Rick 49

longifolium, Br. Tab. XXXI. Fig. II 45

recurvum, Hook.Jil 50

robustum, Hook.Jil 49

rosmarinifolium, Br 50

scoparium, Hook. Ji 7. Tab. XXXIII 46

secundum, Br 47

squarrosum, Hook.Jil 48

strictum, Hook.Jil ib.

subulatum, Hook.Jil ib.

verticillatum, Lab ib.

Urvilleanum, A. Rick 49

Drosera sp. ? 8

Dryptodon crispulus, Hook.Jil. el Wils. Tab. LVII.

Fig. IX 124

Dufourea collodes, Hook. fil. et Tayl 196

Dumontia comuta, Hook.Jil. et Grev 189

nliformis, Grev ib.

D'Urvillea utllis, Bory 176

Epacris longifolia, Banks and Sol 48

longifolia, Forst 45

rosmarinifolia, Forst 50

Epilobium confertifolium, Hook.Jil 7 10

linnseoides, Hook.Jil. Tab. VI ib.

nerterioides, A. Cunn 11

Festuca foliosa, Hook.Jil. Tab. LV 99

scoparia, Hook. fil 98

Forstera clavigera, Hook.Jil. Tab. XXVIII 38

Frullania ptycJtantha, Mont 163

scandem, Mont 165

Fitcns Antarelicus, Cham 176

bracteatus, Gmel 188

flagelliformu, Turn 180

Page

Fu-cus gladiatus, Lab 177

Badula, Hb. Banks 188

viridis, Fl. Dan 178

Funaria hygrometrica, Hedw 135

Gaimardia ciliata, Hook.Jil 85

pallida, Hook.Jil 86

Gentiana cerina, Hook.Jil. Tab. XXXVI 54

concinna, Hook. fil. Tab. XXXV 53

Geranium microphyllum, Hook.Jil. Tab. V 8

Gigartina divaricata, Hook.Jil. et Harv 187

Gnaplialium sp. ? 37

Gottschea ciU'ujera, Hook, et Tayl 147

Hombroniana, Mont 146

Grammitis australis, Br Ill

Billardieri, Willd ib.

heteropkylla, Lab ib.

humiUs, Hombr. et Jacq ib.

riffiila, Hombr. et Jacq ib.

Grateloupia ? Aucklandica, Mont 187

Grimthsia setacea, At/. ? 191

Gymnodomurn gractte, Hook 122

Halymenia latissima, Hook.Jil. et Han.

Tab. LXXIII 189

filiforiiiis, Agardli ib.

Iledwigia Hiiiuboldtii, Hook 135

Heliclirysum prostratum, Hook.Jil. Tab. XXXI... 30 Hendersonia microsticta, Berk. Tab. LXVIII.

Fig. I.. 170

Herpeiium involutum, Mont 159

Hierochloe Banksiana, Endl 92

Brunonis, Hook.Jil. Tab. LII 93

redolens, Br 92

Holcus redolens, Sol ib.

Holomitrmm. perickmtiale , Brid 128

Hookeria denticulata, Hook. fil. et Wils.

Tab. LXII. Fig. II 143

nervosa, Hook.Jil. et Wils. Tab. LXI. Fig.V. 142

pennata, Sin. Tab. LXII. Fig. Ill 143

\n\\che]ia,Hook.fil.etWils. Tab. LXII. Fig. I. 142

Hygropila dilatata, Hook.Jil. et Tayl 168

Hymenophyllum demissum, Sw 104

nabellatum, Lab 105

minimum, A. Rick 1 03

204

INDEX.

Page

Hymenophyllum midtifidum, Sio 104

nitens, Br 105

rarum, Br ib.

semibivalve, Hook, et Grev ib.

Hypnea multicoruis, Mont 187

Hypuum aciculare, Brid 140

acutifoUum.-ffooA./J.d/P&.TAB.LX.Fig.V. 138

Arbuscula, Sio 139

bifarium, Hook 137

cHainydophyllum, Hook.fil. et Wils.

Tab. LXI. Fig. 1 139

cochlearifolium, Scfuo ib.

comosum, Lab 140

consimile, Hook.fil. et Wils. Tab . LX. Fig. IV. 137

cupressiforrne, L 141

densum, Sio 137

elongatum, Hook.fil. et Wils. Tab. LX.

Fig. Ill ib.

-* filicinum, L 141

flexile, Hook 139

? fiexile, Sw ib.

fluitans, L 141

gracile, Hook.fil. et Wils. Tab. LXI. Fig. III. ib.

hhiM\\m,Hookfil.etWils. Tab. LXI. Fig.II. 140

leptorhynclium, Brief 141

rutabulum, L 138

scabrifolium, Hook.fil. et Wils. Tab. LX.

Fig. VI ib.

serpens, L ib.

spiniforme, L 137

Tense Novse, Brid. Tab. LXI. Fig. IT. . . . 142

Hypojjterygium concinnum, Brid 136

tamariscinum, Brid ib.

Hysterium breve, Berk. Tab. LXVIII. Fig. VIII. 174

Iridfea Radula, Bory 188

hobolns Ounninghami ? Alph. D.C 42

Isolepis Aucklandica, Hook.fil. Tab. L 88

Isothecium Arbuscula, Brid 140

bifarium, Brid 137

comosum, Brid 140

Jaiiia Hombroniana, Mont 184

Juncus Antarcticus, Hook.fil. Tab. XLVI 79

inconspicuus, D'Urv *. 80

Page

Juncus Magellanicus, Lam 81

Scheuchzerioides, Gaudich 79

Jungermannia acinaeifolia, Hook.fil. et Tayl.

Tab. LXII. Fig. V 144

albovirens, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXVI.

Fig. IT 166

albula, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXV. Fig. VI. 159

allodouta, Hook.fil. et Tayl 155

allophylla, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXVI.

Fig. 1 163

Aquilegia, Hook. fil. et Tayl 161

argentea, Hook. fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXVI.

Fig. VI 167

ateiiima, Hook. fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXVI.

Fig. Ill 164

atrovirens, Hook.fil. et Tevyl 161

australis, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXV.

Fig. Ill 156

Balfouriana, Tayl 147

Billardieri, Scliweeg 156

— — bispinosa, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXIT.

Fig. VII 153

ciicinalis, Lehm 148

clavigera, Hook 163

coalita, Hook 157

cognata, Hook. fil. et Tayl. Tab. LVIII.

Fig. Ill 148

colorata, Lehm 149

congesta, Hook.fil. et Tayl 164

eoraplanata, L 161

complanata, p, Hook ib.

cymbalifera, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXIV.

Fig. V 151

diplopliyUa, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXIV.

Fig. IV 152

dispar, Mont 158

elegantula, Mont 162

fascicidata, Lind 147

fissistipa, Hook. fil. et Tayl 157

flabeUata, Lab 167

furcata, L ib.

fuscella, Hook. fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXIII.

Fig. V 149

INDEX.

205

Page

Jungerniannia grisea, Hook. fit. et Tayl. Tab.LXIV.

Fig. VIII 154

hemicardia, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXIII.

Fig. II 148

Mppurioides, Hook.fil. et Tayl, Tab. LXV.

Fig. VII 159

hirsuta, Nees 160

knplexieaulis, Hook.fil. et Tayl 165

incisa, Hook 167

mtortifolia, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXIV.

Fig. 1 150

iiivoluta, Mont 159

laevifolia, Hook.fil. et Tayl 157

latitans, Hook.fil. et Tayl 166

Lehmanniana, Lind 146

lenta, Hook.fil. et Tayl 153

leucophylla, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXV.

Fig. IV 157

Magellanica, Lam 162

Mimosa, Hook.fil. et Tayl 165

mimita, Crcmtz 152

moUissima, Hook.fil. et Tayl 160

rmdticuspidata, Hook.fil. et Tayl 150

multifida, L 167

multipenna, Hook.fil. et Tayl 155

myosota, Hook. fil. et Tayl 163

notophylla, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXIV.

Fig. Ill 151

Novse-Hollandia?, Nees 159

nutans, Hook. fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXV.

Fig. VIII 160

ocdusa.Hookfil.etTayl.TAB.LXll.'Fig.Yin. 146

ochrophylla, Hook.fil, et Tayl. Tab. LXII.

Fig. VI 145

pachyphylla, Lehm 147

patentissima, Hook.fil. et Tayl, Tab. LXV.

Fig.V 158

perigonialis, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXII.

Fig. VII 145

perpusilla, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXIV.

Fig. IX 154

PhyUanthus, Hook 167

— ■ — physoloba, Mont 161

Jungermaimia pinnatifolia, Hook. Tab. LXIII.

Fig- 1

planiuscula, Hook. fil. et Tayl, Tab. LXV.

rig- n

plem-ota,.ffoo£./Z.^T«yZ.TAB.LXIII.Fig.IV.

plicatiloba, Hook.fil. et Tayl

polyacantha, Hook.fil. et Tayl, Tab. LXV.

Fig. IX

primordialis, Hook.fil. et Tayl

ptychantha, Mont

reticulata, Hook.fil, et Tayl. Tab. LXVI.

Fig- II •

rostrata, Hook.fil, et Tayl

saccata, Hook

seandens, Mont

schismoides, Mont

Scolopcndra, Hook

siauosa, Hook

spinifera, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXV.Fig.I.

strongylophylla, Hook.fil, etTayl, Tab. LXII.

Fig. IX

stygia, Hook.fil. etTayl. Tab. LXII. Fig. IV.

tenacifolia, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXIV.

Fig. VI

tenax, Grev

tenella, Hook. fil. et Tayl

tetradactyla, Hook.fil. et Tayl

turgescens, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXIV.

Kg- II

Urvilleana, Mont

uvifera, Hook.fil. et Tayl

vertebralis, Gottsche

Laminaria, sp. ?

Laurencia pinnatiiida, Lam

Lecanora Hypnoruin, Ach

parella, Aeh

tartarea, Ach

versicolor, Hook.fil. et Tayl

Lecidea geomaea, Tayl

incana, Hook

uliyinosa, Ach

Leptinella lanata, Hook.fil, Tab. XIX. pliunosa, Hook.fil. Tab. XX. . .

Page

147

156 149

166

161 165 163

a.

a.

153 165 150 160 157 155

146 144

152 158 153 158

150 153 162 153 177 184 199

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

26

28

206

INDEX.

Page

Leptinella propinqua, Hook.fil 27

Leptostomum gracile, Br 122

Lichen affinis, Eng. Bot 198

Ligustkum antipodum, Hombr. et Jacq 17

Leskea concinna, Hook 136

flexilis, Hedw 139

Novse Hollandiae, Schwagr 136

Tamariscina, Hedw ib.

Leucodon Lagurus, Hook ib.

Lobelia angulata, Forst 43

concolor, Br 42

kederacea, /3. Hook, et Am 43

immdata, A. Cunn 42

littoralis, E. Cuim 43

odorata, Grab ib.

Lomaria lanceolata, Spr 110

procera, Spr ib.

procera, var., Hombr. et Jacq ib.

Lophiodon strictus, Hook._fil.et WiU. Tab. LIX.

Eig. II 130

Luzula crinita, Hook.fil. Tab. XLVIII 84

Lycopodium elavatum, L 113

comans, Hook.fil 112

filieaule, Hook.fil ib.

Jussieui, Desv ib.

Magellanicum, Sw 113

pachystachyon, Desv 115

reptans, Banks et Sol., MS 112

scariosum, Forst ib.

varium, Br 115

Macrocystis pyrifera, Ag 177

Macromitrium acutifolium, Brid 126

longirostre, Schwcegr 126

Madotheca elegantula, Mont 162

Marcbantia polymorpba, L 168

Marginaria Urvilleana, A. Rich 176

MaMocarpus liadula, Kiitz 188

Melaleuca lucida, Forst 12

Metrosideros lucida, Menz ib.

nmbellata, Cav ib.

Milium pendulum, Sm 133

Montia fontana, L 13

lampronperma, Cbam ib.

Page

Myosotis Antarctica, Hook.fil. Tab. XXXVIIL. . 57

capitata, Hook.fil. Tab. XXXVII 56

Myrsine ? divaricata, A. Cunn 51

Nertera depressa, Banks 23

Nitophyllum crispatum, Hook. fil. et Harv.

Tab. LXXI. Fig. 1 185

pimctatum, Grev ib.

Nothogeuia variolosa, Mont 1S8

Opegrapba atra, Pers 200

denigrata, Acb ib.

Oi-eobolus pectinatus, Hook.fil. Tab. XLIX 87

Ortbotricbum acutifolium, Hook, et Grev 126

angustifolimn, Hook.fil. et Wils. Tab. LVII.

Eig. VII 125

crassifolium, Hook.fil. et Wils. Tab. LYII.

Eig. VIII ib.

longirostre, Hook 126

Ozotbamuus Vauvilliersii, Hombr. et Jacq 29

Panax simplex, Forst. Tab. XII 18

Parmeba rubiginosa, Ach 198

sphinctrina, Mont 199

Peltidea polydactyla, Ach 197

Philonotis peiidula, Brid 133

Pbyllopbora obtusa, Grev 187

rhymatodes Billardieri, Presl Ill

Plantago Aucklandica, Hook.fil. Tab. XLII 64

carnosa, Br. Tab. XLIII 65

triantha, Spreng ib.

Pleurophyllum criniferum, Hook.fil. Tab. XXIV.-

XXV 32

speciosum, Hook.fil. Tab. XXII.-XXIII. . . 31

Plocamium Binderianum, Kiitz 186

coccineum, Lyngb ib.

fenestration, Kiitz ib.

Lyngbyanum, Kiitz ib.

vulgare, Lam ib.

Poa annua, L ." 101

breviglumis, Hook.fil ib.

ramosissima, Hook.fil ib.

Poly podium Billardieri, Br '. Ill

grammitidis, Br ib.

Phymatodes, Tticb ib.

scandens, Lab tb.

INDEX.

Polypodium villoso-viscidurn, Aub

viscidum, Spr

Polysiphoiiia botryocarpa, Hook.fil. et Han.

Tab. LXX

ceratochlada, Mont. Tab. LXXIV. Fig. II.

cladostephus, Mont

— — decipiens, Mont

dumosa, Hook. fil. et Han. Tab. LXXV.

Fig. I

Lyallii, Hook.fil. et Han. Tab. LXXIV.

Fig. I

punicea, Mont

rudis, Hook.fil. et Han. Tab. LXXIV. Fig. II.

Polytrichiun Magellanicwn, Hedw. Tab. LIX.

Fig. Ill

Polyzonia cuneifolia, Mont. Tab. LXXVI

Porina granulata, Hook.fil. et Tayl

Porphyra Capensis, Kiitz

coluinbiim, Mont

Pozoa reniformis, Hook.fil. Tab. XI

Pratia angulata, nook, fil

arenaria, Hook.fil. Tab. XXIX

? Boliviensis, Alph. B.C.

Cunninghami, Hook.fil

- elliptica, Hook.fil

erecta, Gaudich

hederacea, Cham

hederacea, {}, Alph. D.C

repens, Gaudich

Pteris Vespertilionis, Lab

Ptilota formosissima, Mont. Tab. LXXVII

Racomitrium lanuginosum, Brid

Radida physoloba, Mont

Eamalina innata, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. LXIX.

Fig. I

Ranunculus acaulis, Banks et Sol. Tab. II

pinguis, Tab. I

subscaposus, Hook.fil

Rhizogonium Novse Hollandia?, Brid

Rhodomela glomerulata, Mont

multicornis, Mont

Rhodomenia dieliotoma, Hook.fil. et Han.

Tab. LXXII. Fis. I

Page

110

ib.

181 183 184

182

ib. 183

132

181

199

193

ib.

15

43

41

43

42

43

42

43

ib.

42

110

190

124

161

194

4

3

5

136

180 1S7

186

207

Page

Rbodomenia Hombroniana, Mont. Tab. LXXII.

Fig. II 186

oruata, Mont ib.

Riccia? cochleata, Hook.fil. et Tayl Tab. LVI.

Fig. V 168

Richea dracophylla, Br 50

pandanifolia, Hook.fil ib.

Rostkovia gracilis, Hook.fil. Tab. XLVII 83

Magellanica, Hook.fil 81

splucrocarpa, Desv 81

Rumex cuneifolius, Campd. var 67

Sagina muscosa, Sol 13

subulata, D'Urv ib.

Sargassum Urvilleanum, A. Rich. 176

Seapania Urvilleana, Mont 153

Schisma ScoJopendra, Nees 160

Seliizaea australis, Gaudich Ill

palmata, Hombr. et Jacq ib.

Scliizonenia crispum, Mont 193

Sehlotheimia quadrifida, Brid. Tab. LVIII.

Fig. 1 1S6

Sclerotium dmiun, Pers 175

Scytosiphmi Filum, var., Ag 179

Sieversia albiflora, Hook.fil. Tab. VII 9

Spergida apetala, Lab 14

Sphacelaria callitricha, Agardh 190

funicularis, Mont 180

Sphsria depressa, Berk. Tab. LXVIII. Fig. V. . . 172

Herbarum, Pers. Tab. LXVIII. Fig. III. . . 170

nebulosa, Pers. ? 171

nigrella, Fries ? ib.

pbfeosticta, Berk. Tab. LXVIII. Fig. IV. . ib.

Sphcerocionium demissum, Pred 104

Spha;ropboron australe, Laurer 195

australe, Hook. fil. et Tayl ib.

conipressum, Ach ib.

• curium, Hook. fil. et Tayl ib.

insiyne, Laurer ib.

tenerum, Laurer ib.

Sphagnum compact um, Brid 122

cymbifolium, Tab. LVI. Fig. VI 121

Splachnum octoblepharum, Hook. Tab. LVII.

FiS. IV 123

208

INDEX.

Page

Splachnurn purpurascens, Hooh.fi]. et TTils.

Tab. LVII. Fig. V 123

Sporochnus viridis, Ag 178

Sprucea perichsetialis, Hook.fil. et Wils 128

Stegania lanceolate, Br 110

procera, Br ib.

Stellaria decipiens, Hook.fil 7

media, TFith 8

unifiora, Banks et Sol., MS 11

Stereocaulcm Argus, Hook. fil. el Tayl. Tab.LXXIX.

Fig. II 196

macrocarpum, A. Rich ib.

ramulosum, Ach. Tab. LXXX. Fig. 1 195

Sticta cellulifera, Hook.fil. et Tayl 198

faveolata, Belise 197

Freycinetii, Belise ib.

glabra, Hook. fil. et Tayl ib.

linearis, Hook. fil. et Tayl ib.

Menziesii, Hook.fil. et Tayl 198

orygniaea, Ach 197

Riehardi, Mont 198

variabilis, Ach ib.

Suttonia divaricata, Hook.fil. Tab.LXXXIV. .. 51

tenuifolia, Hook.fil 52

Tito mnopliora Ploeamium, Ag 186

Thelotrema lepadinum, Ach 200

Tlielymitra stenopetala, Hook.fil 69

Thelymitra ? unifiora, Hook.fil. . .

Tillcea moscliata, D.C

Torresia redolens, E. et S

TricJiostomum lanuginosum, Hedw. perichatiale, Hook

Trineuron spatkulatum, Hook.fil. Tab. XXVII.

Trisetum phlaoides, Kunth

subspicatiun, Beam

Ulva latissima, L

reticulata, Forsk

Uncinia Hookeri, Boott, Tab. LI

Uredo Antarctica, Berk, Tab. LXVIII. Fig. II. .

Urtica Aucklandica, Hook.fil

australis, Hook.fil

Usnea barbata, Ach

Mrta, Ach

plicata, Ach

Veronica Benthaini, Tab. XXXIX.-XL.

decussata, Ait

decussata, /3, Banks et Sol

elliptica, Forst

odora, Hook. fil. Tab. XLI

Weissia contecta, Hook.fil. et Wils. Tab. LVIII.

Fig. Ill

crispula, Ludw. Tab. LVIII. Fig. I

Xiphophora Billardieri, Mont. Tab. LXTV.

Fig. Ill

Pagt

70

15

92

124

128

24

97

ib.

193

ib.

91

170

68

ib.

194

193

ib.

60

58

ib.

ib.

62

127 ib.

177

THE BOTANY

OF

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

OF

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR,

IN THE YEARS 1S39— 1S43.

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kt., R.N., F.R.S., &c.

BY

JOSEPH HALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.,

ASSISTANT SURGEON OF THE " EREBUS " AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

t'icloriu Barrier and Land. Lat.7Sdeg. S. Mount Erebus (active Volcano), and Mount Tern

^ubltsiljrt unto ttjc Suttjoritu of ttjc Es^jJ Commtssitonrni of flje aomtraltn.

LONDON:

EEEVE, BEOTHEES, KING WILLIAM STEEET, STEAND.

1847.

TO

GTIjc Etjjijt y$anaura,blc

THE EARL OF MINTO, G.C.B.,

ETC., ETC.

My Lord,

As First Lord of that Board of Admiralty by which the Antarctic Expedition was so admirably equipped; — as the steady patron of its interests, not only during but subsequent to your administration of this high office; — and as the kind friend to whose encouragement and advice I am indebted for most of the facilities which have been granted me towards the publication of the Botany of the Antarctic Yoyage; — I feel the exercise of the privilege you have accorded me, of dedicating the present Volume to your Lordship, to be equally an honour and a pleasure.

Believe me to remain, With sentiments of the highest respect and esteem,

Your Lordship's truly obliged and grateful servant,

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER.

l?oyal Gardens, Kew, Sept. 6th, 1847.

I.

FLORA ANTARCTICA-

PART ii.,

BOTANY OF FUEGIA, THE FALKLANDS, KERGUELEN'S LAND, ETC.

BOTANY

OF

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE.

FLORA ANTARCTICA.

II. ANTARCTIC REGIONS, (exclusive of Lord Auckland's Group and Campbell's Island).

The First Part of the Botany of the Antarctic Voyage is devoted to the vegetation of a few- islands, containing plants so peculiar, and differing so remarkably from those of the other South Polar Islands as to render it advisable that they shoidd be described by themselves, and should form a distinct and separate Flora. A review of this Flora, now completed, shows the vegetation of Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island to be, in some measure, a continuation of that of New Zealand. This fact might have been inferred from the geogra- phical position of those islands, which are moreover the only countries known where the pecu- liar features of the Polynesian Flora are represented by species characteristic of an Antarctic climate ; such features being indicated chiefly by the paucity of Composite and predominance of some shrubby Rubiacece.

The pages of the present portion of the work are destined to contain descriptions of all the plants ascertained to exist in what we may term the Antarctic regions, (Lord Auckland's and Campbell's Islands excepted), viz. Fuegia and some part of the south-west coast of Pata- gonia, the Falkland Islands, Palmer's Land, and the adjoining groups, as the South Shetlands, South Georgia, &c, and (proceeding eastward) Tristan d'Acunha and Kerguelen's Land. I shall preface the Flora of these widely severed, and in some cases very isolated spots, with a few remarks upon each, and on the general character of the whole as forming one great bota- nical region.

It may appear paradoxical, at first sight, to associate the plants of Kerguelen's Laud with

2t

210 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \_Fuegia, the

those of Fuegia, separated by 140 degrees of longitude, rather than with those of Lord Auckland's group, which is nearer by about 50 degrees. But the features of the Flora of Kerguelen's Land are similar to, and many of the species identical with, those of the Ame- rican continent, constraining me to follow the law of botanical affinity in preference to that of geographical position. Two alternatives presented themselves, each possessing some advan- tages over the course which is now adopted, of dividing the Antarctic Botany into two large sections : one, to consider each little island or group as a separate flora ; but this would lead to much repetition, and is not warranted by the amount of novelty exhibited in any of the groups : the other, to unite all under one head ; a plan certainly accompanied with many advantages, but counterbalanced by the consequent delay of the work, for it woidd have obliged the author to study the plants of two very different botanical regions at the same time. The remarkable beauty and novelty of the vegetation in Lord Auckland's and the neighbouring Islands also merited particular consideration. As it is, some plants described in Part I. will re-appear in the present ; very few, however ; so few as to excite surprise, when it is remem- bered that lands, far more remote from Tierra del Fuego than those to the south of New Zealand, possess the characteristics of the Fuegian Flora.

A certain affinity in botanical productions has often been traced in widely severed coun- tries, and Professor E. Forbes* has lately brought geological causes to bear immediately upon

* Professor E. Forbes lias connected the similarity, long known to exist between the Floras of the west of Ireland and Portugal, with certain geological characteristics belonging to both these now remote, but perhaps once uuited countries. Thus he also connects the Alpine Flora of Scotland with that of the Scandinavian Alps, and the botany of the Channel coasts and islands with that of France (vid. ' Report of the Meetings of the British Association in Cam- bridge, July 18-45 '). Uniformity of surface is generally accompanied by a similarity of vegetation throughout an extended region. When such a surface becomes divided we are apt to conclude that the isolation of the lesser por- tion preceded the migration of plants from the larger ; in short, that the identity of the Norfolk and Suffolk Flora with that of Holland must be due to the former having been peopled with plants by the latter, subsequently to the German Ocean having assumed its present position ; and not that the two together formed an equally well clothed and extended plain, reaching, as Humboldt beUeves, from North Brabant to the Steppes of Asia; its western portion having been afterwards insrdated by the influx of the North Sea. The uniformity of surface in the vast continent of Africa is becoming daily more evident, as the mountains of the moon recede before the intrepid explorers of the sources of the true Nile. It were natural to suppose that a barrier, such as they were conjectured to be, woidd ex- hibit changes in the vegetation, equally marked with those produced by the Cordillera, Himalayan, and other moun- tain chains wherever they may occur. A further proof of the suspicious nature of the reports that any very extensive and elevated land exists in Africa appears to me evident in the character of Abyssinian vegetation. Mr. Brown first showed that it possessed types of the Cape Flora, and lately I received the most ample confirmation of these views from M. Richard, who exhibited to me a beautiful series of drawings of Abyssinian plants, made by the late unfortunate French travellers, amongst which were numerous Protectee/?, Asclepiadea, Orchidea, Iridea, and Amarylli- deee, of forms which the Cape alone was supposed to possess. Central Eastern Africa is perhaps the most interest- ing spot in the world for a botanist ; it contains not merely Cape orders, but others typical of Madagascar, the E.ist Indies, Arabia, both the northern and western coasts of Africa itself, and on its high mountains those even of Europe. The uniformity of the surface and Flora of Australia is equally evident.

There are, however, instances of a sudden change in the vegetation occurring, unaccompanied with any diversity

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 211

this subject. In reference to this curious topic I would adduce, as corroborative perhaps of his speculations, the general geographical arrangement of those islands, whose botany I am about to describe as that of one country. They stretch from Fuegia on the west, to Kerguelen's Land on the east, between the parallels 45° and 04° of south latitude. Throughout this portion of the world the land exhibits a manifest tendency eastward, from the extreme south of the American continent ; for there are no fewer than five detached groups of islands between Fuegia and Kerguelen's Land, but none between the latter island and the longitude of Lord Auck- land's group, nor between this last again and the western shores of Fuegia and Patagonia.

Tierra del Fuego and the neighbouring southern extremity of the American continent appear to be the region of whose botanical peculiarities all the other Antarctic Islands, except those in the vicinity of New Zealand, more or less evidently partake. It presents a Flora, cha- racterizing isolated groups of islands extending for 5000 miles to the eastward of its own posi- tion ; some of these detached spots are much closer to the African and Australian continents, whose vegetation they do not assume, than to the American ; and they are all situated in latitudes and under circumstances eminently unfavourable to the migration of species, save that their position relatively to Fuegia is in the same direction as that of the violent and pre- vailing westerly winds*.

Tierra del Fuego itself is a crowded archipelago, forming the southern extremity of

of geological or other feature. The river Obi, in Siberia, whose direction is towards the north-west, from the latitude of 50° to (i7°, affords a most remarkable instance of this phenomenon, first mentioned by Gmelin and afterwards by Humboldt. Some of the most conspicuous trees attain either of its banks, but do not cross them, those of the regions to the west of this stream re-appearing only on the confines of China. I have received from Uaron Humboldt much highly interesting verbal information upon the distribution of organized beings in Siberia ; the disappearance of some animals and plants over a vast area, and their re-appearance in another, in obedience to no known law, are very striking facts. I must content myself with referring to the preface to Gnieliu's ' Flora Sibirica,' for copious exam- ples of these seeming anomalies in the distribution of vegetables.

Many striking examples on the other hand may be instanced, of countries closely approximated in geographical position, but unlike in geological and other features, presenting widely different botanical aspects ; such sudden changes in the vegetation we may observe on the east and west flanks of the Andes and on the Himalayan ; in the Floras of St. Helena and Ascension, and the coast of Africa ; or of Tristan d'Acunha and the Cape ; of New Zealand and Aus- tralia ; of Juan Fernandez and the Galapagos and the coast of America ; of Madagascar and South Africa ; but more especially in the disparity that prevails between the Floras of the separate islands of the Galapagos and of the Sandwich group.

* The prevalence of certain winds in favouring the migration of plants must not be overlooked, though too much stress has been laid by some writers upon their influence. An element that will carry particles of dust for hundreds of miles through the upper regions of the air, must be a powerful agent in disseminating the sporules of the lower orders of plants ; so much so indeed that I should unhesitatingly deny the necessity of a double creation, to account for the same species of Moss or Lichen inhabiting any two spots on the globe, however widely apart. That cru-rents of air are not equally efficacious in waiting the .seeds of the higher orders is proved by the ab- sence in the British Isles of many common European plants ; though when once introduced by other means they increase rapidly. We further see that the tide of vegetation (like the population) has, in the intertropical Pa- cific Islands, set in a direction contrary to the prevailing winds, namely, from the Asiatic and not from the American

.212 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

America ; it is of an irregularly four-sided figure, bounded on the north by the strait of Magalhaens, and on the east and west respectively by the South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans, whilst its southern shores are washed by the Antarctic Sea ; the main body of land lies between the 53rd and 56th parallels of latitude and the 64th and 70th degrees of west longitude, and its greatest extension is from east to west, indicated by a diagonal of 500 miles. The general appearance of the whole has been aptly compared, by Mr. Darwin, to what woidd be presented by a partially submerged chain of mountains. These islands are, in fact, formed by the southern termination of the great Cordillera that traverses both Americas, which here trends to the eastward, and whose further extension is probably indicated by South Georgia in the same latitude ; and possibly also by Prince Edward's Island, the Crozets, and Kergue- len's Land still more to the east, situated though these be in another ocean. The natural features of Fuegia have been admirably described by various voyagers, and more particularly by Cook, King, Fitzroy, and Darwin, to whose writings I would refer for more particular in- formation. The exposed mountain-tops rise to a height of 7000 feet above the level of the sea, and the lower limit of perpetual snow is reckoned at 3500-4000 feet.

The botanical features exhibited by this country are not circumscribed by its geographi- cal hmits ; along the north-east shores the very distinct Flora of East Patagonia accompanies the geological formation prolonged there from the Patagonian plains. On the south-west and south sides again, the vegetation is a continuation of that of West Patagonia, and is charac- teristic of the western flank of the Cordillera, from South Chili to Cape Horn. Thus it is that we find the Andes dividing two botanical regions from the North Polar almost to the Antarctic circle. The greater part of Fuegia is formed by the Andes alone ; but the plants of the north- east portion, where the granitic formation of Patagonia introduces a change in the vegetation foreign to that of Tierra del Fuego, will be necessarily included in the present Flora.

The Deciduous Beech (Fat/its antarctica), is the most distinguishing botanical production of this country. In company with the Evergreen Beech (F. Forsteri), it covers the land, espe- cially on the wTest coasts, as far north as the Chonos Archipelago, in latitude 45° south. It is hardly seen in the north-east portions of Fuegia proper, northward of Staten Land, and though abundant on the west flanks of the Andes, tlnongh fourteen degrees of latitude, is unknown on the Atlantic side of Patagonia f. I have assumed therefore the shores of the

shores : and again, that the botany of the North Atlantic Islands, the Azores, Madeira, and the Canaries, though these groups are situated in the westerly winds, contain a large proportion of European species. The \iolcnce of the perennial westerly gales to the southward of 45° is proverbial amongst sea-faring men; such winds carried H.M.S. ' Chanticleer ' from Cape Horn to the Cape of Good Hope, a distance of four thousand mdes, in twenty-seven days, and have enabled an oceanic fowl, the Cape pigeon, to maintain its position close to a ship during the whole of that distance ; but still I am not inclined to attribute the prevalence of the Fuegiaii Flora over so vast an area to their influence, when exerted against many other opposing agents.

t Trees allied to these seem to have characterized the ancient or fossil flora of Fuegia, for I owe to Mr. Darwin's kindness impressions of the leaves of three apparently distinct species of deciduous Beech, and which are mentioned in that gentleman's journal.

FalHanch, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 213

strait of Magalhaens to be the northern limit of the Fuegian Flora eastward of Port Famine, and have included in, or rather added to that Flora, all the known plants of the Pacific side of the Andes, reaching north to the Chonos Archipelago. The latter position is peculiar, in the Beech being there replaced, at the level of the sea, with other trees ; by the sudden change in the aspect of the coast vegetation that the flora of Chiloe, immediately to the northward, presents ; and by its being only a few miles beyond the " glacier-bound Gulf of Pehas," where perennial ice descends to the level of the ocean in a latitude nearly midway between the Equator and the Antarctic Pole.

The successive labours of Commersou, Banks and Solander, and of Menzies, early called the attention of Botanists to the singular aspect of the Fuegian Flora, apparently incompatible in its luxuriance with the rigour of the climate. The subsequent exertions of Captain King and Mr. Anderson, and of Darwin, dining the voyages of Captain Fitzroy, of D'Urville, and the officers of our own late Antarctic Expedition, have nearly exhausted the Phaenogamic productions. Much remains, however, to be done amongst the lower Orders, for the last- named expedition procured from a small island in the immediate vicinity of Cape Horn, more than twice as many Cryptogamic species as had been previously detected in the whole of Tierra del Fuego. These, however, hardly affect the general aspect of the vegetation, which may now be considered as satisfactorily known.

The Falkland Islands rank next in botanical importance to Fuegia. Though lying to the northward of the main body of that country, their vegetation is so influenced by climate and by some other peculiarities common to these islands and the Patagonian plains, that they produce no tree whatever. They are situated between the parallels of 51° and 53°, and the meridians of 57^° and Gl|° west, and consist of an eastern and western island, nearly equal in size, and together forming an oval, whose axis hes east and west and extends about 160 miles. The general outline is jagged, like that of Fuegia, and similarly indented by deep inlets and rami- fying bays ; but their level or undulating surface, never rising above 2000 feet, and the geo- logical formation, bear no resemblance to an archipelago formed by a submerged chain of mountains. Altogether, the Botanical and other characters of the Falklands are allied to the Atlantic coast of Patagonia, opposite to the strait of Magalhaens, from whence they are only 300 miles distant.

The most evident causes for the absence of trees in the Falkland Islands are the disloca- tion or removal of that group from the main land ; then comparatively plane surface, every- where exposed to the violence of the westerly gales, and more especially to the rapid evapo- ration and sudden changes in temperature and in other meteorological phenomena. The southerly and westerly winds are violent, cold, and often accompanied by heavy snow-storms ; the easterly and northerly arrive saturated with warmer sea vapours, which, quickly condensing over the already chilled surface of the sod, form fogs and mists that intercept the sun's rays ; whilst the north-westerly winds are singularly dry and parching, from the influence of the Patagonian plains over which they blow. Such sudden alternations from heat to cold, and

2 u

214 FLOEA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

from damp to dry, are particularly inimical to luxuriant vegetation, and no foliage but per- haps the coriaceous growth of Australia could endure them. The characteristics both of Fuegia and Patagonia may be seen mingled in the Falklands, and except Veronica elliptica (Part I. p. 58), which is chiefly confined to the western coasts of the western island, the plants of both these countries appear together, overspreading the whole surface of the islands. Few species are peculiar, and no genus or order predominates to any remarkable extent, unless it be the Graminets : the species themselves are well marked and do not run much into varieties. Though the want of shade is unfavourable to the fruiting of Mosses and Hepaticte, there are a considerable number of species of those orders, and some are identical with those of the American mountains and of Europe.

Bougainville was the first voyager and man of science who noticed the vegetable produc- tions of the Falklands, the most remarkable of which are certainly the Tussac Grass and the Balsam-bog (Bolaw glebaria). The first collection of importance was formed by M. Gaudi- chaud, under the following very peculiar circumstances.

M. Gaudichaud accompanied Admiral Louis de Freycinet, who sailed from France in the year 1817, in command of an expedition, composed of two corvettes, the ' Uranie ' and ' Physicienne.' The objects of the voyage were entirely scientific, and the chief places visited were New Holland and the East Indian Islands to the north of that country, the South Sea Islands, Tierra del Fuego, and the Falklands. The magnetical observations, chiefly by Admiral Freycinet himself, were amongst the most valuable ever made in the Southern Hemisphere, pre- vious to the voyage of the ' Erebus ' and ' Terror,' and many other results of the expedition were of equal importance. After having nearly circuinnavigated the globe, the navigators doubled Cape Horn in 1820, and regaining the Atlantic Ocean, naturally expected that the dangers incident to such a voyage were over. On preparing to enter Berkeley Sound, however, the ' Uranie ' struck upon a hidden rock close to the shore, but on the lee-side of the island. If the usual wind and weather had prevailed on that occasion, the frigate must have been blown out to sea and probably all hands lost ; the violence of the gales and boisterous ocean incident to that latitude often rendering the boats unavailable when most recjuired. Providentially the elements allowed Admiral Freycinet's skill to be effectual in saving his ship, which he ran ashore in Berkeley Sound. Amongst the losses occasioned by this calamity was that of the greater part of the collections of the entire voyage, made by the indefatigable Gaudichaud ; 1500 species alone escaping destruction. The probable value of the rest we may estimate from the excellent botanical notices of the various islands visited, which show the mate- rials to have been very considerable, or such knowledge coidd not have been displayed. Especially we must applaud the persevering zeal with which this naturalist commenced form- ing a collection which constituted the foundation upon which all other floras of the Falklands have been raised.

The results of M. Gaudichaud' s labours were first published in the " Annales des Sci- ences Naturelles," and afterwards in the botanical portion of Admiral Freycinet's voyage. The

FaWands, elc] FLOEA ANTARCTICA. 215

late Admiral D'Urville visited these islands during Admiral Duperrey's voyage in the French corvette ' la Coquille,' and added some additional species to those of Gaudichaud, and these were described in the " Annales de la Societe Linneenne de Paris." More recently Mr. Darwin formed a small collection of Falkland Island plants, as did Mr. Wright, a mercantile gentle- man, and Captain Sulivan, now commanding H. M. S. ' Philomel,' who had previously visited this group during Captain Fitzroy's voyage*. The ' Erebus ' and ' Terror' remained in Berke- ley Sound for the five winter months of IS 4.0 ; during which year almost all the previously known species were gathered, with numerous others, especially Cryptogamia, by myself and Dr. Lyall, whose beautiful collection of the interesting Algce of this group of itself forms an important addition to Antarctic Botany.

Considering the distance of the Falkland Islands from the continent, their size, the extent of surface covered with vegetation, and above all, their geological formation and the nature of their climate, the number of peculiar species is very insignificant ; such circumstances gene- rally accompanying or being indicative of a concomitant change in botanical features, specific difference itself being by some attributed wholly to the operation of these causes, and the immutability of species thence called in question. The Falkland Islands appear ill adapted to the more striking vegetation of Fuegia or of Patagonia, if we may judge from the absence of trees and even of such bushes as Berberis, Uscallonia, Fuchsia, Bibcs, &c, which grow in the former country and to all of which the changeable nature of the climate is injurious ; while, on the other hand, the mean temperature is too low for the Leguminosce, Mahacece, and other predominant Orders of Patagonia. It is more remarkable that some of the plants of each are seen, composing together the whole vegetation, yet appearing unchanged by a climate that is certainly unfavourable to the general flora of those distant regions where these very species most abound. To conclude by an example, Sisyrinchium and Oxalis enneaphylla wall not associate themselves with the Tassac and Eiiipelrum in Cape Horn, nor are Astclia and CaltJia appendiculata to be found in company with Nassauvia and Calceolaria Fotliergillii on the coast of Patagonia, though all these may be seen growing side by side in the Falklands in the greatest profusion.

Immediately to the south of Cape Horn are groups of islands, and possibly a larger body of land. Vegetation in the Southern Hemisphere reaches the northern shores of these inhospitable spots, where, at a distance of no less than thirty-six degrees from the actual Pole and three degrees to the northward of the Antarctic circle, the flora of the south finds its extreme limit.

The South Shetlands have been visited by an American gentleman of scientific acquire- ments, Dr. Eights, who detected a small species of Grass, the Aira antarctica, Hook., (Icon. Plant, vol. ii. t. 150), the most Antarctic flowering plant hitherto discovered. One of the group, Deception Island, was explored by Captain Foster in H. M. S. ' Chanticleer,' and we

* Whilst this sheet is passing through the press I have received a collection from the Falkland Islands, con- taining some highly interesting plants, from W. Chartres, Esq., Surgeon of H. M. S. ' Philomel '.

216 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Fuegia, the

gather from the account of Mr. Webster, the surgeon to that ship, that " no phsenogamic plants, only a few lichens and sea-weeds," inhabit that dreary islet, although the temperature of its soil is raised by subterranean heat ; its latitude is (53^° south, and longitude 60° west.

In January 1843 I landed upon a small islet, close to the main portion of Palmer's Land, in latitude 64° 12' south, and longitude 57° west. It appeared to be the " ultima Thule " of southern vegetation ; the soil hard frozen, except on the very surface where it was thawed by a sun-heat which raised the temperature to 46°, while the sea was encumbered with pack-ice and bergs ; no flowering plants were to be seen, and only eighteen belonging to the Orders Lichenes, Musci, and Alga. Beyond this latitude I believe there is no terrestrial vegetation.

The South Georgian group is situated about 1000 miles due east of Cape Horn, and exhibits a wholly different aspect from that land, being covered with perennial snows, and the harbours blocked up with everlasting glaciers ; still, Captain Cook found a scanty vege- tation, consisting of " a coarse strong-bladed grass, growing in tufts, wild Burnet, and a plant like moss, which springs from the rocks;" (vide Cook's 2nd voyage). The flora of South Georgia is probably intermediate in luxuriance (if such term may be used), between the Balk- lands and the South Shetlands, the proximity of the Antarctic Ice being influenced by that of the large bodies of land, it approaches nearer to South Georgia than to Buegia, and renders that climate unsuited to support even a moderate vegetation.

Sandwich Land, discovered by Captain Cook, lies further south than South Georgia, and, like Palmer's Land, is encroached upon by the perennial ice of the Atlantic Ocean. That illustrious navigator mentions two hills clear of snow, and apparently covered with a green turf, but this is all Ave know of then productions.

Proceeding westward from Antarctic America, the next island that requires notice, as ex- hibiting an Antarctic vegetation, is Tristan d'Acunha. Though only 1000 miles distant from the Cape of Good Hope, and 3000 from the Strait of Magalhaens, the Botany of this island is far more intimately allied to that of Buegia than Africa. Captain Carmichael's list (Linn. Trans., vol. xii. p. 483), contains twenty-eight flowering plants (I exclude Sonchus oleraceus) ; only one species of Pliglica, and one Pelargonium, amounting to one-fourteenth of the whole, are Cape forms ; whilst seven others, or one-fourth of the flora, are either natives of Buegia or typical of South American Botany, and the Ferns and Lgcopodia exhibit a still stronger affinity. There are some points in which the vegetation of Tristan d'Acunha resembles that of St. Helena and Ascension. Though these islands are separated from one another by nearly thirty degrees of latitude, they lie within eight degrees of longitude, and all are the exposed summits of ancient volcanoes, such as the highest peaks of the Andes might present, if that mighty chain were partially submerged*. The relation between the floras of Ascension and St. Helena f is

* The conjecture of these islands being the exposed culminating peaks of a submerged chain of mountains, re- ceives confirmation from the circumstance of Sir James Itoss having struck soundings in 16,002 feet in lat. 33° 21' south, and long. 9° 4' west, that is, nearly on a line between St. Helena and Tristan d'Acunha.

t The island of St. Helena has many claims to rank as one of the most interesting botanical stations known ;

FalMands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 217

evident, though to enumerate them would be out of place here ; those between the latter island and Tristan d'Acunha are indicated by the genera Phi/lica and Geranium, and also by some of the Ferns and Lyeopodia : as, however, it is also through those genera that the botany of Tristan d'Acunha resembles that of the Cape, it may fairly be doubted whether the apparent affinity with St. Helena is not imaginary. It is a very remarkable circumstance that while these three islands all possess some of the features of the African Flora, the predominant ones are absent ; thus, whilst the St. Helena Flora is allied, and exclusively so, to that of the Cape in Geranium, Melhania, and Pliylica, it has no representatives of entire Orders, namely Pro- teacece, Putacece, Owalidece, Crassulacece, Ericece, Bestiacece, and many others, far more cha- racteristic of the African vegetation than are any of the plants inhabiting St. Helena,

The other islands whose plants will find a place in this division of the ' Antarctic Flora ' are situated south of the Indian continent, widely apart from the American, and so far as geo- graphical position is concerned, belong to Africa or India ; these are, Prince Edward's and Marion Islands, the Crozets, Kerguelen's Land, and the Islands of Amsterdam and St. Paid.

Of the two first-mentioned groups the vegetation is wholly unknown ; the former, Prince Edward's and Marion, are small contiguous islets in the 47th degree of latitude and 38th of east longitude ; they are of rather an undulating outline and evidently volcanic forma- tion, from a little distance they appeared covered with grass. The Crozets are a group of much larger islands, situated in the 48th degree of latitude and between the 47th and 49th meridian, east of London : they are bold rocky masses, rising to a height of 6000 feet; some, though of considerable size, are quite inaccessible, and others enveloped by eternal fogs, whence

almost the whole of its native flowering plants and several of its genera being peculiar. Various causes have, within the memory of man, reduced this flora to a mere shadow of what it once was, for when the island was discovered, it is described as entirely clothed with forest. The greater part of this was said to be destroyed by the introduction of goats and pigs, and by the bark of the trees being stripped for tanning, so that the flora is consequently now very limited both in number of species and of individuals. During the interval that elapsed between two visits which I paid to St. Helena, one very peculiar native plant, the Acahjpha rubra, had disappeared, and two other handsome shrubby species of Melhania, with particularly showy flowers, had very recently become extinct ; whdst the existence of some Walileubergia, of a Pliysalk, and a few of the peculiar arborescent Composites, though thus far prolonged, is held upon a very precarious tenure. These plants are all well marked species, which on the destruction of the forests seem unable to accommodate themselves to their altered circumstances, perish, and are replaced by introduced species, exactly as is the case with various savage races of mankind, which do not suit themselves to the condition of the soil when altered by the European settler, but diminish in number and dwindle away even when violent measures have not been used for their extirpation. I may remark, that species in isolated islands are generally well defined; this is in part the natural consequence of another law which I have observed, that genera in islands bear a large proportion to the species, or in other words, that genera are small, seldom containing more than two or three species, and very frequently solitary representatives. It must be borne in mind that this well-marked character of the species in insu- lar localities applies equally to mountainous as to planer islands. It might seem natural to suppose that a varied surface would have the effect of obliterating specific distinctiou, especially in small areas, as the Pacific Islands, the Galapagos, St. Helena, and the like, wdiose present contour is not the residt of recent geological changes, and where time, the required element for developing such species as are the offspring of variation, has been granted.

218 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fitegia, the

the name of Hazy Island lias been given to one of the largest, of which the rocky summit alone is seen standing out in bold relief above an almost perennial fog-bank. During our passage from the Cape of Good Hope to Kerguelen's Land, Sir James Ross endeavoured to effect a landing, first upon Marion Island and afterwards upon one of the Crozets, but most unfortunately for the interests especially of Botany, our efforts were frustrated by the tem- pestuous weather. In one night, during which the ' Erebus ' was hove to for the purpose of landing upon Marion Island, she was blown sixty miles to leeward of it ; she then bore up for the Crozets, to meet a similar mishap ; on this occasion, having provisions to land for a party of miserable sealers, we again beat up to Possession Island, the easternmost of the group, and after the detention of nearly a week in the most inclement season and tempes- tuous ocean, only arrived at the time of the brooding of another storm, which rendered it highly imprudent for any boat to leave the ship in an open roadstead. The aspect of this island was, like all the others we sighted, dreary and inhospitable to the last degree; a narrow belt of green herbage skirted its shore, above a line of black basaltic cliffs, which formed the iron-bound coast ; while higher again rose crater-shaped barren hills of blue-grey or brick-red coloured rocks, utterly destitute of vegetation and alike dismal to the eye and mind. These were the first Antarctic Islands we had seen, and few of us will forget the feel- ings to which their desolate aspect gave rise ; sensations, which for intensity afford the strongest contrast with those which an English naturalist never fads to experience during his first ramble on some tropical shore.

M. de Jussieu had the kindness to show me a small pamphlet, containing a slight account of the Crozets, drawn up from information received through the captains of sealing ships. The vegetation is described as most scanty. From the short interview which we held with a party of sealers who had been left upon one of the group, I gleaned but little information ; they told me the species were few, and the famous Cabbage of Kerguelen's Land not amongst them, though another " scurvy-grass " was abundant. The vegetation that our glasses enabled us to detect, formed, apparently, a matted carpet, extending from the shores upwards for a short distance, very similar to what we afterwards saw in Kerguelen's Land, though dif- ferent from the long grass that appeared to clothe Prince Edward's Island. These two groups are situated only S00 miles south-east from the Cape of Good Hope, but being placed to the southward of the 40th degree of latitude they partake of the climate of the Antarctic Ocean. Their position between Euegia and Kerguelen's Land and their formation being probably the same as the latter, I have httle doubt their Flora, when known, will be found to prove characteristic of the extreme south of America and in no degree similar to that of Africa, with which they are even in closer proximity than is Tristan d'Acunha. Barren and inhospitable as are the shores of these islands, there are no spots on the surface of the globe whose bota- nical productions woidd be of greater interest to science, for then- vegetation is wholly un- known, and is wanting to complete our otherwise pretty extensive acquaintance with the distribution of plants throughout the islands of the high southern latitudes.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 219

Kerguelen's Land is the eastern limit to which the Fuegian Flora extends, and though placed within the 50th degree its desolate nature is proverbial. The Antarctic Expedition arrived there in May 1 840, having been blown off its tempestuous coast twice, after approaching the land so nearly as to distinguish almost the nature of the vegetation which skirts the shores of the bays. The island presents a black and rugged mass of sterile mountains, rising by parallel steppes one above another in alternate slopes and precipices, terminating in frightful naked and frowning cliffs, which dip perpendicularly into the sea. The snow lying upon these slopes between the black cliffs gave a most singularly striped or banded appearance to the whole country, each band indicating a flow of volcanic matter, for the island is covered with, craters whose vents have given issue to stream upon stream of molten rock. These are worn all along the coasts into abrupt escarpments, rendering a landing impracticable, except at the heads of the sinuous bays. One bluff headland to the north end of the island is a precipice, 700 feet high, and exposes such numerous sections of horizontal deposits of red, black, and grey volcanic matter that it is difficult to count them, though overlaying one another with perfect regularity and uniformity. Sterile as Kerguelen's Land now is, it was not always so, vast beds of coal are covered by hundreds of consecutive layers of igneous and other rocks, piled to a height of one thousand feet and upwards, upon what was once a luxuriant forest. Throughout many of the lava streams are found prostrate trunks of fossil trees of no mean girth, and the incinerated remains of recent ones, which had been swallowed up simultaneously with the fossil, and these occur hi strata of various ages, so that it seems impossible to reckon the period of time that must have elapsed between the origin, growth, and destruction of the successive forests now buried in one hill. A section of such a hiU woidd display coal-beds and shale resting upon a blue basalt, at the level of the sea, covered again with wliinstone, whereon are deposited successive layers of volcanic sand, baked clay-stones, porphyries, and long hues of basaltic cliffs, formed of perpendicular prisms, regularly shaped like those of Staffa or the Giant's Causeway, and along which the traveller may walk even for a mile with- out ascending or descending fifty feet. To calculate the time required for the original formation and following silicification of one such forest, and to multiply that by the equal number of different superincumbent strata, containing remains similar to those displayed at the north end of Kerguelen's Land, would give a startling number of years, during which periods the island must have deserved a better name than that of " Desolation." And if to this be added the time requisite for the deposit of the arenaceous beds containing the impressions of Fuci, of the clays afterwards hardened by fire, and of the prismatic cliffs, which, with the arenaceous, indicate that the land was alternately submerged and exposed as often as these successive formations occur, such a sum would bespeak an antiquity for the flora of this isolated speck on the surface of our globe far beyond our powers of calculation. If from the narrow sphere of in- quiry that a few miles in extent and 1000 feet of elevation in Kerguelen's Land afford we deduce such grand results, what must be expected from the investigation of whole continents, whose culminant peaks reach nearly 30,000 feet, sxu'rounded by an ocean perhaps as elevated above

220 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

the land it rests upon, and presenting fossiliferous strata that we believe are deposited at even greater depths ? On the other hand, referring to the island under consideration, as it now appears, we may regard it as the remains of some far more extended body of land. Position in longitude in the Southern Hemisphere appears to determine the amount of vegeta- tion an island may possess. Of this we have an instance in South Georgia, and the reason is evident ; the extension of the great continents is in longitude, and the climate and other features of the islands depend upon then proximity to the land, which modifies the desolating influence of the icy ocean. The time we have granted for the formation of the various strata composing Kerguelen's Land and the forests that successively decorated them, is sufficient for the destruction of a large body of land to the northward of it, of which St. Paid's Island and Amsterdam Island may be the only remains, or for the subsidence of a chain of mountains running east and west, of which Prince Edward's Island, Marion, and the Crozets are the exposed peaks. With regard to the botanical characteristics of Kerguelen's Land, full notices of them have been prepared for Sir James Ross's narrative of the Antarctic voyage, and the subject will be further treated in a work devoted to the' distribution of vegetation in the southern regions.

The Islands of St. Paul and Amsterdam, hitherto ranked under no geograpliical or bota- nical regions, perhaps demand notice here. Though constantly sighted by outward-bound Indiamen and Australian ships, they have been rarely visited, and never by scientific persons, except those accompanying Lord Macartney's embassy to China, and very recently by my former companion and zealous cooperator in all scientific pursuits, Lieut. A. Smith, R.N. Some confusion still exists with regard to the names of these two islands, which are situated north-west of Kerguelen's Land, in the longitude of 78°, and the respective latitudes of 38° and 39°. The names of St. Paid and Amsterdam have been applied indiscriminately by various navigators, the latter I continue to give to the southern island, in accordance with Sir George Staunton's and with the recent south circumpolar charts, where, however, the southernmost island is represented as the larger instead of the smaller of the two. Both are no doubt of volcanic origin, though only Amsterdam is in a state of activity. The latter alone has been visited by Sir G. Staimton, who has published an excellent account of it, and by Lieut. Smith who had the kindness to forward me most interesting particulars regarding it, and a collection of all the plants he was enabled to detect there. No one reading Sir George Staunton's ac- count, and especially after looking at his plans and sketches of Amsterdam Island, can fad to be struck with the similarity its most remarkable features present to those of Deception Island, one of the South Shetlands. They are of the same size ; both are annular craters, open to the eastward, inclosing a deep lagoon with a conical hill on each side of the entrance ; that at the northern end being the highest, and both are nuclei of heated matter, with a thin covering of soil, through which escape streams and springs of warm or boiling water. The general nature of the vegetation of Amsterdam Island is described by Mr. Smith to be a coarse tufted grass, which springing from a bed of fine black peat composed of decomposed fibrous vegetable

FalMands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 221

matter, everywhere covers a soil so heated that the roots cannot descend beyond a few inches. Sir G. Staunton mentions that changes in the level of the land at the mouth of the cove have occurred since 1697, when the island was landed upon by Van Vlaming, a Dutch commander. Since 1793, the period of Sir G. Staimton's visit to the island, half a century has elapsed, and the changes, if any, have been insignificant. The land may possibly be rising, though accord- ing to Van Vlaming it must have sunk since his time, when there was no communication between the sea and the lagoon, the intermediate causeway being at least five feet high. Staunton states the depth of water on the bar to be eight feet at high water, and Lieut. Smith as 7 ft. 4 in. at the highest spring tides. Nor does the temperature of the hot springs appear to have altered materially during the last fifty years, it then averaged 190°, and Mr. Smith found one that he tried to be 182° (though there are others where the temperature rises to 212°) ; the latter gentleman boiled both fish and rice in one of these springs close to the ocean's edge and they were well cooked in twelve minutes, thus confirming Sir G. Staunton's anecdote, that a person who had caught fish in the cold water of the lagoon could, with a slight motion of his hand, let it drop into a hot adjoining spring, when it woidd be boiled in fifteen minutes fit for eating (McCartney's Embassy, vol. i. p. 212), an account that has been treated as fabulous.

The island of St. Paul, only fifty miles farther north, has never been visited by a natu- ralist ; it is mentioned by several authorities as low and undulating, covered with trees and shrubs, but with no traces of internal heat; Labillardiere, who passed this island in 1792, describes it as being in a state of combustion, but he doubts whether the fires were kindled by the hand of man, or were owing to subterranean heat. The former is most probably the case, for Mr. Smith, who lost no opportunity of gaining information about these curious islands, gives me the following statement, obtained from some sealers who had visited St. Paid's. " A variety of plants grow luxuriantly in the northern of these two islands, and trees several inches in diameter ; there are no hot springs there, nor is its earth at all heated ; vegetables may be cultivated with tolerable success ; but this island is always most difficult to land upon." This precisely tallies with other scattered notices of St. Paid's that I have seen.

I shall conclude this long digression with a notice of the vegetable productions of Amster- dam Island. Sir G. Staunton mentions a Zycqpodiitm, a Marchantia, and a long grass ; to these I can now add another species of grass, a Plantago, Colobantltus, an Azorella ? (or Ranun- culus?) a Cenomyce, and several species of Mosses. The Colobanthus is typical of a southern or Antarctic Flora ; but the grasses appear more characteristic of a warmer chmate ; from these materials I do not feel justified in referring the vegetation to any botanical region, but consider it probable that there may be a considerable proportion of forms indicative of a warm latitude, especially in St. Paid's.

The number of species in the present Part precludes the introduction of lengthened descriptions, even were these as requisite as I deemed them in the case of the more novel

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222 FLORA ANTAECTICA. \Fuegia, the

productions of Lord Auckland's group. For the future volumes of this work, I shall, in describing the species, follow where it is practicable the plan pursued by Mr. Bentharn, the excellency of whose specific descriptions is acknowledged.

Most of the materials in this Part were amassed by myself, with the kind aid of Captain Sir James Ross, Lieutenant Smith, Mr. Davies, and particularly of Dr. Lyall, to whose exer- tions I feel constrained throughout to acknowledge my obligations. For many important addi- tions to the plants of Fuegia and particularly of the west coast of Patagonia, I am indebted to Captain King and Mr. Darwin*, both of whom most generously confided then- collections to me for the purpose of examination and description. Captain King's is certainly the most complete flora ever formed in those countries, whether in number of species or specimens of the flowering plants. To Dr. Lemann I owe the use of another set of the same plants, gathered by Mr Anderson, the gardener who accompanied Captain King, and to Commodore Sulivan, a collection formed by his son, Captain Sulivan, during Captain Fitzroy's voyage. With all these advantages the materials for a Fuegiau flora would still be incomplete, without the plants discovered by Menzies dining Vancouver's expedition ; and still more valuable is the access afforded by the kindness of Mr. Brown and Mr. Bennett, to the specimens, drawings, and manuscripts of Banks and Solander, who preceded all other botanists, except Commerson, in the investigation of Natural History in the high southern regions.

The collections of Banks and Solander, wherever formed and under whatever difficulties, are lasting proofs not only of the extraordinary zeal and ability of those distinguished indivi- duals, but of the spirit which pervaded every member of the gallant band that Cook led in his path of discovery. Our knowledge of the Botany of New Zealand is still mainly due to the labours of the companions of Cook's first voyage, for no subsequent travellers or even residents in that country have made equally extensive collections ; and that their researches in Tierra del Fuego were no less eminently successful, the constant mention of their names in this volume will abundantly prove. Valuable as the dried plants are, their utility is doubly increased bjk the excellent descriptions and by the beautiful coloured drawings executed on the spot, which accompany them, and were made at Sir Joseph Banks own expense. There are daily occurring instances, to the honour of the British nation be it mentioned, of individuals who undertake and conduct scientific expeditions on their own resources, and who return richly laden to reap the honours that await themselves as the projectors and commanders of their several efforts ; but how few examples have we of men of birth and fortune, who like Banks will peril a life and spend a fortune as the zealous cooperator in an expedition not his own, and the main glory of which justly belongs to another. In scientific as in all other pursuits there are ever many to lead, but few who will stoop to be followers. This just tribute to the memory of Banks is peculiarly due from me, who owe so much to his labours in the Southern Ocean.

* Mr. Darwin's valuable herbarium is preserved in tlie Cambridge Museum, and it is to the liberality of the Rev. Professor Henslow that I am more immediately indebted for their temporary transference to my care.

FalMands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 223

It was during Cook's second voyage that he was accompanied by the two Forsters, men whose names are inseparably connected with the subject of Antarctic Botany. They visited New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego, making important collections at both, excellent drawings, and finally publishing two works, which as regards the plants of those countries, must ever be considered as classical ; these are the " Characteres Generum Plantarum Maris Australis," and the " Prodomus Florulse insidarum Australium." Sets of the plants, the drawings, and collections are, as well as those of Cook's thud voyage, deposited in the British Museum.

Cook's third voyage was not accompanied by any professed naturalist ; all that we know of the flora of South Georgia, and, previous to the visit of the Antarctic Expedition, of the plants of Kerguelen's Land, we owe to Mr. Anderson, the surgeon of that expedition.

My own Herbarium of Falkland Island plants is particularly rich, and has also received accessions from Mr. Darwin, Captain Sulivan, Mr. Wright, and within the last few days from Mr. Chartres, Surgeon of H. M. S. ' Philomel,' now surveying these islands under the com- mand of Captain Sulivan ; to all of whom I here tender my sincere thanks.

I. RANUNCULACE^E, Jim. 1. ANEMONE, Hatter.

1. Anemone decapetala, Linn. Want. 79. BC. Syst. Vet/, vol. i. p. 200. Prodrom. vol. i. p. 19. Hook, et Am. Bot. Beechey, p. 3. t. 1. Belessert. Icones, t. 16. et 1. 17. Hook, et Am. in Bot. Misc. vol. iii. p. 133. A. multinda, Poiref, Swppl. vol. i. p. 64. DC. Syst. Teg. vol. i. p. 209. Prodr. vol. i. p. 21. Hook. Flor. Bor. Am. vol. i. p. 7. Torrey and Gray, Flora of North Am. vol. i. p. 13. A. trilobata, Juss. Ann. Mus. vol. iii. p. 2-17. t. 21. f. 3. A. rnacrorhiza, Bombey. (fid. DC). A. triternata, Herb. Beg. Berol. (fid. Herb. Hook.) rum Vahl. A. bicolor, Pa?ppig. (fid. Walpers, vol. i. p. 22.).

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens; Port Famine; Capt. King. Cape Negro and Elizabeth Island; C. Banvin, Esq..

Pilosa v. subsericea, spithamea ad \\ ped. alta. Radix tuberosa. Folia 3-5-partita ; segmentis linearibus v. cuneatis, crenatis incisis multifidisve. PedicelU 1-3, miico nudo, caeteris involucellatis. Petala 5-10. Recepta- culum globosuni, demum elongatum, cylindraceum. Aeluenia lanata, stylo lateraH filiformi.

Rather a variable species and having a very extended range throughout the American continent. I have no hesitation in referring to it all the species quoted above. In North America it abounds from the Arctic circle to the Colombia river on the west coast, and New York on the east. The specimens, especially those from the Rocky Mountains and from Lake Huron, differ from those of the strait of Magalhaens only in having rather larger and more deeply coloured flowers. In South America this plant re-appears in Peru (Dornbey) and in Chili (Brotero) on the west side, and in South Brazil (Sellow) on the east, extending from each as far south as the Strait of Magalhaens. There are eight other South American species of Anemone described, which are — 1. A. triternata, Vahl. ; 2. A. Jiepa- ticifolia, Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 1 ; 3. A. Jamesoni, Hook. I.e. t. 670; 4. A. aqidnoctialis, Pceppig. ; 5. A. Antu- censis, Pceppig.; 6. .-/. Sellovii, Pritzil ; 7. A. Helleborifolia, DC; 8. A. sphenop/ii/lla, Pceppig.; the last is pro-

224 FLORA ANTAECTICA. \Fuegia, the

bably a variety of A. decapetala, judging from the description given in Walpers. As nearly allied to this genus I may here mention the Hamadryas audicola, Hook. (Ic. Plant, t. 136), which is the Hepatica? integrifolia, H. B. K. I have examined specimens of this with ripe fruit : the carpels are few, large, and turgid, slightly hairy, the style long and filiform : the seed large, minutely punctate, and pendulous, by a short funiculus from a point a little below the apex of the cell, characters which will remove it from Hamadryas.

2. RANUNCULUS, C. Bank.

* Hecatonia, glaberrima, folds lobatis v. dissectis.

1. Ranunculus bitematus, Smith, in Bees Cycl. DC. Syst. Peg. vol. i. p. 236. Proclr. vol. i. p. 30. Beless. Icon. vol. i. t. 24. Hook. Icon. Plant, t. 497. R. exiguus, HUrv. Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 615. Gaud, in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 136. R. flaccidus, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mus. Banks.

Hab. Fuegia ; Commerson, Banks, and Solander. Darwin. Hermite Island ; /. B. H. Falkland Island ; HUrville, Mr. Wright, Capt. Snlivan, &c.

Bather a variable species, especially in size, in the breadth of the segments of the leaves, and in the number of petals. The R. exiguus, D'Urv., is a small state of this plant, common in the Falklands. The heads of carpels are very large in proportion to the size of the foliage, and especially of the flower.

2. Ranunculus crassipes, Hook. fil. ; glaberrima, crassa et carnosa, caule repente, foliis longe petio- latis cordato-reniformibns trifidis trilobatis tripartitisve segmentis grosse inrequaliter 3-5-crenatis, pedivnculis petiolo brevioribus, sepalis glaberrimis demum reflexis, petalis 4-6 obovato-spathulatis obtusis flavis, capitulo rnajusculo, carpellis plurimis late ovatis turgidis, stylo brevi recto. An a R. biternato distincta ? (Tab. LXXXI.)

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; in moist places near tbe sea, abundant.

Catdes spithamei, ad nodos radicantes, crassitie pennee corvinse. Petioli 1-4 unc. longi. Folia varie secta, pleriunque trifida v. tripartita, segmentis late cuneatis. Pedunculi axillares, validi, erecti. Flos solitarius, inconspi- cuus. Sepala ovata, obtusa, membranacea. Petala 4-5, calyce longiora, \\ lin. longa, 3-nervia, versus medium glandida opaca instructa. Capitula ut in R. biternato sed stylis strictis.

I advance this species with much hesitation, as it may prove only a variety of R. bitematus, from the largest states of which it is to be distinguished by its still greater size, more succulent habit, and especially by the more entire leaves, with much broader segments. These are, however, variable characters in both species, and some im- perfect specimens of the former from Hermite Island assume a much larger size than others from the Falklands or from the northern parts of the Fuegia.

Plate LXXXI. Fig. 1, a flower ; fig. 2, a petal ; fig. 3, a stamen ; fig. 4, an ovarium ; fig. 5, a ripe carpel ; fig. 6, the same cut open showing the seed : — all magnified.

** Hecatonia, pilosa, foliis dissectis.

3. Ranunculus c/iilensis, DC. Syst. Peg. vol. i. p. 286. Prodr. vol. i. p. 38. Cham, and Schlecht. Animadv. pt. 2. p. 27. Hook, and Am. Bot. Beechey, p. 4. t. 3. Bot. Miscell. vol. iii. p. 134.

Hab. Cape Tres Montes and Chonos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

A very variable plant in habit (being either erect or creeping) and in the state of pubescence, in the size of the leaf and flower, and also in length of the petioles and peduncles : it is abundant throughout Chili, and possibly assumes a different form in a warmer latitude. In Mr. Darwin's specimens the flowers are small, scarcely 3-4 lines in dia-

FalMands, etc.] FLORA ANTAECTICA. 225

meter ; in others from Valdivia they are double that size, and even larger have been gathered by Mr. Cruickshanks near Valparaiso. It does not appear to inhabit the east coast of Patagonia ; but I have examined what I take to be a mutilated specimen, collected by Mr; Darwin in the central regions of that country near the river Santa Cruz, which flows from the Andes to the Atlantic.

4. Ranunculus peduncularis, Sm. m Sees Cyclop. BC. Syst. Teg. vol. i. p. 294. Prodr. vol. i. p. 41. Deless. Icon. vol. i. t. 42. Hook, and Am. in Pot. Miscett. vol. iii. p. 134.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens ; in the margins of woods ; Commerson. Cape Negro ; C. Barwin, Esq.

Closely allied to the last species, from which it seems constantly to differ in the narrow segments of the leaves, and the stouter and uniformly erect habit. The whole plant is more or less clothed with hairs, the Strait of Magalhaens specimens less so than those from more northern localities. It appears to be common in Chili on the western flanks of the Cordilleras, whence Dr. Gillies procured it at an altitude of 5000 feet, and Mr. Bridges upon the east slopes of that range, but it is not a native of the Atlantic side of South America. The R. poly- petalus, Gillies MSS., is quoted in the Botanical Miscellany as a state of this species ; it may be distinguished, perhaps specifically, by the smaller size of the leaves, which are all radical, and their segments so remote that the leaf is truly pinnate, the scape too is single-flowered, and it approaches more nearly to a Peruvian species.

5. Ranunculus Maclovianus, D'Urv. ; aeaulis v. subaeaulis, appresse pilosus, foliis raclicalibus longe petiolatis erectis reniformi-rotundatis trifiilis trilobatisve segrnentis grosse et acute dentatis, pedunculis folio brevioribus e ramulis abbreviatis ortis, sepalis villosis, petalis flavis spathulatis, capitulo globoso, carpellis glabriusculis, stylo brevi subuncinato. R. Maclovianus, B'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 615. Gaud, in Freyc. Toy. Pot. p. 136. R. parvihorus, Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 105.

Hab. Falkland Islands; moist places, abundant; Gaudieliand , B'Urville, J. D. H. and Br. By all.

Caulis nullus v. abbreviatus. Folia fere omnia radicalia ; petioli 2-6 unc. longi, graciles, suberecti ; lamina basi profunde cordata, -j- § imc. lata, pilis flavis sericeis utrinque tecta. Pedtinculi 3-5, rarius solitarii, a_a unc. longi, erecti, radicales v. e ramis abbreviatis orti. Sepala 5, ovata, obtusa, trinervia, demum subreflexa. Petala sepalis longiora, medio squama instructa. Carpella ovata, turgida, glabra v. laxe et sparse pilosa.

This plant is most nearly allied to the R. ChUemis, which I have noticed as a very variable species, but the present is smaller and more slender in all its parts, the leaves are all radical and it never creeps. "Walpers (Eepertor. vol. i. p. 44), erroneously quotes, as a variety of this, the R. e.viffieus, D'Urv., which is, however, certainly a state of R. biternatus, Sm.

6. Ranunculus sericocepJialus, Hook. fil. ; depressus, acaulis, totus pilis fulvis sericeis dense vestitus, foliis raclicalibus stellatim patentibus orbiculari-renifonnibus irregulariter 3-7-fidis lobis grosse crenato-den- tatis, pedunculis brevissimis, floribus parvis inconspicuis, carpellis dense sericeis. (Tab. LXXXIII.)

Hab. Falkland Islands; on moist banks with the former; Mr. Chartres, J. B.H. and Dr. Lyall.

Planta pusilla, depressa, valde inconspicua, tota pilis flavis sericeis patentibus tecta. Caules brevissimi v. nulli. Folia stellatim patentia, petiolo A unc. longo ; lamina basi cordata, plerumque 5-fida, rarius trifida v. trilo- bata, snbeoriacea, a unc. lata. Flares inter foha subsessiles ; pedicelh interdmn e ramis brerissimis orti. Sepala late ovata, intus 3-nervia, patentia. Petala angnste spathidata, obtusa, flava, versus medium squama parva instructa. Carpella phis patentibus obtecta ; stylo brevi uncinate

Though in many respects closely allied to the former, this seems to me quite a different species ; while

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226 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

often growing together, they do not appear to pass into one another. The small size, depressed and stellate habit, densely fulvous silky clothing, and especially the hairy carpels always serve to distinguish the present.

Plate LXXXIII. Fig. 1, a flower ; fig. 2, the same, laid open ; fig. 3, front, and fig. 4, back view of a petal ; fig. 5, young, and fig. 6, ripe carpel ; fig. 7, the same cut open showing the seed : — all magnified.

* * * Hecatonia, foliis integris.

7. Ranunculus liydroj>hilvs, Gaud. ; totus glaberrnnus, caule gracili repente, foliis longe petiolatis na- tantibus elliptico-ovatis integerrimis 3-5-nerviis, pedunculis axillaribus petiolo brevioribus, floribus parvis, petalis flavis spatlmlatis, carpellis paucis, stigmate subsessili. R. liydropliilus, Gaud, in Ann. So. Nat. vol. v. p. 105. Freycinet, Toy. Bot. p. 136 and 475. IfUrvitte in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 515. (Tab. LXXXII. Fig. B.)

Hab. Falkland Islands; in streams, lagoons, and pools of fresh water, abundant; Gaudic/iaud, B'Ur- ville, J. B. H.

Caules 4-8 unc. longi, parce ramosi, ad axillas folionun radicantes. Folia fasciculata, tenia cpiinave, basi vagi- nantia ; petioli 3-5 unc. longi, erecti, crassiusculi ; lamina parva, i unc. longa, plerumque natans, plana, obtusa, nervis 3-7 parallelis. Pedunculi ex axillis foliorum solitarii, petiolo rnultoties breviores, sub A unc. longi. Sepala late ovato-rotundata, membranacea. Petala calyce breviora, 1 lin. longa, flava, spathulata, infra medium squami- fera, basin versus attenuata. Capitulurn parvum, globosuin. CarpeUa pauca, pallide flava, oblique oblonga, obtusa, vix 1 lin. longa.

A very distinct species, both in habit and in other characters, perhaps most resembing R. humilis, Hook, and Am. (Bot. of Beechey's Voy. p. 4.), which is a variety of R. trisepalus, Gillies ; but the present is not branched upwards, the flowers are very different, and the carpels are not punctate. The leaves much resemble the upper floating ones of Potamogeton heterophyllus.

Plate LXXXII. Fig. B. — Fig. 1, flower ; fig. 2, petal ; fig. 3, stamen ;fig. 4, young carpel ; fig. 5, ripe ditto ; fig. 6, the same cut open : — all magnified.

8. Ranunculus trullifolius, Hook. fil. ; glaberrimus, caulibus brevissimis sarmentosis, foliis radicalibus natantibus obovato-cuneatis integerrimis apicibus 3-5-dentatis, petiolis elongatis incrassatis superne attenuatis, pedunculis petiolo brevioribus, floribus inconspicuis, sepalis late ovato-rotundatis, petalis brevibus. (Tab. LXXXII. Fig. A.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; St. Salvador Bay, in a fresh-water lagoon.

Radix fibrosa, fibris crassis elongatis, e collo sarmenta elongata radicantia emittens. Folia omnia radiealia ; petioli basi longe vaginantes, 4-6 mic. longi, teretes, antice canalicidati, vahdi, crassiuscidi, superne gradatim incras- sati, infra laminam attenuati ; lamina \-\ unc. longa, abrupte truncata, grosse et inaequaliter 3-5-dentata, dentibus obtusis, 3-5-nerviis, nervis parallelis, limde viridis v. purpurascens. Flosfructusque ut in R. hjdropliilo sed paido majores et pedunculo crassiore.

Certainly more nearly allied to the former than to any other species of the genus ; but quite distinct, of a larger size and more succident habit, with leaves of a different form, abruptly truncate and lobed at the extremity.

Plate LXXXII. Fig. A.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 227

3. HAMADBYAS, Comment.

Mores abortu dioici. Sepal-a 5-6. Petala 10-12, lineari-subulata, basi squama instmcta. — Fl. Masc. Sta- mina plurima, filamentia filiformibus. — Fl. Fffiii. Ovaria plurima, in capitulum globosiun disposita, stylo uncinato terminata, uuilocularia, imiovulata ; ovulo e basi loculi erecto, funiculo brevi. CarpeUa sicca, ossea, indehiscentia. — Herbse Antarctica, Bamuiculo affines, plus minusve sericea. Scapi ad apices lSJlores, flore inferiore sessili. Sepala petalaque extus pilosa.

1. Hajladkyas Magettanica, Lam.; plus minusve sericeo-pilosa, foliis rotundatis tripartitis lobis cune- atis inciso-partitis v. subintegris. H. Magellanica, Lamarck, Diet. vol. iii. p. 67. DC. Sgst. Yeg. vol. i. p. 226. Prodr. vol. i. p. 25. Delessert, Icon. Select, vol. i. t. 22.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Commerson. Mount Tarn, altitude 2000 feet; Capt. King, C. Darwin, Esq. Staten Land, half way up the mountains ; A. Menzies, Esq.

Var. /3, tomentosa; foliis argenteo-lanatis lobis cuneatis subintegris. H. tomentosa, DC. Si/st. Teg. vol. i. p. 227. Prodr. vol. i. p. 25.

Statura et prsecipue pubescentia variat, nunc tota lana lnolk' sericea obtecta, nunc glabriuscula v .sparse pilosa. Scapus folio sequans v. bis longior. Sepala petalaque extus glabra v. sericea.

These two varieties were found growing together both by Mr. Darwin and by Menzies, and are certainly not specifically distinct.

De Candolle places this genus doubtfully amongst the Anemonea ; the ovules are, however, truly erect, and the petals being furnished with a small nectariferous scale, it ought to rank very near Ranunculus, from which it only differs in habit and in the numerous petals, and perhaps also in the persistent calyx. The form of the leaves seems to me to afford the sole tangible specific character, for the species vary in the hairiness of all then- parts.

2. Hamadryas argentea, Hook. fil. ; dense argenteo-lanata, foliis obovato-cuneatis basi attenuatis pro- funde trifidis lobis 3-5-fidis. (Tab. LXXXV.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; amongst grass; Captain, Sulivan, Lieut. Robinson, J. D.H.

Radix fibrosa, fibris crassis descendentibus. Folia radicalia, basi fibris petiolonim vetustorum tecta ; petioli graciles, erecti, 2-10 unc. longi, tomentosi; lamina 1-j- 2 unc. longa, coriacea, utrinque tomento argenteo-nitente vestita, segmentis obtusis. Scapus folio subsequilongus, crassitie penna? corvinaa, plantse masculae gracilior et uni- florus, foeminea? biflorus. Sepala ovata, acuta v. acuminata, extus villosa. Petala sepolis duplo longiora, sub 4 lin. longa, lineari-subulata, gradatim attenuata, basi subito contracta, quasi unguiculata, supra unguem squamam ap- pressam gerentia trinervia, membranacea, dorso hirsuta, pallide stramiuea. Stamina 8, filamentis fihformibus. Ovaria ovata, superne in stylum imcinatum attenuata. CarpeUa turgida, ossea.

To all appearance this is a distinct species from the former, and certainly a very beautiful one ; both Mr. Darwin's and Mr. Menzies' specimens, however, of H. Magellanica, var. /3, are so similarly covered with silky wool, that the form of the leaves alone serves to distinguish them. It is rare in the northern part of the islands, and a copious suite of specimens might exhibit varieties still more like the Fuegian species. I detected only one individual with male flowers, it was smaller than the females, and had slender, single-flowered peduncles.

Plate LXXXV. Fig. 1, a male plant, of the natural size; 2, a flower of the same; 3, a petal; 4, a stamen: — magnified; 5, a female plant of the natural size; 6, a flower of the same; 7, an ovarium; 8, a carpel; 9, the same cut open longitudinally showing the erect seed : — magnified.

228 FLOEA ANTAECTICA. {Fuegia, the

3. Hahadryas Kingii, Hook. fil. ; foliis rotundatis 5-7-fidis v. multilobatis, lobis crenatis utrinque araclmoideis.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens ; Mount Tarn ; Capt. King.

I have seen but two specimens of this very distinct species, they are male and female, the scape of the former, as in H. argentea, is one-flowered, that of the female has two flowers ; the root is elongated and tuberous, throwing out stout fibres.

4. CALTHA, Pers.

1. Caltha sagittata, Cavanilles Icon. t. 414. DC. Prodr. vol. i. p. 44. Gaud, in Aim. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 105. et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 136. D'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 615. Hook, fil. in Bot. Mag. t. 4056. C. multicapsularis, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Bill. Banks. Forster, in Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 324.

Hab. Fuegia; Commerson, Banks and Solander. Port Famine; Cajjl. King and C. Darwin, Esq. Hermite Island ; /. D. H. Falkland Islands ; Gaudic/iaud, D' Urville, J. D. H., &c.

Although placed by De Candolle in a separate section of the genus from C. palustris, this will rank more pro- perly with that species than with the two following, especially as in its English representative there is an evident tendency in the lobes of the leaf to become inflexed. The present varies exceedingly in size, according to the moisture of the situation where it grows ; the flowers are pale yellow, as in the following, and have a faint honey-like smell ; the apices of the petals are slightly incrassated. A small state of it has been gathered by Mr. Bridges in Chili, in rivulets on the east side of the Andes, near the Volcano of Peteroa ; it appears to be a peculiarly southern species, not inhabiting the level of the sea in a lower latitude than the Strait of Magalhaens.

2. Caltha (Psyclirophila, DC.) appendiculata, Pers. ; lmmilis, dense csespitosa, dioica, foliis breviter petiolatis cuneatis trifidis segnientis bifidis basi appendiculis 2 linearibus instructis, pedunculo brevissimo, sepalis linearibus gradatiin attenuatis, carpellis paucis. C. appendiculata, Persoon, Enclt. vol. ii. p. 107. DC. Syst. Yeg. vol. i. p. 307. Prodr. vol. i. p. 44. D' Urville et Gaudickaud, locis citatis. C. paradoxa, Soland. MSS. in Bill. Banks. Worst, in Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 324.

Hab. Fuegia; Banks and Solander. Port Famine; Capt. King and C. Darwin, Esq. Hermite Island, from tbe sea to an elevation of 1200 feet ; /. D. H. Falkland Islands ; Gaudickaud, D' Urville, J. D. H.

Caules validi, dense crespitosi, parce ramosi, subelongati, reliquiis vaginarum foliorum obtecti, hie illic fibras crassas ernittentes. Folia crassa et carnosa ; petiolo sub i unc. longo ; vagina latissima, membranacea, superne utrinque in auricidam scariosam dilatata ; lamina basin versus biauriculata, aurieulis e pagiua superiore ortis laminae appressis linearibus emarginatis. Fl. Masc. — Pedunculitis infra florem incrassatus, sidcatus. Sepala 5, patentia, lanceolata, in caudam membranaceam attenuata, pallide flava, purpureo-marginata. Stamina plerumque 9, quorum 4 breviora diutiusque maturata. Ovaria 5, abortiva. Fl. Fceji. — Sepala ut in mare sed erecta. Stamina rudi- mentaria. Ovaria 5-9, compressa, cxtus papulosa. Ovala 7-8. Semina sub 3, testa pallide brunnea nitida.

A highly ciuious plant and different, almost generically, from the former, in the dioecious flowers, the few stamens and ovaria, the form of the sepals (which are thick and terminated by a long membranous apex), and espe- cially in having the appendices of the leaves placed on the surface of the lamina. The flowers are rather pretty, though small, being pale yellow and bordered with purple, they exhale a faint sweetish odour. Both this and the following constitute a material proportion of the bog-earth in some parts of Hermite Island, and the present alone in the Falklands, sometimes covering the ground in broad hard green tufts. They are eminently southern plants, not being found to the northward of Fuegia.

Falkland's, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 229

3. Caltha (Psycliroplrila, DC.) dionecefolia, Hook.; purnila, eaubbus densissime csespitosis ramosis, foliis orbiculari-ovatis bilobis lobis conduplicatis appendiculisque 2 appressis oblongis setoso-ciliatis papulosis, stipulis maximis concavis, sepalis 5 oblongo-ovatis crassis apicibus obtusis membrauaceis, stamimbus 5-7, ovariis 2-3. C. dionesefoba, Hook, in Loud. Journ. of Bot. vol. ii. p. 306. (Tab. LXXX1T.)

Hab. Fuegia; Forster and C. Darwin, Esq. Hermite Island, from tbe sea to an altitude of 1500 feet ; /. B. H.

Caules eonferti, 2-4 nnc. longi, stipulis scariosis foliorum delapsonim tecti, ramosi, hie illic fibras crassas sim- plices emittentes. Petioli breves, validi, iu vaginarn maximam concavam cymbifonnem dilatati ; foliorum lamina vagina minor, sub 2 lin. longa, coriacea, superne lsete viridis, papulosa, subtus palb'dio, marginibus instar Dionece ciliatis, appendiculis lamina; appressis, extus ciliatis. Peditnculi breves, crassi, subclavati, obtuse trigoni, \ una longi. Flores hermaphroditi ?, stellati, stramiuei, extus flavi. Sepala 5, patentia, elliptico-ovata, carnosa, apice obtuso membranaceo subappendiculato, nerris plurimis. Stamina plerumque 7, filamentis crassis purpureo-notatis, antheris majuseulis. Ovaria 2-3, ssepissinie 2, oblique ovata, obtusa; ovulis 2-5.

First detected, but never described, by Forster, from whose collections we have a very small specimen, intermixed with 0.ralis Magellanica. In the southern parts of Tierra del Fuego it is a very common plant, covering large tracts of ground with a carpet of deep but shining green, upon which the stellate flowers have a very pretty appearance. The similarity between the leaf of this and of the Dionaa muscipula, " American Fly-trap," is very striking.

Plate LXXXIY. Fig. 1, back view, and 2, a side view of the leaf, petiole, and stipule or vagina ; 3, front view of lamina, showing the appendages ; 4, flower ; 5, the same when fully expanded : — all magnified.

II. MAGNOLIACEjE, DC.

1. DEIMYS, Ford.

1. Drbiys Winteri, Forst. Gen. p. 84. t. 42. Linn. Fil. Suppl. p. 269. Lamarck, Bid. vol. ii. p. 331. BC. Syst. Veg. vol. i. p. 443. Prodr. vol. i. p. 78. D. punctata, Lam. Bid. vol. ii. p. 330. Ilhst. t. 494. f. 1. Winterana aromatica, Soland. Med. Obs. vol. v. p. 46. t. 1. Wintera aromatica, Murray, Syst. 507. Apj). Med. vol. iv. p. 557. Humb. et Bonpl. vol. i. p. 209.

Hab. Strait of Magalbaens and Fuegia ; first noticed by John Winter wbo accompanied Drake's voy- age in 1577, and since by all voyagers and collectors.

A very abundant tree throughout the western and southern parts of Fuegia, even in Herrnite Island ascend- ing to 1000 feet. The natives use the stems of the young trees, rudely fashioning them into handles sometimes ten feet long, for then harpoons ; but the wood is too soft and supple. The bark has proved a most useful sto- machic and antiscorbutic to various voyagers, and especially to a portion of the crew of the ' Beagle ' during Capt. King's arduous surveying voyage (vide King's Voyage, vol. i. p. 234.).

After a careful examination of a'very extensive suite of examples, I have come to the conclusion that there is but one South American species of this genus. There is a dissimilarity in the form of the foliage, even between the North and South Fuegian states, the former having longer and more membranous leaves, differing in no respect from specimens gathered near Valparaiso by GDUes, Cuming, and Bertero, which generally pass under the name of D. CMlensis, DC. From Juan Fernandez again, the plants collected by the two last-mentioned travellers belong to the same species : though the leaves are generally more linear, they are not so much so as in some of the continental states. In Brazil, the variety, called D. Granatensis, L. fil., is found over the whole of that vast empire, and equally occurs in New Grenada and the province of Santa Fe in Colombia. Mr. Gardner's number 5675 precisely accords

3 A

230 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuec/ia, the

with the Juan Fernandez plant. St. Hilaire and Canibessedes describe four and give figures of three varieties ; herein they differ from Martius, who considers it the same as D. Winteri, but these authors do not state their rea- sons (' Plantes Usuelles de Bresil,' Tab. 26-28), and neither in the plates or descriptions do any characters appear which are not common to some of the Chilian and Fuegian specimens : their var. sylvatica coincides with Juan Fer- nandez specimens ; the var. montana has smaller leaves than any found on the west coast of the continent. Chamisso and Schlechtendahl, in their notes upon the Mexican plant collected by Schiede and Deppe, refer it to D. Grana- tetisis (Linnsea, vol. v. p. 210 ; vol. vi. p. 417 ; and vol. x. p. 214.); it is identical with D. Mexicana, Mor. and Sesse, (PL Mex. in DC. Prodi-.), and some of the Chilian examples agree with Mexican ones. The effuse panicle and larger flowers are more characteristic of the northern states of the tree, but these peculiarities afford no specific distinction. A singular state, with small narrow leaves, remarkably revolute at the margins, has been gathered in Brazil by Claussen. The variations in the foliage are too gradual to admit even of the forms being grouped into varieties indicative of countries or of other peculiarities, and the glaucous hue of the under surface of the leaves is equally apt to mislead.

I feel little doubt that this plant extends over no less than 86° of latitude, forming at the southern limit of its growth one of the three trees that advance the nearest to the Antarctic circle, and reaching as high a lati- tude as any flowering plant, save the solitary grass of the South Shetland Islands. No vegetable production of its size affords a parallel case to this, either in America or any other country. Such an extraordinarily extended range is in part obviously due to some peculiarities in the form and surface of South America, where under every degree of latitude there are large areas either at the level of the ocean or at an elevation where such a tree can enjoy a climate that is equable. To the influence of the like causes I shoidd attribute the specific identity between some high northern and southern species, which like the Gentiana prostrata, Trketnm subspicatmn, and other plants men- tioned in the former part of this work (Part i. p. 117), pass along the Andes from the northern temperate or frigid point to the southern extreme of America.

The Dr'unys Winteri is one of those plants which is represented by two closely allied species in other quarters of the globe, one in Tasmania, the Tasmania aromatica, and the Driinys axillaris in New Zealand. There are many instances of genera having representatives in those three botanical regions, the species being in general mutually more related than to any others, such are afforded by the genera Far/us, Astelia, Abrotanella, by shrubby Veronicas and many others. This similarity in some of the botanical productions of countries, otherwise unlike in vegetation, is far more remarkable than a total dissimilarity between lands so far separated, or even than a positive specific identity woidd be at first sight ; because it argues the operation of some agent far above our powers of comprehen- sion, and far other from what we commonly observe to affect geographical distribution.

III. BERBERIDEiE. Vent.

1. BERBERIS, Linn.

1. Berberis iUcifolia, Forst. ; ereeta, spinis tripartitis, foliis obovatis grosse spinoso-dentatis, pedun- culis folio brevioribus 4-6-floris, pedicellis elongatis subcorymbosis, floribus majusculis, baccis late ovatis lagenseforrnibus. B. ihcifolia, Forst. Comm. vol. ix. p. 28. Linn. Ml. Sitppl. p. 210. DC. Syst. vol. li. p. 12. Proclr. vol. i. p. 107. B. lagenaria, Fob: Did. vol. viii. p. 619. (Tab. LXXXVI.)

Hab. Strait of Magalliaeiis on botli sides and throughout Fuegia ; Commerson, Forster, and all future collectors.

This is certainly the handsomest species of the genus, forming a straggling bush, eight feet high, with deep

FalMands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 231

green shining leaves and very conspicuous golden yellow flowers. The wood is pale yellow, affording a gamboge coloured dye, the berries of a deep steel blue colour, and few in comparison to the size of the flower.

Plate LXXXVI. Fig. 1, a flower; fig. 2, a petal and stamen removed from the flower; fig. 3, pistil: — all magnified.

2. Berberis bnxifolia, Lam. ; erecta, ramosa, spinis tripartitis, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis obovatisve planta juniore majoribus petiolatis pungentibus hie illic spinoso-dentatis seniore minoribus plerumque inte- gerriniis acutis post anthesin coriaceis, pedicellis 1-3-fioris, bacca globosa. B. buxifolia, Lamarck, Ittust. t. 253. f. 3. DC. Sj/st. Yeg. vol. ii. p. 15. Prodr. vol. i. p. 107. Hook, et Am. in Bot. MisceU. vol. iii. p. 136. B. microphylla, Forst. Comm. vol. ix. p. 29. B. dulcis, Sweet, Hort. Britann. 2nd Series, vol. i. t. 100. B. mermis, Ben.? Ench. vol. i. p. 387. DC. Broitr. vol. i. p. 107.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens and throughout Fuegia ; Commerson, and all subsecpient collectors.

This is a variable species, especially in the foliage, exhibiting a difl'erent aspect at different seasons of the year. In spring, when the flowering commences, fascicles of new leaves are produced, which are pale green, membranous, and entire ; at this period the leaves of the former season begin falling whde those of the present year gradually become larger, stiffer, coriaceous, and generally mueronate or pungent at the apex. They are not fully developed till autumn, when they are generally quite entire, attenuated at the base, and shortly petiolate, about half an inch long, rigid and coriaceous, reticulated on the upper surface ; during the following spring these in their turn fall away. In seedling plants the leaves are larger than at any future time, on long petioles, broader, and here and there furnished with spinous teeth. The flowers are generally in threes, but sometimes solitary, pale yellow. The berries, about the size of a small pea, were much used for tarts by the officers of the ' Beagle ' and found excellent. The B. dtrfcis, of Sweet, agrees with the common form of this plant, except that the flowers are larger in that author's figure and the pubes- cence of the pedicels not visible in the wild specimens. The B. biennis seems a variety, some of the specimens being quite unarmed ; indeed the spines of this genus afford but an inconstant character.

Plate LXXXVII. (Under the name of B. microphylla). Fig. 1, a flower ; fig. 2, petal and stamen removed from the same ; fig. 3, pistils : — all magnified.

3. Berberis empetrifolia, Lam. Illustr. t. 253. f. 4. DC. Sj/st. Teg. vol. ii. p. 16. Prodr. vol. i. p. 107. Hook, et Am. in Bot. MisceU. vol. iii. p. 136.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; common in alpine woods ; Commerson. Port Famine ; Copt. King.

This species is more characteristic of a dry chmate than of the moist wooded country of Fuegia and South- west Chili. The Strait seems to be its southern limit ; it inhabits neither the east nor west coasts, but is confined to the Cordillera itself, from many elevated parts of which range we have received it, gathered by Gillies, Cuming, Macrae, and Bridges ; it very probably therefore is a native of the whole length of that range, from lat. 34.° to lat. 54°, descending to the level of the sea at Port Famine, to which point the mountains are continued in one unbroken chain.

IV. CRUCIFEILE, Jim. 1. ARABIS, L.

1. Arabis Macloviana, Hook. ; glaberrima, basi ramosa, foliis inferne dentato-serratis radicalibus longe petiolatis oblongis obtusis caulinis sensim minoribus, supremis sessilibus lineari-oblongis, floribus in corym- bum densum dispositis, sepalis obtusis extus hirsutis pedicellurn sequantibus, petalis albis spathulatis, siliquis

232 FLOEA ANTAECTICA. [Fuegia, the

racemosis erectis strictis linearibus stylo brevi valido terminatis, valvis concavis 3-costatis reticulatim venosis, seminibus plitrimis ovato-oblongis, testa atro-brunnea grosse punctata. A. Macloviana, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 498. Brassica Magellanica, Poiret? (fide Gaudichaud in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 105.), non Juss. Pers. DC. et Delessert. B. Macloviana, IfUrv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 616. Erysimum Maclovi- anum, Gay in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 136.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; abundant on the sea coast ; GawVichaud, H Urville, &c.

Herba basi lignosa, coriacea, spithamea ad tripedalem, interdum subglaucescens. Folia radicalia 2-3 ivncialia. Flores conferti, ampli. Siliquee 1 unc. longse, subtetragonse.

la tlie form of tlie pod this is intermediate between Barbaraa and Arabis, the habit is however altogether that of the latter genus. The fact of a species of Brassica having been described as a native of the Strait of Magal- haens seems to have induced Gaudichaud to refer Ms probably incomplete specimens of this plant to it. D'Urville afterwards retained the generic name, but constituted this a new species. That the specimens of the former, and possibly of the latter voyager also, were incomplete, is evident from M. Gay's referring it to the genus Erysimum, from which as from Brassica it is far removed, though in the form of valves of the pods and habit it bears a simi- larity to some species of the first named genus.

2. CABDAMINE, L.

1. Caedamine hirsuta, Linn., Sp. PI. 915. D'Urville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 616. Gaudichaud in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 137. Hook, et Am. in Bot. Miscell. vol. iii. p. 137. Fl. Antarct. part i. p. 5. C. antiscorbutica, Banks et Soland. MSS. in Bill. Banks. C. glacialis, DC. Syst. Teg. vol. ii. p. 264. Prodr. vol.'i. p. 153. C. propinqua, Carmichael, in Linn. Trans, vol. xii. p. 507. Sisymbrium glaciale, Forst. Comm. Goett. vol. ix. p. 32.

Var. nivalis ; foliis majoribus, pedicellis siliquisque elongatis erectis, stigmate sessili. C. nivalis, Gill. MSS. Hook, et Am. in Bot. Miscell. 1. c.

Hab. Fuegia, tlie Falkland Islands, and Tristan d'Acunha ; abundant, especially near the sea. Var. /3, in various situations with the former ; Forster, Banks and Solander, Capt. Carmichael, &c.

After what is said respecting this plant in the first part of the present work, it will not excite surprise that I now consider all the species quoted above as states or varieties of the universally diffused C. hirsuta. I have in vain sought for specific characters amongst the numerous specimens now before me, gathered in many parts of Chili, Patagonia, and Fuegia, at different positions on the coast and various elevations on the mountains. The ordi- nary form, which bears generally the name of C. glacialis, is a small, glabrous or slightly hairy plant, from 2-6 inches high, sparingly branched, with the branches leafy or naked, sometimes of a robust habit. Leaves with 3-5 pair of sinuated leaflets, the terminal one larger, cordate or attenuated at the base. Siliqua? on pedicels from two to three-quarters of an inch long, erect, about an inch long, with acuminated or rather obtuse styles, which are sometimes so short that the stigmata are nearly sessile. From the same locality, however, different specimens vary much, and when growing in a sandy soil the roots become tuberous and the whole plant often hairy. In moist situations the stems are leafy upwards and more succulent, resembling the Campbell's Island variety subcarnosa (vol. i. p. 5), and I have gathered individuals of a very small size on the hills of Hermite Island, with single pans of leaflets, answering to the C. glacialis, /3 of DC, and to Buenos Ayres specimens in Herb. Hook. Mr. Darwin has collected a form near Valparaiso, which is not distinguishable from a large state of the plant that inhabits the Island of Arran in Scot- land; it is the C. sylvatica and also Sisymbrium Nasturtium var. Chilense, of Bertero. Some of the Falkland Island specimens again, are identical with others gathered in Iceland, and as is the case in the Northern Hemisphere, the flowers produced in the colder latitude are generally the largest. I am not prepared to say how far the C. debilis

FalkJ anils, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 233

of New Zealand and a Tasmanian species, may ultimately prove distinct from this plant, which, besides being universally distributed throughout Europe, is abundant in North America under the names of C. hirsuta, C. Pennsylvanica, C.Yir- ginica, &c, whence it probably passes along the Andes into South America, for we have specimens from Colombia. It is likewise an inhabitant of the Pacific Islands, of Ceylon and the Indian Peninsula, and of the Island of Mauritius.

The other Chilian species of this genus are : 1. 0. affinis, Hook, and Am. (Bot. Miscell. vol. iii. p. 137), this has the general appearance of C. hirsuta, but the flowers are considerably larger and the pods gradually acuminated into long styles, (a native of Conception) ; 2. C. tenuirostris, Hook, and Am. 1. c., similar to the last, but the pods are larger, the leaves more numerous and cut into many linear segments, (Conception) ; 3. C. tuherosa, DC. (Syst. vol. ii. p. 254 ; Deless. Icon. vol. ii. t. 29), this has simple large and orbicular leaves, cordate at the base ; the tuber- ous root in the genus frequently is owing to local causes (Valparaiso) ; 4. C. Chilensis, DC, 1. c, has the leaves entire or with one small lobe at the base, elliptical, obovate, and obtuse, (Chili, Bertero) ; 5. C. chenopodiifolia, Pers. (DC. Prodr. vol. i. p. 149), it and the preceding belong to the entire-leaved section ; the present has the habit of Arabia Maclovianu, but the valves of the pods are plane and entirely nerveless (it grows near rivulets on the Andes, altitude 8000-10,000 feet (Bridges); 6. C.fiaccida, Cham., Bertero's imperfect specimen bearing this name (Mus. Brit.) with the following note, " an nova species? C. macrorhiza, Bert., MSS." appears not to be a Carda- mine at all.

2. Cardamine geraniifolia, DC. ; glaberrima, v. parce pilosa, radice lignosa, caule erecto subramoso folioso, foliis radicalibus longe petiolatis bipinnatisectis pinnulis petiolulatis late ovatis trilobis tripartitisve segmentis grosse dentatis dentibus obtusis subacutisve, floribus majusculis in corymbum pauciflorum clis-

positis, sepalis pedicellum sequantibus, petalis amplis obovato-spatliulatis albis v. pallide roseis, siliquis ?

(Tab. LXXXVIII.) C. ? geraniifolia, DC. Syst. Veg. vol. ii. p. 268. Prodr. vol. i. p. 153. Sisymbrium gerarnifoh'um, Poiret, Diet. vol. vii. p. 218.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens; Commerson. Port Famine; Capt. King. South part of Fuegia; C. Darwin, Esq. Hermite Island ; /. D. H., Mr. Davis.

Spithamea et ultra, erecta, flaccida, subsucculenta, hie illic parce pilosa, rarius glaberrima. Radix majuscula, elongata, cylindracea. Folia radicalia 4-8 uncialia, petiolo gracili ; lamina circurnscriptione oblonga, pinnatisecta, pinnis plerumque 5-7 patentibus iirferioribus pinnatisectis ; pinnulis ternatim sectis, membranaceis, 3-5 lin. longis, segmentis ultimis varie incisis dentatisve : folia caulina radicalibus sirnilia, pro planta maxima. Flores magnitudine C. pratensis.

In Peru this very distinct species is replaced by two or three similar, of which one grows at an elevation of 10,000-12,000 feet on the Andes. They are more nearly allied to the C. chelidonia, Tenore, of Italy, than to any other of the genus.

Plate LXXXVIII. Fig. 1, flower; Jig. 2, petal ; fig. 3, stamen and pistil : — magnified.

3. DRABA, L.

1. Draba incana, Linn., Sp."Pl. 897. 8m. Engl. Pot. t. 388.

Var. Magellanica ; foliis integris, siliculis planis velutinis in stylum brevem attenuatis. Draba Magel- lanica, Lam. Diet. vol. ii. p. 328. DC. Syst. vol. ii. p. 349. Prodr. vol. i. p. 170.

H.\b. Strait of Magalliaens, by the margins of alpine woods; Commerson (in Herb. Hook.).

The only specimen of this plant that I have seen was derived from the Herbarium of M. Gouan, and is marked by him as received from Commerson ; it is quite undistinguishable from B. incana, under which name, I, alono- with Torrey and Gray in the Flora of North America, include B. confusa, Ehrh. The specimen is about 8 inches

3 B

234 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Fuegia, the

long and consists of a single stem (probably one of several from the same root) bearing linear, obtuse, and entire radical leaves, scarcely an inch long ; tlie ascending portion is erect and scarcely branched, with three sessile, ovato- oblong leaves ; the raceme 3 inches long ; pods erect, 4 lines long and less than one in breadth, borne upon stout pedicels shorter than themselves ; seeds immature, small, pale red brown. In this genus, characters taken from a solitary though complete specimen are invalid, and since it is undistinguishable from some North American and European states of B. incana, I am obliged to unite it with them ; for I can find no reason to suppose that they will eventually prove distinct.

It is very singular that this plant, apparently identical with one so abundant throughout the Arctic regions and the elevated mountains of the north temperate zone, should not have been seen in the southern by any col- lectors save Dr. Gillies, who is stated (Bot. Miscell. vol. iii. p. 138), to have found a solitary specimen on the Andes of Mendoza, and Commerson. It certainly does not appear amongst the plants of the Colombian Andes that have been published by Humboldt, or more recently discovered by Col. Hall and Professor Jameson. Variable as the species of this genus are in the Northern Hemisphere, they are equally so in the Southern ; still, as they seem to present tangible characters, I have availed myself of them here in drawing up the subjoined list of the South American species known to me*. With regard to the sections proposed for these twenty species, they are tolerably

* DEABA, L. § I. Racemo inter folia summa sessili.

1. D. cryptantlia, n. sp.; csespitosa, rarnosa, tota incano-tomentosa, foliis imbricatis obovatis obtusis, racemo foliaceo abbreviato inter folia suprema sessili paucifloro, floribus parvis brevissime pedicellatis, petalis spathulatis albis unguieulatis, siliculis longe pedicellatis ovatis incanis stylo brevi terminatis.

Hab. Peru; Cerro Pasco; Mathews (v. 942).

Caules robusti f— 2 imc. longi. Folia \ uncialia, ramis appressa. Flores ineonspicui. Sepala -i lin. longa, oblonga, obtusa. Petala sepalis vis longiora, apice emarginata. Silicidce 2-i liu. longa? ; seminibus parvis rufo- brunneis.

§ II. Subacatdes v. caulibus caspitosis, pedunculo nudo,fioribns corymbosis, stylo brevi.

2. D. aretioides, H. B. K. ; Nov. Gen. et Sp. Arner. vol. v. p. 77. t, 435.

Hab. Andes of Colombia; Antisana, 10,800 feet; Humboldt and Bonpland. Pichincha, 15,000-16,000 feet; Professor Jameson ; Hartweg, in Herb. Hooker (n. SS5.)

3. D. obovata, Benth. ; Plant. Hartweg. p. 159. n. 885.

Hab. Andes of Colombia; Antisana, 15,000 feet; Hartweg, (n. 885) in Herb.Bentliam.

The species in the Hookerian Herbarium, received as n. 885, from M. Hartweg, is the same as Professor Jameson's B. aretioides and Humboldt's figure ; but it is not the B. obovata, n. 885, of Mr. Bentham's herbarium, apparently a very different species.

4. D. depressa, n. sp. ; csespitosa, incano-tomentosa, caulibus brevibus prostratis ramosis foliosis, foliis confertis obovato-spathulatis apice rotimdatis integerrimis, racemis abbreviatis folia summa paulo superautibus, sepalis late oblongis dorso pubescentibus, petalis flavis, pedicellis fructiferis elongatis, siliculis latissime ovato-rotundatis acutis, stylo brevi, valvis planiusculis incanis, seminibus majusculis late obovatis.

Hab. Colombia; Chimborazo, 17,000 feet ; Col. Hall.

A D.cryptant/ta, cui proxima, difi'ert statura, racemo elongato, floribusque ter majoribus ; ad D.aretioidem statura accedit, sed folia incana obtusa patentia et laxius inibricata, siliculse minores latiores caulesque prostrati.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 235

natural, the styles and foliation forming very evident and nearly constant characters j though D. cryptantlta, in having the flowers entirely sessile amongst the leaves, stands alone in the genus : unfortunately the specimens of this are not

5. D. siliquosa, n. sp. ; caule brevissimo basi ramoso, foliis versus apices ramorum rosulatis lineari-obovatis villoso-sericeis, pedunculo incano sursum pedicellis sepalisque dorso hirsutis, floribus in corymbum subcapitatuni nudum dispositis parvis albidis, petalis elongato-spathulatis unguiculatis retusis, siliquis linearibus obtusis glaber- rimis, stylo nullo.

Var. /3, Antisana; foliis majoribus laxius confertis obtusis.

Hab. Colombia; Cotopaxi, 13,000 feet ; Professor Jameson. Var. jS, on walls at the Hacienda of Antisana, Professor Jameson (n. 28.).

Radix descendens, multiceps. Folia \ (in var. /3 f ) una longa. Pedunculi 1| unciales, simplices, nudi. Siliquee i lin. longs, lineares ; valvis planis, saspe purpureis ; seminibus oblongis, rufo-fuscis.

6. D. Macleani, n. sp. ; incano-tomentosa, caule brevissimo diviso, foliis confertis obovato-oblongis obtusis, corynibo subcapitato nudo, floribus parvis breviter pedicellatis albidis, siliculis glaberrhnis ovatis in stylum brevis- simum attenuatis, valvis planis.

Hab. Andes of Peru ; /. Maclean, Esq.

A priori differt foliis incano-tomentosis, fonnaque valde diversa siliculamm attenuatarum.

7. D. ajjinis. n. sp. ; caule brevissimo diviso, foliis confertis patentibus obovato-lanceolatis subacutis sericeo- hirsutis, pedunculo puberulo, floribus corymbosis subcapitatis parvis, siliculis pubescentibus pedicellatis elliptico-ob- longis stylo brevissimo terminatis, valvis subconvexis.

Hab. Colombia; Hacienda de Antisana, on old walls, at an elevation of 13,400 feet; Professor Jameson.

D. siliquosa proxima siliculis latioribus brevioribus pubescentibusque prsecipue difl'ert. Ha?c cum tribus praa- cedentibus habitu et statura omnino convenit.

8. D. Falklandica, n. sp. ; vid. supra.

Hab. Falkland Islands; Lieut. Robinson, R.N.

Forma siliculae D. qffiui proxima, sed magnitudine, vahds convexis, stylo longiore, siliculisque raeemosis differt.

9. D.funiculosa, n. sp. ; vid. supra. Hab. Falkland Islands ; /. D. H. Species nulli arete aflinis.

10. D. aicstralis, n. sp. ; annua, gracilis, caule simpliciusculo patenti-piloso, foliis radicalibus paucis rosulatis ob- longis oblongo-lanceolatisve plei-umque integerrimis obtusis supra subsericeo-hirsutis subtus stellatim pubescentibus, pedunculis glaberrimis nudis paucifloris, floribus albis pedicellatis, pedicellis fructiferis filiformibus silicida glaberrima lineari-oblonga utrinque obtusiuscula \ brevioribus, valvis planis, seminibus plurimis parvis. D. australis, Brown, MSS. hi Herb. Banks.

Hab. Patagonia; Mus. Banks. BahiaBlanca; C. Darwin, Esq.

Species D. lineari, Boiss., D. cimeifolia, Nutt., et D. micranthce, Nutt. similh'ma.

236 FLOEA ANTAECTICA. \_Fuegia, the

in fruit. In the second group the scape is entirely naked and the flowers are more or less corymbose, all have short styles and the B. aretioides and B. siUquosa are similar to the B. Aizoon in general appearance. The plants included

5 III. Caulescentes ; scapo foliato, raceniis post anthesin elongatis, foliis radicalibus caulink diversis.

11. D. radicata, n. sp. ; incana, caule brevi lignoso subdiffuse ramoso, foliis confertis lineari-obovatis v. spa- thulatis obtusis, scapo gracili nudo v. unifoliato, floribus subeoryrnbosis majusculis, petalis flavis calyce pubescente duplo longioribus, siliculis erecto-patentibus ellipticis utrinque attenuatis pubenilis pedicello longioribus, stylo gracili.

Hab. Colombia; Andes of Quito, altitude 12,000 feet; Professor Jameson (n. 153).

Radix elongata, lignosa, ramosa, multiceps. Caules 1-2 unciales, versus apices foliosi. Folia \-\ uncialia, patula, pube stellata. Scapi 1-2 unc. longi. Flores magnitudine varii. Petala sub 3 lin. longa, unguiculata ; lamina patente, rotundata. Silicula \— -J lin. longse ; valvis planis ; seminibus majusculis, late obovatis, atro-fuscis.

12. D. grandijlora, Hook, and Am. ; incano-tomentosa, caulibus elongatis foliosis subramosis, foliis patentibus lineari-oblongis lanceolatisve integerrimis v. obscure dentatis, scapo nudo v. folioso, floribus amplis pedicellatis, petalis albis calyce plus duplo longioribus, siliculis ellipticis pubenilis plerumque tortis utrinque attenuatis pedicello brevioribus stylo elongato terminatis, seminibus 12-20 quoque loculo. D. grandiflora, Hook, et Am. in Bot. Misc. vol. iii. p. 137. sine descript.

Var. /3; caide simpliciusculo, scapo nudo, siliculis glabriusculis subobtusatis pedicello brevioribus. D. grandi- flora, Hook, et Am. ; Benth. in Plant. Hartweg. p. 159. n. 883.

Hab. Colombia ; Mr. Lobb. Chimborazo, 14,000 feet ; Professor Jameson. Var. 0, Chimborazo ; Professor Jameson, Hartweg, n. 883.

Caules 3-4 unciales. Folia uncialia, in petiolum attenuata. Flores magnit. D. violacece. Silieulce plerum- que y unc. longae. D. violacea proxima sed ad hanc sectionem relata obscapum (prsecipue in var. (3), elongatum, a caule distinctum, racemumque nudiuscidum.

13. D. incana, vid. supra.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Commerson.

14. D. Gilliesii, Hook, et Arn. in Bot. Misc. vol. iv. p. 137. Hab. Chili ; on the Andes ; Gillies, Cuming, Reynolds, Bridges.

15. D. cheiranthoides, n. sp. ; radice magna fusiforrni, foliis radicalibus longissime lineari-lanceolatis sinuato- dentatis utrinque stellatim scabemlis caulinis multo minoribus, scapo ascendente puberulo subramoso, racemo elon- gato, floribus amplis aureis, pedicellis fructiferis elongatis patentibus, siliculis obovato-oblongis utrinque attenuatis in stylum elongatum desinentibus, valvis convexiusculis glabriusculis, seminibus paucis majusculis atro-fuscis.

Hab. New Grenada ; Sierra Nevada, near the snow ; Purdie.

Radix pollicem crassa, 3—4 unc. longa. Folia 3-5 uncialia, vix i unc. lata, fasciculata, longe petiolata, flac- cida. Rami seu scapi pedales, foliosi, divisi. Flores magnitudine et colore CheirantM ochroleuci. Pedicelli frueti- feri strict!. Siliada -j unc. longaj, pedicello -j breviores, sub lente puberidaj. Semina pro genere maxima, 2 vel 3 quoque loculo, 1 lin. longa, compressa. — Habitu ad Vesicariam utricidatam accedit, sed stamina omnia vere edentula, silicula elliptica et semina exalata.

16. D. volcanica, Benth. ; Plant. Hartweg. p. S2. n. 571. Hab. Colombia; Yolcan de Agua; Hartweg, n. 571.

FalMands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 237

in the third group are scapigerous, but the peduncle is more or less leafy and the flowers racemose, the radical leaves are distinct from the cauline. The last division differs from the former only in forming shrubs, the branches being leafy throughout their length, an artificial character, but sufficiently available so far as the included species are concerned.

17. D. Tohuscetms, H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. Plant. Am. vol. v. p. 73.

Hab. Mexico; Humboldt and Bonpland. Oaxaca, 12,000-13,000 feet ; Galeotti.

18. D. Jorullensis, H.B.K., I.e.

Hab. Mexico; Jorullo; Humboldt and Bonpland. An hujus seetionis ?

§ TV. Fruticulosa, caule e bad ramoso, ramisfoliosis, foliis radicalibus a caulinis rum distinguendis.

19. D. violacea, DC. ; D. Bonplandiana, H. B. K., 1. c.

Hab. Colombia; Assuay, 13,000-14,000 feet; Humboldt and Bonpland, Professor Jameson.

Fndiculus pedalis. Flores subcorymbosi, magnitudine et colore variabiles. PediceUi fructiferi silicula breviores. Silicula lineari-ovatee, incano-tomentosae, in stylum gracilem gradatim attenuate. Semina plurima, obloriga, atro- fusca.

20. D. alyssoides, H. B. K., 1. c. non Benth. Plant. Hartweg. Hook, et Am. Bot. Hisceil. vol. i. p. 126. t. 32.

Hab. Colombia; Province of Pasto ; Humboldt and Bonpland. Summit of Pichincha and Pillzhum ; Professor Jameson.

Flores albi, ampli. Silicula longiores stylique breviores quam in praecedente. Semina parva.

I have retained the name given to this plant in the ' Botanical Miscellany,' (vol. iii. p. 137), and also so called by Professor Jameson. Mr. Bentham has considered my D. Hallii as the D. alyssoides of Humboldt and Bonpland, whose specific character does not allow of my deciding the question.

21. D. Hallii, n. sp. ; fruticulosa, ramosa, incano-pubescens, foliis radicalibus nullis caulinis sessilibus lineari- oblongis oblongo-obovatisve remote dentatis supra sericeo-hirsutis subtus stellatim tomentosis, racemis elongatis, florilms amplis albidis, pedicellis basi bracteatis fi-uctiferis erecto-patentibus silicula brevioribus, siliculis lineari-ob- longis in stylum brevem attenuatis, valvis planiuseulis pubescentibus, seminibus plurimis majusculis. D. alyssoides, Benth. Plant. Hartweg. p. 159. n. 884.

Hab. Colombia ; Chimborazo, Pichincha, and Antisana, near the snow limit ; Col. Hall, Professor Jameson, Hartweg.

Pedalis et ultra, vage ramosa, caulibus basi nudis. Folia 1-2 uncialia. Silicula forma variae, pleraeque \ unc. longse, liueari- vwovato-oblongae, glabriusculae, iuterdum lineares et f unc. longa?.

22. D. Arbuscula, n. sp. ; fruticulosa, stellatim pubescens, ramosa, raniis adscendentibus inferne lignosis nudis superne foHosis, foliis parvis imbrieatis obovatis obtusis, petiolis vaginantibus dilatatis glaberrimis, floribus flavis, siliculis pedicello brevioribus adscendentibus anguste elliptico-ovatis in stylum brevem attenuatis, valvis planis gla- briuscuhs, semimbus plurimis majusculis.

Hab. Caraccas; Linden (n. 439).

Caulis basi crassitie pennae anatinae, superne in ramos plurimos adscendentes fastigiatos divisus. Rami basi nudi, foliis delapsis cicatricati ; ramulis 2-3 imcialibus, foliosis. Folia \ unc. longa, imbricata, ovata, in petiolum

3 c

238 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

2. Deaba Falklandica, Hook. fil. ; caespitosa, incano-pubescens, caule brevissimo foliis rosulatis obo- vato-spatbulatis obtusis integerrimis, dense vestito, pedunculis plurimis robustis breviusculis pedicellisque patentim substellato-pilosis, siliculis corymbosis pedicellis ter longioribus elliptico-oblongis utrinque sub- obtusis in stylum non attenuatis, stylo brevi valido, valvis concavis stellatim pubescentibus, seminibus plurimis parvis, funiculis brevibus.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; Lieut. Robinson, R.N.

Radix lignosa, descendens, ad apicem fasciciduin rosulatum dense aggregatum foliorum subcoriaceorum gerens. Folia ■!■ uncialia, pubescenti-hirsuta, subtus pilis stellatis conspersa. Pedunculi 1-^—2 unciales, validi, nudi v. ima basi uniibliati. Silicida 3-4 lin. longse, stigmate brevi crasso terminatse.

The most prominent characters of this species are the densely leafy short stem, or more properly cluster of abbreviated stems, which immediately surmounts the root ; the short stout scapes, with comparatively large corymbs of pods ; the latter are obtuse at both ends, but not abrupt, and the seeds are small, placed close to the margins of the valves and the opposite series separated by a very broad dissepiment.

3. Deaba funiculosa, Hook. fil. ; glaberrima, caule breviusculo ramoso, ramis foliosis, foliis lineari-lan- ceolatis interduin oppositis basique subconnatis margine argute eiliato-dentatis, scapis gracilibus ad apicem paucifloris, pedicellis fructiferis brevibus, sibculis liuearibus utrinque obtusis, stigmate bilobo sessili, valvis planiusculis, seminibus plurimis oblongis, funiculis elongatis capillaceis. (Tab. LXXXIX.)

Radix sublignosa. Catdes pluries divisi, ramis £— J unc. longis. Folia erecto-patentia, rigida, |— i- uncialia, basi in petiolum subdilatata. Scapi 2-3 unc. longi, floriferi breves. Flares parvi, 3-5, breviter pedicellati, albidi, inconspicm. Sepala ovata, obtusa. Petala calyce bis longiora, spathulata, ad apicem rotuudata. Staminum fda- mentis gracilibus. Ovarium oblongo-ovatum. Silicida foliis subaequiloiiga, linearis, valvis ter quaterve longioribus quam latis, medio obscure uninerviis.

A very peculiar species and resembling the D. oligospermia, Hook., of Arctic America, most in habit, and par- ticularly D. lactea, Adams, a native of Siberia, in the form and eiliation of the leaves ; it has no near ally on the South American continent.

Plate LXXXIX. Fig. 1, portion of a stem, with two leaves accidentally opposite and connate at the base; fig. 2, a flower ; fig. 3, petal ; fig. 4, flower, with sepals and petals removed ; fig. 5, a pod ; fig. 6, the same, with one valve removed ; fig. 7, a seed and its funiculus ; fig. 8, embryo : — all magnified.

4. PRINGLEA, Anders., MSS.

Petala nulla (Anders. MSS.). Staminum filamenta brevia, ddatata, edentula. Ovarium obovatum. Stylus sub- elongatus. Stigma capitatum. Semina plurima, biseriaba, oblongo-cordata, in rostrum breve producta ; testa crassa, subspongiosa, albida. Silicida oblonga, valvis convexis navicularibus, dissepimento nullo. Cotyledones accumbentes. — Genus nidli arete, ajjii/e Eutrernre/o/vwa seminiim dissepimentoque relracto accedens, sed potius Drabse indole silicida et structura embryonis relation. Herba magnitudine varia, pier unique elata. Rhizoma etongatum, pro. strata. Foba in capitulum magnum congesta. Peduncidi infra folia orti, erecti, foliosi. Siliculse plur ima majascula. Pringlea et Diaphoranthus, Anderson in Herb. Banks.

vaginantem dilatata, superne patentia, obtusa, vix dentata, utrinque pube stellata tecta. Racemi unciales. Flares magnitudine et colore D. aisoidis. Silicida 4 lin. longse.

Species tres sequentes verisimiliter non hactenus descriptse, sed exemplaria mala offerunt, nempe e collec- tione Lindeni n. 431, in Caraccas reperta, et n. 1341 Novse Grenadoe (stirps ruira) et e coll. Galeotti n. 4669 e To- lucca in Mexico allata.

Falkland^, etc.] FLORA ANTAECTICA. 239

1. Pringlea antiscorhdica, Brown, MSS. in Herb. Banks. (Tab. XC.-XCI.)

Radix (seu rhi:oma) prostrata, longe repens, 2-3 pedalis, crassa, diametro 1-2 unc, teres, transverse annulata, sublignosa, sapore Cochlearia Armoracia, pra?cipue versus basin fibras crassas divisas rainosas ernittens, ad apicem foliorum capitulum magnum scaposque 1-2 elongatos gerens. Folia imbrieata, in capitulum, Brassicce oleracetB magnitudine fomiaque, referens disposita, 3-6 unc. longa, latissime obovato-spathulata, basi in petioliun latum attenuate, eamoso-coriacea, concava, margine integenima, ciliata, interdiun pubescentia, intus vasibus oleo subti- lissimo repletis percursa. Pedunculi infra folia e rhizomate orti, ascendentes, 2-3-pedales, foKosi, sulcati, crassitie digi- tis humana?, intus spongiosi, foliis plurimis imbricatis late obovatis sessilibus tecti. Racemus fructiferus elongatus, 6 unc. ad pedalem, e siliculis perplurhrris dense congestis subclavatus. Pedicelli clavati, erecti. Sejxda oblonga, obtusa, dorso pilosa. Petala nulla ! (Anderson MSS.). Stamina parva, filamentis dilatatis. Silicula f— 1 unc. longa?, oblongo-lanceolata?, v. breviter oblonga?, erectse, pubescentes v. patentim pilosa?, pilis simpUcibus, rarius glabra? ; valvis coriaceis, dorso convexis, obscure uninerviis ; replo gracili, persistente ; placentis biserialibus, e dissepimento retracto fungosis. Semina perplurima, majuscula, 1 lin. longa, subimbricata, e funiculo valido arcuato pendula, ovato-cordata, subcompressa, deorsum in rostnun breve obtusum producta ; testa crassa, spongiosa, albida ; cotyle- donibus acciunbentibus, radieula mediocri a?quilonga.

This is perhaps the most interesting plant procured during the whole of the voyage performed in the Antarctic Seas, growing as it does upon an island the remotest of any from a continent, and yielding, besides this esculent, only seventeen other flowering plants.

I am unable to point out any very close affinity which this curious genus may have with others of the same natural family, and shall therefore confine myself to enumerating its peculiarities, and how far these may be common to others of the order to which it belongs.

The long stout rhizoma is very similar to the root of the Coclrfearia Armoracia (Horse-radish), and not altogether different from that of the common kail or cabbage, which is however an annual plant, whilst the root-stocks of Pringlea and of the Horse-radish are perennial. In the forrn of the head of leaves, the resemblance to the common cabbage {Brassica oleracea) is most striking, and so is the use both are put to; but this analogy cannot be carried further ; our garden escident bears its flowers on a branching stem, that rises from amongst the leaves and is a continuation of the axis of growth of the plant, and it is chiefly owing to a check in the development of the parts connected with the inflorescence, or a complete suppression of those parts, that the annual leaves are in- creased in number and assume the densely capitate fonn ; here, on the other hand, the annual flower-stalks spring invariably from the base of the cluster of perennial leaves and are wholly independant of them, as occurs in the horse-radish, in various Drabas, in Arabk Macloviana, and in some other perennial Crucifera more frequently inhabi- tants of cold climates. But it is in the parts of the inflorescence that the most important botanical characters re- side, and by them the position of tliis plant must be determined in the natural series. The flowers though care- fully sought, escaped my observation, owing to the lateness of the season of our arrival. Broken sepals and small stamens, with short dilated filaments and oblong-lanceolate anthers, of a dark colour, were all I coidd detect ; the stigma is peltate and quite entire.

The silicula accords in fonn with that of several Ali/ssinea, to which group in De Candolle's arrangement Pringlea must be referred. There is no marked difference, except size, between the valves in this genus and Cochlearia ■ the septum, wholly absent here, is fenestrate in C.fenestrata, Br., a native of Arctic America, whilst the clavate peduncle, short style and broad peltate stigma, are very characteristic of other species of that genus. The presence or absence of a dissepiment, at all times spurious in the order, and of which there is a partial suppression in a genus usually provided with a complete one, cannot be considered a character of the greatest importance though very conspicuous ; nor do we in any case find its absence in Crucifera with the more ordinary structure of seed-vessels to indicate any affinity between the plants thus characterized. In Cochlearia the septum is easily separable into the two, plates of which it is composed, as observed by Brown, and close to the septum the origins of these plates are remote, so

240 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Fuegia, the

that the point of an instrument may be placed between them, each arises immediately from the insertion of the funiculi, separating the parallel rows of seeds, a space occupied in Prinijlea by a distinct groove or channel. The form of the seed and the thick spongy testa produced at the apex into a short rostrum, are far more characteristic of cruciferous plants with an incumbent than with an accumbent radicle; but that organ is here, as in Cocldearia, distinctly accumbent.

The contemplation of a vegetable very unlike any other in botanical affinity and in general appearance, so emi- nently fitted for the food of man, and yet inhabiting one of the most desolate and inhospitable spots on the surface of the globe, must equally fill the mind of the scientific enquirer and common observer with wonder. The very fact of Kerguelen's Land being possessed of such a singularly luxuriant botanical feature, confers on that small island an importance far beyond what its volcanic origin or its dimensions would seem to claim ; whilst the certainty that so conspicuous a plant can never have been overlooked in any larger continent, but that it was created in all pro- bability near where it now grows, leads the mind back to an epoch far anterior to the present, when the vegetation of the Island of Desolation may have presented a fertility of which this is perhaps the only remaining trace. Many tons of coal and vast stores of now silicified wood (which I have mentioned in the introduction to this Part) are locked up in or buried under those successive geological formations which have many times destroyed the forests of this island, and as often themselves supported a luxuriant vegetation. The fires that desolated Kerguelen's Land are long ago extinct, nor does the island show any signs of the recent exertion of those powers, that have at one time raised parts of it from the bed of the ocean with those submarine alga? which once carpetted its shores, but which now are some hundred feet above, the present level of the sea. The Pringlea, in short, seems to have led an uninter- rupted and tranquil life for many ages ; but however loth we may be to concede to any one vegetable production an antiquity greater than another, or to this island a position to other lands wholly different from what it now presents, the most casual inspection of the ground where the plant now grows, will force one of the two following conclusions upon the mind ; either that it was created after the extinction of the now buried and for ever lost vegetation, over whose remains it abounds, or that it spread over the island froni another and neighbouring region where it was un- disturbed during the devastation of this, but of whose existence no indication remains.

The illustrious Cook first discovered and drew attention to the " Kerguelen's Land Cabbage " during his first voyage, when accompanied by Mr. Anderson as surgeon and naturalist. The latter gentleman drew up an account of some of the more remarkable plants which he collected there and in other islands, which are preserved in the Banksian library ; the present he designated as Pringlea in honour of Sir- John Pringle, who wrote a work upon Scurvy. The latter circumstance has induced me, at Mr. Brown's suggestion, to assign the trivial name of anti- scoriutica. The Pringlea is exceedingly abundant over all parts of the island, ascending the lulls up to 1400 feet, but only attaining its usually large size close to the sea, where it is invariably the first plant to greet the voyager, like the Cocldearia or scurvy-grass upon many northern coasts. Its long rhizomata, often 3 or 4 feet long, lie along the ground ; they are sometimes 2 inches in diameter, full of spongy and fibrous substance intermixed, of a half woody texture, and with the flavour of horse-radish, and bear at the extremity large heads of leaves, sometimes 18 inches across, so like those of the common cabbage that if growing in a garden with then' namesakes in England they woidd not excite any particular attention ; the outer leaves are coarse, loosely placed and spreading, the inner form a dense white heart, that tastes like mustard and cress, but is much coarser. The whole foliage abounds with essential oil of a pale yellow colour, highly pungent, and confined in vessels that run parallel with the veins of the leaf, and which are very conspicuous on making a transverse section of the head.

Dining the whole stay of the ' Erebus ' and ' Terror ' in Christmas Harbour, daily use was made of this vege- table, either cooked by itself or boiled with the ships' beef, pork, or pea-soup ; the essential oil gives a peculiar flavour which the majority of the officers and the crew did not dislike, and which rendered the herb even more wholesome than the common cabbage, for it never caused heart-burn, or any of the unpleasant symptoms which that plant sometimes produces. Invaluable as it is in its native place, it is very doubtful whether this plant will ever prove equally so in other situations. It is of such slow growth that it probably coidd not be cultivated to advan- tage, and I fear that, unlike the cow cabbage of Jersey, it woidd fonn no new heads after the old ones were removed,

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 241

even if it would survive the decapitation. Growing spontaneously and in so great abundance where it does, it is likely to prove, for ages to come, an inestimable blessing to ships touching at this far-distant Isle ; whdst its luxuriance amidst surrounding desolation, its singular form and appearance, striking even the casual observer, and the feelings of loneliness and utter isolation from the rest of the world, that must more or less oppress every voyager at first landing on its dreary and inhospitable locality, are circumstances likely to render the Kerguelen's Land cabbage, cabbage though it be, a cherished object in the recollection of the mariner : one never to be effaced by the brighter or luscious products of a tropical vegetation.

Plate XC. — XCI. Fig. 1, — a young seed-vessel ; fig. 2, a side view of a mature silicula ; Jig. 3, front view of the same ; Jig. 4, the same with the valves removed, shewing the seeds ; fig. 5, a seed removed ; fig. 6, the same cut open vertically ; fig. 7, embryo, removed from the seed : — all magnified.

5. THLASPI, Bill.

1. Thlaspi Magellanicum, Pers. Ench. vol. ii. p. 189. Poir. Diet. vol. vii. p. 541. DC. Sgst. Teg. vol. ii. p. 381. Prodr. vol. i. p. 176.

Hab. Straits of Magalhaens, in dry and open places ; "Baie Duclos" and " Baie Boucaut" ; Commerson.

As far as I am aware, this exists in the Paris Museum only ; from whence De Candolle drew up his descrip- tion, according to which, it is sufficiently distinct from the only other South American species, T. Andicola, Hook, et Am., a native of the Andes of Chili.

6. SENTEBIERA, Poir.

1. Sexebiera australis Hook. fil. j annua? parce patentim pilosa, caulibus diffusis ascendentibus ramo- sis, foliis subbipinnatifidis lobis incisis, siliculis longius pedicellatis majoribus didymis leviter reticulatis.

Hab. Clionos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Omnia 8. pinnatifida, sed racemis pedicellisque longioribus, siliculis dnplo majoribus leviterque reticulatis.

I have examined specimens of S.piiuiatifida, from various parts both of North and South America, where it grows from Buenos Ayres in lat. 35° south, to Carolina in lat. 35° north ; and others from the old world, from the Cape of Good Hope in the same southern latitude, as far north as Gotldand in Sweden, (lat. 58° .N). Prom whatever lo- cality I have received it, and however much the leaves may vary, the size of the siliculaB and their form and reticula- tion are constant, through twenty specimens gathered in as many different parts of Europe, Africa, and America ; they do not approach the size of S. australis, though, except in size and the less reticulated surface of the pods of Chilian species, I can detect no difference of any importance.

The existence of another species so nearly allied to S. pinnatifida, from the Chonos Archipelago, where we cannot suppose it to have been introduced, is an argument in favour of M. De Candolle's conjecture, that S. pinnatifida, though now abundantly diffused throughout the warm and cultivated parts of Europe, Africa, and both Americas, is probably a native of the new world alone. It is impossible to say how far the S.piiuiatifida may be naturalized, even in the new world ; it seems remarkably plentiful at Buenos Ayres and along that coast to South Brazil and Rio ; but I am not aware of its having been found on the western side of America, except at Valparaiso, and near Quito, whence Humboldt and Bonpland's specimens are described by M. Kunth as S. pectinate.

On the East of North America, according to Torrey and Gray, S. australis inhabits only the Southern United States, growing in fields and along the banks of rivers. M'Fadyen mentions it in his Flora of Jamaica, as an abundant native of that Island, in common with many other cruciferous plants, whose recent introduction is far less equivocal.

The parts of the old world inhabited by the S. pinnatifida, are strictly the Eastern, as is to be expected in an

3 D

242 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

immigrant from the westward. The south of Scotland and England, South Sweden, the western Pyrenees, and Atlantic shores of Spain are its principal European habitats, but it is not found in the vast Russian dominions, in any portions of Asia, or of Sicily, the Eastern Archipelago, or other mediterranean regions. It inhabits all the Atlantic Isles, the Azores and Canaries, and I have gathered it in Madeira, Ascension and St. Helena. In the Tro- pics and south temperate zone it extends no further east than the Cape and Mauritius, but re-appears in New Holland, according to De Candolle, though it is not mentioned by Brown, nor have I seen it in that country. Erorn the above enumeration it woidd seem that this plant has, to a certain extent, been distributed by the agency of ships, but we are at a loss to conceive, why a species so readily transplanted to inhabited spots, as the Atlantic Islands, shoidd have not been also introduced upon the much frequented coasts of Asia ; the disinclination it manifests to proceed by land further east than the shores of those countries which it has so readily gained, is another fact connected with the geo- graphical distribution of the present and some other introduced plants, of which I am unable to offer an explanation.

The last peculiarity of S. pinnalifula to which I would allude, is the comparatively high northern latitude it attains in Europe to what it does in America, where its limit is 32° lower in latitude. This probably arises from the species being impatient of great cold, at any part of the year, the severity of the American winters being, even in North Carolina, very considerable. The same agent, cold, may check in some degree the easterly progress of the plant in the northern States of Em-ope, but certainly not in the southern or mediterranean regions.

7. SISYMBRIUM, Lmn.

1. Sisymbrium Sophia, Linn.; Sp. PL 922. DC. Syst. Teg. vol.i. p. 193. Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 963.

Var. canescens ; siliquis latioribus plerumque brevioribus. S. canescens, auctorum.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, Cape Negro ; C. Darwin, Esq.

These specimens agree in every particular with others gathered on the walls of the city of Norwich, except in the siliqua of the latter being rather longer and narrower.

There are two widely distributed, and, especially in the foliage and pubescence, highly variable species of the genus ; both of which seem so remarkably to follow civilized man, that it becomes extremely difficult to assign the native place to either. The true S. Sophia is generally considered a European plant only ; but it appears to be truly a native of Canada, according to Torrey and Gray, it also occurs in Mexico, if Galeotti's (no. 4682) be, as I suspect, a mere variety, and I am unable to distinguish some of Dr. Gillies' Chilian specimens from the European. The variety, described above, is a very common American state of S. Sophia, having the siliquae shorter and broader than the European state, to it I refer Mr. Darwin's plant, and that of Dr. Gillies. It also inhabits Valparaiso, Buenos Ayres, and California, from whence however, I have seen but one specimen, with immature fruit. S. ca- nescens, Nutt., has still shorter pods, generally about half as long as the pedicels, and borne upon very long racemes. It is a native of the Andes of Mendoza, of Mexico, California and the United States, and of Cape Farewell on the coast of Patagonia. Though very distinct at first sight, it is not so in reality. The pods are variable in length, par- ticularly the pedicels, for, in both Mexican and Snake-country ( California) specimens, they are considerably shorter than the siliqua?. The »S'. Sophioides, Fischer, which runs along the Arctic sea-shores of Asia and America, must I fear sink into a variety of S. Sophia, or probably a state of that species, altered by the rigorous climate. The pods are certainly longer, but that is a variable character. The Cardamine Menziesii of De Candolle is identical with this. The Sisymbrium millefolium, Ait., of Teneriffe is closely allied to the above, but is very distinct in its large flowers and remarkably woody habit : the leaves are divided into very minute segments, a character to which I do not attach any importance ; Mr. Webb has described it in his admirable " Phytographia Canariensis" under the ge- neric name of Descurainea, which includes also the present species and some other Sisi/mbria.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 243

2. Sisymbrium Magellanicum, Hook, fil.j glaberrinmm, erecturn, superne ramosiun, foliis ovato-oblongis acutis pinnatifido-Iobatis basi pimiatifidis in petiolum attemiatis, lobis sinuato-dentatis acutis, racemis floren- tibus corjinbosis fructiferis elongatis, pedicellis ebracteatis patentibus, siliquis suberectis teretibus lineari- oblongis in styluni brevem atteuuatis brevioribus, valvis pilosis, septo uninervi. Brassica Magellanica, fuss, ined. Pers.Ench. vol. ii. p. 207. DC. Sgst. Yeg. vol. ii. p. 595. Prodr. vol. i. p. 215. Beless. Ic. Select. vol. ii. t. 85.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Commerson. Port Famine ; Copt. King. Cape Negro ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Caulis in exemplaribus nostris bipedalis, teres, glaucescens. Folia (caulina solum railii nota) 2-1 imc. longa, 1-j lata, superiora irregulariter dentato-lobata, inferiora subpinnatifida, lobis divaricatis. Racemus fructiferus 6-unci- alis ; pedicellis ■§• unc. longis. Sepala oblonga, obtusa, dorso parce pilosa, pilis patentibus stellatis. Petala pedi- cellis longiora, spathulata, flava. Staminum filamenta filiformia. Siliqua vis i unc. longae, suberectae v. patentes, utrinque attenuatse, stylo brevi valido terminates. Stigmata sidicapitata. Valves 1^- unc. lata;, juniores dorso infer- ne praecipue ut sepala pdis patentibus stellatis barbate, medio nervo promimdo vix carinatae. Septum iminerve, e membranis duabus ad septum solutis coustans, nervo vabdo, areolis oblongis bexagonis. Semina oblonga, rufa, sidcata, sulcis punctatis, funiculis brevioribus, racbcida obliqua incumbente.

I bave no hesitation in referring this plant to Persoon's Brassica Magellanica, Delessert's excellent figure being very characteristic, in all respects, save that the stellated hairs on the pods are not represented. It is apparently a little known species, Mr. Darwin's and Capt. King's specimens being all I have seen. De Candolle describes the pods as glabrous and torulose, but he evidently has only seen them when young.

V. BIXINE^E, Kunth.

1. AZAKA, Ruiz et Pavon.

1. Azara lanceolata, Hook. fil. ; ramulis pubescentibus, foliis grosse inaequaliter subduplicato-serratis majoribus lanceolatis acuininatis, niinoribus rotundatis ovatisque, corymbis 3 — 5 fioris interdum subpani- culatis, pedunculis folio niinore aequilongis, pedicellis gracilibus, floribus polygamis, sepalis ovatis reflexis, staminibus perplurimis sterilibus paucis, placentis 4.

Hab. South Chili, Cape Tres Monies ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Frutex seu Arbuscula 12 ad 18 ped. alta. Rami ramulique graeiles, pube fusca obtecti. Folia subcoriacea, utrinque gradatim et inferne in petiolum brevem attenuata, glaberrima, 2 — 3-unciaba, minora f unc. longa. Flores majuscub interdum in paniculam 1-1-y unc. longam dispositi, seu corymbosi, corymbis sobtariis paniculatisve, pe- duncidis pedicelbsque gracilibus, puberulis, bracteis ad basin pedicelloriun parvis. Staminum filamenta \ unc. longa, calyce ter longiora. Sights primo visu simplex, sed in rarnos 4 breves separabilis. Ocitla perpluriina, placentis parietahbus 4 longitudiualibus funiculis brevibus adnexa. Semina plurima, iinrnatura, compressa.

The most southern species of the genus, and also found at Valdivia by Mr. Bridges (n. 560) ; it is closely allied to another undescribed plant, A. Cliiloeme* mihi, difl'ering in the much larger flowers and leaves, more slender peduncles and longer pedicels. The aestivation of the calyx in this genus is valvate, the segments 5 and of nearly equal size ; the stamens generally indefinite, with some of the outer ones abortive, but in A. Celastrina, where they are few, and none are abortive, the outer series is replaced by five small thickened glands. In A. micro-

* A. Chiloense, n. sp. ; ramulis velutino-pubescentibus, fobis ut in A. lanceolata sed dimidio niinoribus, pedi- cellis flore aequilongis, staminibus sterilibus plurimis apice clavatis.

Hab. Chiloe ; Capt. King.

244 FLOKA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

pliylla*, mihi, (vid. infra) the stamens are definite and invariably four or five in number, alternating with as many conspicuous obcordate fleshy flattened glands, placed rather externally to them and alternating also with the segments of the calyx, to which the stamens are opposite. The filaments are flattened, and the anthers decidedly extrorse, an arrangement probably common to the other species, where, owing to the filiform and slender filaments, it escapes notice. The ovary has three lines of parietal placenta? : there are four in some other species, A . lanceolata, A. Chiloense, and A. serrata, whose ovaries I have examined.

VI. VIOLARIE/E. DC. 1. VIOLA, Town.

1. Viola, metadata, Cav. Icon. vol. vi. p. 20. t. 539. DC. Prodr. vol. i. p. 297. FfUrville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. 4. p. 617. Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 137. Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 499. Hook, et Am. in Bot. Miscell. vol. iii. p. 144. et Bot. Beechey Voy. p. 10. V. pyrolsefoba, Poiret Diet. vol. viii. p. 636. Gaud, i?i Ann. So. Nat. vol. v. p. 102. (excl. syn. V. Magebanicee, Forst.)

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens; Commerson. Falkland Islands; Nee, Bougainville and all succeeding voyagers.

Petala lateralia glanduloso-barbata, supremo plerumque glaberrimo. Antherarum margines ciliati.

A native both of the east and west sides of South America, in the former inhabiting the coast at Cape Farewell and the Falkland Islands, and on the west side re-appearing at Chiloe and Valdivia, and passing thence north to Conception ; a singular distribution, for I have seen no specimens from the Strait itself, which is Commerson's habitat, according to De Candolle. The two varieties, constituted by Poiret, are hardly of sufficient importance to be retained, though De Candolle has done so, under the names of a, megapliylla and /3, micropliylla.

2. Viola Magellanica, Forst. ; subacaubs, foliis omnibus radicalibus longe petiolatis reniformi-rotun- datis crenatis supra pilosiusculis, stipubs lanceolatis integris v. apice laceris, scapo sobtario unifloro foliis bis longiore, bracteis lanceolatis, sepabs oblongo-lanceolatis obtusis, petabs obovatis laterabbus barbatis, inferiore in sacculum brevem obtusum producto, stylo arcuato, stigmate nudo. V. MageUanica, Forst. in Comm. Gmtt. vol. ix. p. 41. t, S. DC. Prodr. vol. i. p. 297.

Hab. Staten Land ; Forster, Dr. Eights. Soutb part of Tierra del Fuego ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Rldzoma plus minusve elongatum, ad apicem foba pauca scapumque solitarium gerens. Petio/i graeiles, 2-5 unc. longi, glaberrhni. Folia magnitudine varia, -|— 1-j- unc. longa, supra pibs paucis praecipue versus margines instructa, infra glaberrima. Scopus gracilis, petiolis bis longior, superne puberulus, ad f longitudinis bibracteatus, bracteis parvis. Flos magnitudine V. odorata, verosirmliter flavus, siccitate punctatus.

* A. micropliylla, n. sp. ; glaberrima, ramis ramubsque distichis divaricatis, foliis distichis parvis coriaceis integerrimis, inajoribus obovatis obtusis in petiolum brevem attenuatis, minoribus oblongis rotundatisve, corymbis sessilibus v. breviter peduncidatis, floribus parvis, staminibus 4 — 5 glandulis alternantibus, filamentis planiuscidis, antheris extrorsis.

Hab. Chiloe; Capt.King. Province of Valdivia, at the base of the Andes ; Bridges (n. 560).

Fndex 10 — 15-pedabs.. Rami pedales, stricti. Folia ^ unc. longa, nitentia, interdum apiculata. Corymbi folium minus subaequantes, 5 — 7 flori, floribus parvis.

FalUands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 245

3. Viola Comrnersonii, DC; humilis, foliis omnibus radicalibus petiolatis ovato-rotunclatis obtusis cre- natis supra parce pilosis, stipulis late ovatis membranaceis concavis integerrimis, scapo foliis bis longiore superne arcuato, bracteis floribus approximatis majusculis erectis lanceolatis acutis basi utrinque in auriculas dilatatis, flore pendulo, petalis obovato-spathulatis glabcrrimis. V. Comrnersonii, DC. Prodr. vol. i. p. 297.

Hab. Strait of Mngalhaens ; Port Gallant, at the top of the mountains ; Commerson. South part of Tierra del Fuego ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Precedent! liabitu simillima ; sed statura, foliis basi non cordatis, petalis glaberriniis et prsecipue bractearum forma distinetissima. Petioli a pollicares, laminae subaequilongi. Scapus petiolis bis longior, apicem versus arcuatus et ibi bibracteatus ; bractese erectse, bneari-lanceolatse, acuta?, 2A lin. longse. Sepala hneari-oblonga, acuminata, petalis -j- breviora. Petala flava, 4 bn. longa. Stylus stujmauue ut in priore.

A very distinct and probably rare species, allied to the last, but essentially different. The leaves are gene- rally reticulated on the under surface.

4. Viola tridentata, Menz. ; depressa, glaberrima, caule procumbente ramoso, foliis confertis coriaceis obovato-cimeatis apice tridentatis trifidisve plerumque basi utrinque unidentatis, petiolo brevi in stipulas vaginantes dilatato, scapo brevi valido arcuato basin versus bracteolato, bracteis oblongis obtusis, sepalis oblongo-lanceolatis basi deorsmn productis, petalis oblongis obtusis glaberrimis, ealcare nullo, stylo gracili apice obhque truncato, capsida globosa. V. tridentata, Menz. 3ISS. in DC. Prodr. vol. i. p. 300.

Hab. Staten Land, at the tops of the mountains ; Menzies. Port Famine ; Capt. King. Hermite Island, on the hills ; /. D. H. Falkland Isles, on the mountains, 1200-1500 ft, ; /. D. H.

Species pusilla, prima visu Caltkam appendiculatam referens. Caules graciles, 1-2 imc. longi, vage ramosi, prostrati, superne fobosi. Folia valde coriacea, \ unc. longa, subcbsticha, erecto-patentia, glaberrima, subnitida, venis inconspicuis. Scapus sobtarius, erectus, apice arcuatus, fobo A longior, basi bracteatus, bracteis pro planta majuscubs. Flores nutantes, parvi, coendei. Sepala coriacea, sub 1A bn. longa. Petala sepabs bis longiora, line- ari-oblonga. Anthem orbiculatse, in laminam membranaeeam produeta?, filamentis brevissimis. Stylus gracibs, arcuatus, apice obbque truncatus, cavus, nee bilobus. Capsula magna, pendula, globosa, valvis coriaceis.

A very singular bttle species, agreeing in the shape of the style and stigma with the V. Magellanica and V. Comrnersonii, but of a totally different habit and fobage, which approach more nearly to some of the species of the Asterias group. It is probably a common mountain plant throughout Fuegia; but, from its small size and prostrate mode of growth, readily overlooked.

VII. DROSERACE^E, DC.

1. DKOSEBA, L.

1. Dkosera imiflora, Willd.; perpusilla, acaulis, foliis omnibus radicalibus stellatim patentibus spathu- latis lamina rotundata longe glanduloso-ciliata, scapo brevi valido unifloro. D. unihora, Willd. Emun. Hort. Berol. p. 340. DC. Prodr. vol. i. p. 317. Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 105. et in Freyc. Yoy. p. 137. D'Urrille, in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 617.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine ; Capt. King. South part of Tierra del Fuego ; C.Darwin, Esq. Falkland Islands; Gaudichaud, D'Urville, J.D.LT.

Radix fibrosa, fibris crassiuscubs desceudentibns. Caulis brevissimus. Folia A imc. longa. Scapus vabdus, erectus, folns vix longior. Flos pro planta conspicuus, sepabs inBequabbus breviter obovato-spathulatis, petabs elongato-obovatis bis longioribus, filamentis breviuscubs, stybs ad basin in ranios plurimos cbvisis.

3 E

246 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fitegia, the

A very small and distinct species, most nearly allied to that mentioned in the first part of the volume, and of which I have, since the publication of the portion alluded to, seen perfect specimens collected by M. Le Guillon, one of the officers of Admiral D'Urville's Expedition. It appears to me that these, with the B. Arcturi, Hook. (Ic. Plant, t. 56) are three single-flowered representative species belonging to the extreme southern portions of New Zealand, Australia and America.

VIII. CARYOPHYLLE^, Juss.

1. LYCHNIS, DC.

1. Lychnis Magellanica, Lam. ; pubescenti-tomentosa, caule stricto erecto plerumcpvie unifloro, foliis liiiearibus gramineis glabriusculis, flore erecto, calyce late ovoideo segmentis oblongis apicibus rotundatis membranaeeis, petalis angustis calyce \ lougioribus. L. Magellanica, Lam. Diet. vol. iii. p. 641. DC. Proclr. vol. i. p. 386.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens ; Commerson. Port Larnine; Capt. King. Cape Negro; C. Darwin, Esq.

Caules basi ramosi, ca?spitosi, e radice fusiformi elongata orti. Folia radicalia 1-I-j- unc. longa, conferta, basi ciliata, vaginantia, supenie glaberrima, gradatim acuminata, coriacea, marginibus tenuiter cartilagineis integerrimis ; caulina breviora, pube albida tomentosa. Rami florentes v. scapi plerumque uniflori, 6 unc. ad pedalem, graciles, teretes, 3-5 nodosi, molliter pubescentes. Flos magnus, erectus v. paulo inchnatus. Calyx i unc. longns, ± latus, suburceolatus, pubescens, membranaceus, 10-nervosus, nervis viridibus; dentibus 5, majusculis, oblougis, ad apicem rotundatis. Petala calyce sub i longiora, ungue lineari, fauce squama lata sublacera erecta instructa, lamina fere ad basin partita ; laciuiis divaricatis, late linearibus, retusis, basi extus dente majuscido auctis. Germen oblongiun, anthophoro ineonspicuo insidens ; stigmatibus 5. Capsula exserta, unilocularis, ad apicem 5-valvis. Seminal

The resemblance of this to the variable L. apetala, of Arctic Europe, Asia and America, is so very strong, that I hardly feel justified in retaining it as a distinct species. The only differential character of importance that I can point out, is the form of the petals, the lamina of which is here divided to the base into two linear segments. There may be peculiarities also in the seeds, of which I am ignorant, for Ledebour (Flora Rossica, vol. i. p. 326) attaches great importance to these organs, as distinctive of all the varieties of L. apetala. The present species has been brought by Dr. Gillies from the Andes of Chili, his specimens belong to a broad-leaved variety. All the species most closely allied to the present are natives of very cold regions, or of great elevations in warmer climates. In Europe and North Asia the L. apetala never, at the level of the sea, inhabits a lower latitude than the Arctic circle, approaching the Pole itself in Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen. In North America it abounds likewise chiefly to the north of the polar circle, forming part of the scanty Flora of Melville Island ; at a great elevation on the Rocky Mountains it occurs as low as 52° N. latitude. It is not a native of the Alps, nor there replaced by any other species, the lands bordering the Icy sea being its only European habitat. In Asia, as in North America, it descends to latitude 50° on the Altai range, and the Himalayan produces several representative species. The re-ap- pearance of a plant, so truly arctic, on the highest mountains of Chdi, and again at the Strait of Magalhaens, if the present be the same, is a very curious fact, to be classed witli those alluded to under the Draba incana, rid. p. 233. On the Andes of Colombia the species is replaced by an allied but very distinct one, L. thysanodes*.

* L. thysanodes ; caide procumbente asceudente pubescente simplici v. superne paniculatim diviso, foliis radi- calibus lanceolatis acuminatis marginibus cdiato-tomentosis, cauliuis pedicellis calycibusque glanduloso-pubescen- tibus, fioribus solitariis v. plurimis nutantibus, calyce latissime ovoideo ad medium quinquefido petalis ± breviore. Sdene thysanodes, Fend, in Fmdl. Xov. Stirp. Bee. 39. Walperi Eeperi., vol. i. p. 279.

Hab. Chiniborazo ; Jameson, n. 39.

Statura et habitu L. apetala affiuis, sed forma et longitudine segmentorum calycis valde diversa.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 247

2. SAGLNA, Linn.

1. Skgth a procumbens, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1S5. DC. Prodi: vol. i. p. 389. Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 880. Gaudichaud in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 105. et Tog. Frei/c. Bot. p. 137. If Untitle in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 617. Hook et Am. in Bot. Misc. vol. iii. p. 147.

Hab. Falkland Islands, abundant near the sea; Gaudichaud, IfUrville, and all subsequent collectors.

These specimens are uudistinguishable from others of European growth, by any characters I can discover. I am not aware that this plant inhabits any other part of the southern hemisphere except the higher latitudes of South America. Dr. Gillies gathered it on the roofs of houses in Buenos Ayres, where it may possibly have been introduced, though in the Falkland Islands, I should have at first sight pronounced it, from its great abundance, certainly wild; these are its only South American habitats. I sought for it carefully, but in vain, in Fuegia. In North America it is much more widely diffused, from Providence to New Orleans on the east coast, but I have seen no west coast specimens ; those of Douglas (and hence possibly Scolder's quoted in Torrey and Gray's Flora, as coming from the Oregon), belonging to Spergula saginoides; in no other part of North America has the plant been found, save in the most highly cultivated districts, and not at all in the British possessions, and since it is one that increases and follows cultivation rapidly, I feel inclined to exclude it from the North American flora, especially as Torrey and Gray mark the other British species, S.decumbens, YA.(8perg. saginoides, L.), S.apetala,Tj., and S.erecta, L., as having all been probably introduced. Its European range is widely different from the American, northward, it is found in Iceland and Lapland, North Russia and Siberia, in the latter countries, however, avoiding the extreme rigour of the Siberian plains and confined to the mountains of the Altai and Baikal. Spain again seems its southern limit in the west of Europe, European Turkey in the middle, and the Caucasus on the east. Spergula saginoides, though so very nearly allied in other respects, has a considerably different geographical range, and hence should, iu questions of distribution, be carefully separated from this. In England it is rather a rare and mountain plant ; we have well authenticated specimens from Greenland, Iceland, and Lapland, it also inhabits North Russia, and Siberia, (but not beyond the 50th. degree,) Unalashka and the west coast of North America to the southward of the Arctic circle ; thus, like the S. procumbens, this is also a plant of the old world, both Greenland and North-west America having more of the peculiarities of European and Asiatic botany respectively, than of American. Not oidy do Torrey and Gray remark that it is probably introduced in the United States, but their specimens even appear to belong to a different species. In the south of Europe it is also an Alpine plant, having been found on the Pyrenees on the east, and on the Caucasus to the west, Aucher Eloy's, n. 654, from Persia is probably the same, but his specimens are very imperfect.

3. COLOBAJ\TTHUS, Feml.

■1. Colobanthxs subulatus, Hook fil. ; Ft. Antarct. part i. p. 13. (Tab. XCIII. sub nomine Saginse.)

Var. |3, Bar/riii ii, apicibns foliorum segmentorvunque periauthii muticis.

Hab. Good Success Bay; Banks and Solander. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn, clefts of rocks, 12-1400 feet; J.D.H. Falkland Islands; near the sea and at the tops of the hills, 700-1000 feet; IfUrville, ■J. B. II. Var. 0, south part of Tierra del Fuego ; C. Darwin, Esq.

In the first part of this volume I alluded to the singular fact, that all the Campbell Island specimens of C. subulata have 5 segments to the perianth, 5 stamens, 5 styles, and 5 valves to the capsule, while all those from Fuegia and the Falklands have only 4, and this constantly and unaccompanied with any other appreciable dif- ferences. It may fairly be questioned whether the pentandrous state is not equally entitled to specific rank, as Spergula saginoides is to be separated from Sagina procumbens.

From the 4 stamens, of this state of C. subulatus and of all the other species, alternating with the segments of

248 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

the perianth, we may presume that they belong to that series of those organs, which are opposite the petals in decandrous Alsinece and generally suppressed in the pentandrous, and that the other series is represented by two thickened glands, placed between the bases of the stamens, rather externally to them, and opposite the two inner segments of the perianth ; they are very conspicuous in S. muscoides, (part i. p. 14) and more or less evident in most species. One of my specimens was provided with 5 stamens, the fifth being opposite one of the larger sepals. During my examination of the Campbell Island variety, I was led into an error. In it the seeds germinate before leaving the capsule, and sending their radicles through the receptacle into the peduncle, and their cotyledonary leaves upwards between the valves of the seed-vessel, I described the axis of the capside or the receptacle of the seeds as proliferous.

This genus, which I formerly arranged (following Fenzl.) with thePorttdacea, I have now included in Alsinece pro- per, from its near affinity with Sacjina and Spergula ; the limits between these two orders are so confessedly undefine- able, that I need scarcely do more than indicate the most remarkable points of similarity between this genus and the majority of the Portulacece ; which are, the distinctly perigynous stamina and their being alternate with the segments of the perianth. The perigynous insertion of the stamina can hardly be considered foreign to the Alsinece, for it is seen in Larbrcea, a genus in all other respects nearly allied to Stellaria, also iu Clterleria and some species of Arenaria itself, plants wlrich by some have been removed to Portulacece, on no other ground than because the staminiferous disc, (so conspicuous in another form, as the anthophorus of Silenea), and which probably exists throughout the order, is more ddated in these plants. The close affinity of Colobanthus with Sagina may be perceived in the pre- vailing tetramerous arrangement, and in two of the segments of the perianth being always external and larger than the others, in the suppression of the petals, and in the perigynous insertion of the stamina, which equal the sepals in number ; the chief difference between them lies in the stamens of the former being alternate with the calycine pieces, and those of the latter opposite to them. Colobanthus shews a further peculiarity in the valves of the capside being opposite to the stamens and alternate with the sepals, whilst in Sagina and most other tetrandrous or pentandrous Ahinece, they are opposite both to the stamens and sepals. Here then the anomaly rests, either in the position of the valves of the capside of Colobanthus, the stamens being still considered as belonging to the series opposite the petals, or in the situation of the segments of the perianth, which if opposite the stamens, woidd present an arrange- ment of parts exactly like Sagina, where stamens, sepals and valves are all opposite one to another.

Plate XCIII. Fig. 1, portion of stem and pair of leaves ; fig. 2, flower ; fig. 3, the same laid open ; fig. 4, a flower of the Campbell Island variety ; fig. 5, ovarium of Falkland Island variety, cut open; fig. 6, capsule, and fig. 7, seed from the same ; fig. 8, the same cut open, shewing the embryo : — all magnified.

Colobaxtrtjs crass'ifolius , Hook. fil. ; glaberrimus, esespitosus, crassiusculus, caulibus plurimis erectis ramosis, foliis linearibus obtusis rnucronatisve basi vaginantibus, pedunculis folio brevioribus post anthesin elongatis, floribus 4-5-meris, perianthii segmentis ovatis v. ovato-lanceolatis obtusis capsulani apice 5-valvem subsequantibus v. longioribus. Sagina crassifolia, If Urville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 617. Gaud. in Frei/c. Toy. p. 137. Colobanthus Quitensis, et C. saginoides, Bartling, et Presl, Beliq. Hank. vol. ii. p. 1 3. t, 49. f. 2.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, Port Famine ; Capt. King. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; /. D. H. Falkland Islands ; If Urville, J. D. H.

The figure of this plant in the " Reliquiae Hamkianae" is sufficient for the determination of the species, though I do not coincide with Bartling in considering it the Sagina Quitensis of Humboldt and Kunth, which is described as having filiform stems and four small bracteae on the peduncles. I have little doubt that the latter plant is a Coloban- thus, for the stamens are described to be alternate with the segments of the calyx, but probably a very different species. Specimens of C. crassifolim gathered on the Andes of Chili, have the capsule so much longer than the perianth, as

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 249

to entitle them to the rank of a separate variety ; in the more southern examples that organ is seldom much exserted. The segments of the calyx vary both in length and breadth, as the whole plant does in size. Judging from Bartling's description of C. saginoides, it is a state of this.

A very similar plant to the above is Galeotti's (n. 4404), from the Peak of Orizaba in Mexico, 12,900 feet ; it differs only in having the segments of the perianth lanceolate and acuminate.

3. Colobanthus Kergtielensis, Hook. fil. ; glaberrirnus, pulvinatiui caespitosus, caulibus ramosis foliosis, foliis imbricatis ovatis v. ovato-lanceolatis acutis iiitegerrimis coriaceis, pedunculis plurimis lateralibus e basi rarnorum ortis iiiterduin bibracteolatis, floribus majusculis folia vix superautibus tetraineris, capsula pro- funde 4-valvi. (Tab. XCII.)

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; abundant, chiefly near the sea.

Radix gracilis, descendens, snbfusiformis, apice ramos perpluriinos emittens. Rami validi, dense compacti, 1-2 unc. longi, pluries divisi, basi vaginis scariosis foliorum obtecti. Folia plemmque versus apices rarnorum imbricata, -i—i- unc. longa, suberecta, lsete viridia, uninervia, siccitate flavescentia, margine incrassato. Fedunculi -i-|- unc. longi, ex axillis foliorum solitarii, crecti, ramo aequilongi, superne incrassati, infra medium bibracteati, bracteis line- aribus interdiun infra-floralibus. PeriautJiium \ unc. longum ; scgmentis ovatis, acutis, concavis, biserialibus ; exteri- oribus majoribus, sub 7-nerviis ; interioribus angustioribus. Stamina 4, disco carnoso inserta, valvis capsular opposita; filanientis compressis,lineari-subulatis ; antheris parvis. Ovarium in disciun carnosum sessile, globoso-ovoideum, obtuse angulatum, uniloeulai'e, multiovulatum ; stylis 4, subulatis, divaricatis, intus stigmatiferis ; ovulis circa axin centralem placentiferam dispositis. Capsula globosa, perianthio aequilonga, ad medium v. ad basin in valvas 4 obtusas peri- anthii laciniis alternas fissa ; seminibus plurimis, axi centrali demum libero aduexis ; testa granulata, rufo-fusea.

In this species, by far the finest of the genus, the relative position of the parts of the flower is very evident. The perianth is formed of four pieces, two of them outer, larger, and distinctly embracing the inner ; alternating with these are the four stamens, analogous to the inner and shorter series, or those opposite the petals in Spergula and Sedum, and which are opposite the carpellary leaves in both those genera. Supposing then that the five petals and ten sta- mens of Spergula form three alternating whorls of five organs each, in tins plant the two outer of these whorls are suppressed ; in Sagina procumbem the inner alone, and in S. apetala the outer and inner.

Plate XCII. Fig. 1, peduncle, bractese, and flower; fig. 2, a flower, laid open; fig. 3, ovarium;^. 4, recep- tacle and ovules, taken from the same ;fig. 6, a seed ;fig. 7, the same, cut open, showing the embryo : — all magnified.

4. Colobanthus diffums, Hook. fil. ; proeumbens, diffusus, ramosus, ramis gracilibus, foliis radica- libus paucis confertis, caulinis oppositis omnibus carnosiusculis liaeari-subulatis acutis integerriinis, pedun- culis plurimis filiforniibus strictis plerisque axillaribus foliis bis longioribus ebracteatis post anthesin elongatis, floribus parvis tetrameris, perianthii segmentis ovato-rotundatis mai'giuibus subscariosis, capsula perianthio bis longiore ad medium 4-valvi.

Hab. Amsterdam Island ; Sir G. Staunton, Lieut. A. J. Smith.

Radix fibrosa. Caules tenues, graciles, 3 unc. longi, diametro Sagina procumbentis. Folia viridia, 4 lin. longa, siccitate subflexuosa, obscure uninervia. Flores parvi, 1-1-^- unc. longi. Capsula valvis obtusis coriaceo-menibra- naceis, segmentis perianthii oppositis.

This is quite a distinct species, its habit more like Sagina proeumbens than any of the others. I have appended a description* of another new plant belonging to this genus, but of a very different mode of growth.

* C. cherlerioides, n. sp. ; dense pulvinatini csespitosus, ramosus, ramis fastigiatis foliosis, foliis parvis arete

3 F

250 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

4. STELLAMA, Linn.

1. Stellakia deli lis, D'Urv. ; glaberrinia, caulibus prostratis laxe cfespitosis gracilibus vage clivaricatim ramosis, foliis flaccidis lineari-lanceolatis subacutis trinerviis inargimbus tenuissime cartilagineis mtegerrirnis, pedunculis axillaribus sobtariis unifloris foliis brevioribus, petalis bipartitis calyce brevioribus, capsula exserta. S. debilis, D'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 618.

Hab. Staten Land; Mr. Eights. Falkland Islands; by tlie margins of rivulets near the sea, not un- common ; Lf Urville, J. D. II.

Planta gracilis, Callitrichem autumnalem referens. Caules 3-5 unc. longi, ramosi, rarnis fere liliformibus. Folia patentia, lsete sed pallide viridia, \~ ivne. longa, \\- 2 lin. lata, nervis duobus lnargiuahbus instrueta. Peduncidi validi, florern solitariimi pro planta niajusculum gerentes.

A very delicate plant and common in the Falkland Islands, though from its inconspicuous nature often over- looked. It generally grows among grass by the margins of streams, forming pale green tufts, and is more allied to the solitary -flowered Tasmanian species with axillary peduncles than to any European congener. Fuegian specimens are larger in all their parts than those from the Falkland Islands.

2. Stellakia lanceolata, Poir. Diet. vol. vii. p. 416. DC. Prodr. vol. i. p. 396. Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Commerson.

3. Stellakia rotundifolia, Poir. I.e. DC. Prodr. I.e. p. 397.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Commerson.

I know no more of these two species than is conveyed in Poiret's descriptions ; Kunth, according to De Candolle, considers the latter a Drgmaria.

4. Stellakia media, With. ; Smith. Flor. Antarct. part i. p. 8.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; abundant, but not indigenous. Amsterdam Island ; Lieut. Smith, most pro- bably introduced.

5. AEENAEIA, Linn.

1 . Akenakia media, Linn. Sp.pl. p. 606. DC. Prodr. vol. i. p. 401. Eool: et Am. in Pot. Misc. vol. iii. p. 147. A. marina, Smith, Engl. Pot. t. 958.

