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OF THE

UNITED STATES NORTH OF VIRGINIA ;

COMPRISING

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FLOWERING AND FERN-LIKE
PLANTS HITHERTO FOUND IN THOSE STATES,

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

WITH ;
4 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA ACCORDING TO THE LINNZAN SYSTEM,

A SKETCH OF THE RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY, AND A
GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

e

BY LEWIS C®? BECK, M.D.

PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY AND NATURAL HISTORY IN RUTGERS COLLEGE,
NEW JERSEY, ETC., ETC.

SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED.

NEW YORK:
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS.
“1848,

’ vv 4y ~ ( } ™ ‘
ee * «\ hail NY« Yi
~ LA

Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by
HARPER & BROTHERS,

In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States,
for the Southern District of New York.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

Tuts volume is intended as a Class-book for the beginner,
and a convenient Manual for the more advanced botanist. It
contains scientific and popular descriptions of the Flowering
and Fern-like plants found in the United States north of Vir-
ginia, with their English names, and brief notices of their uses.
The arrangement is according to the Natural System, which is
now so generally adopted in works of this kind. But in order
to secure all the advantages of the Linnean system, a Synopsis
of the Genera in accordance with it is prefixed, containing
references to the Natural Orders, and to the page where the
species are described. And fully to carry out the design of
the work, there have also been introduced, a Sketch of the
Rudiments of Botany, a Glossary of Botanical Terms, and a
Table explanatory of the Linnzan Classes and Orders.

While the original plan of the work has been adhered to,
I have endeavored, in this edition, to bring it up to the present
advanced state of botanical science. There is scarcely a page
which has not been amended, and many parts have been entirely
re-written. Brevity has in all cases been consulted, as far as
was deemed consistent with that clearness of description so
important in the study of plants.

In the names and characters of the Natural Orders, I have
chiefiy followed Dr. Lindley’s late work, entitled “The Vege-
table Kingdom ;” although the general arrangethent adopted in
the first edition has not been materially changed. I should
also particularly acknowledge my indebtedness to De Candolle’s
«Prodromus” (10 vols.), Torrey and Gray’s “Flora of North
America,” Torrey’s ‘Flora of the State of New York,” and

lV PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

Darlington’s “ Flora Cestrica.” In determining the geographi-
cal range of the species, I have derived great assistance from
the various local catalogues of plants which have been pub-
lished within the last ten years. I have also consulted with
much advantage several valuable papers which have from time
to time appeared in Silliman’s Journal, and in other scientific
periodicals. Particular references to the sources of informa-
tion will in all cases be found in their appropriate places.

The favorable reception which this work has met with, and
the kind expressions of botanists in various parts of the coun-
try, encourage me to hope that this revision will be no less
acceptable.

Rurtcers Couwece, N. J.
February, 1848.

ABBREVIATIONS AND AUTHORITIES.

Adans. Adanson. Mich. Michaux.
Ait. Aiton. Mich. f. Michaux the younger.
All. Allioni. Moq.-Tand. Moquin-Tandon.
Bart. Barton. Muh. Muhlenberg.
Beauv. P. de Beauvois. INCCSty:- Nees ab Esenbeck.
Benth. Bentham. Nutt. Nuttall.
Big. Bigelow. Pers. Persoon.
Cass. Cassini. Poir. Poiret.
DAC, De Candolle. Raf. Rafinesque.
Desf. Desfontaines. R.G¢ S. Roemer and Schultes.
Desv. Desvaux. Rich. Richard.
Darlingt. Darlington. Salish. Salisbury.
Eat. Eaton. Schk. Schkuhr.
Ell, Elliott. Schreb. Schreber.
Ehrh. Ehrhart. Schw. Schweinitz.
Gert. Gertner. Scop. Scopoli.
Good. Goodenough. Spreng. Sprengel.
Gron. Gronovius. Torr. Torrey.
Hook, Hooker. Torr. & Gr. Torrey and Gray.
Juss. Jussieu. Tourn. Tournefort.
Lam. J.B. de la Marck. Trin. Trinius.
Lamb. Lambert. Walt. Walter.
Lehm. Lehmann. Wang. Wangenheim.
I Herit. L’Heritier. Willd. Willdenow.
Lind. Lindley. Vent. Ventenat.
Linn. Linneus.
@ Annual. 2, Perennial.
@ Biennial. hk Shrubby or arboreous.

Arct. Amer. Arctic America—Ala. Alabama—Can. Canada—Car. South
Carolina—Conn. Connecticut—Del. Delaware—Geor. Georgia—Ken. Ken-
tucky—Louis. Louisiana—Mass. Massachusetts—N. Car. North Carolina
—N.H. New Hampshire—N. Y. New York—N.J. New Jersey—Penn,
Pennsylvania—Tenn. Tennessee—Ver. Vermont—Virg. Virginia,

W. to Miss.—As far West as the State of Missouri.
W. to the Miss.--As far West as the Mississippi River.
W. to Ill—As far West asthe State of Illinois.

W. to Mich.—As far West as the State of Michigan.
N. S.—Northern States,

SKETCH OF THE RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY.

ELEMENTARY ORGANS.

1. The tissue of which plants consist, appears under four forms, viz: cel-
lular tissue, woody fibre, vascular tissue, and ducts. These are called ele-
mentary organs.

2. Cellular tissue or parenchyma is composed of transparent vesicles,
variously cohering with each other. Itis the only form universally found
in plants; the other forms being often partially or entirely wanting.

3. Woody fibre is a tissue consisting of elongated tubes, similar to the
vesicles of cellular tissue, and is therefore often called, elongated cellular
tissue.

4, Vascular tissue, of which the spiral vessels are usually taken as the
type, consists of tubes of variable length, with delicate walls, to the inside
of which a spirally coiled fibre adheres, capable of being unrolled. It en-
ters into the composition of all plants of higher organization, (all above the
mosses. )

_ 5. Ducts are elongated, transparent tubes, composed of tissue that is not
capable of being unrolled.

6. All these forms are covered by a membrane called the epidermis or
cuticle.

7. From peculiar combinations of the elementary organs are formed the
compound organs.

ROOT.

8. The root is formed by the descending and dividing fibres of the stem;
and by it plants are with few exceptions fixed to the earth, and supplied
with a portion of their nourishment,

9. It is distinguished from the stem by the absence of leaves, of pith even
in those plants m which it is abundant in the stem, and of spiral vessels.

10. It usually consists of three parts; the neck, (collwm) or line of separa-
tion from the stem; the dody or middle portion; and the fdres or little roots,
through which the nourishment is principally derived.

11. The following are the principal kinds of roots:

a. Conical, or principal tap root, as itis sometimes called ; tapering down-
wards and emitting fibres from various parts of its surface; as in the
Carrot.

6. Fusiform, when the conical root is attenuated towards the neck, as
well as below; as in the Radish.

c. Napiform, when it is swollen out extremely in the upper part and sud-
denly attenuated below; as in the Turnip.

Vill RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY.

d. Abrupt, when the fusiform root is as it were cut off suddenly.

e. Fibrous, a collection or bundle of fibres connected by a common head
and often merely by the base of the stem; as in the Grasses.

f. Fasciculated, when the fibres swell out slightly in the middle.

g. Tuberous or tuberiferous, when some of the branches or fibres assume
the form of rounded knobs. These should not be confounded with true
tubers, which are properly short subterranean stems, usually containing
eyes or buds from which new plants arise.

h. Palmate, when the knobs of the tuberiferous reot are branched.

- 12. The direction of the root is usually towards the centre of the earth;
but it is sometimes contorted or bent upwards and downwards in a zigzag
manner; or creeping when it proceeds laterally at right angles from this.
These have often been confounded with subterranean branches; the last
of which only are troublesome to the agriculturalist.

STEM.

13. This is the part which springs upwards during the germination of a
a seed; it is the intermediate body between the root and the leaves.

14. When the stem of a plant arising from a seed is evident, the plant is
termed caulescent ; and when not apparent, or scarcely so, the plants have
received the name of acaules, or siemless.

15. When the stem instead of ascending, stretches either wholly or in
part, under ground, emitting here and there roots from below and branches
or leaves which rise upwards, it is called a rhizoma; or if it do not emit
fibres, a cormus crcorm. The buld is a very short stem, consisting of a num-
ber of scales, which in growing shoots forth a flowering stem from the cen-
tre, and sends out roots from the base.

16. Stolons or runners are long stems of a peculiar nature issuing hori-
zontally from a plant, and emitting only from the extremity roots and leafy
buds; as in the Strawberry.

17. The stem varies in structure, in three principal modes.

18. In vascular plants it is either formed by successive additions to the
outside of the wood, when it is called Exogenous ; or by successive additions
to its centre, when it is called Endogenous. In cellular plants it is formed
by the union of the base of the leaves, or by a simple elongation or dilata-
tion where no leaves or buds exist.

19. The stem of Exogenous plants may be distinguished into the pith,
the medullary sheath, the wood, the bark, the medullary rays, and the
cambium.

20. The pith is a mass of spongy cellular tissue occupying the centre of
the stem.

21. The medullary sheath surrounds the pith, and consists of spiral vessels
and ducts. It communicates on one side with the pith and on the other
with the medullary rays, leaf-buds and veins of the leaves.

22. The wood lies upon the medullary sheath and consists of concentric
layers, one of which is formed every year. These layers are composed of
cellular tissue, woody fibre and ducts, and are traversed by the medullary
rays composed of cellular tissue, and connecting the centre with the cir-

cumference.—The fully formed or central layers are called the heart-wood,
and the exterior the alburnum,

RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. 1x

23. The ba7k surrounds the wood, and when fully formed consists in its
inner portion of a layer of woody and vascular tissue in the form of rough
woody fibre, constituting the /zber. The euter portion which covers the
liber is then also distinguishable into the green layer, and the corky envelope.
The whole is covered by the epidermis.

24. The cambium is a viscid secretion which is formed in the spring, be-
tween the liber and alburnum.

25. The stem of Endogenous plants. presents no distinction of pith, me-
dullary rays, wood and bark, but is formed of bundles of ducts and spiral
vessels interspersed through a cellular tissue ; and this is surrounded by a
stratum of cellular tissue and woody fibre different from bark, inasmuch as
it cannot be separated from the stem itself. Such plants have their diam-
eter increased by the addition of central vascular tissue and ducts.

26. Projections from the medullary sheaths sometimes reach the circum-
ference of the stem and branches, forming what are called nodes, to which
are attached leaves and leaf-buds, and the spaces between these are called
tntlernodes.

27. Whatever is produced by the evolution of a leaf-bud is a branch: a
spine therefore is a kind of branch; it differs from the prickle which is an
indurated process of the epidermis.

28. The stem peculiar to the grasses and other allied tribes is termed a
culm. This is simple or rarely branched, generally hollow within or fistu-
lous, and separated at intervals by knots or partitions from which issue the
leaves.

29. The stem may be simple or branched, and with the branches may be
cylindrical, or conical; rownd, (lerete,) or angled; smooth, furrowed, or
rough, or hairy, Sc.

30. With regard to duration the stem is

a. Annual, (QD) when it is completely developed and decays during the
same season.

6. Biennial, (Q)) when it produces fruit the second season and then
decays. .

c. Perennial, (21) when it produces flowers and fruit during many suc-
cessive seasons.

31. The term herb or herbaceous employed in opposition to perennial, de-
notes that the stem generally dies down to the ground every year.

LEAF-BUDS.

32. Buds are of two kinds, leaf-buds and flower-buds.

33. Leaf-buds consist of rudimentary leaves surrounding a vital point,
the tissue of which is capable of elongation; upwards in the form of stem,
and downwards in the form of wood or root.

34. Flower-buds consist of rudimentary leaves surrounding a point, which
does not elongate after it is once developed, and assumes when fully devel-
oped, the form of reproductive apparatus,

35. Leaf-buds are of two kinds; the regular only found in the axils of
the leaves; and the adventitious which may be produced wherever there is
an anastomosis of woody fibre.

36. Leaf-buds have sometimes been confounded with roots by the old
botanists, A dud is a leat-bud,
AA*

xX RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY.

LEAVES.

37. Leaves are those expansions which issue laterally from the stem and
branches of plants. They take their origin from the bark, and are always
to be observed, whether perfect or rudimentary, immediately below the leaf
buds.

38. Those leaves situated near the root are often larger, and of a differ-
ent shape from those higher up the stem; the former are termed radical, the
latter cauline.

39. A leaf consists of a petiole, a lamina or limb, and a pair of stipules ;
but sometimes only one of these three parts can be observed.

40. The petiole is the channel through which the vessels of the leaf are
connected with those of the stem; it is formed of one or more bundles of
spiral vessels and woody fibre, enclosed in a cellular integument.

41. The lamina of a leaf is an expansion of the parenchyma of the
petiole, and is transversed by veins which are ramifications or extensions
of the bundles of vascular tissue of the petiole, or when there isno petiole,
of the stem.

42, These veins either branch in various directions among the parenchy-
ma, anastamozing and forming a kind of net-work, or they run parallel to
each other, being connected by single transverse unbranched veins; the for-
mer structure being characteristic of Exogenous, and the latter, of Endoge-
nous plants. To this the Conifere and Cycadeeé form perhaps the only ex-
ceptions; these having the stems of the Exogenous, but the same arrange-
ment of the veins as in the Endogenous ones.

43. The principal vein of the leaf is acontinuation of the petiole, run-
ning in a direct line from the base to the apex of the lamina, and is called
the midrib.

44. The lamina is variously divided and formed; it is usually thin and
membranous, with a distinct upper and under surface, but sometimes be-
comes succulent, when the surfaces cannot be distinguisned.

45, A leaf is either simple or compound ; simple when its lamina is undi-
vided, or when, if separated into several divisions, these segments are not
articulated with the petiole ; compownd when the lamina is articulated with
the petiole.

46. The modes in which leaves are divided are distinguished by particu-
lar names, as pinnate, pinnatifid, bipinnate, bipinnatifid, &c. &c. These
terms apply to the mode of division, and are equally applicable to simple
and compound leaves.

47. Stipules are those small foliaceous organs sometimes situated on each
side at the base of the petiole. They never occur in the Endogene, nor
in any Exogenous plants that have sheathing petioles, and are rarely found
in genera with opposite leaves. They are sometimes transformed into leaves ;
they sometimes have leaf-buds in their axils; and sometimes also they are
changed into spines.

48. Leaves are originally continuous with the stem, but afterwards, from
a cause which is still unknown, an articulation more or less complete takes
place and the fall of the leaf ensues.

49. The mode in which leaves are arranged within their bud is called
vernahon or gemmation. This varies much in different groups of plants.

RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. XI

FLOWER-BUDS.

50. The flower-bud consists of imbricated rudimentary or metamorphosed
leaves, the external or inferior of which are usually alternate, and the in-
ternal or superior always verticillate or opposite; the latter are called floral
envelopes and reproductive organs.

51. The leaves, from the axils of which the flower-buds arise are called
bracts or floral leaves ; and those leaves which appear on the pedicel between
the bracts and calyx, are called dracteoles. These, although essentially
distinct, are often confounded with the former.

_ 52. When a single bract is rolled together, highly developed, and colored,
and is placed at the base of the form of inflorescence called a spadix, it is
named a spathe.

53. When several bracts are verticillate or densely imbricated around the
base of the forms of inflorescence called the umbel or head, they are termed
an involucre; and those at the base of each partial umbel, are called in-
volucels.

54. Small imbricated-bracts are often called scaies; as in the Com-
posite.

55. Bracts, when placed immediately below the stamens and pistils, as in
apetalous flowers, are only distinguished from the calyx by being alternate
with each other, and not verticillate ; hence the glumes and palee of grasses
are bracts, and not calyces.

56. The elongation of the axis of the flower-bud from the point of its
connection with the stem, as far as the floral envelopes, is called the pe-
duncle.

57. When several peduncles spring from the axis near to each other, the
axis is termed a 7achis, and the peduncles themselves are called pedicels.

58. Those axes which spring from the earth and bear no true leaves, are
denominated scapes.

59. The modes in which the flower-buds are arranged are called forms of
inflorescence ; and the order in which they unfold, is called the order of ex-
pansion.

INFLORESCENCE,

60. When a flower-bud gives rise to only one flower, terminal on its pe-
duncle, and the axis of the plant does not elongate beyond the bud, the
flower is commonly said to be terminal and solitary.

61. When the axis, however, continues to elongate and the bract retains
the form and size ofa leaf, the flower is termed avillary and solitary.

62. If the buds instead of giving rise to one terminal flower have the axis
elongated, bearing several flowers, and each flower ona peduncle, a raceme
is formed,

63. When each flower is sessile or placed in the axil of the bracts, with-
out a peduncle, a spike is produced. Hence the only difference between a
spike and raceme is, that in the former the flowers are sessile and the lat-
ter stalked. The term spike, however, is applied in those cases where the
peduncle is scarcely perceptible.

64. A spadiz is a sort of spike, in which the flowers are closely packed
together upon a succulent axis, which is enveloped in a spathe.

xii RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY.

65. An ament or catkin, is a spike, the bracts or scales of which are nearly
of equal size and closely imbricated, and which is articulated with the
stem.

66. When a bud produces flower-buds, with a little elongation of its own
axis, either a head or an wmbel is produced. The former bears the same re-
lation to the latter as the spike tothe raceme; that is, they differ in the
flower-buds of the head being sessile, and of the umbel having pedicels.

67. A raceme, the lowest flowers of which have long pedicels and the up-
permost short ones, forming a sort of level top, is a corymb.

68. A panicle is a raceme, the flower-buds of which have, in elongating,
developed other flower-buds.

69. A panicle, the middle branches of which are longer than those of the
base or apex, is termed a thyrse,

70. A panicle, the elongation of all the ramifications of which is arrested,
so that it assumes the appearance of an umbel, is called acyme. Thecyme
may have the lateral branches very short and the flowers clustered together,
forming a fuscicle ; or it may be so contracted and the ramification of it so
little apparent as to be confounded with the true head, when it is called a
glomerule,

71. In all the modes of simple inflorescence, that is, those which proceed
from the buds of a single branch, the flowers expand first at the base and
last at the summit. This kind of expansion is called centripetal.

72. When the inflorescence is compound, or the result of the expansion
of several buds or branches, the uppermost or central flowers are first de-
veloped, and lastly the outer or lower ones. ‘This kind of expansion is called
the centrifugal.

FLORAL ENVELOPES.

73. These immediately surround the stamens and pistils, and are formed
of one or more whorls of variously modified leaves. When they consist of
but one whorl, they are usually called calyx ; when of two whorls, the outer
is called calyx, the inner corolla.

74, If the floral envelopes are of such a nature that it is not obvious
whether they consist of both calyx and corolla, or calyx only, they receive
the name of perianth or perigonium.

75. Some plants haye no floral envelopes; the flowers are then said to be
naked or achlamydeal.

76. The calyx consists of two or more divisions, usually green, called
sepals, which are either distinct, when a calyx is said to be polysepalous, or
which unite by their margins in a greater or less degree, when it is called
monosepalous or monophyllous, (gamosepalous.)

77. The corolla consists of two or more divisions, more or less colored,
called petals ; when the petals are distinct, a corolla is said to be polypeta-
lous ; when they are united by the margins, it is called monopeialous, (gamo-
petalous.)

78. When all the petals are equal, the corolla is said to be regular, but
wien they are unequal in size or cohere unequally, it is then called irreg-
ular.

79. The regular monopetalous corolla varies greatly in its form, being

ca ee ae or bell-shaped, infundibuliform or funnel-shaped, rotate or wheel-
shaped, &c.

RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. Xi

80. The calyx or corolla is said to be Jabiate or bilabiate, when the sepals
or petals are united in one or two parcels.

81. The papilionaceous corolla consists of five petals; the upper one,
usually larger than the others, is called the vexillum or standard; the two
lateral ones, the al@ or wings; and the two lower ones, usually more or
less united together by their lower margins, the carina or keel.

82. When the petal tapers conspicuously towards the base, it is said to be
unguiculate or clawed; its lower part is called the claw, its upper, the lamb.

83. The dilated apex of the pedicel, from which the floral envelopes and
_stamens arise, is called the torus or receptacle.

84. Whatever intervenes between the bracts and the stamens belong to
the floral envelopes, and is either calyx or corolla; of which nature are
many of the organs commonly called nectaries.

85. The manner in which the floral envelopes are arranged before they
expand is called their ¢stivation or prefloration.

DISK.

86, Whatever intervenes between the stamens and pistils receives the gen-
eral name of disk.

87. The disk usually consists of an annular elevation encompassing the
base of the ovary; but it sometimes appears in the form of a glandular lin-
ing of the tube of the calyx, as in the Rose; or of tooth-like hypogynous
processes, as in the Crucifere ; or of a fleshy mass, as in Lamium.

88. The disk sometimes appears to be a mere cellular expansion of the
torus, (83) as in Nelumbium.

89. It is one of the parts commonly called nectary.

STAMENS,

90. The whorl of organs immediately within the petals is composed of
bodies called stamens, and they are essential to the production of seed.

91. When stamens and pistils occur in the same flower it is termed per-
fect or hermaphrodite ; but when the stamens are in one flower and the pis-
tils in another, the flowers are imperfect or diclinous.

92. The number of stamens is variable, five or ten being the usual num-
ber among the Exogenous, and three to six among the Endogenous plants.

93. When the stamens do not contract any union with the sides of the
calyx, they are hypogynous ; asin Ranunculus.

94. When they contract adhesion with the side of the calyx, they become
perigynous ; as in Rosa.

95. If they are united both with the surface of the calyx and of the ovary,
they are epigynous; as in the Umbellifere.

96. The stamen consists of a filament and an anther.

97. The filament is the body which arises from the torus, and is some-
times cylindrical, or awl-shaped, or prismatical, and is even at times expan-
ded, as if into a scale or petal; but it is not essential to the stamen.

98. The filaments are usually free or isolated from each other; but they

are sometimes united into one tube, when they are called monadelphous ;
or into two parcels, diadelphous ; or into several, polyadelphous,

Xiv RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY.

99. When they are united into a solid body along with the style, they
form what is called a column, and are said to be gynandrous,

100. The anther is a kind of bag berne by the filament, and corresponds
to the lamina of a leaf. It is sessile when there is no filament, or it is placed
at the top of the filament in various ways.

101. The bags or cells of the anther are termed lobes, and the solid sub-
stance which cennects them, corresponding to the midrib of a leaf, the con-
gective. These cells are usually two in number; sometimes they are four,
rarely one.

102. The lobes or cells of the anthers open in different ways by what is
called the line ef dehiscence ; sometimes only a portion of this line opens, the
anther is then said to dehisce by pores; asin Azalea.

103. The anthers frequently grow together by their margins, as in the
Composite ; when they are called syngenesious.

104. The anther contains and frequently emits a matter called the pollen,
the use of which is to give fife to the ovule or young seed.

105. When the grains of pollen burst, they again discharge a multitude
of very minute particles, called molecules or granules.

106. When. the grains of pollen easily detach from each other, they are
said to be pulverulent, and then they may be either perfectly smooth or they
may be viscous.

107. Sometimes the grains contained in one cell or bag, instead of separa-
ting readily, cohere into what are termed pollen-masses, (pollinia ;) asim the
Orchidacez.

PISTIL.

108. The pistzl is the organ which occupies the centre of a flower, within
the stamens, and is the fruit-bearing apparatus of plants.

109. It is distinguished into three parts, viz: the ovary, the style, and the
stigma.

110. The ovary is a hollow case enclosing the ovules or young seeds. It
contains one or more cavities called cells.

111. The stigma is the upper extremity of the pistil.

_ 112. The style is that part which connects the ovary and stigma; but it
is often wanting, when the stigma is said to be sessile.

113. The pistil is either the modification of a single leaf, or of one or more
whorls of modified leaves; the latter being termed carpels.

114. When the margins of the folded leaf out of which the carpel is
formed meet and unite, a copious development of cellular tissue takes place,
forming what is called the placenta.

115. Ifno union takes place among the carpels, the ovary is termed apo-
carpous, asin Ranunculus; but if there is an adherence, so that a com-
pound ovary is formed, it is called syncarpous.

116. When carpels unite, those parts of their sides which are contiguous
grow together, and form partitions between the cavities of the carpels, called
disseprments.

117. When these dissepiments are so contracted as not to separate the
cavity into a number of distinct cells, but merely project into a cavity, the

RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. XV

placentae which occupy the edges of these dissepiments become what is
termed parietal.

118. If the dissepiments are abortive or obliterated, the placente remain-
Ing unaltered in the axis, a free central placenta is formed.

119. A one-celled ovary may also be formed out of several carpels in
consequence of the obliteration of the dissepiments ; as in the Nut.

120. If the ovary adheres to the sides of the calyx it is called inferior, and
the calyx is said to be superior.

121. If it contracts no adhesion with the sides of the calyx, it is called
superior, and the calyx inferior.

OVULES,

122. The ovule is a body borne by the placenta, and is the rudiment of
the future seed ; its position is of great importance in determining natural
affinities.

123. When the ovule is fixed by its base to the bottom of one of the cells
of the ovary, of which it takes the direction, it is said to be erect; or if it
hangs from the summit of the cell, it is znverted.

124. When it is attached to the middle portion of the placenta, it may
have an upright direction, and is then called ascending, or point downwards,
and is then suspended. Generally, however, the erect and ascending ovule
are confounded under one name, and the inverted and suspended are known
by the term pendulous. ;

125. The ovule is either sessile, or on a stalk called the funiculus or
podosperm; and in either case the point by which the union is formed is
termed the base of the ovule, and the other extremity the apex.

126. The ovule consists of a nucleus and two external coats; the outer
coat is called the testa or primine sac ; and the inner, the internal membrane,
or secundine sac, or the legmen.

127. The base of the nucleus is always incorporated with the base of the
internal membrane, and their common base is attached at some points to
the testa. The junction of the three forms the chalaza.

128. The mouths of the primine and secundine sacs usually contract into
a small aperture called the foramen of the ovule, or the exostome. It is
through this foramen that the molecules of the pollen are introduced into
the nucleus ; and its position indicates the future position of the radicle of
the embryo, the radicle being always next the foramen.

129. When the apex of the nucleus is contiguous to the base of the ovule,
a connection takes place between the base of the ovule and the base of the
nucleus, by a bundle of vessels called a raphe.

FRUIT.

130, Fecundation having taken place, the floral envelopes usually fade
away, the stamens disappear and the pistil increases in size and becomes
the fruit.

131. Hence the fruit should have the same structure as the pistil, but
_ this is not always the case, for as the pistil advances to maturity many al-
terations take place, in consequence of abortion, non-development, obliter-
ation or even union of parts.

XV1 RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY.

132. The dase of the fruit is the part where it is joined to the peduncle;
the apex is where the remains of the style are found.

133. The portion of the pistil called the ovary is in the ripe fruit termed
the pericarp.

134. The pericarp consists of three parts, the outer coating called the epi-
carp or exocarp, the inner lining called the endocarp or putamen, and the
intermediate substance, which is generally fleshy or pulpy, named the sarco-
carp or mesocarp. Sometimes these three parts are readily distinguished,
as in the Peach ; but they frequently form one uniform substance, as in the
Nut.

135. The axis of the fruit is often called columella ; the space where two
carpels unite is named the commissure.

136. If the pericarp neither splits nor opens when ripe, it is said to be in-
dehiscent ; but if it does split or open, it is said to dehisce, or to be dehiscent ;
aud the pieces into which it divides are termed valves.

137. When a fruit is in its simplest state, or formed by the transformation.
of one carpellary leaf, there may be two sutures or lines by which it may
open, the one where the margins of the leaf or the placente meet, called the
ventral suture, the other at the part corresponding to the midrib of the leaf,
or the dorsal suture.

_ 138. If, in a compound fruit, the line of opening corresponds with the
Junction of the carpels, the dehiscence is sepiicidal. Formerly in this kind
of dehiscence the valves were said to be alternate with the dissepiment.

_ 189. Ifthe opening is by the dorsal suture of each carpel, the dehiscence
is loculicidal; or as it was formerly said, the dissepiments are opposite to the
valves.

140. When a separation of the pericarp takes place across the cells hori-
zontally, the dehiscence is ¢tranverse or circumcisile.

141. Ifthe dehiscence is effected by partial openings of the pericarp, itis
said to take place by pores.

142. All fruits are either simple or multiple; the former proceeding from
a single flower, as the Apple, Nut, Strawberry, &c.: the latter formed out
of several flowers, as the Pine-apple, Fig, &c.

143. Simple fruits are either indehiscent or dehiscent; of the former the
most important are the caryopsis, the utricle, the achenium and the drupe.

144. The caryopsis, is where the pericarp is very thin and membranous,
and adheres firmly to the integument of the seed; asin Wheat, Maize, and
most Grasses.

145. The wéricle is similar to the caryopsis, the pericarp being membra-~
nous, but it has no adherence with the seed.

46. The acheniwm, is a small and dry indehiscent one-seeded pericarp
formed of a single carpel; asin Ranunculus and Anemone. The name is
also applied to one-seeded fruits formed of more than one carpel, and in-
vested by the calyx-tube; as in the Composite.

147. A drupe is a fleshy nut enclosed in a putamen; as in the Cherry
and Peach.

148. The nut contains a putamen, but the sarcocarp is coriaceous, instead
of being fleshy. A samara is a nut or achenium having a winged apex or
margin ; as in the Elm and Maple.

RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. XVil

149, The dry dehiscent fruits are the follicle and the legume.

150. The follicle is a carpel dehiscing by the ventral suture, and having
no dorsal suture.

151. The legume is a carpel having both ventral and dorsal sutures, by
either of which or by both or neither it may dehisce; rarely the sides fall
off, bearing nothing but sutures, which then form a kind of frame called a
replum, When articulations take place across the legume and it falls into
several pieces, it is said to be lomentaceous.

152. Of fruit formed of several carpels the principal are the capsule, the
silique, gland, berry, orange, pome, and pepo.

153. The capsule is a many-celled, dry dehiscent pericarp.

154. The silique, (or pod,) consists of two (or four) carpels fastened to-

gether, the placente of which are parietal and separate from the valves, re-
- ™aining in the form of a replum and connected by a membranous expan-
sion ; when the silique is very short, or broader than it is long, it is called.
a silicle or pouch.

155. The gland is a dry bony, indehiscent, one-celled and one-seeded
fruit, proceeding from an ovary of several cells and seeds, and enclosed by
an involucre called a cwpule or cwp; as in Quercus.

156. The berry is a succulent fruit, the seeds of which lose their adhesion
when ripe, and lie loose in pulp; as the Grape or Gooseberry.

157. The orange is a berry having a pericarp, separable into an epicarp,
an endocarp and a sarcocarp, and the cells filled with pulpy bags, which
are cellular extensions of the sides of the cavity.

158. The pome is a union of two or more inferior carpels, the pericarp
being fleshy and formed of the floral envelope and ovary firmly united.

159. The pepo is composed of about three carpels, the sides of which do
not turn far inwards, nor the margins unite. Itis a one-celled, fleshy, inde-
hiscent fruit, with parietal placente, and usually with a firm rind; as the
Melon.

160. The most remarkable modifications of multiple fruits are the cone,
pine-apple, and fig.

161. The cone or strobile is an indurated ament. When it is much re-
duced in size, and its scales cohere, it is called a galbulus; as in Thuja.

162. The pine-apple is a spike of inferior flowers, which all grow together
in a fleshy mass.

163. The jig is a fleshy, hollow, dilated apex of a peduncle, within which
a number of flowers are arranged, each of which contains an achenium.,

SEED.

164. The seed is the ovule arrived at maturity.

165, It consist of integuments, albumen, and embryo; a naked seed is
only found in those rare cases in which the ovule is naked.

166. The seed proceeds from the placenta, to which it is attached by the
funiculus ; sometimes this becomes expanded about the seed into a fleshy
body, called the ari or arillus

167. The scar which indicates the union of the seed with the placenta, is
called the hilum or wmbilicus,

XVlil RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY.

168. The integuments are called collectively testa, and consist of mem-
branes resulting from the sacs of the ovule. These membranes are called
by various names.

169. Between the integuments and the embryo of some plants lies a sub-
stance called the albumen or perisperm; the nature of this is of great im-
portance.

170. The albumen is sometimes farinaceous or mealy, as in the Grasses ;
coriaceous and almost cartilaginous, as in many Umbelifere ; rwminated or
wrinkled, asin the Anonacee ; horny, as in the Coffee-bean ; ozly, as in the
Poppy.; or thin and membranous, as in many Labiate.

171.. The embryo is the organized body that lies within the seed, which is
destined to become a plant similar in all respects to the parent. Itis usually
solitary in the seed, but occasionally there are two or several.

172. The embryo consists of the cotyledons, the radicle, the plumule and
the neck.

173. The cotyledons represent the undeveloped leaves.

174. The plumule is what is destined to become the stem, and is therefore
a rudimentary leaf-bud.

175. The radicle is the rudiment of the root, and by germination becomes
the root. .

176. The neck or collum is the line of separation between the radicle and
the portion above it.

177. The number of cotyledons varies from one to several.

178. Plants that have but one cotyledon, or if with two, one of them is
alternate with the other, are termed Monocotyledonous. These are also En-
dogenous plants.

179. Plants that have two cotyledons placed opposite each other, or a
greater number placed in a whorl, are called Dicotyledonous. These are
also Exogenous plants.

180. Plants that have no cotyledons, are said to be Acotyledonous. But
this term is only applied to cellular plants, which having no stamens and
pistils, can have no seed.

181. When the radicle is so bent that it touches the back of one of the
cotyledons, it is said to be dorsal, or the cotyledons are said to be incumbent.

182. When the radicle is applied to the edge or cleft of the cotyledons, it
is said to be /ateral, or the cotyledons are said to be accumbent.

183, When the seed is called into action, germination takes place and
growth commences. ;

GLOSSARY

OF THE

PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL TERMS.

[The figures refer to the preceding Sketch.]

Abortion, an imperfect development
of any given organ.

Abortive, not arriving at perfection,
producing no fruit.

Abrupt, not gradual, sudden.

Abrupily pinnate, pinnate with even
pairs only, wanting the odd or ter-
minal leafet.

Acaulescent, apparently without a

stem.

Accessory, additional, or supernume-
rary.

Acerose, stiff, linear, and sharp, as in
the leaves of the Pines.

Acotyledonous, 180. mie

Accumbent cotyledons, 182.

Aculeate, prickly.

Acuminate, taper, pointed, more than
acute.

Acute, ending in a sharp point.

Achenium, plural achenia, 146,

Acicular, needle-form.

Adherent, attached to, or united with
another organ.

Adnate, growing to, affixed laterally.

Aestivation, 85.

Agglomerated, bunched, crowded to-
gether.

Ageregate, standing together, many
on the same receptacle, but not
compound.

Ale, wings, or membranaceous eX-
pansions.

Alate, winged; having a membrana-
ceous border.

Albumen, 169.

Alternate, placed alternately on op-
posite sides of the stem,

Alveolate, having pits or cells like a
honeycomb.

Ament, or catkin, 65.

Amplexicaul, clasping or embracing
the stem.

Anastomosing, applied to branching
vessels, which unite again like net-
work.

Ancipital, two-edged.

Androgynous, having barren and
fertile flowers on the same spike,
or the same plant, but no perfect
ones.

Angilospermous, having the seeds con-
tained in a distinct pericarp or
seed-vessel.

Annual, 30. a.

Annulate, having a ring or belt.

Anomalous, not according to rule or
system; an exception to the ordi-
nary form or appearance.

Anther, 100.

Antheriferous, bearing anthers.

Apetalous, without petals.

Apex, end, tip, or sharp extremity.

Aphyllous, without leaves.

Appendiculate, having some appen-
dage

Appressed, pressed against, or close
to.

Approximate, near together.

Apterous, without wings ; a term ap-
plied to some parts of flowers.

Aquatic, growing naturally in water,
or in wet places,

Arborescent, approaching to the size of
a tree.

Arcuate, curved or bent like a bow.

XX GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Areola, a small cavity—as in the base
of some achenia.

Ari or arillus, a loose coating of the
seed.

Arillate, having an aril.

Aristate, awned, ending in a bristle.

Armed, furnished with thorns or
prickles.

Articulated, jointed, connected by
joints or places of separation.

Ascending, rising from the ground
obliquely.

Assurgent, rising in a curve from a
declined base.

Attenuated, gradually diminished or
tapering,

Auriculate, having an ear-like base.

Awn, a stiff bristle, frequently rough
or bearded; as in the flowers of
certain grasses.

Awned, having awns.

Awniess; without awns, or bristle-
like appendages.

Axil, the angle between a leaf and
stem on the upper side.

Axillary, growing in or from the axil.

Avis, a central stem or peduncle; a
real or imaginary central line ex-
tending from the base to the sum-
mit.

Baccate, berried, having a fleshy coat
or covering..

Banner, or vexillum, 81.

Barb, a straight process armed with
one or more teeth pointing back-
wards.

Barren, producing no fruit, contain-
ing stamens only.

Beak, a terminal process, like a bird’s
bill; a hard short point.

Beaked, having, or terminating, in a
beak.

Bearded, with parallel hairs ; applied
also to the Grasses.

Berry, 156.

Bicuspidate, with two points.

Bidentate, with two teeth.

Biennial, 30. b.

Bifarious, in two series or opposite
rows; pointing in two directions.
Bifid , two cleft, cut nearly in two

parts.

Bifurcate, forked; ending in two
nearly equal branches.

Biglandular, having two glands.

Bilabiate, having two lips.

Bilamellate, having two lamelle, or
thin plates.

Bilobed, having two lobes.

Bilocular, having two cells.

Binnate, growing two together.

Bipinnate, twice pinnate, when both
the leaf and its subdivisions are
pinnate.

Bipinnatifid, twice pinnatifid, both
the leaf and its segments being
pinnatifid.

Birostrate, with two beaks.

Bisetose, with two bristles.

Bisulcate, with two grooves or fur-
LOWS.

Biternate, twice ternate, the petiole
supporting three ternate leaves.

Bivalved, two valved.

Bloom, a fine powdery coating on
certain fruits; as the Plum.

Border, the brim, or spreading part
of a corolla.

Brachiate, branches opposite, and
each pair at right angles with the
preceding.

Bract, 51.

Bracteoles, small bracts.

Branchlets, subdivisions of the
branches.

Bristles, rigid hairs, straight or hook-
ed.

Bud, 32.

Bulb, 15.

Bulbiferous, bearing bulbs.

Caducous, falling early, sooner than
deciduous.

Cespitose, or cespitose, growing in
tufts.

Calcarate, resembling, or furnished
with, a spur or horn.

Caili, small callosities or rough pro-
tuberances.

Calyciform, shaped like a calyx.

Calyculate, furnished with an addi-
tional outer calyx.

Calyptriform, shaped like a calyptra
or extinguisher.

Calyx, 73.

Campanulate, bell-shaped.

Canaliculate,channelled or furrowed.

Canescent, whitish, hoary; covered
with a whitish or gray pubescence.

Capillary, or capillaceous, very slen-
der, resembling a hair. _-

Capitate, shaped like a head, ‘or-
bearing a head.

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Capsule, 153.

Carina 81. os

Carinate, keeled, furnished with a
sharp or prominent back like the
keel of a vessel.