Var. ft seminibus compressis, ala membranacea fere obsoleta cinctis.

Hab. Cape Tres Montes ; C. Darwin, Esq. Var. ft Falkland Islands, St. Salvador Bay ; /. D. II.

Some of Mi'. Darwin's specimens have a very evident wing to their seeds, while in others it is not more con- spicuous than in the Falkland Island plants, and never appears to afford a specific character.

Like some other littoral plants, the Arenaria marina or media, (including C. rubra, in part at least), has a very

imbricatis breviter ovatis subacutis coriaceis basi in vaginam latissimam connatis margiiiibus subcihatis, pedunculis brevissimis, floribus inter folia surnina sessibbus pentameris, perianthii segmentis late ovatis obtusis, capsula ad medium fissa.

Hab. Chili; La Pusilla, on the east side of the Andes, 10,000 feet; Bridges, n. 1244.

Caules 2 unc. longi, ramis 2-3 lin. latis. Flores inconspicui.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 251

wide range in the temperate, but not in the tropical regions ; for, though found in the Azores, Madeira, and the Canaries, it is absent in Ascension, and St. Helena ; re-appearing in the Falklands ; and while in the Pacific it inhabits New Zealand, and Juan Fernandez, it is not seen on the tropical South Sea Islands or the Galapagos. It abounds along the coasts of Europe, and shores of the Mediterranean, attaining the latitude of Shetland in the British dominions, and even entering the Arctic circle in Lapland. In Africa it grows at the Cape of Good Hope ; but not on any part of the coast between that point and the mouths of the Nile. Further east, in Australia, this little plant commences in the parallel of 30°, thence extending to the extreme south of Tasmania. Arctic America presents it both on the east and west coasts, viz., California on the Pacific side, and Texas on the Atlantic. In South America, again, its range commences at Valparaiso, and terminates at Cape Tres Montes on the west, and it also inhabits the country lying between South Brazil and the Falklands on the east.

6. CEEASTIUM, Linn.

1. Cerastium arvense, L.

Var. striotum, erectum, strictiini, floribus paniculatis.

Var. Fitegianum, hiunile, foliis imbricatis, pedicellis solitariis terminalibus, floribus amplis.

Hab. Tierra del Fuego, south part ; C. Darwin, Esq. Falkland Islands, very abundant ; Gaudic/iaud, J. D. E. Var. ft Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine; Cajjf.King. Var. y, Mount Tarn, 2000 feet; C. Darwin, Esq. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, on rocks and sand-banks near the sea ; J. D. H.

An abundant and exceedingly variable Falkland Island plant, especially in the comparative length of its capside, which is sometimes only half the length of, and at others, longer than the calyx. It is also very common in Chili, Patagonia, and in South Brazil.

2. Cerastium vulgatum, L.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; plentiful near Port Louis, but certainly introduced.

IX. GEEANIACEiE, DC.

1. GEEANIUM, Z'Herif.

Geranium Magettanicum, Hook. fil. ; caule erecto ? superne rarnoso pilis retrorsum patentibus hirsuto, foliis caulinis pilosis longe petiolatis orbicularis 5-partitis laciniis 3-5-fidis segmentis lineari-oblongis obtusis apiculatis, peduncuhs pedicellisque elongatis retrorsum hirsutis, floribus ampks, sepalis sericeo-pilosis ovatis acutis breviter aristatis, petalis obovato-cuneatis retusis emarginatisve sepalis triplo longioribus, ovariis sericeis.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Elizabeth Island ; C. Darrein, Esq.

Caulk gracilis, 6-7-uucialis, superne parce dichotome ramosus, ramis divaricatis, siccitate striatis. Folia radi- calia ?, caulina J una lata, fere ad basin partita, sinubus acutis, laciniis cuneatis, segmentis idtimis ad apices rotun- datis apiculatis. PeduncuU l-J—2 unc. longi; pedicellis fere imcialibus. Flares magmtudine G. Pyrenaici.

Of this species there are but imperfect specimens in the herbarium of Mr. Darwin, by whom only it has been gathered ; though without root-leaves and fruit, it may be recognized by the long peduncles, large flowers, and espe- cially by the size of the petals.

The peduncle of one specimen is single-flowered.

252 FLOKA ANTARCTICA. [Fuetfia, the

2. Geranium intermedium, Bert.? Walpers Repert, Bot. Sgst. vol.i. p. 450.

Hab. Clionos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

The single and most unsatisfactory specimen may possibly belong to this species, which is very imperfectly defined in the work quoted. Upper portion of stem, caulinc leaf, peduncle, pedicel and calyx, covered with oppressed pubescence, retrorse on the peduncles and petioles, veiy dense upwards on these parts. Petals cuneate, shorter than the sepals, which are attenuated into long aristae.

3. Geranium Patagonieum, Hook. fil. ; caule erecto pilis albidis patentibus liirsuto, foliis pilosis longe petiolatis orbicularibus 5— 7-partitis laciniis obovato-cuneatis 3-5-fidis segmentis oblongis obtusis subacutisve apieulatis, petiolis pedunculis pedicellisque elongatis retrorsum hispidis, sepalis ovatis in aristam acunrinatis sericeo-pilosis, petalis obovato-cuneatis retusis basi filarnentisque ciliatis, carpellis laevibus aristisque patentim pilosis, seminibus oblongis piceis, testa reticulata.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine ; Capt. King.

Species 67. Caroliniano proxima, sed differt petalis calyce duplo longioribus. Caules 7 unc. ad pedalem, interne patentim superue retrorsum pilosi, paree ramosi. Folia 1-j imc. lata, pilosa, rarius glabriuscula, segmentis ultimis apicibus rotundatis apieulatis acutisve ; petiolis interdiun 3 unc. longis. Pedunculi infirm petiolis longiores, interdum 4 unc. longi, supremi breviores, omnes retrorsum pilosi. Mores magnitudine 67. dissecti, sed petala calyce fere \ longiora. Fructus fere 1 unc. longus ; carpellis fuscis, obovatis.

One of the most ordinary forms of the genus, the species composing which, are perhaps more variable in all their parts and more widely diffused than is generally supposed. Except by the length of its petals, this is not distin- guishable from the G. albicans, St. Hil., and the protean G. Carolinianum of North America : we have the same plant from Monte Video, and Port Desire, but uot from the west coast of South America, and a very similar species from Australia.

4. Geranium sessilifiorum, Cav. ; subacaule, radice crasso apice pluri-diviso, foliis radicalibus longe petiolatis appresse sericeo-pubescentibus reniformi-rotundatis 5— 7-partitis laciniis cuneatis 4-7-fidis segmentis obtusis, petiolis retrorsum pilosis, pedunculis e ramis brevibus ortis petiolis multoties brevioribus 1-2 floris, pedicellis dense sericeis, sepalis ovatis subacutis, petalis obcordatis sepalis bis longioribus. G. sessilifloruin, Cav. Diss. vol. iv. p. 198. tab. 77. f. 2. DC. Prodr. vol. i. p. 639.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Commerson. Cape Negro; C. Darwin, Esq.

Radix crassitie digitis humanae, superue stipulis persistentibus foliorum delapsorum coronata. Caules breves prostrati, appresse retrorsum pilosi. Folia 5. mic. lata, parce pubescentia, segmentis idtimis obtusis, apieido nullo terminatis ; petiohs 3-unciahbus. Pedunculi crassi, plerumque vix \ unc. longi, sed interdum elongati, 1-2-flori. Flares diametro fere 67. Columbini. Petala obcordata, sepahs bis longiora, basi (filamentaque lata) cihata.

An easily recognized species in the state I have examined, by its habit, the size of the root, and the short pe- duncles, and branches or stem, which are however characters very liable to vary. Though placed by authors in the single-flowered section as the peduncles often bear two flowers.

The genus Geranium, though so widely dispersed, hardly inhabits the coldest countries either of the Nor- thern or opposite Hemisphere, the Strait of Magalhaens marking its southern limit in the New, and Lord Auckland's group, or latitude 50°, in the Old World. In Arctic America, no species crosses the parallel of 52° to the east- ward of the rocky mountains, but one (67. eriauthum) reaches Sitka latitude 59° on the west of that range. In Asia that plant inhabits the same latitude in Kamschatka. No European species, except G. sylvaticum (the only Alpine English one), crosses the Arctic circle, while three are found in Iceland, the northern extremity of which stretches to

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 253

that parallel. One of the thirteen British species, G. molle, grows in the Shetland Islands. The Gerania abound ou the lofty mountains of the tropics, at elevations where the climate is temperate, proceeding upwards to near the verge of perpetual snow. Professor Jameson states that three grow on the Andes of Columbia, between 12,000 and 1-1,000 feet, while on the Himalayan mountains only one species is seen below 5,000 feet, between which height and 12,000 the genus is limited.

X. OXALIDE.E, DC. 1. OXALIS, L.

1. Oxalis Magellanica, Forst. ; acaulis, pumila, raclice crasso elongato squamoso, foliis trifoliolatis rotundato-obcordatis carnosiuseulis subtus pallidioribus, scapo valido petiolis sequilongo infra florem bibrac- teolato, sepalis late oblongis obtusis petalis albidis l brevioribus. O. Magellanica, Forst. Comm. Goett. vol. ix- p. 33. DC. Prodi: vol. i. p. 700.

Hab. CapeTres Montes, Patch cove, 2000 feet; C. Darwin, Esq. Hermite Island, at the level of the sea; J.D.II.

Radix seu rhizoma uncialis, crassa, descendens, squamis membranaeeis dense obtecta, radiculas fibrosas hie illic emittens. Petioli \ imc. longi, glaberrimi v. parce pilosi, basi supra stipulam vaginantem articulati ; stipulis lati- usculis, membranaeeis, sursum in auriculas duas productis. Foliola vix \ unc. longa, supra laete viridia, subtus pal- lidiora, glaucescentia, sub lente pimctulata, utrinque lsevia, glaberrima. Pedunculus erectus, petiolo sequilongus, bracteolis majusculis subulatis. Sepala glaberrima, retusa v. obscure triloba. Petala obovata, albida, \ unc. longa. Stamina 10. Sti/li 5.

A very pretty little species, one of the smallest of the genus, nearly allied to the common Wood-sorrel of England, O. Acetosella. The leaves, as in all the Oxalides, have a very pleasant acid taste, but are too small to be employed, like those of the following, for any useful purpose.

2. Oxalis enneaphylla, Cav. ; acaulis, rhizomate crasso repente bulbifero squamoso, foliis longe petiolatis 9-20 foliolatis, foliolis radiantibus plus rninusve pubescentibus cuneato-obcordatis bilobis, pedunculis pe- tiolo sequilongis unifloris bibracteolatis, floribus amplis, sepalis sericeis villosisve apice interdum bipmictatis, stamiiiibus elongatis stylos hirsutos capitatos superantibus. O. enneajihylla, Cav. Ic. vol. v. p. 7. t. 411. Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 105. et in Freyc. toy. p. 137. If Urville, in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris. vol. iv. p. 616. DC. Prodr. vol. i. p. 702. Hook. Icon. Plant, t. 494. Vinaigrette, Pernetty, Toy. vol. ii. p. 54.

Var. ft pumita ; minor, tota pubescens. O. pumila, D' TJrv. 1. c. p. 616. Gaud, in Freyc. Toy. 1. c.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; abundant, especially near the sea.

Rhkoma descendens deinde horizontale, 1-2-unciale, crassitie pollicis, simplex v. ramosum, bulbosum, basibus petiolorum stipulisque scariosis obtectum, apicem versus ascendens, dense tomeutosum. Folia pluriina ; petioli 4—6 unc. longi, glabriusculi v. parce pilosi, supra stipulam obscure articulati; stijiula lineares, scariosae, rufo-brunnere, saepe tomento marginatse ; foliola horizontaliter radiantia, ssepissime serie duplici inserta, pilis fulWs sericea v. gla- briuscula, carnosiuscula. Peditnculi petiolis subsimiles, sed supra medium bracteolati, bracteolis scariosis v. interduni villosis. Sepala oblonga, obtusa v. subacuta, rarius apicem versus bipunctata. Petala sepalis ter longiora, fere uncialia, obovato-cimeata, albida v. rosea, pulcherrime puiqiui-eo-venosa. Stamina 10, alternis brevissimis. Styli 5, stigmatibus capitatis terminati. Capsula sericea.

The pride of the Falklands, and peculiar to that group of Islands, where it grows in such abundance on the

3 G

254 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

banks overhanging the sea at Berkeley Sound, as to cover them with a mantle of snowy white during the spring month of November. The plant is an excellent antiscorbutic and agreeable pot-herb, though too acid except in tarts and puddings.

XL CELASTRINEiE, Br.

1. MAYTENUS, FeuiU.

1. Maytemjs MageUcmicus, Hook. fil. ; ramis teretibus pubescentibus, foliis altemis glaberrimis ellip- tico-ovatis utrinque attenuatis serratis coriaceis, floribus subsolitariis brevissime pedunculatis, bracteolis fim- briatis, calycis segmentis rotundatis, petalis ovato-oblongis obtusis, antheris ovato-cordatis, capsula cornpressa orbiculari-obcordata 2-loculari 2-valvi 2-spernia, seminibus basi arillo albido cupulari donatis, testa Crustacea. Cassine Magellanica, Lam. III. n. 2590. Eneijcl. Suppl. vol. ii. p. 130. Celastrus ? Magellanicus, DC. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 8. Celastrus Magellanicus, Hook. Icon. Plant, t. 537. Euthalis lucida, Banks et Sol. in Bill. Banks cum icone.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Commerson. Port Famine; Capt. King.

A plant, in every respect so nearly related to the Maytenus Chilensis, that I think it right to remove it to that genus from Celastrus. The only difference of structure lies in the cells of the capsule of this, having, as far as I can observe, no trace of a second ovule, which exists in the above mentioned species, ripening into a perfect seed. The characters that separate Maytenus from Celastrus are the solitary ovule of the latter, and membranous testa of its seed ; in this plant the testa is nearly crustaceous ; while in M. Chilensis, though a Maytenus in habit and in other respects, it is membranous. The size of the arillus is not of rmich importance, in the present species it is short, and fonns a small cup to the base of the seed, and in the Chilian one it nearly envelopes that organ. Natural habit is perhaps most useful in distinguishing some of these genera from others ; nothing can be more unlike the type of the genus Celastrus (C. scandens, L.), than this ; for it not only closely resembles the M. Chilensis (the origi- nal species), but others, equally inhabitants of extra-tropical South America.

2. MYGINDA, Jacq.

1. Myginda ilisticka, Hook. fil. ; ramis puberulis distichis divaricatis, foliis glaberrimis alternis disticliis parvis brevissime petiolatis liueari-oblongis subacutis integerrimis marginibus tenuiter recurvis nonnullis apiculatis, floribus axillaribus solitariis brevissime pedicellatis unifloris, capsula coriacea abortu 1-loculari 1 -sperma, arillo membranaceo fere operto.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine ; Capt. King.

Frutex v. Arbuscula? Rami teretes, pube tenui fuliginoso donati, hie illic cicatrical. Folia perplurima, A unc. longa, omnia horizontaliter pateutia, coriacea, uninerria, supra medio sulcata, emereo-olivacea, sub lente subtilissime nigro-punctata, subtus pallidiora, margine recurvo, suprema apicido calloso terminata. Fores inconspicui ; pedicellis bibracteolatis ; bracteolis margine ciliatis. Calycis segmenta rotundata. Petala immatura calyce bis longiora, ovato- rotundata. Capsula 3-linearis, oblique oblonga, coriacea, lineis atris notata, intus costis 2 oppositis elevatis percursa, hinc spurie bilocidaris. Semen uiucum, capsulam totam implens, fusco-biimneum, vix matiuum, arillo membranaceo undulato fere omnino indutum.

Of this plant I have only the ripe fruit and very young buds : it appears a true Myginda, although with a cori- aceous, instead of a bony capsule. The leaves are constantly alternate, as they sometimes appear on the M. rhacoma and M.pallens.

Falklands, etc.] FLOEA ANTARCTICA. 255

XII. RHAMNE^, Br.

1. COLLETIA, Comm.

1. Colletia discolor, Hook. ; glaberrirna, ramis rigidis teretibus parce foliosis hie illic spinosis, foliis oppositis elliptico-oblongis obovatisve obtusis obscure serratis in petiolum brevem attenuatis subtus pal- lidioribus, pedunculis axillaribus unifloris, calyce quadrifido, fructu 3-cocco, coccis pilosis monospermis, testa Crustacea uitida. C. discolor, Hook. Icon. Plant, t. 538.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine ; Copt. King.

Frutex spinescens, spiuis oppositis plenunque articulatis, rarius ad articulos foliiferis, ramis cortice lsevi obtectis. Folia A-uncialia, breve petiolata, subcoriacea, supra liigrescentia, subtus pallide yirescentia, apiee ssepe emarginata. Pedicetti floriferi sub 2 lin. longi, fructiferi elongati, robusti, infra calycem gradatim incrassati. Qalyx urceolatus. Fructus majusculus, calyce dilatato sufl'ultus. Semina polita, castanea.

XIII. LEGUMINOSiE, Tuss. 1. ADESMIA, DC.

1. AjyESWiAjMimila, Hook. fil. ; parce subviscide pubescens, caule brevi simpbei v. ramoso herbaceo, stipulis late vaginantibus sursuin in auriculas latas obtusas productis, petiolis gracilibus, fob'olis 3-5-jugis coriaceis obovato-cuneatis obscure cihato-dentatis, pedunculis unifloris gracilibus petiolo asquilongis, calyce campanulato basi subrequali, vexillo- calyce bis longiore dorso glabriusculo, stylo elongato, ovario pluriovulato, legumine pubescenti bineari-cornpresso ad articulos crenato.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Gregory ; Copt. King. Cape Negro ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Herba pumila, 2-5-uneialis. Folia J-l unc. longa ; fobola A uncialia, siccitate flavescentia, anguste obovato- cuneata, apice rotundata, enema. Flores solitarii, suberecti, pro planta majusculi, flavi, purpurascentes ? Pea ilium fere ~ unc. longum. Legumen sub 1 0-articulatum.

2. Adesmia lotoides, Hook. fil. ; appresse sericea, caule basi diviso bgnoso gracili ascendent e rarius abbre- viate, ramis terminalibus, stipulis late vaginantibus superne in auriculas breves divergentes productis, petiolo nullo, foliolis 2 in stipulam sessilibus lanceolatis acuminatis utrinque sericeis, pediccllis axillaribns unifloris folio bis terve longioribus, calycis basi sequalis dentibus ovatis subulatis, vexillo dorso glaberrimo marginibus sparse sericeo-ciliatis ungue brevi callo barbato aucto, alarum lamina lineari-oblonga, carina dolabriformi marginibus subciliatis, stylo ascendente gracili elongato.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Cape Gregory ; Copt. King. Elizabeth Island ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Caules graciles, interdum spithamsei, rarius abbreviati, sublignosi. Folia pilis sericeis appressis cana, basi in stipulam vaginantem latiusculam dilatata, \-\ unc. longa, lanceolata v. elliptico-oblonga, acuta, integerrima. Pedtai- culi elongati, pubescentes. Flores suberecti, calyce sericeo, petalis flavis, vexillo fere \ unc. longo.

The species of this genus are particularly numerous in Patagonia, considering the very scanty nature of its Flora, and are characteristic of a dry and warm climate, rather than of the Fuegian vegetation. Thus we do not find them on the west coast of South America, southward of the parallel of Valdivia ; but on the east, they descend to 52°, and even enter the Strait of Magalhaens, inhabiting its shores so long as these partake of the character of the

256 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, tie

plains of South-eastern America. Many of the Patagonian species being new, I have drawn up a list of them, with characters of those hitherto undescribed, which is added below. *

* Enumeration of the species of Adesmia, inhabiting the plains of Patagonia, between the latitudes of Bahia Blanca 42° south, and the Strait of Magalhaens, and between the Andes on the west, and shores of the South Atlantic on the east.

1. Inermes, floribus axUlaribus solilariis, foliis 2-3 foliolatis.

1. A. sufforata, n. sp. ; purnila, argenteo-sericea, dense caespitosa, caule lignoso ramoso, ramis robustis subtortis basi vestigiis foliorum tectis apicibus Miosis, foUis confertis trifobatis breviter petiolatis, fobolis erectis obovatis integerrirnis, floribus inter foUa sessilibus, calyce breviter campanulato segmentis subacutis, vexillo late orbiculato dorso sericeo inargmibus inflexis, alis longe unguieulatis lobulo intus barbato, carina? petabs falcatis cymbiformibus longe unguieulatis dorso sericeis, stylo breviusculo.

Hab. Poi-tDesh-e; 0. Darrein, Esq.

Rami crassitie penna? corvinae, bgnosi. Folia J— unc. longa, petiolo valido 2 lin. longo albido-villoso, fobolis condupbeatis utrinque dense sericeis. Pedunculi brevissimi. Calyx basi superne gibbosus. Vexillum niajuseulum, coriaceum.

2. A. lotoides, n. sp. v. supra.

Var. 0, vaginata ; petiolo perbrevi foliolis longioribus, stipulis majoribus, vexillo extus sericeo basi callo barbato destituto, carina angustiore.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Cape Gregory; Capt.King. Elizabeth Island ; C. Darwin, Esq. Var. 0, Port Desire ; C. Darwin, Esq.

2. Inermes, floribus axillaribus solilariis, foliis pinnatis.

3. A. pumila, n. sp. v. supra.

Hab. Strait Qf Magalhaens ; Capt. King, C. Darwin, Esq. Cape Pair-weather ; Capt.King.

4. A. villosa, n. sp. ; tota pibs molbter sericeis patentibus obtecta, caule herbaceo prostrato ascendente parce diviso, stipubs membranaceis majuscubs sursum in auriculas breves obtusas productis, petiolis gracihbus, fobolis 5-7- jugis obovato-cuneatis utrinque sericeis, peduncubs petiolo brevioribus, floribus amplis, calyce membranaceo seg- mentis elongatis lineari-subidatis, vexillo calycem paulo superante orbiculato extus piloso, stylo elongato, legumine 2-3-articulato ad articulos constricto subsericeo, seminibus paucis.

Hab. Port Desire ; C.Darwin, Esq.

Herba 2-3-unciabs, habitu Astragali. Folia patentia, 1—1$ unc. longa, fobobs $ unc. stipubs vaginantibus a?qui- longis. Flores conspicui. Calyx superne gibbosus, laciniis gradatim acuminatis, pilis sericeis tectis, inferioribus reflexis. Corolla ut videtur flava.

5. A. lanata, n. sp. ; tota lanata, caule basibgnoso diviso, ramis diffusis suberectis gracibbus teretibus, stipubs subvaginantibus in aiu'iculas acutas divergentes productis, fobobs parvis 3-5-jugis bneari-oblongis obtusis, pedimcubs fobo brevioribus, calyce elongato laciniis bneari-subulatis, vexillo calyce paulo superante eUiptico-oblongo dorso to- mentoso, alarum unguibus laminis sequilongis, stylo elongato, legumine 3-articulato, senunibus latis.

Hab. Port Desbe ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Radix bgnosa. Rami 6 unc. longi, graciles, teretes, ut tota planta, pube rnolb lanata tecta. Stipulre \\ bn. longae. Petioli 1$ unc. longi, graciles. Foliola angusta, patentia, 2 bn. longa. Flores forma et magnitudine Vk-'uc saliva, purpureas? Alarum nervi medii trabecubs arcuatis counexi. Legumen ad articulos vix contractual.

Falkland*, etc.] PLOEA ANTAECTICA. 257

«

2. VICIA, L.

I. Vicia McHjellanica, Hook. fil. ; glabriuscula, caule gracili angulato flexuoso parce folioso apicibus sohunniodo puberulis, stipulis semisagittatis apice lobuloque acuminatis, petiolis elongatis, foliolis unijugis

3 . Inermes, fioribm racemosis, foliis pinnatis.

6. A. Smithies, DC. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 319. Hab. Baliia Blanca ; C. Darwin, Esq.

7. A. affinis, n. sp. ; glanduloso-pubescens, caule decurnbente (?) herbaceo ramoso, stipidis parvis, foliis irnpari- piunatis, foliolis 6-7-jugis petiolatis liiieari-oblongis ernarginato-truncatis obscure ciliato-dentatis, pedunculis axil- laribus nudis elongatis, floribus parvis pedicellatis, calyce aequab basi 5-fido segmentis acutis, vexillo calyce subduplo longiore.

Hab. Baliia Blanca ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Ab A. dentata cui proxinia difTert fobobs Hneari-oblongis, et junioribus glabriusculis non subtomentosis ; ab A. Smithies racemo nudo, calyceque vexillo breviore.

8. A. conferta, Hook, et Ani. in Bot. Beechey, p. 20. et in Miscell. vol. iii. p. 189.

Hab. Port St. Julian ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Species ut videtur late diffusa, per utramque orarn America3 Meridionabs mter gradus lat. merid. 33° et 50° ob^ia.

9. A. Candida, n. sp. ; frutescens, tota tornento tenui arete appresso Candida, ramis bgnosis teretibus superne paniculatim ramosis, foliis sparsis, stipulis parvis decidius, petiolo crassiuscido compresso superne canalieidato sub- articulato, fobobs 3-5-jugis ovab-oblongis utrinque rotivndatis coriaceis integerriniis enerviis, racemis terrninabbus laxis, floribus pendulis breviter pedicellatis, basi bracteolatis, calyce sericeo-pubescente vexillo glaberrimo -| breviore segmentis subacutis.

Hab. Patagonia, east coast ; Mr. Eights.

Rami validi, bgnosi, crassitie pennae anatinae, teretes. Folia A-unciaba, fobobs 2-4 bn. longis, marginibus subrecui'vis. Flores parvi, i unc. longi, pedicelbs bis longioribus. — A. pedicellatce affinis, sed differt prsecipue pedi- celbs brevibus. Ad sectionem Chatotric/iam, DC. pertinet.

10. A. grisea, n. sp. ; suffmtescens, incano-pubescens, rarnis ramubsque gracibbus subflexuosis, stipubs parvis subulatis, petiolo gracili, fobobs 3-5-jugis bneari-obovatis obtusis apicidatis integerriniis utrinque appresse subsericeis, racemis subterrninabbus elongatis paucifloris, pedicebis bre\ibus basi bracteolatis calyce brevioribus, segmentis calv- cinis brevibus subulatis, vexillo dorso sericeo.

Hab. Patagonia, south latitude 40°; Mr. Ticeedie.

Caulis prostratus ? Rami teretes, crassitie pennae passerhrae, spitbamaei, giisei. Folia polbcaria, fobobs 2-3 lin. longis, f lin. latis, nervo in mucronem brevem desinente percm-sis. Flores versus apices peduncub gracilis pauci sub 5, flavi, \ unc. longi, vexillo calyce bis longiore. A. incance, Vogel, affinis, sed rami non patentim pilosi, nee fobola acuminata. — Species altera similb'nia, A. angidata, mibi, ad flumen Uraguay a Tweedie detecta, differt ramis ascendentibus angidatis, floribus majoribus, segmentisque calycinis elongatis.

II. A. boronioides, n. sp. ; suffruticosa, glaberrirna glandidis verrucaeforrnibus imdique sparsa, caule ramisque ascendentibus teretibus bgnosis articulatis, fobis elongatis, stipubs inconspicuis, petiolo erasso, fobobs parvis alternis

3 H

258 FLOEA ANTAECTICA. [Fi/egia, the

rarius bijugis lineari-elongatis acvmiinatis glaberrirnis, pecliccllis axillaribus solitariis unifloris folio brevioribus, calyce brevi pubescente vexillo -i- breviore dentibus subulatis.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, Elizabeth Island ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Caulis spitkamseus, parce ramosus, gracillimus, glabenimus. Folia rernota, patentia ; stipula 3 lin. longa?, subulatas ; petiolus A- J-uncialis, strictus, in cm-bum desinens ; foliola petiolo longiora, sub 1 lin. lata, enervia, inte- gerrima, gradatini acuminata, viridia, juniora parce sericeo-puberula. Pedicelli graciles, petioluni paulo superantes, puberuli supra medium bibracteolati, bracteobs minimis inconspicuis. Mores magnitudine fere V. Bithynicm cui accedit. Calyx 2 lin. longus, basi rotundatus.

Tke plants of tkis genus, tkougk widely diffused tkrougkout tke temperate regions of Soutk America, apparently reack no fiu'tker soutk tkan tke Strait of Magalliaens, and are more ckaract eristic of tke vegetation of tke west tkan tke east coast. Tke present seems distinct from tke kigkfy variable species of Chili and Buenos Ayres, in its marginate leaflets and solitary large flowers ; upon tke former of these characters muck stress cannot be laid, for tke presence of bracteolae on tke pedicel indicates a tendency to brancb, and a plant from Cape Fairweatker, so similar to tkis in all other respects tkat I consider it a variety, kas two and even three flowers on the peduncle, which is elongated beyond the leaves.

2. Vicia Kingii, Hook. fil. ; parce pilosa, caule gracili erecto simplici v. parce ranioso angulato, stipulis anguste semisagittatis lobulo deflexo apice acuminato, petiolis elongatis compressis in cirrbum ramosum desinentibus, foliolis 3-5-jugis oppositis alternisve utrinque pilosis lineari-obovato-oblongis elongatis inte- gerrirnis apiculatis apicibus obtusis bidentatisve, pedunculis axillaribus sericeis 1-2-floris petiolo multoties brevioribus, calyce brevi appresse sericeo breviter quinquefido segrnentis acutis.

Hab. Strait of Magalbaens, Port Famine ; Copt. King.

Caules bipedales, graciles, parce ad nodos pilosi, 3-5-angidati. Folia remota, patenti-recurva ; stipules parvse, 1-1-j lin. longas ; petioli 1-i— 2-uneiales, compressi, vix alati ; foliola -1— f unc. longa, basi attenuata, deinde linearia, apicibus rotundatis mucronatis non raro dentibus duobus auctis, venis subparalleUs. Pedunculi a petioU subaequantes. Flores suberecti, flavi? Calyx 1-ilin. longus. Vexillum calyce bis terve lougius. Legumina immatui-a pendula, gla- berrhna, 8-sperma.

AUied to the V. bidentata, Hook., of Ckih, wkick is enthely smootk, with leaflets broader and shorter in propor- tion, stipides twice as broad as in this plant and the tirrki simple.

oppositisve 10-15-jugis sessdibus late obovatis grosse dentatis coriaceis, racemis laterabbus terminalibusque obtusis, pediceUis brevissimis bracteolatis, calyce late ovato breviter 5-fido puberulo vexillo glaberrimo ter breviore.

Hab. Cape Fan-weatker ; Capt.King. Port Desbe ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Suffrutex, fragibs. Rami spitkamtei, crassitie pennse corvinfe, cortice palbde rufo tecti, obscure striati, glandulis majuseidis veiTiicosi, ad baseos foliormn articidati. Folia 3-4-uncialia, fobolis 2 bn. longis flavescentibus crassis coriaceis. Pedunculi 3-4-polhcares, multiflori, superne parce pdosi, bracteobs oblongis, pedicelhs calyce brevioribus. Flores patentes, A-unciales, flavi. Legumen late lineare, valde coinpressmn, 3-articulatuni, articulis subdistantibus, glandulis grossis nigi'O-punctatum.

4. Spineseentes,J}oribus solitariis. 12. A. trijuga, Gill. MSS. Hook, et Am. in Bot. Misc. vol. ni. p. 191. Hab. Port Desire ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Fall-lands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 259

3. Vicia Patagonica, Hook. fil. ; parce pilosa, caule erecto angulato vix alato parce ramoso, stipulis late semisagittatis interdum dentatis apicibus lobuloque deflexo acutis, petiolo breviusculo subangulato in cirrhum simplicem desiuente, foliolis 1-2-jugis alternis oppositisque obovato-oblongis integerrimis ad apices rotundatis retusis dentatisve utrinque subsericeo-pilosis, pedunculis petiolo longioribus sericeis axillaribus 1-2-floris, calyce sericeo breviter quinquefido vexillo erecto ter breviore.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine ; Capt. King.

Caules spithainasi, quam in prsecedentibus robustiores, substricti. Folia suberecta ; stipula 1-^ lin. long*, semi- sagittate v. triangulares, interdum grosse dentate, segmentis omnibus acutis ; petioli vix i unc. longi, cirrho brevi ; foliola J— f unc. longa, Pedunculi longitudine varii, petiolo semper longiores. Flores ut in prsecedente.

This differs from the V. bidentata, Hook., not only in the same points, except the ch'rhi, as the last species, but in the few leaflets. The broad leaflets, simple cirrhi and differently shaped stipules, short and erect petioles, well distinguish it from V. Kingii. Though these three plants have much affinity, I consider them distinct ; having compared them with extensive suites of the Chilian and Buenos Ayrean species, with none of which they accord. Some of the latter again, are very widely dispersed, and it appears to me probable, that more than one Chilian species is common also to North America, and to the higher mountains of Mexico, Columbia and Peru.

3. LATHYRUS, Linn.

1. Lathyrus Magellanieits, Lam.; glaberrimus, nigricans, caule subrecto angulato ramoso, stipulis late oblongo-ovatis, foliolis plerumque latioribus subacutis basi contractis costatis utrinque in lobulis 2 acutis divaricatis productis, cirrbis trifidis, foliolis elliptico-oblongis lanceolatisve plemmqne apiculatis 3-5-nerviis, pedunculis folio longioribus versus apices 3-4-floris. L. Magellanicus, Lam. Encyclop. Meth. vol. ii. p. 708. DC. Prod,: v. ii. p. 370. Sweet, Br. Ft. Gard. 2nd Ser. t. 344.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Commerson.

Spitharneeus ad pedalem, siccitate nigricans. Caulis ut videtur erectus, parce ramosus. Folia pro planta magna ; stipula magnitudine variae, |— f unc. longse, integerrimse ; petioli stricti, parte infra folium ~ unc. longa, in cirrhum strictum ad apicem ramosum desinentes ; foliola 1-2 unc. longa, integerrima, nervis parallelis 3-5. Pedunculi 6-unciales, erecti. Flores pedicellati, maguitudine L. sylvestris. Calyx brevis, glaberrimus.

I have seen no specimens of this from the Strait of Magalhaens ; those from which the foregoing description is drawn up having been gathered at Cape Fairweather, a few miles northward of Fuegia proper, on the east coast of Patagonia, by Capt. King, in whose collection there exists a third species from the same locality, perhaps only a variety of L. nervosum, Lam. {Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3987.) The L. Magellanicus is hardly distinguishable from a pro- bably undescribed Peruvian species.

2. Lathyevs pubeseens, Hook, et Arn. ; glabriusculus v. molliter pubescens, caule angulato alato ra- moso, stipulis semisagittatis apice lobuloque deflexo acuminatis petiolum anguste alatuni dimidio sequantibus, foliolis uni- rarius bi-jugis oblongo-lanceolatis apiculatis multinerviis, pedunculis folio midto longioribus 5-7-floris, floribus breviter pedicellatis, calyce sericeo segmentis lanceolato-subulatis, vexillo calyce quadruple longiore, legumine pubescente. L. pubeseens, Hook, et Am. in Bot. of Beecheifs Voyage, p. 21. Bot. Misc. vol. iii. p. 197. Hoot: Bot. Mag. t. 3996. L. petiolaris, Fogel in Lmnma, vol. xiii. p. 29. fid. Herb. Reg. Berol.

Hab. Clionos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

The most southern habitat of L. pubeseens, a handsome and widely distributed species, inhabiting all the

260 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

country between Valparaiso and south latitude 45° on the west coast of South America, and between South Brazil and Bahia Blanca on the east, also found on the intervening Cordillera and shores of the river Parana.

3. Lathykus maritimus, Big. Ft. Boston, vol. ii. p. 268. Hook. Brit. Ft. ed. 5. p. 90. Pisum ma- ritimum, Linn. Sp. PI. 1027. DC. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 368. Engl. Bot. t. 1046. Lathyrus piriformis, Hook. Flor. Bor. Am. vol. i. p. 1 58.

Hab. Cape Tres Montes ; C. Barivin, Esq.

A most attentive comparison of Mr. Darwin's plant with European specimens of Lathyrus maritimus has forced upon me the conclusion, that this species, so very common in many parts of the north temperate and frigid zone, only inhabits in the south one of the most remote and little-visited spots of the American continent. The nature of the vegetation in the Peninsula of Tres Montes with the absence of other introduced plants forbid the supposition that this could have been imported, even were it in common cultivation either as an ornamental or culinary herb. No one, indeed, can read the accounts given by our voyagers of that wild and desolate portion of the west coast of Patagonia, (well known from being the scene of the " Narrative of what befell the Anna Pink," *) without a conviction that it is the last place in the world where an introduced vegetation may be expected. Mr. Darwinf remarks that the Indian race is extinct there, and such is the unfrequented appearance of the coast, that a piece of wood with a nail in it is picked up and studied as if covered with hieroglyphics ; doubtless with feelings in which any one can participate who has unexpectedly fallen in with a work of art on a hitherto untrodden shore, and which vividly recall the page and the Hue of Defoe's unrivalled work, where the youthful reader is as startled to read of, as Robinson Crusoe was. to see, " the footstep of a man in the sand."

Cape Tres Montes is also described by Capt. Fitzroy as another Tierra del Fuego, " a place swampy with rain, tormented by storms, without even the interest of population, for hitherto we had neither found the traces nor heard the voice of natives," j Three deserters, whose open boat, their last remaining hope of reaching civilization, had failed them, lived for thirteen months here on seal's flesh, wild celery and shell-fish, unable to pursue their journey by land, so rugged are the shores and so impervious the low forests. Such is the nature of the coast where alone in the southern hemisphere this plant grows, though apparently not so abundantly as on the beach in some parts of England, else the sailors in question might have improved their daily fare, for Dr. Caius says, that Lathyrus maritimus, during the famine of 1556, afforded nourishment to thousands of the people upon the Suf- folk coast, who had overlooked it while in their prosperity, and when driven by hunger to seek some manna in the wilderness, deemed its appearance miraculous ; so ready, as Sir James Smith observes, is man to remember his Maker when in distress, whilst at other times he neglects what, like the best gifts of Providence, is always within his reach.

Being very much a maritime plant and one of a quickly propagated tribe, it is not surprising that L. maritimus enjoys a widely extended range in the northern hemisphere. Still there are some peculiarities worthy of notice, even here, in its distribution. In Great Britain, though abundant wherever it does grow, the plant is singularly local ; a few spots on the east and south coasts are its sole recorded habitats ; the Shetland Islands, where an Arctic variety is seen, being its only Scottish, and Kerry its only Irish station. It is also a native of Iceland and Greenland. The English Channel seems its southern European limit§, whence it passes along the shores of Belgium and up the Baltic Sea and inhabits the east coast of ^Norway as far as 70°, becoming more frequent beyond the parallel of 60°

* The 'Anna Pink ' was one of the squadron which accompanied Commodore Anson's disastrous Expedition, t Darwin's Journal in Murray's Home and Colonial Library, p. 282. X Voy. of the Adventure and Beagle, vol. ii. p. 370.

§ De Candolle gives Nice on the Mediterranean as a station, which I have not seen confirmed, (Bot. Gall, vol. iv.p. 586).

Falkland*, etc.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 261

the eastward of the north Cape again, it is plentiful throughout Lapland, to the Sea of Archangel ; but does not cross the longitude of the Ural mountains ; thence to the sea of Okhotsk, that is all over the Siberian plains, it is replaced by the Lathy rus pisiformis*, L. (fide Ledebour), but re-appears to the extreme east of the continent of Asia, in Okhotsk and Kamschatka, affording another of those singular features in the Siberian Flora to which I have alluded in the note at p. 211 of this volume. In North America, commencing on the west coast, it is to be found at the Oregon t river in 46°, and north to Kotzebue's Sound under the Arctic circle ; in central North America, it attains the same latitude and that of the Arctic Ocean, besides following the great rivers up to their sources in those inland seas, Lake Erie, &c, Upon the east coast of America it extends from New York no further north than Labrador, in latitude 55° ; a limit upwards of 11 degrees nearer the tropic than what it attains in Europe, eastern Asia, or western America. Lastly, in South America it re-appears in the latitude of 47°, or nearly that of the Oregon. The geographical distribution of Lalhyrus maritimus naturally leads to that of the vast and important natural family to which it belongs ; but in the present case I shall confine my remarks on this subject to the tribe Papili- onacece, which alone extends into the frigid regions of the northern hemisphere. The prevalence of this group, to the almost total exclusion of the Mimosea, Swartziecs, and Casalpinece, in all latitudes north of the Mediterranean Sea in Em-ope, of the Caspian and Altai range in Asia, and of latitude 37° north, in the New World ; or, in general terms, to the northward of the parallel of 40°; is an obvious fact : for the Papilionacece constitute a large proportion of the flowering plants from those limits up to the everlasting ice of the Polar Ocean. In the opposite hemisphere, however, a wholly different state of things prevails with that tribe. In South Australia and Tasmania the Mimosect rival the Papilionacea in abundance. In New Zealand only five species of the Natural Order are found in the whole extent of the Islands, from 36° to 46° south, and none beyond, in Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; whilst in Fuegia proper they are unknown. To the northward of the Strait of Magalhaens they com- mence, accompanied with the Mimosea. In both hemispheres the Order diminishes in the proportion of its species to those of Composites and Grammea, when proceeding beyond the temperate towards the frigid zone ; in the northern accompanying those Orders to 75° in America, or six degrees below the extreme limit of vegetation ; while, in the southern regions of the old world, it disappears at 46°, and in those of the new at 52°, or twelve degrees short of the latitude which some other terrestrial plants attain.

* The accurate Gmelin says of this plant, " omni per Siberia occurrit." Ledebour assigns to it all middle and southern Russia, from the Caucasus to St. Petersburgh in Em-ope, and all Asia, lying between the Caspian and latitude 60° north, and east to the Baikal sea. This range is enormous, when we consider that Lathyrus pisiformis is not an inhabitant of any other part of the globe, nor a littoral plant ; hence, though scattered over an area included between twenty degrees of latitude and 100 of longitude.it is, in comparison with theZ. maritimus, a local species, and con- fined by tolerably well marked geographical limits, namely by the polar circle in Arctic Russia and Siberia, by the Caucasus, Caspian and Aral seas and the Altai range on the south, by the Gulf of Bothnia and the Carpathians on the west, and the mountains of eastern Siberia in the opposite quarter. On the other hand, the species with which I have compared it, acknowledges no fixed limits ; in Em-ope it as evidently seeks the Ocean as the other avoids it, whilst in North America it crosses a whole continent. Gmeliu's fifth species of Lathjrus is very probably the L. maritimus, whose range he states to be from the river Aldan as far as Kamschatka, thus commencing where L. pisiformis terminates. His description tallies well with that plant.

f I exclude the Californian locality, for it is doubtfid whether the plant of that country be the same as the European.

3 i

262 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

XIV. ROSACEA, Juss.

1. GEUM, Linn.

1. Getjji Magellanicum ; Conimers., ex Pen. Ench. vol. ii. p. 57. DC. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 554. Don, Eneyclop. vol. ii. p. 527. G. coccineum, Seringe, in DC. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 551. Smith, Sibtlwrpe, etc. Lindley, Dot. Reg. 1. 1088. G. Cliiloense, Balbis, (fid. Ser. in DC. 1. c). Hook, et Am. in Dot. Miscell. vol. iii. p. 305. Don, Encycl. vol. ii. p. 526. G. Chilense, Lindl. Dot. Beg. t. 1348. G. Quellyon, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Garden, Ser. 1. vol. iii. t. 292. Caryophyllata foliis alatis, &c. Feuill. Per. et Chili, vol. i. p. 736. t. 27.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson; Port Famine, Copt. King ; Cape Negro, C. Darwin, Esq.

I have restored the trivial name of Magellanicum, feeling convinced that Commerson, who collected more plants in the Strait of Magalhaens than any other person, could not have overlooked the present and only species of the genus that is abundant in that locality, and which agrees with the scanty description published by Persoon. Its very close affinity with the G. coccineum, of the ' Flora Graeca,' has led to much discussion. Seringe first pub- lished them as one plant, probably discrediting the American habitat assigned to it by Balbis, from whom lie re- ceived garden specimens under the name of G. Cliiloense. Dr. Lindley next described and figured the Chilian plant and also referred it to G. coccineum. ; but in a following number of the ' Botanical Register,' after an attentive comparison of the Chilian with Sibthorpe's specimens, he disunited them, on account of the terminal lobe of the leaf of the Chilian being smaller and the lateral larger than in the Greek plant. Sweet disregards Balbis' name of Cliiloense, proposing that of Quellyon, affirming that the G. coccineum is very different, and probably a Sieversia ; he neither gives his reasons for separating them nor for considering the Greek plant a Sieversia, though possibly he judges from its resemblance to S. montana. Lastly, Don says of G. Magellanicum that his is perhaps a Sieversia, but neither does he state why.

Of G. Magellanicum I may remark, that it is an exceedingly variable species in stature, in the size of its pe- tals, and form of the leaves, which have large or small lateral and terminal lobes indifferently. Again, the flowers of the wild specimens are certainly very often yellow, and about twice as large as the calyx ; while in the garden plant they are much larger and more or less red or scarlet. The flowering stems vary from three inches to nearly two feet high and the leaves from two inches to one foot long. The segments of the calyx are generally shortly ovate, but in one specimen from Mr. Macrae they are abnost lanceolate. The whole plant varies in pubescence. Its range is from Valparaiso to the strait of Magalhaens, whose northern shore it skirts, ascending on the east coast of Patagonia as far as Cape Fairweather. Inland it inhabits both flanks of the Andes, from whence no doubt it has been transported eastward for some distance into the Patagonian plains, for Mr. Darwin collected it on the river Santa Cruz, 250 miles above the sea, where it was accompanied by some other plants foreign to the greater part of the east coast of South America. In Peru this species is replaced by another with small petals, more character- istic of the North American forms of the genus.

The first plant with which I woidd compare the present is G. Capense, which has longer calycine segments than the ordinary states of G. Magellanicum, but does not otherwise differ except in the rather slenderer awns to the car- pels. I have compared two African specimens with a large suite of the G. Magellanicum, and have no reason to suppose them specifically distinct. Of the true G. coccineum of Sibthorpe's ' Flora Graeca ' we have three excellent specimens, from the collections of Aucher-Eloy, gathered on Mount Olympus, and another from RumeUa under the name of G. Sadleri, Friv., which the accurate Grisebach unites with G. coccineum ; but they do not enable me to detect any character different from the South American plant, nor even to retain them as separate varieties. The calycine segments of both vary in size, and in the same proportions, the incisions of the margins of the leaf of the European

Falklands, etc.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 263

are narrower and more acute than in the ordinary Chilian form, but are in this respect undistinguishable from some collected by Gillies ; the carpels of the two are identical. The G. elatum, of Kamaon, judging from Dr. WaUich's specimens, does not at first sight appear to differ from this, except in the comparatively smaller terminal and the sessile lateral lobes of the leaf. Dr. Royle has placed it in Sieversia, to which genus Mr. Edgeworth assures me that it belongs. The nearest, but evidently distinct, species allied to G. Magellanicum are G. Pyrenaicum, easily recognised by the great size of its carpels, and G. sylvaticum of the South of France and Spain, which is a single-flowered plant.

2. Geum parviftorum, Commerson ; velutino-pubescens, rliizomate crasso, foliis radicalibus interrapte pimiatisectis lobo terminali rotundato obscure 5-lobato crenato lateralibus 2-3-jugis multoties minoribus, pedunculis folio brevioribus elongatisve pubescentibus folia 2-3 lyrato-pimiatifida gerentibus, floribus 4-5 ad apicem pedunculi sessilibus nutantibus folio iiivolucratis, petalis lacixdis calycinis subsequantibus albis? ovarii stylo hamato, carpellis pilosis. G. ? parviflorum, Commerson ex Smith in Rees Cycl. vol. v. p. 16. BC. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 553. Bon, Encycl. vol. ii. p. 527. G. involucratum, Juss. Herb, in Pers. Each. vol. ii. p. 57. BC. et Bon, 1. c.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Commerson. Port Famine; Capt. King.

Rhizoma pollicem crassum. Folia fere omnia radicalia, patentia, 1-i— 2 una longa, pilis fulvis dense velutina, lobo terminali J unc. lato, plicato, lateralibus irregulariter ineiso-dentatis. Pedunculi 3, unico foliis breviore, cseteris elongatis erectis ter longioribus, omnes basi nudi, apices versus folia 1-2 gerentes. Flores in capitulum aggi'egati, sub J- una diametro, albi (fid. Commerson). Calycis lacinise 6, oblougse, obtusas, bracteolis lineari-oblongis. Petala late elliptico-spathulata, obtusa, glaberrima. Ovaria dense hirsuta, stylo curvato apice hamato terminata.

A little known and probably very rare plant. I have seen but one specimen, in Capt. King's collection, winch I have compared with that in the Linnsean Herbarium ; its general appearance resembles a small state of G. Ma- gellanicum, but the leaves are densely velvetty on the surface and the flowers very different ; Commerson says the latter are white, in which respect, as in their size, the form of the petals, &c, there is a close affinity with the Sieversia? albiflora (vol. i. p. 9. t. vii.), a plant which may possibly in an older state have hooked awns to the carpels, which these decidedly are. I am inclined to consider this the representative of the Auckland Island species, as the G. Magellanicum is of a similar New Zealand one. Though the descriptions of G. involucratum are very unsatisfactory, I have little doubt but that they refer to this plant as above described, which seems to have been first published in France and afterwards in England. The description of Smith being the fullest, and his having adopted Commerson's own name induce me to retain that of 67. parviflorum. In the flower I examined there were six divisions to the calyx.

3. RUBUS, Linn.

1. Rubus geoides; Smith, Icon. ined. t. 19. Hook. Icon. Plant, t. 495. R. antarcticus, Banks et Solander, MSS. et Icon. inMus. Brit. Dalibarda geoides, Pen. Euch. vol. ii. p. 53. BC. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 568. Gaud, in Ann. So. Nat. vol. iv. p. 106. et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 138. B'Urrille, in Mem. Soc. Liiui. Paris, vol. iv. p. 620. Framboise, Pernetty, Toy. vol. ii. p. 58.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Commerson. Port Famine ; Capt. King. Good Success Bay; Banks and Solander. Falkland Islands ; abundant on the bills.

There are few Rosacea in the temperate latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. The genus Rulrns, in parti- cular, hardly exists in South America; a very remarkable circmnstance, since Australia, New Zealand, and the Cape of Good Hope possess more species than extra-tropical South America, though those countries are more dis-

264 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

connected from the temperate regions of the North, in the case of Australia and New Zealand by water, and of the Cape by the deserts of Africa. This absence of Ruli is certainly an anomaly in the Chilian, Fuegian, and Patagonian Floras, which more fully represent in other genera common forms of European vegetation than do any other coun- tries in the same latitudes.

This plant takes the place of R. saxatilis of the northern hemisphere and of R. Ounnianm of Tasmania. It is one of the few esculents of Fuegia and the Falkland Islands ; the berries being almost as large as raspberries, of the colour of the Scottish cloudberry, R. chamcemorus, and with a very agreeable flavour.

4. FBAGARIA, Town.

1. Fragaria Chilensis; Ehr. Beitz. vol. vii. p. 26. Lam. Diet. vol. ii. p. 537. DC. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 571. Hook, et Am. in Bot. Miscell. vol. iii. p. 305.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago ; C. Darioin, Esq.

I have seen only one specimen, which is stunted and has a very large rhizoma. The species inhabits the west coast of North America attaining the parallel of 48°. The leaflets are frequently remote, and in an individual from the Saskatchawau river there is only a solitary leaflet to one of the petioles.

5. POTENTILLA, Nestl.

1. Potentilla anserina ; Linn. Sp. PI. 710. DC. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 583. Engl. Bot. t. 861.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

A very widely diffused plant in the northern hemisphere, and perhaps not uncommon in the southern, being found both in Chiloe and Chili, though possibly introduced. It grows throughout Europe, from the shores of the Mediterranean to the Arctic Sea ; over all Asia to the north of the Altai range ; in North America from latitude 40° to Whale-fish Island in 70° north latitude, and from the Oregon River to Kotzebue's Sound on the west coast. It is frequent in Tasmania, but is not indigenous there.

6. ACENA, Vahl.

1. Ac«na (Euaraena) pttmila, Vahl ; tota glaberrima, radice descendente, caule brevissiino simplici, foliolis parvis 10-12-jugis oblique ovatis obtusis grosse crenato-serratis vakle coriaceis marginibus subre- curvis supra verrucosis subtus glaucis, pedunculo scapiformi, floribus parvis in spicam gracilem dispositis sessilibus, calyce elliptico aristis brevibus apice glochidiatis undique armato, petalis oblongis obtusis superne pilosis, staminibus 4 brevibus, stigmate depresso patelliformi marginibus funbriatis. A. pumila, Yahl, Enum. vol. i. p. 298. DC. Prod. vol. ii. p. 593. Lasiocarpus bumilis, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mus. Banks, cum icone. (Tab. XIV.)

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens; Commerson. Port Famine; Capt.King. Good Success Bay ; Banks and Solander. Hermite Island ; /. D. H.

Radix 3-pollicaris, crassa, descendens. Caulis vis uncialis, vaginis castaneis foliorum tectus. Folia undique patentia, 3 unc. longa, petiolo basi vaginante ; foliolis sub i unc. longis, supra luride virescentibus sed nitentibus quasi vernicosis, impresso-lineatis, subtus paUidis venosis. Scopus gracilis, teres, erectus, foliis abbreviatis 2-3 auc- tus superne pubescens. Spica post anthesin uncialis, floribus remotis brevissime petiolatis basi bracteolatis ; brac- teoUs lobatis. Fructus 1 lin. longus, luride fusco-purpureus. Semen compressum ut in congeneribus.

Fall-lands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 265

A most distinct and pretty little species, certainly belonging to the group Euacana, though that, as now constituted, is very artificial. The present forms one of a small section in which the spike is truly elongated, the fruit compressed and covered with short glochidiate seta?, and which have a depressed stigma. To the same group belong A. latebrosa, Ait., A. elongata, Linn., A. lappacea, R. and P., and A. myriophylla, Lindl., with, amongst others, a new species from Monte Video*.

Plate XCV. Fig. I, portion of peduncle, bracteola, and flower;^. 2, stigma ;_/?y. 3, ripe fruit cut open, showing the seed ; fig. 4, embryo removed from the seed : — all magnified.

1. Aclena cuneata, Hook, et Am. ; argenteo-sericea, caule brevi ? clecumbente, foliolis 4-7-jugis oblique obovato-cuneatis superne grosse inciso-dentatis utrinque sericeis suprenris basi supra petioluni deor- sum productis, pedunculo scapiforrni valido, floribus paucis majusculis reniotis v. subgloboso-spicatis, petalis dorso sericeis, staminibus 2 filamentis subelongatis, stigmate depresso, fructibus obovatis tetragonis mono- spermis v. latioribus compressis et dispermis undique spinis apice glochidiatis basi dilatatis armatis. R. cu- neata, Hook, et Am. in Bot. Miscell. vol. iii. p. 307.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Cape Gregory ; Capt. King.

Cuiilis validus, 2-3-uncialis, ascendens. Folia 3-5 unc. longa, foliolis i- i uncialibus. Pedtmculi pedales, foliis paucis abbreviatis instructi. Bracteola lineares. Flores esemplaribus Chilensibus virides, Patagonicis luride fusco-purpurei.

Capt. King's specimens exhibit ripe fruit only, whilst those from Chili, gathered by Bridges and Cuming, are in flower. The fruit is often formed of two carpels and then is compressed ; the arming is different from that of the last species and consists of strong short spines, very broad at the base, sometimes arranged in rows, so as to give a pectinated appearance. Both in the form of the fruit and in the nature of the glochidiate spines, this is allied closely to A.piunatifida, R. and P., and A. trifida, R. and P. The A. cylindristacjiya, R. and P., is figured by its describers as sometimes bearing two carpels ; it is quite a distinct species, though nearly allied to a Carthagenian one, A. macrorhizaf, mihi.

3. AcjENA (Ancistrum) multifield, Hook. fil. ; tota pilis sparsis villosiuscula, caule gracili ascendente simplici v. superne pluiies diviso, foliis linearibus, petiolis gracilibus, foliolis varie profunde sectis ad costam

* A. Monte-Videnm, n.sp. ; laxe villosa, pilis patentibus, foliolis oppositis altemisque 7-9-jugis lineari-oblongis inciso-piunatifidis laciniis plnrimis obtusis supra glabris subtus sericeis, peduncido villoso folioso, spica interrupta elongata cylindracea obtusa, floribus parvis sessilibus, petalis glabriusculis, staminibus 2-4, stybs plerunique 2, stigmatibus depressis phunosis, fructibus late oblongis compressis undique setis brevibus apice gloclndiatis annatis.

Hab. Monte Video ; Capt. King.

Species satis distincta, tota pilis mollibus patulis fulvis vestita.

Radix basisque caulis desunt. Folia 4 unc. longa, foliolis ^-uncialibus sessilibus. Spica 2 unc. longa. Flores sub 1 lin. longi, petalis fusco-rubris.

f A. macrorhiza, n. sp. ; radice crassissimo descendente, caide subnullo, foliis lanceolatis, foliolis 15-20-jugis lineari-lanceolatis subacutis sessilibus basi oblique subcordatis seiTatis segmentis penicillatis supra pubescenti-pilosis subtus petiolisque pidcherrime argenteo-sericeis, pedunculis elongatis scapiformibus sericeis, spica florifera densa cylincfracea obtusa, staminibus 4, stigmate depresso, fructibus oblongis tetragonis compressis glaberrimis spinis 4 inaequilongis armatis.

Hab. Carthagena ; high mountains above St. Sebastian ; Purdie. A. cylindrktacliycB habitu foliisque simillima, sed fructu diversissima.

3 K

266 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fupgia, the

usque pinnatifidis v. 3-5-partitis laciniis omnibus linearibus obtusis rnarginibus recurvis supra glaberrimis nitidis subtus sericeis, pedunculis villosis subscapiformibus parce foliosis, floribus plerisque in capitulum globosum congestis, calyce liirsuto, petalis fusco-purpureis dorso sericeis, staminibus 2 filamentis brevibus, stigmate depresso fimbriate, fructu tetragono glabriusculo supra medium spinis suberectis apice glochidiatis basi dilatatis annate.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens ; Port Gregory ; Copt. King.

Radix lignosa, descendens. Caules 2-3-unciales, vaginis pilosis foliorum tecti. Folia 3-5 unc. longa, petiolis graeilibus subsericeis ; foliolis perplurimis, magnitudine variis, 2 lin. ad i unc. longis. Pedunculi pedales, validi, erecti, foliis 2-3 abbreviatis instructi. Flores parvi.

This species is so nearly allied in general habit to some states of A. pinnatifida, that I hesitated before sepa- rating them. That plant I find to differ in having the surface of the fruit invariably armed with many and much larger spines. The A. pinnatifida also is a native of Patagonia, having been found by Mi'. Darwin at Port Desire, in fruit only, and his specimens are of a much smaller size than those from Chili, but not otherwise distinct. The pre- sent species connects the Fuaccena with the Ancistrum group, and is, too, the most nearly allied to the following, which, possessing no spines, seta;, or glochidise whatever, will not rank under either of those subgenera.

4. Acjena lucida, Vabl; laxe pilosa, caule elongate decumbente ramoso, ramis plurimis ascendentibus foliosis, foliolis parvis 5-9-partitis laciniis insequalibus lineari-oblongis obtusis marginibus revolutis supra glaberrimis subtus laxe patentim pilosis uninerviis, pedunculis scapiformibus breviusculis validis, floribus plerisque in capitulum globosum aggregates paucis solitariis fascicidatisve, bracteolis scariosis ciliatis, petalis dorso barbatis, staminibus plerumque 2 filamentis brevibus, stigmate depresso patellseformi, fructu tetragono ad angidos superne tuberculato, sjnnis glocbidiisve nullis. A. lucida, Vahl, Erium. vol. i. p. 296. Lamarck, JUmt. vol. i. t. 22. f. 3. Encycl. vol. i. p. 346. Sort. Kew. vol. i. p. 67. DC. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 593. (Tab. XCIV.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; very abundant on rocks near the sea.

Caides elongati, 6 unc. ad pedalem, prostrati, curvati, crassitie pennae anserinae, vestigiis petiolorura delapso- runi vaginati, apicibus ascendentibus. Folia ad apices ramorum conferta, 1-2-polliearia ; petiob basi late vaginantes, vaginas margine ciliata ; foliola pro genere minima, 1 lin. longa, pallide viridia, ad basin in lacinias 3-4 fissa, plus minusve patentim pubescentia, apicibus interdum penicillatis. Pedunculi 3 unc. longi. Capitula villosa, \ unc. diametro. Flores 1 lin. longi. Fructits obovatus, sursum pilosus, angulis prominentibus.

A plant long known in cultivation in England, but very imperfectly described. I am not aware by whom it was first detected. Vahl describes it from a specimen in the Jussieuan herbarium, and states that he saw it growing in Dr. Pitcaini's garden near London, where the fruit was unarmed ; this is always the case in native specimens, though Vahl asserts the contrary. It is not improbable that some of the varieties of A. trifida, from Patagonia, may have been mistaken for this.

Plate XCIV. Fig. 1, bracteola; jig. 2, fiower; jig. 3, the same, more advanced; jig. 4, longitudinal section of the same, showing the carpel, enclosed in the calyx ; fig. 5, section of ripe fruit and carpel, showing the suspended seed; jig. 6, side, and fig. 7, front view of seed; fig. 8, embryo removed from seed: — all magnified.

5. Acena (Ancistrum) Icevigata, Ait. ; glabriuscula, caule decumbente ramoso, ramis ascendentibus folio- sis, foliolis suboppositis oblongo-obovatis obtusis basi obliquis superne grosse crenato-dentatis coriaceis supra glaberrimis subtus parce pilosis, pedunculo scapiformi glaberrimo v. pubescente nudo v. basi folioso superne interdum diviso, floribus plerisque capitatis, calycibus glabris, staminibus 2 filamentis brevibus autheris ro-

Falkland's, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 267

tundatis, stigmate brevi dilatato fimbriato, fructu glaberrimo oblongo-cuneiforme compresso spinis 4 sub- erectis ineequilongis armato. A. laevigata, Hort. Kew. vol. i. p. 68. DC. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 592. A. Magel- lanica, Hook, et Am. in Bot. Miscell. vol. iii. p. 308, quoad exemplaria hortensia. A. Magellanica, /3, Land-, quoad Herb. Mus. Brit.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens; Commerson. Hermite Island ; J.D.H. Falkland Islands; Dr. Lyall, Mr. Chartres, J. D. H.

Species A. ascendenti habitu simillima, sed glabrior, foliis eoriaceis, formaque stigmatis staminum fnictusque diversissima.

A species so closely resembling A. ascendents that, even in their native place, the Falkland Islands, where both grow together, it is difficult to discriminate them without examination, when the present may be distin- guished particularly by the more coriaceous and less hairy leaflets, the spikes more elongated, and bearing remote glomeruli of flowers, or sometimes branching, by the smooth calyx, broader and shorter stigma, and the form of the ripe fruit. This, with all the preceding species, and the following, differ in the form of the stigma from the remainder, iu which that organ is much more elongated, and in which there is less tendency in the peduncles to bear flowers anywhere but at the apex.

6. AafflNA Magellanica, Vahl; abortu dioica?, caule breviusculo subramoso ascendente, foliis sub- coriaceis parce pilosis subtus subsericeis, foliolis 3-7-jugis late obovato-oblongis obtusis sessilibus superi- oribus decurrentibus grosse et obtuse crenato-serratis interdum 3-5-fidis, pedicello scapiformi nudo v. rarius unifoliato pubescente, capitals parva post autbesin dilatata, calyce petalisque late oblongo-ovatis pilosis, staminibus eloiigatis filamentis gracilibus, antberis majusculis didymis, stylo subelongato latiusculo plumoso. A. Magellanica, Vahl, Enum. vol. i. p. 207. (non Hook, et Am. in Bot. Miscell.). Lam. Iliad, t. 22. f. 2. Suppl. vol. i. p. 346. DC. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 593.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Commerson. Cape Gregory, Copt. King.

Very nearly allied to A. Icevigata, and perhaps not specifically distinct ; the capitula are smaller and never divided, the styles rather longer, the peduncles more hairy, and the whole plant less branched than in that species. The hairy peduncles and broad styles at once distinguish this from A. ascendens.

7. A(LENA (Ancistrum) ovalifolia, R. et P. ; sericeo-pubescens, caule longe repente rainoso, ramis sub- erectis foliosis, foliolis 3-4-jugis ovali-oblongis obtusis ad basin usque crenato-serratis supra glabriusculis subtus birsutis sericeisve, pedunculis scapiformibus pubescentibus fere nudis, capitulis globosis, floribus minimis, calyce pilis elongatis subrigidis dense obtecto, petalis obovato-spatlmlatis dorso sericeis, staminibus plerumque 2 filamentis gracilibus, antheris parvis didymis, stylo gracili, stigmate elongato unilaterali plu- moso, fructibus villosis setis 2-3 rarius 4 gracilibus apice glochidiatis armato. A. ovalifolia, Ruiz et Pavon, Fl. Peruv. vol. i. p. 67. t. 103. f. c. Vahl, Enum. vol. i. p. 295. DC. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 592. Ancistrum repens, Ventenat, Hort. Cels. t. 5. Lam. Enci/cl. Meth. vol. i. p. 345.

Hab. South Chili, and throughout Fuegia ; Banks and Solander, fyc.

Ab A. ascendente, cui proxima, diifert floribus parvis, calycibus dense vestitis, antheris minimis didymis, setis fructus duobus tribusve, et foliobs omnibus oblongis regulariter crenato-serratis.

Nearly allied to A. ascendens, but in the flower and fruit totally distinct, as I have proved from the examination of many specimens, gathered at various positions between the Equator itself, where it inhabits a level of 12,000 feet, and Cape Horn.

Difficult of determination as the Acana at first sight appear, I feel quite satisfied that they are possessed of ample though overlooked specific characters. The present species has more fully convinced me of this than any of

268 PLOEA ANTARCTICA. \Fnegia, the

the former, its range being far wider and it being further closely allied to three or four Chilian congeners. I have diligently compared Professor Jameson's specimens both in flower and fruit, gathered on Pichincha, with those of Capt. King from Port Pamine in an equally good state, without being enabled to detect even the differences of a variety in the foliage or inflorescence of either. The oblong form of the leaflets similar at both extremities and re- gularly serrated along the whole margin is characteristic, but far more so is the calyx, densely clothed with stiff straight hairs, the slender filament, and small didymous anther ; also the villous fruit, with generally two slender arista;. The figure in Ventenat's ' Hortus Celsianus' is excellent.

8. AC.ENA (Ancistmm) ascendens, Vahl; caule elongato prostrato ramoso, ramis glaberrimis ascenden- tibus Miosis, foliis plus minusve pilosis, foliolis 4-7-jugis submernbranaceis obovato-oblongis obtusis grosse serratis superioribus sa?pe decurrentibus, pedunculo scapiformi basi folioso plerumque glabenimo superne longo nudo v. rarissime folio unico glomeruloque florum aucto, capitulo globoso, bracteolis linearibus apice cihatis, calyce glabriusculo, petalis late ovah-oblongis dorso apiceque pilosis, staminibus plerumque 4 petalis longioribus, stigniate elongato unilateraliter et breviter plumoso, fructu obconico aristis 4 elongatis apice glochidiatis. A. ascendens, Yahl, Enmn. vol. i. p. 297. Lam. Siippl. vol. i. p. 347. DC. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 593. {/ton Hook, et Am. in Bot. Miscell. vol. iii. p. 308). Ancistrum liumile, Pers. Ench. vol. i. p. 30. A. lsevigatum, Lag. Spec. vol. vii. quoad DC. 1. e. A. Magellanicum, /3. Lamarck, Ittusf. vol. i. p. 76. (Tab. XCVL)

Var. /3 ; foliis minoribus subcoriaceis, caubbus strictioribus.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens ; Commerson, Tnouin. Good Success Bay ; C.Darwin, Esq. Falkland Islands, abundant ; Gaudichaud, If Urvitte, &c. South Georgia ; Forster. Var. /3, Cape Fairweather ; Capt. King.

Caules elongati, plerumque 3-5 unc. longi, prostrati, ramosi. Folia nisi in var. 0, flaceida, utrinque sed subtus prsecipue pilosa. Scapi glaberruni, rarissime sparse pilosi. Capitida magnitudine varia, floribus semper ? her- maphroditis. Calyx petalaque dorso parce pilosa. Stamina conspicua ; filamentis elongatis, gracilibus ; antheris globosis.

The chief points of distinction between this and the A. Icevigata will be found in the notes upon that species. The present is the more common plant of the two in the Falkland Islands.

Plate XCVL Fig. 1, flower and bractea ; jig. 2, petal ; fig. 3, stamen ; fig. 4, calyx and stigma ; fig. 5, capi- tulum of fruit : — all magnified.

9. Ac^na ajjmis, Hook. fil. ; caule prostrato radicante ramoso, ramis ascendentibus fobosis, fobis utrinque plus minusve pilosis fobobs, 5-7-jugis subflaccidis obovato-oblongis obtusis grosse serratis basi sub- decurrentibus v. in petiolum brevissimum attenuatis, pedunculo scapiformi glaberrimo, capitulo globoso, floribus bermaplu'oditis, calyce glabriusculo 4-aristato inter aristas attenuato et in lobis uncinato-recurvis producto, petabs eUiptico-oblongis dorso apiceque cibatis, filamentis brevissimis, antheris parvis inclusis didymis, stylo elongato plumoso, fructu elongato, aristis elongatis. Spluerula, Anderson MSS. in Bill. Banks. Ancistrum inerme, Herb. Banks. (Tab. XCVI. B.)

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; marshy places near the sea, abundant ; Mr. Anderson, in Cook's third voyage, /. D. H. and Dr. In/all.

A. ascendenti statura habitu formaque foliorum inflorescentiseque simillima, sed petala angustiora, stamina midto minora, filamenta brevissima inclusa, formaque calycis supra aristas diversa.

A plant so very similar to A. ascendens that I long considered it to be a variety peculiar to the remote loca- lity it inhabits. Though the characters I have used to distinguish them are minute, they are very important. Besides

Falklands, etc. FLORA ANTARCTICA. 269

the narrowness of the fruit, the calyx is attenuated between the aristae, and the mouth of its tube generally termi- nates in four recurved points ; the petals are longer and narrower and the stamens very small, with filaments even shorter than the anthers ; the latter were invariably full of pollen and quite perfect.

Plate XCVI. B. Fig. 1, a flower; jig. 2, stamen ; Jig. 3, longitudinal section of flower, after the petals have fallen away; jig. 4, carpel, removed from the tube of the calyx : all magnified; — jig. 5, head of mature fruit : of the natural size.

10. Ac.ena Antarctica, Hook, fil.; piunila, caulibus brevibus robustis prostratis ascendentibus parce ramosis, foliis confertis foliolis 3-4 late oblongis obtuse serratis medio caualiculatis supra dense pilis fulvis sericeo-villosis subcoriaceis infra pilosis, pedunculo scapiformi, capitulo — ?

Hab. Fuegia, Staten Land ; A. Menzies, Esq. Hennite Island, Cape Horn ; on the mountains, rare, 1000 feet.

Caulis 2-3-uncialis, vaginis membranaceis glaberrimis foliorum tectus. Folia vix uncialia, petiolo gracili ap- presse sericeo. Foliola sub ^ unc. longa, dorso carinata, marginibus recurvis.

I have not met with this small and very distinct species either in flower or fruit, nor does it exist in any other • collection of Fuegian plants than my own and that of the late Mr. Menzies.

Below * are descriptions of two additional Acana, which, with the above and four others in De Candolle's Prodronius, include all the South American plants of this genus, known to me.

XIV. ONAGRARLE, Jim. 1. Fuchsia, Plum.

1. Fuchsia coccinea, Ait. Hort. Eew. v. ii. p. 352.

Var. a, robustior, foliis summis sessilibus, petiolis omnibus brevioribus. F. coccinea, Ait. 1. c. Curl. Bot. Mag. t. 96. Willd. in Uster Anna!, pt. 3. p. 37. t. 6. DC. Prodr. vol. iii. p. 38, in part. F. Magel- lanica, Land-. Encycl. vol. ii. p. 565. Must. Gen. t. 282. Tliilco, Feuill. Obs. vol. iii. p. 6. t. 47.

* A. macrostemon, n. sp.; caule simpliciusculo ascendente folioso, foliis elongatis utrinque sericeo-pilosis sub- coriaceis, foliolis 5-7-jugis plerisque sessiUbus decurreutibus gTOsse et subacute crenato-dentatis, pedunculo elongato sparse piloso, capitulo majusculo globoso, calycibus pilosis, petalis oblongo-obovatis dorso margineque sericeo- villosis, filameutis gracilibus elongatis, antheris maximis oblongis, stylo elongato breviter plumoso, calycis aristis 2 cseteris duplo longioribus, fructibus breviter obconicis. A. ascendens, Hook, et Am. in Bot. Miscell. vol. iii. p. 307.

Hab. Cordillera of Chili ; Cuming, Bridges. Mendoza ; Gillies. Port Desire ; Darwin.

Caulis pedabs. Folia 4-6 unc. longa. Pedunculi spithamEei. Anthera bis terve majores quam in congeneribus.

A. Cadilla, n.sp.; caule prostrato ramoso, ramis ascendentibus petiolisque patentim pilosis villosiusculis, foliis membranaceis subsericeo-pilosis foliolis late obovato-oblongis obtusis grosse et subacute inciso-serratis laciniis angus- tatis, pedunculo scapiformi, capitulo globoso, calycibus dense setoso-pilosis, petalis dorso subvillosis, staminibus 2 filamentis gracillimis antheris parvis, fructu obcouico elongato parce villoso setis -1 divaricatis elongatis filiformibus terminato, stylo breviuscido gracili sublonge plumoso. — Xom. vernac. " Cadilla." — A. Magellanica, Hook, et Am. m Bot. Miscell. vol. iii. p. 30S, in part.

Hab. South Chili, Province of Maule ; Cuming: fields near Yaldivia ; Bridges.

Capitulo, post anthesin majora et arista? fructus longiores quam in congeneribus. Rami pilis sericeis patentibus villosiusculi. Folia argute incisa.

3 L

270 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Var. P, macrostema , B. etP.; gracilis, foliis omnibus petiolatis, pctiolis gracibbus. F. macrostema, Ruiz et Pavon, Fl. Per. vol. iii. p. 88. t. 324. f. b. Hook, et Am. in Pot. Miscell. vol. iii. p. 308. DC. Prodr. vol. iii. p. 37. Lodd. Pot. Cab. 1. 1062. F. discolor, Lindl. Pot. Reg. t. 1805. Hook. Pot. Mag. t. 3498. F. gracilis, Lindl. Pot. Reg. t. 847 et, var. 0, 1052. PC. Prodr. vol. iii. p. 37. F. decussata, Graham in Edinb. Phil. Journ. vol. i. p. 401. Hook. Pot. Mag. t. 2507. non Ruiz et Pavon.

Hab. Fuegia and Soutb Cbib. Var. a, mountain woods in tbe Strait of Magalhaens j Commerson. Var. /3, Good Success Bay, Ranks and Solander ; Port Famine, Copt. King; Fuegia, C. Parwin, Esq.; Staten Island, Mr. Webster.

The commoner forms of Chilian Fuchsia are certainly referable to the F. macrostema of R. and P. (as suggested by Dr, Lindley under JP. discolor) ; it is the most abundant South American variety, growing from the latitude of Valparaiso to that of Fuegia, and is also now the general garden-plant in the neighbourhood of London. Of the original F. coccinea, Ait., ou the other hand, I have never seen wild specimens ; it is probably rare in its native country, and though introduced into England so long ago as 1788, by Capt. Firth, and universally cultivated for many succeeding years, it has quite given place to the more graceful and paler-flowered variety. The compara- tive length of the petioles appears to afford a very sufficient character of the two states ; they are short in the garden specimens of var. a, robusfior, and in Feuille's, Unger's, Lamarck's, and Curtis's plates of F. coccinea ; but longer and slender in all the native samples of var. /3, and in the published figures of F. macrostema.

While the climate of Fuegia bore the character of being among the most rigorous in the world, its vegetation was quoted as presenting a truly singular anomaly, because there, Fuchsias and the Veronica decussata, accompanying other half-hardy and greenhouse plants, flourish in the open air. Now, however, it is well understood that the climate is inclement and not rigorous ; and boisterous and cold summers not being necessarily the indices of pro- portionably severe winters, the fact is no longer doubted, or even wondered at. The difference between the cbmates of Great Britain and Fuegia is only an exaggeration of what exists between the east and west coasts of England and Scotland, or still more remarkably between Suffolk and Devonshire.

2. EPILOBIUM, L.

1. Epilobium tetragonum, Linn.; Sp. PL 494. Engl. Pot. t. 194S.

Var. /3, Antarclicum ; caule ascendente basi ssepius procumbente ad angulos pubescente, foliis latioribus crassioribuscpie.

Hab. Tierra del Fucgo ; C. Parwin, Esq. Falkland Islands ; Mr. dartres, J. P. H. Var. /3, Port Famine ; Capt. King.

The species of Epilobium inhabiting the southern hemisphere are equally variable as those of the opposite one, appearing indeed quite inextricable. Some are undoubtedly allied to the plants of Europe, so that no description can be framed by which they may be recognized, whilst others differ in what are confessedly unimportant and fallacious characters.

What is here considered the E. tetragonum of Europe, has been the subject of repeated and most attentive examinations by Mr. Watson and myself, without enabbng us to detect any appreciable difference between it and the copious suites of European, Asiatic, and North American specimens, with which it was compared. Capt. King's plant, referred to a variety of it, is smaller and nearer E. alpinum of the northern regions, or E. confertifolium of Lord Auckland's group ; its stems are simple and prostrate below, the leaves oblong and obtuse. The stigmas of all the states are clavate and blunt.

After examining the species of Epilobium which inhabit the Cordillera between Chili and North America, I find, in all latitudes, states of one plant, which seems to prevail throughout the American continent from Canada to

Falklands, etc.] FLOKA ANTARCTICA. 271

Fuegia, and which I have little hesitation in referring to E. tetragonum, whilst varieties of it also occur, very similar to other European species. The Falkland Island plant is certainly a native of the Andes of Chili, specimens from whence have been described under the name of E. pedicellare by Presl, and E. denticulatum by "Ruiz and Pavon. The same locality affords E. alpinum, of the Botanical Miscellany (vol. iii. p. 309.), which I can neither distinguish from the British nor from a Tasmanian plant, and which is possibly a state of the Port Famine variety ; in the latter locality the E. alpinum, if it be that species, assumes a much larger and wholly different appearance. The E.Bonplandianum, II. B. K. of Peru (in Herb. Hook.), seems only a very slight variety of E. tetragonum, allied to the E. ahinifoliutii of the Scottish Alps, whose claims to specific distinction have been doubted. From the xYndes of Colombia Professor Jameson has sent a specimen quite similar to Capt. King's from Port Famine. The Chilian E. tetragonum grows abundantly on the mountains of Mexico, and is the E. Bonplandianum of Galeotti (n. 3018, 3028, and 3050), and also apparently the E. Mexieanum of Linden (n. 633.). Further north, in America, the true E. tetragonum is very common on the mountains of Carolina and the southern states, and probably throughout the low grounds of the same latitudes, under the name of E. coloration, Muhl.; in the British possessions it is seen as far north as Lat. 64°.

E. conferlifolium, though very dissimilar in general appearance from E. tetragonum, is not so in reality. Mr. Watson remarks of it, that a more luxuriant growth of the stem, increasing the distance between the leaves, woidd bring it almost to Capt. King's specimens, and that gentleman has also cultivated Scottish plants of E. alpinum, hardly distinguishable from E. conferlifolium. The latter, he adds, holds the same position between the Port Famine and the British E. tetragonum, that E. origanifolium does in Europe between E. alpinum and E. tetragonum. When such parallel cases of difficulty occur in opposite hemispheres, and in a genus, some of whose species are common to and equally variable in both countries, and when it is further remembered that E. alpinum and E. tetragonum, with many intermediate states, are seen in Tasmania, we may well ask whether there really exist any limits between these and some other supposed species of this intricate genus.

Few persons, accustomed to the study of the British, or even the European Epilobia, are aware of the difficulty of recognizing certain aspects of the well-known species in Asia and America, and still less of the gradations that connect, in the southern regions, what appear abundantly distinct in the northern. We are too apt to assume the well-marked form of a plant, occurring within the narrow sphere of our own researches, as the standard for that species ; neglecting the obvious truth, that the limits within which any organized production may vary, are more con- fined in one locality than in another. Before a native of so narrow an area as Great Britain can be pronounced a species, it must be known under all the phases it assumes in every other part of the globe it inhabits, and its most closely allied congeners should be carefully studied. This remark applies particularly to the Epilobia, which are equally abundant in the southern quarters of the globe and in the northern, and some of whose species are alike common and variable in both.

XV. HALORAGE.E, Br.

1. MYBIOPHYLLUM, Tailt.

1. Myiuophyllum elatinoides, Gaud.; monoicum v. dioicurn, foliis 3-5-natim verticillatis inferioribus capillaceo-multifidis superioribus brevioribus lanceolatis ovatis v. late oblongis interdum oppositis integerrirnis dentatis pinnatiiidisve, floribus S-andris, carpeUis breviusculis late oblongis dorso convexis glaberriniis. M. elatinoides, Gaud, in Ann. So. Nat. vol. v. p. 105. et m Fret/c. Toy. Bot. p. 480. D'Urvitle in Mem. Soc. Linn. Park, vol. iv. p. G18. DC. Prodr. vol. iii. p. 68. M. tematum, Gaud., I/Urv. et DC. 1. c. Hook, et Am. Bot. Miscell. vol. iii. p. 314.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; in fresh-water lagoons and running streams, abundant ; GaudicJiaitd, D'Ur- vitle and J.D.H.

272 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

It is very difficult to decide upon the limits of species in this genus, which, like most aquatic plants, is sufficiently Protean. My own specimens are ban-en, but those of Dr. Gillies and Bridges, from the Andes and west coast of South America, are in flower and monoecious, and from them I have described the ripe carpels. Gaudichaud distinguishes M. elatinoides from M. ternatum, by the former being dioecious ; but D'Urville, in re-describing it, asserts the contrary.

In its normal state, the upper leaves of the present species are much broader than those of any other ; but at times, the whole foliage is uniformly capillaceo-multifid, when it can hardly be discriminated from some forms of the European M. vertkillatum.

2. HIPPUEIS, L.

1. Hippuius vulgaris, Linn. Sp. PI. 3. Engl. Bot. t. 763.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

These specimens, which are barren, do not seem to differ from others of European growth. Both Capt. King's and ]\Ir. Anderson's collections contain the plant, so that although the above be the only reported station for it in the southern hemisphere, I have no reason to doubt its authenticity. The range of Hippuris vulgaris, in the temperate latitudes of the northern parts of the world, is very wide, extending from the arctic regions of Europe and Asia (Lapland 70°, Iceland 65°, Siberia and Kamschatka), south to Montpellier, lat. 43° in western Europe ; probably reaching 50° in the central', and the Caucasus, or 44° in the east parts of our continent. The late Dr. Griffith collected it in Afghanistan, lat. 32°, its only known habitat in Central Asia. In North America this species is equally diffused, from the latitudes of 55° and 70° on the west coast, and from New York, 41°, to Labrador and Greenland, lat. 70°, on the east. From the interior I have only seen specimens, gathered by Dr. Richardson near Hudson's Bay, between 55° and 60°.

Hippuris is very closely allied to Myriopliyllum, and differs chiefly in the reduction of the four carpels to a solitary one, with an accompanying solitary stamen, placed on one side of the carpel, within the obsolete margin of the calyx.

3. CALLITRICHE, L.

1. Calliteiche verna, L., rid. Fl. Antarct. parti, p. 11. Antliapla, W. Anderson in Bill. Banks.

Var. 0, terrestris ; El. Antarct. 1. c.

Hab. Fuegia, the Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen's Land, abundant ; Anderson (in Cook's 3rd Voyage), /. I). H. Var. /3, Hermite Island and the Falkland Islands.

Callitriche differs from the typical genera of the Order Ilaloragece in having generally caducous bracts at the base of the flowers, in its 4-carpellary ovarium with only two styles, in the entire absence of a limb to the calyx, of a corolla in the female, or of any perianth whatever in the male flower. The latter are truly achlamydeous, but not the former, the calyx being equally obsolete in the carpels of MyriophyUum and in the present genus ; whilst the general symmetry of the parts, the structure of the seed and embryo, of the recurved styles, covered uniformly with stigmatic papillae, and the form of the pollen, are alike in both, indicating a very close natural affinity. In the first part of this work, I alluded to the real form of the anthers in the southern specimens of C. verna, as not differing from the ordinary structure of that organ in Phaenogamic plants, even in appearance, before their dehiscence, and only presenting the hippocrepiform suture on the curling up of the valves, and the union of the two loculi and their lines of dehiscence above.

Callitriche verna is universally diffused throughout the temperate regions of both hemispheres, even entering

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 273

the tropics in the East Indies, and skirting the Arctic circle both in Europe, Asia, and America. In the south, besides inhabiting all the Antarctic Islands, it grows in New Zealand and Tasmania.

4. GUNNERA, L.

1. Gunjjeea Chilensis, Lamk., Enc. Meth. vol. iii. p. 61. IUi/st. t. 801. f. 1. Broivn et Bennett, Plant. Jav. Ear. pt. 1. p. 70. G. scabra, Ruiz et Pav. Fl. Peruv. vol. i. p. 29. t. 44. f. a. Kunth Nov. Gen. Am. vol. ii. p. 35. "Panke," Feuill. 06s. ii. p. 741. t, 30.

Hab. Clionos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Apparently the southern limit of a plant which is found along the whole eastern side of South America, from Caraccas, in lat. 10° N., whence we have specimens gathered by Mr. Purdie, as far south as the 46th degree.

After the elaborate and learned essay upon this genus by Mi-. Bennett, in the ' Plantse rariores Javse,' I have little to remark upon its history or structure, except that the embryo is very minute, heart-shaped, and placed at the opposite extremity of the seed from the hilum, towards which the cotyledons point. The albumen is surrounded with a delicate testa and attached by a very short funiculus to the osseous putamen, which (as Mr. Bennett rightly concludes) is derived from the inner coat of the ovarium, and not, as Blume supposes, from the outer coat of the seed.

Some years ago, after referring a Tasmanian genus to Haloragea, Mr. Brown had the kindness to direct my attention to Gunnera, a plant closely allied to the one I was then examining ; this led to the remark contained under the description of Milligania in the ' Icones Plantarum ' (t. ccxcix.) and the latter, probably, to Endlicher's removal of Gunnera from Urticea. The correctness of this view of their affinity admits of no doubt, although the alternate leaves separate Gunnera from all the genera of tliis order known to me.

The more obvious points of affinity between Gunnera and the Haloragea proper, are the frequently unisexual flowers, the quaternary arrangement of their parts, the adherent tube of the calyx, the great similarity between the two petals of Gunnera and Meionectes, the form of the stamina and pollen-grains, the styles covered throughout their length with stigmatic papillae, and the solitary pendulous albuminous seed. I may add the rigid and more or less scabrid foliage, which is so conspicuous in Haloragis, the racemed and often pendidous flowers, and the frequently long recurved styles.

The Gunnera differ remarkably in having their leaves, as I mentioned above, alternate ; the ovaria, though furnished with two styles, are one-celled, with a solitary ovule ; and the embryo, instead of being cylindrical and axile, is very minute and placed at the opposite extremity of the seed from the liilum, and it is also inverted, with the radicle turned away from the hilum. The stamens in Gunnera are opposite the petals, and so are two of those of Meionectes. There is a tendency to irregularity in the form of the ovarium and its investing calyx, observable in some of the plants of this group, and most evident in the following species and in Milligania, where four unequal teeth of the calyx are developed, this and the presence of two styles indicate that the ovarium is probably two-celled at a very early period, one of which cells is suppressed. Lastly, in Milligania, a more intimate affinity is observable between Gunnera and Haloragea, for there are frequently in that genus four evident styles united at the base into two, indicating a normally four-celled ovarium, or one formed of four carpellary leaves, placed Kke those of Callitriche, in pairs, but so intimately united as to appear more like the truly simple ovary of Hippuris.

Next to Haloragea, C/ilorantltea is the order with which tins genus has most in common, particularly through the Sandwich Island genus Ascarina, of Forster, where the flowers are spiked or racemed and unisexual, the male consisting of a solitary linear anther, sessile in the axil of a toothed bractea, and the female, when ripe, of a one- celled drupe, very like that of Gunnera, surmounted by a sessile obscurely 3-lobed stigma. The seed is compressed, pendulous from the apex of the ceD, covered with a delicate membranous testa ; the albumen copious and oily,

3 M

274 FLOEA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

containing a very minute embryo, whose precise form and direction I have not been able to trace, and the endocarp is often loose within the sarcocarp, externally covered with bullate opaque glands, which are sometimes seen under the cuticle of the anther and in other parts of the plant. In the shrubby habit, articulated stems, and in the opposite glabrous leaves, Ascarina differs very conspicuously from Gunnera.

Batiscea is another order with which Gunnera coincides in many important points, as in the often tetramerous structure of the flowers, their unisexual nature, the absence of a corolla, the form of the stamens, which are in Batisca attached to the laciniae of the calyx, while these laciniaj, in Gunnera, appear like adnate bracteas, in the absence even of rudiments of an ovarium in the male flower, especially in there being two styles to each carpel, in the albu- minous seed and erect embryo, which is of a different shape and form from that of Gunnera, though similar to that of Haloragea proper. On the other hand, Batisca differs from this in many respects, most remarkably in the many ovuled parietal placenta?, in the form of the pollen, in the composition of the carpels and their dehiscence, and in the form of the seed and testa, which approaches to that of some Saxifragea.

In its native state, Gunnera scabra must be a very noble plant, its foliage being amongst the largest of Dico- tyledonous vegetables. Mi-. Darwin * mentions having measured single leaves eight feet in diameter, or no less than twenty-four feet in circumference. The stalks are more than a yard high and each bears four or five of these enormous leaves. I have no specimens from this locality, but introduce the plant on the authority of Mr. Darwin's Journal, where it is stated that " the ' Panke ' inhabits sand-stone cliffs, and somewhat resembles Rhubarb on a gigantic scale. The inhabitants cut the stalks, which are subacid, tan leather from the roots, and procure a black dye from it."

2. Gunnera (Misandra) Magellanica, Lamk. Diet. vol. iii. p. 61. t. 801. f. 2. G. Falklandica, Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 489. Misandra Magellanica, Commerson in Jussieu Gen. 405. Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 89. Freyc. Yoy. Sot. p. 502. IfUrville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 621. Dysernone integri- foba, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mus. Banks cum icone. "Mauve/' Pernefty Voy. vol. ii. p. 58.

Hab. South Chili, Fuegia and the Falkland Islands, very abundant ; Commerson, Banks and Solander, Capt. King, and all subsequent voyagers.

I find in Fuegia the same variety, or rather s*ate of this plant, which is called Falklandica in the ' Icones Plan- tarum,' and I have introduced that name as a synonyme.

The Misandra have been separated from the true Gunnera by then' dioecious flowers being destitute of a corolla, to which might be added their humble mode of growth, and male flowers consisting of a solitary stamen bracteolated at the base and collected into a dense panicle or arranged in a spike. The characters drawn from the inflorescence, are not however decisive ; one New Zealand species, Gunnera monoica, Raoul, is monoecious, and a second, G.prorepem, mihi, has petals. Generally speaking, Misandra is the more southern representative of Gunnera proper. Thus, whilst Java has G. macrophylla, Blume, Tasmania possesses Milligania ; Otaheite G. petaloidea, Gaud., while New Zealand (whose flora partakes of that of the Pacific Islands), has three species of Misandra ; and lastly, Peru, Chili, and Juan Fernandez, have G. Chi/eusis and G. bracteata, and Fuegia, M. Magellanica and M. lobata.

G. Magellanica is one of the most abundant of Antarctic American plants, from Valdivia to Cape Horn, and espe- cially in the Falkland Islands, where it is eaten by cattle. On the mountains near Cape Horn it ascends to 1,000 feet. Apparently the same species, without flower, has been collected by Professor Jameson on the Andes of Quito.

3. Gunneka (Misandra) lobata, Hook, fib; dioica, canle repente radicante, petiobs rufo-pilosis, fobis rotundatis profuiide 5-7 lobis coriaceis nervis subtus pilosis lobis rotundatis obtusis integerrimis marginibus

* Journal, ed.i. p. 3-tO.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 275

obscure ciliatis, staminibus spicato-racemosis, antheris late oblongis. Dysemone lobata, Banks et Solander, MSS. in Mns. Banks cum icone.

Hab. Fuegia; Good Success Harbour, Banks and Solander; Hemiite Island, Cape Horn, J.B.H.

Caules sinrpliciusculi, elongati, 3-6 unc. longi, validi, crassitie pennae corvinse, glaberrfmi, subangulati, fibras phu'imas crassas valde elongatas ernittentes, versus apicem reliqiuis squamosis stipularum vetustarum obtecti. Petioli J- 1 unc. longi, pibs runs subscariosis tecti, basi in stipulam vaginantem dilatati. Lamina. \-\ unc. lata, viridis, subtus pallicbor. Pedunculus exemplare niascido -i- unc. longus, racemum parvum staminum gerens. AntAera luteae.

My specimens were gathered upon the mountains near Cape Horn, in early spring, and are imperfect. I possess only a portion of a male spike of inflorescence, and borne upon a very stunted plant ; the bractese are probably caducous, they subtend the filaments and in 67. Magellanica may often be seen placed, one on either side of a con- tiguous pan of stamens ; properly speaking, they are segments of a rudimentary calyx.

XVI. MYRTACE^E, Br.

1. METKOSIDEBOS, Br.

1. Metrosideeos stijmlaris, Hook, fil.; glaberrima, ramis ramulosis acute tetragonis Miosis, foliis parvis breviter petiolatis disticliis ellipticis ovatisve subacutis grosse pellucido-pmictatis nervis subparallelis basi glandulis inflatis quasi stipulatis, pedunculis folio brevioribus 1-3-floris, calyce 5-dentato glaberrimo dentibus erectis breviter ovatis obtusis, staminibus petalis ter longioribus, capsula obovato-turbinata coriacea 3-loculari, seminibus pluiimis linearibus testa reticulata. Myrtus stipularis, Hook, et Am. in Bot. Misc. vol. iii. p. 31 G. Eugenia leptospermoides, DC. Prodr. vol. iii. p. 26G ?

Hab. Chonos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Rami graciles, cortice cinereo tecti. Folia \ unc. longa, flavo-virescentia, subtus pallidiora. Pedmicnli \ longit. fold. Capsula suberectse, \ unc. longa?, obscure pentagons, extus infra lobos calycis poris 5 irregulariter rum- pentes. Semina parva, bnearia, fugacia.

This plant is the only recorded American species, not only of Metrosideros, but of the whole group or tribe of Myrtacea, to which that genus belongs, and which is chiefly confined to Australia, where the Lepfosperma form a conspicuous feature, in the vegetation ; they are also numerous in New Zealand, and are found in the Indian Islands, eastward of the Malay peninsula. The group, in question, contains upwards of 450 species, abnost exclusively limited to an area bounded by the equator on the north, New Zealand on the east, Tasmania on the south, and Sumatra on the west ; to these points they, as it were, radiate from the principal parallel of New Holland, which Mr. Brown considers to contain their maximum. Prom Australia the tribe seems to extend eastward rather than westward, more species inhabiting New Zealand, small though that country, comparatively speaking, is, than the East Indian Islands. They occur, though very sparingly, throughout the distant Isles of the Pacific Ocean, as far east as Pit- cairn's Island. The tribe has a few solitary species in very remote countries ; and these I would term outlying species, for they are so typical of an Australian flora as to appear foreigners among the vegetation of other countries. Such are Backia frutescens of China, Metrosideros angustifolia of the Cape of Good Hope, and the Metrosideros stipidaris of Chili. Each of these is the lone representative of a group, which, as it were, holds a more distin- guished place amongst its fellow plants in another part of the world, and to the eye of the botanist is a stranger and wanderer in the land it inhabits. Other natural orders, characteristic of Australia, afford parallel cases to this, viz. Epacridea, Goodeniacea and Stylidea.

It is chiefly in the extreme south and upon the west coast of America that the representatives of Australian

276 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Orders, and those characteristic of the eastern portions of the old world, are found ; thus, the plant in question is con- fined to the west shores of Chili ; Prionotes Americana, the only South American Epaerideous plant, to Fuegia and western Chili ; Goodenia radicans to the Pacific coasts of Chili ; Forstera uliginosa, the only American Stylidia, to the mountains of Fuegia; Astelia pumila, to the same localities; Veronica elliptica (decussata, auct.), a New Zea- land species, also to Fuegia. To these might be added many other instances, which, though individually not so conclusive, shew by their number that proximity in geographical position is accompanied by a certain resemblance in some of the vegetable productions, even in countries whose flowers are in every other respect unlike ; a similarity, seldom amounting to specific identity in the tropical and warmer latitudes, but frequently so in proportion as we approach the poles. For an instance, I would cite the Floras of Chili, between 40° and 45°, containing many of the features of New Zealand and Australian Botany, though few or no species are common to both ; whilst Fuegia and the countries between 50° and 56°, contain far more representatives of south New Zealand and Tasmanian plants, and a very considerable proportion of species found in those countries.

A native also of Valdivia and Chiloe and a very peculiar plant, especially in the presence of large glands on either side the base of the petiole of every leaf, which are formed of an inflation of the cuticle of the bark.

2. MYRTUS, L.

1. Myrtus Ugni, Molin., CMl.ed. Gall. p. 133. Feuill. Obs. vol. iii. p. 44. t. 31. Lamk. Encycl. vol. iv. p. 412. DC. Prodr. vol. iii. p. 239. Eugenia Ugni, Hook, et Am. in Bot. Misc. vol. iii. p. 318. "Ugni" incolariim, et "Murtilla" Hispanorum.

Hab. Clionos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

The leaves of this species vary considerably, both in size and shape, the largest being at least an inch long, perfectly elliptical and attenuated at both extremities, while in other specimens they are much smaller, broadly ovate or even rotundate. Feuille's description of the seeds inclines me to refer this plant to the genus Myrtus ; he says it is abundant in Chili, where the natives express the juice of the fruit, which, when mixed with water, affords a grateful drink. The berries smell agreeably. Feuille's figure may possibly refer to some other plant and not the one he describes. The Myrtus Ugni appears to abound, from the latitude of Concepcion, south to the Chonos Archipelago.

2. Myrtus Nummularia, Poiret, Encycl. vol. iv. p. 407. Gandichaud hi Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 106. t. 2. f. 5. et in Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 138. If Urville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 619. DC. Prodr. vol. iii. p. 238. " Lucet rnusque," Pernetty Voy. vol. ii. p. 58.

Var. j3, major ; caule robustiore, foliis rnajoribus, peclicellis paulo longioribus, lobis calyeinis petalisque angustioribus.

Hab. South Chili, Fuegia and the Falkland Islands; Commerson and all subsequent voyagers. Var. /3, Chiloe, Capt. King. Chonos Archipelago, C. Darwin, Esq.

One of the most common denizens of the countries it inhabits, spreading over the ground amongst the roots and stems of other plants, like the Vaccinium Oxycoccos or craneberry of Britain. The berries have a sweet and agreeable flavour, they are red and very fleshy. The leaves afforded a substitute for tea to the sealers who visited, and the first settlers in, the Falkland Islands ; this beverage was so relished, that in spite of its diuretic properties, the Gauchoes in these Islands prefer it to Chinese tea. Capt. King collected the species at Concepcion in Chili, its northern limit. The M. oxycoccoides, Benth., of Colombia, is a very nearly allied plant, but its leaves are generally smaller and always truly ovate ; here invariably oblong. It is possible that the var. /3 may prove distinct, though I am not inclined to consider it so. This creeping South American Myrtus, together with

Falklands, etc.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 277

with some allied species from Peru, are perhaps the most insignificant plants of the whole natural order, and especially of the genus of Myrtles ; though the M. Nummularis, by contributing largely to the formation of peat, performs a highly important function in the economy of nature. The leaves are often preserved quite entire some feet below the surface of the soil, and I was able to recognize earth, sent to the Royal Gardens at Edinburgh from New Zealand, as having come originally from the Falkland Islands or South America, because of the abundance of leaves of this plant contained in it.

3. EUGENIA, Mich.

1. Eugenia apiculata, DC. Prodr. vol. iii. p. 276. Hook, et Am. in Bot. Misc. v. iii. p. 321.

Var. /3, Ami/an, foliis glaberrimis \-\ pollicaribus late ovalibus, pedicellis omnibus unifloris.

Hab. Var. /S, Chonos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

A very variable plant ; apparently not uncommon in Chili, between the Andes and the sea-coast, and from Concepcion to the Chonos Archipelago. The pedicels are exceedingly various in length, when they are much elongated the plant becomes E. affinis, Gill., and I am inclined to consider the E. Gilliesii, H. and A., as another variety. The original species has leaves slightly hairy beneath, with a rufous pubescence. None of the numerous specimens that I have seen are in fruit, and the genus therefore is doubtful.

2. Eugenia Darivinii, Hook, fil.; rarais teretibus, cortice rirnoso einereo, junioribus pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis glaberrimis coriaceis elliptico-oblongis abrupte acuminatis subenerviis obscure punctatis margine inerassato, pedunculis terminalibus lateralibusque puberulis folio aequilongis erectis paucis unifloris aliisque racemosis pedicellis oppositis, floribus parvis, calyce depresso quinquefido segmentis obtusis, stami- nibus plurimis petalis eueullatis bis longioribus.

Hab. South Chili, Cape Tres Montes ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Frutex ? Folia coriacea, J unc. longa, i lata, nervis lateralibus divaricatis. Pedunculi infra calycem articulati, minutissime bracteolati, pedicellis basi bracteolatis. Calyx 2 lin. latus, segmentis patentibus. Petala alba. Stylus elongatus, validus. Ovarium immaturum trilocidare ?, loculis bi-ovidatis.

Without the ripe fruit I am unable to refer this plant satisfactorily to its genus ; it accords sufficiently with many Chilian species of Myrtacea which have been hitherto placed in Eugenia.

A very great number of shrubby Myrteee inhabit the Chilian coast, between Chiloe and Concepcion ; a singular circumstance when it is considered how suddenly they cease to the southward of Cape Tres Montes. Probably no less than fourteen species occur within these limits, whilst not one is to be found in the Strait of Magalhaens, only three hundred miles further south, having a precisely similar climate, and where the features of soil and surface are almost identical. The predominance of the natural family in the one case is remarkable, though not more than it is in New Zealand, where to a certain exteut they abound also, but their sudden cessation appears inexplicable being unaccompanied by any complete suppression of other tribes equally numerous in Chili. Again, a casual observer, on examining a collection of Chiloean plants, would be apt to conclude that these shrubby Myrteee must afford a peculiar if not a predominant aspect to the vegetation, and yet we hardly see them alluded to in the excellent published accounts of Chiloe, whence it is evident that botanical regions, as now defined, afford insufficient criteria for obtaining a knowledge of the distribution of natural orders. That locality where a group is most fully developed, where the greatest number of its species grow, may not be the one where that group is most conspicuous or the individuals in greatest number. We may safely infer on this subject, that the law of nature is to be learned from a knowledge of the absolute numbers of different species a country may possess, and the proportion the groups bear to one another, and when gained it will be found to harmonize with other circumstances : thus we find

3 N

278 FLOEA ANTARCTICA. [Fueffia, the

that grasses increase in number, proportionally to other natural families, in proceeding from the tropical to the polar regions, though it is on the Savannahs of the warmer temperate zones that they form the most conspicuous traits in the landscape.

Again, New Zealand, Tasmania, and California must be considered the regions of the Pines, if the number of species in a given area were to determine the point ; but all the Con if era now growing in those three countries, amounting though they do to no less than forty kinds, would not, if planted together, cover the surface that the Scotch Fir does in Europe. The region of the pines is in the latitudes approaching the tropics ; these trees diminish, in number of species and in the proportion they bear to other natural orders, when proceeding northwards from thence, and actually cease immediately beyond that point, where, from the abundance of one species, they appear to be most fully developed. It is interesting to every one to know what vegetable production gives a country the peculiar features of its landscape ; but attractive or wonderful though those features be, they afford no clue to the botanist, who would understand, not what the vegetation of a country appears to be, but what it really is.

XVII. PORTULACE^E, Juss.

1. MONTI A, L.

1. Montia fontanel, L., DC. Prodr. vol. iii. p. 362. Flora Antarct. pt. 1. p. 13. M. linearifolia, BTrr. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Park, vol. iv. p. 619. M. laniprosperma, Chamisso in Linnosa, vol. vi. p. 565. t. 7.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; JJ Urville, J. D. H. Kerguelen's Land ; /. B. H.

In the first Part of this work I described the seeds of the varieties of Montia from these two localities, and expressed my opinion that the genus contains but one species, the seeds of which are variable in size and in the surface of the testa. In the Kerguelen's Land individuals they also vary much in shape.

XVIII. CRASSULACE^E, Juss.

1. BULLIAKDA, BC.

1. Bulliarda moscJiafa, D'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 618. Gaud, in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 1 38. Fl. Antarct. pt. 1. p. 15. B. Magellanica, BC. Bull. Philom. n. 49. Tilhea moschata, BC. Prodi: vol. iii. p. 382. Hook. Icon. Plant, t. 535. Crassula inoschata, Ford. Act. Gcett. 9. p. 26.

Hab. South Chili and Fuegia, from Cape Tres Montes to Cape Horn ; Banks and Solander, Forster, Capt.Kin.ff, C. Barwin, Esq., J. D.H. Falkland Islands, Gaudichaud, B 'Urville, Mr. Wright, J. B. H. Kerguelen's Land, •/. B. H.

Invariably a sea-side plant, very abundant on rocky beaches where fresh water enters the sea.

XIX. GROSSULARIEJE, DC.

1. KIBES, L.

1. Kibes Magellanicum, Poir.; inerme, petiolis peduneidis ramisque junioribus puberuhs, foliis petio- latis ovatis v. late ovato-rotundatis basi truncatis v. cordatis trilobis grosse duplicato-serratis junioribus glanduloso-punctatis senioribus impunetatis supra glabriusculis subtus nervis puberuhs, racemis midtifloris florentibus penduhs fructiferis elongatis seepe suberectis, pedicelhs brevibus, bracteis ligulatis floribus sequi-

FiilMands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. .279

longis, calyce late campanulato lobis obtusis, petalis minimis apice reflexis, stylo bicruri. R. Magellanicum, Poiret, Eneycl. Suppl. vol. ii. p. 856. DC. Prodi: vol. iii. p. 482.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Commerson. Port Famine, Copt. King. South part of Tierra del Fuego, C. Darwin, Esq. Cape Horn, Mr. Eights.

A strictly Fuegian species, apparently not met with to the northward of the Strait of Magalhaens. On the coast of Chili it is replaced by several others, and on the high mountains of Colombia a very similar plant grows, distinguishable however, at first sight, by its less toothed and crenated leaves and subulate bracteae. The berries of the present have a very agreeable flavour, and may be used for tarts, &c. Another similar, but I think different plant, was collected by Capt. King in Chiloe ; his specimens are, however, too imperfect for determination.

XX. SAXIFRAGES, Jus*. 1. ESCALLONIA, Mutts.

1. Escallonia serrata, Smith, Icon. ined. vol. ii. t. 31. BC. Prodi: vol. iv. p. 3. Hook: Ic. Plant. t. 54 0. Homb. et Jacq. Toy. au Pole Slid, Plant. Plian. Dicof. 1. 14. P. Stereoxylon serratum, Poir. Eneycl. vol. vii. p. 435. Celastrus venustus, Banks et Sol. MSS. cam icone in Mm. Banks.

Hab. Fuegia and the Strait of Magalhaens; Commerson, Banks and Solander, and all succeeding voyagers.

The most southern species of a genus pecubar to the American continent. It is found as far as Cape Horn, where, along with Veronica elliptica and Berberis ilicifolia, it inhabits the skirts of forests near the sea.

2. Escallonia macrantha, Hook, et Arn. Bot. Miscell. v. iii. p. 341.

Hab. South Chili ; Chonos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

A very distinct species, which may be recognized by the great size of the flowers, and by the large obtusely crenato-serrate leaves. It is also a Valdiviau plant, though confined to that portion of Chili which is near to Chiloe.

2. CORNIDIA, R. et P.

1. Cornidia integerrima, Hook, et Arn. in Bot. Miscell. vol. iii. p. 344. Poeppig et Endlicher, Nov. Gen. etSp. Plant. Am. p. 10. t. 17. Delessert, Icones Selects, vol. iv. p. 46. t. 79. Hydrangea scanden.s, Poepp. in DC. Prodi: vol. iv. p. 666.

Hab. South Chili ; Chonos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

The fruit of Cornidia integerrima is a small coriaceous three-celled capsule, very similar to that of Hydrangea. The carpels separate from one another, and are loosely invested by the tube of the calyx, bearing a placenta on each indexed margin. The seeds are numerous, ascending, very small and linear-lanceolate, covered with a loose testa, which expands at the base into an irregularly cup-shaped funiculus, and is prolonged also at the other extremity beyond the albumen, its surface is marked by parallel, sometimes anastomosing nerves or folds of the investing membrane, which mclude each a sobtary spiral vessel. The albumen is fleshy. Embryo axile, cylindrical, with a stout large radicle and two small cotyledons ; it is bkewise of a curiously reticulated structure : these characters of the testa and of the substance of the albumen also exist in Hydrangea vestita, an East Indian plant. There are some other genera which agree with the present in the form and structure of the seed and loose testa, as Philadelphia, Deutzia, and Decumaria. In all, the investing membrane of the seed is highly reticulated, or rather cellular, that of Philadelphia tomentosus, in particular, so much resembling Cornidia in all but the absence of the

280 FLOEA ANTARCTICA. \Fmgia, the

spiral vessels, that I should have been induced to suspect its affinity to Hydrangea, did not its other characters even more clearly indicate its true place in the natural system, which is, along with Deutzia and Decmmria, in the class Saxifragea. Datisca is another genus where the seed is of a very similar nature ; the testa is formed of large cells so loosely connected that they may be separated without rupture of the walls, and though not so lax or produced at the apex, the funiculus expands, leaving a little cup at the base of the seed when detached ; the albumen and embryo are the same as in Saxifrages. Though in these respects, and in the adherent calyx, Datiscea approach Hydrangea, in others they agree with Gunnera, as I have indicated under that genus.

In the figure of this plant, given by Poeppig, the aestivation of the corolla is imbricate, instead of valvate. Delessert's ' Icones ' contain an excellent delineation, in which, however, the plicae of the testa are omitted ; and the stamens are quite different from those of the flowers I have examined, where they are very large and provided with stout and somewhat fleshy inflected filaments ; possibly the flowers are unisexual. The pollen is globose, but obscurely three-lobed and rough on the surface.

Cornidia integerrima is common in Yaldivia and Chiloe, where Mr. Bridges says that it is called " Coybo," and forms the largest tree of the country, being from 60-120 feet in height ; it is further interesting from being the only ( 'hilian representative of Hydrangea.

3. SAXIFEAGA, L.

1. Saxifraga exarata, Vill. Dauph. vol. iii. p. 674. t. 44. DC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 27. S. Magellauica, I'niret, Encycl. vol. vi. p. 686. Don, Saxifragea in Trans. Soo. Linn. vol. xiii. p. 432. Sternberg, Rev. Sax. p. 39. t. 11. f. 1. Muscaria Magellauica, Haw. Enum. Sax. p. 38.

Varietates Antarcticse sequentes sunt : —

Var. |3, integrifolia ; foliis superioribus integris.

Var. y, laxa; foliis integris trifidisve laxius dispositis patentibus inferioribus reflexis.

Var. d, breviscapa ; dense csespitosa, pedunculo brevissimo, fiore inter Mia summa sessib.

Hab. Strait of Magalbaens; Commerson. Port Famine; Capt. King. Mount Tarn, 2000 feet; C. Darwin, Esq.

Specimens, numerous and good, which I have examined, enable me unhesitatingly to refer this species to the S. exarata of Villars, as characterized by M. Seringe in De Candolle's Prodromus, and they entirely accord with examples gathered on Mount Olympus by Aucher-Eloy, and others from Iceland, labelled S. Grcenlandica (in Herb. Hook.). In Capt. King's collection, is one exactly similar to S. sileniflora, Chamisso, of Arctic N. W. America. Count Sternberg has sent the same plant as the trifid-leaved state of var. £, from Vallesia under the name of S. leu- cantha, Thomas ; and I am unable to distinguish the specimens specifically from S. uniflora, Br., of Melville Island, which has sometimes three-flowered peduncles. The S. caspitosa approaches all the above very closely, but its leaves are not so strongly nerved.

This is, in the south, as Protean a species as the S. hypnoides of the opposite hemisphere, though a much rarer plant. Capt. King's specimens vary so materially that De Candolle's character of S. Magellauica is inapplicable to all the states. The leaves are entire or trifid, very densely imbricated, or lax like those of S. Peruviana ; the peduncles long or short, and one or many-flowered. The flowers are about the size of those of S. caspitosa, a species winch the present very closely resembles. It is not improbable that, eventually, some of the Peruvian Saxifrages will merge into this, the Andes thus seeming to afford a direct communication between the northern and southern hemispheres, of which this plant has availed itself. It appears to be scarce in Fuegia, and to affect the mountains, having only been gathered at a considerable elevation on the Andes, on the north side of the Strait of Magalhaens. It is singular that a species occurring at this height, should not be also seen at lower elevations in cooler latitudes, such

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 281

being manifestly the case in the northern hemisphere with this species and its congeners. May we suppose its dispersion to be yet incomplete ? and that, at some future period, it will spread further south and fully assume in those regions the position held by some of its congeners in the northern ?

2. Saxifraga bicuspidata, Hook, fil.; laxe csespitosa, glaberrima, caulibus decunibentibus gracilibus parce rarnosis foliosis, foliis anguste lineari-spathulatis uiiinerviis apice bicuspidatis marginibus cartilagineis, pedunciilo axillari nudo unifloro, calycis lobis apice emarginato-bifidis, stamiiiibus 5, calyce semisupero. (Tab. XCVII.)

Hab. South part of Ticrra del Fuego ; C. Darwin, Esq. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn ; on the moun- tains, 1,200 feet; J.B.H.

Laxe casspitosa, siccitate rufo-fusca et flaccida, apicibus ramulorum foliisque junioribus viridibus, tota glaberrima. Caules pollieares, gracdes. Folia \-\ unc. longa, anguste lineari-spathidata, medio tenuiter uninervi, apice bicus- pidato, marginibus anguste cartilagiueis. Pedunculi axillares, solitarii, nudi, folio subaequilongi, post anthesin elongati. Calyx basi conicus, profunde quinquelobus, lobis ad apices emarginato-bifidis, segmentis acutis. Petala? Stamina 5. Capmla semisupera, compressa, carpellis supra medium liberis deinde divaricatis, rirna ventrali sursum spectante dchiscentibus, stigmatibus simplicibus sessilibus. Semina pauea, testa brunnea subcoriacea ; albumine car- noso ; embryone tereti.

A very singular species, hitherto detected only on the mountains at the extreme south part of the American continent. It exhibits little resemblance to its congeners, except in having somewhat of the habit of S. oppositifolia, which is highly variable in the number of stamens. To the peutandrous S. rammculifolia, Hook., of the Rocky Mountains, the present has but slight specific affinity.

Plate XCVII. Fig. 1, Branch and leaves ; fig. 2, an old flower ; fig. 3, stamen ; fig. 4, ripe capside ; fig. 5, seed : — all Magnified.

6. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Town.

1. Chrysosplfxium macranthum, Hook.; glaberrirnuni, caule proeumbente basi repente, foliis oppo- sitis petiolatis ovato-cordatis obtusis grosse sinuato-crenatis in petiolum attenuatis, pedunculis tenninalibus bracteatis trifloris, floribus di-trigynis intermedio sessili, ovulis placentis parietalibus affixis. C. macranthum, Hook, in Lond. Journ. of Bot. vol. i. p. 458. 1. 16. C. elevaturn, Banks et Sol. in Mas. Banks, cum icone.

Hab. Strait of MagaUiaens ; Eagle Bay, Port Famine, Capt.King. Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander.

A very handsome species and much the largest-flowered of the genus. The seeds are attached to parietal placenta?, having then- origin upon anastomosing veins, which ultimately lead to the diverging styles.

2. Chrysosplexium Taldivicum, Hook.; glabemmum, caule repente, foliis oppositis petiolatis ob- longo-rotundatis obscure sinuatis basi subtruncatis. C. Valdivicum, Hook, in Lond. Journ. of Bot. vol. i. p. 459. 1. 17.

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape' Horn; in open places near the sea; -/. B. H.

My specimens are extremely imperfect, though sufficient to identify the species with that from Valdivia, which does not appear to have been found in any intermediate locality. The present is distinguished from C. macranthum by its more rounded and scarcely sinuated leaves, somewhat triuicate at the base. Some of Mr. Bridges' specimens have leaves fully \\ inches long.

7. DON ATI A, Font.

4. DonATiAfatcicularis, Forst.; Char. Gen. t. 5. D. Magellanica, Lamk. Illust. vol. i. p. 217. t. 51.

3 o

282 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

DC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 53. Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 16. Polyearpon Magellanicum, Lmn. fil. Snppl. p. 115. Foist. Conim. Goett. vol. ix. p. 23. t. 3. Orites depressa, Banks and Sol. in Mus. Banks, cum icone.

Hab. South Chili and Fuegia ; from the Chonos Archipelago to Cape Horn ; Forster, Banks and Solander, Capt. King, C. Darwin, Esq., J. B. H.

I have examined several specimens of this plant hi the collections of Capt. King and Mr. Darwin, and find uniformly three stamens and three styles ; the flowers seem occasionally incomplete, and then are scarcely half the size of the fertile ones, and with much shorter stamens and styles. Tuhe of the calyx conical, its limb irregu- larly cut into 5-7 segments of unequal length, there are also one or two bractese, so placed on the ovarium that they are with difficulty distinguishable from the calycine lobes. The petals are also inserted with the latter and they seem to pass the one into the other ; they are white and of unequal size, much smaller in the incomplete than in the fertile flowers. Within the petals is a broad flat disk, from the centre of which arise the stamens, three in number, alternating with, but almost united at then- base to, the three long diverging styles : the filaments are elongate and subulate ; the anthers extrorse ; the pollen globular, rough, and containing an obscurely three-lobed nucleus. Ovarium three-celled, each cell bearing at the upper portion of the inner angle a somewhat Meshy placenta, covered with many series of horizontal or ascending ovules. Apparently only a few seeds ripen in each cell.

Donatia is a very anomalous genus of Saxifrages, though I entirely agree with M. St. Hilaire that it does belong to that Order. The gradual passage of the leaves into bracts, of the bracts into calycine lobes, and of these again into the petals, together with the adnate tube of the calyx, and the extrorse anthers, (a sufficiently obvious, but hitherto unnoticed character, foreign to Saxifrageee), are what may be observed in Calgcanthea. The analogy between this plant and Stylidea, through Forstera, is very striking, especially in the tufted habit and linear leaves, in the often abortive flowers, the form of the inferior ovaiy, and the irregular insertion of the calycine lobes and of the bracts on the tube of the calyx, hi the variable number of the unequal petals, which, though gamopetalous in Forstera and Stylidea, are occasionally separate in the alhed Orders Lobeliacea> and Goodenoviea, in the flat disk intervening between the base of the petals and the stamens, in the close application of the filaments to and their alternation with the three styles, altogether forming, as it were, one body hi the centre of the flower, in the extrorse anthers and somewhat too in the form of the pollen; in the axile placentation and numerous ascending ovules, and in the form of the seed, so far as I can compare it with immature ones of Forstera clavigera, excepting that the raphe in Donatia is prominent.

The Donatia fascicularis is very abundant throughout Fuegia and the western portions of South Chili, covering the surface of the ground in densely-matted and widely-extended, hard, bright-green patches : composing, with a few other plants, such as Caltha. appendiciilata and particularly Astvlia pnmila, the greater proportion of the peat-earth in those countries. It is one of the few bog plants, characteristic of the South Fuegian Flora, that has not been detected in the Falkland Islands.

XXI. UMBELLIFERiE, Juss.

1. AZORELLA, Gaud.

§ I. Caulibus dense fastigiatis, foliis subsessilibus arete imiricatis coriaceis, umbelUs Irevissime

pedunculatis : — Chamitis, Banks et Sol.

1. Azokella caspitosa, Cav.; dense cfespitosa, foliis arete irnbricatis basi latioribus vaginantibus patentibus subrecurvis linearibus acutis integerrimis coriaceis vagina filamentosa, umbella florente abbreviata inter folia surama sessili, calycis tubo piloso margine obtuse et brevissirne 5-lobo, fructu immature oblongo subquadrato dorso compresso. Azorella casspitosa, Cav. Ic. vol. v. p. 57. t. 484. f. 2. Poiret, Encycl. Si/ppl. vol. i. p. 551. DC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 77. A. gunrmifera, Poiret, 1. c. A. crassifolia, Persooti, Si/n. vol. i.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 283

p. 303. A. aretioides, Willd. Herb. A. caespitosa, y, Willi. Sp. PI. vol. i. p. 1360. Mulinum acaiile, Pers.Syn. vol. i. p. 309. Bolax aretioides, Spreng. Spec. Umbell. vol. i. p. 11. B. caespitosus, Spreng. in Ramcr et Schdtes Syst. Veg. vol. vi. p. 359. [exclud. syn. Selini acaulis. Cav.) Bolax foliis ovato-acumi- natis &c? Commerson, fid. Cavanilles. Hydrocotyle guramifera, y, Land: Fucycl. vol. iii. p. 156.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaeus ; Port Gregory, Capt. King; West Falkland Island, Nee, Capt. Sullivan.

Caides plerique unciales, exemplaribus Falklandicis 3-4 pollicares, ramosi, rigidi, e foliis subrecurvis squarrosi. Folia i line, longa, kete viridia, inferiora saepe discolora. Umbetta. 6-8-flora. Pedicelli riorum brevissimi, post anthesin verosirniiiter elongati, ut in icone Cavanillesii. Petala oblonga, subobtusa. Stylopodia majuscula. Fructm immatums ad suturam vix contractus, dorso planiuscidus.

It it exceedingly difficidt to um'avel the synonymy of the species belonging to this genus. The name of Chamitis was applied to A. filamentosa, Lam., and A. trifurcata, Hook., by Gaertner in 1788, adopted from the MSS. of Banks and Solander. These voyagers discovered a third species, Chauitis trifurcata, a name which Gaertner has accidentally affixed to his plate of A. tricuspidata.

The Azorella caspitosa, according to a statement made by Cavanilles, 1. c, was probably first detected by Commerson ; the specimens figured by the author just quoted are from the Cordillera of Chili, and Mr. Darwin having gathered it at Port Desire, and Capt. King at Cape Fail-weather, it is probably a very general plant throughout the southern parts of Patagonia.

2. Azorella filamentosa, Larnk.; laxe caespitosa, caulibus diffusis ramosis, ramis congestis interdum elongatis, foliis liueari-lanceolatis subspatliulatis subevmbiformibus marginibus inflexis integerrimis in petiohun aequilonguin basi vaginantem longe setoso-ciliatum desineutibus, umbellis breviter peduneulatis 6-8-floris, fructu ovato subtereti, mericarpiis dorso convexis 5-jugis. A. filamentosa, Land-. Euegcl. vol. i. p. 311. III. Gen. t. 189. f. 1. (pessime, e icone Gaertneri imitata). raid, Symbol, vol. iii. p. 47. DC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 77. Iloolc. Ic. Plant, t. 541 . Hombron et Jaeq. Yoy. an Pole S/ttl, Pot. Bicot. Plum. t. 15. B. A. Chamitis, Pers. Sgnops. vol. i. p. 303. PflJnille in Mem. Linn. Soc. Paris, vol. iv. p. 614. Gaudichaud in Freyc. Toy. Pot. p. 136. Chamitis integrifolia, Gaertner de Fruct. vol. i. p. 94. t. 22 {eMSS. Baidisii et Solandri in Mus. Banks, cimi icone). Bolax filamentosa, Spreng. in Schidt. Syst. Veget. vol. vi. p. 359.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, Commerson; Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander; Port Famine, Capt. King ; Hermite Island, ./. I). H ; Falkland Islands, If Urville, Mr. Chartres, J. B. II.

The genus Azorella was founded upon this species and is probably a name of Commerson5 s ; for Lamarck, who adopted it in 17 S3, remarks that, not knowing the fnut, he cannot see how it differs from Hydrocotyle.

The present is a very common plant throughout Fuegia and the Falkland Islands. Gaertner mentions having examined specimens in the Bauksian Herbarium, with three carpels.

3. Azorella trifurcata, Gaertn.; dense caespitosa, foliis arete imbricatis patentim recurvis rigidis ob- longis superne dilatatis in lacunas" 3 paulo divaricatas cuspidatas fissis basi vagiuante marginibus obscure ciliatis pilis deciduis, umbella subsessili, inyolueri foliolis parvis subidatis subciliatis, fructibus late ovato- oblongis teretiusculis, mericarpiis 5-jugis dorso convexis, calycis limbo obtuse 5-dentato. A. trifurcata, Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 539. A. ^euspidata, Lwmh. Mhtst. Gen. vol. ii. t.l89.f.4. Hombron et Jacq. Voy.auPole Sud, Bot. Bicot. Phan. t. 15. C. Cliamitis trifurcata, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mus. Banks, cum ic. Gaertner de Fruct. vol. i. p. 95. C. tricuspidata, Gaertner, I. c. t. 22. f. 4 (non Banks et Solander). Species ita cum sequente et Bolax glebaria confusa ut svnonyma Lamarckii, Poiretii, Willdenoyiique extricare nequeam.

Hab. Fuegia ; Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander. Cape Gregory and Port Famine, Capt. King.

284 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

Rather a scarce plant and perfectly distinct from the following, with which it has been strangely confounded, partly because Gaertner inadvertently applied the name of A. tricuspidata to his figure of Banks' A. trifurcata, and partly owing to the confusion in wliich the whole group to which it belongs has long been involved, and the refer- ence of many different umbelliferous plants with a tufted habit and simple umbels, by Lamarck, to the Bolax glebaria of Commerson.

4. Azorella h/copodioides, Gaud. ; csespitosa, caulibus ramosis dense fasciculatis, foliis arete imbricatis erectiuseulis profunde trifidis laciniis subulatis pungentibus petiolis concavis latis basi vaginantibus amplexicau- libus marginibus argute ciliato-serratis, umbellis 3— 4-floris fructiferis pedunculatis, pedunculo valido, involucri foliolis 2 late ovatis cymbiformibus argute et profunde inciso-serratis, pedicelhs brevissimis, calycis limbo 5-dentato, fructu globoso, carpelHs lsevibus dorso convexis ecostatis. A. lycopodioides, Gaudichaud in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 105. t. 3. f. 1. et in Freyc. Foy. Bot. p. 136. B? Urville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 614. DC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 77. Chaniitis tricuspidata, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mus. Banks, cum icone (non Gaertner).

Hab. Tierra del Fuego ; Port Famine, Ca.pt. King; Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander ; Hermite Island, J. B. II.; Falkland Islands, abundant, Gaudichaud, D'Urville, fyc.

Found at all elevations, both in Fuegia and in the Falkland Islands, and so much resembling Coloban tints subulatus, that the two plants have often been taken for each other and for the Mniarum fascicidatum, Forst., a New Holland and New Zealand plant, which is hence erroneously described as being also a native of the Strait of Magalhaens. The fruit of this species certainly differs from that of the two former, and they, again, from the carpels of A. ecespitosa and the following ; I have, however, brought them all under one genus, feeling assured that the details of the form of the mericarps do not afford the important characters in this group that they do in some other UmbellifertB.

5. Azorella Selago, Hook.nl.; dense csespitosa, caulibus fastigiatis seepe elongatis ramosis compactis, foliis dense et arete imbricatis appressis petiolo cymbiformi late vaginante amplexicauli lamina dilatata coriacea concava 3-7-fida intus longe setoso-cihata segmentis oblongis subacutis integenirnis, umbella 3-flora breviter pedunculata, involucri fobobs bnearibus subacutis, dentibus calycinis acutis, fructu ovato stybs elon- gatis terminato, mericarpiis dorso paulo convexo compressis 5-jugis ad suturam contractis. (Tab. XCIX.) Cookia, Anderson's MSS. in Bill. Banks.

Hab. Tierra del Fuego, south part, C. Darwin, Esq. Port Famine, Capt. King. Hermite Island, towards the top of the mountains, ./. D. H. Kerguelen's Land, covering the ground near the sea, Anderson, J. D. II.

Caules longitudine varii, 1-5 uuc. longi, plerumque crassitie penna? olorina?, foliis imbricatis dense tecti. Folio- rum petioli suberosi ; lamina plerumque latior quam longa, concava, intus setis elongatis sparsis aucta, segmentis 1-nerviis. Flores pallide rosei.

The fruit of this plant is so dorsally compressed and contracted at the sutures, as almost to justify its being removed from this genus and even group. The calycine teeth and the styles are rather longer than is usual in Azorella ; still, as mentioned above, the fruits of almost all the species that I have examined differ so widely from one another, that to separate this or either of the former would involve the complete dismemberment of a genus, of which all the species, except the following, are very closely allied.

Azorella Selago is the most abundant plant in Kerguelen's Land, covering the rocky ground close to the sea with brown masses many feet in extent, and often so soft that the traveller plunges into or through them up to the middle. Like the curious Bolax glebaria of the Falkland Islands, the living part of the plant forms a crust over a

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 285

vast mound of debris, the decaying remains of former years' growth, through which the roots descend into the ground. In Fuegia this plant is much scarcer, and only occurs on the mountains in small tufts. I have also seen specimens sent from M' Quarrie's Island by Mr. Frazer.

Plate XCLX. Fit/. 1, a leaf; fig. 2, umbel with peduncle and involucre; fig. 3, a flower; Jig. 4, a petal; fig. 5, ripe fruit ; fig. 6, transverse section of the same : — all magnified.

§ II. Caule prosfrato repente nodoso aclnodosfolwso,foliis longe petiolatis, umbettls sublonge pedunculatis.

6. Azorella Ranunculus, D'Urv.; glaberrhna, caule repente nodoso ad nodos radicante, foliis longe petiolatis rotundatis 4-5-partitis laciniis cuneatis trifidis segmentis rotundatis, petiolis graeilibus basi vagi- nantibus vaginis membranaceis, pedunculis axillaribus petiolo brevioribus, involucri foliolis linearibus sub- acutis pedicellis longioribus basi utrinque dente auctis, umbella 3-5-flora, calycis lhnbo obtuse 5-dentato, fructu breviter ovato subtereti ad comrnissuram contracto, mericarpiis dorso convexis obtuse 3-jugis. (Tab. XCVIII.) A. Ranunculus, If Urvdle in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 614. Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. Bed. p. 136. PC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 77.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; by running streams and the margins of fresh-water lagoons, 1/ Urvdle, J.D.H.

Herba facie Hydroeotylis. Caules graciles, repentes, ad nodos foliosi radicesque fibrosas emittentes. Petioli erecti, unciales. Folia a una diametro, luride viridia, submtida. Flares parvi, pallide flavi sou albi. Fructus breviter pedicellatus.

This plant differs so materially in habit from those described above, that I have placed it in a separate section of the genus. The general aspect is altogether that of a Hydrocotyle, wTith the fi-uit of an Azorella, to which genus it was rightly referred by D'Urville; it also very much resembles the Fozoa reniformis, in Part 1. p. 15. t. xi. where the carpels are however very different. The fruit represented in Plate XCVIII is immature ; when fully ripe, the mericarps are more contracted at the suture.

Plate XCVIII. Fig. 1, a leaf; fig. 2, a flower ; fig. 3, petal ; Jig. 4, ripening ovarium ; fig. 5, young fruit ; fig. 6, transverse section of the same : — all magnified.

2. BOLAX, Comm.

1. Bolax glebaria, Commerson, in Juss. Gen. p. 266. GaudicJiaud in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 104. t. 3. f. 2. el in Freyc. Toy. Pot. p. 136. PC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 78. D'Urville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 614. Hook. Icon. Plant, t. 492. B. gummifera et B. complicata, Sjoreng. Spec. Umlell. p. 9, 10. B. gumrnifer, Spreng. in Poem, et Schultes Syst. Veg. vol. vi. p. 360. excl. pleraque synonym. Azorella csespitosa, Yald, Symb. vol. iii. p. 48. Willd. Sp. PI. vol. i. p. 1365. non Cavanilles, et excl. syn. Chamitis trifurcatfe, Gaertn. A. tricuspidata, Lamk. Illust. Gen. 1. 1 89. Jig. 2 et 3 ? certe non f. 4. Poir. Suppl. vol.i. p. 551, in part. Hydrocotyle gummifera, Lamk. Encycl. vol. iii. p. 156. Chamitis complicata, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mus. Banks, cum icone. Gommier, Pernetly, vol. ii. p. 7 et 65.

Hab. Tierra del Fuego, Commerson ; Good Success Bay, Panks and Solander ; Hermite Island, growing in tufts on the high mountains, J.D.H.; Falkland Islands, very abundant, Gandichaud, Pf Urvdle, and all

voyagers.

I have endeavoured to unravel the synonymy of this highly curious and now well-known plant, but cannot ascertain what are the various species figured by Lamarck and partially described by Poiret, both these writers seeming to have had several in view.

3 p

286 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Long before the Falkland Islands were colonized from Britain, the present plant had excited considerable curiosity by the very remarkable mode of growth it there assumes and its forming a feature in the landscape that strikes the most casual observer. Now that these islands have been annexed formally to the British dominions, the Bolax or Balsam-bog is a production of still greater general interest. In whatever portion of this country the voyager may land, he cannot proceed far along the beach without entering groves of Tussac, whose leaves often wave over his head ; nor turn his steps inland without seeing, scattered over the ground, huge, perfectly hemispherical hillocks of a pale and dirty yellow green colour and uniform surface, so hard that one may break the knuckles on them. If the day be warm, a faint aromatic smell is perceived in their neighbourhood and drops or tears of a viscid white gum flow from various parts of these vegetable hillocks. They stand apart from one another, varying from 2-4 feet in height, and though often hemispherical, are, at times, much broader than high, and even eight or ten feet long. The very old ones begin to decay near the ground, where a crumbling away commences all round, and having but a narrow attachment, they resemble immense balls or spheres laid upon the earth. Upon close examination, each mass is found to be herbaceous throughout, the outer coat formed of innumerable little shoots rising to the same height, covered with imbricating leaves, and so densely packed that it is even difficult to cut out a portion with a knife, while the surface is of such uniformity that lichens sometimes spread over it, and other plants vegetate on its surface in the occasional holes or decayed places. If, at a very early period, a young plant of the Bolax be removed and examined, the origin of these great balls may be traced ; for each of them, of whatever size, is the product of a single seed, and the result of many, perhaps hundreds of years' growth. In a young state the plant consists of a very long slender perpendicular root, like a whip-lash, that penetrates the soil. At its summit are borne two or three small, branching stems, each densely covered for its whole length with sheathing leaves. As the individual increases in size, the branches divide more and more, radiating regularly from the rooting centre, instead of prolonging rapidly ; these send out lateral short shoots from their apices, and in such numbers that the mass is rendered very dense, and by the time the plant has gained the diameter of a foot, it is quite smooth and convex on the surface. The solitary root has become evidently insufficient for the wants of the mass of individuals, which are nourished by fibrous radicles, proceeding from below the leaves, and deriving nutriment from the quantity of vegetable matter which the decayed foliage of the lower part of the steins and older branches affords.

The B. ghbaria yields a gum, which is white when oozing from the wounded stems and leaves, but soon turns red-brown on drying ; it has been used as an application to cuts and other lesions with apparent effect, and for the cure of Gonorrhoea, with more doubtful success.

From Mr. Webster's account it is abundant in Staten Land, and is, I believe, also found in perfection in Patagonia. In Hermite Island it never assumes the form it docs in the Falklands.

3. HUANACA, Cav.

1. Huanaca Cavcmittesii, DC; caule scnpiformi, foliis omnibus radicalisms longe petiolatis palmatim 7-8-sectis segmentis anguste linearibus acutis integris trifidisve petiolo basi in vaginam ciliatam dilatato, caule seu scapo erecto simplici striato apice umbellain 3-radiatam gerente, foliolis involucralibus tripartitis basi ciliatis, umbelluHs multi-radiatis lateraHbus elongatis diutius florentibus intermedio sessili, floribus pedicellatis, fructu ovato, mericarpiis dorso valde coinpressis concavis lateraliter 3-jugis. H. CavaniHesn, DC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 81. Point Eneycl. Swppl. vol. iii. p. 68. H. aeaulis, Cavtmilies, Icon. vol. vi. p. 18. t. 528. f. 2. (Enanthe Huanaca, Spreng. XJmhell. Spec. p. 37. et in Poem, et Schultes Sj/st. Veg. vol. vi. p. 428. Spanantlie Huanaca, Lagasca Am. Nat. vol. ii. p. 93.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens; Cape Gregory, Copt. King.

Radix fusiformis, pro planta majuscula, 3-pollicaris. Folia longe petiolata ; petiolo gracih, erecto, 2-4 unc. longo, basi in vaginam brevem latam ciliatam dilatato; laminae segmentis f-1 unc. longis, sub 1 lin. latis, glaber-

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 287

rimis v. sparse pilosis. Caulis scapiformis, folia vix duplo superans, teres, ad apicem tripartitam umbellas 3 simplices foliaque 2 gerens ; foliis caulinis involucrmn sinralantibus trisectis, basi ciliatis. Umbell/s 2 laterales pedunculata?, intermedia sessili. Livolucelli foliola lineari-oblonga, subaeuta, ciliata. Pedicelli umbellse intermedia? elongati, ceeteri breviusculi. Flores parvi, pauci, steriles. Cali/cis limbus breviter et obtuse 5-dentatus. Petala ovata' incurva, integra. Fructus ovatus, obtusus, sub 2 lin. longus, umbellas intermedia; solummodo mihi notus. Merit carpia dorso concava, trijuga.

A very little known Patagonian plant, remarkable for the resemblance its almost leafless stem bears to a scape, which induced De Candolle to substitute the name of its first deseriber for that of H. acaulis. Assuming the view here taken to be correct, the branching of this plant is trichotomous, for the three peduncles, bearing each a simple umbel, arise from one point, the terminal or central branch flowers first, and therefore cannot be considered as the intermediate division of a compound umbel, in which the external rays always open before those nearer the axis : the structure of the inflorescence is similar to Astrantia (vid. Brown in Linn. Trans, vol. xi. p. 92).

The Huanaca Cavanillesii was first discovered at Port Desire by Nee, who accompanied the Spanish voyager Malaspinas ; and again by Mr. Darwin in the same locality.

4. APIUM, L.

1. Apium graveolens, Linn. Sp. PI. n. 309. BC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 101. Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 105. et in Fregc. Toy, Pot. p. 135. If Untitle in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 613. A. australe, Pet. Thouars Ft. Ins. Trist. d'Acun. p. 43. Carmichael in Linn. Soc. Trans, vol. xii. p. 506. A. prostraturn, Labill. Nov. Roll. vol. i. p. 76. t. 103. Vent. Hort. Malm. t. 81. A. Antarcticuni, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mus. Banks, cam icone. Petroselinum prostratum, BC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 102.

Hab. South Chili, Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands ; abundant on the shores of the latter : also in Tristan d'Acunha.

Apparently our common Celery, and even more abundant in the countries enumerated above, than in Europe. Except its often assuming a prostrate habit in the Antarctic regions, I perceive no external difference from the northern state of the plant ; its properties are, however, very unlike, for the wild Antarctic specimens are always mild and wholesome, insomuch that the officers and crews of the Expedition made constant use of it, both raw and boiled like spinach. This absence of all injurious or even disagreeable properties may perhaps be owing, in some degree, to the want of the direct rays of the sun, which is seldom bright and clear, and often invisible for many days in the height of summer in these far southern regions. If this be so, we have a natural cause producing the same results which the skdl of the gardener effects in our more favoured climate.

The Apium graveolens is also a native of Tasmania and the Cape of Good Hope..

5. CRANTZIA, Nutt.

1. Crantzia lineata, Nuttall, Gen. Plant. Am. vol. i. p. 177. BC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 70. Torr.et Gray, Fl. Am. Bor. vol. ii. p. 600. C. attenuate. Hook, et Am. in Bot. Miscell. vol. iv. p. 346. Hydrocotyle lineata, Mich. Fl. vol. i. p. 162. Richard, Monogr. Il/dr. p. 77. f. 38. H. Chinensis, Spreng. in Poem, et Schultes Sj/st. Feg. vol. vi. p. 355. Elatinc, foliis oppositis, Gronov. Virgin, p. 62. (Tab. C.)

IIab. Falkland Islands ; abundant near the streams communicating between fresh-water lagoons and the sea, generally buried in gravel.

I have no hesitation in referring this plant to the tribe Scseli/iea of Koch, where it ranks naturally between

2SS FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Ottoa, H. B. K., and (Enanthe, Lamk.; indeed it is to the latter genus alone that the present is allied in the fishdose leaves, while it resembles the former in the septate structure of the foliage, and has other points of affinity in the rank smell and taste, aquatic habit, vittate mericarps, and the longitudinal ridge iu front of the seed itself.

The Falkland Island specimens are very constant in the form of their leaves ; those from the Plate River, on the other hand, are exceedingly variable both in size and foliage, the latter sometimes measuring six inches long and expanding into a plane, linear-lanceolate, obtuse lamina.

In both Americas the Crantzia is confined to the east coast ; in the northern hemisphere ranging from 30° to 42°, and in the south from 35° to 52°.

Plate C. Tig. 1, portion of a leaf; fig. 2, a flower ; fig. 3, petal ; fig. 4, ovarium and styles ; fig. 5, ripe fruit ; fig. 6, transverse section of the same : — all magnified.

6. OREOMTRRHIS, Endl.

1. Oreoiiyrrhis Andicola, Endlicher. Caldasia Andicola, Lagasca in DC. Mem. p. 5. t. 2. DC.Prodr. vol. iv. p. 229. Myrrhis Andicola, Humb. Bonpl. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. Plant. Am. vol. v. p. 13. t.419. Azorella daucoides, D'Urv. Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 613. Gaud, in Freyc. Toy. Pot. p. 135. DC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 77. (Tab. CI.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; in grassy places, abundant ; Pi Urville, J. D. H.

This, .which is rather a variable plant, appears to be altogether identical with that gathered on the Andes by Humboldt and Bonpland, and more lately by Linden, near the snow line on Orizaba, in Mexico, by Goudot in New Grenada, at the limit of perpetual snow, by Professor Jameson at an altitude of 14,700 feet, on the Andes of Quito, and by Mr. M'Lean in Peru : for I refer all the Caldasia of these collectors to the present species, which there, as in the Falklands, has the leaves more or less cut, their segments crowded or lax, and all the parts copiously hairy or nearly smooth. It is very singular that it should not have been hitherto found at any intermediate station between Peru and the Falkland Islands, where it grows as constantly at the level of the sea, as at the limit of eternal snow on the Cordillera under the line. Assuming 15,000 feet to be its station under the equator, it has descended that number of feet in 52 degrees, or nearly 300 feet for every degree of latitude. The labours of Hum- boldt and of Professor Jameson, who have determined with great accuracy the zones of elevation which many plants of the Cordillera affect, are daily proving of increased value j and now that many of the same species are fcmnd at far less elevations and even on the shores of the ocean in lower latitudes, they afford most essential data for comparing the effects of latitude with those of elevation upon vegetation, which, from various causes, are not what the difference of temperature would indicate. Thus, the parallel of the Straits of Magalhaens appears to be the point where plants, inhabiting the altitude of 15,000 feet under the equator, meet the ocean ; but the snow-line itself is there 4,000 feet higher and does not descend to that level for eight degrees further south.

Plate CI. (under the name of Caldasia daucoides, Hook, fil.) Fig. 1, umbel ; fig. 2, a flower ; fig. 3, petal ; fig. 4, upper portion of germen, showing the stylopodia ; fig. 5, ripe fruit ; fig. 6, transverse section of the same : — all magnified.

7. OSMORHIZA, Raf.

1. Osmorhiza Chilensis, Hook, et Am., Bot. Beechey Toy. p. 26, et in Dot. Miscel. vol. iii. p. 355. O. Berterii, DC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 232. Scliuclia Chilensis, Molin. Chili, p. 125. Scandix clavata, Banks et Sol. MSS. Mus. Banks, cum icone. Chseropliyllum Chilense, Poir. Encycl. vol. v. p. 105.

Hab. Tierra del Fuego, Commerson ; Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander.

Also gathered by Capt. King, at Cape Fairweather, on the east coast of Patagonia ; and it is a native of Chili.

Fall-lands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 289

XXII. LORANTHACE^E, Don.

1. MYZODENDKON, Banks et Sol.

Char. Gen. Dioicmn. Flores parvi, arnentaeei, spicati v. raceniosi. Fl. Masc. Perianthium 0. Stamina 2-3, ad apicem pedicelli circa glandulam depressarn disposita ; antliera ovoidese, uniloculares, v. septo incomplete) spurie biloculares, rima apicali deliiscentes. Fl. Fcem. Calycis tubus ovario adhaerens. Corol- la nulla. Ovarium trigonum, angulis longitudinaliter bilaruellosis, rimis intus setam setasve plurhnas foven- tibus, uniloculare, tri-ovulatum, disco angusto inconspicuo coronatum; stylus brevis, crassus, in rarnos 3 breves obtusos apice papdlosos fissus; ovula nuda, e apice coluninse libera? centralis subpendula; funiculus brevissimus. Fructus submenibranaceus, setis 3 elongatis auctus, rarius nudus, monospermus. Semen ex apice columnse parietibus locidi appressne pendulum ; testa nulla?; albumen subcarnosurn, teres v. sulcatum; embryo kilo proximus, membrana tenui iudutus ; radieula supera, in discum dilatata v. capitata, exserta ; cotyledones parvse, conferruminatee, intus cava?, plumulam diphyllam foventes. — Herbse v. potius sufirutices Antarctica? et Chilenses pleraque more Visci ram is generis Fagi parasitica. Eami teretes, alterni, articu- lati, ad nodes vaginati. Flores minimi. Fructus e maxima copia filorum plv/mosorum conspicui.

Subgen. GymnopJiyton ; aphylluin, bractese squaina?formes, flores maseuli in axillis bractearum soli- tarii, fceminei bini; stamina 2.

1. Myzodendron punctulatum, Banks et Sol. ; aphyllum, ramis teretibus punctis prominulis apice depressis obsitis, floribus masculis in amenta dispositis. (Tab. CII. CIV. et CVI.) M. punctulatum, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mus. Banks, cumicone. Misodendrum, DC. Coll. Mem. vol. vi. 1. 11 et 12, Prodr. vol. iv. p. 286. Brown in Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xix. p. 232. in note. Viscum flavescens, Commerson, MSS.

Hab. Tierra del Fuego and Soutk Chili, as far North as Yaldivia ; abundant on various species of Fagus ; Commerson, Banks and Solander and all future voyagers.

Suffrutex raniosissirnus, bipedaks. Caulis kgnosus, basi dkatatus, crassitie digiti rninoris, cortice pakide fusco. Rami ramulique e vagina brevi cupuleeformi orti, ultirni diametro peunse corvinse, omnes cortice flavo- virescente siccitate aurantiaco tecti, tubercuks parvis apice depressis stomate instractis rugulosi. Infiorescentia ramos terminales amentacea. Ametita alterna, suberecta, v. divaricata, cykndracea, superiora vacua. Squama seu bractea dense irnbrieatae, late orbiculatae, concava?, marginibus scariosis. Flores maseuli soktarii, pediceUati ; pediceko gradatim incrassato, enrvato, ^ lin. longo, glandulam depressam (rudimentum ovarii) antherasque 2 ad apicem gerente. Anthera divaricatse, minima?, cekulosae, rima parva apicak sursum spectante dehiscentes, unkoculares, loculo intus columna compressa erecta aucto. Pollen globosum, eckinulatum, stramineum. Fl. fosminei in squamis bini, col- lateral.es, sessiles, vix \ kn. longi, anguste oblongi, trigoni. Achanium membranaeeum ; setis elongatis achsenio longioribus phimosis, piks apice capitellatis. Semen aDguste elkptico-oblongiun, loculum fere implens, ex apice columnse centralis compressa? pendulum ; funiculo brevissimo, basi ovuks 2 sterikbus suffulto. Albumen ut videtur onmino nudum. Embryo membrana teiiui ex apice funiculi continua inclusus, extremitate superiore albuminis fere innnersus ; parte radiculari dilatato, exserto ; cotyledonari tereti, cykndraceo, apice breviter fistuloso, iudiviso.

As the genus Myzodendron is perhaps the most interesting, in a structural point of view, of any cokected during the progress of the Antarctic Expedition, I shak offer some remarks upon the peculiarities of this and the following species.

The process, by which the germinating embryo attaches itself to, and derives sustenance from the Beeches

3 a

290 FLOEA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

iufested by this genus, will be described voider M. bracliystacltyum, where only I have been able to watch that opei'ation. The present species follows the same course, I presume, judging from the appearance of a fully established parasite.

The anatomy of the stem and branches of M. punctnlatum not only differs widely from that of M. brachystacliyum, but of most other Dicotyledonous plants ; its axis being wholly occupied by very dense fibres apparently of woody tissue, and presenting there no trace of the cellular tissue, which is constantly present in such plants as increase by annual layers. The bark of the young branches is thick and spongy and a transverse section presents the following structure. 1st. A very delicate but firni cuticle, striated externally with lines of extreme tenuity. 2nd. Immedi- ately beneath this is a cellular tissue forming the epiphlceum. 3rd. A series of cavities occupy the circumference of the bark ; they are what have been called in other plants respiratory cavities, and correspond each to one of the tubercles on the surface of the stem ; the cuticle is depressed immediately over the centre, where a very evident stoma is situated. 4th. The cellular tissue forming the mesophloeum is hexagonal, thick-sided, and very often full of a green chromule. I have seen no raphides in any of the species. 5th. The liber contains a series of isolated bundles of delicate fibres (Plate CVII./. 9. a.) frequently, for some part of their length, protected by cells of great density, such as may be seen in the Lime and Antarctic Fayi. The proportion of fibrous tissue to the thickness of the bark is very small, and the fibres composing it exceedingly slender. Between tliis and the sca- lariform tissue lies a very thick layer of loose hexagonal cellular tissue, formed of membranous utricles, which are discoloured and compressed immediately around the annual layers. 6th. The greater portion of the old stem, all that part which, in Dicotyledonous wood, is usually occupied by pleurenchyma, is here wholly, or nearly, formed of elongated variously marked tubes, of almost equal diameter, they are white and diaphanous, dotted, ringed, trans- versely barred, or contain a spiral vessel, more or less broken (Plate CVII./. 8,9 and 10, c). I have not observed simple or thick-sided tubes of pleurenchyma, true tracheae, or bothrenehyma, either in the inner portion of each annual layer, or in the usual position of the medullary sheath. 7th. The axis of the stem is formed wholly of a dense tissue of woody fibres (Plate CVII. Jigs. 8, 9 and 10 b.) the tubes all very small, inseparable, even after long maceration, and their walls so thick that it is difficult to trace the dark longitudinal liue which indicates their cavity which contains gramdes, though a dot in the centre of the transverse section of each fibre is very evident. This axis suffers no change after the first year's growth, and at that period may be seen to project wedge-shaped plates in the manner of medullary rays, into the scalariform tissue which it hardly divides.

The stems of this plant are, though hard in texture, very brittle, especially when dry, owing partly no doubt, to the fragile nature of the scalariform tissue, and probably still more to the very small quantity of parenchyma and the axis being formed of a denser substance than any other part .

The ramification of this plant is highly pecidiar, and uniformly takes place in the following manner. Each ulti- mate branch, when fully formed, Plate CVII. bis,/. 1, (and the plant itself, when consisting of a single uubranched stem) elongates no further in any succeeding year, but gives origin, towards its extremity, to five or six lateral amenta ; these arise from the centre of a depression, bounded by a low cup-shaped sheath (Plate CIV./. 1). All but a few of the upper of these amenta are floriferous ; they fall away after they have performed their functions, leaving a cicatrix on the ramulus, very visible even on the oldest stems, below every articulation. The upper empty amenta, however, (Plate CVII. bis, f. 1, a), elongate during the autumn, one or both of them, causing the ramification to be frequently either alternate or dichotomous ; the bracteee are separated during this elongation, become recurved,* fall off and leave a naked newly-formed branch (Plate CVII. bis,f.b.), fully developed by the month of Sep- tember ; toward the upper part of this, other amenta are formed and the process is repeated. The apex of the originally idtimate branch, now a stem, is reduced to a mere point (c), always discernible close to the articulation even of the oldest stems, though often very inconspicuous. Occasionally, three amenta are developed into branches, but this effecting a trichotomous ramification, is rare. The articulation of the stem in Myzodendron is therefore of a

* As figured in De Candolle's Coll. Mem. ; vi. 1. 11. f. A and B.

Falklands, etc.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 291

very different nature from what occurs in plants, whose joints indicate an interruption of continuity in a rectilinear organ, as the stems of Equisetum, Casuarina, or Salicornia, or from those which increase by new matter being developed at certain intervals from the apex of the axis of growth, as the trunk of a Palm. In Viscum album, the ramification is truly dichotomous, each internode giving off two opposite ramuli from its apex, between which is a third undeveloped bud ; and in V. salicornioides and Arceutholobium ojcycedri the branching is trichotomous, from both the lateral and terminal branches being developed. Another modification is observable in a singular new genus of Lorantliacece, Eubrachiou* mihi, {Viscum ambiguum, H. et A.). The idtimate ramuli of this plant are jointed on the stem and appear not to ramify further, but to bear amenta similar to the bracteate spikes of M. punctulatum, all of which are fertile and caducous, the rainulus elongating and producing year by year new amenta, as the old ones drop away.

The axis of the stem and branches of M. punctulatum is remarkably eccentric, the greater quantity of scalariform tissue being deposited on the under side of these organs, a circumstance arising from the horizontal direction the whole plant assumes. An analogous eccentricity in the position of the medulla in the horizontal branches of coniferous trees is very evident, though not so conspicuous, iu other woody plants whose stems are as slender as those of Myzodendron. The truly amentaceous inflorescence of this plant is common also to Antidaphne, Eubrachion, Lepeostegeres, Blume, Tupeia and others of its congeners, if examined at an early stage. The male flowers are abundant, and the females much rarer in Hermite Island, this preponderance of males was also very marked in the M. bracliystacJiyum.

Mr. Brown f first observed the singular position of the stomata in this species, which are placed one on the apex of each tubercle of the stem, and communicate with the cavity or chamber beneath, the respiratory cavity of some authors. The cells of which the cuticle is composed are so completely incorporated into a uniform integument, that the curved utricles, which bound the mouth of the stoma in most plants, are here hardly apparent, though it is to their presence that the ridge (Plate CVII. bis,/. 6, a) is due. The aperture itself, as seen in /. 5 and 6 of the same Plate, is constricted in the middle, somewhat in the form of an hour-glass, but an opening is generally, perhaps always, left between the adjacent edges of this constriction or diaphragm. The stoma thus expands both outwardly and inwardly into a sort of cup, the outer of which is frequently filled with an opaque mass, and the chambers beneath traversed by filaments of a viscid substance stretching from one wall to the other (/. 5). In the external cavity, when empty, parallel concentric hues may be observed, indicating the compound nature of the walls of the aperture. These stomata are abundant on all surfaces of the young stems and branches, but only on the lower surface of the older and horizontal stems.

Male flowers. These are of the most simple structure, consisting of a solitary curved subclavate peduncle in the axil of each bractea, bearing at its apex a large broad depressed gland, on each side of which an anther is seated, (Plate CIV./. 3, and 4). There are no traces of a floral envelope. The anther is ovoid, one-celled, opening by a small transverse slit at the apex, and containing a membranous columella, which is the remaining unelaborated tissue from which the pollen is formed, the indication of the anther being originally bilocular, as may

* Eubkachion, Nov. Gen. Infiorescentia amentacea. Amenta hermaphrodita, flores compressi, perianthio trifido segmento dorsali minore. Fl. Masc Stamina 3, segmentis perianthii opposita, filamentis breviusculis, antheris compressis latis bilocularibus. Fl. FffiM. Ovarium inferum compressum, disco epigyno latiusculo, stylo breviusculo, stigmate simplici. Fructus ovato-globosus, compressus, carnosus, sarcocarpio viscoso supra loculum posito, endocarpio subcrustaceo superne aperto, embryone tereti, cotyledonibus albumine late disciformi immersis.

E. Arnottii. Yiscum ambiguum, Hook, et Am. in Bot. Misc. vol. iii. p. 356.

Hab. Uraguay ; Tweedie.

t Prodromus Florae Nov. Holl. Supplementum, sub. Banksia, p. 35.

292 FLOEA ANTAECTICA. [Fuegia, the

be seen on examining a very young anther. The tissue is peculiar and wholly cellular, except just at the base of the columella, whence some spiral vessels descend through the peduncle. A longitudinal section shews the walls of the anther to be remarkably stout and formed of two layers of cells (Plate CIV./ 5 and 6) ; the outer of these are thick-sided, rounded or hexagonal utricles, often filled with a yellow chrornule (Plate CIV./. 6 and 7) ; the inner on the contrary, are very slender, prismatic, thin-sided cells, densely packed together and radiating from the inner wall of the anther which they line with their bases, and which has no further membrane intervening between these prismatic cells and the pollen. The latter is yellow, globose, and echinulate, like that of other Loranthacea.

The gland, on each side of which the anthers are seated, indicates the position of the undeveloped ovarium in the male flowers ; it is very conspicuous in all the species, and in Antidaphne, Pcepp., which, in this respect, does not differ from Myzodendron, although its author* has described the filaments as calycine pieces, antheriferous at the apex and the three-lobed gland as a corolla. In Tupeia Antarctica, again, where the segments of the perianth are evidently articulated on the top of the pedicel, the male flowers bear an almost imperceptible prominence in their centre. In Eubrachion the rudimentary ovarium, in the centre of the male flower, is much more fully formed.

In some respects the male flower of this genus resembles that of a species of Gnetum, where a solitary filament, similar to the peduncle of Myzodendron, arises from a sheathing bract and bears at its apex two collateral adnate cells, opening by apical slits which are at right angles to the broad axis of the stamens, (as in Lemna), and contain a central free columella ; and where a vascular bundle descends from the base of each anther down the filament. The terminal dehiscence is comparatively rare in one-celled anthers, though seen in Krameria, where the cells coalesce into one. The single-celled anther of M. punctutatum may be further compared with two of those composing the rnultilocular anther of Vucum alburn +, in each of which loculi there is one point from which the pollen- grains are developed ; or to one half of the anther of most phaenogamic plants, where the developement of the pollen takes place at two points! and in which a ridge is afterwards left in the cell, analogous to the columella in this genus. I much regret not having the opportunity of comparing this with the Castraa falcata, St. Hil., a Braziban plant, allied to Viscuni, but having its pollen developed in the apex of the segments of the perianth. § The spuriously one-celled anther of Tupeia? incana (Fisciim, Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 73.) is of an entirely different nature. There the two original cells, which are, as in ordinary stamens collateral, open by lateral slits, wliich become confluent above. This is exactly what happens in Callitriche and many other plants.

I know of no plant exhibiting a structure in the inner cells of the walls of its anther similar to Myzodendron, except perhaps, the Saprium G-riffitlmi, Br., a transverse section of whose anther, given by Mr. Griffiths, || appears to present radiating prismatic cells. The outer layer, again, is a portion of the same cuticle surrounding other more cellular parts of the plant.

Female flowers. I have only seen the ovarium in Valdivian specimens, apparently of this species, gathered by Mr. Bridges ; figured at Plate CIV./. 9 and 10. They are sessile, in pairs, in the axil of each bractea. The calyx is adherent with the ovarium and terminates in a thickened ring forming an entire, very short lirnb immediately below the insertion of the style. It is trigonous, and at each angle is a slit, leading to a longitudinal canal that encloses a stout filament, or seta. This seta ascends from the base of the ovarium and gradually elongating, finally escapes from the cavity where it was lodged (Plate CIV./ 10) ; it is composed of elongated cells cohering by their viscidity. The ovarium is one-celled ; the cavity minute and wholly filled by an erect short column, that bears

* Poeppig, Nov. Gen. et Sp. Plant. Per. et Chili, vol. ii. p. 70. t. 199.

\ Vid. Decaisne Mem. sur le developpement du Pollen Sec, in Act. Acad. Eoy. Bruss. vol. 13.

{ Vid. Jussieu, Cours Elementaire, p. 351.

§ Aug. St. Hilaire, Lecons de Botanique &c, p. 451.

II Linn. Soc. Trans, vol. 19. t. 34. figs. 4 and 6.

FaR-hnuh, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 293

three obliquely pendulous naked ovules at its apes, these are lodged each in a pouch in the wall of the ovarium at first, but the cell gradually ddates, and leaves the column and ovules free, as represented at fig. 11 of Plate CIV. The ovules are cellular and entirely naked, without any markings on the surface.* In the depression at the apex of the ovarium, bounded by the almost obsolete limb of the calyx, is a very obscure depressed disc, from which projects a short stout style, terminating in three erect oblong stigmata, papillose externally. A transverse section of the young ovarium shews no distinction between the adherent calyx and ovarium ; further than that, as it will afterwards appear, the fissures penetrate the calyx only, the seta they contain lying against the walls of the ovarium itself.

In its trigonous form, the ovarium of Myzodendron resembles that of one species of a new South American genus of LorantJtacea, allied to Tupeia, which I have seen in fruit only and shall call Lepidoceras\, from the curious, deciduous membranous scale that terminates the leaf. The genus Tupeia itself has also a similar trigonous ovarium, but does not possess the ovuliferous free column, which is very evident in this genus. T. Antarctica has also a highly conspicuous superior four-partite perianth to the female flower, which being deciduous and only visible at a very early period, before the inflorescence quits its protecting scales, has escaped the notice of recent authors. M. Korthals J refers the Viscam, umbellatum and Reinwardtianum of Blume, two Javanese plants, to Tupeia, from which Miquel § suggests their separation. That they do constitute a distinct genus is extremely probable, because of the presence of bracts at the base of the female flower, and (if we may judge from the some- what incomprehensible figure given by M. Korthals) by some other characters of the flower and fruit. Until, however, the true nature of the placentation of the original species of Tupeia || is known, and this is not described by the authors % of the genus or any subsequent writer, its affinities cannot be fully determined. Korthals was the first to describe any plant of the Order Lorantliaeece to have a free central column in the ovarium, and pendulous ovules ; but laying too much stress upon this character he removed the plants in which he observed it, together with the genus to which he referred them (with whose typical species he was unacquainted), to Santalacea. Mr. Brown,** who has long been conversant with the structure of Myzodendron, points out its relation to Santalacea. This affinity between Santalacea and Lorantliaeece is perhaps most obvious in Myzodendron, from the comparative facility with which its ovarium may be dissected, and the column and ovules removed, and it equally shews the relation

* The position of the future embryo proves that these ovules must be anatropous, though I cannot perceive any sign of raphe, chalaza or foramen. The pollen-tube probably reaches the foramen through the walls of the pouch in which the ovulurn is lodged at an early period.

t Of this I have seen two species, both imperfect. The genus may be recognised by its small leaves, each terminated by a broad deciduous scaly apex, and its solitary axillary female flowers whose perianth is deciduous.

1. L. Xint/ii ; ramis ramulisque erectis hirto-pubescentibus, foliis breviter petiolatis elliptieis utrinque acutis, ovariis pedieellatis trigonis.

Hab. Chiloe, Capt. King.

2. L.Dombeyi; ramis ramulisque divaricatis horizontaliter patentibus puberulis, foliis sessilibus late obovatis obtusis, ovario fructuque ovato-globosis.

Hab. Peru, Bombey in Herb. Mm. Paris, et Lindley.

* Korthals, Over het geslacht Tupeia, &c. (published in Holland with no date). § Miquel in Linnasa, vol. xviii. p. 28.

|| I am inclined to agree with M. Endlicher in considering Viscum incanum, Hook. (Ic. Plant, t. 73), a species of Tupeia. Though differing in the bracteate female flowers and unilocular anthers, its perianth, and, I believe, the structure of the ovarium, are the same in both.

% Chamisso et Schlechtendahl, in Linnaea, vol. iii. p. 203.

** Brown on Eafflesia, fee., vid. Linn. Soc. Trans, vol. ix. p. 232 (in note).

3 It

294 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Fucgia, the

all bear to Olacinea, as was also first indicated by Mr. Brown* and afterwards well illustrated by M. Decaisne, after a comparison of the ovules of Ykcum album, f with those of Thedum. The ripe fruit of M. punctulatum forms an achenium, which generally dehisces longitudinally and allows of the partial or complete exsertion of the seed ; but I am not aware whether germination takes place by the embryo becoming thus excluded, or whether, as in the following species, the radicle protrudes at the apex of the fruit, pushing the disc and style before it. The feathery filaments (hereafter to be described) are not so long in this species as in the following, or probably as in any of its congeners, except the M. imbricatum,X Pcepp., of South Chili ; they are plumose with long hairs, which are capitate at the apex. The walls of the pericarp are more membranous here than in the other species, and, when fully ripe, the ealycine portion looks like three plates, attached longitudinally by part of their surface to the endocarp ; the filaments being lodged in the spaces formed by their contiguous non-adherent portion (Plate CIV./. 16.). The stout central column of the ovarium is elongated in the fruit into a slender chord, pressed between the seed and walls of the cavity of the fruit, and resembles a funiculus ; its edges are ragged from the rapid elongation of its substance. The true funiculus is extremely short, and bears at its base the two very minute unimpregnated ovules (Plate CIV./. 18 and 19). The seed is linear-oblong, narrow and obtuse at both extremities. The albumen is copious, formed of utricles that at first are readily separable ; and though the outer ones adhere closely, they do not seem covered with any distinct testa ; a cavity in the upper part contains the greater portion of the embryo, which is of very highly organized tissue, and the radicle which is not immersed in the albumen is covered with a membrane apparently continuous from the funiculus, which at an early period may be traced downwards, lining the cavity of the albumen (Plate CIV. /. 19, where the membrane is represented as too thick in texture). At no time can I detect the lower portion of this membrane (first observed by Mr. Brown), except whilst the cells of the albumen are loosely held together and may be scraped by the knife from its surface, and then it appears homogenous and of a different texture from what covers the radicle, which is cellular (Plate CIV. / 20). The embryo is very small, the radicular extremity capitate, with a depression at the top ; the cotyledonary terete, abrupt, slightly curved and fistulose at the apex : the cotyledons are consolidated and present no trace of any line of union. The tissue of the radicle differs materially from that of the cotyledons, which may be seen even before, but still more remarkably after, dissection (Plate CIV. / 20). The upper portion of the capitulum, above the upper margin of the cavity of the albumen, is composed of delicate filiform cells of considerable length, enclosed in a cellular cuticle of great tenuity. The lower half and terete cotyledonary portion consists of closely-packed oblong cells, projecting in the form of a cone towards the radicular end. This structure, somewhat modified, exists in M. bracJiystachi/um (Plate CV. /. 20 and 21), the tissue of the radicle being much more lax than that of the cotyledons. The peculiar functions of the radicle doubtless demand this highly organized structure, both for rapid elongation and for the sudden spread of the membrane by which the following, and probably all the species, are first attached to the bark whereon they grow. In the present, the true radicle which pierces the bark is probably the conical continuation of the cotyledonary portion.

The plumose pappi of the achenium afford one of the great peculiarities of this genus ; of their function there can be no doubt, though their origin and true nature are not quite so evident. De Candolle,§ from an examination of very imperfect specimens, described them sufficiently accurately, as scales contained in the walls of the pericarp. Guillemin || also considers them to be pappiform appendices, contained in fissures of the achenia. Neither of these

* Brown, Prodromus Plor. Nov. Holl , p. 352.

t Decaisne, Sur le pollen et l'ovule du Gui. Act. Acad. Koy. de Bruxelles, vol, xiii.

\ This species I have never seen, nor are either the figures or descriptions satisfactory, vid. Pocppig et Endlicher, Nov. Gen. et Sp. &c. vol. i. p. 2. t. 3.

§ De Candolle, sur la Famille des Loranthacees, p. 12.

|| Poeppig and Endlicher, Nov. Gen. et Sp. Plant. Per. et Chili, vol. i. p. 1.

FalMands, etc.] ■ FLORA ANTARCTICA. 295

authors ofl'ers any explanation of their true nature. Poeppig * describes several species, and, trusting more to a theoretical opinion of their origin, than to a careful analysis of the parts, or the definitions of De Candolle and Guilleinin, he misapprehends the structure of the ovarium, considering it to be a compound body, made up of three carpels combined, and of the plumose filaments, which are described in the generic character as Setae hypo- gynae alternating with the ovaria, and in the observations on the genus are doubtfully called Staminodia. Lastly, Endlieher f regards the single ovarium as compounded of six, enclosed in a three-parted involucre, three of them fertile and three sterile, the latter being the plumose filaments.

The female flower of Myzodendron consisting of a solitary ovarium, enclosed in the adherent tube of the calyx, it is evident that the plumose setae must be a production of the calyx or ovarium. Their function and appearance resemble the pappus of Composite, and particularly of Valeriana in being only fully developed during the ripenmg of the seed. They cannot be compared with the four stout woody nerves of Tupeia Antarctica, which ascending from the pedicel, terminate in the sarcocarp of its berry in four sharp points that arch over an opening in the upper end of the endocarp of that plant, for the setas of Myzodendron contain no spiral vessels, and the true nerves of the calyx, though very obscure, may be traced in some of the species, as in M. brackystacliyum, where they appear alternating with the position of the setae (Plate CV. /. 11).

The tissue of which these setae are composed, is identical with what forms the sarcocarp of Tupeia and Viscum, namely, elongated viscid cells of great tenuity filled with a glutinous matter ; in most Lorantliacear this tissue surrounds the endocarp and at an early period deliquesces into a homogenous viscid fluid, like that of Viscum. When looking over the plants of this order, in Dr. Lindley's herbarium, I remarked one \ whose ripe pericarp had burst during pressure and emitted a cottony substance ; that gentleman liberally gave me specimens for examination, which showed the sarcocarp to be intermediate in its nature between that of Tupeia and of Myzodendron, being feathery and neither so deliquescent as in the former, nor elaborated into such a peculiar organ as in the latter.

The elaboration of these setae, from cellular tissue, cannot be regarded otherwise than a very singular phenomenon, and, so far as my observations serve, it appears that it is merely the result of a rapid elongation of cellular tissue. The viscid substance, then, in this genus, instead of surrounding the endocarp, is confined within three fissures, and there collected into a terete or compressed body, which, escaping froni its confinement, rapidly elongates from the growth of the cells which compose it, more than from the addition of new matter. The plumose appearance is caused by the separation of some of the utricles, which diverge on all sides in the species in winch the setae are terete, or in their opposite margins when the latter are compressed. Of all the species, the setae of M. oblongifolium are the longest, and there are various gradations in length and tenuity between them and those of M.puuctidatuni. The M. Unearifolium,§ DC, has not only very long and slender filaments, but its whole endo- carp is at times surrounded with a feathery substance, which is thus not, as in its congeners, confined in loculi : when placed in water this feathery substance deliquesces. In M. imbricatum, Pcepp., the fissures of the pericarp are, according to the author of that species, filled with undivided stout obtuse filaments, collected together at the base, and never exserted.

I need scarcely allude to the fact, that the function performed by the gluten of Viscum and the feathery setae of Myzodendron is identical, though effected in a different way, and that it affords a singular instance of nature's employing the same means in a very dissimilar manner to the attainment of the same end. The viscid matter of

* Guillemiu in Delessert's Icones Selectaa, vol. iii. p. 47.

t Endlieher, Genera Plantarum, p. 800. n. 4581.

% Lepidoceras Dombeyi, vid. supra, p. 293.

§ A name which, without any assigned reason, has been altered to lineare in the Nova Genera et Species Plant. Cliil. et Perm.

296 FLOKA ANTAECTICA. \Fuegia, the

the Misseltoe has been supposed to nourish the embryo during the first stage of germination ; which may be the case ; though from Myzodendron requiring no such adventitious assistance, it is more probable that it serves in both, merely as a means of attaching the seed to the plant it attacks. In most, or perhaps all Lorauthacea>, germination is continued up to a considerable period, before the albumen and pericarp are detached from the embryo. I have not seen its exsertion in this species, which takes place, probably, as in M. Irachystachyum, through the apex of the pericarp, and not through a lateral fissure. In many plants of the order, there is a special provision for this ; for instance, in Tupeia, where the upper extremity of the endocarp is open, and where the nerves of the pericarp do not anastomose above ; and in Eubrachion, where there is a similar foramen, opening into a cavity full of a viscid fluid, whence it seems likely that the radicular extremity in these two genera may carry out along with it some of this viscid matter, the better to secure its adhesion to a particular spot. Lastly, I shall allude to the cellular tissue of the radicular extremity of M. Irachystachyum being formed of viscid elongated utricles, which I cannot distinguish from those composing the gluten of the sarcocarp of other Loranthacece, and would hence suggest that we have in one species of this genus, where no medium exists in the sarcocarp for attaching the radicle to the bark, a perfectly similar substance supplied by the radicle itself.

Mr. Brown, in his paper on Rafitesia in the 19th volume of the Linnean Transactions so often alluded to, substitutes the original name of Myzodendron, given by Banks and Solander, for that of Misodendrum, which was probably inadvertently adopted by De Candolle. The latter author has also mistaken Staten Land in Fuegia, for Staten Island in the United States, and hence considered this to be a native of North as well as South America.

The yellow hue of Myzodendron punctulatum renders it a conspicuous object, even from a considerable distance. It may be recognized, when coasting along the shores of Fuegia, from its contrasting so strongly with the other- wise lurid colour of the dusky forests. It grows indifferently upon the evergreen or deciduous-leaved Beech.

Plate CII. An entire male plant of M. punctulatum, and a portion of a female plant with ripe fruit : — both of the natural size.

Plate CIV. Fig. I, portion of terminal ramulus with one of the upper neuter amenta or leaf-buds ; fig. 2, a male amentum or flower-bearing ramulus ; fig. 3, a scale from the same, containing a male flower ; fig. 4, male flower, with its pedicel, removed ; fig. 5, vertical section of an anther and sessile gland, shewing the epidermis of stout cells, the prismatic cells lining the loculus, the pollen, and compressed columella ; fig. 6, a transverse section of the same ; fig. 7, a portion of the walls of the anther; fig. 8, pollen, one grain immature, with a triangular nucleus ; fig. 9, female amentum (from Mr. Bridges' Valdivian specimen); fig. 10, an ovarium, taken from the same ; fig.W, vertical section of the same, shewing the young setse lodged in the slits of the pericarp, the central free column and three ovules ; fig. 12, column and ovules removed; fig. 13, female amentum, with ripe achenia; fig. 11 and 15, front and back view of ripe achenium, exhibiting the attachment of the three calycine pieces forming the epicarp, and the three setee, lodged in the spaces between their contiguous margins and the endocarp ; fig. 1G, transverse section of an achenium shewing the albumen of the seed cut across, and the column forced to one side ; fig. 17, vertical section of the same, shewing the column reduced to a filament, bearing two unimpregnated ovules and a ripe seed at its apex ; fig. 18, column, unimpregnated ovules and ripe seed ; fig. 19, vertical section of seed not fully ripe, shewing the albu- men, formed of utricles, each with a nucleus, the sac (its walls are represented of too great density) continuous with the funiculus covering the embryo and passing between the latter and the albumen ; fig. 20, embryo, removed from a ripe seed, having the upper cellular portion of its investing sac placed above it ; fig. 21, vertical section of the embryo, shewing the cellular, upper, or radicular extremity, the firmer cotyledonary portion, sending a conical projection into the cellular portion, and the fistulose consolidated cotyledons : — all more or less highly magnified.

Plate CVII. Fig. 7, section of a middle-aged specimen of M. punctulatum, shewing its union with the Beech, which in this instance is exceedingly close ; fig. 8, horizontal slice of a first year's ramulus of the same ; immediately beneath the striated cuticle is a row of cells, the first of them forming the epiphlceum, within these are cavities corresponding to the tubercles on the stem, the whole tissue between these and the letter c, is the bark, traversed

FcdMands, etc. | FLORA ANTARCTICA. 297

ill letter a by the fibrous tissue of the liber; the letter c points to the scalariform tissue, deposited in trian- gular wedges of a pale colour and the dark triangular mark beyond it is the alburnum : the letter b indicates the axis of the stem, here formed of woody fibres, with no medulla or scalariform tissue intermixed ; fig, 9, a vertical section of the same, the letters corresponding ; fig. 10, more highly magnified view of a portion of the axis (b), the scalariform tissue (c), and the cellular tissue of the liber; all the above, except y?y. 7, are very highly magnified.

Plate CVII. Us, Fig. 1, mode of branching of M, punctulatvm, of the natural size; a, newly formed ramuli, b, flowering amenta about to fall away ; c, apex of the stem ; fig. 2, portion of the stem showing the position of the stomata ; fig. 3, stoma ; fig. 4, the same viewed from the cavity it corresponds to ; fig. 5, transverse section of cavity and stoma, the portion above the diaphragm filled with an opaque substance ; fig. 6, another stoma with its aperture unobstructed ; all highly magnified.

Plate CVII. ter, Fig. 8, section of a branch in the first year of its growth, shewing (4) the vessels of the liber ; c, the alburnum ; d, the pleurenchyma deposited in the axis :fig. 9, portion of a section of the stem from a branch three years old ; a, the cuticle ; 6, the epiphlceum ; c, mesophloeum ; d. vessels of the liber ; e, alburnum ; f, layers of wood; g, rays of pleurenchyma ; k, pleurenchyma deposited in the axis of the plant ; fig. 10, pleurenchyma spirally marked and scalariform vessels from the same; fig. 11, longitudinal section of tubes of pleurenchyma from the axis; fig. 12, portion of very old wood: — all very higldy magnified.

Subgen. II. Eumyzodenclron ; rami foliosi; bractese nullse; flores racemosi v. secus ramos solitarii bird quatemive, stamina 3.

2. Myzodendkon brachi/stachi/um, DC. ; ramis teretibus leevibus, ramulis griseo-puberulis, foliis anguste oblongis lineari-oblongisve subenervibus, fioribus in racemos axillares basi folio suffultis clispositis masculis triandris setis plumosis pericarpio 6-tuplo longioribus. M. brachystachyurn, DC. Coll. Mem. VI. 1. 12. f. 1. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 286. M. planifolium, Banks el Sol. MSS. in Bill. Banks, cum icone.

Hab. South Chili and Tierra del Fuego ; Banks and Solander and all succeeding voyagers.

Siijfrutex ramosus, bipedalis, ramulis junioribus tantum foliosis. Cauli-s brevis, basi dilatatus, alterne patentim ramosus. Rami divaricati, teretes, articulati, ad nodos vaginati et paulo constricti, internodiis uncialibus crassitie pennae olorina? ; cortice lsevi, fusco-brunneo, griseo-punctulato, punctis rimosis, hie illic e lapsu ramulorum florentium cicatricato ; vaginis bilabiatis. Folia caulina in ramulis propriis demum elongatis disposita, subfasciculata, plana, obtusa v. subacuta, nervis 3-5 valde obscuris percursa, huide viridia, utrinque stomatibus plurimis iustructa. Inflorescentia ramulis foliosis post anthesin deciduis disposita, racemosa. Racemi basi folio obovato obtuso apice piloso suffulti, breves, densiflori ; fioribus breviter pedicellatis. Flores Masc. Stamina 3, erecto-patentia, ad apicem pedicelli circa glandulam depressam disposita ; filamento crasso, tereti, curvato, cum anthera parva M. punc- tulato simillima contiuuo. Flores Fcsm. Ovarium ut in praecedente sed disco epigyno manifesto, stylo paido longiore pedicelloque brevi pubescente instructum. Fructus ovatus, disco apice concavo terminatus, trigonus, obscure sulcatus, setis plumosis fructu sextuplo longioribus, pilis apice attenuatis. Columna seminifera latiuscula, plana, compressa, parieti loculi appressa. Semen loculum \ implens, pendulum, globoso-ovoideum, 3-4-suleatum. Albumen carnosum ; embryo parte superiore albuminis semi-immersus, membrana tenui cum funicido continuo inclusus ; extremitate radiculari ultra albumen exserta, dilatata, concava ; cotyledonari tereti, apice oblique truncata, obscure emarginata, intus cava.

The important and conspicuous characters that separate this and the following from the M. punctulatum, and which have induced me to subdivide the genus, are, the absence of tubercles on the stem and branches, the ramuli being foliaceous and not bracteate or scaly, the triandrous male flowers, the larger column in the ovarium, the deeply sulcate albumen, and especially the structure of the stem, which differs so remarkably in the two subgenera, that no one, from an examination of their wood alone, would hesitate in pronouncing them to be plants widely separated in a Natural System.

3 s

298 FLOEA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Anatomy of the stem. A branch of this species, after attaining the age of two years and upwards, consists principally of a soft white cellular tissue, occupying the axis of the plant and communicating with the thick bark by means of broad medullary rays. The latter are separated by woody plates, disposed in two concentric series, and formed almost entirely of scalariform tissue with sometimes pleurenchyma. Cuticle. This is very stout in texture : in a first developed branch it consists of only one row of small cells (Plate CYII. bis, f. 11) these must be rapidly added to, for after another year the cuticle of the same branch is of much greater density and formed of many series of cells, much blended together, though not so completely as to assume the appearance of a homogeneous tissue without any trace of cellularity, which it afterwards attains (Plate CYII. Jiff. 4, 5, and 6). The cuticle is devoid of stomata commonly so called, but furnished with numerous longitudinal prominences, each marked by a fissure. A transverse section of one of these is given at Plate CV1I. /. 4, where the appearance is as of several layers of cuticle superimposed and forming the prominence, becoming cellular towards the centre, and depressed, pushing the subjacent epiphlceurn before it. There is no actual stoma or communication between the external atmos- phere and tissue of the bark, further than what may be supposed to be afforded by cellular tissue, which is a rapid conductor of moisture. These are very evident in the branches of the second year, no doubt answer to stomata, whether performing the same functions or no, and are an instance either of the cuticle retaining its originally cellular organization at the point where they occur, or reverting to that structure.

Bark. This is composed almost entirely of a mass of cellular tissue, shrinking much when the stem is dry. The epiphlocum is formed of several rows of transversely elongated thick-walled cells, it occasionally contains air- cavities, but these are not so numerous or conspicuous as in M. punctulalnm. The vessels of the liber are disposed about half way between the cuticle and wood, are often very inconspicuous and formed of scattered bundles of fibres (Plate CVII. /. 5 and 6 a.) protected by very thick-walled cells, as in most, if not all, the Loranthacea, at other times they are in two series or variously disposed. This tissue does not appear to pass from one internode to another, but to be' interrupted at each articulation, as M. Decaisne found to be the case in Viscum* The paren- chyma between the vessels of the liber and wood is often dense, sometimes but rarely these vessels are seen to be immediately in contact with the wood as at Plate CVII. /. 5 and 6 b. Wood. Within the bark are arranged two concentric series of woody plates or wedges, these two series are separated by a zone of cellular substance, and are generally arranged with tolerable precision : besides these the pith of the plant is intruded upon by other wedges or bundles of vascular tissue, unsymmetrieally disposed, one of them often occupying the axis itself. Each wedge or plate is composed principally of concentric layers of very large vam scalariformia, becoming more densely packed and much smaller in diameter towards the axis of each layer, where they are almost invariably furnished with a spiral filament. Between the layers of the first three or five years there is generally deposited two bundles of pleurenchyma similar to that of the liber, one on each side (Plate CVII. ter, f. \.f) but between the more recent layers there intervenes only the more delicate vascular tissue (/. 1 arid 2. e) : as mentioned above, however, pleu- renchyma is sometimes more copiously deposited between every layer, as at Plate CVII. /. 5 and 6, b. The narrow portion of each wedge invariably rests on a mass of pleurenchyma (Plate CVII. ter, f. 1. y,) deposited at the same time as the fibres of the liber c, that is during the first year, as in the common Misseltoe. The wedges of wood belonging to the second series are smaller than those of the first, but similarly formed in all respects, and consisting of as many layers, though the inner are very inconspicuous.

The pith consists of cellular tissue similar to that of the liber, and is very lax even in the older stems.

The transverse section of this stem, appears at first sight to differ very remarkably from that of most exo- genous plants ; this arises from the wood being deposited in two concentric series, separated by a broad zone of parenchyma, from the great breadth of the medullary rays, the irregular distribution of the fibres of the liber

* Decaisne, Memoire sur le developpement du Pollen &c. du Gui, in Act. Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles, p. 49.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 299

which are sometimes biserial, and the disproportionate amount of scalariform tissue. The structure of M. punctu- latum is however far more abnormal, fibres of pleurenchyma being deposited in the axis of the stem, thus replacing the pith, and forming very obsolete rays, and all future increment of the stem being effected by an addition of layers of variously marked scalariform tissue alone, as far as I have been able to observe.

Formation of wood. I shall next describe the course the vascular tissue pursues in the newly formed buds and branches, and thus attempt to explain the origin of the two series of woody plates which this species and M. quadrifiorum DC. possess.

A transverse section of the stem of a flower- or leaf-bud made in the first year of its formation, (Plate CVII. bk, f. 10 and 11), presents a mass of globular utricles, covered with a delicate cuticle (a) formed of one moniliform row of cells, and traversed by one series of twenty or thirty vascular bundles (b). These bundles descend from the base of each leaf, traverse the branch and enter the stem. A transverse section of the stem again from which the bud or branch is given off, and below the point of attachment of the latter, presents two concentric series of vascular bundles (CVII. bk, f. 12. b, c), besides an imperfect third consisting of a few scattered promiscuously in the axis of the stem ; the outer series was formed in the former, the inner is derived from the buds and branches of the present year.

A longitudinal section through the axis of the stem, so made as to pass also through the axis of the branch, clearly shews that it is due to the position in which the buds are developed that a second series of wedges of wood is deposited. The buds originate towards the axis of the stem, within the vascular bundles of the previous year, (Plate CVII. bk, f. 10. b), and opposite the insertion of the petiole (/). The whole of the vascular tissue descending from a bud is consequently deposited within the wood of the former year (/. 9 e.) generally each bundle on entering the stem from the branch divides, one portion joining the old wood, the other, remaining free and descending the stem, forms the second or inner plate of wood. The course of the bundles is however very uncertain, sometimes they do not divide, but either join the old vascular tissue, or continue free, and at others one portion crosses to the opposite side of the stem. Figures 9 and 10 of Plate CVII. bk, shew various modifications of the course these vessels pursue, the uniform result being, that in the internode of the second year all the wedges of wood are formed, though these become lower in the stem multiplied by division.

As each bud gives off thirty to forty bundles of vessels, and these being superadded to those of the branch, such a plexus arises at the contracted junction of the second year's branch and that of the third year that their course can no longer be followed. Each of the woody plates however, continues to receive accessions throughout the bfe of the plant, those of the inner series containing as many layers as those of the outer. It is hence evident that the bundles first arranged in the branch of the second year (/. 10 A), on entering that of the third year (/. 10, B), must present a very complicated arrangement of tissues. The increase of the stems in diameter being, however, effected throughout the length of the plant by an addition of matter to the outside of both concentric series Of wedges, it follows that the growth is in one sense at the same time Exogenous and Endogenous.

However complicated the nature and disposition of these tissues may cause the developement of the stems to appear, the order in which each wedge of wood and its layers of pleurenchyma are deposited in the first year is tin- same as in Vkcum ; nor are the tissues themselves very different from those of that plant. This is seen by comparing the figure of a first year's branch of Vkcum as given in M. Decaisne's elaborate essay* pi. iii. f. 4, or in Link's superb ' Icones'f pars iv. t. 8. f. 1, with that of .1/. brachystachyum, (Plate CVII. bk,f. 13).

In both M. brachystachyum and Vkcum. album two bundles of pleurenchyma are first deposited, one anterior and

* Link, Icones selectae Anatoniico-Botanicse. t Link, 1. c. t. 8. f. 4. /3.

300 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

the other posterior to the wood, the former constituting the fibres of the liber, between which and the wood all new layers of the latter are placed. The three or four succeeding layers of wood are accompanied in Myzo- dendron with bundles of pleurenchyma (Plate CVII. ter, f \,f), and Link figures occasional fibres similar to those of the liber situated within the wood of Viscum. In many other particulars the structure of the wood of this genus and Viscum is very similar, as in the form the alburnum assumes (f. 1, c) ; in the narrow tubes containing a spiral vessel that occurring at the inner margin of the layers, which they thus separate, forming in Viscum, as here, an obscure medullary sheath. The tissue of the wood itself, (which is much modified in the different species of this genus, as I shall hereafter shew,) in the present species consists of longer tubes, whose walls, though very much more delicate than those of Viscum, probably are similarly perforated.

In some respects this disposition of tissues may be compared, though not strictly, with that of Menispermacea, so beautifully illustrated by M. Descaisne.* After the stem of Cocculus laurifolius has attained a certain age, a second deposit of wedges of wood is formed externally to the liber, but without any additional liber. In Myzoden- dron the two wedges are deposited within one year of each other, the second within the first, and both are annually augmented by new matter ; in both wedges however, the deposit of pleurenchyma similar to that of the liber, which accompanies every layer for the three or four first years, is withheld from all future layers.

Wood of other species. The above-described structure of the wood is, with slight modifications, common to all the species of the group Eumyzodendron. Though I am quite unable to make so satisfactory dissections of that of M. punctulatum, from the very remarkable density and minuteness of its tissues, I still am inclined to consider that its greatest peculiarity, the occupation of the position of the medulla by pleurenelrynia, is a modification of what occurs in many Loranthacea, and is owing to the existence of a second or inner deposit of pleurenchyma similar to that of the liber, which in this species instead of being arranged in separate concentric bundles, is collected into one in the axis of the stem. Hence in the section of the stem of a leaf or flower-bud (Plate CVII. ter,f. 8.), this tissue is seen to be present instead of the pith, and the great density of the wood of the older stems may, in a measure, be due to the incompressible nature of this tissue, and to the rays (which cannot be called medullary) being also formed, not of cellular tissue, but of pleurenchyma deposited with the scalariform in very small quantities.

Of the other Eumyzodendrons there are three whose tissues I have examined, and added figures of all, except M. ollongifolium, which hardly differs from M. brachystacliyum.

In M. quadrifiorum, DO, (Plate CVII. ter, f. 6 and 7,) there is generally but one series of wedges of wood, the second being reduced to a single wedge, lying obliquely across the axis of the stem ; the vessels of the liber are exceedingly inconspicuous (/. 6, b) the cellular tissue, bark, and pith large and loose, and the tubes forming the wood very large and few in number ; the smaller tissue interposed between the layers (e) is conspicuous. In the old stems I cannot detect the inner layer of liber. The alburnum (c) has the appearance of compressed cellular tissue. I have not met with woody cells in this species.

In M. linearifolium, DO, there is but one series of woody plates (Plate CVII. ter, f. 3, 4 and 5). The cellular tissue is large and loose, and contains both in the bark and medullary rays, numerous conspicuous masses of woody cells (/. 3 and 4, a). Both series of vessels of pleurenchyma (/. b and y) are large. Those of the scala- riform tissue are of a greater diameter than in any of its congeners, cylindrical, constricted, (as in bothrenchyma) and septate at intervals equal to their breadth (/. 5. a) : the tubes of the medullary sheath and those interposed between the layers of wood are of very unequal diameter and constricted here and there (/. 5. b).

Wood of Fagus. To Plate CVII. is added a sketch of the wood of Fagus Forsteri; — /. 11 represents a transverse slice from a branch five years old, the letters denote the same tissues as in /. 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10. From

* Decaisne, Memoire sur la famille des Lardizabale'es ; iii Archives du Museum d'Hist. Nat. vol. i. t. 10.

Falklands, etc.] FLOKA ANTARCTICA. 301

/. 12, which is taken from a branch of Fagus six years old, it will be seen that the ducts, dotted and otherwise marked vessels are large and abundant, and that the chief difference between /. 12, and a similar section of one wedge of Myzodendron brachystacliyum f. 6, lies in the scalariform vessels being disproportionately abundant in the latter, and not being scattered amongst the pleurenchyma.

Ramification. In this, as in M.punctulatum, the terminal internodes bear, towards their upper part several buds, each opposite the axil of a leaf; of these the leaf-buds elongate and become new, permanent internodes; the flower- buds fall away. In the former species (Plate CVII. iis,f. 1) the flower-buds were near the apex of the internode, and two frequently becoming developed into branches, the ramification was consequently dichotomous. In M. bracliystachjum (Plate CVII. bis, f. 7) the flower-buds are generally the upper, and the ramification hence alternate.

The vaginas enclosing the unprotruded buds are vertically two-lipped, and formed from the bark which encloses a large cavity communicating almost with the axis of the stem where the bud is developed. The dehiscence is spontaneous, before the included organ has advanced sufficiently to force a passage. The relation of these parts to those of a germinating embryo is clear ; the cavity in the internode containing the bud is analogous to that in the cotyledonary extremity of the embryo including the plumule, whose course in germination is thus imitated by the buds as often as the plant developes them.

Germination. I have been able to watch the progress of germination in this species and to follow the course of the radicle from the time of its leaving the pericarp, till it has fully established itself upon the tree it affects.

Several of the ripened seeds, still enclosed in their pericarps, are generally detached together from the parent plant, they adhere by their viscid filaments and are carried by the birds, winds, or other natural causes, from one tree to another, where they may often be seen hanging entangled amongst the leaves and twigs. The grain is placed almost in contact with the stem ; it is immaterial to which surface. As I have not seen young Myzoiendrons attached to old trunks and branches, I presume the young plant can only pierce a comparatively newly formed bark. The elongation of the caulicule pushes before it the disk and style, which fall away, and the radicle always escapes at this point and protrudes beyond the pericarp, to which the embryo remains attached until the parasite has gained a firm lodgment on the tree. The embryo now generally becomes curved, the elongating caulicule seeking the nearest point of the beech, which it finally reaches. At this period the cotyledons, distinctly swollen, are still contained in the shrivelled albumen, and a very evident notch marks their point of union (Plate CVI. /. 5). The radicle now expands like the mouth of a trumpet, is concave and has become a compound body, consisting of three distinct parts, 1st. a membrane continuous with the surface of the caulicule, which expands horizontally over the cuticle, is glutinous, and is the first inmiediate cause of adhesion between the bark and the parasite. 2nd. A thick fleshy sheath, whose convex margins touch the bark. 3rd. A cushion-shaped body in the axis of the radicle, which is pressed against the bark and is destined more immediately to convey nourishment from the tree to the future full-grown parasite. At Plate CVI. /. \, is a germinating seed, with the cotyledonary extremity still enclosed in the albumen, and the radicular expanded as it appeai-s on reaching the bark ; /. 5 represents the same attached, with the albumen removed, shewing the notch of the cotyledons.

If a longitudinal section of the "embyro be now made, (as at Plate CVI./. 6) there will be seen, 1st, at the base of the cavity in the cotyledonary extremity, two excessively minute green bodies, which, at a later period, become developed into the first pair of leaves, are pointed upwards towards the notch at the union of the cotyledons, and escape by the rupture of the membranes that enclose them : 2nd. spiral vessels descending from the base of these which are lost in the cellular substance of the cushion-shaped body (Plate CVI. /. 7) : 3rd, a longi- tudinal line indicating a future separation of the cotyledons and outer substance of the embryo, the latter forming an integument that includes the plumule, cushion-shaped body and its surrounding sheath. This central mass, included between the plumule above and base of the cushion below, is the growing portion of the future plant, all

3t

302 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

external to it being more or less accessory. The above may be considered the first stage of developement, when the pericarp and albumen have fallen away ; the outer coat of the radicle is expanded into a horizontal membrane, firmly attached to the cuticle of the Faff us, and the cushion-shaped body is pressed against the stem or twig of the tree, at that point where the process of penetrating the integuments will begin.

The second period commences by the cushion destroying the cuticle beneath it and reaching the epiphlceum. Still pushing onwards, it raises the membranous expansion and causes the surrounding cuticle, with or without some of the subjacent tissue, to be also detached with this membrane, for a considerable distance round the base of the radicle. The lesion to the plant is now extensive, and a diseased action, favourable to the progress of the parasite is induced, for the whole bark opposite the Myzodendron is raised from the wood (Plate CVI. /. 8). The cushion, which may now be called a true root, is protruded rapidly, and the disorganization of the tissues it meets in its progress is equally rapid, a cavity is formed in the bark and the edges of the fleshy sheath that surrounds the root commence generally to form a close adhesion with the lips of the wound, (Plate CVI./. 10 and 11). At last the root, having penetrated the bark, arrives at the space left between the latter and the wood (Plate CYI. /. 9), and, from the perpendicular direction, assumes a horizontal one. Previous to this there has been a deposition of much disorganized cellular tissue between the bark and the wood. The spiral vessels that descend from the plumule have followed the course of the root, which has gained the point where an abundance of nutritive matter is retained by the disorganized cellular tissue, and where a further supply is ensured for the use of the now fully established Myzodendron.

If at this time, the end of the second period, a vertical section of the Myzodendron and Fagus together be made, the appearance will be that represented at Plate CVI./. 10, where the plunmle is seen fully developed into two opposite leaves, ready for protrusion, and where also a large space is left that almost isolates the axis of the caulicule from what remains as an investing membrane. The true root, or cushion-shaped body, at no time appears to form an adhesion with the bark ; that being effected by the thick and fleshy sheath through which the radicle is protruded.

The union between the sheath and bark is more or less complete in different specimens that I have examined, according to their stage of growth. At Plate CVI. /. 9, though the radicle has pierced the bark, the sheath had hardly united with the edges of the wound, and the young Myzodendron was removed without force from the Faff us; at /. 10 the union is complete, probably from the stem of the Beech being younger, and affording less resistance to the attack, and lastly, / 11 represents a still more close union, the circumference of the sheath passing along the inner walls of the bark and its revolute edges, thus completely enveloping all the diseased part.

The third period is marked by the exsertiou of the plumule from a dehiscence of the two coherent cotyledons, the consequent elongation of the ascending axis or stem of the Myzodendron, and the deposition of the liber and scalariform tissues in their proper positions ; a process I have never had the opportunity of following.

A branch attacked by the Myzodendron suffers no apparent change below their point of union, but all beyond it being insufficiently nourished, does not increase in proportion, and after a time dies from atrophy. The whole juices of the branch being suddenly arrested at its abrupt termination, this dilates into the form of a cup, which, from the turning of the Myzudendroti towards the light assumes an erect position. This cup (Plate CVI./. 12) is more or less broad (sometimes three inches in diameter) and shallow, uniformly covered with cuticle and bark, and has inflexed, wrinkled edges. On a vertical section (Plate CVII. / 1) it is seen to present a shallow, conical hollow, in which the Myzodendron rests, and to be formed of as many layers of wood as years have elapsed since the germination of the parasite. The equally expanded base of the latter completely fills this cup in the form of a disk, whose edges overlap those of its support, and swell out into a prominent ridge at their point of union. At Plate CVII. /. 1, a vertical section of the cup of the Beech and still attached disciform base of the Myzodendron is given. The union of the cellular tissues of the bark of the two is very intimate, but in no case and no stage of their growth have I been enabled to trace any interlacing of then- tissues, or any union of the one with the other.

FalMands, efc] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 303

The woody plates of the various branches of the Myzodendron all meet in its expanded base, and are there strangely convoluted and contorted, enclosing masses of brown and dead cellular tissue, probably consisting in part of the alburnum of the beech deposited there, as well as of the decayed medullary rays of the Myzodendron. Lower down, the woody plates, much, reduced in size, slightly converge and meet the layers of wood of the beech ; these may perhaps come into actual contact, but generally, if not always, there is a deposit of disintegrated cellidar tissue between them. The Myzodendron, having finally arrived at its full growth, a time probably coincident with, if not dependent upon, the period when the Fayus cannot supply it with sufficient nutriment, falls away and leaves a cup still attached to, or rather terminating the branch of a Beech (Plate CVI. /. 13) whose inner surface is channelled with radiating fissures and these again crossed by the concentric rings of the wood.

This process of germination is probably similar to what is pursued by many Loranthaceous plants, and is rudely represented by M. Korthals,* as occurring in some Javanese species of this Order.

The resemblance between the sheathed radicle of Loranthus and Viscum and a coleorhiza was first pointed out by Mn-belf, but hardly admits of a strict comparison of this order with EndorhizetE in this respect, any more than the conferruniinated cotyledons of this species are to be compared with the one large cotyledon of the true Mono- cofyledones, for in Viscum the cotyledons equally enclose a cavity containing the plumule, though they are not combined. The sheath of the root of Loranthacece appears a peculiar organ, especially adapted to the wants of the plants in which it occurs.

So very highly organized a nature of the embryo renders it probable that germination takes place very soon after the fall of the seed, or perhaps even before. It is remarkable too, that the operation proceeds in summer and exposed to the full light of day, there being no viscous substance to protect the embryo. I have described the radicle as descending from the seed to its future point of attachment, but here, as in Viscum, it is immaterial to which surface of the branch the embryo is approximated, the radicular extremity being invariably directed towards the axis. In a dried specimen of M. quadriforum I have found a seedling plant fully estabbshed on its parent. The frequent ciu-ving of the caulicule also, immediately after the protrusion of the radicle, is highly curious, the seed being loosely suspended by its filamentous appendages, and thus presenting no fulcrum or point of resistance, in attempting to overcome which, such a flexure might be induced. It is worthy of remark that both these functions, so closely resembling instinct in the lower animals, are characteristic of an embryo of more complex structure than any with which I am acquainted.

The absorption of nourishment from the albumen takes place through the cotyledonary extremity, which is retained in the perisperm, and by the time the radicle has gained the bark of the tree, the fecula of the albumen is wholly absorbed. This transfer of nourishment to such an extent, effected simply by the contact of two cellular membranes, only one of them being endowed with life, is a proof that in vegetables no very highly com- plicated tissues are required to conduct a very subtile chemical operation.

The bark of the Beech becomes detached from the subjacent wood prior to its complete penetration by the Myzodendron ; the intrusion itself is by no means a mechanical operation, there can be little or no pressure exerted by an embryo suspended as tins is, it must be effected by the corrosion of the cortex which simultaneously produces a separation of the bark from the wood, materially facilitating the progress of the radicle.

I have mentioned that the duration or period of life allowed to the Myzodendron, is probably determined in some degree, by the effect it produces on the plant it infests ; the latter being of slower growth, is sure at some period to rid itself of the intruder. Thus, the weight of the parasite being considerable, and exerted upon the branches

* Verhandeling over de op Java &c. verzamelde Loranthaceae door P. W. Korthals. f Annales du Museum d'Hist. Nat. vol. 1G. p. 429. t. 21.

304 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Fuec/ia, the

it weighs them down and checks the progress of the sap, upon a copious supply of which its own continued existence depends. This remark applies to many parasites which attaching themselves to the younger branches thus commence working out their own destruction almost from the earliest stage of their existence.

The open cups terminating the branches of Beech trees, similar to what is figured at Plate CVT./. 13, are frequently to be met wnth in the woods of Fuegia, and mark the spot where one of these curious vegetables flourished ; by collecting water they soon decay, and the branch is killed below for some little distance, but the mischief caused by so large a parasite is after all very insignificant, and what no healthy Fagus suffers from.

Myzodendron brachystachyum is equally abundant in Hermite Island with M. pmwtulatutn, though from the colour of its leaves, resembling the common forest foliage, it is by no means so conspicuous an object. I met with the male plants much more frequently than the female.

Plate CIII. Fig. 1, a young female plant attached to Fagus Forsteri ; Jig. 2, portion of a female plant with ripe fruit ; Jig. 3, portion of a male stem with flowering and leaf-bearing branches : — of the natural size.

Plate. CV. Fig. 1, portion of a male raceme with bractea and spike of flowers ; Jig. 2, a male flower removed ; Jig. 3, vertical section of a stamen ; Jig. 4, transverse section of an anther ; Jig. 5, very young pollen-grains enclosed in the pollinic utricle; Jig. 6. the same more fully developed; Jig. 7, an immature grain removed from the utricle; fig. 8, mature grain of pollen ; jig. 9, portion of a female raceme with bractea and spike ; fig. 10, female flower; Jig. 11, transverse section of ovary, showing the three fissures containing each a seta ; Jig. 12, vertical section of the same ; Jig. 13, ovuliferous column removed from the cavity of the ovarium ; fig. 14, a ripe fruit ; fig. 15, vertical section of the same ; fig. 16, column removed from the same with immature pendulous seed and two abortive ovula ; fig. 17, ripe seed, the albumen sulcated, the broad radicular portion of the embryo enveloped in the trans- parent membrane ; fig. 18, the same with the membrane and funiculus removed; fig. 19, vertical section of an immature seed to show the continuation of the membrane lining the cavity in the albumen in which the cotyledons are lodged; fig. 20, embryo removed ; fig. 21, vertical section of embryo showing the cavity enclosed by the cotyledons : — all more or less highly magnified.

Plate CVI. Fig. 1, a twig of Evergreen Beech with attached germinated seed of M. brachystachyum ; fig. 2, twig of Deciduous-leaved Beech with the same ; both of the natural size ; fig. 3, magnified view of the latter ; fig. 4, embryo on its first contact with the bark, the cotyledons still enclosed in the albumen; fig. 5, the same attached to the bark, with the albumen removed ; fig. 6, vertical section of the same, shewing the outer coat which spreads over the bark, the sheath which attaches itself to the bark enclosing the cushion-shaped root, and at the upper extremity the cavity enclosing the plumule ; fig. 7, plumule and vascular tissue descending along the axis of the embryo ; fig. 8, longitudinal section of attached embryo and branch of Fagus, shewing the outer coat appbed to the cuticle, the sheath to the corroded bark and the root penetrating the cellular tissue of mesophloeum ; fig. 9, the same more advanced, the radicle having perforated the bark ; fig. 10, a section of parasite and branch at right angles to the axis of the latter, shewing the margin of the sheath finnly attached to the bps of the wound and the radicle appbed to the wood; fig. 11, similar section of another specimen, the edges of the bark revolute, the union of the parasite and Beech very intimate; all more or less highly magnified; fig. 12, cup formed on the branch of a Beech filled by the expanded base of a fully grown Myzodendron, the branches of the latter cut off, thus showing the two series of woody plates ; of the natural size ; fig. 13, cup left on the Beech after the fall of a small specimen of Myzodendron : — also of the natural size.

Plate CVII. Fig. 1, longitudinal section through the axis of the branch of a Beech, the cup it forms and its contained parasite ; of the natural size ; fig. 2, vertical section of branch of Myzodendron ; fig. 8, transverse section of the same, showing the two series of woody plates and papillae on the epidermis ; fig. 4, transverse section of the cuticle and one of the pajiillae, showing the cuticle to be thickened and cellular, pushing the epiphlccum inwards before it; fig. 5, transverse section of a portion of the stem, in which the scalariform tissue (c) is crossed by masses

Falklands, etc.]

FLORA ANTARCTICA.

301

of fibrous tissue (b) similar to that of the liber ; at a other woody fibres are seen descending in the bark : — the more usual disposition of the tissues in the stem of this plant is shewn at Plate CVII. ter, f. 1 ,—fig. 6, a vertical section of the same through the axis of the stem, showing, at a, a bundle of woody fibres in the bark protected by very thick cells ; at b, the vessels of the liber in immediate contact with the wood ; at c, the scalariform tissue forming the wood : — all more or less highly magnified.

Plate CVII. bis, Fig. 7, stem aud branches of M. bracliystachyum ; letter a, flowering branches which fall away ; b, leaf-bearing branch elongating ; c, apex of the stem which suffers no further elongation ; figs. 8 and 9, vertical sections of stem and branches : letter A, internode of the third year ; B, internode of the second year ; a, apex of the stem ; b, nascent buds ; c, branches ; d, vascular bundles of the stem ; e, vascular bundles of the branches ; /, scar left by the fall of the leaf of the previous year ; g, lips of the vaginae : — of the natural size : fig. 10, transverse section of leaf-bearing branch, showing the solitary series of vascular bundles ; fig. 11, the same, more liighly magnified letter a, the cells originating the cuticle ; b, vessels of liber ; c, wood ; d, pleurenchyma similar to that of the liber fig. 12, transverse section of stem, two years old; letter b, the outer series of wedges of wood; c, inner ditto d, wedges belonging to a third series, placed in the medulla ; x, canty containing a bud : — more or less magnified.

Plate CVII. ter, Fig. 1, portion of a transverse section of the stem of M. brachystaeliyum, five years old ; letter a, woody cells in the bark ; b, vessels of the liber ; e, alburnum ; d, scalariform tissue of the wood ; e, slender spiral and other vessels between each layer of wood ; /, pleurenchyma similar to that of the liber, deposited with the second and third layers of wood ; g, pleurenchyina deposited during the first year at the same time as the first vessels of the liber ; //, cellular tissue between the concentric series of wedges ; the letters c', d &c, refer to the same tissues in the wedge of the inner series, and letter m indicates the pith ; fig. 2, a vertical slice from the same branch, including the same tissues viewed longitudinally; the letters indicate the same tissues as mfig. 1.

In the following figures the letters indicate the same tissues ; Fig. 3, M. linearifolium, DC, a portion of a transverse, and. fig. 4, a corresponding longitudinal slice of a stem four years old; fig. 5, a, constricted scalariform tissue of wood ; b, spirally marked vessel from between the layers of wood ; fig. 6, M. auadrifiorum, DC, portion of a transverse, xa&fig. 7, portion of a longitudinal slice, from a stem four years old.

3. Myzodendeon ollongifolium , DC; foliis oblongo- v. lineari-lanceolatis, fioribus in racemos axilJares basi folio suffultos dispositis, setis phimosis pericarpio multoties longioribus. M. oblongifoliuui, DC. Prodr. vol. v. p. 671. Ptvpp. et Endlicher, Nov. Gen. et Sp. Am. p. 1. t. 2. Delessert, Icon. Select, vol. iii. p. 47. t. 80.

Hab. South Chili and Fuegia ; Port Famine, Capf. King.

Omnia M. bracl/ystacliyi sed folia elongata et angustiora, setseque pericarpii ter longiores.

Mr. Darwin's specimens of this have male flowers only, those collected by Mi-. Eights and Webster have ripe fruit ; all agree with the excellent figure given by M. Decaisne in Delessert's Icones, in which the position of the seed in the achaenium alone is inaccurate.

4. Myzodendron qiiadrifiorum, DC; ramis florentibus elongatis ramulos alternos 3-5-floros apice unifoliatos gerentibus, foliis parvis late oblongis obtusis, achseniis linearibus, pericarpii setis gracillimis apicibus denudatis. (Tab. CVII. ter, Fig. 6 and 7.) M. cjiiadriflorum, DC. Coll. Mem. 1. 12. f. 1. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 2S6.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine, Capt. King ; Staten Land, Mr. Webster.

The flowering ramuli of this species are much elongated, the leaves small, and the filaments of the pericarp very slender, with brown naked apices. A description of the wood is given at p. 300.

Plate CVII. ter, Fig. 6 and 7, wood of M. auadrifiorum ; letter b, vessels of the liber ; c, alburnum ; d, scala-

3 u

■

302 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

riforin tissue ; e, slender tissue between the layers of scalariform tissue ; c, e and d ', refer to the same tissues of the inner wedge of wood : — all very highly magnified.

XXIII. RUBIACE^E, Jim. 1. GALIUM, L.

1. Galium Aparine, Linn.; DC. Prodi: vol. iv. p. 608. Engl. Bot. t. 816.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, Port Famine and Port Gregory, Capt. King ; Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander.

This, which is undoubtedly the common English "Cleavers," appears truly wild in Fuegia, having been found at three very remote stations, two of them scarcely visited by Europeans ; it is also a native of the Island of Chiloe, of the Cape of Good Hope, and in North America it ranges between the latitudes of Fort Vancouver and the Missis- sippi River.

2. Galium Chilense, Hook, fil.; ammum, scaberuhun, caule debili sirnpliciusculo, foliis quinis senisve patentibus oblongo-lanceolatis in aristam acuuiinatis super marginibus nervoque dorso retrorsum scaberulis, pediuiculis umfloris solitariis florentibus brevissimis fructiferis validis folio subtequilongis, fructibus hispido- pilosis.

Hab. Clionos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Caitles implexi, spithamsei, angulis scaberulis ; ramis divaricatis. Folia subflaccida, -i— i lmc- longa, internodiis i breviora.

This cannot be confounded with any other of the few one-flowered species of this genus.

3. Galium Fuegianum, Hook, fil.; annmim?, gkbriusculuni, caulibus suberectis raniosis glaberrimis, foliis quaternis elliptico-oblongis acutis obscure 3-nervibus marginibus scaberulis supremis liispidulis, pedunculis terminalibus ternis uniiloris florentibus brevissimis fructiferis validis elongatis, fructibus hispido- pilosis.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens; Port Famine, Copt. King; Cape Negro and south part of Fuegia, C. Darwin, Esq..

Caules spithamsei, glaberrimi, ramosi ; ramis suberectis. Folia \ unc. longa, subcoriacea, interdum sed rarius parce pilosa.

This approaches the G. triflorum, Mich., of the northern hemisphere, but may readily be distinguished by the quaternate leaves and the invariably simple peduncles.

4. Galium Magellan! cum, Hook, fil.; pereime?, caule suberecto parce ramoso ad angulos minutissinie hispidulo, foliis quinis lineari-lanceolatis acutis glaberrimis marginibus re urvis scaberulis, pedunculis axillaribus plerisque solitariis bifioris rarius binis et unifioris, floribus majusculis, fructibus glaberrimis.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens ; Cape Negro, C. Darwin, Esq.

Caules 3-unciales, crecti, uitidi ; ramis erecto-patentibus. Folia patentia, subcoriacea sed non rigida, marginibus vix ac ne vix scaberulis. Flores magnitudine G. borealis, straminei ? Pedunculi fructiferi folio subsequilongi.

The present is the largest-flowered of any of the Antarctic Galia, all which, except G. Aparine, appear peculiar to the high southern latitudes.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 303

5. Galium Clionoense, Hook, fil.; perenne?, scabridum, caule valido ad angulos retrorsum scabrido subfastigiatiin ramoso, foliis senis rigidiusculis patentibus lanceolatis subobtusis pagina superiore marginibus recurvis nervoque dorso scabridis, pedunculis folio brevioribus solitariis fasciculatisve 1-5-fioris plerisque f oliatis, pedicellis simplicibus v. bifidis, floribus minimis, ovariis glaberrimis.

Hab. Choiios Archipelago; C. Darwin, Esq.

Caulis spithamaeus, diametro penua; passerinse, subuitens, foliosus, pluries ramosus ; ramis erecto-patentibus. Folia i unc. longa, patentia, siccitate nigrescentia. Flores valde inconspicui. Fruetus ?.

6. Galium Antarctic/cm, Hook, fil.; glabriusculurn, caule decumbente tenui flaccido parce ramoso, foliis quaternis pateiiti-recurvis oblongis oblongo-lanceolatis lineari-lanceolatisve marginibus tenuissime scaberulis, floribus in axillis foliorum solitariis, pedunculis fructiferis validis folio brevioribus, fractious glaberrimis laevibus. G. trifidum? UUrv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Park, vol. vi. p. 612. Gawd, in, Frei/c. Voy. Bot. p. 135. G. debile, Banks el Sol. MSS. in Bill. Banks, {non Hoffm.).

Hab. Tierra del Fuego ; Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander; Staten Land, Br. Eights; Hermite Island, /. B. II; Falkland Islands, D'Urvitte, fyc; Kerguelen's Land, White Bay. Br. Robertson.

Caides 3-5 unc. longi, intertexti, subnitidi, ad angulos sub lente scaberuli. Folia flaccida, patentia, obtusa, 2 lin. ad -j unc. longa, opaca, marginibus recurvis. Flores sessiles, albi, trimeri ; staminibus 3. Pedunculi fructi- feri arcuati ; fructibus didyniis glaberrimis.

A very distinct little species, somewhat resembling the G. saxatile, L., of Europe. It abounds in the Falkland Islands, especially near fresh-water lagoons.

2. NERTERA, Banks.

1. Neuteka depressa, Banks. Ft. Infarct, pt. 1. p. 23.

Hab. Falkland Islands, Gandicliaud, D'Urvitte, and all future collectors.

This curious little plant has not hitherto been described as a native of Fuegia, though abundant in the Falkland Islands and Tristan d'Acunha, also on the west coast of America, at Valdivia, and in other parts of Chili. A specimen, apparently of the same species, has been transmitted from the Andes of Columbia by Professor Jameson, but it bears neither flower nor fruit.

XXIV. VALERIANE^E. DC.

1. VALERIANA, Neck.

2. Valeriana lapathifolia, Vahl; foliis radicalibus longe petiolatis oblongis acutis basi cordatis rotundatisve integris marginibus obscure sinuatis caulinis ovatis breve petiolatis supremis sa°pe sessilibus nervis super pilosiusculis, petiolis basi ciliatis, panicula composita late ovata, bracteis linearibus obtusis basi eiliato-dentatis, staminibus 3. V. lapathifolia, Tald, Enum. Plant . vol. ii. p. 11. BC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 635.

Hab. Strait of MagaUiaens, Commerson ; Port Famine, Capt. King ; Cape Tres Montes, C.Darwin, Esq.

RMzoma elongatum, horizontale, crassitie digitis minoris, atrum, nodosum, ad nodos radices plurimos fibrosos emittens. Folia caulina \\ pedalia, subcamosa; petiolo laminam superante. Panicula terminales, 1-2 unc. longae. Fruetus glaberrimus, compressus, 6-nervis.

304 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuec/ia, the

2. Valeriana carnosa, Smith; glaberrima, caule erecto lierbaceo, foliis cauliuis longe petiolatis obo- vatis obovato-lanceolatisve carnosis sinuatis serratis inciso-pinnatifidisve lobis sinubusque obtusis cauliuis minoribus supremis sessilibus, panicula terminali elongata ramis suberectis, bracteis acuminatis basi connatis. V. carnosa, Smith, Icon, ined.fase. 3. t. 52. Fahl, Enum. vol. ii. p. 12. DC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 635. V. Magellanica, Lam. Illustr. vol. i. p. 93. Duf. Fal. p. 51.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson ; Port Famine, Copt. King ; Cape Negro, C. Darwin, Esq.

Herba bipedalis, stricta, erecta. Caulk crassitie pennae anserina?. Folia varia, 2 unc. ad pedalem, interdum fere integerrima. Pedunculi seepe spitbamsei. Flores ut in eongeneribus. Fructus F. lapathifolue.

3. Valeriana sedifolia, D'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 612. Gaud, in Freyc. Foy. Bot. p. 135. DC. Prodr. vol. iv. p. 633. Homb. et Jacq. in Foy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Dicot. 1. 16, A.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, MM. Hombron and Jacquinot ; Falkland Islands, If Urville.

4. Valeriana Magellanica, Homb. et Jacq. in Foy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Dicot. t. 16. B. sine descript. non Lamarck.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, MM. Hombron and Jacquinot.

I have seen no specimens of either of the above curious little species, but M. Riocreux's figures in the work quoted, are excellent.

XXV. COMPOSITE, Juss. 1. CHLLIOTRTCHUM, Cass.

§ I. Euchiliotrichum ; capitulis radiatis.

1 Chiliotrichum amelloides, Cass., Diet. vol. viii. p. 576. Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 104. et in Freyc. Foy. Bot. p. 135. D' Urville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 612. DC. Prodr. vol. v. p. 216. Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 485. C. rosmarinifolium, Less, hi Linnma, vol. vi. p. 109. Ainellus diffusus, Ford. Comm. Gostt. vol. ix. p. 39. A. rosmarinifolius, Pajap. MSS. Coll. 2. A. candidus, Banks et Sol. 31SS. in Bill. Banks, cum icone. Tropidolepis diffusa, Tausch. in Bot. Zeit. vol. xii. p. 67. Aster Magellanicus, Spreng. Syst. Feget. vol. hi. p. 526. " Arbuste a feuiOes de romarin," Pernetty, Foy. vol. ii. p. 61. "Fas- cine" colonorum.

Hab. South Chili, Fuegia, and the Falkland Islands ; Commerson, Banks and Solander, and all suc- ceeding voyagers.

In the first part of this work (p. 37 in obs.) I have mentioned how closely this genus is allied to Euryhia and to Olearia, agreeing with the former in the oblong involucre and uniseriate pappus, and with the latter in habit through Olearia oporiua (0. semidentata, Decaisne in Voy. Venus ; druica oporina,Forst.). It diners from both in the presence of bnear scales occasionally mixed with the flowers of the disc.

The present is the tallest dicotyledonous plant in the Falkland Islands, except Feronica elliptica, which is exceedingly rare. It attains a height of about 4-5 feet, and forms a brushwood along the banks of streams

§ II. Anactinia; capitulis discoideis, homogamis.

2. Chiliotrichum humile, Hook.fil.; caule prostrato ramoso, ramis abbreviatis ascendentibus erectisve foliosis foliisque subter incano-tomentosis, foliis dense irnbricatis lineari-oblongis obtusis recurvis coriaceis

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 305

marginibus incrassatis revolutis, capitulis solitariis terminalibus sessilibus, involucri squamis obtusiusculis, flosculis tubulosis.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, Cape Gregory; Cwpt. King.

Suffruticulus humilis, ramosus. Caules tortuosi, 3-5 unc. longi, ramulis per totam longitndinem foliosis, -§-1 uncialibus. Folia 2 lin. longa, \ lin. lata, super medio sulcata, araclmoidea v. glabrata, subter laua appressa ineano- tomeutosa. Capitula plurima, erecta, \ unc. longa, discoidea, flosculis omnibus hermaphroditis. Involucrum cam- panulatum ; squamis irregulariter 3-serialibus, concavis, chartaceis, dorso arachnoideis, exterioribus brevibus late ovato-oblongis, interioribus longioribus, lineari-oblongis oblongo-lanceolatisve, disco paulo brevioribus. Receptaculum augustmn, subgloboso-capitatum, nudum nisi squanue paucee Hneares inter flosculos exteriores sparsae. Corolla omnes tubulosa3, 5-dentatee, dentibus linearibus obtusis recurvis. Antliera lineares, basi brevissime bisetosae, fila- mentis superne paulo incrassatis. Styli rami lineares, majusculi, obtusi, exserti. Pappi setae plurimse, rigidse, sca- bridas, subflavescentes. Achamium lineari-obconicum, subangulatuin, hispidulum.

Though differing from the C. amelloides in habit, and especially in the absence of ligulate florets, I am unable to point out any characters that will separate these two plants generically ; for the structure of the involucre, the occasional linear paleas on the receptacle, the achasniuni, the pappus, stamina and styles, are essentially the same.

When describing the Antarctic species of Senecio I shall allude more particularly to the radiate plants of that genus being natives of a damp, and the discoid of a (bier, climate. The same remark seems to hold good with Cliiliotrichum, the C. amelloides being confined to the humid atmosphere and soil of the Falkland Islands and Fuegia ; whilst the present, and two allied discoid species, (both, however, too nearly related to C. humile), of which I subjoin descriptions*, affect the arid plains of Patagonia.

C. humile is also a native of Cape Fairweather on the east coast of Patagonia.

2. ASTER, L.

1. Aster Vahlii, Hook, et Am. in Comp. Sot. Hag. vol. ii. p. 49. Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 486. A. Gilliesii, Hook. et Am. I.e. A. glabratus, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mm. Banks, cum icone. Erigeron Vahlii, Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 103, et in Fregc. Yoy. Bot. p. 135. B' Urville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 611. BC. Prodr. vol. v. p. 295.

Hab. South Chili, Fuegia and the Falkland Islands, abundant ; Banks and Solander, and all succeeding voyagers.

A very distinct species, particularly abundant in the moister parts of the Falkland Islands, and in Fuegia south of the Strait of Magalliaens on the eastern side, but ascending on the west coast of America as far as Conception

* 1. Chiliotrichum Kingii, n.sp.; caule ramisque suberectis angulatis appresse tomentosis laxe fobosis, foliis coriaceis linearibus obtusis recurvis, capitulis sessilibus breviter pedunculatisve, involucri late campanulati squamis oblongo-lanceolatis acutis, achseniis sericeis.

Hab. Patagonia, C'apt. Middleton in Herb. Bentham ; Port St. Helena, Capt. King.

2. Chiliotrichtm Darwinii; n. sp.; caule ramisque suberectis angulatis appresse tomentosis, foliis imbricatis coriaceis linearibus recurvis, capitulis pedimculatis, involucri subelongati carnpanulati squamis anguste linearibus acuminatis verrucosis.

Hab. Patagonia; Port Desire, C.Darwin, Esq.

3x

306 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

(lat. 37°); also found on the Andes by Dr. Gillies, in lat. 33°, and on the mountains of Quito in Colombia, under the equator, by Professor Jameson, whose specimens appear to differ in no respect from those gathered in Fuegia.

The whole plant is generally perfectly glabrous, though not unfrequently a slight pubescence is observable on the scales of the involucre in individuals collected in the Falklands and Fuegia. The A. Gilliesii is certainly not distinct from this ; both have the flowers of the ray disposed in several series ; but otherwise, and especially in habit, they agree better with Aster than with the following genus.

3. ERIGERON, L.

1. Erigeron alpbms, L. Sp. PL E. Bot. t. 464. E. pauciflorus, Banks et Sol. MSS. inMus. Banks, cum icone.

Var. 0. unijlorus, Ed. Cat. Brit. Fl. p. 193. E. unifiorus, L. ; Hook, et Am. in Com]). Bot. 3Iag. vol. ii. p. 50.

Var. y, myosotifolius ; foliis caulinis sessilibus linearibus subobtusis appresse cano-pubescentibus, flori- bus solitariis v. ad apicem caulis aggregatis.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Gregory, Capt. King and C. Barwin, Esq.; Cape Negro, C. Barwin, Esq.; Port Famine, Capt. King; Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander. Yar. /3, Cape Negro and Eliza- beth Island, C. Barwin, Esq. Var. y, Port Famine, Capt. King.

I quite believe the E. alpinus and var. uniform of Fuegia to be identical with the so-named species of Em-ope and North America, but whether they may not be in both countries varieties of another plant, is more than doubtful. Thus, in North America the E. alpinus passes at once and unequivocally into a species called E.glabratus, winch is of a totally different habit and appearance, and unites the alpine plant with others of the United States. So, in Europe, E. alpinus of the Altai mountains becomes E. elongatus, in which the pappus is about one half longer than the acbeenium, and that again E. glabratus, whose pappus is twice as long as the achsenium. Again, I have seen specimens of this species from the Sierra Nevada of Spain, alt. 8,000 feet, which are the common form of E. alpinus, and a variety gathered at 1,000 feet of lower elevation, apparently the same as E. acris ; both are named E. alpinus by M. Boissier, a most accurate and learned European botanist. The individuals of this genus are apparently in the same predicament as those of Epilobium, a form from one country often constituting the link that unites two allied ones of a remote region, insomuch that it is impossible to study the species properly without an examination of individuals from all parts of the globe. The rapidity with which an Erigeron may be dispersed and the consequent facility the genus affords for presenting varieties, are evidenced by the spread of E. Canadensis, L., throughout the warm countries of the old world, since the discovery of the new ; it is a plant which, requiring much summer heat, does not enter into the Antarctic regions, though abundant in Canada.

The variety y is possibly a distinct species, but my specimens are very imperfect, and the E. alpinus itself is so variable in all the parts of the world it inhabits that tins may be a state of it. Capt. King has what I consider an intermediate variety from Cape Fan-weather, on the coast of Patagonia, which in hairiness and foliage resembles E. alpinus, but the capitula are, as in var. myosotifolius, aggregated at the apex of the stem.

2. Erigeron Sulivani, Hook. fil. j totus pilis appressis subliirsutus, caule brevissimo depresso bi-tricipiti folioso, foliis substellatim patentibus elliptico-ovatis subacutis integerrimis in petiolum attenuatis, scapo erecto monocephalo foliis linearibus bracteolato, capitulo majusculo depresso, involucri squamis anguste linearibus hispido-lanatis. Hieracium? incertum, B'Urrille in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 608. Gaud, in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 134.

Hab. Falkland Islands, on moist cliffs near the sea ; B' Urville, Capt. Sulivan, J. B. H.

Falklands, etc.] FLOKA ANTARCTICA. 307

Omnia E. uniflori, sed foliis latioribus, petiolo distincto, laminaque elliptico-ovata non spathulata.

I have ventured to separate this from the former because of its broad leaves and evident petioles, though I must confess to having seen specimens from Switzerland of E. grandiflorus, Hoppe, a variety of E. alpinus, in which the shape of the foliage very closely approaches this. It bears the name of Capt. Sidivan, E.N., who during his several visits to and survey of the coasts of the Falkland Islands, formed a very interesting botanical collection

which he has liberally placed in my hands for examination.

i

3. Erigeron spiculosus, Hook, et Am. in Bot. Beechey, p. 32, et in Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 49. (exclud. var. glabellus). DC. Prodr. vol. v. p. 289.

Var. minor, capitulis minoribus. E. Canadensis, Hook, et Am. I. c. in part.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, Port Famine, Capt. King. Var. minor, Cape Negro, C. Darivin, Esq.

An exceedingly variable species, allied to E. Canadensis, though with much larger capitula. The var. minor was referred in the work quoted (under that variety) to E. Canadensis, but I find no specimens of that species, either European or North or South American, to vary much in the size of the capitula. The variety glabellus, of Hooker and Arnott, is, I think, certainly referable to E. alpinus.

4. LAGENOPHORA, Cass.

I. Lagenophora Commersonii, Cass. Diet. vol. xxv. p. 110. Lessing, Compos, p. 193. DC. Prodr. vol. v. p. 307. Hook, et Am. in Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 51. L. Magellanica, Cass, in Bull. Sc. 1S16, p. 199. Carmichael in Trans. Soc. Linn. Lond. v. xii. p. 507. Calendula pumila, var. /3, Forster, Cornm. Gcett. vol. ix. p. 40. C. Magellanica, JFilld. Sp. PI. vol. iii. p. 2344. C. pusilla, Pet. T/iouars, Fl. Trust. d'Ae. p. 40. t. 9 Aster nudicaulis, Commerson, Herb. Lam. Encycl. vol. i. p. 308. III. Gen. t. 681. f. 4. Bellis Magellanica, DC. in Lam. Encycl. vol. v. p. 7. /3, revoluta, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mus. Banks, cum icone. (Tab. CVIII.)

Var. |3. hirsuta. L. hirsuta, Lessing, in Linntza, vol. vi. p. 131. Papp/g et Endl. Nov. Gen. fyc. vol. i.

p. 16. t. 26.

Hab. Soutli Chili and Fuegia; Commerson, Banks and Solander, and all succeeding voyagers. Falk- land Islands, C. Darwin, Esq., Mr. Wright, J. D. H.

This little species varies a good deal in size, from one half to three inches long ; the leaves are nearly entire or sinuated, smooth or more or less hairy, sometimes almost hirsute. Mr. Darwin's specimens, from Wollaston Island near Cape Horn, have hairy scapes.

Plate CVIII. (left-hand figure), Fig. 1, receptacle and involucre; fig. 2, floret of the ray ; fig. 3, floret of the disc ; fig. 4, style of a floret of the disc ; fig. 6, achainium : — all magnified.

5. BACCHAPJS, L.

1. Baccharis Magellanica, Pers. Each. vol. ii. p. 425. DC. Prodr. vol. v. p. 405. Hook, et Am. in Bot. Journ. vol. iii. p. 26. B. tridentata, Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 103, et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 135. D' Urville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 610. B. cuneifolia, DC. Prodr. vol. v. p. 406. Hook, et Am. I. c. B. sessiliflora, Vahl, Symb. pt. 3. p. 97. Conyza cuneifolia and C. Magellanica, Lam. Encycl. vol. ii. p. 91. " Sapinette," Pemetty Foy. vol. ii. p. 63.

Hab. Fuegia and the Falkland Islands, most abundant ; Nee, Commerson, and all succeeding voyagers. Eather a variable plant in the size of the foliage, which is entire or toothed. Judging by De Candolle's

30S FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

description of B. cuneifolia, there seems no doubt of its being the present plant, and that the habitats of Brazil and Monte Video are erroneous.

One of the most abundant plants in the Falkland Islands, growing with Empetrum rubrum. It appears to migrate northwards from the Strait of Magalhaens as far as Maldonado on the eastern, and Chiloe on the western coast of South America.

2. Baccharis Patagonica, Hook, et Am. in Bot. Journ. vol. iii. p. 29.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King, Capt. Sulivan ; Cape Negro, C. Darwin, Esq. Staten Land, Mr. Webster.

Apparently a rare species, for I have seen it from no other part of Fuegia and Patagonia, or collected by any other naturalists but those mentioned above. The whole plant is much larger than B. Magellanica, and not viscid the leaves are sinuato-lobate towards the summit, opaque, and often turn black in drying ; in other respects it is very near it.

6. MADIA, Mol.

1. Madia sativa, Molin. Hist. Chili, p. 336. DC. Proclr. vol. v. p. 691. M. viscosa, Hook, et Am. in Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. iii. p. 51. Cav. Ic. vol. iii. p. 50. t. 298. Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Cape Negro, C. Daricin, Esq.

This is the " Madi " and " Melosa " of the Chilians, who extract an oil from the seed, for which purpose it is cultivated abundantly both in that country and in other parts of America.

7. ABEOTANELLA, Cass.

1. Abrotanella emarginata, Cassini, Diet. vol. xxxvi. p. 27. Ojmsc. Phyf. vol. ii. p. 42. Gaud. in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 465. DC. Proclr. vol. vi. p. 141. Fl. Ant. pt. 1. p. 24 in observ. Oligosporus emar- ginatus, Cass, in Annal. Sciences Nat. vol. v. p. 104. t. 3. f. 4. D'Urville hi Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 644.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine, Capt. King. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, J. D. H. Falk- land Islands, abundant, Gauclichaud, J. D. H.

A very inconspicuous plant, allied to Ceratella and Triiieuron of the 'Flora Antarctica' (Pt. 1. p. 2-t.), and also to an unpublished Tasmanian genus. It is easily recognized by the curious scarious margins of the leaves, which are broad and bifid at the apex.

8. LEPTLNELLA, Cass.

1. Lepti>~ella plumosa, Fl. Antarct. pt. 1. p. 26. t. xx.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land, abundant near the sea, Anderson in Cook's 3rd Voyage, J. D. H.

Some observations on these specimens are in the work quoted above. The species is found on the American continent, and is one of the few plants common to Lord Auckland's Group and Kerguelen's Land which do not exist in Fuegia.

2. Leptenella scariosa, Cass. Bull. Phil. 1822. p. 127. Diet. Sc. Nat. vol. xxvi. p. 67. DC. Proclr. vol. vi. p. 141. Fl. Antarct. pt. 1. p. 28. in obs. L. (?) acffinoides, Hook, et Am. in Bot. Journ. vol. iii. p. 325. Cotula reptans, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mus. Banks, cum icone.

Fulklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 309

Hab. Tierra del Fuego, from the Strait of Magalhaens to Cape Horn ; Banks and Solander and all future voyagers.

Apparently abundant from Yaldivia to Cape Horn ; the specimens from the northern locality being much the largest.

9. GNAPHALIUM, L.

1. Gnaphalitjm spicatum, Lain.; caule erecto v. ascendente simplici v. e basi ramoso pube arete ap- presso-cano, foliis anguste oblongo-spatliulatis inferioribus plerumque latioribus superioribus sub-decurrentibus super glabriusculis arachnoideisve, subter dense appresso-canis subargenteisve marginibus planis undulato- crispatulisve floralibus brevioribus linearibus. G. spicatum, Lam. Encycl. vol. ii. p. 757. DC. Prodr. vol. vi. p. 232. Hook, et Am. in Bot. Beechey, p. 31. Bot. Journ. vol. iii. p. 328. G. coarctation, Willi. Sp. PI. vol. iii. p. 1886. H.B.K. Nov. Gen. Am. vol. iv. p. 86. G. sphacelatum, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. Am. I.e. Dill.Hort.Elt/i.i. 133. G. consanguineum, Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 105 et inFreyc.Voy .Bot.pAGl . D' Urville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 610, non Homb. et Jacq. in Foy. au Pole Sud. (Tab. CXIII).

Var. /3, Clionoticam, foliis omnibus in petiolum elongatum angustatis floralibus elongatis patentibus, floribus in capitulis subsessilibus aggregatis.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; Gaudichaiid, D' Urville and all succeeding voyagers. Var. ft Chonos Archi- pelago ; C. Darwin Esq.

One of the most variable and abundant of South American plants, from the latitude of Quito to the Falkland Islands, also occurring in Brazil.

I am inclined to consider the G. spicatum as the typical form of a species to which G. Americanum, G. purpu- reum, G. Pennsylvanicum (?), and probably several other North American forms should be referred, and from which they diifer no more than do G. strietum, Norvegicum, &c, from the G. sylvaticum of Europe. Authentic speci- mens of G. purpureum, which I have studied, are preserved in the British Museum, with Dillenius' hand-writing attached to them, and they accord perfectly with the figure in * Hortus Elthamensis.' The plant is common in the middle and southern states of North America, and is very evidently a variety of the following, G. Ameri- canum, which is generally more branched, with broader leaves and the inflorescence more elongated. It is a species of California and the southern United States, whence I have examined individuals with the woolly substance as appressed to the stem and under side of the leaves as in many Chilian ones of G. spicatum. Bertero's Chilian specimens of G. Berteriawum are apparently G. purpureum, between which and G. falcatum (through the varieties of the latter plant enumerated in De Candolle's ' Prodromus') there seems very little tangible specific difference.

An examination of copious suites of specimens of De Candolle's spicate group of GnaphaUum certainly rather tends than otherwise to the union of about sixteen species which it contains (as conjectured by Hooker and Arnott in the 'Botanical Journal'), and to reduce them to perhaps two, one of them, 67. sylvaticum, being European, and the other (of which G. spicatum is "the type) American. Generally speaking, the two forms, of the old and new world, are sufficiently distinguishable by the eye, though I shoidd feel it difficult to give a definition of either that would include all states of one and exclude all of the other. If future observations confirm this supposition a question will arise respecting the specific name; the oldest, or Linnsean (67. purpureum) applying to the variety, if that be called variety which is the less developed state of a plant more widely diffused under another form. The trivial appellation of 67. spicatum, again, though not botanically speaking strictly correct, is charac- teristic of all the aspects of both the European and American plants, and that of G. Americanum appears even more suitable to a plant so particularly abundant in both divisions of the new world.

3 Y

310 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

The variety /3, Chonoticum, seems intermediate between this and the following, the woolliness being that of G. spicatum, while the capitate heads of flowers are similar to those of G. fialcatum.

Plate CXIII. Fig. 1, receptacle and involucral leaves ; fig. 2, a flower of the ray; fig. 3, a flower of the disc; fig. 4, a seta of the pappus ; fig. 5, ripe achaenium : — all magnified.

2. Gnaphalium falcatum, Lam. ; Encycl. vol. ii. p. 758. Lessing in Linncea, vol. vi. p. 229. DC. Prodr. vol. vi. p. 233. Hook, et Am. in Bot. Journ. vol. iii. p. 328. G. Chilense, Hook, et Am. in Bot. Beech, p. 31. G. littorale, Banks et Sol. in Mus. Banks, cum icone.

Hab. Port Famine; Capt. King. Good Success Bay; Banks and Solander.

I have refrained from uniting the present with the foregoing species, being unable to arrange the Chilian forms of this genus so as to follow the transition steps by which they pass one into another, without even a fuller series of specimens than I have had the opportunity of consulting. I am fully satisfied however, that neither habit of growth, nor foliage, nor inflorescence affords any characters to separate them.

3. Gnaphalium affiue, D'Urv. ; toturn lanalaxa molli vestitum, caule gracili herbaceo basi procumbent e valde ramoso folioso, ramis florentibus ascendentibus erectisve gracillimis parce foliatis, capitulis paucis terminalibus aggregatis anguste cylindraceis, squamis involucralibus lanceolatis acuminatis basi pedicellis foliisque bracteiformibus lana irnmersis. G. affiuej IfUrv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 610. Gaudichaud in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 134. DC. Prodr. vol. vi. p. 134. G. consanguineiun, Homb. et Jacq. in Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Bicot. Phan. t. 11. T (?) non Gaudichaud.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; H Urville, J.B.H. Peckett Harbour, Strait of Magalkaens ; Hombron and Jacquinot ?

Caules basi sublignosi, prostrati, ramosi. Folia obovato-spathulata, utrinque molliter et laxe lanata, A— J- unc. longa. Rami florentes graciles, 2-3 unc. longi, folia 3—4 gerentes, apice curvati et floriferi. Capitula angusta, sub 2 lin. longa, pauciflora, involucri squamis nitidis supra medium subcastaneo-fuscis.

This appears to me a very distinct species from G. spicatum and indeed from any of its congeners, and may readily be recognized by its small size, and slender nearly leafless flowering stems, whose drooping apices _bear but two or three capitida. The latter are elongated, narrow, and their scales close together after the seeds have fallen, forming an acuminated point to the capitulum.

The figure of G. consanguineum, Gaud., given by Hombron and Jacquinot, appears to belong to this plant, of which T have seen no specimens from the continent of South America or Fuegia.

4. Gnaphalium Antarcticum, Hook. fil. ; pumilum glaberrimum, caule basi decumbente folioso sursum erecto gracili curvato parce foliato, capitulis subcapitals rnajusculis, involucri foliolis lanceolatis acuminatis scariosis glaberrimis nitidis pallide brunneis, pappo basi subpiloso, achseniis glaberrimis. (Tab. CXIII. B.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; amongst grass &c. very sparingly ; /. D. H.

Planta perpusilla 1-2-pollicaris, tota glaberrima. Caulk tenuis basi decumbens foliosus. Folia sub a unc. longa, patentia, anguste obovato-spathulata, integerrima, subacuta, nervo medio super depresso, utrinque viridia, siccitate fusco-brunnea. Caulk florifems subfilifoiinis, foliis 2-3 linearibus auctus. Capitula 2-5, rarius solitaria, pro planta majuscida, A unc. longa, subcyliiufracea. Involucri squamse anguste lanceolate, acuminata', scariosae. Flores albi?; apicibus dentium coroihe glandidosis. Aclmnium glaberrimum.

Fall-lands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 311

A very minute species, which at one time I was inclined to consider a seedling state of G. spicatum-, but the whole plant is perfectly glabrous, the stems very slender, the capitula aggregated at the apex of the stem and much smaller than those of G. spicatum.

I regret having found but few specimens of this very minute Gnaphalium, they were quite concealed amongst the stems of grasses and other herbs.

Plaie CXIII. B, Fig. 1, a flower of the disc ; jig. 2, a flower of the ray : — both magnified.

5. Gnaphalium luteo-album, Linn. Sp. PI. 1196. Engl. Bot. 1. 1002. G. inornatum, DC. Prodr. vol. vi. p. 225 ?

Hab. Chonos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

This plant seems identical with Hartweg's n. 314 of Mexico, which Mr. Bentham has named G. inornatum, DC, but I can distinguish neither from European and N. American specimens of G. luteo-album, which is a very frequent inhabitant of the wanner and temperate parts of the globe.

10. MELALEMA, Hook.fil.

Capitulum discoideurn, niultiflorum, heterogamum ; flosculis marginalibus pauciseriatis, tenuissimis, foemineis, ore oblique truncato; centralibus herinaphroditis, 5-dentatis. Becepfaculum nudum, planum, papillosum. Involucrum subliemisplisericum ; squamis 2-3-serialibus, linearibus, superne atro-spliacelatis, exterioribus brevioribus. Sti/li rami apice truncati, pennicillati. Acltania breviter oblonga, striata, gla- berrima. Pappus multiserialis, pilis vis scaberulis. — Herba Fuegiana ramosa foliosa dense caspitosa ; ranus foliosis; foliis imbricatis spatliulatis suiter argenteo-lanatis ; capitulis terminaliiug soUtariis inter folia gumma sessiliius ; flosculis flav is.

1. Melalema liumifusa, Hook. fil. Baccbaris humifusa, Banks et Solander MSS. in Mug. Banks, cum icone.

Hab. Tierra del Fuego, Good Success Bay; Banks and Solander, C. Danvin, Egq.

Caulis prostrates, diametro pennas corviuae, basi descendente, fibras plurimas elongatas emittente, superne e lapsu foUoruin cicatricatus vaginisque foliorum obtectus, pluries divisus. Rami ascendentes v. erecti, 1-2-pollicares, dense foliosi. Folia 3-4 lin. longa, basi arete imbricata, patentia, spathulata, obtusa, subter tomento appresso argenteo-candida, super nisi versus apices glabrata, coriacea, subeneiTia. Capitula inter folia summa inconspicua, 3 lin. longa, late campanulata v. subhemispha3i'ica. Involucri squamae exteriores dorso arachnoideo-tomentosi, apicibus acuminatis atris. Flosculi plui-imi. Pappus setis flexuosis.

In the sphacelated apices of the involucral scales, this genus approaches Senecio, from which it essentially differs in the fomi of the florets of the circumference, which refers it to DeCandolle's second division Frect/utea of the Senecionea. Its habit and foliage are different from other Antarctic plants, though it resembles some alpine Composites of New Zealand.

11. CULCIT1UM. H.B.K.

1. Ctjlcitium Magellanicum, Homb. et Jacq. ; totum sericeo-tomentosum, foliis radicaHbus lineari- lanceolatis v. anguste linearibus elongatis acutis appresse sericeis super canaliculars marginibus revolutis basi longe vaginatis scariosis glaberrimis, scapo elongato monocepbalo bracteolato, bracteolis linearibus, capitulo solitario hemispbserico nutante v. inclinato, involucri squamis dense lanatis linearibus disco

312 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuec/ia, the

brevioribus apicibus sphacelatis. C. Magellanicum, Homb. et Jacq. in Yoy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Dieot. 1. 11. f. 10. Senecio Magellanicus, Hook, et Am. in Bot. Jottrn. vol. iii. p. 343.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King. Cape Negro ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Statura variabilis, 3-pollicaris ad pedalem. Folia ]i ad 4 unc. longa, 1-3 lin. lata, plantis humilioribus latiora, fasciculata, erecta, substricta. Scapi dense lanati. Capitula f ad 1 unc. diametro.

I quite agree with the authors of the Botany of the 'Voyage au Pole Sud', in referring this handsome plant to Cidcitium, of which genus it is the most southern species.

12. SENECIO, L.

§ I. Discoidese, lanatce.

1. Senecio candidans, DO, Prodr. vol. vi. p. 412. Cacalia candidans, Vahl, Symb. vol. iii. p. 91. t. 71. Gaud, in Ann. So. Nat. vol. v. p. 103, et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 135. D'Urville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 610 (sub nomine candicans). Cacalia lanuginosa, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Bibl. Banks, cum icone. "Plante a feuilles de bouillon blanc", Pernetty Voy. vol. ii. p. 60. (Tab. CLX.)

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, throughout Fuegia and the Falkland Islands ; abundant, on sandy beaches.

This species is most allied to one of the radiate group, the S. SmitMi, DC. It abounds whei'ever sandy beaches occur, from Cape Fairweather on the Patagonian coast, to the south part of Tierra del Fuego. In the Falkland Islands it forms a rank herbage about a yard high in such situations.

Plate CLX. Fig. 1, receptacle and portion of the involucre ; fig. 2, a flower ; fig. 3, setae of the pappus ; fig. 4, stamens ; fig. 5, ripe achasnium : — all magnified.

2. Senecio Patagonieus, Hook, et Arn.; fruticosus, arachnoideo-tomentosus, foliis Hneari-oblongis ob- longo-lanceolatisve subacutis integerrimis supra medio canaliculatis marginibus revolutis, capitulis corymbosis longius pedicellatis 5-7-cephalis, involucri late campanulati calyculati foliosis hneari-oblongis subacutis fuscescentibus corollis brevioribus. S. Patagonieus, Hook, et Am. in Bot. Jonrn. vol. iii. p. 344.

Var. a, foliis linearibus lineari-oblongisve.

Var. 0, foliis oblongo-v. lineari-lanceolatis. S. Hookeri, Homb. et Jacq. Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Phan. Bicot. t, 13. A.

Hab. Var. a, Port Famine ; Copt. King. Var. /3, Strait of Magalhaens ; MM. Hombron and Jacquinot.

Rami teretes, lana appressa vestiti. Folia omnia integerrima, uncialia, nunquam exemplaribus meis fasciculata. Capitula i unc. longa et lata.

This species may be recognized by the quite entire somewhat rigid and suberect leaves, by the elongated pedicels of the capitula, which are rather rounded at the base, half an inch long and equally broad. The leaves in MM. Hombron and Jacquinot's figure of 8. Hookeri are somewhat fasciculate ; the same state was gathered at Cape Fairweather both by Capt. King and Mr. Darwin.

3. Senecio Anderson'), Hook. fil. ; caule ascendente suffrutescente ? laxe lanato, foliis suberectis patulisve anguste lineari-oblongis lineari-lanceolatisve subflaccidis acutis acuminatisve integris v. apicem versus lobatis marginibus recurvis laxe arachnoideo-lanatis, capitulis paucis majusculis longe et graciliter pedicellatis, involucri late campanulati foliolis linearibus arachnoideis glabriuseulisve disco brevioribus.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTAECTICA. 313

Var. a, foliis latioribus inferioribus superne dilatatis lobatis.

Var. /3, foliis anguste linearibus acurninatis integerrirnis, involucri squamis glabriusculis angnstioribus.

Hab. a and /9, Strait of Magalliaens, Port Famine ; Capt. King.

Folia li- 2 unc. longa, integerrima v. versus apices dilatata et 2— 4-lobata, acuta v. acuminata, lana decidua. Pedicelli 2-3 unc. longi. Capitula |- unc. longa.

Distinguished from the foregoing, of which it may eventually prove a variety, by the larger and more flaccid foliage, by the very long and slender pedicels, the somewhat larger capitida, and narrower iuvolucral scales.

4. Senecio Banyausii, Homb. et Jacq. ; cavde suffrutescente gracili basi rainoso laxe lanato, foliis fasciculatis linearibus lineari-oblongisve subacutis integerrimis v. apice grosse dentatis marginibus revolutis subter pracipue lanatis, capitulis parvis corymbosis pedicellatis campanulatis medio constrictis, involucri squamis linearibus subacutis araebnoideis disco brevioribus. S. Danyausii, Homb. et Jacq. 1. c. t. 13. B.

Var. a, foliis integerrimis, capitulis majoribus.

Var. /3, foliis apice dentatis lobatisve, capitulis minoribus.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, var. a, Port Peckett ; MM. Hombron and Jacquinot. Var. /3, Port Peckett; H. and J. Port Gregory; Capt. King.

Caules exemplaribus meis varietatis /3 spithamaei, foliosi. Folia -i-f unc. longa, superiora integerrirna, pleraque apicem versus 1-3-dentata v. lobata. Pedicelli unciales, graciles. Capitula \ unc. longa, medio ex involucri foliolis paulo inflexis constricta.

The figure of the var. /3, given in the work quoted above, is very characteristic of Capt. King's specimens, but it may belong to a different species from the S. Danyausii, in which the capitula are represented larger and not constricted at the mouth of the involucre. A very extensive suite of the Magellanic Seneciones is required to settle the limits of the species, if they really are limited, for every different locality seems to furnish a form not found in another.

5. Senecio Jtoccidus, Homb. et Jacq. in Toy. auPote Surf, Bot.Dicot. Phan. 1. 12. e. Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, MM. Hombron and Jacquinot.

I do not recognize this species amongst those from South Chili, Fuegia and Patagonia that I have examined.

6. Senecio exilis, Homb. et Jacq. 1. c. t. 13. C.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, Port Peckett ; MM. Hombron and Jacquinot.

7. Senecio Zaseguei, Homb. et Jacq. 1. c. t. 13. D.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, Port Peckett; MM. Hombron and Jacquinot.

I am quite ignorant of these two species, which seem to belong to this section, but of which no descriptions have hitherto appeared.

§ II. Discoidese, glabrata v. glaberrima.

8. Senecio vulgaris, Linn. Sp. PI. n. 1216. Engl. Bot. t. 747. Hab. Falkland Islands ; abundant, but undoubtedly introduced.

3 z

314 FLORA ANTARCTICA, \Fuegia, the

This plant is certainly not indigenous to the Southern Hemisphere ; but carried to the Falkland Islands, where it is widely dispersed.

9. Senecio Kingii, Hook. fil. ; herbaceus, glaberrimus, caule simplici brevi decumbente folioso sca- pigero, foliis petiolatis ad avjicem caulis fasciculatis carnosis liiieari-spatbulatis grosse dentatis, scapo erecto solitario 1-cephalo fokis 2-3 subulatis aucto superne puberulo, capitulo late campanulato, involucri squamis glaberrirnis lineari-lanceolatis disco brevioribus.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine ; Capt. King.

Caulis 1-2-pollicaris, teres, crassitie pennse corvinae, basi decumbente nudo, apice ascendente folioso. Folia perplurima, fasciculata, basi vaginantia et imbricata, 1-1-i-uncialia, gradatim dilatata, grosse serrato-dentata, plana. Scopus erectus, teres, siccitate sulcatus, 3-4-pollicaris, foliis parvis subulatis filifonnibusve auctus. Capitulum inclinatmn, i-f unc. longum, late campanulatum. Involucri squama? lineari-lanceolatse, glaberrimas, sub 1-seriales basi squamulis paucis subulatis suffultae, disco breviores.

Capt. King's specimens of this apparently distinct species are the only ones I have ever seen, it is truly sca- pigerous, allied in habit to the S. trifurcatus, Less., which has radiate flowers, and still more nearly to S. crithnoides, H. and A., of Mendoza, which is suffratescent and branched below.

10. Senecio Arnottii, Hook. fil. ; glaberrimus v. obsolete glanduloso-puberulus, erectus, suffrutescens, ramis erectis foliosis simpkcibus, foliis solitariis subfasciculatisve coriaceis late linearibus v. oblongo-lineari- lanceolatis acutis integerrimis marginibus revolutis costa subter puberula, corymbis terrniualibus 4-12- ceplialis, pedicellis elongatis foliolis subulatis bracteatis, capitulis late carnpaiiulatis, involucri squamis anguste lineari-lanceolatis acurniuatis. S. limbardioides, Hook, et Am. in Bot. Jotim. vol. iii. p. 347.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine; Capt. King.

Rami stricti, erecti, petioli pedicellique sub leute pube sparsa obscure glandulosa operti. Folk l-\\ unc. longa, 2-3 lin. lata, sessilia, coriacea v. subcarnosula, plana v. plermnque marginibus recurvis, e ramulis axfllaribus abbreviatis foliiferis quasi fasciculata. Pedicelli erecti, li- 2-unciales, foliis subidatis linearibusve acuminatis brac- teolati. Capitula \ unc. longa, latiora quam longa.

Allied to 8. Uttoralis, Gaud., a radiate-flowered species. One specimen from Chiloe, collected by Mr. Darwin, has broadly linear leaves, a few of which shew a tendency to become toothed towards the apex. The name of S. Umbardioides, having been through inadvertence twice used in the Botanical Journal (1. c), I have changed that of this species.

11. Senecio longipes, Hook. fil. ; glabriusculus v. superne pracipue glanduloso-pubescens, ramis erectis simplicibus strictiusculis, foliis plerisque fascicidatis anguste linearibus filiformibiisve acutis basi attenuatis apicem versus serratis marginibus revolutis, corymbis 3-7-cephalis, pedicellis valde elongatis, brac- teolis sabulato-filiformibus, capitulis late carnpaiiulatis, involucri squamis 1-serialibus glandulosis disco brevioribus.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine ; Capt. King.

Priori affinis sed gracilior, foliis inultoties angustioribus dentatis pedicellisque valde elongatis.

All Capt. King's specimens agree in possessing much narrower leaves and longer pedicels than the former species, so that, though probably oidy varieties of one plant, I am unable to prove them so.

12. Senecio miser, Hook. fil. ; suffruticosus, depressus, pubescenti-viscosus, caule ascendente ramoso cicatricato, ramis suberectis breviusculis foliosis, foliis coriaceis subcrispatis anguste lineari-spathulatis irre-

FalMands, etc.] FLOKA ANTAKCTICA. 315

gulariter sinuato-dentatis subpinnatifidisve, margiiiibus reflexis, capitulis solitariis binis subcoryrnbosisve breviter pedicellatis late campanulatis, involucri squamis anguste lanceolatis disco paulo brevioribus.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, Port Gregory ; Capt. King.

Caulk lignosus, crassitie pennee passerina?, uncialis. Rami 3-4-pollicares, teretes. Folia pluriina, parva, \- 1 unc. longa, undulato-crispata, vix2 lin. lata, inferne in petiolum angustata. Pedicelli j—l unc. longi, foliolis bracteolati. Capilula \ unc. longa, \ unc. diametro.

Port Gregory is described as surrounded by plaius, which are covered with a short grass, and possess nothing but a herbaceous vegetation. These features are so different from those of Port Famine, that should the Senecio Arnottii be identical with S. kmgipes, and the latter be transported to this locality, the appearance it would probably assume is that of 8. miser. That such may be the origin of the present plant is rendered still more likely, from an exami- nation of Mr. Darwin's specimens of S. tricuspidatus, Hook., a discoid species, hitherto only gathered high up the river Santa Cruz in Patagonia. Mr. Darwin labels two very different looking individuals as belonging to this same species, the one large and leafy, with leaves broadly linear, dilated and deeply trifid at the apex, fully an inch or an inch and a quarter long, and the whole plant equally luxuriant with S. Arnottii, the other, again, has the squalid habit of S. miser, and foliage very simdar in size, shape and texture. Nor is it in habit and foliage alone that the Seneciones are liable to vary. The difference between some of the discoid and radiate species is almost confined to the presence or absence of a ray, and this is so remarkably the case, that I have found an analogue to almost all the discoid species described above, amongst the radiate, and MM. Hombron and Jacquinot figure a Magellanic species bearing both radiate and discoid flowers on the same specimen. Now since the S. Jacobaa of England, and other European species, vary in having or wanting the ligulate florets, so may these of Patagonia and Fuegia, and thus still further reduce the number of species.

It is worthy of observation that the discoid Seneciones are almost peculiar to the drier soil and climate of Eastern Patagonia and Fuegia, only one (S. candidans), an inhabitant of sandy places, being a Fuegian and Falkland Island species. I am not prepared to say how far this favours the supposition that the absence of a ray may be due to causes now in operation, but the same remark applies to a certain extent to the Seneciones of other countries, and to the geuus ChiUotrichum in Antarctic America.

There are several points connected with this genus of a much more interesting nature than the variation of its Protean species; such as the absence of characters in the species indicating natural groups; the scarcity of the species in Australia, which contains scarcely seventy, contrasted with their abundance in the Cape which pos- sesses nearly two hundred ; then- absence in the Antarctic Islands south of New Zealand, and then' forming upward s of twice the largest genus of flowering plants in the flora of Fuegia and Patagonia. A still more singular fact is the confined range * of the individual species, though belonging to one of the very largest genera that has an universal diffusion. Thus out of the twenty-one species to be enumerated in the present part, not one inhabits any other country but extra-tropical South America, except the introduced S. vulgaris. If the species are to be consi- dered the offspring of variation, there must be allowed to Senecio what may be called a disposition to vary centrifugally, that causes the individuals to depart further and further from an original one in proportion as the genus spreads over the earth's surface. There is not with Senecio, as with the equally widely dispersed Gnapha- lium, that tendency in the forms all countries present, to revert to a few typical species. The fact of the species of Senecio in each separate country being almost inextricable, may be cited in favour of variation as an agent producing what other naturalists suppose original creations. Against this hypothesis, however, it might be urged, that the S. vulgaris has shewn no tendency to vary during the eighty years which have, in all likelihood, elapsed since its first importation into the Falkland Islands.

* This is the more remarkable, for Senecio thus forms an exception to a very prevailing law in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, (first pointed out to me by my friend Mr. Darwin), that the individual species of large and widely diffused genera have generally themselves very wide ranges.

316 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \_Fuegia, the

§ III. Kadiatee, lanafa.

13. Senecio Smithii, DC. j caule herbaceo erecto cavo simplici superne corymboso foliisque subter v. utrinque laxe lauato, foliis radicabbus longe petiolatis oblongis basi cordatis subacutis dentatis petiolo basi vaginante caulinis cordatis lanceolatisve sessibbus acuxninatis crenato-dentatis, corymbo terininali 6-po- lycephalo, capitulis amplis, involucris late campanulatis, bgulis 15-16 interdum elongatis apice acutis dilatatisve, pappo acbaenio breviore. S. Smithii, DC. Prodr. vol. vi. p. 412. Senecio verbascifolius, Homb. et Jacq. in Voy. an Pole Sud, Bot. Dicot. Phan. t. 12, A. Cineraria gigantea, Smith Ejcot. Bot. vol. ii. p. 11. t. 65. C. leucanthema, Banks et Sol. 31SS. in Mus. Banks, cum icone.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Cajit. King. Cape Negro, C. Darwin, Esq., MM. Hombron and Jacquinot. Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander.

Herba tripedalis, facie S. candidanlis. Capitula 1-2 unc. diametro. LigulcB longitudine variae, apice acuta; rotundatae v. truncates et 3-5-fidae. Pappus achaenio niaturo sulcata cylindraceo i unc. longo brevior.

A handsome species, very uncertain in the length and form of its ligulse, which are in Capt. King's spe- cimens an inch long, in Mr. Darwin's not half so much and according to the figure in the ' Voyage au Pole Sud' of a few-flowered specimen, sometimes shorter still. The cauline leaves also are variable in shape and in their woolliness. Capt. King gathered the same species (with several allied ones) in Chiloe, in fruit, the achaenia are fully formed, but perhaps abortive, being slender, striated and longer than the pappus. The colour of the ray is remarkably pale for the genus, like that of S. trifurcatus, DC. MM. Hombron and Jacquinot assert that it is also a Cape of Good Hope species, which is exceedingly unlikely to be the case.

14. Senecio Falklandiais, Hook. fil. ; frutescens, ramis pedunculis foliisqne subter lana molli dense vestitis, foliis Hneari- oblongis oblongo-lanceolatis obovato-spathulatisve integerrimis repando-dentatisve apice callo subacuto terminatis marginibus revolutis super glabratis arachnoideisve, capitulis majusculis sub- solitariis plerisque pedunculatis, pedunculis bracteatis, involucri late campanvdati squamis sub 3-serialibus liuearibus basi extus lanatis. S. Httoralis, rar. a, lanatus, Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 104, et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 468. B'Urville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 611. Homb. et Jacq. in Toy. au Pole Sud, t. 10. E.? (Tab. CX.)

Hab. Falkland Islands, very abundant, Gaudichaud, C. Darwin, Esq., Capt. Salivan, J. D. H.

Frutex 1-4-pedalis, e basi ramosus. Folia juniora latiora, spathulata, in petiolum gracdem attenuata, l-i- unc. longa, f imc. lata, parcius lanata, margine tenuiter revoluta, ramis senioribus angustiora, marginibus interdiun usque ad costam revolutis. Pedunculi floccosi, plerique 2-3-unciales, monoeephali. Capitula ampla, l-i- unc. diametro.

The present plant was supposed by both Gaudichaud and D 'Urville to be a state of S. Httoralis, from which it is however abundantly distinct, especially in its frutescent habit, aud the broader, lanate and blunter leaves. Whether it be really different from the three following species is much more questionable ; I am inclined to think it is not, however great their dissimdarity in habit. It differs again from the discoid S. Patagonicus, only in the presence of a ray and the peduncles being solitary. I am doubtful whether the figure of MM. Hombron and Jacquinot refers to this plant, their specimens are from the Strait of Magalhaens.

Plate CX. Fig. 1, receptacle ; fig.1i, floret of the ray ; fig. 3, arms of the style of the same ; fig. 4, seta of pappus ; fig. B, floret of the disc ; fig. 6, stamen ; fig. 7, arms of the style of the same ; fig. 8, ripe achaenium : — all magnified.

FalMands, etc.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 317

15. Senecio Darwinii, Hook, et Am in Bot. Journ. vol. iii. p. 333. S. tricuspidatus, Banks et Sol. in 31m. Banks, cum icone.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Capt. King. South part of Tierra del Fuego, C. Darwin, Esq. Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, on the hills, /. I). H.

Humilis, caule lignoso, prostrato, valde et dense rarnoso. Folia ut in priore, sed plerumque cuneata et trifida v. trilobata repando-dentatave. Pedunculi elongati v. inter folia siunrna sessiles.

Owing probably to the exposed situations this plant inhabits, it is of low stature and much branched from the base ; except in these respects and the generally, but not continually more divided leaves, I cannot see how it is distinguishable from 8. Falklandicus. The ray varies much in size.

16. Senecio EigJdsii, Hook, et Am. in Bot. Journ. vol. iii. p. 332.

"Var. 0, caule procurnbente, rarnis ascendentibus laxe foliatis, foliis 3-5-fidis, capitulis breviter pedmiculatis.

Hab. Tierra del Fuego, Staten Land; Mr. Eights, Mr. Webster. Var. /3, South part of Fuegia; C. Darwin, Esq.

A priore cui proximus differt, foliis minoribus angustioribus profunde trifidis, capitulisque parvis. Lacinias folioriun latitudine varia?, interdum lineares.

The variety 0 seems in some measure intermediate between this species and the former. I have gathered, on the barren mountain-sides of Cape Horn, a state of S. Darwinii very closely approaching the present, but with flowers considerably larger than those of S. Eiyldsii.

17. Senecio Websteri, Hook. fil. ; herbaceus, caule suberecto v. basi prostrato folioso lanato, fohis petiolatis carnosis reniformi-rotundatis deltoideisve angulis obtusis integerrhnis sinuato-crenatisve carnosis super glabratis subter lana molli obtectis, marginibus revolutis, capitulis paniculatis, peduncuh's pedicellisque laxe arachnoideo-tomentosis, involucri late hemisphserici squamis oblongo-lanceolatis acutis glabratis v. basi apiceque tanturn lanatis, hguhs late ovatis tridentatis.

Hab. Staten Land; Mr. Webster.

Cmdis exemplare a me viso manco 4 unc. longa, teres. Petioli unciales, uti folia subter caulisque laxe arach- noideo-lanati. Folia basi truncata v. cordata, latiora quam longa, 1 unc. lata, nervis subter flabellatis. Pedunculi brevissimi, hinc panicula subsessilis, lanati. Capitula aggregata, % imc. diametro. Involucri squamse non sphacelatse.

The most distinct species of the genus, if, as I suppose it to be, a Senecio, but Mr. Webster's specimens are very insufficient. The long petioles, singularly formed fleshy leaves and their revolute margins are decisive cha- racters.

§ IV. Eadiatse, glabriuscula. v. glaberrimce.

18. Senecio trif meatus, Less. Synqps. Comp. p. 391. DC. Prodr. vol. vi. p. 435. Hook, et Am. in Bot. -Journ. p. 341. Cineraria trifurcata, Sjireng. Sgst. Yeg. vol. iii. p. 551. Tussilago trifurcata, Forst. Conuii. Goett. vol. ix. p. 38. Aster trifurcatus, Banks et Solander MSS. in Mm. Banks, cum icone. (Tab. CVIII).

4 A

318 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Hab. Tierra del Fuego ; abundant in marshy places on the mountains from Port Famine to Cape Horn, Banks and Solander, and all succeeding voyagers.

The very pale colour of the ray of this plant seems to have deceived the older authors in regard to its genus. In this respect it differs from the majority of Seneciones, as also in the apices of the involucral scales not being sphacelated. It is allied to the discoid S. Kingii, mihi.

Plate CYIII. Fig. 1, receptacle ; fig. 2, floret of ray ; fig. 3, arms of style, and. fig. 4, pappus of ditto ; fig. 5, floret of disc ; fig. 6, stamens, and fig. 7, arms of style and ditto ; fig. 8, achasnium : — all magnified.

19. Senecio acantliif alius, Homb. et Jacq. ; herbaceus, erectus, glabriusculus v. pubescens, caule sim- plici sulcato, foliis inferioribus longe petiolatis oblongo-ovatis basi cordatis secus margines lobatis lobis grosse crenatis petiolis subalatis basi vaginantibus superioribus sessilibus semi-amplexicaulibus, capitulis corymbosis, involucri campanulati squamis glabriusculis sub 1-seriatis. S. acanthifohus, Homb. et Jacq. Toy. au Pole Siul, Bot. Bicot. Than. 1. 11. S. Cineraria purpurascens et C. leucanthema, Banks et Sol. MSS. inMus. Banks, cum iconibus.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Hombron and Jacquinot. Port Famine, Capt. King ; Good Success Bay ; Banks and Solander. South part of Fuegia, C. Darwin, Esq.; Hermite Island, Cape Horn, J. B. H.

Herba bipedalis, sylvicola, sueeulenta. Caulis subfistulosus. Folia inferiora una cum petiolo 6-8 unc. longa, lamina petiolo subsequilonga, la^te viridis, suhter saepe discolor et purpurascens. Pedunculi unciales, bracteolis fohaceis subidatisque aucti. Capitula 1-1 \ unc. diametro, palhde straminea, disco intensiore.

A very handsome species, abundant in the woods of Fuegia.

20. Senecio cuneatus, Hook. til. ; herbaceus, glaberrimus, caule ascendente sulcato inferne folioso, foliis plerisque in ramis abbreviatis dispositis obovato-spathulatis basi cuneatis in petiolum attenuatis grosse et irregulariter dentatis subcoriaceis, caule superne longe nudo apice connnbifero, corymbo tricephalo, capitulis pedicellatis, pedicellis basi unifoliatis, involucri campanulati squamis bnearibus glaberrimis uni- seriatis.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

Caulis crassitie penna; anatmae, herbaceus. Rami axillares, abbreviati, superiores elongati, floiiferi. Folia patula, plana, subcoriacea, siccitate nigrescentia, 1-1- unc. longa, \ lata. Pedunculus caule continuus, elongatus, nudus, 3-uncialis, erectus, apice 3-cephalus. Pedicelli basi folio unico aucti, inferiore unciah. Capitula \ unc. longa, -| lata, basi bracteolis paucis suffidta.

Apparently a most distinct species, of which I have but a very nnperfect specimen, collected by Capt. King ; it resembles the S. nigrescens H. and A., of South Chili, but the foliage is different.

21. Sexecio littoralis, (exclud. var. a, lanatus,) Gaud., in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 104, et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 468. B'Urvillein Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 611. BC. Prodr. vol. vi. p. 412. Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 494. S. vaginatus, Hook, et Ann. in Bot. Jovrn. vol. iii. p. 331.

Hab. Falkland Islands, very abundant; Gaudichaud, and all subsequent collectors.

As is stated under the S. FalMandicus, the varieties a and /3 of S. littoralis belong to two very different species. The one for which I have retained the name, is generally a maritime plant, usually growing in marshy places and never altogether woolly, or more so in its youngest state than when older. The leaves are extremely variable, straight or falcate, obtuse or generally acute, one line to nearly one third of an inch broad, strictly linear or obovato-lanceolate, sometimes, though rarely, obscurely siuuato-dentate.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 319

A fully grown plant of this is very handsome ; I possess a specimen only a foot high, and with a simple stem, though branching so copiously above as to bear upwards of a hundred flowers, all fully blown and each nearly an inch and a half in diameter.

13. CHEVKEULIA, Cass.

1. Chevreulia lycopodioides, DC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 45. Gnaphalium lycopodioides, D' Urville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Park, vol. iv. p. 610. Gaud, in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 135.

Hab. Falkland Islands, on dry grassy places, rare ; D' Urville, J. B. H.

A scarce species, as far as I have observed in the Falkland Islands, and exceedingly inconspicuous. My specimens are in an imperfect state.

14. NASSAUVIA, Comm.

1. Nassauvia suaveolens, Willd., Sp.Pl. vol. iii. p. 2396. Lam. Illust. Gen. t. 721. Brongn. in Duperrey Toy. Bot. P/tan. t. 56. f. B. BC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 49. N. Commersonii, Cass. Bid. Sc. Nat. vol. xxxviii. p. 457.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

2. Nassauvia serpens, D'Urville, in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 610. Lessing in Linnaa, vol. v. p. 4. Brongn. in Duperrey Toy. Bot. Plian. t. 56. f. A. N. D'Urvillei, Cass. Diet. Sc. Nat. vol. xxxviii. p. 456. (Tab. CX1T.)

Hab. Falkland Islands, abundant, especially amongst loose quartz rocks on the hills ; D? Urville, Capt. Sulivan, Mr. Chartres, J. B. H.

A very handsome and singular plant, almost confined to the " Streams of stones," which are those curious tracts of land covered with loose blocks of quartz, abounding in some parts of the Falkland Islands. There the Nassauvia serpens grows, sending its brittle stems, several fathoms long, down amongst the masses of rock, till they reach the soil, often at a considerable depth. The plant varies somewhat in the foliage, the leaves being suberect or recurved, and more or less silky.

Plate CXIV. Fig. 1, capitulum ; fig. 2, portion of receptacle and involucre ; fig. 3, a floret ; fig. 4, palea of the pappus ; fig. 5, stamens ; fig. 6, aehseniuni : — all magnified.

3. Nassauvia Gaudicliaudii, Cassini, ex Gaudichaud in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. vi. p. 103. B'Urville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 609. DC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 50. Mastigophorus Gaudicliaudii, Cassini, Diet. Sc. Nat. vol. xxxiv. p. 222. Gaud. in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 470. Homb. et Jacq. in Toy. an Pole Sud, Bot. Phan. Bicot. t. 16. f. G.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, MM. Llomlron and Jacquinot. Falkland Islands, Gaudichaud, fyc.

A very abundant species, especially in the Falkland Islands, on rocks near the sea. I have never seen Fuegian or Magellanic specimens.

4. Nassauvia pygmaa, Hook. fil. Triachne pygmsea, Cass. Bull. Philom. 1818, p. 48. Bict. Sc. Nat. vol. xxxiv. p. 221. et vol. Iv. p. 182. Lessing Synops. p. 397. BC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 50. Crymatea rigida, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mits. Banks, cum icone.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson; Port Famine, summit of Mount Tarn, Capt. King; Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander; south part of Tierra del Fuego, C. Darwin, Esq.

320 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

In general appearance the present plant so closely resembles N. Gaudichaudii, that at first sight it is difficult to distinguish them. Cassini describes the flowers as apparently yellow ; but Mr. Anderson, who collected the plant during Capt. King's voyage, mentions that they are white. The genus Triachne, remarks De Candolle, hardly differs from Nassauvia, nor can I find any character by which to separate them.

15. PANABGYBTJM, Lag.

1. Paxaegyrum Band nil, Hook, et Am.; csespitosurn, basi rarnosurn appresse sericeum, ramis flo- rentibus elongatis superne scapaeforrnibus parce foliatis, foliis lineari-subulatis pungentibus integerriniis marginibus obscure revolutis, capitulis ad apices ramulorum capitato-congestis foliis subulatis bracteatis, pappo uniseriali plumoso. P. Darwinii, Hook, et Am. in Comp. But. Mag. vol. ii. p. 43. an P. Lagasca?, BC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 54 ?

Hab. Strait of Magalhaeus ; Port Gregory, Capt. King.

Caides basi lignosi, ramis foliaceis 1-3-uncialibus, florentibus bis longioribus. Folia \— \ ivnc. longa, sub 1-li lin. lata, erect a v. sub-patentia, utrinque sericea. Rami florentis pars superior stricta, erecta, teres, sub- lanuginosa. Capitulorum fasciculus J— 1 unc. diametro. Corolla conspicuse, albidae ?

A very distinct species, also found at Port Desire by Mr. Darwin. The woody group of Nassauvia, to which the present plant belongs, is nearly peculiar to South America, and to the drier parts of that continent, especially of South Chili and Patagonia ; they do not cross the Strait of Magalhaens on the western side, but on the east a few stretch down to Port Gregory, Staten Land, and the Falkland Islands. I have appended the description of an allied Patagonian plant, which forms a new genus.*

2. Paxaegyeum abbreviatum, Hook, et Am.; cfespitosum, glabriusciilurn, basi ramosum, substoloni- ferum, foliis iinbricatis rigidis patenti-recurvis linearibus acuminatis rnucronatis integerrimis glaberriinis basi vaginantibus axillis sericeis, capitulis ad apices ramorum congesto-capitatis sessilibus, pappo plumoso. P. abbreviatum, Hook, et Am. in Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 43.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Gregory, Capt. King.

Rami unciales, subereeti v. prostrati, foliosi. Folia \ unc. longa, planiuscula v. super concava, dorso medio costata, superiora interdurn subspathulata, marginibus incrassatis, vagina basi subciliata. Capitulorum fasciculus hemisphaericus, 1 una diametro. Pappus involucrum superans pliunosus.

I have seen only one specimen of this species, gathered by Capt. King ; it is very distinct from its congeners.

* TRIAXTHTTS, X. G.

Capitulum radiatifomie, compressum, sequaliflonim, sub3-floram. Involucrum biseriale; squamis paucis ; exterioribus ovato-lanceolatis, aciiminatis, pungentibus, carinatis ; interioribus 1-2, planiusculis, liueari-oblongis, acuminatis. Receptaculum parvum, nudum, papillosum. Flores hermaphrotliti. Corolla labio exteriore late oblongo, apice tridentato ; interiore lingua3formi, revoluto, integeiximo. Achmia ob-pyramidata, erostria, villosa. Pappus 1-serialis, paleaceus, caducus ; paleis 3-5, linearibus, angustis, inferne gradatim attenuatis, apice acutis, marginibus ciliato-phunosis. — Herba lignosa, depressa, ramosa, glaibriuscula, Triptilioni affiais. Folia subulata, patenti-recurva,pungeutia, basi imbricata, late vaginantm, coriacea. Capitida ad apices ramulorum solitariu, inter folia sessilia. Corolla? albida.

1. Trianthcs ulieinus, Hook. fil.

Hab. Patagonia ; Cape Fairweather, Capt. King.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 321

16. CHABREA, DC.

1. Chabilea purpurea, DC. in Ann. Mm. vol. xix. p. 65. t. 5. Mem. Labiatifl. p. 13. t. 3. Lasiorrliiza purpurea, Leasing, in Linnaa, vol. v. p. 11. Homb. et Jacq. in Toy. au Pole Sua1, Bot. Monocot. t. 4. H. Leuchseria purpurea, Hook, et Am. in Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 43. Perdicium purpureum, Told, in Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. vol. i. t. 3.

Hab. East coast of Tierra del Fuego, C. Dancin, Esq. Strait of Magalhaens, MM. Hombron and Jacqtdnot.

This species is also found on the S.E. coast of Patagonia.

2. Chabr/EA suaveolens, DC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 59. Hook. Ie. Plant, t. 496. Perdicium suaveoleus, D'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 611. Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 135. Lasiorrliiza ceteracki- folia, Cassini, Diet. Sc. Nat. vol. xliii. p. 80. Leasing in Linnaa, vol. v. p. 11. L. viscosa, Cass. I. c. p. 81. Leuchseria gossyprna, Hook, et Am. in Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 43. "Plante a odeur de Benjoin," Pemetty Voy. vol. ii. p. 57. (Tab. CXI.)

Hab. Falkland Islands, abundant ; B' Urville, and all succeeding voyagers.

The odour of this plant, which is a great ornament to the grassy hills of the Falkland Islands, is decidedly that of Benzoin. It varies very much in stature and in woolliness or pubescence.

Plate CXI., right hand figure. Fig. 1, floret : — magnified.

17. MACRACILENIUM, Hook.fil.

Capituhim nmltifiorurn, homogamiun. Iuvolucrum anguste campanulatum, squaniis lineari-subulatis acu- minatis sub-biserialibus exterioribus brevioribus. Beceptaculum epaleaceum. Corolla omnes glaberrimae, lieruiapliroditas, gracilkuise, breviter bilabiatse, lobo exteriore 3-dentato 3-partitove, interiore bipartito, lobis revolutis. Antherm elongata?, basi bisetosae, apice appendiculatae, fdamento geuiculato sensirn incrassato. Stylus ramis elongatis apice obtusis nou truncatis. Achanium elongatum, cylhidraceum, erostre, glaberrimum, striatum. Pappus setis subbiseriatis basi liberis longe plumosis. — Herba Magellanica, Ckabraeae affinis, sub- acaidis, scapigera. Foha runcinato-pinnatifida, suiter lanata. Scapus erectus, elongatus, gracilis, monocephalus.

1. Macrach^ntuh gracile, Hook. fil.

Hab. Strait of Magalkaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

Radix caulisque basis desunt . Folia longe petiolata, petiolo gracili, 2-3 unc. longo, alato, basi sensim in vaginam lanceolatam dilatato ; lamina oblonga, membranacea, 2 unc. longa, 1 lata, rivneinato-pinnatifida, lobis 4-6, hie illic grosse angulato-dentatis, super obscure puberulis, subter lana rufescente obtectis. Scapus 2-pedalis, gracilis, erectus, nudus, v. bracteolis 1-2 subulatis auctus. Capitulum nutans, 1 unc. longurn. Involucrum basi conicum, squamis lanatis. Corolla tubus \ imc. longus, gracillirnus, teres, glaberrirnus, labiis vix 2 lin. longis valde inconspicuis. An- Ifierae breviter exsertae. Pappi setae pallide rufescentes, patuke. Achanium corolla? aequilongum.

I have seen only one specimen of this fine plant, which resembles a Chaptalia in habit, but appears most nearly related to Chabraa.

IS. CLARIONEA, Lag.

1. Clarioxea Magellanica, DC. Mem.Mus. vol. xix. p. 65. t. 3. Clarionella Magellanica, Homb. et

4 B

322 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Jacq. Yoy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Bicot. 1. 10. f. T. Perezia Magellanica, Lagasc. Anum. vol. i. p. 31. Cassini, Opusc. vol. ii. p. 1 64. Hook, et Arn.Jn Com]}. Bot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 42. Perdicium Magellanicum, Linn. fit. Suppl. p. 376. Yald, in Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. vol. i. p. 10. t. 4. P. sinuatum, Banks et Sol. MSB. in Bibl. Banks, cum icone. (Tab. CXI.)

Hab. South Chili and Fuegia. Cape Tres Montes, alt. 2,000 feet, C. Barivin, Esq. Port Famine, Capt. King. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, /. B. H. Staten Land, Br. Bights and Mr. Webster. Very variable in size, from two inches to a span or upwards.

Plate CXI., left hand figure. Fig. 1, floret ; fig. 2, seta of pappus ; fig. 3, stamens ; fig. 4, arms of style : — all magnified.

19. HOMOIANTHUS, BC.

1. Hojioianthus ecJiinulatus, Cass, in Bict. Sc. Nat. vol. xxxviii. p. 458. BC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 65. Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 491. Homanthis ecliinulata, Homb. et Jacq. Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Bicot. t. 10. f. S. Perezia recurvata, Lessing, in Linnaa, vol. v. p. 21. Synops. p. 412. P. Doniana, Bess. Synops. p. 412. Perdicium recurvation, Yahl, in Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. vol.i. p. 13. t. 7. Gaud. in. Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. vi. p. 103. et in Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 135. B'Urville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 611. non Bon, et Poippig. Chsetanthera recurvata, Spreng. Syst. Teg. vol. iii. p. 503. Clarionea recurvata, Bon, in Binn. Soc. Tram. vol. xvi. p. 206.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson. Port Famine and Port Gregory, Capt. King. Falkland Islands, very abundant, Gaudic/iaud, Capt. Sidivan, and all succeeding voyagers.

Rather a variable plant in size, in the glandular pubescence, in the number and size of the spinulse on the leaves, which are iu a single or double row, in the sharpness or bluntness of the leaves, and somewhat also in the form of the involucral scales. It is one of the most interesting plants of the Falkland Islands from the very sweet scent of its large pale-blue flowers, which has been compared to Jessamine and to Violets ; it generally grows near the sea in rocky places, and has also been found on the S.E. coast of Patagonia. The H. Beckii (Perezia, Hook, et Am.) of Patagonia is very nearly allied to this, but readily distinguished by the longer spinulose apex of the narrower leaves, and the recurved lower scales of the involucre. The leaves of the latter are exceedingly variable, sometimes wholly without marginal spinuke, at others crested with white equidistant spinules much longer than those of H. ecJiinulatus.

2. Homoianthtjs Magellanicvs, DC, Prodr. vol. vii. p. 65. Aster Magellanicus, Lam. Lllust. Gen. t. 681. f. 3. Perdicium Isevigatum, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mus. Banks, cum icone.

Yar. (3, lactucoides, duplo major, foliis paulo angustioribus. Perdicium lactucoides, Vald, in Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. vol. i. p. 11. t. 5. Clarionea lactucoides, Bon, in Binn. Soc. Trans, vol. xvi. p. 206. C. glaber- rima, Cass. Ojjusc. vol. ii. p. 165. Perezia lactucoides, Bessing, Synops. p. 413.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson. Port Famine, Capt. King. Cape Negro, C. Barwin, Esq. Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander.

Twro plants of very different stature have been brought together by De Candolle under the name of H. Magel- lanicus ; except however in size, I am unable to distinguish them. Lamarck's figure is highly characteristic of the smaller variety, and Cassini's and Lessing's descriptions of the larger. The variety /3 alone is in Mi-. Darwin's Herba- rium, the other collections contain both. Sir J. Banks' specimen of the largest state is upwards of two feet high.

FaJMands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 323

20. ACHYROPHORUS, Scop.

1. Achyrophortjs tenuifoUus, DC; glabriusculus v. subaraneosus, caule simplici, foliis gramineis omnibus radicalibus filiformibus v. angustissirne lineari-spathulatis lineari-lanceolatisve integerrimis sinuatis pimiatifidisve segmentis patentibus reruotis linearibus, scapo monocephalo, involucri ovato-campanulati squaims liirearibus lineari-lanceolatisve acuminatis plus minusve araneo-toinentosis basi sparse hispido-pilosis. A. tenuifolius, BC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 94. Seriola tenuifolia, Hook, et Am. in Corny. Bot. Mag. vol. i. p. 81. S. incana, Rook, et Am. I. c. vol. ii. p. 42. Oreophila tenuifolia, Bon, MSS.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Gregory, Capt. King. Elizabeth Island, C. Darwin, Esq.

A very variable species in the foliage, which is narrow and grass-like. Mr. Darwin has gathered a variety at Port St. Julian on the Patagonian coast, with rather larger capitida, but which does not appear otherwise distinct ; it is Seriola incana, H. and A. It has also been collected by Capt. King at Cape Fairweather.

2. Achyrophorus arenarius, Gaud.; parce liispido-pubescens v. glabriusculus, radice elongata collo 1-3-cephalo, foliis omnibus radicalibus lineari-obovato-lanceolatis interduin anguste lineari-elongatis longe petiolatis obtusis acuminatisve sinuato-dentatis pimiatifidisve, scapo foliis longiore monocephalo nudo foliisve 1-2 aucto, involucri campamdati squamis araneo-tomentosis glabratisve exterioribus parce hispido-pilosis. A. arenarius, BC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 95. Hypochocris arenaria, Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 103, et in Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 134 et 461. B' Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 609. H. minima ? Willd. B' Urv. 1. c. Seriola apargioides, Less. Hook, et Am. in Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 42. (Tab. CXTI. Bissection.)

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Gregory, Capt. King. Falkland Islands, Gaudichaud, B'Urville, C. Darwin, Esq., J. B. H.

This again is a highly variable plant, the majority of the Falkland Island specimens scarcely agreeing with Gaudichaud's description (as given in Freycinet's Voyage), in which the peduncles are said to be elongated and branched, though in the notes on the species, M. Gaudichaud states that they are either branched or simple. Small specimens entirely coincide with D'Urville's character of if. minima? Willd. The other species of this genus, as H. apargioides, and H. taraxacoides, are, however, so variable that the character of the single or many-flowered peduncle loses its value as a mark whereby to distinguish them.

Plate CXIL, middle dissections. Fig. 1, plumose pappus ; fig. 2, ripe achsenium, transversely rugose : — both magnified.

21. TARAXACUM, Hall.

1. Taraxacum dens-leonis, Desf.; Leontodon Taraxacum, Linn. Sp. PI. n. 1122.

Var. lavigatum. T. lsevigatum, BC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. p. 149. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 146. D' Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol.iv. p. 604. Gawd, in Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 134. Leontodon Lycodon, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mas. Banks, cum icone. (Tab. CXIL)

Hab. Fuegia, Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander. Falkland Islands, B'Urville, J.B.H.

This variety has also been collected at Port St. Julian on the Patagonian coast, by Mi-. Darwin.

Plate CXIL, right hand figure. Fig. 1, floret ; fig. 2, stamen ; fig. 3. seta of pappus ; fig. 4, ripe achaminm : — all magnified.

324 FLOKA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

22. MACRORHYNCHUS, Less.

1. Mackorhynchus pumilus, DC; parce villo albido hirsutus, foliis anguste lineari-elongatis sub- grarnineis integerrimis sinuatis rancmato-pinnatifidisve, scapo foliis longiore, involucri squamis lineari- lanceolatis foliaceis extus glanduloso-hispidis. M. pumilus? DC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 152. Taraxacum pumilum et T. coronopifoliurn, Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 103, etin Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 461. It'Urv. in •Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 609. Macrorhynclms Chilensis, HooJc. et Am. in Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 42. Ixeris monocephala, Cass, in Lief. Sc. Nat. vol. xxxix. p. 389. Leontodon pubescens, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mus. Banks, cum icone. (Tab. CXII. sub nom. M. coronopifolius.)

Hab. Falkland Islands, grassy places near the sea ; Gaudichaud, D' Urvitte, C. Darivin, Esq., J. B. H.

This, again, appears a very Protean plant in the foliage, which is entire, sinuato-pinnatifid, or deeply pinnatifid with linear spreading segments. The plant varies from two to six inches long, and bears one or many scapes, all the parts being more or less clothed with a soft subtomentose pubescence ; it has also been found at Cape Fan- weather by Capt. King.

Plate CXII., left hand figure. Yuj. 1, receptacle ; fig. 2, floret ; fig. 3, stamens ; fig. 4, achsenium : — all magnified.

23. SONCHUS, L.

1. Sonchus oleraeeiis, Linn. Sj). PI. n. 1116.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago, C. Darwin, Esq.

Most probably migrated thither since the discovery of South America, from the adjacent coast. It is also naturalized in several parts of Patagonia.

24. HIERACKJM, L.

1. HiEKACii'M Antarcticum, D'Urv.; stolonibus nullis, foliis radicalibus lanceolato-spathulatis obtusis subacutisve basi in petiolum attenuatis obscure sinuato-dentatis glaberrimis v. parcissime pubescentibus caulinis paucis linearibus dentatis, caule nudiusculo patentim glanduloso-piloso superne subvilloso 2-3-floro, pedicellis obscure araneosis, involucri campanulati scpiamis Hnearibus pihs atris elongatis dense vestitis. H. Antarcticum, D'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 608. Gaud, in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 134.

Hab. Falkland Islands, D'Urville; rocky places near the sea, -/. D. H.

Folia exemplaribus Falklandicis uncialia, Patagonicis 3-4-pollicaria. Caidis 4-6 unc. longus. Involucrum \ unc. longum.

I have described this species partly from my own specimens, which are very imperfect, and partly from others gathered in Patagonia (Cape Fairweather) by Capt. King, where a second species occurs of which a diagnosis is subjoined.*

* Hieracium Patagonicum, Hook.fil. ; totiun pilis patentibus hirtum, stolonibus nullis, foliis radicalibus oblongo- lanceolatis subacutis integerrimis in petiolum attenuatis caulinis paucis sessilibus angustioribus obscm-e et remote dentatis, caule erecto subnudo apice pamcidatiin ramoso, pedunculis pedicellis scpiamisque involucri hnearibus pihs atris rigidis patentibus subsetosis.

Hab. Patagonia; Cape Fairweather, Capt. King.

Planta pedalis. Folia pauca, 6-uncialia. Panicida 6-8-flora. Involucra \ unc. longa. — H. gracili, Hook., America; boreahs, afhnis.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 325

XXVI. STYLIDIEtE, Jim.

1. FORSTERA, L.

1. Forstera muscifolia, Willd., Sp. PI. vol. iv. p. 148. DC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 338. F. uliginosa, Homb. et Jacq. in Yog. an Pole Si/d, Bot. Plian. Dicot. t. 16 D. Phyllachne uliginosa, Forster, Comm. Goett. vol. ix. p. 24. Swartz in Schrad. Journ. vol. ii. p. 173. t. 1, et in Koenig and Sims Annals of Bot. vol.i. p. 286. t. 5. Lamarck Illust. Gen. t. 741. lourn. Hist. Nat. p. 190. t, 10. f. 2. Stibas, Com- merson, MSS.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson, MM. Eomlron et Jacquiuot; Fuegia, Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander, Forster, C. Darwin, Esq.; Port Famine, Copt. King; Hermite Island, Cape Horn, /. D. H.

For remarks upon this species, see Part 1. p. 39 of the present work. Like the Donatia, a plant which, from the nature of the soil, climate, and vegetation of the Falklands, might be expected to have been met with there, accompanying the Caltha appendiculata and Astelia pumila.

XXVII. LOBELIACE^E, Juss. 1. PRATIA, Gaud.

1. Peatia repens, Gaud. vid. ante Part 1. p. 42. in note.

Hab. Fuegia, Staten Land, Dr. Eights; Falkland Islands, Gaitdichand, D'Urville, and all succeeding voyagers.

Since the publication of the synopsis of this genus, in the first part of the present work, I have examined a new species from the Straits of Magalhaens, also inhabiting the eastern side of the Andes of Chili, specimens of which, from the latter locality, were then considered to be the true P. repens, which, so far as I am aware, is a native of the Falkland Islands, Staten Land, and Valparaiso only.

2. Pratia longiflora, Hook, fil.; glaberrirna, caule breviusculo repente subsiinplici, foliis paucis erectis carnosis longe petiolatis ovatis obtusis integerrimis v. obscure sinuatis, pedunculis fere terminalibus folio aequilongis ebracteatis, calycis segmentis ovatis acutis, corollse tubo cyliiidraceo elongato lobis patentibus triplo longiore.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Cape Negro, C. Darwin, Esq.

Herba laxe caespitosa. Caulis "diametro pennse passerinae, 1 unc. longus, repens, nodosus, apice ascendente. Petioli basi vaginantes, -i-1 unc. longi, crassiusculi, erecti. Folia magnitudine varia, i-J uncialia, subcoriacea, enervia. Peduncidi ex axillis supremis orti, validi, infra florem gradatim incrassati. Ovarium late oblongum, gibbosiun. Cahjeis dentes erecti sub -i lin. longi.

Very nearly allied to the former, but differing in the short stems and much smaller and narrower foliage, and most materially in the narrow cylindrical tube of the corolla, which is far longer than the segments, and nearly four times as long as broad. Mi-. Bridges has gathered specimens in the marshes of El Valle de las Cuevas, on the eastern side of the Andes of Chili.

4 c

326 FLOEA ANTAECTICA. \Fuegia, the

XXVIII, GESNEBIACEiE, Nees.

1. MITKAKIA, Cav.

1. Mitrama coccinea, Cavanilles, Icones, vol. vi. p. 67. t. 579. DC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 537. Hab. Chonos Archipelago, C. Darwin, Esq.

XXIX. ERICE/E, Br. 1. PEKNETTYA, ftnrt

1. Perxettya mucronata, Gaud, m Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 102. in note. DC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 5S7. Hombr. et Jacq. in Toy. an Pole Snd, Dot. P/ian. Dicot. t. 22. X. Y. Z. Arbutus mucronata, Linn. fil. Suppl. 239. Ford. Comm. Goett. vol.ix. p. 31. Lamarck, Ulust. t. 366. f. 7. Graham, in Dot. Mag. t. 3093. Lindley, Dot. Peg. t. 1675. Lodd.Dot. Cab. t. 1848. A. rigida, Danks et Sol. MSS. in Dial. Banks, cum icone.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson ; Fuegia, Banks and Solander, and found by all succeeding voyagers, throughout that country.

One of the most abundant of Puegian plants, exceedingly variable in the size of its foliage. Owing, apparently, to the puncture of an insect, the apices of the raniuli in the present and following species frequently assmne the form of cones, being covered with densely imbricated leaves so metamorphosed as exactly to resemble the scales of an Abies.

Though Protean in its fobage, this species is very confined in its geographical limits, advancing no further north than Cape Fairweather, on the east coast of Patagonia.

2. Peknettya pumila, Hook.; humilis, glaberrima, subcaespitosa, ramosa, caulibus prostratis vel suberectis, foliis imbricatis sessilibus ovatis acutis obtusisve concavis subter carinatis marginibus subtilissime cartilagineo-serrulatis, pechcellis axillaribus arcuatis folio sequilongis longioribusve 1-floris basi bracteolatis.

Var. a, minor, foliis densius imbricatis obtusis. P. pumila, Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 9. DC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 586. Homb. et Jacq. in Voy. au Pole Sud, Dot. Dicot. t. 22. S et T. Arbutus pumila, Linn. fil. Swppl. n. 239. Forst. Comm. Goett. vol. ix. p. 32. Andromeda humilis, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Bibl. Banks, cum icone.

Var. /3, empetrifolia, foliis laxe imbricatis angustioribus subacutis obtusisve. P. empetrifolia, Gaud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 102. Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 454. t. 67. D'Urville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 607. DC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 586. Andromeda empetrifolia, Lamk. Encycl. vol. i. p. 155. Arbutus empetrifolia, Linn. fil. Swppl. v. 239. Bruyere a feuilles pointues," Pernetty, Voy. t. 2. p. 64.

Hab. Var. a. Prom Cape Tres Monies (Patch Cove, alt. 2,000 feet), on the west coast of South Chili to Cape Horn, and in the Falkland Islands, Commerson, Banks and Solander, Forster, and all succeeding voyagers. Var. 0. South part of Tierra del Fuego, Forster, C. Danvin, Esq., J. D. H. Falkland Islands, most abundant.

The two plants here united under one specific name are decidedly mere varieties. The 0. empetrifolia is by far the most abundant, and its prostrate stems sometimes attain the length of two feet. Var. minor, in its smallest

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 327

state, appears, at first sight, sufficiently distinct ; but it often runs out to a considerable length, when the leaves become much more laxly imbricated.

Both pink and white berries are found on this species ; also cones, similar to those described under P. mucro- nata, and diseased ramuli, densely covered with minute, erect, linear leaves.

Dr. Gillies' Arbutus vaccinioides, from the Andes of Chili, which appears identical with Poeppig's A. leucocarpa {Pernettya, DC), is most likely another form of this plant, the length of the pedicels affording no character either in the flower or fruit.

2. GATJLTHEBIA, Kalm.

1. Gatjltheria microphylla, Hook.fil.; purnila, ramosa, ramis gracilibus setosis, foliis late ovatis v. oblongis obtusis marginibus incrassatis obscure serratis, pedicellis axillaribus brevibus fasciculatis nnifloris recurvis, fructibus globosis vel turbinatis. Pernettya serpyllifolia, DC. Prodi-, vol. vii. p. 587. Arbutus serpyllifolia, Lam. Encgcl. vol. i. p. 228. A. microphylla, Ford. Comm. Goctt. vol. ix. p. 32. (Tab. CXII. sub nom. G. Antarcticee) .

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, Commersoti ; Port Famine, Capt. King. Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander; Staten Land, Webster; Hermite Island and East Falkland Island. J.D.H.

Suffruticulus 3— 4-uncialis, vage ramosus, ramis gracilibus subfiliformibus rufo-brunneis parce setosis. Folia sparsa, brevisshne petiolata, coriacea, glabenima, 2-3 lin. longa, larte viridia, nitida. Flares parvi ; corolla globosa, alba. Bacca pallide rosea, foliis sequilonga.

When figuring tins species, I gave it the trivial appellation of Antarctica, not being aware of its identity with Pernettya serpyllifolia, DC, and Arbutus serpyllifolia, Lam., all which names must yield to that of G. microphylla, the plant being undoubtedly the little-known Arbutus microphylla of Forster.

The genera Gaultheria and Pernettya are the representatives, in the high southern latitudes, of the Arbuti, of the family of Fricece in the northern and Arctic regions.

Plate CXVI. Fig. 1, apex of flowering branch ; /fy. 2, flower; fig. 3, the same laid open ; Jig. 4, germen, hypogynous glands and stamen ; fig. 5, stamen ; fig. 6, longitudinal section of germen ; fig. 7, transverse section of the same; fig. 8, ripe fruit; fig. 9, longitudinal section of the same ; fig. 10, seed; fig. 11, longitudinal section of the same ; fig. 12, seed with outer testa removed ; fig. 13, longitudinal section of the same ; fig. 14, embryo : — all magnified.

XXX. EPACRLDEvE, Br.

1. LEBETANTHUS, Endl.

1. Lebetakthus Americanus, Endl. MSS. in Enchirid. Bot. Allodape Americana, Endl. Gen. Plant. p. 749. Walpers Repert. Bot. Sj/st. vol. ii. p. 733. Prionotes Americana, Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 30. DC. Prodr. vol. vii. p. 766. Azalea bullata, Forst. MSS. in Mm. Banks, cum icone. Jacquinotia prostrata, Homb. et Jacq. Foy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Bieot. t. 22. B.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine, Capt. King ; and thence south throughout the wooded portion of Fuegia and Staten Land, Forster, C. Darwin, Esq., Mr. Webster, 8rc.

It is certainly very remarkable that the sole American representative hitherto noticed of the order Epacridea>, is also among the very few that so deviate from one of the most important diagnostic characters of that order, as to present a distinctly two-celled anther. Labillardiere rightly described the stamens of the Tasmanian Prionotes

328 FLOKA ANTARCTICA. [Fuec/ia, the

cerudhoides, Br., as having this structure, and it is a singular circumstance that these two plants, which, through their bilocular anthers and hypogynous filaments, completely unite the Ericea of the northern hemisphere with their southern representatives in Australia, the Epacridea:, are both natives of very humid climates and densely wooded regions, and not of such localities as the majority of cither Order (but especially the Epacridea) affect.

The subscandent habit of L. Amerieanus is very peculiar ; it grows on the trunks of trees, and often creeps up them for some feet. This is also the case with some other distichous-leaved Antarctic plants, as Callixene, and Lusuriaga, and with the Prionotes and Decaspora of Tasmania.

XXXI. GENTIANEtE, Jim. 1. GENTIAN A, L.

1. Gentiana Magellanica, Gaud, in Ami. So. Nat. vol. v. p. 89, et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 134. D'Urvitte, in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 607. Grisebach, Gen. et Sp. Gent. p. 237, et in DC. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 99.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Copt. King ; south part of Fuegia, C. Darivin, Esq. Falk- land Islands, Gaudichaud, D'Urvitte, Mr. Wright, J. D. H.

2. Gentiana Patagonica, Grisebach, Gen. et Sp. Gent. p. 237, et in DC. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 99. (Tab. CXV. sub. nomine G. Magellanica).

Var. /3, Darwinii, Griseb. I. c.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Elizabeth Island, C. Darwin, Esq.

I can hardly consider Mr. Darwin's specimens to be even a variety of the plant collected by Capt. King at Cape Fahweather (not Port Jamaica, vid. Griseb.), on the coast of Patagonia.

Except the rather broader and more obtuse segments of the less deeply divided calyx, there is nothing to distinguish this from the Tasmanian and New Zealand G. montana, Forst.

Plate CXV. (under the name of G. Magellanica). Fig. 1, flower; fig. 2, stamen; fig. 3, germen; fig. 4, ripe fruit ; fig. 5, seed ; fig. 6, the same with the testa removed : — all magnified.

3. Gentiana prostrata, Haenk. in Jacq. Coll. vol. ii. p. 66. 1. 17. f. 2. Griseb. Gen. elSp. Gent. p. 271, et in DC. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 106.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Cape Negro, C. Darwin, Esq.

For the widely extended geographical distribution of this little species, see Part 1. p. 56. of the present work.

XXXII. CONVOLVULACE.E, Jim.

1. CALYSTEGIA, Br.

1. Calystegia sepiiim, Br., Prodr. p. 483. Engl. Bot. t. 313. C/ioisy in DC. Prodr. vol. ix. p. 433. Hab. Chonos Archipelago, C. Darwin, Esq.

This plant, the common English Bind-weed, is universally diffused throughout the temperate regions, both of the northern and southern hemispheres. In the latter it inhabits New Holland, New Zealand, and the Island of Java, according to M. Choisy, in DC. Prodr. 1. c.

Falklands, etc.] FLOEA ANTARCTICA. 329

XXXIII. BORAGINE.E, Juss. 1. MTOSOTIS, L.

1. Myosotis albifiora, Banks et Sol. MSS.; caiilibus e rhizomate valido plurimis prostratis gracilibus foliisque parce appresse pilosis, foliis radicalibus spathulatis petiolatis caulinis obovato-oblongis, floribus paucis axillaribus breviter pedicellatis calycibusque campanulatis appresse pilosis, corollae tubo calycem superante limbi lobis late oblongis breviusculis. M. albiflora, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Bill. Banks, cum icone.

Hab. Fuegia, Good Success Bay, Banks and Solancler. South part of Tierra del Fuego, C. Darwin, Esq.

Rhizoma crassum, i unc. longum, fibras plurimas atras einittens, apiceque caules 5-8 gerens. Caules 2-unciales, prostrati, apice ascendentes, parce foliosi. Folia i-J-uncialia, 3-4 lin. lata, apice obtusa, utrinque sed super prse- cipue pilis albidis appressis sparsa. Flores axillares, non racemosi, inconspicui, pedicellati ; pedicello calyce sequi- longo, sub -| lin. longo. Calyx 5-fidus, laciniis ovato-lanceolatis, acutis, corollas tubo \ brevioribus. Corolla* tubus teres, fauce glandulis fornicatis superne medio emarginatis fere clausa. Stamina inclusa. Stylus stigmate clavato terrainatus.

In size and habit this little species closely resembles the M. Antarctica (Part 1. p. 57. t. 38), but it is a much slenderer, less rigid, and comparatively glabrous plant, with larger, though still very inconspicuous, and white flowers. It evidently belongs, by its prostrate stems and axillary flowers, to the New Zealand group of the genus, which, under the species alluded to, I have noticed as very different from that including the majority of the genus.

XXXIV. SOLANEjE. Jim.

1. SOLANUM, L.

1. Solanum tuberosum, Linn. Sp. PL 282. Dunal, Monogr. p. 135.

Hab. Clionos Archipelago, C. Darwin, Esq.

The true Potato plant reaches the boundary to which the Antarctic Flora of South America is confined, and is described as particularly abundant in the locabties whence Mr. Darwin's specimens were brought. The nature of the present work forbids my dwelling on some of the peculiarities which mark the history and habitat of this plant ; and I leave the subject with the less reluctance, because Mr. Darwin's own history of its discovery in an indisputably native state is already pubbshed in one of the most interesting ' Journals of a Naturahst ' that has ever been written. The following remarks apply wholly to the botanical affinities of the individual species now universally cultivated in all temperate civilized countries.

There are in South America several Solatia, so closely allied to the true Potato, that it is exceediugly difficult to distinguish them specifically. Though differing materially in the shape of their calycine lobes, they display such variation in these organs, that no specific value can be attached to them alone. The fruit may afford better charac- ters, but that of many is at present unknown. The following is an enumeration of those South American Solatia, allied to, or varieties of, the true S. tuberosum, which exist in the Hookerian Herbarium. I shall commence with the specimens most similar to the common cultivated form.

Stirps I. S. tuberosum, L.

Var. 1, vulgare, planta pubescens, caule robusto, foliis amplis, calycis majusculi lobis e basi late ovata in acumen subelongatum productis.

4 D

330 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \JPuegia, the

Hab. Clionos Archipelago, C. Darwin, Esq. Specimens very luxuriant, altogether resembling well- grown cultivated plants. Hills about Lima, /. Mac Lean, Esq.; several sub-varieties, marked as "yellow, mottled, white, or purple Potato "; but none are so luxuriant as Mr. Darwin's specimens. Juan Fernandez, Bertero ; no flower ; — Mr. Bertero remarks that it is possibly wild, the roots being bitter.

Var. 2, macranthum , foliolis multi-4-S-jugis ovato-lanceolatis glabratis, corymbis glabriusculis, laciniis calycims subulatis, corollis amplis ly unc. diametro.

Hab. Serras of Amancaes, Peru, Mathews, n. 847.

Var. 3, puberulum, foliolo terminah maximo, lateralibus parvis multoties minoribus, corymbis glabratis, calycibus minoribus glabriuscuhs, corollis amphs.

Hab. Puruchuca, Peru; Mathews, n. 772.

Var. 4, multijugum, totum ut in precedente, sed glabratum, foliolis sequalibus, laterahbus midtijugis lanceolatis basi cordatis petiolulatis.

Hab. cum priore, Mathews, n. 771.

Var. 5,j)olemoniifoliu>/i, foliis incano-pubescentibus, fohohs plurimis parvis, calycis paulo minoris glabrati lobis brevioribus acutis.

Hab. Andes of Chili and Mendoza, Dr. Gillies.

This and the four preceding are all large-flowered states probably of the true Solatium tuberosum, upon the pubescence, or form and number of the leaflets of which no reliance is to be placed. If so, its range is from an elevation near Lima in Peru, to the level of the sea at Chonos Archipelago, and iidand to the Andes of Mendoza in Chili.

Stirps II. S. Commersonii, Poir.

Var. 1, glabriusculum, foliolo terminali lateralibus paucijugis majore, floribus majusculis, calycibus pubescentibus.

Hab. Buenos Apes, Tiveedie; Valparaiso, Bridges, n. 401.

Apparently the plant figured in Hort. Soc. Trans, vol. v., p. 249. t. 9, 10, 11, from Commerson's own specimens.

Var. 2, pilosiusculum, foliis amplis, foliolis multijugis sequalibus, floribus majusculis, calycibus pubes- centibus.

Hab. Mountains of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies ; " cult, ad Buenos Ayres sub nom. S. tuberosi," Herb. Hook.

Hardly different from the former variety. Apparently the S. tuberosum of Hort. Soc. Trans., the experiments upon which are there detailed.

Var. 3, glaucluloso-jjiibescens, foliolis parvis ovatis basi cordatis petiolulatis. Hab. Foot of the mountains of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. A smaller plant than either of the foregoing.

Var. 4, glabratum, foliolis paucijugis terminah majore, corymbo paucifloro, floribus minoribus : — an sp. distincta?

Buenos Ayres, in hedges, Dr. Gillies.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 331

I think there can hardly be a doubt that the largest-flowered plant, whose varieties I have included under the Stirps I., is the true cultivated Potato, a species, in its wild state, confined to the west of the Andes. Whether the & Commersonii, which chiefly differs in the size of the flowers, be really distinct or not, is another question. Ranging as as it does from one side of the contineut to the other, it may perhaps have some claims to be considered the type of the Potato, of which the large-flowered variety, now commonly cultivated with us, is confined, as just observed; to the Pacific side of South America.

That both produce tubers, called " Papas " and " Maglia," is evident, for the specimen from which the tubers were reared to the size of ordinary Potatos, in the Horticultural Society's Gardens, is certainly referable to the small-flowered Valparaiso plant, also collected by Bridges ; and the large-flowered species of Lima presents the ordinary varieties of the well-known vegetable, as does the Chouos Arcliipelago and Mendoza one.

To show how little evidence is to be derived from the mere fact of the species producing tuberous roots, I may mention that there is a third plant, allied to both the former, and found over a great part of extra-tropical South America, bearing tubers, altogether similar to those of the two foregoing Solatia. This I refrain from naming, though unable to ascertain that it is previously described, but it may readily be recognized by its great general resemblance to S. Commersonii, from which it differs in the small fruit, and in the short cupuliform or hemispherical calyx, whose lobes are short, broad, and rounded ; while in other respects, as regards pubescence and size and form of the leaflets, it is as variable as the two former. I have seen specimens from Antueo {Reynolds), Valdivia {Bridges, 719), Valparaiso {Cuming, 555), and Uraguay {Tweedie), to the last of which the collector has added ou the ticket, " This bears a considerable quantity of nasty soft watery Potatos at its root, called Papas Amargas, in consequence of their bitter taste."

With regard to Mr. Darwin's specimens, in producing an abundance of tubers they only follow the habit of Cardamine liirsuta and many other plants, when inhabiting such a soil as a shingly beach. In the absence of a bitter principle, evident in the wild tubers of the " Maglia " of the drier parts of South America, the Chonos Archipelago Potato may be compared with the Celery meutioned at p. 287, whose insipidity I attribute partly to the dampness of the climate, and still more to the absence of the direct rays of the sun.

Professor Henslow, who has investigated the subject of the native Potato with his usual care and skill, agrees with me in considering this of Mr. Darwin's to be quite identical with the common cultivated Potato ; and he further remarks the differences between it and the " Maglia " of Chili, without,, however, pronouncing them specifically distinct.

Thus, from the information I have been able to obtain, it appears very possible that the plant experimented upon in the Horticultural Society's Gardens, is even specifically distinct from the common cultivated Potato, for it is cer- tainly the small-flowered " Maglia " of Chili, and not the large-blossomed "Aquinas" of Chiloe and the Chonos Archipelago. It woidd be very interesting to introduce the tubers of Mr. Darwin's S. tuberosum, and the S. Com- mersonii (the latter both from the east and west coasts), into our gardens ; along with, if possible.the short-calyxed species, winch is also stated by Mr. Tweedie to produce tubers.

Though I have spoken of these three Solana as all tuberous-rooted, it is more than probable that they are not always or necessarily so, and that the absence of those hybernacula does not indicate specific distinction. Mr. Cruikshanks, who has studied one of the above species in its cidtivated state in Chili (probably the S. Commersonii), says of it, that the " Papas Amarillas," or Yellow Potato of Peru, which was grown in the Horticultural Society's Gardens, is a variety of the Solatium tuberosum, differing from all other known varieties of that species in its partiality for a particular climate. Mr. Cruikshanks also remarks, " that it will not produce bulbs near the coast in Peru, nor at Valparaiso, but only on the higher parts and in a very few spots ; but that further south in Chili, as near Valdivia, it is very productive." The explanation seems to be, that this yellow Potato, whether a species or variety, is dependent upon a moist and cool climate for the formation of tubers, or, as the inhabitants of Peru express

332 FLORA ANTARCTICA. {Fiiegia, the

it, on the " tiemperamento de la Sierra". Hence, too, may arise their absence on Dr. Lindley's S. etuberosum, which is intermediate between two of Mr, Mathews' Peruvian states of S. tuberosum, having the foliage and colour of the flowers of his No. 847, which I have made the second variety of 8. tuberosum, and the smooth panicle and small calyx of Mathews' No. 771, or my fourth variety of the same species.

Genus SOLANEIS relatum.

1. Desfoxtaexea spinosa, Ruiz et Pavon, Ft. Per. vol. ii. p. 47. t. 186. Don, in Ed. Journ. of Sc. 1831. p. 275. Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 33. D. splendens, H. B. K. Plant. JEqumoct. vol. i. p. 157. t. 45.

Hab. Staten Land ; Mr. Webster.

Much has been written regarding the affinities of this curious genus ; for several reasons, I retain it near Solanece, to which Order it was doubtfully referred by the authors of the " Plantes .Equinoctiales," and more recently by M. Endlicher. M. Kunth afterwards suggested its relationship with TheophrastetB, which Mr. Don had also sus- pected. The last-mentioned author has more recently arranged it in Gentianece, and is followed by Dr. Lindley, in ' The Vegetable Kingdom ', who had previously placed it in AquifioliaceaJ (Xat. Syst. of Bot.). My own impression is that its proper place is nearer to the order Ericea, an hypothesis strengthened by the observations of my friend M. Planchon, who has studied this plant most attentively, and who pointed out its affinity with the anomalous genus Galax, and particularly with the Arctic European and American Diapensia Lapponica, in the position of the anther and some other points.

Capt. King's collection contains a very curious plant from Port Famine, which, from the nature of the fruit and testa of the unripe seeds, I presume, approaches Ericea, though wholly differing in habit and in some other points which ally it to Diapensia. Unfortunately all the specimens are out of flower, which I exceedingly regret, for it may afford characters which will throw a light upon these and other obscure genera of Monopetalea. Its seeds are enclosed in a double testa, a structure which occurs, though rarely, in several orders of monopetalous Dicotyledons.

The geographical distribution of this curious genus is, like that of Gunnera, very extended, from the Andes under the equator, alt. 12,000 feet, to the level of the sea at Staten Island, in lat. 53° south.

XXXV. SCROPHULABINEiE, Jim. 1. CALCEOLARIA, L.

1. Caxceolabia FothergilUi, Sol. m Ait. Sort. Kew. vol. i. p. 30. 1. 1. Car. Ic. vol. v. t. 442. f. 1. Bot. Mag. t. 348. Benth. in DC. Protlr. vol. x. p. 20S. C. Neeana, Spreng. Syst. Veget. vol. i. p. 44. (Tab. CXVIL, left-hand figure).

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King. Falkland Islands, very abundant.

Though very inferior in stature and beauty to most of its congeners, this is among the prettiest of the wild flowers of the Falkland Islands, and the attention of the voyager who is familiar with the genus Calceolaria only in the conservatories of Britain, must be attracted by its appearance on the exposed shores of these inhospitable Islands. I have already mentioned several decidedly English plants, which are natives of this portion of the oppo- site hemisphere ; interesting in themselves, they become still more so when contrasted with such foreign-looking associates as the present, or the nodding bells of the Sisyrinchium, which sometimes whiten the plains, or the deep- orange blossoms of the Falkland Island violet, invariably seen growing with this Calceolaria.

Plate CXVIL, left hand figure. Fig. \, ripe capsules ; fig. 2, transverse section of the same; fig. 3, seed ; fig. 4, longitudinal section of the same : — all magnified.

2. Calceolakia nana, Sm.; herbacea, glabra v. tenuissime viscoso-tomentella, caule brevissimo, foliis

FalMands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 333

petiolatis ovatis obtusis basi longe angustatis integerrimis crenulatisve, pedunculis scapiformibus unifloris, calycis minute viscoso-tomentelli laciniis late ovatis obtusis, corollse labio superiore calyce parum breviore inferiore dependents obovato basi longe contracto ultra medium aperto. Benth. in DC. Prodi: vol. x. p. 208. Smith, Icon. hied. vol. i. p. 1. 1. 1. C. uniilora, Lam. Illust. Gen. 1. 15. f. 3.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson. Port Gregory, Cajjt. King.

Caules -i— 1-pollicares, apice pedicellos 1-2-subtripollicares ferunt. Staminum filamenta quani in affinibus longiora. Benth. I. c.

The foliage alone is insufficient to distinguish this species from a small state of C. FothergilUi, but they are very dissimilar in the calyx and size of the corolla, the sepals of the former being very broad and almost cucullate, covered externally with a viscid yellow tomentiun, while in C. nana, they are smaller, narrower, and simply pubes- cent. The corolla of C. nana almost equals that of C. Banvinii, to which, in every respect, it is nearly allied.

This species has been also found at Cape Fairweather by Capt. King.

3. Calceolaria Darwinii, Benth.; glabra, caule brevi, foliis late oblongis integerrimis vel remote paucidentatis iu petiolum longe angustatis, pedunculis scapiformibus 1-3-floris, calycis minute puberuli laciniis late ovatis obtusis, corolla? labio superiore calycem subsequante inferiore dependente maximo late obovato basi longe contracto ultra medium aperto, antherarum loculis ovatis. Bentham, in DC. Prodr. vol.x. p. 207. (Tab. CXVIL, right-hand figure).

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Elizabeth Island, C. Darwin, Esq.

Habitus C.polyrhizce, corolla: iis C. FothergilUi forma similes sed majores, speeiosa;, maculatae. Benth. I.e.

Much the handsomest species of the small section " Scajiosa," to which all the Antarctic Calceolaria belong. Though very distinct at first sight from the former, the individual parts are so liable to vary that it becomes almost impossible to draw up an absolute distinctive character. For instance, the leaves in one specimen have the same form as in a Cape Fairweather individual of C. nana, and, though more glabrous than in most states of the latter plant, they are not universally so ; the corolla; are quite alike in the two, and the difference in the length of the filaments is hardly appreciable. The calyx of C. Darwinii varies exceedingly in the size and form of its segments, they are sometimes large, broad, and obtuse, as in C. FothergilUi, or small and narrow like those of C. nana.

Plate CXVIL, right hand figure. C. Barwinii, the natural size.

4. Calceolaria polyrhiza, Cav. Ic. Bar. vol. v. p. 25. t. 441. Benth. in DC. Prodr. vol. x. p. 207.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; Nee.

Of this plant I have seen no Falkland Island specimens. It is also a native of Port Desire on the coast of Patagonia, where Mr. Darwin gathered it.

5. Calceolaria plantaginea, Smith, Icon. ined. vol. i. p. 2. t. 2. Hook, in Bot.Mag. t. 2805. Lodd. Bot. Cat. 1. 1402. Benth. in DC. Prodr. vol. x. p. 208. C. biflora, Lam. Encijcl. vol. i. p. 556. Bsea plantaginea, Persoon, Spiojjs. vol. i. p. 15.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson ; Elizabeth Island, C. Dancin, Esq.

Very abundant between the latitude of Valparaiso and the Strait of Magalhaens, though confined to a narrow belt, which runs obliquely across the continent of South America, from lat. 33°, to lat. 53°. In the northern half of its range, between the parallels of Valparaiso and Chiloe, it is chiefly confined to the west of the Andes ; in the southern half, between the latter locality and the Strait of Magalhaens, it crosses to the east side of South America ; thus avoiding equally the wet, cold, and stormy latitudes of South-west Chili and Fuegia, and the arid plains of Patagonia.

4 E

334 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

2. LIMOSELLA, Linn.

1. Limosella aquatica, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 881. Engl. Bot. t. 357. Benth. in DC. Prodr. vol. x. p. 427.

"Var. /3, tenuifolia. L. tenuifolia, Nutt. Gen. N. Am. vol. ii. p. 43. Gaudic/iaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 102, et in Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 133. D' Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 607. Benth. in DC. Prodr. vol. x. p. 427. L. australis, Brown, Prodr. p. 443.

Hab. Falkland Islands, Gaudichav.d, J. D. H. Kerguelen's Land, /. D. H.

I am convinced there is no specific distinction between the Limosella aquatica, L., and L. tenuifolia, Nutt., and have consequently united them. In the specimens from the southern hemisphere which I have examined, the leaves do not attain the breadth which those of the northern temperate regions generally present ; though, on the other hand, both European, Asiatic, and North American plants of the L. aquatica have the foliage narrow as that of L. tenuifolia, to which variety some Arctic individuals of L. aquatica are quite simdar.

The range of this species is nearly identical with that of Callitriche aquatica and Montia fontana, and there is also a considerable resemblance in the mode and extent of their variation between these three plants. This is not remarkable with regard to Callitriche and Montia, which are very frequently seen associated together, invariably so in Kerguelen's Land, in the Falkland Islands, in Lord Auckland's Group and Campbell's Island, and thus are influ- enced in common by every fluctuation of climate and temperature, and by the depth or rapidity of the current, when growing in the water ; but the Limosella does not occur mixed with these two genera, even though inhabiting the same islands.

In Kerguelen's Land the Limosella is found in the muddy bottom of a lake, and probably flowers all the year round. I gathered it in the month of July (mid-winter), beneath two feet of water, covered with two inches of ice ; even then it had fully-formed flowers, whose closely imbricating petals retained a bubble of air, the anthers were full of pollen and the ovides apparently impregnated. The climate of Kerguelen's Land being such, that this lake is perhaps never dried, it follows that the plant has here the power of impregnation when cut off from a free communi- cation with the atmosphere, and supplied with a very small portion of atmospheric air generated by itself. My Falkland Island specimens are in a very poor state. Gaudichaud, who first detected it in that Island, considers it identical with the European plant.

3. VERONICA, L.

1. Veronica elliptica, Forst.; Ft. Ant. part 1. p. 58. V. decussata, Ait. et auctor.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens to Cape Horn in Fuegia, Commerson, Banks and Solander, and all succeeding vovagers. West Falkland Island, chiefly on the southern and western coasts.

2. Veronica serpyllifolia, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 15. Engl. Bot. t. 1075. Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 102, et in Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 133. D'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 607.

Hab. Falkland Islands, abundant near the colonized parts of the Islands; D'Urville, fyc.

This species, in affecting principally the vicinity of the settlements and ground much frequented by cattle, was probably introduced originally from Europe into the Falkland Islands. It is found no where else in the southern hemisphere, except the neighbourhood of Quito, where Mi-. Kunth doubts its being indigenous, or in equally equivocal situations.

4. OURISIA, Comm. 1. Ourisia Magellanica, Joss.; caule repente, foliis subradicalibus longe petiolatis cordato-ovatis

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 335

orbiculatisve obtusis crenatis floralibus orbicularis serniamplexicaulibus, pedunculis dissitis, calycis laciniis ovatis obtusiusculis ciliatis subbilabiatim connatis. Benth. in DC. Prodr. vol.x. p. 492. Gartner, fil. de Fruct. vol. iii. p. 44, non Poepp. et Midi. Chelone ruelloides, Linn. fil. Suppl. p. 271.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson ; Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander; Staten Land, Mr. Webster.

Caules breves, crassiusculi uti petioli nervi foliorurn et calycis margo pilis nonnullis patentibus ciliati ; planta caeteriun glabra. Petioli 3-4 poll, longi. Folia crnssiuscula, majora 2-2-i pollicaria, crenis insequalibus ; floralia serni-poUicem lata. Raeemus fere a basi scapi florifer. Pedicelli fructiferi idtra pollicares. Calycis lacinire 2-2i lin. latBB. Corolla 7-8 lin, longa, tubo amplo incurvo, limbi laciniis retusis. Capsula late orbiculata, compressiuscula. Benth. I. c.

This, of which I have seen but a single specimen, must be one of the handsomest Fuegian plants ; it is appa- rently very scarce, for it does not exist in the collections of Capt. King or Mr. Darwin, nor have I myself gathered it.

2. Ourisia IreviJIora, Benth.; humihs, pilosa, caule ascendente foliato 2-4-floro, foliis petiolatis ovato- orbiculatis basi truucato-subcordatis floralibus sessibbus ovatis, calycis segmentis bneari-oblongis tubo corollas longioribus. Benth. in DC. Prodr. vol. x. p. 493. (Tab. CXVIII. sub nomine 0. Antarctica).

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine, Capt. King ; South part of Tierra del Fuego, C. Darwin, Esq. Hermite Island, in clefts of rocks on the mountains, /. D. H.

Caules basi ramosi, 2-3-pollicares. Folia vix semi-pollicaria. Calycis segmenta fere 3 lin. longa, angusta, obtusa. Corolla limbus valde obliquus, laciniis emarginatis, iufima quam tubus paulo longior.

A pretty Uttle species, probably not rare in Fuegia, though readily overlooked from its very diminutive size. When the accompanying plate was prepared and the name 0. Antarctica applied to it, I was not aware of Mr. Bentham having named the plant in the then unpublished volume of De Candolle's Prodromus.

The genus Ourisia is highly interesting, from being among those peculiar to the Antarctic or higher latitudes of the southern regions, which have no analogue in the northern, but which, though most abundant in Antarctic America, have representative species in the temperate portions of Terra Australia (0. integrifolia, Sm.), and in New Zealand or temperate Polynesia (O.maeropltyUa, Hook.).

Plate CXVIII. (under the name of O.Antarctica). Fig. 1, flower; fig. 2, corolla laid open ; fig. 3, ovarium ; fig. 4, transverse section of the same j fig. 5, ripe fruit ; fig. 6, transverse section of the same ; fig. 7, seed ; fig. 8, longitudinal section of the same : — all magnified.

5. EUPHRASIA, L.

Eupheasia Antarctica, Benth.; minima, subsimplex, pubescens, foliis cuneato-trifidis lobis obtusis brevibus, corolla? tubo exserto limbi lobis brevibus subintegris, capsula ovata obtusa. Benth. in DC. Prodr. vol. v. p. 555.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Cape Negro, C. Darwin, Esq.

Herba perpusilla, vix poUicaris, glanduloso-puberula. Caulk erectus, simplex v. divisus, foliosus. Folia 1-3 lin. longa, cuneata, in lacinias 3 lineares obtusas ad medium fissa. Flores inter folia summa sessiles, pro planta magna;. Calyx tubuloso-campanulatus, glabriusculus, breviter 5-fidus, lobis obtusis, apice puberulis, marginibus siccitate atratis. Corolla tubus calycem superans, lobis oblongis oblique eniarginato-truncatis, galea vix sub lobis concava. Stamina corollam subsequantia, antheris basi bi-aristatis.

A very minute species ; also found at Coquimbo in Chili, by M. Gay. It is the southern representative of

336 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegid, the

its European ally, E. officinalis, L., and is still more nearly allied to a Himalayan plant, detected by my friend Mr. Edgeworth, whose researches in the Indian Alps have been rewarded with the discovery of some well-marked types of an American Flora, occurring together where they might have been least expected.

XXXVI. LAEIAT./E, fuss.

1. SCUTELLARIA, L.

1. Scutellaria nummtdaricfolia, Hook, fil.; parvula, glanduloso-puberula, caulibus gracilibus basi prostratis ascendentibus, foliis breviter petiolatis late elbptico-oblongis rotundatisve obtusis integerrimis sub- enerviis floralibus conformibus, fioribus sparsis axillaribus breviter pedicellatis.

Hab. East coast of Tierra del Fuego, C. Barioin, Esq.

Caules gi'aciles, diametro pennee passerinas, basi ramosi ; ramis diffusis, simpliciusculis, elongatis, 2-4-uncialibus tenuiter puberulis. Folia i— \ unc. longa, subcoriacea, utrinque subglanduloso-puberula, apice rotundata, basi in petiolum brevem 1-Ty lin. longum angustata. Mores pauci, majusculi, foliis longiores, breviter pedicellati, pedicello calyoe puberulo aequilongo. Corolla calyce ter longior, e basi sensim ampliata, rosea (?), pubescens, v. glabrata, lobis superioribus lateralibusque bberis brevibus obtusis, inferiore subpendulo, fauce piloso. Acluenia immatura las via.

Allied to the North American S. antirliinoides, Benth., but much smaller, and very different in the size of the flowers. A variety, also gathered by Mr. Darwin at Port St. Julian on the Patagonian coast, is more stunted, densely pubescent, with shorter leaves, and the lower lip of the corolla bearded internally. The discoverer of this species remarks that the climate and productions of the particular locality which it inhabits, are intermediate in character between those of Patagonia and Fuegia.

2. STACHYS, L.

1. Stachys Chonotica, Hook, fil.; lierbacea, erecta, hispido-pilosa, fobis petiolatis oblongo-lanceolatis ovato-oblongisve obtusis acutisve basi cordatis obtuse crenato-serratis floralibus bracteseforrnibus mferioribus calyce longioribus, verticillastris 4-S-floris rernotis, calycis liispidi campanulati dentibus ovatis aristatis, corollas glabriusculae tubo calyce longiore.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Species S. sylvatica siniillhna, sed folia angustiora, brevius petiolata et obtusiora creuisque obtusioribus ; labium inferius corollas minus profimde secta. S. Macrai, Benth., (planta admodum variabili) quoque approximat habitu formaque fohorum, sed tubo corollas elongato exserto lobisque latioribus labii inferioris sat differt.

A plant, so very closely resembling the S. sylvatica, L., of Great Britain, that I long hesitated on the propriety of erecting it into a new species, but do so in concurrence with the opinion of Mi-. Bentham. Mr. Watson, also, upon whose thorough knowledge of British plants, in all their exotic forms to which he has had access, the greatest reliance may be placed, has, with his usual kindness, given much attention to the present plant, and sums up the differences between it and European S. sylvatica, in the leaves of the latter not being so obtuse nor so obtusely serrate, and in the lateral lobes of the lower lip of the corollas being more deeply divided. The leaves of the European S.palustris, L., however, he adds, vary from very acutely to quite as obtusely serrate.

Not being versed in the whole genus Stachys, which contains upwards of one hundred species, I was inclined to regard this plant as possibly intermediate between the S. sylvatica of Europe, and S. Macrai of Chili. Mr. Bentham, however, entirely dissents from such an opinion after a most careful review of its characters, and, I need hardly add, that on his knowledge and experience we may rely for the validity of the species.

FalHands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 337

XXXVII. PRIMULACE^), Juss. 1. PBIMULA, L.

1. Primula farinosa, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 205. Engl. Bot. t. 6. Buby in DC. Prodr. vol. x. p. 44. Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. iv. p. 102, et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 133. B' Urville in Mem. Soc. Binn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 606.

"Var. ft Magellanica. P. Magellanica, Be/im. Monogr. Prim. p. 62. t. 6. Buby, in BC. Prodr. vol. x- p. 45. P. decipiens, Buby, in BC. I. c. (Tab. CXX.)

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens to Cape Horn, Commerson, Capt. King, C. Barwin, Esq., J. B. H. Falk- land Islands, most abundant, Gaudichaud, 8cc.

The excellent plate, executed for this work by Mr. Fitch, enables the British botanist to form a just idea of the Antarctic state or variety of P. farinosa, L. ; which, it will be seen, differs from the majority of those of Britain in the short peduncles of the white flower, in the position of the stamens, in the tube of the corolla, and in the colour of the flowers. The first of these characters is constant in all the Falkland Island and Magellanic specimens of this species, but is also seen in an individual of P. farinosa, gathered near Settle in Yorkshire by Mi-. Tatham, for which I am indebted to my friend Mr. Watson, who not content with examining this plant with me, had the kindness to collate a suite of Antarctic specimens with many hundreds of British growth. The result of this examination has been, that except, perhaps, the colour of the flower, there is no constant character to distinguish the races of the opposite hemispheres, neither the length of the pedicels, of the calycine segments, of the tube of the corolla, nor the position of the stamens in the latter. If, again, we grant (with M. Duby) that the P. Scotica, Hook., is not even a variety of P. farinosa, the length of the pedicel is of still less value, for the North Scottish individuals are undistinguishable, except by the colour of the corolla, from specimens of var. (i, gathered at Cape Horn by myself, and on Mount Tarn on the north shore of the Strait of Magalliaens, by Mr. Darwin, these localities being the northern and southern extremes of its range in the Southern Hemisphere.

Lastly, on comparing var. fl with foreign examples of P. farinosa, their identity is still more evident ; for the latter attain the same great size in Austria that the var. /3 often does in the Falkland Islands, whilst Arctic American specimens of the two are entirely alike.

One argument which militates against the common origin of the individuals from the opposite hemispheres, must not be overlooked ; it is the absence of the plant, and, indeed, of the whole genus, in any part of the Andes south of 39° north lat.; a circumstance which makes it very difficult to account for its appearance in the two opposite temperate zones, if all the individuals of both hemispheres are supposed to have sprung from one parent.

Plate CXX. Fig. 1, flower ; fig. 2, the same ; fig. 3, the same laid open; fig. 4, ripe capsule ; fig. 5, seed ; fig. 6, longitudinal section of the same : — all magnified.

2. ANAGALLIS, Town.

1. Anagallis alternifolia, Cav. Icones, vol. vi. p. 3. t. 506. f. 2. Buby in BC. Prodr. vol. x. p. 71.

Var. densifolia, Lysiniachia repens, B'Urville, in Mem. Soc. Binn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 606. Gaud, in Freyc. Foy. Bot. p. 133. Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 536.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King ; Wollaston Island, C. Bancin, Esq.; Falkland Islands, B'Urville, Mr. Wright, J.B.H.

4 F

338 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Fuegia, the

It appears to me that two very distinct species of this genus have heen confounded, partly together, and partly with the A. tenella, L., of Europe. The first is confined to the damp western portions of middle and southern Chili, Fuegia, and the Falkland Islands, and there are two or perhaps three varieties of it ; I take it to be the A. alternifoUa of Cavanilles, a variable plant, with the peduncles of the same length as, or not much exceeding, the leaves, and the capsule shorter than the calyx. The figure of that author is very inaccurate and at variance with his description ; for the plant is represented erect, instead of creeping, and the leaves scattered, though said to be, approxi- mate. Supposing Cavanilles' plant to form one variety of A. alternifoUa, a second is larger and also creeping, with prostrate branches, 8-10 inches long, bearing broader, rounded and more acute leaves; it has been collected in Valparaiso by Mr. Cuming and Mr. Bridges. A third, intermediate between this and the Fucgian form, has the leaves more crowded, ovate-oblong, and smaller ; it is possibly the state figured by Cavanilles, and has been gathered at Concepeion by Capt. King, at Valdivia by Mi-. Bridges, and on the Andes of Mendoza by Dr. Gillies (Ruellia caspitosa, Gill. MSS. ; and Anagallis herpestoides, Gill. MSS.). The fourth variety is what I have called densifolia ; its leaves and stem are much smaller and crowded, and the whole plant is succulent.