Carpel, 113.

Carpophore, the axis of the fruit in
the Umbellifere.

Caryopsis, 144.

Cathkin, see Ament.

Caudate, having atail; as in some
seeds.

Caudex, the main body of a tree or
root.

Caulescent, having a true stem

Cauline, growing on the stem.

Cell, a cavity or compartment of a
seed vessel or anther.

Cellular, made up of little cells or
cavities.

Centrifugal inflorescence, 72.

Centripetal inflorescence, 71.

Chaffy, made of short membranous
portions like chaff:

Channelled, grooved or furrowed.

Chariaceous, of a texture resembling
paper.

Cilia, hairs along the margin of a sur-
face, like those of the eyelashes.

Ciliate, fringed with parallel hairs,
like eyelashes.

Cinercous, of the color of wood-ashes.

Circinate, with the apex rolled back
upon itself, ike the young fronds
of a fern.

Circumcised, cut round transversely,
or opening like a snuff-box.

Cirrhus, a tendril.

Cirrhose, bearing tendrils.

Clasping, surrounding the stem partly
or quite with the base of the leaf.
Clavate, club-shaped, larger at top

than bottom.
Claw, the taper base of a petal, 82.
Cleft, split or divided less than half

Way.

Clypeate, shaped like a Roman
buckler.

Coadunate, united at base.

Coarctate, contracted or crowded.

Cochleate, resembling the shell of a
snail.

Coherent, united with an organ of
the same kind.

Collateral, placed side by side.

Colored, different from green, which
is the common color of plants.

XXi

Columella, 135.

Column, 99.

Commisure, the line of junction of
two bodies; as the face of the car-
pels in the Umbellifere.

Comose, covered with cottony hair.

Compound, made up of similar simple
parts.

| Compressed, flattened.

Conduplicate, doubled lengthwise.
Cone, 161.
Conglomerate, crowded together.
Confluent, ranning into one another.
Conjugate, in pairs; coupled.
Connate, joined together at base.
Connective, the organ which connects
the two cells of an anther.
Connivent, converging, the tips in-
clining towards each other.
Conoid, like a cone. f
Continuous, without interruption or
articulation.
Contorted, twisted, bent from a com-
mon position.”

| Convolute, rolled together.

Coraloid, resembling coral in appeat-
ance.

Cordate, heart-shaped.

Coriaceous, leathery, tough and thick.

Cormus or corm, the fleshy subter-
raneous base of a stem, resembling
a bulb, but solid.

Corneous, horny, having a consist-
ence like horn.

Corniculate, horn-shaped.

Corolla, 77.

Cortical, belonging to the bark.

Corymb, 67.

Costate, ribbed.

Cotyledons, 172.

Creeping, 12.

Crenate, scolloped, having sharp
notches on the edge separated by
round or obtuse dentures.

Crenulate, finely or minutely crenate.

Crested, having an appendage re-
sembling a cock’s comb,

Crowned, having a circle of projec-
tions round the upper part of the
tube of a flower, on its inside.

Cruciform or cruciate, consisting of
four petals placed like a cross,

Crustaceous, having a hard brittle
shell.

Cucullate, hooded or cowled, rolled
or folded in; as the spathe of Arwre
triphyllum.

Xx GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Cucurbitaceous, like gourds or melons. |

Culm, the stem of Grasses and Cype-
raceous plants.

Cuneaie or cuneiform, wedge-sha-
ped, tapering with straight edges
to the base.

Cupule, 155.

Cusp, a stiffish tapering sharp point.

Cuspidate, having a sharp straight
point.

Cuticle, 6, 23.

Cyathiform, cup-shaped.

Cylindric or cylindrical, round and
not tapering, cylinder-shaped.

Cyme, 70.

Cymose, bearing or flowering in
cymes.

Cymules, the reduced cymes, or cy-
mose clusters of the Labiate;
sometimes called Verticzllasters.

Deciduous, falling off, in opposition
to persistent and evergreen, later
than caducous.

Declined or declinate, turned down-
wards.

Decompound, twice compound, com-
posed of compound parts.

Decumbent, leaning upon the ground,
the base only erect.

Decurrent, when the edges of a leaf
run down the stem or stalk.

Decursive,see Decurrent.

Decussaie, or decussating, in pairs al-
ternately crossing each other.

Deflected, bent off or downwards.

Dehiscenit, gaping or opening nat-
urally by seams at maturity.

Deltoid, nearly triangular, shaped like
the Greek letter A.

Dentate, toothed, edged with sharp
projections separated by notches,
larger than serrate.

Denticulate, minutely toothed.

Dentures, teeth, the sharp parts
which separate notches.

Depauperated, few-flowered.

Depressed, flattened or pressed in at
the top.

Depressed-globose, globular, with the
base and apex flattened.

Diaphanous, transparent.

Dichotomous, forked, dividing into
two equal branches.

Diclinous, having the stamens and
pistils in distinct flowers on the
same or different plants,

Dicoccous, containing two grains or
seeds.

Dicotyledonous, 179.

Didymous, twin; growing in pairs,
and more or less united.

Didynamous, having 2 long and 2
shorter stamensin the same flower.

Diffuse, scattered, widely spread.

Digitate, when a petiole gives off five
or more leafets from a single point
at its extremity.

Dimidiate, halved, as if one side or
one-half had been cut off.

Diecious, having the barren and fer-
tile flowers on different plants.

Discoid, having a disc covered with
flowers, but no ray-flowers.

Disk, 86; also the central part of a
head of compound flowers.

Dissepiment, the partition or internal
wall of a pericarp.

Distichous, two-rowed, producing
leaves or flowers in two opposite
TOWS. ‘

Distinct, separate; not connected
with each other, nor with any con-
tiguous organ.

Divaricate, diverging so far as to
turn backwards.

Divergent, spreading, separating
widely.

Divided, separated or cleft to the base,
or to the midrib, if a leaf.

Dorsal, growing on, or belonging to,
the back.

Downy, clothed with soft fine hairs.

Drooping, inclining downwards,
more than nodding.

Drupaceous, bearing or resembling
drupes.

Drupe, 147.

Ebracteate, without bracts.

Ecaudate, without a tail.

Echinate, beset with prickles, hedge-
hog hike.

Efffuse, a term applied to a loose one-
sided panicle; as in Juncus effusus.

Elliptic or elliptical, oval, longer
than wide with the two ends nar-
rowing equally.

Elongated, exceeding a common or
average length.

Emarginaie, having a notch in the
end. ;

Embryo, 176.

Emersed, raised out of water.

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Endocarp, the hard shell which
forms the covering of the seeds.
Ensiform, sword-shaped, two-edged.
Entire, even and whole at the edge;
without incision, notch, or tooth.
Envelope, an integument or covering.
Epicarp, the outer coating of the

pericarp or fruit.

Epidermis, see Cuticle.

Epigynous, attached to the ovary,
so that the upper-portion is appa-
rently inserted on its summit.

Epipetalous, upon the petals.

Equal, similar parts of nearly the
same size and form; as sepals,
petals, &c.

Evoded or erose, appearing as if
gnawed at the edge.

Esculent, eatable.

Evergreen, remaining fresh through
the winter, not deciduous.

Exsert or exserted, projecting or pro-
truding out; as stamens from the
tube of a corolla, &c.

Falcate, sickle-shaped, linear and
crooked.

Fascicle, 70.

Fascicled or fasciculate, collected in
bundles.

Fastigiate, flat or level topped. _

Favose, deeply pitted, resembling a
honeycomb.

Feather-veined leaf, where the lat-
eral veins diverge regularly from
each side of the midrib; as in a
quill.

Ferruginous, reddish-brown, like the
rust of iron.

Fertile, containing perfect pistils and
yielding fruit.

Frbrous, being composed of fibres.

Fliform, thread-like, or very slender.

Fimbriate, finely divided at the edge
like fringe.

Fumbrillale, clothed with fimbrilla,
membranaceous linear or subulate
filaments; as the receptacle of
certain compound flowers.

Fistulous or fistular, hollow or tu-
bular.

Flabelliform, spreading like a fan.

Flaccid, weak, so as to bend by its
own weight.

Flagelliform, like a whip-lash.

Filexcuous or flexwose, serpentine or
zigzag.

XXIil

Floral leaf, see Bract.

Foliaceous, resembling a leaf.

Follicle, 150.

Frond, the leaf of Cryptogamous
plants. :

Frrutescent, becoming shrubby.

Frruticose, shrub-like, or shrubby.

Fulvous, tawny or tan-colored.

Fugacious, that which lasts but for a
short time.

Funiculus, the little cord by which
seeds are attached to the placenta.

Funnel-shaped, tabular at bottom,
and gradually expanding at top.

Fuscous, grayish brown, or deep
brown tinged with green.

Fusiform, 11.

Galea, a helmet, the upper part of
a ringent corolla.

| Geminate, doubled.

Gemmaceous, belonging to a bud,
made of the scales of a bud, 49.

Geniculate, bent like a knee.

Germ or germen, the old name for
the ovary.

Germination, the sprouting of a seed.

Gibbous, swelled out, commonly on
one side.

~Gilabrous, very smooth, without any

roughness or pubescence.
Glandular pubescence, hairs tipped
with little heads or glands.
Glaucous, sea-green, pale bluish
oreen.
Gilobose oy globular, spherical, round
on all sides.
Glomerate, gathered in a round heap
or head.
Glomerules, small dense roundish
clusters.
Glumaceous,
elumes.
Gilumes, the scales, valves or chaff
which make the calyx of grasses.
Gilutinous, adhesive, viscid, covered
with an adhesive fluid.

Gramineous, resembling the grasses.

Graniferous, bearing a grain or
grains.

Granular, formed of grains or cov-
ered with grains.

Gymnospermous, having the seeds
naked,

Gynandrous, having the stamens
growing on, or adhering to, the
pistil.

resembling chaff or

XXIV

Habit, the general external appear-
ance of a plant, by which it is
known at sight.

Habitat or habitatis, the natural or
native place of growth.

Hamate, hooked, a bristle curved at
the end.

Hastate, shaped like a halbert; it
differs from arrow-shaped in hav-
ing the barbs or lateral portions
more distinct and divergent.

Head, a dense roundish cluster of
sessile flowers.

Helmet, see Galea.

Herbaceous or herb, not woody.

Heterocephalous flowers, staminate
and pistillate in distinct heads; as
in Ambrosia.

Heterogamous heads, containing flow-
ers of different structure and sexual
character.

Heterophyllous, having leaves of dif
ferent forms.

Hilum, 167.

Hirsute, rough with soft hairs.

- _Hispid, rough with stiff hairs.

Hoary, covered with white down.

Homogamous heads, containing flow-
ers of a similar structure and the
same sexual character,

Hooded, see Cucullate.

Horn, see Spur.

Hybrid, a mongrel, or partaking of
the nature of two species.

Hypocrateriform, salver-shaped, with
a tube abruptly expanded into a
flat border.

Hypogynous, 93.

Imbricate or imbricated, lying over
each other like scales, or the shin-
gles of a roof.

Imperfect flower, one in which either
stamens or pistils are wanting.
Incised, cut, separated by incisions.
Included, wholly received or con-
tained in a cavity, the opposite of

exserted.

Incomplete flower, one which is des-
titute of calyx or corolla.

Fnerassated, thickened upward, larger
toward the end,

Incumbent, lying against or across,
181.

Incurved, bent or curved inwards.

Indefinite, namerous, and of no con-
stant number.

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Indchascent, not opening.
ndigenous, native. growing natu-
rally i in a country.

Indusiwm, the involucre or veil which
covers the fruit of ferns.

Inferior, lowermost.

_Infiated, blown up like a bladder.

Inflexed, bending inwards.

Inflorescence, 59.

Infu ndibuliform, funnel-shaped.

Inserted into, growing out of.

Internode, the space between joints ;
as in Grasses.

Interrupted, having ee or the
continuity broken.

Interruptedly pinnate, when smaller
leafets are interposed among the
principal ones.

Introse anthers, having the cells
turned inwards or towards the
pistils.

Involucel, a partial involucre, 53.

Involucre ot involucrum, 53.

Involute, rolledinwards. -

Irregular, the component parts dif
fering i in size ah shape.

Keel a

Keeled, shaped like a keel.

Kidney-shaped, heart-shaped without
the point, and broader than long.

Labiate, 80.

Lacerate, divided into irregular seg-
ments, as if torn.

Laciniate, cut or divided into seg-
ments.

Lactescent, milky ; yielding a whitish
or milky juice, when cut.

Lacunose, covered with little pits or
depressions. :

Lamellated, in thin plates.

Lamina, a thin layer or plate; the
flat portion of a leaf or petal, as
distinguished from the petiole or
claw.

Lanceolate, spear-shaped, narrow,
with both ends acute.

Lance-linear, Lance-ovate, &c., lin-
ear, ovate, Sc., with something of
the lanceolate form.

Lanuginous, woolly.

Lateral, at the side.

Lax, loose, not compact. ;

Leafet, a partial leaf, a constituent
of a compound leaf. ©

Legume, 151.

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Leguminous, bearing legumes.

Lenticular, having the form of a lens;
orbicular and compressed, but con-
vex on both faces.

Ligneous, woody.

Ligulate, ribbon-shaped; a kind of
corolla found in compound flowers,
consisting of a tube at bottom, con-
tinued into a long flat portion at
top.

Ligule, the mostly membranaceous
appendage at the summit of the
sheath, in the Grasses.

Liliaceous, resembling the lily.

Limb, 82.

Line, the twelfth part of an inch.

Linear, long and very narrow with
parallel sides.

Linear-lanceolate, partaking of both
forms, but more of the latter.

Lip, the front segment of an Orchi-
deous or other flower.

Lobe, a large division or distinct por-
tion of a leaf or petal.

Lobate or lobed, cut or divided into
lobes.

Loment, 151.

Lunate or lunulate, shaped like a
halfmoon.

Lyrate, pinnatifid, with a_ large
roundish segment at the end.

Marcescent, withering.

Melliferous, honey-bearing.

Membranous or membranaceous, very
thin and delicate.

Mericarp, a name given to the inde-

hiscent carpel of the Umbellifere.

Midrib, 43.

Monadelphous, 98.

Mowmiliform, arranged like the beads
of a necklace,

Monoclinous, having the stamens and
pistils in the same flower.

Monocotyledonous, 178.

Monecious, having staminate and
pistillate flowers distinct, but on
the same plant.

Monopelalous, having but one petal,
or the petals united into one.

Monophyltous, one-leaved.

Monosepalous, consisting of one sepal.

Mucronate, having a mucro or point
projecting from an obtuse end.

Multifid, many-clett.

Multipartite, many-parted.

Mudtiple, a number containing an-

XXV

other number several times with-
out a remainder; as 9 is a multi-
ple of 3.

Muricale, covered with sharp spines
or prickles. c

Muticous, awnless or pointless.

Naked, destitute of the usual covering
or appendage ; as the corolla with-
out a calyx, seeds without a peri-
carp, &c.

Napiform, turnip-shaped.

Nectariferous, bearing honey.

Nectary, 84, 89.

Nerves, parallel veins or rib-like
fibres extending from about the
base to the apex.

Neuter or neutral flower, having
neither stamen nor pistil.

Nedding, inclining to one side, partly
drooping.

Nodi or nodes, ‘26.

Nodose, having many nodi or joints.

Nucamentaceous, producing nuts.

Nucleus, a central body, the kernel
of a nut.

Nucules, little nuts, or nut-like fruit.

Nut, a hard indehiscent fruit, mostly-
with a single seed.

Ob, a particle, which, when prefixed
to any other term, denotes the in-
version of the usual position.

Obconic, conic with the apex down-
ward.

Obcordate, heart-shaped, with the
point inwards, or downwards.

Oblanccolate, with the widest part
above the middle, and tapering
gradually to the base.

Oblong, longer than oval with the
sides parallel.

Obovate, ovate, but inverted.

Obovoid, inversely ovoid.

Obsolete, indistinct, appearing as if
worn out.

Obtuse, blunt, rounded, not acute.

Ochrea, a membranous sheath, em-
bracing the stem like a boot-leg ;
as in Polygonum. "

Ochroleucous, whitish-yellow, cream-
color.

Opercular, opening by a lid fixed at
one side.

Oppostie, standing directly against
each other on opposite sides of the
stem,

B2

a «

XXV1

Orbicular, circular.

Oval, longer than broad, the sides
curving from end to end, and the
ends of equal breadth and curva-
ture.

Ovary, 119.

Ovate, flat, with the outline of the
longitudinal section of an egy, the
lower end being the largest.

Ovoid, having the outline of an en-
tire egg.

Ovule, 122.

Palate, a large obtuse projection

which closes the throat of a per-
sonate flower.

Palea, a term applied to the parts of
the corolla in Grasses.

Paleaceous, chaffy.

Palmate, hand-shaped, deeply di-
vided into spreading and some-
what equal segments.

Panduriform, contracted in the mid-
dle like a violin.

Panicle, 68.

Panicled or paniculate, arranged in
the form of a panicle.

Papilionaceous, 81.

Papiilose, producing small glandular
excrescences like nipples.

Pappus, the crown of the fruit of
Composite and similar plants.

Parasitic, growing on another plant
and drawing nourishment from it ;
as the Misseltoe.

Parietal, 117.

Parted, deeply divided almost to the
base, more than cleft.

Partial, a term applied to small or
constituent parts in distinction
from general.

Partition, the dividing wall or dis-
sepiment in seed vessels.

Pectinate, like the teeth of a comb,
intermediate between fimbriate and
pinnatifid.

Pedate leaf, like a bird’s-foot; di-
vided nearly to the petiole in nar-
row segments, with the lateral
ones diverging.

Pedicel, 57.

Pedicillate or pedicelled, having, or
being supported on, a pedicel.

Peduncle, 56.

Peduncled. or pedunculate, having a
peduncle.

Peilicle, a very thin stratum or coat.

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

| Pellucid, transparent, pervious to

light

Pelineillpnede having punctures
admitting the passage of light.

Peltate, having the stalk attached to
some part of the surface or disk,
and not to the margin.

Pencilled or penteillate, ending like a
painter’s pencil or brush,

Pendulous, hanging down.

Pentagonal, having five corners or
angles.

Pcpo, , 159.

Perenmial, 30, c.

Perfect j flower, or:

Perfoliale, surrounding tbe stem on
all sides and perforated by it; it
differs from connate, in not con-
sisting of two leaves: as in Hupa-
lorium perfoliatum.

Perianth, perianthium or. perigoni-
wm, 74,

Pericarp, 133.

Perigynium, the sac formed by the
union of two bractlets, which en-
closes the ovary; as in certain
Cyperacea.

Perigynous, 94.

Permanent, see Persistent.

Persistent, not falling off; those parts
of a flower are persistent which re-
main till the fruit is ripe.

Personate, masked, having the mouth
of the corolla closed by a prominent
palate.

Petal, 77.

Petaloid, like a petal.

Petiole, 40.

Petioled or petiolate, with a petiole,
not sessile.

Phenogamous, applied to all plants
which have visible flowers con-
taining stamens and pistils.

Pilose, hairy, with a stiff pubescence.

Pinna, the leafets or divisions of a
pinnate leaf.

Pinnate, a leaf is pinnate when the
leafets are arranged in two rows
on the side of a common petiole.

Pinnatifid, cutin a pinnate manner ;
it differs from pinnate in consist-
ing of a simple or continuous leaf,
not compound.

Pinnules, the leafets or subdivisions
of a bi- tri- or multi-pinnate leaf.

Pisiform, formed like peas.

Pistil, 108.

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Pistillate, having pistils but no’ sta-
mens.

Placenia, 114.

Plane, flat.

Plicate, plaited, folded like a ruffle
or fan.

Piwmose, feathery, feather-like.

Plumuta, 174.

Pod, 154.

Pollen, 104.

Pollen-masses or pollinia, 197,

Polyzamo-diecious, having perfect
and imperfect flowers on distinct
plants. ;

Polygamous, having some flowers
which are perfect, and others which
have stamens only or pistils only.

Polygynous, having many styles.

Polymorphous, changeable, assuming
a variety of forms.

Polypetalous, 77.

Polyphyllous, having many leaves,
applied to the calyx.

Polysepatous, ‘76.

Polyspermous, having many seeds.

Pome, 158.

Porrected, extended forward.

Pouch, 154.

Pramorse, blunt at the end, as if
bitten off.

Prickle, 27.

Prismatic, having several parallel
flat sides.

Process, a protuberance or projecting
part.

Procunbent, lying on the ground.

Produced, extended or lengthened
out.

Proliferous, an umbel or flower is
said to be proliferous when it has
smaller ones growing out of it.

Pseudopinnate, falsely or imperfectly
pinnate, not resolving at any time
into separate leafets; as the Pea,
Vetch, &c.

Puberulent, covered with a minute
pubescence.

Pubdescence, a general term for the
hairy covering of plants.

Pubescent, clothed with short weak
hairs.

Pulp, the soft, juicy, cellular sub-
stance found in berries and similar
fruits,

Pulverulent, of

dusty, composed

XXVil

Punctate, appearing as if pricked fall
of small holes, or dots.

Punciiculate, having very minute
punctures.

“Pungent, sharp-pointed, or prickly

at the apex; acrid.
Putamen, a hard shell.
Pyramidal, tapering upwards.
Pyriform, shaped like the fruit of a
pear.

Quadrangular, 4-angled.

Quadr ifurious, in four rows or direc-
tions, pointing or facing four ways.

Quadr ified, 4-cleft.

Quaternate, four together.

Quinate, five together.

Raceme, 62.

Racemos?, flowering in racemes.

Rachis, the main stem of a co: npound
peduncle, along which the pedicels
are arranged, as in the Grasses;
also the midrib.of the divided trond
in Ferns.

Radiant or radiate, often applied to
a cluster or head of flowers when
those of the circumference or ray
are long and spreading, and unlike
those of the disk.

Radical, growing immediately from
the root.

Radicating, sending out roots at the
nodes or joints of the stem.

Radicle, 175.

Rameal, belonging to the branches.

Ramenia, the scales or persistent re-
mains of leaves or other parts of
the plant.

Ramentaceous, covered with ramenta.

Ramose, branching,

Raphe, the linear ridge on one side
of the anatropous or inverted ovule,
formed by the adhesion of a part
of the funicle.

Ruy, the diverging florets or petals
which form the outside of radiate
flowers, cymes, and umbels.

Receptacle, 83

Reclined or reclinate, bending over,
with the end inclining toward the
eround,

Recurved, curved backwards.

Reduplica’e, with the edges folded or
turned outwards.

powder, or appearing as if covered | Riflowed, bent backwards, more than

with it.

\

recurved.

XXVII1

Regular, having the parts equal and
uniform ; as the divisions of the
calyx or ‘corolla,

Reniform, kidney- -shaped,
shaped ‘without the point.

Repand, slightly wavy or serpentine
at the edge.

Resupina‘e, turned upside down; as
the corolla of T'richostema.

Reticulate, net-like, having veins
distributed like net-work.

Retrose or retrorsely, pointing back-
wards or downwards.

Rhizoma, 15.

Rhomboid, having 4 sides with un-
equal angles.

Ribbed, marked with parallel ridges
or veins.

Ribs, parallel ridges or nerves exten-
‘ding from near the base to the apex.

Ringent, gaping, with an upper and
under lip; as in some of the La-
biate.

Rooting, sending out lateral roots.

Rostraie, farnished with a beak.

Rosulate, arranged in the form of a
rosette.

Rotate, wheel-shaped; applied to a
monopetalous corolla, the limb of
which is flat and tube very short.

Rough, covered with points, dots or
hairs, which are rough to the touch.

Rudiment, a term applied to an or-
gan that is impertectly developed.

Rufescent, becoming reddish-orange
or rusty.

Rufous, reddish-brown or rust -col-
ored.

Rugose, wrinkled ;
Sage.

Rugulose, finely wrinkled.

Runcinate, having large teeth point-
ing backward ; as the leaves of the
Dandelion.

Runners, 16.

heart-

as the leaves of

Saccate, bagged, having a bag or
pouch ; as in many petals.

Sagiitate, arrow-shaped, like the
head of an arrow.

Salver-shaped, tabular, with the limb
fiatly or horizontally expanded.

Samara, 148.

Sarcocarp, the fleshy portion of a
pericarp.

Sarmentose, ranning on the ground
and striking roots from the joints.

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Scabrous, rough with little asperi-
ties.

Scales, any small processes resem-
bling minute leaves; also the leaves
of the involucre of Composite.

Scandent, climbing, usually by ten-
drils.

Scape, 58.

Scarious, having a thin membranous
margin; as in the calyx scales of
Liatris scarvosa.

Scatlered, irregularly and thinly ar-
ranged.

Scions, lateral shoots or offsets from
the root.

Scrobiculate, excavated into little pits
or hollows.

Scutellate, shaped like a target or
shield.

Secund, arranged on one side only,
the same as unilateral.

Segment, a part or principal division
of a leaf, calyx or corolla.

Sem, half.

Semibivalved, half divided into two
valves.

Sepaloid, like sepals, not petal-like.

Sepals, ‘70.

Septicidal dehiscence, 138.

Septiferous, bearing a septum.

Septifragal dehiscence, when the
dissepiments remain united to the
axis, while the valves separate
from them; as in the Pea.

Septum, the partition which divides
the interior of the fruit.

Sericeous, silky

Serrate, notched like the teeth of-a
saw, the points tending upward.

Serr ulate, minutely serrate,

Sessile, placed immediately on the —
stem without the intervention of a
stalk,

Seta, a bristle.

Setaceous, bristle-like..

Setiform, formed like a bristle.

| Selose, covered with bristles,

Sheath, a tubular or folded leafy por-
‘tion enclosing the stem; as in the
Grasses.

Sheathed, embraced by a sheath.
Sheathing, embracing the stem with
a sheath.

Shining, glossy, smooth and polished.

Sulicle, 154.

Silique, 154,

Siliquose, having siliques.

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Simple, not divided branched or com-
pound.

Sinuate, having sinuses at the edge.

Sinuate-dentate or sinuate-loothed,
sinuate-serrate, having teeth or ser-
ratures, with the clefts rounded at
the bottom.

Sinus, a large rounded indentation
or Cavity.

Soboliferous, producing young plants
from the roots.

Sori, plural of Sorus, small clusters
of minute capsules or spore-cases
on the back of the fronds of ferns.

Spadix 64.

Spathaceous, having or resembling a
spathe.

Spathe, a sheathing calyx opening
lenothwise on one side, and con-
sisting of one or more valves.

Spalulaie or spathulate, obtuse or
large at the end and gradually ta-
pering into a stalk at base.

Spermoderm, the skin of a seed.

Spike, 63.

Spikelet, a small spike, the subdivision
of a compound spike; as in many
of the Grasses.

Spiidie-shaped, see Fusiform.

Spine, 27.

Spinulose, covered with small spines,

Spore or Sporule, that part in cryp-
togamous plants which answers to
the seed of other plants.

Spur, asharp hollow projection from
a flower commonly called the nec-
tary.

Spurred, having spur-like elonga-
tions.

Squamiform, scale-shaped.

Squamose, scaly.

Syuarrose or squarrous, ragged, hav-
ing reflected or divergent ‘scales.
Slaminate, having stamens but not

pistils.

Staminiferous, bearing or supporting
the stamens.

Standard, see Banner.

Stellate, like a star.

Stellular pubescence, hairs with
branches like rays.
Stem, 13.

Slemiess, 14,

Slerile, barren, producing no fruit.

Stig’ ma, 111.

Stigmatiferous or stigmatose, bearing
or belonging to the stigma.

XX1X

Stipe, the stem of a fern or fungus;
also the little footstalk of seeds,
&c.; as in the Dandelion.

Siipitate, having or supported on a
stipe.

Stipular, belonging to stipules.

Stipule, 47.

Sioloniferous, having scions or run-
ning shoots.

S.71@, fine parallel ridges streaks or
furrows.

S/riate, marked with strie.

Strict, straight and stiffly erect.

Scrigose, clothed with bristly and ap-

ressed hairs.

Strobile, 161.

Sir uphiolate, surrounded by protube-
rances.
iyle, 112,

S.ylopodium, the thickened foot or
base of the style which is confluent
with the epigynous disk ; as in the
Umbellifere.

Sub, a particle prefixed to various
terms, to imply the existence oi a
quality i in a diminutive or inferior
degree, as

Subacute, somewhat acute, less than
acute, é&c.

Suberose, cork-like.

Subserrate, slightly serrate.

Sudbsessile, nearly sessile.

Subulate, awl-shaped, narrow, stiff,
and sharp-pointed,

Succulent, juicy.

Sucker, a shoot from the root or
lower part of the stem.

Suffrutescent, almost shrubby.

Suffruticose, somewhat shrubby at
base.

Sulcate, furrowed or grooved.

Superior, above; a term applied to
the ovary when it is above the
calyx, &c.

Surculose, with suckers or offsets.

Suture, 137.

Tendril, a filiform appendage of cer-
tain vines, which supports them
by twining round other objects.

Terete, round, either cylindric or ta-
pering.

Terminal, extreme, situated at the
end,

Ternate, three together; as the leaves
of common Clover.

XXX

Tessellated, in little squares
checkers, like a chess-board.

Testa, 168.

Tetramerous, of four parts or con-
stituent portions.

Torn, see Spine.

Turoat, the passage into the tube of
a corolla.

Tiyrse, 69.

Tiiyrsoid, resembling or in the form
of a thyrse.

Tuomentose, downy, covered with fine
matted pubescence.

Tvothed, divided so as to resemble
teeth.

Turose, uneven ; alternately elevated
and depressed.

Turtucus, bent in various directions.

Turiulose, slightly torose.

Torus, 83.

Transverse,
crosswise.

Trichotomous, 3-forked.

Tricoccous, of three cocci or separa-
ble indehiscent carpels.

Tr /farlous, pointing in three direc-
tions.

Ty ifil, 3-cleft.

Ty: foliaie, 3-leaved, see Ternaie.

Trigonous, 3-cornered.

Ty vobate, 3-lobed.

TY vocular, 3-celled.

Tripartite, 3-parted.

Yvipinnate, thrice-pinnate, when the
leafets of a bipinnate leaf become
puinate.

Tripinnatifid, pinnately divided,with
the primary divisions twice pinna-
tifid.

Triplinerved, with three principal
nerves from the base.

Triquetrous, having three sides or
ancles.

Triternate, thrice ternate, when the
eafets of a biternate leaf become
ternate.

Truncate, having a square termina-
tion as if cut off.

Tbe, a pipe or hollow cylinder, ap-
plied to that of a monopetalous
corolla formed by the united claws.

Teer ALD:

Tuberculate, covered with knobs or
tubercles.

Tuberous or tuberiferous, bearing
tubers, 119.

Tubular, shaped like a tube; in a

transversely, across,

or |

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

compound flower, the florets which
are not ligulate are called tu-
bular.

Twft, a branch growing from the
same root.

Tumid, swelling or enlarged.

Tunicate, coated with concentric
layers; as the Onion.

Turbinaie, shaped like a top or pear.

Turion, a thick, tender young shoot;
as of Asparagus.

Twin, two of the same kind growing
together.

Twining, winding round and as-
cending spirally.

Umbel, 66.

Umbellate, like an umbel.

Umbcliet, a partial umbel; one of the
subdivisions of a compound umbel.

Umbelliferous, bearing umbels.

Umbilicate, marked with a ceniral
depression.

Unarmed, without prickles or thorns.

Uncinate, hooked, hook-shaped.

Undulate, wavy, serpentine, gently
rising and falling.

Unequal, the parts not corresponding
in lenvth, form, &c.

Unguiculate, inserted by a claw, 82.

Uniform, in one form or manner.

Unilateral, growing all on one side,
or with the flowers leaning to one
side.

Unisexual, of one sex, staminate or
pistillate only.

Urceolate, pitcher-shaped, swelling
in the middle and slightly con-
tracted at top.

Utricle, 145,

Valvate estivation, when the sepals
or petals are folded together and
fit by their margins only.

Valves, the segments or parts of a
seed-vessel into which it finally
separates, 136; also the leaves
which make up a glume or spathe.

Valvular or valved, consisting of
valves or seed-cells. ;

Var. (varietas), a variety of a species,
not specifically distinct.

Vaulied, arched over, with a concave
covering.

Veined, having the divisions of the
petiole irregularly branched on the
under side of the leaf.

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Venation, in reference to the leaf:
the distribution of veins or. the
frame-work.

Ventricose, swelling, inflated.

fernation, the mode in which young
leaves are folded in the bud.

Verrucose, warty, covered with litile
protuberances.

Versatile, swinging lightly on a stalk
so as to be continually changing

__ direction.

Vertical, perpendicular.

Vertictl or whorl, flowers or leaves
arranged around the stem in a
horizontal ring.

Verticillaster or verticillastrum, a
false whorl or verticil ; a condensed
cyme or cluster, as in some of the
Labiate.

Verticillate, arranged in a . verticil or
whorl.

Vesicular, made up of vesicles or little
bladders.

Vesiculose, bladder-like.

XXXi

Villous or villose, hairy, the hairs
long and soft.

Virescent, becoming green.

Virgate, long and slender, ane like.

Viridescent, greenish.

Virose, poisonous,
strong to the smell.

Viscid or viscous, thick, glutinous,
covered with adhesive j juice.

Viviparous, producing a collateral
offspring by means of bulbs.

nauseous and

Wedge-shaped, formed like a wedge,
and commonly rounded at the
largest end.

Wheel-shaped, see feotate.

Whorl, see Verticil.

Winged, having the sides extended
into a leafy expansion.

Wings, the two lateral petals of a
papilionaceous flower, 81.

Woolly, clothed with a matted pubes-
cence, resembling wool.

TABLE OF LINNZAN ARTIFICIAL CLASSES AND ORDERS,

Div. I. Plants wiih conspicuous flowers. PHANEROGAMIA.
A. Stamens and pistils in the same flower.
-* Stamens free and equal.

Cu. 1. Monanpria, with 1 stamen. 6. HEXANDRIA, with 6 stamens.
2. DIANDRIA, 2 stamens. 7. HEPTANDRIA, 7 stamens.
3. TRIANDRIA, 3 stamens. 8. OcTANDRIA, 8 stamens.
4. 'TETRANDRIA, 4 stamens. 9. ENNEANDRIA, 9 stamens.
5. PENTANDRIA, 5stamens. 10. DEcANDRIA, 10 stamens.

*]1. DoprEcanprRIA, 11 to 19 stamens.

12. IcosaNnpDRIA, 20 or more stamens, perigynous or inserted on the calyx.
13. PotLyanpria, 20 or more stamens, hypogynous or inserted on the re-
ceptacle.

Orpers.—In the first 13 classes the orders depend solely on the number of
pistils, and they are named—Monogynia 1. Digynia 2. Trigyma 3. Tetragynia
4. Pentagynia 5. Hexagynia 6. Heptagynia 7. Octagynia 8. Enneagynia 9.
Decagynia 10. Polygynia more than 10.

** Stamens free, unequal.
14. Dipynamia, 4 stamens, 2 longer than the others.

Two orders. 1. Gymnospermia, the seeds naked. 2. Angiospermia, the seeds
enclosed in a pericarp.

15. TETRADYNAMIA, 6 stamens, 4 longer than the others.

Two orders. 1. Stliculosa, fruit a silicle or pouch. 2. Szliquosa, fruit a long
pod or silique. ene

*=<* Filaments united.
16. MoNnaDELPuHIA, filaments forming 1 set.
17. DiaDELpuHia, filaments forming 2 sets.

*18. PolLYADELPHIA, filaments forming more than 2 sets.

Orders depend upon the number of stamens, and have the same names as the
first 13 classes. :

wee Anthers untied.
19. SyncEnzEsraA, 5 stamens, the anthers united (compound flewers.)

_Five orders. 1. Polygamia Aiqualis, florets all perfect. 2. P. Superfiua,
disk florets perfect. rays pistilliferous. 3. P. Frustranea. disk perfect, rays neutral.
4. P. Necessaria, disk with stamens, rays witha pistil. 5. P. Segregaia, with
a perianth to each floret.

were Anthers united to the pistil.
20. GYNANDRIA.
, Orders named according to the number of stamens, as Monandria, &c.
B. Stamens and Pistils in different flowers.
21. Monacta, stamens and pistils on the same individuals.
22. Diccta, stamens and pistils on different individuals.

Orders named according to the number of stamens, except where there is a
union of the filaments; then named Monadelphia, &c.

*23. PoLyeamta, perfect and unisexual flowers either on the same-or dif-
ferent individuals. =

Three orders. Monecia, Diecia, Triecia.

Div. Il. Plants with inconspicuous flowers. CRYPTOGAMIA.
24. CryPToGamia, having neither stamens nor pistils.

Six orders, viz., 1. Filices. 2. Musci. 3. Alge. 4. Fungi. -5. Hepatice-
6. Lichenes.

* The classes marked thus. viz. Dodecandria, Polyadelphia, and Polygamia, have
bzen discarded by most American botanists. They comprise, at least in the States to
which this work is principally devoted. but few genera, and these, being variable in
their characters, can be very well distributed among the other classes.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA TREATED OF IN THIS WORK,
ACCORDING TO THE LINNZZAN SYSTEM;

WITH REFERENCES TO THE NATURAL ORDERS,

CLASS I.—MONANDRIA.—1 Stamen.

Orpbrer 1L—MONOGYNIA.—1 Pistil.

SaLicornia. Perianth single, turbinate, fleshy, obscurely lobed. Style
bifid. Utricle compressed, enclosed in the enlarged perianth. Chenopodi-
aceeé, p. 299. ‘

Hippuris. Calyx with the tube adnate to the ovary; the limb minute,
entire. Petals none. Style received into the groove of the anther. Fruit
l-seeded. Haloragacee, p. 113.

HemicarpHa. Flowers glumaceous. Scales verv numerous, deciduous.
Valve single, opposite the scale. Style 2-cleft. Achenium oblong. Cype-
racee, p. 399.

Orver II.—DIGYNIA.—2 Pistils.

CaLLiTRicHE. Flowers perfect or imperfect. Bracts 2, opposite, petaloid.
Calyx (corolla of some) inconspicuous. Petals none. Capsule compressed,
4-celled, indehiscent. Haloragacea, p. 113.

Buitum. Perianth single, 5-cleft, baccate in fruit. Utricle compressed,
covered with the perianth. Chenopodiacea, p. 299.

CLASS II.—DIANDRIA.—2 Stamens.
OrpberR I.—MONOGYNIA.--1 Pisiil.
* Perianth double, inferior, \-petalled, regular.

LicustruM. Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Corolla 4-cleft. Stigma 2-cleft.
Berry globose, 2-celled; cells 1—2-seeded. Oleacea, p. 229.

CHIOoNANTHUS. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted ; the lobes long
and linear. Drupe l-seeded. Oleacea, p. 229.

** Perianth double, inferior, 1-petalled, irregular.

Veronica. Calyx 4- rarely 5-parted. Corolla rotate, unequally 4-lobed ;
the lower segments narrower. Capsule 2-celled, few-seeded. Scrophula-
riacee, p. 264.

Lepranpra. Calyx 5-parted; segments acuminate. Corolla tubular;

border 4-lobed, a little ringent, the lower seement narrower. Capsule 2-
celled, many-seeded. Scrophulariacea, p. 266.