Another extra-tropical South American Anagallis is the A.jiliformis, Link, {A. tenella, fj.Jilifonuis, St. Hil.), which approaches A. tenella so very closely, that M. St. Hilaire has united them specifically. It differs from A. alternifoUa in the leaves being opposite, the stem slender, the peduncles longer, the calycine pieces narrower and twice as long as the capsule, and the whole plant not so succulent ; from the European A. tenella in the leaves never being so broad, in the longer peduncles and rigid stems.

The variety densifolia has a large capsule, always equalling the calyx in length, thus differing from the plant figured by Cavanilles. The capsule, though described by D'Urville as having the dehiscence of a Lysimachia, evidently opens transversely in the specimens I have examined, though it is sometimes, from pressure, split at the top also. Us habit resembles the Abyssinian A. serpens, Hochst.

3. SAMOLUS, L.

1. Samolus littoralis, Brown, Prodr. p. 428. Duly in DC. Prodr. vol. x. p. 73. Sclieft'ieldia repens, Forst.Nov. Gen. p. 18. t. 9.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago and Cape Tres Montes, C. Darwin, Esq.

A plant common to New Holland, New Zealand, and South Chili, and very variable in the size of its parts in all these countries. I have not seen Chilian specimens froin a lower latitude than Valdivia, between which and Cape Tres Monies it seems limited.

2. Samolus spathdatus, Duby, in DC. Prodr. vol. x. p. 7-1. Androsaea spathulata, Cavanilles Icones, vol. v. p. 5(3. t.484. f.l.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Gregory, Capt. King. Elizabeth Island, C. Darwin, Esq.

The raceme, in most of Capt. King's specimens, is so much abbreviated that the flowers are almost capitate. The range of the species, between Port Desire and the Strait of Magalhaens, is remarkably limited.

XXXVIII. LENTIBULARIE^E, Rich.

1. PINGUICULA, Linn.

1. PrNGUicuLA Antarctica, Vahl, Enum. p. 192. AZpL DC. Prodr. vol. x. p. 31. P. obtusa, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Bibl. Banks. (Tab. CXIX.)

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King ; Good Success Bay, Ban/cs and Solander ; south part of Fuegia, C. Darwin, Esq. ; Hermite Island, Cape Horn, /. D. H.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 339

A very pretty little plant, the representative of the British Pinguicida Ludtanica, L., from which it differs in the narrower segments of the corolla and shorter spur. It is not uncommon on moist rocks iu Fuegia.

Plate CXIX. Fig. 1, lateral, and fig. 2, front view of flower ; fig. 3, calyx, germen, and stamens ;fig. 4, stamen ; fig. 5, germen ;fig. 6, transverse section of the ovarium ; fig. 7, ripe fruit; fig. 8, seed ;fig. 9, embryo : — all- magnified.

XXXIX. PLUMBAGINE^E, Juss.

1. STATICE, Totem.

Statice Armeria, Linn., Sp.Pl. p. 394. Engl. Bot. t. 226. S. csespitosa, Poiref, Eneycl. p. 235. Gaud, in Ann. Se. Nat. vol. v. p. 1 02. B' TJrv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 606. Var. ft alpina ; Ed. Cat. p. 2. Hook. Brit. El. p. 270.

Hab. Var. a, Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson ; Port Famine, Capt. King ; Falkland Islands, most abundant near the sea ; Gaudichaud, fye. Var. ft on the mountains of Fuegia, C. Barwin, Esq., J. B. H.

There can, I think, be no question as to this being identical with the S. Armeria of the northern hemisphere ; if any specific or other distinction exists, it has eluded Mr. Watson's and my examination. Both as an alpine and especially as a sea-side plant, its habits are those of the common Sea-Pink.

XL. PLANTAGINE.E, Venten. 1. PLANTAGO, Linn.

1. Plantago maritima, Linn., Sp. PL p. 165. Engl. Bot. 1. 175. P. juncoides, Lam. Must. Gen. n. 1683.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine and Port Gregory, Capt. King.

I am not aware of any South A mericau stations for this plant except those mentioned above ; it is also a native of the Cape of Good Hope, but not of Australia or New Zealand.

2. Plantago barbata, Forst.; laxe caespitosa simplex v. ramosa, foliis erectis stellatim patentibus recurvisve lineari-lanceolatis anguste lineari-elongatisve subacutis carnosis remote dentatis basi scariosis barbatis glabratisve, pedunculis folio subsequantibus, spicis 1-3-floris, capsulae late obovatse medio circiun- scissee parte inferiore calycem vix excedente. P. barbata, Forst. Comm. Goett. vol. ix. t. 4. P. pauciflora, Lam. Must. Gen. n. 1684. P. pauciflora, 0, parva, Bameoud Monogr. Plantag. p. 17. P. polymorpha, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Bibl. Banks, cum icone.

Var. a, barbata ; foliis stellatim patentibus spathulato-lanceolatis dentatis basi barbatis.

Var. ft elongata ; caule simpliciusculo, foliis erectis anguste et longissime lineari-spathulatis obtusis remote sinuato-dentatis basi barbatis.

Var. y, imberbis ; caule ramoso, foliis patulis lanceolatis obtusis remote dentatis basi sub-barbatis. P. irnberbis, Hook, f I. MSS. in Part 1. p. 66.

Hab. Var. a, Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson ; Tierra del Fuego, Banks and Solander, Forster. Var. ft Port Gregory, Capt. King. Var. y, Port Famine, Capt. King.

A highly variable plant ; always, however, in all the specimens which I have examined, retaining the characters of a short capside dehiscing across the middle, the broad lower half of which is as long as, or very little longer than the calyx, and of a different form from the narrow obconical elongated analogous organ of P. monanthos.

340 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Fuegia, the

D'Urv. The nearest allies of tlris plant are its Australian and New Zealand representative, the P. carnosa, Br. (vid. Flor. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 65), and the P. Andicola, Gill. MSS.; the former of these differs in its shorter capsule, differently shaped seeds, crowded, more fleshy foliage ; the latter in its curious root and broader leaves, which are, however, very unimportant characters.

The Port Gregory specimens, of which I have made variety /3, are perhaps drawn up, for the leaves are six inches long, which is at least four times the length of those of the ordinary state of the species.

3. Plantago monanthos, D'Urv.; caulibus ramosis dense eaespitosis, foliis perpluriuiis basi arete vagi- nautibus erectis subsquarrosis stellatim patentibusve anguste lineari-elongatis obtusis obscure dentatis marginibus cartilagiiieis pedunculis multoties longioribus basi glaberrirnis, spiculis 1-4-floris, capsula anguste clavata infra medium circumscissa parte inferiore calyce bis terve longiore. P. monanthos, D' Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 606. Gaud.in Freyc. Voy. Bof. p. 133. Bameoud, Monogr. Plantag. p. 17. exclud. syn. P. caniosae, Br. (Tab. CXXI.)

Var. a, foliis erectis subsquarrosisve lineari-elongatis flaccidis.

Var. p, abbreviate/, ; caulibus eaespitosis, foliis brevioribus substellatini patenti-recurvis.

Var. y, muscoides ; caulibus densissime eaespitosis, foliis brevibus arete imbricatis marginibus cartila- giiieis albis.

Hab. Var. a, Falkland Islands, B' Urvitte, J.B. II ; Hermite Island, Cape Horn, in moist places, /. B. H. Var. /3, Hermite Island, amongst rocks ; var. y, the same locality, in clefts of exposed rocks, /. B. H.

A very different plant from the P. carnosa, Br., under which M. Bameoud has included it, especially in the habit, stems, foliage, comparative length of the peduncle, shape of the capsule and form of the seeds.

Plate CXXI. Fig. 1, flower and bracteae; fig. 2, germen; fig. 3, ripe fruit ; fig. 4, transverse section of ditto ; fig. 5, upper half of ditto, with dissepiment and seeds ; fig. 6 and 7, dissepiment and seeds ; fig. 8 and 9, front and back view of seeds ; fig. 10, longitudinal section of seed : — all magnified.

Plantago Idrtella, H. B. Kv Nov. Gen. et Sj). vol. x. p. 187. 1. 127. Bameoud, Monogr. Plantag. p. 18.

Hab. South Cliili ; Cape Tres Montes, C. Banvin, Esq.

Not at all an uncommon Chilian and Buenos Ayrean plant, exceedingly variable in the breadth and pubes- cence of the leaves, and also in the size of the flowers, which in these specimens are larger than in the figure quoted. It is also a Brazilian species, and occurs on the mountains of Peru and Columbia, and is very nearly allied to the PI. Virginica, L. The character of the segments of the corolla being patent or conniving is scarcely tenable in this plant and its allies.

XLI. POLYGONE^E, Jim.

1. POLYGONUM, L.

1. Polygonum maritimum, Linn. Sj). PL p. 519. Engl. Bot. Swppl. t. 2804. Meisner, Monogr. Polyg. p. 89.

Hab. South Chili ; Cape Tres Montes, C. Barwin, Esq.; Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt.King.

There appears no difference between these specimens and those of British growth. In the southern hemisphere the species occurs only at the Cape of Good Hope and in South Chili.

FalEands, etc.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 341

2. RUMEX, L.

1. Rujiex cmieifolius, Campd., Monogr. des Rum. p. 95. Fl. Antarct. pt, 1. p. 67. Hab. South Chili ; Chonos Archipelago, C. Darwin, Esq.

2. Rumex crispus, Linn., Sp'.Pl. p. 476. Engl. Bot. t. 1998. R. Patientia (?), Gauclichaud in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. vi. p. 101. D' Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 605.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; Berkeley Sound, undoubtedly introduced. My specimens, though imperfect, are, I think, referable to this species.

3. Rtjmex Acetosella, Linn., 8p. PI. p. 481. Engl. Bot. t. 1674. Gaudichaud and D'Urville, I. c.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; abundant near the settlements and on the mountains ; Gaudichaud, Sfc.

This, and the R. Acetosa, L., included in Gaudichaud' s list, I consider undoubtedly as introduced plants, of winch the seeds, being eaten by the birds, are by then agency transported to otherwise inaccessible cliffs.

XLII. CHENOPODIACE^E, Jim. 1. CHENOPODIUM, L.

1. Chenopodium glaucum, Linn., Sp. PI. p. 320. Engl. Bot. t. 1454.

Var. /3, divaricatum ; prostratum, ramosum, ramis gracilibus divaricatis.

Hab. Var. /3, Chonos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Evidently the ft glaucum of Great Britain, though the stem is more diffusely branched than in most Enghsh individuals. A precisely similar variety inhabits British North America, but I have seen no specimens from any part of the New World between that country and South Chili.

2. Chenopodium macrospermum, Hook, fil.; glaberrimum, non glaucescens, caulibus validis succulentis basi divaricatim ramosis, foliis petiolatis deltoideo-oblongis obtusis sinuatis carnosis, racemis compositis densifloris aphyllis bracteatis, seminibus majuscuhs erectis subtilissime reticulatis.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; Berkeley Sound and St. Salvador Bay, near the sea ; C. Darwin, Esq., J. B. H.

Caules e radice descendente fusiformi solitarii v. plurimi, prostrati, 3-5-unciales, canahcidati v. angulati, crassi, diametro penna? anserinse. Folia longe petiolata, petiolo 1-f unc. longo, lamina fequilonga carnosa, utrinque opaca, siccitate flavo-virescentia. Flores fruciusque mtdtoties majores quam in affinibus.

This very distinct species has been used as a pot-herb by the colonists of the Falkland Islands, and was described to me as excellent. The great size of the seed at once distinguishes it from its nearest European allies, C. rubrum, L., and ft polyspermism,, L. I have not included these two species under the genus Blitum because the seeds of C. glaucum are more frequently horizontal than erect, and neither of them possesses a calyx which is materially thickened after flowering.

XLIII. PROTEACE.E, Juss.

1. EMBOTHRIUM, Forst.

1. Embothiuum coccineum, Forst., Gen. Plant, t. 8. Coram. Soc. Reg. Goett. vol. ix. p. 24. LamarcJc, Encycl. vol. ii. p. 351. Illust. Gen. n. 1284. t. 55. f. 2. Brown, in Linn. Soc. Trans, vol. x. p. 196.

4 G

342 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson ; Port Famine, Capt. King ; Fuegia, Banks and Solander, Forster, fyc.

This very handsome plant seems confined to the extreme southern part of South America, without, however, reaching Cape Horn itself; it is very nearly allied to the Chilian E. lanceolotum, R. and P., but differs in the nervation of the leaves.

2. LOMATTA, Brown.

1. Lomatia ferrnginea, Brown, in Linn. Soc. Trans, vol. x. p. 200. Embotlirium ferrugineum, Cavanilles, Icones, vol. iv. p. 59. t. 385.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago, C. Darwin, Esq.

Like the former, this species has a very confined range, inhabiting the country between Yaldivia and the Chonos Archipelago, including Chiloe, on the west side of the Andes only ; and, according to Cavanilles, it is limited to places occasionally overflowed by the sea. Mr. Bridges states that the native name is " Romarilla ".

XLIV. SANTALACEzE, Br.

1. N ANODE A, Gartner, Jit.

1. Nanodea muscosa, Gsertner, de Fruct. vol. iii. p. 251. t. 225. Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 101. t. 2. f. 3, et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 112. I)' JJro. m Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 605. Banks et Sot. MSS. in Bill. Banks, cum icone. Balexerda muscosa, Commerson, 3ISS.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson ; Port Famine, Capt. King ; Fuegia, Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander; Hermite Island, /. B.LI.; Falkland Islands, very common ; Gaudichaud, fyc.

2. AEJOONA, Cat:

1. Akjoona Patagonica, Honib. et Jacq.; stricta, erecta, ramosa, ramis simplicibus glaberrimis, foliis sparsis patulis breviter subulatis rigidis glaberrimis nervosis, inflorescentia sericeo-tomentosa capitata, bracteis concavis acutis tubo periantliii i brevioribus. A. Patagonica, Ilomb. et Jacq. in Toy. an Pole Sud, Bot.Bicot. 1. 15. A. sine descript.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Peckett, Messrs. Hombron and Jacqmnot.

This plant, of which I have examined specimens gathered by Capt. King on the Patagonian coast, is very probably only a variety of the A. tuberosa, Cav., of the same country, which varies in the size of the leaves, and in their being smooth, pubescent, or tomeutose. In Capt. King's specimens they vary from 1-4 lines long.

2. Akjoona pusilla, Hook, nl.; caule erecto gracili simplici v. diviso, foliis fiaccidis ssepius reeurvis elongato-linearibus acuminatis marginibus glaberrimis subenerviis, floribus paucis, bractea exteriore majuscule cymbiformi ol^tusa glabrata, corolla extus sericeo-tomentosa fauce amphata inter stamina fasciculis incon- spicuis pilorum articulatorum aucta, stigmatibus 3 brevibus.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Gregory, Capt. King; Cape Negro, C. Darrein, Esq.

Herba bi-tri-polhcaris. Caulis gracilis, erectus, simplex v. basi bis terve divisus. Folia flaccida, suberecta, \- 1 unc. longa, sub 1 lin. lata, medio uninervia, apicibus acuminatis marginibus plerumque reeurvis. Bractea 2A lin. longa, dorso glabrata, marginibus ciliatis, bracteolis interioribus in tubum apice inaequaliter 3-1-fidum ovario

FalManch, etc.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 343

subadhferenteui obscure coalilis, extus pilosis. Perianthium i— | unc. longum, extus pilis fulvis tomentosum, tubo gracili superne ampliato, laciniis ovato-oblongis, fauce inter stamina barbata, pibs brevibus flaccidis artieulati? ereberrimeque transversim striatis. Stamina filamentis breviusculis, antherarum apicibus exsertis. Stigmata 3 parva, inter tubuni corollas retracta.

A very distinct species from the former, in tbe foliage especially. Hitherto it has been found in the Straits of Magalhaens oidy.

XLV. THYMELEjE, Juss.

1. DRAPETES, Lam.

1. Drapetes museosa, Lamarck, Joiirn. d'Hist. Nat. vol. i. p. 186. t. 10. f. 1. Gartner, de Fruct. vol. iii. p. 199. t. 215. Juss. in Annates du 3L/s. vol. vii. p. 479. Poiret, Enci/cl. Suppl. vol. ii. p. 523. t. 915. f. 1. D' Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 605. Banks et Sol. MSS. in Bill. Banks, cum icone.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson ; and throughout Fuegia, on the mountains, Banks and Solander, Copt. King, fyc. Falkland Islands, B'Urville, J.B.II.

A cm-ions little plant, confined in its geographical range to the mountains of Antarctic America, and repre- sented in New Zealand by a very similar one, forming its only congener, the D. Bieffenbachii , Hook. (Lond. Journ. of Bot. vol. ii. p. 497. t. 17). However similar the two plants are in habit and in their more important structural characters, differences exist which some botanists may deem of generic value ; these are, the cylindrical continuous base of the perigonium, thickened faux and capitate glandular stigma of the New Zealand species, contrasted with the jointed angulated tube of the perigonium in the Antarctic American plant, which has an eglandulose faux and plumose stigma. The thickening of the throat of the perianth in I). Dieffeniachii, which almost causes the faux to be closed with scales, is effected by the three nerves of each segment being there joined by anastomosing venules, whilst in D. muscosa they run free to the apex of the segment.

XLVI. URTICE^E, Juss.

1. URTICA, L.

1. Uhtica Barwiuii, Hook, fil.; caule gracili erecto sparsissime piloso v. glabemmo, foliis inembra- naceis oppositis petiolatis ovatis acuminatis grosse eequaliter crenato-serratis basi rotundatis 3-nerviis utrinque subtilissime punctatis tcnuiter puberalis, petiolo gracili, stipulis lineari-oblongis subacutis, floribus glomeratis glomerulis setosis in spicas graciles interruptas petiolo longiores dispositis.

Hab. Chonos Arcliipelago, C. Barwin, Esq.

Caulis penna corvina tenuior, flaccida, glaberrima, v. pibs raris albidis valde inconspicuis sparsa, internodus ly uncialibus. Stipules 3 lin. longa?, sidiacutas. Petioli |~ f unc. longi, graciles parce puberuli. Folia 2-3 unc. longa, lj— 1-| lata, grosse crenato-serrata, segmentis sinubusque latis acutis. Pedicelli axillares, subquaterni, patuli, pentbdi, petiolo \ v. bis longiores. Flores in glomerulos sparsos congesti ; glomerubs setosis, paucis inferioribus mascidis ceteris foemineis.

In appearance this very closely resembles the Pilea • pumila of North America, though it is more nearly related to the Urtica gracilis of the United States. Both this latter plant and the U. Darwinii differ from U. dioica, L., in the much larger flowers and achsenia.

344 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

2. Urtica Magettanica, Poir.; caule valido erecto hispido-setoso, foliis subcoriaceis rugosis oppositis petiolatis ovatis ovato-lanceolatisve acuminatis basi cordatis argute serrato-dentatis, utrinque setosis subter leviter puberulis, stipulis lineari-oblongis acutis, floribus glomeratis, glomerulis setosis in spicas interruptas petiolo breviores v. elongatas dispositis. U. Magellanica^ Poiret, Enci/cl. Suppl. vol. iv. p. 323.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

Caulis 2-pedalis erectus, validus, setis plurimis patentibus obtectus. Petioli -|— 1 unc. longi. Folia 2i- 3i uncialia, latitudme varia, basi plus minusve cordata rarius rotuudata. Racemi seu spicaj pcnduli, monoici v. dioici, petiolo longiores rarius abbreviate Flores majusculi, fcerainei compressi, orbiculares, aeliEenio conformes.

Not an uncommon species from Valparaiso to the Strait of Magalhaens, differing from the preceding in its robust habit, different texture of the leaves, and setose stem and foliage, all, I fear, very unimportant characters in this genus, but whose validity in the present species I have not sufficient materials for ascertaining. The characters drawn from the length of the racemes is a variable one, those bearing male flowers especially being the shortest, and sometimes, as described by Poiret, shorter than the petioles. The present appears very closely allied indeed to a South African species, and it may even be considered doubtful whether both are not states of U. dioica, with unusually large flowers.

One of Anson's vessels, when detached from his squadron, put into a Bay near the western entrance of the Strait of Magalhaens, and recruited her crew, who were paralyzed by scurvy, by means of Nettle tops, most probably the produce of this or the former species.

The Urtica lanrifolia, Poiret, stated to have been brought from the Strait of Magalhaens by Commerson, does not appear to belong to this genus. I am wholly unacquainted with the U. gigantea, of the same author, also from the Strait of Magalhaens.

2. PILEA, Lindl.

1. Pilea elliptica, Hook, fil.; suberecta, caule debili herbaceo parce ramoso, foliis longe et graciliter petiolatis membranaceis ellipticis utrinque subobtusis grosse crenato-serratis trinerviis super subterque pilis appressis minimis conspersis, floribus niasculis in umbellam capitatam longe pcdicellatam congestis, foemineis ad basin pedunculi sessilibus glorneratis, achaenio orbiculari compresso apice oblique emarginato.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Caules uni-bipedales, crassitie pennae corvinae, rufescentes, punctis albidis elongatis notati. Petioli longitudine varii folio longiores v. breviores. Stipula membranacefe, late ovata?. Folia lsete viridia, membranacea, exacte elliptica, imo basi obscure cordata, magnitudine varia, -j-2 unc. longa, grosse sed sequaliter crenato-serrata ; paren- chyma corpusculis fusiformibus e epidermide translucida oculo nudo manifestis pilos appressos simulantibus farctum. Pedunculi petiolo aequilongi v. longiores, apice umbellulam simplicem florum masculorum gerentes, basi glomerulo florum fcemineorum aucti. Fl. Masc Periantliium 4-partitum, laciniis late ovatis acmninatis inflexis. Fl. Fcem. Perianthium valde compressum, 3-partitum, lacinia postica cucullata lateralibus oblongis multoties longiore. Aclianinm planum.

A very distinct species, confined to the S.W. portions of Chili between Valdivia and the Chonos Archipelago, a tract which may be considered as partaking of the Chilotean botany, the latter itself being a division of the Chilian Flora, only separable by the amount of specific difference from the other extra-tropical regions of western South America.

The appearance of the so-called pubescence of this species and many other Urticea is curious, and caused by the presence of numerous white fusiform raphides attenuated at both ends, which are scattered abundantly throughout

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 345

the parenchyma of the leaves and immediately beneath the surface of the stem ; from the tenuity of the epidermis, and transparency of the leaves when dried, they form prominences on the cuticle of a white colour, closely simulating the laterally attached hairs of Orucifera.

XLVII. EMPETRACE^E, Nutt.

1. EMPETKUM, L.

1. Embetktjm rvkrum, Vahl, JIS. et Willi. Sjj. PI. vol. iv. p. 713, ex Banks et Sol. MS. in Bill. Banks. cum icone. Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 10:3, et in Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 134. IfUrv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 60S. " Bruyere ;\ fleurs d'un vert blauchatre," Pernetty, Voy. vol. ii. p. 64.

Hab. Soutli Club, Fuegia, and the Falkland Islands, most abundant, Commerson, Banks and Solander, and all future voyagers.

I am unable to detect any characters to separate the Empetrum rut/rum from E. nigrum, beyond what is afforded by the colour of the berries. Though many of the northern specimens of E. nigrum are perfectly similar to Fuegian specimens of E. rubrurn in every other respect, yet almost all the Falkland individuals, and many of those of Cape Horn, are more tomentose than any specimens of the Northern species that I have examined. Under these circumstances, the plants from the opposite hemispheres may be regarded as representative species, or varieties of the same ; but, since all the specimens from the southern hemisphere present one constant character, distinguishing them from those of the northern, and since neither is known to occur in any part of the New World between the parallels of -15° N. and 33° S., I feel myself obliged to attach specific importance to the otherwise very trifling differences in the colour of the fruit.

The Empetrum rubrurn. is a very abundant western extra-tropical South American plant, from the latitude of Conception on the Pacific coast, and Mendoza on the Andes, to Cape Horn. In the latter country, as in the Falkland Islands, this species altogether simulates E. nigrum in the localities it affects, in its habit and mode of growth, stature, in the forms its varieties assume, and in the economy of nature, affording food to wild-geese, and, in Fuegia, to a bird allied to the grouse. The stems and leafy branches are much used for fuel in the Falklands, where the plant is called " Diddle-dee ", they are especially employed in kindling fire, for even when sodden with rain, they speedily ignite, and burn with a bright and hot fiame.

The affinities of this genus, or rather order, are yet undefined. I am inclined to adopt the opinion of Jussieu in allying it to Ericete, from the habit, foliage, the bractere, calyx, and texture of the corolla and anthers and some other characters.

XL VIII. CUPULIFEELE, Rich.

1. FAGUS, L.

1. Fagus Antarctica, Forst., ex Banks et Sol. MS. in Mas. Banks, cum icone. Hook. Bot. Jburn. vol. ii. p. 15. t, VI. Calucechiuus Antarctica, Ilomb. et Jacq. in, Voy. an Pole Slid, Bot. Bicot. t. 14. Z. et Bot. Monocot. Phau. t. 6. e. C. Montagni, Eoml. et Jacq. I. c. Bot. Bicot. t. S. n. (Tab. CXXIII.)

Hab. South Chili and throughout Fuegia, very abundant, Commerson, Banks and Solander, and all succeeding voyagers.

This species and the following, form together so predominant a feature in the Fuegian landscape, that, though accurately described by several voyagers, especially Cook, King, and Fitzroy, and in the graphic narrative of my

4 H

346 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

friend Mr. Darwin, it is advisable to sum up the principal facts connected with their history, adding some little from personal observation. These remarks will be the more appropriately introduced here, from the two principal species having been first imported into England by the Antarctic Expedition, and now promising to become useful and ornamental additions to our forests; as, also, from their geographical range having been used as an indication of the limits of the Antarctic Flora.

The Fagus Antarctica has always been recognized as a true Beech, from the very marked resemblance its deciduous foliage bears to that of the European F. sylcatica. The other common Fuegian species, F. betuloides, with coriaceous leaves of a deep green hue very similar to those of the Scottish Birch, was, up to the discoveiy of its flowers, considered to be a Betula. The habit of both species, however, is essentially that of the Beech, and so are the form of trunk, smooth bark, and especially the spreading ramification and horizontal divaricating ramuli ; whilst their flowers and fruit resemble so closely in all but size, those of the European Fagus sylcatica, that I consider them as undoubted congeners of that plant.

I have elsewhere (vid. ante p. 277) alluded to the very common error of holding the locality in which a certain species particularly abounds, to be the principal habitat of the order or genus to which it belongs ; this often arises from attaching a greater importance to the spread of the species than that of the genus. Naturalists unac- quainted with the range of the Beeches, will be surprised to hear that they are more characteristic of the temperate and cold latitudes of the southern, than of the northern hemisphere, even in the proportion of five to one. Thus, one species alone is European, and one American ; two are found on the mountains of Java ; one is characteristic of the Alps of Tasmania, where the only Antarctic representatives of the Australian Flora are found ; four inhabit the high mountains of the northern or lower levels in the middle and southern Islands of New Zealand ; and, lastly, as many as seven * have been described from Chili and Fuegia.

Of the seven so called Chilian and Fuegian species, three are well marked, and afford instructive examples of the succession of species in proceeding northward from Cape Horn ; they are the F. Antarctica, betuloides, and obliqua ; the others, which may be varieties of the above, though from the want of copious suites of good specimens I advance this opinion with much hesitation, are F. Pumilio, Poepp. and Endl., F.procera, P. and E., F.Dornbeyi, Mil'b., and F. alpina, P. and E.

The Fagus Antarctica, justly so named, ascends even at Cape Horn much higher than F. betuloides, and nearly to the summits of the mountains, which are perhaps 1000 feet below the assumed level of perpetual snow in that lati- tude, while at the sea it forms much the larger tree of the two. Supposing the continent of America to have been produced indefinitely to the southward, in a free ocean, the F. Antarctica would be found extending to as high a parallel as 62° S., whilst the F. betuloides would cease at the 60th degree : assuming that both species followed the same ratio of ascent that very many other Cordillera plants do, which ascend from the level of the sea in Fuegia to a considerable elevation in a lower latitude.

Fagus betuloides, though by far the most prevalent species in Hermite Island, and, indeed, throughout Fuegia, has its principal parallel about the Strait of Magalhaens, where it becomes a very large tree. It forms the prevailing feature in the scenery of Ticrra del Fuego, especially in winter time, from having persistent, evergreen leaves, and from its upper limit being sharply defined and contrasting with the dazzling snow that covers the matted but naked branches of the F. Antarctica, which immediately succeeds it. Its upper limit at Cape Horn (lat. 56°) is about 800 feet; in the northern parts of Tierra del Fuego it reaches 1,400 feet; and, if the F. alpina, P. and E., be a state of the same species in its most northern locality, its level in lat. 36° is between 5,000 and 8,000 feet.

The following notice of the dimension the Evergreen Beech attains in the Strait of Magalhaens, is extracted from Capt. King's excellent ' Voyage of the Adventure and Beagle ' (p. 576). " At Port Famine and in the neigh-

* An eighth, F. glutinosa, Poepp., is no Fagus at all, but, as my friend Mr. Miers assures me (and he has examined authentic specimens in M. Delesscrt's Herbarium), a species of Eucryphia.

Falkfanck, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 347

bourhood, the Evergreen Beech grows in the greatest abundance and reaches a very large size. Trees of this species three feet in diameter, are abundant; of four feet there are many; and there is one tree (perhaps the very same noticed by Commodore Byron), which measures seven feet in diameter for seventeen feet above the roots, and then divides into three large branches, each of which is three feet through. This venerable tree seemed to be sound, but from our experience of several others that were cut down, might be expected to prove rotten in the centre. This tendency to decaying in the heart may be attributed to the coldness of the schistose sub-soil upon which the trees are rooted, as well as the perpetual moisture of the climate."

The wood of these trees Capt. King describes as being heavy and far too brittle for masts, or even boat-hook staves ; but it cuts up into tolerable planks, which, if seasoned, might serve for ship-building. During our sojourn in Hermite Island, Capt. Ross caused several thousand small trees, of both species, to be felled and barked ; these we transported to the Falkland Islands, in which tree-less country they were highly prized for roofing houses, Ste. The deciduous species appeared to afford the better wood of the two.

A more striking contrast between two so very closely allied plants, cannot well be imagined, than between F. Antarctica and F. betuloides, arising from the evergreen foliage of the latter being of a totally different texture and aspect from that of the former. Surely so strongly marked a difference between otherwise very nearly allied species, growing side by side under jwrfectly similar conditions, is a strong argument in favour of their being originally separate creations. We see, too, how the adaptation of particular forms of vegetation to certain climates, even in this remote quarter of the globe, is exemplified in these trees ; though both do grow together abundantly, they still have their preferences, the evergreen glossy foliage prevailing on the western coast, where the climate is damp and equable, whilst the deciduous-leaved plant seeks the heights more exposed to the vicissitudes of the weather, or the drier eastern parts of Fuegia, where the F. betuloides will not succeed. So it is with us in Great Britain ; our glossy-leaved evergreens, whether native or introduced, thrive best in the climate of the west coast, where the summers are colder, the winters wanner, and all the seasons more humid than they are on the east.

The third species of Fa/jus, the F. obliqua, replaces F. Antarctica in South Chili, occupying the flanks of the Andes, between the altitudes of 1,000 and 5,000 feet, where it is the prevailing forest-tree. It appears to inhabit the level of the sea in the parallel of the Strait of Magalhaens, and is probably the third species of Beech alluded to by Capt. King (1. c. p. 576), for that voyager does not seem to have distinguished the F. Pumilio as a species.

The accompanying cut will explain better than words, the order of succession in latitude and in elevation that South American Fagi follow. Their southern ranges may be ascertained with tolerable precision, the exact altitude they attain in the two northern positions is more doubtful. The positions taken are, commencing from the southward, 1st, Hermite Island, lat, 56°; 2nd, Strait of Magalhaens, hit. 54°; 3rd, Antuco in Chili, hit. 36° 40'. The upper curve indicates the lower level of perpetual snow ; the others, the upper limit of the tree whose name is found immediately under.

From the want of a suite of specimens I cannot speak with much confidence of the Chilian species, F. alpina and F. Pumilio, the first appears, from the plate and description, a variety of F. betuloides, and, from occupying the position that F. betuloides would hold relatively to the others in South Chili, I have introduced it as such into the cut. The F. Pumilio is even more probably a variety of F. Antarctica. Both are said to occupy great heights in South Chili, the latter indeed only existing there as a stunted tree. There are still two other South Chilian species, F. procera, P. and E., and F. Dombeyi* Mirb. ; they inhabit the level of the sea in the parallel of 41°. The first I am inclined to regard as a variety of F. obi i qua, or rather a large-leaved state of that plant descending to the coast ; the second is a similar form of F. betuloides. If my supposition prove correct, both species afford examples

* This is one kind of " Roble " of Capt. King's Narrative (p. 280) ; in speaking of the woods of Chiloe, he says, " Roble, {Fayus obliqua, Mirb.), is a large tree, and, from the durable quality of its timber, considered the

348

FLORA ANTARCTICA.

\~Fuegia, the

of mountain plants, having the upper limit in elevation which they attain sharply defined, throughout several degrees of latitude, but which descend and assume other aspects in a warmer climate. This, also, I have attempted to express on paper by dotted lines drawn down to the sea-level, from the Chilian positions of F. betuloides and F. obliqua. The abrupt termination of all the Beeches at about lat. 35°, occurs where the equally sudden change in the climate of northern and southern Chili takes place. These trees, like all extra-tropical plants, require a certain degree of cold, and in pursuing their range towards the warmer parallels, they ascend the mountains. They are, however, even more dependent upon humidity and an equable climate than on temperature ; and being further impatient of vicissitudes and dryness, they will not pass beyond the influence of those S.W. winds which drench all parts of western South America, alpine and lowland, south of the parallel of 37°.

.///////,/Vj faA-trt tn'tri Appendix. /,-/■//;.,

mOf',,i./,i 0 ZZinch

Aconcagua

SrUHV H.500

M' Sarmientxi

1.6O0 Miles.

One of the few attractions of spring in Antarctic America, is the bursting of the leaf and flower buds of <h deciduous-leaved Beech from their resinous gummy scales ; when a delightfully fragrant odour pervades the woods. The unfolding of the plaited foliage was watched with great interest, for we bad not witnessed for years any process so closely resembling that of an English spring. It recalled Linnaeus' enthusiastic description of the first burst of the birch leaf in Lapland.

best in the island, for ground-frames of houses, planks for vessels, and beams. The piraguas are built chiefly of this wood. There are two sorts, one an evergreen, and the other a deciduous-leaved tree. It is evidently a Beech, aud the same that grows in all parts of the Strait of Magalhaens ; the smooth-leaved sort is F. obliqua, \ I I Capt. King attaches the name of " Roble " to his specimen of F. Dombeyi.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 349

Plate CXXII. Fig. 1, male flower; fig. 2, involucre and female flower; fig. 3, transverse section of ditto, more advanced ; fig. 4, ripe achaeniuin ; fig. 5, the same ; fig. 6, involucre after the achamia have fallen away : — all magnified.

2. Fagus obliqua, Mirb., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. vol. xiv. p. 465. t. 4. Hook. Bot. Journ. vol. ii. p. 153.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

This I take to be the third kind of Beech alluded to by Capt. King as a native of Port Famine, in his collections, however, no specimen of the present species occurs. It is distinguishable from the former chiefly by the larger, narrower, rhomboidal, more acute leaves.

3. Fagus Pumilio, Poepp. et Endlicher, Nov. Gen. et Sp. Plant. Per. et Chili, vol. ii. p. 68. t. 195. Hook, in Journ. Bot. vol. ii. p. 154. Calusparassus Pumilio (?), Homb. et Jacq. in Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Bicot. t. 8. *.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine (?), Caj)t. King.

I have alluded to this Beech (under F. Antarctica) as perhaps only a state of that plant, differing in the leaves being pubescent on both surfaces and more closely and deeply serrated. The figure of Poeppig and Endlicher is excellent ; that of MM. Hombron and Jaequinot, in the ' Voy. au Pole Sud ', represents a narrower and smaller- leaved, perhaps, alpine state ; or more probably a different species, those authors having included it in their not yet described genus Calusparassus. Judging from their figures of other Antarctic Fagi, also called Calusparassi, the genus appears to include only those evergreen species of which the leaves are not phcate in vernation, which those of the F. Pumilio decidedly are, both in our specimens and those described and figured by Poeppig.

The latter author states this to be a short prostrate tree, eight and twelve feet long, with a mode of growth not unlike that of Pinus Pumilio. It marks (in Chili) the transition zone, from the erect trees, whose superior limit is indicated by the F. alpina, to the frigid region, where snow hes for eight months of the year, and where the shrubby Composite, and the Violets that grow in dense capitate tufts, and other handsome plants, abound.

I have marked the habitat assigned to Capt. King's specimen with a query, the label attached to it bearing " Cape Fairweather ", where it is exceedingly improbable that any Fagus should exist.

3. Fagus betuloides, Mirb., Mem. dm Mm. vol. xiv. p. 465. t. 4. Hook. Journ. Bot. vol. ii. p. 153. F. dubia, Mirb. et Hook. I. c. F. Forsteri, Hook. I. c. p. 156. t. viii. Calusparassus Forsteri, Homb. et Jacq. in Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Monocot. P/iau. t. 6. 2. C. betuloides, Homb. et Jacq. 1. c. Bot. Bicot. t. 7. f. r. Betula Antarctica, Forst. Comm. Goett. vol. ix. p. 45. Willd. Sp. PI. vol. iv. p. 466. Banks et Sol. in Bib!. Banks, cum icone. (Tab. CXXIV.)

Hab. South Chili to Cape, Horn, very abundant ; Commerson, Banks and Solander, Forster, and all succeediug voyagers.

The synonyms above enumerated certainly all belong to one species, the common Evergreen Beech of Fuegia, and I incline to add the F. alpina, Poepp. aud Eudbcher, as stated at p. 347.

Plate CXXIV. Fig. 1, male flower; fig. 2, involucre with female flowers ; fig. 3 and 4, female flowers removed from ditto ; fig. 5 and 6, longitudinal sections of the same, showing the ovules ; fig. 7, involucre, after the achaenia have fallen away : — all magnified.

4 i

350 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

m

XLIX. CONIFEILE, Jim.

1. THUJA, Town.

1. Thuja tetragona, Hook., in Loud. Journ. ofBot. vol. iii. p. 144. t. 4.

Hab. South Chili and Strait of Magalliaens ; Port Famine, Ca_pt. King.

This species has been described, on the authority of Mr. Bridges, as the true " Alerse " of Chili. Upon showing my specimens, however, to M. Claude Gay, the celebrated Chilian traveller, he assured me that the " Alerse " was a totally different plant, and not a Thuja at all ; a statement the more probable, from Capt. King's description of the Alerse leaves, which, he says, resemble those of a Pine in colour, but are ouly half an inch long ; though the difference may arise from the young and old states of this, as of other Conifera, often bearing leaves of a very different appearance. When enumerating the woods in use in the Island of Chiloe, Capt. King mentions in one place (p. 281) the " Alerse " and " Cypress ", which are thus usually considered as different plants, and says that the " Cypress " is brought to that Island in " tablones " (or planks), seven or eight feet long, two inches thick, and nine or twelve inches wide, as is also the "Alerse"; but the latter, from the facility in which it splits, is brought in boards also. The same voyager observes (p. 183) that, though the " Cypress " is thought to be a different tree from the " Alerse " he considers it only a variety, the wood being white, whilst that of the " Alerse " is deep red. Naturalists who are aware how uncertain are the limits of the acknowledged species and varieties of European Conifera, will readily appreciate the difficulty that attends the determination of those of an opposite hemisphere, oidy known to us through insufficient specimens, vague reports, and incorrect infomiation. Capt. King evidently believes the " Cypress " and " Alerse " to be identical, for he affirms that the former grows commonly in the Strait of Magalhaens, in all parts west of Cape Forward, but that there, from the poverty of the soil, the wood is of very stunted growth (p. 283) ; and this description tallies with the specimens of Thuja tetragona in his Herbarium.

Thuja tetragona is apparently a rare Magellanic plant. Capt. King says it is found on the north shore of the Strait between Cape Forward and Port Gallant, but not to the eastward, except on the sides of Mount Tarn, where it only reaches the height of three or four feet (King's Voy. p. 131). The same author elsewhere states that the natives make their spears of its wood (p. 568). In Hermite Island where the Thuja does not exist Drimys Winteri is used for that purpose.

L. ORCHIDEiE, Jim. 1. CHLORJCA, Lindl.

1. Chlok^ea GaudicJiaudii, Brongn., in Duperrey Toy. Sot. p. 189. t. 44. A. Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orchid, p. 405. Aretlmsa lutea, Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 101, et in Freyc. Voy. Sot. t. 133. D'Urv. in Hem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 604. " Satyrion," Pernetty, Voy. vol. ii. p. 54. t. 8. f. 5.

Hab. Falkland Islands, Gaudichaud, D' Urville, Mr. Wright, J. D. H.

Not uncommon in moist pastures of the Falkland Islands, varying a good deal in size and in the breadth of its leaves. It differs from the ft alpina, Toepp., of South Chili, by the flowers being very much smaller, and the sepals, petals, and labellum differently formed. Both the figure and description of Brongniart, are very good.

2. Chloima Magellanica, Hook, fil.; labello ovato-cordato obsolete trilobo breviter unguiculato mar- ginibus inflexis glandulis grossis elongatis stipitatis cristato axi sub-lamellato, lobis lateralibus sub-laceris

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 351

intermedio producto apice subdilatato obtuso incrassato nudiusculo, sepalis lateralibus linearibus ultra medium incrassatis apice obtusis carnosis rnarginibus inflexis, petalis ovatis obtusis sepalis -j brevioribus, spica triilora, scapo fobato.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Elizabeth Island, C. Danvin, Esq.

Planta 1-1-j- pedalis. Folia basi longe vaginantia ; lamina ovato-lanceolata, sub-recurva. Bract ete ovato- lanceolatae, acuminate, metnbranaceas, concavse. Mores erecti, majusculi, speciosi. Sepala oblongo-lanceolata, omnino nuda, superiore obtuso, lateralibus linearibus, supra medium siccitate nigrescentibus, omnia petalaque venosa et transversim venulosa. Lahellum coriaeeum, recur vum, marginibus involutis, petalis aequilongum. Columna petabs paido brevior, areuata.

A perfectly distinct and very handsome species, confined in its habitat to that eastern portion of the Straits of Magalhaens, where, as Mr. Darwin remarks, the Floras of Fuegia and Patagonia are blended.

2. ASARCA, Poepp.

1. Asaiica Commersonii, Lindley, Gen. et Sp. Orchid, p. 405, sub Clilorsea.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson ; Falkland Islands (Western Island ?) ; Mr. Wright, Mr. Chartres.

Brongniart's description and figure are very characteristic of the Falkland Island specimens of this plant, which is quite distinct from the following. I have seen no Magellanic or Fuegian individuals, Cajrt. King's Port Famine Chlorcea or Asarca being a totally different species. Mi-. Wright and Mr. Chartres having gathered it in the Western of the two Falkland Islands, and no other collectors having met with it in the Eastern, I am inclined to consider this plant as one of the Fuegian species which has not spread to the eastern parts of the group, as is the case with the Veronica elliptica.

2. Asarca odoratissima, Poepp., Nov. Gen. et Sp. Plant. Per. et Chit. vol. ii. p. 13. 1. 118. IAndley, Gen.etSp. Orchid, p. 407.

Hab. Falkland Islands (Western Island?), Mr. Wright.

Mr. Wright's specimen of a spike of this plant, preserved in spirits, entirely accords with the figure of Poeppig.

3. Asarca (?) Kingii, Hook, fil.; labello breviter unguiculato oblongo obtuso indiviso integerrimo nudo membranaceo nervis mediis vix incrassatis, sepalis lateralibus lanceolatis acuminatis apicibus simplicibus. petabs oblongo-obovatis obtusis sepalis labelloquc paulo brevioribus, spica 6-8-flora.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; woods of Port Famine, Capt. King.

Herba pedalis. Folia radicaba 6-miciaba, lanceolata, acuminata. Scapus foliatus. Spica 2—4 unc. longa. Bractem ovato-lanceolatse, acuminata?, membranacea?, concavse. Mores pro genere parvi, flavi. Sepala vix a unc. longa, membranacea, venosa, lanceolata, lateralibus basi angustioribus. Petala sepalis paulo breviora. Laiellwm sepalis a?quilongum, omnino indivisum. Columna brevissima.

The short column has induced me to refer this very distinct plant to the genus Asarca, for in a dried state it is almost impossible to determine whether the petals are patent or conniving.

3. CODONOECHIS, Lindl.

1. Codonokchis Lessoiiii, Lindl., Gen. et Sp. Orchid, p. 411. C. Poeppigii, Lindl. I.e. Calopogon Lessonii, Brongn. in Duperrey Foy. Pot. p. 188. t. 37. f. 1. Pogonia tetraphylla, Poepp. et Endl. Nov. Gen. fyc. vol.ii. p. 16. 1. 122. Epipactis Lessonii, D' Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol.iv. p. 605. (Tab. CXXV.)

35:2 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fueffia, the

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, and throughout Fuegia, Commerson, Banks and Solander, and all succeeding voyagers. Falkland Islands, D'Urville, Sfc.

The leaves of this plant vary from two to four, three being the prevailing number. The flowers, also, are very much larger in some specimens than others, and dissimilar in colour and spotting. Poeppig's Pogonia tetraplnjlla. from South Chili, is decidedly only a state of Codonorchis Lessonii, the glands on the labellum affording no more constant character in this plant than in the beautiful ChUogloUis of Tasmania.

Plate CXXV. Fig. 1, ovarium, column, and labellum ; jig. 2, labellum; fig. 3, column; fig. 4, anther-case ; fig. 5, pollen-masses : — all magnified.

LI. IRIDEiE, Juss. 1. SISYRINCHIUM, Town.

1. SisYRiscmvufitij'cdiuiii, Gaud.; caule simplici tcreti striato basi folioso, foliis radicalibus filiformibus scapiun sequantibus brevioribusve, scapo ultra bracteas in spatham elongatam producto, fasciculis florum sessilibus rarius pedunculatis solitariis v. rarissime geminis bibracteatis 2-S-floris, periantliii segmentis subaequalibus albis purpureo-venosis. S. filifoliurn, Gaud, in Ann. Se. Nat. vol. v. p. 101, et in Fregc. Toy. Bot. p. 133. B'Urv. in Alem.Soc. Linn. Paris, vol.iv. p. 604. S. Gaudichaudii, Dietrich. Sp. PI. vol.ii. p. 505.

(Tab. CXXVI.)

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens; Cape Gregory, Capt. King; Falkland Islands, Gaudichand, and all succeeding voyagers.

Herba elegans, 4-unc. ad bipedalem. Radix e fibris plurimis horizontabbus carnosis. Caulis basi rebquiis fibrosis foliorum eniortuoruni obtectus. Folia pauca, pleraque radicaba, filiformia, scapo breviora v. elongata. Scapus gracilis, teres. Spatha 2-5-unc. longa, basi vaginalis, superne in folium fihformem desinens. Peditnculi floriferi plermnque solitarii, rarius bini, brevissimi v. raro elongati, apice bracteas duaslanceolatas a?quilongas unciales gereutes. Pedicelli fibformes, exserti, stricti v. flexuosi. Flores magnitudine varii, Galanthi nivalis eequantes v. dimiibo terve minores, late campamdati, albi. Periantliii segmenta subasqualia, obovata, apicidata, membranacea, veuis ssepius flexuosis purpureis ornata. Stamina fere omnino libera, antheris versatilibus brevibus. Stylus apice incrassatus, trifidus, ramis divaricatis. Capsula membrauacea-coriacea. Semina obovata, laevia ; testa reticulata, brunnea.

One of the most abundant and elegant plants in the Falkland Islands, where the grassy plains are, in the spring month of November, almost whitened by the profusion of its pendulous snowy bells.

A very similar species, if not the same, seems to be common in Chili, from Valparaiso to Concepciou ; but its flowers are smaller than in the majority of the Falkland Island specimens.

Plate CXXVI. Fig. 1, segment of the perianth; fig. 2, ovarium, stamens, style, and stigmata ; fig. 3, trans- verse section of ovarium ; fig. 4, ovulr ; fig. 5, ripe fruit ; fig. 6, transverse section of the same ; fig. 7, seed ; fig. 8, the same, cut longitudinally : — all magnified.

2. Sisyrixchium laxum, Link., in Hook, in Bot. Mag. t. 2312.

Var. major ; caule bifido foliisque latioribus, spatha bracteisque apices versus scaberulis, periantliii segmentis latioribus.

Var. minor; caule simplici foliisque angustioribus, spatha bracteisque glaberrimis, periantliii segmentis angustioribus.

Hab. Var. major, Chonos Archipelago, C. Darwin, Esq. Var. #, Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine. Capt. King ; Cape Negro, C. Darwin, Esq.

Fall-lands, etc.) FLORA ANTARCTICA. 353

A species which has been erroneously included by Sprengel in the terete stemmed group, and even considered by Lindley and Dietrich to be synonymous with S. iridifolium, Kunlh, (Marica iridifolia, Bot. Eeg. t. 646). Such may be the case, but I have seen no specimens decidedly connecting these two species, and therefore hesitate before adopting a conclusion which would give this plant a geographical range from the equator to the Strait of Magalhaens. Still, the var. major is so decidedly scabendous, so much larger, and so much more resembling the S. iridifolium than the var. minor, that there is nothing improbable in the supposition that both are varieties of one tropical species. S. laxum is also a native of Valparaiso.

3. SlSYIiZNCHIUM (?) sp.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Copt. King.

A curious plant, unfortunately too imperfect for description, but with very much the habit, foliage, and fruit of a Sisyrincliium. Root consisting of elongated fleshy fibres, 3-4 inches long. Khizoma very short, fibrous, giving off at its apex a terete scape and short leafy stem. Leaves about three, with scariose sheaths at the base, filiform, terete, six or seven inches long. Scape shorter than the leaves, furnished at the middle with two leaf-like opposite bractese sheathing at the base. Peduncle solitary, one-flowered, shorter than the bracteas, erect. Fruit immature, globose, trigonous (?), the size of a small pea, three-locular (?), each cell containing several seeds on parietal (?) placenta?.

The above diagnosis may serve to distinguish this curious plant, which differs chiefly from Sisyrincliium in the scape not springing from between the uppermost leaves, but from the base of the outer one, and in there being no spatha to any of the specimens ; though the scape in one instance bears the scar of a fallen leaf, half-way between the insertion of the bracteae and the rhizoma.

2. SYMPHYOSTEMON, Miers.

1. Symphyostbmon narcissoides, Miers, in Linn. Soc. Trans, v. xix. p. 97. Sisyrincliium narcissoides, Cav., Diss. vol. vi. p. 347. t. 191. f. 3. S. odoratissimum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1283. Galaxia narcissoides, Willd. Sp. PI. vol. iii. p. 5S3. Gladiolus biflorus, ThunJjerg, Diss. Glad. n. 5.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson ; Port Famine, Capt. King ; Elizabeth Island, C. Darwin, Esq.

I quite agree with Mr. Miers in removing this plant from Sisyrincliium. Thunberg's habitat of the Strait of Magalhaens, from whence he originally described this plant as Gladiolus biftorus, has been replaced by that of the Cape in most succeeding authors, except Yahl (En. Plant, vol. ii. p. 97), and Willdenow (Sp. PL vol. i. p. 209).

3. TAPEINIA, 7km.

Perigonium corollinum, superum, hexaphyllo-partitum ; laciniis basi connatis, subcarnosis, patentibus, apiculatis, 3 exterioribus majoribus, SlaminaS, imo perigonii inserta; filamentis in tubum trigonuni connatis, supra medium liberis ; antlteris extrorsis, lineari-ovatis, basi profunde emarginatis. Ovarium lineari-obovatum, 3-loculare. Ovula plurinia, basi anguli centralis loculi affixa. Stylus validus, supra medium in stigmata 3 erecta subulata apice dilatata papulosa fissus. Caps/da coriacea, globosa, triloba, trilocularis, apice loculicido-trivalvis. Semina plurima, obovata, teretia ; testa subcoriacea, grosse cellulosa ; rltaplie indistincta ; clialaza atra ; embryo parvus, elongato- obconicus, basi albuminis duri immersus. — Tapeinia, Juss. Gen. p. 59, e sckedis Commersonii.

1. Tapeinia Magellanica, Juss., 1. c. \Yitsenia pumila, Tahl, Emm. vol. ii. p. 48. Ram. et Sch. Si/st. Feg. vol. i. p. 371. Spreng.Syst. Teg. vol.i. p. 147. Dietrich. Sp. PI. vol. ii. p. 559. W. Magel-

4 K

354 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuetjia, the

lanica, Pers. Synojjs. vol. i. p. 42. Ixia puinila, Ford. Comm. Goett. vol. ix. p. 20. t. 8. I. Magellanica, Lam. III. vol. i. p. 109. Moreea Magellanica, Willd. Sj). PI. vol. i. p. 241. Galaxia obscura, Car. Diss. vol. vi. p. 341. 1. 189. f. 4. (Sisyrincliium pumilum, Tab. CXXIX.)

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens and throughout Fuegia, on the mountains, Commerson, Banks and Solauder, and all succeeding voyagers.

The accompanying plate and analysis of this curious little plant represent ah its characters, and especially those which have induced me to retain the genus which the illustrious Jussieu formed, but which has not been adopted by any succeeding author. It is to be distinguished from Sisyrinchium by its very remarkable habit, coriaceous perianth, and, more especially, by the capsule dehiscing at the apex, and the ovules and seeds occupying only the lower hah of each placentiferous dissepiment. To the southward of the Strait of Magalhaens, where SisyrincMa do not extend, this little plant represents that genus, and is also the analogue of the Libert'ue of New Zealand.

The curious and beautiful distichous arrangement of the foliage, is characteristic of this and of some other especially alpine Antarctic plants, belonging to several natural orders, amongst the majority of the species of which such a foliation is foreign or very rare. Thus, in Cyperacea it is seen in Oreobolus pectinatm (pt. 1. t. 49); amongst Rest iacea, in Gaimardia pallida (p. 86); amongst Alwnacea, in Tetroncium Hagellanicum (t. 128); and amongst Juncea, in the Peruvian Distichya muscoides, Nees and Meyen (Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. vol. xix. Suppl. p. 77), which is probably the Goudotia Tolimensis, Decaisne (Arm. Sc. Nat. ser. 3. vol. iv. p. 83. t. 4). This tendency to assume a certain habit, which these otherwise wholly dissimilar plants present, is perfectly analogous to what occurs even more conspicuously in the vegetation of the Cape of Good Hope and Australia ; and one of the most singular phenomena of the vegetable kingdom.

Plate CXXIX. Fig. 1, braeteae and flower ; jig. 2, expanded flower ; fig. 3, stamens, styles and stigmata ; fig. 4, ripe capsule ; fig. 5, the same burst open ; fig. 6, one valve of the same, showing the insertion of the seeds ; fig. 7, a seed removed ; fig. 8, vertical section of the same ; fig. 9, embryo (the figures 8 and 9 are inadvertently transposed) : — magnified.

LII. SMILACE^E, Br. 1. CALLIXENE, Comm.

1. Callixene marginata, Commerson, ex Juss. Gen. n. 41. Lam. Illust. Gen. t. 248. Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 101. t. 2. f. 2, et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 133. D' Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 604. Enargea marginata, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Bill. Banks, cum icone, et in Gartner de Fruct. vol. i. p. 283. t. 59. f. 3.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens and throughout Fuegia, Commerson, Banks and Solander, 8fc, Falkland Islands, most abundant, Gaudichaud,, and all succeeding voyagers.

A very elegant little plant, remarkable, especially in the Falkland Islands, for its very sweet-scented flowers.

The extrorse anthers of this genus have been hitherto overlooked, from the versatde nature of then attachment. The embryo, described as amphitropal, at first is nearly atropal ; but apparently during the maturation of the ovarium the seed becomes partially inverted, so as to be placed at right angles with the funiculus, and the embryo is consequently heterotropal.

Callixene is an Antarctic-American, and New Zealand genus. From the latter country Mi'. Colenso has sent the C.parvifiora, Hook. fil. (Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 632), which grows at the foot of large Beech trees, lying prostrate

FalMands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 355

against their trunks in the mountain forests, as the C. margiuata does at Cape Horn. Their Australian representative is the Brymophila cyaiwcarpa, Br., a subalpine Tasmanian plant, very similar to them in habit.

2. Callixene polyphylla, Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 674.

Hab. Cape Tres Montes, C. Darwin, Esq.

The C. marginata does not attain a lower latitude in South America than the Strait of Magalhaens, but is replaced in South Chili by the present species, which is much handsomer ; this, again, is represented in Peru by the genus Lusurmga of Ruiz and Pavon.

2. PHILESIA, Comm.

Flores hermaphroditi. Perigonium corollinum, campanulaturn, sexpartitum, lacinia? exteriores interioribus multoties breviores. Stamina 6, imo perigonii inserta ; flamenta filiforinia, infra medium in tubum connata ; antlierce inclusa?, lineares, extrorsas. Ovarium parvum, uniloculare. Ocula plurima, sub-biserialia, orthotropa, fuuiculis brevibus, placentis parietalibus elongatis aduexa. Stylus elongatus, simplex. Stigma exsertum, eapitatum, plumosum, obscure 3-lobum. Bacca unilocularis, polysperma. Semina pidpo glutinoso nidulantia, ascendentia, ovoidea, rugosa ; testa tenuis, flavida ; albumen corneum ; embryo cavitate axili albuminis lente arcuatus, extremitate cotyledonari hilo oppositus. — Suffrutex Chilensis suherectus. Rami teretes, strieti v.jlexuosi. Polia alterna, coriacea. Pedunculi ramis terminates. Flores magni, sjpeciosi, basi bracleati. Philesia, Commerson, ex Juss. Gen. p. 41.

1. Philesia buxifolia, Lam., Blast. Gen. t. 248. Poiret, Encijcl. vol. v. p. 269. Rcem. etSch. vol. vii. p. 314. Lhidl. Veg. Kingd. p. 217.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson; Port Famine, Cajjt.King; Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander.

Except by the parietal placentation, the genera Philesia and Lapageria (themselves very closely allied), differ in no important points from Callixene and Luzuriaga, and since placentation does not afford characters of the impor- tance amongst Monocotyledonous that it does in Dicotyledonous Orders, I see no objection whatever to arranging these two genera under Smilacea proper and next to Callixene.

In Asteliacea, as I have mentioned elsewhere, the placenta; are axile, parietal or pendulous ; in Juncete, parietal or basal ; in Amaryllidea, axile or parietal ; in Liliacea, the same ; and other orders equally display a very con- siderable amount of variation in the consolidation of the carpels, and consequent disposition of the placenta?, unaccompanied, however, with any other characters of more than generic value.

In all other respects, Philesia is even generically very nearly related indeed to Callixene, through Luzuriaga, which has the three inner segments of the perianth still larger in proportion than in Callixene ; and on the other hand, through Lapageria, in which they are all equal in size. The habit, texture, distichous insertion of the leaves, which are all on the same plane with the ramuli ; the texture, nervation, margination, and even fonn of the leaves, which are glaucous beneath, are alike in Callixene and Philesia ; so are the terminal, large, solitary, bracteate flowers, the texture of the perianth, extrorse anthers, baccate fruit, the numerous ovules in two series on three rows of placenta?, the many ovoid seeds, delicate testa, dense albumen, and axile embryo which is of similar form in the two. The only difference in the ovules is, that those of the Callixene are heterotropal, those of Philesia nearly straight or atropal, characters rather indicating close affinity than the contrary.

With regard to the genus Lapageria, R. and P., it is so closely allied to Philesia that I doubt its validity, the chief differences being the nearly equally divided perianth of Lapageria, its more distinctly three-lobed stigma, oblong

356 FLOKA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

berry, twining branches, and differently nerved leaves, in all which respects it is more evidently a genus of Smilacetz, than either Callixene or Pkilesia. There is no reason for supposing Doinbey's Capia to be other than Lapageria rosea.

It appears to me to be through these Antarctic and extra-tropical American genera, together with the Callixene of New Zealand and Drymophila of Tasmania, that the Smilacea, Lindl., are inseparably connected with the Tribe Asparagea, Lindl., of LUiacece ; groups which Dr. Lindley has placed in separate natural classes, on the ground chiefly of anatomical differences in their stems : and it further appears that all modifications of a stem typical of Endogens and one equally characteristic of Dictyogens may be traced amongst these plants.

My own observations on the wood of P/tilesia do not exactly lead to the conclusions that the learned author of the ' Vegetable Kingdom ' has formed ; what appears to be bark is at no period separable from the subjacent wood, and the pith is of undefined form. There is a resemblance between the bark of Pkilesia and that of an exogenous stem, but it is apparent and not real : the stem consists of one mass of cellular tissue, through which bundles of vascular tissue descend, between the axis and the cuticle ; abundantly towards the latter, where they all coalesce, though always at a little distance within the circumference ; more sparingly towards the axis, where a space is often left wholly unoccupied with woody fibres. A transverse section of such a stem thus presents, 1st, a cuticle; 2nd, a zone of cellular tissue, often formed of thick walled cells ; 3rd, a zone of wood, dense and defined externally, gradually laxer towards the axis and separating into bundles which irregularly surround a central column of pith. The only difference, in short, between this and any other Endogenous stem, consists in the first-formed or outer bundles being disposed more symmetrically, and being combined into one zone.

If a branch of Luzuriaga radicans be examined, the same peculiarity will be perceived, with only this difference, that the zone of wood is narrower and the pith broader. In Callixene pohjphylla, the woody zone, though still continuous, is narrower still. In C. parviflora both its edges (both inner and outer circumference) are clearly defined ; and in C. marginata it is sometimes interrupted.

The Callixene marginata thus shows this disposition of the outer vascular bundles to unite in the lowest degree of these South American Smilacece, but in Lapageria the same tendency will be found in its highest, for the stem f that plant is almost wholly composed of woody matter, concentrated externally into a well-defined zone, rather lootc-i towards the centre, and enclosing large trachea; with very little cellular tissue intermixed. Externally to the wood is a very narrow layer of condensed parenchyma. In the first year's twig of this plant, the cellular tissue is pro- portionably abundant, with separate vascular bundles scattered through it, but is absorbed or obliterated afterwards. Nor is it in the genera of South America alone that these woody bundles are thus arranged, it is so in the Geitono- plesium {Luzuriaga cymosa, Br.) of New Holland, and in Drymophila, Br. ; and even nearer home in Convallaria and probably in many Convallariea. To the last mentioned group the above named genera most assuredly belong j whether the venation be parallel as in Callixene, parallel and retose between the costae as in Lapageria, or wholly retose as that of Pkilesia appears to be, from the two lateral of the three parallel costse forming the thickened margin of the leaf.

On the other hand, if we turn to the Smilacea proper, as limited by Dr. Lindley, even they display no more deviation from the common Endogenous structure than do the Convallariea: A young shoot of Rkipogonmn shows the same disposition of the woody and cellular tissue as Callixene polypkylla, with rather a broader zone of cellular tissue surrounding the wood ; but in an older stem of the same, the wood so predominates over the parenchyma, that the zone of cellular tissue is only distinguished with difficulty. In the Sniilax excelsa, L., of Em-ope, the woody zone of the young branch is neither so continuous nor regular, but it becomes so in the older state of the plant. Tamus communis presents the same arrangement. In the young stem of Testitdinaria. elepkantipes I do not find the medullary plates described by Dr. Lindley ; there appears to me to be a broad and perfectly continuous zone of wood, sending six or eight prolongations towards the axis, where there are further a few irregularly disposed bundles. I shall conclude this long digression by instancing the genus Jnncus as of the furthest removed from

Fafklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 357

Dictyogens in every point of view, except that it possesses an equally continuous and denned zone of woody tissue, within the cuticle, separated from the latter by a zone of parenchyma, and enclosing a mass of pure pith.

The Philesia buxifolia is among the handsomest plants of the Antarctic American Flora ; it occurs along the coast from the Strait of Magalhaens to Yaldivia ; to the northward of which, between Valdivia and Concepciou, it is replaced by the Lapageria rosea.

LIE. ASTELIrLE, Brongniart

1. ASTELIA, Banhel Sol.

1. Astelia p?imila, Brown, Prodr. p. 291. Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 100. et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 132. B'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 603. Ft. Antarct. vol. i. p. 76. Melanthium pumiluni, Forst. Comm. Goett. vol. ix. p. 30. t. 6. Banks et Sol. MS. in Mm, Banks, cum icone. Funkia Magellanica, JFilld. May. Naturf. Fr. vol. ii. p. 19. (Tab. CXXVII) .

Hab. South Chili, from the Chonos Archipelago to Cape Horn, very abundant on the hills and in exposed places, Commerson, and all future voyagers; •'Falkland Islands, Gaudichavd, fyc.

Under the description of A. linearis, in the first part of this volume, I mentioned that the placentation varies in the different species of this genus. In the majority, the ovules are numerous and arranged in two lines upon parietal placenta? ; in one the seeds are numerous and pendent from the summit of a one-celled berry, whose dis- sepiments have probably been absorbed ; a third form presents a three-celled ovarium, with several ovules pendulous from the summit of each cell ; a fourth has a three- to six-celled subcapsular fruit, with a few pendulous seeds in each cell ; while the present plant offers a fifth modification, for its placentation is decidedly axile, and the ovules are arranged in two rows along the inner angle of each of the three cells. This arises from the perfect consolidation of the carpels in a young state, when the edges of each carpellary leaf are so inflected as to meet in the axis of the pistil, where a triangular longitudinal cavity is often left (see fig. 5 of Plate CXXVII.). At an early period the cavity of each capsule is not apparent, the ovules being imbedded in a cellular mass, which in this species retires from between and around the ripening seeds, leaving a distinct cavity as the fruit advances to maturity, but in some others remains, partly attached to the placenta? and seeds, as a mucilaginous or gummy mass. At no time is the fruit of this plant truly even sub-capsular, its walls are always fleshy, and no trace of dehiscence can be seen along the furrows of each carpel, from which the seeds escape by the decay of the pericarp.

I have followed M. Brongniart in placing this genus by itself in a natural group, whose nearest affinities I have indicated in the first part of this work.

The Astelia piimila is a most abundant Fuegian and Falkland Island plant, forming, with the Caltha appen- diculata especially, a large proportion of the peat in those countries. Its flowers are inconspicuous, and have a faintly sweet smell.

Plate CXXVII. Fig. 1, three-flowered peduncle, bract and flower; fg. 2, flower removed; fig. 3, pollen; fg. 4, ovarium ; fg. 5, transverse section of the same ; fg. 6 and 7, ovules ; fg. 8, ripe fruit ; fg. 9, transverse section of ditto ; fg. 10, ripe seed ; fg. 11, the same with the outer osseous integument removed ; fg. 12, the same, cut longitudinally; fg. 13, embryo : — all magnified.

LIV. JUNCE.E, DC. 1. EOSTKOVIA, Bete.

1. Rostkovia grandifiora, Hook, fil.; in Fl. Antaret. vol. i. p. S2. Marsippospermum calyculatum, Best. Bot. Joum. vol. i. p. 330. M. grandifiorum, Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 533. Juncus grandillorus, Linn, fil,

4 I,

358 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Suppl. p. 209. Font. Comm. Goett. vol. ix. p. 27. t. 3. Gaud, in Ann. Sc, Nat. vol. v. p. 100, et in Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 132. B'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 603.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens and throughout Fuegia, Commerson, Banks and Solander, fyc. Falkland Islands, very abundant, Gaud.icMud, and, all succeeding voyagers.

The miserable natives of Fuegia weave the steins of this rush into baskets, and in doing so seem to exhaust their cunning, for such baskets appeared to us to be the only article they possessed, exhibiting any attempt at such handy-craft as demands the slightest ingenuity, except, perhaps, the moveable heads of their sealing spears.

2. Eostkovia Magellanica, Hook. fil. I. c.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson ; Hermite Island, Cape Horn, /. B. II. ; Falkland Islands, very abundant, Gaudichaud, Sfc.

I am not aware of this species having been gathered in Fuegia since Commerson's time, except by myself; and though abundant in Hermite Island, it is probably scarce and alpine to the north of that locality, as it is also in Campbell's Island.

2. JUNCUS, L.

1. Juncus scheuckzerioides, Gaud.; Ft. Antarct. p. 79.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Cajjt. King ; Hermite Island, Cape Horn, /. B. H; Falk- land Islands, very abundant, Gaudichaud, Sj-c; Kerguelen's Land, J.B.H.

Decidedly the most Antarctic Juncus, and exceedingly abundant at Cape Horn, the Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen's Land, where no other species of the genus exists. It is also a native of Campbell's Island and Lord Auckland's group.

2. Juncus planifotius, Brown, Prodr. p. 259. E. Meyer, Junci, n. 36, et in Linnaa, vol. iii. p. 370. La Harpe, in Mem. Soc. Nat. Hist. Paris, vol. ii. p. 55. Kunth, En. Plant, vol. iii. p. 344.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago, C. Barwin, Esq.

These, and other specimens gathered at Valdivia by Mr. Bridges, are the only extra-Australian individuals of this species that I have seen. Meyer remarks (Herb. Hook.), that there is no specific difference between the specimens of the New and Old World.

3. Juncus graminifolius, E. Meyer, in Ret. HanJc. vol. ii. p. 144. Cephaloxys graminifolia, Nees et Meyer, in Nov. Act. Acad. Cas. vol. xix. Suppl. p. 128. J. rivularis, Poeppig, fid. Meyer in Herb. Hook.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago, C. Barwin, Esq.

The present species, like the former, can scarcely be considered truly Antarctic, merely entering the northern limits which I have assigned to the Fuegian Flora. It ranges on the coast from Valparaiso to the latitude of Chonos Archipelago and is also found on the Cordillera of Peru.

Meyer (Hook. Herb.) remarks that this hardly belongs to the genus Cephaloxys, on account of the structure of its capsule.

3. LUZULA, BC.

1. Luzula Alqpecurm, Desv. Bot. Journ. vol. i. p. 159. E. Meyer, in Reliq. ILenk. vol. ii. p. 145. Syn. Luzul. n. 5. La Harpe, in Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. ii. p. 177.

FalklanJs, etc.] FLOEA ANTARCTICA. 359

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson, Capt. King ; Falkland Islands, very abundant, Gaudichaiid, fyc.

I have seen but an imperfect specimen of the L. Peruviana, Desv., to which the present is manifestly very closely related. E. Meyer (Herb. Hook.) observes, that though so much alike in the young state, when older they are very distinct species. The present is the most Antarctic of the genus, except the following, and is the South American representative of the L. crinita (Tab. XLVIII.) of Lord Auckland's group.

2. Luzula sp. ?

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, on the tops of the mountains, alt. 1,600 feet, /. B. H.

My specimens are only sufficient to prove this plant to be a Luzula ; they are scarcely two inches high, with a slender stem, and nodding small panicle ; the whole somewhat resembling the L. arcuata of Arctic Europe, whose Antarctic representative it probably is.

LV. ALISMACErE, Br.

1. TETRONCIUM, Willd.

Flores dioici. Fl. Mas. Perigonium obliquum, tetraphylluui, coloratum, foliolis concavis iuaaqualibus, late ovatis, superioribus altius insertis, supremo majore. Stamina 4, foliorum perigonii basi inserta ; filamenta brevissima ; anfherm extrorsae, late didymae, basi fixae. Ovarii rudimentum nullum. Fl. Fo;m. Perigonium ut in masc, sed foliolis angustioribus. Stamina 0. Carpella 4, subulata, basi in ovarium incomplete 4-loculare coalita, supra medium libera ; styli subulati, divergentes, irao apice inconspicue stigmatiferi ; ovula quovis loculo solitaria, erecta, anatropa, foramine late aperto. Fructus indehiscens, 4-locularis, monospermus. Semen erectum, lineari-oblonguni, eompressum ; testa teuuissima ; albumen farinaceum ; embryo axilis, trigonus, longitudine albuminis, extremitatc radiculari attenuata. — Herba Fuegiana et Falklandica caspitosa, perennis. Caulis basi radicans, squamis nitidis tectus, divisus. Folia plana, disticha, equitantia, lineari-ensiforn/ia. Scapus terminalis, erectus. Flores spicati. Perigonium flavescens, rufo-fusco maeulatum. Stamina antheris magnis. Fructus deflexus, aborfu monospermus, i-cornutus. Tetroncium, Willd.

1. Tetroncium Magellanicum, Willd., in Berl. Mug. vol. ii. p. 17. Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 534. Kunth. En. Plant, vol. iii. p. 14:2. Triglochin reflexum, Vahl, ined. {fid. Willd.). T. Magellanicum, Vahl, in Herb. Mus. Paris. Cathanthes, Rich, in Mem. Mus. vol. i. p. 365.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson ; Port Famine, Capt. King. Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander, Forster ; Hermite Island, Cape Horn, •/. B. II.; Falkland Island, Mr. Wright, J. B. H.

The arrangement of all parts of the flower are quaternary in the specimens of this curious plant that I have examined ; in which respect it differs from the majority of, and in the albuminous seeds from all the order, Alis- macea ; without, however, shewing any further affinity with the Naiadacea, in which order Dr. Lindley has placed it.

The habit of Tetroncium is precisely that of Narthecium, but in most other points its alliance to Triglochin is evident, particularly in the spicate inflorescence, concave segments of the perianth, which are obliquely placed, the upper being larger and inserted above the rest ; in the extrorse, nearly sessile anthers ; the solitary, basal, anatropal ovules ; and the erect seed, which, being albuminous, indicates an affinity with Junceee.

Plate CXXVIII. Fig. 1, male flower; fig. 2, segment of perianth and stamen; fig. 3, female flower ; fig. 4, carpel cut open ; fig. 5, ovule ; fig. 6, the same, with the primine partly removed ; fig. 7, ripe fruit; fig. 8, transverse section of the same ; fig. 9, the same, longitudinally divided ; fig. 10, seed ; fig. 11, embryo : — all magnified.

360 FLOEA ANTAECTICxV. \Fuegia, the

2. TRIGLOCHIN, Linn.

1. Triglochin Monte-Yidense, Spreng., Syst. Yeg. vol. ii. p. 145. Roem. etSch. Syst. vol. vii. p. 1586. Kunth, En. Plant, vol. iii. p. 144. T. capense, Thiuib. Prudr. p. 67. T. niaritimum, Brege, in Kerb. Hook. T. striatum, Cham, et Schlecht . fid . Kunth, I. c.

Hab. Cape Tres Montes, C. Darwin, Esq.

Variat magnitudine, scapoque foliis nunc longiore nunc niultoties breviore.

Probably a very widely diffused, and certainly in size a variable plant, common to both coasts of extra-tropical South America, and to the Cape of Good Hope. To this may also belong the T. Chilen&e, of Meyer, of which a wholly insufficient character is given in a foot-note to that traveller's journey (Reise un die Erde. vol. i. p. 354). Its nearest ally is the T. decipiens, Br., of Australia, of which T.filifolium., Sieb. (inaccurately described as wanting the abortive carpels), is a synonym ; indeed, the Australian differs from the South American plant only in the larger fruit, so far as my only specimen enables me to judge.

LVI. RESTIACE^, Br.

1. GAIMAKDIA, Gaud.

1. Gaimardia australis, Gaud., in Ann. 8c. Nat. vol. v. p. 100, et in Freyc. Yoy. Bot. p. 419. t. 3. Kunth, En. Plant, vol. iii. p. 491.

Hab. Fuegia; Hermite Island, Gape Horn, /. B. H.; "Falkland Islands, very abundant, Gaudichaud, B'Urville.J.B.H.

A particularly abundant plant on the lulls of the Falkland Islands, forming, in boggy places, hard, extensive green patches, often several yards across, and contributing materially to the formation of peat-bog. It has repre- sentatives on Lord Auckland's Group and probably likewise in Tasmauia.

LVII. CYPERACEtE, DC. 1. OREOBOLUS, Br.

1. Oreobolus obtusangulus, Gaud., in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 99. t. 2. f. 1, et in Freyc. Yoy. Bot. p. 417. Kunth, En. Plant, vol. ii. p. 367.

Hab. Fuegia; Hermite Island, Cape Horn, /. B. H.; Falkland Islands, abundant, Gaudichaud, B' Un-ille, J. B. H.

It is difficult to suppose that a plant, so abundant in the Falkland Islands, should be rare on the mountains of the adjacent continent, where, however, it has only been gathered near Cape Horn, unless a species collected by M. Goudot full 4,000 miles further north, on the peak of Tolima in Colombia, should prove to be the same plant, as, judging from a barren specimen, it very likely may.

2. ELEOCHAEIS, Br.

I. Eleocharis jjalustrit, Br., Prod V. p. 244. Engl. Bot. t. 181. Scirpus melanostacbys, B'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 603. Fimbristylis melanostacbys, Brong. in Buperrey, Yoy. Bot. p. 181.

Hab. Falkland Islands, B'Urville, J. B. II.

Falklands, etc.] FLOKA ANTARCTICA. 361

Evidently the European E.palmtris, which is also a native of Patagonia, and very widely diffused throughout the temperate regions of both the northern and southern hemispheres. Hypogynous setae are generally present, though those of my specimens vary in size ; Kunth says, " setae plane abortientes in Scirpo melanostacltyo" and D'Urville and Bronguiart have, from their occasional absence, included this species in FimbristyUs.

3. ISOLEPIS, Br.

1. Isolepis pygmcea, Kunth, En. Plant, vol. ii. p. 191.

Yax.brevis. Isolepis brevis, Brong.in Dwperrey, Toy. Bot. p. ISO. I. Magellanica, Gaud. in Duperrey, lroy. Bot. p. 414. I. Meyeniana, Nees, in Nov. Act. Acad. Cms. vol. xix. Suppl. p. 87.

Var. elongata. I. pygniaea, var. /3, Kunth, I. c. I. trigona, Kunze, in Poeppig, Coll. n. 1. p. 27 (?).

Hab. Var. brevis, Falkland Islands, D'Urville, J. D. II. Var. elongata, Cape Tres Montes, C. Darwin, Esq.

The variations in the size, form, and markings on the surface of the achaenia of the otherwise almost identical forms of Isolepis seem really endless. Falkland Island specimens are short, with small spikes, and small fuscous achaenia, which are broader than long and punctulate, but the puneta not in parallel lines. Mr. Darwin's plant is much longer, and has rather longer spikes, with elliptical ovate larger achaenia, which are longer than broad and similarly punctulate, its culms are often ten inches long. The /. lepida, Nees (in Linnaea, vol. iv. p. 291), judging by Cuming's Valparaiso specimens (in Herb. Hook.), resembles the plant of Mr. Darwin, its achaenia are precisely similar to those of the Falkland Island variety in form, colour and surface, but scarcely half as large.

The Cape of Good Hope I. pygmcea, so called by Kunth, has the achsnium of /. lepida, but pale coloured and smaller still ; while the Auckland Island I. Aucklandica (p. 88. t. L) has larger fruit than any.

All of the above differ from the European /. Savii, Seb. and Maur., in the achaenia not being so deeply punctate or striate. In size and form the pericarp of /. Savii resembles that of the Falkland Island plant.

4. CHiETOSPORA, Br.

1. Ch.etospoka Antarctica, Hook, fil.; culmis dense caespitosis teretibus basi Miosis, foliis culnium vix sequantibus anguste lineari-elongatis rigidis seniiteretibus super canaliculars glaberrimis, spiralis sub 6 in paniculam brevem coarctatani involucre 5-phyllo breviorem aggregatis 1-floris, squamis distichis carinatis iinberbibus, setis liypogynis 6 capillaribus nucem superantibus. (Tab CXLVII.)

Hab. Cape Tres Montes; Patch Cove, alt. 2,000 feet, C.Darwin, Esq.

Radix e fibris crassis descendentibus. Rhizoma breve, inclinatum. Culmi dense caespitosi, rigidi, erecti. Folia 6-pollicaria, basi in vaginam castaneam chartaceani 1 uuc. longam dilatata ; lamina vix \ lin. lata, apice acuminata. Panicula sub 1 unc. longa, coarctata, involucro basi vaginante \ brevior. Spicules erectae, pedieellatse, inferiores involucratas, \ unc. longa?, lineari-oblongae, uniilores. Squama sub 5, pallide flavo-fuscaa, nitidae, lineari- oblongae, acuminata?, dorso carinatas, inferiores supremaque vacuae. Stamina 3. Selce hypogyuae 6, squamis breviores, graciles, scaberulae. Nux elliptico-oblonga, angulis costatis, glaberrima, polita, pallide fusca. Stylus gracilis, elongatus, apice stigmataque iiliformia exserta.

Plate CXLVII. Fig. 1, spikelet ; fig. 2, flower with the anthers fallen away : — both magnified.

2. Ch^etospora laxa, Hook, fil.; culmis dense cfespitosis teretibus basi foliosis, fobis cuhno brevioribus anguste lineari-elongatis rigidis seniiteretibus super canaliculatis glaberrimis, spiculis plurimis in paniculam

4 M

362 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fueg\a, the

laxam subeffusam involucratam involucris breviorem dispositis 2-floris, squamis disticliis carinatis exterioribus dorso scaberulis, setis hypogynis 4-6 rigidis scabridis nuce \ longioribus. (Tab. CXLVI.)

Hab. South Chili ; Cape Tres Montes, C. Darwin, Esq.

Culmi pedales. Folia ut in priore sed duplo longiora. Panicula 2-3 unc. longa, parce ramosa. Livolncri foliola 2 caeteris longiora, paniculam superantia. Spicules \ unc. longa?, ovato-oblonga;, compresses, biflorae, infe- riores lonoius et graciliter pedicellatae. Squama sub 6, atro-castanese, concavse, ovatae, acuta; v. sub-acuminatae, nitidaa, inferiores vacuae. Stamina 3. Seta hypogyna 4-6, rigidse, scabridee. Nux breviter stipitata, late ellipticn, angolis costatis, stylo elongato stigmatibus 3 capillaribus exsertis tenninato.

One of these two species of Chatospora may be considered the Antarctic representative of the Sclicenus nigricans of Europe. Neither of them appears to inhabit a high south latitude, though the C. Antarctica, ascending to an elevation of 2,000 feet in South Chih, might have been expected to grow at the level of the sea in Fuegia.

Plate CXLVI. Fig. 1, spikelet ; fig. 2, the same with the lower scales removed ; fig. 3, achaenium : — all magnified.

5. CARPHA, Banks et Sol.

1. Carpha schainoides, Banks et Sol. MS.; culmis caespitosis teretibus laevibus, foliis breviusculis culuio i brevioribus semiteretibus, spiculis sub 2-floris in paniculam paucifloram involucratam dispositis, setis hypogynis 6 ad apicem plumosis. C. schcenoides, Banks et Sol. MS. in Bill. Banks, cum icone. (Tab. CXLVIII.)

Hab. Southern parts of Tierra del Fuego ; Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander ; Hermite Island, Cape Horn, /. B. II.

Culmi 6-8-unciales, cacspitosi, basi fohati, radices plurimas fibrosas crassas demittentes. Folia plurima, basi vaginantia, laevia, vaginis pallidis, lamina lineari-subulata, acuta, semiterete, super anguste canaliculata. Panicula involucro ~ brevior. Spicula sub 3, pedicellatae, pedicello compresso infra squamas ancipiti. Squama sub 5, 1 unc. longae, lineari-oblongas, acuminata;, 2 inferiores vacuae, dorso carinatse, carina obscure scabenda, superiores dorso convexse, floriferas, supremo minore vacuo. Seta hypogyna 6, plana;, lineares, utrinque ciliato-phunosas, longitudine squamas sequantes, basi in tubum brevem cyathiformem connata;. Stamina 3, fauce tubi perigonii inserta;. Nux obovato-oblonga, stipitata, 3-costata angulis incrassatis, stylo coronata. Stylus persistens, trigonus, angubs serratis, inferne attenuatus, apice acuminatus, vaHdus, rigidus. Semen solitarium, erectum, nuci confonne ; raphe et chalaza prominentes ; embryo parvus, octohajdrus, basi albumine inclusus, extremitate cotyledonari attenuata.

The Carpha schomoides of the hills of Fuegia, and the C. alpina, Br., of the loftier mountains of Tasmania, are two closely-albed representative species, both apparently very rare and local plants. C. alpina is replaced further north, in Australia, by the C. deusta, Br., a native of the colony of Port Jackson, but hitherto no South American species except the one here described has been noticed. These three form together a very distinct group, as Mr. Brown has indicated (Prodi-, p. 230).

Plate CXLVIII. Fig. 1, spikelet;^//. 2, floriferous and empty scale ; fig, 3, achasnium, filaments, and seta;; fig. 4, base of setae and filaments ; fig. 5 and 6, achaenium ; fig. 7, seed ; fig. 8, same, cut open ; fig. 9, embryo : — all magnified.

6. CAREX,* L. 1. Carex ovalis, Good, in Linn. Trans, vol. ii. p. 148. Engl. Bot. t. 306.

Var. 0, minor, Brongn. in Duperrey, Voy. Bot. p. 149. C. Macloviana, B'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Li hi, \ Paris, vol. v. p. 599.

* The species of this genus, and of Uncinia, have been determmed and described by my kind friend Dr Boott.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 363

Hab. Falkland Islands ; B' Urville. I have seen no Falkland Island specimens of this plant ; can it be the C. /estiva ?

2. CxuEx/estiva, Dewey ; spica composita e spiculis pluribus androgynis basi masculis in capituluni ovato-suborbiculatum arete congestis, stigmatibus 2, perigyniis ovatis acuminato-rostratis bifidis ore antice oblique fisso nervosis marginatis denticulato-serratis squamam lanceolatani acutam sequantibus vel ea longi- oribus. Boott. C. festiva, Dewey, in Sill. Journ. vol. xxix p. 446. C. propinqua (?), Nees et Meyen.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Gregory and Port Famine, Copt. King.

Cidmus subpedalis, strictus, inferne glaber, foliis vaginantibus, rudimentisque foliorum pallide castaneis tectus, superne nudus, acutangulus, serrato-scabcr. Folia 2 lin. lata, culmum eequantia vel breviora, margine scabra. Spica 8-9 lin. longa, 7-8 lin lata, nuda, vel bractea brevi subfoliacea basi suffulta. Spicule? 8-12, vel plures, sub- rotundse, arctissime congestae, ferruginene, concolores. Squama lanceolatae, acuta;, apice membranaceo-pallidce. Antheree hispido-apiculats. Stylus exsertus. Stigmata 2, longa. Perigynium 2 lin. longuin, lineam latum, utrinque nervosum, ferrugineum, marginibus alatis, e medio sursum denticulato-serratis. Acluenium 8-9 lin. long., 5-9 lin. latum, oblongum, compressum, ferrugineum, basi styli abrupte apicidatum. Boott.

A C. ovali, Good., solmn, spiculis pluribus, subrotundis, in capitulum arete congestis, perigyniis paululum brevioribus, differt. Boott.

Dr. Boott has kindly favoured me with the range of this species, which is so wide in the northern hemisphere that we should quite expect that it will hereafter be found along the chain of the Cordillera. Commencing in Greenland on the east, it crosses to Unalaschka on the west by Cumberland House on Bear Lake, and thence runs south along the Rocky Mountains. In Europe it has hitherto been found in Lapland only.

3. Cauex curta, Good., in Linn. Trans, vol. ii. p. 145. Engl. Hot. t. 386, C. spicata, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mus. Banks, cum icone. C. siuiilis, B' Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 599. KuntJi, En. Plant, vol. ii. p. 403.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King ; Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander ; Falkland Islands, abundant, B' Urville, J. B. H.

The present, Dr. Boott remarks, is decidedly the European C. curta, one Falkland Island specimen alone, out of very many, differing from the others in having ten spicuke, the average number being six to eight.

The geographical distribution of this species is very wide, for it inhabits all Europe from the latitude of Lapland, where, according to Wahlenberg, it is excessively common, to the Mediterranean region, which it does not enter. In Arctic America again it is abundant, extending in the. United States as far south as New York.

4. Cakex acaulis, D'Urv., in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 599. Brong. in Duperrey, Toy. But. p. 153. t. 2S A.

Hab. Falkland Islands, B' Urville.

A species wholly unknown to me, except through the figure and description of M. Brongniart.

5. Cakex decidua, Boott; spicis 4-7 atro-purpureis erectis, suprema mascula vel androgyna basi vel apice et basi rnascula, reliquis fcemineis, superioribus sessilibus contiguis oblongis, inferioribus cylindraceis bracteatis evaginatis rarius gerninatis, infima brevi pedunculata subremota, stigmatibus 2, perigyniis oblongo- ovatis rostellatis ore integro utrinque nervosis stipitatis pallidis deciduis squama oblonga obtusa atro- purpurea nervo pallido decidua longioribus latioribusque. Boott. C. crespitosa, Banks et Sol. MSS. in Mus. Banks, cum icone.

364 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fueffia, the

Hab. Tierra del Fuego ; Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander ; Falkland Islands, /. D. H.

Radix stolonifera. Culmus 1-1 \ pedalis, triqueter, glaber, pars spieas gerens 2-3 poll, longa. Folia 1-1 ± lin. lata, culmo longiora, flaccida, marginibus scabridis. Bractea fobaceae, evagiiiata?, inferiores culmuin superantes ; am'iculis 2 subrotundis, ferrugineis. Spica tenninabs, subpolbcaris, saepius androgyna, basi, vel apice et basi mas- cula ; sterilis 1— li lin lata ; androgyna 3 lin. lata; spica fceminea 8-15 bn. longae, 3-4 lin. lata?, inferiores interdum geinmatae, vel basi spicula minori auctae ; iniima rarius 1-2 pollices remota. Squama omnes obtusa;, atro -purpureas, nervo pallido infra apicem evanescente ; foernineae perigynio breviores. Pedunndus infinras 3-6 lin. longus. Peri- fjynium (cum stipite) lf-l^ bn. longum, \ bn. latum, rarius ad margines superne denticulato-serratum, plus minus nervosum. Aclianium \ lin. longum, -| lin. latum, orbiculatum, lenticulare, fuscum, impresso-punctulatum, basi styli aequali apicidatum.

Habitus C. Goodenorii, Gay, et forsan ejus nil nisi forma aberrans. Dilfert spica terminali saspius androgyna ; foemineis rarius geminatis vel compositis, perigyniisque margine scabris, culmo glabro.

6. Carex Andersoni, Boott ; spicis 7-9 atro-purpureis erectis, terminali mascula, foemineis 6-8 oblongis cylindraceisque superioribus geminatis ternatisque sessilibus inferioribus simplicibus pedunculatis omnibus interdum apice masculis, stigmatibus 2, perigyniis ellipticis brevi-rostratis ore integro valide nervosis stipi- tatis pallidis squama ovata obtusa vel lanceolata acuta atro-purpurea nervo pallido brevioribus. Boott.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Caj)t. King.

Culmus sesquipedabs, firmus, superne acutangulus, scaber, basi vaginis foborum teetus, pars spieas gerens 3-5 poll, longa. Folia 2-3 bn. lata, margine sca'ora, culmo lougiora ; vagina intus albo-membranacea, longa, cybndracea ; ligula ad foliam albgata, ferruginea, obtusa. Bractea evagmatae, suprema setacea, rebquae lata?, foliaeese, culmum longe superantes: auricula indivisa, amplectente, ferruginea. Spica mascula solitaria, 12-14 bn. longa, 2 bn. lata, vel exenrplare miico spica altera minima (3 lin. longa) ad basin aucta. Squama latae, obtusse, atro-purpureae, nervo viridi in inferioribus infra apicem evanescente; spica foernineae 6-8, contiguae, 6-17 bn. longa;, 2-3 lin. lata^, inferiores longiores, simpbees, cylindracese, brevi-peduneulatse : superiores geminatae vel ternatae, insequales, sessiles : omnes fa?rnineae vel apice masculse. Squama atro-purpurea?, ovatae, vel inferiores lanceolat.se, mutica?, nervo pallido. Stylus inclusus. Stigmata 2, longa. Pedunculus infimus 2-8 bn. longus. Perigynimn (Jloriferum) li lin. longum, liueam latum, stipitatum, breve eybndraceo-rostratuni, utrinque crebre et valide nervosum, pallidum, papillosum, superne margimbus parce serrato-scabriusculum, ore integro. Aclianium suborbiculatum, compressum. Boott.

A C. decidua differt culmo vabdiori, finno, acutangulo, scabro ; fobis bracteisque lationbus ; auricula indivisa, amplectente ; spicis longioribus ; terminab mascula, fcemineis saepe apice masculis, mediis geminatis ternatisque ; perigyniis paululuni latioribus, squama interdum lanceolata acuta brevioribus. Boott.

7. Carex Barwinii, Boott; spicis 8-12 ferrugineis cylindraceis longe pedunculatis nutantibus 2 termina- libus masculis, fajmineis 6-10 remotis geminatis ternatisque foliaceo-bracteatis evaginatis basi laxifloris rarius infima simplici, stigmatibus 2, perigyniis ellipticis brevi-rostratis ore integro nervosis stipitatis papillosis squama lanceolata acuminata hispido-cuspidata ferruginea latioribus brevioribuscjue. Boott. (Tab. CXLV.)

Hab. Chonos Archipelago, C. Darwin, Esq.

Culmus tripedabs, vabdus, triqueter, glaber, sulcatus, basi foliatus, apice graeilbmus, pars spieas gerens 12 poll, longa. Folia bipedaba et ultra, 3-4 bn. lata, nervosa : margine carina apiceque serrato-scabra, supra nervis 2 prominentibus notata, infra ad interstitia nervorum squamato-punctata. Bractea emarginatae, fobaceng, inferiores culmum longe superantes, auricula oblonga, ferruginea. Fedunculi triquetri, scabri, inasquales, i-3 poll, longi. Spica foernineae \- 3 poll, longae, 3 bn. latae, cybndracea, basi laxifloras, intervallis 2-4-polbcaribus remotae, inferiores geminatae, superiores ternatae (spica interdum uniea abbreviata sessib), exemplare sobtario spica infima simplici,

FalManch, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 365

nonnullisque apice rnasculis. Squama ferruginea?, nervo pallido, inferiores Hspido-cuspidatae ; (spicarum termi- nalhun basis solum unius inferioris mascula sessilis adest, cetera? disrupta?.) Perigynium If lin. longum, f lin. latum, ellipticum, breve aciuniuato-rostratum, ore integro, utrinque 4-5-nervatuin, papilloso-asperatum, maeulis ferrugineis notatum, stramineo-pallidum. Acltcenium 7-9 lin. longum, f lin. latum, orbiculato-obovatiun, lenticulare, castaneum, basi styli aequali terminatum. Boott.

A C. decidua et C. Andersono spicis ferrugineis, elongatis, longe pedunculatis, nutantibus, remotis ; squamis acutis, hispido-cuspidatis ; perigyniis glabris, squama duplo brevioribus, satis distincta ! Boott.

Plate CXLV. Fig. 1, scale and stamens of male spike; fig. 2, scale and female flower; fig. 3, perigynium ; fig. 4, the same cut open, showing the achsenium : — all magnified.

8. Caeex Magellanica, Lamk.; spicis 3-4 androgynis basi masculis atro-purpureis concoloribus oblongis pedunculatis nutantibus bracteatis approximate vel infima subradicab vaginata, stigmatibus 3, peri- gyniis suborbiculatis stipitatis rostellatis ore integro papulosis squama lanceolata apice acuminata involuta vix duplo brevioribus. Boott. C. Magellanica, Lam. Encycl. vol. iii. p. 385. Schkuhr, Caric. vol. i. p. 52. vol. ii p. 42. t. N. f. 51. Kiint/i, En. Plant, vol. ii. p. 435. C. atrata, /3. Magellanica, Vahl, Act. Hafu. 1803. (Tab. CXLIII.)

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, Commerson; Port Famine, Capt. King; Good Success Bay, Banks and

Solander.

Radix e fibris luteseente-lanatis. Culmns 6-9-poll., acute triqueter, gracilis, firmus, apice scabriusculus, filiformis, pars spicas gerens plerumque 2-2f poll, longa. Folia 1-lf lin. lata, culmo breviora vel aequantia, margine carinaque scabra. Bractea infima foliacea, culmum sequans, reUqua? angusta?, spicis suis breviores, demum setacea?, basi ligula ferruginea amplectente. Spica 6-9 lin. longa?, 5 lin. lata?, basi flosculis masculis paucis instructa?. Squama lanceo- lata;, acuminata?, apice involuta?, atro-purpurea?, concolores vel ad margines rufae, eximie papulosa?, dorso trinerves. Pedunculi 8-14 lin. longi, capillares, apice infra spicam clavati, scabriuscidi. Perigynium If lin. long., 1 lin. latum, suborbiculaiimi, basi productum vel latiuscule stipitatum, minime rostellatum, ore integro, obsolete vel utrinque leviter 4-5-nervatum, stramineo-pallidum, superne atro-purpureo tinetum, papillosum ; stylo persistente porrecto. Achanium lineam longum, f lin. latum, oblongo-triquetnun (uno specimine rarius 4-angulimi).

Affinis C. limosa, L., et congeneribus, pra?sertim C. irrigua, Sm.

Plate CXLIII. Fig. 1, scale and stamen of male spike ; fig. 2, scale and female flower; fig. 3, perigynium ; fig. 4, acha?niuin : — all magnified.

9. Cap.ex Banksii, Boott ; spicis 3-5 atro-purpureis oblongis basi cuneatis crassis exserte pedunculatis nutantibus terrninali androgyna basi mascula rebquis foemineis mfkna remota, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis hyabno-tenuissimis albidis compressis nervosis late ovatis cylindraceo-rostratis ore obbquo bifido glabris squama atro-purpurea oblongo-spathulata emarginata aristata brevioribus latioribusque. Boott. (Tab. CXLII.)

Hab. Tierra del Fuego ; Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander, C. Darwin, Esq.

Culmm sesquipedalis, acute triqueter, glaber, basi foliatus, pars spicas gerens 4-7 poll, longa. Folia 2-3 lin. lata, carinata, culmo breviora, apice triquetro-acuminata, nervo marginibusque tuberculato-scabra. Bractea foliacea?, vagmantes, infima culmum suba?quans, suprema? squama?formes. Ligula elongata. Vagina 7 lin.-lf poll, longa?. Spica 3-5, omnes pedunculata?, 7-14 lin. longa?, 4-5 lin. lata?, superiores approximata?, infima intervallo 1^-4 poll, longo remota. Squama omnes atro-purpurea?, nervo pallidiori, laxiuscule imbricatae. Perigynium bre- visshne stipitatum, 3f-f lin. longum, If -f lin. latum, album, tenuissimum, nervis tenuibus, rostro angusto, cylin- draceo, fusco, oblique bifido. Achanium longe stipitatum, f lin. longum (cum stipite If lin. longum), \ lin. latum, castaneum, acute triquetrum, lateribus concavis. Boott.

4 N

366 FLOEA ANTAECTICA. \Fuegia, the

In Herb. Banksiano sunt specimina plura (eel. Banks et Solander in Tierra del Fuego lecta) sub nominibus C. atratcs et C. Magellaniccs, quarum omnia spieam tenninalem androgynam basi masculam liabent, sed spicse cylin- draceae evadimt, et liinc ad C. germanam tendunt. Boott.

AfRnis C. Mertensio, Prescott.

Plate CXLII. Fig. 1, scale and stamens of male flower ; Jig. 2, female flower ; jig. 3, perigynitun ; Jig. 4, ova- rium, style, and stigmata ; Jig. 5, ovule; Jig. 6, ripe perigynium; Jig. 7, ripe achaenium : fig. 8, seed; Jig. 9, longi- tudinal section of the same : — all magnified.

10. Carex yermana, Boott; spicis 4-6 fusco-ferrugineis 1 v. 2 terminalibus masculis, fcemineis 3-5 crassis cylindraceis densifloris superioribus sessilibus contiguis erectis inferioribus subnutantibus exserte pedunculitis inrima interdum reraota, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis ellipticis hyalino-tenuissimis albidis compressis brevi cylindraceo-rostratis ore obliquo bidentato nervosis squamam oblongam fusco-ferrugineam emarginatam aristatam subaequantibus. Boott.

Hab. Cape Tres Montes, C. Darwin, Esq.

Culmus 12-15-pollicaris, obtusangulus, glaber, foliis 2-3 vaginantibus instructus, apicem culrni attingentibus, basi foliatus, pars spicas gerens 4-10 pollices longa. Folia 2-3 lin. lata, glauco-viridia, apice triquetro-acurninata, nervis carina marginibusque tuberculato-scabra. Bractece vaginantes, superiores setaceae, inferiores fobaceae, culmum superantes. Vagina 3 lin.-2i poll, longa;, basi purpureo-tincta;. Spica mascula (uno specimine spicida altera minori basi aucta), 8-12 lin. longa, 2 lin. lata, squamis serrato-mucronatis. Spica fceniineae 12-17 lin. longae, 4 lin. lata;, cylindraceae, densiflorae, obtusae, superiores sessiles vel brevi exserte pedunculata; (uno specimine), intima remota pedunculo tres pollices extra vaginam bipollicarem exserto instructa. Squamce arete imbricatae, fusco- ferrugineae, oblongo-spathulatae, emarginata;, obtusae, nervo pallido serrato aristata;. Perigynium 2A-3 lin. longum, 1| lin. latum, album, nervis subnovems pallide ferrugineis teneribus notatum, ellipticum, apice acuminatum, rostro brevi cylindraceo fusco-purpureo, ore obliquo bidentato. Aclicenium longe stipitatum, -| lin. longum (cum stipite If lin. longum), -f lin. latum, pallide castaneum, acute triquetrum, lateribus concavis. Boott.

Affinis C. Banksio, et quoad fructum non distinguenda. Differt spica terminab mascula, fcemineis cylindraceis densifloris, superioribus sessilibus nee basi cuneatis ; squamis fusco-ferrugineis, arete irnbrieatis ; pedunculis validiori- bus ; culmo obtusangulo foliisque glauco-viridibus. Boott.

I append the description of two new species of extra-tropical South American Carices; which, with those enumerated in the body of this work, include all that I know to exist in western Chili and Fuegia *.

1. Carex acutata, Boott; spieis 5-6 erectis cylindraceis fuscis mascidis 1-2 sessilibus reliquis 4 fcemineis saepe apice subulato-acutatis masculis densifloris sessilibus vel peduneulatis longe foliaceo-bracteatis alternatim contiguis, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis elliptico-lanceolatis subinflatis nervosis glabris nitidis squama purpureo-ferruginea concolori vel apice hyalina ciliata hispido-aristata longioribus. Boott. C. physocarpa, Nees, in Herb. Hooker (non Presl.)

Hab. In America merid. Ins. Chiloe, Cuming, n. 43. In Mont. Pilzhum, Columbia, ad alt. 12,000 ped., Jameson, (Herb. Hooker.)

Culmus acutangulus, vabdus, scabriusculus, pars spicas gerens 3-6 poll, longa. Folia 4 lin. lata, culmo longiora. Bractece foliaceae, infima 3 lin. lata, cidmum longe superans, nunc brevissime vaginata. Spica masculae sessiles, 1-1-y poll, longa;, 1\ lin. lata;. Squamce ferrugineae, concolores, vel apice hyalino-albida?, ciliatae, brevi hispido- mucronata;. Spicce fcemineae 4, (pars suprema plerumque tertia omnium saepius subulato-acutata, mascida vel sterilis) If poll, longae, 4 lin. lata;, densiflora;, superiores sessiles, approxiniata;, inferiores plus minus longe pedunculatae, intervallis 1-1—2 poll, longis, remota;, tamen omnes ob longitudinem pedunculorum contiguse. Squamce purpurea;,

Fall-lands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 367

11. Cakex indecora, Kunth; spicis 3-5 oblongis erectis terminali niascula clavata subsessili relicjuis fceinineis bracteatis sessilibus contiguis vel inlima subremota exserte pedunculataj stigmatibus 3, perigyniis oblongo-ovatis acuminato-rostratis bidentatis demuin ore integro utrinque leviter nervosis stramirieis lucidis squama aequilata purpurea triuervi obtusa vel emarginata luspido-cuspidata lougioribus. Boott.

Var. $, hiimilis. C. fuscula, B'Urville, in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 599. Brongn. in Buperrey, Voy. Bot. p. 154. t. 28 b.

Hab. Falkland Islands, B'Urville, J. D. H.

Culmus 4-12 poll., obtusangulus, laevis, basi foliatus, versus medium folio vaginante instructus, pars spicas gerens ■*— 5 poll, louga. Folia L|— 2 lin. lata, plana, culrno breviora, rigidiuscula, flavescente-viridia. Bractea erectae, infimae culmum superantes, vaginatse, superiores angustae, vaginae 2-7 lin. longae. Spica 3-5, omnes interdum eongestae, sessiles ; spica mascula 3-6 lin. longa, lineam lata, clavata, sessilis vel brevi-pedunculata. Squama uninerves, obtusa?, cuspidatae. Spices foemineae 4-7 lin. longae, 2-3 lin. lata?, contiguae, vel infima inter- vallo 1-5 poll, longo remota, exserte (vel binae inferiores plus minus longe exserte) pedunculata. Squama pur- purea;, trinerves, obtusae vel emarginatfe, valide hispido-cuspidatae. Pedunadi 6-12 lin. longi, glabri, nunc vix exserti. Stylus inclusus. Perigynium If lin. long., f lin. latum, oblongo-ovatum, sensim acuminato-rostratum, bidentatum, dernuni ore integro, stramineum, punctis ferrugineis notatum, lucidum, punctulatum, glabnun, vel rarius superne ad margines serrato-scabrum, leviter (luci subjectum) utrinque nervosum. Achanium \ lin. long., f lin. latum, pallidum, subrotundo-triquetrum, punctulatum, basi styli asquali apiculatum. Boott.

concolores vel apice hyalino-albidae, ciliatae, nervo lato viridi in aristam latam hispidam producto. Pedunculi validi, erecti, infimus \- 2 poll, longus, evaginatus vel e vagina 4 lin. longa exsertus. Perigynium If lin. longum, f lin. latum, nitidum, crebre nervosum, pallide viride, basi purpureo tinctum, pellucido-punctatum. Achanium (vix maturum) f lin. longum, oblongo-triquetrvun, pallide stramineum, basi styli incrassato terminatum. Boott. Affinis C.paludosa, Good.

2. Cakex paleata, Boott ; spicis 7-10 cylindraceis masculis 2-4 sessilibus contiguis extremis lougioribus infima longe bracteata foernineis 3-7 remotis exserte ligidato-peduuculatis longissime bracteatis densifloris basi attenuatis inferioribus nutantibus, stigmatibus 2-3, perigyniis obovatis rostellatis bifiebs nervatis nervisque 2 marginabbus palbdis scabris cinctis olivaceis purpureo-maculatis squama ovata paleacea obtusa vel acuta trinervi late hispido- cuspidata brevioribus longioribusque. Boott.

Hab. In Ins. Juan Fernandez, Br. Scolder. (Herb. Hooker et Fielding.) Cuming, n. 1341. (Herb. Boott.)

Culmi pars superior solum adest, triquetra, laevis, inter spicas scabriuscula, pars spicas gerens 10 poll, ad 2 ped. longa. Folia desunt. Bractea omnes culmum superantes, infima 2 lin. lata, superiores sensim angustiores. Spica masculae 2—4, sessiles, contiguae, 7-20 lin. longae, 1-1-i- lin. latae, castaneae, extremae longiores, infima longe bracteata. Spica foemineae 5-7, intervallis 2f- 3| poll, remotae, lf-2f-poll. longae, 2 lin. latae, cylindraceae, densi- florae, basi attenuatae, duas superiores nunc apice mascidae, suprema interdum inclusa, pedunculata. Pedunculi ligulato-compressi, inferiores 2-2-i poll, longi, glabri, supremus interdum abbreviatus, infimusque versus apicem squamas alternas steriles longe cuspidatas ferens. Vagina 3 lin.-2 poll, longa;, glabra;. Perigynium If lin. longum, f lin. latum, obovatum, rostellatum, bifidum, laciniis serratis, nervatum, nervisque 2 marginalibus prorninentibus pallidis superne scabris cinctum, pallide olivaceum, purpureo-maculaturn, plauo-convexum vel triquetrum, coriaceum. Achanium f lin. longum, f lin. latum, obovatum, plano-triquetrum, atro-olivaceum, cavitatem perigymi implens. Squama omnes ovatas, acutae vel obtusae, trinerves, late hispido-cuspidatae ; mascidae castaneae ; foemineae mera- branaceo-pallida;. Boott.

Affinis C. lucida, Boott.

36S FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Affinis C. externa, Good., qua? perigyniis eostato-nervosis, glaucis, squamis masculis rnutieis, foliis, bracteisque patentibus vel recurvis, ssepe involutis, differt. Boott.

12. Caeex trifida, Cav., vicl. Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 89.

Hab. Cape Tres Montes, C. Darwin, Esq. ; Falkland Islands, abundant, I)' Urville, Capt. Sutivan,

j. n. h.

A very noble species, abundant in the Falkland Islands, growing with, and emulating in size, young Tussock grass. Mr. Darwin alone has gathered it on the American continent, and he only at Cape Tres Montes. Its confined range is very singular, for it can scarcely have been overlooked in Fuegia or the Strait of Magalhaens, had it existed there ; and it is also probably the only plant common to New Zealand and the Falkland Islands, not found abundantly in Tierra del Fuego.

Carex trifida affords a remarkable instance of apparent caprice in its choice of habitat ; for though common in the Falklands, along with the Bacti/Us caspitosa (Tussock grass), and though there these grow in company, and under precisely the same conditions, yet the Tussock grass in America only appears in the southern extreme of Fuegia, where it is unaccompanied by Carex trifida ; whilst the latter is confined to a latitude eight hundred miles north of Cape Horn. There is nothing whatever in the climate or soil of any part of western South Chili, or Fuegia, that can be pronounced unfavoiuable to the growth of this Carex, whose absence there naturaUy leads to the question, how is its presence in Cape Tres Montes and the Falkland Islands to be accounted for ? did it originate in each of these two isolated localities ? was the seed transported over the intervening land, by an agent whose operations were limited to the eastern, and western extremes only of Antarctic America? or, have the individuals that once tenanted the intervening land, been destroyed ? Any one of these hypotheses is at first sight plausible, and the first, perhaps, the most so, New Zealand being a third, and far more remote, habitat for this same species, which may thus be supposed to have had three separate origins. Such a question should not be discussed with reference to a single species, but as one which concerns all organized nature, whose pheno- mena are amenable to general laws. Hypotheses, adopted to account for exceptional cases, if not viewed in reference to the general rule from which these exceptions deviate, are generally fallacious ; and however much so, they still are apt to be magnified into laws. If we knew only such plants as are sporadic (the term given to species which inhabit unconnected and remote localities) we might, perhaps, be justified in assuming it as an axiom, that individuals of a species have sprung, at isolated localities, from as many similar parents : the cases which appear to demand this solution are, however, exceptions in Botanical Geography.

The study of the distribution of any one species or genus, or of the Flora of any one country, does not afford scope enough for investigating satisfactorily such a subject as the origin of the individuals of plants. If species, genera, and small natural orders were sporadic, recurring wherever climate and soil presented similar conditions, several points of origin for the same species might be assumed. But it is not so : species, genera, and orders are dis- tributed within geographical limits, according to their extent : the great mass of individual plants in the one case, and of forms in the other, appear to have sprung from single centres, in the former case from a common parent, and to have radiated from one point to greater or less distances around it, in proportion to the facilities for migration and absence of checks to diffusion. The explanation of exceptions to this prevailing rule must then be sought in some natural cause, capable of counteracting the general law, and not what, if adopted for the case of one species, must be conceded with respect to all, and consequently force us to conclude that two classes of agents are required to effect one object, namely, the dispersion of vegetables.

7. TJNCINIA, Pers.

1. Uncinia tenttis, Poepp., Sgnops. Plant. Am. Austr. vol. iii. n. 240. Kunze, Synops. der Reidgr. t. 21. Kunth, En. Plant, vol.ii. p. 525.

Falklands, etc] FLOKA ANTAECTICA. 369

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King ; Hermite Island j Cape Horn, /. D. H.

A species entirely confined to South Chili, between Concepcion and Cape Horn.

The four species enumerated in this work, together with U. erinacea, Pers. (a native of Valdivia and Chili) and two new ones *, diagnoses of which Dr. Boott has kindly given, include all the extra-tropical American Uncinia known to me.

2. Uncinia plileoides, Persoon, Synops. vol. ii. p. 534. Brongn. in. Buperrey, Yoy. Bot. p. 158 (excl. syn. U. Maclovianse) . Hook, et Am. in Bot. Yoy. Beechey, p. 50. Carex plileoides, Cav. Icon. vol. v. p. 40. t.464. f. 1.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago ; C. Darioin, Esq.

On several occasions I have alluded to the change which occurs in the vegetation of the western coast of South America, at, or about, the latitude of the Chonos Archipelago. This arises from many species extending to (but not crossing) that limit, both from much lower and higher latitudes, of which the present plant affords an example. U. plileoides inhabits the plain of Quito, under the equator, at an elevation of 8,000 feet ; it grows also at

1. Uncinia multiform, Nees ; spica crassa densiflora basi attenuata apice conico mascula nuda, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis (arista divaricata vix duplo brevioribus) linearibus ore truncato striato-nervosis scabris margine ciliatis squama oblonga obtusa pallida apice albo-membranacea ciliolata angustioribus longioribusque. Boott.

Hab. Chiloe, Cuming (n. 44. Herb. Hooker.)

Culmus subbipedalis, triqueter, firmus, lasvis, infeme foliatus. Folia 3-4 lin. lata, culnio longiora vel aequantia, glaucescentia, margine versus apicem facieque scabra, supremum angustum. Spica 2^ poll, longa, superne 6 lin. vel aristis divaricatis mensurata 10 lin. lata, basi attenuata, (1 lin. lata), nuda ; apice conico, (4 lin. longo), mascula. Squama oblongae, obtusae, pallidas, demmn fuscae, apice ciliolatae, albo-membranaceae, infra apicem ferrugineo-zonatae, nervo dorsali vix prominente ; mascidae breviores. Perigynium 3-|— | lin. longum, ^ lin. latum, biconvexum, superne praecipue scabrum, margine ciliatmn, pilis sursum longioribus demum fasciculatis, ore trun- cato ciliolato, arista 2 lin. extra os exserta, 5 lin. longa, divaricata, imo basi torta. Achanimn 2 lin. longum. -|lin. latum, triquetrum, utrinque sursum convexum, fuscum, impresso-punctidatum, apice et basi attenuatum. Stylus basi subincrassatus. Stigmata 3, non plumosa. Boott.

Ab U. erinacea, Pers., perigyniis linearibus diversa.

2. U. Bouglasii, Boott ; spica elongata lineari nuda apice mascida conformi, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis (arista A brevioribus) lanceolatis convexo-concaviuscubs basi obconico attenuatis ore truncato plurinerviis margine scabris superne pdis appressis utrinque exasperatis palbdis squama amplectente ovata aciuninata obtusa fiavescenti-viridi angustioribus sublongioribusque. Boott.

Hab. Ins. Juan Fernandez. Bavid Bovglas. {Herb. Hooker.)

Culmus bipedalis, gracilis, lsevis, nudus, basi foliatus. Folia 1-1| lin. lata, culmo longiora, utrinque margini- busque scabra. Spica 5-*— 6 poll, longa, Hneam lata, pars suprema mascida, subpollicaris, conformis. Squama ovatae, acuminatae, obtusae, amplectentes, flavescenti-vh'ides, striatae, margine pallide-ferrugineae, perigynio vix longiores, omnes confonnes. Perigynium 2^-3 lin. longum, \ lin. latum, lineai'e, hinc convexum, inde concavius- culum, basi obcomco-attenuatum, dorso pluilnerviiun, marginibus e basi scabrum, pilis sursiun longioribus, superne pilis brevioribus appressis utrinque exasperatum, pallidum, lineolis ferrugineis maculatum, ore truncatum. Achanium If lin. longum, \ lin. latum, lineare, convexo-coucaviuscidum, facie dorsali linea centrali (angulo) notatum, castaneum, impresso-punctidatum. Arista 3-| lin. longa, pallida, filiformis, apice ferruginea, perigynio A longior. Stylus inclusus. Stigmatibus 3. Boott.

4 o

370 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuec/ia, the

Valparaiso, and Conception, again at Yaldivia, finally disappearing at the Chonos Archipelago. Though we are now fairly acquainted with the botany of America south of lat. 33°, a more complete collection from the coast and mountains between the southern extreme of Chiloe and Cape Tres Montes is wanting; the proportion of new species would probably be small, but the investigation would exhibit the range of many Yaldivian and Fuegian plants, not contained in the invaluable Herbarium of Mr. Darwin, the only naturalist whose good fortune it has been to visit and explore that unfrequented line of coast.

3. Uxcixia JI(i<-/(>r}niia, Gaud., iii Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 99, et in Freyc. Toy. But. p. 412. Kunth, En. Plant, vol. ii. p. 526.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; Gaudichaud.

When botanizing in the Falkland Islands early in the winter of 1841, I found what I considered to be this plant, growing amongst grass in wet spongy bogs ; it was, however, in a very bad state, and the specimens, unfor- tunately, lost.

Brongniart unites this with U. plileoides, Pers.; but M. Kunth has kept it distinct.

4. Uncixia Kiugii, Boott ; spica eapitata fusca nuda apice mascula, stigmatibus 3, perigyniis (arista ■j brevioribus) lanceolatis superne angustiori cybndraceis ore trtmcato oblique fisso ferrugineis glabris squama lanceolata fusco-ferrugiuea nervo pallido angustioribus longioribusque. Boott. (Tab. CXLV.)

Hab. Strait of Magalbaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

Csespitosa. Radix repens, tibroso-lanatus. Culmus 2-4 poll., lBevissimus, sulcatus, basi vaginis foborum cas- taneis laceratis tectus. Folia angusta, involuta, hinc filiformia, culmo breviora, apice margineque scabra. Spica 5-7 bn. longa, 3-6 lin. lata, congesto-capitata, apice flosculis masculis paucis inconspicuis, basi fcemineis 9-16 instructs. Squama foemineae lauceolatse, iniima mucronulata. Perigynium (cuni arista, stipiteque) 41-5 bn. longum, ■| (ad basin) latum, superne cylindraceo-attenuatum, ore obbque fisso, fusco-ferrugineum, basi palbdum. Aclasnium 1 bn. long., -j bn. latum, oblongo-triquetrum, pallidum, basi styli incrassato apicidatum. Arista 4-4-j lin. longa, canaliculata, palbda, superne ferruginea, imo apice cblatata. Stylus inclusus. Stigmata 3, brevia. Boott.

Plate CXLV. Fig. 1, scale and male flower ; Jig. 2, scale and female flower ; Jig. 3, female flower, removed from the perigynium : — aU magnified.

L. GRAMINEiE, 1. ALOPECUBI7S, L.

1. Alopecurus alpinus, Smith, Engl. Bot. 1. 1126. Kunth, En. Plant, vol. i. p. 25.

Var. 0, aristatus. A. alpinus, Trinius, Ic. Gram. vol. i. t. 38. A. pratensis, Banks et Sol. in Mux. Banks. A. pratensis, var. spica ovata; Ledebour, in Herb. Hook. A. Baicalensis, Turz. in Herb. Hook. A. Antarcticus, Tahl , Synth, vol. ii. p. 18. Brougn. in Duperrcy, Toy. Bot. p. 16. Kunth, Agrost. p. 25. A. Magellanicus, Lamk. Illust. Gen. vol. i. p. 168. Gaudichaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 100, et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 131. D'Urville, in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 600. (Tab. CXXX.)

Var. y, gracUior ; spica angustiore.

Hab. From tbe Strait of Magalbaens to Cape Horn, and throughout Fuegia and the Falkland Islands, abundant, Commerson, Banks and Solander, and all succeeding voyagers. Var. /3, Port Gregory, Capt. King.

This plant I bebeve to be specifically the same with the North-European and American A. alpinus, of which Smith considered it to be a variety. What appeared specific differences, were pointed out by Mr. Brown {in Appendix

Falhlands, etc.] FLOKA ANTARCTICA. 371

to Parry's 1st Voyage, p. 184.). Since the publication of the last mentioned work it has been universally looked as an Antarctic species alone, and its close affinity with the A. pratensis, of the Northern Hemisphere was never alluded to. The ordinary states of the latter plant have a longer and less hairy spike ; but amongst the varieties of it which occur in North Western Asia, and N. Eastern America, there is one wholly undistinguishable from An- tarctic individuals ; and how far these may be constantly distinct appears very doubtful to me. Mi-. Brown, in drawing up the characters of A. alpinus, alludes to his having gathered Scotch specimens with an arista twice as long as the glumes, such is the case with all the Antarctic ones, and in Trinius's figure of A. alpinus ; but is at variance with Smith's specific character, (founded on Mr. Brown's specimens) and with the ordinary state of the Scotch plant. Mr. Watson, however, has gathered the same aristate variety of-/, alpimcs in Scotland, and has cultivated both forms in his garden. His garden specimens of both states are now before me, the long awned one retaining its characters, and the awns of the common form decidedly elongating under cultivation. The comparative length of the lamina and vagina of the uppermost leaf, is also very variable, even in A. alpinus, these being sometimes of equal length, while in the Antarctic plant the lamina is sometimes considerably the shorter ; and, again, I have examined an European specimen of A. pratensis, in which the lamina is even longer than the vagina. The other characters of A. pratensis, used by Mr. Brown, are those of the glumes being acute, and villous only at the sides; this is the case with the British examples that I have studied, but not with the Siberian, which certainly present intermediate forms between this species, and its Fuegian congener. The Antarctic specimens vary exceedingly in size, from four inches, to two and even three feet high ; the culms are generally tumid above the upper leaf and contract gradually towards the panicle ; or they are slender, cylindical and terete : the lamina of the upper leaf is occasionally far shorter than at other times, equal in length to, or much longer than its vagina. Spikes nearly cylindrical, 2-3 to 1-i inches long, generally rather more than twice as long as broad, but now and then much narrower. Glumes always more or less villous all over.

Admitting the foliage to afford no specific character between A. alpimcs, A. pratensis, and A. Antareticus, and the length of the arista to be very variable in the first of these, there remains no constant character to distinguish these three ; for between A. Antareticus and A. pratensis the only apparent distinctions lie in the villosity of the glumes, and the form of the spike, differences which do not hold in Siberian specimens of the latter. I have added a plate of the common Falkland Island state of this species.

Plate CXXX. Fig. 1, glumes and floret; jig. 2, floret removed from the glumes; fig. 3, pistil : — all magnified-

2. PHLEUM, L.

1. Phleum aljnnum, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 88. Banks et Sol. in Bibl. Banks. Engl. Bot. t.519. P. Haenkeairam, Brest, Eel. Hani. vol. i. p. 245. Nees, in Nov. Act. Acad. vol. xix. Sujopl. p. 140.

IIab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine and Port Gregory, Copt. King. Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander.

This species, which is associated in the mountains of Scotland with Alopeeurus alpiniis, also accompanies that plant in the southern regions. It has been gathered by Mr. Bridges, on the east side of the Andes of Chili, at an elevation of 6-7,000 feet; and also on the Cordillera of Mexico by Linden, and by Galeotti on the Peak of Orizaba, at an elevation of between 10 and 12,000 feet.

3. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreb.

1. Muhlenbergia rai-iflora, Hook, fil.; rigida, glaberrirna, panicula efl'usa pauci- sub 10-flora, glumis subsequalibus enervibus flosculo paulo brevioribus, palea inferiore lanceolata coriacea basi glaberrima in aristam longissimain rigidam scaberulam desinente superiorem breviorem amplectante, culmo foliato, foliis rigidis setaceis marginibus involutis. (Tab. CXXXI.)

Hab. Cape Tres Montes ; Patch Cove, 2,000 feet, C. Barwin, Esq.

372 FLORA ANTARCTICA. Fuegia, the

Qramen rigidum, csespitosum, 4-6 pollicare. Culmi basi ascendentes, pluries divisi, vaginis coriaceis nitidis striatis foliorum vetustorum obtecti, parte superiore usque ad paniculaui vaginati. Foliorum vagina 1-2 unc. longa, teres, glaberrinia, profunde striata ; ligula brevis ; lamina vagina brevior v. superans, erecta, culmo brevior, rigida, anguste setacea, apice puugens, folii superioris panicularn fere superans. Panicula 1-i- unc. longa, pedunculo pedicellisque flexuosis, elougatis, leevissimis. Sjricula purpurea;, nitidae, vis 2 lin. longa;. Glunue membranaceae. lanceolata?, flosculo paulo breviores, inferiore paulo majore. Flosculus brevissime pedicellatus, pedicello barbato. Palea inferior in aristani desinens ; arista 1-H unc. longa, siccitate curvata, niadore recta, rigida, sub lente sca- berula, apice gradatim attenuata, basi obscure articidata, baud v. vix torta, angidata. Squamulce 2, lineari-oblongae, obtusas. Stamina 3. Ovarium stipitatum, supra medium constrictum.

Allied to M. capillarh of North America, in the form of the locustse ; but a very different species, and, I think, decidedly of the genus Miililenbergia. The rigidity of the arista is quite like that of Stipa, as is the harsh foliage, while in other respects the plant has more affinity with the Agrostidea.

Plate CXXXI. Fig. 1, locusta; fig. 2, floret with portion of the awn removed; fig. 3, sqnamula; fig. 4, ova- rium : — all magnified.

4. AGROSTIS, L.

1. Agrostis tenuifolia, Bieb., Flor. Taw. Cauc. vol. i. p. 56. Trinins, Ic. vol. iii. t. 35. Kuntk, En. Plant, vol. i. p. 220.

Far. Fretensis ; locustis paulo majoribus.

Hab. Var. Fretensis, Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

I have compared this grass most carefully with authentic specimens of A. tenuifolia from Persia and the Caucasus, without being able to detect any further difference than in the size of the locustae, which in the Antarctic plant are \ of an inch long, the Caucasian scarcely -Jg-. Intermediate between them is a common Rocky Mountain species, collected by Douglas, and described as A. exarata, 0., in the ' Flora Boreali- Americana ' (vol. 2. p. 239). There are, however, two forms of A. exarata 0., one from the east side of the Rocky Mountains, which has the scabrid broader leaves of the true A. exarata, and a distinct upper palea (this is the A. Drummondi, Torrey MS.), the other (or Douglas's), from the west side of the dividing ridge, is smaller, more slender, with small locusta?, and no upper palea ; it agrees closely with the Magellanic plant in size and foliage, and bears the name of A. tenuifolia? Bieb., appended to it by Dr. Torrey.

The culms of A. tenuifolia p. are 15 inches to 2^ feet long, smooth, erect, and very slender. Leaves subseta- ceous, obscurely scabrid. Lower palea truncate, 4-toothed and 4-nerved, with or without a short dorsal awn. Upper palea none, or when present extremely short.

2. Agrostis alba, Linn., Sp.Pl. p. 93. Engl. Bot. t. 1189. A. csespitosa, Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 100, et in Freyc. Foy. Bot. p. 131. Kunth, Agrost. p. 219.

Var. P, stolonifera. A. stolonifera, Linn. fyc.

Hab. Falkland Islands, both varieties abundant, but possibly introduced ; Gaudickaud, Mr. Wright, J. B. H.

The lower palea in my specimens is obscurely 4-nerved, or, in var. /3., 5-nerved, with occasionally a very short awn, never projecting beyond the glumes. The upper palea is one third shorter than the lower. This grass forms a very good pasturage, both in the upland and lowland districts about Port Louis, but is not very abundant, which it may become if it be an introduced plant. The var. stolonifera is the famous ' Fiorin grass,' or ' Squitch ' of Dr. Richardson and the Irish agriculturists.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTAECTICA. 373

3. Agrostis prostrata, Hook, fil.j culmo longe procmnbente geniculate stolonifero, panicula erecta contracta lineari-oblonga densiflora, gluinis latiusculis acuminatis carina scabrida flosculum basi glaberrimum superantibus, palea inferiore truncata apice erosa enervi superiore bis longiore, arista nulla, foliis breviusculis planis glaberrimis v. obscure scaberulis.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; boggy ground on Hog Island, Berkeley Sound, rare, /. B. H. Gramen humile, glaberrimum, repens. Oulmi prostrati, 3-4 unc. longi, parte ascendente bi- tri-pollicare, nodosi, stolonil'eri, foliosi, glaberrimi, internodo terminali solummodo erecto, unifoliato. Foliorum vagina elongata, profunde striata, glaberrima ; Ugula breviuscula, late ovata, membranacea ; lamina vagina brevior, patens, sub 1 unc. lbnga, plana, striata, e basi latiuscula ad apicem acuminatum gradatim angustata, Panicula unciabs, i unc. lata, interrupta, densiflora, ramis ramulisque brevibus, fastigiatis. Locusta glaberrimse, 1| liii. longa?, nitidae.

To all appearance a very distinct species, allied to A. alba, var. stolonifera, but differing in the much smaller size, coarctate panicle, smaller locustre and florets, absence of an arista, &c.

4. Agrostis Falklandica, Hook, fil.; dense caespitosa, glaberrima, panicula gracili ramis erectis, gluinis aequalibus ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis glabratis carina scaberula flosculis basi nudis i longioribus, palea inferiore apice erosa truncata obscure 5-nervi nervo medio infra medium evanido, arista glumis bre- viore v. nulla, palea superiore nulla, foliis radicalibus filiformibus culnio gracili erecto longioribus.

Var. a, culmo folia bis terve superante. Var. /3, culmo folia vix superante.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; var. a and j3 in marshy places, on rocks near the sea, and on the lulls, abundant.

Gramen dense caespitosum, gracile, 3 unc. ad pedalem. Oulmi e basi erecti, foliis interdum duplo triplove longiores, basi foUati, superne exemplaribus elatioribus longe nudi, laeves, obscure striati, glaberrimi, Foliorum inferiorum vagina breviuscula, gracilis, striata, 1 unc. longa, superiorum elongata profuudius striata, 2-3 unc. longa; Ugula membranacea, truncata; lamina angustissima, filiformis, erecta, herbacea, glaberrirna, 3-5 unc. longa, apice gradatim angustata. Panicula |— 1-J unc. longa, ramis erectis elongatis paucifloris, in var. /3 brevioribus. Locusta? sub 1-J- Hn. longae, juniores puberulae, demum glabratae.

Apparently a variable plant, its very narrow filiform leaves are characteristic of this species amongst its Antarctic allies.

5. Agrostis Magettanica, Lamk. (?); glaberrima, csespitosa, panicula elongata laxifiora nutante v. inclinata, ramis pedicellisque scabridis, glumis majusculis aequilongis glaberrimis nitidis carina scabridis rlosculo basi barbato fere triplo longioribus, palea inferiore apice truncata 4-dentata obscure 5-nervi, nervo intermedio ad medium in aristam recurvam glumas superantem desinente, palea superiore inferiore \ breviore, foliis planis longe lineari-lanceolatis gradatim angustatis, cubnis csespitosis vaginalis. A. Ma gellanica, Lamk. Illnst. Gen. n. 807. Poiret, Encycl. Meth. Suppl. vol.i. p. 207. Kunth, Agrost. p. 221 .

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Copt. King.

Oulmi erecti, basi caespitosi, 1-ly pedales, glaberrimi, nitidi, herbacei, foliis vaginati, stricti, infra pauiculam scaberidi. Folia pauca ; vagina elongata, 3-5 imc. longa, profunde striata, glaberrima ; Ugula membranacea, oblonga, obtusa ; lamina suberecta v. patens, plana, hnearis, striata, gradatim acuminata, herbacea, vaginae suss subequilonga. Panicula subcontracta, elongata, 3-5-pollicaris, nutans v. inclinata ; ramis vertieillatis, erectis, divisis pedicellisque scabcrubs. Locusta sub 2 Hn. longae, micantes. Glumarum valvas subeequales, coinpressae, dorso seaberulae, acuminata?, flosculo fere ter longiores. Flosculi basi barbati. Palea inferior membranacea,

4 P

374 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

nervis obscuris, dorso arista basi recurva deinde incurva instructa. Arista glumas superans, gracilis, scaberula. Palea superior latiuscula, membranacea, obscure bifida,

I have presumed this to be the A. Magellanica of Lamarck, for it agrees with his insufficient description, and also with the longer one given by Poiret, except that the awn is not terminal, though so described (possibly through inadvertence) by that author. As a species it is very nearly allied to the following, but may be distin- guished by the larger glumes, greater size, and conspicuous upper palea.

6. Agrostis Antarctica, Hook. fil.; erecta, caespitosa, panicula elongata nutante v. inclinata sub- densiflora, ramis subverticillatis pedicellisque scabridis, gluinis sequalibus pilosiusculis glabratisve carina scabridis fiosculum basi glaberriimiin bis longioribus, palea inferiore apice truncata 4-cuspidata 5-nervi, nervo intermedio ad medium in aristam glumas superantem desinente, superiore parva, squamulis oblongo- acinaciformibus subacutis. A. Magellanica, Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 100, et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 131 (?). (Tab. CXXXII.)

Hab. South Chili and Fuegia, from the Chonos Archipelago to Cape Horn, the Falkland Islands and Kerguelen's Land, very abundant.

Statura variabilis. Culmi 2 unc. ad bipedalem, graciles, superne nudi v. vaginis fohorum tecti. Folia et infiorescentia A. Antarctica, sed foliorum vagina? plerumque latiores, pauicula densior, locustae minores, arista paulo longior, paleaque superior multoties minor.

Agrostis Antarctica is one of the most abundant of grasses in the regions it inhabits, especially in swampy grounds, which seem particularly favourable to its growth. It is also a very elegant plant, from its graceful habit and the form of its nodding panicle. It may be the true A. Magellanica of Lamarck, and judging from its abundance, appears natural to suppose so ; but the very short upper palea is not alluded to in that author's description, and Poiret's observation that the upper is the longest, would imply that there is no remarkable difference in their length. Considering the invalid nature of the characters afforded by the comparative length of the palea in this genus, it is probable that this and the preceding are but varieties of one and the same plant.

Kerguelen's Land specimens are frequently monstrous ; the lower glume being then provided with two parallel distinct nerves, and in other cases I have seen three distaut valves, two outer and one inner. The lower palea again has the arista sometimes placed on one side of its base.

Plate CXXXII. Fig. 1, locusta ; fig. 2, floret ; fig. 3, squainulse and pistil ; fig. 4, squamula : — all magnified.

5. POLYPOGON, Desf.

1. Polypogon Chonoticus, Hook, fil.; panicula ampla oblonga subeffusa lobata densiflora, ramis glabri- usculis pedicellisque scaberulis, glumis pubescentibus apice oblique truncatis aristis valvis bis longioribus, palea inferiore superne 5-nervi truncata 5-aristata aristis 2 lateralibus subelongatis intermedio palea triplo longiore, culnio vaginato, foliis planis scaberulis striatis vaginis brevioribus.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago and Cape Tres Montes, C. Darwin, Esq.

Gramen pulchrum, bipedale. Culmi validi, erecti, per totam longitudniem vaginati. Folia radicalia breve vaginantia, superiorum vagina internodos fere aiquans, glaberrima, lrevis, profunde striata ; ligula breviuscula ; lamina 5-pollicaris, lanceolato-subulata, e basi latiuscula gradatim angustata, super prsecipue scaberula. Panicula 4-5 unc. longa, 1-1-j- lata, lobata, sericea, ramis e copia locustarum velatis. Gluma 1\ lin. longa?, pubescenti- scaberulae, carina scabrida, apice obhque truncata, vix acuta, in aristam pallidam v. purpuream desinentes, floscidos longiores. Palea mferior membranacea, basi enervis, superne B-nervis, nervis 2 lateralibus in aristas palea;

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 375

sequilongas productis, nervo intermedio in aristam terminalem tenuissimam aristis glumarum breviorem producto ; palea superior brevior, apice bidentata.

The four-aristate lower palea of this species distinguishes it at once from any of its congeners. Mr. Darwin's, and one gathered in Chiloe by Capt. King, are the only specimens I have seen.

6. ARUNDO, L.

1. Arundo pilosa, D'Urville, in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 600. KuntJi, Agrost. p. 247. Ampelodesmos australis, Brongniart, in Duperrey Toy. Bot. p. 31. t. 6.

Hab. Falkland Islands, abundant; D'Urville, Mr. Wright. Capt. Sulivan, J.B.H.

A fine species and first pointed out to me by my friend Governor Moodie, as forming, next to the Tussock, the most useful grass in the Falkland Islands, for fodder. It abounds both in wet and dry places, in the upland and low grounds, affording excellent pasturage, and even when cut and dried it is eaten with avidity by horses, sheep, and cattle. A very similar congener inhabits the lofty peak of Tolima, in New Grenada, north of the Equator.

7. HIEROCHLOE, Gmel.

1. Hieuochloe Magellanica, Hook. 61. Torresia Magellanica, Pal. Beauv. Agrost. p. 63. Poem, et Schultes, Syst. Teg. vol. ii. p. 516. H. Antarctica, var. redolens, Brongn. in Biiperrey, Toy. Bot. p. 144. t. 23. optime. Avena redolens, B'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 601.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens and throughout Fuegia and the Falkland Islands, very abundant, Banks and, Solander, and all succeeding voyagers.

Under H. redolem, in the first part of this work, I have pointed out the very slight distinctions that separate this plant both from it and from the Tasmauian Ii. Antarctica, Br. : I consider them scarcely valid, though con- stant in specimens from the three widely separated localities they inhabit. In the Falkland Islands this grass is particularly abundant, forming large tufts and often beds, especially near running water and on wet rocks close to the sea, and is much frequented by sea-birds, as a building place. The scent is very strong, and retained in the dried specimens. Living plants introduced, by means of Ward's cases, into the Kew Gardens, have flourished luxuriantly, hitherto without flowering.

8. AIRA, L.

1. kmKfexuosa, Linn., Sp. PI. p. 96. Engl. Bot. t. 1519. Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 100. et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 100. B'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 600.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine and Port Gregory, Capt. King ; Falkland Islands, Gaudi- chaud, and all succeeding voyagers.

An exceedingly abundant Falkland Island grass, and a great ornament to the black peat bogs, which are frequently clothed with its elegant purple panicles. The foliage is too scanty and of too rigid a texture to afford good pasturage.

I do not detect any difference between Falkland Island aud European specimens. Mr. Watson remarks that this is, perhaps, the A. uliginosa, Weihe ; a plant I do not know, but quoted by Kunth as synonymous with A.flexuosa.

2. Aira caryopfiyllea, Linn., Sp. PL 97. Engl. Bot. t. 812.

376 FLOEA ANTAECT1CA. {Fuegia, the

Hab. Falkland Islands, Mr. Wright. J. D. H. ; probably introduced.

There are specimens of this species in the Hookerian Herbarium, marked as collected in the Falkland Islands by Admiral D'Urville, and others sent from Valdivia by Mr. Bridges. The plant is unquestionably the common European " Silver Hair Grass ", aud accidentally introduced, for, as Mr. Curtis remarks, " so insignificant an annual can hardly be worth cultivating."

3. Aiea Kinrjii, Hook, fil.; glaberrirna, elata, panicula elongata effusa, ramis gracilibus subverticillatis, glurnis lanceolatis acuminatis albidis nitidis vix puberulis flosculis pedicellatis ter longioribus, palea inferiore basi longe et dense sericeo-barbata apice truncata vix bifida irregulariter 4-dentata puberula obscure 3-nervi, nervo intermedio supra medium in aristam rectam palea paulo longiorem desinente superiore bifido, foliis lineari-elongatis culrno brevioribus vaginis profunde striatis duplo brevioribus. (Tab. CXXXV.)

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King ; South part of Tierra del Fuego, C. Darwin. Esq.

Gramen elatum, 2-4-pedale, perenne, glaberrimum, nitens. Culmi caespitosi, erecti, simpbces, 2-3-nodosi, crassitie penna? anatina?, obscure striati, internodiis 4 unc. ad spithaniseum et ultra. Foliorum radicalium vagina 4-5 unc. longa, lamina brevior, caulinorum internodiis brevior, profunde striata, fere ad basin hians ; ligula oblonga, scariosa, alba ; lamina angusta, herbacea v. subcoriacea, bnearis, glaberrima, striata, marginibus siccitate involutis. Panicula 6-10 unc. longa, inclinata, effusa, ramis fasciculatis verticillatisve, gracillimis, divisis, infe- rioribus -| panicula? aequantibus, glaberrimis, superioribus pedicelbsque scaberulis. Spicules lineari-oblonga?, fere i unc. longa?, albida?, basi purpurascentes, scariosa?, nitida?. Glumts 1-nerves, angusta?, acuminata?. Flosculi parvi, sub-longe pedicellati, inclusi, glumis ter breviores, pedicello ciliato. Palea puberula?, albida?, micantes, scariosa?, suba?quilonga?. Stamina sub-inclusa, antheris breviusculis. Squamula obbque lanceolato-ovata?, acu- minata?. Ovarium compressum, obovato-oblongum, styKs basi discretis.

A very handsome grass, somewhat resembhiig the British A. caspitosa, but with very different locusta? and florets.

Plate CXXXV. Fig. 1, locusta? ; jig. 2, floret ; fig. 3, stamens and pistil ; fig. 4, squamula -. — all magnified.

4. Axra Magettanica, Hook, fil.; puberula, panicula effusa pauciflora raclii ramisque elongatis gra- cilibus pubescenti-scaberulis, glumis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis subsequalibus pubescentibus dorso scabridis flosculis stipitatis longioribus superiore basi 3-nervi, palea inferior late ovata basi sericeo-barbata puberula 5-nervi, nervo intermedio infra apicem irregulariter 4-dentatum in aristam strictam glumis inclusam desinente, foliis planis latiusculis super pubescentibus. (Tab. CXXXIV.)

Hab. Strait of MagaLhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

Species parvula, erecta, 6-8-unciaKs. Culmi erecti, basi coespitosi, simpbces, fobati. Foliorum vagina teres, striata, hians, glabrata v. glaberrima ; ligula brevis, ovata, obtusa; lamina vagina plerumque brevior, 1-ly unc. longa, flaccida, lineari-lanceolata, acuminata, plana, striata, super pilis sparsis puberula, subter glaberrima. Panicula exemplaribus verosimibter immatmis basi vagina? inclusa, gracOis, inebnata, effusa ; ramis filiformibus, fascicidatis verticillatisve, divisis, flexuosis. Glunue sub \ unc. longa?, subaequales, compressa?, ovato-lanceolata?, acuminata;, puberula?, herbacea?, virides et purpurascentes, opaca;. Flosculi gbrmis ter breviores, cum arista omnino inclusi. Palea suba?quilonga?, inferior latiuscula. Stamina inclusa, antheris latiusculis. Squamula lineares, acuminata?, Ovarium breviter stipitatum.

Capt. King's specimens of this pretty Aira are scarcely mature, though sufficiently developed for examination ; the species ranks very near a Eocky Mountain one, chiefly differing in its smaller size, and in the pubescent upper surface of its leaves and glumes.

Plate CXXXIV. Fig. 1, locusta; fig. 2, floret; fig. 3, stamens and pistil ; fig. 4, squamula : — aU magnified.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 377

5. Aiba Antarctica, Hook.; panicula efi'usissima ramis fasciculatis capillaribus pedicellisque elongatis, spiculis lanceolatis 1— 2-tloris setiilaque flosculi secimdi tertiive auctis, flosculis puberulis pedicellatis basi sericeis, palea inferiore profunde bifida basi aristata, arista glumas superante, cubno brevi, foliis subulatis longe vaginantibus. A. Antarctica, Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 150. (Tab. CXXXIII.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, tbe Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen's Land, abundantly, J.B.H.; New Soutb Shetlands, Br. Eights.

Planta pha?noganiica ante omnia Antarctica. Culmi dense ca?spitosi, breves, 1-3-unciales, erecti procumben- tesve, foliosi. Folia glaberrima, herbacea, longe vaginantia ; vagina \-\\ unc. longa, teres, striata ; ligula linearis, A unc. longa; lamina anguste lineari-subulata, marginibus involutis, vaginae aequilonga v. longior. Panicula pro planta maxima, 4-6 unc. longa, effusa, 3-6 unc. lata, v. ob ramos appressos angustior ; ramis 1-5 unc. longis pedicellisque scaberulis, capillaribus. Spiculis angusta?, fere \ unc. longa?, 1-2 flores, uniflores semper biflores saepissirne pedicello ciUato floris alterius aucta?. Ghana lanceolata?, carina scabrida margiivibus sub lente ciliatis, apicibus acutis, flosculis pedicellatis inclusis bis longiores. Palea inferior ciliata, oblongo-lanceolata, scarioso-membranacea, bifida v. fere bicuspidata, sinu quadrato bidentato, dorso basi aristata ; arista recta, scaberula, paulo ultra glumas exserta. Stamina exserta, antberis brevibus. Squamula oblique ovata? acuminata;. Ovarium breviter stipitatum, stybs basi discretis divaricatis.

Tbis elegant grass, appropriately named A. Antarctica, attains a higber southern latitude than any other flowering plant, being the only phaenogamic species that inhabits the South Shetland Islands. Kerguelen's Land in latitude 48° is its northern luuit; but that Island being situated in a longitude where the rigour of the Antarctic climate extends further north than in any other, this grass is even there more typical of the frigid zone than the latitude would indicate, and always seeks the most sheltered places. In the Falkland Islands again, the most temperate region it inhabits, it invariably avoids shelter, bemg found chiefly in open marshy places near the sea, fully exposed to the violence of the winds.

Plate CXXXIII. Fig. 1, two locusts? and portion of panicle ; fig. 2, a floret from the same ; fig. 3, squamula ; fig. 4, single-flowered locusta ; fig. 5, floret from the same : — all magnified.

6. AiBAparmla, Hook. fil. ; caespitosa, puberula v. glabrata, panicula erecta contracta subsimpbci pauciflora rarnis brevibus locustisque erectis, glumis lanceolatis acuminatis flosculis pedicellatis triplo lon- gioribus, palea inferiore late ovata basi barbata apice bifida inter segmentos acutos bidentata dorso supra basin aristata, arista geniculata glumas vix excedente, foliis setaceis culino brevioribus.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; rocks near tbe mountain tops, /. B. H.

Gramm 3-5-unciale, foliosum, dense ceespitosum, rigidiusculum. Culmi erecti, basi fibrosi et pluries divisi, foliis perpluriniis vaginati. Folia 2 unc. longa, stricta, erecta, anguste subulata, glabrata v. pilis patidis puberula, subcoriacea, marginibus involutis ; vagina latiuscula, membranacea ; ligula valde elongata, scariosa, linearis, acuminata. Panicula l-l-i-uncialis, stricta, erecta j ramis paucis, brevibus, 1-floris, panicula? appressis. Locusta a unc. longa;. Gluma a?quales, glabriuscula?. Flosculorum pedicelli sericeo-barbati ; flosculi superioris palea superior setula aucta. Squamula ovata?, acuminata?. Ovarium obtusum, stylis discretis, laterabbus.

A remarkably distinct little species, most nearly allied to A. Antarctica, but distinct in the foliage, the very different panicle, and shorter florets.

9. TRISETUM, Kunth.

1. Teisetom subspicatum, Beauv., Agrost. p. 88. Ft. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 97. T. andinum, Bent A. Plant. Hartweg. p. 2G1. n. 1449.

4 Q

378 FLOKA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King ; Hermite Island, on sandy beaches near the sea, /. D. H. Falkland Islands, most abundant, D' Urville, J. B. R.

In the first part of this work I have given the geographical range of the Trisetmn subspicatum, when noticing it as a native of Campbell's Island ; at which time I was not aware of any other South American station for it than the Andes of Peru. Since then 1 have seen several specimens collected both in the Cordillera of Columbia and in Mexico, whence it is evident that this plant, bke many common to the opposite temperate zones, has availed itself of the direct communication afforded by the Andes of the American continent for migrating from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere. Its great abundance in the New World and especially in the extreme South of America, coupled with its rarity in the southern regions of the Old World, where it is only known on the tops of the mountains of Campbell's Island, seem to indicate its having been transmitted from east to west, or against the course of the prevailing winds in the Antarctic regions.

10. AVENA, L.

1. Avena leptodaclnjs, Hook, fil.; glaberrima, nitida, panicula gracillima flexuosa nutante ramis breviusculis subverticillatis capillaribus paucifloris, glurnis inaequalibus inferiore flosculo \ breviore, palea inferiore lanceolata basi barbata bicuspidata inter segmenta aristata, arista gracili reflexa locusta bis longiore, culmis gracilibus, foliis plants elongatis.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

Culmus exemplare inconrpleto pedalis, gracilis, erectus, debilis, foliis vagiuatus, nitens. Folia caulina longe vaginantia ; vagina teres, striata, 5-unc. longa ; ligula membranacea, ovata, fimbriata ; lamina 6-8-pollicaris, % unc. lata, flaccida, membranacea, striata. Panicula 6 unc. longa ; ramis capillaribus, \- 1-uucialibus, glaberrimis. Lo- custa \ unc. longa?, biflores ; flosculis pedieellatis ; superiore longius pedicellato, setula ciliata aucto. Glumes ovato- lanceolatse, acuminata;, glaberrima? ; inferiore -i-miuore, 1-nervi ; superiore 3-nervi. Palea inferior lanceolata, pubenda, 1-nervis, nervo dorso scaberulo ; superior brevior, apice bicuspidata. Squamules 2, oblonga?, lacera?. Ovarium obovatum, breviter stipitatum, apice barbatum ; styhs lateralibus, basi paido discretis.

A very elegant species, of which I regret having seen but one culm, which wants the rooting portion. It is nearly allied to the United States Avena palustris, Mich. ; from which it may readily be distinguished by the smaller locusta?, more exserted florets, and unequal glumes.

11. POA, L.

1. Poa scaberula, Hook, fil.; erecta, gracilis, scabrida, panicula subsecunda coarctata densiflora, glumis 3-floris subsequalibus 1-nerviis puberulis dorso scabridis, flosculis pubescentibus basi lanatis breviter pedieellatis, palea inferiore subcarinata 3-nervi, nervis lateralibus tenuissimis inconspicuis, carina dorso superne scabrida inferne ciliato-plumosa, superiore \ breviore apice 2-dentata, foliis lineari-setaceis scaberulis culmo gracili erecto scabrido multoties brevioribus.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Cap/. King.

Radix fibrosa. Culmi erecti v. basi ascendentes, pedales et ultra, graciles, striati, scaberuli. Folia pauca, longe vaginantia; vagina scaberula, profuude striata; lamina 8-5-uncialis, setacea, involuta ; ligula ovata, obtusa, membranacea. Panicula 2-3-pollicaris, coarctata, basi interrupta, unilateraliter secunda, ■J— J unc. lata. Locmtee parvse, \ unc. longa?, pubenda?, purpureo-picta?, late ovata?, sub 3-flores. Glumes virescentes, compressa?, locusta •!• breviores, acuta?. Flosculi basi longe arachnoideo-lanati. Palea superior acuta, membranaceo-margi- nata. Squamules parvEe, ovata?, acuminata?.

I know of no species with which the present can be confounded. The scabridity, coarctate panicle, dense locusta?, and other characters at once distinguish it from its congeners.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 379

2. Poa nemoralis, Linn., Sp. PI. 102. Engl. Bot. 1. 1265.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Gregory, Cajjf. King.

Most distinctly the P. nemoralis of Ben-Lawers, whose flowers are slightly webbed at the base. It is also a Rocky-Mountain plant, but has not hitherto been found on the Cordillera of South America.

3. Poa pratensis, Linn., Sp.Pl. 99. Banks et Sol. in Mas. Banks. Engl. Bot. 1. 1073. P. compressa, var. virescens, D'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 600. P. alpina, Brongn. in Diqierrey, Yog. Bot. p. 44, non Linn.

Var. 1, lignla folii superioris obloiiga, panicula laxa, glumis 4-floris paleisque angustioribus.

Var. 2, panicula subcoarctata, glumis latioribus brevioribusque 2-3-floris.

Var. 3, panicula effusa, glumis 3-5-floris.

Var. 4, panicula coarctata, glumis sub 4-floris paleisque angustioribus, rlosculis basi fere nudis.

Var. 5, 6-uncialis, locustis minoribus 2-3-floris.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens; Port Famine, Capt. King (vars. 1, 3, and 4), Good Success Bay, Banks and Solander; Falkland Islands, abundant [vars. 2 and 5).

I cannot ascertain the identity of this species with the European P. pratensis, so satisfactorily as that of the former with P. nemoralis j nevertheless, the more the present grass is studied, the more difficult it appears to detect specific characters. The five varieties enumerated, appear all to belong to one plant ; except, perhaps, the var. 1, in which the ligula of the upper leaf is oblong as in the European P. alpina, to a North American state of which I should have referred that variety, had its florets not been webbed, a character, which, though of trifling- importance, (perhaps even less than the form of the ligula) does not exist in any of the numerous individuals of P. alpina that I have examined.

In British, and, indeed, in European examples of P. alpina, we are accustomed to see a small panicle of short and broad flowers, with a different aspect to that of P. pratensis ; but North American individuals are subject to great variations in the size and outline of the panicle, so great that without connecting forms it would be very difficult to recognize them. Mr. Watson is equally persuaded with myself of the close affinity between this An- tarctic Poa and P. alpina, though neither of us can adduce a tangible character beyond the webbed florets to separate the plants of Arctic and Antarctic America. I have not seen any of these species from the intervening Cordillera, a circumstance of little importance, the Graminea of these regions having been very much neglected by all collectors since the period of the travels of the illustrious Humboldt.

12. TRIODIA, Br.

1. Triodia Kerguelensis, Hook, fil.; parvula, dense csespitosa, panicula simplici pauciflora scaberula, glumis insequalibus acutis 3-uerviis 2-floris, flosculis breviter pedicellatis glumis inclusis basi nudis, paleis aequilongis inferiore dorso convexa obscure 5-nervi, superiore sequilonga bifida, foliis setaceis, culmis brevibus basi foliosis. (Tab. CXXXVIII. sub nomine Pose).

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; rocky places, at an elevation of 300-1200 feet.

Gramen parvuliun, dense casspitosum, 2-4-unciale. Folia glaberrima, brevia, recta sed vix rigida, setacea, marginibus involutis ; lamina vix pollicaris vagina tumida longior ; ligula ovata, subacuta. Panicula seu racemus simplex, 3-5 lin. longus, erectus ; rachi flexuosa, scaberula. Locusta pedunculataa, \\ Hn. longas, ovato-oblongse, virides. Glumce margine dorso nervisque scaberula?, concavee, coriaceo-chartacese ; superior longior, paulo angustior ; inferior oblique acuminata. Flosculi glumas vix superantes, inferior subsessilis, superior breviter

380 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Fuegia, the

pedicellatus. Palea sequilongse ; inferior 3-nervis, dorso basi sericeo, acuto v. obscure et oblique truncato ; superior bicarinata, apice bifida. Antlierce parvae, late oblongse. Caryopsis ovoidea, glaberrima.

I was long doubtful whether to refer this curious little species to Poa, Festuca, or Triodia, to all which genera (like some other grasses) it has nearly equal affinity ; to Poa in the form of the locustse and florets, and to Festuca in the acute glumes and palea ; but certainly most to Triodia, in habit, form of panicle, included florets and obscurely 3-deutate lower palea.

Plate CXXXVIII. Fig. 1, portion of culm with vagina, base of lamina of leaf, and ligula; Jig. 2, locusta; Jig. 3, glume ; fig. 4, floret ; fig. 5, do with ripe caryopsis ; fig. 6, caryopsis : — all magnified.

2. Teiodia Antarctica, Hook, fil.; parvula, dense ctespitosa, glaberrima, panicula subsimplici coaretata, locustis breviter pedunculatis, glumis subaequalibus lanceolatis 3-floris, flosculis basi nudis paleis subse- quantibus inferiore 5-nervi acuta obscure 3-dentata foliis basi longe membranaceis vaginantibus culmum fere sequantibus, lamina setacea. Festuca pusilla, Banks et Sol. in Mus. Banks.

Hab. Tierra del Fuego; C. Darwin, Esq. Rocks near the tops of the mountains of Hermite Island. J.D.E.

Culmi dense fastigiati, basi inclinati, valde foliosi, 4-pollicares. Folia, plurima, erecta, substriata sed non rigida ; vagina elongata, striata ; lamina pollicaris, setacea, marginibus involutis ; ligula ovata, acuminata. Panicula fere imcialis, simplex v. basi ramosa, erecta. Locustce parva;, 3-flores, glabriusculse. Ghana suba3- quales, flosculis breviores, lanceolatae, concava?, 3-nerves. Flosculi 2 superiores pedicellati, basi onmino nudi. Palea inferior late ovata, concava, apice breviter truncata et tridentata, dente intermedio paululum elongato, 5-nervis; nervis dorso obscure scaberulis; superior rcquilonga, bicarinata, apice bifida. Antlierce parvse, late oblongee.

A peculiar species, allied to the last and to no other with which I am acquainted. The obliquely truncated apex of the lower palea in the T. Kerguelensis, is here, as it were, exaggerated by that organ becoming decidedly though minutely trifid at the apex, as iu the European Triodia decumhens, a genus to which both species ought from this circumstance be referred, and from their peculiar panicle and locustse.

In habit the similarity between this plant and the former is very great, and apparent in the size, foliage, and locality they both affect, iu their respective Islands ; the differences in the details of the florets, are, on the other hand, sufficiently wide.

13. FESTUCA, L.

1. Festuca Fuegiana, Hook, fil.; erecta, elata, culmis basi prtecipue foliosis scaberulis glaberrimisve, panicula effusa v. subcoarctata, glumis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis subcarinatis, flosculis breviter pedicellatis basi araneosis, superioribus viviparis, palea inferiore acuminata puberula 5-nervi nervis dorso sericeis supe- riore sequilonga bifida, foliis breviusculis subacutis marginibus involutis, ligula oblonga. (Tab. CXLI.)

Var. a, panicula contracta, culmo superne praecipue scabrido. Aira csespitosa. Banks et Sol. in Mus. Batiks, (in part).

Var. 0. panicula effusa, magis vivipara, culmis glaberrimis. Poa alpina, var. vivipara, Banks et Sol. in Mus. Banks.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine and Port Gregory, Capt. King. South part of Fuegia, C. Darwin, Esq.

Gramen erectum, 1- ad 2-pedale. Culmi dense fastigiati, basi valde fofiosi, superne glaberrimi v. scabridi. Folia breviuscula, 3-4-uncialia, glaberrima, substricta sed non rigida, late hnearia, acuta, marginibus involutis,

Falklands, etc] FLOEA ANTARCTICA. 381

vaginis striatis breviora ; ligula late elongata, obloiiga, apice fimbriata. Panicula 3-5 unc. longa, contracta v. effusa, ramis scaberulis. Locusta 4-5 lin. longa?, vivipara?, pollicares et ultra. Gluma chartacea?, a?quales, acuminata?, superiore 3-nervi, subcarinata, carina scaberula. Flosculi sub 5, basi appresse araneosi, lana albida. Palea inferior flosculorum superiorum sa?pissirne in folium apice uncinatum. ligula et vagina 5-nervi instructum desineus. Antlierce lineares. Ovarium late obovatum, supra basin contractum, basi squamulis acinaciformibus instructum. Styli. breviusculi, ad basin plumosi.

A very handsome grass, which, perhaps, properly belongs to Poa, though the palea? are so decidedly acu- minate that I prefer retaining it under Festuca. The two varieties enumerated are not always constant to the characters assigned to them.

In general appearance this species resembles the British Aim caspilosa, which is frequently similarly viviparous on the mountains, and the modifications the palea? consequently undergo both in these and some other grasses, is a subject well worthy of study. When the inflorescence becomes foliaceous, the palea itself, which is distinctly 5 -nerved is represented by the (equally 5 -nerved) vagina of the leaf; the ligula of the latter holds the position of the membranous and often divided apex of such a palea as that of Aim, whilst the lamina answers to a dorsal awn ; or rather, in the case of Festuca Fuegiana, to five awns (such as those of Polypogon Chonoticus, p. 374), united by parenchyma. That the arista of the lower palea in grasses is the produced mid-rib of a modified leaf, is perhaps generally admitted, but the exact relation of the apex of the palea to a ligula is not so evident in all aristate florets, as it is in those where the middle nerve is not percurrent but separates from the palea in the form of an awn. One apparent objection to this view may be adduced in the distinctly articulate awn of Coryneplioriis and Stipa, which may further be supposed favourable to M. Easpail's theory, that the mid-rib of the palea is an axis of developement in cohesion with the bracts ; such articulations are, however, exceptional, and their position I am inclined to consider as indicating the point of union of the leaf with the vagina, where an angle is always observable. Viviparous grasses, too, would be expected to produce constantly additional organs from the portion of the transformed palea beyond the ligula, if M. Easpail's view were correct, but, this, on the contrary, is seldom the case. There is a similarity between the palea of a viviparous grass and the upper bract of each spikelet in some Marisci : for in them the dilated lower portion of the bract, or the true continuation of the rachis, somewhat resembles, without however being strictly analogous to, the lower palea of a locusta, and the uppermost flower is borne in a position, similar to the axle of the ligula on the leaf of a grass.

Plate CXLI. Fig. 1, locusta ; Jig. 2, floret ; Jig. 3, ovary ; Jig. 4, squamida ; Jig. 5 and 6, viviparous portions of a spikelet ; Jig. 7, palea transformed into a leaf: — all magnified.

2. Festuca Arunclo, Hook. fil. F. Alopecurus, LfUrville in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 604. Brong. in Dwperrey Toy. Bot. p. 32. Poa (?) Alopecurus, Kuntk, En. Plant, vol. i. p. 256. Arundo Alopecurus, Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 100., et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 409.

Var. £. minor, foliis angustioribus culmo brevioribus.

Var. y. pedahs, glumis et paleis latioribus brevioribusque.

Var. 8. culmo graciliore, panicula sub-nutante, flosculis-saepius basi parce lanatis.

Hab. Falkland Islands, all the varieties forming very large tufts ; on the sea-sand abundant. ; D' Urville, J.D.H. Var. y. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Gregory, Capt. King.

Next to the Tussock, the present is the largest grass in the Falkland Islands, though, like that plant, it is very variable in size. The largest specimens are tlu-ee or even four feet high, the smaller scarcely one. Though a conspicuous object, its varieties are not always easily recognizable ; for the most prominent characters of the typical state, which are the great size of the locusta?, and the narrow palea? and glumes with slender attenuated apices, are quite fallacious. All my large specimens of var. a have either a minute turbinate ovarium or a small

4 R

382 FLOKA ANTAECTICA. \Fuegia, the

caryopsis, and are never staminiferous ; thus it is very possible that some of the varieties enumerated may be the males of this, the largest form.

M. Brongniart has suggested the propriety of erecting the present plant, together with the F. Antarctica, into a new genus, and they certainly are more nearly allied to one another than to any of their congeners ; still I doubt the possibility of finding any character of generic value common to them both. They also resemble some South Brazilian and Patagonian grasses, as the Poa lanuginosa, Nees, and other undescribed species.

If I had seen only single specimens of the different varieties, I should certainly have considered three of them to be as many species ; but a very large collection of individuals, from various parts of the Island, has convinced me, that neither the comparative length, breadth, or attenuation of the apices of the glumes and paleas, nor the woolliness of the base of the florets, or length of the leaves, afford any grounds for a further subdivision ; at least I have been unable to effect such, either when examining the fresh specimens, or, more lately, when comparing the dried ones. Dissimilar as the following plant appears, I am not at all positive of its claims to the rank of a separate species ; for some of its characters may be due to the different locality it generally affects ; and specimens of the var. 8. approaching the F. Arundo far too nearly.

Though a large and very handsome grass, the Festuca Arundo is so harsh and rigid as to be quite unpalateable to cattle ; this is the more obvious from its often growing side by side with the nutritious Tussock, out of the same sand-heap.

3. Festuca Antarctica, Kunth, Gram. vol. i. p. 132. En. Plant, vol. 1. p. 408. Arundo Antarctica, Bf Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 602.

Var. a, cuhno pedali, foliis strictis rigidis, panicula erecta, flosculis basi fasciculis pilorum instructis. Arundo Antarctica, Brong. I. c.

Var. /3. culmo pedali et ultra, foliis elongatis flexuosis, panicula nutante, fasciculis pilorurn rarissimis.

Var. y. omnia varietatis /3., sed flosculis omnino nudis.

Var. S. habitu varietatis a. flosculisque varietatis y.

Hab. Falkland Islands, most abundant ; vars. a. and 8. on sandy shores ; vars. p. and y. in rocky places, both near the sea and upon the hills, sometimes also on the sandy shores.

Few botanists would, I think, venture to separate any of the varieties enumerated above from F. Antarctica, and very many others would unite all with the preceding species, and perhaps correctly. M. Kunth describes a specimen of this grass (received from D'Urville) as having the flosculi naked at the base, exactly as in my varieties y. and 8. {En. Plant. Suppl. p. 340). The locustse vary iu my specimens, being from two- to four-flowered.

4. Festuca arenaria, Lamk., Encycl. vol. i. p. 191. D'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 602. Brongniart, in Buperrey Voy. Bot. p. 35. Kunth, En. Plant, vol. i. p. 408.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson; Port Famine, Capt. King; Falkland Islands, marshy and sandy places, Gaudickaud, Sfc.

The lower paleaj of this species are frequently notched on each side, below the apex, as in a genuine Dactylis, and in the following plant. Fuegian specimens are often viviparous.

5. Festuca Coohii, Hook, fil.; panicula elongata erecta contracta fastigiatim v. verticillatim ramosa, glumis subajqualibus ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis glaberrhnis 4-floris superiore 3-nervi, flosculis basi nudius- culis palea inferiore puberula 5-nervi dorso basi sericeo-barbata, apice acuminata integra v. 3-dentata, culmo diviso folioso basi radicante, foliis distichis culmum superantibus. (Tab. CXXXIX.)

Hab. Kerguelen's Land, abundant; Anderson (in Cook's Voyage), /. B. LT.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 383

Gramen foliosum, 3 unc. ad bipedale. Culmi robusti, basi pluries divisi, prostrati v. repentes ; pars repeus validus, saepe pedalis ; pars erectus per totam longitudinern foliosus, compressus. Folia plurima, distiche inserta, elongata, coriacea sed non rigida ; vagina aperta, folio brevior, compressa, striata ; ligula brevis, fimbriata ; lamina culrnuru paniculamque superans, plana v. dorso subcarinata, utrinque Isevis, 2-4-lin. lata, gradatini in apicem acuminatam angustata. Panicula 2 ad 8 unc. longa, erecta v. paulo inclinata, -| unc. lata, subcontinua v. verti- cillatini interrupta. Locusta late ovato-oblongae, 3-4-flores, sub 8-lin. longa;. Oluma superior 3-nervis, inferiore l-ner\i longior, flosculis breviter pedicellatis brevior. Palea inferior ovato-lanceolata, acuminata, concava, vix carinata ; nervo medio dorso superne cib'ato, inferne barbato ; flosculo superiore infimoque apice aciuninato, in- tegerrimo, duobus intermediis apicem versus utrinque uni-dentatis ; palea superior inferiore \ brevior, bifida. Antliera lineares. Caryopsis oblonga, cylindracea.

The commonest grass in Kerguelen's Land and a very valuable one, affording a rich and abundant fodder. The tendency in the palea to become toothed on each side towards the apex, and the distichous, long, and particularly rich foliage, show its affinity with the Tussock and with the Festuca foliosa of Lord Auckland's group, which chiefly differs from this in its larger panicle. These three grasses are certainly representatives of one another, and all typical of moist Insrdar climates ; their northern analogues are evidently the F. Bonax, Lowe, of Madeira, and F. albida, Lowe, of the same island.

Plate CXXXIX. Fig. 1, locusta; Jig. 2, floret ; fig. 3, squamula ; fig. 4, caryopsis : — all magnified.

§ 2. Flosculis arista terminatis.

6. Festuca purpurascens, Banks et Sol. MSS.; elata, panicula laxa ramis elongatis apicibus paucifloris, locustis oblongis niulti- S-floris, glurnis trinerviis lanceolatis superiore ter rnajore, flosculis glabriusculis, paleis 5-nerviis apice 3-dentatis dente interrnedio in aristam producto, foliis planis culmo brevioribus. (Tab. CXL.)