Gratioua. Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corolla
tubular, sub-bilabiate ; upper lip entire or shortly bifid; lower one 3-lobed.
Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, the valves at length 2-cleft. Scrophula-
riacee@, p. 262.

Linpernia, Calyx 5-parted, naked at base. Corolla ringent; upper lip
short, reflexed, emarginate; lower one trifid, unequal. Capsule ovoid-
oblong, 2-celled, 2-valved; dissepiment parallel with the valves. Scrophu-
lariacee, p. 263.

Q*

XXXIV LINNHZAN ARRANGEMENT

Hemiantuus. Calyx tubular, cleft on the under side; border 4-toothed.
Corolla with the upper lip obsolete ; the lower 3-parted; intermediate seg-
ment ligulate and truncate, much longer and closely incurved. Capsule
1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Scrophulariacea@, p. 263.

Caraupa. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla campanulate ; tube ventricose ; limb
5-lobed, unequal. Stigma in 2 plates. Capsule pod-form, long, cylindric,
2-valved. Seeds membranaceously winged. Dignoniacee, p. 242.

Justicia. Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corolla ir-
regular, bilabiate; upper lip emarginate; lower 3-cleft. Amnthers 1 or 2
on each filament. Capsule attenuated, 2-celled, 2-valved. Acanthacee,
p- 286.

Urricuntarta. Calyx 2-parted; lips undivided, nearly equal. Corolla
personate, with the lower lip spurred at the base. Stigma 2-lipped. Cap-
sule globose, I-celled. Lentibulariacee, p. 287.

Pincuicutsa. Calyx 4—5-cleft, unequal. Corolla ringent, spurred at the
base beneath. Stigma of 2 plates or lobes. Capsule I-celled. Lentibula-
Tlace@, p. 287.

Exvatine. Calyx 2—4-parted. Petals 2—4. Capsule 2—4-valved;
margin of the valves not introfiexed. Elatinacea, p. 53.

Oss. The remaining genera of this division have the corolla more or less
bilabiate, and four naked seeds or achenia enclosed within the persistent
calyx. They form, with the plants of Didynamia Gymnospermia, (from
which indeed they only differ in having two of the stamens abortive,) the
Natural Order Labiate, p. 270. _

*** Perianth double, superior.

Circza. Calyx short; limb 2-parted. Petals 2. Stigma emarginate.
Capsule obovate, hispid with hooked hairs, 2-celled, 2-valved 2-seeded.
Onagrace@, p. 111.°

xxx Perianth single or none.

Lemna. Spathe membranaceous, urceolate, with 2 sterile flowers. Sta-
mens 2, rarely wanting. Filaments longer than the style, curved. Stigma
flat. Fruit a utricle. Pustiacee, p. 384.

Cuapium. Flowers glumaceous. Spikelets 2-flowered. Scales few,

imbricate in a somewhat trifarious manner; the lowest empty. Bristles
none. Style 2—3-cleft. Acheniam globose-ovoid. Cyperacea, p. 399.

Orver II].—DIGYNIA.—2 Pisiils.

ANTHOXANTHUM. Flowers glumaceous. Spikelets 3-flowered; the two
lower flowers neutral, and each consisting of a single awned palea; the

upper flower perfect, of two palew, nearly equal, short, awnless. Gram-
minacee, p. 437.

CLASS It.—TRIANDRIA.—3 Stamens.
Orpver I._MONOGYNIA.—1 Pisiil.
* Perianth double, superior.

Fepia. Calyx with the limb toothed and persistent or obsolete. Corolla
tubular, not spurred ; the limb 5-lobed, regular or slightly irregular. Fruit

3-celled ; 2 cells empty, (sometimes confluent into one,) the other 1-seeded.
Valerianace@, p. 153.

OF THE GENERA. XEKV

Vatertana. Calyx with the limb involute, and at length evolved in a
deciduous plumous pappus. Corolla with the tube obconic or cylindric,
equal or gibbous at base, the limb obtusely 5-cleft. Fruit indehiscent, 1-
celled, l-seeded. Valerianacea, p. 153.

** Perianth single, swperior.

Ins. Perianth 6-cleft ; 3 of the segments larger and reflexed, the others
erect. Stigmas 3, petaloid, covering the stamens. IJridacea, p. 333.

LACHNANTHES. Perianth 6-cleft; segments unequal. Stigma minutely
3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled, truncate, many-seeded. Hamodoracea, p. 376.

«4% Perianth double, inferior.

CoMMELYNA. Perianth in 2 rows; the outer one 3-leaved, calycine;
inner 3-leaved, petaloid. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved; one valve abortive.
Commelynacea, p. 377.

Xyris. Perianth in 2 rows; outer row glumaceous, 2 of the segments
somewhat boat-shaped ; inner row petaloid ; the segments with long nearly
distinct claws and dilated lamine. Capsule I-celled. Xyridacee, p. 371.

*x%x% Perianth single, inferior.

SCHOLLERA. Spathe 1-flowered. Perianth with a long slender tube}
limb deeply 6-parted. Anthers similar, oblong-sagittate. Stigma 3-lobed.
Capsule l-celled. Pontederacee, p. 370.

HeTERANTHERA. Flowers in a spathe. Perianth with a long slender
tube ; border 6-parted, equal. Anthers of two forms. Capsule 3-celled,
many-seeded. Pontederacca, p. 369.

SISYRINCHIUM. Spathe 2-leaved, bract-like. Perianth colored; limb
flat, 7-cleft ; the lobes equal; tube short. Filaments mostly united below.
Stigmas 3. . Capsule pedicellate, roundish-triangular. Tridacee, p. 354.

xen Flowers glumaceous (dry and chaffy.)

Oxss. All the genera of this division belong to the Subclass GLUMACEALS,
(p. 387,) and all except Cenchrus, Spartina, and Oryzopsis, belong to the
Order Cyperacea, p. 387.

Orver Ii.—DIGYNIA.—2 Pistils.

Ozs. All the genera ofthis order are proper grasses, Graminacee, p. 418,
The family is so entirely natural that it is unnecessary to repeat the generic
descriptions,

Orver II].—TRIGYNIA.—3 Pistils.

Motuveo. Calyx inferior, deeply 5-parted. Petals none. Capsule 3-
celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Caryophyllacea, p. 47.

Lecuea. Calyx inferior, 3-sepalled, with two outer bracts or sepals, per-
sistent. Petals 3, inconspicuous, lanceolate. _Stigmas 3, scarcely distinct.
Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, few-seeded. Cistacee, p. 35.

Proserpinaca. Calyx superior, the tube adhering to the triquetrous

ovary; limb 3-parted. Petals none. Fruit bony, 3-sided, 3-celled. Halve
ragacce, p. 111.

XXXV1 LINNZAN ARRANGEMENT

CLASS IV.—TETRANDRIA.—4 Stamens, equal in height.
Orver L—MONOGYNIA.—1 Pistil,

* Perianth double, Corolla 1-petalled, superior.

CEPHALANTHUS. Flewers in a globose head. Calyx small, angular, in-
versely pyramidal, 4-cleit. Corolla tubular, slender, 4-cleft. Capsule 2-
celled, 2-seeded (mostly 2-parted.) Receptacle globose, hairy. Rubiaceae,
p. 159.

Dipsacus. Flowers collected in an ovoid or roundish head. Common
calyx (involucre) foliaceous, many-leaved; proper superior, of one leaf.
Corolla tubular, 4-cleft. Fruit crowned by the limb of the calyx. Dvupsa-
caceé, p. 154.

Gatium. Calyx with the tube ovate-globose or oblong; limb nearly
wanting. Corolla rotate, 4-parted, (very rarely 3-parted). Fruit didymous,
roundish, rarely oblong. Aubiacee, p. 151.

Diopia. Calyx with the tube ovate or obovate, 2—4-toothed. Corolla
funnel-form, 4-lobed. Fruit crowned with the calyx, 2-celled, bipartite.
Rubiaceae, p. 151.

Hepyotis. Calyx with the tube ovate, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla fun-
nel-form, salver-form or rotate, 4-parted. Capsule ovoid or globose, 2-celled,
opening transversely at the top, many-seeded. Rubiacez, p. 149.

MitcHeLLa. Flowers in pairs with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-
toothed. Corolla funnel-form; tube cylindric; limb 4-parted, spreading,
villous on the inner side. Stigma 4-cleft. Berry didymous, 4-seeded.
Rubiacee, p. 150.

Linnza. Calyx with the tube ovate; limb 5-parted. Corolla turbi-
nate, subcampanulate, 5-lobed. Stigma globose. Berry dry, small, ovoid-
globose, 3-celled (one cell only bearing a perfect seed.) Caprifoliacee,

p. 149.

_** Perianth double (rarely single.) Corolla many-petalled, (rarely none,)
superior.

Cornus. Calyx adherent to the ovary; the limb minute, 4-toothed.
Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Drupe with the cells not united. Cornacee,
p. 142.

IsNarDia. Calyx with the tube ovate or sub-cylindric, short, adhering
to the ovary ; limb 4-parted. Petals 4, often minute or wanting. Capsule
short, 4-sided, 4-valved, many-seeded. Onagracca, p. 110.

Sancuisorpa. Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous. Calyx 4-cleft,
with 2—3 scales at base externally. Petals none. Achenium dry, included
in the hardened 4-winged calyx tube. Suangwisorbacea, p. 106.

*** Perianth double. Corolla \-petalled, inferior.

PLANTAGO. Calyx 4- (rarely 3)- parted. Corolla 4-cleft; border re-
flexed. Stamens mostly very long. Capsule 2—4-celled, opening trans-
versely. Plantaginacee, p. 293.

_ CENTAURELLA. Calyx 4-parted, appressed. Corolla subcampanulate,
4-parted. Stigma thick, glandulous and partly bifid. Capsule 1-celled,
2-valved, many-seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx and corolla.
Gentianacee, p. 240.

OF THE GENERA. XXXVii

Exacum. Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla 4-lobed, with the tube globose.
Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule bisulcate, 2-celled, many-seeded. Gentianacea,
p. 240.

Swertia. Calyx 4—5-parted. Corolla~rotate, 4—5-parted; the seg-
ments with 2 glanduliferous fimbriate pores at the base of each. Stigmas
2-lobed, (rarely 2.) Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Gentiana-
cee, p. 238, :

Frasers. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deciduous, rotate, 4-parted, with 1 or
2 fringed glands on each lobe. Capsule compressed, 1-celled, 2-valved.
Seeds tew, large, winged. Gentianacea, p. 238.

HauentA. Calyx 4—5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 4—5-cleft; the
lobes erect, equalling the tube, with a glanduliferous spur at the base.
Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Gentianacee, p. 237.

Oxotarta. Calyx 2-parted, in the form of bracts. - Corolla campanulate,
4-cleft. Stamens somewhat didynamous, proceeding from the clefts of the
corolla. Stigma emarginate. Capsule ovate, I-celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded. Orobanchacea, p. 258.

(Some Gentiane, see CLASS V., Orper IL.)

* Perianth double. Corolla 4—5-petalled, inferior.

Ammannia: Calyx 4—5-toothed or lobed, the sinuses expanding into
teeth or horns. Petals 4, or wanting. Capsule globose or ovate, many-
seeded. Lythracea, p. 115. ea

Prevea. Calyx mostly 4-sepalled. Petals much longer than the sepals.
Torus tumid, pentagonal. Samare membranaceous, margined, 2-celled ;
cells 1—2-seeded. Zanthoxylacea, p. 68.

eeeee Perianth single, inferior.

Sympzocarpus. Spathe ventricose-ovate, acuminate. Spadix roundish,
covered with perfect flowers. Perianth deeply 4-parted, persistent. Berries
numerous, globular, imbedded in the spadix. Araceae, p. 383.

ALCHEMILLA. Perianth with the tube somewhat contracted at the top;
limb 8-parted, the alternate lobes smaller. Carpels 1—2, with a filiform
eae style on the side, at length dry and l-seeded. Sangwisorbacee,
p. 106.

Orver II.—DIGYNIA.—2 Pistils.

Hamame.is. Calyx 4-lobed, with 2—-3 bracteoles at the base. Petals 4,
long, ligulate. Capsule coriaceous, 2-celled, 2-valved at the top. Hamame-
lidacea, p. 141.

Orpen IIL—-TETRAGYNIA.—4 Pistils.

ILex. Calyx 4—5-toothed, persistent. Corolla 4—5-parted nearly to the
base, rotate. Stamens 4—5. Stigmas 4—5, sometimes united. Fruit
fleshy, with 4—5-ribbed or veined nucules. Aquifoliacee, p. 227.

Sacina, Calyx 3—5-parted. Petals d—5, or none. Capsule 1-celled,
4-valved, many-seeded. Caryophyllacee, p. 47.

Titue@a, Calyx 3—4-parted. Petals 3—4, oblong, acuminate. Carpels
3—4, distinct, opening by the inner suture, 2—many-seeded. Crassulacee,

p. 121.

XXXVI LINNZAN ARRANGEMENT

Ruppia. Flowers 2, perfect, naked, on a spadix arising from the sheath-
ing base of the leaves. Anthers large, peltate. Stigmas sessile, peltate.
Fruit drupaceous, pedicellate. Nazadacee, p. 386.

PoTaMOGETON. Flowers perfect, on a spadix arising from a spathe.
Perianth single, 4-leaved. Anthers nearly sessile, alternating with the
divisions of the perianth. Ovaries 4, becoming four compressed and some-
what cochleate nuts. Naiadacea, p. 386.

CLASS V.—PENTANDRIA —5 Stamens.
Orpver I—MONOGYNIA.--1 Pusiil. -

* Perianth double, inferior. Corolla 1-petalled. Fruit consisting of four
naked wuts or seeds.

Ozss. The genera of this division constitute the Natural Order Bora-
ginacee, p. 247. —

** Perianth double, inferior. Corolla 1-petalied. Seeds covered with a dis-
tinct capsule.

ANAGALLIS. Calyx 5-parted, Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Filaments
hairy. Capsule globose, opening hemispherically, many-seeded. Primu-
lace@, p. 292.

Lysimacuia. Calyx 5—6-parted. Corolla somewhat rotate, 5—6-
parted. Capsule globose, 5—10-valved, dehiscent at the summit. Primu-
lace@, p. 291.

Primvuta. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form; tube cylin-
dric; orifice open. Stigma globose. Capsule opening with 10 teeth.
Primulacea, p. 289.

DOoDECANTHEON. Calyx 5-parted, reflexed. Corolla rotate, 5-parted,
the lobes reflexed. Capsule oblong-ovate, 5-valved, many-seeded. Primu-
laceg@, p. 289.

Hortonra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens
seated on the tube of the corolla. Stigma globose. Capsule globose,
crowned with the persistent style, at length 5-valved. Primulacce, p. 290.

MenyantTHes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form; limb spreading,
5-lobed, equal, hairy within. Stigma 1—2-lobed. Capsule I-celled, with
the axis of the valves seminiferous. Gentianacea, p. 241.

LIMNANTHEMUM. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, the lobes
bearded or: scaly at base, and furnished with glands. Stigma 2-lobed.
Capsule 1-celled, few-seeded. Gentianacea, p. 241.

SapBatTia. Calyx 5—12-parted. Corolla rotate, 5—12-parted. Anthers
at length revolute. Stigmas 2, spiral. Capsule l-celled, 2-valved. Gen-
tianacea@, p. 238.

ErytaHre@a. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form; limb short;
5-cleft. Anthers, after flowering, spirally twisted. Style erect. Stigmas 2.
Capsule linear, 1—2-celled, 2-valved. Gentianacea, p. 239.

HyprRoPHYLLUM. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes subulate and the sinuses -
mostly naked. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft, with 5 longitudinal margined
grooves on the inside alternating with the lobes. Filaments bearded in the
middle. Stigma bifid. Capsule globose, 2-valved, 1-seeded, 3 other seeds
mostly abortive. Hydrophyllacee, p. 252.

Puaceuta. Calyx 5-parted,the sinuses naked. Corolla tubular-campan-

OF THE GENERA. XXX1X

ulate, caducous, 5-cleft or half 5-cleft, with 10 plaits or scales on the inside.
Stamens often exserted. Style bifid. Capsule ovoid, 2-valved. Hydro-
phyllacea, p. 253.

Cosmantuus. Calyx 5-parted; the sinuses naked. Corolla broadly
campanulate, caducous, 5-cleft; tube without scales. Filaments slender,
about as long as the corolla. Style bifid. Capsule 2-valved, septiferous in
the middle. Hydrophyllacee, p. 254.

SpiceLia. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the segments linear-subulate.
Corolia funnel-form, 5-cleft. Anthers linear, erect, 2-lobed at base. Cap-
sule ovoid-compressed, didymous, 2-celled, few-seeded. Loganiacea, p. 235.

Nicotiana. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form;
the limb 5-lobed and plaited. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled, 2—4-
valved, many-seeded. Solanacee, p. 256.

Hyoscyamus. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, irregular,
lobes obtuse. Stigma capitate... Capsule ovoid, opening with a lid. Sola-
naceeé, p. 257. |

Convo.vuLus. Calyx 5-parted, naked or with 2 bracts at base. Co-
rolla funnel-form or campanulate, with 5 plaits. Stigma capitate or lobed.
“Capsule 2—3-celled, 2—3-valved. Convolvulacee, p. 245.

Puiox. Calyx prismatic, 5-parted. Corolla salver-form; tube long,
somewhat curved ; the limb flat, 5-lobed. Stamens inserted about the mid-
dle of the tube of the corolla, very unequal. Capsule roundish-ovoid, 3-
seeded. Polemoniacea, p. 243. =

PoLEMONIUM. Calyx campanulate,5-cleft. Corolla campanulate-rotate ;
tube very short, closed by the dilated bases of the filaments. Capsule ovoid,
obtuse, the cells many-seeded. Polemoniacea, p. 244.

Diapensia. Calyx of 5 imbricate sepals, with 3 bracts at the base. Co-
rolla somewhat salver-form, 5-lobed. Filaments broad-linear, inserted into
the throat of the corolla, Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Dia-
pensiacee, p. 247.

AzaLEa. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, campanulate, 5-cleft. Style
straight, included. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the top. Evica-
cee, p. 219.

RHODODENDRON. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnel-form, 5-
cleft. Stamens 5—10, declinate. Anthers opening by 2 terminal pores.
Capsule mostly 5-celled, 5-valved. Evricacca, p. 218.

*%* Perianth double, inferior, Corolla 1-petalied. Fruit a berry.

Sonanum. Calyx 5—10-parted. Corolla rotate or subcampanulate ;
limb plaited, 5—10-cleft. Anthers erect, large, connivent, opening by two
pores. Berry 2—6-celled. Solanaceae, p, 254.

Puysauis. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, finally becoming ventricose. Corolla
campanulate-rotate ; limb plaited, somewhat 5-lobed ; tube very short. An-
thers opening longitudinally. Berry 2-celled. Solanaceae, p. 255.

Nicanpra. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the angles compressed, segments
sagittate. Corolla campanulate, dry ; the limb plaited and nearly entire,
Stamens incurved, Berry 3—5-celled, covered by the calyx. Solanacee,
p. 256.

xl LINNEAN ARRANGEMENT

xxx Perianth double, inferior. Corolla \-petalled. Fruit a capsule,

CampanuLa. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-cleft, usually campan-
ulate. Filaments broad and membranaceous at base. Stigmas 3—5, fili-
form. Capsule 3—5-celled, opening by 3—5 lateral valves. Campanula-
ce@, p. 211.

SpecuLaRia. Calyx 5- (sometimes 3—4-) lobed; the tube elongated,
Tismatic or obconic. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Filaments membranaceous,
airy, shorter than the anthers. Stigmas3. Capsule elongated, prismatic,

3-celled, opening laterally by 3 valves near the summit, Campanulacea,
p. 211. :

Lopenia. Calyx. 5-lobed. Corolla irregular, cleft on the upper side,
2-lipped ; lower lip 3-cleft. The two lower anthers, rarely all, bearded at
the summit. Capsule 2—3-celled, opening at the summit. Lobeliacee,
p- 212.

DiervitLa. Calyx with the tube obiong, bibracteate at base; the limb
5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft, spreading, much longer than the calyx.
Stigma capitate. Capsule oblong, acute, not crowned, 1I-celled, many-
seeded. Caprifoliacec, p. 147.

Samouus. Calyx 5-cleft, the base adnate to the ovary. Corolla salver-
form, 5-parted, with 5 scales alternating with the lobes; tube short. Cap-
sule half-inferior, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening with 5 valves. Primu-
lace@, p. 292.

*x%%* Perianth double, superior. Corolla 1-petalled. Fruit a berry.

Lonicera. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, campanulate or funnel-
form, 5-cleft, often irregular. Stigma capitate. Berry 3-celled, few-seeded.
Caprifoliacee, p. 147.

SYMPHORICARPUS. Calyx with the tube globose; the limb small, 4—5-
toothed. Corolla funnel-form, subequally 4—5-lobed. Stigma subglobose.
Berry crowned by the calyx, 4-celled, 4-seeded; 2 of the cells sometimes
abortive. Caprifoliacee, p. 148.

TRIOSTEUM. Calyx with the tube ovoid and the limb 5-paried; lobes
linear-lanceolate, persistent. Corolla tubular, subequally 5-lobed, gibbous
at base. Stigma capitate. Berry rather dry, crowned by the calyx, with
3—5 bony nucules. Caprifoliacee, p. 146.

sxeeex Perianth double, inferior. Corolla 4—6-petalled. Fruit a capsule.

irra. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; the teeth subulate. Petals 5,
lanceolate-linear, I-nerved. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2-parted
from the base to the apex. Escalloniacea, p. 128.

ImpaTiENS. Sepals 5, the lower one spurred. Corolla 4-petalled, irreg-
ular; the two inner petals unequally bilobed. Stigmas 5, united. Capsule
a a ie a elongated, 5-valved, opening elastically. Balsaminacee,
p. 65.

VioLA. Sepals 5, auricled at the base. Petals unequal, the lower one
spurred. Anthers connate, the two lower ones with processes at their back.
Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, opening elastically. Violacea, p. 36.

Sotea. Sepals scarcely equal, not auricled at base, decurrent into a
pedicel, at length reflexed. Petals unequal, the lowest one lobed and some-
what gibbous at base. Stamens cohering, the two lowest bearing a gland
above the middle. Capsule somewhat 3-sided. Violacee, p. 40.

OF THE GENERA. xh

Ciaytonia. Calyx of 2 ovate or roundish persistent sepals. Petals 5,
obcordate or obovate, unguiculate. Style 5-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, 3-
valved, 3—5-seeded. Poriulacacee, p. 120.

Creanotuus. Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, persistent and somewhat ad-
hering to the fruit. Petals 5, small, saccate and arched, with long claws.
Styles 2—3, united to the middle. Fruit dry and coriaceous, 3-celled, 3-
seeded, 3-parted, opening on the inner side. Rhamnacea, p. 70.

Evonymus. Calyx 4—5-cleft, having a peltate disk within. Petals
4—5. Stamens inserted upon glands at the margin of the disk. Capsule
with 3--5 angles, and as many cells and valves. Seeds with a colored
fleshy aril. Celastracea, p. 68.

CeLastrus. Calyx minute, 5-lobed. Petals 5, small, unguiculate.
Ovary small, with 10 strie, immersed in the disk. Stigma 3-lobed. Cap-
sule 2—3-valved ; valves septiferous in the centre. Seeds enclosed in a
pulpy aril. Celastracea, p. 69.

EXE Perianth double, inferior. Corolla 4—5-petalled. Fruit a drupe
“or berry. .
Vitis. Calyx somewhat 4—5-toothed. Petals 4—5, cohering at the
apex, deciduous. Stigma simple, sessile. Berry 2-celled, 1—4-seeded; cells
and seeds often abortive. Vitacec, p. 63.

AMPELOPIS. Calyx nearly entire. Petals 5. Stigma capitate. Ovary
not immersed in the disk. Berry 2—4-seeded. Vitacee, p. 62.

Ruamnus. Calyx 4—5-cleft, urceolate. Petals alternating with the
lobes of the calyx, sometimes very minute or wanting. Style 2—4-cleft.
Fruit drupaceous, roundish, containing 2—4 cartilaginous nuts. Rham-
naceé, p. 10.

xxxkexee Perianth double, superior. Corolla 4—5-petalled.

Rizes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 4—5-parted. Petals 4—5, mi-
nute, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Style 2—4-cleft. Berry crowned
with the withered flower, l-celled. Grossulariacea, p. 124.

HEXEEEXER Porianth single.

Hamiutonia. Polygamous. Perianth turbinate-campanulate, 5-cleft.
Germ immersed in the 5-toothed glandulous disk. Stigmas 2—3, sublen-
ticular. Drupe pyriform, l-seeded, enclosed in the adhering base of the
calyx. Santalacea, p. 308.

Comanpra. Perianth urceolate-campanulate, colored; the limb 5-cleft.
Stamens villous externally. Fruit somewhat drupaceous, dry, 1-celled,
crowned by the persistent perianth. Swntalacee, p. 307.

Guiaux. Perianth inferior, campanulate, 5-lobed, colored. Stigma cap-
itate. Capsule globose, 5-valved, few-seeded. Primulacee, p. 291.

Anycuta. Calyx 5-parted. Sepals connivent, subsaccate, callous at the
' apex. Petals none. Stigmas 2, subcapitate. Capsule indehiscent, utri-
cular, 1-seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx. Jllecebracee, p. 52.

OrprErR II.—DIGYNIA.—2 Pisiils.

* Perianth double, inferior. . Corolla 1-petalled.

Arocynum. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft; the base
furnished with 5 triangular scales, alternating with the lobes, Anthers

xlil LINNHAN ARRANGEMENT

sagittate, connivent, adhering to the stigma. Foilicles slender, elongated,
coriaceous. Apocynucee, p. 231.

Gono.togus. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-parted. Stamineal
crown scutelliform, 5-lobed. Anthers opening transversely, terminated by
amembrane. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, not separating into grains. Follicles
2, ventricose. Asclepiadacee@, p. 235.

ASCLEPIAS. Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted; the lobes lanceo-
late, reflexed. Stamineal crown 5-leaved; leafets opposite the anthers,
each mostly producing from its base a subulate averted process or little
horn. Pollen-masses 5 distinct pairs, compressed, affixed by their atten-
uated summits in the cells of the anthers. Follicles ventricose, smooth or
muricate. Asclepiadacea, p. 232. 3

GenTiana. Calyx 4—5-cleft. Corolla tubular-campanulate, funnel-
form or somewhat salver-form; the limb 4—5-cleft, sometimes with inter-
mediate plaits. Stamens included. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. Gentiana-
cee, p. 236.

Cuscuta. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted. Corolla globose-urceolate, 4—5-
cleft. Filaments often with scales at the base. Capsule 2-celled, opening
all round transversely. Cuscutacee, p. 246.

** Perianth double, inferior. Corolla 5-petalled.

HevucHers. Calyx campanulate, coherent with the ovary below, 5-cleft.
Petals 5, small, entire. Capsule with 2 beaks, 1-celled, many-seeded.
Sazifragacee, p. 127.

*#x Perianth double, superior. Corolla 5-petulled. Fruit fleshy.

Panax. Calyx with the margin very short, and obsoletely 5-toothed.
Styles 2—3, short. Fruit fleshy, compressed, orbiculate or didymous, 2-
celled; cells l-seeded. Araliacee, p. 141.

***4 Perianth double, superior. Corolla 5-petalled. Fruit of 2 carpels.

Ozs. The genera of this division form the Natural Order Umbellifere,
p. 129.
#x4e%% Perianth single.

‘ATRIPLEX. -Flowers moneecious or dicecicus, rarely perfect. STERILE
FL. without bracts. Perianth 3—5-parted, without appendages. FrrtTime-
F.. with 2 bracts at base. Perianth none. Utricle compressed, partly in-
cluded in the bracts, I-seeded. Chenopodiaceae, p. 298.

CHENOPODIUM. Perianth 5-parted, closing upon but not wholly envelop-
ing the fruit. Utricle thin, membranaceous. Seed lenticular. Chenopodi-
acee, p. 296.

Satsoua. Perianth 5-cleft, persistent, enveloping the fruit with its base,
and crowning it with its enlarged limb. Chenopodiacee, p. 299.

Utmus. Perianth campanulate, 5—8-cleft. Stamens 5—8. Fruit (a
samara) flat, with a membranaceous border. Ulmacee, p. 334.

Cettis. Polygamous. Strerme Fu. Perianth inferior, 5—6-parted.
Perrect Fi. Perianth deeply 5-parted. Drupe globose, 1-seeded. Ulma-
ce@, p. 335.

OF THE GENERA. xlili

OrpeEr Ill._-TRYGYNIA.—3 Pistils.
* Flowers superior.

VisurnumM. Calyx with the limb small, 5-toothed and persistent. Co-
rolla rotate, subcampanulate or tubular, 5-lobed. Berry ovate or globose,
1-seeded, crowned by the teeth of the calyx. Cuprifuliacee, p. 144.

SamBucus. Calyx with the limb small and 5-cleft. Corolla rotate or
urceolate, 5-lobed ; lobes obtuse. Berry roundish, pulpy, 1-celled, 3—5-
seeded. Caprifoliacee, p. 144.

** Hiowers inferior.
Ruvs. Calyx small, 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, ovate, spreading.
Drupe nearly dry, with one bony seed. Anacardiacee, p. 71.

STAPHYLEA. Sepals 5, oblong, erect, colored. Petals 5, imbricate.
Fruit a membranaceous inflated 2—3-celled capsule. Staphyleacea, p. 69.

Orper IV.—TETRAGYNIA.-—4 Pistils.

Parnassia. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Scales opposite to the
_ Claws of the petals, terminating in glandular bristles at the apex. Capsule
1-celled, 4-valved. Seeds arillate. Dvroseracee, p. 41.

Nemopantues. Flowers by abortion diccious or polygamous. Calyx
scarcely conspicuous. Petals 3—5, distinct, oblong, linear, deciduous.
Stigmas 3—5, sessile. Fruit subglobose; nucules usually 4, smooth, bony,
Aquifolracea, p. 228.

OrvEer V.—PENTAGYNIA,.—5 Pisiils.

ArauiA. Calyx with the margin very short, 5-toothed or entire. Petals
5, spreading. Berry 5-celled—F lowers in umbels. Araliacee, p. 140.

Statice. Calyx funnel-form, 5-toothed. Petals 5, united at base. Fruit
a membranaceous utricle. -Plumbaginacee, p. 293.

Linum. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, unguiculate. Filaments united
at base. Capsule subglobuse, 10-valved, 10-celled. Seed solitary, ovate,
compressed. Linacea, p. 53.

Srppatpia. Calyx 10-cleft, with the alternate sesments narrower. Pe-
tals 5, minute. Styles proceeding laterally from the germ, Capsules 5,
indehiscent, in the bottom of the calyx, l-seeded. Rosacea, p. 100.

Drosera. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Capsule superior, globose
or ovoid, 1—3-celled, 3—5-valved, many-seeded, Droseracee, p. 41.

(See Cerastium and Spergulain CLASS X.)

Orper VI.—HEXAGYNIA.—Many Pistils.

ZANTHORIZA. Calyx deciduous, 5-sepalled. Petals 5. Ovaries 5—15,
pointed with the curved styles. Follicles membramaceous, compressed,
usually l-seeded. Ranunculaceae, p. 14.

CLASS VI—HEXANDRIA —6 Stamens, equal in height.
Orver I.—MONOGYNIA.—1 Pisiil.
* Perianth double or in two rows, inferior.
TRADESCANTIA. Perianth in 2 rows; the outer one 3-leaved, calycine;

inner one 3-leaved, petaloid. Filaments villous. Stigma obtuse. Capsule
2—3-celled, 3-valved, few-seeded. Commelynacea, p. 377:

xliv _LINNAAN ARRANGEMENT

BERBERIS. Sepals 6, mostly with 3 bracteoles at the base. Petals 6,
with 2 glands upon their claws. Berry 2—3-seeded. Berberidacee, p. 16.

Leontice. Sepals 6, naked without. Petals 6, bearing a scale at the
base within. Capsule 2—4-seeded. Seeds globose. Berberidacee, p. 17.

Prinos. Flowers mostly dicecious or polygamous. Calyx minute, 4—6-
toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, usually 6-parted. Fruit with 4—6
smooth bony nucules. Aguifoliacee, p. 228.

Frarkia. Calyx 3-sepalled. Petals 3, shorter than the sepals. Stig-
mas 3—-5. Fruit indehiscent, winged. Tropeolacee, p. 66.

** Perianth single, petaloid, issuing from a spathe.

AMARYLLIS. Perianth superior, 6-parted, unequal. Stamens arising
from the orifice of the tube, declined or straight, unequal. Stigma 3-lobed.
Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Amaryllidacea, p. 354.

AuuiuM. Flowers umbellate, arising from a 2-leaved spathe. Perianth
inferior, 6-leaved or deeply 6-parted, spreading. Filaments sometimes tri-
cuspidate. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, few-seeded. Seeds black and
rough. Liliaceae, p. 363.

PoNnTEDERIA. Perianth inferior, 6-cleft, 2-lipped; under side of the tube
perforated with a longitudinal foramen; the lower part persistent, calycine.
Stamens unequally inserted. Utricle muricate. Pontederacea, p. 369.

**x Perianth single, petaloid, destitute of a spathe.

ALETRIS. Perianth inferior, tubular, or tubular-campanulate, 6-cleft,
rugose. Stamens inserted at the orifice of the tube. Style triquetrous.
Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the summit. Hemodoracee,
p. 376.

Hypoxis. Perianth inferior, 6-parted, persistent. Capsule elongated,
narrowed at the base, 3-celled, many-seeded. Seeds roundish, naked.
Hypoxidace@, p. 355.

Lopuiota. Perianth 6-parted, woolly, bearded within. Filaments
naked. Capsule opening at the summit. Liliacee, p. 364.

AGAVE, Perianth inferior, 6-cleft. Stamens exserted. Anthers versa-
tile. Capsule ovate, attenuate at each end, obtusely triangular, 3-celled,
many-seeded. Amaryllidacee, p. 355.

HEMEROCALLIS. Perianth inferior, 6-parted; tube cylindric; limb cam-
panulate, marcescent. Stamens declined. Capsule 3-sided, 3-celled, 3-
valved, many-seeded. Lilacee, p. 363.

OrniTHoGAaLUM. Perianth inferior, deeply 6-parted, spreading above.
Filaments dilated at base. Capsule roundish-angular, 3-celled. Seeds
few, black and rough. Liliaceae, p. 364.

NaRTHECIUM. Perianth inferior, of 6 linear spreading pieces. Filaments
hairy. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds with an appendage at each ex-
tremity. Juncacea, p. 375.

ASPARAGUS. Perianth inferior, 6-parted, subcampanulate, the segments
spreading at the apex. Anthers peltate. Berry 3-celled; cells 2-seeded.
Liliaceae, p. 364.

EryTHRonium. Perianth inferior, campanulate, 6-parted ; segments
reflexed; the 3 inner with a callous tooth on each side near the base and
a nectariferous pore. Capsule narrowed at base or substipitate, 3-celled.
Liliacea, p. 362.

OF THE GENERA. xlv

Litium. Perianth inferior, campanulate, deeply 6-parted ; segments with
a longitudinal furrow at the base. Stamens adhering to the base of the
perianth. Style elongated. Capsule oblong, 3-celled, with numerous seeds.
Liliacee, p. 361. Leth

Uvuraria. Perianth inferior, deeply 6-parted, erect; segments with a
nectariferous cavity at base. Filaments very short, growing to the anthers.
Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled. Melanthacee, p. 367.

Cuintonia. Perianth 6-parted, campanulate. Stamens 6, inserted at
the base. Style compressed. Stigma 2-lobed, compressed. Berry 2-celled;
cells many-seeded. Smilacegz, p. 358.

Sminacina. Perianth inferior, 6- (rarely 4-) parted, spreading. Stamens
as many as the segments of the perianth, and inserted at their base. Berry
globose, pulpy, 1—3-seeded.. Smilacea, p. 357.

PotyconatTum. Perianth inferior, tubular, 6-cleft. Stamens inserted
near the summit of the tube. Berry subglobose, 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded.
Smilacea, p. 359.

STREPTOPUS. _ Perianth inferior, 6-leaved, campanulate at base; the
3 inner leaves carinate. Stamens inserted at the base of the leaves. An-
thers sagittate, longer than the filaments, Stigma obtuse. Berry globose,
3-celled. Melanthacee, p. 368.

ProsarTes. Perianth 6-leaved, campanulate-spreading ; the leafets with
a nectariferous pit or saccate at base. Filaments inserted at the base of
the perianth, Stigmas short, recurved. Berry ovoid, 3-celled. Melantha-
cee, p. 368.

xxx Perianth single, calyx-like, on a spadix.
OronTiuM. Spathe none. Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers.

Perianth of 4—6 truncate concave sepals. Ovary superior. Stigma ses-
sile, subumbilicate. Utricle 1-seeded. Araceae, p. 383.

Acorus. Spathe leaf-like, continuous with the scape. _Spadix cylindric,
covered with flowers. Perianth inferior, glumaceous, 6-leaved. Stigma
minute, sessile. Fruit baccate or capsular. Araceae, p. 383.

*xx** Perianth single, glumaceous.

Juncus. Perianth inferior, 6-leaved, glumaceous. Stigmas 3, subsessile.
Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Juwncacee, p. 372.

Luzuua. Perianth inferior, 6-leaved, glumaceous. Filaments smooth.
Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds 3, sometimes with an appendage at one
end. Juwncacea, p. 372.

OrpeEr II.—DIGYNIA.—2 Pistils.

OxyriA. Perianth 4-leaved, two inner ones larger. Nut triquetrous,
with a broad winged membranous margin. Polygonacee, p. 305.

Orpver II].—TRIGYNIA.—3 Pistils.

Rumex. Perianth 6-leaved; the three inner leaves somewhat colored,
larger, often with tubercles on the outside and closing in a valvate manner
over the fruit. Stiomas many-cleft. Nut triquetrous. Polygonacee, p. 304.

ZYGADENUS. Rarely polygamous. Perianth deeply 6-parted; segments
Spreading, without claws, with two glands at the base ofeach, Filaments
dilated at base. Capsule ovoid-conic, 3-celled; cells 6—10-seeded. Me-
lanthacee, p, 365,

xlvi LINNEAN ARRANGEMENT

MetantuiuM. Polygamous. Perianth petaioid, rotate, deeply 6-parted ;
segments unguiculate, with two glands at the base. Stamens on the claws
of the perianth. Capsule ovoid-conic, 3-celled, many-seeded. Melantha-
cee, p. 36d.

Veratrum. Polygamous. Perianth calyx-like, deeply 6-parted, spread-
ing, persistent; the segments sessile and without glands. Stamens on the
receptacle. Capsule ovoid, membranaceous, 3-lobed; the carpels distinct
at the summit, many-seeded. . Melanihacea, p. 306.

Hetonias. Sometimes dicecious. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, spread-
ing; segments sessile and without glands. Stamens at length exceeding
the perianth. Capsule 3-celled, 3-horned. Melanthacee, p. 306.