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King ; Fuegia ; Good Success Bay, Banks and

Solander, C. Darwin, Esq.

Radix stolonifera. Culmi 2-4-pedales, graciles, erecti, glaberrimi, striati, politi, remote nodosi. Folia pauca, culinum vaginantia, patentia, flexuosa ; vagina pedales, teretes, superne hiantes ; ligula brevis, transversa ; lamina plana, utrinque Isevis, vagina brevior longiorve, gradatim supra medium acuminata. Panicula 6 unc. longa, laxa, inclinata ; ramis paucis, elongatis, filiformibus, versus apices divisis. Locusta fere -i-unc. longa;. Glumes flosculis pedicellatis basi nudis breviores. Palea inferior dorso convexa, supeme prsecipue pilosinscida, superiorem bifidam paulo breviorem amplectans, nitida, purpureo-picta, 5-nervis, nervis scaberulis. Squamula 2, profunde bifida;. Ovarium obovatum, superne pilosiun ; styli basi discreti.

A tall and handsome grass, allied to the South Brazilian F. fimbriata, Nees, in which the palea; are not awned, and the leaves are convolute. In general habit it resembles somewhat the European F. elatior.

Plate CXL. Fig. 1, locusta; fig. 2, floret; fig. 3, pistil and squamula; ; fig. 4, squamula; : — all magnified.

7. Festuca duriuscida, Linn., Sp. PI. 108. Engl. Bot. t. 470.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

Capt. King's specimens are nearly two feet high, in which respect only they differ from ordinary forms of those of British growth. The leaves are erect and involute.

8. Festuca gracillima, Hook, fil.; elata, glaberrirna, panicula simplici elongata pauciflora inclinata, locustis majusculis pedunculis compressis longioribus multi-7-9-floris, gluims inaecmalibus lineari-oblongis

384 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Fuec/ia, the

late scarioso-marginatis superiore latiore 3-nervi, flosculis basi remotiusculis, palea inferiore obscure puberula in aristam brevem producta, culmis gracillirnis folium Hneari-filifonne involution superantibus.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

Radix fibrosa, nunc repens? Culmi 3-pedale9, gracillimi, erecti, heves, nitidi. Folia 1-li-pedalia. Patnada sub 5-unc. longa, 6-8-fiora. Locusta -j ad |- pollicares. Glumes latiusculse, concavse, non carinata?, inferior 1-nervis, superior latior, 3-nervis. Palea lineares, inferior sirrsum puberula, arista breviuscula recta auctse ; superior fequi- longa, bifida. — Species elongata, gracillima, priori simillima, sed elatior, foliis longioribus, locustis majoribus, glumis plurifloris latioribusque differt.

A very elegant species, allied to the former ; but, judging from my specimens, distinct, especially in the form of its glumes ; although in British examples of F. rubra that organ varies much in breadth and the locusta? in size.

9. Festuca hromoides, Linn., Sp. PI. 109. Engl. Bot. 1. 1412. D'Urville, in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 601.

Hab. Falkland Islands, found only near the settlement, D'Urville, J. B. H.

Apparently identical with the European plant, and most probably introduced.

10. Festuca Magellanica, Lamk., Illust. vol. i. p. 119. Encycl. vol. ii. p. 461. D'Urville, in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 601. Prong, in Duperrey, Toy. Pot. p. 38. Kvnth, En. Plant, vol. i. p. 396.

Var. 0. culmo elongato, foliis glaberrimis.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, Commerson ; Falkland Islands, on rocks near the sea, D' Urville, J. D. H. Var. /3. Port Famine, Capt. King.

The var. 0., from Port Famine, is almost identical with Austrian specimens of F. pollens, Host., and it comes very near some British states of F. duriuscula, apparently differing chiefly by the membranous margins of the sheaths of the leaves. Falkland Island specimens vary considerably in stature and in the size of their locustae ; the foliage is very rigid in all, though more or less pubescent in different specimens.

11. Festuca erecta, D'Urville, in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 601. Brongniart, in Duperrey Toy. Bot. p. 37. t. 7. Knnth, En. Plant, vol. i. p. 398.

Hab. Tierra del Fuego ; Hermite Island, J.D.H.; Falkland Islands, D'Urville, J.D.H.; Kerguelen's Land, P. M'Cormick; Esq.

Variable in the comparative length of the leaves and stem, as also in size, but otherwise a well-marked species.

14. DACTYLIS, L.

1. Dactylis caspitosa, Forst., in Comm. Goett. vol. is. p. 22. Willi. Sp. PI. vol. i. p. 407. Hook.fil. in Load. Journ. of Bot. vol. ii. p. 298. t. 9 and 1 0. Festuca csespitosa, Poem, el Sch. Syst. Veg. vol.ii. p. 732. Kunth, En. Plant, vol. i. p. 408. F. rlabellata, Land: Encycl. vol. ii. p. 462. Gawd, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 100, et in Freyc. Foy. Bot. p. 409. D'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 603. Brongniart in Duperrey Toy. Bot. p. 36. " Glayeux," Pernetty, Toy. vol. i. p. 343. (Tab. CXXXVL— CXXXVII.)

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, Commerson; and throughout Fuegia; Staten Land, Forst er; Hermite Island, Cape Horn, /. D. II.; Falkland Islands, most abundant, Gaudiclmud, and all subsequent voyagers.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 385

Though much has lately been written in the ' Journal of Botany ' upon this plant, the famous Tussock Grass of the Falkland Islands, it appears advisable to sum up here the principal facts connected with its history.

Commerson was doubtless the discoverer of it in the Strait of Magalhaens, in 1767, and it has been gathered in Fuegia by several succeeding voyagers ; but as it nowhere forms so conspicuous a feature as in the Falkland Islands, it is most appropriately considered in reference to them alone.

A French colony was established on the Falklands, by Admiral Bougainville, in 1766, when cattle and horses were landed, which, no doubt, soon manifested a predilection for this noble grass. Pernetty, the historiographer of the Voyage, in describing the remarkable plants of those Islands, alludes particularly to it under the name of "Glayeul"; but it was not until the recent colonization of the Falklands by the British that attention was particu- larly directed to the Tussock, in consequence of accounts forwarded to the Colonial Office by Governor Moody, and to the Admiralty by the Antarctic Expedition.

The peculiar mode of growth of Bactylis ctpsjiitosa enables it to thrive in pure sand, and near the sea, where it has the benefit of an atmosphere loaded with moisture, of soil enriched by decaying sea-weeds, of manure, which is composed in the Falkland Islands of an abundant supply of animal matter in the form of Guano, and of the excrements of various birds, who deposit their eggs, rear their young, and find a habitation amongst the groves of Tussock. Its general locality is on the edges of those peat-bogs which approach the shore, when it contributes considerably to the formation of peat. Though not universal along the coast of these Islands, the quantity is still prodigious, for it is always a gregarious grass, extending in patches sometimes for nearly a mile, but seldom seen except within the influence of the sea air. This predilection for the ocean does not arise from an incapacity to grow and thrive except close to the salt water, but because other plants, not suited to the sea-shore, already cover the ground in more inland localities, and prevail over it : I have seen the Tussock on inaccessible cliffs in the interior, having been brought there by the birds and afterwards manured by them ; and, when cultivated, it thrives both in the Falklands and in England, far from the sea.

I know of no grass likely to yield nearly so great an amount of nourishment as the Tussock, when thoroughly established ; in proof of which I quote my friend Governor Moody's printed report, for the truth of which I can vouch, both from my own experience and from his having kindly given me ample means for judging of the correctness of his interesting and useful observations, when drawing up the report from which the following extract is made.

"During several long rides into the country I have always found the Tussock flourishing most rigorously in spots exposed to the sea, and on soil unfit for any other plant, viz. the rankest peat-bog, black or red. It is wonderful to observe the beaten foot-paths of the wild cattle and horses, marked bkc a foot-track across fields in England, extending for miles over barren moor-land, but always terminating in some point or peninsula covered with this favourite fodder ; amid which, one is almost certain to meet with solitary old bulls, or perhaps a herd of cattle ; very likely, a troop of wild horses, just trotting off as they scent the coming stranger from afar. To cultivate the Tussock grass I should recommend that its seeds be sown in patches, just below the surface of the earth and at distances of about two feet apart ; it must afterwards be weeded out, for it grows very luxuriantly, frequently attaining a height of six or seven feet. It should not be grazed, but cut or reaped in bundles. If cut, it quickly shoots again ; but is much injured by grazing; for all animals, especially pigs, tear it up to get at the sweet nutty-flavoured roots. I have not tried how it would be relished if made into hay, but. cattle will eat the dry thatch oft' the roof of a house in winter ; their preference to Tussock grass being so great that they scent it a considerable distance and use every effort to get at it. Some bundles, which had been stacked in the yard at the back of Government House, were quickly detected, and the cattle in the village made, every night, repeated attempts to reach them, which occasioned great trouble to the sentry on duty."

Since the above was written, the Tussock has been used abundantly when made into hay, being preferred by cattle even to the green state of any of the other excellent grasses in the Falklands. Governor Moody informs me that in his garden it grows rapidly and improves by cutting.

4 s

386 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

There is, however, one draw-back to the value of the Tussock ; it is a perennial grass, of slow growth, and some disappointment has already been experienced in England from this cause. Each Tussock consists of many hundreds of culms, springing together from a mass of roots, which have required a long series of years to attain their great and productive size. Oar cultivated specimens in the Royal Gardens of Kew, now nearly three years old, are in a fair way of becoming good Tussocks ; for the quantity of stems from eirch root, the produce of one seed, is incalculably more than any other grass throws np, and these are already forming a ball of root-fibres which in time will form a mound ; but this ball, now scarcely sis inches across and not two in height, must have grown to six or eight feet high, with a diameter of three or four feet ; instead of forty culms there must be four hundred ; and the leaves, now three feet long, must attain seven ; ere the Tussock of England can compete with its parent in the Falklands. Though, however, the stoles (if I may so call the matted roots of this grass) in the most vigorous native specimens attain a height of seven feet, it is certain that they are very productive before they have reached two or three. By the time the leaves have gained their great size, the bases of the culms are nearly as broad as the thumb, and when pulled out young, they yield an inch or two of a soft, white, and swi et substance, of the flavour of a nut, and so nutritious, that two American sealers, who deserted a vessel in an unfre- quented part of the Falklands, subsisted on little else for fourteen months.

Again, the Tussock-grass field, wheu fully established, must not be grazed indiscriminately by cattle. These creatures and the pigs have already diminished its abundance in the Falklands ; for, after devouring the foliage, they eat down the stumps of the culms, greedily following them into the heart of the mass of roots from which they spring, for the sake of the white core just described ; the rain-water lodges in the cavity thus formed, and decay so surely follows, that I have seen nearly half a mile of Tussock-grass plants entirely destroyed by no other means.

Although iu the Falklands this plant will grow on pure sand near the sea, and there reach as great a size as on any other soil, it is not likely to do so in the drier climate of Britain, where the absence of an equally humid atmosphere must be artificially remedied. A wet, Ught, peaty soil has in England been found to favour its growth ; sea-weed manure might probably be added with advantage, and certainly guano. Slow its progress assuredly is, but it may be hastened by such stimulants. In the mean time the cultivator has no just cause for complaint ; the plant is already increasing unusually at the base, and thence sending up many more culms than other grasses, though, springing from one small base, they do not make such a show, but form a compact mass of living roots which in the case of other Graminea? would spread over ten times the area that this occupies, and they annually increase in vigour and productiveness. And, lastly, it must be borne in mind that the farmer here obtains an enormous crop from a very small surface. Each great Tussock is the produce of one seed and is an isolated individual plant, which, though standing upon perhaps only two square yards of ground, yields annually a produce equal to that of a much greater surface of land, if cropped with hay or clover. The number of seeds required to stock an acre in Tussock and one in grass is in the proportion of tens to thousands ; and we may be well content to know that the number of months required to ensure a profitable return is not in the same ratio.

There are few plants which from perfect obscurity have become objects of such interest as this grass. The Tussock in its native state seems of almost no service in the animal economy. A little insect, and only one that I observed, depends on it for sustenance ; and a bird, no bigger than the sparrow, robs it of its seeds ; a few sea- fowl build amongst the shelter of its leaves : penguins and petrel seek hiding-places amongst the roots, because they are soft and easily penetrated, and Sea-lions cower beneath its luxuriant foliage : still, except the insect, I know no animal or plant whose extinction could follow the absence of this, the largest vegetable production in the Falklands, which does not even support a parasitical fungus. These same sea-birds breed and burrow where no Tussock grows ; rocks elsewhere suit the Sea-lion's habits equally well ; and the sparrow, which subsists on other food eleven months of the year, could surely make shift without this for a twelfth. Certain it is, that the Tussock might yet be unknown and unprized amongst plants, if cattle had not been introduced to its locality by man ;

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 387

who thus became, first the injurer, and then the protector and propagator of the existence of this noble grass ; for the herbivorous quadrupeds which he carried to the Falklands and left there, were surely extirpating the Tussock, when man returned, and, by protecting, perpetuating, and transporting it to other countries, he has widely dispersed it. It appears singular that so striking a grass should abound where there is no native herbivorous animal to profit by its luxuriance ; but it is no less certain that had not civilization interfered, the Tussock might have waved its green leaves undisturbed over the waters of the stormy Antarctic Ocean, for ever perhaps, or until some fish, fowl, or seal, should be so far tempted by the luxuriance of the foliage as to transgress the laws of nature, and to adapt its organs to the digestion and enjoyment of this long-neglected gift of a bounteous Providence.

It must appear strange to all who know grasses oidy in the pastures of England, that the patches of Tussock resemble nothing so much as groves of small low Palm-trees ! This similarity arises from the matted roots of the individual plants springing in cylindrical masses, always separated down to the very base, and throwing out a waving head of foliage from each summit. Bogs and damp woods in Britain very frequently produce a Sedge (Carer paniculata), whose mode of growth is, on a small scale, identical with that of the Tussock-Grass, and to which the name of Tussock is applied. I have seen them two to three feet above the ground, in South Wales ; and if they were higher, larger, and placed closer together, the general resemblance would be complete. The effect in walking through a large Tussock grove is . very singular, from the uniformity in height of these masses, and the narrow spaces left between them, which form an effectnal labyrinth ; leaves and sky are all that can be seen overhead, and their curious boles of roots and decayed vegetable matter on both sides, before and behind ; except now and then, where a penguin peeps forth from his hole, or the traveller stumbles over a huge Sea-lion, stretched along the ground, blocking up his path.

Plate CXXXVL — CXXXVII. Fig. 1, locusta ; fig. 2, floret ; Jig, 3, squamulae, stamens, and pistil ; Jig. 4, squa- mula; Jig. 5, polleu ; Jig. 6, caryopsis : — all magnified.

15. CATABROSA, Beauv.

1. Catabrosa Magellanica, Hook, fil.; glaberrima, panicula elongata laxe ramosa, ramis apice fioriferis elongatis, glumis ina?qualibus apice erosis 4-6-floris superiore majore 3-nervi, palea inferiore ovato-oblonga obtusa 5-nervi glaberrima vix costata, eulmo erecto foliorum vaginis tecto, foliorum lamina involuta vagina breviore.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Copt. King.

Gramen pedale, erectum, glaberrimum. Culmi basi prostrati, divisi. Foliorum, vagina latiuscula, 3-5 una longa, striata, hians ; ligitla ovata, acuta ; lamina 2-3-uneialis, anguste lineari-subulata, superne scaberula, mar- ginibus involutis. Panicula 5-7 unc. longa, erccta ; ramis gracilibus verticillatis v. fastigiatis, inferioribus 4 una longis, fibformibus, glaberrimis, flexuosis, apices versus divisis et fioriferis. Locmtce ~ unc. longa;, sub 4-florae. Gluma inferior lanceolata, acuta v. truncato-erosa ; superiore oblongo-lanceolata 3-nervi obtusa erosa \ breviore. Flosculi basi dissiti, glaberrimi, cylindracei. Palea inferior oblongo-ovata, obtusa, sub-erosa, obscure 5-nervis, eeostata, marginibus subciliatis, superior brevior, apice bidentata. Antherm parvse, late oblonga?.

Quite a distinct species, and differing from the typical plants of the genus in having many florets contained in each locusta.

16. BROMUS, L.

1. Jincmvs pic fuj, Hook, fil.; strictus, erectus, simplex, puberulus, panicula simpbei, locustis sub 4 magnis pedunculis longioribus, glumis lineari-oblongis subacutis medio nervosis flosculisque purpureo-pietis

388 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

sub 5-floris, palea inferiore lineari-ovata obtusa infra apicem arista brevi capillaeea instructa 7-nervi inferne sericeo-puberula.

Has. Strait of Magalliaens ; Port Gregory, Copt. King.

Gramen pedale. Culmus simplex, basi geniculatus, erectus, gracilis, strictus, puberulus. Folia pauca, eubuo breviora ; vagina striata ; ligula ovata, lacera ; lamina vagina brevior, pilosa, involuta. Panicula 2 unc. longa. Locustee fere pollicares, -| unc. latae. Flosculi nervosi, superne glaberrimi, nitidi, inferne dorso sericei ; arista i fiosculi Eequans, scabernla. Palea superior inferiori aequilonga, sed -i- angustior.

A very distinct little species, only found in the eastern parts of the Strait of Magalliaens, and more characteristic nf the grassy plains of Patagonia than of an Antarctic vegetation.

17. ELYMUS, L.

1. Elymtjs A?itarc(iciis,~H.ook.ti[.; erectus, glabemrnus, panicula spicseformi lineari-oblonga, spiralis binis collateralibus 2-floris, glumis subsequalibus lanceolatis aristato-acuminatis integris v. bifidis uervosis, flosculis brevissime pedicellatis, palea inferiore lanceolata in aristam gluuia breviorem desinente 5-uervi superne puberula, superiore brevissime bidentata, foliis planis vaginis brevioribus.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens ; Port Famine, Copt. King.

Culmi erecti, bipedales, subvalidi, foliosi, glaberrimi. Folia coriacea sed non rigida, culmo breviora ; vagina teres, striata, 5 unc. longa ; ligula brevissima ; lamina bneari-subidata, utrinque laevis, basi plana, superne mar- ginibus involutis, gradatim acuminata, 3-4 unc. longa. Panicula 3-4-uncialis, stricta, erecta, continua, \ unc. lata. Locustee erectae, imbricatae, appressae, scaberulae. Glumes libera?, ad basin cujusvis articulationis quatema?, quarum exterior lateris unici sfepe ad medium fissa evadit, fere ± unc. longae, aristatae. Flosculi cum aristis -| unc. longi, inferior vix, superior longius, pedicellatus ; arista paleis paido brevior.

This a good deal resembles a Chilian species, which possesses longer aristae to the glumes and palea, and is otherwise different. One glume out of the four at each articulation is often bifid, this is always the outer, and all such are on one side of the panicle only. The general appearance is not dissimilar to that of Elymus Europceus, from which the present species may be distinguished at once by the glumes being free to the base.

18. HOEDEUM, L.

1. HonvEVMJubahim, Linn., S_p.Pl. 126. KuntJi, En. Plant, vol. i. p. 457.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

North American specimens do not appear to differ from the Magellanic, or from others gathered at Cape I'airweather. I find the sheaths of the (old) leaves sometimes pilose, whence it seems very probable that the Chilian //. carnosum, Presl, is oidy a state of this plant which varies a good deal in size, in the stoutness of the culm, and length of its panicle. H. juoatum had been considered as confined to North America, where it ranges from the Missouri to the Saskatchewan, and from Boston to the Colombia river.

2. Hoedetjm pubiflorum, Hook, fib; spicis obkmgis, glumis aequilongis omnibus setaceis basi pubes- centibns superne scabridis, flosculis lateralibus neutris, intermedio basi setula aueto, palea inferiore scabrido- palois lanceolata arista glumis aequilonga terminata, foliis caubnis longe vaginantibus radicalibus subsetaceis.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

Falkla?ids, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 389

Radix fibrosa, subrepens. Culmi 8-10 unc. alti, basi inclinati, glabcrrimi. Folia radicaba, pauca ; vagina unciabs glaberrima v. obscure pilosa ; lamina subulata, involuta, 2-polliearis ; caulinorum vaginae elongatae, tumidee, striates ; lamina brevissima, subulata. Spica li-unciahs, fusco-purpurea, Glumee J-unciales, recurvaj, basi flosculique pube seabrida, pilis brevibus intermixtis vestita.

Very distinct from the former (than which it is a good deal smaller) and from any other species, and may be recognized by the pubescence of the florets ; its general appearance resembles the European H. maritimum,

19. TBITICUM, L. 1. Tkiticum repens, Linn., 8p. PI. 128. Engl. Bot. t. 909.

Far. palea superiore semper pubescente floribusque plemmque rnajoribus. T. repens, var. pungens, Brongniart in Buperrey, Foy. Bot. p. 57. T. glaucum, Land-. (?) B'Urville in Mem. Soc. Binn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 601.

Sub-var. 1, spiculis rnajoribus |.-uncialibus, glumis paleisque angustioribus, palea inferiore breviter aristata apice trifida v. integra.

Sub-var. 2, spiculis rnajoribus, glumis paleisque latioribus, palea inferiore apice mucronata subaristata integra v. obscure trifida.

Sub-var. 3, spiculis apice rnajoribus, palea inferiore acuminata pungente trifida.

Sub-var. 4, spiculis minoribus, glumis angustioribus, palea inferiore apice 3-dentata breviter aristata v. mutica.

Sub-var. 5, spiculis minoribus, glumis latioribus, palea inferiore apice 3-dentata nunquam aristata.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Copt. Xing (sub-vars. 4 and 5); South Fuegia, Good Success Bay, and Hermite Island, Banks and Solander, C. Barwin, Esq., J. B. H. (sub-vars. 2 and 3) ; Falkland Islands, abundant, B'Urville, 8fc. (sub-vars. 1, 2, and 3).

A very variable plant, and all the more perplexing from some of the larger varieties differing more in appear- ance than they do in reality from the common European T. repens. The lower palea is generally, but not constantly tridentate at the apex, with the middle tooth sometimes produced into a short awn ; it is, however, always hairy, as may be seen in Siberian, Arctic American, and Rocky Mountain plants, which latter, indeed, are sometimes villous. The North American specimens are generally larger than the European. This species is also a native of Cape Fairweather on the Patagonian coast, and exceedingly abundant throughout Fuegia and the Falkland Islands.

20. LOLIUM, B.

1. Lolium perenne, linn., Sp. PI. 122. B'Urville, in Mem. Soc. Binn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 601. Brongn. in Buperrey, Voij.Bot. p. 57.

Hab. Falkland Islands, on the sandy sea-shores, frequent ; B' Urville.

The habitat assigned by D 'Urville to this plant renders its being indigenous very probable.

LI. FILICES, Juss.

1. HYMENOPHYLLUM, Sw.

1. Hymenophyllum cruentum, Cav., Pral. 1801, n. 684. Swart:, Syn. Fil. p. 145. Book. Sp. Fit. vol. i. p. 87. t. xxxi. A.

4 T

390 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fueffia, the

Hab. Clionos Archipelago ; C. Danoin, Esq.

Even amongst the Ferns we have much peculiarity attending the Flora of S.W. Chili and Fuegia. I have elsewhere alluded to the botanical division of that line of coast into a northern and southern portion, differing specifically in their productions, but not generically to any very great amount. These two divisions are, 1st, the Valdivian or Chilotian, which stretches from Concepcion to Cape Tres Montes ; and, 2nd, the Magellanic or Fuegian. commencing at Cape Tres Montes and terminating at Cape Horn. From the lower latitude and consequently higher temperature of the northern of these two countries, and from its greater surface, containing also mountains that reach the limits of perpetual snow, its Flora is by very far the richest, including a larger proportion of the Fuegian plants than Fuegia does of the Chilotian. There are also many species, which, though conspicuous in the southern Flora, are either unknown even on the Alps of the northern, or appear there only under very different aspects.

Many more species common to both these divisions, Fuegian plants especially, prevail through the whole line of coast, than its great extent would lead us to expect. This proceeds from a mutual interchange of individuals between two countries whose Floras may be supposed to have been originally quite distinct. The inosculation of the Floras is most conspicuous at Cape Tres Montes and the Chonos Archipelago, and is not accompanied by any tendency in those species, which there come into juxta-position, to change, each into that which represents it in the other. The union or mingling is complete, but there is no blending of two species, no obliteration of specific characters, nothing to indicate either that the peculiar plants of one country have originated from what pre-existed in the other under a different form ; or, still less, that all have sprung from one common source, lower in the scale of organization.

2. Hymenophyllum pectination, Cav., Prcel. 1801, n. 687. Swartz, St/n. Fil, p. 146. Willcl. Sp. PL vol. v. p. 425. Hook. Sp. Fit, vol. i. p. 96. t. 34. D.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago, C. Darwin, Esq.

3. Hymenophyllum Wilsoni, Hook., Brit. Flor. ed. 5. p. 446. Wilson, in Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2686. Var. y. Hook. Sp. Fil. vol. i. p. 96.

Hab. South part of Tierra del Fuego, C. Danoin, Esq. ; Herinite Island, Cape Horn, /. D. H. Falkland Islands, quartz rocks on the hills, /. D. H.

Found in all the four quarters of the globe, also in Australia and New Zealand.

4. Hymenophyllum Chiloense, Hook., Sp. Fil. vol. i. p. 90. t. 32. B.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

The specimen in Mr. Darwin's herbarium is very small, but I think referable to this species ; certainly to no other published one.

5. Hymenophyllum caudiculatnm, Martius, PL Crypt. Bras. p. 102. t. 67. Var. ;3. Hook. Sp. Fil. vol. i. p. 102.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

6. Hymenophyllum tortuosum, Banks et Sol., MSS. Hook, et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 129. Hook. Sp. Fil. vol. i. p. 99.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago, C.Darwin, Esq.; and throughout Fuegia, Banks and Sola nder, 8fc. One of the most common Antarctic American ferns, from the latitude of Valdivia to Cape Horn.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 391

7. Hymenophyllum secundum, Hook, et Grev., Ic. Fil. t. 133. Hook. Sjo.FiL vol.i. p. 100.

Hab. Staten Land, Menzies ; Hermite Island, Cape Horn, /. B. II.

Decidedly the most Antarctic of Ferns, occurring only at the very extremity of the American continent, where it is tolerably abundant in the woods.

8. Hymenophyllum rarum, Brown, Prod/-, p. 159. Ft. Antarct. p. 105. H. semibivalve, Hook, et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 83.

Var. /3. Hook. Sp. Fil. I. c. H. imbricatum, Colenso, in Tasm. Phil. Journ. vol. ii. p. 187.

Hab. Var. /3. South part of Tierra del Fuego, C. Darwin, Esq.; Hermite Island, Cape Horn, /. B. H.

A species exhibiting a singular predilection for those insidar and peninsular localities, which terminate the continents in the Southern Ocean. Thus it occurs only at the very southern extremity of America and Africa ; at Ceylon, which is nearly the southernmost land of the vast Indian empire ; in Tasmania, which is an analogous position in Australasia ; and in New Zealand and Lord Auckland's group, which bear the same geographical relation to Polynesia. As it also inhabits Bourbon and the Mauritius, it appears to exist all round the world, resting on the highest southern lands of each longitude.

2. TRICHOMANES, 8m.

1. Trichomaves Jtabellafum, Bory, in Buperrey Yoy. Bot. Crypt, p. 281. Hook. Sp. Fit. vol. i. p. 119. T. flabellula, B'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Binn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 597.

Hab. Falkland Islands; Gandichaud, D'Urville.

A plant which I have never seen, though I diligently sought for it in the Falkland Islands. It is remarkable that both the French Naturalists who met with it, should have faded to notice the Hymenophyllum Wihoni, which is sufficiently abundant, and generally accompanies the following species.

2. Trichomanes caspitosum, Hook., Sp. Fil. vol. i. p. 132. t. 40 B. Hymenophyllum caespitosuin, Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 908, et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 374. t. 5. f. 2. B'Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 597.

Hab. Southern parts of Fuegia ; Staten Land, Menzies ; Hermite Island, Cape Horn, abundant on trunks of trees, /. B. H. ; Falkland Islands, clothing the quartz rocks on the hills ; Gaudichaud, B' Urville, J~B. H.

This singular little species was discovered by the lamented Menzies, in Staten Land. Cape Horn is its southern limit, and Chiloe its northern. It has been probably overlooked in the intervening latitudes.

3. CISTOPTERIS, Bern/i.

1. Cistopteris fragilis, Bernh., Neu Journ. Bot. vol. ii. p. 27. Engl. Bot. t. 1587. Hook. Sp. Fil. vol.i. p. 197.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens ; Port Famine, Capt.King; Falkland Islauds (West Island?), Capt.Sulivan.

One of the most extensively diffused of all vegetables, or even Ferns, though avoiding such hot and equable climates as the low lands of the Tropics. In America, it ranges along the Cordillera, from the Arctic Sea and Greenland to the Strait of Magalhaens ; in Europe, from Iceland and Lapland to the Mediterranean ; in Asia, between Kamtschatka and the Himalaya Mountains ; but in Africa it is confined to the Canary Islands and the Cape

392 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

of Good Hope. Its aversion to damp or uniform heat is conspicuously displayed in its not being a native of New Zealand or Fuegia proper on the one hand, or of India or tropical Africa on the other.

4. ASPTDIUM, L.

1. Aspidicm (Polysticlmm) Mohr'wides, Bory, in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 597, et in Buperrey, Toy. Bot. Crypt, p. 267. t. 35. f. 1 . (Tab. CXLIX.)

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt.King; Falkland Islands, B'Urville, Sfc.

The Magellanic specimens are larger, and have longer and more laxly imbricating pinnae, than those from the Falkland Islands ; which are characteristic of a climate less favourable to Ferns.

Plate CXLIX. Fig. 1, fertile pinna ; fig. 2, sterile ditto ; fig. 3, sorus and involucre : — magnified.

2. Aspidium (Polysticlium) coriaceum, Swartz, Syn.Fil. p. 57.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

A species apparently impatient of cold, for though inhabiting the damp west coast of Chili, as far south as the Chonos Archipelago and the dry climate of Patagonia, reaching there the latitude of Port St. Elena, it neither enters the Strait of Magalhaens, nor occurs in the Falkland Islands or Fuegia. It is almost universally diffused throughout the Tropics, and the temperate regions of the southern hemisphere.

3. Aspidioi (Polysticlium) vestitwm, Swartz, Syn. Til. p. 53. Polypodiurn, Forster, Prodr. n. 445. Var. pinnulis profnndius sectis apicibus acutis.

Hab. Var. Tierra del Fuego, south part, C. Banvin, Esq.

The only specimen wdiich I have seen is imperfect, but appears merely a variety of the A. vestitwm, with rather narrower and more deeply cut pinnules, which are acute, but not pungent or spinulose ; the segments of the pinnules also are narrower, and the whole frond smaller. In other respects, and particularly in the clothing of the stipes, rachis, Sec, it exhibits all the characters of the species I have referred it to, which is a native of Juan Fernandez and Chiloe. I am not prepared to say how far all may be distinct from the British A. aculeatum, the incisions of the broader mucronate pinnules in the European plant are closer, and all aculeate, which is not the case with the typical states of A. vestitum ; and the clothing, too, is different.

This species is represented by the A. vemtstum, Homb. and Jacq., in Lord Auckland's group, and by A.proli- ferum, Br., in Tasmania.

5. ASPLENIUM, L.

1. Asplexium Magellanicum, Kaulf. En. Fit. p. 175. Hook, et Grev. Ic. Fit. 1. 180.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson ; Port Famine, Copt. King ; Hermite Island, Cape Horn, J.B.H.

A very pretty and distinct little species ; probably not uncommon between the latitudes of Concepcion and Cape Horn, on the west coast of South America. It has a very nearly allied representative in New Zealand ; and another, the Asplenium laxitm, Br., in Tasmania.

6. LOMAEIA, Willd.

1. Lomaeia alpina; Stegania, Brown, Prodr. p. 152. S. alpina, p. latiuscula, Bory, fid. B'Urville, in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 597. Lomaria polvpodioides, Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 908.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 393

et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 374. L. australis, Kunze, Coll. Plant. Poeppig, p. 57 {fid. sp. in Herb. Hook.). L. decurrens, Kunze, MSS. L. bleclmoides, JBory (?), inBuperrey, Toy. Bot. Crypt, p. 273. L. Sellowiana, Presl, in Herb. Reg. Berol. p. 100 {fid. sp. in Herb. Hook.). L. Antarctica, Carmichael, in Linn. Soc. Trans. vol. xii. p. 512. L. linearis, Colenso, in Tasman. Phil. Journ. vol. ii. p. 176. Polypodium Pinna-marina, Poiret, Encycl. (Tab. CL.)

Hab. South Chili, Fuegia, and the Falkland Islands, most abundant ; Kerguelen's Land, very scarce, J. B. H.

One of the commonest Ferns between the latitudes of Concepcion and Cape Horn on the west coast of South America, and also in the Falkland Islands, often covering the ground for many yards. It has also been collected in South Brazil by Sellow, and in Tristan d'Acunha, Kerguelen's Land, New Zealand, and in Tasmania ; throughout all which countries it retains its characters very markedly, and is altogether a most distinct species. The Blechium horenle is evidently its representative in the northern hemisphere, and is very similar in size, form, and habit, though abundantly distinct in the nature of its involucre.

Plate CL. Fig. 1, portion of sterile pinnae ; fig. 2, fertile pinna ; fig. 3, transverse section of the same.

2. Lomaeia Magellanica, Desvaux, in Mag. Nat. Berlin, 1811, p. 330, et in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. vi. p. 289. L. Magellanica, (3. angustiseta, Bory, in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 597. L. setigera, Gaud, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 98, et in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 130. L. robusta, Cam/, in Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xii. p. 512. L. zamioides, Gardner, 3TSS. in Herb. Hook. Pteris palmseformis, Petit Thouars, Flore de Tristan d'Acunha, p. 30. "Ceterach," Pernetty, Toy. vol. ii. p. 56.

Hab. South Chili, Fuegia, and the Falkland Islands, very abundant.

This species is more confined in longitude but has a much wider range in latitude than L. aJpina. I have examined what appears to be the same from British Guiana (possibly a distinct species), from Brazil, and La Plata, on the east coast of South America ; and from Peru, Juan Fernandez, and Chili, on the west ; it also inhabits Tristan d'Acunha. Its New Holland representative is the L.procera, Br.

Mr. Gardner's name of zamioides is peculiarly applicable both to his Brazilian and my Falkland Island speci- mens, they smgularly resemble a Zamia iu habit and general appearance.

7. GEAMMITIS, Sw. 1. Grammitis australis, Brown, Prodr. p. 146. Ft. Ant. p. 111.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn, abundant in the woods and on the rocks upon lulls, J. 1). H.

This, again, is a Fern of the Southern Ocean, being found in Tasmania, New Zealand, Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island, the west coast of South America, from Cape Horn probably all the way north to Lima, and on Tristan d'Acunha. I have seen no American specimens but Capt. King's, my own, and Cuming's (n. 1052). Its tropical representative is the beautiful little G. marginella.

8. GLEICHENIA, Sm.

1. Gleichenia acutifolia, Hook., Sp. Fit. vol. i. p. 7. t. 7. A.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

Like all the pedate, erect, southern species of Gleichenia, this has a very narrow range, and is probably confined to the coast between the Strait of Magalhaens and Chiloe, whence the specimens quoted as Patagonian in Species

4 u

394 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

Filicum were brought by Capt. King. It is represented in New Zealand by the G. Cunniughamii, Hook. ; in Tasmania by G.tenera, Brown, and G . fiahellata, Br.; and in Chili, north of Valdivia, it appears to be in a great measure replaced by the G.pedalis, Kaulf.

2. Gleichenia cryptocarpa, Hook., Sp. Fil. vol. i. p. 7. t. 6 A.

Hab. Falkland Islands (West Island ?) ; Lieut. Robinson, Capt. Sulivan, Mr. Chartres.

Very nearly allied to the G. acutifolia, but readily distinguishable by the revolute margins of the pinna; covering the sori ; this character, together with the stout, rigid, and very coriaceous habit, appear to indicate its being a native of drier places than the former. It has hitherto been found only in the Falklands, in plains of Valdivia, and on the Island of Chiloe.

9. SCHLLEA, Sm.

1. Schiz^ea australis, Gaud., in Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 98. M. Antarct. p. 111. Hab. Falkland Islands ; Gaudichaud.

I have seen no Falkland Island specimens except those collected by M. Gaudichaud, which are identical with others gathered by myself in Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island.

LIT. LYCOPODIACE^E, Swart:. 1. LYCOPODIUM, Br.

1. Lycopodium Selago, Linn., Sp. PL p. 1565. Engl. Bot. t. 233.

Var. Sawrurus. L. Saururus, Lam. Encycl. Bot. vol. iii. p. 625. Bory, roy. aux quatre lies, fyc. vol. i. p. 344. t. 16. f. i. L. crassuni, 77. B. E. Nov. Gen. vol. i. p. 33. Hook, et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. ccxxh . L. insulare, Carm. in Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xii. p. 509. L. elongation, Swa/rtz, Syn. Fil. p. 175. L. carina- tum, Besv. Monogr. n. 5. Poiret, Encycl. Bot. vol. iii. p. 555. Selago etc. Billenius, Hist. Muse. t. 84. f. 3.

Hab. Falkland Islands, Gaudichaud, Sfc. Var. Saururus, Kerguelen's Land, J.D.H.

The Falkland Island specimens are perfectly identical with others of British growth, but the var. Saururus is so different from any aspect of L. Selago found in Europe, that it requires the most perfect suite of specimens, showing the gradual passage of the one into the other, to prove their common origin. Such, however, exist, especially in volcanic islands, which seem peculiarly favourable to the production of this variety.

In its largest and handsomest form, the var. Saururus inhabits the Andes of Peru, the Island of Bourbon, and Kerguelen's Land. A more slender state, but not slenderer than what occurs amongst Andes specimens, is found in Tristan d'Acunha, St. Helena, and in some of the West Indian Islands.

The narrow form of var. Saururus was brought from St. Helena as early as 1702, and given to Dillenius, who figured it. On the Andes, and there alone, the Selago division of Lgcopodia assume a deep brick-red colour, which, however, affords no specific character, for the Saururus is as often wholly green as red, and at other times is only tinged with the latter colour at the apices of the leaves ; and this is the case with the Kerguelen's Land speci- mens. It is difficult to imagine the cause for this tint of plants. On the gloomy Island of Desolation, it cannot be due to the tropical sun, nor to colouring matter contained in the soil, for it also occurs in two species which I believe are always parasitical.

2. Lycopodium clavatum, Linn., Sp.Pl. p. 1564. Engl. Bot. t. 224. Var. Magellanicum, foliis apice muticis. Ft. Ant. p. 133.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 395

Var.fastigiatum, ramis erectis fastigiato-paniculatis.

Hab. Var. Magellanicum, Strait of Magalliaens and throughout Fuegia, the Falkland Islands, very abundant; Kerguelen's Land, /. D. H. \zx.fastigiatum, Port Famine, Capt. King.

I have in the former part of this work given my reasons at length for assigning these varieties to L. clavatum. The var. fasligiatitm is a plant of a warmer climate than the var. Magellanicum, which inhabits not only the low-lands of Fuegia, the Falklands, and Kerguelen's Land, but also the lofty heights of the Cordillera of Peru and Colombia, and the mountains of New Zealand, Tasmania, and Lord Auckland's group.

LIII. MARSILEACEtE, Br.

1. AZOLLA, Lam.

1. Azolla Magellanica, Willd., Sp. PI. vol. v. p. 541. A. filiculoides, Lam. Encycl. vol. i. p. 340.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens, Commerson ; Falkland Islands, Gaudichaud.

I am quite unacquainted with this species, either as a Falkland Island or Magellanic plant.

LIV. CHARACE^E,

1. CHARA, L.

1. Chara/cw^'s, Linn., Sp. PI. 1624. Smith, Engl. Bot. 1. 1070.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land, in the fresh-water lake above Christmas Harbour, abundant, /. D. H.

After a careful comparison of this plant with Engbsh specimens of C.fiexilis, I consider them to be the same species, and am confirmed in this opinion by my friend Mi-. Wilson, who has studied the British species of this difficult genus very carefully ; he says, that the points at the apices of the branches are, perhaps, longer than common in the Antarctic specimens. It is probably not an unfrequent plant in the southern temperate zone.

LV. MUSCI, L.

By W. Wilson, Esq., and J. D. Hooker.

1. ANDREW A,* Ehrh.

1. Axdre.ea alpina, Linn.; caule ramoso elongato, foliis undique imbricatis patentibus apice incurvis obovatis acuminatis concavis infra medium contractis siccitate appressis. A. alpina, Dill. Hist. Muse. t. 73. f. 39. Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 2. t. 8.

Var. 1. foliis inferioribus squarrosis subroctis.

Var. 2. caulibus gracilioribus, foliis confertis.

Hab. Var. 1 and 2, Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; Kerguelen's Land, var. 1, on alpine rocks.

This species has in Europe frequently been confounded with A. rupestrig, and we cannot assent to the remark in the ' Muscologia Britannica, that Dr. Mohr was the first to distinguish it accurately ; since neither the description of Weber and Mohr (Bot. Tasch. p. 383), nor their citation of Dillenius (Hist. Muse. t. 73. f. 40), as a synonym for A. rupestris instead of A. Rothii, tends to prove that these authors understood the species. The illustrative figures

* For the generic characters and remarks on this and other genera, see the 1st Part of this work.

396 FLOKA ANTAECTICA. [Fuegia, the

and observations show tbat A. alpina of Weber and Mohr (Bot. Tamil, t. 11. f. 3, 5), is only a state of A. rupestris, with leaves spreading in all directions. This is confirmed by the fact that A. alpina of Mougeot and Nestler (Stirp. Crypt. Voges. no. 115), is that very form of A. rupestris to which we allude. The figures of Dillenius doubtless refer to A. alpina ; but the absence of a separate figure of A. rupestris, and the remark, " in rupibus surculi e fusco rufescunt" (p. 507), prove that this author considered both these as varieties of one species. The true A. alpina may always be known from A. rupestris by its obovate dark glossy leaves, and its longer and more robust stems.

2. Andkejea marginata, Hook.fil. et Wils.; caulibus laxe csespitosis subramosis, foliis erecto-patentibus incurvis ovatis longe acuminatis infra medium coutractis enerviis marginibus inferne pallidis caulinis ma- joribus superioribus confertis, periehaetialibus longioribus elongatis late lanceolatis convolutis, theca exserta. (Tab. CLI. Fig. I.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, frequent on rocks on tbe mountains ; J. I). II.

Caules unciales. Folia e basi ovata longe acuminata, concava, superiora in caule fertili sensim majora, laxiora et magis erecta, omnia puniceo-atra, nitentia, areolis minutis, oblongis, marginRbbus inferne minoribus, pallidioribus.

With some hesitation we venture to separate this from A. alpina, on account of the more gradual acumination of its leaves, which are full twice as long. It differs from A. acutifolia in having the leaves considerably larger, the lower part more suddenly dilated, and the base not gibbous ; also in their dark colour and glossiness, and in the more evident perichffitium. It is easily recognized by its habit.

Plate CLI. Fig. I. — 1, a specimen : — natural size; Jig. 2 and 3, leaves; fig. 4, theca : — magnified.

3. Andre/EA acutifolia, Hook. fil. et Wils., vid. Part 1. p. 118. Var. fi. rufescens, ramis fastigiatis. (Tab. CLI. Fig. II. 2.) Yar. y. foliis latioribus.

Var. 8. foliis superioribus subsecuudis. (Tab. CLI. Fig. II. 1.) Var. c foliis superioribus ercctis elongatis. Var. f. foliis erectis obtusiusculis atro-sanguineis.

Hab. Var. a, 0, and e, Hermite Island, Cape Horn. Var. 8 and (, Falkland Islands. Var. y, Kerguelen's Land.

All these varieties differ somewhat, though slightly, from that gathered in Campbell's Island.

Plate CLI. Fig. II. — 1, specimen of var. 8, and 2, specimen of var. /3: — natural size; fig. 3, perichaetium and theca ; fig. 4, perichostial leaves ; fig. 5, cauline leaf of var. 8 ; fig. 6, leaf, and fig. 7, theca of var. 0 : — magnified

4. AndeejEa rupestris, Linn.; caule humili subramoso, foliis e basi vaginante patentibus (interdum seeundis) ovato-lanceolatis vel ovatis superne attenuatis acutiusculis enervibus superioribus siccitate appressis, pericbsetialibus longioribus ovato-lanceolatis convolutis, theca exserta. A. rupestris, Hook, et Tai/l. Muse. Brit. p. 2. t. viii.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, frequent on maritime rocks.

Slightly differing from British specimens in its wider, less evidently papillose leaves, which are more suddenly dilated near the middle. Bridel (Bryol. Univ.) cites with doubt, Dillenius (Muse. p. 507. t. 73. f. 40) as a synonym for this species, but the description of Dillenius distinctly mentions the nerved leaves which are characteristic of A. Rothii, to which species even the description of Linnaeus (as Bridel properly remarks) seems to refer. The secund foliage, generally ascribed to A. rupestris, is not a constant character, even in specimens gathered in the same locality.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 397

5. AndrEjEa mutabilis, Hook.fil. et Wils., rid. Part 1. p. 119. pi. lvii. f. ii. Var. y, subsecunda ; foliis laxioribus inferioribus secundis.

Var. 8. uncinata ; foliis dissitis falcato-secundis. Hab. Falkland Islands ; both varieties, abundant. The var. /3. of this species is a Lord Auckland's group and Campbell Island plant.

6. Andee^a laxifoUa, Hook. fil. et Wils.; caulibus laxe csespitosis parce ramosis, foliis lanceolato- subulatis obtusiusculis concavis enerviis ramuliuis falcato-secundis caulinis erectis subsecundis laxe imbri- catis, perichsetialibus elongatis ovatodanccolatis convolutis, tbeca exserta ovato-oblonga. (Tab. CLI. fig.IV.)

Var. /3. minor ; theca subexserta.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; not rare, on moist rocks in the higher parts of the Island. Var. /3. on rocks near the sea.

Caulis vix uncialis. Folia ramulorum conferta, falcato-sccunda, luteo-viridia ; caulina dissita, majora, vix secunda, subamplexicaulia. Florescentia monoica : fios masculus primo terminalis, folia perigonialia rotundo-ovata, acutiuscula, concava. Antheridia. 6. Paraphyses mnnerosa1, duplo longiores. Theca siccitate turbinata, basi pallida.

Plate CLI. Fig. IV. — 1, a tuft of the natural size ; 2, 3, 4, and 5, leaves ; 6, theca : — magnified.

7. ANDEEiEA subulata, Harvey ; vid. Part 1 . p. 1 1 9. pi. lvii. f. i. Var. /3. riffida ; foliis minus falcatis crassioribus luridis.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; not uncommon. The Auckland and Campbell Island variety differs slightly from the above.

Subgen. Aceoschisma, Hook. fil. et Wils. [Theca cylindracea, e basi ad medium et ultra indehiscens, apiceiu versus tantum in valvulis 4 vel 8 fissa ; — an genus proprium ?)

8. Andeej;a (Acroschisma) Wilsoni, Hook, fil.; caule laxe csespitoso elongato ramoso, foliis ramulorum undique patentibus squarrosis spathulato-lanceolatis obtusiusculis caulinis erectis laxe imbricatis ovato- lanceolatis basi angustatis amplexicaidibus omnibus enervibus concavis marginibus inflexis, perichretialibus elongatis elliptico-oblongis convolutis, theca exserta cylindracea apicem versus fissa. (Tab. CLI. fig. III.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on maritime rocks near the spray of rivulets, rare.

Caides scsquiunciales, graciles, erecti, per intervallos breves innovantes, subdichotomi, steriles vage ramosi, rami patentes. Folia ramulorum lanceolata, basi subamplexicaulia, erecta, deinde patida, squarrosa, apice subin- curva, obtusiuscula, lateribus inflexis, luteo-viridia, caulina majora, erecta, infra medium repente angustata, flaves- centia, enervia, areolis majusculis elongatis. Florescentia monoica : antheridia circiter 11, paraphysibus numerosis longissimis. Theca elongata, maxima, interne integra, badia, apice in valvulis 4 vel 8 fissa.

Allied to Andreaa laxifolia, but differing in the remarkable capsule and also in the form of the leaves, which do not taper gradually from the base, but are widened near the middle.

Plate CLI. Fig. III. — 1, a plant of the natural size; 2, branches; 3, young theca, Sec; 4. leaf; 5, mature theca; 6, perichsetial leaf: — all magnified.

2. SPHAGNUM, L.

In addition to the former remarks on the structure of Sphagnum, we would observe, that the spirally lined cellules of the leaves do not constitute the proper parenchyma. The cellules, which contain the chlorophyll, are

4x

398 PLOKA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

those which are interposed between the larger utricles, and which form the network of the leaf. This is well ex- plained by the cauline leaves of Sphagnum fimbriatum (Wils. MSS.), a very curious British and Antarctic species, long confounded with S. acidifolium ; in them the spirally lined cells are altogether absent. Spirally lined cells com- municate with each other by pores, as we have ourselves witnessed the passage of animalcules (vibrio) from one cell into another.

1. Sphagnum cymhi folium, Dill.; caule elongato, ramis crassis, foliis imbricatis patentibus ovatis obtusis concavis superne denticulatis cellubs ramulorurn spiraliter lineatis. S. cymbifolium, Nees et Hovnsch. Bryol. Germ. vol. i. p. 6. 1. 1. f. 1 . S. obtusifolium, Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit, ed. 2. p. 1 3. t. 4 (ex parte).

Var. 2. condensatum, Hook. fil. et "Wils.; caule huniili, ramnlis brevissimis undicpie dense confertis. S. condensatum, Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. i. p. 18 (?).

Hab. Falkland Islands ; common in streams, bogs, and peat-ponds. Var. 2. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine, Copt. King.

In general aspect exceedingly like the more compact form of S. compactiim, Bridel, but preserving the true character of the species to which we refer it, in the shape of the leaves, and in the markings of the ramuline cellules. Our specimens are all fertile, the stems not two inches in length. An example occurs where two capsules are produced upon the same pseudopodium.

Mr. Valentine was the first to point out (in the ' Muscologia Nottinghamensis') the structure of the cells of the ramuli, which, from oft-repeated observation, we consider a valid specific character, distinguishing this species from all others. On the other hand, the characters derived from the length of the peduncle and the disposition of the branches appear to be fallacious.

2. Sphagnum jmbriatum, Wils. MSS. ; caule longiusculo gracili subramoso, foliis dimorphis, caulinis obovato-subrotundis obtusissimis fimbriatis, rameis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis concavis acutis, perichse- tialibus obovatis obtusis valde concavis, tbeca brevi-pedunculata.

Hab. Hcrmite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands.

Caidis plerumque gracilis. Rami 3-nati subinde 4-5-nati, longiusculi, apice attenuati. Folia caulina erecta, subrotunda, obtusissima, fimbriata ! , cellulis propriis (chlorophyllo farctis) reticulum formantibus, interstitiis (e defectu utriculoram linea spirali notatorum) vacuis, folia ramorum conferta, erecto-patentia, apice subrecurva concava, acuta, perichsetialia subcucullata, subretusa, obtusissima, concava, thecam imniaturam arete amplectentia. Theca matura globosa, pedicello breviusculo exserto.

From Sphagnum acutifolium, Elirh., this species may be readily known by its more slender habit, and is essen- tially distinguished by the peculiar cauline leaves, which consist of an open net-work of parenchymatous cells without any intermediate ones lined witli spiral filaments ; the perichsetial leaves are also very different in shape, and those nf the branches are more acute, their reticulation also is, especially at the summit, considerably smaller.

The specimens here described are not so slender as others gathered in Britain ; but possess all their essential characters ; the S. acii/ifolia of Montague (Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 2S2) is probably the same plant.

3. Sphagnum cuspidatum, Ehrh.; ramulis attenuates laxis, foliis lanceolato-subulatis laxis patulis sicci- tate undulatis marginibus reflexis perichretialibus acutis. S. cuspidatum, Nees et EornscA. Bryol. Germ. vol. i. p. 13. t. 4. f. 9. Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 15. t, iv.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands; common.

Neither this, nor any of the other southern Sphagna, arc so universal in the Antarctic bogs as they are in the European and Arctic.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 399

3. SCHTS-TTDIUM, Bridel.

Stoma nudum. Calyptra mitrseformis s. earnpanulato-conica, in laciniaa plures subaequales basi tissa, rarius integra. Theca aequalis, exapophysata.

1. Schistidium marginatum, Hook. fil. et "WHs.j caiile erecto, foliis erecto-patentibus lanceolatis sub- apiculatis marginatis solidi-nerviis subdenticulatis, theca immersa subrotunda, opcrculo conico-rostrato erecto. (Tab.CLI. fig. VI.) .

Hab. Kerguelen's Land; not uncommon on moist banks, alt. 500 feet, forming large patches on wet rocks, and on the debris of precipices.

Catties erecti, vix ramosi, 4 lin. longi, casspitosi, pallide rubri, succulenti. Folia imbricata, erecto-patentia, siccitate paulo tortilia, lanceolato-oblonga, subimdulata, inferiors spathulato-lingulata, nervo vahdo rufo subexcurrente instructa, rufo-viridia, areolis subquadratis, minutis ; perichstialia paulo longiora, angustiora, erecta. Seta theca brevior, erecta, fusco-lutea. Theca ovato-cyathiformis, badia, basi rohmdata, ore aperto. Annulv.s persistens, inconspicuus. Operculum conico-subulatum, capsula paulo longius. Calyptra campanulata, apice rufo-brunnea, basi pallida, membranacea, dernum lacera. Spor.s mmirnae, lutescentes. Species dioica ?

Very distinct from all other described species.

Plate CLI. Tuj. VI. — 1, a tuft of the natural size; 2 and 3, leaves ; \, theca; 5, calyptra : — magnified.

4. GYMNOSTOMUM, Iledw. Stoma nudum. Calyptra cuculliformis vel ventricoso-subulata, latere fissa. Theca eequalis, exannulata.

1. Gyhnostomum Heimii, Hedwig; foliis patentibus oblongo-lanceolatis subconcavis apice dentieulatis nervo subcontinuo, theca truncato-obovata et oblonga, operculo oblique rostellato columella? insidcnte. G. Heimii, Hedwig, Stirp. Crypt, vol. i. p. 84. t. 30. Eool: et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 22. t, vii. Pottia Heimii, BrucJt et Schimper, Bryol. Europaa.*

Var. ], foliis angustis apice vix serrulatis.

Var. 2, foliis subovato-acuminatis margine pellucidioribus, theca turbinata brevi.

Var. 3, foliis latioribus obovatis concavis.

Hab. Falkland Islands, var. 1 and var. 3 (imperfect) perhaps a distinct species, found near the sea, in sandy places. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; var. 1, on maritime rocks ; var. 2, on sandy banks.

Subgenus PiryscojiiTiiura, Bride/.

2. Gymnostomuji (Physcomitrium) laxum, Hook, fil et TTils.; cEespitosum, caule simpliciusculo, foliis erecto-patentibus laxe imbricatis elliptico-lanceolatis acutis concaviusculis integerrimis reticulatis siccitate vix crispatis, nervo sub apice evanido. (Tab. CLI. fig. V.)

* For the sake of brevity, we omit in this work the generic distinctions proposed by Bruch and Schimper in the ' Bryologia Europaea', without, however, intending to question their validity in a natural system. Pottia com- prises those terrestrial species of Gymnostomum, exclusive of Physcomitrium, which are of bi-trienmal duration and have monoicous inflorescence .

400 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

Hab. Kergnelen's Land, not uncommon on moist sandy banks (barren).

Closely allied to the British Physcomitrium pyriforme, of which it may be a variety.

Plate CLI. Fig. V. — 1, a tuft of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves ; 4, apex of ditto : — magnified.

5. LEPTOSTOMUM, Br.

1. Leptostomtjm Menziesii, Brown ; caule subsimplici, foliis oblongo-ovatis apice denticulatis nervosis piliferis, theca oblongo-clavata subrecurva horizontalitcr inclinata, operculo conico, rostro brevi obliquo. Gymnostomum Menziesii, Hook. Muse. JExot. t. 6.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; very common from the sea coast to the top of the hills, alt. 1700 ft., on trees, rocks and banks, forming large noble tufts. Strait of Magalhaens, D ' Urvitte.

6. SPLACHNUM, L.

1. Splachnum Magettanicum, Brid.j caule erecto subdiviso, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis serratis evanidinerviis, pedunculis aggregatis, thecpe oblongse ovatas apophysi obconica, operculo convexo. S. Magellanicum, Schwaegr. Suppl. I. pt. 4. p. 47. t. 14. Eremodon Magellanicus, Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. i. p. 236.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, on the horizontal limbs and dead stumps of old trees in the woods, growing in large tufts.

Calyptra conico-rnitreeformis, basi appendiculata, demum lacera, pallida, apice flavescens.

Our specimens, though not in the best state for the examination of the capsules, all possess apparently a peristome of eight teeth ; nevertheless we do not consider it necessary to remove this moss from Splachnum. Bridel's genus Eremodon is not adopted by Bruch and Schimpcr, and is indeed untenable. Our moss has characters which induce us to doubt whether it should be referred to Tayloria or to Splachnum of Bruch and Schimper. Its affinity with the European Tayloria serrata and Ritdolphiana is too striking to be overlooked ; but the pale apophysis, though not wider than the capsule, is evidently that of a true Splachnum ; while the peristome connects it with Dissodon, Br. and Sch.

7. GRIMMIA, EM,

Peristomium simplex. Denies sedecim, pyramidati, pertusi, rarius imperforati, reflexiles. Calyptra rnitrseformis. Theca a?qualis.

1. Geimmia tortuosa, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule pulvinato, foliis erecto-patentibus lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis piliferis siccitate tortuosis, theca immersa subsessili urceolata., operculo convexo apiculato. (Tab. CLI. fig. VII.)

Hab. Falkland Islands; dry cniartz rocks on Mount Vemet, alt. 1,000 feet, very scarce.

Caules 3-4-lineares, pulvinati, subramosi. Folia conferta, erecto-patentia, subfiexuosa, lineari-lanceolata, acuminata, pilifera, carinata, margine paulo incrassata, subplana, nervo valido, dorso prominente, excurrente, sicci- tate tortilia, subcrispata, opaca, atroviridia, areolis minutissimis, pmictatis, basi majoribus, reticulatis, pellucidis ; perichcetialia similia. Seta brevissima, vix ulla. Theca immersa, subrotunda, erecta, fusca, ore patulo. Annulus nullus. Peristoma dentes conniventes, siccitate erecti, subrerlexi, pyramidati, integri, rubri. Operculum planiusr culum, sub rostella turn. Sporce minima?, ferruginefe. Calyptra brevis, basi lacera, fusca, apice brunnea.

Fall-lands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 401

Apparently a distinct species, somewhat allied to G. apocarpa, as to the fruit ; but in the foliage, more nearly to G. trichopliylla.

Plate CLI. Fig. VII. — 1, a tuft of the natural size ; 2, 3, and 4, leaves ; 5, theca and calyptra ; 6, teeth : — magnified.

2. Grimmia falcata, Hook. fil. et Wils.; caulibus laxe csespitosis pendulis, foliis falcato-secimdis lanceolato-subulatis crassinerviis canaliculars integerrinhs, theca immersa subsessili turbinata, operculo rostellato. (Tab. CLI. fig. VIII.)

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; on rocks and stones near a small waterfall.

Caules laxe caespitosi, 1-3-unciales, penduli, flexuosi, ramosi, rami subincurvi. Folia imbricata, falcato-secunda, lanceolato-subulata, carnosa, integerrima, canalicidata, lateribus inflexis, nervo lato crasso excurrente, lurido-viridia, inferiora sfepe aqua destructa, nervo solo residuo, areolis minutis subquadratis. Pericheetialia ovato-lanceolata, acuminata, thecam superantia. Vagiuula conica. Theca subsessilis, subrotunda, ore patulo, brunnea. Amiulus nullus ? Peristoma denies magni, apice subperforati, iucurvi, dorso trabeculati, rubri, siccitate recurvi. Operculum heimspha?iicum, rostellatum, capsula brevius. Calyptra fusca, mitrasformis, brevis. Flos masculus in axillis ramu- lorum ad basin ramuli fructiferi. Antheridia plurima, eparaphysata.

Allied to Grimmia apocarpa, var. rivularis, but very distinct in its falcate leaves, and broad thick nerve. As in that species, the columella generally falls away with the operculum. The short fertile branches are often clustered two or three together.

Plate CLI. Fig. VIII. — 1 and 2, plants of the natural size ; 3, apex of branch ; 4, leaf; 5, perichsetial ditto ; 6, theca ; 7, operculum : — magnified.

3. Grimmia maritinia, Turner, Muse. Hid. p. 23. t. 3. f. 2. Hook, et Taj/L Muse. Brit. p. 66. t. xiii. Schistidiurn maritiinum, Bruchet SeMmper, Bryol. Europ. fasc. 25-28. p. 10.

Hab. Herniitc Island, Cape Horn ; on granite rocks near the sea at St. Joachim's Bay.

Ab exemplis Britannicis his notis differt : caulibus longioribus pluries ramosis ; foliis magis patulis, subre- curvis, perichajtialibus apice diaphanis, nervo angustiore ; capsula majore.

This moss aifects the same locahties in the Antarctic regions that it does in England.

4. Grimmia apocarpa, Linn.; Hediv.Musc. Frond, vol. i. p. 104. t. 39. Hoolc. et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 65. t. xiii. Scbistidium apocarpum, Bruch et Scliimper, I. c. p. 7.

Var. 1, foliis subpiliferis suberectis.

Var. 2, foliis obtusiusculis subpatentibus, perichsetialibus obtusis.

Var. 3, foliis caulinis angustioribus, perichsetialibus prsegrandis obtusis.

Var. 4, foliis lineari-lanceolatis longioribus.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; var. 1, slate rocks near the sea. Var. 2 and 3, Kerguelen's Land, on rocks, alt. 500 feet. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; on trap rocks near the sea.

The most striking feature of the three last named varieties is the large obtuse perichstial leaves. The habit and place of growth are similar to what this moss inhabits in Britain.

8. DEYPTODON, Brid.

This Bridelian genus appears to have been properly reduced to a section of Racomitrkm, m the 'Bryologia

Europa?a ' of Bruch and Sehimper.

4 Y

402 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

1. Dkyptodon rupestris, Hook. fil. et Wils.; caule gracili fastigiato-ramoso, foliis patentibus ovato- lanceolatis carinatis margine recurvo nervo subcontmuo, seta brevi, theca elliptico-oblonga erecta, operculo rostrato. (Tab. CLII.fig. I.)

Hab. Hennite Island, Cape Horn ; moist rocks on the northern slope of Mount Foster, alt. 600 feet.

Caules 1— 2-unciales, dense csespitosi, gracilescentes, fastigiato-ramosi. Folia dense imbricata, patentia, ovato- lanceolata vel ovato-acuminata, inferiora subsquarrosa, superiora recurva, acutiuscula, carinata, margine subrecurva, nervo rubello, siccitate appresso-incurva, plus minusve spiraliter contorta, lurido-viridia. Perichatialia latiora, elliptieo-oblouga, obtusa. Seta brevis, \\ lin. longa, recta, siccitate tortilis. Theca erecta, clliptico-oblonga, sub- pyritbi'uiis, parvula, subcoriacea, rufo-brunnea, ore contracto. Peristoma dentes subsimplices, rubri, conniventes, siccitate patentes. Operculum rostro acicidari, theca paulo brevius. Calyptra non visa.

A more robust species than D. crispuluss (nobis), with the leaves shorter, not piliferous, and the thecae larger.

Plate CLII. Fir/. I. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves ; 4 and 5, theca; ; 6, teeth of peristome : — magnified.

2. Dryptodon crispalas, Hook. fil. et \Tils.; vid. Part 1. p. 124. pi. lvii. f. ix. Var. 0. foliis siccitate patuhs rigidioribus.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land, in gravelly beds of rivulets.

Also a native of Campbell's Island, but not seen at Cape Horn or the Falkland Islands.

9. RACOMLTRIUM, Brid.

1. Racomitritjm protensum, Al. Braun; Brack et Schimper, Bryol. Europ. fasc. 25-28. tub. Drypt. 2. R. aquaticum, Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. i. p. 222. R. cataractaruni, Braun, Brid. 1. c. Svppl. p. 776.

Var. 1, subaquaticiun, foliis acutis subsecundis.

Var. 2, canle humili, thecis minoribus.

Var. 3, caule robustiore, foliis longioribus secundis.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; all the varieties. Falkland Islands ; var. 2 (barren) and var. 3. Kerguelen's Laud, also barren).

The last variety much resembles R. aciculare, Dill., but has acute leaves and the teeth of the peristome an longer and more slender. It is perhaps still more nearly albed to Trichostomum subsecimdum, Hook, and Grev., (Hook. Ic. PI. t. 17. f. 5), chieily differing in its more robust habit and shorter seta;.

2. HA-COMYnawMfascimdare, Dill., Bridel, Br. Univ. vol. i. p. 218. Brack el Sckin/p. Bryol. Europ. Trichostomum fasciculare, Sehwaegr. Suppl. I. pt. 1. p. 155. t. 38.

Var. 2, caule gracili, ramulis brevissimis, foliis subsecundis luteo-viridibus, calyptra pallida.

Var. 3, caule gracili subsinipliei, foliis acutiusculis siccitate subappressis, seta breviorc, calyptra pallida.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; all the varieties.

The last variety has some resemblance to It. heterostickum, var. y. gracilescens, (Bruch and Schimper), but differs in having the leaves more acute and the teeth of the peristome larger and more regularly formed.

3. Racomitbitjm keterostickum, Brid.; Bryol. Univ. vol. i. p. 211. Brack et Schimper, Bryol. Europ. fasc. 25-28. p. 9. t. 1. Trichostomum heterosticlnun, Ilcdir. Muse. Frond, vol. ii. t. 25.

Falkhauls, etc.] ' FLOEA ANTAKCTICA. 103

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on moist rocks on the bills, barren and stunted.

4. Racomitrium lanuginosum, Brid. ; Bn/ol. Univ. vol. i. p. 215. Flor. Antarct. pt. 1. p. 124. Bruch et Sc/iimper, Bryol. Europ. 1. e. p. 11. t. 6. Tricbostoninm lanuginosum, Hedw. Muse. Frond.

vol. iii. t. 2.

Hab. Falkland Islands; common on the bills, barren. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; also barren. Strait of Magatbaens; D'Urville.

This moss is very common throughout the Antarctic regions. The specimens from Hermite Island have the leaves more obscurely toothed than British examples, and the branches very short. It may be R. Boricmicum, Brid. (Br. Univ. vol. i. p. 218).

10. OIITHOTEICHUM, Hedw.

1. Orthotrichuji erassifolium , Hook. fil. et Wils.; see Part 1. p. 125. pl.lvii. f. viii. Var. y, foliis superioribus ovato-lanceolatis acutiusculis.

Var. 8, foliis subsecundis.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; vars. 1 and 3, very common on maritime rocks of granite and trap. Falkland Islands; var. 1, also on clay-slate. Kerguelen's Land; vars. 1 and 3 common.

Both these varieties differ from the Campbell's Island state of the moss.

2. Orthotrichum tuteolum, Hook. fil. et Wils.; caule erecto ramoso, foliis erecto-patentibus siccitate crispulis anguste lineari-lanceolatis basi dilatatis margine planis, theca exserta ovali-oblonga siccitate sulcata, calyptra pilosa. Orthotrichum coarctatum, Schwaegr. Suppl.I. 2. p. 26. t. 52 (excl. syn. Belvisian. ?). Hook, et Grev. ! in Brewst. fourn. vol. i. p. 125 (nee Orth. coarctatum, Br. et Schimp. Bri/ol. Europ.) (Tab. CLII. fig. II.)

Var. /3. calyptra glabra.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; var. a. and 0. on stems of shrubs, especially of Berberis iUcifolia, from the sea to alt. 1,000 feet, abundant, forming round soft tufts, rare on rocks. South part of Tierra del Fuego, C. Darwin, Esq., n. 440.

Caules laxe pulvinati, luteoli, subunciales, ramosi. Folia conferta, erecto-patentia, curvula, anguste lineari- lanceolati, basi dilatata, ovata, utrinque laxe et pellucide reticulata, margine plana, nervo rubello, areolis laxe punc- tatis, luteola, siccitate parum crispula. Vaginula subpilosa, ovata, minuta. Seta longitudine varia foba perichse- tialia plerumque aequans vel superans, siccitate striata, in collum capsulare sensim dilatata. Theca subpyriformis, parva, pabide luteo-fusca, 8-striata, sicca et vacua cyUndracea, vix sulcata, ore haud constricto. Peristoma extend dentes 8, bigeminati, siccitate renexi ; iuterni cilia. Calyptra campanulata, pilosa, straminea, in var. /3. glabra, brunnea. Florescentia monoica.

It will be seen bow closely the description corresponds with that of O. coarctatum, Br. and Schimp.; but on comparing authentic specimens, we find the leaves in the latter much wider and carinate, less dilated at the base, more crisped when dry, the vaginula twice as long, capsule larger, and the habit considerably different. Our moss, unlike that, has very little resemblance to O. crispum, and is remarkable for its pale yellowish colour : it varies in the length of the seta. An original specimen of O. coarctatum (from P. de Beauvois in Professor Arnott s

404 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Ihieffia, the

Herbarium), as also the description (in xEtheog. p. 80), prove it to be identical with 0. Ludwigii, Schwaegr., which therefore ought to have been named O. coarctatum.

Plate CLII. Fig. II. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves ; 4, seta, theca, &c; 5, calyptra ; 6, theca ; 7, teeth of peristome : — magnified.

S. Orthotrichum crispum, Hedw.; Muse. Frond, vol. ii. t. 35. Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 133. t. xxi. BrucA et ScAimper, Bryol. Europ. fasc. 2-3. p. 23. t. 12.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on rocks and branches of trees near the sea, always barren. This species often bears, at Hermite Island, jointed conferva-like gemm* among the young leaves, 4. Orthotrichum Magellanicum, Mont., in Yoy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 290. t. 20. f. 2.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; 31. Jaeqninot.

11. MACEOMITRIUM, Br id.

1. Macroiiitrium longipes, Schwaegr.; Suppl. II. 2. p. 131.? Orthotrichum longipes, Hook. Muse. Fxof. t. 24.

Var. ranris gracilioribus elongatis, foliis luridis erectis lineari-oblongis plicato-carinatis nervo excurrente.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, Mr. Davis; barren.

Perhaps a distinct species ; but though different in aspect, obvious characters are wanting to distinguish it from the Hookerian specimens.

12. WEISSIA, Hedw.

1. Weissia crispula, Ludw.; vid. Part 1. p. 127. t. Iviii. f. ii. Dicranum interruptum, Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. i. p. 438. Bryum pilosum interrnptum, Dill. Muse. p. 376. t. 47. f. 38.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; rocks on Kater's Peak, alt. 1,000-1700 feet, growing in tufts.

Apparently identical with the European plant, and also found in Campbell's Island.

2. Weissia contecta, Hook.fil. et Wils.; vid. Part. 1. p. 127. t. Ixiii. f. iii. Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; barren, on rocks.

Also a native of Campbell's Island.

3. Weissia acuta, Hedw.; Muse. Frond, vol. iii. t. 35. Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 87. t. 14.

Var. /3. theca subrotimda, seta breviore arcuata, peristomii dentibus latioribus cribroso-pertusis.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; at Port Louis, barren. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; var. /3. on wet rocks in and near water-courses, in St. Martin's Cove ; wet sandy banks on Mount Foster.

We have no specimen of Weissia acuta /3., AVahlenb. (Fl. Lapp.), which seems to differ, according to the description very little from our moss. The capsule of ours is turbinate when dry, with a very wide mouth. The seta is sometimes equally short in British specimens.

4. Weissia stricta, Hook. fil. et Wils.; caule rarnoso, foliis subfalcatis lanceolato-setaceis rigidis cana- liculars integerrimis crassinerviis nervo longe excurrente, theca subrotunda, operculo rostrato. (Tab. CLII. fig. IV.)

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 405

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; on rocks near the sea, not uncommon.

Caules imciales, laxe casspitosi, ramosi, Folia suberecta, conferta, rigida, siccitate vix crispata, nervo lato crasao longe excurrente instructa, luteo-viridia ; perickaetialia longiora, basi latiora, erecta, convoluta. Seta 3-linearis, erecta vix tortilis, pallide rufa. Iheca suberecta, subrotunda, ore contracta, rufo-brunnea, demum atro- rubens,vernicosa. Peristomii dentes 16, parvuli, conniventes, pyramidati, obtusiusculi, liuea media notati. Oper- culum conico-rostratum, capsular longitudine, rostro curvato acuto. Calyptra dimidiata, subventricosa, fusco-lutea. Floresceutia monoica.

We know of no described species with whicli this can be confounded. It is somewhat allied to the European W. acuta, but the capsules are larger, of a firm texture, retaining their shape when dry. In Dr. Lyall's specimens the leaves are more falcate and the seta shorter.

Plate CLII. Fig. TV. — 1, tufts of the natural size; 2, leaf; 3, youug seta ; 4, capsule; 5, the same before the fall of the calyptra : — all magnified.

5. Weissia tortifoUa, Hook. fil. et Wils.; caule ramoso, foliis patentibus flexuosis siccitate crispatis lineari-subulatis canahculatis integerrimis nervo excurrente, perichsetialibus brevioribus convolutis, seta brevi, tbeca subrotunda, opereulo rostrato. (Tab. CLII. fig. V.)

Hab. Kerguelen's Land, common on gravelly banks, from the sea to 1,000 feet.

Caules subunciales, dense casspitosi, ramosi. Folia patentia, varie flexuosa, siccitate crispata vel tortuosa, nervo gracdi excurrente instructa, lutescenti-viridia, inferiora fuscescentia ; perichastialia breviora, ovata, acuminata, con- voluta. Seta vix 2-hnearis, crassiuscula, fusco-brunnea. Theca erecta, subrotunda, rufo-brunnea, verrucosa, demum indurata. Peristoma dentes 16, pyramidati, conniventes. Operculum conico-rostratum, eapsulae longitudine, rostro obliquo. Calyptra cucullata, capsulam sequans illamquc obtegens, brunnea. Floresceutia monoica.

Very closely allied to Weissia striata (nobis), but differing in the crisped widely spreading leaves, which are only half as long as in that species.

Plate CLII. Fig. V. — 1, tuft of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves ; 4 and 5, capsules : — all magnified '.

13. DICKANUM, Heaw.

1. Dicraxuji aciphyllum, Hook. fil. .et Wils.; caule ramoso, fobis erecto-patentibus strictis rigidis lineari-lanceolatis integerrimis canabculatis, nervo latissimo continuo, theca subcylindr acea erecta, peristomii dentibus angustis subintegris, operculo longirostro. (Tab. CLII. fig. III.)

Var. 2. foliis secundis.

Var. 3. caule gracibore, foliis brevioribus siccitate subflexuosis, nervo tenuiore.

Hab. Staten-Land, A. Menzies, Esq., (1787). Hermit e Island, Cape Horn, on rocks and on branches of trees on the hills, alt. 700 feet. Falkland Islands, on rocky ground among the lulls, rare in fruit. Patch Cove, Cape Tres Montes, C. Darwin, Esq. Vars. 2 and 3, Hermite Island ; var. 3 forming small tufts from the sea-side to the tops of the hills, alt. 1,740 feet.

Caules biunciales, parce ramosi, caespitosi, siccitate parum fragiles. Folia erecto-patentia, vix secunda, sic- citate erecta, lateribus inflexis, canalieulata, integerrima, luteo-viridia, nervo latissimo ultra laminam in acumen longum rigidum subulatum producto ; perichsetialia ovato-lanceolata, vaginantia, caulinis breviora. Seta uncialis, tortilis, fusco-lutea, supernc pallida. Theca subeylindracea, erecta, snbssqualis, basi attenuata, fusca, demiun siccitate substriata. Peristomii dentes 16, breves, angusti, trabeculati, perforati, vix apice fissi, siccitate erecti, rubri. Spora minuta?, virides. Operculum conico-rostratum, thecee longitudine, rostro obliquo. Calyptra luteola.

iz

406 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Fvct/ia, the

Nearly allied to D. longueturn, Hook. (Muse. Exot. 1. 139), but differs in the more robust habit, leaves longer, wider, more rigid, less setaceous above, without serratures, the nerve broader and thicker, capside longer, peristome smaller, the teeth not divided to the base as in that moss.

Plate CLII. Fig. III. — 1, tuft of the natural size; 2, leaf; 3, perichaetial ditto; 4,theca; 5, calyptra; 6, theca and peristome ; 7, teeth : — all magnified.

2 Dicranum? imponens, Mont.; in Toy. cm Pole Slid, Bot. Crypt, p. 298.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, MM. Hombron et Jacquinot. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; on the bills (barren).

Not having seen original specimens, it is necessary to mention that in the plant we refer to this species, the leaves ai-e subsecund and entire; while in other respects they agree with the description quoted. D.penicillatum, Hornsch., to which Dr. Montagne compares his moss, belongs to the genus Campylopus, Brid.

3. Dicranum rolustum, Hook.fil.et TYils.; caule elongato subramoso, foliis falcato-secundis longissimis lineari-laneeolatis setaceo-attenuatis convolutis spinuloso-serrulatis, nervo latiusculo excurrente, perichretialibus intimis obtusis enerviis, theca cylindracea inclinata curvnla strumulosa, operculo longirostro. D. scoparium, /3. refiectens, Mont, in Toy. au Pole Sud, Pot. Crypt, p. 297 ? (Tab. CLII. fig. VIII.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; in woods, on the trunks and roots of trees, and in the open country, growing in large tufts, very abundant. Kerguelen's Land, Br. Byall.

Caules 4-vmciales et ultra, robusti, parce ramosi, subinde incurvi, siccitate parum fragiles. Folia conferta, 6-7 lineas longa, apice setacea, inferne convoluta, superne carinata; margine dorsoque spimdoso-serrulata, viridia, iivferiora squalida, perieheetialia exteriora squarrosa, basi rotuudato-ovata, acuminata, interiora erecta, convoluta, 3-linearia, elliptico-oblonga, obtusa cum mucrone lineari longiusculo, enema. Yaginula linearis, elongata. Seta 7-8 lin. longa, crassiuscula, siccitate vix tortilis, rubella. Theca cylindracea, inclinata, curvvda, rufo-brunnea, stru- mulosa. Peristoma dentes bifidi, rubri. Operculum theca paido longius. Calyptra stramiuea, apice fusca.

A larger and more robust moss than D.pungens, nobis, which it much resembles, differing in its longer leaves, which are more decidedly serrated, less convolute, nerve broader and excurrent, the perichastial ones much shorter, and wholly different in shape, capsule longer and strumose, peristome larger. In general aspect it is not unlike the British B. majus, Turn., but is distinguished by the very long and attenuated leaves.

Plate CLII. Fig. Till. — 1, moss, natural size; 2 and 3, leaves; 1 and 5, thecae : — all magnified.

4. Dicranum jnmgens, Hook. fil. et Wils.; vid. Pt. 1. p. 129. t. 59. f. 1. Var. 2. foliis vix secundis.

Var. 3. foliis minoribus, vix secundis.

Var. 4. lucidum ; foliis aureo-nitentibus falcato-secundis.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn. Vars. 1 and 4 (barren) on rocks, trunks of trees, and the ground, very abundant. Kerguelen's Land; Vars. 2 and 4, Cumberland Bay, R. M'Cormich, Esq.

The var. 4 is a very elegant moss, differing in aspect from the other varieties, but we are unable to detect suffi- cient characters to establish it as a species.

5. Dicranum Boryanvm, Schwaegr., Sitppl. II. vol.i. p. 71. t.121. Cecalyphum dichotornum, P.Beauv. Prodr. p. 41. Oncophorus dichotomus, Brid. Br. Univ. vol. i. p. 401.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land, common on the hills in large dense tufts, barren.

Falkluads, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 407

Our specimens agree precisely with an original one from P. de Beauvois himself. The leaves are more falcate and wider at the base than those of B. Billardieri, to which this moss is very closely allied.

6. Dicranum Billardieri, Schwaegr., Suppl. II. vol. i. p. 170. t. 121. FLAntarct. p. 119. Var. caulibus apice ramosis, ramis brevibus confertis flagelliformibus.

Hab. Falkland Islands, amongst stones on Mount Vernet, not common, and always barren. This peculiar condition of the moss is probably the residt of its exposure to a dry atmosphere. Similar appear- ances occur in such British species as Campylopus Jlexuosus.

7. Dicranum Starkii, Web. et Mohr, Bot. Tasch. p. 189, 4,71. Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit, t.xvii. p. 97. Var. 2. foliis vix secundis.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, both varieties, the first in clefts of rocks, common, but rare in fruit. Thecse smaller and more erect than in European specimens. Intermediate between the usual form and D. SpJiayni, Wahl.

S. Dicranxtm temifolium, Hook. fil. et Wils.; caule ramoso, foliis circinatim falcatis basi lanceolatis longissime capillaceis integerrimis nervo lato percursis, theca turbinata, operculo longirostro. (Tab. CLII. fig. VII.)

Hab. Hermite Island; moist shelving rocks on Mount Foster, above Deep-water Bay, scarce.

Caules unciales, parce ramosi, caespitosi, curvub, luridi. Folia longissima, angustissima, conferta, eleganter circinato-falcata, lurido-viridia, inferiora atrata ; perichaetialia basi latiora, vaginantia. Seta 3-4 hneas metiens, cras- siuscida, pallide lutescens. Theca parva, suberecta, turbinata, ore, patulo, senior fusca. Perisiomi dentes rubri. Operculum oblique longirostrum. Cahjptra dimidiata, scariosa, fusco-lutea.

Our specimens are not in a very good state, being too far advanced. Allied to the European B.falcatum, from which it differs in having narrower and longer leaves, and a very small nearly erect capsule destitute of a struma.

Plate CLII. Fly. VII. — 1, moss, natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves ; 4-6, thecae ; 7, peristome : — all magnified.

9. Dicranum vaginatum, Hook., Muse. Exot. t. 141.

Hab. Hermite Island, on moist banks of sea-sand in St. Joachim's Bay, rare.

Our moss differs from original specimens gathered by Humboldt on the Andes of New Grenada, in the following particulars : teeth of the peristome broader ; capsule erect, short and turbinate ; seta shorter and thicker ; leaves entire, acute.

14. CAMPYLOPUS, Bridel.

1. Campylopus introjlexus, Bridel; Br. Univ. vol. i. p. 472. Fl. Antarct. pt. 1. p. 130. Dicranum introflexum, Hedio. Sp. Muse. p. 147. t. 29.

Hab. Falkland Islands, common on the ground, especially in peaty situations. Also a native of Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island.

2. Campylopus Jlexuosus, Bridel; Br. Univ. vol. i. p. 469. FLAntarct. 1. c. Var. foliis piliferis. Dicranum clavatum, Sehwaeyr. SujjjiI. t. 255 ?

408 FLOKA ANTARCTICA. \_Fuegia, the

Hab. Amsterdam Island, South Indian Ocean, Lieut. Smith, R.N. Found also in Campbell's Island.

15. DIDYMODON, Hedw.

1. Didymodon cajnllaceus, Web. et Mohr, Bot. Tascli. p. 155. Hook, et Tai/l. Muse. Brit. p. 119. t. 20. Swartzia capillacea, Hedw. Muse. Frond, vol. ii. p. 26.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on sandy banks near the sea, St. Joachim's Bay.

2. Didymodon longifolius. Trichostomum longifolium, Brid. Br. Univ. vol. i. p. 496. Trichostomum pallidum, 0. strictum, Schvaegr. Supjil. II. vol. i. p. 77. 1. 123 ?

Var. 2. tenuifolius ; foliis basi magis dilatatis membranaceis, nervo duplo latiore.

Var. 3. penicillatus ; caule fastigiato-ramoso, foliis longioribus erectis subquadrifariam imbricatis, nervo crassiore.

Var. 4. curvifolius ; foliis subfalcatis secundis, e basi latiore sensim angustatis.

Hab. Staten Land, A.Menzies, Esq. (1787). Hermite Island, Cape Horn, vars. 1 and 4, abundant. South part of Fuegia, C. Darwin, Esq. Falkland Islands, var. 2, on the ground, rare in fruit ; var. 3, on stones in streams, (barren).

From Trichostomum pallidum our moss differs essentially in the inflorescence, in the dilated base of the leaf, stronger nerve, cylindrical capsule, and also in the structure of the peristome. The var. 2 has at times an elliptical theca.

3. Didymodon ? glacialis, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule ramoso fastigiato-crespitoso, foliis erecto-patentibus apice incurvis fragibbus ovato-lanceolatis lineari-acuminatis sobdinerviis. (Tab. CLII. fig. VI.)

Hab. Cockburn Island, lat. 64° S. 57° W. (barren).

Caules 4 lin. longi, ramis erectis. Folia e basi concaviuscula, repente in acumen lineare producta, vel nervo crasso longe excurrente, margine baud reflexa, areolis minimis, subrotundis, inferioribus majoribus pellucichs, e fusco lurido-viridia.

One of the only three mosses which have hitherto been detected hi a higher latitude than that of Cape Horn.

Plate CLII. Fig. VI. — 1, tuft of the natural size; 2, branch; 3, 4 and 5, leaves: — all ■magnified.

16. CEKATODON, Brid.

1. Ceratodon ju^-WM-m, Brid., Br. Univ. vol. i. p. 480. Fl.Antarct. pt.l. p. 131. Didymodon, Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Bot. p. 113. t. 20.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, 31. Jacquinot (in D'Urville's Voyage). Falkland Islands, common on clay soil and on the sand-hills about Port Louis. Not seen on Hermite Island. A very abundant Antarctic plant in many situations.

17. TOETULA, Hedw.

We retain this name, instead of Barbula, for the following reasons : Sckreber is the first authority for the union of the two Hedwigian genera Tortula and Barbula in the year 1791 (Gen. Plant.)- He adopted the name Tortula which stands first in Hedwig's arrangement for both. This fact is overlooked by Bruch and Schimper, who in their history

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 409

of this genus (Biyol. Europ.), rely chiefly on the authority of Bridel in support of Barhda. But Bridel's authority is in favour- of Tortula, for lie adopted it in his earlier work. It was discontinued by him in 1819 (Mantissa) under the erroneous impression that the name had been legitimately given to a phenogamous genus ; whereas Barhda had been applied nine years before by Loureiro to designate a Chinese shrub. Hence Schrader, Sibthorpe, Swartz, Both, and all British writers on Mosses, retained Tortula, a name which would be at present unoccupied if not employed in conformity with the views of Hedwig and Schreber.

1. ToitTTjLA densifolia, Hook. fil. et Wils.; caule humili subdiviso, foliis patentibus confertis lanceolato- acuininatis acutis marginatis apice serratis sohdinerviis, theca oblonga,peristomii dentibus contortis, membrana basilari breviuscula, operculo subulato. (Tab. CLIII. fig. I.)

Hab. Falkland Islands, on clayey rocks near the sea at Port Louis, scarce.

Dioica? Caules 4-6 lin. longi, laxe caespitosi, subdivisi. Folia dense conferta, basi erecta, dein patentia stricta, lanceolato-subulata, acuta, subcarinata, rigidiuscula, margine cartilaginea vix incrassata, apice dentato-serrata, nervo valido rubello, lutescenti-viridia, areolis opacis minimis, basi majoribus subdiaphanis ; perichsetialia minora erecta. Seta 6-8 lin. longa, tortilis, fusca. Theca oblouga, erecta, fusca. Peristoma dentes basi membrana latius- cula conjuncti, rubelli. Operculum subulatum, capsula? longitudine. Calyptra dimidiata, fusca.

The only described species with which this can be compared is Barhda marginata, Bruch and Schimp. (Bryol. Europ.) ; but that is a smaller moss, having leaves not at all acuminated, and an excurrent nerve.

Plate CLIII. Tig. I. — 1, tuft of the natural size ; 2, leaf; 3, apex of ditto ; 4, thecse : — magnified.

2. Tortula robusta, Hook, et Grev.; caule elongato subramoso, foliis patulo-recurvis lanceolatis sub- carinatis acutis apice serratis solidinerviis, tlieca cylinclracea curvida, peristoma dentibus coutortis tubo ad tertiam partem producto, operculo subulato. T. robusta, Hook, et Grev. in Brewst. Ed. Journ. vol. i. p. 299. 1. 12. (Tab. CLIII. fig. II.)

Var. /3. foliis laxioribus viridibus.

Hab. Hermite Island, on sandy ground amongst grass at the head of St. Joachim's Bay, forming large patches. Var. /3. Falkland Islands, common in moist sandy places (barren).

Dioica, ceespitosa. Caules sesquiunciales, robusti, ramosiusculi. Folia lanceolata, vix acuminata, patentia, recurva, subcarinata, acuta, apice serrata, margine recurva, flavescentia, nervo tenui saturatius colorato percursa, siccitate erecta, incurva, subtortilia, areolis subrotundis, basi majoribus diaphanis, perichsetialia similia erecta. Seta uncialis, sinis- trorsum tortilis, rubella. Theca cylindracea, suberecta, curvula, rufo-fusca, ore rubello. AnnuVus persistens, albidus. Peristoma tubus basilaris dentium tertiam longitudinis partem sequans, albidus, dentes contorti, pidehre rubelli. Operculum subidatum capsula dimidio longius, flavescens. Calyptra dimidiata, castanea.

From all the European Syntricldce this species is distinguished by the serrated leaves. In size and general aspect it is not unlike Barhda Mulleri, Br. and Schimp.

After careful examination of the original specimens of Tortula robusta and T. serrulata, we have reason to believe that one, if not both, of these mosses is the same species as our Antarctic plants, differing only in the narrow leaves ; but they are in too imperfect a state to determine very satisfactorily. The figure of T. robusta represents the leaves much too widely spreading, and they are also serrulate at the apex, just as in T. serrulata.

Plate CLIII. Fig. I. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, leaf; 3, theca; 4, apex of theca and peristome : — all magnified.

3. Tortula Mulleri. Barbula Mulleri, Bruch el Schimp. Bryol. Euro}), fasc. 13-15. p. 44. t. 28. Hab. Falkland Islands, on sand-hills near the Lagoon at Uranie Bay.

5 c

410 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

In our specimens the inflorescence is variable, even on the same stem ; in some the antheridia and paraphyses are abundant, in others entirely wanting.

4. Tortula lavipila, (Barbara), Brack et Sckimp. I. c. p. 40. t. 25.

Var. 1 . foliis erecto-patentibus dorso margineque papulosis, florescentia inonoica (interdurn herma- phrodita).

Var. 2. foliis ovalibus suberectis dorso lsevibus.

Var. 3. caule gracili ramoso, foliis brevioribus suberectis elliptico-oblongis apice pilo brevi instructis margine subincurvis.

Var. 4. foliis obtusis areolis majusculis subrotundis.

Hab. Falkland Islands, vars. 1 and 2, on sandy soil near the sea; vars. 3 and 4, Cockburn Island, lat. 64° S., long. 57° W., both barren.

5. Tortula gracilis. Barbula gracilis, Bruch et Sc/iimp. 1. c. p. 22. t. 8. (Tab. CLIII. fig. III.) Hab. Cockburn Island, (barren).

Our specimens differ from authentic examples in having the leaves more crowded, more pellucid at the base and less acuminated ; the nerve also is wider.

Plate CLIII. Fig. III. — 1, tuft of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves ; 4, areola? : — magnified.

6. Tortula hyperborea, Mont, in Toy. an Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 302. t. 20. f. 4. Syntrichia hyper- borea, Bricl. Bryol. Univ. vol. i. p. 583. S. mucronifolia, Br. in Parry's 1st Toy. App. p. 198. excl. synonym.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; M. Jacquinot.

18. POLYTRICHUM, Linn.

1. Polytrichum compressum, Hook. fil. et Wils.j caule subsiruplici, foliis suberectis subulatis concavis subserratis, theca incliriata ovata cornpressa microstoma, operculo conico-rostrato, calyptra apice subpilosa. (Tab. CLIII. fig. IV.)

Hab. Hermite Island, in various situations, chiefly on wet rocks, from the sea to the tops of the hills, rare in fruit.

Dioicum. C'aules plus minus dense ceespitosi, vix ramosi, nunc luridi, nunc rufo-femiginei, subinde luteo- virides. Folia erecto-patentia, imbricata, lanceolato-subulata ; in caule maseulo ovato-lanceolata, breviora ; apice incurva, obtusiuscula, concava, mollia, subcarnosa, obscure serrata, nervo angusto hand lamellato instructa, areolis mimitis subrotundis, opacis ; pericliEetialia longiora, erecta. Seta uncialis, crassa. Theca iuchnata, subinde hori- zontals, ovata, obhqua, cornpressa, microstoma, lurido-fusca. Columella cornpressa. Peristoma dentes circiter 32, irregulares, albidi. Spores minutae, ferrugineas. Operculum conico-rostratum, capsida duplo brevius. Calyptra apice subpilosa, latere fissa, parvula, fusca.

Allied to the Icelandic P. Icevigatum, Hook., but abundantly distinct in its compressed theca and narrower leaves.

Plate CLIII. Fig. IV. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2 and 3, leaves; 4 and 5, thecse; 6, calyptra : — all

magnified.

2. Polytrichum juniperinuw, Hedw., Sp. Muse. p. 89. t. 28. HooL et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 45. t.10. Var. foliis confertis suberectis strictis.

FalMands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 411

Hab. Falkland Islands, on the moors, (barren). Hermite Island, Cape Horn, (barren). Evidently the British species, and a very widely dispersed one.

3. Polytrichum alpestre, Hoppe; Bridel, Br. Univ. vol.ii. p. 140. P. juniperinum, var. Hook, et Tayl. I. c. p. 45.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine, Cap/. Kin//. This, which is also a British species, has been collected by Capl. King only.

4. Polytrichum pilifermn, Sckreb.; Sclneaegr. Supjrf.I. vol. ii. p. 313. t. 153. Hook.et Tayl. I.e. p. 44. t. 10.

Hab. Falkland Islands, not uncommon on the moors, rare in fruit. Affecting the same locality and habit in the Falklaiids that it does in England.

5. Polytrichum dendroides, Scbwaegr. Suppl. II. vol. ii. p. 2. 1. 151.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, B ' Urville. Hermite Island, in the woods, on steep banks by rivulets, not uncommon, but rare in fruit.

In fertile specimens the branches are arranged at intervals around a common axis, the lower ones usually sub- divided. The peristome has some analogy to that of Lyellia, the teeth being very small and the connecting base remarkably thick and prominent. The calyptra is quite glabrous. Columella apparently winged. In habit this moss belongs to Pogonatum of Bruch and Schimper, but its other characters do not correspond.

6. Polytrichum squamosum, Hook. fil. et Wils.; caule elongato squamoso fastigiato-ramoso, ramis patentibus brevibus densis curvatis, foliis dense imbricatis erecto-patentibus lanceolato-subulatis strictis serratis. (Tab. CLIII. fig. VIII.)

Hab. Hermite Island, on the hills at an altitude of 1,000-1,500 feet, scarce and scattered, always barren.

Caulis subspithameus, ascendens, flrmus, subflexuosus, atro-purpureus, maxima ex parte hunio sepultus, triqueter, superne squamis appressis luteo-fuscis scariosis nitidis in folia caulina gradatim abeuntibus vestitus, apice dendroideo- ramosus ; rami vix semiunciales, subsimplices, patentes, fastigiati. Folia dense conferta, suberecta, ad apices ramorum subsecunda, siccitate appressa, e basi membranacca pellucida semiamplexicauli lanceolato-subulata, vix trilinearia, superne lamellata, dorso carinaque scabra.

Although this moss is very different in aspect from P. dendroides, the characters seem scarcely sufficient to distinguish it. The short straight leaves are only half as long as in that species.

Plate CLIII. Fig. VIII. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves : — magnified.

7. Polytrichum Magellanieum, Hedw., Sp. Muse. p. 101. t. 20. Fl. Antarct. pt. 1. p. 132. t. lix.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens; It Urville, Hombron. Hermite Island, on fallen trunks of old trees, &c., in the woods ; also on alpine rocks, in clefts. Falkland Islands, not uncommon on the ground and in clefts of quartz rocks on the hills, (always barren) .

19. CONOSTOMUM, Sw.

1. Cokostomum australe, Swartz, Schoaegr. Suppl. II. vol. i. p. 108. 1. 130. Fl. Antarct. pt. 1. p. 182,

Hab. Hermite Island, on open rocky ground on the hills, occupying the same situations as C. boreale in Europe. Falkland Islands, in similar localities, bearing fruit in November.

Entirely the representative of the British and Arctic C. boreale. Also found in Lord Auckland's group.

412 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

20. BARTRAMIA, Eedw.

1. Bartramia patens, Schwaegr., Suppl. I. vol. i. p. 55. t. 62. Fl. Antarct. pt. 1. p. 133.

Var. 8. intermedia ; caule minore.

Hab. Hermite Island, common in the woods, from the sea to the tops of the hills, in crevices of rocks, growing in dense soft tufts. Falkland Islands, common on wet clay-slate rocks near the sea, not found on the hills, abundant in fruit. Var. 8. on clayey ground and rocks near the sea.

The variety 8. difl'ers only in its smaller size and in the general aspect, which resembles that of the British B. ithypliylla.

2. Bartramia pendula, Hook.; Muse. Exot. t. 21. Fl. Antarct. pt. 1. p. 133.

Var. 1 . foliis e basi erecta patulo-squarrosis, margine evidentius recurvis parcius denticulatis.

Var. 2. caule longiore robustiore vix tomentoso, foliis latioribus subsecundis.

Hab. Hermite Island, in rocky places near the tops of the hills, scarce, abundant in fruit near the spray of a waterfall on the south side of St. Martin's Cove, forming large patches. Var. 2, always barren.

In some respects our moss resembles B. tomentosa, Hook. (Muse. Exot. t. 19), which we scarcely consider to be a distinct species, but the capsule is oblong and pendulous.

The var. 2 may be distinct. It resembles Hypnimi elongatum, nobis. We have seen only the male inflores- cence, which is truly that of Bartramia.

3. Bartramia pomiformis, Hedw.; var. crispa. B. crispa, Swartz. Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 307.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens; Admiral I/Urville et M. Jacquinot.

21. BRACHYMENIUM, Hook.

1. Brachymenium ? ovatum, Hook. fil. et Wils.j caule humdi, foliis laxe imbricatis erecto-patentibus quinquefariis ovato-oblongis nervo valido apiculatis. (Tab. CLIII. fig. IV.)

Hab. Falkland Islands, amongst dry quartz rocks on the hills, (barren).

Caules csespitosi, inferne dense radiculosi, spongiosi, 1-2-unciales, parce ramosi. Folia erecto-patentia, 5-faria, ovato-oblonga, planiuscula, integerrima, luteo-viridia, siccitate subincurva, nervo valido excurrente apiculata, areolis minimis, rotundis. In axillis foliorum fasciculi corporum fuscorum eonfervpe instar evadunt.

This moss resembles TetrapMs pellucida, but difl'ers in the excurrent nerve and in the disposition and texture of the leaves.

Plate CLIII. Fig. IV. — 1, tuft of the natural size; 2 and 3, leaves : — magnified.

22. ORTHODONTIUM, Schwaegr,

1. Orthodontium australe, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule ramoso fastigiato humili, foliis erecto-patentibus subrecurvis anguste linearibus subflexuosis, nervo subcontinuo, theca suberecta oblonga brevicolla, opercido brevirostro. (Tab. CLIII. fig. V.)

Hab. Falkland Islands, alt. 900 feet, upon the fibrous roots of the Tussac grass; observed in one spot only. Hermite Island, in clefts of rocks on the hills and on wet banks, not uncommon.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 413

Caules caespitosi, 2-3 liu. longi, ramis brevibus apice coma incrassatis. Folia deusa, e basi lineari longissime attenuate, subflexuosa, carinata, iutegerrima, virklia, nervo conspicuo sub apicem evanido, cellulis elongatis : peri- ehsetialia longiora, similia, antheridiis in axillis eoram positis, paraphysibus paulo longioribus immixtis. Seta 4-5 lin. longa, gracilis, rubra, siccitate tortilis. Vaginula angusta, oblonga. Tlieca lanceolato-oblonga, inclinata, sub- inde erecta, ore angustato, demuin rafescens, siccitate substriata. Sporangium internum paido brevius. Annulus obscurus, opercido adhserens. Operculum basi conicurn, rostello brevi obliquo, interdum conicum, acuminatum, rectum. Peristomium breve ; dentes externi hyalini, transverse trabeculati, siccitate inflexi ; interni processus 16 lon°-iores, carinati, linea media notati, mernbrana basilari connexi, siccitate erecti, subincurvi. Sporce minimae, luteae. Cahjptra latere fissa, pallida, apice brunnea.

This differs from Orthodontium lineare, Schwaegr. (Suppl. 1. 188), in the oblong suberect capsule, and in the absence of terminal male flowers, thus deviating from the generic character proposed by Sehwaegrichen. In the inflorescence it agrees with the British Orthodontium gracile, Bruch and Schimper, but differs in the form of the capsule and the stronger nerve of the leaf.

Plate CLIII. Fig.Y. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, leaf; 3 and 4, thecse; 5, peristome : — a)l magnified.

23. BRYUM, Bill.

1. Brytjm nutans, Schreb.; Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 203. t. 29. Fl. Antarct. pt. 1. p. 134.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; from the sea to the hill-tops, varying in size and habit. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; in clefts of rocks in the woods, and on hard soil by streams. A common Antarctic moss ; also a native of Lord Auckland's group.

2. Bryvm lacustre, Brid.; Bruch et Schimp. Bryol. Eurqp. Monogr. p. 16. t. 2.

Hab. Hermite Island; on sandy banks close to the brushwood a little above high water mark, St. Joachim's Bay.

3. Beyum bimum, Schreb.; Bruch et Schimp. I. c. p. 50. t. 21. Hab. Kerguelen's Laud (barren).

4. Bryum Billardieri, Schwaegr.; Suj)j)l. I.vol.ii. p. 115. t. 76 {non Bruch et ScMmp. 1. c. p. 58. t. 26.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on clay-slate rocks at Port Louis, rare and barren.

The European specimens, described by Bruch and Schimper, belong to B. Canariense, Schwaegr. (Suppl. t.214 b); we do not however contend for that moss being a really distinct species.

5. Be,ytjm argenteum, Linn.; Rook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 199. t. 29. Bruch et Schimp. I.e. p. 78. t.41. Var. foliis arete imbricatis angustioribus acuminatis.

Hab. Falkland Islands; in sandy places near the sea, common. Cockburn Island, (barren).

This variety is connected with the ordinary states of the species by intermediate forms which Mathews gathered at Casapi (Peru). The Hookerian Herbarium contains a Brynm, collected by Humboldt in South America, with nmticous convolute leaves, allied to this, but probably a distinct species.

6. Brytjm caspititium, Linn.; Rook. et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p.201.t.29. Bruch et Schimp. I.e. p.70. t. 34. Var. 0. gracilescens, Bruch et Schimp.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, M. Jacquinot. Falkland Islands, with unripe fruit. Var. £. Falkland

Islands (barren).

5 B

414 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

7. Bryvm pallescem, Scliwaegr.; Suppl. I. vol. ii. p. 67. t. 74. Bruch et Schimp. I. e. p. 51. t. 22. Hab. Falkland Islands, on sand-hills at Uranie Bay. Hermite Island, Cape Horn.

8. Brytjm Antarcticum, Hook. fil. et Wils.; monoicum, caulibus ramosis caespitosis, foliis confertis imbricatis erecto-patentibus ovatis acuniinatis concavis reticulatis evanidinerviis margine planis. (Tab.CLITL fig. VI.)

Hab. Cockbum Island, lat. 64° S., long. 57° W., with young setae.

Caules 2 lin. longi, rubelli, inferne radiculosi. Folia late ovata, acumine brevi, apice diaphana, subdenticulata, rufescentia, nervo latiusculo rubello sub apice evanido, areolis subquadratis ; pericha?tialia majora, acuuiine longiore. Seta vix \% lin. longa, crassiuseula, rubra. Calyptra rubra. Flos masculus in ramulis brevibus per innovationes lateralis floribus fcemineis alternans ; antheridia cum paraphysibus longioribus subclavatis ; archegonia paraphysibus brevioribus filiforniibus immixta.

Nearly allied to the British B. Zierii, Dicks., but differing essentially in the inflorescence. The leaves are more crowded and have smaller areolae.

Plate CLIII. Fig. VI. — 1, tuft of the natural size; 2, stem and 3, leaf, both magnified.

9. Brytjm Wahlenbergii, Scliwaegr.; Bruch et ScAimper, 1. c. p. 44. 1. 17., FI. Ant. pt. 1. p. 134. Var. 1. caule rubro, foliis ovatis rubellis.

Var. 2. foliis ovato-lanceolatis laxis viridibus.

Var. 3. caule elongato 2-3-unciali ramoso, foliis rubescentibus ovato-lanceolatis secundis.

Var. 4. foliis ovatis secundis minoribus nigro-viridibus.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; var. 1, sand near the sea. Falkland Islands ; var. 3, slate rocks near tbe sea (barren) ; Kerguelen's Land ; var. 1, 2, and 4, all abundant.

The var. 1 is very similar to British specimens, differing in the colour of the leaves and in their being less acute. This moss also inhabits Lord Auckland's group.

10. Bryum vagans, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule vage ramoso, foliis patentibus secundis ovato-lanceolatis apiculatis submarginatis apice serratis, nervo subcontinuo. (Tab. CLIV. fig. 1.)

Hab. Hermite Island ; marshy places in the woods, especially on slopes, frequent, (barren.)

Caulis basi procumbens, fere repens, biuncialis, apice ascendens, saepe mcurvus, vage ramosus, rami erecti, apice curvati. Folia laxe imbricata, patentia, secunda, mollia, ovato-lanceolata, apiculata, concaviuscula, submarginata ; nempe areolis marginalibus angustioribus, confertis, casteris majuscubs, subrhomboideis, apice serralata, basi haud decurrentia, nervo tenui subcontinuo instructa, juniora palbde viridia, vetustiora luteo-viridia. Flos masculus dis- coideus, terminalis ; folia perigonialia late ovata, basi erecta, concava, superne patula, serndata ; antheridia numerosa, cybndracea, paraphysibus filiforniibus immixta.

Allied to B. Wahlenbergii, but larger, the leaves twice as long, less succulent, not decurrent at the base, mar- gined, apiculate, the nerve extending higher. During the winter months, owing to shifting of the watercourses, the banks on which this moss grows become inundated, and the varieties that ensue are very puzzling. The original plant is gradually covered by a carpet of young branches of a bright green colour, the whole forming a soft spongy and treacherous covering to the bogs.

Plate CLIV. Fig. I. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, leaf; 3, areolae of ditto, — magnified.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 415

11. Bryum lavigatum, Hook. fil. etWils; caiile ramoso, foliis erecto-patentibus imbricatis ovatis con- cavis integerriinis siccitate erectis, nervo subcontinuo, theca pendula ovato-oblonga, operculo conico obtuso. (Tab. CLIV. fig. III.).

Var. £. foliis angustioribus minus concavis.

Hab. Hermite Island ; wet rocks on Mount Foster, (barren) ; Falkland Islands ; common in bogs, (always barren.) Var. £. Kerguelen's Land (barren).

Dioicum ? Caules unciales-triunciales, steriles longiores, inferne radiculis tornentosis nigricantibus intertexti, ramosi. Folia inibricata, subpatentia, ovata vel elliptico-oblonga, subcallosa, concava, integerrima, nervo valido vix sub apice evanido instructa, lsete viridia, nitentia, iuferiora e fusco-purpuvascentia, siccitate subappressa. Seta 7-8 lin. ]onga, rufa, nitida, haud tortilis. Theca pendula, subpyrifomiis, oblonga, ore subpatulo, rufo, nitido. Peristoma externi dentes ferruginei, siccitate erecti; intend cilia perforata ciliolis singulis interjectis. Operculum breve, conicurn, obtusum.

Our description and figure are drawn up in part from specimens gathered in Van Diemen's Land, by Mr. Lawrence. A very distinct species, characterised by its concave shining subcoriaceous leaves, retaining their shape when dry, intermixed with dark purple radicles.

Plate CLIV. Fig. III. — 1 and 3, stems of two states, from Hermite Island ; 2, a third state, from Van Diemen's Land, of the natural size : 4 and 5, leaves ; 6, thecae ; — magnified.

12. Bryum truncorum, Bridel, Bryol. Univ. vol. 1. p. 699.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; with fruit rare, Dr. Lyall ; and a taller barren state in marshy places, not uncommon.

24. MNIUM, Bruch et SeMmper.

1. Mnium rostratum, Bruch et Scliimper ; Bnjol. Europ. Monogr. p. 27. t. 7. Bryum rostratum, Hook: et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 208. t. xxx.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine ; Capt. King, (barren).

25. FUNAEIA, Schreb.

1. Funaria hi/grometrica, Hedw. ; Fl. Antarct. pt. 1. p. 135., Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 171 . t. xx. Hab. Falkland Islands ; common at Port Louis, on burnt ground. Not hitherto found in Fuegia, but a native of Campbell's Island.

26. ANCECTANGIUM, Brid,

1. Ancectangium Humboldti, Brid. Hedwigia Humboldti, Hook. Muse. E.rot.tA2>l ; Fl. Antarct. pt. l.p. 135.

Var. 0. australe.

Hab. Hermite Island; on a moist sloping rock exposed to the north, on Mount Foster, alt. 1000 ft. ; in large barren patches resembling a discoloured mass of Sphagnum.

These specimens are intermediate between the typical form and that of Lord Auckland's and Campbell Island.

416 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

27. LEUCODON, Sckwaegr.

1. Leucodon Lagurus, Hook; Muse. Exot. 1. 126. M. Antarct. pt. 1. p. 136.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine ; 17 Urville et Jacquinot. Hermite Island ; on trees in the forest and on rocks from the sea to an altitude of 1200 feet in large tufts.

Larger than the specimen figured in the ' Musci Exotici '; the capsules inclined, substrumose, the teeth of the peristome united regularly in pairs by transverse bars, pale yellow, leaves nerved half-way.

28. LESKIA, Hedwig.

1. Leskia nitida, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule vage ramoso, ramis longiusculis subsimplicibus teretibus, foliis imbricatis suberectis ovato-oblongis acuminatis concavis integerrimis basi binerviis, seta lsevi, theca cylindracea suberecta curnila, operculo brevirostri. (Tab. CLIV. fig. VI).

Hab. StatenLand; A. Menzies, Esq. (1787). Hermite Island ; Cape Horn ; barren.

Catdes sesquiunciales, steriles longiores, molles, virides ; rami teretes, filiforraes, apice e foliis convolutis cuspidati. Folia dense imbricata, erecto-patentia, ovato-oblonga, acuminata, acumine vix tertiam partem folii sequante, con- cava, subconvoluta, mtegerrima, nervis basilaribus duobus instructa, lutescenti-viridia, sericeo-nitentia, temussime elongato-areolata ; perichaetialia longiora, subsquarrosa. Seta unciahs, tortilis, gracilis, rubra. Theca cylindracea, suberecta, curvula, interdum suhcemua, basi attenuata, brunnea. Operculum basi conicum, rostello obliquo, capsula dimidio brevius, badium. Annulus operculo adherens. Peristoma externi dentes lutei, linea media notati, acu- minati ; iuterni processus breviores, angusti, carinati, ciliolis nullis.

This moss has considerable resemblance to Hypnum stramineum, but differs in having the leaves almost piliferous, in the rostrate operculum and in the structure of the peristome. It is also allied to Hypnum crinitum, nobis, from Van Diemen's Land.

Plate CLIV. Fig. VI. — 1, fruiting, and 2, barren specimen, of the natural size : 3 and 4, leaves ; 5, theca? : — magnified.

29. HYPNUM, Bill.

a. Foliis distichis.

1 . Hypnum polifum, Hook, fil et Wils. ; caule ramoso compresso, foliis disticliis patentibus oblongis compresso-carinatis subpiliferis integerrimis enerviis, seta lsevi, theca suberecta oblonga. (Tab. CLIV. fig. II.)

Hab. Hermite Island; common in woods near the sea. Kerguelen's Land; in rocky places (barren).

Caules unciales et ultra, csespitosi, subramosi, complanati, distiche ramosi ; rami compressi. Folia arete im- bricata, patentia, disticha, elhptico-oblonga, scaphaefovinia vel compresso-carinata, apice cucullata, subpilifera, inte- gerrima, enervia, tete viridia, sericeo-nitentia, tenuissime areolata ; pericheetiaha ovata, longe acuminata, erecta, in- tegerrima, caulinis duplo breviora. Seta vix unciahs, lsev's, rufo-fusca. Theca oblonga, suberecta, sub-apophysata, ore patulo. Peristoma externi dentes lutei, incurvi, linea media notati ; interni cilia ciliolis interpositis. Calyptra dimichata, straminea. Operculum non visum.

A beautiful species, uidike any hitherto described.

Plate CLIV. Fig. II. — Specimen of the natural size : 2 and 3, leaves ; 4, thecse ; 5, peristome ; all magnified.

Fa/Hands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 417

2. Hypnum denticulatum, Dill. Linn. ; Hedw. Muse. Frond, vol. 4. t. 31. Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 153. t. xxiv.

Hab. Herrnite Island ; on moist banks, wet rocks, &c, not uncommon, (barren).

3. Hypnum reticulatum, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule erecto simpliciusculo, foliis distichis patentibus ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis vix piliferis submarginatis reticulatis apice serrulatis, nervo tenui subexcurrente- (Tab. CLIV. Fig. V.)

Hab. Hermite Island ; on the ground in damp woods, rare (barren).

Caules laxe caespitosi, unciales, subelongati, erecli, plerumque simplices, complanati, molles. Folia disticha, patentia, subobliqua, acutissima, fere pilifera, areolis marginalibus angustioribus confertis, caeteris majusculis sub- vhomboideis, recentiora laete viridia, rdtentia.

The many points of correspondence between this moss and Bryum vagans, nobis, have not escaped our notice. The specimens being few and barren, we are unable to pronounce with confidence on the validity of the species. It differs from //. subbasilare in the acuminated distichous leaves and abnost excurrent nerve. In habit it much resembles H. denticulatum.

Plate CLIV. Fig. V. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, leaf; 3, apex of ditto : — magnified.

4. Hypnum riparium, Dill. Linn. ; Hedw. Muse. Frond, vol. 4. t. 3. Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 152. t. xxiv.

Var. 2. caide elongato rigido, foliis dissitis minoribus rigidulis.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land; both varieties, in the lake near Christmas Harbour (barren). With the habit of Fontinalis ; probably a distinct species, but the specimens are not in a state to be determined satisfactorily.

b. Foliis imbricatis, seta radicali.

5. Hypnum mnioides, Hook.; Muse. Fxot. t. 77. Mont, in Voy. aw Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 329. H. subbasilare (ex errore), Schvaegr. Supjal. t. 256.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, HUrville. Hermite Island; abundant everywhere in the woods.

Closely allied to //. spiniforme, from which it chiefly dift'ers in its broader leaves.

6. Hypnum subbasilare, Hook. ; Muse. Exot. 1. 10. H. mnioides (ex errore), Sc/itoaegr. Suppl. t. 257. Hab. Hermite Island ; in moist woods, at the roots of trees, very common, growing in tufts.

This species so much resembles H. mnioides, as to be scarcely distinguishable from it until gathered.

In our specimens the leaves are by no means hilarious, as stated in the Musci Exotici, and are compressed only when dry. The pericheetial leaves are erect, almost piliferous, and nerved to the apex ; young calyptra coriaceous, slightly ventricose, not subulate, at length dimidiate. The operculum is absent from all our specimens.

c. Foliis imbricatis ruptinerviis, seta laterali.

7. Hypnum rutabulum, Dill. Linn. ; Hedw. Muse. Frond, vol. 4. t. 12. Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 176. t. xxvi. Fl. Autarct. pt. 1. p. 138.

Var. 1. foliis apice attenuatis, perichoetialibus erectis.

Var. 2. foliis majoribus lsete viridibus.

5 c

418 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Var. 3. caulibus 2-3-pollicaribus, foliis angustioribus luteo-viridibus nitentibus inferioribus fuscis.

Var. 4. caule elongato graciliore.

Var. 5. caule elongato, foliis subcirrhosis brevinerviis.

Had.. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; var. 1. wet rocks in the woods; var. 2, roots of trees (barren). Falkland Islands; var. 5. springy places, forming large green masses. Kerguelen's Land ; var. 3. wet places on the hills (barren) ; var. 4. wet bogs (barren).

The second of these varieties resembles very closely the European plant.

8. Hypnum subpilosum, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule fastigiato-ramoso, foliis cordato-ovatis imbricatis suberectis acuminatis subpiliferis coucavis striatis serridatis ruptinerviis. (Tab. CLIV. Fig. IV.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; in moist earth, near the tops of the hills, altitude 1500 feet.

Monoicum. Caules laxe caespitosi, sesquiuneiales, vage ramosi, subfastigiati ; rami patentes, subrecurvi. Folia arete imbricata, suberecta, conlato-ovata, repente acuminata, acumine fere piliformi, reflexiuscula, concava, subphcata, serrulata, nervo crasso medio exarata, lsete viridia, inferiora squalida, areohs angustis. Seta inferne lsevis, superne scabriuscula. (Csetera desunt).

Closely aUied to H. rutahdum, but smaller and more rigid, the leaves more closely imbricated and almost piliferous.

Plate CLIV. Fig. IV. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, leaf : — magnified.

9. Hypnum albicans, Dill. Neck. ; Hedw. Muse. Frond, vol. 4. t. 5. Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 167. t. xxv.

Y"ar. caule elongato, foliis luteo-viridibus.

Hab. Hermite Island ; in moist places and streams, not uncommon (barren) .

This resembles Var. 4. of H. rutahdum, but has more distinctly striated leaves.

10. Hypnum serpens, Dill. Linn. ; Hedw. Muse. Frond, vol. iv. t. 18. Hook et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 153. t. xxiv.

Var. 1 . foliis subsecundis subsolidinerviis.

Var. 2. foliis ovatis brevioribus latioribus.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land; both varieties on the rhizomata of the "Cabbage", Pringlea, (barren).

d. Foliis imbricatis subencrviis, seta laterali.

1 1 . Hypnum chlamydophyllum, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; Fl. Antarct. pt. 1. p. 139. t. lix. fig. i. Hab. Hermite Island ; moist rocks on the hill-tops, altitude 1400 ft., rare.

Also a native of Tasmania and Campbell's Island.

12. Hypnum auricula turn ; Montagne in Voy. au Bole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 331. t. 20. f. 3. Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, M. Jacquinot.

13. Hypnum lucidulum, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule ramoso humili, foliis erecto-patentibus ovato-acumi- natis apice attenuatis integerrimis margine refiexis basi 1-2-nerviis, seta lsevi, theca cernua ovato-oblonga. (Tab. CLV. Fig. I.)

Falhlands, etc.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 419

Hab. Hermite Island ; on banks and moist rocks in the evergreen beech-woods, abundant ; also in crevices of rocks on the hills.

Caules semiunciales et ultra, csespitosi, ramosi, molles, fragiles. Folia conferta, imbricata, erecto-patentia vix secunda, ovato -acuminata, concaviuscula, apice attenuata, subpilifera, tenera, margine reflexa, basi 1-2-nervia pallide viridia, nitida, tenuissime areolata ; perichaetialia ovata, breviter acuminata, erecta, inteo-errima. Seta 7-8 tin. lonsra, lsevis, apice incurvata, rubra. Theea ovato-oblonga, basi attenuata, curvula, e setae apice curvata cernua, brunnea. Peristomium externum luteum, iuternum albescens, ciliobs birds.

This moss bears some resemblance to H. Silesianmn, Schwaegr., but is quite distinct in character, and allied also to H. adnatum, Hedw., from which it differs in the flaccid leaves, recurved at the margin.

Plate CLV. Fig. I. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves ; 4 and 5, thecse : — magnified.

e. Foliis patulis squarrosis.

14. Hypnum aciculare, Brid. ; Schwaegr. Suppl. I. vol. ii. p. 280. t. 92. Fl. Antarct. pt. 1. p. 140. Hab. Staten Land, A. Menzies, Esq. Hermite Island; in woods near the sea, not uncommon.

A very abundant plant in the South temperate and colder regions.

f. Foliis secundis nenosis.

15. Hypnum conspissatum, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caulc elougato ramoso, foliis patentibus secundis ovato- lanceolatis acuminatis integerrimis margine incrassatis solidinerviis. (Tab. CLV. Fig. III.)

Var. 2. caule longiore, foliis latioribus.

Var. 3. foliis longioribus magis acuminatis.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; var. 1, boggy places, common (barren). Falkland Islands; var. 2, (barren), Br. Lyall ; var. 3, growing in waters (barren) .

Caules fluitantes, biunciales ad semipedales, ramosi, fastigiati ; rami simplices, ascendentes. Folia laxe imbri- cata, plus minus faleato-secunda, rigidula, crassiuscula, opaca, margine valde incrassata, nervo continuo exarata, :uniora intense viridia, csetera lurido-viridia, interdum fuscescentia, inferiora nisi nervus margoque incrassata plerum- que tabescentia. (Csetera desunt.)

In the leaves this moss has a close affinity with Cinclidotus, but the aspect is that of Hypnum ruscifolium.

Plate CLV. Fig. III. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves ; 4, apex of ditto : — magnified.

16. Hypnum filicinum, Dill. Linn. ; Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 258- t 76. Hook- et Tayl- Muse. Brit. p. 183. t. xxvi. Fl. Antarct. pt. 1 . p. 1 4 1 .

Var. 2. robustius, foliis elliptico-lanceolatis angustioribus.

Var. 3. omnia var. 2, sed foliis vix secundis.

Var. 4. foliis vix secundis latioribus erectis acuminatis.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; var. 1, rocky fresh- water streams, and wet sandy places ; var. 3, Br. Lyall. Hermite Island ; Cape Horn ; var. 4, wet rocks and sandy places. Kerguelen's Land ; var. 2, boggy places, (barren) .

These varieties are all very similar to the plant mentioned in the first part of this work.

17. Hypnum paradoxim, Hook, fil et Wils.; caule repente subpinnato, foliis falcato-secundis ovato- lanceolatis acuminatis striatis serrulatis ruptinerviis, seta scabra, theca cernua obovato-oblonga. (Tab. CLV. Fig. II.)

420 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

Var. /3. foliis laxe imbricatis substriatis, theca ovata, operculo conico.

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn ; var. /3. on moist rocks and at the roots of trees ; scarce.

Caules 2-3-unciales, rami ascendentes. Folia falcato-secunda, plicato-striata, serrulata, nervo ultra medium producto, luteo-fusca, subspadicea, in var. (3. laete viridia. Seta semiuncialis, brunnea. Theca horizontalis, turgida, sub ore contracta, nifa. Perislomium externum ferrugineum, internum flavum.

This moss resembles H. aduncum in everything but the scabrous seta, and the serrulate leaves ; the var. /3 again approaches very nearly to some varieties of H. velutinum.

Plate CLV. Fig. II. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2 and 3, leaves; 4 and 5, thecae ; 6, peristome: — magnified.

18. Hyp^vm Jluitans, Linn.; Hedw. Muse. Frond, vol. iv. p. 36. Fl. Antarct. pt. 1. p. 141.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, in bogs, very common by the margins of mountain lakes. In fruit amongst wet stones.

Also found, but barren, in Campbell's Island.

19. Hypntjm aduncum, Dill. Linn.j Hedw. Muse. Frond, vol. iv. t. 24. Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 186. t. 26.

Yar. f. revolvens, Bridel, Bryol. Univ. Hook, et Tayl. I. c.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, (barren).

20. Hypntjm faleatwm, Bridel, Bryol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 526. Sckwaegr. Suppl. II. vol. i. p. 162. 1. 145.

Hab. Falkland Islands, common in watery places, rare in fruit.

Apparently the moss mentioned by Gaudichaud under the name of H. aduncum, to which indeed it is nearly allied. It differs from H.fiuitans, in its very strong, often percurrent nerve. The leaves vary in length.

21. Hypnum uncinatum, Hall. ; Hedw. Muse. Frond, vol. iv. t. 25. Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 187. t. xxvi.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land, in bogs, not uncommon (barren). Hermite Island, Cape Horn, also in wet places.

g. Foliii secundis enerviis.

22. Hypnum lithophilum, Hornschuch ; ramis elongatis, foliis erecto-patentibus secundis siccitate erectis ellipticis acutiusculis (rameis elliptico-oblongis obtusiusculis) concavis margine reflexis tenuissime lineari-areolatis, pericheetialibus erectis. H. lithophilum, Hornschuch, in Endlich. et Mart. Flora Brasil. p. 84, in part.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; with H.amosnum (barren).

In the Hookerinn Herbarium we find a Brazilian specimen, apparently authentic, of H. lithophilum, labelled "supra lapides rivulorum in novo Friburgo ", but consisting of two different species mixed together; and as the description in Fl. Bras, appears to have been drawn up from both, we append a diagnosis of the other species.*

* Hypnum succedaneum, nobis; foliis laxe imbricatis sicco ac humido pariter patulis subsquarrosis late ovatis roncaviusculis margine subreflexis , areolis paralellogrammis, perichaetialibus longioribus apiee subsquarrosis. Hab. Brazil, Province of Rio, New Friburg, Martins.

FalMands, etc.'] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 421

Our specimens agree with H. litliopl/ilum, except that their branches are more elongated and the leaves faintly two-nerved at the base. A Brazilian specimen from Raddi corresponds with the H. succedaneum, which is allied to H. molle.

23. Hypnum micans, Wils. ; iii Hook. Brit. Flora, v. 2. p. 83. Engl. Bot. Suppl. Var. laxiun, foliis secundis pateutibus ellipticis concavis serrulatis enerviis.

Hab. Hermite Island; in moist places in the woods, and on the hills.

Caules semiunciales, prostrati, parce ramosi ; rami graciles.

This variety is allied to H. gracile, nobis, but differs in the reticulation of the leaves, and in their margins being recurved at the base.

24. Hypnum amoemm, Hedw., Sp. Muse. p. 292. t. 77. Isothecium amcenum, Brid. Bryol. Univ. vol. ii. p. 382.

Hab. Hermite Island ; on wet rocks by streams of water, generally in woods, growing in patches, rare in fruit.

Allied on the one hand to H. tenidrostre, Hook. (Muse. Brit.), and on the other toiZ". leptorhynchmn, Schwaeo-r. From the first of these it differs in the longer more attenuated circinate leaves ; from the latter in its larger size and in the elliptical shape of the lower part of the leaf, which is not reflexed at the margin. The operculum, as in those species, has a long slender beak and is somewhat longer than the capsule.

25. Hypnum leptorhyncAwn, Brid.; Schaegr. Sugpl. I. v. 2. p. 295. t. 93. El. Antarct. pt. 1. p. 140. Hab. Hermite Island ; very common on the rocks and banks, and on trunks of trees, taking the place

of H. cupressiforme, which, strange to say, has not hitherto been found in any part of Fuegia or the Falk- land Islands.

30. HOOKERIA, Sw. a. Foliis marginal is enerviis.

1. Hookeria apiculata, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule compresso subrarnoso, foliis distiche imbricatis rotun- datis apiculatis marginatis enerviis siccitate undulatis, seta scabriuscula, capsula cernua, calyptra pilosa. (Tab. CLV. fig. VI.)

Hab. Hermite Island ; on moist shady rocks near the sea (barren), forming green tufts.

Caules steriles unciales, erecti, densius caaspitosi, parce ramosi, inferne radiculis nigris obsiti, ramis erectis com- pressis ; fertiles procumbentes, hmniles, vix semiunciales. Folia laxe imbricata, lateralis patentia, caetera appressa, rotundato-ovata, apiculata, rigidiuscula, marginata, enervia, siccitate paulo undulata, apice subinde denticulata, ai'eolis majuscuhs hexagonis ; perichsetialia erecta, minora, ovato-lanceolata, acuta. Seta scabriuscula, 2-3 lin. longa, flexu- osa. Capsula cernua vel horizontals, ovata, subapophysata. Operculum basi hemisphasrico-conicum, rostratum, capsida paulo brevius, rostro recto. Calyptra, parva, pilosa, albida. Florescentia dioica.

Allied to Hookeria asplenioides, Schwaegr., but smaller, and having the margin of the leaves thickened and undulated when dry. Described from fertile specimens, gathered on the bark of trees, in Tasmania, by Mr. Gunn. Plate CLV. Fig. VI. — 1, tuft of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves : — magnified.

b. Foliis marginatis evanidinerviis.

2. Hookeria Bicksoni, Hook, in Brewst. Erfinb. Journ. of Science, vol. 2. p. 226.

5d

422 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

Hab. Falkland Islands; on shady clay-banks near the sea, at Port Louis (barren). Hermite Island; common on mossy banks and on the trunks of old trees in the woods of evergreen beech, abundant in fruit.

Very closely allied to Hookeria pulchella, nobis (part 1. p. 142. t. lxii) ; but the leaves are more erect, less crowded, acuminated, with larger reticulations, thecae larger and decidedly cernuous. The calyptra in both these species is fringed at the base.

3. Hookeria flaccida, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; caule debili elongato erecto subramoso, foliis hnbricatis erecto-patentibus ellipticis concavis obtusis subapiculatis integerrimis anguste marginatis evanidinerviis, seta elongata lasvi, theca erecta obovato-oblonga, operculo rostrato, calyptra basi fimbriata. (Tab. CLV. fig. V.)

Hab. Hermite Island ; in wet bogs on the hills, amongst other mosses and grass, very rare in fruit.

Caules unciales ad triunciales, graciles, debiles, parce subpinnatim ramosi, rufo-fusci, ramis compressiuscuhs. Folia laxe imbricata, erecto-patentia, flaccida, elliptico-oblonga, concava, obtusa, brevissime apiculata, inferiora sub- obovata, omnia integerrima, margine tenui cartilagineo nervoque tenuissuno sub apice evanido instructa, sordide ac palbde vii'idia, siccitate crispata, areobs parvulis rotundatis ; perichastiaba triplo minora, ovata, enervia. Seta unciabs, vix tortilis, rubra. Theca erecta, obovato-oblonga, brunnea, subapophysata, ore subpatido. Peristoma extend dentes lutei, incui'vi, trabeculati, linea media notati, intend processus albidi. Sporce minimae, luteo-virides. Operculum comco-acuminatum, theca paulo brevius. Calyptra elongato-conica, acuminata, basi fimbriata, fusca, capsulae dimidiam partem obtegens.

A remarkably soft and debcate species, bearing much the same analogy to its congeners that Hypnnm strami- nemn does to other Hypna.

Plate CLV. Fig. V. — 1, plant of the natural size : 2 and 3, leaves ; 4, thecae ; 5, peristome ; 6, calyptra : — all magnified.

4. Hookeria Magettanica, P. Beauv. ; caule ramoso erecto, foliis ovato-oblougis acuminatis marginatis evanidinerviis, calyptra basi fimbriata.

Hypnuji MageUanicum, P. Beauv. jEtheog. p. 66. Hab. Strait of Magalhaens.

An authentic specimen in Professor Arnott's Herbarium is closely allied to Hookeria flaccida, nobis. It differs in having narrower acuminated leaves, which do not fully recover their shape after long immersion in water.

c. Foliis emarginatis.

5. Hookeria denticulata, nobis; vid. Pt. I. I. c. 145. tab. Lxii. f. 2.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; in tufts of Riccia and Jungermamiia, on rocks near the sea, frequent (barren) . Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on the wet ground in woods, not uncommon (also barren).

6. Hookeria cristata, Hedw. ; Sp. Muse. p. 211. t. 49. Schvaegr. Suppl. t. 278. A.B. Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn.

A solitary barren stem of this occurs in the collection of Hermite Island plants.

31. HYPOPTEEYGIUM, Bridel.

Our reasons for not having previously admitted this genus will be found in the former portion of this work. We have seen since, that the male flowers are occasionally, though rarely, inserted beneath the accessory leaves, and

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 423

therefore we retain this name for a genus which certainly claims to be separated as well from LesJcia as from Hookeria.

1. Hypopterygium laricinum, Bridel; Bryol. Univ. v. 2. p. 714. Hypnum laricinum, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 35. Hypnum tamariscinuin, Swartz !

Hab. Herrnite Island ; ia wet places on the ground, very common in the woods, forming large green patches (always barren).

Under Leskia tamariscina two species have been confounded by Hedwig (Sp. Muse. p. 212). The name ought to be applied to the present moss, if the inconvenience of changing names generally received did not forbid.

2. Hypopterygium T/wuini, Schwaegr. ; Suppl. t. 289 (sub nom. Hypnum). Hypnum Arbuscula, P. Beauv. jffltheog. p. 61 ! Hypopterygium Thouiui, Montague in Ann. Sc. Nat., Aug. 1845, p. 86.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

Our specimens are not so large as those described by P. de Beauvois, though evidently belonging to the same species. Dr. Montague has properly remarked that this species differs from H. laricinum in the flabelliform, not pinnate, disposition of its branches, which all spring from one central point and take a horizontal direction. Fertile specimens from Colchagua, in Chili, have also a more pendulous oblong capsule and shorter operculum.

Ord. LIII. HEPATICLE, Jus*.

(By Dr. Thomas Taylor and J. D. Hooker.) 1. JUNGERMANNIA, L.

(1. Gymnomitrion, Nees.)

1. Jungermannla physocaula, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caule gracili disperso suberecto ramoso celluloso- tumente, ramis apice curvatis incrassatis, foliis laxe cellulosis imbricatis distichis concavis oblique erectis late ovatis quadrato-rotundatisve ad medium bifidis segmentis late subulatis integerrimis. Nobis in Load. Journ. Bot. v. 3. p. 455. (Tab. CLVI. Fig. I.)

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn; creeping through tufts of /. densifolia, Hook.

Caules 1-2 une. longi, graciles, vage parce ramosi ; rami solitarii v. bi-terni, pallide olivacei v. albidi, nunc rivfo- brunnei, apice curvati. Folia tumida, arete imbricata, cauli appressa ; segmentis forma? subvariis, integerrimis. Stipula nullae.

Allied to the Scottish /. concinnata, Lightf.; but readily distinguishable by the stems not being tufted, the shoots slender and flexile, the larger more cellular leaves, which are far more deeply divided, and have lanceolate seg- ments, and by the cellular stem.

Plate CLVI. Fig. I. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, portion of stem : 3, leaf : — magnified.

2. Jungermannia atrocopilla, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caule tenuissimo procumbente implexo parce ramoso flexuoso basi louge nudo, foliis remotis erectis cauli appressis concavis late ovato-quadratis integris eroso-

424 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

einarginatis, perichaetialibus majoribus imbricatis in capituluni clavatum congestis. Nobis in Lond. Joum. of Bot. vol. 5. p. 258.

Hab. Foul Haven, Kerguelen's Land ; on clay banks, at an elevation of 600 ft.

Caespites extensi, 1-2 unc. lati, valde incouspicui. Caules atri, diametro setae equinae, erassiusculi, subnudi, basi hie illic cieatricati, superne foliis parvis tumidis appressis rernotis quasi nodosi, fertiles apices versus foliosi, e foliis perichaetialibus gradatim majoribus arcteque imbricatis clavati. Folia late quadrata, supra medium apicibusque erosis pallida.

A remarkably distinct little species, forming very obscure black patches on the ground. Stems why when dry, and loosely tufted ; those of the perichaetium paler and olive-brown, having their apices twice as broad as any other parts of the shoot. Perichaetial leaves more imbricated, rounder, broader, and more concave than the cauline, enclosing a pair of minute whitish connivent seariose scales, but without any trace of calyptra or barren pistilla.

(3. Gottschea, Nees.)

3. Jungermannia lamellcita, Hook. ; Muse. Exot. t. 49. Gottsclie, Lind. et Nees ; Spi. Hep. p. 30. Hab. Staten Land, Menzies. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn, in dense woods abundant.

This beautiful species is apparently peculiar to the southern extreme of the American continent.

4. Jungermannia leucopJ/ylla, Lehm. MS. Gottsche, Lind. et Nees ; St/n. Hep. p. 17. Hab. Strait of Magalhaens; Commerson (in Hb. Reg. Berol.).

5. Jungermannia splachnophylla, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caule crasso subdisperso procumbente simplici recurvo e foliis complicatis densissiineque imbricatis squamoso dorso fibrillis squamisque densissime obsito, foliis erecto-patentibus undulato-complicatis carnosis marginibus sub-erosis, lobo ventrali oblongo-ovato, dorsali subaequali semi-ovato, ala lineari undulata. Nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. iii. p. 455. (Tab. CLVI. Kg. II.)

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn; on the ground amongst underwood, alt. 800-1000 ft., and thence to the hill-tops.

Caules 2-unc. longi, crassi, terra? appressi, sub j-une. lati, dorso densissime filamentosi, substuposi. Folia sor- dide alba, densissime imbricata et comphcata, carnosa et aquosa, fragilissima, marginibus hinc saepissime erosis, paulo incurvis, basi sese arete amplectentia.

A very singular plant, differhig in its carnose texture from all the previously described species. The leaves are so thick, brittle, and watery as to be crushed to pieces readily between the finger and thumb, whence the analysis of the dried specimens is extremely difficult.

Tab. CLVI. Fig. II : — 1, plant of the natural size : 2, front, and 3, back view of leaf; 4, leaf from lower portion of stem : — magnified.

6. Jungermannia pachyla, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; eaule caespitoso erecto subramoso ramisque apice incur- vis anguste linearibus, foliis inflatis dense imbricatis erecto-patentibus, lobis ovato-oblongis acuminatis apicibus incurvis, dorsali integerrimo dorso convexo, ventrali undulato horizontal margine anteriore basi dentato, ala anguste lineari, stipulis majoribus late ovato-quadratis bifidis segmentis lanceolatis apice incisis. Nobi: in Loud. Joum. Bot. vol. iii. p. 456. (Tab. CLVI. Fig. III.)

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn ; on the bare ground in wet places.

s

Fall-lands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 425

Csespites extensi, laxi, luride rufo-bruunei. Caulis erectus, parce ramosus, dorso radiculia fibrillosis purpureis per totam longitudinem instructus, apicibus subcurvatis. Folia latiuscida, concava, patentia, marginibus undulatis, erosis. Stipularum latinise ssepius insequales.

One of the more slender species of the genus, with the leaves short and concave. Colour a dark reddish brown. The leaves are closely imbricated, the lobes uniting by one-fourth of their length. The smaller lobe is folded at the margin, and receives in the sinus thus formed a similar fold of the leaf above ; its inner rounded margin is sharply inciso-dentate. Specifically this is remarkably distinct from any of its congeners, and like the former, is rather an abnormal form.

Plate. CLVI. Fig. Ill: — 1, plant of the natural size: 2 and 3, back and front views of leaf and stipule;

4, leaf with the stipule removed, showing the form of the smaller lobe ; 5, stipule ; — magnified,

7. Jungermannia laminigera, Hook. fil. et Wils.; caule csespitoso suberecto ramoso planiusculo, foliis imbricatis patentibus eroso-ciliatis subter lamellatis marginibus lamellisque undulatis ciliato-dentatis, lobo ventrali lanceolato basi bilobo, dorsali semi-cordato, stipulis inajoribus late rotundato-quadratis 4-5- fidis ciliatis, calyce terminali oblongo cornpresso spinuloso ore laciniato ciliato obscure bilobo. Nobis in Lond. Joicm. Bat. v. 3. p. 456. (Tab. CLVI. Kg. IV.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on the ground in the woods, abundant.

Ceespites laxi, superne pallide flavo-virescentes, inferne soidide brunnei. Cau/es 1-3 nnc. longi ; rands erectis, subfastigiatis. Folia patentia, dorso carinis lamellisve plurimis cristatis infra apicem evanidis ornata, versus apices setosa, marginibus creberrime spinuloso-dentatis. Stipulis majusculse, dorso basi obscure lamellate, segmentis line- aribus subobtusis, marginibus recurvis ciliato-dentatis. Calyx oblongus, i-exsertus, pallidus, extus spinulosus, vix lamellatus. Seta uncialis. Capsula cylindracea.

This a good deal resembles the /. lamellata (v. supra), but is more robust though smaller, the lobes of the leaves are more united throughout then- whole length and the stipules are 4-5-fid. It varies much in size, some of our specimens being hardly an inch long.

Plate CLVI. Fig. IV. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, upper, and 3, under surface of the leaf ; 4, stipule ;

5, calyx : — magnified.

(3. PLAGIOCHILA, Wees et Mont.)

8. Jungeiuiannia ansata, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caule graeili laxe caespitoso elongato subramoso, foliis laxe imbricatis planis erectis appressis secundis oblique rotundatis basi decurrentibus integerriinis fuscis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 3. p. 457. (Tab. CLVI. Fig. VI.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; amongst moss on the lulls, abundant.

Csespites laxi, inter muscos implexi, pallide brunnei. Caules fiexuosi, graciles, tenues, vix ramosi, Folia sub- membranacea, integerrima, rotundata, ereeta, cauli appressa, hinc homomalla, margine anteriore obscure recurvo, posteriore decurrente.

In habit resembling the /. colorata, Hook. (v. infra), but the stems are more elongated, and the leaves quite entire and free, not united into opposite pahs at their bases. The same characters distinguish it from the PI. Braunii of Java, which further has heteromallous leaves. The trivial name alludes to the produced lower margin of the rounded leaf forming a handle.

Plate CLVI. Fig. VI. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2 and 3, front and back view of a leaf: — magnified.

9. Jungermannia itnciformis, Hook. fil. et Wils.; caulibus csespitosis subsimplicibus erectis apice

5 E

426 FLOKA ANTARCTICA. [Fueffia, the

plerumque cnrvatis, foliis crassiusculis laxe iinbricatis erectis secundis appressia oblique ovato-rotundatis, margine inferiore gibboso obscure sinuato-dentato superiore incurvo basi cellulose Nobis in Loud. Journ. Bot. v. 3. p. 457. (Tab. CLYI. Kg. V.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on the trunks of trees near the ground.

Csespites 2-4 unc. lati, rufo-brunnei. Caulk % unc. longus, apice strictus v. ssepius curvatus, nunc hamatus. Folia e basi caulis gradatim majora, imbricata, liomomalla, compressa, margine superiore incurvo, plica tumida elon- gata, inferiore tumido obscure et obtuse sinuato ; cellulse minimae, densae, nisi ad basin foliorum ubi majores palli- dioresque evadunt, macidam latam efficientes.

A species allied to the J. biserialis, L. and L., of Tasmania, but less than half the size, with more minute denti- culations to the leaves, which are widely ovate, not round or decurrent at the anterior margin, nor bispiuous at the apex.

Plate CLVI. Fig. V. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, front, and 3, back view of leaf and portion of stem ; 4 and 5, similar views of leaves removed from the stem ; — magnified.

10. Juxgermaxnia Magellanica, Lindb.; Sp. Hep. p. 164. Gottsclie. Lindb. et Nees, Syn. Hep. p. 53. Mont, in Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 271.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, St. Nicholas Bay; 31.31. TfUrville et Jaccptinot.

We owe our acquaintance with this plant to the liberality of our learned friend M. Montague, who most gene- rously has communicated to us his own examples of such Antarctic species as we desired for comparison or examination, unhesitatingly confiding his unique specimens to the care of the post-office, that we might profit to the fullest by his labours, and avoid unnecessary errors. It differs from our /. unciformis in the larger and narrower leaves, which are acute and serrato-dentate along the inner margin.

11. Jungekmanxia dwricaulis, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caulibus casspitosis duris robustis flexuosis erectis ramosis, foliis amplis subimbricatis patentibus oblique ovato-cordatis basi decurreiitibus argute dentieulatis, basi postica porrecta verticali, margine inferiore lente recurvo. Nobis in Lund. Journ. Bot. v. 3. p. 458. (Tab. CLVI. Fig. IX.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; abundant, in the woods.

Species insignis. Caespites laxi, majusculi ; exterue pallide sed luride olivacei. Caulea 4 unc. longi, hregula- riter ramosi, ramis compressis. Folia \ unc. longa, arete laxiusve imbricata, marginibus dorsalibus parium sub- oppositorum rotundatis postice porrectis appressis earinamque cauh quasi efficientibus ; margine superiore paido incm'vo, marginibus omnibus minute sed creberrime et regulariter dentieulatis. Perigonia in spicam brevem termi- nalem disposita.

Most nearly related to the PL fiaccida, Lindb., of St. Vincent, which has a very similarly hard and woody- stem but the present may be known by the greater breadth of its branches and foliage, by its more compound ramifi- cation and the minute denticulation of its leaves.

Plate CLVI. Fig. IX. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, stem and opposite pair of leaves ; 3, leaf: — magnified.

12. Juxgeemaxnia ((Spli'iiioides, Linn. ; Sp. PI. p. 1597. Mont. Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt. p. 268.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; If Urrille.

We have seen no Fuegian specimens of tins species. Those M. Montagne has examined, are in a very unsatis- factory state.

Falklanck, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 427

13. Juxgerhannia spJialera, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caule laxe ceespitoso erecto basi ramoso apice incurvo, foliis vix imbricatis subhorizontaliter patentibus secunclis siccitate suberectis late oblique ovato-rotundatis acutis, apice inaequaliter bifido v. bidentato, margine superiore incurvo integerrimo, inferiore plauiusculo dentato lase celluloso. Nobis in Land. Journ. Bot. vol 3. p. 458. (Tab.CLVI. Fig. VIII.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; growing amongst mosses in the woods.

Caespites laxi, pallide olivacei. Caules 1-2 unc. longi, raro in ramos 2-3 erectos divisi. Rami cornpressi, recti v. curvati, apicibus rotundatis. Folia remotiuscnla, madore patentia, sed secunda, apicibus subrecurvis, basi contracta, margine inferiore grosse irregulariter serrato.

Nearly allied to J. uncialis, but taller, with the leaves more remote, less Imbricated and secund, more loosely cellular and not so strongly dentate. When moistened the differences are more apparent, the leaves in particular of /. sphalera being distinctly narrowed at the base,

Plate CLVT. Fig. VIII. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2 and 3, front view of leaf, and portion of stem ; 4, the same detached from the stem: — magnified.

14. Jtjxgerhaxxia uncialis, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caule breviusculo csespitoso suberecto v. prostrato et ascendente ramoso, foliis imbricatis erecto-patentibus concavis late ovatis acutis argute irregulariter ciliato- dentatis sublaxe cellulosis, margine inferiore subrecurvo, calyce majusculo terminali compresso late obovato, ore oblique subrotundato dentato-ciliato. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. 3. p. 459. (Tab. CLVI. Fig. VII).

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on damp rocks and the trunks of trees.

Caespites late extensi, pallide flavo-virescentes. Caules vix 1 unc. longi, subprostrati, rarius erecti, vage ramosi, ramis fructiferis subfastigiatis. Folia vix decurrentia, perichaetialia calyce A breviora. Calyx obovato-cuneatus, coni- pressus, ore obtuse rotundato, oblique iisso, senadato. Capmla oblongo-spheerica, vix exserta. Perigonia in spicas breves secus ramos disposita.

In habit the present approaches the African P. sarmeiitosa, Lindb., but in character it is more nearly allied to our Tasmanian /. aculeata. The former, whose fructification is unknown, has larger and more rounded leaves. The /. aculeata is a much larger plant ; its leaves have a narrower base, and their superior margin is recurved with a broader fold, the denticulation is coarser, and calyx shorter, being scarcely exserted beyond the perichsetial leaves ; above all, the cellulation of the J. uncialis is much coarser though belonging to a smaller plant.

Plate CLVI. Fig. VII. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, stem,"perigonium and leaves ; 3, front, and 4, back view of portion of stem and leaf; 5, calyx and capside : — magnified.

15. Juxgermanxia Jacquiiiotii, Mont., in Toy. cm Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 273. Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; D' Urville.

A very different plant from any collected by the Antarctic Expedition.

16. Jungeiijiannia rninutula, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; csespitosa, caule brevissimo erecto parce ramoso, foliis imbricatis erectis appressis obovato-rotundatis convexiusculis, margine anteriore subdecurrente poste- riore recurvo, supremis majoribus denticulatis. Nobis in Bond. Journ. Bot. vol. 3. p. 459. (Tab. CLVII. Fig. I).

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; on the ground and on moist rocks.

Csespites late extensi, atro-virides. Caules erecti, crassiusculi. Rami primarii vix a unc. longi. Folia inferiora minuta, subintegerrhna, caide vix latiora, gradatim majora, superiora arctius imbricata, in capitulum compressum dilatatum congesta, superiora creuato-denticulata, omnia crassa, obscure cellulosa ; cellulis parvis, opacis, margina- libus conspicuis.

128 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Eacli branch is short and bears but few pairs of leaves : — these are narrow at the base, gradually widening upwards to the top of the branches, where they are collected into a flattened head three or four times wider than the inferior part of the shoot. This resembles in general appearance the P. pusilla, Mont, (of Tasmania), but is more minute, has not curved stems, there are fewer leaves on the shoots, and the anterior margin of the leaf is decurrent.

Plate CLVII. Fit/. I. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2 and 3, front and back views of leaf and portion of stem : — magnified.

17. Jungermannia heterodonta, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; csespitosa, caule erecto v. prostato rarnoso, raniis ascendentibus subfastigiatis, foliis erecto-patentibus late ovatis obovatisve grosse inasqualiter eroso-dentatis niargine superiore decurrente, inferiore apice obscure, bifido, calyce terminali foliis perichsetialibus breviore angustioreque obovato-rotiuidato, ore contracto sequali truncate ciliato-dentato. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Hot. vol. 3. p. 460. (Tab. CLVII. Kg. II).

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; on moist rocks near the sea.

Csespites late extensi, rupibus appressi, lsete olivaceo-virides. Caules sub 2 unc. longi, irregulariter vage ramosi. Folia subarcte imbricata, oblique rotundata, apice latiuscula, dentibus marginalibus, nunc manifeste nunc obscure bifida. Calyx pericheetio brevior, obscure bilabiatus ; labiis rotundatis, crenatis et minute ciliatis.

Allied to the P. sciopJdla of Nepaul, which has emarginato-dentate leaves, but from which the present may be distinguished by its smaller size, erect growth, and closely imbricated foliage, which is more toothed. The perigonia, with which the Antarctic species is supplied, are in the form of a narrow spike, whose leaves are minute, erect, imbricated, and bidentate with somewhat squarrose apices.

Plate CLVII. Fig. II. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, leaf and portion of stem ; fig. 3, ditto removed from stem ; 4, calyx : — magnified.

18. Jungermannia Chonotica, Tayl.; caespitosa, surculis erectis subramosis complanatis basi nudiusculis, foliis imbricatis erecto-patentibus oblongo-rotundatis basi angustatis convesis, niai'ginibus recurvis spinoso- dentatis. Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. 5. p. 260.

Hab. Clionos Archipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Csespites pallide fulvi. Caules 2-3 unc. longi, dendroidei, v. nudi basique simpliciusculi. Perigonia parva, brevia, in spicam bnearem arete imbricatam disposita, foholis parvis tumidis denticulatis.

Resembles the P.fatciculata, Lindb., of New Holland and Lord Auckland's group; the shoots however are much narrower, leaves shorter, more distinctly and minutely toothed, the branches fascicled and the cells of the leaves much more minute.

19. Jungermannia distinct/folia, Tayl. I. c. ; Liudb. Sp. Hep. p. 17. t. 3. Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees, Syn. Hep. p. 30.

Hab. Staten Island; Men; tax in Herd. Hook.

We have not seen specimens of this from the Antarctic Expedition. It is also a native of Jamaica and the Brazils.

(4. Jungermannia, L. et auct. recent.)

20. Jungermannia colorata, Lelim. in Linn. vol. 4. p. 366. Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees, Syn. Hep. p. 86. Fl. Infarct. Pt. I. p. 1 19.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 429

Hae. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; from the sea to the mountain-tops. Falkland Islands ; on the hills. Kerguelen's Land ; particularly abundant on the ground, on the hills.

Also found in New Holland, Tasmania, and New Zealand, Lord Auckland's group, the Cape of Good Hope, and Juan Fernandez. In the Falkland Islands it forms large black patches on the alpine rocks, resembling an Andreaea.

21. Jungermannia byssacea, Eoth ; Cat. Bot. vol. 2. p. 158. Engl. Bot. t, 2463. Hab. Falkland Islands ; amongst mosses on the lulls.

22. Jungerhannia bicuspidata, Linn. ; Hook. Brit. Jung. 1. 11. Engl. Bot. t. 2239.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on moist rocks.

One of the, comparatively speaking, few Hepaticce, which, according to the modem limitation of species, is acknowledged to be a cosmopolite.

23. Jungerhannia rigens, Hook, fil et Tayl. ; minima, laxe cellulosa, csespitosa, caule prostrate sub- pinnatim ramoso, ramis erectis, foliis laxe imbricatis suberectis concavis late oblongis bifidis, segmentis incurvis late subulatis integerrimis, stipulis ovato-rotundatis concavis bifidis segmentis late subulatis integer- rimis. Nobis in Bond. Joum. Bot. vol. 3. p. 461. (Tab. CLVII. Fig. HI).

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on moist maritime rocks.

Csespites parvi, pallide olivaceo-flavescentes. Caules 2-3 lin. longi, earnosiusculi, simplices v. ramosi. Folia sursum gradatim minora, imbricata, tumida, hinc caulis subinoniliformis. Stipula pro planta amplee, foliis consimi- les, ad medium v. supra medium bifida?.

Allied to the British /. Francisci, Hook., but more minute, the leaves more concave, and the stipules of a very different form.

Plate CLVII. Fig. III. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, portion of stem, leaf, and stipule; 3, stipule, removed : — magnified.

24. Juxgermannia tubulata, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; parvula, caule laxe caespitoso procumbente ramoso, foliis laxis suberectis oblongis bifidis segmentis acutis acuminatisve, calyce terminali anguste lineari-elongata tubulata, basi oblongo, ore plicate niinutissime denticulate, foliis perichsetialibus segmentis lanceolatis inte- gerrimis. Nobis in. Bond. Journ. Bot. vol. 3. p. 463. (Tab. CLYII. Fig. VI).

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on moist rocks near the sea.

Caules graciles, laxe csespitosi, simpliciusculi v. ramosi, vix ± unc. longi, ssepissime ramulis flagelliformibus nudis aucti, (ut in /. bicuspidata, L.), palhde virescentes. Folia erecta, pallida, pellucida, basi concava, in segmentis duobus lanceolatis apice subulatis divisa, sinu angusto acuto. Calyces conspicui, albidi, elongati, superne subinflati et plicati, ore minutissime denticulate. Folia perichcetialia erecta ; segmentis angustis, integerrimis. Capsida oblonga. Sporce nurnerosisshnre, luteo-brunnese, subangulata?. Materes e helice duphci constantes.

So very near the European J. bicuspidata, as to be hardly distinguishable from it specifically : the capsules are however shorter, the perichsetial leaves entire, the calyx longer, and the areolae of the foliage smaller. The calyces are always terminal, whereas in /. bicuspidata they are more frequently lateral.

Plate CLVII. Fig. VI. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, leaf; 3, stipule ; 4, perichfetium, calyx and capsule: — magnified.

5f

430 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

25. Jungermannia vascidosa, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; flaecida, tenerrima, csespitosa, caule procumbente subrarnoso, foliis imbricatis secundis erectis rotundato-quadratis, basi Into decurrente, margine integerrimo undulato, stipulis rnajoribus ovatis concavis bifidis, segmentis lanceolatis integerrimis v. basi utrinque uni- dentatis. Nobis in Loud, Journ. Bot. vol. 3. p. 461. (Tab. CLVII. Kg. IV).

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on vret rocks near the sea, abundant.

Ceespites late extensi, 2-4 unc. lati, atro-virides. Caulk 2 unc. longus, parce ramosus. Folia laxiuscule imbricata, integerrirna ; niarginibus subinflexis undulatis, superiore subgibboso, hiferiore longe decurrente ; substantia tenerrima, flaecida, eellulis majusculis. Stipula conspicuse, caulem amplectentes ; segmentis late lanceolatis, erectis, sinu obtusiusculo.

This has a good deal of resemblance to the J. cordifolia, Hook., of Britain, but the presence of stipules will at once distinguish the Antarctic plant. In many respects it has an equal claim to be considered a Lopkocolea as a Jungermannia ; on the whole, however, we incline to retain it in the latter genus.

Plate CLVII. Fig. IV. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, portion of branch, with leaf and stipule ; 3, stipule ■ — both magnified.

26. Jungermannia erinacea, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; tenerrima, csespitosa, caule suberecto ramoso, rami's erecto-patentibus, foliis imbricatis patentibus flaccidis ciliato-dentatis apice obtusis plus minusve profimde emarginatis, lobo inferiore ovato-rotundato superiore bbero ovato adpresso stipubs majoribus late rotundatis irregulariter ciliato-dentatis integris bifidisve. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. 3. p. 462. (Tab. CLXI. Fig.IV).

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on moist rocks near the sea.

Pallide olivaeeo-ftava. Caspites laxi, extensi. Caidis 1-1—2 unc. longus, fiaccidus, ramosus, ramis subfastigiatis. Folia laxe imbricata, tenerrima et flaecida sed areolis minutis, apice plemmque bifida, sinu lato rotundato, ciliis mar- ginalibus basi latiusculis sa?pe repente in apicem articidatam desinentibus. Stijmhe rotimdatse, ambitu cdiata?, lobulo minore folii majores, bifidse.

A very beautifid species, allied to our /. diplophylla (Pt. 1. p. 152. t. 64. f. iv) ; where fructification is unknown, they together appear to form as natural a genus as any which has been proposed out of Jungermannia, and differ from Scapania in the presence of stipides. The present is readily distinguishable from /. diplopliylla by the separa- tion of the two lobes of the leaf, by their emarginate tips, by the larger and closer ciliation of then- margins and by the less deeply but more frequently divided and broader stipules.

Plate CLXI. Fig. TV. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2 and 3, portion of stem, leaf, and stipule ; 4, stipule : — magnified.

27. Jungermannia. humectata, Hook. fil. et Tayl. j laxe ceespitosa, flaecida, caule erecto parce ramoso, foliis remotis tenuibus erecto-patentibus undulatis basi amplexicaubbus ovato-rotundatis emarginatis bifidisve segmentis obtusiusculis subdivaricatis integerrimis v. utrinque dentatis, stipubs foliis consimilibus sed minoribus. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. 3. p. 462. (Tab. CLVII. Fig. V).

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on wet sand by the sides of mountain-streams.

Csespites laxi, extensi, interne atro-brunnei ; ramis paucis, erectis, pallide fusco-olivaceis. Folia alterna, remo- tiuscida, basi caulem totam fere amplectentia, late obovato-oblonga v. rotundata, bifida, sinu acuto v. obtuso.

Possibly from its rather anomalous locality, an altered state of some other species, though we cannot say of what. In the wet place of growth, erect habit and general outline of the leaf, it resembles the British /. Lyoni,

FalMands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 431

Tayl. (/. socia. var., Gottscbe, Lind. et Nees), differing in the paler green colour of the young shoots, in the more delicate foliage, smaller areola;, deeper emargination and clasping leaves.

Plate CLVII. Fig.Y. — 1, plants of the natural size; 2, stipule; 3, leaf: — both magnified.

28. Jungermannia atistrigena, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; laxe casspitosa, caule elongate ascendente sub- ramoso, surculis incurvis, foliis imbricatis subsecundis erecto-patentibus rotundatis convexis integerrimis marginibus recurvis perichaetialibus rotundatis, stipulis majoribus rotundatis, marginibus reflexis integerri- mis bidentatisve, calyce terininali oblongo cornpresso ore subintegTO trigono. J. austrigena et J. cavispina. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. 3. p. 463 et 466. (Tab. CLVII. Fig. VII. and Tab. CLVIII. Fig. V).

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; moist banks in woods (fruit). Falkland Islands, along with/. humect ata.

Csespites laxi, lati, pallide flavidi, virides v. atro-brunnei. Caules 2-3 unc. longi, vage ramosi, flexuosi, cras- siusculi. Folia arete imbricata, subopposita, antice deeurrentia , siccitate plerumque erispata, recurva ; madore sub- erecta, appressa, marginibus plus minusve recurvis. Stipules rotundatae, basi utrinque decurrentes, integerrima; v. apice bidentatse, marginibus valde deflexis porrectis, intra margiues posticos foliorum verticaliter compressse. Calyx majusculus, oblongus, latiusculus, trigonus.

A very curious species, and unlike any with which we are acquainted. The habit of the Falkland Island speci- mens when dried, is, owing to their having grown in water, so peculiar, that we regarded them at first as a different species, which we described as /. cavispina, from the reflexed margins of the closely imbricating stipules, giving a grooved appearance to the back of the stem. The calyx is that of a LopJwcolea, from which group the presence of stipules and the entire leaves remove it.

Plate CLVII. Fig. VII. Falkland Island state, (sub nom. /. cavispina). — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, front, and 3, back view of stem and leaf; 4, stem and stipule; 5 and 6, stipides : — magnified. Plate CLVIII. Fig. V. (Hermite Island state). — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, lateral, 3, back, and 4, front view of stem, leaf, and stipule ; 5, stem and stipule ; 6 and 7, stipules : — magnified.

29. Jungermannia palustris, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caule elongate disperso flaccido ramoso, foliis laxe imbricatis erecto-patentibus tenuissime membranaceis rotundatis valde concavis marginibus incurvis medio longitudinaliter undulatis integerrimis, stipulis majoribus ovalibus cymbiformibus integerrimis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. 3. p. 464. (Tab. CLVII. Fig. VIII).

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; on the borders of an alpine lake, growing in the water.

Caules inter Muscos aliasque Hepaticas demersas ascendentes, sparsi, 3 unc. longi ; ramis erectis, flaceidissimis. Folia tumida, varie incurva, medio plerumque plica longitudinali notata. Stipula valde concavse, subimbricatae.

Allied to the British J. Doniana, and to the /. iweolutifolia, Mont. (v. infra), but very distinct from both. The leaves resemble those of Hypnum coclilearifolium, Schwaegr.

Plate CLVII. Fig. VIII. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, front view of stem, leaves, and stipules ; 3, back view of ditto : — magnified.

30- Jungermannia involutifotia, Mont, in Gottsclie, Neeset Lindo. Spi. Hep. p. 81. Yoy. au Pole Snd, Bot. Crypt, p. 260.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens; on tufts of Hypnum fluitans : M.Hombron. The nearest ally to this plant is /. notopliylla, nobis.

UJ2 FLOKA ANTAKCTICA. [Fuegia, the

31 . Jungeemanma fulvella, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; parvula, caule implexo procumbente ramoso, rami? cylindraceis, foliis arete imbricatis patentibus concavis marginibus incurvis remote dentatis camosiusculis pelluciclis laxe cellulosis caulinis oblique rotundatis, rameis minoribus arctius imbricatis rotundatis, stipulis erectis concavis late rotundatis integerrimis v. irregulariter dentatis, calyce laterali obovato cylindraceo foliis periclitetialibus integerrimis duplo longiore. Nobis in Loud. Joum. Bot. vol. 3. p. 464. (Tab. CLYIII. Fig. I.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; in the woods on dead timber, trunks and twigs of trees; abundant. South part of Tierra del Fuego ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Caspites 3 una lati, pallide fulvi. Caulis 1 una longus, pluries vage ramosus, ramis tenuibus. Folia caulina rameis laxius imbrieata, basi latiora planiora, dentibus valde irregularibus. Stipules rameae caulinis breviores, sed latiores, rariusque dentatse. Folia perichjetialia parva, oblonga, concava, calyce ter breviora. Calyx lineari-oblongus, trigonus, subtumidus, ore angustato. Seta i una longa. Capsula late oblonga.

With mucli the appearance of a Herpetium, but having no flagelliform shoots, and the leaves are irregularly dentate. It is a most distinct species.

Plate CLVIIL Fig. I. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, part of stem, leaf, and stipide ; 3, leaf ; 4, upper leaf ; 5, stipule; 6, portion of branch with leaves, calyx, seta, and capsule; 7, calyx and perichsetium ; 8, corolla : — magnified.

32. Junoermanxia obvoluta, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; casspitosa, caule ascendente vage ramoso, ramis cylin- draceis elongatis flaccidis suberectis, foliis imbricatis patentibus membranaceis laxe cellulosis late quadratis margine incurvo undulatis bifidis sinu angusto hie illic grosse dentatis subdecurrentibns, stipulis majoribus rotundato-ovatis conca\ds emarginatis utrinque uni-dentatis. Nobis m Loncl. Joum. Bot. vol. iv. p. 80. (Tab. CLXI. Fig. I.).

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; on the trunks of trees, and on the ground.

Csespites pallide olivacei, straminei. Caules A- % una longi. Folia secus partem caulis superiorem involuta. Stipuhe emarginatae, sinu latiusculo.

Allied to /. oligopliylla, nob., but quite different specifically from that, and from any other species with wliich we are acquainted.

Plate CLXI. Fig. I. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, portion of stem, leaves, and stipules; 3, leaf; 4, stipule : — magnified.

33. Jtjngeemannia madida, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caespitosa, caule elongato planiusculo erecto ramoso, ramis erectis fastigiatis, foliis laxe imbricatis patentibus semiamplexicaulibus concavis ovato-quadratis bifidis, segmentis acutis incurvis integerrimis v. apices versus. 2-3-dentatis, stipulis majoribus foliis paulo breuoribus concavis late ovatis bifidis subintegerrimis, calyce termiuali cylindraceo recto apice obscure dentato, capsulee valvis lineari-elongatis. Nobis in Land. Joum. Bot. vol. 3. p. 465. (Tab. CLYIII. Fig. II) .

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on moist banks, and in bogs on the mountains, forming dense tufts.

Caspites densi, 2-3 una lati, locis humidioribus obscure virescentes, siccis rufescentes. Caules 2 una longi. Folia laxe imbrieata, ad i longitudinis bifida, minute cellulosa, integenima v. apices versus 1-2-dentata. Stipula foliis subsequales, late oblonga1, bifidae, segmentis obscme dentatis. Calyx elongatus, superne attenuatus> apice truncatus. Capsula elongata, cylindracea.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 433

Very closely allied to the /. serrulata, Sw. (Muse. Exot. t. 88), of the West Indies, but the leaves are not so densely imbricated, are scarcely serrulate, their areolae are more minute, and the stipules are different. When growing in moist places the plant is greener and larger, and the leaves more generally serrulate than when found in drier situations.

Plate CLYIII. Fig. II. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, portion of stem, leaf, and stipule ; 3, leaf; 4, stipule ; 5, perichsetial leaf ; 6, calyx, seta, and capsule ; 7, corolla ; 8, capsule : — magnified.

34. Jungermannia aquata, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caiile brevi implexo procumbente ascendente ramoso flexuoso, ramis coinpressis curvatis, foliis imbricatis secundis appressis suboppositis rotundatis inargiue incurvis integerriniis crassis opacis ima basi inter se et cum stipula parva ovata bifida v. integra connatis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 465. (Tab. CLVIII. Fig. III.)

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn ; on the trunks of trees in the woods.

Caspites parvi, inter Muscos aliasque Hepaticas nidulantes, rufo-brunnei. Caules unciales, vage sed parce ramosi, basi nudi, sursum curvati. Folia arete imbricata, oblongo-rotundata, madore e margiuibus incurvis tumida, opposita, basi antice connata, postice cum stipula adnata. Stipula ovata, bifida v. varie secta, segmentis subulatis.

The form of the leaves, then- opposite arrangement and connexion in front, are similar to J. Brankiana, Nees, but that species is destitute of stipules.

Plate CLVTII. Fig. III. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, portion of branch ; 3, ditto with front view of leaf and stipule , 4 and 5, stipules : — magnified.

35. Jungermannia otvphylla, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caule debili flavido elongate subramoso, foliis oppo- sitis secundis erecto-patentibus imbricatis flavidis et membranaceis late reniformi-rotundatis basi latissime cauli adnatis integerrimis, margine superiore basi tumido recurvo, stipulis majoribus concavis late rotundatis emarginatis integerrimis obscure sinuatisve. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 466. (Tab. CLVIII. Fig. IV.)

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn ; in alpine bogs.

Caspites laxi, luride olivacei v. albescentes. C'aidis gracilis, 3 una longus, parce ramosus ; ramis erectis. Folia tenuissime membranacea, latissime oblonga v. rotundata, basi ad marginem auteriorem quasi auriculata. Stipula ampla?, subimbricata;, margiuibus incurvis, apicibus emarginatis, sinu lato, nunc apice sinuato.

In habit and general appearance this approaches our J.palustris, which inhabits similar localities, but they are in many respects widely different plants.

Plate CLVIII. Fig. IV. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, front, and 3, back view of portion of stem and leaf; 4, stipule : — magnified.

36. Jungekmannia demifoliu, Hook., Muse. Exot. t. 36. Scapauia? densifolia, Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees, &yn. Hep. p. 72.

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn ; in wet bogs, &c.

A very abundant species in Herrnite Island.

37. Jungermannia chloroleuca, Hook. fil. etTayl. ; caule erecto csespitoso parce ramoso flavido, foliis subapproximatis imbricatis patentibus ovatis v. ovato-oblongis inferne tumidis semi-amplexicaulibus bipar- tite ciliato-dentatis, segmentis linearibus ligulatisve sunimo apice bifidis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 467. (Tab. CLXI. Fig. V.)

5g

434 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on moist banks near the sea.

Ccespites suberecti, flavo-virescentes. Folia disticha, vix imbricata, segmentis plenunque recurvis, ramis hinc (siccitate prajcipue) squarrosis.

So nearly allied to the previous species that a particular description is hardly required ; it differs conspicuously in the colour. These species were never seen passing into one another, and both are remarkably constant to their characters. They belong, with the /. vertebralis, Gottsche (Pt. 1. p. 153), of Lord Auckland's group and Tasmania, also a very closely allied plant, to a distinct section of the genus. The /. cMoroleuca differs from /. ver- tebralis in colour, size, and different texture, also in the form of the leaves and ciliation ; and from /. densifolia, besides the colour, mentioned above, in the denser tissue of the remote leaves, which are much broader at the base, and whose areola? are blended together, in their long ciliation and bifid apices.

Plate CLXI. Fig. V. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, portion of stem and leaf: — magnified.

88. Jungeemannia clandestine!,, Mont., in Toy. an Pole Slid, Bot. Crypt, p. 264. 1. 16. f. 4. Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees, Syn. Reji. p. 73.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine and Port Gallant, M. Hombron.

39. Jungeemannia sc/iismoides, Mont., vid. Pt. 1. p. 150. (Tab. CLXI. Fig. IX. i

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; creeping through tufts of mosses in the woods.

The leaves of these specimens are slightly serrulate along the margins, in which respect alone the plant differs from that found in Lord Auckland's group.

Plate CLXI. Fig. IX. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, 3, and 4, leaves : — magnified.

40. Jungeemannia erebrifolia, Hook. fil. et Tayl.j caule caespitoso erecto ramoso, ramis subercctis, foliis carnosulis arete imbricatis erecto-patentibus secundis coucavis late ovato-rotundatis bilobis, lobis ovatis subacutis integerrinns inferiore minore basi dentato v. integerrimo, calyce minimo laterali obovato plicato, ore scarioso laciniato, lacinhs lanceolatis. Nobis in Journ. Lond. Bot. vol. hi. p. 467. (Tab.CLVII. Fig.IX.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn.

Dense casspitosa, rufo-brunnea. Guides fere 2 una longi, siccitate fragiles, irregulariter repetitim ramosi, rarius superne paido incrassati. Folia arete imbricata, valde eoncava, marginibus apicibusque madore erectis, lobo snperiore majore, mferiore basi supra caidem producto, integerrimo v. uni-dentato. Calyces minuti, valde hiconspicui, ore albido scarioso.

Closely allied to the /. cryptodon, Wils. MS., of the Andes of Colombia, which has a similarly toothed lower lobe of the leaf, equally produced at the base across the stem. The present is a larger plant, with more imbricated and erect leaves, their lower lobe smaller, and the produced portion larger in proportion.

Plate CLVII. Fig. IX. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves : — Magnified.

41. Jungeemannia hitmilu, Hook. fil. etTayl.; parvula, caule implexo procumbente radicante ramoso, foliis subimbricatis erecto-patentibus secundis rotundatis concavis integerrirnis crassiusculis, stipulis minutis ovatis integris v. bifidis segmentis unidentatis v. irregulariter sectis. XTobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. hi. p. 468. (Tab. CLYIII. Fig. VI.)

Hab. Kerguelen's Land; on tufts of Azorella Selago.

Caspites lati, pallide flavo-olivacei. Caulis vix uncialis, irregulariter ramosus. Folia laxe imbricata, basi late caule adnata sed non decurrentia, pateiitia, homomalla. S/iji/dce caidi aBquilatse, varie scet.e, emargiuatse, bifida? v. irregulariter sinuato-dentatas.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 435

Allied to ./. turgescens, nobis (Pt. 1. p. 150, t. lxiv. f. 2.), of Lord Auckland's group ; but the present may be readily distinguished by its smaller size, more olive colour, its toothed stipules, more patent and differently shaped leaves, whose attachment is also different, and which are not decurrent ; and by their larger areolfe.

Plate CLVIII. Fig. VI. — plant of the natural size. 2, stem, back view of leaf and stipide ; 3, front view of leaf; 1, stipule : — magnified.

42. Jungermannia minuta, Crantz, vid.Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 152.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land; on tufts of mosses, &c., on the hills.

Also found in Lord Auckland's group, but hitherto not elsewhere in the Southern Hemisphere ; nor out of Europe in the Northern.

43. Jungermannia quadripartita , Hook., Muse. Exot. t. 117. Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees; Si/n. Hej). p. 146.

Hab. Staten Land, Menzies (in Herb. Hook.); Hemiite Island, Cape Horn; on moist banks, Mr. Davis.

(5. Gymnanthe, Tai/l.)

44. Jungermannia Urvilleana, Mont., vid. Ft. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 1 o'i, Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; in the woods.

Also a native of Lord Auckland's group and Tasmania.

(6, Lophocolea, Nees.)

45. Jungermannia textilis, Hook.fil. etTayl.; caule laxe implexo prostrato paree vage ramoso piano, foliis distichis horizontaliter patentibus complanatis approximatis late ovato-quadratis apice bifidis planis laxe cellulosis segmentis subulatis acutis integcrrimis, stipulis ovatis bipartitis segmentis linearibus divaricatis. Nobis in Loud. Joum. Hot. vol. hi. p. 468. (Tab. CLVIII. Fig. IX.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; in woods. Falkland Islands ; on wet rocks near the sea, very common.

Ceespites late extensi, pallide sed lsete ilavo-virides. Caules 2 unc. longi, laxe intertexti, terrse appressi. Folia disticha, omnia horizontabter patentia, basi lata, cauli adnata sed non decurrentia, margine superiore subrotundata inferiore recta ; substantia tenera, laxe areolata. Stipula parvae, cauli aequilataj, bipartite, segmentis subulatis acuminatis. Perigonia nunc secus ramos ob\da, plerumque apices versus ; foliis arete appressis erectis, basi tumidis.

In some particulars resembhng our /. planiuscula (Pt. 1. p. 156. t. lxv. f. 2), of Lord Auckland's group, which is a larger plant, with leaves rounded and otherwise of a very different form. The whole stratum is very fiat and appressed, wide, of a fine shining green colour, and soft texture.

Plate CLVIII. Fig. IX. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, stem and leaves ; 3, stipide : — magnified.

46. Jungermannia leptantha, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caule flaccido implexo procumbente ramoso, foliis distichis planis subiinbricatis patentibus ovato-oblongis integerrimis margine superiore subrecurvo apice emarginato-bidentatis dentibus elongatis sinu rotundato, stipulis porrectis minutis bipartitis segmentis sub- ulatis extus unidentatis 4-partitisve, calyce terminali liueari-oblongo trigono ore trifido segmentis emarginato- bidentatis serratis rarius submtegris. Nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. hi. p. 471. Lophocolea coadunata

436 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Xees,JiJ. Montague in Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 256 [non Jung, coadunata, Swart z.) (Tab. CLIX. Fig. VI.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; moist places in the woods.

Ceespites late extensi, plani, pallide fusco-olivacei. Caules 1-2 unc. longi." Folia vix imbricata, patentia, ovata, apicem versus dilatata et in segrnenta 2 subulata subcaudata fissa, laxe cellidosa. Stipulee parvfe, cauli subaeqiiilatae. Folia perichaetialia erecta, lateralibus emargiuatis dentatiscpie, intercnedio seu stipulari bifido integerrimo. Seta uncialis. Capsula ovalis.

This is one of the many southern forms of Lopliocolea nearly related to one another, and to J. bidentata of Europe ; it differs from J. seeundifolia, in the leaves being horizontally patent and not secund ; from J.diademata, nob., of New Zealand, in the calyx and less spreading foliage ; and from J.pl/ysant/ia, nob., of the same country, also by the totally different calyx, from all three by the divisions of the mouth of the latter organ being dentate. We are indebted to our friend M. Montague for a specimen of his /. coadunata, so named by Nees, but which we do not consider to be the plant of Swartz.

Plate CLIX. Fig. VI. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves ; 4 and 5, stipules ; 6, calyx, seta, and capside : — all magnified.

47. Jcxgeimax'XIA Aitmifiisa, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; eaule flaccido procnmbente implexe ramoso, foliis approxiruatis subimbricatis horizontaliter patentibus planis oblongis antice gibbosis emarginato-dentatis integerrimis, stipidis bipartitis segmentis subulato-setaceis extus unidentatis quadripartitisve. Nobis in Lond. Jonrn. Bot. vol. hi. p. 472. (Tab. CLLX. Kg. V.)

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; on the rhizoinata of Pringlea.

Ceespites lati, explanati, appressi, palhde virides. Caulis uncialis, irregulariter ramosus, ad stipidas radieans. Folia approximata, vix imbricata, basi latiora, decurrentia, siuu apice formfe irregulari. Calyx ovato-oblongus, trigonus ; augulo unico alato, subdentato. Perigonia in spicas ovato-lanceolatas secus ramos obvias disposita, foliohs imbri- catis, ventricosis.

Very nearly allied to /. leptantlia and perhaps not distinct from it ; though we have preferred separating species from such widely-severed localities as these affect, when, as in this case, they present tangible characters. Those of this species will be found in the more erect leaves, with lax areolse, wide and decurrent bases, and more setaceous stipules.

Plate CLIX Fig. V. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves; 4, stipide : — magnified.

48. Jtxgermaxxia alternifolia , Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caule gracih laxe hnplexo procumbente parce ramoso, foliis tlaccidis laxe reticulatis alternis patentibus planis triangulari-ovatis emargiuatis decurrentibus segmentis spinoso-acuminatis integerrimis, stipulis minutis Cjuadripartitis segmentis setaceis, calyee terminali triangulari-cylindraceo ore trilabiato ciliato. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 83. (Tab. CLXI. Fig. II.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on moist banks near the sea.

Ceespites luride mides, ramis substrictis. Folia basi decurrentia, laxe reticidata ; periekatialia 4- longitudine calycis, erecta, concava, subciliata. Capsula oblongo-rotimdata.

Belated to /. liumifusa, but distinguishable by the deep division of the apex of the leaf, the longer segments, the more decurrent bases and the wider segments of the stipules. This species was erroneously described (Lond. Journ. Bot. 1. c.) as a native of Xew Zealand ; from whence we have never seen specimens.

Plate CLXI. Fig. II. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2 and 3, branch and leaf; 4, leaf; 5, stipule : — all magnified.

Fall-lands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 437

49. Jungeemannia divaricata, Hook. ill. et Tayl. ; caule implexo procutnbente ramoso, foliis approxi- matis suberectis secuuclis e basi angusta oblongis convexis bifidis segmentis lanceolatis acuminatis divaricatis subflexuosis, stipulis bifidis segmentis subulatis extus uiiidentatis. Nobis in Bond. Joum. Bot. vol. v. p. 367. (Tab. CLXI. Fig. VIII.)

Hab. Hemiite Island, Cape Horn ; in tufts of mosses, &c.

Caspites pallide flavo-virescentes. Caules 1 unc. longi, basin versus praecipue ramosi. Folia laxe imbricata, grosse reticulata, ad medium in segmenta dua acuminata divaricata fissa, margine dorsali decurrente et reeurvo. Peri- go?^ in spicas temiinales disposita ; folioiis arete appressis, basi tumidis, antheriferis, segmentis foliis caulinis brevioribus.

Allied to /. leptantha, but a smaller plant, with leaves of a different shape, being narrower at the base and deeply divided beyond the middle. The stipides are bipartite.

Plate CLXI. Wig. V ill. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2 and 3, branch and leaf; 4, leaf; 5, stipule: — all magnified.

50. Jungermannia sahdetorum, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; minima, caule caespitoso crassiusculo prostrato ramoso, rainis ascendentibus apice recurvis, foliis approximatis subremotisve erecto-patentibus secundis sub- quadratis angulis obtusis integerrimis apice retusis laxe cellulosis, stipulis minutis ovatis lanceolatisve bipar- titis, segmentis subulatis incurvis. Nobis in Loud. Joum. Bot. vol. iii. p. 469. (Tab. CLVIII. Fig. VIII.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on wet sand and clay-slate.

Caspites sub 2 unc. lati, pallide flavo-virides. Caules breves vix \ unc. longi. Rami e caule prostrato erecti, curvati, demiun horizontales. Folia versus apices ramorum laxe imbricata, parva, madore homomalla, apice plerumque retusa v. eniarginata, rarius rotundata, basi late adnata, laxe cellulosa, paria ultima saepissinia appressa, apicibus ramulorum liinc compressis. Stipulce caule subangustiores.

Perhaps the most minute of the Lophocolea, from all the species of which its habit and the form of the leaves amply distinguish it.

Plate CLVIII. Fig. VIII. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, portion of branch, leaves, and stipules ; 3, leaf ; 4, stipide : — magnified.

51. Jungermannia rivalis, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; flaccida, caXile caespitoso ascendenti v. erecto ramoso gracili, foliis disticbis laxe imbricatis approximatisve inferioribus remotis teneribus flaccidis oblongo- quadratis angulis obtusis integerrimis basi late aduatis decurrentibus apice retuso, stipulis ovatis bifidis segmentis integerrimis v. extus uiiidentatis. Nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. iii. p. 469. (Tab. CLVIII. Fig. VII.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on wet rocks, &c, near the sea, abundant.

Caspites laxi, basi saepe submersi, atro-fusci, superne pallide olivacei. Caulis 1-2 unc. longus, ramosus, ramis erectis gracilibus, laxe foliosis. Folia tenerrima, membranacea et flaccida, minute areolata, basi lata decurreute, oblongo-rotimdata v. subquadrata, apice plerumque obscure retusa. Stipula caule vix latiores, basi subrotuudatae, v. late ovatse, bifidae ; segmentis integerrimis uni-dentatisve.

AlHed to J.planitiscula (Pt. 1. t. 63. f. 2), which is a larger plant, with differently shaped stipides. Also near the following, which, again, is smaller than either, with leaves of another form.

Plate CLVIII. Fig. VII. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2 and 3, leaves ; 4 and 5, stipules : — magnified.

5 H

438 FLORA ANTARCTICA. {Fuegia, the

52. Jungermannia grisea, Nobis in Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 154. t. lxiv. f. 8.

Var. Pylaxa; caule ramoso flexuoso, foliis laxius insertis subremotis alternantibus. (Tab. CLX. Fig. IV.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on clay banks near the sea. Var. /3, in similar situations.

Also a native of Lord Auckland's group.

Plate CLX. Mg. IV. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, stem and leaves ; 3 and 4, leaves ; 5 and 6, stipules : — magnified.

53. Jungermannia reclinans, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caule prostrato implexo ramoso, foliis imbricatis patentibus siccitate explanatis madore secundis e basi lata ovato-rotundatis integerrimis apiee rotundatis v. obscure retusis, stipubs 2-4-partitis, segmentis setaceis intermediis elongatis. Nobis in Load. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 470. (Tab. CLLX. Pig. I).

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on wet rocks near the sea.

Ccespites laxe intertexti, pallide flavo-olivacei, inter Muscos Hepatica-sque alias repentes. Caules supini, vix A unc. longi, parce ramosi. Folia margine superiore sursum producto plerumque trilobo, rarius bdobo, lobis latis obtusis, folia nunc integra. Stipules basi angustatse, quadrataa, bipartitse, segmentis plerumque uni-dentatis omnibus setaceis articulatis incurvis.

With much affinity to the /. multipenna of Lord Auckland's group ; but the upper margin of the leaf is not so gibbous or produced upwards, the stipules have the inner segments straight or recurved, but not refiexed, and much more slender.

Plate CLIX. Fig. I.— 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, stem and leaf; 3, stipule ; 4, perichaetium and calyx :— magnified.

54. Jungermannia secundifolia, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; parvula, caule subcaespitoso procumbente sub- ramoso, foliis imbricatis erectis secundis oblongis emarginato-bifidis, segmentis lanceolatis integerrimis, stipulis bipartitis, segmentis insequaliter bifidis laciniis subulato-setaceis, calyce terminali oblongo trigono, ore trilaciniato laciniis dentatis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 471. (Tab. CLIX. Fig. II.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on tufts of mosses.

Ceespites parvi, inter Muscos intricati, pallide olivacei. Caules vix % unc. longi, prostrati, demiun ascendentes, apicibus supinis radicantibus. Folia imbricata, madore erecta et secunda. Stipules amphe, segmentis setaceis incurvis. Cedyx majusculus, trigonus, latere mferiore latiore, ore ciliato-dentato.

This in some respects approaches the British /. bidentata, but is even more like /. lieteropliylla, from which it may eventually prove not distinct ; its claims rest on the closely imbricated and secund leaves, and more entire segments of the stipules.

Plate CLIX. Fig. II. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, apex of stem, perichsetium, and calyx; 3, leaf; 4, sti- pule : — Magnified.

55. Jungermannia subviridis, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; parvula, caule csespitoso prostrato ramoso, foliis laxe imbricatis secundis erecto-patentibus erectisve oblique obovatis quadratisve emarginato-bifidis segmentis obtusiusculis, margine anteriore gibboso, inferiore decurrente, stipulis ovatis bifidis utrinque uni-dentatis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 473. (Tab. CLIX. Fig. IV.)

Hab. Hermit e Island, Cape Horn ; on the ground.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTAECTICA. 439

Caspites lati, 2 unc. diametro, pallide virides, iutricati. Caules vix -±- unc. longi, decumbentes v. prostrati, apicibus ascendentibus. Folia remotiuscula, margine superiore sursum gibboso ; substantia dense cellulosa.

Closely allied to tbe /. discedens, Nees, of the East Indies ; but the leaves are shorter, wider, have a deeper sinus and more acute segments ; and the stipules are not so slender.

Plate CLIX. Fig. IV. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, branch, with leaves and stipides ; 3 and 4, leaves ; 5 and 6, stipules : — all magnified.

56. Jungermannia trachyopa, Hook. til. et Tayl. ; parvula, caule implex e ramoso procumbente flaccido, foliis tenerrimis laxe cellulosis imbricatis erectis subsquarrosis latissime rotundato-quadratis profunde bi- trifidis grosse iusequaliter spinidoso-dentatis, stipulis late ovatis bifidis segmeutis acuininatis grosse dentatis, calyce terminab oblongo trigono, ore laeiniato-dentato. Nobis in Loud. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 471. (Tab. CLIX. Fig. III.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; growing in the woods on Anthoceros punctatus, L.

Caules vix \ unc. longi, irregulariter ramosi, pallide virides. Folia arete imbricata, in lacinias duas v. plerumque plures lanceolato-subulatas divisa. Calyx pro planta majusoulus. Capsula ovalis. Seta cauli sequilonga.

A very distinct species from any of the foregoing, and a beautiful object under the microscope from the delicacy and reticulation of its leaves.

Plate CLIX. Fig. III. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, stem and leaf; 3-6, stipules; 7, periclwetium, calyx, seta, and capside : — all magnified.

57. Jungerjiannia iriacantlia, Hook. til. et Tayl. ; caule implexo procumbente vage ramoso, foliis planis approximatis patentibus oblongo-ovatis trifidis segmeutis subulato-lanceolatis, stipulis subquadratis bifidis segmentis bilaciniatis laciuiis subulatis. Nobis in Loud. Town, Bot. vol. v. p. 368.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on the ground.

Caspites densi, luride olivacei. Caulis uncialis, ramis paucis patentibus. Folia basi vix imbricata, patentia, divaricata, oblonga, apices versus sinubus duobus excisis aucta ; lacmiis 3 subidatis, porrectis, subparallehs. Stipules libera?, ereeto-patentes, quadrifidse, segmentis subulatis.

Most nearly allied to L. cldoropliylla, nobis, of New Zealand, which is, however, a smaller plant and has shorter wider subsecund leaves, and rounded dentate stipules,

(7. Chiloscyphus, Nees.)

58. Jtjngekmannia pallido-virens, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; majuscida, caule implexe subramoso procum- bente, foliis patentibus imbricatis late ovato-oblongis apice retusis integerrimis margine anteriore recurvo, stipulis miuutis recurvis oblongis bifidis segmentis subulatis extus unidentatis quadrifidisve, calyce in ramo abbreviato termiuali oblongo tri-alato compresso apice laciniato-ciliato. Nobis in Bond. Joum. Bot. vol. iii, p. 473. (Tab. CLIX. Fig. IX.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; on the ground near the sea.

Caspites late extensi, pallide flavo-virescentes, demum fuscescentes, interdum (status minor) omnino fuscati. Caules 2 unc. longi, parce ramosi, ramis \ unc. latis. Folia dense reticulata, areolis minutis, laxe imbricata, erecto- patentia, ope stipute basi connexa, apiee rotundata seu trimcata, unidentata v. emarginata. Stipules minima?, caulis •y latitudine, concavee, recurvse, oblonga; ; segmentis setaceis extus unidentatis. Perichatium ramum abbreviatum terminans, e paribus 2-3 foliolorum erectorum appressorum constans, foliolo interiore 4-5-partito. Calyx oblongo- campanulatus, latere uuico profunde fissus.

440 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

This handsome plant resembles the C. Endliclierianus, Nees, of Norfolk Island, more than any other species ; differing, however, materially in its great size, the less rounded tops of the leaves, their more convex figure, their perfectly entire margins, and by the less lacmiated stipules.

Plate CLIX. Fig. IX. — 1 and 2, plants of the natural size ; 3, stem and leaf; 4, back view of ditto and sti- pules; 5, stipule; 6, perichsetial leaf ; 7, calyx: — magnified.

59. Jungeumannia grandifolia, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caule procumbente subsirnplici laxe implexo, surcuiis planis, foliis arete imbricatis patentibus quadrato-rotundatis aiitice basi gibbosis margineque recurvis integerriniis, stipubs minutis sub 4-laciniatis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 474. (Tab. CLIX. Fig. VIII.)

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn ; in the woods.

Ctespites 3—4 unc. longi, £ unc. lati, superne pallide virescentes, interne rufo-brunnei. Folia ampla, margiue superiore basi praecipue recurro, inferiore basi simplici nou decurrente, flaccida, crassiuseula, pellueida, areolis parvis, rarius cum stipubs imo basi connexa, plerumque libera.

The largest and handsomest species of Chiloscyphus, in which the disproportion between the leaves and stipules is very remarkable. The broader and shorter leaves, their larger areolae and more lacmiated stipules, are alone sufficient to distinguish it from the former.

Plate CLIX. Mg.YfU. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, back of stem, stipules, and leaves; 3, stem and leaf; 4, stipule : — magnified.

60. JvsGHRMKSSiA/'usco-virens, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; caule implexo procumbente subranioso, surcuiis ascendentibus, foliis imbricatis verticalibus patentibus secundis rotundatis integerrimis, stipulis bi-quadri- partitis, segmentis radiantibus, calyce in ramo brevi terminali oblongo-campanulato triplicate, ore truncato integro. Nobis in lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 474. (Tab. CLIX. Fig. VII.)

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn ; forming dense tufts on the tops of the mountains, alt. 1,700 feet.

daspites parvi, densi, rufo-brunnei, ramis junioribus virescentibus. dailies 2 unc. longi, secus totam longi- tudinem radicular dense fasciculatas demittentes. Folia planiuscula, paria opposita basi valde approximata, opaca, crassiuseula, cellulis parvis. Stipula basi breves, in segmeuta dua v. plura subulata setaceave fissa. Calyces bini v. plures, foliis pallidiores. Seta fere uncialis. Capstda oblongo-rotundata.

The narrow segments of the differently shaped stipules and calyx afford the best means of distinguishing between this, and /. australis, nob., of Campbell's Island. The latter is also a smaller plant, of a darker colour. The size, large areolae of the leaves, and their not being connate at the base with the stipules, at once remove the present from the following species.

Plate CLIX. Fig. VII. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, stem and leaf; 3, back view of ditto and stipules ; 4, stipule ; 5, perickeetium, calyx, seta, and capside : — magnified.

61. Jtjngermannia surrepens, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caule disperso simplici repente, foliis imbricatis patentibus rotundatis integerriniis stipula ovata subquadrifida connatis. Nobis in Bond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 475. (Tab. CLX. Fig. I.)

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn ; on J. Magellanica.

Caiiles plerumque subsolitarii, supini, pallide brunnei v. albidi. Folia opposita, dorso ope stipidae basi connexa. Slip/da caide vix latior, ovata, bifida, segmentis subulatis extus dente majuscula auctis.

Near the last, but a very different plant in size, and in tke disposition of its leaves.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 441

Plate CLX. Fig.l. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, back view of stem, leaves and stipules; 3, stem and leaf; 4, stipule: — magnified.

62. Jungeemannia retnsata, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caule implexo procumbente subsimplici rectiusculo, foliis patentibus planis late oblongis obtusis retusiscpie integerriinis hinc stipulse minutes setaceo-bipartitse cormexis. Nobis in Lond. Jourti. Bot. vol. iv. p. 84. (Tab. CLXI. Fig. III. sub. nom. /. reclinata.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on the ground.

Caspites laxi, pallide fusco-olivacei. Caules unciales. Folia remotiuscula, late oblonga, obscure ernarginata, cum stipula caide eequilata connexa.

Allied to the Ch. integrifolius, Gottsche, of Chili, but the leaves are more distant, shorter, and wider ; the stipule more divided and the whole plant of a darker colour.

Plate CLXI. Fig. III. (under the name of /. reclinata). — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, 3, and 4, stem and leaves; 5, stipule: — magnified.

63. Jungermannia horizontalis, Hook., Muse. Exot. t. 96. Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees, Syn. Hep. p. 178. Hab. Staten Land; Menzies (in Herb. Hook.).

Not in the collections of the Antarctic Expedition.

64. Jungermannia amjjhibolia, Nees, in Martins, Flor. Bras. vol. i. p. 334. Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees, Syn. Hep. p. 178.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; mixed with ■/. uncialis. Also a native of the Brazils.

(8. Lepidozea, Nees.)

65. Jungermannia tetradaetyla, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; in Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 158. Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees, Syn. Hep. p. 213.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; moist places near the sea. Likewise found both in Lord Auckland's group and New Zealand.

66. Jungeemannia plumulosa, Lehm. et Lindb., Pngill. p.30. Gottsche, Lindb.etNees, Syn.Hep.ip.21l. Hab. Staten Land, Menzies. Strait of Magalhaens, H'Urville. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; on

moist banks.

67. Jungeemannia lavifolia, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; in Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 157. Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees, Syn. Hep. p. 208.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on moist rocks near the sea.

First described from Auckland Island specimens ; also found in New Zealand and Tasmania.

68. Jungeemannia oligochylia, Lehm. et Lindb., Pngill. vi. p. 26. Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees, Syn. Hep. p. 201.

Hab. Staten Land, Menzies. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; in moist places.

69. Jungeemannia tridactylis, Lehm. et Lindb. ? fid. Moutagne, in Voy. au Pole Sad, Bot. Crypt, p.243.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; M.M. Hombron et Jacquinof.

5i

442 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \_Fuegia, the

70. Jungermannia filamentosa, Lehm. et Lindb., PugiU. vi. p. 29. Montagne in Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 246.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens ; M. Ho moron.

A plaut we do not recognize amongst the numerous forms, from Fuegia and Lord Auckland's Island, of this most difficult, and perhaps too extended group.

71. Jungermannia Javanica, Mont., in Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 246.

Hab. Strait of Magalliaens; Port Famine, M. Jacquinot.

This may be one of the above enumerated species, though we have failed in identifying it. It is also a native of Java.

72. Jungermannia chordulifera, Tayl., in Bond. Journ. Bot. vol. v. p. 371. (Tab. CLXI. Fig. VI.) Hab. Clionos Archipelago, C. Darwin, Esq.

A very handsome species, aUied to the J. pendulina of New Zealand.

Plate CLXI. Fig. VI. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, stem, leaves, aud stipules ; 4, stipule : — magnified.

(9. Mastigophoea, Nees.)

73. Jtjngermannia hirsuta, Nees ; Fl.Antarct. Pt. l.p. 160. Sendtnera ochroleuca, Nees, in Gottsche, Bindb. et Nees, Syn. Hep. p. 240.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; on roots of stunted trees, &c, alt. 1,000 feet. Falkland Islands; rocks on the lull tops, rare.

A widely distributed plant, being found in Mexico and Java, at the Cape of Good Hope, and Lord Auckland's group.

(10. Radula, Nees.)

74. Jungermannia Helix, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; parvula, caule repente implexo subflexuoso pinnatim ramoso, foliis remotis alternis oblongis alte concavis integerrimis basi gibbosis, lobo superiori ovato-oblongo obtuso, inferioris ovati tumidi involuti apice subacuto superiori appresso. Nobis in Bond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 475. Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees, Syn. Hep. p. 260. (Tab. CLX. Fig. II.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; growing with J. colorata.

Ccespites vix \ unc. lati, pallide straniinei. Folia pauca, alterna, nisi apicem caulis versus remota.

A very distinct Mttle species, found growing on large masses of /. colorata, with the purple colour of which its pale stems contrast conspicuously. It is smaller and has more tumid leaves than any of its congeners ; the latter resemble in fonn the shell of Helix putris, whence the trivial name.

Plate CLX. Fig. II. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, stem and leaves ; 3 and 4, leaves : — magnified.

75. JvyG'EUMA'mu.A pAysoloia, Mont.; Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 161. J. flavifolia, nobis in Bond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 476. Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees, Syn. Hep. p. 259. J. complanata, /3, Hook. (Tab. CLX. Fig. III.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on trunks of trees.

An abundant boreal plant, inhabiting Europe from Switzerland to Iceland. Li the southern hemisphere it has hitherto been seen only in Lord Auckland's group and at Cape Horn. It is rather a variable species, and we have

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 443

described it already under two names. The leaf of these specimens is shorter, broader at the upper part and rounded, with the lower lobe shorter than is usual in J.pliysoloba. We add a figure.

Plate CLX. Fig. ILL — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, branch and leaf; 3, leaf; 4, perichaetium and calyx ; 5, calyx and capside : — magnified.

(11. Polyotus, Gottsche.)

76. Jungermannia Magellanica, Lamk. Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 162.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on trunks of trees, abundant. Strait of Magalhaens, Commerson. Staten Land, Meuzies.

Also found in Campbell's Island, Tasmania, and New Holland.

77. Jungermannia Menziesii, Hook., Muse. Exot. 1. 118.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; mossy trunks of trees, wet rocks, &c. ; also on the summits of the mountains. Staten Land, Menzies.

78. Jungermannia palpebrifolia, Hook., Muse. Exot. t. 71. Gottsche, Lindb. etNees, Syn.Hep. p. 246. Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, B'Urville.

(12. Fruixania, Raddi.)

79. Jungermannia eyperoides, Schwaeg., Prodr. Hep. 14. Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees, Sj/n. Hep. p. 420. Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; (fid. SchwaegricJien).

80. Jungermannia lobulata, Hook., Muse. Exot. 1. 119. Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees, Sgn. Hep. p. 445. Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; in woods. Staten Land, Menzies. Falkland Islands ; on rocks

near the hill tops.

81. Jungermannia Magellanica, Spreng., hi Annul, des Wetter. Ges. vol.i. p. 25. t.4. f.10, (fid. Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees, Sgn. Hep. p. 447.)

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; on Brimys Winteri and Berberis ilicifolia; Forster (fid. Gottsche).

(13. Lejeunia, Spreng.)

82. Jungermannia subintegra, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caule breviusculo csespitoso procumbente elongato subsiinplici, foliis subimbricatis erectiusculis integerrimis, lobo superiore oblongo-rotundato, inferiore \ bre- viore tumido involute angulo superiore acuminato, stipulis caule paulo latioribus ovatis acutis integerrimis v. summo apice fissis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 477. Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees, Syn. Hep. p. 377. (Tab. CLX. Pig. M.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; in wet places near the sea.

Ceespites late extensi, pallide olivacei. Cmdes vix ± unc. longi, plerumque simplices. Folia amplectantia, suberecta, concava, diametro cauhs duplo latiora, laxe cellulosa, areolis majusculis. Stipula majusculoe, integerrima?, v. imo apice solum fissae, segmentis approximatis.

The great size of the stipules comparatively to the leaves and their very obscure division, afford sufficiently distinctive characters of this species.

Plate CLX. Fig. V.— 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, stem ; 3, leaf; 4- and 5, stipules -.—magnified.

444 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

83. Jungermannia parasitica, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; caule subirnplexo procumbente pinnatim ramoso, foliis subapproximatis patentibus valde concavis integerrimis v. obscure dentatis, lobo superiore triangulari- ovato acuto v. acuininato apice subrecurvo, inferiore oblongo acuminata, stipulis parvis obovato-quadratis bilobis lobis rotundatis integerrimis. Nobis in Lond. Jonrn. Bot. vol. iii. p. 477. J. marginalis, nobis, I. c. vol. iv. p. 91. (Tab. CLX. Fig. VI.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; parasitical on /. uncialis, and amongst lichens on trunks of trees.

Caules gracillimi, minimi, oculo mido invisibles, pallide virides, inter Lichenes aliasque Hepaticas dispersi, ■jJj unc. ltJngi, subpinnatim ramosi, rainis suberectis. Folia subremota, patentia, basi latiuscula, apicibus acuminatis, incurvis v. recurvis, lobo inferiore margine involuto subundidato.

This has precisely the habit and appearance of the Irish /. ovata, Tayl. MSS., an equally minute parasite, with stipules of the same form. The present differs from that in the shape of the more distant leaves, which are shorter, wider at the base, and more acute above. The whole plant is of a paler colour, and from the smaller size of the cells of the leaves their tissue is more dense.

Plate CLX. Fig. VI. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, stem, leaves, and stipules ; 3, leaf; 4, stipule : — magnified.

84. Jungermannia rufescens, Lindb., in Gottsche, Lindb. et Nees, St/n. Hep. p. 366. Hab. Staten Land, Menzies (in Herb. Hook.).

(14. Diplol^na, Nees.)

85. Jungermannia p isicolor, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; fronde laxe caespitosa erecta dicbotome divisa basi in stipitem teretem gradatim attenuate, lobis linearibus obtusis emarginatis uninerviis integerrimis. Nobis in Loncl. Jonrn. Bot, vol. iii. p. 478. (Tab. CLX. Fig. VII.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; at the bottom of an alpine lake.

Frondes e radice repente clongato erecti, sub 3 unc. lati, pisicolores, demum flavescentes, parte inferiore atra, bis terve dichotome divisi, lobis plerumque madore concavis, e margine proliferi ; juniores basi rotundati, primuni liberi?, demum radices emittentes. Nervus validus, percurrens, siccitate tenuis, albescens, madore ddatatus, fronde concolor, axdbs acutis.

A very distinct and curious plant, allied to the /. tenuinervis, nob., of New Zealand, from which it may be known by its yellow-green colour, greater size, and taller habit, narrower and more elongated lobes, and, above all, by its being erect, differing remarkably in that respect from its northern allies, /. Hibernica, Hook., and /. Lyellii, Hook.

Plate CLX. Fig. VII. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, apex of frond : — :

(15. Aneura, Nees.)

86. Jungermannia multifield, Linn.; Fl. Antarct. Pt. I. p. 166.

Var. 0. submersa ; fronde anguste lineari-elongata pellucida parce ramosa plana, ramis brevibus, perigoniis marginalibus alternis brevissimis, cellulis densis.

Var. y. nana ; parvula, ramosa, cellulis latioribus brevioribusque.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; var. a and /3, very abundant ; var. y, in a fresh-water lake amongst the mountains. Falkland Islands ; abundant.

An extremely abundant plant in the southern extra-tropical regions.

Fall-lands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 445

87. JvxGERMAxmA pinguis, L. Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 46. Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; wet places in the woods.

88. Jtjngeemannia alcicornis, Hook. fil. et Tayl. ; fronde ctespitosa erecta alterne bipinnatim ramosa, caule ramisque linearibus laciniis lobisve brevibus subtruncatis, calyptris lateralibus linearibus albidis sca- bridis apice laceris. Nobis m Bond. Joum. Bot. vol. iii. p. 479. (Tab. CLX. Fig. VIII.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; mossy places in the woods.

Frondes caespitosi, planiusculi, unciales, circumscriptione oblongi, juniores laete virides, demum fuscescentes et siccitate nigrescentes. Rami seu lachua; basi subdichotomi, superne subpinnatim divisi ; lobidis brevibus, obtusis. Calyptra parte frondis inferiore laterales, valde elongata?, cylindracea?, basi curvatae, carnosae, papIUosae. Seta sub \ unc. longa. Capmla cylindracea.

A very beautiful little species, allied to the J.pahuata, Hoffm., of Europe; bnt much more divided, with the divisions pinnate and not palmate ; the lobules also are much narrower, and the calyptra is borne higher up in the frond.

Plate CLX. Fig. VIII. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, ditto; 3, branch and calyptra: — magnified.

(16. Metzgeria, Nees.)

89. JvsGEKMAmuAfurcata, L. Flor. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 167. Var. /3. pubescens, J. pubescens, Brit. Jung.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; in woods, &c.; both varieties abundant.

90. Jusgekmannia prel/ensilis, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; fronde laxe csespitosa, rainis erectis incurvis alatis, lobis secundis alternis pinnatis, pimuuis linearibus planis crassinerviis, calyptra e basi anguste elongato- obovata basi squamosa, perigoniis clavatis. Nobis in Bond. Joum. Bot. vol. iii. p. 480. (Tab. CLX. Fig. IX.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on moist banks near the sea.

Frondes laxe csespitosi, apicibus latiusculis hamatis. Caulis planus, brunneus, pubescens, pinnulis glabratis pallide olivaceis. Calyptra brunneae, apices versus frondis laciniarum basi superficie inferiore sitae, hinc occlusae, interdum binae. Perigonia plantis aliis obvia, clavata, e ramo pinnato frondis constantia, lobulis pinnisve incurvis singvdis antheram majuscidam sphericam pedicellatam foventibus.

A remarkably distinct and fine species, most resembling the /. eriocaula, Hook., of New Zealand ; though the frond is of a darker colour aud tripimiate, the pinnules much narrower, and the whole plant more elongated and divided. The perigonia and calyptra? occupy similar positions on different plants.

Plate CLX. Fig. IX. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, upper, and 3, under surface of branch with calyptra • 4, calyptra : — magnified.

(17. Noteroclada, Tayl.)

Involucrum apicem versus frondis concavi tumidi inflatum, ore libero sub-bilobo. Capmla quadrivalvis, seu irregulariter mmpens, pedicellata. Elateres spirales seminibus immixtae. Antherce fronde immersae. Frons piunatim lobata, v. foliis basi latissimis longe decurrentibus subspiraliter dispositis ornata. — Stirps inter Jungermannias foliosas frondosasque quasi media, histamen accedens. — Androcryphia, GottscJie.

5k

446 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

91. Jungermannia confluent, Tayl. in Lond.Joicm. Hot. vol.iii. p.478. (Tab.CLXI. Fig.VII.in part.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on the bare ground in woods. Falkland Islands and Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; on moist banks.

Laxe casspitosa. Frondes flaecidissiuii, 2 una longi, erecti. Caulis simpliciusculus, foliis imbricatis oinnino occlusus, subrufescens, gracilis. Folia alteima, tenerrima, madore carnosiuscula, siccitate membranacea, aegre resus- citentia, et inter se quasi confluentia (hinc irons prima visu contiuua et lobata), basi latissima, bis latiora quam longa, longe decurrentia, fere arnplexicaulia, semi-orbicularia, apice rotundata v. retusa, areolis majusculis. Involu- crum terminale, sessile, erectum, cylindraceum, compressum, ore eroso-dentato. Seta uncialis, gracilis. Capsula ovato-globosa, irregulariter v. regulariter rurnpens. Elateres brevissimi. Cahjptra irregulariter rupta, parte superiore stylo persistente terrninata. A/d/iera ovato-oblonga?, biseriales, substantia frondis immersas, liquido oleaginoso scatentes.

A genus allied to Fossombrouia, but the structure of the involucre, apparently formed very much out of the frond itself, is quite dissimilar. The involucre is terminal in this species, but lateral in a Brazilian congener, which was long regarded as identical, and smooth ; when terminal, winged from the adhesion to its surface of the upper abbreviated leaves : it is either truncated or obscurely two-lipped. The young spores are united by fours in a transparent membrane. The drawing of the fruit is taken from Brazilian specimens of an allied species, or perhaps variety, collected by Mr. Gardner ; the leaves of the Antarctic plant having become so firmly united under pressure, that no maceration would separate them satisfactorily.

In the ' Synopsis Hepaticarum' of Nees, Lindenberg and Gottsche, the generic name has been changed to Androcryphia, with the following explanation. " Noteroclada nomen Greece cum sonet neque Grseci esse possit originis, (soil, vwtos tergum non dat varepov, neque ^XaSou sive rami character hoc loco succurrit) ; substituere aliud nomen a?gre id quidem mecum sustinui." (J. c. p. 470.) The derivation of the name being, however, vorrfpbs " madidus," sufficiently vindicates the adoption of Noteroclada.

Plate CLXI. Fig. VII. (in part.) — 1, Brazilian, and 2, Falkland Island specimen, of the natural size ; 3, branch, leaves, &c, of the Brazilian specimen ; 4, leaf of ditto ; 5, corolla of ditto : — magnified.

(18. Fossohbronia, Nees.)

92. Jungermannia ^«i#«, L.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; on banks amongst moss, &c.

Also a native of New Zealand, and probably not an uncommon plant in the temperate parts of the Southern as it is of the Northern hemisphere.

2. MARCH ANTIA, March.

1. Mahchantia polymorpAa, L. Flor. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 168.

Hab. Fuegia, the Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen's Land; very abundant.

This is perhaps the most widely dispersed of Hepatica, ranging from the Arctic circle to the 57 th degree of south latitude.

3. ANTHOCEROS, Michel.

1. Anthoceros punc tatus, L.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; very common.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 447

LIV. FUNGI, L.

(By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley.) 1. AGAEICUS, L.

1. Agaricus longinquus, Berk.; pileo obliquo suborbiculari albo demum pallide fusco glabra nitente, strato superiore gelatinoso, stipite curto quandoque brevissimo pallide flavo-fusco basi albo-floccoso, lamellis albis subfurcatis, interstitiis laevibus. (Tab. CLXIIL Fig. V.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on dead wood near the sea.

Pileus |- uno. et ultra latus, tenuis, oblique ovatus vel semiorbicularis, primum subtiliter pruinosus, mox autem glaberrimus, nitens j inargine striato ; stratum epidermale gelatiuosum. Stipes vix lineam exsuperans quandoque obsoletus, asqualis, primum centralis, deinde exeentricus aut omnino lateralis, subtiliter pruinosus, demum glaber, pallide flavo-fuscus, ad matricem basi tomentosa affixus. Lamellae alba?, distantiusculas, subfurcatse, prope marginem prsesertim subventricosse, decurrentes, interstitiis laevibus, non retieulatis.

The nearest ally of this species is perhaps Ag. mitis, Pers., but the stem is not dilated upwards and the pileus is seldom perfectly lateral. Its colour, too, is different, andjt has not the same opake appearance when dry. The upper stratum is gelatinous, though the pileus is dry externally; a character common to several closely allied species. It resembles also some smaller forms of Ag. algidus, Fr., but that is at first resupiuate, whereas in the present species the stem is normal, though, as in most of the smaller excentric Agarics, occasionally obsolete. I do not know any other species with which it is necessary to compare it.

Plate CLXIIL Fig. V. — 1, Agaricus longinquus, Berk., of the natural size, from rather young specimens; 2, another : — magnified.

2. Agaricus exguisitus, Berk.; minimus, tenermnus, pileo ferrugineo subtiliter pulverulento, stipite brevi filiformi sursum incrassato pulverulento pileo concolori, basi dilatata irregulariter fioccoso-niembranacea, lamellis paucissimis ventricosis subliberis albo-marginatis interstitiisque laevibus ferrugineis.

Hab. Port Louis, Falkland Islands ; on stems of Chiliotrichim amelloides.

Pileus membranaceus, 1 liu. latus, orbicularis, subtiliter pulverulentus, ferrugineus. Stipes 2 lin. altus, filiformis, sursum incrassatus, flexuosus, pulverulentus, pileo concolor, basi disco irregulari flexuoso-membranaceo affixus. Lamella paucfe (6), sublibera?, ferrugiueo-fuscse, interstitiis latis laevibus.

This elegant little Agaric differs from Ag. horkontalis, Bull., an imperfectly known species, which I have received from Dr. Leveille and have myself gathered on the trunks of trees in the park at Burleigh, near Stamford, in being altogether more delicate, in tlie membranaceous pileus, and especially in the absence of smaller gills between the larger. The pileus of Ag. //orizontalis also is much darker when dry.

3. Agaricus Glebanm, Berk.; pileo carnoso late umbonato glabro pallide fusco, stipite brevi glabro sursum subinerassato solido, basi mycelio floccoso affixa, lamellis latiusculis adnatis horizontalibus fulvis. (Tab. CLXII. Fig. III.)

Hab. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands; growing out of tufts of Bolax on the hills, where it endures a great degree of wet and cold.

Pileus ^ unc. latus, glaberrimus, subhemisphericus, umbonatus, pro ratione valde carnosus, senectute rugosns ; nequaquam viseidus. Stipes f unc. altus, 1-i lin. crassuSj sobdus, subtiliter fibrillosus, sursum incrassatus, basi ad

448 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

surculos foliaque marcida mycelio floccoso affixus. Lamella latiusculae, horizontals, dente obscuro adnata?, subdis- tautes, quandoque furcatae. Spores oblique ellipticae, sub lente aureo-fuscas, nucleo parvo globoso. Margo pilei inter- dum reflexus discusque exinde depressus, tunc etiam lamellae, ni caute perscrutentur, libera; habeantur.

This species is allied to Ag. innocuus, Tasch, and Ag. cerodes, Fr. From the latter it differs in its solid stem ; from the former, in its decidedly carnose umbonate pileus.

Plate CLXII. Fig. III. — 1, Ag. Glebarum, Berk., of the natural size, on tufts of Bolax; 2, vertical section of the same ; 3, spores : — highly magnified.

4. kGAXiCVsfascicularis, Huds., Fl. Angl. p. 615. Fries, Ep. p. 222. Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on the trunk of a dead tree, Mr. Davis. A single specimen only was found.

5. Agaricvs papilionaceus, Bull., t. 561. f. 2. Pers. in Frei/c. Voy. p. 168. Ag. funetarius, Gaud, in Ann. cles Sc. Nat. vol. v. p. 97.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; Gaudichaud.

This species was not met with during the visit of the Erebus and Terror. Ag. Glebarum could not have been considered as belonging to the subdivision of Coprini. The pileus is said by Persoon to be broader, and the stem shorter than in Bulliard's figure.

2. COPEINUS, Pers.

1. Coprinus Flosculus, Berk.; minimus, tenerriruus, pileo glabro ovato demum expanso hemisplierico fisso sulcato vertice depressiusculo, stipite brevi, lamellis liberis paucis linearibus remotis. (Tab. CLXII. Fig. II.)

Hab. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; on dung.

Pileus 1-i- lin. altus, 1 lin. latus, ovatus, profunde ex ipso vertice sulcatus, interstitiis striatis, glaber, subgriseus, margine crenulato, demmn expansus, hemisphericus, fissus. Stipes % lin. altus, filiformis, prinmin leviter ad basin turgidus, demum aequalis. Lamella primarise subdecem, libera;, remotae, lineares. Spora ovatse, atro-purpureae.

A minute Coprinus, belonging to the same section with Coprinus Hemerobius, but differing from it and from the other species of the section in various characters. It resembles in habit C. Hendersonii, Berk., but wants the ring which is characteristic of that species.

Plate CLXII. Tig. II. — 1, Coprinus Flosculus, of the natural size ; 2, ditto : — magnified ; 3, hyinenium, viewed vertically with the spores on the sporophores ; 4, spores : — highly magnified.

3. POLYPORUS, Fries.

1. Polyporus versicolor, Fr., Ep. p. 473. Berk, in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. p. 292. Hab. Falkland Islands ; on the underside of timber, C. Darwin, Esq. This can scarcely be considered indigenous. The mycelium in all probability existed on the timber when imported.

4. CORTICIUM, Fries.

1. Corticium tretnellinum, Berk.; confluenti-effusum, gelatinosum, pellucidum, candidum, quandoque opacum, subtiliter pruinosurn, siccum non rimosum decoloratum.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on bark of the Deciduous Beech in damp woods.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 449

Primura maculas orbieulares exhibens, qua; denium couflueudo areolas tenues longe effusas oinues matricis inaequalitates observantes efficiunt ; album, ut plurimum pelluciduvn, quaudoque opacum, temie "elatinosum sub- tiliter pruinosum atque exinde nitidulum, inodorum, insipidum ; exsiccatuin sordide umbrinum. Mareo tenuis nequaquam fimbriatus, hie illic exsiccatione liber. Spores ellipticae, majores.

Nearly allied to Corticimn viscosum, but not in the least cracked when dry. I have found the same species apparently, in Sherwood Forest, which I had referred to C. viscosum ; but the characters given by Fries, in his ' Epicrisis,' indicate a distinct species.*

5. TEEMELLA, L.

1. Tremeela mesenterica, Eetz, in Vetensh Ac. Handl. 1769, p. 249. Engl. Bot. t. 709.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on a dead trunk of Deciduous Beech, almost covered with former winters' snow, 1,200 feet above the sea, in an exposed place.

The only specimen seen.

6. EXEDIA, Fries.

1 . Exldia Auricula Judez, Fries, Ep. p. 590.

Hab. Port Famine ; on Beech, C. Darwin, Esq. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; /. D. If.

The specimens collected in the latter locality are small and less tomentose than the more usual state of the species.

7. CEUCIBULUM, Tul,

1. Crtjcibtjlum vulgare, Tul. Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 3. vol. i. p. 90. Cyathus Crucibulum, Pers. Syn. p. 238. Grev. Scot. Crypt. Fl. t. 34.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on moss near the sea, always solitary.

The specimens differ from the ordinary form, which occurs in the southern as well as in the northern hemi- sphere, in their solitary habit, more conical peridia, which are of a semi-transparent dirty orange-yellow, and in the more irregular sporangia. In structure I find no difference.

8. LYCOPEEDON, Tourn.

1. Lycoperdon calatum, Bull. Champ, vol. i. p. 156. t. 430.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on a tuft of Bolax.

One specimen only was met with.

It is not possible to speak very positively of a single old specimen and which had been evidently much exposed to the weather. It is, however, certainly neither L. (jemmatum, nor L. pyriforme, and appears to me to be a state of L. calatum. L. arenarinm, Pers., will be found under the genus Bulgaria.

9. LEPTOTHYEIUM, Kze.

1. Leptothyrium decipiens, Berk.; suborbiculare, atrum, nitidum, sporis tenerrimis irregulari-subfusi- formibus quaudoque curvatis. (Tab. CLXIII. Fig. III.)

* An authentic specimen, however, received from Mons. Lindblad, since the above was printed, is not more cracked than the Antarctic plant. Corticium tremellimim must be considered, therefore, merely a highly developed form of C. viscosum.

5 L

450 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on dead stems of Roslkovia grandiflora.

Puncta irregularia suborbicularia picea nitida in culmos exsiccatos efformans. Perithecia valde depressa, demum basi squama? instar dehiscentia. Spora irregulares, fusiformes, quandoque curvatee, tenerrimse, albae, pellucidse ; endochromium varie partitum, non autem septatum.

A species which, examined superficially, may be passed over as Leptodroma junceum, differing merely in its more sinning perithecium. The spores are, however, of a very different form, and many times larger. In that species, as published in 'British Fungi' (No. 197), and by Madame Libert (No. 260), they are extremely minute and obtuse at either extremity ; the perithecium also is more closely cellular. In the specimens published by Klotzsch and Fries (in my copy at least), there is no fructification. It resembles also, externally, Leptodroma vulgare, but there is as decided a difference as in the former case between the spores.

Plale CLXIII. Fig. III. — Leptothyrium decipiens, Berk., of the natural size ; 2, portion of stem of Rodkovia grandiflora, with base of peridium adhering to it : — magnified; 3, spores : — highly magnified.

10. SPH.ERONEMA, Fries.

1. Sph^ronema sticticum, Berk.; minutissimuin, punctiforme, innatum, atrum, uitidum, demum collapsuin, sporis minutissimis ellipticis. (Tab. CLXIII. Fig. I.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; on dead leaves of the Deciduous Beech (Fagu-s Antarctica.)

Minutissimum, punctiforme, atrum, nitidum, demum collapsum, praecipue venis foliorum innatum, unde disposi- tionem reticulatam exhibit. Spora minutissimee, sporophoris brevibus filiformibus affixas.

Not to be confounded with Spharia punctiformis, Pers., (Fr. Sc. Suec. No. 56), which has true asci, assuming the production published by Fries, which exactly accords with specimens gathered in Northamptonshire, to be the type of the species. Both Desmaziere's (No. 984), and Mougeot's, and Nestler's (No. 662) plants appear to me quite different. Unfortunately in neither have I been able to detect fructification. In Mougeot's plant the perithecia are strongly collapsed, which is by no means the case with that of Fries ; and that of Desuiaziere approaches Sp. macidaformis.

The genus Spharonema is here considered as comprising such species of the genus Sptiaria as have simple spores, never included in asci, such as Sp. acuta, &c.

Plate CLXIII. Fig. I. — 1, Spharonema sticticum, Berk., upon leaves of Fagus, of the natural size ; 2, portion of leaf and fungus ; 3, spores on their sporophores; 4, spores : — all highly magnified.

11. SPOBIDESMIUM, M:

1. Sporidesmium adscendens, Berk., in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. p. 292. t. S. f. 1. 1810.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on the underside of Polgporus versicolor, C. Darwin, Esq.

The species is nearly allied to Sp. vagmn, Nees, from which it differs merely in having constantly a single globose nucleus in each articulation, presuming that Corda's figure, published in the same year with that in the Annals of Natural History, is the plant of Nees.

12. jECIDIUM, Gmel.

1. jEcidium Magellanicum, Berk.; hypophyllum, totam faciem inferiorem occupans inque petiolos sparsum, rarissime epiphyllum, maculis rubellis, peridiis urceolatis elongatis, sporis pallidis irregulariter orbicularibus. (Tab. CLXIII. Fig. II.)

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine; on Berheris ilicifolia, Cajd. King.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 451

Maculae rubella1 ; peridia plus minus elongata, urceolata, sursum leviter constrieta, vel omnino cylindracea, fragilia, totam superfieiera inferiorem investientia, plus minus in petiolos descendentia. Sporce pallida; (saltern in exemplaribus exsiccatis) irregulariter subglobosae, angulatre. Rarissime pauca peridia epiphylla sunt.

Resembling much in external appearance Ah. sambucinum, Schwein. It is at once distinguished from JScidium BerberidU by its very different habit.

Plate CLXIII. Fig. II. — 1, leaves of Berberis and AEcidium Magellanieum, of the natural size ; 2, portion of leaf and fungus ; 3, spores : — highly magnified.

13. UREDO, Pot.

1. Uredo Candida, Pers., Spi. p. 223.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on Aral/is Macloviana, Capt. Sulivan.

The mycelium is very visible in these specimens. There is no difference in the spores.

14. MORCHELLA, Bill.

1. Morchella scmilibera, Dec, Fl.Fr. vol. ii. p. 212.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on the ground.

I have seen a single imperfect specimen only, which is scarcely more than sufficient to determine the genus. I believe it, however, to be the species of De Candolle, above cited.

15. PEZIZA, BUI.

1. Peziza Kerguelensis, Berk.; media, cupula plana adnata coccinea extus setis brevioribus obsita. (Tab. CLXIV. Fig. III.)

Hab. Herniite Island, Cape Horn ; on dead branches amongst the snow, alt. 1,000 feet. Cliristinas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; May and June ; on bare boggy earth near the sea, growing amongst Conferva.

Cupula i-f unc. lata, plana, adnata, margiue tantum ut plurimum libero, coccinea, externe setis brevioribus subflaccidis plus minus contextis primuni pallidis deinde saturate rubris vestita, dissepimentis demum absorptis. A-sci lineares, obtusi ; sporidia late elliptica, glabra, nucleo unico globoso ; paraphyses apice clavulata?.

Allied to P. scutellata and P. umbrosa, but larger than either. The bristles are short and somewhat flaccid, in which it differs strikingly from the former species, as also in its broader sporidia. From the latter it differs principally in its larger size and less conspicuous hairs. I am not able, in the absence of authentic specimens, to compare the sporidia ; but if that species be the same with P. trechispora, Berk., and Broome, which is not impossible, the difference is considerable.

Plate CLXIV. Fig. III. — 1, Kerguelen's Land, and 2, Cape Horn specimens ; of the natural size ; 3, setae : — magnified ; 4, asci, sporidia and paraphyses ; 5, sporidia : — very higldy magnified.

2. Peziza stercorea, Pers. Ols. vol. ii. p. 89. (Tab. CLXIII. Fig. IV.)

* Hab. Port Louis, Falkland Islands ; on cow-dung.

Not distinguishable from European specimens. I cannot detect Ascobolns furfuraceus, which is so generally its companion in Europe.

Plate CLXIII. Fig. IV. — 1, bristles from cup ; 2, asci and paraphyses, in the broken ascus the inner mem- brane is visible, projecting below ; 3, sporidia : — all highly magnified.

452 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

16. BULGARIA, Fries.

1. Bulgaria arenaria, Lev., Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 3. vol. v. p. 253. Lycoperdcm arenarium, Pers. in Freyc. Toy. p. 179. 1. 1. f. 2. Gaud. I. c.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; " tres-commnn en Mars et Avril, au sommet des dunes de sable qui bordent le contour de la baie Francaise au Camp de l'Uranie."

This species unfortunately was not found during the visit of the Erebus and Terror. M. Leveille has had an opportunity of inspecting an original specimen, and finds its slender asci to contain simple sporidia.

17. CYTTABIA, Berh.

1. Cyttaria Hooker/, Berk.; parva, turbinato-obovata, obtuse papillata, pallide fusca, cupulis paucis. (Tab. CLXII. Fig. I.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on living branches of the Deciduous Beech.

Receptacula communia obovata, e disco oblongo corticali enata, |— 1 unc. alta, -i— | unc. crassa, basi attenuata, apice obtuse papillaeformi, pallide fusca, glabra ; contextu ut in aliis speciebus gelatinoso-carnoso, e fibris anastomo- santibus ; cupulis paucis, primum materie gummosa repletis, demum vacuis ; ascis liuearibus truncatis, paraphysibus linearibus quandoque furcatis immixtis. Sporidia ignota.

The genus Cyltaria is peculiar to the Southern hemisphere, and unless Commerson's habitat, to be mentioned presently, shoidd prove correct, to the more temperate latitudes. All the species known at present grow on living beech ; Cyttaria Berteroi on Fagus obliqua, the Fuegian species on Fagus betuloides, that of Tasmania on Fagus Cunn- inghami, and Cyttaria Hooheri on Fagus Antarctica. The species, on which Cyttaria disciformis, Lev., grows, has not been ascertained. It is probable that the genus occurs also in New Zealand, where there is a species of beech closely allied to Fagus Cunningliami. There exists, indeed, in Monsieur B. Delessert's Herbarium, a species purporting to have been collected in the Isle of Bourbon, by Commerson, but though the locality* is veiy precisely indicated, it is probable, both on account of the difference of climate and the absence of the genus Fagus in that island, that there is some mistake about the specimen.

All the species seem to grow from a distinct disc, which doubtless, as in Podisoma, produces a fresh crop every season. The disc bursts through the cuticle, and is formed either entirely of the lower portion of the bark, or of that and the upper stratum of the wood, which are split longitudinally or in the direction of the medullary rays, the fissures being traversed by loose threads of mycelium. Sometimes, also, there are traces of mycelium in portions of bark where no disc has been protruded. The structure of the bark is often much deranged, and sometimes quite disorganized. The base of the receptacles is attenuated, and penetrates generally to the dotted vessels. In Cyttaria Qimnii, which seems more truly cortical, there appears always to be a fascicle of such vessels in connexion with the base penetrating through the cortical stratum. I do not find this to be the case in Cyttaria Hookeri. The structure of the substance of the receptacles is so different in the plant when dry, from that in the same species when

* The label attached to the specimen is literally as follows : —

" Elvela Clathrus : sessilis scutelke instar concava, brunnea subterius murina Commerson. Vel acaulis scutelliformis in concavitate fusca subterius e niurino ciuerascens. Comm. Entre la Riviere du Rampart et Langevin St. Vincendan, a Bourbon.

Envoie a M. Linne sous le No. 1 (inconnu a M. Linne) An. 1779." (Such appears to be the date, but Commerson died at the Isle of France, in 1773, and the elder Linna?us in 1778.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 453

preserved in spirits, as to be scarcely recognizable. I had, at first, on examining dried specimens of Gyttaria Gunnii, fancied that I had made some mistake in the analysis given in my paper in the 19th volume of the Linuean Transactions. The fact is, that when a very thin slice of the dried plant is placed on the field of the microscope, the gelatinous coat of the threads of which it is composed becomes visible ; while in the plant preserved in spirits, the jelly seems to form one common mass in which the central tube alone is exhibited, and when the plexus of filaments is drawn out with the point of a lancet, they appear far less curled than they do in situ. Perfect sporidia have not at present been observed in any species.*

Plate CLXII. Fit/. I. — 1, Gyttaria Hookeri, Berk., of the natural size, on a living twig of Fagus Antarctica ; 2, vertical, and 3, transverse sections of a single plant, of the natural size ; 4, asci and paraphyses ; 5, curious state of asci; 6, part of the tissue from the darker part of a specimen preserved in alcohol ; 7, ditto from lighter part artificially extended ; 8, portion of intercellular tissue of Cyttaria Gunnii as seen in a dry specimen ; (the same structure is found in dry specimens of Cyttaria Hookeri, and in Cyttaria Darwinii, after it has been preserved in alcohol and dried for the Herbarium) ; 9, horizontal slice from portion of bark nearest to the wood, in a part of a twig not externally attacked by Cyttaria, to show the mycelium penetrating the cells ; 10, slice of fructifying disc, showing two sorts of tissue of the bark, interrupted by a cavity which is traversed by mycelium ; 11, slice of bark infested with mycelium ; 12, slice from the outer surface of the wood ; 13, section through a fructifying disc, showing fissures radiating from wood through the spongy portion of the bark, which is greatly increased in volume, and also a cavity traversed by mycelium parallel to the cuticle. The lower portion of the fungus penetrates in this case to the wood ; occasionally, however, it does not penetrate quite so far : — all the above figures, with the exception of the first two, are more or less magnified,

18. ASTERINA, Lev.

1. AsimiyA petticutosa, Berk.; effusa, tenuissirrra, peritheciis punctiformibus depresses atro-fuscis in mycelio fusco a matrice solubili sparsis. (Tab. CLXIV. Fig. I.)

Hab. Chonos Archipelago ; on leaves of an Eugenia ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Amphigena, atro-fusca ; maculae irregulares, varie effusse punctiformesque, e fibrillis radiantibus intertextis ramis patentissimis formatoe, demum e matrice solubiles ; interstitiis saepe strato celluloso tenuissimo repletis.

I have not detected fructification ; but the species certainly belongs to the genus Asterina, which is very properly separated from Botlddea by Leveille. The cells of which the perithecimn is composed are elongated, but very irre- gular, and I find similar cells often filling up the interstices left by the crossing of the radiating threads. Sometimes the mycelium is very obscure and the species then assumes quite a different appearance, the fructifying cells pre- dominating and the patches presenting merely a brown stain studded with darker specks.

Plate CLXIV. Fig. I. — 1, leaves of Eugenia, with Asterina pellicnlosa, Berk., of the natural size ; 2, part of perithecimn seen from the under side ; 3, filaments of mycelium : — highly magnified.

2. Asterina stictica, Berk.; minutissirna, oumino punctiforrnis, mycelio obscuro, peritheciis depressis atro-fuscis margine membranaceo pellucido. (Tab. CLXIV. Fig. IV.)

* The Tasmanian species, of which I have seen dried specimens only, differs from Cyttaria Daricinii in the total absence of the granulations at the base of the receptacle. It may be characterized, —

Cyttaria Gunnii, Berk. ; receptaculo subgloboso demum cavo, basi non primum distincte stipitiformi nee scabra, cupulis parvis.

Hab. Tasmania ; on Fagus CunningAamii, R. C. Gunn, Esq.

The specimens are hollow when dry. I cannot say whether such is also the case in Cyttaria Darwinii.

5 M

454 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fv.egia, the

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; on leaves of Viola tridentata.

Amphigena, pimctifomiis. Mycelium vakle obscurum, e filamentis paucis brevibus parcc ramosis. Perithecia depressa, atro-fusca, e cellulis radiautibus elongatis subregularibus formats ; margine tenui lacerato niernbranaceo pellucido.

Neither have I been able to detect fructification in tins plant, but the genus is I believe certain.

Plate CLXIV. Fig. IV. — 1, Viola attacked with Fungus of the natural size ; 2, leaf of ditto and Fungus ; 3, perithecium ; 4, portion of edge of ditto : — highly magnified,

3. Asterina Barwinii, Berk.; epiphylla, maculis parvis orbicularibus e fibrillis radiautibus articulatis marticulatisque, peritheciis irregidaribus demurn depressis centralibus margine laciniato. (Tab. CLXIV. Fig. II.)

Hab. Cape Tres Montes ; on Azara lanceolata ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Macula? epiphylla?, orbiculares, -i-1 lin. lata;, e fibrillis radiautibus reticulatisque, partirn e margine perithecii, partim e superficie inferiore enatse, breviter articulatae, aut omnino simplices. Perithecia priinuru irregularia, sub- elevata, demum depressa, margine laciniato laciniis denticulatis. Asci ut in reliquis speciebus globosi ; sporidia oblonga, biloculata.

Apparently different from A. Azara, Lev., in its perithecia, which are not depressed in the centre, as in that species. Unfortunately I have no opportunity of comparing them. The perithecium, both here and in Asterina microscopica, splits from the centre in a radiating manner when slightly pressed.

Plate CLXIV. Fig. II. — 1, Asterina Barwinii, Berk., on leaves of Azara lanceolata, of the natural size; 2, perithecia and mycelium ; a, cuticle of matrix ; b, incipient perithecium ; c, curious processes given off from threads of mycelium ; 3, fibres of mycelium ; 4, portion of border of perithecium ; 5, processes on threads of mycelium ; 6, asci ; 7, sporidia : — all very higldy magnified.

19. EUEOTIUM, M.

1. Eurotixjm herbariorum, Lk., Obs. vol. i. p. 29. f. 44. Hab. On biscuit on board the 'Erebus', Jan. 3rd, 1841.

The sporangia in the specimens before me, which are very scanty, are almost destitute of flocci, but accompanied by an abundant tawny mycelium, thus confirming the opinion of Fries and Corda, that Eurotium epixylon is not really a distinct species. I cannot, however, think with Corda that it has the slightest affinity with Pliysannn. The morphosis has not at present been traced, and till this is done it appears better to let it remain where Fries has placed it, in the neighbourhood of Mucor.

• The peridium is lined with a stratum of gelatinous cells, which vanish in a great measure as the plant approaches maturity. The flocci in Kze. and Schin., n. 83, are rough and dark, but I find great variation both of surface and colour.

LV. ALG^E, L.

1. D'URVILL^A, Bory.

1. D'UrvilLjEA utilis, Bory, in Duperrey Toy. Bot. p. 65. t. 1 et 2. f. 2. Fl. Antarcl. Pt. 1. p. 167. Laminaria caqjsestipes, Montague in Voy. D'Orbigny, Bot. Crypt, p. 11. t. 2.

Falklands, etc.] FLOBA ANTARCTICA. 455

Hab. Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen's Land ; very abundant at half-tide mark and below it ; also in the open ocean, between lat. 45° and 55° S., reaching the 65th degree of south latitude in the meridian of New Zealand.

This, the Lessonia, and Maerocystis are the three most remarkable Alga of the Antarctic regions, especially on account of their size ; the present exceeding any sea-weed, except the Lessonia and the Ecklonia buccinalis of the Cape of Good Hope, in bulk ; while the Maerocystis, to which we shall afterwards allude, is the longest vegetable production known.

The nearest affinity of D' Urvillaa was considered, in the ' London Journal of Botauy' (vol. ii. p. 325), to be with Himanthalia of the Northern and Arctic seas, an opinion to which one of us was led by observing how, in habit and locality, these species represented each other in the opposite Polar oceans. Wahlenberg, Bory de St. Vincent and Greville, all regard the curious pezizsefomi organ of Himanthalia as the frond, and the deciduous strap-shaped lacimse as receptacles, which view is also maintained in the ' Phycologia Britannica' (t. lxxviii.) Lyngbye (the founder of the species) and Agardh, on the other hand, pronounce the frond to be swollen at the base into a bladdery stipes, furnished with strap-shaped laciniae, over whose surface the conceptacles are scattered as in D' Urvillaa ; and in Xiphophora, a genus (as pointed out by Montague) nearly allied to the present, and which represents it in a lower latitude of the Southern Ocean. In the ' London Journal of Botany' the true analogy to the bladder of Himanthalia was sought in the trumpet-shaped stipes of Ecklonia buccinalis, but in that plant the growth of stipes and frond proceeds from the earliest stage, pari-passu, whilst the bladder of Himanthalia is fully developed before the straps appear.

We have nowhere seen a good representation of the beautiful cellular tissue of D' Urvillaa utilis, which, in its fresh state, is so regular and large as to resemble perfectly in size and structure one of the two layers of cells found in honey-comb. Most of the specimens brought to Europe are injured by pressure, which can however hardly have caused the total obliteration of structure which M. Bory's plate represents ; the most accurate figure we know is given in the beautiful plate accompanying M. Decaisne's ' Essay on the fructification of Algae' .

The spores of this and the following species are divided into four, and we cannot doubt but that this divi sion is followed by the complete breaking up of the organ into four sporules, whose future germination resembles that described by MM. Decaisne and Thuret in Fucus serratus ('Annales des Sc. Nat. ' Ser. 3. vol. iii. p. 10. t. 2). The conceptacles contain probably both antheridia and spores, so far as we can judge from drawings taken from the bving plant, though at the time these bodies were not recognized as belonging to two differents classes of organs.

The northern limit of D 'Urvillaa will probably be found to be the latitude of Valparaiso, or 33° S., on the West coast of South America, and 50° S., on the opposite shores of the same continent. In New Zealand it attains the parallel of 40°, but whether it inhabits any of the shores of Tasmania, or is there represented by the Fucus potatorum, is a question we cannot answer. Though carried by the currents along the ocean to the south of the Cape of Good Hope, (for it was collected in that meridian in the 51st degree, floating in the open ocean,) it does not appear to inhabit or be cast upon the southern extremity of Africa ; and in the Indian Ocean, again, its range is not likely to be north of the Islets of Prince Edward's, the Crozet group and Kerguelen's Land. On the other hand, the south latitude it attains is probably regulated by the position of the Pack Ice, to within a few miles of which it was traced by the Antarctic Expedition, on one occasion, south of New Zealand to the 65th degree, which is probably its "ultima Thule " in any longitude; for it was there the last trace of vegetation. It grows invariably accompanied by the Maerocystis pyrifera.

Bory de St. Vincent states, on the excellent authority of D'Urville, that the poorer classes of West Chili use this plant for food, and that when made into soup it is very palateable, being sweet and mucilaginous. In Kerguelen's Land its enormous and weighty fronds, sometimes ten feet long, and almost too heavy for a man to lift, form the only shelter for the shells and soft animals, which there find a refuge from the flocks of aquatic birds that cover the shores and follow the receding tide.

456 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuec/ia, the

2. D'Ukvill.£a Harvey], Hook, fil.j radice e fibris crassis demum anastomosantibus constante, stipite perbrevi valido couipresso in laminam subsolidam coriaceam apice laciniatam gradatim dilatato. Nobis in, Bond. Jburn. Bot. vol. iv. p. 249. Himanthalia D'Urvillasi, Bory ? in Buperrey Voy. Bot. p. 135. (Tab. CLXV, CLXVI.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; abundant.

Radix fibrosus, fibris crassis, inter se intricatis, demum anastomosantibus, discum callumve pertusum 2-4 unc. diametro efficientibus. Stipes 3-4-unciabs, \- f unc. diametro, valde eompressus, in laminam forma variam gradatim dilatatus. Lamina 4-8-pedabs, supra mediiun 1-2 ped. lata, pleramque late lanceolata, basi angustata, apicem versus in lacinias plures bneari-elongatas ligulatas abbreviatasve acutas tnmcatasve fissa, siccitate atro-fusca v. subpicea, opaca, dura, subfragilis, lineis superficiaUbus striata, v. subreticulata, e conceptaculis prominulis mamillosa ; madore obvaceo-biimnea, coriacea v. flaccida, plana, lsevis, intus sohda, 1^1 lin. erassa. Conceptacida sphserica, per totam frondem sparsa, poro inconspicuo pertusa, fibs articulatis sporisque basiiixis repleta. Sporce ut in D.utili, varie quaternatim divisse, bmbo hyalino cinctae.

Always considerably smaller than the B. idilis, of a much thinner texture, and readily distinguishable by its fibrous root. I have never observed the frond of even the largest state of this species to be filled with those elongated transverse cells which distinguish the former.

The structure of the fronds is seen to consist, on a transverse section, of a dense narrow layer of cortical sub- stance, which gradually becomes more open inwards, and there breaks up into parallel lanielke projecthig towards the centre of the frond. These are less densely packed inwards, and are united at right angles by similar very- short plates, together forming a loose cellular tissue, whose walls are thickened at the angles ; which, again, at the very centre of the frond, are gradually resolved into a mass of slender, short, waved filaments, free or anastomosing and floating in a gelatine.

The affinity of the Laminaria potatorum is probably with this genus ; it is described, by M. Kutzing, under the generic name of Sarcophycus (Phycologia, p. 392). I have examined a very small fragment of the plant, and find the spores to be contained in cysts, altogether like those of D' Urvillaa and Xipltopliora.

Plates CLXV, CLXVI. — 1, transverse sbce of frond ; 2, vertical section of ditto ; 3, spores and antheridia ; 4, spores : — highly magnified.

2. SCYTOTHALIA, G-rev.

1. Scytothaiia Jacqitinotii, Mont., in Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 86. t. 5.

Hab. Graham's Land; lat. 63° S., floating in the ocean, I)r. Lyall. Deception Island, New South Shetlands; Mr. Webster.

An accurate description of this noble sea-weed is given by its discoverer, Mr. Webster, R.N., in the Appendix to the Narrative of Capt. Foster's Voyage ; though nothing was known of the species, botanically, untd specimens were received by Dr. Montagne, from the Herbarium of the French South Polar Expedition, collected within a very few miles of the spot where it was again seen by the Antarctic Expedition, and obtained by our indefatigable friend, Dr. Lyall.

The existence of this sea-weed on the Icy shores of an Antarctic land, in the longitude of Cape Horn, is a most singular and anomalous fact ; for I bebeve it to be the only species of the tribe Cystosdrete, which inhabits the colder or Antarctic seas of South America ; though many abound in similar temperate latitudes of New Zealand, Lord Auckland's group, New Holland, and Tasmania. We have thus, under the most rigorous skies, the representative of a group, the total absence of whose other species in warmer seas of the same longitude, was supposed to be owing to a low degree of temperatine being destructive to its life. The said group of Cystoselrece is not here represented by a species in any way indicative of its habitat being far removed from its congeners, or of its locabty being uncongenial,

Falklands, e(c] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 457

except by one of its own aspect ; for its nearest and, indeed, very near ally, is a native of New Holland ; whilst in size, luxuriance and beauty of growth, the present surpasses not oidy all other species of the genus, but almost the whole of the group Cystoseirea.

We are accustomed to regard the ocean as so ever-active and powerful au agent in facilitating migration, and its uniform temperature is so conducive to the general diffusion of species, that it seems almost wonderful that Alga should have limits to their distribution, especially in waters which gird the globe on the same parallel of latitude, and whose unchecked swells and currents literally extend over every degree of longitude. The remarkable increase in temperature of the tropical over the polar seas of the Atlantic may, and probably alone does, check the progress of the Macrocystis in its course from Cape Horn to the Equator in that ocean, for, as I shall afterwards show, the same sea-weed can float with the colder currents of the Pacific from the same Cape to Behriug's Straits ; but no such obstacle prevents the fullest interchange of Cystoseirea between New Zealand and the temperate seas of South America. It, however, is the fact, that whilst this group literally abounds in certain latitudes and longitudes, which are those of New Holland and the West Pacific, they are nearly absent from analogous positions in the longitude of South America.

Throughout all latitudes the two tribes Fucoidea and Cystoseirea form that prevailing marine vegetation to which the name sea-weed is commoidy appKed ; and the different genera so far arrange themselves within geographical limits as to present, with such few exceptions as the Scytothalia Jacauinotii, a most harmonious assemblage. Thus, in the opposite colder and frigid zones the waters are inhabited by certain genera of Fucoidea which are in a great measure representatives of one another ; as, in

. , , \ Fucus proper, and "1 are represented in analogous 1 B'Urvillea,

Himanthalia, southern zones, by J SarcopJ/ycus,

and Kiitz.

None of these genera approach the tropics, for the Fucoidea abound towards the poles, and there attain their greatest bulk, diminishing rapidly towards the Equator, and ceasing some degrees from the Line itself. The representatives of the Cystoseirea in the higher latitudes of the opposite hemisphere, are equally appropriate with those of Fucoidea, for we have in

f Cystoseira, and "| represented in the f Blossevillea, and Halidrys, [ south cool zone, by 1 Scytothalia •

whilst the immense genus Sargassum finds its maximum in lower latitudes, and under the Equator itself.

Such are the salient featm-es of the distribution of these tribes, which are not influenced by the minor divisions, chiefly local assemblages of small genera, affecting exclusively certain coasts or bays.

3. LESSONIA, Bory.

1. Lessonia fuscescens, Bory, in Buperrey Yoy. Bot. Crypt, p. 75. t. 2. f. 2. et t. 3. Post, et Ritppr. Elust.AIg. p. 2. t. 3 et p. 4. t. 39. f. 14-18. L. flavicans, IfUrviUe, in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 594. (Tab. CLXVIL, CLXYIH. A., and Tab. CLXXI. B.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and Falkland Islands ; most abundant, always far beyond low-water mark. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; rare

The fructification of the species of Lessonia occurs, as in Macrocystis, upon the surface of the fronds, and there forms large patches. In the present species the sori are situated beyond the middle of the leaf, they are oblong and nearly as broad as the lamina, of which they carry away the upper part when decaying, causing their broad apices to be two-horned. In none of our specimens is the point perfect, all the spores we have seen being situated on the edges of the sorus, which has itself fallen away from the frond. The air-cells are less numerous, and the spores are smaller, shorter, more densely packed than in the following species, and covered

5n

458 FLORA ANTAHCTICA. \Fuegia, the

with a very thin cuticular layer of the frond. The presence of this cuticle is owing to the peculiar manner in wliich the superficial or sporiferous cells of the frond dehisce transversely, allowing the dispersion of the spores (shown in the dissection of Macrocyst'is, given at Plate CLXIX., CLXX. Fig. 2).

This and the following are truly wonderful Alga, whether seen in the water or on the beach ; for they are arborescent, dichotomously branched trees, with the branches pendulous and again divided into sprays, from which hang linear leaves 1-3 feet long. The trunks usually are about 5-10 feet long, as thick as the human thigh, rather contracted at the very base, and again diminishing upwards. The individual plants are attached in groups or solitary, but gregarious, like the pine or oak, extending over a considerable surface, so as to form a miniature forest, which is entirely submerged during high-water or even half-tide, but whose topmost branches project above the surface at the ebb. To sail in a boat over these groves on a calm day affords the naturalist a delightful recreation ; for he may there witness, in the Antarctic regions, and below the surface of the ocean, as busy a scene as is presented by the coral reefs of the tropics. The leaves of the Lessonia are crowded with Sertulariee and Mollusca, or encrusted with Flustra ; on the trunks parasitic Alga abound, together with Chitons, Patella, and other shells ; at the bases, and amongst the tangled roots swarm thousands of Crustacea and Radiata, whilst fish of several species dart amongst the leaves and branches. But it is on the sunken rocks of the outer coasts that this genus chiefly prevails, and from thence thousands of these trees are flung ashore by the waves, and with the Macrocystis, and I)' TJrvillea, form along the beach continued masses of vegetable rejectamenta, miles in extent, some yards broad, and three feet in depth ; the upper edge of this belt of putrefying matter is well in-shore, whilst the outer or seaward edge dips into the water, and receives the accumulating wreck from the sub-marine forests throughout its whole length. Amongst these masses the best Alga of the Falklands are found, though if the weather be mild, the stench, wliich resembles putrid cabbage, is so strong as to be almost insufferable. The ignorant observer at once takes the trunks of Lessonia thus washed up for pieces of drift-wood, and on one occasion, no persuasion coidd prevent the captain of a brig from employing his boat and boat's crew, during two bitterly cold days, in collecting this incombustible weed for fuel !

The trunks, which contract to one-fourth of their original dimensions when dry, and become deeply furrowed, are perfectly smooth and cartilaginous when fresh. On being cut across, the curious appearance of concentric elliptical rings, in many respects similar to, though very different from, those of an Exogenous trunk, is very evident. These rings surround a lance-shaped pale line, which occupies the broad axis of the compressed stem, without reaching across it, and appears to afford some rude indication of the age of the plant, though of this we could by no means satisfy ourselves. It is singular that this, the most arborescent of the Alga, and the beautiful Usnea melaxantlia, the most tree-like in form of the Lichens, are nearly the only plants of the Orders to which they respectively belong, conspicuously presenting even a semblance, if it be no more, to a growth that indicates an increase by periodical accessions to the circumference.

The substance of the trunk of the Lessonia is very usefully employed by the Gauchoes, for knife-handles*; the haft of the instrument is plunged into a rudely-shaped piece of this weed, wliich contracts into a substance harder than horn. The range of the present species is from the Falkland Islands to Cape Horn, and thence north along the coasts of South America probably to Valparaiso.

Plate CLXVII. — CLXYIII. A. — apex of a branch and fronds, of the natural size ; A. 1, portion of stem showing layers of cellular tissue and air-cell : — magnified.

2. Lessonia nigrescens, Bory, in Dwperrey Yoy.Bot. Crypt, p. 80. t. 5. Post, et Ruppr. Illust. Alg. pp. 2 et 4. t. 4 et 39. f. 11 et 13. (Tab. CLXVII.— CLXVIII. C.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands; very abundant, with the former species. A species very similar to the preceding in general appearance, but of a different consistence and colour.

* The stipes of Laminaria digitata is used by the Orkneymen for similar purposes, as is noticed by our lent friend Dr. Neill, in his interesting account of the Orkney Islands.

excel

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 459

Fructification forming a large oblong or linear sorus between the base and middle of the frond, of a rich red-brown colour when held between the eye and light, imbedded in the thickened substance of the frond, which decays with it. On a transverse section the soriferous lamina is seen to be hollow in the centre ; or rather the sorus is formed of two parallel plates, each covered externally with densely aggregated spores, which occupy what are the superficial cells of other parts of the frond. Below the superficial series of cells, and especially in fertile specimens beneath the spores, are several, 4-6 or many more, air-cavities, reposing on, and separated from each other by a loose cellular tissue, which is hexagonal, transparent, the cells becoming transversely elongated and finally towards the centre of the frond breaking up into a layer of matted filaments, which surrounds the cavity, a structure resembling very closely that of Fucus confiuens as given by Turner. When thy, the surface of the plant is covered with white efflorescence, similar to that of Laminaria saccharina, it has been analysed by my friend Mr. Stenhouse of Glasgow, who finds it to contain excellent Manna, and who further informs me that this and the other larger Antarctic Alga are peculiarly rich in Iodine.

The Lessonia quercifolia of Bory, is described and figured as having the frond covered with cavities containing spores, whence it woidd appear to belong to Fucoidea, and to be more allied to Z>' Urvillea than to this genus.

Lessonia ciliata of Postel and Rupprecht, is certainly only the young state of Macrocystis pyrifera.

Plate CLXVII. — CLXVIII. — C. transverse section of frond in fructification :— highly magnified.

3. Lessonia ovata, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; stipite brevi vage dichotoine ramoso, ramis brevibus divaricatis, frondis laciniis breviter petiolatis, petiolo in laniiiiani ovatam lineari-ovatamve olivaceo-fuscescentem, submem- branaceam dilatato. (Tab. CLXVII.— CLXVIII. B ; et Tab. CLXXI. C.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands; very abundant.

Radix e fibris perplurimis crassis iutricatis massam 1-2 ped. latam efficientibus. Stipites e radice pluriini (ut in Macrocysti) 4-6 unc. longi, torti v. flexuosi, crassitie pollicis humanas, dichotome fissi, demum solitarii, incrassati, subarborescentes. Lamina pedales, colore et substantia L. fuscescentis, juniores basi obscure sinuato-dentatae ; adultae integerrima?.

Certainly very near L. fuscescens ; but as far as could be judged on examining the plant, both on the shores it inhabits and in the herbarium, it has good claims to be considered a distinct species, especially in the many short stipites, short branches and broad leaves. Never having seen the fruit, however, it may prove the young of L. fuscescens, for we can well suppose only one out of the many stems of that plant to attain any great dimensions, and the lamina of the young state to be broader than that of the adult.

The ramification of all the species of Lessonia is dichotomous ; each plant in a young state consists of a few rooting and clasping fibres, giving off a single stem (or petiole) and frond. This frond splits at the base, and as the growth proceeds, the fissure extends vertically upwards, till the original frond is bisected ; each of the two parts is now a complete frond, altogether similar to the primary one, and provided with a petiole of its own : these again divide, and the process is repeated. Hence the rapid growth of this genus, and hence the origin of the flattened form of ramidi and elliptic core which is placed in the long axis of these rarnuli and across the axis of the terete stem. It was not observed, whether any relation existed between the number of branches on the whole frond and of concentric rings in the trunk. The latter are probably the indices of the number of times that a subdivision of the laminae has occurred, supposing that all split at about the same epoch, rather than a register of the years the vegetable has existed ; as the following account of the anatomy of this species will show.

A branched portion of the plant, terminated by four laminae, necessarily presents subdivisions of three periods of growth : 1st, the petioles of the four laminae ; 2nd, the two rarnuli from which the four are given off; and 3rd, the one branch which gives off the two latter : these were successively examined.

1 . The base of the lamina or petiole is exceedingly compressed, and composed of a mass of cellular tissue of

4fi0 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

different textures, all, however, very gelatinous, and modifications of the three layers forming the leaf, there are 1st, the superficial tissue (or cortex) consisting of small cells, closely packed and full of chromule, gradually opening out into, 2nd, an intermediate tissue of much larger cells more loosely placed, with little or no contained chromule, separated by much gelatine ; and 3rd, an elliptical core placed in the long axis of the petiole, composed of still smaller cells, separated by broader masses of gelatine, which latter is permeated by canals, full, as are the small cells, of chromide.

2. Each ramulus, from which proceed the two petioles, whose structure we have just described, presents no very important difference from them ; the core no longer stretches across it, however, but the whole petiole within the superficial portion is augmented by a newly developed though indistinct zone of cellular tissue, thus deposited between the superficial (or cortical) and intermediate tissue. At this period the cortex is somewhat broader, and the intermediate tissue has become, through the absorption of the gelatine, much more conspicuous ; the cells being larger and the spaces between them narrower ; little or no change is perceptible in the core itself.

3. The branch is very materially different from either of the above, for what was hitherto the petiole is now enclosed (all but its cortex) in a very broad zone of cellular tissue, whose cells are large and thin towards the old tissue, elongated and of a different shape, so as to show the line of separation between the two periods of growth (see B 1, of the plate Lessonia).

From this time forward the normal mode of growth followed by the stem exhibits an additional layer or zone of cellular tissue for every subdivison of the frond, (shown at A 1, where six are interposed between the cortex and core). It is not probable, however, that this numerical relation can be always evident, or that the number of subdivisions of the frond will indicate the rings of growth in a large stem. This uncertainty arises from the branches being frequently broken off ; added to which, the growth of the sea-weed is very rapid, and there being no period of rest, irregular zones may be expected, or their absence from those branches of the plant whose leaves are injured.

In their anatomy the stems of L.fuscescens and L. nigrescent do not differ much from that of this species, except that the air-cells are copious in the stems of the former, and much rarer in the latter ; in which also the cortical substance is much broader.

In the elegant Lessonia Sinclairi, Harv. MSS., from California, the stipes (which bears but a solitary linear frond) is terete, and in the specimen we examined, contains a central core, reaching half-way across the diameter. There are apparently two rings of tissue beneath the cortex, separated by a zone of very large cells (air-cells ?) ; whence it is difficult to account for the stem being terete, for the frond is plane, and the core three times longer than broad. Nor is it easy to explain the origin of the two zones surrounding the core ; if they really be succes- sively deposited, it is possible that the frond is two years old ; if not, that the large cells are air-cells, and do not indicate a line of separation between two successive deposits.

I have stated the growth of the Lessonia to be very rapid ; this is proved by the zones of a five-ringed stem being progressively broader towards the circumference. The probability, too, of one being added for every time the laminae divide, and the fact that the process of subdivision is continued in geometrical progression, all favour the opinion that these Algce attain their enormous bulk in a very few mouths. The vast masses washed up on the outer eastern shores of the East Falkland Island, and the rapidity with which they decay, are additional proofs of a singularly rapid development.

The analogy between the mode of growth exhibited by this genus and an Exogenous tree, is, though incomplete, very obvious ; both increase by layers deposited outside one another, within a cortical substance, and both con- tain an axis of tissue different from that forming the greater part of the trunk : here, however, there are no traces of medullary rays. We conclude this subject with the observation, that the periodical increment of the trunk being dependent on, or coincident with, the formation of the laminae, these appear to perform the office of the leaves in the higher order of plants ; and that the Lessonia is also in this respect analogous to an Exogenous plant,

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 461

deprived of its woody tissue, for it is a stem composed of layer upon layer of cellular tissue, deposited round an axis, which, like the pith, when once formed, is afterwards but slightly modified.

Tlate CLXVII. — CLXVIII. B. apex of branch and frond of the natural size ; B 1, transverse section of young stem : — magnified.

4. MACEOCTSTIS, Ag.

1. Microcystis pyrifera, Agardh, 6);. Alg. vol. i. p. 47. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. vol. xix. p. 297. t. 26 f. 2. Post, et Ruppr. Iltust. Alg. p. 9. t. 6 ; et p. 4. t. 39. f. 22, 23. Ft. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 178. M. com- munis, Bory, in Diet. Class, v. x. p. 8. M. planicaulis, Agardh in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. I. c. Lessonia ciliata. Post, et Ruppr. I. c. (young state).

Var. /3. integrifrons ; foliis fere integerrimis planis rugoso-plicatisve. M. integril'rons, Bory, I. c. t. 6.

Var. y. angustifrons; vesiculorum parietibus tenuibus, foliis ut in 31. pyrifera. M. angustifrons, Bory, I. c. t. 8. Agardh, I. c. t. 26. f. 4 and 5. Post, et Ruppr. t. 5.

Var. 8. zostercefolia ; foliis anguste lineari-elongatis planis. M. zosterrefolia, Bory, fyc.

Var. f. luxurians ; foliis 3-8-pedalibus S unc. latis basi cordatis membrauaceis plicatis margine longe ciliato-dentatis, vesiculis late obovatis parietibus tenuibus, caule gracili. (Tab. CLXIX. — CLXX.)

Var. £ . membranacea ; foliis ut in M. pyrifera sed tenuissime membrauaceis planis, vesiculis parvis elliptico-ovatis utrinque subacutis.

Var. 77. Humboldtii ; foliis lineari-elongatis planiusculis, vesiculis globosis tenuibus. M. Humboldtii, auct. M. pomifera, Bory.

Hab. Throughout the Antarctic seas, between the parallels of 40° and 64°, both attached, and floating over the whole ocean.

After a very attentive examination of many hundreds of specimens, we have arrived at the conclusion that all the described species of this genus which have come under our notice may safely be referred to Macrocystis pyrifera. Nor can these variations excite surprize, when it is considered that this gigantic weed is subject to every vicissitude of climate, of temperature, and exposure ; that it literally ranges from the Antarctic to the Arctic circle, through 120 degrees of latitude ; that it lives and flourishes, whether floating or attached, growing in bays, harbours, or the open sea when most distant from land ; and, lastly, that it equally adapts itself to the calmest or most tempestuous situations, to waters of uniform depths or those which rise and sink with the tide, to dead water or to strong currents. One thing alone it requires, and that is, a mean depth of six or more fathoms ; for, like the Lamina- rim of our own shores, it, and others of the same tribe in the south, invariably form the outer belt of marine vegetation.

A few remarks upon the above varieties may be interesting ; showing how much their characters depend upon natural causes, and how much more upon mutilations of the specimens, or changes during the operation of drying.

Variety (3. integrifrons. This' we have received from various parts of the west coast of South America ; its characters rest almost entirely on the want of ciliation at the margin of the frond, which is much dependent upon the portion of the plant from which the specimen is taken, the lower leaves being always nearly entire ; also on the state of the waters, those plants which grow in quiet bays having very much developed cilia?, whilst those from the main ocean or stormy coasts are generally more entire.

Variety S. zosterafolia, is a plane and narrow-leaved state of M. pyrifera ; we have traced all the changes in one specimen of M.pyrifera, from very rugose to perfectly plane. Young specimens and terminal leaves are generally

5 O

462 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Ftiej/ia, the

plane, and it often depends on the smoothness of the water how long they may remain so. This variety is abundant everywhere in the Antarctic seas.

Variety y. angustifrons. The character, drawn from the tenuity of the vesicles, is utterly unsatisfactory, being attributable to the drying of the specimen, and the locality of the live plant. Besides the Antarctic habitats of this variety, it has been found in Chili, New Zealand, and the Indian Ocean.

Varieties e. luxurians, and (. membranacea. If any form of this genus deserves specific distinction it is surely the noble one we have designated c . luxurious ; and yet permanent characters, distinguishing it from pyrifera, were vainly sought in plants gathered on the shores of Berkeley Sound. Both there and at Cape Horn these two states inhabited deep and still waters, where, as might be expected, the Macrocystis would acquire its greatest develop- ment, where its substance would be most membranous, its stems most slender, and the vesicles broad with thin walls, and the base of the frond broadest. We have seen no specimens of these varieties except what were brought home by the Antarctic Expedition.

Variety rj. HumbolcUii, at first sight appears different, and the specimens found on the outer shores of the Ealklands we once thought might belong to a distinct species. The rounded form of the vesicles, however, which affords the main character, is not constant on specimens collected in the Coral Islands by Captain Beechey. It has been gathered at various places along the west coast of South America, from Cape Horn to the Equator, and far westward in the Pacific amongst the Coral Islands.

With regard to other states, which we have not seen, the most remarkable is the M. Orbignyana of Montagne (Sert. Patagon. p. 12. t. 1.), which has the vesicles remarkably lengthened and the leaf attenuated at the base above the vesicle into a distinct petiole. The M. latifolia, Bory, is intermediate between our <•. luxuriant and pyrifera. M. tenuifolia, Post, and Ruppr., is apparently between M. pyrifera and M. zostertzfolia. The character of M. plani- caulis is founded on the compression of the stem, produced by drying, and we have therefore quoted it as a synonym.

In thus bringing together under one, the ten species which have been described by five authors, of whom hardly one has ever seen even the genus in a living state, we are only taking advantage of opportunities which a long residence in the Southern Hemisphere has afforded. Without studying these plants on the coasts they inhabit, it is impossible to judge of the influence of local causes on their plastic forms. We venture to say that few botanists in Europe have seen even tolerable specimens from one single plant of this Alga, such, we mean, as give a fair idea of the differences between the leaves and bladders, along, perhaps, 300 feet of stem, with the submerged fructifying fronds from the root. Out of some thirty specimens brought home by ten different collectors and preserved in the Hookerian Herbarium previous to our visit to the seas which M. pyrifera inhabits, not one conveys any notion of the variations which even a sohtary individual can assume.

The fructification of this plant appears to be produced only on the young newly-formed submerged leaves, where it forms large irregular brown patches or sori, causing the frond to separate into two lamina;, as in Lessonia. The spores are fusiform, first divided into four, each afterwards breaking up into as many sporidia. Under a high power the surface of the fertile frond is seen generally to be covered with anastomosing raised lines of a dark colour, on which the spores are placed ; the spaces between are pale and transparent. We have not noticed spores, like what are figured by Agardh (1. c. t. 28. f. 11), but plenty of the kind he represents at f. 106 of the same plate, though not contained in sporangia. These, magnified as highly as his f. 106, are evidently divided, as in D'Urvillaa. The granules also, which occur abundantly with the spores, are surrounded by a hyaline border, and divided into two to four sporidia ; we suppose them to be merely small spores.

It is seldom that the history of an Alga is likely to afford interest or amusement to the general reader, unless it be a positively valuable plant in an economic point of view. Like the Sargasso-weed of the Tropics, however, the Macrocystis is so conspicuous, and from its wandering habits, often occurs so unexpectedly, that the attention of our earliest voyagers has been directed to it, and we are consequently led back by our enquiries into its first

FalMands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 463

discovery, to the annals of those perils and privations which have ever marked the progress of discovery or enterprise in the stormy seas of the south. " Nihil vilior Alga ", is a saying more trite than true, and one which a seaman can never use ; for these weeds often prove his unerring guide towards land, as they surely are to the direction of the currents ; or become of more importance still in the case of the present plant ; for it is, where growing, not oidy the infallible sign of sunken rocks, but every rock that can prove dangerous to a ship is conspicuously buoyed by its slender stem and green fronds, and we may safely affirm that without its presence many channels would be imprac- ticable, and numerous harbours in the south closed to our adventurous mariners.

The first notice of the Macncystis, with which we are acquainted, is of so early a date as the middle of the 16th century, and occurs in a copy of sailing directions for mariners, with the title " A Rut tier from the River of Plate to the Streight of Magelana ", and forms part of " A special note concerning the currents of the sea between the Cape of Buena Esperanza and the coast of Brazilia, given by a French pilot before Sir John Yorke, Knt., before Sebastian Cabote, which pilot had frequented the shores of Brazilia eighteen voyages." (Hakluyt, ed. 2. vol. iv. p. 219). In describing the above-mentioned route, after passing Cape Sta. Martha, the trusty pilot's direction to the mariner is to " goe S.W. by W. until he be in 40 degrees, where he shall find great store of weedes which come from the coast"; and again, in pursuing the voyage after entering the Straits, "if you see beds of weede, take heed of them and keep off from them." Now, both the position assigned to the great masses of floating weed and the value of those which are attached in denoting hidden dangers, are conclusive as applying to the Macrocyst/s. These directions bear no date; but the discovery of the Strait of Magalhaens was in 1520, and the death of Sebastian Cabote took place in 1556, so that we have sufficient proof that this plant attracted the attention of the earliest Antarctic voyagers in the longitudes of Cape Horn ; though it may have been noticed previously on the southern extreme of Africa or the China seas. Nor can we wonder that the attention of our forefathers should have been so early called to it, when even now it is of the first importance that the look-out man should use his utmost vigilance to detect, and promptitude to report, this weed, on approaching any of the straits and bays of the shores of Tierra del Fuego and similar latitudes. In the latest voyages that have been published, those of Capts. Foster, King, and Fitz-Roy, we find a constant watch for the " kelp " to have been kept, and caution used to avoid the "moored" pieces, together with instructions how to distinguish them from those which are floating.

The earliest scientific notice which we find of it, consists of a rude figure and description in Bauhin's " Historia Plantarum," published in 1651, where it is designated " Fucus marinus erinitus." In the year 1764, the French Navigator, Bougainville, fell in with the Macrocystis, Lat. 42° S., Long. 57° W., and a long description appeared in 1771, by Don Pernetty, the historiographer of that voyage, together with a sketch, when it was published as a native also of the Falkland Islands. (Pernetty Voy., vol. ii. p. 67. t. ix. f. 5.) About the same period (1771) specimens were collected by Emmanuel Koenig (of Bale) on his voyage to India, and transmitted to Linnaeus; with this observation, " Habitat in oceano iEthiopico e profundissimo mari ssepe enatans insulasque quasi formans," (MSS.); it was then published in 1771, as Fucus pyri/erus (Linn. Mantiss. p. 311,) with the additional remark of " maxiinus forte omnium Fucorum." We are not sure of the precise habitat of Kamig's specimens ; but by " oceanus jEthiopicus" he probably alluded to the seas of the Cape of Good Hope, which he doubled on his way to India, and where this weed abounds.

So remarkable a plant was not likely to escape the notice of Cook, and especially of the illustrious companion of that navigator's first voyage, and we accordingly find in his narrative repeated allusions to it, It engaged the attention of Banks when entering the Straits of Le Maire in 1769, and frequently afterwards in the cooler latitudes of the southern ocean. To him we owe the first account of its gigantic dimensions. Captain Cook says, on the authority of Banks and Solander, who called it Fucus giganteus, that the stems attain a length of 120 feet. That these dimensions are considerably under the mark there is little doubt ; though the report that specimens have been measured upwards of 1000 feet is perhaps as much of an exaggeration. Still it must be remembered that, provided the water be smooth and of sufficient extent, there are no impediments to the almost indefinite

404 FLOEA ANTAECTICA. [Fuegia, the

elongation of the upper part of a plant which never branches, and whose growth is independent of all below it, even of the root. Specimens measuring between 100 and 200 feet are common in the open ocean, aud these are always broken off at the lower end, either from the division of the frond by sea-animals, through whose agency the plant increases and the floating island it forms dilates, or from the impossibility of securing the whole mass from the motion of the vessel or the swell of the sea, in latitudes where no boat can be lowered. Again, D'Urville, upon whose observations in natural history the utmost reliance may be placed, states it to grow in eight, ten and even fifteen brasses of water, from which depth it ascends obliquely and floats along the surface nearly as far : this gives a length of 200 feet. In the Falkland Islands, Cape Horn and Kerguelen's Land, where all the harbours are so belted with its masses that a boat can hardly be forced through, it generally rises from eight to twelve fathom water, and the fronds extend upwards of one hundred feet upon the surface. We seldom, however, had opportunities of measuring the largest specimens, though washed up entire on the shore ; for on the outer coasts of the Falkland Islands, where the beach is lined for miles with entangled cables of Macrocystis, much thicker than the human body, and twined of innumerable strands of stems coiled together by the rolling action of the surf, no one succeeded in unravelling from the mass any one piece upwards of seventy or eighty feet long ; as well might we attempt to ascertain the length of hemp fibre by unlaying a cable. In Kerguelen's Land, the length of some pieces, which grew in the middle of Christmas Harbour, was estimated at more than three hundred feet ; but by far the largest seen during the Antarctic Expedition, were amongst the first of any extraordinary length which the ships encountered, and they were not particularly noticed, from the belief that the report of upwards of 1000 feet length was true; or, at any rate, that better opportunities of testing its truth would arise in the course of a three years' voyage, than the first week of our explorations could afford. These occurred in a strait between two of the Crozet Islands, where, very far from either shore, in what is believed to be forty fathoms water, somewhat isolated stems of Macrocystis rose at an angle of 45° from the bottom, and streamed along the surface for a distance certainly equal to several times the length of the ' Erebus '; — data, which if correct, (and we believe them so) give the total length of the stems as about 700 feet.

That isolated patches of weed should rise through such a volume of water is not incompatible with the state- ments we have elsewhere made, that eight or ten fathoms is the utmost depth at which, judging by our experience, submerged sea-weed vegetates in the Southern temperate and Antarctic Ocean. These exceptional cases are probably due to the parent plant having attained such a size in its birth-place near shore, as to weigh its stony moorings and deposit itself in deeper water, where an increase of the roots woidd unite the original base to other rocks, and thus gain a footing that defies the power of the elements.

We have stated that the elongation of the Macrocystis may be indefinite ; but this is only true partially and in the case of detached patches : for the stem of the attached plant does not gain bulk or tenacity, after a certain period ; whilst the growing dimensions of the floating portion are increasing the difference between the specific gravity of the vegetable and the element it inhabits, and consequently augmenting the strain upon the slender stem by which it is attached. At some period or other, the resistance is overcome and the floating part detached from the submerged : though at what epoch this may take place, or whether it be coincident with other phases in the life of the plant, is beyond our conjecture.

The fact that fructification is produced only on the submerged young bladderless and small frond, within a few inches of the very root, is highly remarkable. What then is the function of the floating mass of the plant ? to one of whose thousand leaves, each four to six feet long, the fructifying part bears an inconceivably small pro- portion. Were this a phaenogamic plant, we should recognize, in such foliaceous expansions, organs which fulfil a respiratory and digestive office and are subservient and necessary to the development of the more important parts of the vegetable ; but in this case such a mutual dependency is not so easily traced. As in Lessonia the multi- plication of the leaves is intimately connected with the development in diameter of the stem, so in Macrocystis the development of fructifying fronds may take place only at the root of the barren ones, on whose previous existence they may be dependent for their origin. These are, however, questions which propose themselves to us in the closet only,

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 465

when the prospect of solving them is gone by ; and when they but add to the thousand regrets over lost opportunities, the remembrance of which weighs so heavily on the mind of every naturalist, that the brightest prospects of discovery in the fair future can never obliterate them.

So many interesting points are connected with the Macrocystis, that a book might be instructively filled with its history, anatomy, physiology and distribution ; whilst its economy, its relation to other vegetables and to the myriads of living creatures which depend on it for food, attachment, shelter and means of transport, constitute so extensive a field of research that the mind of a philosopher might shrink from the task of describing them. We conclude with an outline of its dispersion over the surface of the globe, which is wider than that of any of the large Alga.

As already mentioned, the Macrocystis girds the globe in the Southern temperate zone, but not in the Tropics or Northern Hemisphere, and this is a most curious trait in its history. We may first, however, trace the southern edge of the belt which it forms, and we are the better enabled to do so, because the limits of its existence, as a floating plant, were observed in six different longitudes in the passage of the Antarctic Expedition as often between the Southern Sea and the Southern Ice, within which there is no vegetation. The southern boundary of the " Macrocystis sea" is very much determined by the position of the ice, and the northern by the currents and temperature of the water. Thus, in the longitude of New Zealand, where open sea extends to the 05th degree, this plant is found as far as 6-1°, the specimens having probably been drifted originally from Kerguelen's Land or the Crozets, which are the great nurseries for it in the Eastern Hemisphere, and from whence all those drifting islets have been wafted which occur between their longitude and Cape Horn. In the longitude of Cape Horn, 58° or 60° is the highest parallel it attains, for it has not been found amongst the South Shetlands ; further east, in the South Atlantic, its parallel is probably still lower ; till in the meridian of the Cape of Good Hope it is 40 degrees removed from the Pole, beiuf seen no further south than 50° 30'. There the Atlantic Ocean specimens are derived from the southern extreme of America and the neighbouring islands. Its northern range on the other hand is dependent, 1st, on the temperature of the ocean ; — for it neither enters the Tropics of the Atlantic, nor passes up the shores of Africa or into the Indian Ocean ; whilst it does inhabit the whole surface of the Pacific Ocean and the west coast of both Americas : Sndly, on the currents, for when north of the influence of the uniform westerly movement of the waters in the Antarctic Ocean, it is deflected with their courses and carried, while temperature allows, to whatever seas receive those waters. Thus, the South Polar current divides at Cape Horn, one portion following the west coast of South America to Cape Blanco and the Galapagos Islands under the Equator, carrying the Macro- cystis with it, which then enters the cold waters which flow from the Arctic Islands of the Pacific, and over whose entire surface it is spread, reaching Kamtschatka, New California, and the Aleutian Islands : so that in the lon°itude of Western America the Macrocystis ranges from the Arctic to the Antarctic circle. The eastern branch of the Cape Horn current passes between the Falkland Islands and Fuegia, conveying vast masses of this sea-weed 200 miles north of the Falklands, as low as the 44th degree, and some even reaching the Plate river in 35°, its northern limits in the Western Atlantic. Further west in the Antarctic ocean its distribution is less known ; but since it does not occur far north of the Cape of Good Hope in that meridian, we may conclude that it ceases about the 34th degree. With regard to the South African habifat, it is difficult to account for so vast a quantity as the Ao-ulhas Bank exhibits, for these waters, 130 miles in breadth, flowing with a rapid stream from the N.E. or Indian Ocean, literally swarm with Macrocystis, which possibly is taken up from the northern edge of the westerly Polar current (which flows along the parallel of 45° S.) by the Indian (or N. E.) current in question.

Its northern limit in the Indian Ocean is not ascertained, but it lies probably south of a line drawn north- east from the Cape of Good Hope to Australia, upon whose western shores the plant is found, as also in New Zealand, and on the coast of China to the north, to which sea it perhaps migrates from the North Pacific Ocean, Kamtschatka, &c.

PlatIS CLXIX., CLXX. Frond of M.pyri/era, var. htxurians, of the natural size; 1, thin slice of fructifying

a P

466 FLOKA ANTAECTICA. [Fuec/ia, the

frond ; 2, portion of ditto showing the two modes of escape of the spores, either free or contained in the original cells : very highly magnified. (The quaternary division of the spores was not seen in this dissection.)

5. LAMINAEIA, Lamomx.

1. Laminaria /ascia, Ag., Syst. p. 273. Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 45.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; not common.

These specimens do not appear to differ from British ones in any particular. The L. fascia is a northern, but not Arctic species, found along the shores of England, Ireland, and the German Ocean ; and under the name of L. debilis, it also inhabits the Mediterranean Sea.

6. CAPE A, Montagu .

1. Capea birnncinata, Montagn. in Flor. Canar. Crypt, p. 140. t. 7. Laminaria biruncinata, Bory in Buperrey Foy. Bot. Crypt, p. 101. 1. 10. L. radiata, £. exasperata, Turner Hist. Fuc. vol. ii. p. 16.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; /. E. Bavis, Esq.

Our solitary specimen is ban-en, and does not appear different from the plant of the Canary Islands, New Holland, and New Zealand.

We quite agree with Dr. Montagne as to the propriety of separating this genus from Laminaria and EcHonia, which latter is its Cape of Good Hope representative, and is reported to be a native of the Falklands, probably erroneously ; as is the station assigned to the Macrocystis of the Canary Islands. On the other hand, there is no reason why the Macrocystis should not accompany the Capea, whose principal parallel is certainly in the Southern Hemisphere.

The fructification of Ecklonia is scarcely known ; we have seen what appear to be young sori in the form of opaque thickened spots on the frond. A transverse section shows the cortical layer to be thickened and formed of parallel tubes full of granules, analogous to what such fructification as Montagne's beautiful analysis of Capea repre- sents would be in an immature state, but we are extremely doubtful of our analysis.

7. DESMARESTIA, Lamomx.

1. Desmarestia media, Grev., Synops. p. 40. Sporoclmus medius, Agardh, Ic. Alg. p. 259. 1. 16. D. anceps, Montagne in Toy. au Pole Slid, Bot. Crypt, p. 5 1 ?

Hab. Cockburn Island, (lat. 64° 12' S., long. 57° W.); floating in the sea, abundant.

One of the most Antarctic of plants and probably common in many latitudes ; for, under other names, it has been noticed as a native of Peru, of various parts of the Pacific Ocean, and even north to the Arctic circle. It is singular that a plant of this small genus, and from which the present is perhaps not specifically distinct, the B. acideata, should be among the highest Arctic Alga, inhabiting Spitzbergen in 80° N. lat. Montagne's B. anceps, confessedly described from imperfect specimens, is very probably this plant, having been gathered in nearly the same locality : or else it is the B. ligtdata, a Cape Horn species.

2. Desmarestia viridis, Lamourx. — Flor. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 178.

Var. (3. distans ; ramis remotioribus.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen's Land ; very abundant. Var. /3, Kerguelen's Land.

Falklands, etc.] FLOEA ANTARCTICA. 467

The range of D. viridis in the Northern Hemisphere is not extensive, and almost confined to the shores of England and of the German Ocean. It is, however, found at Unalaschka, according to Postel and Eupprecht.

3. Desmarestia Ugulata, Lamourx. Grev. Alg. Brit. p. 37. t. 5. Turner Hist. Fuc. t. 99.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; rare.

Our specimens in no way differ from European ones. It is probably a common Antarctic species, for we have received it from the east coast of Patagonia.

4. Desmarestia herbacea, Lamourx. Montague in Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 50.

Hab. Port Famine, Strait of Magalhaens ; M. Homlron.

We have seen no Antarctic specimens of this plant, which is also a native of the Cape of Good Hope, Concepcion on the west coast of South America, and of North-west America.

5. Desmarestia cJwrdalk, Hook. fil. et Harv.; fronde coriaceo-cartilaginea compressa anguste lineari tri-quadripinnata, pinnis pinnulisque longissimis oppositis distantibus apice longe nudis, pinnulis ssepe alternis elongatis inermibus chordiformibus. Nobis in Loud. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 249.

Hab. Cbristmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; very abundant, in two to five fathom water.

Alga socialis, rupicola, ca^spitem graminearn submarinam late extensam efficiens. Frondes e radice anguste scutata valde elongata?, 3-5-pedales. Stipes 1-1£ lin. diametro. Pinna paulo angustiores, pinnulis \ lin. latis.

A very noble species, recognizable at once by the long whip-like naked apices of its pinnae. In the great abundance of this Alga consists one of the peculiarities in the submarine vegetation of Kerguelen's Land.

6. Desmarestia Rossii, Hook. fil. et Harv.; fronde coriaceo-cartilaginea compressa lineari bi-tripinnata circumscriptione anguste lanceolata, pinnis pinnulisque ornnibus oppositis basi apiceque attenuatis acutis erectis v. ultimis appressis margine integerrimis. Nobis in Bond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 249. (Tab. CLXX1L, CLXXLTI.)

Hab. Staten Land, A. Menzies, Esq. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; very abundant.

Frondes 4-8 ped. longae, anguste lanceolatae, nunc apices versus dilatatae, inferne bipinnatse, supra medium tri- pinnatae, valde coriaceae. Caules stricti, 2-3 lin. lati. Pinna 1 lin. lata? pinnimlaeque oppositae, suberectse, axillis acutis, basi apiceque attenuatse.

Even a nobler species than the last, from its great size and opposite ramification. In general form it resembles the D. Ugulata, but is of a totally different consistence, being much more rigid, coarser, and thicker. The fronds are sometimes curiously dilated towards the apex, when they are generally linear below the expanded portion. This appearance is produced by the upper pinnae elongating and becoming thrice pinnated ; they are then also of a paler colour than the lower ones.

Plate CLXXII., CLXXIII. Fig. I, transverse section of stem ; fig. 2, horizontal, and fig. 3, vertical slice of the same : — magnified.

8. DICTYOSIPHON, Grev.

1. Dictyosiphon fasciculatus, Hook. fil. et Harv., in Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 178. t. 49. f. 1. Hab. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands, and Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land. We have before noticed this plant, which is the Southern representative of the Northern and Arctic D. fanieu- laceus.

468 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

9. STEREOCLADON, Hook. fil. et Harv.

Frons solida, olivacea, filiforniis, raiuosissmia, e cellulis endochromate repletis longitudinaliter seriatis formata. Sporidia solitaria, sparsa, in froiidis peripheria immersa, nigro-olivacea, elliptica. — Genus dubice affinitatis, vix in tribu Diotyotearuru includendum.

1. Stereocladon Lyall'u. (Tab. CLXXIV.)

Hab. Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands; thrown up on the beach, rare.

Frons 5-6 unc. louga, setacea, deeoniposito-rainosissima, ramificatione valde irregtdari. Caulis percurrens v. parce divisus, vix dichotonie ramosus. Rami alterni, patentes, flexuosi, decompositi ; ramuli omnes patentes, flexuosi v. squarrosi, multifidi, apices acuti. Substantia rigidula, charts laxe adhsereus. Color olivaceus. Sporidin numero- sissima, per frondis partem superiorem dense sparsa, immersa.

This remarkable plant resembles, to the naked eye, Dietyosiphon famicwlaceus ; but its stem and branches are solid throughout, and the seeds are immersed endwise, in the substance of the branch.

Plate CLXXIV. Fit/. 1 and 2, portions of branch and ramuli; fuj. 3, segment of ramidus ; fg. i, transverse section of fructifying stem : — magnified.

10. CHORDA, Stack!,.

1. Chorda lomentaria, Grev., Alg. Brit. p. 50. t. 9. Ft. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 179.

Hab. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands, and Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; abundant.

Very abundant on the shores of Europe, from the Mediterranean Sea to the German Ocean. Also found in Lord Auckland's Group, but not, that we are aware, within the Tropics.

11. ASPEROCOCCUS, Lamowrx.

1. Asperococcus sinuosus, Bory, Morea, p. 326. Encoelium sinuosum, Ag. Sp. Alg. vol. i. p. 136.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; abundant. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn.

The distribution of this species is very wide, continuing through the Tropics from the latitude of Spain to the Falkland Islands. We have specimens from the collections of Humboldt ; also from Vogel, gathered in Tropical Africa, and from the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. It neither inhabits Northern Europe nor is found on any shores south of the Falklands.

12. ADENOCYSTIS, Hooh.fil. et Hare.

1. Adenocystis Lessoni, Hook. fil. et Harv., Ft. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 179. t. 09. f. 2.

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn; Falkland Islands; Kerguelen's Land, and Cockbum Island, hit. 64° 12' S., long. 57° W.; very abundant.

Apparently quite an Antarctic species, though much resembling some of the Burnout i/e figured in Postcl anil Rupprecht's great work on the Alga of the Arctic "and Pacific Oceans.

2. Adenocystis jyUrvilteai, Hook. fil. et Harv. Asperococcus D'UrviUsei, Bory in Buperrey Toy. Bot. p. 200. 1. 11. f. 3.

Hab. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; with the former.

We are inclined to regard this as a slender state of the A. Lessonii, which is exceedingly variable when young.

FalMands, etc.] FLOKA ANTARCTICA. 469

13. SPHACELARIA, Lyngb.

1. Sphacelaria obovata, Hook. fil. et Harv.j parvula, gracilis, pallide viridis, stupa nulla, froncle circumscriptione obovata, caule gracili articulate- basi longe nudo supra medium ramis plurimis tenuibus elongatis erecto-patentibus lase distiche pinnatis ornato apicibus sphacelatis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. o/Bot. vol. iv. p. 251.

Hab. St. Martin's Cove, Hermite Island, Cape Horn, in about eight fathom water ; very scarce.

Csespitosa, supeme fastigiatim ramosa. Frondes 1-1-j unc. longse, caule ramisque graeibbus, per totam longi- tudiuein articulatis.

We have seen no specimens of this, but what were dredged up from a considerable depth ; and, if fully grown, the outline of the frond alone is sufficient to distinguish it from its congeners.

2. Sphacelaria /wmcttfom, Mont. Ft. Aidant. Pt. 1. p. 180.

Hab. Cape Tres Montes, South Chili ; C. Darwin, Esq.

The representative of the European S. scoparia. We have a note, unaccompanied, however, by any specimen, purporting that this species was also found in the Falkland Islands.

14. CLADOSTEPHUS, Ag.

1. Cladostephtjs spongiosis, Agardh, Sjj. Ahj. vol. ii. p. 15. Engl. Bot. t. 2427. f. 1.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; abundant.

This plant varies considerably at several periods of the year, becoming bare of ramidi in the winter. It is abundant in the German Ocean and on the Atlantic shores of Em-ope, and extra tropical North America, in the Mediterranean Sea and Canary Islands, but has not been hitherto found within the Tropics. We regard these specimens as specifically identical with others of British growth.

15. ECTOCARPUS, Lyngb.

1. Ectocarpus tomentosxis, Lyngb. Grev. Crypt. Flor. t. 316.

Hab. St. Martin's Cove, Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; rare.

The European shores of the Atlantic Ocean and the German Sea are the only previously recorded habitats for this species.

2. Ectocarpus siticutosus, Lyngb. Engt. Bot. t. 2319.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; abundant.

Apparently a much more widely distributed species than the former, ranging from the Baltic Sea and German Ocean to the Mediterranean and Canary Islands, also along the shores of the United States. In the Southern hemisphere it has been found at the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand.

3. Ectocarpus geminatus, Hook. fil. et Harv.; csespite basi intricate ramoso ohvaceo v. virescente, filis inajusculis tenuibus ramosissimis apice liberis plumosis, ramis ramulisque patentibus oppositis quatemisve ultimis brevibus, utriculis sessilibus oppositis conicis basi ssepe ramulo brevi bractea;formi suffultis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 251.

5 a

470 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; abundant.

Ccespites 4-5 unc. longi, basi e ramulis perplurirnis implexis intricati. Rami primarii circumscriptione lineari- obovati, plerumque quaterni, secundarii ramulique ultiini oppositi, patentes. Utriculi semper oppositi, ramulo brac- teaefonni duplo longiores.

In habit and general appearance resembling the European E. granulosus ; but abundantly different in the constantly opposite sessile conical capsules or utricles, which are generally subtended by a minute raniulus half their own length.

16. MESOGLOIA, Ag.

1. Mesogloia linearis, Hook. fil. et Harv.; vireseens, fronde circumscriptione lineari, caule gracili indiviso v. rarius diviso rarnis brevibus ornato, ramis altemis crebris abbreviatis flexuosis erecto-patentibus, ramulis subsecundis. Nobis in Lond. Town. Bot. vol. iv. p. 251.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; rare.

Tronies 4-6 unc. longi, vix a lin. diametro, pallide flavo-vkescentes. Caulis gTacilis, indivisus v. basi ter quaterve divisus, rarius medium versus in ramos 2 prnnarios fissus. Rami perplurimi, A— i xmc. longi, flexuosi, interdum basin versus caubs nudi v. ramulis paucis aucti. Ramuli secundarii plerumque e margine inferiore seu exteriore ramorum orti. Peripheric filamenta moniliformia, e substantia gelatinosa vix exserta.

Probably the representative of the European M. vermicularis, from which it may be at once distinguished by the ramification.

17. DELESSEKIA, Lamowx.

1. Delesseria sanguined, Lamourx. Engl. But. 1. 1041.

Var. |3. lancifolia; fronde elongata anguste lineari-lanceolata ligulatave utrinque angustata.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on rocks, abundant near the shore, also dredged up in five or six fathom water.

Hitherto known only as an inhabitant of the seas of the Northern hemisphere ; where its range is not wide. In the southern it appears to be confined to the extreme south of America, flourishing in the deep bays which indent the coasts of Fuegia. Some specimens are altogether similar to those of European growth ; others, of which we have constituted the var. lancifolia are larger, longer, sometimes abnost a foot long, much narrower, and more attenuated at both ends. It is a very handsome variety.

2. Delesseria Davisii, Hook. fil. et Harv.; caule cartilagineo alato, lamina profunde pinnatifida v. pinnata, laciniis pinnisve cultrato-lanceolatis obliquis costatis penninerviis, nei'vis alternis, demum inter nervos alterne v. secunde lacerato-laciniatis, lacinulis erecto-patentibus costatis. Nobis in Loud. Jburn. Bot. vol. iv. p. 52. (Tab. CLXXV.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; abundant. Falkland Islands, Berkeley Sound, Dr. Lyall.

Frons 5-7-unciabs, alata v. latiuscule marginata, basi in caulem brevem abrupte attenuata, circumscriptione late ovato-rotundata, in lacinias perplurimas simplices v. partitas distichas costatas divisa, rosea, membranacea. Lachiia plerumque secus marguiem exteriorem oblique ad costain fissse, A-A unc. lata?, obtusfe v. subacutaB. — Inter B. alatam et D. sanguineam quasi media, sed utraque sat diversa.

This is perhaps most closely albed to D. sanguinea, from wliich it may be distinguished by the alternate nervation and dividing of the frond. The J), alata, which it is also near, differs in the texture and colour of its frond. No fruiting specimens were found.

FalMands, etc.] FLORA. ANTARCTICA. 471

Plate CLXXV. The absence of fructification precludes the necessity of dissections.

3. Delesseria platycarpa, Lamourx., in Ann. du Mm. vol. xx. p. 124. Agardh, Sp. Alg. vol. i. p. 188. Turner, Hist. Fuc. 1. 144.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; abundant in Berkeley Sound and Port William.

Originally discovered at the Cape of Good Hope, where it is very abundant. More recently it has been gathered on the coast of California, whence its existence in the Falkland Islands might have been considered probable, even before its recent discovery in that part of the Southern Ocean. It is very plentiful on the long shelving beaches of the islands in question, but was not seen on the deeper and more rocky shores of Fuegia.

4. Delesseria crassiuervia, Mont. Fl. Antarct. p. 184.

Var. (3. costa angustiore.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; both varieties abundant. Kerguelen's Land ; Christmas Harbour, var. a only.

Were the var. $. found upon the coast of Europe, it would be undoubtedly referred to B. hjpoglossum, and it may well be considered very doubtful whether the D. crassiuervia of the Southern Hemisphere be the representa- tive of its northern congener, into the likeness of which it varies ; or whether, as is perhaps more probable, both are not varieties of the same species. The true D. ruscifolia is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, of Tasmania, and, according to Gaudichaud, of tie Falkland Islands also.

5. Delesseria quercifolia, Bory in Duperrey Toy. Bot. p. 186. 1. 18. f. 1.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; most abundant both on the outer coasts and in the harbours.

A very handsome species, of which M. Bory gives a sufficiently characteristic but discoloured figure. The original colour of the plant is a rosy or vinous red. In every respect, except the position of the granules, which are here scattered over the surface of the frond, this is very nearly allied to D. sinuosa, Ag.

6. Delesseria Lyallii, Hook. fil. et Harv.: fronde lineari-oblonga obtusa costata penninervi argute serrato-dentata, nervis oppositis, margine incrassato folia consimilia petiolata emittente, dentibus subulatis simplicibus v. latere inferiore plerumque erosis, coccidiis frondis pagina sparsis, granulis in soros inter nervos laeiniarum sitos dispositis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 252. (Tab. CLXXVI.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on the outer coast only, probably washed ashore from the exposed rocks. Kerguelen's Land ; Christmas Harbour, washed up on the shores.

Frons primaria exemplaribus Kerguelensibus 9 unc, Falklandicis 4-5 line, longa, 1-1 -£■ uue. lata, in petioluin cylindraceum gradatim angustata, oblonga v. linearis, apice rotundata, costa valida percursa, venosa, venis oppositis, erecto-patentibus, margine argute serrato-dentata, sed non sinuata, iucrassata, fobola seu frondes secundarias emit- teus ? Frondes secundaria primariis consimiles, sed plerumque miuores, omnes evidenter petiolata?, e margine incras- sato frondis primaria} orta;, venis ejus oppositae v. alternae. Color luride sanguineus.

D. sinuosa habitu formaque frondis colore et substantia siinillima : differt margine incrassato, dentato, non sinuato, et prsesertim frondibus secuudariis evidenter petiolatis, nunquam e laciniis frondis primarise ortis.

A very noble species, of which fine specimens were collected, thrown up on the stony shores of Kerguelen's Land and the outer coasts of the Falkland Islands ; and which, as it was never seen attached, either in the shallow or deep bays of any of the coasts visited by the Expedition, finds, we conclude, a congenial home amongst the wild breakers that fringe many parts of these iron-bound coasts. Specifically it is allied to the European D. sinuosa,

472 FLOEA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

from which it differs remarkably in the thickened margin of the frond not being siuuated, but proliferous ; in the leaves all being petiolate and arising from the margin, and not from lacinise of the frond ; and in the position of the fructification.

We have, in figuring the nobler species of this and some other genera, endeavoured to commemorate the services rendered to the botany of the Antarctic regions by those officers of the Antarctic Expedition who particularly devoted themselves to increasing the botanical collections. Their names appear to be more properly associated with the Alga, than with any other tribe of plants ; comprising, as these do, the greater part of the vegetation of that element which these gentlemen have adopted for their home, and being natives of the regions they have so success- fully explored.

Plate CLXXV. Fig 1, apex of frond and sori ; fig. 2, portion of ditto showing the spherospores : — highly magnified.

18. NITOPHYLLUM, Grev.

1. Nitophyliajm lividum, Hook. fil. et Harv.; fronde e stipite brevi filiformi cartilagineo late expansa tenerrirna basi vix venosa furcata v. dichotoma margine undulata livido-purpurea, laciniis patentibus oblongis obtusis, soris rninutissimis pimctiforrnibus coccidiisque perplurimis per totam frondem sparsis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 253. (Tab. CLXXIX.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; Berkeley Sound and Port William, not uncommon.

Stipes cartilagineus, filiformis, \- 1 unc. longus, ad basin frondis evanidus. Frons 4 unc. longa, 6 v. plures lata, in lacinias paucas latiusculas furcatas apice obtusas divaricatas divisa, avenia, nisi ad imam basin, ubi stipes in venas breves evanidas abiit. Substantia tenerrima. Color livide purpureus, ut in Forphyra, sed vix nitens.

The colour affords a very distinctive character for this species, in which particular it resembles only one of its congeners, the N. G-unnian/un, Harv., of Tasmania. But that plant, is of a much thicker texture and less lubricous. A single imperfect specimen from Cape Horn probably belongs to the N. lividum. Of the mass of radiating spores contained in the capsules of the species, only those at the base of the cavity are fertile.

Plate CLXXIX. Fig. 1, sori ; fig. 2, capsule ; fig. 3, vertical section of the same ; fig. 4, portion of ditto : — all highly magnified.

2. Nitothytjjjm fusco-ruZirvm, Hook. fil. et Harv.; stipite filiformi elongato nunc dichotome ramoso nudo, ramis frondiferis, frondibus flabelliformibus lobatis v. longitudirialiter fissis crasso-membranaceis fusco- rubriSj basi cuneatis in stipitem gradatim angustatis tenuiter venosis, margine piano subintegerrimo, apicibus (exemplaribus nostris) laceris, soris minutissimis punctiformibus coccidiisque liumerosissimis per totam frondem sparsis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 254.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; parasitical on larger sea-weeds in Christmas Harbour.

Stipes 1-8 unc. longus, simplex v. irregulariter ramosus, ramis in frondes cuneatas elongatas exeuntibus. Frondes 3-5 unc. longae, latitudine variae, ima basi obscure venosa;, irregulariter profunde fissae, laciniis cuneatis linearibusve. Sori minimi, inconspicui. Spharosporce plerumque solitaries, per totam paginam frondis creberrhne sparsse. Coceidia frondibus distinctis numerosa. Substantia firma, basi subcartilaginea. Color luride fusco-ruber. — Stirps N. idvoideo, Hook, similis, sed abunde differt colore, sphserosporis sparsis, stipiteque ramoso elongato.

Apparently a native of Kerguelen's Land only, where it was found sparingly, adhering to the stems of larger Algoe.. The colour, texture, and branching stem at once distinguish this from its congeners.

3. Nitophylldm Crozieri, Hook. fil. et Harv.; fronde basi longe cuneata in stipitem angustata lineari- lanceolata v. ovata v. late ovato-lanceolata integerrima v. in lacinias plurimas longitudinaliter fissa enervi

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 473

tenerrima rosea, sons majusculis oblongis coccidiisque per frondem sparsis. Nobis in Lond. Jonrn. Bot. vol. iv. p. 254. (Tab. CLXXVI1.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; abundant in deep water.

Radix discus cartilaginous. Stipes gracilis, i-£ unc. longus, cartilagineus, superne alatus, basin in frondem cuneatam abeuns, deinde gradatim evanescens. Frons 8-12 unc. longa v. longior, latitudine varia, lineari-oblonga v. late ovato-rotundata, integerrinia v. in lacinias fissa, adultior punctis crebriformibus pulcherrime terebrata, apice exemplaribus normalibus attenuata, margine integerrima, undulata, plus minusvc in lacinias fissa, subavenia v. basi solum nervis indistinctis e apice stipitis ortis notata. Sori numerosissiini, per totam frondis paginam sparsi. Sub- stantia tenerrima. Color pulcherrime roseus.

One of the most beautiful of the genus, and probably the southern representative of the European N.punclatum, chiefly distinguishable from it by the long cuneate base of the frond passing into a filiform stem and by the absence of dichotomous divisions with wide axils. The traces of the stem become gradually more faint at a short distance from the base of the frond, but do not break up into numerous veins. The normal form of the frond is broadly lanceolate, tapering to an acute point ; with waved but entire margins, which are, however, often split and torn into numerous linear ribbon-like segments, caused by injury and not the natural divisions of the frond.

Plate CLXXVII. — Fig. 1, portion of frond and sorus : — magnified.

4. Nitophyluuh multinerve, Hook. fil. et Harv.; fronde breviter stipitata elliptica v. ovata subinteger- rima v. lobata, nervis pluribus parallelis distinctis dichotomis apicem versus frondis evanescentibus, soris ? Nobis in Lond.Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 255.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and Falkland Islands ; Berkeley Sound, on rocks, not common.

Stipes plemmque \-~ \ unc. longus, nunc polbcaris, simplex. Frons in lacinias plurimas obtusas cito fissa, 2-4 unc. longa, basi rotundata v. cuneata ; nervis plurimis, validis, ad apicem frondis evanidis. Substantia membranaeea. Color roseus.

Of this plant we have not very satisfactory specimens, or which may not belong to the Delesseria dichotoma : except that in the present species the nerves are much fainter, less distinct from the lamina, and vanishing further from the apex of the frond, which evinces no tendency to form distinct leaves.

5. Nitophyllum Smithii, Hook. fil. et Harv.; fronde stipitata flabelliformi lobata basi cuneata superne divisa et lacera, apicibus laciniarum obtusis, marginibus planis, colore rubro subfuscescente, nervosa, nervis gradatim evanescentibus basilari centrali crasso lateralibus radiantibus teuuibus nunc evanidis, soris minutis rotundatis margines versus laciniarum frondis densissime sparsis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 256. (Tab. CLXXVHI.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; in the bays and along the outer sea coast, growing on the roots of larger Alga.

Frons 4-7 unc. longa, angusta v. latiuscula, in stipitem simplicem v. ramosam \ unc. longam et idtra desinens, forma varia ; nunc elongatse, lacerae ; juniores latiores, lobatse : laciniis latis, obtusis, emarginatis retusisve. Nervus centralis elongatus, basi latus, frondibus senioribus ultra medium extensus, junioribus cito evanidus ; laterales ad basin frondis flabellatim expansi, oblique arcuati. Substantia crassiuscula. Color ruber, demum fusceseens.

This is a very distinct species ; but, like its congeners, so variable in form that little dependence can be placed on the characters drawn from its outline, or from the length of the stipes. Our figure gives a very faithful representa- tion of the colour and normal form of the old and young states, both veined and nearly veiidess.

Plate CLXXVHI. — Fig. 1, portion of frond and tetraspores ; fig. 2, ditto with coccidium : — both magnified.

5 R

474 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

6. Nitophyllum Bonnemakoni, Grev. ; Alg. Brit. p. 81.

Var. laciniatum, fronde nabelliforrni profuude digitatim lobata v. subdichotoine pinuatifida, laciniis inciso-dentatis. N. laciniatum, nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 256.

Hab. var. laciniatum. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on rocks in deep water. Falkland Islands ; not common.

Though not exactly identical with our European N. Bonnemaisoni, we cannot consider this as more than a variety of that plant, which is occasionally found in Britain nearly as much laciniated as the specimens before us are. Stipes, in the Antarctic specimens, i-i inch long, terminating in the thickened cuneate base of the frond, which is 4-5 inches long, and deeply cleft into 5-9 segments, either radiating from the centre in a digitate manner, or springing like pinnules from a lengthened rachis. Colour, a pale brownish-red at the base, becoming rosy upwards.

The N. Bonnemaisoni in the Northern Hemisphere inhabits the Orkney Islands, the west coasts of Scotland and Ireland, and the south-western shores of England.

19. PLOCAMIUM, Lyngb.

1. Plocamium coceineum, Lyngb. ; Harv. P/iyc. Brit., t. 44. Fl. Antarct. p. 186.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; very abundant.

The present is one of the most widely diffused of the Floridea, both in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. In Europe it ranges from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea to the North Cape. In Africa it occurs at the Cape of Good Hope, in North America on the coast of California, and it is abundant, on the Atlantic shores of the United States. It inhabits both coasts of South America, but particularly the western ; Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Auckland Islands. The Antarctic specimens are equally luxuriant with those of the Northern Hemisphere.

2. Plocamium Hookeri, Harv. ; fronde cartilaginea anguste lineari compressa plana distiche decomposite ramosa, ramis primariis subdicliotomis patentibus, secnndariis alternis flexuosis folia ramulosque alterne gerentibus, foliis planis aveuiis oblique obovato-lanceolatis obtusis basi angustatis cnltratis integerrimis v. margine exteriore crenatis, ramulis linearibus alterne et secunde pectinato-multifidis, stichidiis brevibus lateralibus dense fasciculatis digitalis laciniatis simplicibus obtusis, coccidiis lateralibus sessilibus sparsis. Harv. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 257.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land; Christmas Harbour; thrown upon the beach, rare.

Front 8-10 unc. longa, vix lin. diametro, plano-compressa, cartilaginea, nunc subdichotome nunc pinnathn ramosa. Rami primarii patentes ; secundarii circumscriptioue lineares, altemi, flexuosi, ramulos decomposites foliaque gerentes : foliis \ unc. longis, 1-i— 3 lin. latis, anguste obovatis lanceolatisve, obtusis, aveniis, integerrimis v. rarius secus marginem exteriorem crenatis. Color luride roseus.

One of the most singular species of the genus, from the curious leaf-like appendages on the secondary and lesser branches. It is a very rare plant iu Christmas Harbour, and cannot be confounded with any of its congeners-

3. Plocamium? Magellanicum, Hook. fil. et Harv. Thamnophora Magellanica, Montague in Voy. au Bole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 142. t. 8. f. 2.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; the Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen's Land ; very abundant.

Falkland*, efc] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 475

Of this plant we have very copious suites of specimens, gathered in the localities above enumerated and varying in length from 2 or 3, to 4 or 8 inches ; most of them are covered with coccidia, though none presents us with a single stichidium ; which is the more remarkable, because, in other species of this genus the latter description of fruit is the most general.

Under the P. coccineum, in the first portion of this work, the reasons for abandoning the genus Thamnojphora are detailed ; whether or not the present plant belongs to Plocamium even, must remain uncertain until the nature of the stichidia is known.

20. RHODYMENIA, Grev.

1. Rhodyjienia palmata, Grev. ; Alg. Brit. p. 93. Fucus palmatus, Engl. Bot. t. 1306.

Hab. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; abundant. Hermite Islands, Cape Horn ; rare.

The Dulse, so commonly eaten on the coasts of Scotland, is not an unfrequent sea-weed on the shores of the Falkland Islands, where it was quickly recognized by some of the north-country seamen of the ' Erebus' and ' Terror.' In Europe its distribution is from the Canary Islands and Mediterranean Sea, to the coasts of Norway and Ireland. Dr. Greville mentions that it is a native of the shores of Brazil.

2. Rhodyjienia sobolifera, Grev. ; Alg. Brit. p. 95. Fucus soboliferus, Eng. Bot. t. 2133.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; iu Berkeley Sound, and on the exposed outer sea-coast ; abundant.

Apparently identical with a sea-weed which inhabits the western shores of Ireland, Scotland, and the Orkney- Isles, and has also been gathered on the west coasts of France. It is scarcely more than a variety of R. palmata, whether occurring in the north or south temperate oceans.

3. Rhodyjienia corallina, Bory; in Buperrey Toy. Bot. Crypt, p. 1 75. 1. 16. Hab. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; rare.

We have referred our single specimen, without fruit, to this species j with which it appears entirely to agree. The species is not uncommon along the Pacific shores of South America, between the latitude of Concepcion and the Equator.

4. Rhodyjienia Palmetla, Grev. ; Alg. Brit. p. 88. 1. 12.

Hab. Straits of Magalhaens, If Urville ; Falkland Islands, Gamdichand. Of this species we have seen no southern examples.

5. Rhodyjienia /7»3n'afa, Grev. ; Synops. p. 48. Spheerococcus fimbriatus, Agardh, Spec. Alg. vol. i. p. 299.

Hab. Falkland Islands, Gaudichaud.

This again is a plant which we do not recognize amongst the collections brought from the Southern Hemisphere.

6. Rhodyjienia variegata, Montagne; inlfOrUgny Voy.^. 22. and 116 in Obs. Halymenia variegata, Bory in Duperrey Toy. Bot. Crypt, p. 179. 1. 14. R. Hookeri, Harv. in Bond. Tourn. of Bot. vol. iv. p. 258. R. glaphyra, Snhr, in Flora, 1839, vol. i. p. 69. t. 2. f. 43.

Var. a. flabellata ; fronde stipitata rosea v. sanguinea flabellata fere ad basin partita, laciniis manifeste flabelliformibus basi cuneatis repetite di-tri- vel palmatim dichotomis, laciniis linearibus j-i unc. latis,

476 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

margine lacinulis brevissimis truncatis quadratis alternis ornato, axillis rotundatis : — R. Lambertce forma similis, sed substantia differt.

Var. p. atro-sangu'mea ; fronde substipitata atro-sanguinea palmato-fissa, laciniis obtusis erectis sub- dichotome v. alterne divisis margine proliferis, axillis rotundatis. Color luridior quam in var. a.

Var. y. latissima ; fronde 10 unc. longa ad pedalem, laciniis parum divisis apice truncatis 1-4 unc. latis. Varietas a caeteris valde diversa, sed certe nil nisi forma gigantea.

Var. 8. lacerata ; inter varietates a et /3 media : — frons subsessilis divisa.

Var. f. prolifera ; fronde li-2 unc. longa subdichotoma, laciniarum marginibus proliferis lacinulas numerosas angustissimas furcatas v. irregulariter ramulosas acutas emittentibus.

Var. C • pulcherrvma ; laciniis angustis decomposito-ramosis, pinnulis ultimis elongatis emarginatis.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; var. a. Falkland Islands ; var. a. /3. (on the outer sea-coast) and (. (in Berkeley Sound) Kerguelen's Land ; vars. a. y. &. and f. All very abundant in Christmas Harbour.

A more variable species can scarcely be imagined : so dissimilar are its forms that the more distinct of them were unhesitatingly pronounced to be different species, before the whole suites of specimens were collated. In Kerguelen's Land it is one of the most common of Alga ; and the varieties, collected there and noted as belonging to the one species, are connected by various links with one another, and with the forms of Cape Horn, the Falkland Islands, and of the American coast. The dark coloured variety, 0. atro-sanguinea, is evidently sea-beaten, and though generally destitute of the marginal tooth-like lacinise, so conspicuous in a, there are specimens possessing them, which connect the two forms. The var. y. latissima is the best marked, more, perhaps, by its great size than by its presenting any positive characters : it was gathered along with a and 8, and referred when fresh to the same species. In the Falkland Islands the var. f. is conspicuous for having few, and but sparingly divided principal segments, about \ mch wide, suddenly passing into narrow much-divided minor segments from i— 1 line broad. Though at first sight abundantly distinct from 0. or y., it is immediately connected with them both through var. a.

We follow Endlicher in quoting Suhr's figure of R . glaphgra as a synonym of this species : the representation is, however, anything but characteristic of an Alga.

7. Rhodymenia variolosa, Hook. fil. etHarv. ; fronde carnoso-membranacea sanguinea in lacinias plures late lineares v. civneatas elongatas furcatas dichotomasve ad basin fere divisa, laciniis basi angus- tatis erectis apice obtusis emarginatisve, coccidiis? superficialibus densissime conspersis sessilibus pedicella- tisve deciduis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 259. (Tab. CLXXX.)

Hab. Christmas Harbour ; Kerguelen's Land.

Irons 2-3 v. 7-8 unc. longa, ad basin fere in lacinias fissa. Lacinia \-\ unc. latse, e basi angustata sensim latiores, furcatae, bis terve dichotome divisa?, sinubus latis obtusis, margine integerrimo v. parce prolifero, super sub- terque corporibus granuliferis (coccidia ?) sparsa?. Coccidia ? (in genere abnormalia) superficialia, subglobosa, ba9i angusta frondis affixa, cito deeidua.

Albed to the R. variegata, especially in form, but of a firmer texture and brighter colour ; and very different in the nature of the fructification, which is easily detached, leaving only a small puncture on the surface of the lacinise : this constitutes the peculiar character of the species. In the structure and form of the frond there is some affinity with the Oraeilaria polycarpa of the south of England and California; but the fruit of that plant is quite different.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 477

Plate CLXXX. — Fig. 1, portion of frond and coccidia ; fig. 2, portion of ditto vertically sliced ; fig. 3, spores from the same ; fig. 4, immature ditto : — all highly magnified.

21. ACANTHOCOCCUS, Hooh.fil. et Harv.

Frons linearis, compressa, distiche ramosa, cartilagineo-carnosa, rosea. Axis solidus, densus, e cellulis minutis- simis formatus, tubulis magnis pluriseriatis extus sensim minoribus circunidatus. Periplieria celluli parvis reti- culata. Coccidia globosa, in apicibus ramidorum immersa, sporis numerosissimis repleta.

1. Acaxthococcus Antarcticus, nobis, in Loncl. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 261. (Tab. CLXXXI.)

Hab. Cape Horn and the Falkland Islands ; not uncommon, and parasitic.

Frons 4-8 unc. longa, compressa, anguste linearis, basi semilineam vix lineam latitudine, sursum sensim angustata, distiche ramosissima. Rami patentes vel divaricati, nunc flabellatim multifidi, nunc pinnati et bipinnati ; secundarii nunc breves subsimplices, nunc longissimi, ramosissimi. Ramuli per totam frondem sparsi, apicem versus crebriores, erecti et erecto-patentes, subulati, 1-3 lineas longi, altemi vel saepius secmidi, simplices vel parum divisi. Coccidia solitaria, globosa, spinis 4-6 magnis subulatis armata, in apicibus ramulorum immersa, sporis numerosissi- mis minutis repleta. Tetrasporas ignotae. Color intense ruber, siccitate obscurior. Substantia firma, cartilagineo- carnosa : — chartfe adhaeret.

We cannot satisfactorily include this plant under any established genus. It belongs, unquestionably, to the Spluerococcece and will stand near Hypnea, from which it differs in the structure of the frond, as well as in the fructification. The densely cellular axis, surrounded by large empty cellules or tubes, is seen in Hypnea musci- formis, and also in Gracilaria purpurascens. Outwardly there is a close resemblance between our plant and Heringia rostrata, J. Ag., (Gelidium ? rostratum, Griff. ; Fucus alatm, and angustissimus, Turn.) ; but, besides the dissimilar fructification, the structure of that plant is uniformly dense, without a trace of large cellules, or tubes. Again, the present plant may be compared with Microcladia, which it approaches in habit ; and to a certain extent, the spinous coccidia may be deemed analogous to the mxolwaatetl favella of that genus ; but, in Microcladia, the axis, far from being the most dense part of the frond, is tubular.

Plate CLXXXI. — Fig. 1, ramulus ; fig. 2, apex of ditto with coccidium ; fig. 3, transverse section of ramulus ; fig. 4, longitudinal section of coccidium : — all magnified.

22. GRACILARIA, Grev.

1. Gracilaria (?) nigrescens, Hook. fil. et Harv.; radice fibrosa, frondibus purpurascentibus caespitosis e basi irregulariter dickotorna et intricata ramosissimis gracilibus subcylindraceis obscure compressis flexuosis flaccidis carnoso-membranaceis, axillis obtusis sa?pissime latis, ramis decompositis sensim angustatis, ramulis filiformibus v. subulatis acutis, ultimis saepe secundis. G. obtusangula, nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 260. Sphaerococcus subulatus, /3. nigrescens, Agardh, Sp. Alg. p. 329.

Var. /3. tenuior, ramis strictioribus divaricatis, axillis patentibus.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; not uncommon. Var. /3. Falkland Islands.

Frons basi repens et fibrosa, filiformis, 4-6 unc. longa, ^lin. lata, subcompressa. Color luride purpureus, ut in G. purpurascente.

In the absence of fructification we refer this doubtfully to the genus Gracilaria, chiefly from its close resemblance to the G. purpurascens in the essential characters of the frond. We have never seen original or any other specimens of the Spluerococcus subulatus, var. nigrescens, and owe the identification of our specimens with that plant to the kindness of our friend Dr. Montagne.

5 s

478 FLORA ANTAECTICA. [Fnec/ia, the

2. Geacilaeia (?) aggregate, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; casspitosa, nigrescens, frondibus fastigiatis e basi communi late scutata carnosa ortis plurimis filiformibus, primariis cylindraceis cartilagiueis vage subdichotome ramosis, axillis angustis, ramis erectis sirnplicibus furcatisve omnibus compresso-cylindraceis filiformibus superne subfastigiatis apicibus obtusis, fructu ? Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 261.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on rocks in Berkeley Sound, Br. Lyall.

Frondes 3-4 una altae, vix \ lin. diametro, e basi scutata, i una lata?, dense fastigiatae, siccitate rigidae, madore cartilagineae, irregidariter superne praecipue raniosae, basi cylindracese, interdum siniplices, nunc e basi regulariter dichotome ramosae. Rami ornnes erecti, axillis angustis, sinubus obtusiusculis, ultimi paulo latiores. Color nigro- purpurascens, siccitate ater ; — chartae non adhaeret. Habitu Polgidis rotundi.

Of this, again, we have seen no fruit ; but the structure of the frond is exactly that of the genus Gracilaria, to which we consequently refer it.

23. POLYSIPHONIA, Grev.

1 . Polysiphonia atro-rubescens, Grev. Harv. in Brit. Fl. vol. ii. p. 331.

Hab. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; scarce.

Only a few specimens of this species, and in an immature state, were procured : they very closely approach British ones in structure, but are, perhaps, more branched ; though we can detect no specific differences between them. They differ from the following species in substance and in wanting the fibrillous apices of the ramuli ; the latter, however, is an unimportant character.

The species ranges from the Mediterranean Sea to the coasts of Scotland.

2. Polysiphonia fusco-rulens, Hook. fil. et Harv.; atro-rubescens, obscure articulata, rigidiuscula, multistriata, frondibus irregulariter dichotomis, caule angulatim flexuoso gracili sensim attenuato, ramis majoribus dichotomis, minoribus alternis strictis elongatis, ramulis paucis subulatis erecto-patentibus, axillis primariis patentibus secundariis acutis, articulis e tubulis octo radiantibus coloratis formatis, ramorum dia- metro duplo-triplo-quadruplove, ramidorum sesquilongioribus. (Tab. CLXXXII. Fig. I.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; Mrs. Capt. Sidivan.

Caules primarii ramosissimi, fasciculati, 6-8-unciales, graciles, fuifonnes, basi uudi, superne sub-angulatim flexuosi, ad angulos ramos 2 una longos emittentes, rigiduli. Rami ramulique erecto-patentes, laxe pbuies divisi, fasciculati, ultimi longitudine varii, \— 2 lin. longi, elongati v. subulati, omnes rigidiusculi. Color atro-rubescens : — charts laxe adhaeret.

Very similar indeed to the P. atro-rubescens, but differing in the flexuose stem ; also allied to P. anisogona, nob., but of a totally different texture and consistence.

Plate CLXXXII. Fig. I. — 1, ramuli ; 2, apex of ditto ; 3, transverse section of ditto : — all magnified.

3. Polysiphonia anisogona, Hook. fil. et Harv.; atro-rubescens, flaccida, madore fragillima, frondibus csespitosis irregulariter ramosissimis equalibus setaceis articulatis vix attenuatis, ramis ranxulisque alternis subdichotomisve erectis v. appressis, axillis angustissimis, articulis variis inferioribus diametro sextuplo, superioribus duplo triplove longioribus, ultimis sesquilongioribus v. quadratis, omnibus striis sex notatis e

tubulis duodecim tenuibus radiantibus endochromate repletis formatis, ceramidiis ? Nobis in Bond.

Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 268. (Tab. CLXXXII. Fig. II.)

Hab. Herniite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; not common.

FalHanck, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 479

Dense csespitosa. Caspites 4-5 unc. longi, intricati. Articuli longitudine varii, iiiferiores valde elongati, supremi brevissimi, omnes striis sex rectis spiralibusve notati, e tubulis duodeeiin tenuibus coloratis circa cavitatem centralem dispositis conflata.

A fine species, and evidently quite distinct from any previously described ; but unfortunately so tender that it cannot be removed from the paper without breaking ; for which reason our description of the ramification is not so perfect as is desirable. It differs, in the substance especially, from the British Polysiphonia atro-ruhescens, being- more fragile and tender.

Plate CLXXXII. Fig. II. — A. and B. different states of P. anisogona ; 1, ramulus ; 2, apex of ditto ; 3, trans- verse section of ditto : — all magnified.

4. Polysiphonia teuuutriata, Hook. fil. et Harv.; rubescens, articulata, multistriata, frondibus gra- cillimis capillaceis flaccidis elongatis circumscriptione ovato-lanceolatis, caule primario subsimplici flexuoso alterne irregulariter dichotome rarnoso, ramis rernotis circumscriptione ovatis ramulisque erecto-patentibus sensiiri attenuatis apice fibrillosis, axillis acutis, articulis ramorum diametro multiplo, rainulorum duplo triplove longioribus sex-striatis e tubulis duodeeim tenuissimis radiantibus coloratis formatis, geniculis incrassatis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 266. (Tab. CLXXXII. Fig. III.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; dredged up in about six fathom water.

Basis froudis deest. Caidis primarius solitarius? 4-6 unc. longus, capillaris, flexuosus, alterne ramosus. Rami 2-3-unciales, ramulique tenuissimi.

A very elegant species, allied to P. anisogona, but much more slender, very differently branched, and not fragile when moistened after being once dried.

Plate CLXXXIII. Fig. III. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, branch and ramulus ; 3, ramulus ; 4, transverse section of ditto : — magnified.

5. PoLYSirHONiA SuUvance, Hook. fil. et Harv.; pusilla, badia, articulata, flaccida, multistriata, fron- dibus fiabellatim ramosis, ramis alterne deconipositis fastigiatis, ramulis sparsis alternis subulatis simplicibus subquadrifariis, articulis ramorum diametro subduplo, ramulorum sesquilongioribus omnibus e tubulis duodeeim angustis radiantibus formatis. (Tab. CLXXXII. Fig. IV.)

Hab. Falkland Islands; Mrs. Capt. Sidivan.

Radix ? Frondes casspitosse, 1 unc. longse, e basi valde fastigiatim ramosse, fiabellatim expansae. Caidis primarius brevissimus, ramos pluiimos capillares repetitim divisos fasciculatos emittens, rami penultimi subpectinati, ultimi curvati patentes, axillis obtusiusculis, supremi ramos ramulosque terminantes arete incurvi sese invicem amplec- tentes, apices frondium hinc nodosi v. incrassati apparent. Color badius. Substantia flaceida, tenax : — chartae adheeret.

A pretty but small species, allied to the Auckland Islands P. ceratoclada, Mont., but slenderer; with the stem formed of a greater number of tubes, more flaccid, &c. The ultimate ramuli are longer in proportiou than those they spring from, they are slender, patent, rather uniform in length, and curve upwards, hence giving a somewhat pectinated appearance to the ultimate divisions of the frond. The hue, which is pale brown in this specimen, may be somewhat faded, and here and there shows indications of the plant having been originally rose coloured.

Plate CLXXXII. Fig. IV. — 1, branch and ramuli ; 2, apex of branch : — both magnified.

6. Polysiphonia microcarpa, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; atro -rubescens, csespitosa, frondibus tenuissimis capillaribus membranaceis flaccidis tenacibus obgosiphoniis equabbus vis attenuatis irregulariter repetitim dichotomis, ramis rammisque erecto-patentibus crebre divisis, articulis bistriatis e tubulis quatuor formatis, ramorum majorum diametro multiplo, minorum triplo quadruplove, ramulorum sesqui duplove longioribus,

480 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

ceramidiis pusilJis ovatis breve pedicellatis. Nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. iv. p. 265. (Tab. CLXXXII. Fig III.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; very rare.

Fil. 3-4 una longa, capillaria, flaccida, tenacia sed non fragilia, dense csespitosa, basi irregulariter dicho- tome ramosa, ramis omnibus diametro aequabbus. Ceramidia minima, lateraba, elhptico-urceolata. Color luride ruber. Plate CLXXXII. Fig. III. — 1, portion of branch ; 2, ditto with ceramidium : — both highly magnified.

7. Polysiphonia abscissa, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; coccinea, frondibus circumscriptione ovatis tenuibus membranaceo-gelatinosis flaccidis tenacibus obgosiphoniis, caule primario parce diviso flexuoso ramos secundarios altemos multifidos circumscriptione obovatos emittente, ramis fibformibus minoribus alternis subdicbotorne divisis, ramulis fastigiatis (quasi abscissis) fibrilliferis, articulis ramorum diametro quadruplo v. sextuplo, ramulorum duplo triplove longioribus bistriatis, ceramidiis pusilbs ovatis breviter pedicellatis. Nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. iv. p. 266. (Tab. CLXXXIH. Fig. II.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; dredged up in about six fatbom water.

Frons seu ramus primarius 3-4 una longus, filiformis v. capillaceus, flexuosus, alteme ramosus, ramis grada- tim brevioribus, hinc rircumscriptio frondis totius ovata evadit. Rami interne nudiusculi, superne fastigiatim ramu- losi ; ramulis ultiinis tenuissimis, coufertis. Caulk tubuli sub quatuor. Color roseus v. coecineus.

A beautiful species, of which the only specimens were procured with the dredge in St. Martin's Cove. The fastigiate brandling of the ramuli and the colour are, of themselves, sufficient to distinguish this from the P. microcoria, to which it is most nearly related. The principal stem is very conspicuous though slender, and the branching regular and tolerably uniform.

Plate CLXXXIH. Fig. II. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, branch and ramuli; 3, portion of ramulus; 4, portion of ramus ; 5, ditto, with ceramidium : — all highly magnified.

8. YoixsiTHomAjlaljettiform/s, Hook, fil et Harv.; pusilla, setacea, badia, rigidula, fronde brevi basi simplici stipitiformi apice flabellatim ramosa, ramis irregulariter dicbotomis multifidis apice sub fastigiatis, ramulis ultiinis erectis longe nudis, axillis angustis, articulis multistriatis inferioribus diametro multiplo superioribus sesquilongioribus. Nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. iv. p. 266. (Tab. CLXXXIH. Fig. I.)

Hab. Crozet Islands ; on Macrocystis pyrvfera.

Frons uncialis, solitaria, rigida, crassitudine setae porcinse, inferne simplex, superne distiehc flabellatim ramosa, crassiuscula, circumscriptione orbiculari. Rami multifidi, irregulariter dichotomi, fastigiati, ramulis erectis. Articuli ramivalde elongati, striis numerosis notati. Color badius, vix rufescens : — chartae vix adhseret.

Only one specimen of this very distinct species was procured, from a piece of Macrocystis floating off the Crozet's Islands, of which group the present, the Callithamnion Ptilota, nob., and Ballia Brunonis, are the only known vegetable productions.

Plate CLXXXIH. Fig. III. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, branch and rainub ; 3, portion of ramulus, and 4, of stem : — highly magnified.

9. Polysiphonia (Heterosipbonia) Berheleyi ; Het. Berleleyi, et Pol. punicea, Mont. Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 128. t. 5. f. 3. Ft. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 182.

Var. /3. Davisii ; robustior, caule primario regulariter ramoso, ramis erecto-patentibus sub-bipinnatim ramulosis, ultimis erectioribus densioribus parciusque divisis. P. Davisii, nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol.i. p. 267.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 481

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen's Land ; abundant. Var. Davisii,

Hermite Island; rare.

The somewhat different habit, more regular primary ramification, and more erect, denser, and less divided ramuli, had induced us to separate the var. |3. from the original P. Berkeleyi -. an opinion we have now abandoned, after a careful examination of very many specimens ; amongst which, forms connecting the two may be found.

Though not included by Montague under his genus Eeterosiphonia, the structure of the tubes forming the frond of P. punicea is the same with that of Eeterosiphonia BerMeyi, of which we have examined an authentic specimen, communicated by our friend the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, and differing in no respect from P. punicea. We scarcely, however, think that the varying diameter of the tubes in the genus Poly siphon ia authorizes a division of the genus ; for, in some species, as the present, the increased size of two of the tubes, though conspicuous under favourable circumstances, affords but an obscure character ; and in some species the difference of diameter is trifling.

24. RHODOMELA, Ag.

1. Rhodomela ^;«fefo, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; fronde cylindracea brunnea cellulis irregularibus notata vage bipinnatim ramosa, ramis alternis elongatis liorizontalibus suberecto-patentibusve minoribus elongatis patentibus subsimplicibus alternatis nudis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 264. (Tab. CLXXXIII. Kg. IV.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; Port William and Berkeley Sound, rare.

Frons 4-6 unc. longa , basi diametro i lin., vage et patentim ramosa. Caulis primarius subsimplex, ramos alternos, patentes, elongatos emittens. Rami laxe ramulosi, ultimi breviusculi, e tubulis 4 magnis circa cavitatern centralem dispositis extus strato cellulorum confertomm circumdatis conflati. Substantia membranacea. Color luride brunneus v. fuliginosus : — chartae adheret.

Similar to the following, and, perhaps, not specifically distinct : it differs in the ramification ; and in the absence of the very numerous short ultimate ramuli so copiously scattered over the branches of R. Gaimardi.

Plate CLXXXIII. — Fig. TV. — 1, portion of plant of the natural size ; 2, portion of stem andramulus : — mag- nified.

2. Rhodomela Gaimardi, Ag. ; fronde cylindracea flabellatim ramosissima, stipite sirnplici filiformi, ramis primariis divaricatis, secundariis patentibus bipinnatim niultifldis segmentis alternis, ramnlis brevibus setaceis simplicibus furcatis qnadrifidisve saepe secundis per totam frondem sparsis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 264. Agardh, Spec. Alg. vol. iv. p. 380. {rum Mont, in Toy. au Bole Sud). (Tab. CLXXXIV.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and in Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; not uncommon.

Frons 4-6 unc. longa, crassitudine seta? porcinse, basi simplex, superne in ramos 3-4 primarios flabellatim divisa. Rami primarii subdichotomi v. irregulares, divaricati, repetitim bifarie ramulosi ; rami secundarii tertiariique elongati, simpliciusculi, filiformes, ramulis brevibus ornati. Ramuli 2-3 lin. longi, ssepissime secundi, tenuissimi. Slructura ut in R. patula. Color luridus.

This, wliich we doubtfully referred in the London Journal of Botany to the R. Gaimardi, Ag., appears to us decidedly the plant of Agardh ; and our friend, Dr. Montagne, has kindly furnished us with a specimen of the Auckland Island species, to which he had applied this name, and which belongs to another plant. The R. Gaimardi of Dr. Montagne is assuredly our Polysiphonia botryocarpa, (Pt. 1. p. 181.) and has very much the appearance of a Rhodomela. The specimens, from wliich the above description is taken, were gathered in the same locality as that from whence the typical plant of Agardh was brought by Gaudichaud ; and they agree with

5 T

4S2 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

t be description of that author in every particular : except that the compression attributed to the frond is certainly not a character of our specimen, and most probably originated in that of Gaudichaud from bad drying.

Plate CLXXXTV. — Two states of R. Gaimardi, of the natural size. Fig. 1, ramuli and stichidia ; fig. 2, tetra- spores ; Jig. 3, section of stem : — magnified.

3. Khodojiela? comosa, Hook. fil. et Harv.; ramosissima, atro-rubescens, caule cylindraceo frondem percurrente ramis crebris alternis ornato, ramis cylindraceis elongatis planes alterne divisis erecto-patentibus sensini utrinque attenuatis, ramulis ultimis setaceis acutis abbreviatis vagis, capsulis ovatis breve pedicellatis. Nobis in Loncl. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 263. Harv. Ner. Aust. t. xi. (Tab. CLXXXV.)

Var. /3. fibrillifera ; fronde tenuiori laxius ramosa, apicibus fibriiliferis.

Hab. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; both varieties abundant.

Caulis cylindraceus, 6-9 unc. longus, 1— 1-j lin. diametro (in var. 0 gracilis) indivisus v. e basi in ramos pri- marios 3-4-divisus. Rami primarii secundariis perplui-imis aucti, secundarii ramulis brevibus setaceis ornati, ultimis in var. /3. fibriiliferis : omnes e tubulis septem circa axin centralem articidatam dispositis et strato exteruo cellulorum densorum circumdatis conflati. Ceramidia numerosa, secus ramulos idtimos tertiariosque disposita, parva, ovata, breviter pedicellata. Substantia fiaccida, opaca, primo visu iuarticulata, sed vere articulata. Color luride rufo- brunneus : — chart* arete adha?ret.

A very much branched species, variable in size and in the density of the ramification. In old specimens the stem becomes considerably incrassated and constricted at irregular intervals. Being unacquainted with the secondary fructification, we doubtfully refer this plant to Rkodomela : it may belong to Dasya.

Plate CLXXXV. — Two vars. of R. ? comosa, of the natural size. Fig. 1 a, branch and ramuli of var. a ; fig. 2 as section of ditto ; fig. 3 a, tissue of ditto ; fig. 1 b, portion of branch and ramulus of var. /3. with ceramidia ; fig. 2 b, fibrilliferous apex of ditto : — highly magnified.

25. MELOBESIA, Lamx.

1. Melobesia verrucata, Larnx. Tolyp. JJexibles, p. 315. Decaisne in Ami. Sc. Nat. Ser. ii. vol. xviii. p. 126.

Var. Antarctica ; fronde circuniscriptione orbiculari lobata medio adnata margine integerrima libera superficie lsevi lineis concentricis uudulata, ceramidiis depresso-hemisphsericis : — an species distincta ?.

Hab. Var. /3. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn ; the Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen's Land ; encrusting shells, and the sterns of Algae, particularly of Ballia Brunonis.

The M. verrucata is a native of the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea ; the var. /3. of the Antarctic Ocean ; of Lord Auckland's Group, New Zealand and Tasmania. The ceramidia are iutermediate in size between those of M. verrucata and M. pustulata, Lamx. We have little doubt of this being a new species ; but the materials for its determination are wanting.

26. DASYA, Ag.

1. Dasya pectinata, Hook. fil. et Harv.; setacea, rigida, purpurea, fronde basi nuda superne distiche decomposito-pinnata, ramis articulatis tri-striatis pectinato-pinnatis, ramulis (v. pinnulis) simplicibus alternis brevibus subulatis articulatis monosiphoniis, articulis diametro sesquilongioribus, ceramidiis urceolatis pedicellatis. Polysiphonia pectinata, nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. iv. p. 267.

FalJdands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 483

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; dredged up from about six fathom water, and on rocks at low- water mark, very rare ; Falkland Islands, Mrs. Capl. Sulivan.

Species pulcherrima, habitu Bonnemaisonia asparagoidls. Frons 2-4 imc. longa, cireumscriptione late ovata> 2 una lata, rigida, distiehe ramosa, v. ramosissiiua, ramis setaceis decomposito-pinuatis. Caitlis primarius simplicius- culus, basi inartioulatus, superne articulatus, tvi-striatus, compressus v. angulatus. Rami minores ramulis alternis ornati, omnes breves, subulati, e singulo serie cellularum formati, bine monosiphonii. Articuli omnes breves, caulini e tubis quatuor masqualibus (quorum 2 lateralibus latioribus,) circa cavitatem ceutralem dispositis conflati ; articuli ramulorum Callitliamnio forma et structura simUlimi. Ceramidia secus ramulos disposita. Color pulchre purpureo-roseus.

A very beautiful and rare species : distinct from any of its European and exotic congeners that have been described. Mrs. Sulivan's specimens are much finer and more branched than those from Cape Horn.

2 7 . STICTOSIPHONI A, Harv.