XEROPHYLLUM. Perianth subrotate, deeply 6-parted. Stamens contigu-
ous at base. Stigmas 3, revolute, partly united below. Capsule subglobose,
3-celled; cells 2-seeded, opening at the summit. Melanthacee, p. 306.

TorieLpia. Perianth 6-parted, with a small 3-parted involucre. Stamens
smooth. Capsule 3—6-celled; cells united at base, many-seeded. Melun-
thacee, p. 360.

Scueucuzeria. Perianth of 6 somewhat petaloid persistent leaves; the
3 inner ones narrower. Anthers on slender filaments. Capsules 3, inflated,
united at base, 1—2-seeded. Juncaginacea, p. 380. _

TRIGLOCHIN. Perianth 6-leaved, somewhat colored, deciduous; leaves
concave. Anthers subsessile. Capsules 3—6, united by a longitudinal re-
ceptacle from which they usually separate at the base, l-seeded. Juncagi-
nacee, p. 379.

Mepgoua. Perianth petaloid, 6-parted, revolute. Stamens inserted at
the base of the perianth. Styles filiform, elongated, divaricate. Berry
3-celled. T'rilliacec, p. 359.

TRILLIUM. Perianth deeply 6-parted; 3 outer segments (sepals) spread-.
ing; 3 inner petaloid, (petals.) Stamens inserted at the base of the seg-
ments, nearly equal. Styles stigmatose on the inside.. Berry ovoid, 3-
celled. Trilliaceg, p. 360.

Saururus. Flowers in a solitary spike. Scales 1-flowered. Corolla
none. Fruit 3- or 4-celled; the carpels easily separating at maturity, 1-
(rarely 2-) seeded, not opening. Saururacee, p. 318.

Orver IV.—POLYGYNIA.— Many Pistils.

AuisMA. Perianth 6-leaved; 3 outer leaves persistent, calycine ; 3 inner
colored, petaloid, deciduous. Carpels numerous, distinct, 1-seeded, crowned
with the persistent style. Alismacee, p. 379.

CLASS VH.—HEPTANDRIA.—7 Stamens.
OrverR I—MONOGYNIA.—1 Pistil.

TRIENTALIS. Calyx deeply 6—8-parted. Corolla deeply 6—8-parted,
rotate. Stamens 6—8 (mostly 7.) Capsule globose, somewhat fleshy,
(berry,) opening at the sutures, and then 5-valved. Primulacee, p. 290.

fiscutus. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 4—5, more or less
unequal. Filaments recurved backward. Fruit coriaceous. Hippocasia-
nacee, p. 62.

(Ulmusin CLASS V., Orper II.)

OF THE GENERA. xlvii

CLASS VIill.—OCTANDRIA.—8 Stamens.
Orper I.—MONOGYNIA.--1 Pisil.

* Flowers complete, superior.

Ruexia. Calyx with the tube ventricose-ovoid at base, narrowed at the
apex; the limb 4-cleft. Petals 4, obovate. Capsule free in the calyx, 4-
celled. Seeds cochleate. Melustomacee, p. 117.

CinoTHERA. Calyx with a long 4-sided or 8-ribbed deciduous tube ; seg-
ments 4, reflexed. Petals 4, equal. Capsule 4-valved, with many naked
seeds. Onagracea, p. 108.

Gaura. Calyx tubular, adnate to the ovary at base; segments 4, re-
flexed; tubedeciduous. Petals mostly 4-clawed, somewhat unequal. Fruit
4-angled, dry and indehiscent, by abortion mostly 1-celled, 1—4-seeded.
Seeds naked. Onagracce, p. 108.

Epmosium. Calyx with a long 4-sided tube; limb 4-parted, deciduous.
Petals 4. Capsule linear, cbtusely 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded.
Seeds crowned with a tuft of hairs. Onagracee, p. 107.

Oxycoccus. Calyx adnate to the ovary, with the limb 4-cleft. Corolla
4-parted, with the segments somewhat linear and revolute. Filaments con-
nivent. Anthers tubular, 2-parted. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded. Vac-
ciniacea, p. 223. -

PHALEROCARPUS. Calyx bi-bracteate, adhering to the ovary; the limb
4-parted. Corolla short-campanulate, 4-cleft. Filaments short and dilated.
Anthers awnless. Berry globose-ovoid, crowned by the teeth of the calyx,
4-celled, white. Vacciniacee, p. 223.

** Flowers complete, inferior.

Menziesia. Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft or 4-toothed. Corolla tubular
or globose; limb very short, 4-toothed, revolute. Filaments subulate,
smooth. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. Hvicacea, p. 216.

Acer. Flowers mostly polygamous. Calyx 5-lobed, sometimes 5-parted.
Samare 2, winged, united at base, by abortion l-seeded. Aceracee, p. 60.

Dirca. Perianth colored, tubular-campanulate; limb obsolete, erosely
toothed. Stamens unequal. Berry 1-seeded. Tymelacee, p. 307.

JEFFERSONIA. Sepals 4, petaloid. Petals 8, oblong. Capsule obovate,
- semicircularly dehiscent. Seeds many, arillate at base. Berberidacee,

pe U7
*** FYowers incomplete.
(Monotropa in CLASS X.)

Orver II.—DIGYNIA.--2 Prstils.

(Polygonum in Order TRIGYNIA. Vaccinium, Chrysospleniwm and
Scleranthus, in CLASS X.)
Orver HI.—-TRIGYNIA.—3 Pistils.

Potyconum. Perianth mostly 5-parted, petaloid, persistent. Fruit a
1-seeded compressed or triquetrous nut, Polygonacee, p. 301,

xlviil - DLINNZZAN ARRANGEMENT

CLASS IX.—ENNEANDRIA.—9 Stamens.
Orper I—MONOGYNIA.—1 Pisiil.

' Laurus. Diccious. Perianth colored, 5—6-parted. Fertile stamens 9,
arranged in three series, the six outer ones with simple distinct filaments ;
three inner ones with two glands at the base of each. Drupe 1-seeded.
Lauracee, p. 305.

CLASS X.—DECANDRIA.—10 Stamens.
Orver L—MONOGYNIA.—1 Pistil.

* Flowers regular.
Vaccinium. Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4—5-toothed. Corolla urceo-

late, cylindric, campanulate or somewhat rotate, 4—5-cleft. Berry globose,
4—10-celled, many- (or by abortion few-) seeded. Vacciniacee, p. 221.

Oss. The remaining genera of this division are included in the Natural
Orders, Evicacea, p. 213, and Pyrolacee, p. 224.

** Flowers irregular.

Cassta. Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, somewhat unequal. Stamens
unequal; 3 upper ones usually abortive; 3 lower ones longer. Legume
terete or compressed, many-seeded. Leguminosae, p. 89.

Baptista. Calyx half 4—5-cleft, bilabiate. Petals 5, nearly equal.
Standard with the sides reflexed. Wings oblong. Keel slightly incurved.
Legume ventricose, pedicelled, many-seeded. Leguminose, p. 73.

Cercis. Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Petals 5, with claws, sub-
papilionaceous, all distinct. Wings larger than the standard. Legume
oblong, compressed, 1-celled, many-seeded. Leguminosee, p. 90.

Orver IIJ.—DIGYNIA.—2 Pistils.

HypraNcea. Marginal flowers usually sterile. STerme Fur. Calyx
membranaceous, colored, veiny, 4—5-parted. Petals, stamens, and pistils
rudimentary or none. Fertite Fu. Calyx hemispheric, adnate to the
ovary, 5-toothed. Petals 5, ovate. Capsule 2-celled, opening by a foramen
between the styles. Hydrangeacea, p. 129.

SaxiFrRaGa. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire, with short claws. Cap-
sule with 2 beaks, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening between the beaks.
Saxifragacee, p. 125.

CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Calyx adhering to the ovary, the limb of 4—5 obtuse
lobes. Petals none. Capsule 2-beaked, 2—4-valved, at length 1-celled,
many-seeded. Sazxifragacee, p. 126.

TIARELLA. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, with the lobes obtuse. Petals 5,

inserted into the calyx, unguiculate, entire. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved;
valves unequal. Sazifragacea, p. 127. :

Miretta. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Petals 5, laciniate or toothed,
inserted into the calyx. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved; valves equal. Sazi-
fragacee, p. 127.

Saponaria. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at-base. Petals 5, ungu-
iguie’ claws equalling the calyx. Capsule I-celled. Caryophyllacce,
p- 46,

OF THE GENERA. xlix

Diantuus. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, with 2—5 opposite imbricate
scales at base. Petals 5, with long claws. Capsule I-celled. Caryophyl-
lace@, p. 44.

ScterantHus. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent; tube urceolate. Stamens in-
serted in the orifice of the tube. Petals none. Capsule very smooth, with-
out valves, covered by the indurated tube of the calyx. Scleranthacee,
p. 121.

Orper IIL—TRIGY NIA.—3 Prsils.

Sieve, Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked. Petals 5, unguiculate, mostly
crowned at the orifice; limb bifid. Capsule 3-celled at base, dehiscent at
the top into 6 teeth. Caryophyllacee, p. 45.

STELLARIA, Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, 2-cleft or 2-lobed. Capsule
3—4-valved; valves 2-parted, membranaceous. Seeds usually many.
Caryophyllacee, p. 48. ;

ARENARIA. Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, entire. Capsule 1-celled, 3-
valved, many-seeded. Caryophyllacea, p. 49.

Maurincia. Sepals 4—5. Petals 4—5, somewhat perigynous. Cap-
sule splitting into twice as many (half) valves as there are stigmas. Seeds
few, smooth. Caryophyllacee, p. 50.

Honcxenya. Sepals 5, slightly united at base. Petals 6, perigynous,
with short claws, entire. Stamens inserted with the petals into a glandu-
liferous disk. Capsule 3—5-valved; valves entire, 8—10-seeded. Caryo-
phyllacee, p. 69. ie

Orver IV.—PENTAGYNIA—5 Pistils.

SepuM. Sepals usually 5, more or less united at base, ovate, often turgid
and leafy. Petals 5, often spreading. Carpels 5, many-seeded, with a
nectariferous scale at the base of each. Crassulacee, p. 122.

Oxatis. Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens often
monadelphous at base, unequal. Capsule 5-angled, oblong or cylindric,
5-celled: Oxalidacea, p. 66.

AcrostemMa. Calyx tubular, 5-sided, coriaceous. Petals 5, unguicu-
late, not crowned ; limb entire. Capsule 1-celled, opening with 5 teeth.
Caryophyllacea, p. 47.

' Cerastium. Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, bifid or emarginate. Capsule
membranaceous, cylindric or oblong, opening at the summit by 10 teeth.
Caryophyllacee, p. 50.

SPERGULA. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire. Capsule ovate, 5-celled,
5-valved. Illecebracea, p. 52.

PeNnTHORUM. Sepals 5, united at base. Petals 5 or none. Carpels 5,
united at the base into a 5-beaked, 5-celled capsule; cells opening trans-
versely on the inner side of the beaks. Crassulacee, p. 122.

(Silene and Stellaria in Orper TRIGYNIA.)

OrpER V.—DECAGYNIA.—5—I2 Pistils.

PuyToLacca. Perianth 5-leaved, petaloid. Berry superior, globose-de-
pressed, made up of 5—12 closely united carpels. Phytoleccacee, p. 300.

C3

j LINNZAN ARRANGEMENT

CLASS XI.—ICOCANDRIA.—20 or more Stamens placed on the Calyz.
Orper I—MONOGYNIA.—1 Pistil.

Opuntia. Sepals numerous, leafy, adnate to the ovary; outer ones flat,
short; inner ones petal-like, obovate, rosaceous; tube above the ovary
none. Berry ovoid, umbilicate at the apex, tuberculate, often bearing spines.
Cactacea, p. 123.

Prunus. Calyx urceolate, hemispheric; limb 5-parted, deciduous. Drupe
ovoid or oblong, fleshy, very smooth, covered with grayish dust; stone com-
pressed, acute at both ends, subsulcate at the margin, elsewhere smooth.
Drupacee, p. 90.

Cerasus. Flowers as in the preceding. Drupe globose or umbilicate
at base, fleshy, very smooth, destitute of gray powder; nucleus subglobose,
smooth. Drupacee, p. 91. .

Lyturum. Calyx cylindric, striate, 8—12-toothed. Petals 4—6, inserted
into the calyx. Capsule oblong, 2-celled, many-seeded. Lythracea, p. 115.

Decopon. Calyx short, broad-campanulate, 10-toothed ; 5 teeth longer
and spreading. Petals 5. Capsule covered with the calyx, 3—4-celled.
Lythracee, p. 116.

Curnea. Calyx tubular, ventricose, 6—12-toothed, unequal. Petals
6—7, unequal. Capsule membranaceous, 1—2-celled, at length bursting
longitudinally. Lyihkracea, p. 116.

Orver 1].—DI-PENTAGYNIA.—2—5 Pisitils.

Sesuvium. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; lobes colored within. Petals
none. Styles 3—5. Capsule 3- rarely 4—5-celled, opening circularly,
many-seeded. Tetragoniaceae, p. 123.

Oss. The remaining genera belong to the Natural Orders Rosacea,
p. 92, and Pomacee, p. 102.

Orver III.—_POLYGYNIA.— Many Pistils.

CatycaNntTuus. Lobes of the calyx in many rows, imbricate, lanceolate,
colored, all more or less coriaceous or fleshy. Corolla none. Stamens un-

equal. Nuts enclosed in the fleshy tube of the calyx. Calycanthacee,
p. 107.

Oss. The remaining genera belong to the Natural Order Rosacea,
p. 92.

CLASS XI.—POLYANDx:A.—Many Stamens inserted upon the Receptacle.

OrvER I--MONOGYNIA.—1 Pisiil.

Tinta. Calyx 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5, naked, or with a small

scale within. Fruit coriaceous, by abortion 1-celled, 1—2-seeded. Tilia-
ce@, p. 56.

HELIANTHEMUM. Calyx with 3 equal sepals, or 5 disposed in two rows;
the two outer ones smaller, rarely larger. Petals 5, (sometimes wanting,)
often irregularly denticulate at the apex. Capsule 3-valved, with the dis-
sepiment in the middle of the valves. Cistacee, p. 34. a

Hupsonia. Calyx 5-parted; segments unequal, the two outer ones
ee Petals 5. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 1—3-seeded. Cistacea,
p. 36.

OF THE GENERA. li

Portunaca. Calyx adnate to the ovary, 2-parted, finally separating at
base and deciduous. Petals 4—6, inserted in the calyx, equal. Capsule
subglobose, 4-celled, many-seeded, opening circularly. Portulacacce,
p. 120. :

TaLinuM. Sepals 2, ovate, deciduous. Petals 5, distinct, or somewhat
connected at base. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Portuiaca-
cee, p. 120.

CHELIDONIUM. Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Capsule elongated, (re-
sembling a silique,) 1-celled, 2-valved ; valves dehiscent from the base to
the apex. Papaveracce, p. 21.

Meconopsis. Sepals 2,caducous. Petals 4. Stigmas 4—46, radiating,
convex, free.- Capsule obovoid, 1-celled; valves 4—6, dehiscent at the
apex. Papaveracee, p. 20.

ARGEMONE. Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 4—6. Stigma 4—7-lobed;
lobes radiately refiexed, persistent. Capsule obovoid, spinose, 1-celled, 5-
valved ; valves opening at the apex. Papaveruacea, p. 20.

Saneumnarta. Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 8—12. Stigmas 2, con-
nate. Capsule oblong, I-celled, 2-valved, ventricose; valves deciduous.
Papaveracea, p. 20.

PapaveR. Sepals 2, concave, caducous. Petals 4. Stigma sessile,
radiate, persistent. Capsule obovoid, |-celled, opening by minute valves
under the margin of the stigma. Papaveracea, p. 21.

PoDOPHYLLUM. Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6—9. Stigma large, sub-
sessile, peltate, persistent. Berry somewhat fleshy, not dehiscent. Lerbe-
ridacee, p. 13.

Act#A. Sepals 4—5. Petals 4—8, spatulate. Carpels solitary, bac-
cate, many-seeded, Ranwnculacea, p. 13.

Crmiciruca. Sepals 4—5. Petals 3—5, concave or unguiculate, some-
times fewer or none. Carpels 1—8, follicular, many-seeded. Ranwncula-
cee, p. 13.

SARRACENIA. Sepals 5, with a 3-leaved involucre. Petals 5. Stigma
very large, peltate, 5-angled. Capsule 5-celled. Sarraceniacea, p. 22.

NympuHa. Sepals 4, at the base of the disk. Petals and stamens in-
serted into the fleshy disk surrounding the ovary. Nymphaacee, p. 19.

Nurwar. Sepals 5—6, and with the petals and stamens inserted at the
base of the disk. Nymphcacce, p. 19.

OrvpeER II.—DI-PENTAGY NIA.—2—5 Pistiis.

AscyruM. Sepals 4; 2 inner ones much smaller. Petals 4, caducous.
>

Stamens scarcely united at base. Styles 2—3. Capsule I-celled, 2—3-
valved. Hypericacce, p. 59.

Hypericum. Sepals 5, more or less united at the base, mostly equal.
Petals 5, oblique, and often inequilateral. Stamens mostly numerous,
sometimes few, distinct or united into 3—5 parcels. Styles 3—5, distinct
or more or less united. Capsule membranaceous. Hypericacee, p. 57.

ELopEA. Sepals 5,somewhat united at base. Petals 5, deciduous, equi-
lateral. Stamens 9—15, united into three parcels, which alternate with 3
hypogynous glands. Styles 3, distinct. Capsule oblong, membranaceous,
3-celled. Hypericacee, p. 60.

Oss. The remaining genera belong to the Natural Order Ranwneule-
cee, p. 3.

li LINNHAN ARRANGEMENT

Orper II]. —POLYGNIA.—Many Pistils.

Macnotisa. Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6—12, in concentric series.
Carpels 1—2-seeded, persistent, forming a strobile-like fruit. Seeds coated
with a fleshy aril. Magnoliacee, p. 14.

LiRIODENDRON. ~ Sepals 3, deciduous. _ Petals 6. Carpels (samare) im-
bricated in a cone, 1—2-seeded, not opening, attenuated. /Magnoliacee,
p. 15.

Asmmina. Calyx deeply 3-parted. Petals 6, spreading, ovate-oblong ;
inner smallest. Anthers many, subsessile. Carpels usually 3, ovoid or
oblong-sessile, pulpy within. Seeds many. Anonacee, p. 15.

Hypropettis. Calyx of 3—4 sepals. Petals 3—4. Ovaries 6—18.
Carpels oblong, acuminate, 1—2-seeded. Cabombacea, p. 18.

NeLuMBIUM. Calyx petaloid, of 4—6 sepals. Petals numerous. Car-
pels numerous, deeply immersed in the upper surface of a turbinate recepta-
cle or torus, l-seeded. Nelwmbiacea, p. 18.

Ozs. The remaining genera belong to the Order Ranunculacea, p. 3.

CLASS XIII.—DIDYNAMIA.—4 Stamens ; 2 longer than the other 2.

2 Orpvers.—l. GYMNOSPERMIA.— Seeds apparently naked.
2. ANGIOSPERMIA.—Seeds in a distinct capsule.

Oss. The genera of this class form a very natural group, having ireg-
ular or bilabiate flowers, with mostly 4 stamens (2 longer); but sometimes
2 are abortive, and hence such are arranged artificially in the class Diandria.
The whole will be more easily, as well as correctly, studied, by the Natura:
Orders. The genera belonging to the order Gymmnospermia will be found in
the Natural Order Labiate, p. 270; those belonging to Angicspermia, in
the Natural Orders Bignoniacee, p. 241; Pedaliacee, p. 242; Oroban-

chace@, p. 257; Scrophulariacee, p. 258; Verbenacea, p. 283, and Acantha-
cee, p. 286.

CLASS XIV.—TETRADYNAMIA.—56 Stamens ; 4 long and 2 short.

Oss. This class is entirely natural; and it is therefore altogether unne-
cessary to repeat the generic descriptions. Itis identical with the Natural
Order Crucifer@, p.23. I have, chiefly for the sake of convenience, pre-
served the Linnean division into Siliculose and Siliquose. Gynandropsis
and Polanisia (Cleome Linn.) usually arranged under this class, form the
order Capparidacea, p. 33.

CLASS XV.—MONADELPHIA.— Filaments combined in one set.
OrpER I—PENTANDRIA.—5 perfect Stamens.

PassIFLORA. Calyx 5-parted, colored. Petals 5 or none, inserted into
the calyx. Crown of many filiform rays. Berry often pulpy, rarely sub-
membranaceous, pedicelled. Passifloracee, p. 119.

(Geranium in ORDER DECANDRIA.)
OrveER I].—_DECANDRIA.—10 Stamens.

GeRANIUM. Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10, all fertile;
5 alternate ones longer, and with nectariferous scales at the base. Carpels

OF THE GENERA. lili

with long awns, at length separating elastically from the summit to the
base. Geraniacea, p. 64.

Eropium. Sepals 5,equal, regular. Petals 5, mostly equal. Stamens
10; 5 outer ones shorter and sterile; the perfect ones with a nectariferous
_ scale at the base. Styles persistent, bearded on the inside, at length spirally
twisted. Geraniacee, p. 65.

Orver IIl.—POLYANDRIA.—Many Stamens.
Oss. The genera of order from the Natural Order Malvaceae, p. 54.

CLASS XVI—DIADELPHIA.—Filaments combined in two sets (except in
- some of the 3d Order.)

Orper IL—HEXANDRIA.--6 Stamens.
Oss. The genera belong to the Natural Order Fumariacea, p. 22.

Orver II.—OCTANDRIA.—8 Stamens.

Potycata. Calyx of 5 sepals, 2 of them wing-shaped and colored.
Petals 3—5, united to the stamens, the lower one keel-form. Capsule com-
pressed, elliptic, obovate or obcordate. Seeds pubescent. Polygalacee,

p. 42
OrvER III—DECANDRIA.—10 Stamens.

Oss. The genera of this order, with a few usually arranged under the
class Decandria, constitute the Natural Order Leguminose, p. 72.

CLASS XVIL—SYNGENESIA.

Oss. The plants of this class, with a few exceptions, have 5 anthers ©
united into a single tube. They are further characterized by the flowers
being clustered together in heads and inserted upon a common receptacle,
which is surrounded by an involucre; being usually known as Compound
Flowers. They form the Natural Order Composite, p. 154.

CLASS XVII-—GYNANDRIA.—Stamens situated upon the style or column
above the germ.

Ozss. The orders MONANDRIA and DIANDRIA constitute the Or-
chidacea, p. 343.

OrvER IIL—HEXANDRIA.—6 Stamens.

AristoLocuiA, Perianth tubular, ventricose at base, dilated at the apex
and ligulate. Capsule inferior, 6-sided, 1-celled, many-seeded. Aristolo-
chiacee@, p. 309.

OrperR IV.—DODECANDRIA.---12 or more Stamens.

Asarum. Perianth campanulate, mostly 3-parted. Stamens 12, placed
on an cpgynens disk. Anthers adnate to the middle of the filaments.
Siem -parted or lobed. Capsule 6-celled, many-seeded. Aristolochiacee,
p. 309.

liv LINNZ AN ARRANGEMENT

CLASS XIX.—MONCECIA.—Sitamens and Pistils in separate flowers on the

same plant.
OrpeR IL—MONANDRIA.—1 Stamen.

ZOsTeRA. Stamens and pistils separated, seated in 2 rows upon one side
of a flat spadix. Anthers ovate, sessile. Pistils alternating with the
anthers, ovate. Stigmas 2. Utricle with one seed, bursting irregularly.
Naiadacee, p. 385.

ZANNICHELLIA. STERILE Fx. Perianth none. Filament slender. Ferr-
TILE Fu. Perianth cup-shaped. Pistils 2—4, tapering into a short style.
Stigma large and peltate. Fruit on a short stipe, coriaceous. Naiadacea,
p. 385.

Cauninia. Perianth none. Sterine Fu. Anther ncarly sessile. FEr-
TILE Fu. Style filiform. Stigmas 2. Fruit capsular, l-seeded. Natad-
ace, p. 385.

EvpHorsia. Rarely furnished with a perianth. Involucre 1-leaved,
campanulate, 4—5-lobed ; the lobes usually alternating with peltate glands.
STERILE FL. numerous, each consisting of an anther with its filament artic-
ulated in the middle. Fertite Fu. solitary, central, on a long peduncle.
Styles 3, usually 2-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. Ewphorbiacea, p. 312.

OrpbeErR IJ.—DIANDRIA.—2 Stamens.

Popostemum. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens affixed to a common
pedicel. Stigmas 2, sessile, recurved. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded. Podostemacee, p. 114.

(Carex, OrvER III. Callitriche, CLASS MONANDRIA, Orver DI-
GYNIA.)

OrpER II].—TRIANDRIA.—3 Stamens.

_ Sparcanrum. Flowers in dense spherical heads, the sterile ones above.
Perianth single, of 3 leaves. Fruit dry, indehiscent, sessile. Typhacee,
p. 380.

Carex. Sterine Fur. Stamens 3, rarely 2 or 1. Fertine Fu. Peri-
gynium membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, 2-toothed, emarginate or
truncate at the apex. Style single, included. Stigmas 2—3. Achenium
lenticular, plano-convex or triangular, crowned with the lower portion of
the style. Cyperacea, p. 403.

TypHa. Flowers collected into a long dense cylindric spike. STERILE
Fi. above. Stamens intermixed with simple hairs, inserted directly on the
axis. Fertite Fu. below the sterile on the same axis. Fruit oblong, very
small, stipitate. Typhacee, p. 381.

Scieria. Flowers glumaceous. Fertile spikelets 1-flowered; the sterile
several-flowered. Scales 2—6. Disk shallow, saucer-like or lobed. Peri-
gynium coriaceous or crustaceous, sometimes wanting. Achenium globose
or ovoid. Cyperacee, p. 402.

TRIPSACUM. STERILE SPIKELETS in pairs on each joint of the rachis, and
longer than the joint, collateral, 2-flowered. Flowers with 2 palee. Fer-
TILE SPIKELETS solitary, as long as the joint, 2-flowered. Flowers with 2
palew ; the outer or lower flower neutral, the inner or upper one fertile.
Graminacee, p. 452.

ComprTonia, STeRILE Fi. Ament cylindric, imbricate; scales reniform-

OF THE GENERA. lv

cordate, acuminate, 1-flowered. Perianth of 2 minute scarious leaves.
Stamens 3—5. FertireE Ft. Ament globose; scales 1-flowered. Styles
2. Nut ovoid-obleng, smooth. Myricacea, p. 324.

Apixe. Perianth 3- (sometimes 4-) leaved ; leaves nearly equal, oblong
or lanceolate. StTeriLeE Fu. Stamens 3. Ferrie Fu. Perianth with a
petaioid cucullate scale at the base of each of the leaves inside, mem-
branaceous in fruit. Stigma 1, minute, capitate, sessile. Nut minutely
papillose, straight. Urticacea, p. 315.

Onper IV._TETRANDRIA—4 Stamens.

_ErrocauLton. Flowers collected into a compact scaly head. STERILE
Fi. in the disk. Perianth 4—6-cleft, the inner segments nearly to their
summit. Stamens 3—6.: Fertire Fu. in the margin. Perianth deeply
4-parted. Capsule 2—3-celled. Hvriocaulacea, p. 379.

Aunus. SrTerireE Fu. Ament long, cylindric; scales 3-lobed, 3-flowered.
Perianth 4-parted. Ferertine Ft. Ament ovoid-oblong; scales subtrifid,
2-flowered. Perianth none. Styles 2. Nut compressed. Belulacee,
p. 326.

BeTULA. STERILE Ft. Ament imbricate, cylindric ; scales ternate, the
middle one bearing the stamens. Ferrite FL. Ament ovoid-oblong ;
scales trifid, 3-flowered. Nut compressed, winged on each side. Betula-
cee, p. 325.

._ BaswMeria. STERILE Fu. Perianth 4-parted. Fertire Fu. Perianth
none, but a cluster of ovate acuminate scales, with a compressed ovary
within each scale. Nut ovate, pointed with the subulate style. Uriticacea,
p. 316.

Urtica. Srerme Fu. Perianth single, of 4 roundish obtuse leaves,
containing the cup-shaped rudiment of a germ. FERTILE Fu. Perianth
mostly of 2 persistent leaves. Stigma 1. Nut orbicular-ovate, compressed,
shining. . Urticacee, p. 314.

ParieTaRiIA. Flowers polygamous, surrounded by a many-cleft involucre.
Perrect Fu. Perianth 4-parted, persistent. Filaments at first incurved,
then expanding with elastic force. Style 1. Nut enclosed by the enlarged
perianth. Urticacea, p. 316.

Morus. Sterive Fu. in loose spikes. Perianth 4-parted. FertiLe
FL. in dense spikes, Perianth 4-parted, becoming baccate. Styles 2. Nut
. oe aad
ovate, compressed, covered by the succulent perianth. Moraceae, p. 31%.

(Myriophyllum in OrpeR HEXANDRIA.)

Orvrr V.—PENTANDRIA.—5 Stamens.

Crotonorsis. Srerine Fu. Perianth 5-parted, with 2 petaloid scales.
Fertive Fu. Perianth 5-parted. Stigmas 3, twice bifid. Capsule 1-
seeded, not opening. Ewphorbiacce, p. 311.

Amarantuus. Perianth deeply 3—5-parted. Srerte Fu. Stamens
3—5. Ferre Fi. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, 1-seeded, opening trans-
versely all round. Amaranthacee, p. 295.

Xanratum. Heads in glomerate spikes, sterile at the summit, pistillate
below. Srerite Fu. Involucre subglobose, many-flowered, with the scales
in one serics, Receptacle cylindric, chafty. Corolla short, 5-lobed, some-
what hairy. Fervire Fu, Involucre with hooked prickles, surmounted

Ivi LINN@AN ARRANGEMENT

by 1—2 beaks. Corolla filiform. Stamens none. Achenia compressed,
one in each cell of the involucre. Composite, p. 183.

AmpBrosis. Fertile heads at the base and sterile ones at the top of the
spike. Srerire Fu. Involucre hemispheric or turbinate; scales few.
Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, short. FERTILE Fu. Involucre 1-
flowered, incurved and often armed with several tubercles or horns. Corolla
none. Achenia ovoid or obovoid. Composite, p. 184.

(Fagus and Quercus in OrDER POLYANDRIA.)

Oxprn-VE-HEXANDRIA-6 Stamens.

ZizaNia. Flowers glumaceous. Spikelets 1-flowered. STERILE FL.
Glumes none, or only rudimentary. Palee 2, herbaceous, concave, nearly
equal, awnless. Perrect Fi. Glumes none. Palee 2, herbaceous;
lower one longer, oblong, keeled, terminating in a straight awn, Styles 2,
short. Graminacea@, p. 419. :

Orver VII.—POLYANDRIA.—Many Stamens.

* Slems not woody.

CERATOPHYLLUM. Calyx inferior, many-parted.. Corolla none. STE-
rite Fu. Stamens 12—20; filaments wanting. FertTme Fu. Stigma
filiform, oblique. Fruit abeaked achenium. Ceratophyllacee, p. 114.

MyYrIopHyLituM. STerRIteE Fu. Calyx 4-parted. Petals 4, ovate, some-
times inconspicuous or wanting. Stamens 4—8. Perrrecr Fu. Calyx ad-
hering to the ovary; limb 4-lobed. Petals none. Nuts 4, compressed or
subglobose, l-seeded. Haloragacee, p. 112.

SacitTaris. Perianth 6-leaved; 3 outer leaves persistent, calycine; 3
inner colored, petaloid. Ferrtine Fu. Ovaries collected into ahead. Car-
pels compressed, 1-seeded, crowned with the persistent style. Alismacee,
p. 378,

ARISEMA. Spathe convolute below, the limb arched or fiattish. Spa-
dix naked above, the lower part covered with flowers, of which the upper
are sterile and the lower fertile, or in some plants all sterile. Anthers some-
what verticillate and distinct. Stigma nearly sessile. Berry 1!--several-
seeded. Araceae, p. 381.

PELTANDRA. Spathe elongated, convolute, undulate on the margin,
curved at the apex. Spadix covered with flowers. Perianth none. An-
thers sessile, covering the upper part of the spadix in a tesselated manner.
Ovaries 1-celled, on the lower part of the spadix. Berries ovoid, forming a
dense cluster. Aracee, p. 382.

CauLa. Spathe ovate, somewhat flattened. Spadix covered with flowers
which are destitute of a perianth, and consist of pistils surrounded by sta-
mens. Berries distinct, depressed, few-seeded. Araceae, p. 382. .

** Stems woody. (Trees or Shrubs.)

Oss. The genera of this division are included in the Natural Orders

Cupulifere, p. 326; Platanacea, p. 333; Altingiacec, p.333; and Juglan-
dacce, p. 335.

OF THE GENERA. - lvii

Orper VIIL—MONADELPHIA.-—Stamens united into 1 set (sometimes in two

or three sets.)

* Stems not woody.

ACALYPHA. STERILE Fu. Perianth 3—4-parted. Stamens 8—16, very
short. FerTme Fu. Styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule 3-celled; cells 1-seeded.
Euphorhiacee, p. 312.

Ricinus. STERILE Fu. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens numerous. Ferr-
TILE Fu, Perianth 3-parted. Styles 3, 2-parted, Capsule mostly echinate,
3-celled, 3-seeded. Huphorbiacea, p. 311.

PHYLLANTHUS. STERILE Fu, Perianth 6-parted; segments spreading.
Stamens 3, very short. Anthers didymous. Fertire Fu. Perianth as in
the sterile, Styles 3, bifid. Capsule 3-celled.. Euphorbiacea, p. 311.

MeLoturia. STERILE Fu. Calyx 3—5-toothed, Corolla campanulate.
Filaments 5,in 3 sets, Fertine Ft. Calyx and corolla as in the sterile.
Style 1. Stigmas 3, fimbriate. Fruit 3-celled, many-seeded. Cucurdi-
tace@, p. 118.

_ Ecuinocystis. Calyx flattish ; segments 6, filiform-subulate. Corolla
6-parted, rotate-campanulate.. STerite Fu. Calyx slightly contracted
above the ovary. Stamens 3, in two sets. Fertire Fu. Abortive fila-
ments 3, very small, distinct. Style very short. Stigmas2. Fruit globose-
ovoid, bristly-echinate, 2-celled, 4-seeded. Cucurbitacee, p. 118.

Sicyos, Srerir—E Fu. Calyx 5-toothed; teeth subulate or minute.
Petals 5, all cohering in a tube, at length separating into three parcels.
FertiteE Fx. Calyx constricted above the ovary, campanulate. Corolla
campanulate. Style rather slender. Stigmas 3, thick, obtuse. Fruit
ovate, spiny or hispid, l-seeded. Cucurbitacea, p. 118.

** Stems woody,

Tuuya. STertre Fx. Ament terminal, very small, ovoid. Perianth
none. Anther-cells 4, opening longitudinally. Fertme Fru. Cone with
the scales 2-flowered. Seeds more or less winged. Conifere, p. 338.

Cupressus. Srerme Fr. Ament solitary. Anthers 2—4-celled. Fer-
TILE Fx. Cone globose; the scales protuberant or mucronate in the centre,
and finally spreading. Seeds angular, compressed. Conifere, p. 339.

Pinus. Aments racemosely clustered; scales peltate. Stamens nume-
rous, with short filaments. Frerti.e Fi. Aments more or less conic or
cylindric; scales closely imbricate, 2-flowered, enlarging and becoming
woody, forming a cone. Seeds winged at the summit, covered by the
scales of the cone. Conifera@, p. 339.

CLASS XX.—DICECIA.—Stamens and Pistils in separate flowers and on
different plants.

OrperR IL—DIANDRIA.—Stamens 1—5, mosily 2.

Satrx. Ament cylindric. Perianth none. Sterme Fu. Stamens
mostly 2, but often 3—5. Fertine Fy. Ovary with a gland at the base.
Stigmas 2, often cleft. Sadicacee, p. 319.

VALISNERIA, STERILE Fu. Spathe ovate, 2—4-parted, Spadix covered
with minute flowers. Perianth 3-parted. Stamens2. Ferrine Fx. Scape
very long, flexuous or spiral. Spathe tubular, bifid, 1-flowered, Perianth
elongated, 6-parted; the alternate segments linear, Style none, Stigmas 9,

B 3*

lviil LINNEAN ARRANGEMENT

ovate, bifid. Capsule elongated, cylindric, 3-toothed, 1-celled, many-seeded.
Hydrocharidacee, p. 342.

Fraxinus. Polygamous. Calyx small, 4-cleft or none. Corolla none
or 4-petalled; the petals cohering at the base in pairs, oblong or linear.
Stamens 2. Capsule 2-celled, compressed, winged at the apex, by abortion
l-seeded. Oleacee, p. 230.

Orper Il.—TRIANDRIA.—3 Stamens.

EmPetTruMm. Perianth consisting of two rows of scales. STERILE Fi.
Stamens 3, upon long filaments. FERTILE Fit. Style none, or very short.
Stigma with 6—9 rays. Fruit globose, with 6—9 nucules. Empetracec,
p. 310.

Oakesia. SraminaTe Fu. Perianth of 5—6 leafets; the innermost
ones somewhat petaloid and often united on one side. Stamens mostly 3,
(sometimes 4 or 5,) exserted. Ovary wanting or mostly abortive. FERTILE
Fi. Perianth nearly as in the sterile. Disk none. Ovary 3—4 celled.
Style filiform, 3—4-cleft. Fruit dry and drupaceous, globose, minute.
Empetracee, p. 310.

OrpveEr IT.—TETRANDRIA.—4 Stamens.

Myrica. STERILE Fu. Ament cylindric; scales concave. Stamens
4—6. Fertite Fit. Ament closely imbricate, small, ovoid. Styles 2.
Drupe I-celled, 1-seeded. Myricacee, p. 324.

Viscum. STERILE Fu. Sepals 4, (rarely 3—5,) fleshy, the segments
triangular. Fertine Fx. Calyx with the margin obsolete; inner sepals
Oe) 4, distinct. Stigma obtuse, sessile. Berry pulpy. Loranthacee,
p. 148.

(Rhamnus in CLASS PENTANDRIA, Orper MONOGYNIA4.)

OrvER IV.—PENTANDRIA.—5 Stamens.

Nyssa. Srerite Fu. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5—10. Ferrite
Fy. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5. Style 1. Drupe inferior, 1-seeded.
Santalacee, p. 307.

ZANTHOXYLUM. Dicciously polygamous. Sepals 3—5, small. Petals
longer than the sepals, or none. Stamens and carpels as many as the
lobes of the calyx, 1—2-seeded. Zanthoxylacee, p. 67.

Acnipa. Sterite Fu. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5, very short.
FerTIte Fi. Perianth3-parted. Styles none. Stigmas 3—5, spreading.
Capsule I-seeded. Chenopodiaceae, p. 298.

_ Homouvus. Srerive Fu. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5. FertiLe FL.
in aments; the scales large, membranous, imbricate in several rows, 2-
flowered. Stigmas 2, long, spreading. Achenia invested with the enlarged
perianth, and forming a membranaceous strobile. Cannabinacea, p. 317.

CannaBis. STERILE Fu. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5. Fervtine
Fu. Perianth oblong, acuminate, convolute, the base ventricose, and in-
cluding the ovary. Stigmas 2, long, subulate. Nut 2-valved. Cannabi-
naceé, p. 316.

Necunpo. Calyx minute, unequally 4—5-toothed. Petals none. An-
thers 4—5, linear, sessile. Aceracee, p. 61.

(Saliz, Orpen I, Rives, CLASS PENTANDRIA.)

OF THE GENERA. lix

OrpER V.—HEXANDRIA.—6 Stamens.

Smiax. Perianth campanulate, spreading, of 6 leaves in a double
series, somewhat petaloid. StTermre Fu. Filaments short. Ferrite FL.
Stigmas 3, thick. Berry 3- (or by abortion 1—2-) celled. Smilacea,
p. 306.

DioscorEA. Perianth 6-parted. STERILE Fit. Stamens 6, 3 sometimes
barren. Fertire Fi. Styles distinct nearly to the base. Capsule 3-
celled, triangular; the angles winged. Dvuoscoreacee, p. 356.

GuepitscHia. Sepals 3—4—5, equal. Petals as many as the sepals,
arising from the tube of the calyx. Style short. Stigma pubescent above.
Legume compressed, 1—many-seeded. Legwminosa, p. 88,

OrpER VI.—OCTANDRIA.—8 Stamens..

Poprutus. Ament cylindric; scales lacerately fringed at the summit.
STERILE Ft. Anthers 8—30, arising from a turbinate oblique entire sin-
gle perianth. Ferrtite Ft. Perianth turbinate, entire. Stigmas 4. Cap-
Sus superior, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds comose. Salicucee,
p. 322.

Diospyros. Calyx 4—6-cleft. Corolla urceolate, 4—6-cleft. STeRILe
Fi. 8—16, often producing 2 anthers. Ferertite Fu. Stamens about 8,
abortive. Style divided. Stigmas simple or 2-cleft. Fruit globose or
ovoid, 4—8-celled. Ebenacee, p. 227.

SHEPHERDIA. StTerLte Fu. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 8, included,
alternating with 8 glands. Fertine Fu. Perianth 4-cleft, campanulate,
superior. Stamens none. Style 1. Stigma oblique. Berry 1-seeded.
Eleagnacea, p. 306.

OrpbeER VII.--ENNEANDRIA.—9 Stamens.

Upora. Spathe bifid, 1-flowered. Perianth 6-parted, petaloid. STERILE
Fi. Stamens 9, 3 of them inferior. Pserrecr Ft. Tube of the perianth
very long and slender. Stamens 3—6. Stigmas 3, large and spreading,
2-lobed. Fruit coriaceous, few-seeded. Hydrocharidacea, p. 342.

OrpeR VII—DECANDRIA.—10 Stamens.

GymNociaDus. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Petals 5, equal, oblong, exserted
from the tube. Legume oblong, very large and thick, pulpy inside. Legu-
minose, p. 89.

Orver IX.—POLYANDRIA.—Many Stamens.

MenisperMuUM. Sepals and petals arranged in fours, 2- or 3-rowed.
SreritE Fu. Stamens 12—20. Ferrrive Fu. Ovaries 1—4. Drupe
berried, roundish-reniform, with a single lunate nut or seed. Mensperma-
ce@, p. 16.

OrperR X.--MONADELPHIA.—Stamens united.

JuNIPERUS. STERILE Ft. Ament ovoid-oblong, very small; scales verti-
cillate, peltate. Anther-cells 3—6. Fertire Fut. Ament ovoid; scales
few, concave, united at base, becoming a fleshy tuberculate berry, and en-
closing 1—3 crustaceous seeds, Conifere, p. 338.

lx LINNZZAN ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA.

Taxus. SrTeri_e Ft. consisting of peltate anthers in an ament ; anther-
cells 3—6 or more, inserted in the lobes of the connective, opening beneath,
Ferti.e FL. solitary, with imbricate scales at the base. Seed nut-like,
seated in the disk which becomes a succulent cup. Conzfera@, p. 341.

CLASS XXI.—CRYPTOGAMIA.—Stamens and Pistils not visible.

OrverR I_—FILICES.

This includes the Fern-like plants, being the Natural Orders Equisitacee,
p. 454; Fulices, p. 456; Lycopodiacee, p. 467; and Marsileacea, p. 470.

TABLE OF THE NATURAL ORDERS

NOTICED IN THIS WORK.

CLASS I—EXOGENOUS or DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Order

Calyx with the sepals more or less united at base.

DIVISION I.
FLOWERING or PHANOGAMOUS PLANTS.

SUBCLASS L—Thalamiflorals.

Calyx many-sepalled. Petals many, distinct, and with the stamens in-
serted into the receptacle.*

Page 3

Ranunculacee, 3 Order 17. Polygalacee,
Magnoliacee, 14 18. Caryophyllaces,
Anonacez, 15 19. Illecebracee,
Menispermacee, 16 20. Elatinacee,
Berberidacez, 16 21. Linacee,
Cabombacee, 18 22. Malvacee,
Nelumbiacee, 18 23. Tiliacee,
Nympheacee, 19 24, Hypericacee,
Papaveraceee, 19 25. Aceracee,
Sarraceniacee, 21 26. Hippocastanacee,
Fumariacee, 22 27. Vitacee,
Crucifere, 23 28. Geraniacee,
Capparidacez, 33 29. Balsaminacee,
Cistaceae 34 30. » Tropeeolacee,
Violacez, 36 31. Ovxalidacee,
Droseracee, 41 32. Zanthoxylacee,

Suscuass II.--Calyciflorals.

inserted into the calyx.

Order 33.

Celastraces,
Staphyleacee,

. «Rhamnacee,

Anacardiacese,
Leguminosze,
Drupacez,
Rosacezr,
Pomacee,
Sanguisorbaces,
Calycanthacee,
Onagracee,
Haloragaces,
Podostemacee,
Ceratophyllacez,
Lythracez,

68 Order 48.
69 49.
70 50.
val i
7 52.
90 53.
92 54,
102 55
105 56
106 57
107 58
lil 59
113 60.
114. 61
114 62

* In this subclass are placed some genera and species in which the petals are

Melastomaceer,
Cucurbitacee,
Passifloracese,
Portulacaceer,
Scleranthacee,
Crassulaces,
Tetragoniacer,
Cactacer,
Grossulariacee,
Saxifragacese,
Escalloniacee,
Hydrangeacee,
Umbelliteree,
Araliaces,
Hamamelidacex,

Petals and stamens

116
117
119
119
121

bm 02 69 09 09 0 09 OY

> i i t i A x
lawn Ono EO Snel seen Con

united, and a few are excluded in which the petals are distinet to the base; but all
these plants agree with the orders under which they are arranged in some more

important characters.

classes.

The same remark is more or less applicable to the other sub-

Ixii

Order 63.

64.

Order 100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
TT

TABLE OF THE

Cornacee,
Loranthacee,
Caprifoliacee,
Rubiacee,
Valerianacee,
Dipsacacee,

NATURAL
Page.
142 Order 69.
143 70.
144 71.
149 72.
153 oe
154 74,

ORDERS.

Composite,
Campanulacee,
Lobeliacee,
Ericacee,
Vacciniacee,
Pyrolacee,

Suscxiass Ui.—Corolliflorals.

Petals united into a hypogynous corolla, or not attached to the calyx.
Stamens inserted into the corolla.

Ebenacee,
Aquifoliacee,
Oleacee,
Apocynacee,

._ Asclepiadacee,

Loganiacee,
Gentianaceee,
Bignoniacee,
Pedaliacee,
Polemoniacee,
Convolvulacee,
Cuscutacee,
Diapensiacee,

227
237
229
231
222
239
236
241
242
242
244
246
247

Order 88.
89.
90.
91.
92.

Boraginacee,
Hydrophyllacee,
Solanacee,
Orobanchaces,
Scrophulariacee,
Labiate,
Verbenacee,
Acanthacee,
Lentibulariacee,
Primulacee,

. » Plumbaginacee,

Plantaginacee,

Suzcnass [V.--Monochlamydeals.

Flowers with a single perianth, or whose calyx and corolla form only
one envelope.

Amaranthacee,
Chenopodiacee,
Phytolaccacee,
Polygonacee,
Lauraceez,
Eleagnacee,
Thymelacee,
Santalacee,
Aristolochiacee,
Empetracee,
Euphorbiacez,
Urticacee,

295

Order 112.
1aley
114.
115.
116.
ue
118.
119.
120:
Pails
123:
123.

Cannabinacee,
Moracee,
Saururacee,
Salicacee,

. Myricacee,
Betulacee,
Cupulitere,
Platanacee,
Altingiacez,
Ulmacee,
Juglandacerx,
Coniferee,

Page.
154
210
212
213
220
224

247
252
452
257
258
270
284
286
287
289
293
293

316
317
318
318
323
324
326
333
333

- 334

339
337

CLASS Il—ENDOGENOUS or MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Order 124.
125.
126.
IDE
128.
129.
130.
iit
132.
133.
134.

SUBCLASS

Hydrocharidacee,
Orchidacee,
Iridacee,
Amaryllidacee,
Hypoxidacee,
Dioscoreaceze,
Smilacee,

ir illiacese,
Liliacee,
Melanthacee,
Pontederacez,

342

I.—Petaloideals.
Stamens and pistils naked, or covered by verticillate fioral envelopes.

Order 135.
136.
i BY
138.
139.
140.
141.
142,
143.
144,
145.

Eriocaulacee,
Xyridaceez,
Juncacez,
Heemodoracez,
Commelynacee,
Alismacee,
Juncaginacee,
Typhacee,
Aracee,
Pistiacee,
Naiadaceee,

TABLE OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. Ixiil

Suscuass I.—Glumaceals.

Flowers destitute of a true perianth, but consisting of imbricate colorless

or herbaceous scales.
Page. Page.

Order 146, Cyperacee, 387 Order 147. Graminacee, 418

DIVISION II.
FLOWERLESS or CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.

CLASS I.—FERN-LIKE PLANTS.

Order 148. Equisitacee, 454 Order 150. Lycopodiacee, 467
149, _ Filices, 456 151. Marsiliacee, 470

GENERIC AND SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS

PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES,
NORTH OF VIRGINIA.

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

BOTANY OF THE UNITED STATES,

NOR DE. “OF ..V IR G.LN DL A..

DIVISION I.

FLOWERING orn PHENOGAMOUS PLANTS,

PLANTS FURNISHED WITH FLOWERS AND PRODUCING SEEDS.

CLASS I. EXOGENOUS or DICOTYLEDONOUS
PLANTS.

Stem composed of bark, wood and pith; increasing by an
annual deposit of new wood and cortical matter between the
wood and bark. Leaves articulated with the stem, their veins
reticulated. Propagation effected by stamens and_ pistils.
Ovules in a pericarp; embryo with two or more opposite
cotyledons.

Sus-Cuass I. THALAMIFLORALS.

Calyx many sepalled. Petals many, distinct, and with the
stamens inserted into the receptacle.

ORDER I. RANUNCULACEA‘.—Crowroors.

Calyx of 3—6, (but usually 5,) distinct deciduous sepals.
Petals 3—15 (sometimes wanting.) Stamens indefinite in num-
ber, distinct. Pistils numerous. Fruit either dry nuts or
carpels, baccate, or follicular. Seeds solitary or several_—Her-
baceous plants or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite,
generally much divided, with the petiole. dilated at the base.
Flowers usually conspicuous.

4 RANUNCULACE.

1. CLEMATIS. Linn.—Virgin’s Bower.

(From the Greek «Anya, a shoot or tendril ; in allusion to the climbing habit
of the genus.) ;

Involucre none, or like a calyx under the flower. Sepals
4—8, colored. Petals none, or shorter than the sepals. Car-

pels many, terminated by a long mostly feathery awn.

$1. CLematis proper. Involucre none. Sepals 4—8, colored. Petals
none.

1. C. Virginiana Linn.: stem climbing ; leaves ternate; leafets cordate-
ovate, acute, coarsely toothed or lobed; flowers paniculate, dicecious.

Woods and thickets. Can. to Flor. N. to lat. 55° W-. to Columbia river.
Aug. h.—Stem long. Flowers white, in large panicles. Tails of the carpels
at length clothed with long silken hairs, having the appearance of tufts of
wool. Virgin’s Bower.

2. C. Viorna Linn.: stem climbing; leaves pinnately divided; seg-
ments entire, or 3-lobed, ovate, acute ; floral ones entire ; peduncles 1-flow-
ered; sepals thick, acuminate, connivent, reflexed at the apex.

Woods. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. 2|.—Fiowers large, nod-
ding, violet, on peduncles 3—6 inches long. ‘Tails of the carpels from 1 to
near two inches long, plumose. Leather Flower.

3. C. ochroleuca Ait.: herbaceous, erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves sim-
ple, ovate, very entire, the younger ones with the calyx silky; flower pe-
duneled, terminal, solitary, nodding. C. sericea Mich.

Woods. N.Y. to Geor. May, June 2|-—Stem 12—18 inches high. Flowers
yellowish-white. Carpels conspicuously feathered, the silk of a yellowish
color. Silky Virgin’s Bower.

§2. AtTrRaGENE. Involucrenone. Sepals 4. Petais several, minute.

4. C. verticillaris D. C.: leaves whorled in fours, ternate; leafets
petioled, ovate, acuminate, somewhat cordate, nearly entire; peduncles
1-flowered; petals acute.. Atragene Americana Sims.

Rocks. Ver. to Car. N. to Lat. 54°. W. to the Rocky Mountains. April,
May. k.—Stem climbing. Flowers very large, purple.
Whorl-leaved Virgin’s Bower.

2. THALICTRUM. Linn.—Meadow Rue.

(Supposed to be from the Greek @a\\w, tobe green ; in allusion to its verdant
aspect.) :

Involucre under the flower none. Sepals 4, rarely 5, peta-
loid, generally caducous. Petalsnone. Carpels dry, not awned,
sometimes stipitate, sometimes with a longitudinal furrow.
Often dicecious or polygamous.

* Stamens longer than the sepals.

1. ZT. Cornuti Linn.: leaves decompound ; leafets roundish-obovate or
oblong, 3-lobed, glaucous beneath, with the nerves scarcely prominent ; pe-
duncles longer than the leaves; flowers diecious or polygamous; carpels

RANUNCULACE. 5

nearly sessile, acute at each end, strongly ribbed, twice as long as the style.
—T. Cornutt and T. pubescens Pursh. T. revolutum and T. coryneliwm
D.C.

_Wet grounds. From lat. 56° N. to Car. June, July. 2|.—Stem 3—5 feet
high, branching. eaves very variable in form, deep-green above, paler glau-
cous smooth or pubescent beneath. Flowers ina compound leafy panicle. Se-
pals greenish-white, oblong, much shorter than the stamens. Carpels about
3 lines long, beaked with the persistent style. ~ Common Meadow Rue.

2. T. dioicum Linn.: very smooth; leaves decompound, on short pet-
ioles; leafets rounded, crenately and obtusely lobed, glaucous beneath;
flowers dicecious or polygamous; peduncles as long as the leaves ; carpels
oblong, sessile, strongly ribbed. J. levigatwm Mich. T. purpurascens
Lann.

Banks of streams. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 67°. W. to Oregon. April,
May. 2.—Stem 1—2 feet high. Flowers ina terminal panicle. Sepals white
or purplish. filaments much longer than the sepals. Anthers yellowish.

Early Meadow Rue.

** Stamens shorter than the petaloid calyx.

3. T. anemonoides Mich. : root tuberous; radical leaves biternate ; leaf-
ets subcordate, 3-toothed ; floral leaves petioled, resembling an involucre ;
flowers perfect, few, umbelled ; petaloid calyx 8—10-leaved. Anemone
thalictroides Linn.

Woods. Common throughout the U.S. April—June. 2|.—Stems or scapes
4—8 inches long, often several from one root. Flowers about an inch in di-
ameter. Sepals 6—10, white or purplish, twice as long as the stamens. The
flowers of this species resemble those of Anemone, but the fruit that of Thalie-
trum. Rue Anemone.

3. ANEMONE. Linn.—Wind Flower.

(From the Greek aveyos, wind; because the flowers are supposed to open
when the wind blows.)

Involucre remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves. Calyx
petaloid, with 5—15 sepals. Petals none. Achenia mucronate.

1. A. nemorosa Linn.: leaves ternate; leafets undivided, or with the
middle one 3-cleft and the lateral one 2-parted, incisely tootaed, acute ;
those of the involucre similar, petioled; sepals 4—6, oval or elliptical.
A. lancifolia Pursh.

var. quinquefolia, D. C.: lateral leaves of the involucre 2-parted to the
base. A. quinquefolia Linn.

Woods. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 53°. W. to the Rocky Mountains. April,
May. 2|.—Stem or scape 4—8 inches high, slender. Flowers about an inch in
diameter. Sepals 4-—7, white or purplish. Wood Anemone.

2. A. Pennsylvanica Linn.: leaves 3—5-parted ; segments 3-cleft ; lobes
oblong, incisely toothed, acuminate; involucre similar, 2-leaved, sessile ;
sepals 5, elliptic; carpels hairy, compressed, crowned with a long style.
A. aconitifolia Mich, A. dichotoma Linn.

Meadows. Throughout the U. S. N. to Mudson’s Bay. June, July. °|.—
Stem 12—18 inches high. Flowers 1—14 inches in diameter. Sepals white and
membranaceous. Pennsylvania Wind Flower.

3. A.cylindrica Gray: silky, pubescent; leaves ternately divided; late-

6 RANUNCULACE &.

ral segments 2-parted, the terminal one 2-cleft ; lobes linear-lanceolate, with
the apex incisely toothed; those of the involucre similar and petioled; pe-
duncles 2—6, rarely solitary; sepals 5, obovate, obtuse; carpels densely
woolly, in a long cylindrical head.

N. H. Mass. Western N. Y. W. to Ind. and Mich. May, June. %.—Plant
1—3 feet high. Peduncles 8—12 inches long, usually purple. Flowers about
hali an inch in diameter. Sepals hairy outside, pale yellowish green within.
Heads of carpels an inch long. Resembles A. Virginiana.

Cylindrical-headed Wind Flower.

4. A. Virginiana Linn.: leaves ternate; segments ovate-lanceolate,
3-cleft, acuminate, incisely toothed; those of the involucre similiar, petio-
late; sepals 5, elliptic, acuminate, silky without; peduncles elongated;
carpels densely woolly, in an ovoid-oblong head.

Woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. as far N. as lat. 55°. July. 2.—
Stem 18—20 inches high. Flowers three-fourths of an inch in diameter. Se-
pals greenish-white, two narrower than the others. Heads of carpels three-
fourths of an inch long. Thimble Weed.

5. A. multifida Poir.: hairy; leaves ternately divided ; segments cunei-
form, laciniately 3-cleft, the lobes linear, acute; those of the involucre sim-
ilar, on short petioles; sepals 5—8, oval, obtuse; heads of carpels oval,
woolly.

var. Hudsoniana D. C.: stem mostly 2-flowered. A. Hudsoniana Oakes.

Limestone rocks. Watertown, Jefferson county, N. Y. (var. Hudsoniana.)
N. to Arc. Amer. W. to Oregon. June. 2|.—Stem a foot high. Flowers about
as large as those of A. Virginiana, bright purplish red. Sepals silky-villous
within. Heads of carpels about three-fourths of an inch long.

Cut-leaved Wind Flower.

4. HEPATICA. Willd—Liverwort.
(From the Greek 4jrap, the liver ; from the supposed resemblance of its leaves.)

Involucre 8-leaved, 1-flowered, resembling a calyx, entire.
Sepals petaloid, 6—9, arranged in 2 or 3rows. Ovaries many.
Carpels without awns.

H. triloba, Willd.: leaves cordate, 3—5-lobed; lobes entire. Anemone
Hepatica Linn.

var. 1. obtusa Pursh.: leaves 3-lobed; lobes roundish, obtuse. HZ.
Americana D. C. és

var. 2. acuta Pursh.: leaves 3—5-lobed; lobes spreading, acute. Hi.
acutiloba D. C.

In woods. Common throughout the U. S. and N. to lat. 52°. April, May.
‘2|.—There appears to be no doubt that these supposed distinct species are no-
thing more than varieties. They grow indiscriminately, and the lobes of the
leaves assume almost every variety of form. The sepals are white, blue, or
pale purple. This plant has been much used as a remedy in pulmonary dis-
eases ; but its virtues have no doubt been overrated. g

Inverwort. Early Anemone.

5. HYDRASTIS. Linn.—Yellow Root.

‘ (Supposed to be from the Greek téwo, water; from its growing in moist
places.)

RANUNCULACES. 7

Sepals 3, petaloid, caducous. Petals none. Stamens and
ovaries numerous. Carpels berry-like, numerous, aggregated in
a globose head, terminated by the style, 1—2-seeded.

HT. Canadensis Linn.

Rocks woods. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. Rare. May. 2|.—Stem 6—10
inches high, with two nearly opposite leaves above. Leaves 2—6 inches wide,
palmately 3—5-lobed ; lobes acute, doubly serrate. Flower solitary, on a pe-
dunele about an inch long. Sepals fleshy, pale rose-color, caducous. Fruit
fleshy, purplish, about the size of a large raspberry. ‘The root affords a juice
of a fine yellow color, which is used by the Indians for staining skins and
clothing. Yellow Root. Yellow Puccoon.

6. RANUNCULUS. JLinn.—Crowfoot.

(Probably from the Latin rana, a frog ; the plant often growing in wet places
where frogs abound.) ,

Sepals 5, deciduous. - Petals 5, rarely 10, with a honey scale
at the base on the inside. Stamens and ovaries numerous.
Carpels ovate, somewhat compressed, terminating in a point or
horn, smooth, striated, or tubereulated, arranged in a globose
or cylindric head.

* Carpels transversely rugose-striate. Petalswhite; claws yellow.

1. R. aquatilis, var. capillaceus D. C.: stem filiform, floating; leaves
all submersed, divided into capillary diverging segments; petals obovate,
longer than the calyx. R. flwiatilis Wild.

In streams. Throughout the U. 8. and British America. N. to lat. 68°.
Rather rare. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem long. Leaves petioled. Flowers small,
white or ochroleucous. There are several varieties of R. aquatilis, which have
been described as distinct species. Water Crowfoot.

** Carpels smooth, ovate, collected into a roundish head. Flowers yellow.

+ Leaves undivided.

2. R.Fammula Linn.: leaves glabrous, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, subentire, the lower ones petiolate, the upper ones nearly sessile ;
stem more or less decumbent, rooting at the lower joints; peduncles oppo-
site to the leaves. AR. Fammula, var. major Hook.

Swamps. Can. to Geor. July, Sept. 2|.—Stem 1—2 feet long. Flowers
about half an inch in diameter. Whole plant of a yellowish-green color. Said
to be a powerful and speedy emetic. Small Spearwort.

3. R.reptans Linn. : leaves linear, entire, remote, smooth; stem filiform,
creeping, jointed; joints 1-flowered. R. filiformis Mich. R. reptans, var.
Jiliformis D. C. Torr. R. Fammula, var. filiformis Hook.

River banks. Can.to N.Y. N. to Labrador. W. to Oregon. July, Aug.
2.—A very delicate species. Stem 6—12incheslong. Flowers small. Fruet
very smooth. Although coming from such high authority, I cannot yet adopt
the opinion of Dr. Hooker, that this plant is a mere variety of R. Fummula.
From a comparison of specimens, I am satisfied that our plant is identical with
the foreign R. reptans, Filiform Crowfoot,

8 RANUNCULACES.

4. R. pusillus Pursh.: stem erect or decumbent; leaves petioled; lower
onés ovate and subcordate, entire or sparingly toothed ; upper ones linear-
lanceolate; pedicels opposite to the leaves, solitary, 1-flowered; carpels
smooth, with a minute blunt point.

Wet grounds. N. J. to Geor. and Louisiana. June. Aug. %|.—Stems
6—12 inches high, weak. Flowers small, pale-yellow. Distinguished from
R. Fammula by its smaller size, and by its lower leaves being ovate. Accord-
ing to Dr. Torrey, a variety, (muticus,) in which the carpels are destitute of a
beak, occurs in the low grounds of Bloomingdale, about five miles from the
City Hall. The same variety is also found in Chester co. Penn. Darlngt. Fi.
Cest. Small-flowered Crowfoot.

5. R. Cymbalaria Pursh.: stoloniferous; leaves petiolate, smooth, some-
what fleshy, cordate, reniform or ovate, coarsely crenate; scape 1—3
flowered; petals spatulate, longer than the calyx; carpels ovate, ribbed,
in oblong heads. R. Cymbalaria, var. Americanus D. C.

Salt marshes. N.Y. Mass. Can. to lat. 68° N., and from Hudson’s Bay to
the summits of the Rocky Mountains, where it does notappear to be confined
to salt marshes. July, Aug. |.—Scapes 2—6 inches high. Flowers small.
Fruit oblong. Its runners are very properly compared by Dr. Smith, to those
of the garden strawberry. Sea Crowfoot.

tt Leaves divided.

6. R. abortivus Linn.: smooth; radical leayes petiolate, cordate-orbicu-
late, crenate, sometimes 3-parted; cauline ternate and 3—5-cleft, with
linear-oblong nearly entire segments; upper ones sessile; sepals a little
longer than the petals, reflexed.

Wet grounds. Throughout the U. S. and Can. to lat. 57° N. W. to the
- Rocky Mountains. May. 2|.—Stem a foot high, simple or branching, smooth.
Leaves very variously dissected, mostly smooth. Flowers small, yellow, the
petals being sometimes longer than the calyx. Carpels compressed, forming an
ovate or nearly globose head. R. nitidus of Walter, is a variety of this species,
differmg only in size, being nearly twice as large. Kidney-leaved Crowfoot.

‘7. R., sceleratus Linn.: smooth; radical leaves petioled, 3-parted, the seg-
ments lobed; cauline ones 3-lobed, lobes oblong, linear, entire; sepals re-
flexed, about equal to the petals; carpels small, numerous, forming a cylin-
drical head.

Wet grounds. From lat.67° N.to Car. May—Aug. %|.—Stem a foot high,
branched, succulent. Flowers small. Petals pale yellow. Head sometimes

an inch in length. The plant is almost entirely glabrous.
Celery-leaved Crowfoot.

8. R. Purshii Richardson: submerged leaves 2—3-chotomously divided,
with the segments flat and filiform; emersed ones reniform, 3—5-parted,
the lobes variously divided; petals 5—8, obovate, twice as large as the re-
flexed sepals; carpels in globose heads. WR. multifidus Pursh. BR. lacustris
Beck & Tracy.

Ponds and muddy places. Arct. Amer. toCar. W. to the Rocky Mountains.
May—July. %.—Stem 1—4 feet long. Leaves varying with the place of
growth, from being all divided into numerous filiform segments, to all rounded

or reniform, and cleft into 3—5 lobes. Flowers large, shining, bright yellow. _
Pursh’s Crowfvot.

9, R. acris Linn.: leaves mostly pubescent, 3—5 parted; lobes incisely

RANUNCULACES. g

toothed, acute, the upper ones linear; stem many-flowered; peduncles
terete, not furrowed; calyx spreading, villous; carpels roundish, com-
pressed, terminated by a short recurved beak.

Meadows-and pastures. Hudson’s Bay to Del. W.to Miss. May—Sept.
2|—Stem varying much in height, mostly hairy. Flowers bright yellow,
shining, about an inch in diameter. Introduced ? Tall Crowfoot.

10. R. repens Linn.: leaves ternate; leafets wedgeform, 3-lobed, incisely
dentate; central one petiolate ; main stems prostrate, flowering ones erect ;
peduncles furrowed; calyx pilose, spreading ; carpels with a straight point.
R. nitidus Muhl. R. Marylandicus Poir.

Wet meadows. Can. toGeor. W. to the Pacific. June—Sept. 2|—Plant
increasing by runners. Flowering stems erect, 1—2 feet high. Flowers mid-
dle sized. Creeping Crowfoot.

11. R. Clinton Beck: somewhat hairy; stems creeping and rooting at
each of the joints; lower leaves on long petioles, ternate; leafets toothed
and incised, cuneate, terminal one petioled ; floral leaves incised or linear ;
peduncle 1—3 flowered; petals rounded; calyx spreading; carpels mar-
gined, with a short uncinate style. R. prostratus Hat. R. repens Torr.
g& Gr.

Banks of the canal, near Rome, Oneida co., N. Y. June, July. 2|.—Much
smaller than R. repens, at least of Arnerican botanists, in all its parts except
the flower, which is of a bright yellow, and about as large as that of R. acris.
Leaves seldom more than 14 inches in length, and about the same in breadth.
Stems distinctly creeping like those of R. reptans ; flowering ones 6—8 inches
high. Style short and hooked. ‘This species, which was introduced into the
Ist edition, I still believe to be distinct. _ Chinton’s Crowfoot.

12. R. hispidus Mich.: erect, branched; stem and petioles with stiff
spreading hairs; leaves ternate or 3=parted; leafets or segments acutely
lobed ; pubescence of the pedicels appressed ; calyx hairy, at length reflexed ;
carpels in a globose head, margined, compressed, smooth; style short and
straight. R. Pennsylvanicus Pursh.

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 67°; and from Hudson’s Bay to the
Pacific. June—Aug. ‘%|.—Stem 18 inches high, very hairy ; Lower /eaves on
long petioles; upper ones nearly sessile; leafets nearly all petioled, 3-cleft or
3-parted, attenuate at base. Flowers about the size of R- acris.

Hairy Crowfoot.

13. R. Pennsylvanicus Linn.: stem erect and with the petioles covered
with stiff spreading hairs; leaves ternate, villous; segments subpetiolate,
acutely 3-lobed, incisely serrate ; calyx reflexed, longer than the small pe-
tals; carpels with a short oblique style, collected into an oblong head.
R. hispidus Pursh.

Wet meadows. From the Arctic regions to Geor. July, Aug. 2| —Svtem
1—2 feet high, usually much branched. Flowers small, pale yellow. Carpels
viscid. Distinguished from R. hispidus, by its oblong heads of carpels, and by
its shorter style. Pennsylvanian Crowsoot.

14. R. recurvatus Pursh.: stem erect and with the petioles covered with
spreading hairs; leaves 3-parted, hairy; segments oval, subincised, the
lateral ones 2-lobed; calyx reflexed; petals lanceolate; carpels crowned
with a sharp hooked style.

Shady woods. Throughout the U. S., and from Labrador to the Columbia

1*

10 RANUNCULACE.

river. May—July. %—Stem 12—15 inches high. Flowers small, pale yel-
low, on short peduncles. Sanicle-leaved Crowfoot.

15. R. fascicularus Muhl.: stem erect, branched; leaves on long peti-
oles, pubescent, pinnately divided; the lobes oblong, obovate, pinnatifid ;
calyx spreading, shorter than the petals, villous; carpels orbicular, crowned
with a slender subulate style, collected into a sub-globose head.

Woods. Can. to Penn. W. to Miss. April, May. %|.—Root fascicled.
Stem 6—12 inches high. Flowers about as large as those of R. acris, pale
yellow. Varies considerably in the form of its leaves, which are however al-
Ways much more compound than is usual in this genus.
Bundle-rooted Crowfoot.

16. R. bulbosus Linn.: stem erect, hairy, bulbous at the base; leaves ter-
nate, or quinate-pinnate; leafets 3—5-parted, segments trifid or incised;
peduncles sulcate; calyx reflexed, hairy; carpels in a globose head, with
a short recurved beak.

Meadows. May—Aug. |.—Rooft consisting of thick fibres, tuberous at the

neck. Stem about a foot high. Petals usually 5, deep yellow and shining.
Medicinal. See Big. Med. Bet., Ill. 61. Introduced from Europe.

Butter-cups.

*** Carpels aculeate or tuberculate.

17. R. muricatus Linn.: stem erect or diffuse; leaves smooth, petiolate,
suborbiculate, 3-lobed, coarsely dentate; peduncles opposite to the leaves;
calyx spreading; carpels tuberculate-aculeate, terminated by an ensiform
beak.

Alleghany mountains. Drummond. S. to Louisiana. May—July. U.—
Leaves sometimes undivided. Flowers small. Petals obovate, bright yellow.
Introduced ? Muricate Crowfoot.

7. CALTHA. Linn.—Marsh Marigold. —

(From the Greek xa\a60s, a basket: in allusion to the form of the flower.)

Calyx colored, with 5—10 roundish sepals resembling pe-
tals. Petals none. Stamensnumerous. Ovaries 5—10. Fol-
licles compressed, spreading, many-seeded.

1. C. palustris Linn.:.stem succulent, erect; leaves cordate, suborbicu-
lar, obtusely crenate, petiolate; flowers large, pedunculate; sepals broad
oval.

var. integerrima Torr. & Gr.: radical leaves entire; floral ones sessile,
obscurely crenate; petals obovate. C. integerrima Pursh.

In swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Labrador to the Columbia river.
April, May. %|.—Root of coarse fasciculate fibres.. Stem 6—12 inches high,
erect, somewhat succulent, dichotomously branched above. Leaves large and
shining. Flowers few, an inch or more in diameter, bright yellow.

~ Common Marsh Marigold.

2. C. parnassifolia Raf.: stem erect, 1-flowered, 1-leaved ; radical leaves
petiolate, lanceolate-cordate, very obtuse, many-nerved; sepals elliptical,
styles 5—8. C. ficaroides Pursh. C. palustris, var. parnassifolia Torr.
§ Gr.

RANUNCULACE. i13)

Cedar swamps. N.J.toCar. June, July. %|.—Flowers deep yellow, mid-
dle sized. Parnassia-leaved Marsh Mar ‘gold.

3. C. flabellifolia Pursh.: stem procumbent, many-flowered ; leaves di-
lated-reniform ; lobes widely spreading, coarsely and acutely toothed ; pe-
duncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered; sepals obovate; capsules uncinate.
C. palustris,var. flabellifolia Torr. g Gr.

Sand spring, on Pokono mountain, Penn. Pursh. July, Aug. %|.—Stem
a foot high. Flowers yellow, middle sized. Allied to C. natans found in Can-

ae en eam eeriie, Tooth-leaved Marsh Marigold.
8. TROLLIUS. Linn.—Globe Flower.
(Said to be derived from the obsolete German trol, signifying anything round.)

Sepals colored, 5—10—15, deciduous, petaloid. Petals
5—25, small, 1-lipped, tubular. Stamens and ovaries numer-
ous. . Follicles many, subcylindrical, sessile, many-seeded.

T. Americanus Muhl.: leaves palmate; sepals 5--6, spreading ; petals

15—25, shorter than the stamens. 7. laxus Pursh.

Wet grounds. Can. to Del. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May—July. 2.
—Stem afoot or more high. Flowers terminal, large, yellowish. Probably
often mistaken for a species of Ranunculus. American Gilobe-flower.

9. COPTIS. Saiish—Gold Thread.

(From the Greek xorrw, to cut ; in allusion to the numerous divisions of ‘the
leaves.) ‘

Sepals 5—6, colored, petaloid, deciduous. Petals small,
cucullate. Stamens 20—-25. Follicles 3—10, on lone stalks,
membranous, 4—8 seeded.

C. trifolia Solisb.: leaves on long petioles, ternate; leafets cuneiform-
obovate, obtuse, toothed or obscurely 3-lobed; scape 1-flowered. Helleborus

trifolius Linn.

Swamps. Can. to Virg. N. to Labrador. May—July. %|.—Scape 46
inches high, slender, wiry. Flowers white. It affords a bitter infusion and a
yellow dye. See Bog. Med. Bot. i. 60.

Common Gold Thread.

10. AQUILEGIA. Linn.—Columbine.

(From the Latin agquwila, an eagle; the spurs or nectaries having some re-
semblance to the claws of that bird.)

Sepals 5, deciduous, petaloid. Petals 5, bilabiate, drawn out
into a hollow spur at base. Follicles 5, distinct, many-seeded,
with acuminate styles.

A. Canadensis Linn. : spur straight ; styles and stamens exserted ; sepals
somewhat acute, a little longer than the petals; segments of the leaves 3-
puted, rather obtuse, incisely toothed.

12 RANUNCULACE.

Rocks. Throughout the U. S. and Can. N. to Hudson’s Bay. April, May.
l.— Stem 1—2 feet high, branched above. eaves glaucous ; radical ones
biternate, the upper ones becoming gradually more simple. Flowers yellow
and scarlet. Wild Columéine.

11. HELLEBORUS. Adans.——Hellebore.

~ (From the Greek éAewv, to cause death ; and Gopa, food ; on account of its poison-
ous properties.)

Sepals 5, persistent, mostly greenish. Petals 8—10, very
short, tubular, 2-lipped. Stamens numerous. Stigma orbicu-
lar. Follicles 3—10, slightly cohering at the base, coriaceous,
many-seeded. — Seeds elliptical.

H. viridis Linn.: radical leaves glabrous, pedately divided; the cauline
few, nearly sessile, palmately parted; peduncles often geminate; sepals
roundish-ovate, green.

On the plains near Jamaica, and ina wood near Brooklyn, N.Y. April. 21.—
Stem about a foot high. Radical leaves on long petioles. Flowers an inch or

more in diameter. A naturalized foreigner. Yorr. & Gr.
Green Hellebore.

12. DELPHINIUM. Linn.—Larkspur.

(From the Greek dedgu, a dolphin; from the shape of the upper sepal.)

Calyx deciduous, petaloid, irregular, the upper sepal pro-
duced downward into.a spur. Petals 4; 2 upper ones horned
behind. Ovaries 1—5. Follicles many-seeded.

* Ovaries 3—5. Petals free. Perennial.

1. D. azurewm Mich.: petioles a little dilated at the base; leaves 3—5
parted, many-cleft, lobes linear; raceme erect; petals densely bearded at
the apex; flowers on short pedicels.

Woods. Penn. to Geor. W.to Miss. May. %|.—Stem 2 feet high. Flow-
ers large, blue. Azure Larkspur.

2. D. exaltatum Art.: petioles not dilated at the base; leaves flat, 3—7
cleft beyond the middle; lobes wedgeform, 3-cleft at the apex, acuminate;
lateral ones often 2-lobed; raceme erect; spur straight, as long as the
calyx; capsules 3. D. tridactylwm Mich. P

Woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. May. 2|.—Stem 2 feet high. Flowers
large, light blue. High Larkspur.

3. D. tricorne Mich.: petioles smooth at the base, scarcely dilated ; leaves
5-parted, lobes 3—5-cleft ; segments linear; petals shorter than the calyx;
carpels reflexed, spreading at base, arcuate.

Hills and woods. Penn. to Louis. W. to Arkansas. April, May. 2|.—Stem
6—S inches high. Raceme loose, 6—12 flowered. Flowers bright blue, some-
times white. Three-horned Larkspur.

** Ovary solitary. Petals united. Annual.
4. D.Consolida Linn.: stem erect, smoothish, divaricately branched;

RANUNCULACE. 13

flowers few, in lax racemes; pedicels longer than the bracts; carpels
smooth.

Near cultivated grounds. July. @.—Stem 2 feet high. Flowers blue. In-
troduced from Europe. : Common Larkspur.

| 13. ACONITUM. Linn.—Wolfsbane.