Frons purpurea, filiformis, cylindracea, ramosa, tubulosa, extus stictis quadratis notata, intus diaphragmatibus septata. Peripheries e cellulis quadratis tubum ceutralem cavum radiatim cingentibus formata. Ceramidia ? Stichidia \ai\cto\ata, ramidos terminantifl, tetrasporas pluriseriatas foventia. — Algcepnsilla, caspitosee, e fills repentibus ortce, rupes marinas Antillanas, Austro-Atlanticas, Autarcticasque vise demersas v. ad limitem pleni maris osstus sitas incolentes. — Geuus Bostrycldce , Mont, valde afline.

A very natural little group : composed of a few species, which occupy the same position with regard to the high-water mark in the Southern Ocean, that Lichina and Catenella do in the Northern. As a genus it differs from Bostryckia, Mont., only in the more simple internal structure of the frond, aud broad, apparently septate, tubes, surrounded by only one row of cells occupying the centre of the frond : in habit aud other respects they are so closely allied, that it is doubtful whether Stictosiphonia should not rather be regarded as a subgenus of Bostrychia. The structure of the frond is very similar to that of Polysiphonia, differing chiefly in the cellules of the periphery being very short ; whilst those constituting the axis are lengthened.

1. Stictosiphonia Hookeri, Harv.; caulibus indivisis curvatis apice involutis, ramis lateralibus abbre- viates alternis subquadrifariis erecto-patentibus, iuferioribus subulatis simplicibus furcatisve, superioribus alteine multifidis, ramulis subulatis acutis erectis, axillis acutis, stictis subtriseriatis, sticliidiis lanceolatis acutis ramulos minores terminantibus. Bostrychia Hookeri, Harvey in Lond. Journ. Bol. vol. iv. p. 269. (Tab. CLXXXVI. Fig. II.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; and the Falkland Islands : on rocks close to high-water mark ;

abundant.

Frons 1— \\ una longa, dense csespitosa, rigida, atro-purpurea. Caulis plerumque simplex, per totam lougitu- dinem ramulis brevibus lateralibus ornatus. Rami nuuc omnes 1 lin. longi et indivisi v. superiores elongati 2-4 lin. longi, repetitim ramosi. Ramuli ultinii subulati, erecti erecto-patentesve. Rami ramulique omnes apicibus plerumque arete involutis : — chartae laxe adhseret.

A beautiful little plant, marked all over, under the microscope, with three rows of dark purple dot-like cells. Plate CLXXXVI. Fig, II. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, stem, &c. ; 3, ramulus and stichidium ; 4, portion of stem ; 5, longitudinal and 6, horizontal section of ditto ; 7, tetraspores : — all magnified.

2. Stictosiphonia fastigiata, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; caulibus fastigiatis multifidis apicibus involutis,

484 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fueffia, the

rands aequilongis curvatis, ramulis alternis subulatis furcatis v. alteme multiftdis, axillis acutis, stictis 3-4- v. pluriseriatis. Bostrycliia fastigiata, nolis in Lond. Jonrn. Bot. vol. iv. p. 269.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on stones near high-water mark.

Pusitta, dense fastigiata. Frondes \ unc. longas, e basi in ramos plurinios primarios divisae, rubro-purpureae. Caidis brevissimus. Rami elongati, curvati, apicibus arete ineurvis, ramulis simplicibus multiiidisve ornati : — chartae laxe adhaeret.

Possibly only a variety of the preceding ; from which, however, it differs conspicuously in the very abbreviated stem, the consequently longer, more divided branches and the duller colour.

3. Stictoslphonia vaga, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; caulibus flexuosis vage dichotome ramosis, ramis paucis nudis simplicibus fihformibus subcapillaribus arcuatis medio incrassatis apicibus ineurvis, ramulis nullis, axillis patentibus, stictis minutis multiseriatis, stichidiis longissime pedunculitis lanceolatis acutis. Bos- trycliia vaga, nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 270. (Tab. CLXXXVI. Fig. I.)

Hab. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; on rocks and stones above high-water mark, and in damp places at a considerable distance from the sea; abundant.

Dense caespitosa, fibs intertextis quasi crinita. Frondes \-\ unc. longae, flexuosae, irregulariter ramosae, capil- lars. Siictcs parvse, 6-8-seriatae. Substantia rigida. Color luride purpureas : — chartae laxe adhaeret.

A remarkably distinct bttle species, of very simple structure. It is abundant in Kerguelen's Land, sometimes inhabiting places some hundreds of feet above the sea, but probably always within reach of the spray.

Plate CLXXXVI. Fig. I. — Plant of the natural size ; 2, rami of ditto ; 3, portion of ditto ; 4, incrassated ramulus ; 5, ramulus and stichidium ; 6. tetraspores : — all magnified.

28. LAUREN IA, Lame.

1. Laurencia pinnatifida, Lamx. far. y. angustata, Hook. ; FL Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 184.

Hab. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; abundant on the beach.

One of the most widely dispersed of the Alga, inhabiting the shores of Europe from Norway to the Medi- terranean ; the Canary Islands ; west coast of Africa, and Cape of Good Hope ; the Peninsula of India ; Australia and New Zealand ; the Pacific Islands, and both coasts of North and South America. This very extended range has, however, its limits ; the plant is neither found so far north as Iceland in the Arctic Sea, nor in the south is it known to inhabit Cape Horn or Kerguelen's Land.

29. DELISEA, Mont.

1. Delisea pulchra, Mont, in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. iii. vol. i. p. 158. Bowiesia pulclira, Grev. Synops. Alg. p. 57. Bonnemaisonia elegans, Endl. Suppl. vol. iii. p. 44. Calocladia pulchra, Grev. Herb. Sphserococcus flaccidus, Su/ir. (Jid. Mont.)

Hab. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; common.

Magnificent specmiens of this noble Alga were collected by the Antarctic Expedition, though only in Kerguelen's Laud. The previously assigned habitat for the species is New Holland or Tasmania ; but we have seen no other specimens than Mr. Fraser's original one, labelled as from that quarter of the world. It therefore appears to us probable, that the specimen sent by Mr. Fraser, may have been collected in Mc'Quarrie's Island j whence other Antarctic plants were brought to that gentleman in Sydney, some of which have since found their way into our Herbaria as of Australian origin.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA. ANTARCTICA. 485

30. IRID.EA, Bory.

1. Irid^a Radida, Bory; Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 188.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; Falkland Islands and Kerguelen's Land, very abundant. Cock- burn Island ; at the limits of southern vegetation, on the beach, rare and bleached.

So abundant are the Iridea in the South Polar Oceau, and so variable in their form and texture, that we can scarcely hope to arrive at any accurate knowledge of the species until they shall have been studied in a living state ; and then it is not improbable that the genus will be considerably reduced ; and one or two of the more common species be found to assume forms as dissimilar as those of our Laurencia pinnatifida.

There exist in the Hookerian Herbarium, authentic specimens of the Fucus bracteatus of Gmelin, as figured in Turner's ' Historia,' collected both at the Cape of Good Hope and in North West America, by Mr. Menzies. These are (as is generally the case with the specimens of the larger Fuci, preserved in our Herbaria) smaller and of that lanceolate form which other Iridea present in a young state. Then texture is very thick, densely cartila- ginous, opaque ; and covered with tubercles which fall away, leaving a cribriform frond both when immature and older. This great density is a very remarkable character,- and observable in the plant here referred to that species, which, when full grown, becomes broadly ovate, or orbicular, and cordate or rounded, or narrowed at the base ; with the lamina more or less and variously divided, sometimes three feet broad, or upwards. The largest speci- mens we have never seen attached, though they are abundant, washed up on the beach, and probably attain then- great size on the outer rocks.

Since the publication of the first part of this work, we have, through Dr. Montagne's kindness, had the oppor- tunity of inspecting the I. laminarioides, Bory, of Lord Auckland's Group : specimens of which are in our Herbarium from the same island ; but which we had previously regarded as a more debcate state of /. Radida. Even what we consider the true /. Radida of Lord Auckland's Group and Kerguelen's Land, is not so dense in the frond as the specimens of the Falkland Islands and Cape of Good Hope are. Both this and the following species have the surface frequently covered with granules, tubercles or pedicellate pear-shaped organs ; or in the young state with elongated fleshy bodies similar to those of the /. stiriata, Bory. The /. stiriata, according to the descriptions, may belong to a state of this, or the following, or many other forms of the genus : it is, however, a narrower, smaller species, with a much more dense frond than even /. Radida.

2. Ieid/ea cordata, Bory, in Bnperrey Toy. Bot. p. 104 ; et I. roicans, p. 110. 1. 13 et 13 lis. Haly- menia cordata, Agardh, Sp. Alg. p. 201. Fucus cordatus, Turner Hist. Fae. t. 116.

Var. /3. ciliolata ; stipite brevi cartilagineo cuneato ciliato-dentato mox in frondem simplicem ovato- lanceolatam desinente, fronde latisshna basi cuneata v. cordata apice obtusa v. acuta v. emarginato-bifida membranacea rubra plana nitente lsevi margine vix undulata. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 263.

Var. y. dlchotoma ; stipite brevi mox cuneato furcato v. pluries dichotomo sensim in frondem late cuneatam obovatamve desinente, segmentis integris vel divisis margine dentatis lobatis proliferisve.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; both varieties very abundant.

This species, when fresh, well deserves the brilliant description of its beautiful tints, given by M. Bory on the authority of Admiral D'Urville and M. Gaudichaud. It is one of the most common Alga of the southern extremity of America and the Falklands. In its younger state, the fronds are obovate or spathulate, like those of /. laminarioides, figured by Bory, and soon expand into lamiuee, variously modified, according to situa- tion and exposure, with relation to the force of the sea, the nature of the bottom, the currents, depth, and protection afforded by other Alga ; for no two fronds of a similar shape are usually to be found within a few yards. Indeed,

5u

4S6 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fitegia, the

I question whether I. micans be more than a membranous fonn of /. Radula : the former always preferring the quieter harbours, where its fronds are sometimes as thin as those of a Deksseria, quite unfitted to withstand the rough seas of the outer coasts, which wash the almost uninjured fronds of the /. Radula ashore in broad sheets, as large and as red as an ordinary pocket-handkerchief.

Though sometimes almost equally thin, the substance of the /. micam is never so membranous as that of a Deksseria. The colour, though not so bright a rose, or so delicate when the plant is dried, is, when seen in the living state, much more varied and more beautiful. The texture is such that the slightest motion of the water causes the frond to undulate throughout from the base upwards without falling into folds : each portion of the surface, when presented at a certain angle to the eye, reflecting back the most brilliant metallic tints of azure, steel- blue, pink, and purple. A more beautiful object in the water is not to be found in the whole order of Alqce than this, when seen from a boat in calm weather and sunshine ; though it is seldom that such opportunities occur in the latitudes it inhabits. I have not been able to detect any strise on the surface of the frond, which is formed of cells so densely packed that they coalesce into a homogeneous cartilaginous tissue.

We have no hesitation in pronouncing this as identical specifically with the I. cordata of the Banks of New- foundland and the Cape of Good Hope ; of which species there is an excellent figure in the ' Historia Fucorum ', coinciding with that of Bory in Duperrey's Voyage. The descriptions, both of Agardh and Turner, particularly mention the iridescence of their specimens. The only differential characters noted by Bory, who justly indicates the close affinity of /. micans with /. cordata, are the slight discrepancy in the bluntness of the apices of the fronds and depth of the lobes at the cordate base. We are, however, well assured that snch characters are all too slight; for we could not, either at the Cape of Good Hope or the Falkland Islands, distinguish between the fonns of this Iridaa with a cordate and those with a cuneate base to the frond. We are, however, far from asserting that there may not be from the two last-named localities two species here confounded (one of which, the /. micans of Boiy, is the same with the F. cordatus of Turner), though we strongly incline to the opposite opinion.

31. PHYLLOPHORA, Grev.

1. Phyllophora cuneifolia, Hook. fil. et Harv.; fronde stipitata basi ramosa lato-cuneata prolifera integra emarginata v. biloba e margine disco v. apice frondes consimiles emittente.

Hab. Port William and St. Salvador Bay, Falkland Islands ; Christinas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; rare.

Frondes omnes stipitata?. Stipes compressus interdum subplanus, ima basi plerumque angustissima, sensim in laminam latam cuneatam deltoideamve dilatatus, basi divaricatim ramosus, bis, ter pluriesve divisus. Frondes primaria? 1-2 unc. longae, 1-1 -j latas ; apice latiore late rotundato, emarginato, retuso v. bilobo ; segmentis rotundatis, rarius erosis ; secundaria; primariis omnino similes sed colore pallidiores et basi simplices, saepe frondes tertiarias emittentes,

bine planta vetusta catenatim ramosa evadit. Fructus ? Substantia tenuiter cartilaginea, subcornea, basi opaca.

Color ut P. Brod'uei. — Chartae vix adhaeret.

Certainly distinct from P. obtusa, the only one of the genus hitherto described as a native of the southern temperate hemisphere, but perhaps not equally so from P. Brodiai. Still our specimens are very different from the ordinary British form of that plant, in the much shorter stipes, and larger broader frond, which is much less lobed and the lobes are not so narrow or elongated, or separated by so deep a sinus.

2. Phyllophora obtusa, Grev. Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 187.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; dredged up from five fathom water, very rare.

The specimens of this species are sufficiently characteristic, though few in number. It is also a native of the Cape of Good Hope and Lord Auckland's Group.

FalHands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 487

32. NOTHOGENIA, Mont.

1. Nothogenia variolosa, Mont. Ft. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 188.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; the Falkland Islands ; and Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; on rocks, very abundant.

An exceedingly variable plant in size and in the breadth of its fronds, simulating in the high southern latitudes the Chondnis crispus, as far as locabty and abundance are concerned. The southern species representing our Cliondrus crispus is the C. tuberculatus in Lord Auckland's Group, (where the Nothogenia also abounds,) and at the Cape of Good Hope the C. dilatatus.

33. DUMONTIA, Lamx.

1. Dumontia fliformis, Grev. Ft. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 189.

Hab. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; rare.

Apparently identical with the European plant, which ranges from the Mediterranean to the British coasts.

34. GIGARTINA, Lamx.

1. Gigartina plicata, Grev. Alg. Brit. p. 15. Fucus plicatus, Engl. Bot. t. 1089.

Hab. Cape Pembroke, Falkland Islands ; Christinas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; abundant.

These examples so entirely accord with others of British growth, that it is unnecessary to separate them spe- fically. No specimens considered by any systematic botanist to belong to this Gigartina have been found between the latitudes of the south of Europe and Kerguelen's Land, except (according to Montagne) at Callao : yet the genus, under one or other of its Protean aspects, abounds throughout all tropical and temperate seas.

35. PTILOTA, Ag.

1. Ptilota Harveyi, Hook, fil.; caule compresso cartilagineo inarticulate anguste lineari furcato inor- dinateve ramosissimo, rarnis distichis pinnatirn decomposito-ramosis majoribus minoribusque pectinatim pinnu- latis costa articulata percursis, pinnulis creberrimis sirnplicibus articulatis monosiphoniis abbreviatis subulatis oppositis, pinnularum articulis quadratis, favellis in ramulos terminahbus ramelhs pinnatis involucratis, tetrasporis ad apices pinnularum aggregatis nudis breve pedicellatis. Hook. fil. in Bond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 271. (Tab. CLXXXVII.)

Var. /3. pinnuhs subdistantibus.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and on the outer coasts of the Falkland Islands ; abundant.

Species pulcherrima, prima visu P. phimoses referenda, sed distinctissima. From 8 uuc. ad pedalem, e ramis patulis ejusdem latitudinis. Stipes gracilis, i fin. diametro, et per totam frondem eequilatus, irregulariter furcatim v. dichotome v. sub-puuiatim ramosissimus. Rami minores majoresque (jnniores proecipue) ramufis creberrimis articu- latis 1 lin. longis pidchen'ime pectinati. Hamuli simplices, serie unica cellularum quadratarum cndocliromatc roseo repletarum constantes, ramis Callithamnio subsimiles.

This lovely plant is the Cape Horn and Falkland Island representative of the Boreal and Arctic P. sericea, Harv. (P. elegans, Kutz., Fucus sericeus, Gmel.) and of the Aucklaud Island P.formosissima, (t. LXXVII.) From

483 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

the former of these it differs in being larger, more rigid, and having ramuli of much greater diameter, so that under the microscope it is impossible to confound them. Its Cape of Good Hope representative, and indeed, very near ally, is the P. setigera, Harv. (Nereis Australis.)

Plate CLXXXYII. — Fig. 1, branch and ramuli ; fig. 2, portion of a ramulus ; fig. 3, another ramulus ; fig. 4, t'avella ; fig. 5, spores from ditto ; fig. 6, tetraspores : — all magnified.

36. CEEAMIUM, Adam.

1. Ceeamium rubrum, Ag. Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 191.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; Falkland Islands, and Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land; very abundant.

These two Ceramia (rubrum and diapJumum) are very widely distributed throughout the temperate regions of both hemispheres : they are also found on the shores of Peru and Brazil.

2. Ceeamium diaphanum, Ag. Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 191.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; Falkland Islands ; and Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; abundant.

37. GRIFFITHSIA, Ag.

1. Griffithsia Antarctica, Hook. fd. et Harv.; filis c<espitosis dichotome ramosis flaccidis, axillis inferioribus patentibus, superioribus acutis, ramis elongatis ramulisque nudis ad nodos constrictis, articulis eylindraceis superne paulo inerassatis, ramorum diametro sextuplo, ramidorum subtriplo longioribus ; — frueti- ricatio deest.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; on rocks.

Fila sub 3 unc. longa, fastigiata, parce ramosa, ramis elongatis, distanter ramidosis, ramulis brevibus. Color roseus : — charts arete adhseret.

Allied to the G. secundiflora, J. Ag., but smaller in all its parts.

2. Griffithsia corallina, Ag. Conf. corallina, Engl. Bot. t. 1815.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; dredged up in about seven fathom Mater.

A solitary barren specimen, resembling the British G. corallina, which is also a native of the Mediterranean Sea, Canary Islands, and Cape of Good Hope.

3. Griffithsia equisetifolia, Ag. Conf. equisetifolia, Engl. Bot. 1. 1479. Hab. Falkland Islands ; (Agardh.)

38. BALLIA, Harv.

1. Ballia Brunonis, Harv. Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 190.

Yar. 0. Hombroniana, Fl. Antarct. 1. c.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; Falkland Islands; Christmas Harour, Kerguelen's Land, and the Crozet Islands ; most abundant; always (?) parasitical.

One of the handsomest, and certainly the most common and widely distributed of the Antarctic Floridea -. its northern limit in the New World is Patagonia, and the Bay of Islands in New Zealand in the Old. With regard to the adoption of the trivial appellation of " Callitricha," which Agardh proposed for this species (under Sphacelaria), it was waived in compliance with the wish of the first discover of the plant, whose name it now bears.

Falklamh, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 489

39. CALLITHAMNION, Lyngb.

1. Callithamnion Plumula, Agardh, Sp. Alg. vol. ii. p. 159.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; dredged up from about seven fathom water; very rare. Decidedly the same as the European and North American plant.

2. Callithaiinion simile, Hook. fil. et Harv.; fronde subsolitaria rigidiuscula ramosissima, ramis alternis v. subdicliotomis articulatis enerviis, ramulis brevissimis oppositis disticliis crassis sursum peetinatis e quoque raruoruin articulo liorizontaliter porrectis, pinnulis robustis simplicibus rarnosisve, articulis ramorum diarnetro sesqui-duplo longioribus, ramulorum diametrurn subaequantibus.

Hab. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; rare.

From 2-5 unc. longa, gracilis, rigidiuscula, repetitim distiche ramosa; ramis omnibus articulatis, asquilatis. Rmmili \ lin. longi, distiche oppositi, e medio articuli cujusvis per totam frondis longitudinem orti, robusti, subacuti. liorizontaliter patentes, secus marginem superiorem dispositi, ramuhs secundariis obsiti. Color fnsco-ruber.

C. Plumula simillimum, sed rigidiusculum, ramis latioribus, ramuhs robustioribus artieulisque brevioribus.

This so closely resembles the C. Plumula, that it is difficult by mere words to discriminate them ; yet, on comparing them under the microscope, they are obviously distinct. C. simile is a much coarser and more rigid plant, with the ramuli more robust in proportion to the diameter of the articulation they spring from, and the articu- lations themselves are shorter. Again, from the circumstance of the true C. Plumula occurring at Cape Horn, where this, (the only Kerguelen's Land species), does not appear, we incline to regard the present as a representative species rather than a variety.

3. Callithamnion Ptilota, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; parvum, rigidulum, setaceum, fronde pinnatim rarno- sissima, ramis vix disticliis venoso-striatis subopacis, secundariis opposite pinnulatis, pinnulis simplicibus patentibus subulatis e quoque ramorum articulo ortis, articulis diarnetro duplo longioribus. Nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. iv. p. 272. (Tab. CLXXXIX. Kg. I.)

Hab. Crozet Islands; on a floating mass of Macrocgstis pyrifera.

From 1-2 unc. longa. Caulis crassitudine seta? equina;, repetitim pinnatim ramosus ; ramis suboppositis patentibus demum deflexis, inferioribus subuncialibus ; secundariis breviusculis pinnatis, pinnis plurimis densis, oppositis, simplicibus, subulatis, e omni articulo rami ortis. Color fusco-ruber : — chartas vix adhaeret.

Only one specimen of this very distinct little species was found : it grew on a piece of floating sea-weed, picked up at a considerable distance from the shore.

Plate CLXXXIX. Fig. I. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, ramuli ; 3, ditto with sphaerospores : — all magnified.

4. Callithamnion ternifolium, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; perpusilhvm, vage dichotome ramosum, ramis pellucide articulatis, ramulis seepissime ternis e omni ramorum articulo ortis erecto-patentibus brevibus gra- cilibus simplicibus, articulis ramorivm diarnetro 4-5-plo ramulorum subduplo longioribus, favellis magnis bilobis ramos terminantibus. Nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. iv. p. 272. (Tab. CLXXXIX. Fig. II.)

Hab. Hermite. Island, Cape Horn ; dredged up from about eight fathom water ; parasitic on other Alga.

Species perpusilla, parasitica, csespitosa, sub i unc. longa, vage ramosa, rosea, flaccida et membrauacea. Ramuli plerumque e quoque articulo terni, raro bini quaternive, graciles, breves, simphces. Articuli caulis ramorumque elongati. Favellce magnae.

5 x

490 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

A very small plant, of which but few specimens were obtained, and by the dredge only : they are in a good state of fruit, and probably characteristic of the species.

Plate CLXXXIX. Fig. II. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, portion of ditto ; 3, ramuli ; 4, ditto, with favella ; 5, tetraspores : — magnified.

5. Callithamniox fiaccidum, Hook. til. et Harv. ; gracillimuni, fiaccidum, membranaceum, fronde laxe et vage decomposite ramosa, ramis prirnariis et secmidariis oppositis alternisve disticliis elongatis patentibus, ramulis ultimis brevibus simplicibus patentibus oppositis secimdisve apice incurvis, articulis ramorum prirnariorum diametro multoties secundariorum 6-10 -plo ramulorum sesquilongioribus pellucide roseis enerviis. Nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. iv. p. 273. (Tab. CLXXXVIII. Fig. I.)

Var. /3. alternifolium ; ramis ramulisque alternis secimdisve rarissime paucis oppositis.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; dredged up from about seven fathom water ; abundant.

Frons 2-4 una longa, laxe ramosa, membrauacea, flaccida. rosea. Caules ramique gracillimi, filiformes.

A very beautiful and delicate species, remarkable for the ramification being often truly opposite, always so in var. a, two branches springing from opposite points of the same articulation. On the other hand, when, as in var. /3. they are alternate or secund, it is owing to the inner ramuli on the branches becoming abortive, those along the outer edge alone being developed. There is no other difference between the two varieties. Specifically the pre- sent is most closely allied to the C. Turneri, but it is much larger and more branching. The colour is a very bright rose, and from the delicacy of the filaments, the plant forms a beautiful object when properly displayed upon paper. The articuli of the stem are often singularly elongated.

Plate CLXXXVIII. Tig. T. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, ramus and ramuli; 3, apex of ramulus; 4, favella : — magnified.

6. Callithauniox scoparium, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; aespitosum, caulibus fastigiatis, primario crasso iu- articulato fibris intertextis fiexuosis stuposis vestito flabellatim ramoso, ramis prirnariis cauli similibus, secun- dariis strictis gracilibus pellucidis creberrime piimatis bipinnatisve quadrifariis e prirnariorum apicibus fasci- culatim ortis fastigiatis, articulis diametro duplo triplo longioribus. Nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. iv. p. 173. (Tab. CLXXXIX. Fig. ILL)

Var. /3. ramidosum ; pinnis apice ramulis secundis ornatis.

Hab. Var. a. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; on rocks. Var. /3. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; rare.

Frons 2-3 una longa, dense fastigiata. Caules robusti, inarticulati, basi Integra, fibris stuposis dense vestiti, in discum latiusculum expausi. Rami cauli subsimiles, per totam longitudinem ramulis strictis dense fastigiatis quadrifariis vestiti (ut in Sphacelaria scoparia) ; secundarii articulati, vage ramosi, pinnati v. dichotomi secundive ; omnes erecti, ramulique plerumque appressi ; apicibus obtusis v. acutis simplicibus v. ramulis brevibus pectinatis ornati. Substantia rigida. Color luride purpureus.

A densely tufted species, with the habit of Sphacelaria scoparia, resembling amongst its congeners the C. tetricum of Britain, but abundantly different under the microscope. It has also been found in Tasmania.

Plate CLXXXIX. Fig. III. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, ramus and ramuli ; 3, apex of the latter ; 4, fibres at the base of the stem : — magnified.

7. Callithamnion Montagnei, Hook, fil.; fronde fruticosa ramosissima, caulibus prirnariis decom- poses sensim alternatis crassis quadrifariis inarticulatis opacis, ramis inarticulatis striatis ramulis quadri-

FalMands, etc.] FLORA ANTAECTICA. 491

fariis phimosis densissime obsitis, ramulis (sen pinnulis) brevibus pinnatis bipinnatisve articulatis pellucidis roseis, pinnulis patentibus, inferioribus simplicibus elongatis subulatis superioribus furcatis v. iterum pinnu- latis, articulis diametro subduplo longioribus. C. Gaudicliaudii, Ag.? Nobis in Land. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 274. (Tab. CLXXXVIII. Fig. II.)

Var. /3. caulibus elongatis laxius ramosis basi nudis, ramuhs paucioribus gelatinosis.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; and Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands. Yar. /3. Falkland Islands.

Radix scutata. Frons 2-3 unc. (in var. /3. 4-5 unc.) longa, fruticulosa, ramosissiina. Caidis crassiusculus, | lin. fere diametro, e basi ramosus v. nudus superne prsecipue in ramos undique patentes divisus. Rami primarii pluries divisij secundarii ramulis pinnulisve parvis 1— 1-J- lin. longis undique vestiti. Favelke niagnae, 2-3-lobatae, lobis granulis plurimis farctis. Color siccitate atro-purpureus, madore sub lente roseo-purpureus. Substantia caulis ramo- rarnque cartilagiuea, ramulorum tener, chartseque adhserens.

In the London Journal of Botany we referred this plant with a mark of doubt, (and erroneously as it subse- quently appears) to the Cat. Gaudicliaudii of Agardh : a Falkland Island species, with which it seemed to agree in many particulars. Our kiud friend, Dr. Montague, has, with his usual liberality, supplied us with a portion of the original specimen of C. Gaudicliaudii, which proves to be quite distinct. Its nearest northern allies are C. Jrbuscula and C. Brodim, between which it appears almost intermediate, having the large size and robust habit of the former, with longer and more compound pinnules, and being much stouter than C. Brodiai, having more opaque stems. The var. 0. may be only an advanced state, having been gathered in the same locality with var. a., but three months later in the season. It chiefly differs in its more tender and gelatinous substance, and in the branches being less densely clothed with ramub, and nearly naked at the base. Its outward appearance is very much that of C. tetragonum, Ag.

Plate CLXXXVIII. Fig. II. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, branch and ramuli ; 3, ditto with favella : — mag- nified.

S. Callithamnion Gaudichaudii, Ag. Sp. Alg. vol. ii. p. 173.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; Gaudichaud.

9. CALLiTHAirxioN leptocladum, Montagne in Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 91.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; IfUrville.

40. CODIUM, Stack//.

1. Codium tomentosum, Stackli. ; Fucus tomentosus, Engl. Bot. t. 712.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; and the Falkland Islands ; abundant. Kerguelen's Land ?

This curious plant is equally widely diffused in the southern as in the northern and tropical zones ; and the specimens from the different localities are very similar. What we believe to have been this species was collected in Kerguelen's Land, but no specimens appear to have been preserved.

41 . CL ADOTHELE, Hook. fil. et Harv.

Frons cylindracea, filiformis, viridis, solida, ramosa, extus papulosa. Axit cellulosa, densa, e eellulis magnis hyalinis vaeuis cellulam centralem radiatim cingentibus formata. Peripheria cellulosa, eellulis coloratis (viridibus) pluriseriatis. TJtriculi papillaeformes, totam superficiem vestientes. — Alga marina Falklandica, irregulariter ramosa, sordide viridis, ecorticata.

492 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

1. Cladothele Decaimei, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; in Lond. Jcncm. Bot. vol. iv. p. 293. (Tab. CXC.)

Hab. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; in the sea.

Radix fibrosa ? Frondes 4-6 una altse, caespitosae, filiformes, seta porcina crassiores, cylindraceae, flexuosae, plus minusve ramosae, ramificatione valde irregulari. Rami primarii elongati, saepe simplices, ramulis longis simpli- cibus saapissiine seoundis curvatis v. iucurvis vix attenuatis laxe donati. Substantia tenax. Color sordide viridis, siecitate cinerascens : — chartae laxe adhaeret.

A very curious plant, certainly related to Codium, especially to C. simpliciusculum, by the structure of the papillie that cover its surface, and from which we have derived the generic name. The axis is, however, of very different structure from that of Codium or of any other genus of Siphoneee, and more closely resembles that of Tolysi- phonia. In the specific name we wish to pay a deserved compliment to our friend M. Decaisne, who has thrown much light on the affinities of the corallinoid Alga, especially those related to Siphoneee.

Plate CXC. — Tig. 1, plant of the natural size; 2 ramus and ramuli ; 3, longitudinal, and 4, vertical sec- tion of branch j 5, cellular tissue of ditto : — magnified.

42. BEYOPSIS, Lamx.

1. Bryopsis plamosa, Grev. Alg. Brit:\). 187.

Var. 0. Arbuscula, J. Agardh, Alg. Medit. p. 21. B. Arbuscula, Ag. Sp. Alg. p. 451.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; abundant, both varieties. The branches of the frond are narrower and pinnated nearer to the base, with the ramuli more uniform and shorter in some of the specimens than in others.

2. Bryopsis Rosa, Ag. Syst. Alg. p. 179. Bory in Buperrey Voy. Bot. p. 211. t. lA.fig. 1.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands.

None of our specimens equal those figured by Bory in size, though they coincide in all other respects with the descriptions published by that author and Agardh. Our opinion is, that the present plant is not distinct from the B.plmmosa, but is a large state of that very sportive species, depending probably on the temperature of the ocean it inhabits for its development. Some other species of this highly Protean genus are equally difficult to define; and we cannot but expect that a copious suite of specimens from different shores and depths will considerably diminish it.

43. VAUCHEEIA, DC.

1. Vaucheria Billwynii, Ag. ; Grev. Alg. Brit. p. 191. t. 19. Conferva frigida, Billwyn, t. 19.

Hab. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; on the ground amongst the Penguin Bookeries.

The patches are very extensive and rather more glaucous than others collected near Edinburgh, with which the Antarctic specimens appear otherivise entirely to agree. The capsules are not always globose, as figured by Mr. Hassall, (Brit. Fresh-water Algse) but often, if not more generally, horizontally elongated and gibbous ; as shown in Greville's ' Algae Brit.' (1. c.) where there is an excellent figure of this species.

2. Vaucheria easpitosa, Ag. ; Grev. Alg. Brit. p. 194.

Hab. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; on the moist borders of fresh- water lakes, and in pendent masses from dripping rocks.

These specimens are dried very badly, so that we have not much confidence in our identification of the species.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 493

44. BATRACHOSPERMUM, Both.

1. Batrachospermtjm vagum, Ag. ; Harvey, Manual, p. 119. Lyngb. Hydroph. Dan. t. 44.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; in an alpine pool.

We cannot distinguish these from British specimens ; an alpine locality is common to both, the English plant having been gathered on the summit of Snowdon.

45. DRAPARNALDIA, Bory.

1 . Draparnaldia pusilla, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; filis perpusillis densissiine csespitosis gelatinosis parce vage ramosis fiexuosis, raniulis perpaucis brevibus apice non setigeris simplicibus, articnlis coloratis luteo- viridibus diametro sub-duplo longioribus. Nobis in Lond. Jo-urn. Bot. vol. iv. p. 296. (Tab. CXC. Fig. II.)

Hab. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; growing on the roots of Crantzia lineata, in fresh-water.

Fila sub £ unc. longa, radices radiculasque submersas vestientia, diametro D. tenuis, cni verosimiliter species afflnis ; differt praecipue fdis rigidioribus ramulisque non setigeris.

We have referred this and the following species to the genus Draparnaldia with little hesitation, from their affinity with D. tennis, Ag. Those naturalists, however, who know the great difficulty of examining such things in a dried state, will best understand the uncertainty which attaches to all determinations of species belonging to these tribes which are not from the fruit, or from characters of higher importance than the filamentous branches, evidently referable to known forms.

Plate CXC. Fig. II. — 1, plant of the natural size, on roots of Orantzia lineata; 2 and 3, threads; — highly magnijied.

2. Draparnaldia sp. ?

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; in stagnant water on the hills.

The filaments of this species are infinitely more slender than those of the last, but similarly gelatinous and of the same structure.

46. CONFERVA, Ag.

1. Conferva clavata, Ag. ? Syst. Alg. p. 99.

Var. Darwinii ; pro genere maxima, filis 2 uncialibus e basi gradatim incrassatis, articulis ad nodos con- strictis diametro paulo longioribus, inferioribus longioribus, supremis \ unc. latis. (Tab. CXCII. Fig. I.)

Hab. Cape Tres Montes, on Sphacelaria funicularis ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Of this variety we have seen but one specimen and refer it doubtfully to the C. clavata of the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand, to which it is certainly very closely allied.

Plate CXCII. Fig. I. — Plants of C. clavata, var. Barwinii, of the natural size, parasitical on Spliacelaria funi- cularis, Mont.

2. Conferva Linum, Ag. ; Harv. Man. Brit. Alg. p. 128.

Hab. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; in the sea, on rocks near high-water mark. A widely distributed species, found from the Canary Islands, Mediterranean and Black Sea, to the coasts of

5 Y

494 FLOEA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Scotland, also on the east coast of North America, the West Indies, and on the west coast of South America. It is singular that Kerguelen's Land should be its only hitherto recorded locality in the Southern Hemisphere.

3. Conferva Sandvicensis, Ag. ; Si/st. Alg. p. 92. (Tab. CXCII. Fig. II.)

Hab. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; in pools of fresh water, and hanging from wet rocks.

Massa pedalis et ultra, mollisshna, pallide sed leete viridis, e filis tenuissimis arachnoideis deusissime fasti- giatis constans. Fila hyalina, flaccidissima, shnplicissima, vix intertexta, aciem oculorum fugientia. Articuli diametro duplo longiores, subvitrei ; sacculo endochromatis interno medio constricto, lsete virente, pellucido.

Our specimens entirely agree with Agardh's description of a plant brought from the Sandwich Islands by M. Gaudichaud.

Plate CXCII. Fig. II. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, portion of a thread ; 3 & 4, other portions of ditto : — both very highly magnified.

4. Conferva angidata, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; fluitans reptansve, filis simplicibus tenuissimis brevibus strictiusculis hie illic incrassatis angulatisque angulis radiculo ramulove abnormali auctis, articulis diametro 3-5-plo longioribus coloratis, endocliromate siccitate contracto. Nobis in Bond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 295. (Tab. CXCI. Fig. II.)

Hab. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; common in streams, pools, and lakes of fresh water,

Fila intertexta, tenuissime capillacea, in massam pallide virescentem subnitentem conferta. Articuli siccitate contracti, sequales, nunc medio incrassati, nucleati, rarissime ramum emittentes, sajpissime radicula parva uniarti- culata aucti, nunc geniculatiui curvati.

Alhed to the British C. bombycina, but readily distinguishable by its greater rigidity, angular flexures, radicles and different hicrassations, which do not appear to us of the same character as those of Mr. Hassan's genus ' Vesi- culifera.' The filaments are sometimes ramified, though very rarely, and perhaps only at the very base : the branch is always at right angles to the filament.

Plate CXCI. Fig. II. — I, plant in mass, of the natural size ; 2, thread of ditto ; 3, portion of ditto with branch ; 4, ditto with rootlets ? ; 5, ditto with swollen joint : — all very highly magnified.

5. Conferva ambigua, Hook. fil. et Harv.; filis basi intertextis adnatis? capillaribus rigidulis mgro- virescentibus longe fluctuantibus simplicibus hie illic spurie? ramosis radicantibus, nunc processubus lateralibus anastomosantibus auctis diametro 2-3-plo longioribus opacis sacculo endochromatis repletis. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 295. (Tab. CXCI. Fig. I.)

Hab. Christinas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; in the sea.

Fila 4-5 unc. longa, basi in stratum densum intertexta, deinde libera, elongata, massam crinitam efficientia, Plate CXCI. Fig. I. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, filament from ditto : — magnified.

6. Conferva quadratula, Hook. til. et Harv. ; pusilla, filis tenuibus pallide viridibus flexuosis intricatis cylindraceis, articulis quadratis siccitate endocliromate collapso notatis. (Tab. CXCI. Fig. IV.)

Hab. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land; in pools and streams of fresh water; very common.

Fila simphcissima, sub a unC- longa, in strato dilute viridia, implicata, crispata, diametro C.fioccosts duplo triplove superantia. Articuli lougitudine diametrum aequantes, cyhndracei, ad nodos non constricti, pellucidi, endochromate plerumque in massam hnearem viridem collapso medio notati.

Plate CXCI. Fig. IV. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, thread from ditto ; 3, portion of ditto : — both very highly magnified.

Falklands, etc.] FLOEA ANTARCTICA. 495

7. Conferva podagraria, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; filis simplicibus basi intertextis breviusculis fluctuantibus fiexuosis flaccidis flavo-viridibus cylindraceis, articulis opacis elongato-quadratis diametro -j-2-plo longioribus sacculo endochromatis repletis integuinento externo ssepissime incrassato nodoso. (Tab. CXCI. Fig. III.)

Hab. Cliristmas Harbour, Kcrguelen's Land ; in streams of fresh water, attached to stones or earth.

Massse unciam latse, nunc lathis extensse, pallide virescentes. Fila flexuosa, f unc. longa, laxe intertexta, opaca, e basi simplicissima, cylindracea, subasquilonga. Articuli cylindracei, saccido endochromatis repleti, sfepis- sime, ob tegumentmn externum morbo affectum, incrassati et nodosi.

A remarkably distinct little species, forming patches in the water. The threads are densely tufted, curled, and ascending, rather stout in proportion to then- length, but flaccid and somewhat soft in consistence ; they are gene- rally covered at some part of their length with a thickened opaque substance, of irregular form, extending over several of the joints at once, but more or less evidently protuberant on one side of the thread. This appearance seems due to a diseased condition of the outer membrane ; for the sac of endochrome is often seen to be unchanged beneath this thickening, which sometimes increases the filament to twice its usual diameter.

Plate CXCI. Mg. HI. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, healthy filament; 3, portion of altered ditto: — highly magnified.

46. CLADOPHORA, Kiitz.

1. Cladophoea rupestris, Linn. ; Billw. Hist. Brit. Conf. t. 23.

Hab. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; on rocks in the sea.

These specimens are very characteristic of the northern C. rnpestris, which inhabits all latitudes between the Arctic Circle and Mediterranean Sea on the west coast of Europe.

2. Cladophoea flexuosa ; Billw. Hist. Brit. Conf. 1. 10.

Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; in the sea.

Specimens not very satisfactory, but we think referable to this species. The raruuli are secund, and the other characters of C. flexuosa are tolerably evident.

3. Cladophoea arcta ; Billw. Brit. Conf. Suppl. t. E. Var. centralis, Conferva centralis, Lyngh. et auct.

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn, and in the Falkland Islands ; very abundant, in the sea. Decidedly the European plant of the name, which is a native of the German and North Atlantic Ocean.

4. Cladophoea riparia, Roth; Engl. Bot. t. 2100.

Hab. Christinas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; on rocks near high- water mark. A native also of the German Ocean, the North Sea, and West Indian Islands.

5. Cladophoea Falklandica, Hook. fil. et Harv.; filis densissime caespitosis flaccidis fiexuosis intricate ramosissimis laete virescentibus, ramis secundariis longissimis subsimplicibus undulatis fiexuosis brevibus secundis, ramulis patentibus distantibus, articulis grauuliferis diametro triplo-quintuplo longioribus. Nobis in Bond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 294. (Tab. CXCII1. Fig. I.)

Hab. Berkeley Sound, and St. Salvador Bay, Falkland Islands ; on muddy rocks in the sea, abundant.

CcBspites 6-10 unc. longi, densissime fastigiati, e filis fiexuosis intertextis gracillimis quasi crinitis formati. Rami flexuosi, elongati : secundarii valde elongati, simplices, ramulis brevibus longioribusve patentibus secundis ornati.

496 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

Apparently very distinct from any hitherto described species : its remarkable characters are its wavy habit, and the great length and simplicity of the upper branches, which are furnished with more or fewer, short, patent, secund ramuli.

Plate CXCIII. Fir/. I. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, branch and ramuli ; 3, apex of branch ; 4, portion of ditto : — very highly magnified.

6. Cladophora incompta, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; fills intricatis incomptis atro-viridibus opacis rigidis setaceis tortuosis vix ramosis, ramis longe nudis v. ramulis brevibus pectinatis circinato-inflexis ornatis, ramulis ultimis secundis v. alternis patentissirnis obtusis approximatis rernotisve, articulis diarnetro brevi- oribus quadratis v. -£ longioribus. Nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. iv. p. 294. (Tab. CXCII. Fig. III.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; in the sea.

Cmspites intertexti, horizontaliter extensi, atro-olivacei, rigidi. Fila intricata, irregulariter parce ramosa, latius- cula, C. simpliciusculis diametro duplo excedentia. Rami flexuosi, saepe nudi, non raro ramulis involutis pectinatis obsiti, ut in C.flexuosa. Color luride ater v. virescens, opacus. Substantia siccitate rigida: — charts minime adhaeret.

Plate CXCII. Fig. III. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, portion of ditto, highly magnified, with abbreviated ramuli ; 3, another portion of ditto and branch : — still more highly magnified.

7. Cladophora simpliciuscula, Hook. fil. et Harv.; fills intricatis incomptis atro-viridibus opacis flexuosis rigidiusculis capillaribus irregulariter subramosis, ramis valde remotis elongatis simplicibus, ramulis perpaucis patentissirnis filiformibus ssepe secundis articulis diametro sequalibus v. |-2 plo longioribus, sac- culum endochromatis intus foventibus. Nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. iv. p. 295. (Tab. CXCII. Fig. IV.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; on sea-weeds, stones, and shells.

Ccespiles intertexti, opaci, luride virides, subhorizontaliter extensi. Fila 1-2 unc. longa, remote et irregulariter ramosa; rami ramulis perpaucis aucti : — charts; non adhagret.

Allied to C. riparia, but more robust, also near the C.fiagelliformis of the Cape of Good Hope, but with a very different habit from that plant.

Plate CXCII. Fig. IV. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, portion of thread and branch ; 3, cells of ditto : — very highly magnified.

8. Cladophora glaucescens, Griff. ? Harv. Manual, p. 139.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; rare.

We are not at all satisfied with the reference of the Antarctic plant to the British C. glaucescens, which has slenderer filaments. The specimens resemble that species more nearly than any other, and are not in a sufficiently good state for a proper comparison.

48. OSCLLLATORIA, Fauch.

1. OsciLLATORiA_p«p«m/, Hook. fil. et Harv.; strato gelatinoso tenaci siccitate translucente purpureo, fills violaceis omnium tenuissimis dense intertextis curvatis longe radiantibus, striis inconspicuis. Nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. iv. p. 297.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land; in alpine rivulets, alt. 300-700 feet.

Species admodum singularis, Lyngbyce prolific^, Grev. (Scot. Crypt. Flor. t. 303,) plerisque notis affinis, nee

Fall-lands, etc.] FLOEA ANTARCTICA. 497

nou (suadente clariss. Berkeley), cum Bysso aquatico, D.C., (Geneva Trans, vol. ii. p. 29,), Oscillatoria rubescente, Bory et curn Conferva purpurea quoque conferenda. Fila muscos submersos strato gelatinoso translucente ves- tientia, dum maxime amplifieata lineis transversis obscure notata.

2. Oscillatoria autumnalis, Agarclh Sgst. p. 62. ; Harvey, Manual of Brit. Alg. p. 165.

Hab. Falkland Islands; on wet rocks; Cockburn Island, Graham's Land (Lat. 64° S. Long. 57°.AV.) in moist places.

We have carefully compared this with Captain Carmichaers Appiu specimens of 0. autumnalis, and find them to be quite the same species, which is considered common in England, though Mr. Hassall quotes Captain Car- michael's habitat as the only one. The figure in the last named author's ' British Fresh-water Algae,' is very unlike either Captain Carmiehael's or the Antarctic specimens ; in both of which the striae are nearer to one another than the filament is broad. The diameter of the Cockburn Island filaments is iS\0 of an inch.

49. CALOTHRIX, Alg.

1. Calothrix olivacea, Hook. fil. et Harv.; caespite majusculo intense olivaceo v. aerugescente erecto strictiusculo, filis basi dichotome v. alterne divisis luteis fiavidisve superne strictiusculis flexuosisve in funiculos crispatos tenaces cohaerentibus per totam longitudinem connexisve apice liberis obtusiusculis, endoclironiate opaco obscure striato, articulis diametro longioribus brevioribusve. Nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. iv. p. 296. (Tab. CXC. Fig. III.)

Hab. Christinas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land; in alpine rivulets, adhering to stems and leaves of mosses, &c.

Caspites fasciculati, interdmn extensi, i una longi, intense colorati, olivacei hete aerugescentesve, siccitate vix nitentes. Mia C. distorta multoties latiora, flexuosa sed non torta, saepissime in fasciculos siccitate crispatos connexa, circa 20100 unc. lata, basi fiavescentia, ramosa v. divisa.

A very pretty species and quite distinct from any European one with which we are acquainted.

Plate CXC. Mg. III. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, filaments ; 3, upper, and 4, lower portion of ditto : — much magnified.

2. Calothrix distorta, Harvey, Manual of Brit. Alg. p. 158. Engl. Bot. t. 257. Hab. Falkland Islands ; in pools of fresh water.

The specimens, though in a very indifferent state, are clearly referable to the English C. distorta.

50. LINGBYA, Ag.

1. Lyngbya muralis, Agardh ; Conferva muralis, Dillwyn, Brit. Conferv. t. vii.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on the ground, abundant.

These we have carefully compared with original British specimens of L. muralis, and find them to differ only in having the filaments rather broader and more opaque.

2. IiYsgbya fragilis, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; filis minutis tenuissimis fragilibus flavo-viridibus tortuosis implexis in stratum tenue lutescens cohaerentibus, striis densissimis. Nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. iv. p. 296. (Tab. CXCIII. Fig. II.)

Hab. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; on the fur of a dead rabbit.

Fila L. murali subsimillima, sed diametro \ angustiora, fragillimaque. Stratum tenue, lutescens v. flavo-vires- cens, vix nitens.

5 z

493- FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

A plant so nearly related to the common L. muralis, of Britain, as to require no detailed description.

Plate CXCIII. Fig. II. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, thread, highly magnified ; 3, portion of ditto : — still more highly magnified.

3. Lyngbya subarticulata, Hook. fil. et Harv. ; filis tenuissimis laxe implexis vix tortis hie illic ob- scure subarticulatis, sporidiis disciformibus diametro variis filum vix \ sequantibus ad articulos spurios fili solutis.

Hab. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; creeping amongst Viva &c, on wet rocks near the sea.

Fila cylindracea, sub 10'00 unc. lata, pellucida, obscure articulata, articulis diametro ter longioribus, intus cum axi e sporidiorum disciformium composito aucti. Sporidia leete viridia, opaca, ter quaterve latiora quam longa.

A very different species from either of the two former. Each filament is a transparent tube, very obscurely incrassated, as if jointed here and there, and containing an axis of sporidia about half its own diameter. The sporidia are discoid, of various breadth and length, but always much broader than long, of a bright green colour, and inter- rupted opposite the spurious articulation of the fdament.

51. MICROCOLEUS, Besmaz.

1. Microcoleus repens, Harvey; Manual, p. 168. Oscillatoria repens, Agardh Syst. p. 61. O. chthono- plastes /3, Harvey in Hook. Brit. Fl. vol. ii. p. 373.

Hab. Cockburn Island, Graham's Land; (Lat. 64° S. Long. 57° W.) on the ground.

Our specimens are very poor, as might be expected from the native place being on the limits of vegetation in that quarter of the globe which the plant inhabits.

52. ULVA, L.

1. Ulva Lactuca, Linn; Grev. Scot. Crypt. Flor. t. 313. Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; sparingly.

2. Ulva latissima, Linn.; Engl. Bot. 1. 1551.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; Falkland Islands and Kerguelen's Land ; very abundant.

There is probably no shore between that of Iceland and Cape Horn, that does not produce abundantly this species of Alga.

3. Ulva rigida, Agardh, ? Syst. Alg. p. 189.

Hab. Port "William, Falkland Islands ; common.

Our specimens appear to be only a young dark-coloured variety of the former. The species is also a native of Brazil, and the west coast of South America.

4. Ulva Linza. Linn. ; Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. xxxix.

Hab. Falkland Islands and Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; abundant.

An abundant plant in the Atlantic and Mediterranean shores of Europe ; it has also been collected in New Zealand,

5. Ulva crista, Lightf. ; Harvey, Manual, p. 171.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 499

Hab. Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands ; on moist rocks ; Cockburn Island, Graham's Land ; very abundant.

A highly interesting species, because it is one of the very few terrestrial plants that have been gathered on the limits of vegetation both in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. It was collected in Spitzbergen, (in SO0. N.) by the officers of Captain Parry's Expedition towards the North Pole, and is a native of many intervening latitudes. We have carefully compared these specimens with Agardh's original ones of U. crispa, from Norway, and find them to be identical. The Cockburn Island specimens are in fine fruit

6. Ulva cristata, Hook, fil et Harv. ; pusilla, stratum continuum furfuraceum efficiens, rrondibus cris- patis lacunosis latioribus quam longis supra medium in laciniis perpluritnis fissis, laciniis filiformibus fistu- losis tortis pluries divisis processubus cornicidatis simplicibus ramosisque midique obsitis, substantia tener- riina, sporis confertis irregulariter dispositis rarius quaternis.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; in moist clefts of rocks overhanging Christinas Harbour, growing with Try- pothallm anastomosans.

Frondes siugulse 2-6 lin longas, latiores quam longse, sessiles, basi contractse, laete virescentes, fragiles, margi- nibus crispatis, superficie lacinioso v. profunde rugoso ; laciniis perplurimis gracibbus compressis v. teretibus, fistu- losis, processubus divaricatis undique ornatis.

A species so closely resembling the U. crispa, that we at first sight confounded it with that plant : it is, however, abundantly distinct, in the much smaller spores, and in the curious long and slender laciniae of the frond, which are tubular in the specimens we have examined, and, as well as the margins of the sessile frond, are studded with short simple or divided hom-hke processes, or abbreviated ramub.

53. MASTODIA, Hoolc.fil. et Harv.

Frons plana, niembranacea v. subcarnosa, viridis, late expansa, inordinate areolata. Fructificatio duplex : 1°. Sporidia granulseformia, in areobs indefinita (ut in Ulva) fronde immersa. 2° Conceptacula manimaeformia, fronde immersa, apice mamilla instructa, materie grumosa repleta, sporasque ellipticas foventia. — Genus Ulva? proximum, et nisi presentia conceptaculorum nnllo modo distinguendum.

1. Mastodia tessellata, Hook. fil. et Harv. Ulva tessellata, nobis hi Loud. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 297. (Tab. CXCIV. Kg. II.)

Var. a. fronde tenuissima, laciniis longioribus.

Var. /3. fronde carnosa siccitate rigida, laciniis rotundatis.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land; var. a. in streams of fresh-water. Var. /3. on stones occasionally exposed in a fresh-water lake.

Frons fobacea, 1-2 unc. lata, luride viridis, subpbcata, siccitate rigidiuscula, suberecta v. in var. /3. horizontaiiter expansa, sub lente granulis rnajusculis opacis in areolas quadratas compositas dispositis puleherrime quasi tessel- lata, demum in lacinias plurimas undidato-crispatas rotundatas fissa ; areobs quadratis, lineis hyalmis circum- scriptis, gi'anulis magnis quaternis. Conceptacula exemplaribus omnibus nobis visis perplurima, ad angidos areola- rum majorum sita, elevata, mammasformia, apice palbdiore, crassa et carnosa, intus cava, materie gnunosa sporisque lineari-ellipticis vbidibus immixtis farcta.

Erroneously described as a marine species in the London Journal of Botany. Even when destitute of fruit it is specifically very distinct from any Ulva, especially in the great size of the granules, and their comparative remoteness from one another. The curious hemispherical bodies are abundant in all the specimens, and resemble in some degree

500 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

the capsules of a Nitophyllum : whether they be an abnormal development, or organs of fructification rarely de- veloped in the genus, may be a point of dispute. At first sight they were supposed to be caused by the puncture of an aquatic insect or other animal; but their appearing in specimens from different localities ; their position, con- stantly at the angles of the greater areola?, where four of these meet ; their uniform size ; the constant presence of the cavity filled with elliptic spores, taken especially along with the fact, that there is no sign of disease or lesion in the frond, would indicate these to be organs in a normal condition.

Plate CXCIV. Fig. II. — 1, Var. a. ; 2, var. /3. ; both of the natural size ; 3, apex of frond ; 4, portion of ditto with conceptacles ; 5, portion of ditto more highly magnified; 6, vertical section of conceptacle ; 7, grumous contents from ditto ; 8, spores from ditto : — all very highly magnified.

54. ENTEROMORPHA, Link.

1. Enteromorpha compressa, Grev. Alg. Brit. p. ISO. t. 18.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen's Land ; very abundant.

2. Enteromorpha intestinalis, Link. Grev. Alg. Brit. p. 179.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen's Land ; with the former.

These two species enjoy equally wide ranges with the Ulva latissima. I have found it very difficult to dis- tinguish between this and the former species, even when growing, and between E. compressa and Ulva Lima in a young state. In the Falkland Islands the U. latissima abounds in the land-locked Lagoons, and the IT. Lima in the harbours where no heavy seas run ; whilst the Enteromorpha compressa, and intestinalis, may be collected on the shores of the weather-beaten coasts. Hence it becomes difficult for the collector to regard these species, whose struc- ture and organization are so similar, as anything more than states of one plant, which commences as a pyriform bladder wherever it germinates, but whose future outline is determined by the depth and tranquillity or the reverse of the element it inhabits, and other natural causes. Such specimens as our Herbaria generally afford, are too often, if not fragmentary, immature ; the full development of the species being arrested by the collector, who is content with one entire specimen in whatever stage of growth, and generally preserves it without any note of the conditions under which it was gathered. A few observations on the forms which the Alga assume during dif- ferent stages of their growth, would be eminently useful : portions of a crop of such species as this, which often covers shells or pebbles, might readily be transported to other waters, whose state is very different from what the plant enjoyed before. It cannot be doubted that great changes in form would be the consequence ; and it is on outline alone that specific characters are chiefly founded.

55. PORPHYRA, Ag.

1. Porphyra vulgaris, Ag. Grev. Alg. Brit. p. 169.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; the Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen's Land ; very abundant. This has as wide a range in latitude and longitude as Ulva latissima.

2. Porphyra laciniata, Ag. Ulva umbilicata, Engl. Bot. t. 2296.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; the Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen's Land ; very abundant.

Obviously a variety, or rather state of P. vulgaris ; of which the P. Columbina, Mont., is probably the young, and P. Capensis, Kiitz. another variety.

56. TRYPOTHALLUS, Hook, fi 'I. et Harv. Frons subcartilagineo-carnosa, vix gelatinosa, undulato-crispata, lobata, e cellulis hyalinis in stratum couglobatis

Falklands, etc.]

FLOEA ANTARCTICA.

501

efformata, primum continua, matura terebrata v. clathrata (cellulis in lineis anastomosantibus dispositis) demum in massam gelatinosam subgranulosam collabeus. Spores (seu granulae) plerumque binse, anguste lineari-oblongfe. — Genus Palmella; affins, see! indole frondis diversissimum.

1. Trypothallus anastomosans ; Hook.fil. et Harv.; Palmella? anastomosans, nobis in Lond. Jonrn. Bot. vol. iv. p. 298. (Tab. CXCIV. Fig. I.)

Hab. Christinas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land; in clefts of rocks, and in clamp caves, near the sea.

From |— ■ i- unc. longa, undulato-crispata, pallide viridis, prima facie Ulvam furfuraceam referens, e strato unico cellulamm formata, translucida ; junior continua, suberecta v. horizontaliter extensa, margiue lobata ; matura (e cellulis in lineas dispositis) pulcherrime clathrata, foraminibus diametro variis pertusa. Cellules hyalines, margi- nibiis sub lente vix distinctis, dense aggregatae, rotundatas v. obtuse angulatee. Spores axi cellularam immersa;, plenunque binse, laete virides (sub lente), post marcescentiam frondis diametro auctse, cellulasque fere implentes.

We referred this plant doubtfully to Palmella, in the London Journal of Botany ; and now, unhesitatingly, we place it in a new genus, most distinct from any previously defined. Under the microscope it is a very beautiful object, the full grown specimens appearing as a transparent frond, firmer and more membranous than Palmella, and much thicker in proportion than any Ulva, beautifully clatbrate or formed of anastomosing branches : the branches are composed generally of one, or more rarely, of two collateral lines of cells, each containing a pair of parallel minute spores, of a bright green colour, placed at right angles to the axis of the branch.

Plate CXCIV. Fig. I. — 1, plant in its foliaceous and reticulated condition ; 2, the same at a later stage, forming a gelatinous mass ; 3, the same with the spores disunited ; — all of the natural size ; 4, portion of foliaceous state ; 5 and 6, portions with anastomosing structure ; 7 and 8, spores : — all very highly magnified.

57. PROTOCOCCUS, Ag.

1. Protococcus stercorarius, Berk.; strato aurantiaco demurn subrimoso, globulis demum margine pellucidis nucleis subgranulatis conformibus.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on cow-dung ; abundant.

P. nivali, Desm., (quse eadem est ac P. pluvialis, Flotow) affinis, sed globulis minoribus saturatius coloratis, Hesmatococco Orsinii, Menegh., quoque referens.

This curious vegetable appears abundantly in places frequented by cattle, covering their droppings with a pale orange stratum in a very short space of time. Tor the identification and description of the species we are indebted to our learned friend Mr. Berkeley, who had previously observed the same plant in England.

58. NOSTOC, Vouch.

1. Nostoc commune, Vauck. Conferv. p. 223. t. 16. f. 1.

Hab. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; on wet rocks near the sea.

The Rev. M. J. Berkeley has favoured us by examining this, the following, and several other of the lower forms of Algee collected during the Antarctic Expedition : of the present he says that it scarcely differs from the N. com- mune, of England, which is common throughout Europe, and in Bolivia and the Canary Islands.

2. Nostoc microscopicum, Carm. ?; Harv. Man. Brit. Alg. p. 184. Hab. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; on wet rocks near the sea.

Specimens rather larger than those of British growth, but not otherwise different. Mr. Hassall considers the N. ruicroscopicum to be a variety of N. muscorum, Ag.

6 A

502 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

59. ANABAINA, Bory.

1. Anabaina tenar, Hook. fil. et Harv.; strato globuloso definito lobato gelatinoso fluctuante serugi- noso, filis densissiuie intertextis flexuosis moniliformibus ina;qualibus liic illie interruptis, articulis plermnque globosis angulatisve nunc transverse elongatis, majoribus ellipticis oblortgis limbo hyalino cinctis solitariis plurimisve. Sphaerozyga tenax, nobis in Lond. Jovrn. Bot. vol. iv. p. 298. (Tab. CXCIII. Kg. III.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; in small pools of water on the hills.

Stratum 1-3 unc. latum, e massis J—J uncialibus conglobatis effomiatum, gelatinosum, hyalinum, pulchre seruginosum, natans. Substantia gelatinosa, sub lente oeuluni fugiens. Fila perpluritna, dense aggregata, diametro varia. Articuli sub lente glauco-virescentes, opacae, inajores translucidse.

A very distinct and beautiful species, evidently congeneric with the Spharozyga Jacobi, of which the Rev. M. J. Berkeley has published an excellent figure in the Supplement to English Botany, (t. 2826. fig. 2.) but which we do not consider generically distinct from Anabaina. The granular substance of the larger articuli is of a different nature from that filling the smaller one, being more transparent, and confined in a proper cyst, between which and the border of the articulation there is a transparent space. The stratum is as firm as that of Nostoc coeruleum, and the specimens preserved resemble a dried mass of OsciUatoria.

Specifically this differs from A. Jacobi in the form of the stratum, and from A. flos-aqua in the straightness of the larger articulations.

Plate CXCIII. Fig. III. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, threads; 3, portion of a thread with spores ; 4, spores : — highly magnified.

60. CHROOLEPUS, Ag.

1. Chroolepvjs aureus, Harv. in Hook. Brit. Flor. vol. ii. p. 380. Conferva anrea, Bittwyn, Hist. Conf. t, 35.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; Kerguelen's Land, and the Falkland Islands ; very abundant on the under surfaces of rocks near the sea, &c.

One of the commonest vegetable productions in the Antarctic Islands, growing under circumstances where no Lichen, or other cryptogamic plant, flourishes. It was always found near the Lecanora miniata, and is very abundant in situations sheltered from the direct rays of the sun. When fresh, or rather during drying, it emits a very evident smell of violets.

2. Chroolepus ebeneus, Ag. Syst. Alg. p. 36. Conferva ebenea, Billwyn, t. 101. Byssus niger, Engl. Bot. t. 702.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; in clefts of rocks in the woods.

Like the former, this species, invariably shuns the light in the south. It was found in damper places than C. aureus. Both are, very probably, abnormal states of some Lichen.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA, 503

LVI. DIATOMACE^, Ag.

The Waters and the Ice of the South Polar Ocean were alike found to abound with microscopic vegetables belonging to this Order. Though much too small to be discernible by the naked eye, they occurred in such countless myriads, as to staiu the Berg and the Pack-ice, wherever they were washed by the swell of the sea ; and when enclosed in the congealing surface of the water, they imparted to the Brash and Pancake-Ice a pale ochreous colour. In the open ocean, northward of the Frozen Zone, this Order, though no doubt almost universally present, generally eludes the search of the naturalist ; except when its species are congregated amongst that mucous scum which is sometimes seen floating on the waves, and of whose real nature we are ignorant ; or when the coloured contents of the marine animals who feed on these Algae are examined. To the south, however, of the belt of ice which encircles the globe, between the parallels of 50° and 70° S., and in the waters comprised between that belt and the highest latitude ever attained by man, this vegetation is very conspicuous, from the contrast between its colour and the white snow and ice in which it is imbedded. Insomuch, that, in the eightieth degree, all the surface-ice carried along by the currents, the sides of every berg, and the base of the great Victoria Barrier itself, within reach of the swells, were tinged brown, as if the Polar waters were charged with oxide of iron.

As the majority of these plants consist of very simple vegetable cells, enclosed in indestructible silex (as other Alym are in carbonate of lime), it is obvious that the death and decomposition of such multitudes must form sedimentary deposits, proportionate in then- extent to the length and exposure of the coast against which they are washed, in thickness to the power of such agents as the winds, currents and sea, which sweep them more energetically to certain positions, and in purity to the depth of the water and nature of the bottom. Hence we detected their remains along every ice-bound shore, in the depths of the adjacent ocean, between eighty and 400 fathoms. Off Victoria Barrier (a perpendicular wall of ice, between one and two hundred feet above the level of the sea), the bottom of the ocean was covered with a stratum of pure white or green mud, composed principally of the siliceous cells of Diatomacece. These, on being put into water, rendered it cloudy, bke milk, and took many hours to sub- side. In the very deep water off Victoria and Graham's Land, this mud was particularly pure and fine ; but towards the shallower shores, there existed a greater or less admixture of disintegrated rocks and sand ; so that the organic compounds of the bottom frequently bore but a small proportion to the inorganic.

Being indebted to the works of the illustrious Elrrenberg for all I knew of these organisms, previous to the sailing of the Antarctic Expedition, I had supposed the Diatomacece to belong to the Animal Kingdom *; and as they are unaccompanied in the Antarctic region by any evidence of a higher order of plants, I had always supposed vegetation to cease at a much lower latitude than these productions actually attain. The species were, however, collected on every available occasion, and transmitted, on my return to England, to Professor Ehrenberg, whose determination of the genera and species is here introduced, at the suggestion of the Rev. M. J. Berkeley and other eminent Cryptogamic botanists.

* It is well known that the true nature of the Diatomacece has been long and unsuccessfully disputed, being claimed both by botanists and zoologists. No conclusive evidence on this subject had been adduced, till, within these very few days, it was the singular good fortune of my friend, Mr. Thwaites, of Bristol, a most acute observer and profound Cryptogamist, to detect several species of Diatomacece conjugating, in a manner perfectly analogous to that pursued by the Zygneiaata : a fact which leaves no doubt of their vegetable origin in the minds of persons acquainted with his interesting observations. I am indebted to Mr. Thwaites for specimens of three British species of Eunotia, and Gomphotwma, illustrating this important discovery, and mounted in fluid, after the beautifid plan invented by that gentleman for preserving vegetable tissues moist, and always ready for the microscope in the form of slides.

504 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuec/ia, tie

I must offer some apology for omitting a class of organisms which have been investigated, and considered of vegetable origin, by Prof. Ehrenberg, and which are almost equally abundant in the Antarctic Ocean with the Diatomacea, whether on the surface or at the bottom of the sea : these are the Pliytolitharia, Ehrb. I am not aware of the precise limits of this Order, and of many of the genera composing it ; but from casual allusions, I gather that the term Pliytolitharia is a conventional one, employed to designate the siliceous and other inorganic particles, deposited in plants of a higher structure. Thus, Lithodermatium is a genus whose species are represented by modifications of the siliceous epidermis of one or many species of JBquisetum ; and the Lithostylidia are the siliceous cells of Graminea *. It is not my object to discuss in this place the expediency of constituting such orders, genera, and species. The total absence of Equiseta from the Antarctic Flora, and of Graminem or other phsenogamic plants from any position within 700 miles of Victoria Barrier where the PJiytolitharia abound, renders it in the highest degree improbable that the latter should be of vegetable origin, f

A few remarks on the phases and situations under which these curious vegetables occurred, will not be mis- placed here, especially as I have little to add to what is already known of their habits and organization.

Scattered on the surface of the ocean, the Antarctic Diatomacea were seen connected in filaments, or resolved into thesimple frustules, of which they are composed. When entire, they shewed no signs of motion or irritability. The grumous or granular contents of the cells were yellow under the microscope ; but in mass the same species assumed an orange-brown, or burnt Sienna colour ; the intensity of which depended on the denseness with which they were packed together.

The various means employed for selecting the species varied according to cireurnstances, as the following enumeration of the processes pursued will show. 1. Sea-water was filtered through closely woven bibulous paper (filter-paper), which latter was folded, dried, and carefully put away. If a certain measure of water be always thus treated, an approximate knowledge of the abundance and scarcity of the various species and genera occurring at different positions, may be gained. 2. The scum of the ocean almost invariably contains many species entangled in its mass ; it was preserved in small phials, well secured. 3. A tow-net of fine muslin, used when the vessel's rate does not exceed two or three knots, secures many kinds, which may be washed off the muslin, and collected on filter paper. 4. The stomachs of Saljoa % and other (especially of the naked) mollusca, invariably contain Diatomacea, sometimes several species. These Salpa were washed up in masses on the Pack ice, and in decay they left the snow covered with animal matter impregnated, as it were, with Diatomacea : the reliunia were preserved in spirits. 5. The dirt and soil of the Penguin Rookeries, and especially their Guano, abound in Diatomacea, perhaps originally swallowed by the Salpa and Cuttle-fish, which themselves become the prey of the Penguins. 6. Ice encloses Diatomacea : they are deposited on the already formed ice by the waves, or frozen into its substance during calm weather, when the upper stratum of water rapidly congeals. Ice, so formed, generally breaks up by the swell of the sea into thin angular masses, which become orbicular by attrition, whence the name Pancake-ice. The Pancake-ice was often seen a few hours after a calm, covering leagues of ocean, and uniformly stained brown from the abundance of these plants. It was taken in buckets, and when removed from the water appeared perfectly pure and colourless. On melting, however, it deposited a pale red cloudy preci- pitate, excessively light, consisting wholly of Diatomacea. This precipitate was bottled on the spot, and proved

* See Ehrenberg, in Schrift. Berlin Akad., June, 1841.

f Ou the contrary, I cannot but suspect that some of these PJiytolitharia are the remains of Crustacea, and especially the siliceous (?) particles, which occur in the tunics of naked Jfollusca.

J I do not remember to have examined the contents of the stomach of any Salpa between the latitudes of the N. Tropic and the 80° S., which did not contain the remains of Diatomacea. Dictyocha aculeata was universally found in the stomachs of those I opened when off Victoria Land.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 505

more rich in species than any of the other collections. The specimens were also the best preserved ; for Professor Ehrenberg observes, that some* thus obtained, appeared as if still alive, though collected three years previous to his examination, and subjected to many vicissitudes of climate. The snow sometimes falls on the surface of the still ocean-water, and does not freeze, but floats a honey-like substance, often called Brash-ice : treated in the same way as the Pancake-ice it yielded an abundant harvest. 7. The mud and other soundings from the bottom of the ocean, when brought up on the arming of the deep sea-lead, or the chlam or dredge, generally contain the siliceous skeletons or coatings of many species, with the markings on their surface retained. f 8. The fresh and salt waters and muddy estuaries of the Falkland Islands, and similar localities, present us with species, occurring \inder cir- cumstances, altogether similar to what accompany their allies in Europe.

The universal existence of such an invisible vegetation as that of the Antarctic Ocean, is a truly wonderful fact, and the more from its not being accompanied by plants of a high Order. During the years we spent there, I had been accustomed to regard the phenomena of life as differing totally from what obtains throughout all other latitudes ; for everything living appeared to be of animal origin. The ocean swarmed with Mollusca, and particularly entomostracous Crustacea, small whales and porpoises : the sea abounded with penguins and seals, and the air with birds : the animal kingdom was ever present, the larger creatures preying on the smaller, and these again on smaller still : all seemed carnivorous. The herbivorous were not recognized, because feeding on a microscopic herbage, of whose true nature I had formed an erroneous impression. It is, therefore with no little satisfaction that I now class the Biatomacea with plants, probably maintaining in the South Polar Ocean that balance between the animal and vegetable kingdoms, which prevails over the surface of our globe. Nor is the sustenance and nutrition of the animal kingdom the only function these minute productions may perform : they may also be the purifiers of the vitiated atmosphere, and thus execute, in the Antarctic latitudes, the office of our trees and grass-turf in the temperate regions, and the broad leaves of the palm, &c, in the Tropics. Though we possess incontestible proofs of the abundance of silica, contained in the ocean, from its being secreted so copiously by these plants, we are ignorant of the process by which it is assimilated, and the chemical state in which it is suspended in the sea-water. The end these plants serve in the great scheme of nature is apparent, on inspecting the stomachs of many sea-animals, as above stated. Owing to the indestructible nature of their shields, they tell their own tale.

I shall now notice the most remarkable feature in the distribution of these organisms. They possess more than ordinary interest, many of the species being distributed from Pole to Pole ; while these, or others, are preserved in a fossil state, in strata of great antiquity. There is probably no latitude between that of Spitzbergen and Victoria Laud, where some of the species of either country do not exist : Iceland, Britain, the Mediterranean Sea, North and South America, and the South Sea Islands, all possess Antarctic Diatomacece. The siliceous coats of species only known living in the waters of the South Polar Ocean, have, during past ages, contributed to the formation of rocks ; and thus they outlive several successive creations of organized beings. The Phonolite stones of the Rhine, and the Tripoli stone, contain species identical with what are now contributing to form a sedimentary deposit (and perhaps at some future period a bed of rock), extending in one continuous stratum for 400 measured miles. I allude to the shores of the Victoria Barrier ; along whose coast the soundings examined were invariably charged with Diatomaceous remains, constituting a bank which stretches 200 miles north from the base of Victoria Barrier, while the average depth of water above it is 300 fathoms, or 1,800 feet.J

* Fragilaria phmidata, and some Coscinodisci.

f The soundings were invariably in greenish mud, into which the lead sometimes sunk for two feet. At times, this mud seemed almost wholly composed of Diatomaceous remains.

% This great depth, reaching to within a quarter of a mile of the Barrier, whose height appeared nowhere to exceed 200 feet, proves that the latter does not rest on this bank. The accumulation, however, of snow on the

6 B

506 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

Again, some of the Antarctic species have been detected floating in the atmosphere which overhangs the wide ocean between Africa and America. The knowledge of this marvellous fact we owe to Mr. Darwin, who, when he was at sea near the Cape de Verd Islands, collected an impalpable powder which fell on Captain Fitzroy's ships. He transmitted this dust to Elirenberg, who ascertained it to consist of the siliceous coats, chiefly of American Dialomacece, which were being wafted through the upper regions of the air, when some meteorological phenomenon checked them in their course, and deposited them on the ship and surface of the ocean.

The existence of the remains of many species of this Order (and amongst them some Antarctic ones), in the volcanic ashes, pumice, and scoriee of active and extinct volcanoes (those of the Mediterranean Sea and Ascension Island for instance), is a fact bearing immediately upon the present subject. Mount Erebus, a volcano 12,400 feet high, of the first class in dimensions and energetic action, rises at once from the ocean, in the 78th degree of south latitude, and abreast of the Diatomacece bank, which reposes in part on its base. Hence it may not appear preposterous to conclude, that, as Vesuvius receives the waters of the Mediterranean, with its fish, to eject them by its crater"; so the subterranean and subaqueous forces which maintain Mount Erebus in activity, may occasionally receive organic matter from this bank, and disgorge it, together with those volcanic products, ashes and pumice.

Along the shores of Graham's Land and the South Shetland Islands, we have a parallel combination of igneous and aqueous action, accompanied with an equally copious supply of Diatomacece. In the Gulf of Erebus and Terror, 15 degrees north of Victoria Land, and placed in the opposite side of the globe, the soundings were of a similar nature with those of Victoria Land and Barrier, and the sea and ice as full of Diatomacece. This was not only proved by the deep-sea lead, but by the examination of bergs, which, once stranded, had floated off and become reversed, exposing an accumulation of white friable mud, frozen to their bases, which abounded with these vegetable remains.

The following systematically arranged catalogue of the hitherto described Antarctic species is drawn up from various papers by Professor Ehrenberg, but principally from that which appeared in the ' Monatsberichten der Berliner Akad. der Wissenschaften " for May, 1841, and which has been reprinted in Taylor's 'Annals of Natural History ', and in the Appendix of Sir James Ross' ' Narrative of the Antarctic Expedition '. A few Falkland Island and Kerguelen's Land species have subsequently been examined by Mr. Thwaites, to whom, and to the Rev. Mr. Berkeley, I am much indebted for the assistance they have afforded me in this group. The arrangement of the genera followed is that of M. Kiitzing's great work on this order.

1. EUNOTIA, Ehrb.

1. Eunotia gibberula, Ehrb. Epithemia gibberula, Kiits. Kieselsck. Bacill. p. 35. t. 29. f. 54, c.

Hab. Open Ocean, in Pancake-ice, Lat. 75° S. Long. 170° W.

An inhabitant of the Baltic Sea. Found fossil at Newhaven, in Connecticut, in volcanic ashes from the Rhine and amongst an atmospheric dust which fell near the Cape de Verd Islands.

2. Eunotia amphioxys, Ehrb. Kiitz. 1. c. p. 44. t. 30. f. 1.

Hab. Falkland Islands, Lesson. Cockburn Island, amongst the guano of a Penguin rookery.

surface of the barrier, in a climate where there is no thaw throughout the year, and where snow lies perennially, will result in the sinking of the barrier and its base becoming imbedded in this stratum of vegetable debris. Supposing the barrier, then, to have a progressive motion, such as smaller but similar glaciers exhibit, the result would be flexures of the pasty stratum of mud upon whose edge it rests, and against whose walls it would in time abut, as the deposit thickens.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 507

Found living in the German Ocean and Sandwich Islands ; in the natural paper of Silesia, and dead in the guano of Peru. Fossil as floating in the air with the former species. Iu peat, Iceland; earth, Labrador, and in strata on the banks of the Euphrates and Oxus. In the volcanic tuff of the Rhine and in Phonolite.

3. Eunotia Faba, Ehrb. Epitbeinia Faba, Kiitz. 1. c. p. 36. t. 5. f. 21.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva, Lesson.

Abundant both recent and fossil, in Germany, Sweden, Finmark, Newfoundland, Labrador, and the Oregon. Also found in the volcanic tuff of the Rhine.

4. Eunotia biceps, Ehrb. Kiitz. I. e. p. 37. t. 29. f. 65. c.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva, Lesson. Found in earth at Labrador and the Oregon.

2. FRAGILAEIA, Lyngb.

1. Fragilaria amphiceros, Ehrb. Schrift. Berl. Akacl. Feb. 1844.

Hab. Victoria Barrier, in Pancake-ice and in mud from 190 fathoms. Graham's Land, in mud from 270 fathoms. In a floating scum, Lat. 64° S. Long. 160° W. Occurs fossil in Virginia, U.S.

2. Fragilaria acuta, Ehrb. Kiitz. Kieselseh. Bacill. p. 46. 1. 16. f. 7. C.

Hab. In Pancake-ice off Victoria Barrier, and in Lat. 75° S. Long. 170° W. In the stomach of a Salpa, taken in the open ocean, Lat. 64° S. Long. 157° W. Previously only known as a fossil, occurring near Freiberg.

3. Fragilaria n. sp. ? (indicated by Ehrb.) Hab. Victoria Barrier; in mud from 190 fathoms.

4. Fragilaria pinnulata, n. sp. Ehrb. Schrift. Berl. Akad. May, 1844.

Hab. Pancake-ice, Lat. 75° S. 170° W., and near the continent of Victoria Land, 76° S., in Brash- ice. Graham's Land, in mud from 270 fathoms.

One of the most abundant Victoria Land Diatomacea.

5. Fragilaria rotimdata, n. sp. Ehrb. I. c.

Hab. Pancake and brash-ice off Victoria Land and Barrier. In the stomachs of Salpa, taken in Lat. 66° S. and Long. 170° W. Graham's Land, in mud from 207 fathoms.

6. Fragilaria d. sp. ? (indicated by Ehrb.) Hab. Victoria Land ; iu Brash-ice.

7. Fragilaria granulata, n. sp. Ehrb. I.e.

Hab. In the stomachs of Salpa, Lat. 66° S. Long. 157° W. In the open sea near Cape Horn (JU. Sehayer, fid. Ehrb.). In oceanic scum, Lat. 64° S. Long. 160° W. Lately indicated to exist as a fossil near the Araxes river.

508 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

8. Fragilaria constricta, Ehrb. Kiltz. I. c. p. 46. t. 29. f. 25, c. Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva, Lesson. Found in the volcanic tuff of the Rhine, and in Mexico.

!>. Fragilaria rhabclosoma, Ehrb. F. capreina, Kiitz. p. 45. t. 36. f. iii.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva, Lesson.

A frequent inhabitant of pools and ditches in England, and many other parts of the world, including Asia, Africa, America and the South Sea Islands. In the sand-hills of Patagonia, and in the volcanic tuff of the Rhine.

10. Fragilaria Trachea, n. sp. Ehrb. Schrift. Berl. Mad. I. c. Hab. Falkland Islands; on marine Conferva, Lesson.

11. Fragilaria Ventriculus, n. sp. Ehrb. I. c. Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva, Lesson.

3. MELOSEIRA, Ag.

1. Meloseira n. sp. ? fibs moniliformibus tenuissime striatis pedunculo gelatinoso affixis, frustuhs per paria coadimatis, junioribus sphsericis demum compressis, apicibus utrinque convexis. Thwaites, MS.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; in the sea.

M. fflo&iferce, Harv. simillima, sed frustulis adultioribus semper compressis differt. Fila striata ut in M.globifera. Thwaites, MS.

4. PYXLDICULA, Ehrb.

1. Pyxidicula dentata, n. sp. Ehrb., Schrift. Berl. Akad. May, 1844. Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake-ice.

2. Pyxidicula Hellenica, Ehrb. I. c.

Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake-ice. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms (doubtful as to species).

This has been found fossil in Bermuda, the iEgean Sea, and Maryland, U.S.

3. Pyxidicula n. sp. ? Ehrb. I. c.

Hab. Victoria Barrier; in mud from 190 fathoms.

4. Pyxidicula sp. ?

Hab. In the stomachs of Salpa, Lat. 66° S. Long. 157° W.

5. HEMIZOSTER, n. g. Ehrb.

1. Hemizoster twbidosus, Ehrb., Schrift. Berl. Akad. May, 1844. Hab. Victoria Barrier and Land ; in Pancake-ice.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 509

6. GALLIONELLA.

1. Gallionella pileata, n. sp. Ehrb. I. c. Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake-ice.

2. Gallionella sulcata, Ehrb., Schrift. Bert. Akad. April, 1837.

Hab. Victoria Land; in Pancake-ice (doubtful). Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

An Arctic plant, having been observed at Melville Island. Also in the open ocean off Rio de Janeiro. It inhabits Peruvian and African guano ; has been found in the sand-hills of Patagonia, fossil in Bermudas, Sicily, Algiers, Maryland and Virginia, V. S. ; and in volcanic ashes from the Patagonian coast.

3. Gallionella Sol, n. sp. Ehrb.; Schrift. Bed. Akad. May, 1844.

Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in mud at 190 fathoms. Graham's Land; in mud from 207 and 270 fathoms.

4. Gallionella tympanum, n. sp., Ehrb. I. c. Hab. Graham's Land; in mud from 207 fathoms.

5. Gallionella Oculus, n. sp., Ehrb. I. c.

Hab. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

7. CAMPYLODISCUS, Ehrb.

1. Campylodiscus Clgpeus, Ehrb. Kiitz. Kieselsch. Bacill. p. 59. t. 2. f. v. 1-6.

Hab. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

Pound fossil in Germany and Italy, in the Bermudas and in the Mastodon earth of the Plate river, in African guano, in the atmospheric dust near the Cape de Verd Islands, and in the volcanic tuff of the Rhine.

8. SUFJRELLA, Ehrb.

1. Sueikella (?) australis, Ehrb.; Schrift. Berl. Akad. I. c. Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva, Lesson.

9. SYNEDEA, Ehrb.

1. Synedua Ulna, Ehrb.; Lifts, t, 17. f. 1. Kiitz. I. c. p. 66. t. 30. Exilaria Ulna, Ilassall, Brit. Fresh-water Alg. p. 433. t. 97. f. 2.

Hab. Victoria Barrier; in Pancake-ice (doubtful). Graham's Land; in mud 270 fathoms.

One of the most abundant and easily recognized of the Diatomacea, not only in Europe but throughout the globe. Mr. Hassall states it to be of very frequent occurrence in fresh-water ponds and ditches of England. It is also found in Icelandic peat, in marine mud from Spitzbergen, in the uatural paper of Silesia, and in the Tropical Ocean off Rio. As a fossil or dead, it has occurred in Oran and Sicily, the United States, in alluvial deposits in Brazil, the Euphrates River, and in atmospheric dust off the Cape de Verd Islands. It is also found in the volcanic tuff of the Rhine and in Peruvian guano.

6c

510 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

10. DICLADIA, N. G. Ekrb.

1 . Dicladia antennata, Ehrb. ; Schrift. Bert. Akad. May, 1844. Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake-ice.

2. Dicladia bulbosa, Elirb. I. c. Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake-ice.

This and the preceding always occurred abundantly in the stomachs of the Victoria Land Salpa.

11. SCHIZONEMA, Ay.

1. Schizonema sp.? filis ramosis siccitate luride viridibus, frustulis ovato-oblongis siccis collapsis. Thwaites, MS.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; abundant in the sea. Very similar to, and possibly not distinct from, the British S. implicatum, Harv.

12. EXILAPJA, Grev.

1. Exilaria, n. sp. ? frustulis linearibus striatis e dorso visis leviter versus apices truncatos attenuatis, e latere visis utrinque obtuse apiculatis. T/twaite-s, 3IS.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; on marine Conferva.

G. truncate forma accedit, sed frustulis striatis ut in Synedra Ulna.

13. COCCONEIS, Ekrb.

1. Cocconeis Placentula, Ekrb. Kiitz. p. 73. t. 28. f. 13. c.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva, Lesson.

Found living in the fresh waters of Europe ; also in Iceland, Mexico and the Oregon river, Chili, the Sandwich Islands, and in African (?) guano.

2. Cocconeis Scutellwm, Elu'b. Kiitz. I. c. t. 5. f. vi. 3-6.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva, Lesson. Kerguelen's Land, also on marine Conferva. Found living in the Atlantic, German, and Mediterranean Seas ; on the coast of Iceland, in Peruvian guano and in volcanic tuff.

14. ACHNANTHES, Ay.

1. AcHNANTHES7;ac%j»z«, Kiitz. p. 76. t. 21. II. f. 3 and 29. f. 83. Hab. Falkland Islands; on marine Conferva, Lesson.

Recorded by Montagne to be a native of Callao, in Peru.

2. Achnanthes lonyipes, Ag. Harv. Man. Alg. Brit. p. 200. Hab. Kerguelen's Land; on Alga.

Specimen in a very bad state, but probably referable to this species. Thwaites, MS.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 511

3. Achnanthes turgens, Ehrb. I. c.

Hab. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

15. LICHNOPHORA, Ag.

1. Lichnophoka abbreviata, Ag. Podosfenia abbreviata, Ehrb. hi fas. p. 24. t. 18. f. 7.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; in the sea.

Frustula omnino ut iu exemplaribus ab Ehrenberg depictis, seel plura, stipiteque majore. TAwaites, MS.

Occurs as a parasite on Ceramium rubrum, in the Mediterranean Sea.

16. DIATOMA, Ag.

1. Diatoma, n. sp. ? frustulis angustissimis omnino aut fere lfevissimis e dorso visis versus apices truncates sub-dilatatis, e latere visis infra apices rotundatos constrictis.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva.

D. elongata, Ag. siraillima, differt frustulis nunquam aut vix striatis. Thwaites, MS.

17. COCCONEJPl, Ehri.

1. Cocconema Lunula, Ehrb. Cymbella maculata, Kiitz. p. 79. t. 29. f. 32. c.

Hab. Falkland Islands; on marine Conferva, Lesson. In a white pigment used by the Fuegians, C. Darwin, Esq.

Found throughout Europe, in Mexico and Chili, the /Egean Sea, the Oregon River, and in earth from Labrador. It also occurs in the white pigment used by the natives of Fuegia, and in atmospheric dust at the Cape de Verd Islands.

18. GOMPHONEMA, Ag.

1. Gomphonema clavatum, Ehrb.; Infus. t. 18. f. vi.

Hab. Falkland Islands; on marine Conferva,, Lesson.

Throughout the European and North American shores, those of Iceland, the Marian and Sandwich Islands. Fossil in Virginia, U.S.

2. Gomphonema minutissimum, Grev. in Hook. Brit. Ft. vol. ii. p. 209. G. curvatum, p. saliuum, Kiltz. p. 85. t. S. f. 1 .

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva ; Lesson. A British and common Atlantic species ; found also in the Oregon territory and fossil in Virginia, U. S.

19. PINNULARIA, Ehrb.

1. Pinnularia borealis, Ehrb.

Hab. Cockburn Island ; in the soil of a Penguin rookery. In a pigment used by the Fuegians ; C. Darwin, Esq.

Found also in Peruvian guano, in the Mastodon earth of the Plate river, and in the Cape de Verd atmospheric dust. Also in volcanic ashes from Ascension Island and Patagonia; in volcanic tuff of the Rhine and Phonolite stone.

512 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

2. Vitukvlaria peregrina (?), Ehrb. Navicula peregrina, Kiltz.

Hab. Cockburn Island; ill the dirt of a Penguin rookery. Falkland Islands, Lesson.

The true P. peregrina is a native of the open ocean near the Brazilian coast, and has been found fossil in Virginia, U. S., and living at St. Domingo, Cuba, and Labrador.

20. NAVICULA, Bory.

1. Navicula elliptica, n. sp. Ehrb. Schrift. Bed. Akad. May, 1844. Hab. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

2. Navicula amphioxys, Ehrb. Kiltz. p. 91. t, 28. f. 37.

Hab. Falkland Islands; on marine Conferva, Lesson.

This has also been collected Mving in Chih, Cayenne and Cuba, in various alluvial deposits, as the Brazils, Iceland, and in the natural paper of Silesia.

3. Navicula Didyma (?), Kiitz.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva, Lesson.

The true N. Didyma is a native of a salt-water Lagoon in Germany.

4. Navicula Lyra, Ehrb. Kiitz. p. 94. t. 28. f. 55, c. Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva, Lesson.

5. Navicula viridis, Kiitz. p. 97. t. 4. f. 18. and t. 30. f. 12.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; abundant on marine Conferva, Lesson, J. D. H.

One of the most widely dispersed of all Diatomacea, found abve in fresh waters of England, Scotland, and Ireland, in the natural paper of Silesia, in the Sandwich and Marian Islands, and West Tropical Africa, also in alluvial deposits of Iceland, Labrador and Peru.

21. STAUROPTEBA, Ehrb.

1. Stauhopteea aspera, Ehrb. Infus. Amer. p. 134. t. 1. Kiitz. p. 106. t. 12, c.

Hab. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms. Falkland Islands, Lesson.

This has been collected in Norway, Spitzbergen, Iceland and Labrador, Mexico, Cuba, Peru j on the sand-hills of Patagonia, and in Peruvian guano.

2. Staukopteua capitata, n. sp. Ehrb. Schrift. Bert. Akad. May, 1844. Hab. Cockburn Island ; on the ground in a Penguin rookery.

22. AMPHORA, Ehrb.

1. Amphora Libyca, Ehrb. Kiitz. p. 107. t. 29. f. 28, c.

Hab. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

Originally detected in the oasis of Sivah, and since foimd in various quarters of the globe, as Iceland, Labrador, the Oregon River and United States ; at the Euphrates River, in African guano, and in the volcanic tuff of the Rhine.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 513

2. Amphora navicularis, Elirb. ; I. c.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva : Lesson.

23. ASTEROMPHALOS, n. g. Ehrb.

1. Asteromphalos Hookeri, Ehrb. Schrift. Bed. Acad. May, 1844. cum ic.

Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice and in mud from 1 90 fathoms. In a scum floating in the ocean, Lat. 64° S., Long. 160° W.

2. Asteromphalos Rossii, Elu-b. 1. c. cum ic.

Hab. Victoria Barrier and Victoria Land ; in Pancake Ice. In scum with the previous species.

3. Asteromphalos Buchii, Elirb. 1. c. cum ic.

Hab. Victoria Land and Barrier, with the A. Rossii, also in mud from 190 fathoms and in a floating scum with the two preceding species.

4. Asteromphalos Beaumontii, Ehrb. I. c. cum ic. Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice.

5. Asteromphalos Humboldtii, Ehrb. I. c. cum ic.

Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice and in mud from 190 fathoms. In a floating scum with A. Hookeri.

6. Asteromphalos Cuvieri, Ehrb. I. c. cum ic.

Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice and in mud from 190 fathoms.

7. Asteromphalos Barwinii, Ehrb. 1. e. cum ic.

Hab. In a scum floating in the ocean, in Lat. 64° S., Long. 160° W.

24. HALIOMYX, n. g. Ehrb.

1. Haliomyx senarius, Ehrb. in Schrift. Berl. Akad. May, 1844. Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in the Pancake Ice.

2. Haliomyx duodenarius, Ehrb. I. c.

Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice. In the stomachs of Salpce taken in Lat. 64°S., Long. 157° W.

25. HEMIAULUS, n. g. Ehrb.

1. Hemiaultjs Antarcticus, Ehrb. in Schrift. Berl. Akad. May, 1844.

Hab. Victoria Barrier and Victoria Laud; in Pancake Ice and in mud from 190 fathoms. Open sea off Cape Horn, Mr. Schayer (Ehrb.).

2. Hemiaulus? obtusus, Ehrb. I. c.

Hab. In a floating scum, Lat.64°S., Loug. 160°W. Graham's Land ; in mud from 207 and 270 fathoms.

2 D

514 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fnegia, the

26. SYMBOLOPHORA, Ehrb.

1. Symbolophoea ? Mierotrias, n. sp. Ehrb. ; Schrift. Bert. Akad. May, 1844.

Hab. Victoria Barrier; in Pancake Ice and in mud from 190 fathoms. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

2. Symbolophobia ? Tetras, n. sp., Ehrb. ; I. c.

Hab. Victoria Barrier; in Pancake Ice and in mud from 190 fathoms. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

3. Symbolophoea ? Pentas, n. sp., Ehrb. I. c.

Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice and in mud from 190 fathoms. Graham's Land ; in mud from 270 fathoms.

4. Symbolophoea ? Rexas, n. sp., Ehrb. /. c.

Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice and in mud from 190 fathoms. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

27. CH.ETOCEROS, n. g. Ehrb.

1. Ch^etoceeos Bichaeta, Ehrb.; Schrift. Bert. Akad. May, 1844.

Hab. In a scum floating on the surface of the ocean, in Lat. 64° S., Long. 160° W.

2. Ch^toceeos TetracJueta, Ehrb. I. c.

Hab. In a floating scum with the former species.

Two other species of this new genus have recently been discovered in the Bermuda Islands.

28. ANAULUS, n. g., Ehrb.

1. Anaulus scalaris, Ehrb.; Schrift. Bert. Akad. May, 1844. Hab. Graham's Land; in mud from 207 and 270 fathoms.

29. RHAPHONEIS, n. g. Ehrb.

1. RHAPHONEis/asciofafo, Ehrb. ; I.e.

Hab. Graham's Land, in mud from 207 and 270 fathoms.

2. Rhaphoneis scutett/im, Ehrb. ; I. c.

Hab. Cockburn Island ; in the dirt of a Penguin rookery.

30. PODOSPHENIA, Ehrb. 1. Podosphenia cuneata, Ehrb. ; Infus. 1. 17. f. viii. Kutz. Kieselsch. Biat. p. 121. t. 9. f. 13. 1-4.

Falkland*, etc.\ FLORA ANTARCTICA. 515

Hab. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

Also found in the Atlantic, German, and Mediterranean seas, and in Peruvian guano.

81. GRAMMATOPHORA, Ehrb.

1. Grammatophora parallela, Ehrb.

Hab. Graham's Land; in mud from 207 and 270 fathoms. Found fossil in Sicily, Oran and Virginia, U.S.

2. Grammatophora AJHcana, Ehrb.; Kilt:, p. 129.

Hab. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

Exists also in the Mediterranean Sea and German Ocean; and fossil in Sicily, Oran, and Virginia, U.S., and in Peruvian and African ? guano.

8. Grammatophora serpentina, n. sp., Ehrb. ; Schrift, Berl. Akad.May, 1844. {non • Kiitz.) Hab. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

4. Grammatophora Oceanica, Ehrb. G. marina, Kiitz. Diatoma marinum, Lyngh. Harv. Brit. Alg. p. 201.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva : Lesson.

Abundant on the Atlantic shores of both the Old and New World, and in the Mediterranean Sea. Found fossil in Virginia, U.S., and Peruvian guano ; also in the atmospheric dust of the Cape de Verds.

5. Grammatophora stricta, Elu-b.; Kilt:, p. 129. t. 29. f. 76. c. Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva : Lesson.

This occurs in Peruvian guano, and in deposits at Vera Cruz, in Mexico, and North America.

32. COSCINODISCUS, Ehrb.

1. Coscixodiscos ? actinochilus, n. sp., Ehrb.; Schrift. Berl. Akad. May, 1844. Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice.

2. Coscinodiscds ApoUinis, n. sp., Ehrb.; I. c.

Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice and in mud from 190 fathoms. Stomachs of Salpa, in Lat. 64° S., Long. 157° W. Graham's Land; in mud from 207 and 270 fathoms.

3. Cosctnodiscus cingulatus, n. sp., Ehrb.; I.e.

Hab. Victoria Barrier; in Pancake Ice. Graham's Land; in stomachs of Salpa with the preceding.

4. Coscinodiscus ? ^m»««/er, n. sp., Ehrb.; I.e.

Hab. Victoria Land; in mud from 190 fathoms, and in Pancake Ice. Graham's Land; in the stomachs of Salpa with the preceding.

This species has also been found in the Bermuda Islands, and fossil at Oran and Sicily.

516 FLOE A. ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

5. Coscinodiscus Luna, n. sp., Ehrb.; I. c.

Hab. Victoria Barrier and Land ; in Pancake Ice and in mud from 190 fathoms. In stomachs of Salpa, taken in Lat. 66° S., Long. 157° W. Graham's Land ; in mud from 207 fathoms.

6. Coscinodiscus ecceritricus, Ehrb.; Leb. Kr. p. 66. Kiitz. Kiesel. Bacitt. p. 131. 1. 1. f. 9.

Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice.

Pound on the European shores of the Atlantic, and at Vera Cruz ; in deposits at Oran, Bermuda, Virginia, U.S., and in Peruvian and African ? guano.

7. Coscinodiscus limbatus, Ehrb.; Schrift. Berl. JJcad. 1840. Kiitz. 1. c. p. 131. Hab. Victoria Barrier; in mud at 190 fathoms.

Also found in the JEgean sea.

8. Coscinodiscus lineatus, Kiitz. p. 131. 1. 1. f. 10.

Hab. Victoria Barrier and Land; in Pancake and Brash Ice, also in mud from 190 fathoms. Stomachs of Satpce within the Antarctic circle. In a floating scum Lat. 64.° S., Long. 160° W. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

A very widely dispersed species, inhabiting Melville Island, Sicily, Virginia, Maryland, and Peruvian guano.

9. Coscinodiscus Oculus-Iridk, Ehrb.; Leh. Kr. 1. c. Kiitz. 1. c. p. 132.

Hab. Victoria Land and Barrier; in Pancake Ice. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms. Pound in the Atlantic Ocean, Bermudas, Mediterranean Sea, and in Peruvian guano.

10. Coscinodiscus radiolatus, Ehrb.; Kiitz. p. 132. 1. 1. f. 18.

Hab. Victoria Barrier and Land; in Pancake Ice, and in mud from 190 fathoms. Graham's Land; in mud from 207 fathoms.

This occurs in the Mediterranean Sea, as also in deposits at Oran, Sicdy, the Bermudas, the United States, Peru and Cuba.

11. Coscinodiscus siMilis, Ehrb.; Schrift. Bed. Mad, Feb. 1844. Kiitz. I. c. p. 132. 1. 1. f. 16. Hab. Victoria Land and Barrier ; in Pancake Ice. Stomachs of Saljxz and oceanic scums within the

Antarctic circle. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

Previously fouud in deposits only, as in Sicily, the Bermudas, the United States, the Mastodon earth of the Plate river, Vera Cruz, and Peruvian and African guano.

12. Coscinodiscus velatus, Ehrb.; Schrift. Bed. Akad. Feb. 1844.

Hab. Victoria Barrier; in Pancake Ice. Graham's Land; in inud from 207 fathoms. Known previously only in the fossil deposits of Virginia and Maryland, U.S.

33. FLUSTRELLA, Ehrb.

1. Flustrella concentrica, Ehrb.; Schrift, Berl. Akad, Feb. 1844.

Hab. Victoria Barrier; in Pancake Ice. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

In a fossil state this species occurs in Sicily, Oran, the /Egeau Sea, Maryland, U.S, and in the Bermuda Islands.

Full-lands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 517

34. ACTINOCYCLUS, Ehrb.

1. Actinocyclus senarius, Ehrb.; Schrift. Berl.Akad. June, 1844. Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva : Lesson.

35. ACTINOPTYCHUS, Ehrb.

1. Actinoptychus bitemariits , Ehrb. ; I.e. Hab. Victoria Barrier; in Pancake Ice. Also occurs in tertiary deposits in Virginia and Maryland, U.S , and in the Bermuda Islands.

36. DISCOPLEA, Ehrb.

1. Discoplea Rota, n. sp., Ehrb.; Schrift. Berl. Akad. May, 1844. Hab. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

2. Discoplea Rotula, n. sp., Ehrb.; I. c.

Hab. Graham's Land ; in mud from 270 fathoms.

37. LITHOBOTRYS, Ehrb.

1. Lithobotrys ? denticulata , n. sp., Ehrb.; I.e.

Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice and in mud from 190 fathoms. In a floating scum, Lat. 64° S., Long. 160° W.

The only other species of this genus is a Virginian fossil.

38. LITHOCAMPE, Ehrb.

1. Lithocajipe Australis, n. sp., Ehrb.; Schrift. Berl. Akad. Mai/, 1844. Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice.

This genus was known only as a fossil, occurring in the United States and the Mediterranean Sea, previous to the detection of this and the following species.

Lithocampe Antarctica, n. sp., Ehrb. ; I. c. Hab. Graham's Land; in mud from 270 fathoms.

39. TRIAULACIAS, n.g., Ehrb.

I. Triatjlacias triquetra, Ehrb.; Schrift. Berl. Akad. May, 1844. Hab. Victoria Barrier; in mud from 190 fathoms.

40. BLDDULPHIA, Gray.

1. Biddulphia ursina. n. sp., Ehrb.; I. c.

Hab. Graham's Land; Gulf of Erebus and Terror, in mud 207 and 270 fathoms.

6 E

518 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

41. ZYGOCEROS, Ehri.

1. Zygoceros Aastralis, u. sp., Ehrb.; I.e.

Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice. Graham's Land ; Gulf of Erebus and Terror, in mud at 207 fathoms.

42. DENTICELLA, Ekrb.

1. Denticella Icevis, n. sp., Ehrb.; I.e.

Hab. Graham's Land; Gulf of Erebus and Terror, in mud at 270 fathoms.

43. MESOCENA, Ehri.

1. Mesocena? Spongolithis, n. sp., Ehrb.; /. c.

Hab. Victoria Barrier; in mud from 190 fathoms. Graham's Land; in mud at 270 fathoms.

44. ACTINISCUS, Elirh.

1. Actinisctjs lancearius, n. sp., Ehrb.; I. c.

Hab. Open ocean, Lat. 66° S., Long. 157° W., in the stomach of a Salpa.

45. DICTYOCHA, Ehri.

1. Dictyocha aculeata, Ehrb.; Leb.Er. p. 68. Kilt::. Kiesel.Bacill. p. 140.

Hab. Victoria Land and Barrier ; in Pancake Ice. In the stomachs of Satyce, Lat. 66° S., Long. 157 W. Entangled in a surface scum, Lat. 64° S., Long. 160° W.

Pound living in the North Sea, fossil in Sicily, the iEgean, North Africa, and Virginia, U.S.

2. Dictyocha binoculus, Ehrb.; Schrift. Ahacl. Bed. May, 1844.

Hab. Victoria Barrier; in Pancake Ice. Entangled in a floating scum, Lat. 64° S., Long. 160° W. Also occurs in tertiary deposits in the jiEgean Sea.

3. Dictyocha bitemaria, Ehrb.; I. c. Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice.

4. Dictyocha Ejnoclon, Ehrb. ; Schrift. Bed. Akad. Feb. 1844.

Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice.

Originally described from specimens occurring in a tertiary deposit in Virginia, U.S., also found in Peruvian guano.

5. Dictyocha octonaria, Ehrb.; Schrift. Bed. Akad. Mai/, 1844. Hab. Victoria Barrier; in Pancake Ice.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 519

6. Dictyocha Ornamentum, Elirb.; I. c. Feb. 1844.

Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice. In a floating scum, Lat. 64° S., Long. 1G0° W. Tertiary deposits of Sicily contain tins species.

7. Dictyocha septenaria, Ehrb. ; I.e.

Hab. Victoria Barrier; in Pancake Ice, and in mud from 190 fathoms. Previously found fossil in the tertiary deposits of Oran.

8. Dictyocha Speculum, Ehrb.; Kutz. Kiesel. Bacill. p. 140. t. 21. f. 22. c.

Hab. Victoria Barrier; in Pancake Ice, and in mud at 190 fathoms. In the stomachs of Salpm, Lat. 66° S., Long. 1 57° W. In a floating scum, Lat. 64° S., Long. 160° W.

A widely distributed species, found living in the North Sea and Atlantic, fossil at North Africa. Greece, and Sicily, and in Maryland, U.S.

46. RHIZOSOLENIA, Ehrb.

1. Rhizosolenia Calyptra, n. sp., Ehrb.; Schrift. Berl. Mad. Hay, 1844.

Hab. Victoria Barrier; in Pancake Ice. Graham's Land; Gulf of Erebus and Terror, in mud from 270 fathoms.

2. Rhizosolenia Ornithoglossa, n. sp., Ehrb.; I. e.

Hab. Victoria Barrier ; in Pancake Ice, and in mud from 190 fathoms. Graham's Land ; Gulf of Erebus and Terror, in mud at 270 fathoms.

Both these species have recently been detected in the Bermuda Islands.

LVII. DESMIDIEiE, met. recent.

1. ARTHRODESMUS, Ehrb.

1. Arthrodesmus Tarda, Ehrb.; Schrift. Berl. Ahad. June, 1841. Hab. Falkland Islands ; on marine Conferva : Lesson.

LVI1I. LICHENES,* L.

1. TJSNEA, Ach.

1. Usnea melaxantha, Ach.; Etch. Univ. p. 618. Syn. Meth. p. 303. Brown, Plant. Spitz, in Scoresby Voy. vol. i. App. p. 76. Kunth. Synops. vol. i. p. 36. If Urv. in Mem. Soc. Linn, Paris, vol.iv. p. 596.

* Since the publication of the " IAchenes Jntarctici " in the ' London Journal of Botany,' and of those contained in the first part of this work, I have had the advantage of re-studying all the species with my friend, the Rev. Chnrchill Babington, whose profound knowledge of the forms of this difficult order, and acquaintance with the most recent writings of European Lichenologists, have been most liberally brought to bear upon this part of the ' Flora Antarctica.'

520 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

Bory in Duperrey, Fog. Bot. p. 240. Mont, in Voy. cm Pole Sua1, Bot. Crypt, p. 201. U. sphacelata, Brown, in Parry, 1st Voy. App. p. 307. Hook. Plant. Arct. in Linn. Soc. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 384. Bot.Miscell. vol. i. p. 1 5. 1. 12. U. fasciata, Torrey, in Sillhnan Journ. vol. vi. cum ic. Hook. Bot. Miscell. vol. i. p. 14. 1. 11. U. aurantiaco-atra, If TJrv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. iv. p. 596. Cornicularia flavicans, Persoon, in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 210. Lichen aurantiaco-ater, Jacq.Miscell. (fid. Acharius) .

Yar. a. Acharii; robusta, thallo scabrido, apotlieciorum marginibus nudis. — U. melaxantka, Ach. I. c.

Var. /3. Jacquinii ; robusta, thallo hem. — Lichen aurantiaco-ater, Jacq. I. c.

Var.y.fajciala; robusta, thallo tuberculato, ramulis pluries divisis capillaceo-attenuatis, apotheciis extus tuberculatis. — U. fasciata, Torrey, I. c.

Var. 8. sphacelata ; gracilis, thallo laevi pruinoso v. tuberculato fruticuliformi ramosissimo, ramulis eapillaribus. — U. sphacelata. Broion, I. c.

Hab. Throughout Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands ; on exposed rocks, from the sea to 2,000 feet, most abundant. New South Shetlands ; Webster, Br. Bights.

Perhaps the handsomest of all Lichens, whether we regard its colour, stature, or mode of growth, and yet so variable in all these points, that the extremes are scarcely recognizable. In size it varies from a few lines or an inch, with capillary stem and branches, to four inches, with a woody stem a quarter of an inch in diameter. The colour is sometimes wholly (especially in var. 8) black, at others uniformly yellow, but most frequently banded with black, especially towards the apices of the ramuli. Old specimens turn tawny red, as do all when, after being dried, they are soaked in warm water. The apothecia are yellow, grey "or deep black. The surface of both the stems and the back of the apothecia is more or less tuberculated or pruinose, smooth or much wrinkled, naked or more or less covered with longer or shorter horizontal terete acuminated ramuli. The apothecia vary exceedingly in breadth, from two or three lines to almost half an inch ; their margins are smooth, tuberculated or beset with branching ramuli ; they are generally terminal, but the younger appear lateral when subtended by a branch.

It is in the Falkland Islands that this species most abounds, covering the surface of the Quartz rocks with a miniature forest, seeking the most exposed situations, and there attaining its greatest size and beauty. In these Islands, too, all the five varieties I have enumerated may be collected within a few feet of one another, and so associated as to leave little doubt that they are states depending on age, rather than marked races. The var. 8. especially, is certainly only an undeveloped state, which does not bear soredia in the Antarctic regions ; or apothecia either in Tasmania or in the Arctic latitudes, where soredia are produced.

The structure of the stem of this, and probably of some other Lichens, presents a marked analogy with that of the Laminarioid Algse described at p. 460, The central thread is very large, composed of concentric layers of dense, horny, red cellular tissue, gradually passing into a soft white pith, enclosing a cavity. Around this horny thread, whose edges are sharply defined, are arranged concentric layers of a spongy cellular substance, which again are enclosed in a cortical layer, as dense as the central, and to which the yellow and black hues of this Lichen are always confined. Thus, proceeding from the circumference, there is — 1st, a horny, coloured, cortical layer, answering to what is called the cortical layer of Lessonia, and to which, in that plant also, the coloured chronmle is chiefly confined ; 2nd, the layers of intermediate lax tissue, successively deposited, though much more obscurely so than iu Lessonia ; 3rd, the central thread of Usnea which is a stout axis, answering to the elliptic core of Lessonia, but in this Lichen becoming so lax towards the centre as to enclose a cavity in the older stems.

We have never observed spores in any specimens of this Lichen, from whatever place collected, though we have examined very many apothecia in a live state, as well as after being dried, both young and old, and of all colours, both black, grey, or yellow. Dr. Montagne (Voy. au Pole Sud, 1. c.) has been similarly unsuccessful.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 521

The range of this Lichen is very wide. It is found in the Arctic regions of both the New and Old World ; on the Andes under the Equator, at an elevation of 11,000 feet ; on the mountains of Tasmania at 3,000 and 4,000 feet ; in Chili, the Falkland Islands, Fuegia, and the New South Shetlands. Now it is worthy of notice, that in none of the Arctic, the equatorial, or south temperate latitudes, does this plant produce apothecia ; and that in the Antarctic, where alone apothecia have hitherto been found, these are always barren. Further it is remarkable, that this Lichen grows only where no other Usiiea is found in fruit ; and is, perhaps, the only species of that genus which universally inhabits rocks ; circumstances which, taken together with its increasing in luxuriance with the exposure it is subjected to, suggests the possibility of its being a state of some other species of this highly variable and universally diffused genus, and that, distinct as the Antarctic specimens of U. melaxantha appear, they may owe their characters to the climate, for there is very great difficulty in defining the species so as to exclude states of U.florida. Tn South Chili, where the U.florida commences (proceeding southwards), we have specimens of U. ceruchia, Mont., which are, perhaps, states of U. melaxantha. Again, in Tasmania I am unable to distinguish some specimens of U. barbata and U.florida (?), which grow on the trunks of dead trees in the higher parts of the island, from the U. melaxantha of the summit of Mount Wellington and other elevated mountains.

2. Usnea Taglori, Hook, fil.; thallo erecto lsevi pallide citrino dichotomo, ramis erectis gemmis papulosis sparsis, apotheciis tenninalibus majoribus demum planiuscuUs, disco atro, margine integerrimo, dorso laevigata. Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 657. (Tab. CXCV. Fig. I.)

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; on rocks from 100 to 1,200 feet of elevation : very abundant.

U. melaxantha simillima, differt prascipue thallo lsevi polito et colore leetiore nitente.

So closely allied to the U. melaxantha, that I advance this species with much hesitation. None of the Kerguelen's Land specimens exactly tally with any of its congeners from other Antarctic localities, but approach them very nearly indeed ; so much so, that the present should be perhaps regarded as a permanent variety only. If it be so, it is singular that it is the only one in which asei have hitherto been detected ; these are abundant in all the apothecia, and vary much in size, in the form of their contained spores, and in the arrangement or grouping of these, as shown in the accompanying plate.

This is by far the most handsome vegetable production of Kerguelen's Land.

Plate CXCV. Fig. I. — 1, young, and 2, full grown plants of the natural size ; 3, vertical section of young and 4, of old apothecium ; 5, lamina proligera, with asei and spores :— very highly magnified.

3. Usnea barlata, Ach.; Lick. Univ. p. 624. Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 194.

Var. c. articidaia, Ach.; Syn. Metli. p. 306.

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands; abundant on the stems of Empetrum and in heathy and rocky places. Var c. Falkland Islands, Mr. Wright. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn ; top of Mount Foster and Kater's Peak, &c.

Also a native of Lord Auckland's group, Campbell's Island, and Tasmania. In Europe it is found as far north as Lapland.

4. Usnea plicata, Ach.; Licit. Univ. p. 622. Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 194.

Hab. Falkland Islands, and Herrnite Island, Cape Horn; on twigs of bushes, &c. Strait of Magalhaens, Jacqitinot.

A more Arctic and Antarctic plant than the following, reaching Cape Horn in 57° S., and the shores of the Polar Sea in Arctic America, or 69° N., beyond which it is succeeded by the U. melaxantJia in both extremities of the globe.

6 F

522 FLOKA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

5. UswAjbrida, Ach.; Bich. Univ. p. 304. Engl. Bot. t. 872.

Hab. Chonos Archipelago, on trees ; C. Darwin, Esq.

A plant evidently impatient of perennial cold ; inhabiting none of the Antarctic islands south of New Zealand and Tasmania in the Old World, nor of the Chonos Archipelago in the New. In the northern regions, again, it does not pass the wooded regions (63° N.), in America, or reach Lapland in Europe.

2. EVERNIA, Ach.

1. Evernia Magellanica, Mont.; in Voy. an Pole Slid, Bot. Crypt, p. 198.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; B'Urville and Jacquinot.

A very beautiful and distinct species, which I have seen from no other locality than that indicated by Montagne.

3. RAMALINA, Ach.

1. Ramamna scojmlorum, Ach.; Bich. Univ. p. 604. Engl. Bot. t. 688.

Var. a. thallo 1-1-y pollicari lineari rigido polito utrinque glabro, apothechs plurirms prirnum concavis demum convexis marginibus refiexis. R. verrucosa, nob. in Bond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 655.

Var. j3. thallo fastigiato sub 2-pollicari cartilagineo pallide stramineo lineari v. lineari-obovato laciniato polito obscure lacunoso hie illic terebrato apicibus sub-acutis, apotheciis nullis.

Var. y. thallo elongato 2-6-unciali rigide cartilagineo planiusculo v. lacunoso parce pruinoso pertuso laciniis \ unc. latis lobulis acutis, apotheciis nullis.

Var. S. thallo flavo dense fastigiato lineari-ligulato 1-5-unciali laciniis flaccidis nunc pertusis pluries divisis acuniinatis glabratis punctisve pruinosis sparsis, apotheciis nullis.

Var. e. omnia varietatis 8., sed rigida, apotheciis apices versus laciniarum confertis corrugatis plerisque monstrosis.

Var. £. terebrata ; thallo elongato 8 unc. ad pedalem flaccido lacunoso et corrugato pertuso pruinoso v. glabrato, rnargine integerrimo eroso lobulato v. prohfero, apotheciis nullis : — inter var. y. and S. media sed statura proceriore. R. terebrata, nob. in Bond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 654.

Var. rj. truncata ; fastigiata, thallo cuneato in lacinias breves truncatas flabellatim expanso laciniis pertusis pruinosis griseis apicibus involutis : — an forma incompleta ?

Hab. Var. a. Dry quartz rocks, Falkland Islands. Var. |8. and y. Dry rocks, chiefly of clay slate, Falkland Islands. Var. S. Falkland Islands and Cape Horn ; on rocks near the sea. Var. c Dry granite rocks, Cape Horn ; Kerguelen's Land, Anderson. Var. £. Falkland Islands ; on moist exposed rocks, near the sea, most abundant. Var. >?. with var. f. but in more shady places.

On these varieties, or rather forms, we are enabled to offer the following observations : — The var. a. is exactly the English R. scopulorum, and the only one which produces perfect fruit in the Falkland Islands. Var. /3. is found in New Zealand, and in fruit ; also abundantly in Brazil. Var. y. and f. are scarcely distinguishable from R. fraxinea of Norfolk : small specimens exactly resemble R. membrtmacea, Laurer, of New Holland ; it is a very common form in the Southern Hemisphere. Var. S. is very similar to the Uraguay R. prolifera, of Taylor. Var. e . is a small form of a Chilian variety. The var. q. inhabits Chiloe, and approaches near to R.pollinaria.

FalUanch, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 523

Dissimilar though the states of this plant here brought together are, no one who has collected them together can doubt their all belonging to one species, which, however, seldom fruits.

M. Fries states his conviction of the probability that all the European Ramalinee are varieties of one species, an opinion in which we certainly concur, and we would further add many of the Exotic (except R. inanis) to it. The above varieties certainly all belong to one species, as abundant in Cape Horn and Fuegia as the ordinary states of R. scopulorum are in Europe, and, however unlike some of these forms are to the English plant of that name, the one called a here, and which is the only one that fruits, is in no way to be distinguished from that plant. Considering how plastic the Lichens are in form and texture, and how amenable to the different climatal conditions, it must be admitted that if the R. scopulorum of England were to inhabit the maritime rocks of the Falklands, its aspect would be changed ; the humidity of the atmosphere near the sea of these islands, being much greater than that of similar situations in our own country. Again, the locality inhabited by the var. a., namely, rocks at a considerable elevation and distance from the ocean, possesses a climate more assimilated to the British habitats of R. scopulorum than are the moist rocks at a lower level, and hence it is only natural to suppose, that there the Falkland Island form would assume the EngHsh. Lastly, the universally acknowledged difficulty of defining the European species, and the singular abundance of forms of the genus exactly similar to these in all parts of the world, between Lat. 60° N. and 57° S., together with the fact that many other Lichens are equally protean and widely distributed, are all arguments in favour of the Antarctic species having a common origin with other forms of the genus inhabiting the Arctic, Temperate, and Tropical regions.

The genus Ramalina, in the Arctic zone, attains the parallel of 69°, on the shores of the Polar Sea in North America, and of Lapland in Europe.

4. CETRARIA, Ach.

1. Cetbabia Idandica, Ach.; Lick. Univ. p. 509. Engl. Bot. 1. 1330.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; amongst moss on the tops of mountains only, 1,500-1,700 feet, barren.

One of the most Arctic of plants, having been collected on Ross Islet, the northernmost known land in Em-ope (81° N.), and in Melville Island (76°), on the limits of Arctic American vegetation. It inhabits the level of the ocean only within the Arctic circle, or in the extremely cold plains of Central Russia (as Moscow, 55° N.) Dahuria in Asia, 50° N., and in North America (as Labrador, 55° N.) ; thence, in progressing south, it asceuds ; attaining the tops of our Scotch Alps, 4,000 feet (56° N.), about 10,000 feet on the Swiss Alps (46° N.), 9,000 feet on the top of the Pyrenees, and 4,000 feet on the mountains of North Carolina and Virginia (in 36° N.). The last locality is the lowest latitude it attains in the Northern Hemisphere ; in the Southern it re-appears only on the extreme point of America, and there is confined to the pinnacles of the very highest mountains. There is perhaps no vegetable common to both hemispheres more typical of extreme cold than this Lichen, which is further interesting from being the reputed cure for consumption, and the only plant of that order extensively used in medicine.

2. Cetraria glauca, Ach.; Inch. Univ. p. 509. Mont, in Voy. ait Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 194.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; top of Mount Kater, 1,700 feet; on rocks, sparingly. Straits of Magalhaens, I? Urville and Jacquinot.

This, again, is an'instance of the re-appearance of a Northern and Arctic Lichen in the Southern Hemisphere only under Antarctic skies. The C. glauca finds its principal parallel in Scotland, central and northern Europe, and sub-arctic America, wandering as far south as the Swiss Alps and mountains of the Canary Islands. It is not nearly so Arctic as the O. Idandica, not being found in Spitsbergen or Melville Island, or, according to Richardson anywhere to the northward of 54° in Arctic America. Wahlenberg states it to be rare in Lapland.

•r'~-t FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

3. Cetraria sepincola, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 507. Mont, in Toy. au Pole Slid, Bot. Crypt, p. 195. Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, on bark of Berberis Uicifolia ; M. Jacquinot.

4>. Cetraria aculeata, Fries, Lich. Europ. p. 35. Mont. 1. c. p. 194. Comicularia aculeata, Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 612.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on the summit of Kater's peak, and other mountains. Falkland Islands, Gaudichavd, fyc; but not common. Strait of Magalhaens ; U 'Urvitte and Jacquinot.

A veiy Arctic plant, inhabiting Melville Island in Arctic America, and Lapland in Europe ; in the latter continent it exteuds as far south as the Alps and Pyrenees, and to the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean.

5. NEPHROMA, Ach.

1. Nephroma polaris, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 523. N. arctica, Mont, in Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot Crypt, p. 192.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; moist exposed places on the margins of the woods bordering the sea, abundant. Strait of Magalhaens ; MM. Hombron and Jacquinot.

The most magnificent of Lichens, whether we regard the size of the thallus, which often is a foot and upwards across, the general aspect, or the size and beautiful colour of the frond and copious apothecia. Its European range is very northern, being confined to Scandinavia, reaching Lapland but not the islands beyond, nor inhabiting any countries south of the Baltic. In North America it ranges over the wooded regions and barren lands, 54°-69°, and to the west of the Rocky Mountains descends to Eort Vancouver, in Lat. 46° N.

2. Nephroma cellulom, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 523.

Hab. Staten Land ; Menzies {in Hook. Serb.)

A very much smaller species than the former, approaching very closely to the N. resupinata of Europe. It also inhabits Juan Fernandez and Tasmania.

6. PELTLDEA, Ach.

1. 'P^LTiDVAjJolydactyla, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 517. Mont, in Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 193.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; MM. Hombron and Jacquinot.

Very abundant in Tasmania and New Zealand, also found iu Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island. In Europe, it ranges from Switzerland to Sweden and Norway ; in America, from Mexico to Sitka, but does not proceed so far north on the east of the Rocky Mountains ; it also inhabits the West Indies, Colombia, the Cape of Good Hope, and other warm climates. Altogether it is a plant which does not shim the cold so markedly as do either of the following species, for it (the var. scutata) is also found as far as the northern limits of the forest regions of Arctic America.

2. Peltidea canina, Ach.? Lich. Univ. p. 517. Engl. Bot. t. 2299.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on tufts of Bolax glebaria, rare.

In the Southern Hemisphere the P. canina has been found in Juan Fernandez only. Its range in the Northern is very wide, commencing in Mexico it is dispersed as far north as Canada on the east coast, and Sitka on the west. In Europe it is frequent from the Alps to Lajjland, but does not inhabit the Arctic Island of Spitzbergen in Europe, or the shores of the Polar Sea and Islands beyond in America, where the P. aptltosa abounds, a species not hitherto found in the Antarctic regions. The Falkland Island specimens are in a very imperfect state.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTAECTICA. 525

3. Peltidea venosa, Ach.? Lich. Univ. p. 514. Engl. Bot. t. 887.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; on tufts of moss on the hills.

The specimens are in a very unsatisfactory state, being stunted and barren. They, however, closely resemble dwarf Scotch and Arctic individuals of the plant in question, differing chiefly in the smoother thallus and occasional buds. The range of the species is not wide : Lapland and Switzerland are its Northern and Southern European limits. In North America it inhabits the United States, Canada, and the Columbia river. Kerguelen's Land is the only recorded habitat in the Southern Hemisphere.

4. Peltidea horizontalis, Ach.; LicJi. Univ. p. 515. Engl. Bot. t. 883. Hab. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen's Land ; on wet moss, abundant.

Both in characters and in locality the specimens agree with the European P. horizontalis.

This, again, has not been observed elsewhere in the Southern Hemisphere. In the Northern it is confined to the temperate latitudes, both of Europe and North America, ranging in the latter from the middle United States to Canada, and in Europe from Lapland to Switzerland and the Pyrenees, where it is the only species of the genus inhabiting the top of the Pic du Midi (9,000 feet).

7. STICTA, Ach,

1. Sticta crocata, Linn.; Engl. Bot. if. 2110. S: citrina, Per*, in Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 201. S.fuli- ginosa, nobis in Bond. Joimi. Bot. vol. iii. p. 646.

"Var. /3. gilva, Ach. Synqps. Lich. p. 232. S. impressa, quoad exempt. Falkland, nobis in Bond. Journ. Bot. I. c. S. Gaudichaudii, Belise, Monogr. Stict. p. 80. t. vii. f. 23. Bory in Buperrey Toy. Bot. p. 236.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; B'Urville, Hombron. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; both varieties on rocks and twigs of shrubs, near the sea.

This species is also found on the west coast of South America, in Tasmania, Swan River, and the Cape of Good Hope. In the Northern Hemisphere it inhabits the United States and West Indian Islands, the Sandwich group, Great Britain and Ireland, attaining its northern limit at Inverary in Scotland (Lat. 56° N.), which singularly coincides with the latitude of the most southern habitat, namely, Cape Horn. The xax. gilva is certainly only a variety, without the pulverulent lines on the upper surface. The rimae are sometimes white in this species, when it becomes exceedingly difficult to distinguish it from some of its congeners.

2. Sticta endochrysa, Delise ; thallo late expanso cartilagineo glauco intus aurato glabro lobato, lobis rotundatis subintegerrimis marginibus gemmis confertis auratis obsitis super csesiis flavo-virescentibusve subter rufo-flavis glabratis, eyphellis parvis prorninulis citrinis, apotheciis sparsis concavis stipitatis, disco atro-rufo, margine elevato inflexo primum lanuginoso demum glabrato et crenulato. S. endochrysa, Belise, Monogr. p. 43. 1. 1 . f. 1. S. D'Urvillei, Belise, I. c. p. 170. S. flavicans, nobis in Bond, Journ, Bot. vol. iii. p. 648. S. ochracea, Menzies, MSS. in Eb. Hook. Parmelia pubescens, Pers. in Freyc. Toy. Bot. p. 199. (Tab. CXCV. Fig. II.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; from the sea to the tops of mountains, abundant on rocks and trees. Falkland Islands ; very abundant. Staten Land ; Menzies.

Thallus late expansus, pedalis et ultra, glaucescens. Lobi lati, obscure undulati, flavido-marginati v. immar- ginati j marginibus isidiophoris granulis subfoliaceis dense onustis, rarius denudatis et crenatis ; subter lacunosi v. plani, medium versus fusco-flavidi parce tomentosi, ad apices pallidiores et glabrati. Cyphella plurimae, papillae- formes, rimaeque thalli citrinse. Apothecia sparsa, 2-4 lin. lata.

6 G

526 FLOKA. ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

Variat colore superficiei superioris flavido v. caesio, nunc glauco-virescente ; foliis planis v. sublacunosis ; maiginibus loborurn planis v. elevatis, lsevibus v. crispatis, nudis v. granulis corniculatis dense obsitis.

This, and the Nephroma arctica, are the most noble foliaceous Lichens of the Antarctic regions. The present is particularly so, the brightness of its golden thallus, and its great abundance on the sea-ward edges of the Fuegian forest, rendering it a very conspicuous plant. It is also found in Chiloe and Juan Fernandez, and in the Old World it inhabits New Zealand. Though an ally of S. aurata, it is perfectly distinct from that plant, especially in the granular and not powdery margins of the thallus, also in size and general features. It is certainly as well marked as any species of Lichen confined to the southern latitudes.

Plate CXCV. Fig.U. — 1, plant in usual state; 2 and 3, portions of thallus; 4, plant as covered with granular tubercles of the natural size ; 5, granular surface of thallus ; 6, apothecia ; 7, under surface of thallus j 8, lamina proligera ; 9, spores : — all highly magnified.

3. Sticta oryynuea, Ach.; Fl.Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 197.

Hab. Staten Land, (M. Ac/iariics) . Strait of Magalhaens, D' Urville.

This species was not seen at Cape Horn or the Falkland Islands : but we have specimens from Chiloe and Juan Fernandez. It is singular that a Lichen, which abounds in Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island, should not be also found at Cape Horn; and that the S. endochrysa of Cape Horn is found in New Zealand, but does not spread so far south as Lord Auckland's group. The much greater cold of Fuegia might be prejudicial to the S. orygmaa, but there is no apparent reason for S. oidoclirym being foreign to Lord Auckland's group. I suspect that the Acharian plant from Staten Land, referred to as S. orygmaa, is the S.endocltrym, Del; and that the specimens were received from Menzies.

There are very remarkable differences between the Lichens of those two divisions of Antarctic botany which are here adopted : the most salient features of which consist in the presence or abundance of the following Lichens in only one of the divisions.

Lord Auckland's Group and Campbell's Island. Cape Horn.

Umea melaxantlia.

Ramalina infiata. Ramalina scopulorum.

Stereocaulon ramulosum. Cetraria Mandica.

Argus. Nephroma polaris.

Sticta orygnima. Stereocaulon corallinum.

Menziesii. Sticta endochrysa.

Delisea ? crocata.

faveolata. Freycinetii.

This remarkable predominance of certain very widely distributed forms in the southern extremity of the Western Hemisphere, and the absence of the same in similar positions in the Eastern, admit of no explanation, beyond what climate will afford.

4. Sticta olroluta, Ach. ; Lick. Univ. p. 452 (vix Delise). S. hirsuta, Mont, in Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 188. 1. 15. f. 2.

Hab. Staten Land; Menzies. Strait of Magalhaens ; M.llombron.

Of this we possess an authentically named specimen, gathered and labelled by Menzies himself : in it the cyphelke are pale yellow ; as Montague describes those of his S. hirsuta. M. Delise does not seem to have understood the species, and describes apparently a very different plant under this name. It is closely allied to the S. comet ia of Peru, in which the apothecia are fringed with much longer hairs, and also to the S. Humboldtii, Hook., another Peruvian plant with fringed apothecia ; but both of these have white cyphellae.

Sticta obwluta is also a native of South Chili and Juan Fernandez.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 527

5. Sticta Billardieri, Delise, Monogr. Stict. p. 99. t. 8. f. 35. S. Richardi, nobis in Ft. Antarcl. Pt. 1. p. 198. {non Mont.)

Var. £. lobis thalli subter pallidioribus. S. divulsa, Tayl. in Lond. Joiirn. Bot. vol. vi. p. 1 82.

Hab. Clionos Arcliipelago ; C. Darwin, Esq.

A New Zealand and Tasmanian species, agreeing remarkably well with the figure and description of Delise, except in the under surface being more pale than is described by that author. It differs from S.faveolata, Debse, in the much longer and narrower lobes and paler under surface, and in the absence of the granulations on the upper. The apothecia are all marginal when young, deeply concave, the older in these specimens convex, with a very narrow margin : this convexity is not a character to which too much importance should be attached, because the apothecia of many allied species vary extremely on the same specimen, from concave to convex ; and these differences do not in such species depend on age.

This is the S. Richardi of the first part of this work, but not of Montagne, the true S. Richardi having much broader lobes to the thallus, more or less rough or even scrobiculate on the upper surface, and almost wholly- smooth on the under. It is very nearly allied to the true S. carpoloma, but differs in the white cyphelhs, and like many others of the faveolate group it is possibly only a variety of S. damacornis.

We have specimens from the Chonos Archipelago, from Chiloe and the Island of Huaffa (on the coast of South Chili), agreeing entirely with one another in the (when dry) pale yellow-brown shining colour of the upper surface. The New Zealand and Lord Auckland's Island examples are rather paler : in all, the under surface of the lobes is naked and tawny yellow towards the apex.

6. SiiCTA.faveolata, Delise; Monogr. Stict. p. 101. t. 8. f. 36. Mont, in Voy. cm Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 186.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Hombron.

We have thought it possible that what we have called S. Billardieri, Del., may be the S.faveolata of Montagne (in Voy. au Pole Sud); especially as that author makes no mention of the granular Hues on the upper surface so expressly alluded to by Delise (under S. carpoloma); and also from this S.faveolata of Montagne being found by the officers of the French South Polar Expedition, both in the Strait of Magalhaens and Lord Auckland's group. In the absence, however, of authentic specimens, and of any explanatory note by Montagne (whose specimens were very insufficient) on the species he calls S.faveolata, we are obliged to abide by the published figures of Delise.

The lacunose fronded Sticta with white soridia, forrn a most natural group of species, so inextricably con- founded by nature, if they be really and truly species at all, that we have failed in discovering limits to the variations of any of them. Even the colour of the cyphella? is very unsatisfactory, there being, between the snow- white of the S. Billardieri and dirty yellow of some others, all intermediate tints ; and in the same species, almost on the same specimen, of Tasmanian examples of S.faveolata (?), it is impossible to say whether the cyphellse are dirty white or pale yellow ; whilst other specimens, in all respects similar, have their colour well pronounced.

7. Sticta variabilis, Ach. ; Delise, Monogr. Stict. p. 119. 1. 11. f. 48. Mont, in Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 185.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Jacquinot.

Possibly these specimens are referable to a state of that highly variable plant which we have referred to the S- Freycinetii, Del.

8. Sticta Thouarsii, Delise, Monogr. Stict. p. 90. t. 8. f. 29. S. scrobiculata, nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. voLiii. p. 646 {non Ach.).

528 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuegia, the

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands; on rocks, &c. Tristan d'Acunka; Petit Thouars.

The specimens examined, when preparing the short notice of the Antarctic Lichens for the London Journal of Botany, were very imperfect ; and their under-surface exhibiting no cyphellae, we referred them to the S. scrobiculata, which they considerably resemble, especially in colour, and in their fetid scent when moistened. Other specimens showed white cyphellae in abundance, and allied the plant so closely to the European S. limbata, that we can detect no marked difference between them, beyond what is afforded by the colour of the powdery granulations on the surface.

Delise's description of S. Thouarsii leaves no doubt in our mind of this being his plant. The apothecia are unknown. Fuegian specimens are of a paler colour than the Falkland Island ones.

9. Sticta Freycinetii, Delise; Mouogr. Stict. p. 124. t. 14. f. 51 {non Flor. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 196). S. fulvo-cinerea, Mont, in Vorj. au Pole Sucl, Bot. Crypt, p. 184? S. glabra, nobis in Loncl. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 647 {in part). Parmelia lactucaefolia, Pers. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 200. (Tab. CXCVI.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; trunks of trees and rocks, from the sea to the mountain tops. Falkland Islands ; very abundant on maritime rocks, &c. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine ; Capt. King. StateD Land; Henzies.

We have added a figure of this much-disputed species, concerning which we have fallen into an error in the previous part of this work, having regarded it as synonymous with the S. glabra of Lord Auckland's group and Tasmania (probably the S. Delisea Fee,), and which differs from the S. Freycinet'd principally in the very shallow, not deeply cupped apothecia.

Fueria and the Island of Juan Fernandez are the only localities in which we know this species to occur.

Plate CXCYI. Fig. 1 and 2, portions of thallus of the natural size ; 3, apex of ditto, with undeveloped and mature apothecia; 4, ditto with abortive (?) ditto; 5, slice of lamina proligera ; 6, ascus; 7, spores: — very highly magnified.

10. Sticta fliciua, Ach.; LicJi. Univ. p. 145. Platisma Filix, Hoffm. Plant. Lien. t. 55.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on dead wood.

Our specimens, which are small and barren, differ in colour and in the less decidedly marked costae, from those of New Zealand ; the lobes also are occasionally furnished with an isidiophorous border. The thallus is about au iuch and a half high, the upper surface of a dirty greenish-brown, the under pale yellow-brown and uniformly covered with a short tomentum, into which the concolorous and rather large cyphellee are sunk. They may, indeed, belong to a state of S. obvoluta, Ach., with the upper surface glabrous ; but hardly to any of the other species enumerated here.

8. STEEEOCAULON, Ach.

1. Stereocaulon corallinum, Fries; Lich. Europ. p. 201. Moug. et Nestl. n. 73. S. paschale, nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 653 {non Ach.).

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on rocks near the sea. Kerguelen's Land ; on alpine rocks, 600-1200 feet.

We have before pointed out the singular scarcity, in the Southern Hemisphere, of some of those Lichens which are most abundant in all latitudes of the North Temperate and Arctic Zones. Stereocaulon corallinum affords another remarkable instance of this anomalous distribution. Except, perhaps, the Cenmnyce rangiferina, it is the very commonest of all Lichens in the subalpine districts of Britain and Central Europe, in the Alpine

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 529

regions of Southern Europe ascending to the summit of the Pyrenees, and to the level of perpetual snow on the Alps. Again, in the Arctic zone it is found carpeting the otherwise naked steppes of Asia and the barren lands of America, thence reaching the ultima thide of vegetable life in Melville Island and Ross Islet. To the south of its principal parallel it inhabits the Canary Islands, and a variety is seen on the Andes of Mexico and Colombia. Still further south it is replaced in all longitudes by the following species, being itself unknown in the Southern Hemisphere except at Cape Horn and Kerguelen's Land, where it re-appears in abundance. To reconcile this singular fact with the views of those who suppose it to have migrated into Kerguelen's Land, it is almost necessary to consider the S. ramulosum, wliich inhabits Lord Auckland's group, Campbell's Island, Tasmania, and the northern parts of Fuegia, as a southern variety of S. corallinum, which has, in Kerguelen's Land and Cape Horn, reverted to the northern form.

2. Stereocaulon ramulosum, Ach. Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 195. t. lxxx. f. 1.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Capt. King. Chonos Archipelago, C. Darwin, Esq.

This widely distributed species replaces in the Southern Hemisphere, to a considerable degree, the S.paschale and coral! iiium of the Northern, but not fully ; for it only enters what we have elsewhere denned to be the Antarctic zone of vegetation, not reaching the Falkland Islands, the southern parts of the Fuegian Islands or Kerguelen's Land. In the Old World it first appears in Bourbon, thence ranging from the Philippines, through Java, Australia, the South Sea Islands, Tasmania and New Zealand, to Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island, abounding iu rocky and damp places, also on the trunks of large trees. In the New World it commences in the West Indian Islands, whence Swartz originally procured it, and ruus through every parallel of latitude to the Strait of Magalhaens.

As a species S. ramulosum appears, at first sight, abundantly distinct from 8. corallinum, nor does it display a tendency to assume any northern form of the genus in the Strait of Magalhaens. In Tasmania, again, where it ascends the mountains and becomes dwarfish, its lateral ramuli are still slender and fibrous, typical of the species. On the other hand, some of the tropical specimens, especially those from the Equatorial Andes (where both species occur), appear intermediate between S. ramulosum and corallinum ; insomuch that it becomes a matter of opinion alone, whether the S. ramulosum- should be considered a southern state of S. corallinum, owing its greater development to the more uniform temperature and humidity of the localities it affects in the Southern Hemisphere ; or whether these are two species, one originating in the Southern Hemisphere, and one in the Northern, meeting under the Line, and there varying into the similitude of one another.

3. Stereocaulon alpinum, Fries ; Lich. Eurqp. p. 204.

Hab. Herniite Island, Cape Horn; on the summits of the lulls. A native of all the European Alps, also of the Andes of Pern.

4. Stereocaulon denudation, Sornm. ; Lapp. p. 126. Fries, Lich. Eurqp. p. 204. Moug.etNestl. n.466. Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on rocks near the sea.

Also an inhabitant of the Alps of Europe and the Mexican Andes.

We are indebted to the Rev. Churchill Babington for the identification of the species of this difficult genus.

9. SPH^EOPHOEON, Ach.

1. Sph^erophoron coralloides, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 585. Engl. Bot. 1. 115. Moug. et Nestl. n. 262. Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, throughout Fuegia and the Falkland Islands ; on the ground and on trunks of trees, most abundant, ascending to the tops of the mountains.

6 H

530 FLORA ANTARCTICA. \Fuegia, the

A conrmon Antarctic American plant, rarer in Tasmania, and replaced in Lord Auckland's group by S. tenerum. Its range is very wide in both hemispheres, from within the Arctic circle of the New and Old Worlds, attaining Walden Island north of Spitzbergeu, within 9° of the North Pole, stretching south, throughout Europe, to the Asturias, Switzerland, and Madeira, and in America to Newfoundland.

2. Sph^rophoron tenerum, Laurer. Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 195. Mont, in Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 172. (Tab. CXCVII. Fig. I.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; most abundant on the hills. Clionos Archipelago, C. Darwin, Esq.

In the former part of this work we have pointed out the characters which distinguish this species from the S. coralloides. It is much more frequent in Tasmania and New Zealand than in South America, in the latter country having been only found at Cape Horn, Euegia, Chiloe, and the Chonos Archipelago.

I know of no Lichen which exhibits so well the successive development of "laminae proligerae" in the same apothecium. A vertical section of the youngest fruit shows two strata, parallel to, or rather concentric with, one another. Of these, the upper is fully ripe long before the bursting of the apothecium. It consists of innumerable filiform asci, containing from eight to thirty and more sporules. The sporules are vertically arranged and so densely packed that each ascus resembles a moniliform filament : the lower are smaller, the upper gradually larger; none however, attain then full size till after the absorption or disappearance of the walls of the ascus ; when they escape as spherical bodies, surrounded by a narrow transparent margin.

The thallus of this genus consists of a firm crustaceous transparent cortex, whose inner edge is sharply defined, enclosing a mass of longitudinally arranged, matted, curved, dry filaments. These filaments are cylindrical, terete, sparingly supplied with very short ramuli, and truncate or obtuse at either extremity : they entirely surround the nucleus of the very immature apothecium.

Plate CXCVII. Fig. I. — 1, fertile, and 2, barren specimens, of the natural size ; 3, young, 4, mature, and 5, aged apothecia ; 6, 7, and 8, vertical sections of 3, 4, and 5, respectively, showing the formation of successive laminae prbligerse ; 9, asci and spores ; 10, young (or possibly abortive) asci ; 11, mature ascus ; 12, spores ; 13, cortical and filamentous substance of thallus ; 14, filaments from the latter : — all highly magnified.

3. Sph^erophoron compression, Ach. Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 196.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and Falkland Islands ; on turfy ground, abundant.

These specimens are identical with the English plant so called. It is also an Auckland Island species, and is found in various countries, both within and without the tropics, as far north as the barren lands bordering the Polar Sea in Arctic America. In Europe, Wahlenberg remarks, that it does not occur in any part of Scandinavia. In the Southern Hemisphere it grows on the South American Andes and in Van Diemen's Land.

4. Sph^erophoron australe, Laurer. Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 195.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine; Gwpt.Kimg.

Manifestly identical with the Tasmanian, New Zealand, and Lord Auckland's group species of this name, but not hitherto found elsewhere in the New World.

5. SpH^ROPHORON/'rayffe, Ach.; Lick. Univ. p. 585. Engl. Bot. t. 2474. Mont, in Toy. au Pole Sud, p. 172.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; U Urville.

A frequent Arctic and North Temperate zone plant, reaching the latitude of Igloolik in the American Polar Sea, and, in Europe, Lapland, Spitzbergeu and even Ross Islet, the most northern known land in the world.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 531

10. CENOMYCE, Ac//.

1. Cenomyce pyxidata, Ach.; Lick. Univ. p. 534. Engl. Bot. t. 1393. Scliar. Lick. Helvet. n. 53-55.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King. Port Gallant; MM.Homhron and Jacquinot.

Abundant throughout the Tropics, but not observed south of the Strait of Magalhaens in extra-tropical South America. In the Arctic regions it reaches to the very termination of vegetable life at Ross Islet, in 82° N.

2. Cenomyce gracilis, Ach.; Lick. Univ. p. 550. Engl.Bot. 1. 1824.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on the ground, not uncommon.

Possibly a state of C. sparassa, there being a decided tendency hi the podetia to become squamulose. It is also a native of the extreme north, Spitzbergen, Walden, and Ross Islets.

3. CvwonncE fimbriata, Ach.; Licit. Univ. p. 535. Engl. Bot. t. 2438.

Var. ustulata ; podetiis brevibus lanceolatis fistulosis curvato-decnmhentibus basi concoloribus apice nigrescentibus, genimis pulverulento-granulosis. C. ustulata, nobis in Loncl. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 652. Hab. Falkland Islands ; abundant on dry heathy soils : Var. ustulata, on sand-hills, near Uranie Bav.

The apothecia in these specimens copiously fringe the margins of the cups, aud becoming coalesceut form a broad lobed mass.

4. Cenomyce verticillata, Ach.; Lick. Univ. p. 555. Bill. Hist. Muse. 1. 14. f. 6 G. Hab. Falkland Islands ; in heathy places, abundant.

Our specimens entirely agree with others of British growth and with the figure of Dillenius.

5. Cenomyce comuta, Ach.; Lick. Univ. p. 545. Fries, Lick. Europ. p. 225. Var. y. ramosa, Delise; Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 174. Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; on rocks and trunks of trees, M. Jacquinot.

6. Cenomyce /arazfo, Ach. ; Lick. Univ. p. 560.

Var. squamidosa, Delise; Mont, in Toy. au Bole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 175.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens, Port Famine ; on dead trunks of trees, M. Jacquinot.

7. Cenomyce cocci/era, auct.; Engl. Bot. t. 2051. Cladonia comucopioides, Fries, Lick. Europ. p. 236. Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; abundant on the lulls.

8. Cenomyce deformis, Ach.; Lick. Univ. p. 538. Engl.Bot. t.1349. Sckcerer, Lick. Helvet. n. 47-49. Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; ascending to the tops of the mountains.

9. Cenomyce r<mgiferma, Ach. j Lick. Univ. p. 564. Engl.Bot. 1. 173. Sckcerer, Lick. Helvet. n.7 6, 77. Var. alpestris, Eschw. ; Dill. Hist. Muse. 1. 16. f. 30 A. B. Fries, Lick. Europ. p. 243. Y&r.sylvatica, Hoff.; Dill. I. c. f. 29 E. F. Fries, Lick. Europ. p. 243. Sclmrer, Lick. Helvet. n. 78. Hab. Throughout South Chili, Fuegia, and the Falkland Islands ; most abundant.

532 FLOEA ANTAECTICA. [Fuegia, the

Though so widely distributed a Lichen, and, as Fries remarks, " omnium Lichenum copiosissima ", this species has its limits within the parallels attained by its congeners and other plants. In the south it is stunted at Cape Horn, and neither inhabits Kerguelen's Laud or the South Shetlands ; whilst, towards the Northern Pole, it was not detected in Melville Island, though attaining a much higher latitude in Spitzbergen.

10. Cenomyce uncialis, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 559. Engl. Bot. t. 174. Scharer, Inch. Helret. n. 84.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; Port Famine, Capt. King.

Not observed in Hermite Island or the Falklands ; nor does it extend in the Arctic regions beyond the continents of Europe and America.

11. Cenomyce? vermicularis, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 566. Engl.Bot. t. 2029.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; local, but very abundant where it occurs.

We cannot but regard this as the abnormal state of some Cenomyce (possibly of alcicomis or encliviafolia ?) ; though we have never succeeded in identifying the species. It is a highly Arctic and Antarctic plant, in the northern regions advancing to the extreme limits of vegetation, in islands beyond Spitzbergen. It also has been collected on the Andes of Peru and of Colombia.

12. Cenomyce aggregata, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 563. Fl. Antarct. Pt. 1. p. 197. t. lxxx. f. 2.

Hab. South Chili, throughout Fuegia and the Falkland Islands ; from the sea to the hill-tops, very abundant.

A very abundant plant in the higher latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, from Monte Video on the east, Mendoza in Central Chili, Colombia on the Andes, and Juan Fernandez on the west coast of South America to Cape Horn. Its various northern limits in the Old World are the Cape colony in South Africa, Nepaul in Asia, Swan Eiver in Australia, and Norfolk Island in the Pacific. In Tasmania and New Zealand it abounds, reaching 52° S. in Campbell's Island.

13. Cenomyce bacillaris, Ach.; Synops. p. 266. Cladonia macilenta, Fries, Lich. Europ. p. 241.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; dry places on the hills.

Probably a state of ft coccifera, and the original C. cocci/era, a., Liun. It is a native both of the Tropics, and north Temperate zones.

14. Cenomyce sparassa, Ach.; Synops. p. 273. Engl. Bot. t. 2362. Clad, squamosa and ventricosa Fries, Lich. Euro}), p. 231.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on the mountain tops.

The ft ecmocina, var. gracilis, of Lord Auckland's group, should be referred here ; its podetia being squamidose, though but slightly so.

11. PAEMELIA, Ach.

1. Parmelia enteromorpha, Ach.; Synops. p. 219. P. physodes, /3. vittata, Mont, in Toy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 182. P. lugubris, Pers. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. p. 196.

Var. /3. deusia ; parvula, rigida, thallo suberecto brevi subflabellatim diviso, lobis atris patulis angustis canaliculatis utrinque concoloribus.

Falkland*, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 533

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; from the sea to the mountain tops. Falkland Islands; very abundant. Var. /3. barren rocks near the top of Kater's peak.

This species was also found abundantly in Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island, though omitted in the first part of the Flora Antarctica. It is further a native of New Zealand and Tasmania ; of North-west America, from California to Sitka, and we possess a specimen labelled as from the Mauritius.

Specifically, this differs from P.pliysodes only in the length of the lobes of the thallus, and these are so variable as to lead to some doubts of the validity of the species. In Tasmanian specimens the lobes are often much dilated and plane, the membranes of which it is composed, and which are normally inflated, being here, not only in contact, but firmly united together ; thus effecting a passage between this species and the forms to which P. perlata, &c. belong.

We have authentically named specimens of the North-west American P. pl/ysodes, /3. vittata, which is only a narrower state of P. enteromorplta. Norwegian specimens also of the latter plant appear to be clearly referable to this.

2. Parhelia cliatrypa, Ach.; Syn. Lich. p. 219. Engl. Bot.t. 124^8. Moug.etNestLn.Q5.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on stems of bushes and on branches of trees, on the mountains. Chonos Archipelago, C. Darwin, Esq.

Probably only a small, or alpine, form of P. enteromorpha ; it was found in similar situations in Lord Auckland's group, and on the top of Mount Wellington in Tasmania. Besides being a native of Great Britain and alpine situations in northern and midland Europe and of the Sandwich Islands.

3. Parhelia cincinmta, Ach.; Inch. Univ. p. 495. Syn. Lich. p. 219. (TAB.CXCVII.Fig.il.)

Hab. Staten Land, Menzies. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on rocks and trunks of trees above the limit of the evergreen Beech.

By the apothecia this beautifid species may be distinguished, both from P. diatrypa and P. enteromorplia, some of our specimens, indeed, are on the same piece of wood with P. diatrypa, both retaining their characters. They entirely agree in every other respect with one collected by Menzies, except in being of a pale lemon colour.

Plate CXCVII. Fig. II. — 1, specimen of the natural size ; 2, portion of ditto ; 3, vertical section of apothe- cium ; 4, slice of lamina probgera ; 5, ascus ; 6 and 7, spores : — highly magnified.

4. Parhelia saxatilis, Ach.; Synops. p. 203. Engl.Bot. t. 603. Mougeot et Nestler, n. 347 and 738.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; abundant on alpine rocks. Cockburn Island, Graham's Land ; very scarce.

None of these specimens are in fruit, but they accord perfectly with Scottish and other European examples. The lobes of the thallus vary a good deal in size and colour, according to exposure. What is bebeved to be this plant was seen at Cockburn Island, on the verge of Antarctic vegetation, but, as the specimens were lost previous to comparison, some doubt may be entertained of the correctness of this habitat. Besides being abundant throughout Europe, advancing as far north in Spitzbergen as vegetation extends, and in Temperate and North America, this species has been found on the Mexican Andes, on the barren grounds bordering the Polar Sea, and also in the Arctic Islands.

5. Parhelia rubiginosa, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 467. Engl.Bot. t. 983.

Var. /3. sphinctrina. P. sphinctrina, Mont, in Toy. au Bole Sud, Bot. Crypt, p. 180. t. 45. f. 3.

Hab. Var. 0. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on trunks of trees.

6i

534 FLORA ANTAECTICA. \Fuegia, the

Chiefly characterized by its much more continuous and leafy thallus. The P. rubiginosa is a sub-Arctic species, extending as far north as the region of Willows and Birch in Norway.

6. Parhelia stellaris, Ach.; Lick. Univ. p. 476. Engl. Bot. t. 1351.

Hab. Cockburn Island, Graham's Land; on rocks.

A specimen apparently of this species was found ; but in a very insufficient state for determination.

12. LECANORA, Ach. § I. Psoroma, Fries.

1. Lecanora microphylla, Ach.; Lick. Uhiv.j>A20. Engl. Bot. 1. 1247. Scharer, Lich. Helvet. n.160.

Hab. Staten Land ; on dead wood, A. Menzies, Esq.

Possibly the L. triptophylla, Fries, but the specimens are not very satisfactory ; they agree tolerably with the plate and specimens quoted. C.Babington.

2. Lecanora paleacea ; (Parmelia), Fries, Lich. Enrop. p. 97. (Tab.CXCVII. Fig. III.)

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on the ground and on Tussock mounds, rare.

A very rare and curious species, hitherto known only as a native of Denmark. The paleaceous apothecia resemble a Peziza. We have seen no authentic specimens, and add a figure of the Falkland Island plant.

Plate CXCVII. Fig. III. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2 and 3, young and mature apothecia; 4, vertical section of portion of apothecium ; 5, asci ; 6, spores : — highly magnified.

3. Lecanora muscormn, Ach.; Si/n. Met A. Lich. p. 193. Lich. camosus, Engl. Bot. t. 16S4. Hab. Falkland Islands ; on the ground and on decaying roots of Ferns.

4. Lecanora Eypnorum, Ach.; Syn. Meth. Lich. p. 193. Engl. Bot. p. 740. Fl. Antarct. Pt.l. p. 199. Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on mossy trunks of trees. Falkland Islands ; on the ground, &c.

§ II. Placodium, Fries.

5. Lecanora chrysoleuca, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 411.

Var. /3. Daltoni ; thallo centro affixo, lobis radiantibus cuneatis, gemmis marginalibus granuliferis. Lecanora Daltoniana, nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 641. (Tab. CXCVIII. Fig. I.)

Var. y. lignicola ; thallo adnafo, lobis cortice appressis.

Hab. Var. /3. Cockburn Island, Graham's Land. Var. y. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on trunks of trees.

A very rare inhabitant of the Southern Hemisphere, and there confined to the Antarctic regions. The two varieties are certainly not distinct from the European L. chrysoleuca, which inhabits mountainous regions from Norway to the Alps and Pyrenees.

Plate CXCVIII. Fig. I. — 1, mature, and 2, immature specimens of var. /3. of the natural size ; 3, upper, and 4, lower view of thallus; 5, central portion of ditto, with young apothecia; 6, mature apothecium ; 7. vertical section of ditto ; 8 and 9, portions of ditto showing the lamina proligera ; 10, asci ; 1], spores : — all magnified.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 535

6. Lecanora Babingtoni, Hook. til. et Tayl.; thallo crustaceo adnato orbiculari subsquamuloso areolato areolis radiantibus albido-glaucesceute demum virescente, squaniulis diffractis ambitu sub-continuis crenulatis, apotheciis adnatis margine thallode tenuissinio evanescente, disco atro primitus tumido margine subelevato demum plauiore irnmarginato. Lecidea atro-alba, nobis in Loud. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 636 {quoad exempt. Ins. CocEurn) . (Tab. CXCVIII. Fig. II.)

Hab. Cockbum Island, Graham's Land; on volcanic rocks.

Tliallus inconspicuus -i— 1 unc. diametro, margine definito crenulato, totus in areolas minimas (non nisi ope lentis conspicnas) diffractus ; areolis angulatis, albidis, sasse adnatis, centralibus fertilibus, reliquis radiantibus, extimis subfoliaceis lobatis crenulatisve. Apothecia punctiformia, interiora majora subconfluentia.

Although the specimens of this plant brought from Cockburn Island are very perfect and well developed, they belong to so difficult a group of Lichens as to have baffled the Rev. Mess. Babington, Berkeley, and ourselves, in our attempts to reduce it to any known species. Though closely resembling a Lecidea in habit, and, indeed, in characters too, it is certainly not of that genus, for though, as Mr. Berkeley remarks, the apothecia of Lecid. rivulosa and confluent are sometimes obscurely margined (as in this species), yet, Mr. Babington observes, that the thallus here is radiating, which is not the case with the areolate Lecidea, nor has it the carbonaceous margin to the apothecium and substratum of that genus.

Of the tribe in which it should be placed (as a Lecanord) there is some doubt : Mr. Berkeley regards it as belonging to the section " glaucescentes " of Placodium, Fries, and allied to L. coarctata, in which the thallodal border of the apothecium is evanescent. Mr. Babmgton, on the other hand, remarks, that the thallodal border and that of the disc itself place it in Psora, Fries, and that it will rank amongst the section "glaucescentes " near L. melanaspis, of which it may possibly be a variety, or a depauperated and crustaceous form. The figure represents the plant as freshly gathered, before drying ; it has since assumed a more obscure, somewhat leaden colour, and the oldest portions of the thallus break up into a greenish mass, which is not given in our plate.

Plate CXCVIII. Fig. II. — 1, plant of the natural size ; 2, portion of ditto ; 3, central part of thallus and apothecia; 4 and 5, lateral views of areola and apothecia; 6, vertical slice of two apothecia; 7, portion of lamina proligera : — highly magnified.

7. Lecanora. getida, Ach.; Lic/i. Univ. p. 428. Engl. Bot. t. 699. Urceolaria macropthalma, nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 640.

Var. 0. vitellina, thallo vitellino. Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; both varieties very common.

The variety 0. is probably dependent on the thallus having changed colour-. What was described as Urceolaria macropthalma is a state noticed by Fries (Lich. Europ. p. 104). C.Babington.

8. Lecanora murorum, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 433. Engl. Bot. t. 2157. V&r.farcta ; apotheciis substantia granulata fere clausis.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, the Falkland Islands, and Cockburn Island, Graham's Land; on maritime rocks. Var. 0. Kerguelen's Land ; on rocks near the sea.

9. Lecanora miniata, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 434. Hoffm. Plant. Lich. t. 60. f. 1.

Hab. Falkland Islands, and Cockburn Island, Graham's Land; very abundantly on rocks near the sea.

This plant forms the most curious feature in the botany of Cockbum Island, a desolate spot of land on the

extreme limit of southern vegetation ; for there it abounds so as to stain the rocks, and render the colour thus

536 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuet/ia, the

produced visible for many miles. It is partial to the effluvium from decaying animal matter, as is the case with other ParmeUa belonging to the citrinous series.

10. Lecanora citrina, Ach.; Lick. Univ. p. 402. Engl. Bol. t. 8b7 . Moug.et ATestl. n. 7 4<2. Hab. Kerguelen's Land; on rocks near the sea.

Specimens very imperfect, but, we think, referable to this species.

11. Lecanora erythrocarpia, Fries, Lich. Europ. p. 119. L. theioclyta, Ach. Lick. Univ. p. 425. Hab. Kerguelen's Land; in a cave near the sea.

Rather a doubtful determination. C.Babington.

§ III. Psora, Fries.

12. Lecanora melanaspis, Ach.; Licit. Univ. p. 427. Fries, Lich. Europ. p. 122. L. dichroa, nobis in Lond. Journ.Bot. vol. iii. p. 643.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land; on hard earth and stones, rare.

13. Lecanora molybdina, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 430. Fries, Lick. Europ. p. 126. Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; on bare and hardened earth.

§ IV. Patellaria, Fries.

14. Lecanora tartarea, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 172. Engl.Bot. 1. 156.

Hab. Hennite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; abundant. Kerguelen's Land ; rare.

15. Lecanora parella, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 370. Engl.Bot. t. 727.

Var. y. Upsaliensis, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 371. Engl.Bot. 1. 1634.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on quartz rocks. Var. y. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands; on the ground.

16. Lecanora suhfnsca, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 393. Engl. Bot. t. 2109.

Var. epibryon; Lecanora epibryon, Ach. I. c. Mong. et Nestl. n. 120.

Var. albella, Fries; Lecanora albella, Ach. I. c. Engl.Bot. t. 2157.

Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; on wood, Capt. King. Falkland Islands ; on rocks, and on dead twigs of Acana. Var. epibryon, Kerguelen's Land ; on decayed Azorella. Var. albella, Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on Winter's bark.

1 7. Lecanora atra, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 344. Engl. Bot. t. 949. Mong. et Nestl. n. 458.

Var. /3. confragosa, Ach.; 1. c. p. 345.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and the Falkland Islands ; on rocks. Var. |3. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on rocks.

18. Lecanora sophodes, var. c. exigua, Fries, Lich. Europ. p. 149. Engl.Bot. 1. 1849. Hab. Falkland Islands ; on rocks.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 537

19. Lecanora ventosa, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 399. Engl. Bot. t. 906. Moug. et Nestl. n. 256. Hab. Falkland Islands ; on alpine quartz rocks.

20. Lecanora hamatomma, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 388. Engl. Bot. t. 486.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on clay-slate near the sea and on quartz rocks on the hills.

21. Lecanora candelaria, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 416. Engl. Bot. 1. 1794.

Hab. Falkland Islands; on twigs of Acana. Kerguelen's Land; on maritime rocks.

22. Lecanora erythrella, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 401. Engl. Bot. t. 1993. Hab. Falkland Islands ; on very arid quartz rocks at Port William.

13. URCEOLARIA, Ach.

1. Urceolaria sordida, Fries; Lich. Europ. p. 178. Lecanora glaucoma, Engl. Bot. t. 2156. Hab. Falkland Islands ; on rocks.

2. Urceolaria endochlora, Hook. fd. et Tayl.; crusta cinereo-albida tenui-rimosa insequabili nigro- liniitata et punctata, apotheciis immersis planis atris rotundato-difformibus, margine thallode tenui madore obsoleto, lamina tenuissima virescenti. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 640.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; on rocks.

Crusta 2-unc. lata, eburnea, denium virescens. Apothecia obconica, disco atro-pruinoso.

The lamina proligera rests upon a very thin layer of green matter, which, again, is placed on a black hypo- thallus. The plant approaches the Bceomyces anomalus, Tayl. (in Flor. Hib.)

3. Urceolaria scruposa, var. /3. bryophila, Fries; Lich. Europ. p. 101. Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; rocks on the top of Kater's peak.

4. Urceolaria erubescens, Hook. fil. et Tayl.; thallo crustaceo rimoso areolato insequabili ruguloso albido plerumque rufescente nigro-limitato, apotheciis confertis immersis concaviusculis difformibus sub- pellucidis olivaceis, disco scabrido uigro-pmictato, margine thallode lacero-crenulato. Nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 640.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on rocks.

Thallus albidus, superficie plerumque colorato. Lamina proligera pellucida, strato albido insidens.

5. Urceolaria calcarea, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 340. Lichen cinereus, Engl. Bot. t. 820. Porina fallax (in part), nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 639.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on rocks and stones.

14. BIATORA, Fries.

1. Biatora corallina. Lecidea coraUina, Eschweiler in Mart. Flor. Bras. p. 256. L. mamillata, nobis, et L. geomsea, Tayl.; nobis in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 636 and 637.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on the ground. Falkland Islands ; on tufts of Bolax.

6 K

538 FLORA ANTARCTICA. Fuegia, the

A true Biatora, having the margins of the young apothecia both coloured and soft. It is not a European species, though belonging to Tries' section " fuscescentes " and allied to B. uliginosa. I have little doubt of its being the plant of Eschweiler. C. Babington.

2. Biatora pulverea, (Lecidea) Borr. ; in Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2726. Hab. Falkland Islands ; on rocks.

15. LECIDEA, Ach.

1. Lecidea mamillaris, Fries? Llch. Eurqp. p. 285. Lichen tumidulus, Smith m Linn. Soe. Trans. vol. i. p. 82. t. 4. f. 3.

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn ; on the top of Kater's peak.

It is possible that these imperfect specimens may be referable to some paradoxical form of L. vesicularis. C.B.

2. Lecidea Candida, Ach. ? Lich. Univ. p. 212. Engl. Bot. 1. 1138. Schcerer, Lid. Helvet. n. 167.

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn ; on hard soil.

I am not satisfied with the identification of this with the British L. Candida : it may be merely a form of L. vesi- cularis. The hypothallus is black. C. Babington.

3. Lecidea vesicularis, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 212. Engl. Bot. t. 1139. Schcerer, Spicel. p. 120. Lich. Helvet. n. 168.

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn, aud the Falkland Islands ; on the ground, abundant.

These specimens resemble Indium oculatmu when in a young state. I am in doubt whether some may not be referable to L. epigeea, winch, as well as L. vesicularis, is a very polymorphous plant. 0. Babiugtoa.

4. Lecidea aromatica, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 168. Engl. Bot. 1. 1777. Hab. Kerguelen's Land; on moist rocks.

Specimens greener and darker than in Schaerer's, but still I think referable to that species. C.B.

5. Lecidea albo-ccerulescens, Ach.? Lich. Univ. p. 188. Lichen pruiuosus, Engl. Bot. t. 2244. L. contluens, nob. (in part), Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 636.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; on rocks near the sea and on the lulls.

Specimens very fine, altogether resembling what I have gathered on the Austrian Alps. C. Babington.

6. Lecidea spilota, Fries ; Lich. Europ. p. 297. L. rivulosa, nobis, in Lond, Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 636.

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; on moist rocks.

The specimens, which are rather young, certainly do not belong to L. rivulosa, and are, I think, referable to L. spilota, with which species, however, I am not sufficiently acquainted. C. Babington.

7. Lecidea contigua, Fries; Lich. Europ. p. 298. L. speirea, var. hydrophila, Fries, I.e. Lee. confluens, (in part), Engl. Bot. t. 1864.

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn ; on rocks. Var. hydrophila, Kerguelen's Land ; also on rocks.

The disc does not appear to be pruinose when young, in which respect only this differs from Fries' plant. It is allied to L. nitidida, differing from it only in the apothecia springing from the crust ; which is the case also in Sehrerer's specimens of that plant. C. Babington.

Fulklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 539

8. Lecidea atro-alba, Ach.; Lick. Univ. p. 162. Lichen (Ederi, Engl. Bot. t. 1117. ScAeerer, Licit. Helvet, n. 178.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on rocks.

The Cockbuni Island plant, referred (in Lond. Journ. Bot.) to this, we have elsewhere described as Lecanora Babingtoni.

9. Lecidea lugubris, Soniml'.; Lapp. p. 143. Fries, Licit. Ewrop. p. 314. Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on rocks.

I have little hesitation in considering this plant to be that described by Tries ; though I know the latter from description alone. It approaches Schserer's L. atro-alba (n. 178); but the apothecia do not appear to rise from the thallus. C. Babinyton.

10. LECiDEAfusco-atra, Ach.; Licit. Ewrop. p. 359. Lichen atlirocarpus, Engl. Bot. t. 1929. Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; on rocks.

11. Lecidea stelltdata, Tat/l. in Flora Hib. p. 118. Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; on rocks.

12. Lecidea glacialis, Schserer ; Spicil. p. 147. Fries, Licit. Ewrop. p. 323, L. sulphurea, Aclt., nobis iii Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iv. p. 636.

Hab. Falkland Islands , on alpine quartz rocks.

At first sight this resembles Lecanora subfusca, (or rather the var. orostltea,) but the hypothallus is quite black. I feci no doubt of its being the L. glacialis, which is compared with the above-mentioned species, both by Fries and Sehserer. The only difference I can detect between the European and Antarctic specimens, lies in the apothecia of the former being dusky within, and not white.

13. Lecidea geograpltica, Scluerer; Spicil. p. 124. Engl, Bot. t. 245. Var. urceolata, Scltarer, I. c. Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, the Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen's Land ; very abundant on

rocks from the sea to the mountain tops. Var. urceolata, Kerguelen's Land; on maritime rocks.

14. Lecidea parasema, Ach.; Licit. Unit: p. 175. Scluerer, Licit. Helvet. n. 197-199. Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on bark of trees.