(From the Greek axévn, a cliff or rock; in allusion to its place of growth.)

Calyx petaloid, irregular, deciduous; the upper sepal large
and helmet-form. Petals 5; the 3 lower ones minute, often
converted into stamens ; the 2 upper on long claws, expanded

into a sac or short spur at the summit. Follicles 3—5, many-

seeded. 5;

A. wncinatwm Linn.; panicle rather loose, with divergent branches;
galea exactly conical; spur inclined, somewhat spiral; leaves 3-lobed;

lobes equal.

Mountains. N.Y. to Geor. Sept. ‘|.—Stem twining, branching. Leaves co-
riaceous, deeply 3-lobed. Flowers 3—4, near the summit of each branch, large,
bright blue. De Candolle notices two American varieties of this species.

American Monkshood.

14. ACTA. Linn.—Baneberry.
(From the Greek axrn, the elder ; on account of its resemblance to that plant.)
Sepals 4—5. Petals 4—8, spatulate. Stamens numerous.
Carpels solitary, baccate, many-seeded.

1. A. rubra Willd.: leaves twice and thrice ternate; raceme hemi-
spherical; petals shorter than the stamens, acute; pedicels of the fruit
smaller than the peduncle; berries shining, red, many-seeded. A. spicata
Mich. <A. brachypetala. D. C. A. Americana, var. rubra Pursh.

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. 2|.—Stem 2
feet high. Flowers white. Berries red and shining. Red Cohosh.

2. A. alba Big.: leaves twice and thrice ternate ; raceme oblong ; petals
equal to the stamens ; pedicels of the fruit as large as the peduncle ; berries
white, few-seeded. A. spicata, var. alba Mich. A. Americana, var. alba
Pursh. A. pachypoda Ell.

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May. 2|.—Pedicels shorter and thicker

than in the preceding. Berries milk-white tipt with red, smaller than in A.
rubra. White Cohosh.

15. CIMICIFUGA. Linn.—Bugbane.
(From the Latin cimex, a bug, and fugo, to drive away.)
Sepals 4—5. Petals 3—5, concave or unguiculate, some-
times fewer or none. Stamens numerous. Style short. Car-
pels 1—8, follicular, many-seeded.

C. racemosa Ell. ; racemes very long ; leaves ternately decompound ; leaf

ets ovate-oblong, incisely toothed. C.Serpentaria Pursh, Acte@a racemosa
Ltn.

14 MAGNOLIACEA.

Woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas. July, Aug. %1.—Stem 3—8 feet high.
Racemes 6—10 inches long, somewhat panicled. Flowers greenish-white.
Has a very fetid smell. Medicinal. Biack Snake-root.

16. ZANTHORIZA. Linn.—Yellow Root.
(From the Greek ‘favdos, yellow, and otga, a root.)

Calyx deciduous, 5-sepalled. Petals 5, of 2 roundish gland-
like lobes, raised on a pedicel. Stamens 5—10. Ovaries 5—15,
pointed with the curved styles. Follicles membranaceous, com-
pressed, usually 1-seeded.

Z. apiifolia L? Herit. d

Banks of streams. Penn. to Geor. W.to Texas. May. .—Suffruticose.

Root large, yellow. Stem 2—3 feet high. Leaves bipinnate. Flowers in ra-
cemes, dark purple. Yellow Root..

Orpver I]. MAGNOLIACEA.—Maeno.tiabs.

Sepals 8—6, deciduous. Petals 3—27, in several rows.
Stamens indefinite, distinct, hypogynous; anthers adnate, long.
Ovaries numerous ; style short; stigma simple. Fruit either
dry or succulent, consisting of numerous carpels, which are ar-
ranged upon an elongated axis. Seeds solitary or several.—
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, coriaceous. Flowers large,
solitary, often odoriferous.

1. MAGNOLIA. Linn.—Magnolia.

(In honor of Prof. Magnol, a French botanist.)

Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6—12, in concentric series.
Carpels 1—2-seeded, persistent, forming a strobile-like fruit.
Seeds coated with a fleshy arillus, suspended by a long slen-
der funiculus.

1. M. glauca Linn.: leaves perennial, oblong or oval, petiolate, glau-
cous beneath ; flowers 9—12 petalled; petals obovate, concave.

Swamps. Mass. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June.—A shrub or tree
10—-15, sometimes 30 feet high, with asmooth whitish bark. Flowers terminal,
on thick peduncles, white, 2—3 inches broad, very fragrant. ‘The bark is aro-
matic and bitter. Sweet Bay.

2. M. acuminata Linn.: leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate, pubescent
beneath ; flowers 6—9 petalled; petals obovate, somewhat obtuse.

Woods. \N. Y. toGeor. June, July. A middle sized tree, sometimes, how-
ever, attaining the height of 70 feet. Flowers of a dull yellow color, sometimes
6—8 inches in diameter, glaucous externally. Fruit when green resembling a
young cucumber. Bark aromatic. Cucumber Tree.

3. MM. tripetala Linn.: leaves deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, acute, silky
when young; petals 9, oval-lanceolate, acute, the outer ones reflected.
M. Umbrella Linn.

td

ANONACE. 15

Mountain woods. Penn. to Geor. June.—A small tree with irregular
branches and very large leaves. Flowers white, 7—8 inches in diameter.
Umbrella Tree.

2, LIRIODENDRON. Linn.—Tulip Tree.

(From the Greek Aevetov, a lily, and ésvdoov, a tree; from the appearance of
its flowers.)

Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6. Carpels (Samara) imbri-
cated in a cone, 1—2-seeded, not opening, attenuated.

L. Tulipifera Lann. 6

Woods. Throughout the U.S. June, July. One of the largest trees of
our forest. Leaves alternate, 3-lobed; the middle lobe truncate. Flowers sol-
itary, large, each with two large caducous bracts at the base. Sepals obovate-
oblong, spreading and at length deciduous. Petals lance-obovate, greenish-
yellow, stained with reddish orange below the middle. According to Dr.
Darlington, there are two varieties of this species, differing chiefly in the color
and texture of the wood; the one being yellow and the other white. The
yellow is the most valuable, but both are employed extensively by cabinet
makers. 'The bark is a valuable tonic, &c.—See Big. Med. Bot.

Tulip Tree. White Wood,

Orver III. ANONACEAX.—Anonans.

Sepals 3—4, persistent, usually partly cohering. Petals 6,
in two rows, coriaceous. Stamens indefinite, covering a large
hypogynous disk, packed closely together; filaments short;
anthers adnate. Ovaries mostly numerous ; styles short ; stig-
mas simple. Fruit consisting of a number of carpels. Seeds
attached to the suture in one or two rows.—Trees or shrubs.
Leaves alternate, simple, almost always entire, without stipules.
Flowers usually green or brown, axillary, mostly solitary.

| ASIMINA. Adans.—Papaw.
(A name given by Adanson, the origin of which is unknown.)

Calyx deeply 3-parted. Petals 6, spreading, ovate-oblong ;
iner ones smallest. Anthers many, subsessile. Carpels
usually 3, baccate, ovate or oblong, sessile, pulpy within. Seeds
many.

A. triloba D. C.: leaves oblong, crenate, acuminate, and with the
branches smoothish ; flowers on short peduncles; outer petals roundish
ovate, 4 times as long as the calyx. Anona triloba Linn. Porcelia triloba
Pursh. Uvaria triloba Torr. § Gr.

Banks of streams. Western N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. April—aA small
tree usually from 10 to 15 feet high, with slender nearly smooth branches.
Flowers solitary, lateral, appearing rather before the leaves, dark brownish-
purple. Fruit large, fleshy, sweetish. Nuttall states that the fruit does not
come to perfection N. or EK. of Steubenville, Ohio. Trav. in Arkansas.

Pyay ryY >
F GPIw LTee,

16 BERBERIDACE.

Orprr IV. MENISPERMACEA\.—MeEnisPEerRMapDs.

Flowers diclinous, usually dicecious and very small. Sepals
and petals confounded in one or several rows, each of which is
composed of 3 or 4 parts, deciduous. Stamens monadelphous
or occasionally distinct, sometimes opposite the petals and equal
to them in number, sometimes 3 or 4 times as many; anthers
adnate. Ovaries sometimes numerous, each with one style,
distinct or rarely united. Drupes mostly berried, 1-seeded,
compressed. Seed same shape as the fruit; albumen wanting
or small.—Shrubs, with a flexible tough tissue and sarmenta-
ceous habit. Leaves alternate and entire. Flowers small,
usually racemose.

MENISPERMUM. Linn.—Moonseed.

(From the Greek pfivn, the moon, and oTeoua, a seed ; on account of the lunate
form of the seeds.)

Sepals and petals arranged in fours, 2 or 3-rowed. SreriLz
Fi. Stamens 12—20. Ferrie Fu. Ovaries 1—4. Drupe
berried, roundish-reniform, with a single lunate nut or seed.
Sterile and fertile flowers often dissimilar.

- MW. Canadense Linn: leaves peltate, somewhat glabrous, cordate, ob-

tusely angled, mucronate; racemes solitary, compound ; petals 4—8,

Banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. h.—Varies somewhat
in the angles of the leaves. Stem climbing, 8—12 feet long. Flowers very
small, greenish yellow, tinged with purple. Berries black, resembling grapes.

Canadian Moonseed.

OrperR V. BERBERIDACE42.—BeErsBeERpDs.

Sepals 3—4—6, deciduous, in a double row, surrounded ex-
ternally by petaloid scales. Petals either equal to the sepals
in number and opposite to them, or twice as many, generally
with an appendage at the base in the inside. Stamens equal
in number to the petals, and opposite to them. Ovary solitary,
1-celled ; style rather lateral ; stigma orbicular.. Fruit a berry
or capsule. Seeds crustaceous or membranous.—Shrubs or
herbaceous plants, with alternate leaves.

1, BERBERIS. Linn.—Barberry.
(Supposed to be the Arabian name of the plant.)

Sepals 6, mostly with 3 bracteoles at the base. Petals 6
with 2 2 glands upon their claws. Stamens without teeth, or

BERBERIDACE. 17

with 2—3 teeth. Berry 2—3-seeded. Seeds 2, rarely 38, in-
serted laterally at the base of the cell.

B. vulgaris Linn.: spines 3-parted; leaves simple, obovate, attenuate
at base, closely serrate with bristly teeth; racemes many-flowered, pendu-
lous; petals entire. B. Canadensis Pursh. Nutt.

Road sides and fields. Throughout the U.S. and Can. April, May. h.—
A shrub 4—6 feet high. Leaves alternate. Flowers in pendulous racemes, pale
yellow. Berries red, and of an agreeable acid. Supposed to have been intro-
duced from Europe. Atall events the American, is exactly similar to the Eu-
ropean, plant. f Common Barberry.

2. LEONTICE. Linn.—Lion’s Foot.

(Abridged from the Greek Acovrameradov 3 the leaf resembling the print of a
lion’s foot.)

Sepals 6, naked without. Petals 6, bearing a scale at the
base within. Capsules 2—4-seeded. Seeds globose, inserted
into the bottom of the capsule.

L. thalictroides Linn.: lower leaf triternate, upper one biternate ; leafets
oblong ovate and cuneate-obovate, mostly 3-lobed at the apex; flowers
paniculate; peduncle from the base of the upper petioles. Caulophyliwm
thalictroides. Mich.

Rocky woods. Throughout the U. S.and Can. April, May. 2|—Stem a
foot high, purplish and glaucous when young. Leaves mostly 2. Flowers
small, greenish-yellow. Seeds deep blue, globose, contracted below into a
long stipitate base. Whole plant turns almost black in drying.

Blue Cohosh.

3. PODOPHYLLUM. Linn.—May Apple.

‘ (From the Greek movs, foot, and ¢v\)ov, a leaf; the leaf resembling a web
oot.)

Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6—9. Stamens 12—18. Stig-
ma large, subsessile, peltate, persistent. Berry somewhat fleshy,
not dehiscent. Seeds many.

P. peltatwm Linn.: stem erect, 2-leaved, 1-flowered ; fruit oval.

Woods. Throughout the U.S. and Can. May. 2{.—Svema foot high, 2-
leaved, I-flowered. Leaves large, peltate, palmate-lobed. Flower solitary in
the fork of the petiole, pendulous, white. Fruét aninch to an inch and a half
long, yellowish when mature, pulpy and succulent. Its root is often used as a
substitute for jalap. See Big. §& Bart. Med. Bot. and Schneck’s Exper. Ing. &c.
NN. Y. Med. and Phys. Jour. ii. 30. May Apple. Mandrake.

4. JEFFERSONIA. Bart.—Twin-leaf.
(In honor of Thomas Jefferson.)
Sepals 4, petaloid. Petals 8, oblong. Capsules obovate,
semicircularly dehiscent. Seeds many, arillate at base.

J. diphylla Pers.. J. Bartonis Mich.
Western and Northern N. Y. Penn. Virg.and Tenn, May. [.—Scape a

18 NELUMBIACE.

foot high. Leaf binnate, petioled. —Flower terminal, solitary, large, white, re-
sembling that of Sanguinaria. Capsule large, coriaceous. Seeds shining, ob-
long. Twin-leaf. Rheumatism-root.

OrperR VI. CACOMBACE Al.—W ater-sHIELpDs.

Sepals 3 or 4, colored inside, persistent. Petals 3 or 4, al-
ternate with the sepals. Stamens definite or indefinite; an-
thers linear, turned inwards, continuous with the filament.
Ovaries 2 or more. Fruit indehiscent, tipped by the indurated
style. Seeds few, pendulous ; embryo seated at the base of a
fleshy albumen.—Aquatics, with floating leaves. Flowers ax-
illary, solitary, yellow or purple.

HYDROPELTIS. Mich.—Water-shield. ;
Calyx of 8—4 sepals. Petals 3—4. Stamens, 18—36.
Ovaries 6—18. Carpels oblong, acuminate, 1—2-seeded.
HI. purpurea Mich. Brasenia peltata Pursh.

Lakes and ponds. Can. to Geor. June, July. 2|.—Whole plant covered with
a viscid gelatine. Stem floating, long, terete, branched. Leaves oval, peltate,
coriaceous, very entire and tinged with purple on the lower side. Peduncles
solitary, long, each springing from the side of a petiole. Flowers purple, about
an inch in diameter. Water-shield. Water-target.

Onvine WATE NELUMBIACE 2. Sis BEANS.

Sepals 4 or 5. Petals numerous, oblong, im many rows.
Stamens numerous, arismg from within the petals im several
rows ; filaments petaloid ; anthers adnate. ‘Torus a fleshy ele-
vated disk, very large, enclosing the numerous separate ovaries
in hollows of its substance. Nuts numerous, half buried in
hollows of the disk in which they are finally loose. Seeds soli-
tary, rarely 2.—Herbs with peltate fleshy floating leaves, arising
from a prostrate trunk, growing in quiet waters.

NELUMBIUM. Juss.—Sacred Bean.
(From the Ceylon name, Nelumbo.)

Calyx petaloid, of 4—6 sepals. Petals numerous. Carpels
numerous, deeply immersed in the upper surface of a turbinate
receptacle or torus, 1-seeded. Seed large, round, solitary.

N. lutewm Willd.: anthers produced into a linear appendage at the ex-
tremity ; leaves peltate, orbicular, very entire. Cyamus flavicomus Salish.
Pursh. C. luteus Nutt. Nee

Lakes. N.Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July. 2.—JZeaves a foot or more in
diameter, alternate, peltate. Peduncles very long, more or less scabrous.

Flowers yellowish-white, and larger than that produced by any plant in North
America, except Magnolia macrophylla, Water Chinquepin.

PAPAVERACE. 19

Orpver VIL. NYMPH HACE 4.—W ater-iizres.

Sepals and petals numerous, imbricated, passing gradually
into each other. Stamens numerous, inserted above the petals
into the disk; filaments petaloid; anthers adnate. Disk large,
fleshy, surrounding the ovary more or less. Ovary with radi-
ating stigmas. Fruit many-celled, indehiscent. Seeds very
numerous.—Herbs with peltate or cordate fleshy leaves, arising
from a prostrate trunk, growing in quiet. waters.

1. NYMH AA. Linn.—White Water-lily.
(From its imbibing the water, as the Nymphs were supposed to do.)

~ Sepals 4, at the base of the disk. Petals and stamens inserted
into the fleshy disk surrounding the ovary. —

N. odorata Ait.: leaves, floating, orbicular-cordate, very entire ; nerves
and veins prominent ; stigma 16—20 rayed; rays incurved.

Ponds. Can.toCar. June, July. 2|.—There are two varieties of this plant.
One has the sinus and lobes of the leaves more or less acute; the flowers
white (N. alba. Mich.) The other is smaller, has purplish leaves and peduncles,
and rose-colored flowers, (V. minor D.C.) Both have the /eaves on very long
petioles, coriaceous, and lying on the surface of the water. Flowers 3—4 inches
in diameter, very odorous. White Pond Lily.

2. NUPHAR. Smith.—Yellow Water-lily.
(A name applied by Dioscorides.)

Sepals, petals, and stamens, inserted at the base of the disk.

1. N. lutea Smith: calyx with 5 sepals; stigma entire, 16—20 rayed,
deeply umbilicate ; leaves cordate, oval, lobes approximate ; petioles 3-sided,
acute-angled. Nymphaea lutea Linn.

In water. N.S. and N. to lat.64°. June. %.—Sepals very obtuse. Pe-
tals much smaller, truncate. Confounded by some of our botanists with the
next species, from which it is quite distinct.

Small-flowered Yellow Water-lily.

2. N. advena Ait.: calyx 6-sepalled; petals numerous, small; leaves
cordate, with divaricate lobes; petioles semicylindrical; fruit sulcate.
Nymphaea advena Mich.

In water. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. June, July. 2|.—Leaves upright
or floating. Flowers large, yellow. Common Yellow Water-lily.

3. N. Kalmiana Ait.: calyx 5-leaved; stigmas incised, 8—12-rayed ;
leaves cordate, submersed, with approximate lobes; petioles terete —
Nymphea lutea var. Kalmiana Mich.

In water. N. S.and Can. July, Aug. 2|.—Jeaves and flowers small. Tor-
rey considers it a variety of NV. lutea. Kalm’s Water-lily.

Orprer IX. PAPAVERACE®.—Porpyrwonrts.
Sepals 2, rarely 8, deciduous. Petals 4 or 6, usually crum-
led before expansion, occasionally none. Stamens numerous;
? o

20 PAPAVERACES.

anthers 2-celled, innate. Ovary 1; style short or none. Fruit
1-celled, either pod-shaped or capsular, with several placentz.
Seeds numerous, with a minute embryo.—Herbaceous plants
or shrubs, often with a milky juice. Leaves alternate, more or
less divided. Peduncles long, 1-flowered.

1, ARGEMONE. Linn.—Prickly Poppy.

(From the Greek apyepa, a disease of the eye ; supposed to be relieved by this ©
plant.)

Petals 4—-6. Stamens many. Style scarcely any. Stigma
4—‘7-lobed ; lobes radiately reflexed, persistent. Capsules obo-
vate, spinose, 1-celled, 5-valved; valves opening at ute apex.

A. Mexicana Tann.

Banks of streams. Penn. to Flor. W. to the Platte River. June, July. ©.
—Stem 2—3 feet high, branching, armed with prickles. Leaves sessile, pin-
natifid, repand-sinuate, margins and veins beneath armed with spines. Flowers
axillary and terminal, large, yellow or white. Probably introduced.

Common Prickly Poppy.

2. SANGUINARIA. Linn.—Blood-root.
(From the Latin sanguis, blood ; in allusion to the color of its juice.)

Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals8—12. Stamens24. Stigmas
2, connate. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved, ventricose ;
valves deciduous.

S. Canadensis Linn.

Woods. Throughout the U.S. and Can. April, May. 1%|.—Root tuberous,
affording a bitter orange-colored juice, which contains a vegeto-alkaline prin-
ciple. eaves radical, reniform or cordate. Flowers large, white, solitary.
Medicinal. Emetic, &e. Big. Med. Bot.i. 75. Tully on Sanguinuria.— Am.
Med. Recorder, vol. xiii. Red Puccoon. Blood-root.

3. MECONOPSIS. D. C—Meconopsis.

(From the Greek pnxwv, a poppy, and os, appearance ; on account of its re-
semblance to the poppy.)

Petals 4. Stamens many. Style short. Stigma 4—6, ra-
diating, convex, free. Capsules obovate, 1- celled ; valves 4—6,
dehiscent at the apex.

1. M. diphylla D. C.: leaves 2, sessile, hairy ; lobes rounded and obtuse ;
capsules 4-valved, echinate. Chelidoniwm diphyllum Mich. Pursh. Stylo-

phorum diphajllum Nutt. yh ae
Woods. Penn to Miss. S.to'Tenn. May. % —Stem a foot high. Leaves
glaucous. Flowers yellow. Abundant in Indiana. T'wo-leaved Meconopsis._
2. M. petiolata D. C.: leaves 2—3, on leng petioles, smoothish: e-
sules echinate. Stylophorum petiolatum Nutt.
Alleghany Mountains. Hooker. Shady woods on the peaks of the Ohio.— -

SARRACENIACE. Zl

Nutt. May—July. %|—Stem 12—18 inches high. Leaves large, smooth and

glaucous beneath, with 5—7 large lobes. Flowers large, yellow.
Stalk-leaved Meconopsis.

‘ -/ ~ 4, CHELIDONIUM. Linn.—Celandine.

(From the Greek ys\.dov, a swallow; its flowers appearing about the same
time as that bird.) -

Sepals 2, glabrous. Petals 4. Stamens many. Capsule
elongated, (resembling a silique,) 2-valved, 1-celled ; valves de-
hiscent from the base to the apex. Seeds several, furnished
with a glandular crest. eit

C. majus Linn.: leaves pseudo-pinnate, glaucous; segments ovate, cre-

nate-lobed ; pedicels somewhat umbellate ; petals elliptic, entire.

Fields and waste places. N.S. May—Oct. % .—Stem 1—2 feet high,
branched. Flowers yellow. Capsule about an inch long, narrow, sublinear.
Plant full of an orange juice. Introduced from Europe. Common Celandine.

5. PAPAVER. Linn.—Poppy.

(From the Celtic Papa, pap; being added to the food of children to induce
sleep.)

Sepals 2, concave, caducous. Petals 4. Stigma sessile, ra-
diate, persistent. Capsule obovoid, 1-celled, opening by mi-
nute valves under the margin of the stigma.

P. dubiwm Linn.: leaves pseudo-pinnate; segments lance-oblong, pin-
natifidly incised, sessile, decurrent ; stem with spreading hairs ; peduncles
with appressed bristly hairs; capsule obovoid-oblong, smooth.

Cultivated grounds. Downington, Penn. Darlingt. May. (1).—Stem 1—2
feet high. Flowers on long flexuous peduncles, pale red. Introduced.
Field Poppy.

Orper X. SARRACENIACE At.—Sarracentraps.

Calyx 4—6-leaved, much imbricated, without a corolla; or
consisting of 5 persistent sepals, often having a 3-leaved inyo-
lucre on the outside, and 5 unguiculate, concave petals. Sta-
mens numerous; anthers oblong, adnate. Ovary, 2—5-celled;
style simple, truncate, or expanded into a large peltate plate
with 5 stigmatic angles. Capsule with 3—5 cells. Seeds mi-
nute, very numerous.—Herbs found in bogs. Leaves radical,
with a hollow urn-shaped petiole, at whose apex the lamina is
articulated, and which fits like a lid. Scapes each bearing one
large flower.

22 FUMARIACES.

SARRACENIA. Linn.—Side-saddle Flower.

(In honor of Dr. Sarrazin, who resided in Quebec, and sent the plant to
Tournefort.)

Sepals 5, with a 3-leaved involucre. Petals 5. Stigma very
large, peltate, 5-angled. Capsule 5-celled.

S. purpurea Linn.: leaves much shorter than the scape, inflated, con-
tracted at the mouth, having a broad arched lateral wing ; appendix erect,

broad-cordate, undulate, not mucronate.

Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Lake Superior. June, July. %.—
Scape 1—2 feet high, with a solitary terminal purple flower. A variety with
yellow flowers has been found in Northampton, Mass. and in Seneca co. N. Y.

Common Side-saddle Flower.

Okpen XL. FUMARIACE #— Fowewrones:

Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 4, cruciate, very irregular.
Stamens 4, distinct, or 6, in 2 parcels, opposite the outer pe-
tals, very seldom all separate. Ovary free, 1-celled. Stigma
with 2 or more points. Fruit either an indehiscent 1 or 2-
seeded nut, or a 2-valved many-seeded pod. Seeds horizontal,
with fleshy albumen.—Herbs with brittle stems and a watery
juice. Leaves usually alternate, many-cleft, often with tendrils.

1. FUMARIA. Linn.—Fumitory.

(From the Latin fumus, smoke ; perhaps in allusion to the effect of its juice
and odor on the eyes.) :

Calyx of 2 sepals. Petals 4, one gibbous or spurred at the
base. Pouch ovate or globose, 1-seeded, indehiscent, not pointed
with a style. ; ;

F. officinalis Linn.: stem sub-erect; leaves bipinnate and. cleft with
linear segments ; racemes rather loose; fruit-bearing pedicels erect, twice as

long as the bracts; pouch globose, smooth, somewhat retuse.

Near cultivated ground. N. Y.to Car. May—July, Aug. .—Stem a foot
high. Flowers rose-colored. Introduced from Europe. Common Fumitory.

2. DICENTRA. Borckh.—Dicentra.

(From the Greek dts twice, and xévrpov @ spur.)

Petals 4, 2 outer ones equally spurred or gibbous at base.
Pod 2-valved, many-seeded.

1. D. Cucullaria Torr.: scape naked; raceme, simple, 1-sided; wing
ofthe inner petals short; spurs straight, divaricate, acute. Diclytra Cucul-
laria D. C. Fumaria Cucullaria Linn.

Shady hills. Throughout Can. and N.S. W. to Miss. April, May. 2.—
Root bulbous. Scape 6—8 inches high. Leaves 2, triternately decompound.

CRUCIFERZ. 23

Flowers large, white, tinged with yellow and purple. Spurs frequently much
divaricated. Dutchman’s Breeches.

2. D. Canadensis Torr.: scape naked, raceme simple,4—6 flowered; spurs
short, rounded; wing of the inner petals projecting beyond the summit.
Diclytra Canadensis D. C. Corydalis Canadensis Goldie. _

Rocky woods. Can. to N. Y. W. to Ken. April. %|—Root tuberous.
Scape 5—6 inches high, rising above the leaves, which usually have the seg-
ments longer and narrower than those of the preceding species. Flowers fra-
grant, white, tinged with pale purple. Turkey Corn.

3. D.eximia Torr.: scape naked; raceme compound, the branches cym-
ulose ; spurs short, obtuse, somewhat incurved; wings of the petals project-
ing beyond the summit; leaves numerous. Diclytra eximia D.C. Cory-
dalis formosa Pursh. )

Mountains. Yates County, N. Y. Sartwell.S.to Car. April—July. 2|.—

Root bulbous. Scape 8—12 inches high. Leaves numerous. Flowers pendu-
lous, reddish purple. Choice Dicenira. .

3. CORYDALIS. D. C, Corydalis.
(From yoovdadts, the Greek name of Fumitory.)
Petals 4, one spurred at base. Pod 2-valved, compressed,
many-seeded. .
1. C. glauca Pursh.: stem erect, branched; leaves glaucous, decom-
pound; segments cuneate, trifid; bracts oblong, acute, shorter than the

pedicels ; pod linear, flat, scarcely torulose—Fwmaria glauca Curtis.

Rocky woods. Can. N. to 64° S. to Car. W. to Miss. May—July. (@ or
@.—Stem 1—2 feet high. Leaves 1—3 inches long, the lower ones on long

petioles. Flowers variegated with red yellow and green.
Glaucous Corydalis.

2. C. aurea Willd.: stem branched, diffuse ; leaves glaucous, doubly pin-
nate ; lobes oblong, acute; bracts lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, toothed ;
pod terete, torulose. Fwmaria awrea Muhl.

Shady rocks. Throughout Can. and N. to lat. 64°. W. to Rocky Mountains,
and S.to S.Car. April—August. (@ or @).— Stem 8—12 inches high, branch-
ing,slender. Racemes terminal and opposite the leaves. Flowers small, bright
yellow. Golden Corydalis.

4. ADLUMIA. Raf.—Climbing Fumitory.
(In honor of Mr. John Adlum, a distinguished cultivator of the vine.)
Petals 4, united in a spongy monopetalous corolla, persistent,
and with two protuberances at base. Pod 2-valved, many-
seeded.
A.cirrhosa Raf.: Corydalis fungosa Pers. Fumaria fungosa Willd.

Woods.’ Can. to Penn. Catskill mountains. July—September. (@).—Svem
8—15 feet long, slender, branching and climbing. Leaves pinnately divided,
the midrib twining like a tendril. Flowers in compound axillary racemes,
pale violet or nearly white. Climbing Fumitory.

Orver XII. CRUCIFERA.

_ Sepals 4, deciduous, imbricate or valvate. Petals 4, cruciate,
alternate with the sepals. Stamens 6, of which two are shorter,

CRUCIFERS.

24 CRUCIFERZ.

solitary, and opposite the lateral sepals, and four longer, in
pairs, opposite the anterior, and posterior sepals. Disk with
various green glands between the petals and the stamens and
ovary. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Stigmas 2. Fruit a silicule
or silique (pouch or pod,) rarely 1-celled and valveless, gene-
rally 2-celled and 2-valved, 1 or many-seeded, indehiscent or
opening by the two valves. Seeds attached in a single row by
a cord to each of the placente, generally pendulous, without
albumen; the embryo with the radical folded upon the cotyle-
dons.—Herbaceous plants. Leaves alternate. Flowers usually
yellow or white, in corymbs or racemes,

I. SILICULOSA.—Pod short and broad (pouch.)

1. CAKILE, Linn.—Sea Rocket.
(An old Arabic word, applied probably to this or some allied genus.)

Pouch 2-jointed, compressed ; the upper joint ensiform or
ovate. Seed solitary in the cells; upper erect, lower (some-
times abortive) pendulous.

C. Americana Nutt.: leaves fleshy, obovate, attenuate at base, more or
less toothed and lobed; joints of the pouch 1-seeded; the uppermost one
ovate, acute. C. maritima, var. Americana Tare Bumas maritima
Pursh. B.edentula Big.

Sea shores. Can. to Geor. Shores of the Great Lakes. July, Aug. @©.—
Plant fleshy, branched and decumbent. Flowers corymbed, pale purple.
American Sea Rocket.

2. THLASPI. Linn.—Penny Cress.

(From the Greek 0\aw, to flatten ; probably on account of its ebhapicseed
seed vessels.)

Pouch emarginate at the apex; valves boat-form, winged on
the back ; cells 2—many-seeded. Petals equal. Calyx equal
at base.

1. T. arvense Linn. : leaves oblong-sagittate, coarsely toothed, smooth ;
pouch suborbicular, shorter than the pedicel, its wings dilated lonsieadieeliy:

Stony fields. Can and N. S. W. to Miss. June. ().—Stem a foot high,
erect, somewhat branched. Leaves smooth. Flowers small, white, in a ra-
ceme. Pouch very large, with dilated wings. Perhaps introduced.

Penny Cress.

2. T. tuberosum Nutt.: leaves rhombic-ovate, obsoletely toothed, smooth,
sessile; radical ones upon long petioles; stem pUnesceny, very short and
simple ; root tuberous ; pouch suborbicular, short.

Penn. Nutt. April, May. (@.—Stem 4--5 inches high. Flowers large,
rosaceous. Tuberous Penny Cress.

CRUCIFERZ. 45)

3. CAPSELLA. D. C—Shepherd’s Purse.
(The diminutive of capsula ; a little capsule or box.)
Pouch triangular, wedge-form at base; valves boat-form,
not winged ; cells many-seeded.

C. Bursa-pastoris D. C.: radical leaves pinnatifid.

Cultivated grounds. Throughout the U.S. April—Oct. (@.—Stem from 3
inches to 1—2 feet high. Radical leaves more or less pinnatifid, hairy; cauline
ones oblong, toothed, sagittate at base. Flowers small, white, in terminal spiked
racemes. Introduced from Europe. Common Shepherd’s Purse.

4. DRABA. Linn.—Whitlow Grass.
(From the Greek doa(n, acrid, as are the leaves of many of this genus.)
Pouch sessile, oval or oblong; valves flat or slightly convex.
Seeds many, not margined. Calyxequal. Petals entire. Sta-
mens without teeth.
1. D. Caroliniana Walt.: stem leafy and hispid at the base, naked and
smooth at the top; leaves ovate-roundish, entire, hispid; pouch linear,

smooth, longer than the pedicel. D. hispidula Mich. ~

Sandy fields. Conn. to Geor. W. to Miss. April, May. (@).—Stems 2—4
inches high. Leaves clustered on tlie lower part of the stem, very hairy. Pouch
4—6 lines long, linear-lanceolate. Flowers-white. Carolina Whitlow Grass.

2. D. arabisans Mich.: stem leafy, somewhat branched, subpubescent ;
leaves sparingly toothed ; radical ones wedge-lanceolate; cauline oblong ;
pouch smooth, lanceolate-oblong, longer than the pedicel.

Rocks. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. May, June. @)—Stems 6—12 inches
high. Pouch half an inch long, erect, acuminate, twisted. Flowers white.

LE pa Bunch-flowered Whitlow-grass.
5. EROPHILA. D. C.—Erophila.

(From the Greek np, noos, spring, and ¢:A\\ew to love; in allusion to its early
flowering.)

Pouch oval or oblong ; valves flat. Seeds many, not mar-
gined. Calyx equal. Petals 2-parted. Stamens without
teeth.

E. vulgaris D. C.: pouch elliptic, shorter than the pedicel; scape 5—15
flowered. E. Americana D.C. Draba verna Linn.

Fields. Can. to Virg. March—May. ().—Scape 2—6 inches high, naked.
Leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed, hairy. Flowers minute, white. Pouch
on long pedicels, with a very short style. Specimens of this plant obtained

from my friend, Dr. Matthew Stevenson, of Washington co. N. Y. agree in
all respects with the foreign E. vulgaris, as do also those which I have collected
elsewhere. Common Whitlow Grass.

6. COCHLEARIA. Linn.—Scurvy Grass.
(From the Latin, cochlear, a spoon ; from a fancied resemblance in the leaves.)

Pouch sessile, ovate, globose, or oblong; valves, ventricose.
Seeds many, not margined. Calyx equal at base, spreading.
Petals entire. Stamens without teeth.

.3
oe

&

26 CRUCIFERS.

€. Armoracia, Linn.: root large, fleshy; radical leaves on long petioles,
oblong, crenate; cauline long-lanceolate, serrate or entire; pouch oblong ;
stigma dilated, nearly sessile.

Waste grounds. June. 2|.—Root large and very pungent to the taste. Stem

2—3 feet high. Flowers white, in elongated racemes. Introduced, and exten-
sively cultivated. Used as a condiment. - Horse Radish.

7. LEPIDIUM. Linn.—Pepper-grass.
(From the Greek \errs, a seale ; in allusion to the form of the pouch.)

Pouch ovate or somewhat cordate; valves keeled or rarely
ventricose, dehiscent ; cells 1-seeded. Seeds somewhat triquet-
rous or compressed. Petals equal.

1. L. Virginicum Linn.: stem branched ; radical leaves pinnatifid: cau-
line linear-lanceolate, serate, smooth: stamens often 2; pouch orbicular,
flat, emarginate, shorter than the pedicel. Tvlaspi Virginianum Poir.

Sandy fields. Can. to Louis. W. to Miss. June—Oct. (@).—Stem a foot
high, branched above. Flowers minute, white. Pouch about 2 lines long,
slightly emarginate. Wild Pepper-grass.

2. L. campestre Brown: cauline leaves sagittate, toothed; pouch ovate,
Winged, rough with minute scales, emarginate; style scarcely longer than
the notch. Thlaspi campestre Linn.

Waste places. Long Island, Staten Island, and elsewhere in the U. S.
June, July. @) or @).—Stem a foot high, erect, simple or paniculately branched
above. Racemes much elongated in fruit. Flowers white. Introduced.

Field Pepper-grass.

3. L. Smiihit Hook: cauline leaves sagittate, toothed; pouch ovate,
emarginate, winged, smooth or minutely scaly on the back; style much
exserted beyond the notch. UZ. hirtum Beek Bot. 1st Ed.

Fields near New Brunswick, N. J. June. @)?—Stem 12—18 inches high,
very leafy. Lower-leaves petioled, and somewhat pinnatifid; cauline sub-
clasping, sagittate, toothed, covered with a whitish pubescence. Flowers in
dense hairy racemes. Pouch, in my specimens, scabrous. emarginate, with a
style about halfits length. Perhaps introduced. Rough Pepper-grass.

8. CAMELINA. Crantz.—Camelina.

_(From the Greek yapat, dwarf or humble, and \tvov, flax ; on account of a fan-
cied resemblance in the plants.)

Pouch obovate or subglobose; valves ventricose, dehiscent
with part of the style; cells many-seeded. Style filiform. Seeds
oblong, not margined.

C. sativa D.C.: pouch obovate, pyriform, margined, tipped with the
pointed style; leaves roughish, sub-entire, lanceolate, sagittate ; flowers nu-
merous, incorymbs. Myagrum sativum Linn.

Cultivated grounds. N.Y. and Penn. May. June. @.—Stem2—3 feet high,

oe above. Flowers numerous, corymbose, pauiculate, small yellow.
ouches large, on long slender pedicels. Introduced from Europe.

Gold of Pleasure.

CRUCIFERA. 27.

9. SUBULARIA. Linn.—Awl-wort.
(From the Latin subula, an awl; the leaves being subulate, or awl-shaped.)

Pouch oval; dissepiment elliptical; valves convex; cells
many-seeded. Stigma sessile. Cotyledons incumbent, linear,
2-plicate. |

S. aquatica Linn.

Margins of ponds. Maine. July. |.—Scape 2—4 inches high. Leaves
few, radical, awl-shaped, 1—3 inches long. Flowers small, white, in corymbs.
Valves more convex or turgid than in Draba. Water Awl-wort.

10. LUNARIA. Linn.—Honesty.

(From the Latin luna, the moon ; in allusion to the form and appearance of its
pouch.)

Pouch pedicellate, elliptic or lanceolate ; valves flat. Funicles
long, adhering to the dissepiment. Calyx somewhat bisaccate.
Petals nearly entire. Stamens not toothed.

L. biennis D. C.: pouch elliptical, obtuse at each end. L.annua. Linn.
Nutt.

Fields. Penn. May, June. @).—Naturalized near Philadelphia. Nutt.
Biennial Honesty.

II. SILIQUOS A.—Pod mostly long and narrow.
11. DENTARIA. Linn.—Tooth-wort.

(From the Latin dens, a tooth ; on account of the tooth-like scales of the root.)

Pod narrow-lanceolate, with a long tapering style; valves
flat, nerveless, often opening elastically. Seeds ovate, not mar-
gined, in one row.

1. D. laciniata Muhl.: cauline leaves 3, verticillate, on short petioles ;
ternate ; leafets 3-parted ; segments linear, entire, or coarsely toothed; root
moniliform. D. concatenata Mich.

Woods. Throughout the U.S., but rather rare. April, May. 2|.—Stem
6—12 inches high, simple. Flowers in loose terminal racemes, pale rose-colored
or white. Peials wedge-obovate, attenuated below. Pod an inch long.

Common Tooth-wort.

2. D. diphylla Mich.: cauline leaves mostly 2, on short petioles, ternate ;
leafets ovate-oblong, unequally and coarsely serrate or laciniate.

Woods. Throughout Can. and U.S. May. 2|.—S/em 6—10 inches high.
Leaves large, opposite or closely Sp anEN above the middle of the stem.
Flowers white or pale purple, larger than in the preceding species. Pod about an
inch long. Pepper-root.

3. D. heterophylla Nutt: stem 2-leaved ; leaves ternate, petiolate ; leafets
linear, sub-lanceolate, acute, entire, margin rough, ciliate; radical leaves
ovate-oblong, incisely and coarsely toothed.

Woods. Penn. to Ken. June. 2.—Root tuberous. Corymb about 9-flowered.
Flowers pale purple, about as large as those of Cardamine pratensis. ‘The smallest
of the genus, Small Tooth-wort.

28 CRUCIFER &.

4. D. maxima Nutt.: leaves many, alternate, on long petioles, ternate ;
leafets sub-oval, incisely and acutely toothed, lateral ones lobed; axils
naked ; racemes lateral and terminal.

Woods. In the western part of N. Y. and Penn. Nuff. Rare. June. U.—
Tubers concatenate. Stem sometimes nearly 2 feet high. Leaves 5—7, remote,
the margin a little roughened ; leafets broad. Flowers in racemes, pale purple.

Tall 'Tooth-wort.

12. BARBAREA. Brown—Winter-cress. ‘i
(From St. Barbara, to whom this plant was formerly dedicated.)

Pod 4-angled and somewhat 2-edged; valves awnless at the
apex. Seeds ina single row. Calyx erect, equal at base.

1. B. vulgaris Brown: lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobes roundish ;
upper ones sessile, obovate, toothed; pod 4-sided, tapering into a slender
style. Erysimum Barbarea Linn.

Pastures and wet grounds. N.S. N. to the Arctic Regions. Hook. May—
Sept. 2|.—Stem 1—2 feet high, smooth, branched above. Flowers in dense
racemes, small, yellow. Bitter Winter-cress.

2. B. precox Brown: lower leaves lyrate, upper ones pinnatifid; seg-
ments linear-oblong, entire; pod linear, obtuse, compressed. Erysimum
precoe Smith.

Waste grounds. Can. and Conn. Eaton. April—Sept. @.—Stem 1—2 feet
high, more slender than the last. Flowers smaller; pods longer.
Early Winter-cress.

13. ARABIS. Linn.—Wall-cress.
(Supposed to have received this name, because originally an Arabian genus.)

Pod linear, plane ; valves flat, 1-nerved in the middle. Seeds
in one row in each eell, oval or orbicular, compressed. Coty-
ledons flat, accumbent.

1. A. sagittata D. C.: leaves subdentate, rough, with the pubescence
eften branched; radical ones ovate or oblong, attenuated into a petiole;
cauline lanceolate, sagittate-cordate; pedicels of the length of the calyx;
pods stiffly erect. 2

var. ovata D. C.: leaves rough; radical ones ovate, toothed; cauline
clasping. A. ovata Poir. Turritis ovata Pursh.

var. oblongata D. C.: leaves rough, radical ones ovate-oblong, toothed ;
cauline sagittate-amplexicaul. Twrritis oblongata Raf. we

Rocks. _ Can. (lat. 63° N.) to Virg. W. to Oregon. oe 12—18 inches
high, simple. Flowers small, white. A very variable plant.

Sagittate Wall-cress.

2. A. hirsuta D. C.: leaves dentate, pubescent or scabrous; radical
ones obovate-oblong, tapering into a petiole; cauline ovate-lanceolate ;
pedicels as long as the calyx; pod erect. Twrritis hirsuta Jacq.

Conn. Robbins. Alleghany Mountains. Hook. June. @.—Stem 6—12 inches
high, hairy. Flowers small, white. A specimen of this plant, gathered in Con-

necticut by Dr. Robbins, agrees very well with the foreign one, from which it
seems to me our A. sagittata is quite distinct. Hairy Wail-cress.

CRUCIFERZ. 29

3. A, lyrata Linn.: stem somewhat branched, hairy at base; radical
leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, often pilose; those of the stem linear or spatulate,
entire, smooth ; pedicels somewhat spreading ; pod rather erect and nearly
straight. Sisymbriwm arabidoides Hook.

On rocks. Throughout the N. 8S. and Can. W. tothe Rocky Mountains.
April—June. @).—Stem 8—12 inches high. Flowers large, white, or rarely
pale purple. Lyre-leaved Wall-cress.

4. A. laevigata D.C.: erect, glabrous and glaucous; radical leaves,
obovate, petioled, sinuate-dentate ; cauline linear, sessile, very entire; pod
long and narrow, recurved-pendulous; seeds margined, Twrritislavigata
Willd.

Rocky places. N.S. May. @)—Siem 1—3 feet high. Flowers few, small,
in corymbed racemes. Pod 2 inches long, linear, somewhat tortuous, tapering at
the extremity into a very short style. Smooth Wall-cress.

5. A. dentata Torr. §& Gr.: rough with a stellate pubescence; radical
leaves obovate, tapering at base into a petiole which is as long as the la-
mina, irregularly dentate; cauline oblong, clasping ; pod short, spreading ;
seeds slightly margined.

Sandy grounds. N. Y. to Miss. and Arkansas. May. ().—Stem a feot or
more high, slender, decumbent at base. Leaves scabrous beneath. Flowers dull
white. Toothed Wall-cress.

6. A. heterophylla Nutt.: nearly smooth; radical leaves spatulate,
toothed ; upper ones linear, sessile, entire ; pod long and spreading; petals
linear-oblong, exceeding the calyx.

Maine or N. H. Nutt. @).—Radical leaves somewhat hairy. Pod about 3
inches long. Heterophyllous Wall-cress.

7. A. Canadensis Linn.: cauline leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate, somewhat toothed ; pedicels thrice as long as the calyx, pubescent,
reflexed in fruit; pod pendulous, subfalcate, nerved; seeds with a broad
wing. A. falcata Mich. Pursh. A. mollis Raf.

Rocky situations. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June. Crane 1—3 feet
high. Flowers white, in long terminal racemes. Pod very long.
Sickle Pod.

14. CARDAMINE. Linn.—Bitter-cress.

(From the Greek xapdca, the heart, and dapaw, to fortify ; on account of its sup-
posed strengthening qualities.)

Pod linear; valves flat, nerveless, often opening elastically.
Seeds ovate, not margined ; funicle of the hilum slender.

* Leaves wndivided.

1. C. rhomboidea D. C.: root tuberous ; leaves ovate-rhomboid, obscurely
repand-toothed, smooth; lower ones on long petioles. Aradis rhomboidea
Pursh. Pers.

Low grounds. From Hudson’s Bay to Geor. W. to the Roeky Mountains.
May, June. %|.—Stem 9—18 inches high, erect, smooth, simple. Flowers in
terminal racemes, large, white. Spring-cress.

2. C. rotundifolia Mich.: root fibrous; stem weak, procumbent; leaves
suborbicular, subdentate, smooth, petioled ; pod spreading, slender, with a
long style. C. rhomboidea var. Torr, §- Gr.

30 CRUCIFERZ.

Wet grounds near springs, Can. to Car. July. 2|.—Stem 6—15 inches high,
decumbent. Flowers in terminal racemes, white, or yellowish, half the size of
the preceding. The taste of the root is rather bitter than acrid, as in that of C.
rhomboidea. Quite distinct. Round-leaved Cardamine.

3. C. bellidifolia Linn.: leaves glabrous, somewhat fleshy; radical ones
petioled, ovate, entire; cauline few, entire, or somewhat 3-lobed; pod erect ;
stigma subsessile. C. rotundifolia Big.

Highest summit of the White Mountains, Rocky Mountains, and throughout
Arctic America. July. 2|.—Plant 2—4 inches high. Flowers in a corymbed
raceme. Petals cuneiform, twice as long as the calyx, white. Pod an inch long,
surmounted by a short style. Allied to C. alpina. Mountain Cardamie.

** Leaves divided.

4, C. pratensis Linn.: leaves pinnate ; leafets of the radical ones round-
ish ; of the cauline, linear or lanceolate, entire ; flowers large, in a terminal
corymb; style very short, nearly as thick as the pod; stigma capitate.

Swamps. Arct. and N. W. America to Westen N. Y. June. %|.—Stem
12—i8 inches high. Flowers purplish, large. Pod linear, an inch long. This
species can be readily distinguished by its large flowers and thick style.

Common Butter Cress.

5. C. hirsuta Linn.: leaves pinnate; leafets of the radical ones petioled,
mostly rounded; of the cauline ovate or linear, toothed or entire; petals
small, oblong-cuneate; stigma minute, subsessile. C.Pennsylvanica Mull.
D.C. C. Virginica Mich.

Wet grounds. Throughout the U.S. and Can. to Arct. and N. W. Amer.
July. @)—From 4 inches to a foot or more in height. leaves hairy or smooth.
Flowers small, white. A very variable species. American Water Cress.

6. C. teres Mich.: leaves sublyrate-pinnatifid; segments oval-oblong, the
terminal one somewhat 3-lobed ; pod short, erect, terete.

Low grounds. N. Eng. to N. J. Pursh. June, July. %|.—Siéem slender,
erect, branching. Pod ona short pedicel. De Candolle thinks this may belong
to his genus Nasturtium ; while Torrey and Gray place it, with a mark of doubt,
in the genus Szsymbrium. Terete Cardamine.

15. NASTURTIUM. Brown.—Cress.

(From Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, an effect supposed to be produced by the
acrid and pungent quality of this plant.)

Pod rounded (sometimes short.) Stigma sub-2-lobed. Valves

concave, nerveless, not keeled. Cotyledons accumbent. Calyx
spreading.

1. N. officinale Brown: leaves pinnate; leafets ovate, subcordate, sinu-
ate-dentate ; upper ones pinnatifid. Sisymbriwm Nasturtium Linn.

In water. Throughout the U. S. and to the N. W. coast. June, July. %.—
Stem decumbent, floating. Leaves large. Flowers white, corymbed. Pod about
an inch long. Esteemed as a salad. Water Cress.

2. N. palustre D. C.: root fibrous; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid: lobes con-
fluent, unequally toothed, smooth; petals as long as the calyx; pod obtuse
at both ends, turgid. Sisymbriwm palustre Willd.

Wet places, throughout the U.S. and to the shores of the Arctic sea. July.
D.—Stem 18 inches high, mostly erect, branched. leaves glabrous, all more or
less pinnatifid. Flowers numerous, minute, yellow. Pod short, turgid.

Marsh Cress.

CRUCIFERZ. 31

3. N. sylvestre Brown: leaves pinnate ; leafets lanceolate, cut, the upper-
most ones entire. Sisymbriwm sylvesire Linn. WS. vulgare Pers.

Banks of the Delaware, near Philadelphia. Nutt. July 2|.—Roct creeping.
Stem a foot high, angular, branched. Flowers yellow, larger than those cf the
preceding. Introduced from Europe. Creeping Cress.

4. N. amphibium Brown: root fibrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate, lyrate-
pinnatifid or serrate; petals longer than the calyx; pod elliptical, tipped
with the mucronate style. Svsymbriwm anvphibium Linn.

Wet places. Throughout the U.S.and Can. May—July. %|.—Sitem 1—2
feet high, branched. Flowers yellow, minute, in a long raceme. Very variable
in the character of its leaves. Water Radish.

5. N. hispidum D. C.: leaves pinnatifidly lobed or runcinate-pinnatifid ;
lobes rather obtusely teothed ; pod ovoid, tumid, pointed with the distinct
style, about half as long as the pedicel, petals rather shorter than the calyx.
Sisymbrium hispidum Potr.

Wet places. Conn. N. Y. Penn. July, Aug. 2.—Stem 2—4 feet high,
much branched above. Leaves more or less pinnatifid. Flowers yellow, in nu-
merous panicled racemes. 1g Fiispid Cress.

6. N. natans D.C.: emerged leaves oblong-linear, entire ; immersed ones
cut into many capillary segments; petals scarcely longer than the calyx;
pod obovate, globose.

In water. Montreal to New Orleans: rare. July. %.—Stem long, sub-
merged. Lower leaves finely divided; middle ones often pinnatifid ; emerged _
ones lanceolate, undivided, serrate. Flowers pale yellow, small. According to
Torrey and Gray the American plant is a variety of the foreign one.

; Fioating Cress.

16. TURRITIS. Dill.—Tower Mustard.

(From the Latin turris, a tower; on account ef the pyramidal form of the
plant.)

Pod linear ; the valves plane. Seeds in a double row in each
cell—F lowers white or rose-color.

T. stricta Graham: smooth; stem straight and erect; cauline leaves
linear-lanceolete clasping and sagittate, sparingly toothed; radical petioled,
narrow-spatulate, remotely denticulate ; pods linear, elongated and (like the
flowers) strictly erect.

On rocks. Jefferson and Chenango counties, N. Y. W. to the Rocky Monn-
tains. May. @). Stem 1—2 feet high, simple. Flowers in a terminal raceme,
white. Pod 2—3 inches long. Straight Tower Mustard.

17. CHEIRANTHUS. R. Brown—Wall Flower.

(Said to be derived from the Arabie kheyry, not however originally applied to
this genus.)

Pod terete or compressed. Stigma 2-lobed or capitate.
Inner sepals saccate at the base. Seeds in a single series,
ovate, compressed.

C. hesperidoides Torr. §& Gr.: smooth; lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ;
upper ovate-lanceolate, unequally and sharply serrate; pedicels as long as
the calyx ; limb of the petals obovate, entire. ZZesperis pinnalifida Jor.

on CRUCIFER.

Banks of streams. Western Penn. to Ken. and Arkansas. May—July. 2-—
Stem 1—3 feet high, simple or branched. Flowers in racemes, pale purple, small.
Pods about an inch and a half long. Rocket-like Wall Flower.

18. SISYMBRIUM. All.—Sisymbrium.

(From the Greek c.svpSptov, a name given by the ancients to some plant allied
to this.) E

Pod roundish, sessile upon the disk. Stigmas 2, somewhat
distinct, or connate in a head. Calyx equal at base. Stamens
without teeth. Seeds ovate or oblong.

1. S. officinale D. C.: leaves runcinate and with the stem hairy; flow-
ers in a long raceme; pod subulate, pressed to the rachis. Erysimum
officinale Linn.

Road sides. Throughout the U. S. and Can. W. to Columbia river. June—
Sept. @)—Stem 1—3 feet high, branched. Leaves hairy, or nearly smooth.
Flowers yellow, minute. Varies much in the form of its leaves. Introduced ?

Common Sisymbrium.

2. S. Sophia Linn.: leaves bipinnate, smooth or pubescent; segments
oblong-linear, cut; petals shorter than the calyx; calyx thrice as short as
the pedicel ; pod linear, erect.

Sandy places. Can. to Virg. June, July. @.—Stem 1—2 feet high. Flowers
numerous, yellow. Segments of the leaves very narrow. Pod nearly an inch
long, very narrow. Fliz-weed.

3. S. canescens Nutt.: leaves bipinnatifid; lobes oblong or lanceolate,
somewhat toothed ; petals scarcely exceeding the calyx; pods in elongated
racemes, oblong or oblong-linear, shorter (or rarely longer) than the
pedicels.

Arct. Amer. to Flor. W. to the Rocky Mountains.—Stem 1—2 feet high.
Flowers very small. Pedicels spreading, with the pod often erect. Avery
variable species. Canescent Sisymbrium.

4. S. Thalianum Hook.: leaves obscurely dentate pilose; radical ones
numerous, elliptic-oblong, sub-petiolate; cauline lanceolate, sessile: pod
ascending, rather longer than the pedicel. <Arabis Thaliana Linn. Pursh.
A. parviflora Raf.

Sandy fields or rocks. Mass. to Geor. W. to Ken. April, May. (@.—Stem

6—15 inches high, slender, terete. Leaves mostly in a radical cluster, scarcely
an inch long. Flowers small, white. Introduced 2 Wall Cress.

19. ERYSIMUM. Linn.—Hedge Mustard.
(From the Greek epvw, to cure ; on account of the supposed virtues of the plant.)
Pod four-sided.. Calyx closed. Cotyledons flat, oblong.

E. cheiranthoides Linn.: leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed and

scabrous ; pod erect, spreading, twice as long as the pedicel; stigma small,
nearly sessile.

Along streams. Throughout the U. 8. and Can. W. to the Rocky Mountains.
July—Sept. @ or @.—Stem 1—2 feet high, erect, branched and with the
leaves scabrous. Flowers yellow, in long terminal racemes. Pod about an
inch long, pointed with a short style. Worm-seed Hedge Mustard.

CAPPARIDACE. ao

20. SINAPIS. Linn.—Mustard.

(From the Greek owvamc, derived again by Theis from the Celtic nap, a turnip
or cabbage.)

Pod roundish; valves bearing nerves. Style small, short,
acute. Seeds in one series, subglobose. Calyx spreading.

1. S. nigra Linn.: lower leaves lyrate ; upper lanceolate, entire, petio-
late; pod smooth and even, somewhat 4-sided, appressed to the peduncle.

Fields. N.S. June, July. ().—Stem 2—4 feet high. Flowers yellow. In-
troduced from Europe. Black Mustard.

2. S. alba Linn.: leaves lyrate, nearly smooth, the terminal lobes large ;
pod mostly hispid, spreading, shorter than the broad sword-form beak ;
seeds large, pale.

Waste places. N. 8S. July. @.—Stem 1—2 feet high. Flowers yellow,
rather large, corymbose. Introduced from Europe. White Mustard.

3. S. arvensis Linn.: leaves lyrately-pinnatifid, rough; pod smooth,
many-angled, turgid and knotty, longer than the two-edged beak.

Wet meadows and fields. Can. and N. Y. June—Aug. (1).—Stem 2—3
feet high, rough. Flowers rather large, bright yellow. Introduced from Europe.
Charlock. Wiad Mustard.

21. RAPHANUS. Linn.—Radish.

(From the Greek ga, quickly, and ¢atvonat, to appear ; in allusion to its rapid
germination.)

Pod transversely many-celled or dividing into several joints.
Seeds in one row, globose, pendulous.

R. Raphanistrum Linn.: leaves simply lyrate; pod jointed, 1-celled,
striate, 3—8-seeded, longer than the style.

Fields and waste places. N.S. July. ().—Stem 1—2 feet high, hispid.
Flowers yellow, about as large as those of the common radish. Wed Radish.

Orper XIII. CAPPARIDACH Ai.—Carparins.

Sepals 4. Petals 4, or even 8, imbricated, or none, cruciate,
usually unguiculate and unequal. Stamens 6—12, (rarely 4,)
or numerous, usually some multiple of 4. Disk hemispherical
or elongated. Fruit either pod-shaped and dehiscent, or fleshy
and indehiscent, rarely 1-seeded, most frequently with poly-
spermous placentz. Seeds generally reniform, without albu-
men; embryo curved, cotyledons foliaceous.—Herbaceous
plants or shrubs without a true stipule, but sémetimes with
spines in their place. Leaves alternate, petioled, undivided or
palmate.

1. GYNANDROPSIS. D. C—Gynandropsis.
(From three Greek words, in allusion to the situation of the stamens.)
Calyx of 4 sepals, spreading. Petals 4. Disk elongated,

») *
~

34 CISTACEZ.

Stamens 6, united around the torus, free at the apex. Pod

stiped.
G. pentaphylla D. C.: smoothish ; leaves quinate; the lower and floral
ones ternate ; leafets entire and subserrulate. Cleome pentaphylla Linn.

In cultivated grounds. Penn. to Flor. July. (@. Stem 2 feet high, viscid.
Flowers white, in long terminal racemes. Petals obovate, with very long capil-
lary claws. Pod long, linear, on a long foot-stalk. Five-leaved Gynandropsis.

2. POLANISIA. Raf—Polanisia. —

(From the Greek zoAv, much, and avicos, unequal ; in allusion to the inequality
of the stamens.)

Calyx of 4 sepals, spreading. Petals 4. Stamens 8—32.
Disk small. Pod sessile or scarcely stiped. Style distinct.

P. graveolens Raf.: viscidly pubescent ; leaves ternate ; leafets elliptical-
oblong ; stamens 8—12; pod oblong, attenuate at base, muricate with a
glandular pubescence. Cleome dodecandra, var. Canadensis Linn.

Gravelly banks of rivers and lakes. Can. to Penn. W. to Miss.: rare. June
—Aug. %|—Stem 6—15 inches high, often purplish. Flowers in a corymbose
raceme, yellowish-white and purple. Whole plant more or less viscid and fetid.

Strong-scented Polanisia.

Orpver XIV. CISTACEA..—Rocx Rosszs.

Sepals 5, persistent, unequal, the three inner often with a
twisted zstivation. Petals 5, (very rarely 3,) very fugitive,
crumpled in estivation and twisted in a direction contrary to
that of the sepals. Stamens definite or indefinite; ovary 1 or
many-celled; style and stigma simple, hypogynous ; style sin-
gle. Fruit capsular, either 1-celled with parietal placentz in
the axis of the valves, or imperfectly 5—10-celled. Seeds few
or numerous. Embryo inverted, either spiral or curved in the
midst of mealy albumen.—Shrubs or herbaceous plants. Leaves
usually entire, opposite or alternate. Flowers very fugacious.

1. HELIANTHEMUM. Tourn.—Rock Rose.

(From the Greek #Au0s, the sun, and av@cpor,a flower ; the flowers opening only
in sunshine.)

Calyx with 3 equal sepals, or 5 disposed in two rows, the
two outer ones often smaller, rarely larger. - Petals 5, (some-
times wanting,) often irregularly denticulate at the apex. Stig-
ma capitate. Ovary triquetrous. Capsule 3-valved, with the
dissepiment in the middle of the valves. Seeds angled, smooth.

1. H. Canadense Mich.: stem at first simple, erect or ascending ; leaves
oblong or somewhat lanceclate, with revolute margins, (when dry,) and with

CISTACEA. 35

the sepals and often the branches and peduncles canescently tomentose :
the primary or terminal flowers large, few or solitary, on peduncles about
as long as the flower; secondary flowers axillary, very small, nearly sessile,
solitary or somewhat clustered on short leafy branches, the pctals very
small or none, the outer sepals usually wanting. (Torr.) H. ramuliflorum
Mich. H. corymbosum Pursh. H.rosmarinifolium Pursh. Cistus Cana-
densis Linn.

Sandy wocds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June—Aug. 2|.—Stem about
a foot high, at length branching. Primary flowers an inch in diameter, yellow ;
secondary ones often very numerous, with very minute capsules, in which stage
it has probably been mistaken for Lechkea. I follow Torrey, Gray, and Darling-
- ton, in uniting the several supposed distinct species above named.

Rock Rose. Frost Weed.

2. H. corymbosum Mich: stem branching from the base, canescent;
flowers in terminal fastigiate cymes; the primary ones on filiform peduncles
much longer than the flower, the petals nearly twice the length of the
calyx; the secondary flowers in glomerate cymules, mostly apetalous, 3—190
androus; sepals tomentose villous; the inner ones oblong-ovate, acute, the
outer linear and obtuse ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, softly canescent beneath.
( Torr. §& Gr.)

Sandy fields. N.J. to Flor. April—May. 2—Stem about a foot high.

Flowers about as large as those of H. Canadense, from which it is quite distinct.
Corymbose Rock Rese.

2. LECHEA. Linn.—Pin Weed.
( honor of John Leche, a Swedish botanist.)

Calyx 3-sepalled, with two outer bracts or sepals, persistent.
Petals 3, inconspicuous, lanceolate. Stamens 3—12, and often
thrice thenumber. Ovary 1, 3-sided. Stigmas 3, scarcely dis-
tinct. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, with as many inner valves
opposite the others. Seeds affixed to the dissepiment or nerve,

very few, often 8.

1. L. villosa Ell.: radical branches prostrate, villose; leaves oblong
lanceolate, mucronate, pilose ; panicle short, leafy ; flowers fasciculate-race-
mose, secund, on very short pedicels. 2. major Mich.

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. July. |.—Stem 1—2 feet high, erect. Leaves
on the radical branches opposite or verticillate ; those on the stem alternate.
Flowers small, brown, in racemose clusters. Larger Pin Weed.

9. L. minor Pursh.: nearly smooth; stem assurgent; leaves linear-
lanceolate and linear, acute; panicle leafy ; branches elongated ; flowers on
short pedicels. ‘

Dry hills. Can. and N.S. July—Sept. 2.—Stem 8—12 inches high.
Flowers brown. Fruit larger than in the former. Smaller Pin Weed.

3. L. racemulosa Mich. : whole plant covered with appressed pubescence ;
stem erect ; leaves linear, acute, ciliate ; panicle slender and very branching;
raceme naked; flowers small, alternate, pedicellate.

Sandy grounds, N. J. to Car. July. °|.—Pursh. Perhaps only a variety
of the preceding. Bunch flowered Pin Weed.

30 VIOLACE.

4. L. thymifolia Pursh.: whole plant whitish-villose ; stem erect; leaves
linear, acute; panicle leafy, elongated; branches very short; flowers
minute, in lateral and terminal fasicles ; pedicels very short.

Sands. N.Y. to Virg. July. .—Stem a foot high, erect, much branched.

Leaves villose at base. Flowers rather larger than in the preceding species.
my Thyme-leaved Lechea. -
3. HUDSONIA. Linn.—Hudsonia. ;
(In honor of William Hudson, author of the Flora Anglica.)

Calyx 5-parted; segments unequal, the two outer ones
minute. Petals 5. Stamens 9—30. Style straight, simple.
Stigma simple. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 1—3-seeded. Seeds
granulated.

1. H. ericoides Linn.: canescently pubescent; stem suffruticose, sub-
erect; branches elongated ; leaves filiform, subulate, subimbricate ; pedun-
cles exserted, longer than the flowers; sepals acutish; capsules oblong,
slightly pubescent, 1—3-seeded.

Sandy woods. N. Y. to Virg. May, June. lh-—Stem 4__§ inches high,
much branched. Leaves small, persistent. Flowers small, yellow. Stamens
about 15. Heath-lhke Hudsonia.

2. H. tomentosa Nutt. : cespitose, hoary-pubescent ; leaves minute, closely
imbricate, ovate, acute ; fluwers aggregated, subsessile ; calyx sub-cylindric,
with obtuse segments; capsule 1-seeded; valves ovate, smooth.

Sea-shores. Mass. and N. Y. to Virg. June. t.—Stem ascending, much
branched. Flowers yellow, smaller than in the preceding. Stamens 9—18.—
The whole plant is silvery gray and tomentose. Woolly Hudsonia.

OrpeR XV. VIOLACEA‘.—Vio1ets.

Sepals 5, persistent, with an imbricate estivation. Petals
5, equal or unequal, with a convolute estivation. Stamens 5,
inserted in a hypogynous disk, often unequal; anthers either
separate or cohering, and lying close upon the ovary; filaments
dilated, elongated beyond the anthers; two of them, in the
nregular flowers, generally furnished with an appendage or
gland at the base. Style usually declined, with a thickened or
hooded stigma. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds often with
a tumor at their base; albumen fleshy.—Herbaceous plants
or shrubs. Leaves simple, usually alternate, furnished with
stipules.

1. VIOLA. Tourn.—Violet.
(Origin of the name doubtful.)

Sepals 5, auricled at their base. Petals unequal, the lower

one spurred. Stamens 5, approximated ; filaments distinct;

VIOLACE &. Bi)

anthers connate, the two lower ones with processes at their
back. Capsules 1-celled, 3-valved, opening elastically.

* Stemless.
| Flowers blue.

1. V. pedata Linn.: leaves pedate, often nearly smooth, from 5—7
parted ; segments linear-lanceolate, entire or somewhat toothed ; stipules
radical, pectinately lacerate; petals beardless, entire, rounded at the ex-
tremity ; stigma large, aoneeseed) obliquely truncate and pertorate at the
apex. V. digitata Pursh.

Rocky hills. From lat. 53° N. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. %.—Scapes
3—5 inches high, several from the same root. Flowers large, pale blue, rarely
almost white. Pedate Violet.

2. V. palmata Linn.: leaves more or less pubescent, reniform-cordate,
palmate, or hastate-lobed ; lobes very various, the intermediate one always
larger; stipules lanceolate, subciliate; lateral petals densely bearded to-
wards the base; stigma capitate, recurved, margined, rostrate. V. hetero-
phylla Le Conte.

Swamps and low grounds. _ Can. to Flor. W. to the River Platte. May. :
—Scape about as long as the leaves. Flowers middle-sized, bright blue. This
cpa varies eae in the form of the leaves, and sometimes closely resembles

V. cucullata, of which it is perhaps only a variety. Palmate Violet.

3. V. cucullata Ait.: smoothish; leaves cordate, cucullate at base, den-
tate-serrate, veined; stipules small, linear, ciliate; flower oblique ; lower
and lateral petals rigidly bearded; upper one smooth; spur very short,
rounded. V.papilionacea Pursh. V. affinis Le Conte. V. obliqua Pursh.

Wet meadows. Common throughout Can. and the U.S. April, May. 2.—
This species varies considerably in the form of its leaves, and in the degree of
nubescence. ‘The same individual, indeed, undergoes changes during the season.

‘Hood-leaved Violet.

4. V. Selkirkui Goldie: leaves cordate, crenately serrate, minutely hairy
above, smooth beneath, the sinus deep and nearly closed; stigma triangu-
lar, margined, with a distinct beak; spur nearly as long as the lamina,
thick, very obtuse.

Hills and mountains. Can. Mass. and N. Y.: rare. |.—JZeaves numerous,
in a radical tuft. Flowers pale blue, much smaller than in V. cucullata. Spur
conspicuous, somewhat dilated at the end. Selkirk’s Violet.

5. V. sagittata Ait.: leaves pubescent on the upper surface, oblong,
acute, cordate, sagittate, often hastate at base, serrate or crenate-dentate ;
petals oblong, ovate, all except the lower one bearded ; stigma depressed,
margined. V. dentata Pursh.

var. emarginata Nutt.: leaves almost triangular, lacerately toothed at
the base ; petals emarginate or bi-dentate, V. emarginata Le Conte.

Fields. Can, to Flor. W. to Ark. April, May. 2{..—Zeaves quite variable.
Flowers middle-sized, purple. Var. emarginata, is found in the sandy fields of
New Jersey. Arrow-leaved Violet.

6. V. ovata Nutt. : leaves oblong-ovate, rather acute, subcordate, crenate,

35 VIOLACE.

often lacerately toothed at base, decurrent on the petiole, pubescent on both
sides; stipules broad-lanceolate, ciliate; sepals oblong-lanceolate ; petals
obovate, entire; lateral ones densely bearded. V. sagittata, var. ovata
Torr. & Gr. V. primulefolia Pursh.

Dry hills. Can. to Geor. April, May. %.—Whole plant pubescent. Leaves
much narrower and more downy than in C. cucullata. Flowers larger than those
of V. prumulefelia. Ovate-leaved Violet.

7. V. villosa Walt.: leaves reniform-cordate or reniform, obtuse, crenate,
flat, very pubescent; sepals oblong, auriculate at base; lateral and lower
petals bearded; stigma deflexed ; capsule smoothish. V. barbaita Muh.

var. cordifolia Nutt.: leaves smooth beneath, rather acute ; sepals narrow,
short, smocth and scarcely produced at base. V. cordifolia Schw. V. soro-
ria Darlingt.

Rocky hills. Penn. toCar. May. 2|.—Leaves rather thick, mostly incumbent

on the ground, often purplish on the under side. Scape longer than the leaves.
Bearded Violet.

+t Flowers yellow.

8. V. rotundifolia Mich. : leaves broad-ovate or orbicular, cordate, with
the sinus at length closed, slightly crenate, smooth beneath ; stipules lance-
olate-subulate ; sepals oblong, narrow, obtuse; lateral petals bearded ;
lower ones smaller, smooth ; spur very short; stigma recurved.

Rocky woods. Can. to Car. May. %.—Scape 1—23 inches high, smooth.
Flowers pale yellow, middle sized. Distinct from V.clandestina of Pursh.
Round-leaved Violet.

TH Flowers somewhat regular, small, white.

9. V. lanceolata Linn.: leaves very smooth, narrow lanceolate, atten-
uated at each end, sub-serrate; sepals lanceolate, acute, smooth; petals
beardless, nearly equal; spur very short; stigma recurved, rostrate.

Swamps. Can. to Flor. W.to Texas. April, May. 2.—WScape about as
long as the leaves. Flowers small, white, inodorous. The long narrow leaves
will sufficiently distinguish this species. One of the finest localities that I have
met with, is a swamp about a mile west of Albany, N.Y. Lance-leaved Violet.

10. V. acuta Big.: leaves ovate, smooth, crenate, rather obtuse ; stipules
linear-subulate; scape angular; bracts nearly as long as the petals: sepals
lanceolate, acute, smooth; petals ovate, acute, mostly smooth, lower ones
veined ; stigma capitate, rostrate. :

Moist grounds. Cambridge, Mass. Big. 2.—A small species. Distin-
guished by its even and always acute petals and by its long linear bracts.

Acute Violet.

11. V. primulefolia Linn.: leaves smooth, oblong-ovate or lanceolate,
subcordate, rather obtuse, sparingly crenate; nerves beneath and scape
somewhat pubescent; sepals lanceolate; petals obtuse; the two lateral
ones a little bearded and striate; stigma capitate, rostrate.

Wet grounds. Mass. to Flor. W. to Ken.; rare. April, May. 2|.—Leuves
2—5 inches long, and an inch or more wide, about as long as the scape. Flowers
white, cdorous, about the size of those of V. lanceolata. Bracts long. This
species varies in the form of its_leaves from broad-cordate to lanceolate.
Near New Brunswick, where what I consider the V. primulefolia, is very 2bun-
dant, it certainly passes into V. lanceolata, with which species I think it will
eventually prove identical. Dr. Bigelow suggests that V. blanda and V. lence-

VIOLACE. 39

elaia may be the same. ‘This seems also to be the opinion of Dr. Darlington ;
but so far as my observation extends the former is much more constant in its
characters than V. primulefolia. Primrose-leaved Violet.

12, V. blanda Willd: leaves broad-cordate, remotely serrate or crenate,
nearly smooth; sinus rounded; sepals ovate, acuminate ; petals ovate, ob-
tuse, nearly beardless ; stigma depressed, acutely margined.

Wet meadows. From lat. 66° N. to Car. W. to Miss. April, May. 2.—
Leaves 1—2 inches in diameter, flat and thin. Flowers small, white, streaked
with purple, odorous. This species very closely resembles the foreign V. palus-
tris. hite Violet.

13. V. clandestena Pursh: cespitose ; leaves large, suborbicular, obtuse,
thin, nearly smooth, crenate-serrate ; sinus closed, cordate; stipules ovate,
short ; stolons floriferous; petals narrow, ovate, beardless, scarcely longer
than the calyx; flowers often apetalous ; stigma straight, capitate.

Shady woods, on mountains. Can. and N.S. June—Sept. 2|.—Flowers
often apetalous, generally concealed in the earth. More nearly allied to V. ro-

tundifolia than to V. blanda; but, in my opinion, distinct from both.
Hidden-flowered Violet.

~

*k Caulescent.

14. V. Canadensis Linn.: stem erect; leaves broad-cordate, acuminate,
serrate, slightly pubescent on the nerves, lower ones on long petioles; stip-
ules broad-lanceolate, membranaceous, entire; sepals subulate, lanceolate ;
spur very short; stigma short, pubescent; capsule somewhat globose, pu-
bescent.

Shady woods. Hudson’s Bay to Car. W. to the Pacific. May—July. 2|.—
Stem 9—18 inches high, usually simple. Flowers large, blue without, paler
within. Canadian Violet.

15. V. ochroleuca Schw.: stem assurgent; leaves alternate, lower ones
round-cordate, crenate-serrate, obtuse, upper ones acuminate; stipules large,
oblong-lanceolate, dentate-ciliate ; sepals subulate-lanceolate ; petals ob-
tuse, the lateral ones and often the lowest profusely bearded; spur pro-
duced, obtuse; stigma recurved, subpubescent. V. striata Ait. Le Conte.
Torr. §& Gr.

Swamps. Can. to Geor. Le Conte: rare. May. %|.—Stem 6—10 inches
high. Flowers yellowish-white, large. Ochroleucous Violet.

16. V. Muhlenbergii Torr. : stem weak, subprostrate, branched, smooth;
lower leaves reniform-cordate ; upper ones a little acuminate, crenate-ser-
rate, nearly smooth ; stipules large, oblong-lanceolate, serrate-ciliate; sepals
linear-lanceolate; petals obovate, obtuse, the lateral ones bearded; spur
nearly one-third the length of the corolla ; stigma rostrate. V. wiginosa and
asarifolia Muhl.

Swamps. Labrador to Geor. W. tothe Rocky Mountains. May. 2|.—Stem
6—10 inches high, branched. Flowers middle-sized, pale purplish. Very nearly
allied to V. canina of Europe. Muhlenberg’s Violet.

17. V. rostrata Muhl.: stem diffuse, erect; leaves smooth, cordate, acute,
serrate ; sinus open; stipules large, lanceolate, serrate-ciliate ; peduncles
filiform, longer than the leaves; petals obovate, all beardless ; spur longer
than the corolla.

Rocky hills. Can. to Virg. W. to Ken. May. 2|.—Siem 6—S inches high,

AQ) VIOLACEA.

smooth. Flowers large, pale blue, with a very long horn or spur, by which this
species can be easily recognized. Spurred Violet.

18. V. pubescens Ait.: villous-pubescent ; stem elongated, erect, naked
below; leaves broad-ovate, cordate, dentate, more or less acuminate ; stip-
ules large, ovate, somewhat toothed ; lateral petals bearded; spur short,
acuminate. V. Pennsylvanica Mich.

var. 1. eriocarpa Nutt: capsule densely villous. V. eriocarpa Schw.

var. 2. scabriuscula Torr. g Gr.: stems several, often decumbent, nearly
smooth, or with a pubescent line on one side; leaves somewhat scabrous,
but hardly pubescent; capsule smooth or villous. V. scabriuscula Schw.

Dry woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Council Bluffs. May. 2.—Stem 6—8
inches high. Flowers middle-sized, yellow. Var. 2 is found near Albany and in
Oneida county, N. Y. Yellow Violet.

19. V. hastata Mich. : smooth; stem erect, simple, leafy above ; leaves on
long petioles, cordate-lanceolate or hastate, acuminate ; lobes obtuse, den-
tate; stipules minute, ciliate-dentate; lower petal dilated, sub-3-lobed ;
lateral ones slightly bearded; spur short; stigma truncate, hairy on the
sides.

Mountains. Penn. to Flor. May. 2|.—Stem 6—12 inches high. Flowers
yellow, smaller than in the preceding. Halberd-leaved Yellow Violet.