15. Lecidea sabuletorum, Ach. ; Sgnops. Licit, p. 20. L. quadricolor, Borr., nobis, in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 637.

Var. y. coniops, Fries, Licit. Ewrop. p. 340. L. scabra, Tat/l. in Herb. Hib. p. 121.

Hab. Falkland Islands; on the ground. Var. coniops; Hermite Island, Cape Horn; on green- stone. Falkland Islands ; on clay-slate rocks.

I am hardly satisfied with the determination of the Hermite Island specimens : they are certainly allied to the L. sabuletorum and also to L. arctica. They further resemble Bialora verualis, var. sangtdneo-atra, Fries ; but this L. sabuletorum is scarcely a Biatora, and may be an undescribed species of Lecidea. C. Babhtgton.

340 FLORA ANTARCTICA. Fuegia, the

16. Lecidea arctica, Sornmerf., Lapp. p. 156. Fries, Lich. Europ. p. 342. Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on hard gravelly soil.

17. Lecidea milliaria, var. c. ligniaria, Fries, Lich. Europ. p. 343. Lichen dubius, Engl. Bot. t. 2347. Lecidea elaeochroma, Ach.; nobis, in Lond. Jonrn. Bot. vol. iii. p. 636.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on dead twigs of Acmna.

A very puzzling species, differing from L. elaochroma in the pale hypothallus. I am doubtful if the English Botany L. dubius be the same plant, or L. milliaria, Fries. The only others to which the Falkland Island one can be referred, are L. dolosa, Fries, and L. sabidetorum, Fr. : but after a careful examination of Schserer's specimen of the former, and Reichenbach's of the latter, I have concluded that this belongs to neither of them. C.B.

18. Lecidea abietina, var. rubens, Eschweiler, in Mart. Fl. Bras. p. 251.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on bark.

I doubt not this being Eschweiler's plant, but am not convinced of that being the same with the European L. abietina. The hypophlccdal crust appears to indicate its not being a true Lecidea, whence it may prove to be a Lecideal form of some Pyrenotheca ; to which genus the L. abietina properly belongs.

16. GYROPHOEA, Ach.

1. Gyrophora anea, var. a. Schaerer, Lich. Helvet. n. 149.

Hab. Falkland Islands; on quartz rocks; very rare and barren.

It is remarkable that the Antarctic regions shoidd present us with but a solitary species of this curious genus, which abounds so strikingly in the Arctic. In one respect they are replaced by Stictcs, which are almost equally rare in the high northern latitudes. These latter affect an equable, as decidedly as the Gyrophora do an extreme climate; and it is in the Falkland Islands, of all the Antarctic localities, that the Lichens are exposed to the greatest and most sudden vicissitudes. The G. eenea, considered by Fries as a variety of G. liyperborea, is a Scotch and American plant.

17. OPEGEAPHA, Ach.

1. Opegrapha atra, Pers. ; Schterer, Lich. Helvet. n. 93.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on the bark of trees. Falkland Islands ; on stems of Acsrna.

18. AETHONIA, Ach.

1. Arthonia polymorpha, Ach. ; Syn. Lich. p. 7. Eschweiler, in Mart. Fl. Bras. Crypt, p. 14. t. 9. f. 3. {tabula sub. nom. A. tremellosa.) Lecanora micropthalma, nobis in Lond. ■Touru. Bot. vol. iii. p. 636.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on Winter's bark.

19. PEETUSARIA, DC.

1. Pertusaria communis, DC. ; Engl. Bot. t. 677. Scharer, Lich. Helvet. n. 118.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; encrusting the bark of trees, abundant. Kergueleu's Land ; on rocks near the sea. Cockburn Island, Graham's Land ; on rocks.

FalMands, etc.] FLORA ANTAECTICA. 541

The Cockbiirn Island specimens are very imperfect, and may possibly belong to Umbilicaria sordida.

2. Perttjsaria Wulfeiiii, DC. ; Fries, Licli. Europ. p. 424. Porina fallax, Pers. ; Ach. Synops. Licit, p. 110. Lichen hymenius, Engl. Bot. t. 1731.

Hab. Falkland Islands ; on rocks.

20. THELOTEEMA, Ach.

1. Thelotrema lepadinum, Ach.; Lick. Univ. p. 312. t. 6. f. 1. Scheerer, Lick. Helvel. n. 121. El. Antarct. Pt, 1. p. 200.

Hab. Herrnite Island, Cape Horn ; on Winter's-bark.

21. VERRUCARIA, Pers.

1. Verrucaria umbrina, Ach.; Lick. Univ. p. 291. Engl. Bot. 1. 1499. V. gelida, nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. iii. p. 639. (Tab. CXCVIII. Pig. IV.) Hab. Cockbiirn Island, Graham's Land ; on rocks.

The difference between the apothecia of the Antarctic and European specimens is the same as exists between V. tnaura and V. umbrina, plants which I consider as specifically the same. C. Bahington.

Plate CXCVIII. Fig. TV, — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, portion of crusti ; 3, do with apothecia; 4 and 5, apothecia; 6 and 7, vertical slices of do; 8, portion of lamina proligera; 9 and 10, sporules : — all very highly magnified.

22. COLLEMA, Ach.

1. Collema crispum, Ach.; Synops. Lick. p. 311. Engl. Bot. t. 834. Parmelia pulposa, Scheerer. Hab. Cockbum Island, Graham's Land ; on wet earth.

Miserably depauperated specimens, referred both by the Rev. Mr. Berkeley and Babington to this plant.

2. Collema tremelloides, Ach. ; Lich. Univ. p. 455. Engl. Bot. 1. 1981.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on wet banks.

Possibly the C. pahnatum, Sin.; my only specimen of which plant (received from Mr. Borrer), may be a dwarf and brown one of C. tremelloides. C. Babington.

3. Collema saturninum, Ach ; Lich. Univ. p. 644. Engl. Bot. t. 1980. C. myochroma, Scheerer, Lich. Helvet.

Var. australe, thallo subferrugineo. Collema australis, nobis in Lond. Joum. Bot. vol. iii. p. 656.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on wet banks in dense woods ; abundant.

There is a redder hue about these specimens than I am accustomed to see in British ones of C. satur- ninum, but according to Schrerer's description, this is evidently a very variable plant. The characters drawn from the powdery buds, are not available. C. Babington.

6 L

542 FLORA ANTAECTICA. \Fuegia, etc.

{Lichenes imperfecti.)

23. ISIDIUM, Ac//.

1. Isidium oculatum, Ach.; Lich. Univ. p. 570. Engl. Bot. t. 1833.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, the Falkland Islands and Kerguelen's Land ; on the earth.

Various Parmelim and Lecanora in a young state, are scarcely distinguishable from one another, and have been referred to Isidium oculatum.

2. Isidium lutescens, Turn, and Borr. Lepraria lutescens, Engl. Bot. t. 1529. Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; on rocks near the sea.

Very probably a state of Lecanora murorum.

24. LEPRAEIA, Ach.

1. Lepraria fiava, Ach.; Inch. Univ. p. 663. Engl. Bot. t. 1350.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, the Falkland Islands and Kerguelen's Land; abundant near the sea.

Evidently the powdery state of some Parmelia, belonging to the citrinous series.

FLORA ANTARCTICA.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. PART I.

p. 8. Drosera sp. — I have examined a specimen of this plant, collected by one of the officers of Admiral D'Urville's expedition, and by him given to my friend Mr. Gunn of Tasmania. It is certainly very nearly allied to the D. uniflora of Cape Horn, but differs from that and from all its congeners in the perigynous insertion of the stamina.

p. 10. Epilobium confertifolium. — Mr. Watson has given me cultivated specimens of E. alpinum, entirely according in habit and foliage with this plant.

p. 10. Ac^na adscendens. — The Kerguelen's Land species differs from this, see Pt. 2. p. 268. t. 96 B.

p. 14. Colobanthus subulatus. — For an explanation of the monstrous appearance of the flowers alluded to, see Pt. 2. p. 248.

p. 19. Aralia polaris. — For analysis of the flowers, &c., see Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 747.

p. 22. Coprosma repens. — I have, since the publication of this species, received from Mr. Gunn fruiting specimens of the Tasmanian plant included under this, and figured at Pt. I. 1. 16 B. In them the berry has but two nucules; and I am obliged to regard it as a distinct species, to which the name of C.pumila has been given.

p. 30. Helichrysum prostration : — This is the true H. bellidioides of Forster, though not of Banks and Solander (Hb. Banks) : in its prostrate straggling habit it resembles a Cape species.

p. 32. Pleurophyllum criniferum. — I have observed the same rigid setae amongst the tomentum of the foliage in this plant as exist in the P. speciosum.

p. 37. To notes upon Cet,mista vemicosa, add: — The generic distinction between this genus and CMliotrichum rests on the presence of scales on the receptacle of the latter.

p. 37. Of the two Composites alluded to as " dubii generis" I have had the opportunity of examining specimens, they are

1. GnaphjLLIUM luteo-alhum, Liim.

This abounds throughout New Zealand, from the Bay of Islands to Stewart's Island in the extreme south : I have seen Auckland Island specimens collected by the French Antarctic Expedition, with which Dr. Lyall's ban'en ones entirely accord.

2. Etjrybia (Brachyglossa) Lijallli, Hook, fil.; foliis amplis altemis breviter petiolatis elliptico- ovatis obovatisve acutis plerumque argute subduplicato-dentatis coriaceis super glaberrimis venosis

544 FLORA ANTARCTICA. [Fuec/ia, the

subter tomento dense appresso lanatis, paniculis termiualibus, pedmiculis validis lanatis, capitulis majusculis, fl. radii paucis inconspicuis, corollse tubo achreniisque villosis. (Charact. ex exempt. Nov. Zealand.)

Perhaps most nearly allied to the Eurybia erubescens of Tasmania in the foliage, though a very different plant. The pappus is in a measure double, for I observe small setse mixed with or external to the longer : this is the case with various Tasmanian species, and much diminishes the value of the characters dis- tinguishing Olearia from Eurybia.

The Auckland Island specimens have large and very obtusely dentate leaves, but are in other respects so similar to those from the mountains of the north Island of New Zealand (collected byMr. Colenso), that I have Httle hesitation in considering them specifically the same.

p. 39. Add

1. 'Erecbtites preiiant/ioide-s, DC; Prodi: vol. vi. p. 296 (m lib. Gunn).

Hab. Auckland Island, M. le Guillou.

I have examined a specimen of this plant in Mr. Gunn's herbarium (collected by M. Le Guillou, an officer of Admiral D'Urville's expedition): it is small but similar; and much larger ones from various parts of New Zealand appear to be specifically the same with others from Tasmania.

p. 63. Add

4. Veronica salicifolia 1 Forst.; Prodr. p. 3. BenfL in DC. Prodr. vol. x. p. 459.

Hab. Auckland Island : M.le Guillou (in Hi. Gunn).

Specimen in fruit only, but I think referable to this species : it is not an uncommon plant in various parts both of the Northern and Southern Islands of New Zealand.

p. 68. Urtica australis, Hook. fil. Add: — fobis nunc omnibus oppositis, peduncubs floriferis petiolo asquilongis simpbcibus ramosisve, floribus laxe densiusve aggregatis, mascubs subterminabbus pilosiuscubs, feemineis glabratis.

The above additions to the pubbshed characters are suppbed from a specimen gathered in Lord Auckland Island by M. le Guibou, and given by him to Mr. Gunn of Tasmania.

p. 69. Thelimytra? unifiora. — After the description add: — fobo sobtario tereti canabculato.

A specimen of this plant, collected by M. le Gublou in Lord Auckland Island, is in no better state of flower than those I gathered, the leaf is, however, in good preservation and similar to that of some other Thelimytra;.

p. 71. Orchid. " dubii generis" n. 8.

1. Lyperanthtjs Autarctictts, Hook, til.; folio lanceolato acumiuato, periantliii foliolo dorsali galeato acuto lateralibus interioribusque parvis anguste linearibus, labello recurvo marginibus erectis disco plicato sub 6-glanduloso.

Though somewhat different in habit from the New HoUand species, I do not thiuk that tins can be genericaUy separated from them. The flowers are shorter and less expanded, and the upper sepal larger and more galeate, the remainder smaUer than in its congeners. The description is completed from M. le GuiUou's specimens, in which the fobage is mrperfect.

p. 80. 3rd line from bottom : — for " Jimcus exigum " read " Juncus ineonspicmis."

Falklands, etc.] FLOEA ANTARCTICA. 545

p. 80. To Juncus, add

3. JvscBSpZanifolius, Br.; Prodi: p. 259. Fl. Antarct. Pt. 2. p. 358. Hab. Auckland Island: M.le Ghiillou {in Hb. Gimn).

Specimens very diminutive, but, I think, clearly referable to this species, which is not uncommon throughout the Islands of New Zealand.

p. 84. Luzula crinita. — Add to Habitats : — M'c Quarrie Island. (Hb. Hook.)

p. 119. 5th hue from bottom, for " Bruch and Schimper" read "Nees and Hornschuch."

p. 122. In remarks on Leptostomum gracile ; — the L. Bridgesii, Wils. MS., is L. splachnoides, Hook, and Arn.

p. 123. Splachnum octoblepharnm, add synon.: — S.plagiopus, Mont, in Voy. ait Pole Slid, Bot. Crypt, p. 285.

p. 124. To Kacomitrium, add

2. Racomitriuh microcarpum, Brid.; Mont. I. c. p. 284.

Hab. Auckland Island; barren: M.Hombron.

p. 128. Genus 11. Sprucea, for "Brid." read Hook. filet Wils.

p. 130. After Dicranum add

5. Dicranum dicJwtommn, Brid.; Mont. I. c. p. 298.

Hab. Auckland Island ; barren : M. Hombron.

p. 130. To Campylopus, add

3. Campylopus atro-virens, De Notaris; Mont. I.e. p. 300.

Hab. Auckland Island ; barren: M.Hombron.

]). 132. To Polytrichum, add

2. Voiytrickom junijierinum, Willd.; Mont. I. c. p. 313.

Hab. Auckland Island : M. Hombron.

p. 1 12. For Hypnum Terrce-Novce, Brid., var. 0., substitute

20. Hypnum limatum. Hook. fil. et Wils.; caule hurnili prostrato vage ramoso, ramis sub- fastigiatis, foliis subsecundis lanceolato-acuminatis intcgerrirais enerviis, capsula suberecta, operculo conico.

Dioicum. Rami breves, erecti. Folia conferta, suberecta, membranacea, e basi lata gradatim angustata, longe acuminata, subpilifera, siccitate nitida, luteola; periclimtialia erecta, acuminata, pilifera. Seta 3-4 liu. longa, rubra. Capsula suberecta, curvula. Operculum majusculiun, couicum, acutiusculum, rubellum.

Allied to H. acid /folium, nob. ; but the leaves are narrower, more membranaceous, tapering gradually upwards from a broad base ; and the areola; are larger.

p. 143. To Hookeria, add

5. Hookeria crispvla, Hook. fil. et "Wils.; Lond. Joum. Bot. vol.iii. p.550. Mont. I.e. p.320. Hab. Auckland Island ; barren: M.Hombron.

p. 153. After Jungermannia vertebralis, add

27 bis. Jungermannia punicea, Nees; Mont. I.e. p. 261.

Hab. Auckland Island : M. Hombron.

6 M

546 PLOEA ANTARCTICA. [Fuec/ia, the

p. 153. To Jungeemannia Umilleana, add syn.: — /. abbreviata, Hook.fil. et Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 374.

p. 156. After Jungeemannia planiuscula, add

37 bis. Jungermannia connata, Sw.; Mont. I.e. p. 256. Hab. Auckland Island : M. Hombron.

p. 157. After Jungeemannia jfesw^a, add

43 bis. Jungermannia amphibolius, Nees; Mont. 1. c. p. 352.

Hab. Auckland Island : M. Hombron.

p. 159. Jungeemannia hippuroides is /. capillaris, Sw., ft. minor, Lclun. Lind. et Gottsche, Syn. Hep. p. 213. p. 159. After Jungeemannia albula, add

50 bis. Jungermannia _/&we«fo,s«, Lehm. et Lind.; Mont. I.e. p. 246.

Hab. Auckland Island : M. Hombron.

p. 160. After Jungeemannia nutans, add

54 bis. Jungeemannia adnexa, Lehm. et Lind.; Mont. 1. c. p. 243.

54 ter. Jungeemannia clecrescens, Lehm. et Lind.; Mont. 1. c. p. 243. 1. 19. f. 4.

Hab. Auckland Island : M. Hombron.

p. 160. Jungermannia hirsuta is /. ochroleuca, Spr.; Gottsche, Nees et Lind. Syn. Hep. p. 240. p. 160. Jungeemannia mollmima, is /. tomentella, y. Gottsche, Nees and Lind. Syn. Hep. p. 237. p. 162. Jungeemannia elegantula is Madotheca Stangeri, Gottsche, Nees, and Lind. Syn. Hep. p. 280. p. 165. After Jungeemannia scandens, add

71 bis. Jungermannia gracilis, Nees ; Mont. I.e. p. 223.

Hab. Auckland Island ; H Urville.

p. 167. After Jungeemannia pUcatiloba, add

77 bis. Jungermannia cucidlata, Nees; Mont. I. c. p. 218. Hab. Auckland Island : M. Hombron.

p. 177. Amongst synonyms to Xiphophoea BiUardieri, dele "Ctenodus, Kiitz." p. 180. Rhodomela fflomerulata, Mout., is Polysiphonia botryocarpa, nobis.

p 184. After Jania insert

1. Melobesia verrucata, var. Antarctica, vide Part II. p. 482.

p. 191. After Callithamnion gracile, add

Plate LXXXVIII. Fig. 1. — 1, plant of the natural size; 2, ramulus ; 3, ditto with sphasrospores ; 4, artieuli of ditto : — very higldy magnified.

p. 193. After Ulva latissima add

1. Zignoa clatkrata, Trevis. ; Mont. I. c. p. 30. Enteromorpha, and.

Hab. Auckland Island; H Urville.

p. 196. Steeeocaulon Argus.

I have examined specimens of S. ramidosum, approaching this so very closely, that Mr. Churchill Babington inclines to consider the plants as varieties of one species.

FalEands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 547

p. 197. Cenomyce ecmocyna, var. gracilis, is rather the C. sparassa ; but the specimens are riot very satisfactory.

p. 198. Sticta Freycinetii ; these specimens probably belong to the 8. Delisea, Fee., and differ from the (rue S. Freycinetii in the flatter (not concave) sessile apothecia.

p. 198. After Sticta Henziesii, add

5 bis. Sticta Richardi, Mont.; in Yoy. au Pole Sud, p. 187.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group : M. Eombran.

p. 198. For 6. Sticta Richardi, substitute

6. Sticta Billardieri, see p. 527.

I very much doubt the S. Richardi, Mont., being anything more than a larger state of this plant. It is a very frequent and most variable inhabitant of New Zealand.

p. 199. After Parhelia sphinctrina, add

3. Parhelia enteromorpha, Ach. ; P. physodes, var. vittata, Mont, in Yoy. au Pole Hud, Bot. Crypt, p. 183.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell's Island ; not uncommon.

4. Parhelia diatrypa, Ach. ; P. physodes, var. Mont. I. c. Hajb. Lord Auckland's group ; on trunks of trees.

p. 199. For Parhelia rubiginosa, Ach., read

Parhelia Mariana, Fries? Syst. Orb. Feg. pp. 245 and 284 (fid. Bab.).

Of the present plant the Rev. C. Babington remarks, " This seems to differ from P. rubiginosa, not only in general habit, but most especially in the apothecia being black : the scales, too, are singularly appressed ; and the hypothallus is more carbonaceous. If a described plant, it is either P. peUita, Ach., or P. Mariana, Fries. The Acharian plant is barren, whence the thallus of the fertile might differ from this. Fries' plant exactly agrees in the apothecia and hypothallus ; whilst the variation of the thallus to me seems caused by his specimens being more perfect." — ft Babington.

p. 199. After Lecanora Parella, add

5. Lecanora varia, Ach.; Lick. Univ. p. 377. Engl. Bot. 1. 1666.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on bark of trees.

p. 200. For Lecidea geonuea, substitute

1. Lecidea papillata, Fries; Lich. JOwqp. p. 336. " I have little doubt of this being the plant of Fries, judging from the description." — C. Babington .

p. 200. Add

3. Lecidea parasema, Ach.; Syn. Lich. p. 17. Scharer, Lich. Helvel. n. 197-199. L. Lightfootii, Engl. Bot. A. 1457.

Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on trunks of Bracophyllum.

p. 200. Add

1. YmmucAKiA puncliformis, Ach.; Syn. Lich. p. 87. V. stigmatella, Engl. Bot. 1. 1891. Hab. Lord Auckland's group ; on trunks of trees.

p. 200. Porina gramdata, Hook. fil. and Tayl., is probably a state of Lecanora tartarea.

548 FLORA ANTARCTICA \Fuegia, the

PART II.

p. 212. 23rd line, for " granitic" read tertiary.

p. 228. To Hamadryas, add

4. Hamadryas paniculata , Hook, fil.; foliis longe petiolatis rotundatis sub-5 -lobis, lobis obtusis crenatis supra glabratis reticulatis subter parce sericeo-torneutosis, scapo gracili masculo laxe paiiiculatim ramoso multifloro superne towentoso.

Hab. Staten Land ; Webster.

Petioli (exemplare unico) 4 unc. longi, glabri, validi. Folia concava, 2 unc. lata, coriacea, insequahter lobata, vix ad medium fissa, lobis grosse et obtuse crenatis. Scapi fobo longiores ; masculi parce sericei, ramis paucis mrcquilongis multifloris ; fceniinei (manci) pauciflori. Flares ut in U. argentea.

A distinct looking plant, both in the foliage and compound panicle, from any of its congeners. The specimens are in a very poor state.

p. 241. 4th line from bottom, for " S. australis" read S. pinnatiftda.

p. 253. Oxalis enneaphylla, Cav.; add to the Habitat : — Strait of Magalhaens ; MM. Hombron and Jacquinot.

p. 274. Gunneea Magellanica : — the Colombian plant alluded to as probably identical with this, is the G.pilosa, H.B.K.

p. 277. 13th line from bottom, for " not one " read but one.

p. 278. After Montia, add

2. LYALLIA, Hook.fl.

Calyx persistens, 4-partitus, lobis subsequalibus obtusis. Petala, stamina, ovariumqtie non suppetebant. Fiiictus, utriculus globosus, carnosus, apiculatus, venosus (stomatibus instructus), 1-locularis. Semina 3, quorum 2 abortiva, e fundo utricub orta, funicubs vabdis ascendentibus affixa : semen maturum orbiculari- remforme, compressum ; testa Crustacea, subtibter tubercidata ; albiunine carnoso v. subfarinaceo ; embryone peripherieo. — Herba suffrntescens, Insute Kerguelen, dense ccpspitosa, glaberrima, ramosisshna ; ramis teretibus, foliis densissime imbricatis tectis. Peduncub breviusculi, solitarii, terminates, basi bracteis connatis lunceotato- subulatis audi. Flores verosindUter valde inconspicui. Pructus parvus inter folia fere occlusus. — Genus dicatum Doctori D. LyaU, amico meo periplique Antarctici participi, assiduo solertique plantarum indagatori.

1. Lyallia Kerr/uelensis, Hook. fil. (Tab. CXXII.)

Hab. Kerguelen's Land ; forming large tufts in barren places, but very local.

Radices lignosi, descendentes. Rami perplurimi, densissime fastigiati, in ceespites globosas dispositi, 3-5 unc. longi, stricti v. curvati, \ unc. diametro. Folia secus ramos densissime imbricata, pluriseriata, alterna, ramo multoties angustiora, erecta, incui'va, bnearia, sessiba, subconcava, apice rotundata, obscm-c irregulariter sinuato-dentata, 3-5-costata (costa in nervos vabdos parallelos infra apicem evanidos divisa), coriacea v. subchartacea, persistentia, sicca pallida, tenninaba palbde vireseentia, 2-3 bn. longa, ter quaterve longiora quam lata. Pedunculi temiinales, solitarn, folio breviores, erecti, infra florem dilatati, basi bibrac- teati. Bractea pedunculis eeqiulongaj, basi connatae, acuminatas. Calyx fructiferus utriculo brevior, e fobolis 4 (nunc 5 ?) ovatis obtusis 5-nerviis utriculo appressis constans. Petala et stamina ignota, sed (ab indole calycis discique) verosimibter perigyna. Utriculus \- 1 bn. longus. Semen utriculiun fere implens.

FalMands, etc.] floea antaectica. 549

This is certainly, in its present state, the most obscure and, except the Pringlea, the most remarkable plant of Kerguelen's Land. I have placed it provisionally amongst Portulaeece, knowing no other order with which it has any equally direct affinity. There is one plant to which it bears, at any rate, a very close resemblance if nothing more, the Pyenophyllum, molle, Eemy (Ann. Sc. Nat., 3rd Ser. vol. v. p. 355. t. 20. f. 2-8), of the Bolivian Ancles ; for a fragment of the original specimen of which (preserved in Herb. Mus. Paris) 1 am indebted to the liberality of M. Decaisne. In Pyenophyllum, however, the leaves are truly opposite and connate, and the capsule three-lobed, if not three-valved.

This highly curious genus, coming from the most interesting island visited by the Antarctic Expedition, will serve to commemorate in some slight degree the important services rendered to Botany by my zealous friend and co-operator, Dr. Lyall, E.N.

Plate CXXII. — Fiy. 1, a leaf; fig. 2, bracteae, peduncle, and fruit ; fig. 3, utriculus removed from the calyx ; fig. 4, vertical section of the same, showing the ripened and abortive seed ; fig. 5, seed and funiculus ; fig. 6, seed, with the testa removed; fig. 7, embryo : — all magnified.

p. 292. Of the Valdivian specimens alluded to as belonging apparently to this species, I have recently examined complete individuals, which prove them to be M. imbricatum, Poepp. The female flowers do not probably differ materially from those of M. punctulatum.

p. 296. In description of Plate CIV. the figures of 9, 10, 11, and 12, referred to as taken from Bridges' Valdivian specimens, belong to M. imbricatum, Poepp.

p. 304. Chiliotrichum handle : — M. Planchon considers this species, together with the C. Kii/gii and C. Darwinii, as referable to the genus Nardopliyllum, DC.

p. 327. Lebetanthus Americanus : — this appears to be a true Prionotes, the placcntation being the same as in the original P. cerintjioides of Tasmania, and the position of the bracteae on the pedicel not affording a generic character. In two undoubted congeners from Tasmania, the ovules are attached to erect basal columns.

p. 341. After Chenopodium, add

2. BLITUM, L.

1. Blitum (Ortliosporum) Antarcticnm, Hook, fil; caule prostrato ascendente parce papilloso, foliis petiolatis deltoideo-ovatis obtusiusculis profimde irregulariter sinuato-dentatis lobis lobulatis utrinque petioloque papillosis, glornerulis sessilibus cornpositis axillaribus et in spicain terminalem foliosain dispositis, perigonii 3-phylli foliolis herbaceis post anthesin inimutatis utriculum superan- tibus lineari-spathulatis dorso grosse papulatis, semine verticali orbiculari pimctulato margine obtuso.

Hab. StatenLand; Webster {in Mus. Hort.Soc. Lond.).

Ramus 10-uncialis simplicissimus solum mini notus. Petioli unciales, foliis sequilongi. Flores minimi, dense aggregati.

Described from a solitary specimen in the Herbarium of the Horticultural Society of London, in the absence of any means of comparing it with its congeners in the Herb. Hook., of which the Clienopodiacets are now in the hands of M. Moquin Tandon for examination.

p. 343. Nanodea muscosa : — I am inclined to suspect, from certain circumstances connected with the locality of this plant, that it may be parasitical, like the Tliesium linopliyllum.

p. 359. Luzula, sp. — Of this species I have recently found more complete (hitherto mislaid) specimens in my collection, they may be thus described : —

6 N

550 FLORA ANTARCTICA. {Fuegia, the

2. Luzula Antarctica, Hook, fil.; pusilla, esespitosa, foliis late lineari-subulatis concavis basin versus ciliatis, culmo gracili filiformi arcuato v. erecto, panieula ovata densissiuie lanata, braeteolis foliolisque perianthii subrequabbus superne scarioso-membrauaceis inferne medioque coloratis marginibus in laciriias piliform.es firnbriato-laceras apicibus hyabnis, capsula elliptico-subrotundata perianthio diraidio breviore, stigrnatibus 3 sessilibus fibforinibus.

IIab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; alpine rocks.

Habitus L. sjricata, statura L. arcuatee lninrilior. Folia uncialia, basi fere \ unc. lata, pleraque exem- plaribus meis mancis superne glabrata v. glaberrima, basin versus ciliata. Cuhnus filiformis, 2-uncialis. Panicida \ uuc. longa, late ovata. Perianthii foliola per totam longitudineni in lacinias foliolum longe superantes fissa ; parte inferiore mediaque brunnea, coriacea, superiore hyalina.

Allied to L. Peruviana (of the Andes) in habit ; but the leaves (in my specimens) are not ciliated and the perianth is of a different form, its leaflets being shorter, broader, not coriaceous, and subulate at the apices, and with very much more copious and longer cilia?.

p. 371. Muhlenbergia rariflora, Hook. fil. : — Nees (in Herb. Arnott) regards this as a species of Streptachne, H.B.K.

p. 375. Arvxvo pilosa ; add to Habitats: — Fuegia, Uood Success Bay; Banks and Solander.

p. 3S1. Festuca Fuegiana, a., is considered by Nees (fid. Herb. Arnott) a variety of Poa lanigera, Nees, in Martins Ft. Bras. p. 490.

p. 392. Lomaria alpiiiH, Br.; add to synonyms: — L. pumila, Raoul, Choix de Planles de la Nouvelle Zelande, t. 10. t. 2. f. A.

p. 393. Gleichenia acutifolia; add to the Habitats : — Staten Land ; Mr. Webster.

p. 394. Lycopodivm clavatum, var. Magellanicum ; add synonym: — L. confertum, IJ'illd. Sp. PI. vol. v. p. 27. Hook, et Greo. in Bot. Misc. vol. ii. p. 372.

p. 394. After Schiz.ea, add

10. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz.

1. BcmiYcmuM Luuaria, Sw. ; Sj/n. Ml. p. 171. Engl. Bot. t. 318.

Hab. Fuegia, Good Success Bay ; in sandy places : Banks and Solander (in Herb. Mas. Brit.).

Identical with the European plant, which ranges in Europe from Iceland and Lapland to the Asturias. In North America it is ouly found in Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland, Canada, and the Rock}' Mountains. I know of no habitat except this of Fuegia and Tasmania anywhere south of the north of Spain. It is apparently a very rare Fuegian plant.

p. 403. OrthOTEICHUM luteotum, Hook. fil. et W'ils. — This approaches very closely the description of O. germanum, Mont, (in Aim. Sc. Nat., 3rd Ser. vol. iv. p. 121), a Chilian plant, but the leaves of which are said to be lather obtuse and reflexed at their margins.

p. 40b- After CAMPYLGPt s //c/mwi, adil

:i. Campyloptjs rigidus, Hook. fil. et Wils.j caule erecto subramoso rigidiusculo, foliis ovatb-

lanceolatis acuminatis integerrimis, nervo latissimo.

IIab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; on the summits of the bills.

Falklands, etc.] FLORA ANTARCTICA. 551

p. 409. Tortula denmfolki, Hook. fil. etWils., is evidently closely allied to Barbula mnoides, Schwaeg. Suppl. t . 3 1 0

p. 410. Polytrichum compression, Hook. fil. et Wils.

Var. /3., foliis apices versus obscure serratis laniellatis, capsula longiore. Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn; with var. a.

p. 418. Hypnum subpilosum, Hook. fil. et Wils. ; (character reforniata) caule arcuato parce rainoso, ramis reciuvis attenuatis, foliis cordato-ovatis acuminatis subpiliferis concavis striatis serrulatis ruptinerviis, capsula subrotunda cernua, operculo conico, seta scabra.

p. 449. After Exidia Auricula- Juda, add

2. Exidia flammed, Berk.; aurantiaca, hemispherica, depressa, substipitata, margine crenulata subtus rugulosa rainutissime verrucoso-spiculata, sporis oblongis basi curvatis. (Tab. CLXIV. Kg. III. left hand specimen.)

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn ; on dead wood amongst the snow.

Hemisphserica, leviter depressa, vel humore saturata planiuscida, brevissime stipitata; margine laeviter crenata; subtus rugulosa, sub lente maxime augente subtiliter verrucosa, hie illic spiculata. Spora oblongse, basi cm-vata3.

Allied to Exidia truitcata, but differing remarkably in its bright colour. When first taken out of spirit the hymenium is quite plane, but becomes depressed afterwards. It is doubtful whether the margin be crenate in the living plant, for it is not represented in the drawing made from the fresh specimen.

Plate CLXIV. Fig. III.— 2, (left hand figure) E.Jlammea, of the natural size.

p. 451. Peziza Kerguelensis. — The Hermite Island plant is Exidia flammea, Berk. ; to which also the left hand figure of Plate CLXIV. Fig. III. 2, is referable. The right hand figure (I), which, however, is not repre- sented sufficiently adnate, and the dissections, belong to P. Kerguelensis.

PLATES.

Plate XVI. — The Tasmaniau flowering plant, figured at B, is another species, C.pumla, mini (see Supplement).

Plate XXI. — Helichrysum prostratum, is //. bettidioides, Forst. (see Suppl.)

Plate LXI. Fig. IV. — Hypnum Terra-Nova is H. limatum, Hook. fil. et Wils. (see Suppl.)

Plate LXXXII. B. — Ranunculus hydropliyllus, should be R. hydropjtilus.

Plate LXXXV. — Hajiadryas tomentosa is U. argentea, Hook. fil. (see Suppl.)

Plate LXXXVII. — Berberis microphylla is a synonym of B buxifolia, Lam. (see Suppl.)

Plate XCIII. — Sagina subidata, D'Urv., is a synonym of Colobanlhus sululatus (see Suppl.)

Plate CI. — Caldasia daucoides, Hook, fil., is a synonym of Oreomyrrhu andicola, Endl. (see Suppl.)

Plate CIV. — Figs. 9, 10, 11, aud 12, Myzodendron imbricatum, Pocpp. (see Suppl.)

Plate CXII. — Macrorhynchus coronopifolius should be M.pumilm, DC. (see p. 324.)

552 FLORA ANTAECTICA. \Tuegia, etc.

Plate CXV. — Gentiana Magellanica should be G. Patagonica (see p. 328).

Plate CXVI. — Gaultheeia Antarctica, Hook, fil., is synonymous with G. microphylla, Hook. fil. (see p. 327.)

Plate CXVIII. — Ourisia Antarctica, Hook, fil., is synonymous with 0. brevijtora, Benth. (see p. 335.)

Plate CXX. — Primula Magellanica, Lam., is a variety of P.farinosa (see p. 337).

Plate CXXIX. — Sisyrinchium pumilum, Hook, fil., is a synonym of Tapeinia Magellanica, Juss. (see p. 353.)

Plate CXXX. — Alopecurus Antarcticns, Vahl, is a variety of A. alpinus (see p. 370).

Plate CXXXVIII. — Poa Kerguelensis, Hook, fil., is Triodia Kerguelensis, Hook. fil. (see p. 379).

Plate CLVIL Pig. VII. — Jungermannia cavispina, Hook. fil. et Tayl., is a variety of /. austrigena, Hook. fil. et

Tayl. (see p. 431.) Plate CLXI. Fig. III. — For " Jungermannia reclinata," read " /. retusata (see p. 441).

Plate CLXIY. Fig. III. — 1, Peziza Kerguelensis, Berk., to which also the dissections, 3, 4, and 5, belong ;

2, is Exidia fiammea, Berk, (see Suppl.)

Plate CLXIX. and CLXX. — Macrocystis luxuriant is a variety of M. pyrifera, Ag. (see p. 461.)

553

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

TO

PART II. OF THE FLORA ANTARCTICA,

CONTAINING THE

BOTANY OP FUEGIA, THE FALKLANDS, KERGUELEN'S LAND, ETC.

Page

Abrotanella ernarginata, Cass 308

Acama adscendens, raid, Tab. XCVI 268

affinis, Hook.fil. Tab. XCVI. B ib.

Antarctica, Hook.fil 269

ascendens, Hook, et Am ib.

Cadilla, Hook, f I i&.

cuneata, Hook, et Am 265

laevigata, Ait 266

lucida, VaU, Tab. XCTV ib.

macrorhiza, Hook.fil 265

niacrostenion, Hook.Jil 269

Magellanica, Void, 207

Magellanica, Hook, et Am 267 & 269

Magellanica, (3. Lam 267

■ Monte-Vidensis, Hook.Jil 265

multifida, Hook.Jil ib.

ovalifolia, R.etP 267

pmnUa, Vald, Tab. XCV 264

Acanthococcus Antarctieus, Hook. Jil. et Harv.

Tab. CLXXXI 477

Aclmanthes longipes, Acj 510

pachypus, Eiitz ib.

turgens, Ehrb 511

Ackyropkoms arenarius, Gaud. Tab. CXII. (in

part) 323

tenuifolius, DC. ib.

Acroscliisma, Hook.Jil. et Wils 397

Actiniscus lancearius, Eltrb. . . . K 518

Actinoeyclus senarius, Ehrb 517

Actinoptychus biternarius, Eltrb ib.

Adenocystis D'Urvillei, Hook. Jil. et Harv 468

Lessoni, Hook.Jil. et Harv ib.

Adesmia affinis, Hook.Jil 257

boronioides, Hook.Jil ib.

Adesmia Candida, Hook.Jil

conferta, Hook, et Am

• grisea, Hook.Jil

lanata, Hook.Jil

lotoides, Hook.Jil

pnmila, Hook.Jil

Smitliii, EC.

suffocata, Hook.Jil

trijuga, Gill

villosa, Hook.Jil '. . .

/Ecidium Jlagellanicum, Berk. Tab. CLXIII.

Tig. II

Agaricus exqiiisitus, Berk

Jaseieularis, Huds

Glebarum, Berk. Tab. CLXII. Fig. III. . .

longinquus, Berk. Tab. CLXIII. Fig. V.

Agrostis alba, L

Antarctica, Hook.fil. Tab. CXXXII

csespitosa, Gaud

Falklandica, Hook.fil

Magellanica, Lam,?

Magellanica, Gaud

prostata, Hook.fil

stolonifera, L

tenuifolia, Bieb

Aira Antarctica, Hook. Tab. CXXXIII

caspitosa, Banks,

caryopbyllea, L

flexuosa, L

Kingii, Hook.fil. Tab. CXXXV

Magellanica, Hook.fil. Tab. CXXXIV. . . .

parvula, Hook.fil

Alerse, of Chili

Allodape Americana, Endl.

Page

257

ib.

ib.

256

255

ib.

257

256

258

256

450 447 448 447

ib. 372 374 372 373

ib. 374 373 372

ib. 377 380 375

ib. 376

ib. 377 350 327

554

INDEX.

Page

Alopecurus alpiirus, Sm. Tab.CXXX 370

Antarcticus, Vahl, 370

Baicalensis, Turz ib.

Magellanicus, Lam ib.

pratensis, var. Ledeb ib.

Amellus candidus, Banks, 304

dijfusus, Forst io.

rosmarinifolius, Poepp ib.

Ampelodesmos australis, Brongn 375

Amphora Lybica, Ehrb 512

navicularis, Ehrb 513

Anabaiua tenax, Hook.jil. et Han. Tab.CXCIII.

Eig.III 502

Anasctangiuni Humboldtii, var. /3. Brid 415

Anagallis alternifolia, Cav 337

Auaulus scalaris, Ehrb 514

Ancistrum humile, Pers 26S

■ inerme, Banks, ib.

lavigatum, Lag ib.

Magellanicum, /3. Lam ib.

repens, Veirt 267

Andreaea acutifolia, Hook, f Let FPUs 396

alpina, L. Tab. CLI. Fig. II 395

laxifolia, Hook.jil. et WUs. Tab. CLI.

Fig.IV 397

marginata, Hk.fl.et Wih. Tab. CLI. Fig.I. 396

mutabilis, Hook.jil. et WUs 397

rupestris, L , 396

subulata, Han 397

Wilsoni, Hook, f I. Tab. CLI. Fig. III. . . ib.

Andromeda empetrifolia, Lam 326

■ humilis, Banks, ib.

Androsaa spathulata, Cav 33S

Anemone bicolor, Poepp 223

decapetala, L ib.

macrorhiza, Domb ib.

nudtifida, Poiret, ib.

trilobata, Juss ib.

triternata, Herb. Berol ib.

Aneura, Nees, 444

Anthapla, W. And 272

Antlioceros punetatus, L 446

Fuse

Apium Antarcticum, Banks, 287

australe, Pet. Th ib.

Apium graveolens, L 287

prostratum, Lab ib.

Arabis Macloviann, Hook 231

Aralia polaris, Homb. etJaca. Suppl 543

Arbutus empetrifolia, L. fil 326

microphi/lla, Forst 327

mucroiwto, L. fil 326

rirjida, Banks, ib.

pumila, L. fil ">■

scrpi/l/ifolia, Lam 327

Arenaria marina, Sm 250

media, L ib.

Arethusa lutea, Gaud 350

Arjoona Patagonica, Homb. et Jaca 342

pusilla, Hook.jil ib.

Arthonia polymorpha, Ach 540

Arthrodesinus Taenia, Ehrb 519

Arundo Alopecurus, Gaud 381

Antarctica, D'Uiv 382

pilosa, V Vrp 375

Asarca Convmei'sonii, Lindl 351

? Kingii, Hook.jil ib

odoratissima, Poepp ib.

Asperococcus D'Urvillei, Bory, 46S

sinuatus, Bory, <b-

Aspidium coriaceum, Sic 392

Molirioides, Bory, Tab. CXLIX io.

vestitum, S/c io,

Asplenium ilagellamcum, Kaulf. <b.

AsteUa pumila, Br. Tab. CXXVII 357

Aster glabralus, Banks, 305

Magellanieus, Lam 322

Magellanieus, Spreng 304

uudicaulis, Comm 307

trifurcatus, Banks, 317

Vahlii, Hook, et Am 305

Asterina Darwinii, Berk. Tab. CLXIV. Fig. II. 454

pellieulosa, Berk. Tab. CLXIV. Fig. I. . . 453

stictica, Berk. Tab. CLXIV. Fig. IV. . . . ib.

Asteromphalos Beaumontii, Ehrb 513

INDEX.

555

Page

Asteromphalos Buchii, Ehrb 513

Cuvierii, EJirb ib.

Darwinii, Ehrb ib.

Hookeri, Ehrb ib.

Humboldtii, Ehrb ib.

Rossii, Ehrb ib.

A vena leptostachys, Hook.Jil 378

redolens, D'Urv 375

Azalea bullata, Forst 327

Azara Chiloensis, Hook.Jil 243

lanceolata, Hook. f I ib.

micropliylla, Hook.Jil 244

AzcAlnJiliculoides, Lam 395

Magellaiiica, TTillcl ib.

Azorella aretoides, Willd 283

casspitosa, Cav • 282

ceespitosa, Vahl, 285

ceespitosa, y. TTilld 283

Chamitis, Pers ib.

crassifolia, Pers 282

daucoides, D'Urv 288

filamentosa, Lam 283

gummifera, Poir 282

lycopodioides, Gaud 284

Ranunculus, D'Urv. Tab. XCVIII 285

Selago, Hook. ft. Tab. XCIX 284

tricuspidata, Lamarck 283 & 285

trifurcata, Gcertn 283

Baccharis cuneifolia, DC 307

Jiumifusa, Banks, 311

Magellanica, Pers 307

Patagonica, Hook, et Arn 308

sessilijlora, Vahl, 307

tridentata, Gaud ib.

Bcea plantaginea, Pers 333

Balexerda muscosa, Comm 342

Ballia Brunonis, Harv 488

Balsam-bog, of Falkland Islands 285

Barbida gracilis, Bruch, 410

lavipila, Bruch, ib.

Mulleri, Bruch, 409

Bartrarnia crispa, Swtz 412

Page

Bartrarnia patens, Schio 412

pendula, Hook ib.

pomiformis, var. crispa, LLedw ib_

Batrachospermum vagum, Ag 493

Beech, of Cape Horn J45

Bellis Magellaniea, DC 307

revoluta, Banks, . . . b

Berberis buxifolia, Lam. Tab. LXXXYII. (sub

nom. microphyllie) 231

empetrifolia, Lam ib.

ilicifolia, Forst. Tab. LXXXVI 230

inermis, Pers. ? 231

lagenaria, Poir 230

micropliylla, Forst 231

Betula Antarctica, Forst 349

Biatora corallina, C. Bab 537

pulverea, C. Bab 538

Biddulphia ursina, Ehrb 517

Blitum Antarcticum, Hook.Jil. Suppl 549

Bolas aretioides, Spreng 283

ccespitosa, Spreng id.

complicata, Spreng 285

flamentosa, Spreng ib.

glebaria, Comm ib.

gummifera, Spreng ib.

gummifer, Spreng ib.

Bonnemaisonia elegans, End! 484

Bostry chia fastigiata, Hook. fil. et Harv i.6.

Hookeri, Harv 483

vaga, Hook. fil. et Harv 4S4

Botrychium Lunaria, Sw 550

Bowksia pulchra, Grev 484

Brachymenium ? ovatum, Hook.Jil. et Wits.

Tab. CLIII. Fig. IV 412

Brassica Magellanica, Juss 243

Macloviana, D'Urv \ib.

Magellanica, Poir. ? 232

Bromus pictus, Hook.Jil 387

Bruyere afeuilles point lies, Pern 326

Bryopsis Arbuscula, Ag 492

plumosa, Grev lb

Posas, Ag i9'.!

556

INDEX.

Page.

Bryum Antarcticum, Hook.fil. et Wih.

Tab. CLIII. Fig. VI 414

argenteum, L 413

Billardieri, ScJ/w ib.

bimiim, Sclireb .... 413

casspititium, L ib.

lacustre, Brid ib.

lsevigatum, Hook.fil. et WiU. Tab. CLIV.

Fig. Ill 415

nutans, Sclireb 413

pallescens, Seine 414

rostratum, Hook 415

truncorum, Uriel ib.

vagans, Hook. fil. et TTih. Tab. CLIV.

Fig. 1 414

Wahlenbergii, Sclno ib.

Bulgaria arenaria, Lev 452

Bulliarda Magellanica, DC 278

moschata, D' Urv ib.

Bgssus niger, Sm 502

Cabbage, of Kerguelen's Land 238

Cacalia candidans, Vahl, 312

lanuginosa, Banks, ib.

Calceolaria Darwinii, Benth. Tab. CXVII. B. 333

biflora, Lam ib.

FotkergiHii, Sol. Tab. CXVII. A 332

nana, Sm ib.

Neeana, Spreng ib.

plantaginea,&« 333

polyi'hiza, Cav ib.

unifiora, Lam ib.

Caldasia Andicola, Lag 288

Calendula Magellanica, Willd 307

pumila, /3. Forst ib.

pusilla, Pet. Th ib.

C'allithamnion flaccidum, Hook.fil. et Harv.

Tab. CLXXXVIII. Fig. 1 490

Gaudickaudii, Ag 491

GaudicJiaudii, ? Ag ib.

leptocladum, Mont ib.

Montagnei, Hook.fil. et Harv. Tab.

CLXXXVIII. Fig. II ib.

Pnge

Callithamnion Plumula, Ag 498

Ptilota, Hook.fil. et Harv. Tab. CLXXXIX.

Fig. 1 ib.

scoparium, Hook. fil. et Harv. Tab.

CLXXXIX. Fig. Ill 490

simile, Hook.fil. et Harv 489

ternifolium, Hook. fil. et Harv. Tab.

CLXXXIX. Fig. II 489

Callitriche vema, L 272

Callixene marginata, Comm 354

polypliylla, Hook 355

Calocladia pulchra, Grev 484

Calopogon Lessonii, Brongn 351

Calothrix distorts, Harv 497

olivaeea, Hook. fil. et Harv. Tab. CXC.

Fig. Ill 497

Caltha appendiculata, Pers 228

dioneajfolia, Hook. Tab. LXXXIV 229

multicapsularis, Banks, 228

paradoxa, Sol ib.

sagittata, Cav ib.

Calucec/iiuus Antarctica, Homb. et Jacq 345

Montagni, Homb. et Jacq ib.

Calusparassus behdoides, Homb. et Jacq 349

Forsteri, Homb. et Jacq ib.

Pumilio, ? Homb. et Jacq ib.

Calystegia sepium, Br 328

Campylodiscus Clypeus, Ehrb 509

Cainpylopus atro-virens, De Not. Suppl 545

flexuosus, Brid 407

introflexus, Brid ib.

rigidus, Hook.fil. et Wih. Suppl 550

Capea biruncinata, Mont 466

Cardamine antiscorbutica, Banks, 232

geraniifolia, DC. Tab. LXXXVIII 233

glacialis, DC 232

■ hirsuta, L ib.

propinqua, Carin ib.

Carex acaulis, B'Urv 363

acutata, Boott, 366

Andersoni, Boott, 364

atrata, /3., Vahl, 365

INDEX.

557

Carex Banksii, Boott, Tab. CXLII 383

ctespitosa, Banks, ib.

curta, Good ib.

Darwinii, Boott, Tab. CXLIV 364

decidua, Boott, 363

festiva, Dewey, ib.

fuscula, D'Urv 367

gerniana, Boott, 366

■ indecora, Kunth, , 367

Magellanica, Lam. Tab. CXLIII 365

Macloviana, D'Urv 362

■ ovalis, Good 362

paleata, Boott, 367

plilteoides, Pers 369

physoearpa, Nees, 366

propinqua ? Nees, 363

similis, D'Urv ib.

spicata, Banks, ib.

trifida, Cav 368

Carpha sclisenoides, Banks, Tab. CXLVIII 362

Cassine Magellanica, Lain 254

Catabrosa Magellanica, Hook. ft 387

Cecalyplium dichotomum, P. Beauv 406

Celastrus ? Mayellanicus, DC 254

Mayellanicus, Hook ib.

venustus, Banks, 279

Celery, wild, 287

Celmisia verrucosa, Hook.Jil. Suppl 543

Cenomyce aggregata, Acli ■ • • • 532

bacillaris, Acli ib.

coccifera, and 531

ib.

ib.

ib.

- cornuta, Acli

- deformis, Acli

- fimbriata, Acli

- furcata, Acli ib.

- gracilis, Acli ib.

• pyxidata, Acli ib.

■ rangiferina, Acli ib.

■ sparassa, Acli 532

■ uncialis, Acli ib.

■ ustulata, Hook. fil. et Tayl 531

■ ? vermicularis, Acli 532

Page

Cenomyce verticillata, Acli 531

Ceplialoxys yraminifolia, Nees, 358

Ceranrium diapkanum, Ay 488

rubrum, Ay ib.

Cerastium arvense, L 251

vulgatum, L ib.

Ceratodon purpureus, Brid 408

Ceteracli, Pernetty, 393

Cetraria aculeata, Fries, 524

glauca, Acli 523

Islaudica, Acli ib.

sepincola, Acli 524

Chabrsea purpurea, BO. 321

suaveolens, BC. Tab. CXI ib.

Ohcerophyllum Chilense, Poir 288

Chcetantliera recurvata, Spreng 322

Cksetoceros Dichaeta, Elirb 514

Tetracliaeta, Elirb ib.

Chfetospora Antarctica, Hook.Jil.

Tab.CXLVII 361

laxa, Hook.Jil. Tab. CXLVI ib.

Cliamitis complicata, Banks, 285

integrifolia, Gaert 283

tricuspidata, Banks, ib.

trifurcata, Banks, ib.

trifurcata, Gaert 285

Chara flexilis, L 395

Cheiloscypkus, Nees, 435

Cl/elone ruelloides, L. fil 335

Chenopodium glaucum, L. /3 341

niacrospermum, Hook.Jil ib.

Chevreulia lycopodioides, BC. 319

Cliiliotriclium anielloides, Cass 304

' Darwinii, Hook.Jil ib.

liumUe, Hook.Jil ib.

Kingii, Hook.Jil ib.

rosmarinifolium, Less ib.

Chloraja Gaudicliaudii, Bronyii 350

Magellanica, Hook. J 'i ib.

Chorda lomentaria, Grev 468

Chroolepus aureus, Han 502

ebeneus, Ag ;}.

558

INDEX.

Page

Chiysosplerdum elevatum, Banks, 281

macrantkum, Hook ib.

Valdivicum, Hook ib.

Cineraria gigantea, Sm 316

leucanthema, Banks, ib.

purpurascens, Banks, 318

trifurcata, Spreng 317

Cistopteris fragilis, Bernh 391

Cladonia cormtcopioides, Ach 531

macilenta, Br 532

squamosa, Br ib.

ventricosa, Br ib.

Cladophora arcta, Dillw 495

Balklandica, Hook.fil. etHarv. Tab.CXCIII.

Big. 1 495

flexuosa, Dillio ib.

glaucescens, G-riff. ? 496

incompta, Hook.fil. et Han. Tab. CXCII.

Big. II ib.

— ■ — riparia, Rot//, 495

rupestris, L ib.

simpliciuscula, Hook.fil. et Harv.

Tab. CXCII. Big. IV 496

Cladostephns spongiosus, Ag 469

Cladothele Decaisnei, Hook.fil. et Harv.

Tab. CXC. Big. 1 492

Clarionea glaberrima, Cass 322

lactucoid.es, Don, ib.

Magellanica, DC. Tab. CXI 321

recurvata, Don, 322

Clarionella Magellanica, Hornb. et Jacq 321

Cocconeis Blacentula, Kiit: 510

Scutulum, Ehrb ib.

Cocconenia Lunida, Ehrb 511

Codium tornentosum, Stack 491

Codonorckis Lessonii, Lindl. Tab. CXXV 351

Poeppigii, Lindl ib.

Collema australis, Hook. fil. et Tayl 541

crispum, Ach ib.

saturninum, Acli ib.

tremelloides, Ach ib.

CoDetia discolor, Hook 255

Page

Colobantkus ckerlerioides, Hook.fil 249

crassifolius, Hook.fil 248

diffusus, Hook.fil 249

Kerguelensis, Hook.fil. Tab. XCII ib.

Quitensis, Bartl 248

saginoides, Bartl ib.

subnlatus, Hook. fil. Tab. XCIII. (sub

nom. Sagina) 247

subulatus, Suppl 543

Conferva aurea, Dillw 502

ambigua, Hook.fil. et Harv. Tab. CXCI.

Big. 1 494

— — angulata, Hook.fil. et Harv. Tab. CXCI.

Big. II 494

centralis, Lyngb 495

clavata, Ag. ? var. Tab. CXCII. Big. I. . . 493

corallina, Sm 488

ebenea, Dillw 502

equisetifolia, Sm 488

frigida, Dillw 492

— i — Linum, Ag 493

viuralis, Dillw 497

podagraria, Hook.fil. Tab. CXCI. Big. III. 495

quadratula, Hook.fil. Tab. CXCI. Big. IV. 494

Sandvicensis, Ag. Tab. CXCII. Big. II. . 493

Conostomum australe, Swartz, 411

Conyza cuneifolia, Lam 307

Magellanica, Lam ib.

Cookia, Anders 284

Coprinus Bloscuhis, Berk. TAB.CLXII.Big.il. 448

Coprosma repens, Hook.fil. Suppl 543

Cornicularia aculeata, Ack 524

fiavicans, Bers 520

Cornidia integerrima, Hook, et Am, 279

Corticium tremellinum, Berk 448

Coscinodiscus ? actinockilus, Ehrb 515

Apollonis, Ehrb ib.

cingulatus, Ehrb ib.

eccentricus, Ehrb 516

? gemmifer, Ehrb 515

limbatus, Ehrb 516

lineatus, Kiitz ib.

INDEX.

559

Page

Coscinodiscus Limse, Ehrb 516

Iridis, Ehrb ii.

Oculus Ehrb ib.

radiolatus, Ehrb. ib.

subtilis, Ehrb &>•

velatus, Ehrb ib.

Cotula reptans, Banks, 308

Crantzia attenuata, Hook, et Am 287

lineata, Nutt. Tab. C ib.

Crassula moschata, Forst 278

Crucibulum vulgare, Tut 449

Crymatea rigida, Banks, 319

Culcitium Magellanicum, Homb. et Jacq 311

Cyathus Crucibulum, Pers 449

Cymbella metadata, Kutz 511

Cypress of Chili, 350

Cyttaria Gunnii, Berk 453

Hookeri, Berk. Tab. CLXII. Fig. I. . . . 452

Dactylis csespitosa, Font. Tab. CXXXYI.-VII. 3S4

Dalibarda geoides, Pers 263

Dasya pectinata, Hook.fil. et Harv 482

Delesseria crassinervia, Mont 471

Davisii, Hook. fil. et Harv. Tab. CLXXV. 470

Lyallii, Hook.fil. et Harv. Tab. CLXXYI. 471

platycarpa, Lamx ib.

quercifolia, Bory, ib.

sanguinea, Lamx 470

Delisea pulchra, Mont 484

Denticella laevis, Ehrb 518

Desfontainea spinosa, Ruiz et Pawn, 332

splendem, H. B. K ib.

Desmarestia aiiceps, Mont. ? 466

chordalis, Hook.fil. et Harv 467

herbacea, Lamx ib.

ligulata, Lamx ib.

media, Grev 466

Eossii, Hook.fil. et Harv

Tab. CLXXII-CLXXIII 467

viridis, Lamx 466

Diatoma, n. sp. ? 511

marinum, Lyngb 515

Dicladea autumnalis, Ehrb 510

Page

Dicladea bulbosa, Ehrb 510

Dicranum aciphyllum, Hook.fil. et Wih.

Tab. CLII. Pig. Ill 405

Billardieri, Seine 407

Boryanum, Schio 406

elavatum, Schw 407

dicbotomum, Brid 455

? iinponcns, Mont 406

introflexum, Hedw 407

pungens, Hook.fil. et Wih 406

robustnm, Llook.fil. et Wih. Tab. CLII.

Pig. VIII ib.

scqparium, $., Mont 406

Starkii, Web 407

tenuifolium, Hook.fil. et Wih. Tab. CLII.

Pig. VII ib.

vaginatuni, Hook ib.

Dictyoeba aeuleata, Ehrb 518

binoculos, Ehrb ib.

biternaria, Ehrb ib.

Epiodon, Ehrb ib.

octonaria, Ehrb ib.

Ornamentiun, Ehrb 519

septenaria, Ehrb ib.

Speculum, Ehrb 519

Dictyosiphon fasciculatus, Hook.fil. et Harv. ... 467

Diddledee, of Falkland Islands 345

Didymodon capillaceus, Webst 408

? glacialis, Hook.fil. et Wih. Tab. CLII.

Fig. VI ib.

longifolius, Brid 408

purpureus, Hook ib.

Diplolsena, Nees, 444

Discoplea Eota, Ehrb 517

Eotula, Ehrb ib.

Donatia faseicularis, Forst 281

Mctgellanica, Lam ib.

Draba affinis, Hook.fil 235

alyssoides, H.B.K. 237

Arbuscula, Hook.fil ib.

aretioides, H.B. K. 234

australis, Hook.fil 235

560

INDEX.

Page

Draba Bonplandiana, H. B. K 237

chciranthoides, Hook.jil 236

cryptantka, Hook.jil 234

depressa, Hook.jil ib.

Falklandica, Hook.jil 238

— i'uniculosa, Hook.jil. Tab. LXXXIX. . . ib.

Gilliesii, Hook, et Am 236

grandiflova, Hook, et Am ib.

Hallii, Hook.jil 237

iueana, L 233

Jorulleusis, H.B.K. 237

Macleani, Hook.jil 235

Magellanica, Lam 233

obovata, Bentli 23-1

radicata, Hook.jil 236

siliquosa, Hook.jil 235

Toluccensis, H. B. K. 237

violacea, DC ib.

volcanica, Bentli 236

Drapamaldia pusilla, Hook.jil. et Han.

Tab. CXC. Fig. II -493

sp. ? ib.

Drapetes nmseosa, Lam 343

Dorimys punctata, Lara 229

Winterij Forst ib.

Drosera uniflora, Willd 245

sp. ? Suppl 543

Dryptodon crispulus, Hook.jil. et TFih 402

rupestris, Hook.jil. et TTih. Tab. CLII.

Fig. I ib.

Dumontia filiformis, Grev 487

D'Urvillea Harveyi, Hook.jil.

Tab. CLXV-CLXVI 456

utilis, Bory, 454

Dysemone integrijolia, Banks et Sol 274

lobata, Banks et Sol 275

Ectocarpus geminatus, Hook.jil. et Harv 469

siliculosus, Lyngb ib.

tomentosus, Lynyb ib.

Elatine, Gronov 287

Eleocliavis palustris, Br 360

Elymus Antavcticus, Hook, f 1 388

Pase

Embothrium coccincum, Forst 341

ferrugineum, Cav 342

Enipetruni rubrum, Vahl, 345

Enargea marginata, Banks, 354

Encaliuni dnuosum, Ag 468

Enterornorpha compressa, Grev 500

intestinalis, Link, ib.

Epilobium coufertil'olium, Hook.jil. Suppl 543

tetragonuni, L 270

Epipaetis Lessonii, D'Urv 351

Epithemia Faba, Kiitz 507

gibherula, Kiitz 506

Erechtites preuanthoides, DC. Suppl 544

Eremodon Magellanicus, Brid 400

Erigeron alpinus, L 306

Canadensis, Hook, et Arn 307

paucijtorus, Banks, 306

— — spiculosus, Hook, et An 307

Sulivani, Hook.jil 306

Valdii, Gaud 305

nnijtoriis, L 306

Erysimum Maclovianum, Gay, 232

Eseallonia serrata, Sm 279

Eubrackiou Aruottii, Hook.jil 291

Eugenia apiculata, DC. 277

Danvinii, Hook.jil ib.

leptospermoides, DC 275

Ugni, Hook, et Am 276

Eunotia amphyoxys, Elirb 506

biceps, Elirb 507

Faba, Elirb ib.

gibberula, Elirb ib.

Euphrasia Antarctica, Bentli 335

Eurotium herbariorum, Lk 454

EurybiaLyallii,.Hbo£.t/?/. Suppl 543

Eiitl/alis htcida, Banks, 254

Evernia Magellanica, Mont 522

Exidia Auricula Judre, Fr 449

flammea, Berk. Suppl 551

Exilaria, n.sp. ? 510

Ulna, Hass 509

Fagus Antarctica, Forst. Tab. CXXIII 345

INDEX.

561

Fagus betuloides, Mirb. Tab. CXXIV 349

dubia, Mirb ib.

Forsteri, Hook. Tab. CVII ib.

obliqua, Mirb ib.

Pumilio, Poepp ib.

Fascine, of Falkland Islands 304

Festuca Alopecurus, D'Urv 381

Antarctica, Kunth, 382

arenaria, Lam ib.

Arundo, Hook.fil 381

bromoides, L 384

caspitosa, Eoem. et Sebum ib.

Cookii, Hook.fil. Tab. CXXXIX 382

duriuscvda, L 383

erecta, D'Urv 384

flabellata, Larn ib.

Fuegiana, Hook.fil. Tab. CXLI 380

gracillima, Hook.fil 383

Magellanica, Lam 384

purpurascens, Banks, Tab. CXL 3S3

pusilla, Banks, 380

FiwlrislyUs melanostachgs, Brong 360

Flustrella concentrica, Elirb 516

Forstera muscifolia, Willd 325

uliginosa, Homb. et Jacq ib.

Fossombronia, Nees, 446

Fragaria Cliilensis, Ehrb 264

Fragilaria acuta, Ehrb 507

ainphiceros, Elirb ib.

capreina, Kiitz 508

constricta, Elirb ib.

granulata, Ehrb 507

n. sp. ? ib.

ii. sp. ? ib.

spinulata, Elirb ib.

rotundata, Elirb ib.

rlrabdosorna, Ehrb " 508

Trachea, Ehrb ib.

Veutricidus, Elirb ib.

Framboise, Pern 263

Frullania, Raddi, 443

Fuchsia coccinea, Ait 269

Pnge

Fuchsia decussata, Grah 270

discolor, Lindl ib.

gracilis, Lindl ib.

macrostema, K. et P ib.

Magellanica, Lam 269

Fucus cordatus, Turn 485

pahnalus, Sm 475

plicatus, Sm 487

soboliferus, Sm 475

tomentosus, Sm 491

Funaria hygrometrica, Hedw 415

Funkia Magellanica, Willd 357

Gaimardia australis, Gaud 360

Galium Aparine, L 302

Antarcticum, Hook.fil ib.

Chilense, Hook.fil ib.

Chonoense, Hook.fil ib.

debile, Banks, 303

Fuegianum, Hook.fil 302

Magellanicum, Hook.fil ib.

trifidum ? D'Urv 303

Galaxia narcissoides, Willd 353

obscura, Cav " ' 354

GaUionella Oculus, Ehrb 509

pileata, Ehrb ib.

Sol, Ehrb ib.

sulcata, Ehrb ib.

Tympanum, Ehrb ib.

Gaultheria microphylla, Hook.fil. Tab. CXVI.

(sub nom. G. Antarctica) 327

Gentiana Magellanica, Gaud 328

Patagonica, Gris. Tab. CXV. (sub nom.

G. Magellanica') ib,

prostrata, Hank ib.

Geranium intermedium, Bert. ? 252

Magellanicum, Hook.fil 251

Patagonicum, Hook.fil 252

sessiliflorum, Cav , • ib.

Geran Chilense, Lindl 262

Chiloense, Balb ib.

coccineum, Ser ib.

involucratum, Juss 263

562

INDEX.

Geuru Magellanicum, Comm 262

Qnellyon, Sweet, ib.

parvifloruin, Comm 263

Gigartina plicata, Grev 487

Gladiolus bifiorus, Thunb 353

Glayenx, Pemetty, 384

Gleichenia acutifolia, Hook 393

eryptocarpa, Hook 394

Gnaplialium affine, B' Urv 310

Antarcticum, Hook.fil.

Tab. CXIII. B ib.

CJdlense, Hook, et Am ib.

coarctaium, Willd 309

consanguineum, Gaud ib.

consanguineum, Homb. et Jacq 310

falcatum, Lam ib.

inornatum, DC 311

littorale, Banks, 310

luteo-album, L 311

lycopodioides, D'Urv 319

sphacelation, H.B.K. 309

spicatum, Lam. Tab. CXIII ib.

Goinnrier, Pern 285

Gomphonema clavatum, Ehrb 511

curvatum, /3. Ki'itz , ib.

niinutissmmrn, Grev ib.

Gottschea, Nees, 424

Gracilaria ? aggregata, Hook.fil. et Harv 478

? nigrescens, Hook.fil. et Harv 477

obtusangula, Hook. fil. et Harv ib.

Grammatophora Africana, Ehrb 515

marina, Kiitz ib.

Oceanica, Ehrb ib.

pavallela, Ehrb ib.

serpentina, Ehrb ib.

stricta, Ehrb ib.

Grammitis australis, Br 393

Griffithsia Antarctica, Hook.fil. et Harv 488

coraUina, Ag ib.

equisetiiblia, Ag ib.

Grimmia apocarpa, L 401

falcata, Hook.fil. et Wils. Tab. CLI.

Fig. VIII ib.

Grimmia maritima, Turn

tortuosa, Hook.fil. et Wils. Tab. CLI.

Fig. VII

Guimera Cliilensis, Lam.

Fa/klandica, Hook.

lobata, Hook. fil. .

Magellanica, Lam.

scabra, R. et P

Gymnanthe, Tayl

Gymnomitrion, Nees,

Gymnostomum Heimii, Hedio. .

laxum, Hook.fil. et Wils.

Tab. CLI. Fig. V. . . . Menziesii, Hook

Gyrophora a?nea, var. Schar.. Halionyx duodenarius, Ehrb.

senarius, Ehrb

Halymenia cordata, Ag

variegata, Boiy,

Hamadryas argentea, Hook.fil. Tab. LXXXV.

(sub nom. H. tomentosce.)

Kingii, Hook.fil

Magellanica, Lam

paniculata, Hook.fil. Suppl

tomentosa, DC

Hedwigia Ilumboldiii, Hook

Helichrysiun prostratum, Hook.fil. Suppl

Heniiaulus Antarcticus, Ehrb

? obtusus, Ehrb

Hemizoster tubulosus, Ehrb

Heterosiphonia Berkeleyi, Mont

Hieracium Antarcticum, B' Urv

incertum, D'Urv

Patagouicum, Hook, fil

Hierocliloe Antarctica, var. Brongn. . .

Magellanica, Hook.fil

Himanthalia B'Urvillei, Bory,

Hippuris vulgaris, L

Homanthis echinulata, Homb. et. Jacq.

Homoianthus echinulatus, Cass

Magellanicus, DC

Hookeria apiculata, Hook. fil. et Wils. Tab. CLV. Fig. VI

Page 401

400 273 274

ib.

ib. 273 435 423 399

ib. 400

540

513

ib.

485

475

227 228 227 548 227 415 543 513

ib. 508 480 324 306 324 375

ib. 456 272 322

ib.

ib.

421

INDEX.

563

Page

Hookeria eristata, Hedio 422

crispula, Hook.fil. et Wils. Suppl 545

denticulate, Hook. f I. et Wih 422

Dicksoni, Hook 421

flaccida, Hook. fi I. et Wih. Tab. CLV.

Kg. V id.

Magellanica, P. Beauv ib.

Hordeum jubatiun, L 388

pubirloruin, Hook.fil ib.

Huauaca Cavauillesii, DC. 286

acaulis, Cav ib.

Hydrangea scandens, Poepp 279

Hydrocotyle Chinensis, Spreng 287

gummifera, Lam 285

ffummifera, y. Lain 283

Uneata, Mich 287

Hymenophylluni caudiculatuni, Mart 390

ccespitosum, Gaud 391

Chiloense, Hook 390

omentum, Cav 389

imbricatum, Colens 391

pectinatiun, Cav 390

varum, Br 391

secundum, Hook, et Grev ib.

semibivalve, Hook, et Grev ib.

tortuosum, Banks, 390

Wilsoni, Hook ib.

Hypnum aciculare, Brid 419

aduncum, Bill 420

amcenum, Hedw . . 421

albicans, Dill 418

Arbuscula, P. Beauv 423

auriculatum, Mont 418

chlamydophylluni, Hook.fil. et Wih ib.

conspissatum, Hook.fil. et Wih.

Tab. CLV. Pig. Ill 419

denticulatum, Dill - 417

falcatum, Brid 420

filicinum, Dill 419

fluitans, L 420

laricinum, Hook 423

leptorhvnchum, Brid 421

Page

Hypnum limatum, Hook.fil. et Wils. Suppl.. . 545

litkophilum, Horns. Tab. CLV. Pig. IV. 420

lucidulum, Hook.fil. et Wih. Tab. CLV.

Fig. 1 418

Mayellanicum, P. Beauv 422

niicans, Wih 421

mnioides, Hook 417

mnioides, Schw ib.

paradoxum, Hook. fil. et Wils. Tab. CLV.

Pig. II 419

politum, Hook.fil. et Wih.

Tab. CLIV. Pig. II 416

riparium, Dill ib.

reticulatum, Hook.fil. Tab. CLIV.

Pig. V 417

rutabulum, Dill ib.

> serpens, Dill 418

subbasilare, Hook 417

subbasilare, Schw ib.

subpilosum, Hook.fil. et Wih.

Tab. CLIV. Pig. IT 418

tamarisciuum, Swart z, ., 423

T/iouini, Schw ib.

uncinatum, Hall 420

Hypoelieeris arenaria, Gaud 323

minima, ? Willd ib.

Hypopterygium laricinum, Brid 423

Iridsea cordata, Bory, 485

micans, Bory, ib.

Kadula, Bory, ib.

Isidimn ocvdatum, Acli 541

lutescens, Turn, et Borr ib.

Isolepis brevis, Brongn 361

Meyeniana, Nees ib.

Magellanica, Gaud ib.

pygmsea, Kunth, ib.

pygm<za> vav- £• Kunth, ib.

trigona, Kunze, ib.

Lveris monoceplmla, Cass 324

Ixia Magellanica, Lam 354

pumila, Porst ib.

Jacquinotia prostrata, Hoinb. et Jaeq 327

564

INDEX.

Page

J uncus yrandifiorus, L. fil 857

graminifolius, E. Mey 358

inconspicuus, Gaud. Suppl 544

planifolius, Br. (Suppl. 545) 358

scheuchzerioides, Gaud ib.

rivnlaris, Poepp ib.

Jungerniannia, Llndb 428

abbreeiata, Hook. fil. et Tayl. Suppl 546

adnexa, Lehm. et Lind. Suppl. ib.

fequata, Hook. fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLVIII.

Fig. Ill 433

alcicornis, Hook. fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLX.

Kg. VIII 445

alternifolia, Hook. fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLXI. 436

ampkibolia, Nees, 441

ansata, Hook. fil. et Tayl.

Tab. CLVI. Fig. VI 425

asplenioides, L 420

atrocapilla, Hook. fil. et Tayl 423

austrigena, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLVII.

Kg. VII. and CLVIII. Fig. V 431

bicuspidata, L 429

byssacea, Roth, ib.

capillaris, Sw. Suppl 546

cavispina, Hook. fil. et Tayl 431

ckordulifera, Tayl. Tab. CLXI.

Kg. VI 442

chloroleuca, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLXI.

Kg. V 433

Chonotica, Tayl 428

clandestiua, Mont 434

colorata, Lehm. .'. 428

complanata, /3. Hook 442

confluens, Tayl. Tab. CLXI. Fig. VII.. . 446

connata, Sw. Suppl ■ -. . 546

crebrit'olia, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLVII.

Kg. IX 434

cucullata, Nees, Suppl 546

cyperoides, Schw 443

decrescens, Lehm. et Lind. Suppl 546

densifolia, Hook 433

distinctifolia, Tayl 428

Page

Jungermanuia divaricata, Hook.fil. et Tayl.

Tab. CLXI. Fig. VIII 437

duricaulis, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLVI.

Kg. IX 426

erinacea, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLXI.

Kg . IV 430

filamentosa, Lehm. et Lind. Suppl 546

tilanientosa, Lehm 442

flavifolia, Hook. fil. et Tayl ib.

fulvella, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLVIII.

Kg. I , 432

furcata, L 44.5

fusco-virens, Hook.fil. et Tayl.

Tab. CLIX. Fig. VII 440

gracilis, Nees, Suppl 546

grandifolia, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLIX.

Fig. VIII 440

grisea, /3. Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLX.

Kg. IV 438

Helix, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLX.

Kg. II 442

lieterodonta, Hook.fil. et Tayl.

Tab. CLVII. Fig. II 428

hirsuta, Nees, (Suppl. 546) 442

liorizontalis, Hook.fil. et Tayl 441

luimectata, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLVII.

Kg. V 430

■ lmruifusa, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLIX.

Kg. V 436

humilis, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLVIII.

VI 434

involutifolia, Mont 431

Jacquinotii, Mont 427

Javanica, Mont 442

laevifolia, Hook.fil. et Tayl 441

lamellata, Hook 424

laminigera, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLVI.

Kg. TV 425

leptantha, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLIX.

Kg. VI 435

leucophylla, Lehm 424

lobulata, Hook 443

INDEX.

565

Page

Jungerniannia madida, Hook.fil. et Tayl.

Tab. CLVIII. Fig. II 432

Magellanica, Lam 443

Magellanica, Spreng ib.

Magellanica, Lindb 426

marginalia, Hook.fil. et Tayl 445

Menziesii, Hook 443

minuta, Crantz 435

niiimtula, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLVII.

Fig. 1 427

multifida, L 444

obvoluta, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLXI.

Fig. 1 432

ochroleuca, Spr. Suppl 546

oligophylla, Leltm 441

otophylla, Hook.fil. et Tayl, Tab. CLVIII.

Fig. IV 433

paehyla, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLYI.

Fig. Ill 424

pallido-virens, Hook.fil. et Tayl,

Tab. CLIX. Fig. IX 439

palpebrifolia, Hook 443

palustris, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLVII.

Fig. VIII 431

parasitica, Hook.fil, et Tayl. Tab. CLX.

Fig. VI 444

physocaula, Hook. filet Tayl. Tab. CLYI.

Fig. 1 423

physoloba, Mont. Tab. CLX.

Fig. Ill 442

pinguis, L 445

pisicolor, Hook.fil. et Tayl, Tab. CLX.

Fig. VII 444

plumulosa, Leltm 441

prehensilis, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLX.

Fig. IX 445

pubescens, L ". ib.

punicea, Nees, Suppl 545

pusilla, L 446

cpiadripartita, ILook 435

reclinans, Hook.fil, el Tayl, Tab. CLIX.

Fig. 1 438

Jungermannia retusata, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab.

CLXI. Fig III. (sub nom. J. reclinata). 441 rig-ens, Hook.fil. et Tayl,

Tab. CLVII. Fig. Ill 429

rivalis, Hook.fil, et Tayl.

Tab. CLVIII. Fig VIII 437

— rufescens, Lindb 444

sabuletorurn, Hook.fil, et Tayl,

Tab. CLVIII. Fig. VII 437

schismoides, Mont. Tab. CLXI. Fig. IX. 434

secundifolia, Hook.fil. et Tayl.

Tab. CLIX. Fig. II 438

sphalera, Hook.fil. et Tayl, Tab. CLVI.

Fig. VIII 427

splachnophylla, Hook.fil, et Tayl.

Tab. CLVI. Fig. II 424

Stangeri, L. L. et G. Suppl 546

subintegra, Hook.fil, et Tayl. Tab. CLX.

Fig, V 443

subviridis, Hook.fil. et Tayl, Tab. CLLX.

Fig. IV 438

surrepens, Hook.fil. et Tayl.

Tab. CLX. Fig. 1 440

tetradactyla, Hook.fil. et Tayl 441

textilis, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLVIII.

Fig. IX 435

tomentella, y. Suppl 546

traehyopa, Hook.fil. et Tayl, Tab. CLLX.

Fig. Ill 439

triacantha, Hook.fil, et Tayl ib.

tridactylis, Lelnn 441

tubulata, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLVII.

Fig. VI 429

uncialis, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLVI.

Fig. VII 427

uuciformis, Hook.fil. et Tayl. -Tab. CLVI.

Fig. V 425

Urvilleana, Mont 435

vasculosa, Hook.fil. et Tayl. Tab. CLVII.

Fig. IV 430

Lagenophora Commersonii, Cass. Tab. C Villi. 307 Magellanica, Cass ib.

566

INDEX.

Page

Laminaria hiruncinata, Bory, 466

fascia, Ag ib.

radiata, 0. Turn ib.

Lasiocarpus humilk, Banks, 264

Lcmorhka ceterachifolia, Cass 321

purpurea, Less ib.

viscosa, Cass ib.

Lathyrus Magellanicus, Lam 259

maritimus, Big 260

petiolaris, Vogel, 259

piriformis, Hook 260

pubescens, Hook, et Am 259

Laurencia pinnatifida, var. y 484

Lebetanthus Arnericanus, End!. (Suppl. 549). . . 327

Lecanora albella, Ach 524

atra, Ach &■

Babingtoni, Hook.fil. et Tayl.

Tab. CXCVIII. Fig. II 535

candelaria, Ach 537

chrysoleuca, Ach 534

citrina, Ach 536

coiifragosa, Ach ib.

Daltoniana, Hook, ft 1. et Tayl.

Tab. CXCVIII. Big. 1 534

dickroa, Hook. fil. et Tayl 536

epibryon, Ach 524

erythrella, Ach 537

erythrocarpia, Fr 536

gelida, Ach ib.

glaucoma, Engl. Bot 537

hsernatomma, Ach 537

Hypnorum, Ach 534

melanaspis, Ach 536

mierophylla, Ach 534

micropthalrna, Hook, f I. et Tayl 540

inmiata, Ach 535

molybdina, Ach 536

niurorum, Ach 535

muscorum, Ach 534

paleacea, Fr ib.

parella, Ach 536

sophodes, Ach ib.

Lecanora subfusca, Ach. . .

tartarea, Ach

theioclyta, Ach. . . .

Upsaliensis, Ach. . .

varia, Ach. ? Suppl.

yentosa, Ach

Lecidea abietiua, var. Eschw

albo-cserulescens ? Ach

arctica, Sommf.

aromatica, Ach

atro-alba, Ach 535

Candida, Ach. ?

covfluens, Ach

couiops, Fries,

contigua, Fries

elreochroma, Ach

fusco-atra, Ach

geographica, Scluer

glacialis, Schcer

Lightfoolii, Engl. Bot. Suppl

— — lugubris, Sommf.

mamillaris ? Fries,

milliaria, var. Fries,

(Ederi, E.B

papillata, Fries, Suppl

parasema, Ach

qttadricolor, Borr

rivulosa, Ach

sabuletorum, Ach

scabra, Tayl

spilota, Fries,

steUulata, Tayl

vesicularis, Ach

Lejeunia, Spreng

Leontodon Lycodon, Banks,

pubescens, Banks,

Lepidoccras Kingii, Hook.fil

Dombeyi, Hook.fil

Lepidozea, Nees,

Leptothyrium decipiens, Berk. Tab. CLXIII.

Fig. Ill

Lepraria flava, Ach

Pag'

536

ib.

ib.

ib.

547

537

540

538

540

538

& 539

538

ib. 539 538 540 539

ib.

ib. 547 539 538 540 539 547 539

ib. 538 539

ib. 538 539 538 443 323 324 293

ib. 441

449 541

INDEX.

567

Page

Lepraria lutescens, E. B 541

Leptinella accenoides, Hook, et Am 308

plumosa, Hool-.fil ib.

scariosa, Cass ib.

Leptostomum Menziesii, Br 400

Leskia nitida, Hool-.fil. et Wih. Tab. CLIV.

Fig. VI 416

Lessonia ciliata, Post, et Buppr 461

flavicans, D'Urv 457

— fuscescens, Bory, Tab. CLXYIII. A, ct

CLXXI. D ib.

nigrescens, Bory, Tab. CLXVII-

CLXVIII. C. 458

ovata, Booh. fi I. et Harv. Tab. CLXVII-

CLXVIII. B., et CLXXI. 0. 459

Leucharia gossypina, Hook, et Arn 321

purpurea, Hook, et Am ib.

Leucodon Lagurus, Hook 416

Lichen athrocarjins, E. B 539

aurantiaco-ater, Jacq 520

carnosus, E. B 534

cinereus, E. B 537

dubius, E. B 540

hymenius, E. B 541

pruinosus, E. B 538

sulphurea, Ach 539

tumidulus, Sm 538

Liclmophora abbreviate, Ay 511

Liinosella aquatica, L 334

australis, Br ib-

tenuifolia, Nutt ib.

Litliobotrys ? denticulata, Ehrb 517

Lithocampe Antarctica, Ehrb ib.

Australis, Ehrb ib.

Lolium pereuue, L 389

Lomaria alpina, Hool-.fil. Tab. CL 392

Antarctica, Carrn T 393

Australis, Kurtze, ib.

hlechnoides, Bory ? ib.

decurrens, Kunze ib.

linearis, Colens ib.

Magellauica, Besv ib.

Lomaria Mayellanica, /3, Bory, 393

polypodioides, Gaud 392

pumila, Baoul, Suppl 550

robusta, Carm 393

Sellowiana, Presl, ib-

set'ujera, Gaud ib.

zamioides, Gard ib-

Lomatia ferruginea, Br 342

Lophocolea, Nees, 435

coadunata, Nees, ib.

Lncet musque, Pern 276

Luzula Alopecimis, Besv 358

Antarctica, Hook.fil. Suppl 549

sp.

ita, Hook. fil. Suppl.

359 545

548 246

ib.

Lyallia Kerguelensis, Hool-.fil. Tab. CXXII.

Suppl

Lychnis Magellanica, Lam

thysanodes, Hool-.fil

Lycoperdon armarium, Pers 452

cselatum, Bull 449

Lycopodium carinatum, Desv 394

clavaturn, L ib.

confertum, Willd. Suppl 550

crassum, H.B.K 394

elonyatum, Sw ib.

insidare, Carm ib.

Saururus, Lam ib.

Selago, L ib.

Lyngbya fragilis, Hool-.fil. et Harv.

Tab. CXCIII. Eig. II 497

— — muralis, Ag ib.

subarticulata, Hool-.fil. et Harv 498

Lyperanthus Autarcticus, Hool-.fil. Suppl 544

Lysimachia repens, D'Urv 337

Macracheenium gracile, Hool-.fil 321

Microcystis angustifrons, Bory, 461

ib.

ib.

ib.

■ communis, Bory,

■ Humboldtii, auct

■ iidegrifrons, Bory,

■ luxurious, Hook. fil. et Harv.

■ planicaulis, Ag

ib.

568

INDEX.

Page

Microcystis pomifera, Bory, 461

pyrifera, Ag. var. e. Tab. CLXIX-

CLXX. et CLXXI. B ib.

zosterafolia, Bory, ib.

Maeromitrium longipes, ScJiw 404

Macrorhynchus pumilus, DC. Tab. CXII.

(sub nom. M. coronopifolii) 324

Chilensis, Hook, et Arn ib.

Madia sativa: Mol 308

viscosa, Hook, et Arn ib.

Marchantia polymorpha, L 446

Marsipposperm.um calyculatuin, Desv 357

grandifiorum, Hook ib.

Mastigopliora, Nees, 442

Mastigophorus Gaudichaudii, Cass 319

Mastodia tessellata, Hook.fil. et Harv.

Tab. CXCIV. Fig. II 499

Mauve, Pern 274

Maytenus Magellanicus, Hook.fil 254

Melalema humifusa, Hook.fil 311

Melanthium pumilum, Forst 357

Melobesia verrucata, Lam.r. (Suppl. 546) .... 4S2

Meloseira, n. sp. ? 508

Mesocaena? Spongolitbis, Ehrb 518

Mesogloia linearis, Hook.fil. et Harv 470

Metrosideros stipularis, Hook.fil 275

Metzgeria, Nees, 445

Microcoleus repens, Harv 498

Misandra Magellanica, Comm 274

Mitraria coccinea, Cav 326

Milium rostratum, Brack, 415

Montia fontana, L 278

lamprosperma, Cham ib.

linearifolia, D'Urv ib.

Moraa Magellanica, Willd 354

Morehella semilibera, Fr 451

Miihlenbergia rariflora, Hook.fil. Tab. CXXXI. 371

et Suppl 550

Midinum acaule, Pers 283

Muscaria Magellanica, Haw 280

Myginda disticha, Hook.fil 25-t

Myosotis albiflora, Banks, 329

Pane

Myriophyllum elatinoides, Gaud 271

ternatum, Gaud ib.

MyrrMs Andicola, H. B. K 288

Myrtus Xummularia, Poir 276

stipularis, Hook, et Arn 275

Myrtus Ugni, Molin 276

Myzodendron brachystachjTim, DC.

Tab. CIIL, CV, CVI. et CVIT. bis, ter. . 297

imbricatum, Poepp. Suppl 549

lineariibliuni, DC. Tab. CVII. ter 300

oblongifolium, DC 301

planifolium, Banks, 297

punctulatum, Banks et Sol.

Tab. CIL, CIV., et CVII., bis, ter 289

quadrifloram, DC. Tab. CVII. ter 301

Xanodea muscosa, Gaertn (Suppl. 549) 342

Nassauvia Commersonii, Cass 319

D'l'n-illm-, Cass ib.

Gaudichaudii, Cass ib.

pygrnasa, Hook.fil ib.

serpens, D'Urv. Tab. CXIV ib.

suaveolens, Tfilld ib.

Navicula amphyoxys, Ehrb 512

Didyma ? Kiitz ib.

elliptica, Ehrb ib.

Lyra, Ehrb ib.

peregrina, Kiitz ib.

viridis, Eutz ib.

Xephroma Arctica, Mont 524

cellulosa, Ach ib.

polaris, Ach ib.

Xertera depressa, Banks, 303

Nitopliyllum Bonnemaisoni, Grev 474

Crozieri, Hook.fil. et. Harv.

Tab. CLXXVII 472

fusco-rubrum, Hook.fil. et Harv ib.

laciniatum, Hook. fil. et Harv 474

lividum, Hook.fil. et Harv.

Tab. CLXXIX ib.

multineiTe, Hook.fil. et Harv 473

Smithii, Hook.fil. et Harv.

Tab. CLXXVIII ib.

INDEX.

569

Page

Noteroclada, Tmjl 445

Nostoc commune, Vouch. . . • • 501

microscopicum, Carm. ? ii.

Notkogenia variolosa, Mont 487

(Enantlie Huanaca, Spreng 2S6

Oligosporus emarginatus, Cass 308

Oncophorus dichotonius, Brid 406

Opcgrapha atra, Pers 540

Oreobolus obtusaugidus, Gaud 360

Oreomyrrhis Andicola, Endl. (sub nom. Caldasia

daucoides.) Tab. CI 288

Oreophila tenuifolia, Don, 323

Orites depressa, Banks, 282

Ortkotrickum coarctation, Sckw 403

crassifoUum, Hook.Jil. et IFils ib.

crispum, Hedw 404

longipes, Hook ib.

luteolum, Hook. filet JTih. Tab. CLII.

Fig. II 403

Magellanicum, Mont ib.

Orthodontium australe, Hook. fit. et JJ'ih.

Tab.CLIII. Pig.Y 412

OsciUatoria autumnalis, Ag 497

chothonoplastes, /3., Harv 498

purpurea, Hook. fit. et Harv 496

repens, Ag 498

Osmorkiza Ckilensis, Hook, et Am 288

— — Berterii, DC ii.

Ourisia brevirlora, Benth. Tab. CXVIII. (sub

nom. O. Antarctica.) 335

Magellanica, Juss 334

Oxalis enueapkylla, Cav. (Suppl. 548) 253

Magellanica, Font ii.

puniila, D'Urv ii.

Panargyrum abbreviatum, Hook, et Am 320

Darvrinii, Hook, et Ani ii.

Lagasca ? DC ii.

Panke, Feuill 273

Parmelia cincinnata, Ach 533

diatrypa, Ach. (Suppl. 547) ii.

enteromorpka, Ach. (Suppl. 547) 532

lactuccefolia, Pers 528

Page

Parmelia iugubris, Pers 532

mariana, Fries ? Suppl 547

paleacea, Pr 533

phgsodes, /3. Mont. (Suppl. 547) 532

puiescens, Pers 525

pidpom, Scka?r 541

rubiginosa, Ach 533

saxatilis, Ach ii.

stellaris, Ach 534

spkinctrina, Mont 533

Peltidea caniua, Ach. ? 524

polydactyla, Ach ii.

korizontalis, Ach 525

venosa, Ach ii.

Perdici/irii lactucoides, Yakl, 322

lawigatum, Banks, ii.

Magellanicum, Linn, fil ib.

purpureum, Yakl, 321

recurvatum, Yakl, 322

sinuatum, Banks, ib.

suaveolens, D'Urv 321

Perezia Bouiana, Less 322

Magellanica, Lag ib.

lactucoides, Less ib.

recunata, Less ib.

Pernettya empetrifolia, Gaud 326

mucronata, Gaud ib.

puniila, Hook ib.

■ serpgllifolia, DC 327

Pertusaria communis, BC. 540

Petroselinum prostratum, DC 287

Peziza Kerguelensis, Berk. Tab. CLXIV.

Pig. III. (Suppl. 551) 451

stercorea, Pers. Tab. CLXIII. Pig. IV.. . ib.

Pkdesia buxifolia, Lam 355

Pkleurn alpinuin, L 371

Hankeanum, Presl, ii.

Phgllachne nliginosa, Porst 325

Pkyllopkora cuneifolia, Hook. fil. et Harv 486

obtusa, Grev ib.

Pkyseoniitrion, Brid 399

Pilea elliptica, Hook.Jil 344

570

INDEX.

Pinguicula Antarctica, Vahl,

obtusa, Banks

Pinnularia borealis, Elirb 511

Page

Tab. CXIX 338

ib.

peregrina? Ehrb.

512

Pimm maritimum, L 260

Pratia longiflora, Hook.fil 325

repens, Gaud ib.

Primrose, of Falkland Islands 337

Protococcus stercorarens, Berk 501

Plagiochila, Nees et Mont 425

Plautago barbata, Font 339

hirtella, E.B.K. 340

imberbis, Hook, fil 339

monanthos, B'Urv. Tab. CXXI 340

paucifiora, Lam 339

paucifiora, /3., Barn ib.

polymorpha, Banks, ib.

Plante a odeur &c, Pern 321

Pleurophylliun criniferum, Hook. fil. Suppl 543

Plocamium coccineum, Lyngb 474

Hookeri, Harv ib.

? Magellanicum, Ilook.fl. et Han ib.

Poa Alopecurus, Kunth, 381

alpina, Brongn 379

alpina, var. Banks, 380

— — compressa, var. D'Urv 379

lanigera, Nees, Suppl 550

nemoralis, L 379

pratensis, L ib.

scabernla, Hook. fil 378

Podosfenia abbreciala, Ekrb 511

cuneata, Eltrb 514

Pogonia tetrapliylla, Poepp 351

Polycarpon Magellanicum, L. fil 282

Polygonum maritimum, L 340

Polyotus, Gotts 443

Polypodium Pinna-marina, Poir 393

vestitum, Porst 392

Polypogon Chonoticus, Hook, fil 374

Polyporus versicolor, Fr 448

Polysiphonia abscissa, Hook. fil. et Harv.

Tab. CLXXXIII. Pig. II.

480

Page

Polysiphonia anisogona, Hook. fil. et Harv.

Tab. CLXXXII. Fig. II 478

atro-rubescens, Grev ib.

Berkeleyi, Hook. fil. et Harv 480

botryocarpa, Hook. fil. et Harv. Suppl. . . 546

Bavisii, Hook. fil. et Harv 480

fiabelliformis, Hook. fil. et Harv.

Tab. CLXXXIII. Fig. I ib.

fusco-rabens, Hook. fil. et Harv.

Tab. CLXXXII. Fig. 1 478

microcarpa, Hook. fil. et Harv.

Tab. CLXXXII. Fig. Ill 479

pectinala, Hook. fil. et Harv 482

punicea, Mont 480

SulivanEe, Hook, fil et Harv.

Tab. CLXXXII. Fig. IV 479

tenuistriata, Hook. fil. et Harv.

Tab. CLXXXIII. Fig. Ill ib.

Polytrichum alpestre, Hoppe, 411

compressum, Hook. fil. et Wils.

Tab. CLIII. Fig. VII.. (Suppl. 551). . 410

dendroides, Schio 411'

juniperinum, Hedw. (Suppl. 545) 410

juniperinum, /3., Hook 411

Magellanicum, Hedw ib.

piliferum, Schreb ib.

squamosum, Hook.fil. et Wils.

Tab. CLIII. Fig. VIII ib.

Vorma fal/ax, Pers 537, 540 & 541

Wulfenii, DC. 541

Porphyra laciniata, Ag 500

vulgaris, Ay ib.

Potato, wild, 329

Potentilla anserina, L 264

Pottia Heimii, Brucb, 399

Primula decipiens, Duby, 337

farinosa, var. /3. Magellanica, Lelim.

Tab. CXX ib.

Magellanica, Lelim ib.

Pringlea antiscorbutica, Hook.fil. Tab. XC-XCI. 239

Prionotes Americana, Hook. (Suppl. 549) .... 327

Pteris palmaformis, Pet. Th 393

INDEX.

571

Ptilota Harveyi, Hook. fil. Tab. CLXXXVII. . .

Pyxidula dentata, Elirb

Hellenica, Ehrb

n. sp. ?

sp. ?

Racoinitrium aquaticum, Brid

cataractarum, Braun,

fasciculare, Bill

keterostichiun, Brid

lanuginosuin, Brid

microcarpum, Mont. Suppl

protensum, Braun,

Radula, Nees,

Ramalina scopulorum, Ach

terebrata, Hook. fil. et. Tayl

verrucosa, Hook. fil. et Tayl

Ranunculus biternatus, Sm

crassipes, Hook. fil. Tab. LXXXI

Chilensis, DC.

exiguus, D'Urv

fiaccidus, Banks,

hydrophilus, Gaud. Tab. LXXXII. B

Maclovianus, B' Uro

parvifiorus, Gaud

peduncularis, Sm

sericocephalus, Hook. fil. Tab. LXXXIII.

trullifolius, Hook. fil. Tab. LXXXII. A. .

Rhaphoneis fasciolata, Ehrb

Seutelluin, Ehrb

Rhizosolenia Calyptra, Ehrb

oruithoglossa, Ehrb

Rliodornela ? coniosa, Hook. fil. et Harv.

Tab. CLXXXV

Gaimardi, Ag. Tab. CLXXXIV

(jlmnerulata, Mont. Suppl

patula, Hook. fil. et Harv.

Tab. CLXXXIII. Fig. TV

Khodymenia corallina, Bory,

fimbriata, Grev

gl-aphyra, Suhr,

Hookeri, Harv

palmata, Grev

Page Page

487 Rhodymenia Palmetta, Grev 475

508 sobolifera, Grev ib.

ib. variegata, Mont ib.

ib. variolosa, Hook. fil. et Harv.

ib. Tab. CLXXX 476

402 Ribes Magellanicum, Poir 278

ib. Rostkovia grandiflora, Hook. fil 357

ib. Magellanica, Hook, fil 358

ib. Rubus Antarclicus, Banks, 263

403 geoides, Sm ib.

545 Rumex Acetosella, L 341

402 crispus, L ib.

442 euneifolius, Campd ib.

522 Patientia ? Gaud ib.

ib. Sagina crassifo/ia, D'Urv 248

ib. procumbens, L 247

224 Samolus littoralis, Br 338

ib. spathulatus, Duby, ib.

ib. Sapinette, Pern 307

ib. Saxifraga exarata, Fill 280

ib. Magellanica, Poir ib.

226 bicuspidata, Hook. fil. Tab. XCVII 281

225 Seandix clavata, Banks, 288

ib. Scapania ? densifolia, Gotts 433

ib. Scheffieldia repens, Porst 338

ib. ScMstidium apocarpum, Bruch, 401

226 marginatum, Hook. fil. et Wih.

514 Tab. CLI. Pig. VI 399

ib. maritimum, Bruch, 401

519 Sehizfea australis, Gawd. 324

ib. Schizomania sp.? 510

Schudia Chilensis, Molin 288

482 Scirpus melanostachys, D'Urv 360

481 Scutellaria nunimulariaefolia, Hook, fil 336

546 Scytotbalia Jacquinotii, Mont 456

Sea-pink, of Falkland Islands, 339

481 Sendtnera ochroleuca, Nees, 442

475 Senebiera australis, Hook. fil. (Suppl. 548) 241

ib. Seuecio acanthifolius, Homb. et Jacq 318

ib. Andersoni, Hook. fil 312

ib. Arnottii, Hook. fil 314

ib. candidans, BC. Tab. CIX 312

573

INDEX.

Senecio cuneatus, Hook. fil 318

Danyausii, Homb. et Jacq 313

Darwinii, Hook, et Am 317

Eightsii, Hook, et Am ib.

exilis, Homb. et Jacq 313

Falklandicus, Hook.fll. Tab. CX 316

floccidus, Homb. et Jacq 313

— — Hookeri, Homb. et Jacq 312

K-iugii, Hook fil 314

Laseguei, Homb. et Jacq 313

limbardioides, Hook, et Am 311

littoralis, Gaud. 318

littoralis, var. a., Gaud 316

longipes, Hook. Jit. 314

miser, Hook, fil ib.

Patagonicus, Hook, et Am 313

tricuspidatits, Banks, 317

trifurcatus, Less. Tab. CVIII ib.

Websteri, Hook. fil ib.

vaginatus, Hook, et Am 318

verbascifolivs, Homb. et Jacq 316

vulgaris, L 313

Serbia apargioides, Less 323

incana, Hook, et Am ib.

teniiifolia, Hook, et Am ib.

Silene thysanod.es, Fenzl 246

Sisymbrium canescens, auct 242

glaciate, Forst , 232

gerauiifolium, Poir 233

Magellauicum, Hook, fil 243

242 352

ib.

ib. 353

ib.

ib.

Sopki;

SisyrincMum filifolium, Gaud. Tab. CXX1I. . . .

Gaudichaudii, Dietr

laxum, Link,

t sp

narcissoides, Cav. . . . odoratissimum, Lindl.

Solarium tuberosum, L 329

, Commersonii, Poir 330

Sonchus oleraceus, L 324

Sorrel, of Falkland Islands, 252

Soananthe Huanaca, Lag 286

Spharococcusfimbriatus, Ag. fiaccidus, Suhr,

Spharococcus subulatus, p., Ag

Spharo:yga tena.v, Hook. fil. et. Harv.

Spliacelaria funicularis, Mont

obovata, Hook. fil. et Harv. . .

Sphajronema sticticum, Berk. Tab. CLXIII.

Fig. I

Spliffirophoron australe, Lanr

compressum, Aclt

eoralloides, Ach

tenerum, Laur

Sphagnum condensation, Brid.

cuspidatum, Ehrh. . . .

cymbifolium, Bill

(inibriatuiH, TFils

obtusifolium, Hook. . . .

Splachnum Magellanicum, Brid. plagiopus, Mont. Suppl. . .

Sporidesmium adscendens, Berk. . .

Sporochnus medius, Ag

Sprucea, Hook. fil. et TFils. Suppl.

Stacliys Clionotica, Hook, fil

Statice Armeria, L

crespitosa, Poir

Stauroptera aspera, Ehrb

capitata, Ehrb

Stellaria debilis, H Urv

lanceolata, Poir

media, With

rotundifolia, Poir

Stereocaulon alpinum, Fr

Ai-gus, Hook. fil. et Tayl.

corallinum, Fr

denudatum, Somm

paschale, Acli

ramulosum, Ach

Suppl.

Stereoeladon Lyallii, Hook. fil. Tab. CLXXIV.

Stereo.rgloii serration, Poir

StictaBillardieri, Bel. (Suppl. 547)

citrina, Pers

crocata, Linn

Page

475 484 477 502 46'J ib.

450 530

ib. 529 530 398

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib. 400 545 450 466 545 336 339

ib. 512

ib. 250

ib.

ib.

ib. 529 546 428 529 528

ib. 468 279 527

ib. 525

INDEX.

573

Page

Sticta divulsa, Hook. fil. et Tayl 527

B'Urvillei, Del 525

— faveolata, Bel 527

filicina, Ach 528

flavicans, Hook. fil. et Tayl 525

Freycinetii, Bel. (Suppl. 547) 528

fidiginosa, Hook. fil. et Tayl 525

fulvo-cinerea, Mont 528

Gaiidichandii, Del 525

glabra, Hook. fil. et. Tayl 528

hirsuta, Mont 526

impressa, Hook. fil. et Tayl 525

ochracea, Menz ib.

orygrnasa, Ach 526

obvoluta, Ach ib.

Richardi, Mont. Suppl 547

Richardi, Mont 527

scrobicidata, Ach ib.

Thouarsii, Del ib.

Stictosiplionia fastigiata, Hook.Jil. et Harv 484

Hookeri, Harv. Tab. CLXXXVI.

Fig. II 483

vaga, Hook.Jil. et Harv. Tab. CLXXXVI.

Tig. 1 484

Surirella ? australis, Ehrb 509

Swartzia capillacea, Hedw 408

Synedra Ulna, Ehrb 509

Symbolophora ? Hexas, Ehrb 514

Microtrias, Ehrb ib.

? Pentas, Ehrb ib.

? Tetras, Ehrb ib.

Symphyostenion narcissoides, Mien, 353

Syntrichia hyperlorea, Brid 410

mucronifolia, Br ib.

Taraxacum coronopi folium, Gaud 324

Dens-leonis, Besf. Tab.,CXPI. in part. . 323

larigafmn, DC ib.

pumilum, Gaud 324

Tapeinia Magellanica, Juss. Tab. CXXIX.

(sub noni. Sisyr. pumilum.) 353

Tea, of Falkland Islands 276

Tetroncium Magellanicum, TFilld.

Tab. CXXVIII 359

Page

Tl/amnopJtora Magellanica, Mont 474

Thelimytra uniflora, Hook.Jil. Suppl 544

Thilco, Feuil 269

Tldaspi Magellanicum, Pers 241

TJtriJt, of Falkland Islands 339

Thuja tetragona, Hook 350

Tilleea moschata, DC 278

Torresia Magellanica, Pal 375

Tortula densifolia, Hook.Jil. et TTils.

Tab. CLIII. Pig. 1 409

gracilis, Hook.Jil. et Wih. Tab. CLIII,. .

Pig. Ill 410

hyperborea, Mont ib.

lsevipila, Hook.Jil. et Wils ib.

Mulleri, Hook. fil. et TFih 409

robusta, Hook. Tab. CLIII. Fig. II ib.

Tremella mesenterica, Eetz, 449

Triachne pygmcea, Cass 319

Trianthus ulicinus, Hook.Jil 320

Triaulacias triquetra, Ehrb 517

Trichomanes csespitosum, Bory, 391

flabcllatum, Hook ib.

■ Flabellula, D'Ui-f ib.

Tricltostouinm fasciculare, Schw 402

heterostichum, Hedw ib.

lanuginosum, Hedw 403

longifolium, Brid 408

pallidum, /3 ib.

Triglochin Capense, Thuub 360

Magellanicum, "Vahl, 359

maritimum, Drege, 360

Monte-Vidense, Spreng ib.

reflexum, Vahl, 359

striatum, Cham 360

Triodia Kerguelensis, Hook.Jil.

Tab. CXXXVIII. (sub norn. Poce.) 379

Antarctica, Hook.Jil 380

Trisetum Andinum, Beuth 377

subspicatum, Beauv ib.

Triticum glaucum, Lam 389

repens, L ib.

repens, var., Brongn ib.

574

INDEX.

Page

Trqpidolepis diffusa, Tausch 304

Trypothallus anastomosans, Hook: f I. et Han.

Tab. CXCIV. Fig. 1 501

Tussock-grass, 384

Tussilago trifurcata, Forst 317

Ulva crispa, Light/. 498

cristata, Hook.jtt. et Han 499

Lactuca, L 498

latissima, L ib.

Linza, L ib.

rigida, Ag. ? ib.

tessellata, Hook. til. et Harv 499

■ umbilicata, Sm 500

Uncinia Douglasii, Boott, 369

Kingii, Boott, Tab. CXLV 370

Macloviaua, Gaud ib.

multifaria, Nees, ib.

phlseoides, Purs 369

tenuis, Poepp 368

Urceolaria calcarea, Ach 537

endochlora, Hook. Jit. et Tag/ ib.

■ erubescens, Hook. jit. et. Tag! ib.

macropthdbma, Hook. til. etTayl 535

scruposa, |3., Fries, 537

sordida, Fries, ib.

Uredo Candida, Pen 451

Urtica australis-, Hook. fit. Suppl 544

Darwinii, Hook. fit 343

Magellanica, Poir 344

Usnea aurantiaco-atra, D'Urv 520

barbata, Ach 521

fasciata, Ton- : . 520

florida, Ach 522

melaxantha, Ach 519

plicata, Ach 521

sphacelata, Br ib.

Taylori, Hook. fit. Tab. CXCV. Fig. I. . . ib.

Valeriana carnosa, Sm ' 304

Page

Valeriana lapathifolia, Fahl, 303

Magellanica, Homb. et Jua£ 304

Magellanica, Lam ib.

sedifolia, D'Urv ib.

Vauclieria casspitosa, Ag 492

Dillwynii, Ag ib.

Veronica decussata, Ait 334

clliptica, Forst ib.

salicilblia ? Forst. Suppl 544

scrpyllifolia, L 334

Verrucaria yelida, Hook. til. et Tayl 541

punctiibrmis, Ach. Suppl 547

stiginalella, E. B ib.

umbrina, Ach. Tab. CXCVIII. Fig. IT. 541

Vicia Kingii, Hook.fil 258

Magellanica, Hook.fil 257

Patagonica, Hook.fil 259

Viscmn ambiguum, Hook, et Arn 291

fiavescens, Comui 289

Viola Conimcrsonii, DC. 245

maculata, Cav 244

Magellanica, Forst ib.

pgrotafolia, Foil- ib.

tridentata, Mem 245

Weissia acuta, Hedw 404

contecta, Hook.fil. et Wils ib.

cnspula, Ludm ib.

striotei Hook.fil. et Tills. Tab. CLII.

Fig. IV ib.

tortifolia, Hook.fil. et Wils. Tab. CLII.

Fig. V 405

Winter s Bark, 229

Wintera (iromutica, Murr ib.

arotiiatica, Sol ib.

Witsenia Magellanica, Pers 353

pumila, Vahl, ib.

Zignoa clathrata, Treris. Suppl 546

Zygoccros australis, Ehrb 518

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THE BOTANY

OP

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

OF

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR

IN THE YEARS 1839—1843.

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kt., R.N., F.R.S. &c

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.,

Victoria Barrier and Land. Lat. "8° S. Mount Erebus (active Volcano), and Mount Terror.

pufiltSijctr unocr tfjc attfljoritji of fl)c ilnrtte Commts&umrrS at tfjc <3onuratts.

LONDON:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND,

FORTIN, MASSON, ET CIE., PARIS.

1845.

NEW AND IMPORTANT

SCIENTIFIC WORKS

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND.

JSntang.

UNDER THE AUTHORITY Or THI LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF THE ADMIRALTY,

FLORA ANTARCTICA,

BOTANY OF THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE of H.M. Ships Erebus and Terror, 1839—1843.

UNDER THE COMMAND OP

CART. SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, KT., R.N., F.R.S.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.

Botanist to the Expedition.

To be completed in Twenty Monthly Parts, price 8s. col. 6s. pi.

[Part VIII. now ready.

CRYPTOGAMIA ANTARCTICA,

THE

CRYPTOGAMIC PORTION OF THE ABOVE,

containing the

MOSSES, HEPATICiEj SEA-WEEDS, FUNGI, &C.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.

Botanist to the Expedition.

To be completed in Seven Monthly Parts, price 8s. col. 6s. plain.

So large a portion of Cryptogajiic, as compared with Phjenogamic Plants, were collected in the Antarctic Regions during this Expedition, and they contain so much of interest and novelty, that it has been thought desirable, at the suggestion of several eminent Cryptogamic Botanists, to publish this portion of " The Antarctic Botany " in a separate form.

[Part I. now ready.

In » handsome volume, Royal Quarto, containing twenty-three beautifully coloured Plates, price One Guinea, neatly bound in cloth ;

MADEIRA

FLOWERS, FRUITS, AND FERNS;

a selection of the

CHOICEST BOTANICAL PRODUCTONS OF THAT

ISLAND, FOREIGN AND INDIGENOUS,

Drawn and Coloured from Nature,

BY J. WALLAS PENFOLD,

of the Achada, Madeira.

[On the 1st March.

4. In a handsome volume, Folio, containing eight large beautifully coloured plates, price One Guinea, neatly bound in cloth. .

A SELECTION OF

MADEIRA FLOWERS,

drawn and coloured from Nature,

BT AUGUSTA J. ROBLEY.

of Madeira.

[On the 1st March.

C0nd)0l0BB.

1.

Just published, at a rednced price,

CONCHOLOGIA SYSTEMATICA.

OR COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CONCHOLOGY :

in which the Lepades and Mollusca are described and classified according to their natural organization and habits ;

BY LOVELL REEVE, A.L.S., F.Z.S., etc.

Illustrated with 1500 highly-finished copper-plate Engraving!,

By Messrs. Sowerby ;

Two volumes quarto, price £10, coloured.

[Originally published in Twelve 21s. Parti.

By the same Author, Now in course of Publication in Numbers; Eight Large Quarto Plates, with descriptive text, on the First Day of every Month, Price 6s. Plain, 10s. Coloured.

CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA :

A REPERTORY OF SPECIES OF SHELLS.

Illustrated with original Figures drawn expressly from Naturt

by G. B. Sowerby, Jun.

Names of the Genera published, Area. Cyprieardia. Pectunculns.

Cardita. Delphinula. Phorus.

Cardium. Glauconome. Pleurotoma.

Conus. Harpa. Pollicipes.

Corbula. Mitra. Rauella.

Crassatella. Myadora. Triton.

N.B. Any of the genera may be had separately in monographs.

[Part XXV. now ready.

3.

In one volume octavo, cloth, or in sheets for labelling, Price One Guinea,

THE CONCHOLOGIST'S

NOMENCLATOR,

or

SYSTEMATIC AND ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE

OF ALL THE KNOWN SPECIES OF SHELLS,

accompanied with synonymes, and references to where figured,

or described,

BY AGNES CATLOW AND LOVELL REEVE.

N.B. For the convenience of remarks, and the addition of new species, copies will be sold interleaved with faint lines.

[Nearly ready.

Zaalass.

To be completed in Twenty Monthly Parts, small Folio, price 10s. 6d. coloured. The First Part to be published as soon as the Names of One Hundred Subscribers are obtained.

(By Permission of the Council of the Zoological Society.)

ZOOLOGIA TYPICA,

FIGURES OF NEW AND RARE MAMMALS AND BIRDS

described in the Proceedings or exhibited in the collections of the Zoological Society of London.

BY LOUIS FRASER,

Curator to the Society ; Naturalist to the Niger Expedition, 1841-42.

N.B. Specimens are in preparation and further particulars will be shortly announced.

Part X. [Price ps. col. — $. plain.

Jlrtrtcatco, 6» #ermu«um, to $?rr iWosit (gracious isaajtstti, (Quccu afcrtoria.

THE BOTANY

OP

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

OP

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR

IN THE YEARS 1839—1843.

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kt., R.N., F.R.S., &c.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.,

ASSISTANT SURGEON OF THE " EREBUS " AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

^Victoria Barrier find Land. Lat. 73" S. Mount Erebus (active Volcano), and Mount Terror.

$ui>It!Sl)ca uuorr tf>c autljaitrti at tljc Horttf Commissioners of Hjr aomiraltu.

LONDON:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STBAKD,

FORTIN, MASSON, ET CIE., PARIS.

1845,

Part Xll,

[Price 8s. col. — 5s. plain.

JBrtricatrtr, frn }a<rrmutet0n, to g?rr j&aitt (gracious! tfSajrsry, ©urcn mutatis.

THE BOTANY

OF

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

OP

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR IN THE YEARS 1839—1843.

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kt., R.N., E.R.S., &c.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.,

ASSISTANT SURGEON OF THE " EREBUS " AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

Victoria Barrier and Land. Mount Erebus (active Volcano), and Mount Tenor.

PufiliSTjrtr untrcr tfjc gtiifljorttt) nf tl)e Hatasi Cammts's'ionn-S at tye SRrmiraltu.

LONDON:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND,

FORTIN, MASSON, ET CIE., PARIS.

1845.

Just published, square lGmo, neat cloth, price 2s. Cut.

ILLUSTEATIONS OF THE WISDOM

AND

BENEVOLENCE OF THE DEITY

AS MANIFESTED IN NATUKE.

By HENEY EDWAEDS, LL.D., D.D., Etc.

" There is a power above us, And that there is, all Nature cries aloud Through all her works."

CHAPTER I.

AS MANIFESTED IN THE MINUTE CREATIONS OF ORGANIC LIFE.

Animalcules — Their Minute Structure — Powers of Reproduction — Universal Diffusiou — Benefit to Mankind — Arrest of Putrefaction — Nutriment to Plants.

CHAPTEE II.

AS MANIFESTED IN THE CHEMICAL CONDITION AND PRESSURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE.

Composition of the Air — Mixture of Gases — Charcoal in Plants — Functions of Plants — Re-action between Plants and Animals — Permeating Property of Gas — Affinity of Oxygen — Law of Eva- poration— Weight and Pressure of the Air.

CHAPTER III.

AS MANIFESTED IN THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE EARTH AND OF "WATER.

Elements of the Earth — Of Water — Intense Combination of Gases — Process of Oxydation — Dis- tribution of Metals — Important Properties of Iron — Value and Abundance of Lime — Presence of Lime in Shells, Vegetables, &c. — Dissemination of Poisonous Substances.

CHAPTER VI.

AS MANIFESTED IN THE ORGANIC COMPOSITION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS.

Organic Chemistry — Gases in Plants — Convulsions of the Earth — Mixture and Combination of Materials — Origin and Composition of Flesh — Transformation of Animal and Vegetable Atoms — The Aldehyde of Liebig.

CHAPTER V.

AS MANIFESTED IN THE BENEFICIAL DISTURBANCE AND NEW ARRANGEMENT OF PARTICLES OF MATTER.

Conversion of Starch into Sugar — Constituents of Quinine — Law of Reciprocity between the Components of Plants and Animals— Animal Chemistry — Salt in the Blood — Fibrine — Caseine — Continual Process of Decomposition and Recomposition — Decomposing Principle of Oxygen.

CHAPTER VI.

AS MANIFESTED IN THE PROPERTIES OF LIGHT AND ELECTRICITY.

Influence of Light upon Plants and Animals — Upon the Formation of Crystals — Electricity, a Modification of Caloric — Magnetic Property of the Earth — Influence of Electricity upon Vege- tation— Conducting Power of Vegetable Points — Effects of Magnetism upon the System — The Brain, an Electrical Battery.

CHAPTER VII.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS.

An interesting and familiar Summary of natural phenomena addressed to young Philosophers, and all who desire to

" Find tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, Sermons in stones, and good in every thing."

Reeve, Brothers, King William Street, Strand.

Part Xlll.

[Price 8s. col. — 5s. plat,

am.

iBrauatca, lii) permission, to $cr IWoSt ©rations JHajcsty, «&ttcnt JKirtoria.

THE BOTANY

OP

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

OF

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR

IN THE YEARS 1839—1843.

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kt., R.N., F.R.S., &c.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.,

ASSISTANT SURGEON OF THE " EREBUS " AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

Victoria Barrier and Land. Mount JErebus (active Volcano), and Mount Terror.

puiiliSIjrtf unocr fijc aitrljaritD at tfjc Haras CammiSSionrrS af ttjc anmtratti).

LONDON:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY PEEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND,

FOETIN, MASSON, ET CIE., PARIS.

1845.

Splendid new work on the British Sea- Weeds.

Messrs. Reeve have the pleasure to announce that on the 1st of January 1846, will be published No. I, of the

PHYCOLOGIA BRITANNICA

OR,

WZtovy of ti)t 23j:ttt£S!) ^ta«ee&&

BY

WILLIAM HENRY HARVEY, M.D., M.R.I.A.,

Hrrpcr at fyc $?crtatum at fijc JKntberSttn at JBufcltn.

This Work will contain coloured figures, carefully drawn on stone by the author, representing the natural size aud magnified dissections of every species, accom- panied by generic and specific characters, synonymes, British habitats, the geo- graphical distribution aud general history of each individual, in a fuller and more perfect manner than has yet been attempted in any work exclusively devoted to the illustration of British Algae. Appearing periodically, the general plan of similar publications, such as the ' English Botany ' and Greville's ' Scottish Cryptogamic Flora', will be followed ; namely, each number will contain six species, selected without reference to systematic order, but at the conclusion of each volume, and more fully at the completion of the entire work, systematic and alphabetical indices will be added ; — and finally, a general Introduction, to be prefixed to the last volume, will complete the History.

The beauty and variety of form, and the extraordinary delicacy of colour and structure which distinguish the marine Algae have ever rendered this tribe of plants a favourite object of study. But hitherto a serious want has been felt of an adequately illustrated work, devoted to these beautiful plants. The admi- rable figures by Greville comprise but a few of the more remarkable species, while the plates in the ' English Botany,' though excellent in their way, being, in several instances, drawn from imperfect specimens, do not afford that justice to the subject which modern discoveries and improvements require. To supply this want the present History has been projected ; and Messrs. Reeve confidently trust that by producing it in an attractive form, and at an extremely moderate price, they will afford to the student the assistance which he so much requires, and ensure to their publication the patronage of the scientific public.

As a specimen of plates of Sea-weeds, published by them, Messrs. Reeve appeal to those which have already appeared in Dr. Hooker's ' Flora Antarctica,' now in progress, a work which, for beauty of execution, has never (they may be permitted to say) been exceeded in this country. The plates of the Phycologia Britannica will be printed on the same paper, and coloured with equal care, and as they will all be executed by Dr. Harvey, whose acquaintance with the subject is generally known, the Publishers feel confident of producing a work equally worthy of support.

Size royal octavo, to be completed in Sixty monthly numbers, each containing Six Coloured Plates, with descriptive text, price 2s. 6d.

*** A few copies will be printed on large paper of superior quality, price 5s. ; but as a very limited number will be prepared in this style, Subscribers are requested to send intheir names to the Publishers as early as possible.

Important new Work on the Physical History of Brazil.

Messrs. Keeve, Brothers, beg to announce that they are preparing for pub- lication, complete in two vols., 8vo, price 24*., illustrated with a Map, and View of the Organ Mountains, a work of considerable interest, general and botanical, entitled

TRAVELS

IN THE

INTERIOR OF BRAZIL,

PBINCIPALLY

THROUGH THE NORTHERN PROVINCES

AND

€f)t <Boia anil JBiamonft ©isitrirtsi.

BY

GEORGE GARDNER, F.L.S., Etc.

The present volumes are not oifered to the public under an impression that they contain a better history of certain portions of Brazil than is to be found in the works of other Travellers, but because they include the description of a large tract of that immense Empire of which the world has as yet had no account. Independant of the general condition of the country, the author has endeavoured to give a faithful picture of its physical aspect and productions ; and some cur- sory remarks are added on the characters, habits, and condition of the different races, whether indigenous or otherwise, of which the population of those parts that he visited is now composed. Besides travelling along the coast, his journeys ,into the interior were numerous. During his last expedition which extended from North to South from the Equator to the twenty-third degree of south lati- tude, and from East to West from the coast to the tributaries of the Amazon, though suffering numerous privations, his enthusiasm surmounted all difficulties. He laboured diligently in the pleasing vocation of a Naturalist, and his troubles were amply repaid, not only by the incidents and pleasure which such wander- ings always afford to the lover of nature, but by the gratification of having con- tributed to no inconsiderable extent to the Flora and Fauna of that region.

ON THE FIRST OF JANUARY, 1846.

CURTIS'S BOTANICAL MAGAZINE,

Edited by SIR WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER, K.H, D.C.L., &c, Director of the Royal Gardens of Kew. Vol. I., of the Third Series, for 1844, price 21. 2s., cloth ; also Vol. 1., of the Third Series, a beautiful edition on large paper, size royal quarto, price 4/. 4s. cloth.

\* The Publishers take this opportunity of announcing that, in order to give effect to the forthcoming novelties, as well as to the improvements lately made in the drawing and typo- graphy of this highly favoured Work, a handsome large-paper edition will be issued on the 1st of every month with the usual octavo, price 7 s. — All Subscribers of the present year who may be desirous of taking the large-paper edition can have their octavo copies allowed for to the full amount.

A CENTURY OF ORCHIDACEOUS PLANTS,

Consisting of a hundred of those most worthy of cultivation, systematically arranged, and illustrated with Figures and Dissections, chiefly executed by Mr. Fitch ; the descriptions by Sib, William Jackson Hooker, K.H., D.C.L., &c, Director of the Royal Gardens of Kew; with copious remarks on the culture and mode of treatment, and illustrative figures, by John Lyons, Esq., of Ladiston, author of " A Practical Treatise on the Management of Orchida- ceous Plants." A handsome large-paper edition, size royal quarto, to be completed within the year in Twelve Monthly Parts, price 10s. 6d. each, coloured; Is. plain.

REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND.

Part XIV.

[Price 8s. col. — bs.pla///.

JBeottatetr, I>|> ftermiteian, to ~<&ex ffla&t (gracious' iMajcStu, (Queen Victoria.

THE BOTANY

OF

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

OF

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR

IN THE YEARS 1839—1843.

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kt., R.N., F.R.S., &c.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.,

ASSISTANT SURGEON OF THE " EREBUS " AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

Vxct&ria Barrier and Land. Mouvt Erebus (active Volcano), and Mount Terror.

laublisfijeo utttrrr flje auttjaiiiu at tt>c boras' CammtSsioncrS ai tljc aomiralty.

LONDON:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY REEVE, BROTHERS, KINCi WILLIAM STREET, STRAND,

FORTIN, MASSON, ET CIE., PARIS.

1845.

Will he published in a few days, ftp. Sro, neat cloth, price 5*. THE

PLANETARY AND STELLAR UNIVERSE.

WITH NUMEROUS ASTRONOMICAL DIAGRAMS.

BY

EOBERT JAMES MANN.

CHAPTER I.

THE TELESCOPE. Invention of Instrument, First Astronomical Employment — Radiant Light — Optical Property of Lenses — Camera Obscura — The Eye — Illuminating ami Magnifying Powers of Telescope — Its Various Construction — Astronomical Refractor — Reflectors, — Gregorian, Newtonian, and Le- Mairean — The Parsonstown Leviathan.

CHAPTER II.

REVELATIONS OF THE TELESCOPE— THE MOON. A solid opaque Sphere of large size — Without Atmosphere or Water — Inequalities of Surface — ■ Shadows at Quadrature — Height of Projections — Explosive Craters, Tycho — Isolated Peaks — Mountain Ridges — Extended Plains — Recent Extinct Volcanoes, Copernicus, Kepler, Aristar- chus — General Conclusions.

CHAPTER III.

REVELATIONS OF THE TELESCOPE— THE PLANETS.

Mercury — Venus, its Phases, Atmosphere, and Seasons — Mars, its Continents, Atmosphere, and Snows — the Asteroids — Jupiter, its Belt, Perpendicular Axis, and Satellites — Deduction of Rate of Propagation of Light — Saturn, its Rings and Satellites — Herschel.

CHAPTER IV.

REVELATIONS OF THE TELESCOPE— THE SUN. Apparent Motions of Sun — Its real Rotation — Maculae of Surface, their Nucleus and Umbra — Analogy with terrestrial atmospheric Changes — Facuhc of Surface — Solar Constitution, a Nucleus and double Atmosphere — Extension and Attenuation of outer Envelope — The Solar System as a whole.

CHAPTER V.

REVELATIONS OF THE TELESCOPE— THE FIXED STARS. Parallax — The Means of estimating the Distances and Dimensions of the Sun and Planets — Classification of fixed Stars — Their apparent Motions- — Arrangement in Space — Star Firma- ment— Periodic Stars — Double Stars — Their Revolution and Complementary Colours of Con- stituents— Quadruple Star — Star Clusters — Remote Star Firmaments.

CHAPTER VI.

REVELATIONS OF THE TELESCOPE— NEBULyE AND COMETS. Irresolvable Nebulae — Nebulous Stars — Theory of Nebular Condensation — Comets — External Characters — Intimate Constitution — Luminosity — Volume and Density — Nature of Orbits — Halley's, Encke's, Biela's, Faye's, De Vico's, Lexel's — Occasional Comets — Material ponder- able, but seat of some imponderable Elements — Sympathetic relation to Solar Sphere.

CHAPTER VII.

THE TELESCOPE IN THE OBSERVATORY. Man's primeval Notions of the Universe — Origin of Astronomical Observations — Progress of the Science in Chaldea, Egypt and Greece. — Pythagoras. — The barbarous and dark Ages; Astrology in Arabia, and Spain — 16th. Century ; Copernicus, Tycho Brahe. — 17th Century; Kepler, Galileo, Gascoyne, Picard, and Romer; The Transit and Mural Circle. — 18th Century Establishment of National Observatories.

CHAPTER Vm.

IMPORTANCE OF TELESCOPIC OBSERVATION TO THE THEORIES OF PHYSICAL ASTRONOMY.

Newton ; his deductions from Kepler's Laws. — Examination of the Nature of the Deflecting Power acting upon the Moon — Picard's Measure of a Degree— Identification by it of Deflecting Force with Terrestrial Gravitations. — Extension of Principle to Investigation of Perturbations and Densities of Planets. — Adaptation of Projectile and Deflecting Forces to Elliptical Motion.

Reeve, Brothers, King William Street, Strand.

SPLENDID NEW WORK ON THE BRITISH SEA- WEEDS.

Messrs. Reeve have the pleasure to announce that on the 1st of January 1846, will be published No. I. of the

PHYCOLOGIA J BRITANNICA

OR,

HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SEA-WEEDS.

BY

WILLIAM HENRY HARVEY, M.D., M.R.I.A.,

Urcprr of the Srrtarium of fl)E ajniucrjSttii of ffluWtn.

This Work will contain coloured figures, carefully drawn on stone by the author, representing the natural size and magnified dissections of every species, accom- panied by generic and specific characters, synonymes, British habitats, the geo- grapliieal distribution and general history of each individual, in a fuller and more perfect manner than has yet been attempted in any work exclusively devoted to the illustration of British Algae. Appearing periodically, the general plan of similar publications, such as the ' English Botany ' and Greville's ' Scottish Cryptogamic Flora', will be followed; namely, each number will contain six species, selected without reference to systematic order, but at the conclusion of each volume, and more fully at the completion of the entire work, systematic and alphabetical indices will be added ; — and finally, a general Introduction, to be prefixed to the last volume, will complete the History.

The beauty and variety of form, and the extraordinary delicacy of colour and structure which distinguish the marine Algas have ever rendered this tribe of plants a favourite object of study. But hitherto a serious want has been felt of an adequately illustrated work, devoted to these beautiful plants. The admi- rable figures by Greville comprise but a few of the more remarkable species, while the plates in the ' English Botany,' though excellent in their way, being, in several instances, drawn from imperfect specimens, do not afford that justice to the subject which modem discoveries and improvements require. To supply this want the present History has been projected ; and Messrs. Reeve confidently trust that by producing it in an attractive form, and at an extremely moderate price, they will afford to the student the assistance which he so much requires, and ensure to their publication the patronage of the scientific public.

As a specimen of plates of Sea- weeds, published by them, Messrs. Reeve appeal to those which have abeady appeared in Dr. Hooker's ' Eloea Antarctica,' now in progress, a work which, for beauty of execution, has never (they may be permitted to say) been exceeded in this country. The plates of the Phycologia Britannica will be printed on the same paper, and coloured with equal care, and as they will all be executed by Dr. Harvey, whose acquaintance with the subject is generally known, the Publishers feel confident of producing a work equally worthy of support.

Size royal octavo, to be completed in Sixty monthly numbers, each containing Six Coloured Plates, with descriptive text, price is. 6d.

*** A few copies will be printed on large paper of superior quality, price 5s. ; but as a very limited number will be prepared in this style, Subscribers are requested to send in their names to the Publishers as early as possible.

London : Reeve, Brothers, King William Street, Strand.

Part XII l

[Price 8s. col. — 5s. plat,

ain.

fflcotcatrtr, ijj permtftSion, to fgcr Mast (SractoujS $lajestj), «aurm ?Stctorta.

THE BOTANY

OP

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

OF

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR IN THE YEARS 1839—1843.

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kt., R.N., F.R.S., &c.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.,

ASSISTANT SURGEON OF THE " EREBUS " AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

Victoria Barrier and Land. Mount Erebus (active Volcano), and Mount Terror.

^uulufljrti unSrr fljc aunjoritu of ttjc EaroiS CammutfionrnS of ttje gmmtratto.

LONDON:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND,

FOR/TIN, MASSON, ET CIE., PARIS.

1845.

Splendid new work on the British Sea- Weeds.

Messrs. Reeve have the pleasure to announce that on the 1st of January 1846, will be published No. I. of the

PHYCOLOGIA BMTANNICA

OB,

BY

WILLIAM HENRY HARVEY, M.D., M.R.I.A.,

Brepcr of tljc herbarium at the ©ntberSttt; of JSuoltn.

This Work will contain coloured figures, carefully drawn on stone by the author, representing the natural size and magnified dissections of every species, accom- panied by generic and specific characters, synonymes, British habitats, the geo- graphical distribution and general history of each individual, in a fuller and more perfect manner than has yet been attempted in any work exclusively devoted to the illustration of British Alga?. Appearing periodically, the general plan of similar publications, such as the ' English Botany ' and Greville's ' Scottish Cryptogamic Flora', will be followed ; namely, each number will contain six species, selected without reference to systematic order, but at the conclusion of each volume, and more fully at the completion of the entire work, systematic and alphabetical indices will be added ; — and finally, a general Introduction, to be prefixed to the last volume, will complete the History.

The beauty and variety of form, and the extraordinary delicacy of colour and structure which distinguish the marine Algae have ever rendered this tribe of plants a favourite object of study. But hitherto a serious want has been felt of an adequately illustrated work, devoted to these beautiful plants. The admi- rable figures by Greville comprise but a few of the more remarkable species, while the plates in the ' English Botany,' though excellent in their way, being, in several instances, drawn from imperfect specimens, do not afford that justice to the subject which modern discoveries and improvements require. To supply this want the present History has been projected ; and Messrs. Reeve confidently trust that by producing it in an attractive form, and at an extremely moderate price, they will afford to the student the assistance which he so much requires, and ensure to their publication the patronage of the scientific public.

As a specimen of plates of Sea-weeds, published by them, Messrs. Reeve appeal to those which have already appeared in Dr. Hooker's ' Flora Antarctica,' now in progress, a work which, for beauty of execution, has never (they may be permitted to say) been exceeded in this country. The plates of the Phycologia Britannica will be printed on the same paper, and coloured with equal care, and as they will all be executed by Dr. Harvey, whose acquaintance with the subject is generally known, the Publishers feel confident of producing a work equally worthy of support.

Size royal octavo, to be completed in Sixty monthly numbers, each containing Six Coloured Plates, with descriptive text, price 2*. 6d.

*** A few copies will be printed on large paper of superior quality, price 5s. ; but as a very limited number will be prepared in this style, Subscribers are requested to send intheir names to the Publishers as early as possible.

Important new Work on the Physical History of Brazil.

Messrs. Reeve, Brothers, beg to announce that they are preparing for pub- lication, complete in two vols., 8vo, price 24s., illustrated with a Map, and View of the Organ Mountains, a work of considerable interest, general and botanical, entitled

TRAVELS

IN THE

INTERIOR OF BRAZIL,

PHINCIPALLY

THROUGH THE NORTHERN PROVINCES

AND

Cfte 6oKr an& Mamontt Dfttrtrts;*

BY

GEORGE GARDNER, F.L.S., Etc.

The present volumes are not offered to the public under an impression that they contain a better history of certain portions of Brazil than is to be found in the works of other Travellers, but because they include the description of a large tract of that immense Empire of which the world has as yet had no account. Independant of the general condition of the country, the author has endeavoured to give a faithful picture of its physical aspect and productions ; and some cur- sory remarks are added on the characters, habits, and condition of the different races, whether indigenous or otherwise, of which the popidation of those parts that he visited is now composed. Besides travelling along the coast, his journeys into the interior were numerous. During his last expedition which extended from North to South from the Equator to the twenty-third degree of south lati- tude, and from East to West from the coast to the tributaries of the Amazon, though suffering numerous privations, his enthusiasm surmounted all difficulties. He laboured diligently in the pleasing vocation of a Naturalist, and his troubles were amply repaid, not only by the incidents and pleasure which such wander- ings always afford to the lover of nature, but by the gratification of having con- tributed to no inconsiderable extent to the Flora and Fauna of that region.

ON THE FIRST OF JANUARY, 1846.

CURTIS'S BOTANICAL MAGAZINE,

Edited by SIR WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER, K.H., D.C.L., &c, Director of the Royal Gardens of Kew. Vol. I., of the Third Series, for 1844, price 21. 2s., cloth ; also Vol. 1., of the Third Series, a beautiful edition on large paper, size royal quarto, price 4/. 4s. cloth.

*%* The Publishers take this opportunity of announcing that, in order to give effect to the forthcoming novelties, as well as to the improvements lately made in the drawing and typo- graphy of this highly favoured Work, a handsome large-paper edition will be issued on the 1st of every month with the usual octavo, price 7s. — All Subscribers of the present year who may be desirous of taking the large-paper edition can have their octavo copies allowed for to the fidl amount.

2.

A CENTURY OF ORCHIDACEOUS PLANTS,

Consisting of a hundred of those most worthy of cultivation, systematically arranged, and illustrated with Figures and Dissections, chiefly executed by Mr. Eitch ; the descriptions by Sir William Jackson Hooker, K.H., D.C.L., &c, Director of the Royal Gardens of Kew ; with copious remarks on the culture and mode of treatment, and illustrative figures, by John Lyons, Esq., of Ladiston, author of " A Practical Treatise on the Management of Orchida- ceous Plants." A handsome large-paper edition, size royal quarto, to be completed within the year in Twelve Monthly Parts, price 10s. 6c?. each, coloured; 7s. plain.

REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND.

Part XVI.

[Price 8s. col. — 5s. plait/.

IBeatcatrtr, by J9ermi#jum, ta ?§er fflatt (gracious! jWajoSrg, «Eurcn {Btctort'a.

THE BOTANY

OE

THE ANTARCTIC YOYAGE

OF

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR . IN THE YEARS 1839—1843.

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kt., R.N., E.R.S., &c.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.,

ASSISTANT SURGEON OF THE <£ EREBUS " AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

Victoria Barrier and Land. Mount Erebus (active Volcano), and Mount Terror.

IBuilttfljro tmocr tf)C autfjoritjj at tljc EortW Commtes'umrrji of ttjc gRrmiralii).

LONDON:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND,

FORTIN, MASSON, ET CIE., PARIS.

1846.

Important new Work on the Physical History of Brazil.

Shortly will be published, in one thick volume octavo, illustrated with a Map, and "View of the Organ Mountains, a work of considerable general and botanical interest ;

TRAVELS

IN THE

INTERIOR OF BRAZIL,

PRINCIPALLY

THROUGH THE NORTHERN PROVINCES

AND

€\)t (Sola una Mumovto Mtetritte.

BY

GEORGE GARDNER, F.L.S., Etc

The present volume is not offered to the public under an impression that it contains a better history of certain portions of Brazil than is to be found in the works of other Travellers, but because it includes the description of a large tract of that immense Empire, of which the world has as yet had no account. Inde- pendent of the general condition of the country, the author has endeavoured to give a faithful picture of its physical aspect and productions ; and some cursory remarks are added on the characters, habits, and condition of the different races, whether indigenous or otherwise, of which the population of those parts that he visited is now composed. Besides travelling along the coast, his journeys into the interior were numerous. During his last expedition, which extended from North to South from the Equator to the twenty-third degree of south latitude, and from East to West from the coast to the tributaries of the Amazon, though suffering numerous privations, his enthusiasm surmounted all difficulties. He laboured diligently in the pleasing vocation of a Naturalist, and his troubles were amply repaid, not only by the incidents and pleasure which such wanderings always afford to the lover of nature, but by the gratification of having contributed to no inconsiderable extent, to our knowledge of the Flora and Fauna of that region.

London : Reeve, Brothers, King William Street, Strand.

Part XV11.

[Price 8s. col. — 5s. plain.

SSctricatetr, fcj) $crmt'ftiian, to $jcr Moit (SracimtjJ jfflajetfrg, <aucen TOctorta.

THE BOTANY

OP

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

OE

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR IN THE YEARS 1839—1843.

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kt., R.N., E.R.S., &c.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.,

{( T,-DT,T>TTC; "

ASSISTANT SURGEON OF THE "EREBUS AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

Victoria Barrier and Land. Mount Erebus (active Volcano), and Mount Terror.

£u6Iis3)rtr unftcr tfjc atifljortti) of ffjc iLoras €ammi<tiiancvl al rlje gamfraltii.

LONDON:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY EEEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND,

FORTIN, MASSON, ET CIE., PARIS.

1846.

NOW IN COURSE OF PUBLICATION. Eight quarto Plates of Shells, with descriptive text, on the first day of every month, price 10s. coloured,

CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA;

OB.

MONOGRAPHS OF THE GENERA OF SHELLS.

Including Latin and English descriptions of all the species known up to the time of publication, with copious remarks on their characters, affinities, and circumstances of habitation.

By LOVELL REEVE, A.L.S, Etc.,

Author of the ' Conchologia Systematica.'

With figures of the natural size, drawn and engraved from specimens chiefly in the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq.,F.L.S., &c.,

By G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S.

The ' Conchologia Iconica,' of which thirty-nine Numbers containing three hundred and twelve quarto plates are now published, was commenced in January 1843, with the view of presenting a faithful and characteristic illustration of every living species and remarkable variety of Shell, collected up to the time of publication ; and the liberal reception it has met with not only throughout England and the Continent, including the cities of Paris, Brussels, Vienna, Bremen, Turin, Berue, Berlin, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Moscow, and St. Petersburgh, but in the United States, Chili, Mauritius, and British India, has enabled the author to avail himself of every improvement which typography and the arts employed for illustration are now capable of.

The magnificent collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq., of surpassing novelty and beauty, is most zealously devoted to the undertaking, and the valuable information respecting localities, and circumstances of habitation with which the possessor, from his entcrprizing personal experience, is so richly stored, is generously contributed to the advancement of the work.

The author has besides to return his sincere thanks to many local and far-distant correspondents for their kind co-operation by the loan of specimens, including H.M. The King of Denmark, the Marquis of Northampton, J, E. Gray, Esq., of the British Museum, Miss Saul, Miss Stecre, Wm. Metcalfe, Esq., J. S. Gaskoin, Esq., "William Walton, Esq., Sylvanus Hanley, Esq., and the Rev. F. J. Stainforth of London ; Thomas Norris, Esq., of Preston ; J. Dennison, Esq., of Liverpool; Thomas Lombe Taylor, Esq., of Starston ; Dr. Knapp of Edinburgh; H. H. White, Esq., of Clapham; John Adamson, Esq., of Newcastle ; E. G. L. Gruner, Esq., of Bremen, Dr. Menke of Pyrmont, and M. Delessert, M. Deshayes, and M. Alcide D'Orbigny, of Paris.

The chief merit of the ' Conchologia Iconica ' consists in having all the species illustrated of the natural size, excepting those which on account of their minuteness require magnifying, and great attention is given to avoid any exaggeration in the colouring.

The arduous researches of Mr. Cuming, both in the eastern and western hemispheres, have supplied his collection with such an extensive and interesting number of undescribed species of Shells, that a very large proportion of those hitherto figured are entirely new to science.

The following is a list of the genera completed, any of which may be had separately as follows : —

	£.	s.	d.		&.	3.	a.		&. s.	d.
Abca . . .	1	1	6	Cypricardia		2	6	Myadora .	1	6
Cardita . .		11	6	Delphinula		6	6	Pectunculus	11	6
Cardium . .	1	7	6	Glauconome		1	6	Phorus . .	4	0
CONUS . .	3	0	0	Harpa . .		5	0	Pleurotoma	2 10	6
CoRBULA . .		6	6	IsOCARDIA .		1	6	POLLICIPES .	1	6
Crassatella		4	0	MlTRA . .	2	10	6	Kanella . .	10	0
CYPR.EA . .	1	14	0	Murex . .	2	5	6	Triton . .	1 5	0

The genera Haliotis and Mangelia are in course of publication.

Binding. — A temporary Cover and Title (price 6d.) are circulated on the completion of each Genus, for the use of those who may desire to keep the Genera in separate Monographs, uutil the completion of Families, when permanent Titles and Indices are to be issued, as already published with the Cardiacea. For temporary accommodation the publishers strongly recommend the India-rubber method of binding, in which no sewiug is required.

London : Keeve, Brothers, King William Street, Strand.

Preparing for publication, complete in one volume, super-royal octavo, beautifully illustrated with coloured figures and dissections,

A TREATISE

THE ESCULENT MUSHROOMS

OF

ENGLAND,

INCLUDING

THEIR BOTANICAL CHARACTERS, HABITS OF GROWTH, MICROSCOPIC

STRUCTURE, NUTRITIOUS PROPERTIES, AND MODE OF

COOKING, PRESERVING, &c,

BY DAVID BADHAM, M.D.

In treating of the eatable kinds of Mushroom, the author desires to secure for an undeservedly neglected subject, the curiosity and interest of those who, having an inclination for the study of Natural History, have not yet determined on what particular province to devote their powers of observa- tion and experiment. For the sake of such readers, the outlines of Myco- logy will precede the description of the " Esculent Mushrooms " of England.

It is for tins latter portion of the volume, however, that the Author anticipates the greater number of readers, inasmuch as he will treat of a most excellent article of food, the chief varieties of which have, through prejudice, and the want of fixed discriminating signs, been hitherto suffered to perish unused ; but which, a little easily acquired information, may at once render a wholesome, costless, and palatable species of nourishment.

It is not to be wondered at that the descriptions of the Esculent Funguses of the continent, which may be found here and there in scientific and ex- pensive works, have never yet enabled us to turn to account the treasures of our own forests and meadows. Such a purpose can only be answered by the substitution of popular for technical terms, and by an exact delineation of the various esculent kinds, occasionally contrasted with those noxious specimens which they most closely resemble. Accordingly, the descriptions in the present work, are written in the plainest possible manner, and the plates . are finished with such accuracy, that no perplexity or misgivings as to the nature of any Fungus will remain on the minds of those who study them accurately.

A chapter is added on the nutritious properties of the various kinds, and one also on the best modes of cooking and preserving them.

London ; Reeve, Brothers, King William Street, Strand.

Part XVlll.

[Price 8s. col. — hs. plain.

Ste&uatefc, l>8 ^tnaiiiian, ta S?cr Most ®x&tiaui ffla.]tity, eSutra TOrtarte.

THE BOTANY

OF

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

OF

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR IN THE YEARS 1839—1843.

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kt., R.N., E.R.S., &c.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.,

ASSISTANT SURGEON OF THE "EREBUS " AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

Fictoria Barrier ai,d Land. Mount Erebus (active Volcano), and Mount Terror,

^ufcluSIjelr uitijcr flje auHj0rits al flje ILavtss Coiumt^toperS al flje Smmtalts.

LONDON:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND,

FORTIN, MASSON, ET CIE., PARIS.

1846.

NOW IN COURSE OF PUBLICATION.

Eight quarto Plates of Shells, with descriptive text, on the first day of every month, price 10*. coloured,

CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA;

MONOGRAPHS OF THE GENERA OF SHELLS.

Including Latin and English descriptions of all the species known up to the time .of publication, with copious remarks on their characters, affinities, and circumstances of habitation.

By LOVELL REEVE, A.L.S, Etc.,

Author of the ' Conchologia Systematica.'

With figures of the natural size, drawn and engraved from specimens chiefly in the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq.,F.L.S., &c,

By G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S.

The ' Conchologia Iconica,' of which forty Numbers containing three hundred and twenty quarto plates are now published, was commenced in January 1843, with the view of presenting a faithful and characteristic illustration of every living species and remarkable variety of Shell, collected up to the time of publication ; and the liberal reception it has met with not only throughout England and the Continent, including the cities of Paris, Brussels, Vienna, Bremen, Turin, Berne, Berlin, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Moscow, and St. Petersburgh, but in the United States, Chili, Mauritius, and British India, has enabled the author to avail himself of every improvement which typography and the arts employed for illustration are now capable of.

The magnificent collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq., of surpassing novelty and beauty, is most zealously devoted to the undertaking, and the valuable information respecting localities, and circumstances of habitation with which the possessor, from his enterprizing personal experience, is so richly stored, is generously contributed to the advancement of the work.

The author has besides to return his sincere thanks to many local and far-distant correspondents for their kind co-operation by the loan of specimens, including H.M. The King of Denmark, the Marquis of Northampton, J. E. Gray, Esq., of the British Museum, Miss Saul, Miss Steere, Wm. Metcalfe, Esq., J. S. Gaskoin, Esq., William Walton, Esq., Sylvanus Hanley, Esq., and the Rev. F. J. Stainforth of London ; Thomas Norris, Esq., of Preston ; J. Dennison, Esq., of Liverpool; Thomas Lombe Taylor, Esq., of Starston; Dr. Knapp of Edinburgh; H. H. White, Esq., of Clapham; John Adamson, Esq., of Newcastle ; E. G. L. Gruner, Esq., of Bremen, Dr. Menke of Pyrmont, and M. Delessert, M. Deshayes, and M. Alcide D'Orbigny, of Paris.

The chief merit of the ' Conchologia Iconica ' consists in having all the species illustrated of the natural size, excepting those which on account of their minuteness require magnifying, and great attention is given to avoid any exaggeration in the colouring.

The arduous researches of Mr. Cuming, both in the eastern and western hemispheres, have supplied his collection with such an extensive and interesting number of undescribed species of Shells, that a very large proportion of those hitherto figured are entirely new to science.

The following is a list of the genera completed, any of which may be had separately as follows : —

	&.	s.	d.		£.	s.	d.		£. s.	d.
Aeca . . .	1	1	6	Cypricarma		2	6	Myadoea .	1	6
Caedita . .		11	6	Delphinula		6	6	Pectunculus	11	6
Cakdium . .	1	7	6	Glauconome		1	6	Phoeus . .	4	0
CONUS . .	3	0	0	Harpa . .		5	0	Pleueotoma	2 10	6
COEBULA . .		6	6	ISOCAEDIA .		1	6	POLLICIPES .	1	6
Ceassatella		4	0	MlTRA . .	2 10	6	Ranella . .	10	0
CYPE.EA . .	1	14	0	MUREX . .	2	6	6	Triton . .	1 5	0

The genera Haliotis and Mangelia are in course of publication.

Binding. — A temporary Cover and Title (price 6d.) are circulated on the completion of each Genus, for the use of 'those who may desire to keep the Genera in separate Monographs, until the completion of Families, when permanent Titles and Indices are to be issued, as already published with the Cardiacea. For temporary accommodation the publishers strongly recommend the India-rubber method of binding, in which no sewing is required.

London : Reeve, Brothers, King William Street, Strand.

This day is published, Part 2, size royal octavo, six plates, price 2*. &d. coloured,

of the

PHYCOLOGIA BRITANNICA:

OB

A HISTORY OF BRITISH SEA-WEEDS,

CONTAINING

COLOURED FIGUBES, GENERIC AND SPECIFIC CHARACTERS, SYNONYMES, AND DESCRIPTIONS

or ALL THE SPECIES OF ALGM INHABITING THE SHORES OF THE

BRITISH ISLANDS.

BY

WILLIAM HENRY HARVEY, M.D., M.R.I. A.

Keeper of the Herbarium of the University of Dublin.

LONDON : REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND.

FORTIN, MASSON ET CIE., PLACE DE L'ECOLE DE MEDECINE, PARIS.

1846.

Part XIX.

[Price Ss. col. — 5s. plain.

SScotcatco, liu ^crmi&Suw, to &rr iJloSt ©raciouS iHajrStp, (Shtcrn Kfctorfa.

THE BOTANY

OF

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

OF

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR

IN THE YEARS 1839—1843.

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kt., R.N., E.R.S., &c.

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.,

ASSISTANT SURGEON OF THE " EREBUS " AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

Victoria Barrier and Land. Mount Erebua (active Volcano), and Mount Terror.

#ui)ltsS!)ca unorr tljc gfatiorite of rljc JtoroS e,ammiSiianexi at tljc @ftnuralt£.

LONDON:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND,

FORTIN, MASSON, ET CIE., PARIS.

1846.

Preparing for publication, complete in one volume, super-royal octavo, beautifully illustrated with coloured figures and directions,

A TREATISE

THE ESCULENT MUSHROOMS

OF

ENGLAND,

INCLUDING

THEIR BOTANICAL CHARACTERS, HABITS OF GROWTH, MICROSCOPIC

STRUCTURE, NUTRITIOUS PROPERTIES, AND MODE OF

COOKING, PRESERVING, &c,

BY DAVID BADHAM, M.D.

In treating of the eatable kinds of Mushroom, the author desires to secure for an undeservedly neglected subject, the curiosity and interest of those who, having an inclination for the study of Natural History, have not yet determined on what particular province to devote their powers of observa- tion and experiment. For the sake of such readers, the outlines of Myco- logy will precede the description of the " Esculent Mushrooms " of England.

It is for this latter portion of the volume, however, that the Author anticipates the greater number of readers, inasmuch as he will treat of a most excellent article of food, the chief varieties of which have, through prejudice, and the want of fixed discriminating signs, been hitherto suffered to perish unused ; but which, a Little easily acquired information, may at once render a wholesome, costless, and palatable species of nourishment.

It is not to be wondered at that the descriptions of the Esculent Funguses of the continent, which may be found here and there in scientific and ex- pensive works, have never yet enabled us to turn to account the treasures of our own forests and meadows. Such a purpose can only be answered by the substitution of popular for technical terms, and by an exact delineation of the various esculent kinds, occasionally contrasted with those noxious specimens which they most closely resemble. Accordingly, the descriptions in the present work, are written in the plainest possible manner, and the plates are finished with such accuracy, that no perplexity or misgivings as to the nature of any Fungus will remain on the minds of those who study them accurately.

A chapter is added on the nutritious properties of the various kinds, and one also on the best modes of cooking and preserving them.

London : Reeve, Brothers, King William Street, Strand.

Part XX.

[Price 3s. col. — 5s. plain.

JBcotcntca, i\j $ermtetfuin, to fftrr iMast <Sractau£ #tajcstj>, Oticcii JEtctoria.

THE BOTANY

OF

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

OF

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR IN THE YEARS 1839—1843.

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Ki\, R.N., F.R.S., &c.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.,

ASSISTANT SURGEON OF THE " EREBUS " AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

Victoria Barrier and land. Mount Erttttit {actine Voloano), and Mtymnl Ttrror.

}3ublttfl)rtr unocr ttjc attffjorits of tfjc EoroiS CammuStfunurS of tije 9omiraIts.

LONDON:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND,

FORTIN, MASSON, ET CIE., PARIS.

1846.

This day is published, size royal 8vo., 5 Plates, price 3*. 6cl. coloured ; 2*. 6d. plain, Part III. of

ELEMENTS OF CONCHOLOGY,

BEING

A SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION OP ALL THE SPECIES OP RECENT SHELLS KNOWN

UP TO THE TIME OF PUBLICATION, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THEIR

FORMATION, GROWTH, DEPOSITION OF COLOURS,

AND A POPULAR ACCOUNT OP

THE ORGANIC STRUCTURE, HABITS, AND CALCIFYING FUNCTIONS OF THEIR ANIMAL INHABITANTS.

By LOVELL REEVE, A.L.S., Etc.,

Author of the 'Conchologia Systematica', * Conchologia Iconica', &c.

*** To be completed in twelve Monthly Parts, illustrated with forty-eight Plates of Shells, of the natural size, and twelve Plates of Shells, of the same dimensions, with the Animal crawling from each as it appears in a living state.

The object of the present work is to furnish the ' Collector of Shells ' with a methodical arrangement and enumeration of species, illustrated by a shell- figure of every genus, and several figures of shells with the animal as it appears in a living state, accompanied by a popular summary of those grand truths in the physiological history of the Mollusca, which have been elicited from the investigations of recent travellers ; to demonstrate the habits and organic peculiarities of this mystic tribe of animals by a careful system of generali- zation ; and to lead him to meditate, whilst pondering over the treasures of his cabinet, upon the nature and zoological affinity of those imperishable records of existence he so delights to contemplate.

It is not the author's intention to treat of the anatomy of the Mollusca in detail, because he cannot boast of sufficient practical acquaintance with the dissecting-knife to enable him to undertake it with satisfaction ; for that de- partment of their natural history he must refer the student to the writings of those authors whose professional skill and education have better fitted them for the task. It is intended to treat of the external form, and of the more prominent features of organization ; and especially such as tend to elucidate peculiarities of habit or the characters selected for their generic arrangement.

For drawings of the living mollusks the author will have recourse to those invaluable records of zoological discovery executed under the auspices of the French- Government, which, on account of their enormous cost, are as sealed books to the naturalists of this country ; • and he will be mainly indebted for information on their habits and circumstances of existence to the enter- prising exertions of Hugh Cuming, Esq., whose free manner of communi- cating the different incidents which arrested his attention during fourteen years of indefatigable research, cannot be spoken of in too high terms.

The Elements. of Conchology are addressed exclusively to the ' Collector of Shells'; and the author desires the work to be simply recorded as an effort to induce a more legitimate tone of enquiry amongst amateur concho- logists, into the nature and origin of those beautiful objects which afford them so much intellectual recreation and amusement.

London : Reeve, Brothers, King William Street, Strand.

CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA.

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT (two copies).

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OE DENMARK, COPENHAGEN.

THE MOST NOBLE, THE MARQUIS OF NORTHAMPTON, Pres. R.S.

BODLEIAN LIBRARY, OXFORD (colouring). TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN (colouring). CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY (colouring). LINNjEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. IMPERIAL ACAD. OF SCIENCES OF MOSCOW. IMP. ACAD. OF SCIENCES OF PETERSBUBGH. IMPERIAL MUSEUM OF VIENNA. ROYAL LIBRARY, PARIS.

ROYAL MUSEUM, JARDLN DES PLANTES, PARIS

ROYAL MUSEUM OF BELGIUM.

ROYAL MUSEUM OF BERLIN.

ROYAL MUSEUM OF STOCKHOLM.

ROYAL MUSEUM OF TURIN.

ROYAL INSTITUTION OF LIVERPOOL.

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF CALCUTTA.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BELFAST.

LIT. AND PHIL. INSTITUTION OF BRISTOL.

LIT. AND PHIL. SOCIETY OF NEWCASTLE.

Amos, G., Esq., St. Ibbs, Hitchin.

Anderson, T. P., Esq., London.

Austen, R., Esq., Morrow House, Guildford.

Barclay, Sir David, Mauritius.

Bates, John, Esq., R. N, Isle of Wight.

Benson, William, Esq., Himalaya, India.

Boivin, M., Paris.

Boone, T., Esq., London (two copies).

Bowler, R. E., Esq., London.

Bridges, Thos., Esq., Valparaiso.

Broderip, W. J., Esq., F.R.S., &c., London.

Brown, Dr., Preston, Lancashire.

Burt, Robt., Esq., London.

Butler, Benjamin, Esq., Manilla.

Campbell, Archibald, Esq., Dover.

Cathcart, Hon. Col. Macadam, Berbeth, Ayr.

Catlow, Miss, Bridgeland, Sussex.

Corrie, Mrs., Woodville, Warwickshire.

Crighton, G. W., Esq., Dublin.

Crotch, Rev. W. R., Taunton.

Damon, Mr. R., Weymouth.

Delessert, Baron Benjamin, Paris.

Dennison, J., Esq., Woolton Hill, Lancashire.

Deshayes, M., Paris.

Dixon, Capt. Manly Hall, H.M.S. Caledonia.

Drummond, Col., The Boyce, Gloucestershire.

Ewing, Mrs., London.

Farington, Miss. M. H., Worden Hall, Lancashire.

Finch, Miss, Birmingham.

Fysh, Rev. Frederick, Torquay.

Gabriel, J. G., Esq., Chester-le-street, Durham.

Gamons, Rev. W.L.P., F.L.S., Sidney Coll., Cambridge.

Gibson, G. Stacey, Esq., Saffron- Walden.

Gould, John, Esq., F.ll.S., London.

Graves, Capt., H.M.S. Beacon, Malta.

Gruner, E. G. L., Esq., Bremen.

Guise, W. V., Esq., Elmore Court, Gloucestershire.

Hankey, Lieut., H.M.S. Collingwood.

Hanley, Sylvanus, Esq., Newington.

Harford, Frederick, Esq., London.

Henry, Dr., Haffield, Herefordshire.

Hinds, Richard Brinsley, Esq., Sidney.

Hudson, Robt., Esq., Clapham Common.

Jay, Dr., New York.

Jerdon, T. C, Esq., Nellore, Madras.

Jonas, Dr., Hamburgh.

Knapp, Dr., Edinburgh.

Koch, M., Vienna.

Largilliert, M., Rouen.

Lea, Isaac, Esq., Philadelphia.

Leonard, S. W., Esq., London.

Lloyd, Dr., Warwick.

Martin, Mrs., Taunton.

Menke, Charles Theodore, Pyrmont, Germany.

Metcalfe, William, Esq., London.

Mitchell, D. W., Esq., F.L.S., London.

Norris, Thomas, Esq. Howick House, Lancashire.

Orbigny, M. Alcide de, Paris.

Page, Thomas, Esq., London.

Petit de la Saussaye, M., Paris.

Priestley, Mrs., The Grove, Chalfont, Bucks.

Randall', T., Esq., Colchester.

Reeves, John, Esq., F.R.S., &c, Clapham.

Roby, John, Esq., Rochdale.

Rolfe, Rev. S. C. E. Neville, Heacham Hall, Lynn.

Saul, Miss, Limehouse.

Shuckburgh, Sir Francis, Bart. Shuckburgh Park.

Shuttleworth, Robt., .Esq., Berne, Switzerland.

Smith, Dr. A., Chatham.

Sowerby, G. B., Jun., Esq., London.

Steere, Miss, London.

Taylor, Thomas, Lombe, Esq., Starston Hall, Norfolk.

Tennant, James, Esq., F.G.S., London.

Thomas, Rev, R, Bancroft's Hospital.

Walker, Mss, Southgate.

Wells, Rev. Henry, Kingsworth.

White, Henry, Hopley, Esq., Clapham.

Whiteman, John C, Esq., London.

Yolde, Count, Copenhagen.

%* In addition to the Noblemen and Gentlemen above recorded are many who procure the work of their Bookseller, whose names are unknown to the author, in consequence of their copies being taken by the Trade.

London : Reeve, Brothers, King William Street, Strand.

Part XX11.

[Price 8s. col. — 5*. plain

JBcOttatctt, fin liermtjfsftan, to %cr fflait ©racisms! ffla\esitv, 4&wm ©ictoria.

THE BOTANY

OF

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

or

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR

IN THE YEARS 1839— 1S43.

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kt., R.N., E.R.S., &c.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.,

ASSISTANT SURGEON OF THE " EREBUS " AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

Victoria Barrier and Land. Mount F.iebus (acti*e Volcano), and Mmtnt Terror.

}8uMti>I)ra miller Hjc auti)0ritj> of Oft Eortrsi CommisisiumrrsS of tijr 9aiiuraltu.

LONDON:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND,

FORTIN, MASSON, ET CIE., PARIS.

1846.

CRYPTOCAMIC BOTANY. REEVE BROTHERS' NEW PUBLICATIONS.

MYCOLOGY.

THE ESCULENT MUSHROOMS OF ENGLAND.

A treatise on their classical history, uses, characters, habits of growth, microscopic structure, nutritious properties, mode of cooking and preserving, &c, by Charles David Badham, M.D.

*„.* Just ready, complete in one handsome volume super-royal 8vo., with seven- teen coloured plates of species, and four of dissections, price One Guinea.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF BRITISH MYCOLOGY,

containing figures and popidar descriptions of the Funguses of interest indigenous to Britain, by Mrs. J. T. Hussey.

*** The List of Subscribers wanting only seven to complete the requisite number, Part 1, it is expected, will be published in March. ^

PHYCOLOCY.

PHYCOLOGIA BRITANNICA, or History of British Sea-Weeds, containing coloured figures, generic and specific characters, synonymes and descriptions, of all the species of Algae inhabiting the shores of the British Islands. By William Henry Harvey, M.D., M.R.I.A., Keeper of the Herbarium of the University of Dublin.

*** Published monthly, in Parts, price 2*. 6d. coloured ; large paper, 5s. Part 14 published this day.

NEREIS AUSTRALIS, or Illustrations of the Alga3 of the Southern Ocean, being Figures and Descriptions of new or imperfectly known Sea- Weeds, collected on the shores of the Cape of Good Hope, the extra-tropical Australian Colonies, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Antarctic Regions, and deposited in the Herbarium of the Dublin University. By William Henry Harvey, M.D., M.R.I. A., Keeper of the Herbarium.

*#* To be published in four Quarterly Parts, imperial octavo, each containing twenty-five coloured plates, with corresponding letter-press, price One Guinea. Part 1, now in a state of forwardness, will be published shortly.

Part XX111.

[Price 8s. col. — 5*. plain.

fflrttratrlr, fcu Tfrtxmiisian, to feev Jftast ©vaciausi fflajcSty, ©ueen ©ittorta.

THE BOTANY

OF

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

OF

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR

IN THE YEARS 1839—1843.

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kt., R.N., E.R.S., &c.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.,

ASSISTANT SURGEON OF THE " EREBUS " AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

Victoria Barrier and Land. Mount Erebus (active Volcano), and Mount Terror.

$u&tt£Ijca ttuacr fije autfjarttj) al fljc HartriS CammteStonrni af tfje Sftmiraltg.

LONDON:

HUNTED AND PUBLISHED BY REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND,

VICTOR MASSON, PARIS.

1847.

Part XXIV.

[Price s. col. — s. plain.

fflrttratett, l>u permttfimi, to f&cr Wait (gracious ^fCairsttn, «&umt tyittaxix.

THE BOTANY

OP

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

OP

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR IN THE YEARS 1839—1843.

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kr., R,N., E.R.S., &c.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.,

ASSISTANT SURGEON OF THE " EREBUS " AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

Victoria Barrier and Land. Mount Erebus (active Volcano), and Mount Terror.

iSufclteljeo tmocr fijc gufljorttj) of tlje iLnrtrjJ Commissioners of tlje gtrmiraltit.

LONDON:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND,

VICTOR MASSON, PARIS.

1847.

Part XXV,

(cqpsapleting the work.)

[Price 19s. col. — 16s. plain-.

JBeaicatca, bji ^ermt'SStan, ta feet ffla&t <§ractottiS #tajaSts, teuein Victoria.

THE BOTANY

OF

THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE

OF

H.M. DISCOVERY SHIPS EREBUS AND TERROR

IN THE YEARS 1839—1843.

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS, Kt., R.N., E.R.S., &c.

BY

JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.L.S.,

ASSISTANT SDRGEON OF THE " EREBUS " AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITION.

Victoria Barrier and Zand. Mount Erebus (active Volcano), and Mount Terror.

PubluSljco irntor tbe atttfinrttn of flje JLortrjS ULumvaii&iBnetZ at tie ®omiraltg.

LONDON:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BI REEVE, BROTHERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STEAND,

VICTOR MASSON, PAKIS.

1847.

NATURAL HISTORY AND TRAVELS.

CURTIS'S BOTANICAL' MAGAZINE; By Sir W. J. HOOKER, K.H., D.C.L., Director of the Royal Gardens of Kew.

II. {Part XXXIII. 3s. &d.

PHYCOLOGIA BRITANNICA; or, History of the British Sea- Weeds, including Coloured Figures of each Species, with Growth, Fructification, &c. By Dr. W. H. HARVEY, M.R.I.A., Keeper of the Herbarium of the University of Dublin.

[Part XXI. 2s. 6d., commencing Vol. 2. III.

NEREIS AUSTRALIS ; or, Illustrations of the Sea- Weeds

of the Southern Ocean, including figures of Growth, Fructification &c coloured. By Dr. W. H. HARVEY, M.R.I.A. Keeper of the Herbarium of the University of Dublin. In Four Parts. [Pari I. 21$.

IV.

TRAVELS IN THE INTERIOR OF BRAZIL;

principally tlirough the Northern Provinces and the Gold and Diamond Districts.* By GEORGE GARDNER, F.L.S., Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Gardens of Ceylon. [0„e vol. Svo. 560 pp. is*.

ESCULENT FUNGUSESof ENGLAND: a Treatise on their Structure, Nutritious Properties, Mode of Cooking, &c. With coloured Figures. By the Rev. Dr. BADHAM. {One vol. super royal Svo. 2\s.

VI.

' The PLANETARY and STELLAR UNIVERSE, with

Astronomical Diagrams and Map of the Circmnpolar Constellations. By R. J. MANN, of Buxton, Norfolk. {One vol. l2mo. 5s.

VII.

NARRATIVE of the VOYAGE of H.M.S. SAMARANG,

employed surveying the Eastern Seas, from Borneo to Japan, during the Years 1843-46. By Capt. Sir EDWARD BELCHER, C.B. F.R.A.S. and G.S., Commander of the Expedition. tin the Press.

VIII.

FLORA ANTARCTICA; or, Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M.SS. Erebus and Terror, By Dr. J. D. HOOKER, F.R.S., F.L.S. and G.S., Botanist to the Expedition.

{Part XXV., completing the toork. IX.

BRITISH MYCOLOGY, Illustrations of; containing Figures and Descriptions of the Funguses of interest and novelty indigenous to Britain. By Mrs. T. J. HUSSEY. {Part VI. this day.

CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA; or, Coloured Figures and Descriptions of all the known Species of Shells. By LOVELL REEVE,

F.L.S. &C. {PartLVI.

ELEMENTS of CONCHOLOGY ; or, Physiology of Shells and their Molluscous Inhabitants, then Structure, Calcifying Functions and Habits, Geographical Distribution, Affinities, Arrangement and Species, with Coloured Figures of the subject as they appear in a living state. By LOVELL REEVE, F.L.S. &c. " [P^i vn.

LONDON: Keeve, Brothers, King William Street, Strand.

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