20. V. tricolor Linn.: root somewhat fusiform ; stem branching, diffuse ;
lowest leaves ovate, cordate ; stipules runcinately pinnatifid, the middle lobe
crenate ; petals with short claws ; spur thick, obtuse, not produced ; appen-
dages short ; seeds oblong-ovate.

var. arvensis D.C. Torr. g Gr.: annual; stems assurgent; upper leaves
spatulate-ovate; petals scarcely longer than the calyx, yellowish, blue, or
spotted with purple. V. bicolor Pursh. V. arvensis Ell. V. tenella Muh.

_Dry hills. N.Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. May. ().—Stem slender, 3—8 inches
high. Leaves less than an inch long. Flowers small, pale blue. I follow
Hooker, Torrey and Gray, in uniting our plant with V. tricolor, although not
without some hesitation. Pansey. Heart’s Ease.

2. SOLEA. Ging. D. C.—Solea.
(In honor of W. Sole, author of an Essay on the genus Mentha.)

Sepals scarcely equal, carinate? not auricled at base, decur-
rent into a pedicel, at length reflexed. Petals unequal, the
lowest one 2-lobed and somewhat gibbous at base. Stamens
cohering, the lowest two bearing a gland above the middle. Cap-
sule somewhat 8-sided. Seeds 6—8, very large. |

S. concolor D.C. S. stricta Spreng. Viola concolor Fors. Nutt.

Shady woods. N.Y. to Car. W. to Miss.; rare. April, May. 2.—Stem
2-4 feet high, simple, erect. Leaves cuneate-lanceolate, sessile, irregularly
toothed above. Peduncles short, 2—3-flowered. Flowers small, greenish. Ca-
lyx nearly as long as the petals. Spur none. I possess fine specimens of this
plant, which were gathered near Lebanon, N. Y. It is also found in the western
part of that state, and in Delaware county, Penn. Green-flowered Solea.

DROSERACE. Al

Orper XVI. DROSERACEA.—Sounpews.

‘Sepals 5, persistent, equal, with.an imbricate eestivation,
Corolla of 5 nearly equal petals. Stamens distinct, either equal
in number to the petals and alternate with them, or 2 or 3 or
4 times as many. Styles 8—5, either wholly distinct or slightly
connected at the base, bifid or branched. Capsule of 3 or 5
valves. Seeds either naked or furnished with an arillus; em-
bryo minute, in the base of fleshy albumen.—Delicate herbs,
often covered with glandular hairs. Leaves alternate, with
stipulary cilize and a circinate vernation.

‘1. DROSERA. Linn.—Sundew.

(From the Greek dposos, dew; the glands exuding a fluid which makes the plant
appear as if covered with dew.)

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Styles 3—5,
bipartite. Capsule superior, globose or ovoid, 1—3-celled,
3—5-valved, many-seeded.

1. D. rotwndifolia Linn.: leaves all radical, orbicular, spreading, fringed
with purple ciliz, pilose above, abruptly tapering into the long hairy petiole ;
scape erect, bearing a terminal and mostly simple raceme; seeds arillate.

Sphagnous swamps. From Arct. Amer. to Flor. July, Aug. 21.—WScape
4—8 inches high. Flowers small, 5—10, whitish. Round-leaved Sundew.

2. D. longifolia Linn.; leaves spatulate-oblong, erect-spreading, tapering
below into the long and slender naked petiole ; scape declined at base ; seeds
not arillate. D. Americana Muil. D. foliosa Ell.

Swamps. Can. to Alabama. July, Aug. 2|.—Scape 3—6 inches long, usu
ally curved to one side at the base. Flowers 5—9 in a raceme, twice as large as
in the preceding. Long-leaved Sundew.

3. D. filiformis Raf.: leaves filiform, very long, nearly erect, glandular
the whole length; scape longer than the leaves, many-flowered, simple or
bifid.. D. tenucfolia Willd.

Sandy swamps. Mass. to Flor.; rare. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Scape 8—12 inches
high. Leaves 6—10 inches long. Flowers purple, few, in a one-sided raceme.
Thread-leaved Sundew.

2. PARNASSIA. Linn.—Parnassus Grass.
(From Mount Parnassus ; on account of the beauty of this plant.)

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Scales (or abortive sta-
mens?) opposite to the claws of the petals, terminating in
glandular bristles at the apex. Stamens 5. Stigmas 4, sessile.
Oapsule 4-valved, 1-celled. Seeds arillate, numerous.

1. P. Caroliniana Mich.: radical leaves cordate, orbicular-ovate, on long
petioles; cauline one sessile; flowers solitary, terminal; scales 3-bristled.
P. Americana and P. ovata Muhl,

42 POLYGALACE.

Swamps. Can. to Flor. W.to Miss. Aug. Sept. 2|.—Stem 12—18 inches
high. Leaves mostly radical. Flowers large, yellowish white.
Carolina Parnassus Grass.
2. P. palustris Linn.: leaves all cordate; cauline one sessile; scales
smooth, many bristled.

Bog meadows. Labrador to N. Y.?_ W. to the Rocky Mountains. Flowers
white, with veins of green or purple. Distinguished by the numerous, slender,
white, pellucid hairs of its scales from all the other species of the genus.

Marsh Parnassus Grass.

Orper XVII. POLYGALACEA).—Miixworts.

Sepals 5, very irregular, distinct, 3 exterior, of which 1 is
superior and 2 inferior; 2 inner ones (the wings) usually peta-
loid. Petals hypogynous, mostly 3, of which the anterior (kee/)
is larger than the rest, and usually crested or lobed. Stamens
8, usually in a tube; anthers mostly 1-celled, and opening by a
terminal pore. Ovary superior, 2-celled; style and stigma sim-
ple. Fruit usually a capsule, sometimes indehiscent. Seeds
with abundant albumen.—Shrubs or herbaceous plants, with sim-
ple entire leaves destitute of stipules. Flowers mostly in ra-
cemes or spikes.

POLYGALA. Tourn.—Milkwort.

(From the Greek zodv, much, and yada, milk ; from its supposed power of in-
creasing the secretion of milk.)

Calyx of 5 sepals, 2 of them wing-shaped and colored.
Petals 8—5, united to the stamens, the lower one keelform.
Capsule compressed, elliptic, obovate or obcordate. Seeds

pubescent.
* Flowers in racemes or spikes.

1. P. incarnata Linn.: glaucous; stem erect, slender, nearly simple;
leaves scattered, few, subulate; racemes spiked, oblong, without glands;

corolla with a long tube.

N. J. to Flor. W.to Ark. Near Niagara Falls. Hook. June, July. @—
Stem 12—18 inches high, somewhat angled, with few remote subulate leaves.
Flowers flesh-colored, in a somewhat loose terminal spike. Petals united intoa
long slender tube. A specimen of this plant, received from Dr. Charles Picker-
ing, and gathered by him in New Jersey, has only 4 or 5 subulate leaves on the
stem, which is more than a foot high. Flesh-colored Milkwort.

2. P. cruciata Linn.: stem fastigiate, winged at the angles; leaves
whorled in fours, linear and linear-oblong, punctate; spikes ovate, dense,
sessile or on short peduncles; fiowers subcristate; wings deltoid-cordate,
acute or cuspidate. P. brevifolia and P. fastigiata Nutt.

Swamps. Mass. to Flor. W. to Louis. Aug. Sept. ().—Stem variable
in height, depending on situation. Spzkes sometimes pedunculate. Flowers red
or purple. Cross-leaved Milkwort.

POLYGALACE. 43

3. P. purpurea Nutt, : stem fastigiately branched ; leaves alternate, linear
and oblong-linear ; flowers beardless, imbricated in obtuse cylindrical spikes ;
rachis squarrose; wings of the calyx cordate-ovate, erect, twice as long as
the capsule. P. sanguinea Mich. Pursh.

Woods and hill sides. Mass. to Louis. W. to Ark. July, Aug. (@).—Stem

~12—18 inches high. Flowers rose-colored. Purple Milkwort.

4, P. sanguinea Lann.: stem fastigiately branched; leaves alternate,
narrow-linear ; flowers beardless, in long and crowded spikes; rachis squayr-
rose; wings ni the calyx obovate, as long as the capsule.

Diy sie N. J. to Geor. W. to ‘Ken, Tily__Oct. @).—Stem 8—12 inches
high. Flowers dark red. Allied to the former, but a much smaller plant, the
leaves shorter and narrower, and with a longer and more loose spike ; the rachis
also is much more squarrose. Red Mulkwort.

5. P. ambigua Nutt.: stem erect, virgately branched; leaves linear ;
the lower ones sometimes whorled, the rest scattered; spikes rather ob-
tuse, dense, on very long peduncles; flowers cristate; wings of the calyx
round and veined, as long as the fruit ; bracts deciduous.

Dry Woods. N.Y. to Virg. Aug. Sept. (.—Stem 6—12 inches high, slen-
der, somewhat angular. Flowers greenish-white, tinged: with purple, distinctly
pedicellate, larger than those of the next species. Ambiguous Milkwort.

6. P. verticillata Linn.: stem erect, branched; leaves whorled, linear,
and lance-linear; racemes spiked, acute, on rather short peduncles; bracts
deciduous ; flowers cristate; wings of the calyx roundish, shorter than the
capsule.

Sandy soils. Can. to Flor, W. to Miss. July--Oct. (@.—Stem 8—12 inches
high, slender, slightly angled. Leaves sometimes solitary, but mostly in whorls
of 4or5. Flowers small, greenish-white, sometimes tinged with purple.

Whorl-leaved Milkwort.

7. P. Senega Linn.: stems numerous, erect, smooth, simple; leaves al-
ternate, lanceolate, tapering at each end, scabrous on the margin; spikes
rather dense, somewhat acute; wings of the calyx orbicular; capsule ellip-
tic, emarginate.

Woods. Can. to Geor. June, July. ‘21.—Stem a foot high, with ovate,
scale-like leaves at the base. Leaves smooth, finely serrulate and fringed under
alens. Flowers greenish-white, in a terminal spike, which is 1—2 inches long.
The root is hard, firm and branching, and is much used in medicine. Big. Med.
Bot. ii. 97. Seneca Snake-root.

8. P. polygama Wait.: stems numerous, simple, erect and procumbent ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate downwards; racemes filiform, terminal
and lateral, elongated; lower ones procumbent, without petals ; flowers
sessile. P. rubella Willd. Pursh.

Forests. Can. to Flor. June, July. @).—Stem 4—8 inches high, angular.
Terminal racemes 10—25-flowered ; pedicels slender. Jlowers purple, at length
pendulous. ‘The whole plant is bitter and is used inmedicine. Bre. Med. Bot.
ii. 129. Bitter Milkwort.

** Flowers capitate, (yellow.)

9. P. lutea Linn.: stem simple or branched; lower leaves spatulate ;
upper ones lanceolate ; flowers in globular heads, yellow; wings of the
calyx ovate, mucronate; bracts shorter than the flowers.

Bogs, in pine barrens. N. J. to Flor. June—Oct. @)—Stem 8—12 inches

44 CARYOPHYLLACES.

high, mostly simple. Leaves fieshy. Flowers bright orange yellow. Abundant
in a peat bog four miles south of New Brunswick, N.J. Yellow Milkwort.

xxx Flowers in corymbs.

10. P.cymosa Walt.: stem simple below, corymbose at the summit ; radi-
cal leaves spatulate-obovate ; cauline ones linear; cymes compound ; spikes
ovate ; wings oblong, cuspidate. P. corymbosa Mich. P.ramosa Ell.

Swamps. Del. to Flor. W. to Texas. July, Aug. |.—Stem 8—12 inches
high, bearing a large terminal corymb. Spikes compact, half an inch in diam-
eter. Flowers yellow, dark green when dry. Corymbose Milkwort.

xxx Flowers axillary, (large.)

11. P. pauciflora Willd.: stem simple, erect, naked below ; leaves ovate,
acute, smooth ; flowers mostly terminal and by threes, large, cristate, some-
times axillary. P. uniflora Mich.

var. alba Eights: flower solitary, smaller, white; stem somewhat leafy
at base.

Woods. Arct. Amer. to Geor. June. 2|.—Stem3—4inches high. Flowers
large, purple, with the summit of the keel densely crested. Var. alba was found
by Dr. James Eights in the sandy plains near Albany. It has the stem rather
lower and more leafy than in the former; the flower also is solitary, smaller,
white, and the keel less densely crested. Fringed Milkwort.

~Orper XVIII. CARYOPHYLLACEA!.—Ctoveworrs.

Sepals 4—5, either distinct or cohering in a tube, persistent.
Petals 4—5, unguiculate, inserted upon the pedicel of the
ovary; occasionally wanting. Stamens as many or more com-
monly twice as many as the petals, and inserted with them; an-
thers fixed by the middle. Ovary often stipitate ; stigmas 2—5,
sessile, filiform, papillose on the inner surface. Capsule 2—5-
valved, either 1-celled or 2—5-celled, in the latter case with a
loculicidal dehiscence ; placenta in the axis. Seeds numerous,
rarely few; the embryo curved round mealy albumen.—Her-
baceous plants. Stems with tumid joints. Leaves opposite,
entire, without stipules.

1. DIANTHUS, [pn — Pink

(From the Greek Zevs, Acos, Jupiter, and avOos, a flower ; the high value set
upon the plants of this genus being such as to render them worthy of being dedi-
cated to Deity itself.)

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, with 2—4 opposite imbricate scales
at base. Petals 5, with long claws. Stamens 10. Styles 2.
Capsule 1-celled.

D. Armeria Linn.: flowers in terminal crowded clusters; scales of the
calyx lanceolate, villous, as long as the tube. D. armerioides Raf.

CARYOPHYLLACES. 45

Sandy fields. Mass. to Md. July. (.—Stem 18 inches high, branched
above. Leaves linear, opposite and connate. Flowers rose-colored, with white
dots, inodorous, small. Introduced from Europe. Deptford Pink.

2. SILENE. Linn.—Catchfly.

(Supposed to be derived from the Greek oradov, saliva ; in allusion to the vis-
cid secretion on the stem.)

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked. Petals 5, unguiculate,
mostly crowned at the orifice ; limb bifid. Stamens 10. Styles
3. Capsule 3-celled at base, dehiscent at the top into 6 teeth.

* Caulescent. Flowers solitary or panicled. Calyx inflated.

1. S. stellata Att.: stem erect, branching, pubescent; leaves verticillate
in fours, oval-lanceolate, long-acuminate, smooth; flowers in panicles;
calyx bladder-like, pubescent; limb of the petals fringed. Cucubalus stel-
latus Linn.

Dry woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %.—Stem 2A feet
high, slender, somewhat 4-sided. Leaves with a long tapering point, sessile.
Flowers white, the petals fringed at the apex. Four-leaved Campion.

2. S. inflata Smith: stem erect, branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
acute ; flowers numerous, panicled; petals deeply cleft, with narrow seg-
ments, scarcely crowned; calyx inflated, reticulated. Cucubalus Behen
Linn.

Fields. Can. and Mass. July. %|.—Stem 1—2 feet high. Flowers white ;
etals bifid. Calyx bladder-like and beautifully veined. Introduced from
jurope. Bladder Campion.

3. S.nivea Muhl.: stem divaricate and dichotomous above; leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, minutely and puberulently pubescent, the uppermost ovate ;
calyx obtuse, bell-shaped, inflated, subpilose; petals small, reflexed, bifid
at the extremity ; claws exserted beyond the calyx, nearly naked; flowers
solitary, dichotomal, terminal. Cucubalus niveus Nutt. Silene alba Muh.

“Upon an island in the Susquehannah near to Columbia, Penn. Muhlen-
berg.” Nutt. June, July. %.—Stem smooth and slender. eaves opposite,
2 inches long, and 4 an inch wide. Flowers white, remote, solitary, dichotomal
and terminal. White Caichfly.

** Caulescent, Flowers in axillary spikes, alternate. Calyx 10-striate.

4, S. nocturna Linn.: stem branched, pilose below ; leaves pubescent,
long ciliate at base; lower ones spatulate, upper ones linear-lanceolate ;
spike secund, dense; flowers sessile, alternate; calyx cylindrical, nearly
smooth; petals 2-parted, narrow.

Penn. and Virg. July. ().—Flowers white, greenish beneath. Introduced
from Europe. Night-smelling Catchjly.

wk Caulescent. Stem rigidly erect. Peduncles filiform. Calyx bellform
or cylindrical.

5. S. Antirrhina Linn.: almost smooth ; stem erect, simple or branching
above, somewhat leafy; leaves lanceolate, acute, subciliate, upper ones

46 CARYOPHYLLACER.

linear; flowers small, panicled; calyx ovoid, glabrous; petals small, ob-
cordate, slightly crowned.

Dry hills. Can. to Flor. W.to Oregon. June, July. @).—Stem 1—2 feet
high, nearly glabrous, with some of the upper internodes viscid. Petals white or
pale purple, only expanding towards evening. Calyx broad-oval or obovate,
shining. Snapdragon Caichfly.

xxxx Cawlescent. Flowers panicled, rarely solitary. Pedicels opposite,
short. Calyx tubular.

6. S. noctiflora Linn.: viscid-pubescent; stem erect, branching ; lower
leaves spatulate, the upper ones linear ; calyx cylindrical-ventricose, the al-
ternate strie veined; teeth very long, subulate; petals 2-parted.

Tn cultivated places. N. S. Torr. July. (@.—Stem a foot or more high.
Flowers rather large, pale reddish or white, expanding only in cloudy weather
or in the evening. Night-flowering Catchfly.

7. S. Catesbai Walt.: branching; leaves broad-lanceolate; flowers in
panicles; calyx clavate, colored; petals with long claws; limb bifid, with
two lateral teeth; lobes acute. S. Virginica Mich. Pursh. not of Linn.

Penn. to Miss. Muhl. June. %.—Stem a foot high. Flowers crimson.
Both De Candolle and Hooker concur in supposing the present plant distinct
from S. Virginica. - Catesby’s Catchfly,

8. S. Virginica Linn.: viscid-pubescent; stem mostly erect, branching;
leaves lanceolate ; lower ones on long peticles, with long cilie at base;
flowers large, in panicles; petals with long claws, broad, bifid, crowned.

Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May, June. %2|.—Stem 1—2 feet high. Flowers
larger than in the next species, purple. Virgina Catchfly.

9. S. Pennsylvanica Mich.: viscidly-pubescent; radical leaves some-
what cuneate; those of the stem long-linear; flowers in panicles, some-
what trichotomous; calyx long, tubular; petals slightly emarginate, sub-
crenate. S. Caroliniana Walt.

Sandy woods. Can. to Geor. May, June. | Stems numerous, cespitose,
8—12 inches high. Petals bright purple, sometimes almost white.
Wild Pink.

xxeee Cespitose. Stems almost wanting. Calyx subinflated. Pedwneles
1-flowered.

10. S. acaulis Linn. : stems very densely cespitose, low; leaves linear,
ciliate at base ; peduncles solitary, short, 1-flowered; calyx campanulate;
petals obcordate, crowned.

White Mountains, N. H. Arct. Amer. Rocky Mountains. July. %|.—Stem
short, much branched or tufted. eaves spreading. Flowers purple. : ji

Moss Campion.
3. SAPONARIA. Linn.-—Soapwort.

(From the Latin sapo, scap; the plant yielding a mucilaginous juice, which
has been used as a substitute for that article.)

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at base. Petals unguicu-
late ; claws equalling the calyx. Stamens10. Styles 2. Cap-
sule 1-celled. ieee

CARYOPHYLLACEX. 47

1. S. Vaccaria Linn.: leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile; flowers in pan-
icles; calyx pyramidal, 5-angled, smooth; bracts membranaceous, acute.

Cultivated grounds. Mass. and N. Y.; rare. July, Aug. @).—Stem 1—2
feet high. Flowers rose-colored. Introduced from Europe. Field Soapwort.

2. S. officinalis Linn.: leaves ovate-lanceolate, ribbed, acute or obtuse ;
flowers large, in a fasciculate panicle; calyx cylindrical; appendages of
the petals linear.

Road sides. N.Y. to Geor. June—Sept. 2|.—Stem 12—18 inches high.
Leaves opposite and connate. Flowers large, rose-colored. It is said to make a
lather with water, and hence its common name. Introduced from Europe.

F Common Soapwort.

4. AGROSTEMMA. Linn.—Rose Campion. :
(From the Greek ays oreppa, crown of the field, quite applicable to this species.)
Calyx tubular, 5-sided, coriaceous. Petals 5, unguiculate,
not crowned; limb entire. Capsule 1-celled, opening with 5
teeth.

A. Githago Linn.: hairy; leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate ; segments
of the calyx much longer than the corolla ; flower solitary, terminal, large ;
petals entire, destitute of a crown. Liychnis Githago D.C. Torr. & Gr.

Cultivated grounds. June, July. (1).—Stem 18—20 inches high. Flowers
large, purple, not crowned, on long peduncles. Introduced from Europe.
Corn Cockle.

5. SAGINA. Linn.—Pearlwort.

(The name signifying meat which fattens, is applicable to any of the minute
plants of this genus.)

Sepals 3—5, united at base. Petals 4—5, or more. Sta-
mens 4—10. Styles 4—5. Capsule 4—5-valved, 1-celled,
many-seeded.

1. S. procumbens Linn. : perennial ; stems procumbent, smooth, branched ;
leaves linear-mucronate ; petals much shorter than the calyx.

Borders of streams. N.Y. to Car. and W. to the banks of the Columbia river.
May—July. 2|.—Stems 2—4 inches long, diffuse and rooting at the lower joints.
Lower leaves connate. Peduncles solitary, longer than the leaves. Flowers
small, white, at first drooping. Procumbent Pearlwort.

2. S. apelala Linn.: annual; stems erect or procumbent only at base,
subpubescent; leaves subulate ; flowers alternate; petals 4, very minute or
none.

Sandy fields. N.Y.to Md. May, June. (1).—Stems numerous, erect, fili-
form. Leaves narrower and more bristle-pointed than in the preceding. Fowers
on long slender peduncles. Petals, according to Mr. Wilson, (Hook. Br. Fl.)

always present, but if so, they must be exceedingly minute.
Annual Pearlwort.

6. MOLLUGO. ZLinna.—Indian Chickweed.

(Supposed to be from Galium Mollugo, to which this plant bears some re-
semblance.)

Sepals 5, united at base. Petals none. Stamens 3—5.
Styles 3. Capsule 3-yalved, 3-celled, many-seeded.

48 CARYOPHYLLACES.

M. verticillata Linn. : stem decumbent, dichotomous; leaves verticillate,
obovate-lanceolate, acute ; peduncles 1-flowered, verticillate.

Fields. Can. to Car. W. to the Columbia river. July—Sept. @D.—Stem
spreading on the ground in all directions, 4—12 inches long. Leaves about 6 in
a whorl. - Flowers small, white, forming a sessile umbel. Carpet Weed.

7. STELLARIA. Linn. —Stitchwort.

(From the Latin stella, a star; because the corolla is spread in a star-shaped
manner.)

Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 5, (sometimes by abortion none,)
2-cleft or 2-lobed. Stamens 10, or by abortion 3—8. Styles
3, rarely 4. Capsule 3—4-valved ; valves 2-parted, membra-
naceous. Seeds usually many.

1. S. media Smith: stem procumbent, with an alternate pubescent late-
ral line; leaves ovate or lanceolate, very smooth ; upper ones sessile; pe-
tals oblong, deeply divided, shorter than the sepals; stamens 3—10. Alsine
media Linn.

Road sides, &c. Can.to Flor. March—Nov. (.—Stem much branched
and somewhat succulent. Peduncles axiliary and terminal, hairy, deflexed in

fruit. Petals white. Stamens usually 3 or 5. Introduced.
Common Chickweed.

2. S. pubera Mich.: pubescent; stem decumbent; leaves ovate-oblong,
sessile, acute, ciliate; pedicels filiform dichotomous, recurved or deflexed ;
petals longer than the calyx.

Rocky banks. Penn. to Geor-; rare. April, May. 2|.—Stem 6—12 inches ©
high, diffuse and dichotomous. Flowers large, axillary and terminal, on filiform —
pedicels. Petals white, deeply bifid. . Oval-leaved Stitchwort.

3. S. longifolia Muhl.: smooth; stem erect, square, weak ; leaves linear-
acute, spreading, with the margins often scabrous ; panicle terminal, divari-
cate, very long, bracteate; petals broad-obovate, 2-parted, about as long as
the 3-nerved calyx. Spergulastrum gramineum Mich. Micropetalon
gramineum Pers.

Moist woods. N.S. and N. to lat.64°. W.to Oregon. June. %1.—Siem
12—i5 inches high. Petals white, becoming longer than the calyx. Stamens
8—10. Long-leaved Stitchwort.

4. S. borealis Big.: stem spreading, angular, dichotomous; leaves oval-
lanceolate, acute, veinless ; peduncles axillary, elongated, 1-flowered ; petals
deeply cleft, about cqual to the calyx; capsule ovate, oblong, nearly twice
as long as the calyx. Micropetalon lanceolatwm Pers.

Shady swamps. N. Y. to Arct. Amer. July, Aug. (@).—Stem 4—15 inches
high, weak. Leaves slightly connate. Petals white, deeply cleft.

Northern Stitchwort.

5. S. aquatica D. C.: weak and decumbent, nearly smooth; leaves ob-
long, acute, veined; petals 2-cleft, rather shorter than the lanceolate very
acute sepals; capsule ovoid, about as long as the calyx. (Turr. ¢& Gr.) S.
borealis Darlingt.

_ Sandy springs. Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. 2|.—Stem 6—12
inches long, very slender. Flowers white, smaller than in the preceding.
Water Stilchwort.

CARYOPHYLLACER. 49

6. S. longipes Goldie.: weak, very smooth, glaucous; leaves linear,
subulate, spreading ; peduncles terminal, dichotomously branched; bracts
membranaceous; pedicels much elongated ; petals broad-ovate, deeply bifid,
a little longer than the obtuse and obscurely 3-nerved calyx.

Shores. Lake Ontario to Subarct. Amer. W. to Oregon.—Stem 2—6
inches high, nearly simple or branched. Very variable.
Sharp-leaved Stitchwort.

8. ARENARIA. Lann.—Sandwort.

fPeote the Latin arena, sand; because the species generally grow in sandy
souls.)

Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10, or fewer
by abortion. Styles 3, rarely 2 or 4. Capsule 1-celled, 3-
valved, many-seeded.

* Leaves linear, with scarious stipules at base.

1. A. rubra Linn.: stem prostrate, pilose: leaves filiform, somewhat
fleshy, acute or mucronate, shorter than the internodes; sepals lanceolate,
somewhat obtuse, scarious on the margin; peduncles axillary, at length
defiexed; seeds compressed, angular, roughish, not margined. A. Cana-
densis Pers. A. marina Big. Spergula rubra Torr. g Gr.

Sandy fields. Can. to Flor. W. to California. April—Nov. ({).—Stem
3—10 inches long, at first erect, at length diffuse, smooth or pubescent. Leaves
variable in length and form. Flowers small, red, axillary and solitary, and in
terminal leafy cymes, or racemes. A very variable species.

Common Sandwort.
** Leaves linear, lanceolate, or rounded, without stipules.

2. A. squarrosa Mich.: densely cespitose; stem simple, few-leaved ; lower
leaves, densely squarrose, imbricate, channelled, smooth; flowers in dicho-
tomous panicles, erect ; sepals roundish-ovate, smooth; petals obovate, much
longer than the calyx; capsule oval, 3-valved, exceeding the calyx. A.
Caroliniana Wait.

Pine barrens. N.Y. to Geor. May—Aug. 2.—Stem 6—8 inches high,
forming dense tufts. Flowers white, in a small terminal panicle.

quarrose Sandwort.

3. A. stricta Mich. : stems numerous, erect, smooth, filiform; leaves sub-

ulate-linear, erect, subfasciculate, spreading; panicle few-flowered : sepals

)

ovate, very acute, 3-ribbed, half as long as the petals; capsule ovate.

Rocks and barren ground. Can. to Car. May, June. 2|.—Stems 6—12
inches high. Leaves more linear than in the preceding, and not so much crowded
near the base. Upright Sandwort.

4, A. Grenlandica Spreng. : densely cespitose, smooth; stems low, de-
cumbent at base, 1—5-flowered; leaves narrow-linear, obtuse; pedicels
filiform, nearly erect; petals obovate wedge-form, entire or with a slight
notch, twice the length of the oblong, obtuse, membranaceously margined,
nerveless sepals. (Turr. g- Gr.)

Rocks. Greenland ; Labrador; White Mountains, N. H.; Whiteface and
Shawangunk Mountains, N. Y. June—Aug. 2.—Stems numerous, 2—4
inches high, slender, Leaves erect or spreading. Flowers 3 or 4 lines in
diameter. A. glabra of Michaux is said to be confined to the more or less
mountainous portions of the southern states. Greenland Sandwort.

3
t

59 CARYOPHYLLACE.

5. A. serpyllifolia Linn.: stem dichotomous, diffuse ; leaves ovate, acute,
sessile, somewhat rugose, smooth, ciliate ; sepals lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved,
larger than the corolla; capsule ovate, 6-valved, equalling the calyx; seeds
exactly reniform, rugose.

. Sandy fields. Mass. to Geor. May—July. @.—Stem mostly decumbent,

3—S inches long. Flowers axillary and terminal, solitary. Introduced from

Europe. Thyme-leaved Sandwort.
9. MGHRINGIA. Linn.—Meehringia.

Gn honor of Mehring, a German physician and botanist of the last century.)

Sepals 4—5. Petals 4—5, somewhat perigynous. Stamens
S—10. Styles usually 3, sometimes 2 or 4. Capsule splitting
into. twice as many (half) valves as there are stigmas. Seeds
few, smooth.

M. lateriflora Fenzl.: minutely pubescent; stem erect; leaves oblong or
oval, obtuse ; peduncles lateral and terminal, 2 (rarely 3—4) flowered, one
of the pedicels with 2 bracteoles near the middle; petals twice the length of
the sepals. (Torr. N.Y. Fl.) Arenaria lateriflora Linn.

- Woods. Mass. N.Y. N. to Hudson’s Bay; not very common. June. 2.—
Stem 5—10 inches high. simple or sparingly branched above. Peduncles axil-
lary, solitary, filiform. Fiowers white. Laieral-flowered Mehringia.
10. HONCKENYA. Ehrh.—Sea Chickweed.
(In honor of J. G. Honckeny, a German botanist.)

Sepals 5, slightly united at base. Petals 6, perigynous, with
short claws, entire. Stamens 10, inserted with the petals into
a glanduliferous disk. Styles 3—5. Capsules 3—5-valved ;
valves entire, 8—10-seeded. Seeds large, smooth.

Hi. peploides Erh.: sepals broadly ovate, mostly obtuse, with scarious

margins; petals spatulate-obovate; leaves and stem very fleshy. ( Torr. ¢
Gr.) Arenaria peploides Linn.

Sea coast. Long Island, N. Y. Mass. N.J. N. to Arctic America and
Labrador. May, June. ‘%.—Stems 6—10 inches high, thrown up from a
ereeping rhizoma. Leaves ovate or oval, closely sessile or clasping, very acute,
or mucronate. Flowers in short pedicels, white. | Common Sea Chickweed.

11. CERASTIUM. Linn.—Mouse-ear Chickweed.
(From the Greek xeoas, a horn; in allusion to the form of the capsule.)
Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, bifid or emarginate. Styles 5,
(rarely 4.) Capsule membranaceous, cylindrical or oblong,
opening at the summit by 10 teeth.

1. C. vulgatum Linn.: viscidly pubescent, pale green; stems numerous,
- eespitose, suberect; leaves ovate or obovate, obtuse, hirsute ; flowers dicho-
tomous, subumbelled, longer than the peduncles; petals oblong, emarginate,
scarcely larger than the calyx; capsule oblong, tapering, as long again as

ILLECEBRACE®. 5k

the calyx. C. hirsutum Muhl. C. connatwm Beck, Bot. 1st. Ed. C. semi-
decandrum Walt.

Fields and hills. Can. to Geor. May—Aug. (1).—Stem 6—10 inches high.
Flowers white. Introduced from Europe. Common Mouse-ear Chickweed.
2. C. viscosum Linn.: hairy and somewhat viscid, deep green; stems
numerous, erect; leaves lanceolate-oblong; flowers subpaniculate, shorter
than their pedicels; capsule somewhat incurved, terete, as long again as
the calyx. C. semidecandrum Linn.

Fields and road sides. Can. to Louis. May—Aug. 2|.—Stems 6—12 inches
high. Leaves rather obtuse. Petals white, obovate, a little longer than the
calyx. Introduced from Europe.. Clammy Mouse-ear Chickweed.

3. C. arvense Linn.: stems ascending; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse ;
more or less hairy, especially at base; flowers few, terminal; peduncles de-
flexed, pubescent; petals twice as long as the calyx; capsule oblong-cylin-
dric, scarcely longer than the calyx. C. tenwifoliwm Pursh. C. Pennsyl-
vanicum Horn.

Rocky places. Can. to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May—Aug.

—Root creeping. Stems 4—8 inches long, ascending, slender, somewhat
cespitose. Leaves crowded at the base of the stem, short, ciliate at base,
Flowers large, 2 or 3 on terminal pedicels. Petals deeply cleft, white, twice
as long as the calyx. Field Chickweed.

_ 4. C, oblongifolium Torr.: stems erect or declined, villous; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, mostly obtuse; flowers numerous; peduncles viscid ; petals obo-
vate, 2-cleft, twice the length of the oblong obtuse sepals; capsule cylindrical,
about twice as long as the calyx. C. pubescens Goldie. C. villosum. Muh.

Rocky places. Can. to Penn.; rather rare. May, June. |.— Stems 6—12
inches high, rather stout, very villous, tomentose at and below the nodes.
Flowers larger than in C. arvense, 7—15 in a cyme.

Oblong-leaved Chickweed.

5. C. nutans Raf.: viscid and pubescent; stem erect, straight, deeply
striate; leaves elongated, distant, lanceolate-linear; panicle much elongated,
divaricate, many-flowered, with long filiform pedicels; petals oblong, bifid
at the tip, longer than the calyx; capsule nodding, twice as long as the
calyx. C. glutinosum Nutt. C. longepeduwnculatum Mudl.

Moist grounds. Hudson's Bay to Louis. W.to Oregon, June. (@.—Stem
8—12 inches high, very viscid and covered with a woolly pubescence. Lower
leaves oblong-spatulate, acute. Flowers terminal, in a loose dichotomous pan-
icle. Nodding Chickweed.

Orver XIX, IJLLECEBRACEA.—Kwnorworrts.

Sepals 5, seldom 3 or 4, distinct or more or less cohering.
Petals minute, inserted upon the calyx between the lobes, oc-
casionally wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals and oppo-
site to them, or fewer by abortion. Ovary superior ; styles 2—5,
distinct or partially combined. Fruit small, dry, 1-celled, either
indehiscent or opening with 3 valves. Seeds solitary or nume-
rous, with mealy albumen.—terbaceous or half shrubby plants,

52 -ELATINACE.

with opposite or alternate, entire leaves, and scarious stipules.
Flowers minute, with scarious bracts.

1, ANYCHIA. Mich—Forked Chickweed.

(From the Greek ovvé, ovvyos, a finger-nail; on account of its reputed virtue
in curing whitlows.)

Calyx 5-parted. Sepals connivent, subsaccate, callous at the
apex. Petals none. Stamens 3—5; filaments distinct. Styles
short; stigmas 2, subcapitate. Capsule indehiscent, utricular,
1-seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx.

1. A. dichotoma Mich.: stem erect or spreading, dichotomously branched,
pubescent, leaves opposite, lanceolate, smooth; flowers solitary, terminal
and axillary, very minute, on very short pedicels, about as long as the stip-
ules. .A. Canadensis Ell. Queria Canadensis Linn.

Dry soils. Can. toGeor. W.toArk. July, Aug. (@.—Stem 6—12 inches
high, very pubescent, with numerous forking almost filiform branches, often
purple. Flowers very minute, solitary in the forks of the stem, greenish. A
very variable plant. Common Forked Chickweed.

2. A. capillacea D. C.: stem very smooth and slender; leaves ovate ;
stipules shorter than the flowers; flowers remote. A. dichotoma Torr. § Gr.
Queria capillacea Nutt.

Pine barrens. N. J. Aug. (@.—Perhaps only a variety of the preceding.
Capillary Forked Chickweed.

2. SPERGULA. Linn.—Spurrey.
(From the Latin spargo, to scatter ; from the seeds being so widely dispersed.)

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5—10. Styles
3—5. Capsule ovate, 5-celled, 5-valved. :

1. S. arvensis Linn.: leaves whorled, with minute stipules at the base;
panicle dichotomous; flowers decandrous; peduncles of the fruit reflexed;
seeds spherical, somewhat hispid, black, with a narrow margin.

Sandy Fields. Can. to Geor. W. to the Columbia river. June—Aug. @.—
Stem 6—12 inches high, swelling at the joints. Leaves narrow-linear, whoried.
Flowers in a panicle, white. According to Sir W. Hooker, the margin of the
seed varies greatly in its breadth. (Brit. Fl.) Introduced from Europe.

Corn Spurrey. Tares.

2. S. saginoides Linn.: stems creeping; leaves opposite linear, smooth,
awnless; peduncles solitary, very long; petals oblong, obtuse, as long as
the calyx; seeds kidney-form, punctate. S. decumbens Ell. Sagina de-
cumbens Torr. & Gr. ,

Sandy fields. Can.to Louis. W. tothe Pacific Ocean. April—July. @—
Stems 2—A inches long, decumbent. Flowers erect, white. - Resembles Sagina
procumbens. Introduced? Pearlwort Spurrey.

Orper XX. ELATINACEA.—W aterRwoprrts.

Sepals 2—5, distinct, or slightly connate at the base. Petals
hypogynous, alternate with the sepals. Stamens as many or

LINACE. 53

twice as many as the petals. Styles 2—5, very short, or none;
stigmas capitate. Capsule 2—5-celled, 2—5-valved. Seeds
numerous, without albumen; embryo straight.—Small annual
plants, found in marshes. Stems fistulous, rooting. Leaves
opposite, with minute stipules.

ELATINE. Linn.—Waterwort.

(From the Greek «Adrn, a fir ; its minute leaves somewhat resembling those
of the fir tree.)

Calyx 2—4-parted. Petals 2—4. Stamens 2—8. Cap-
sule 2—4-valved ; margin of the valves not introflexed.

E. Americana Arnott: stems diffuse, rooting and creeping; leaves cu-
neate-obovate, obtuse; flowers minute, sessile; sepals, petals, stamens
and sessile stigmas 2, sometimes 3; seeds 6—8. (Torr. N.Y. Fl.) Crypta
minima Nutt. Peplis Americana Pursh.

' Banks of streams. Throughout the U.S. July—Sept. ()?—Stems rooting
and creeping, forming patches. Leaves 2—3 lines long, entire. Flowers soli-
tary, very minute. Petals roundish, white. American Waterwort.

OrpveR XXI. LINACEA.—FLaxworts.

Sepals 83—5, persistent, with an imbricated estivation. - Pe-
tals as many as the sepals, unguiculate, with a twisted cstiva-
tion. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternate with them,
often with intermediate teeth or abortive stamens. Ovaries of
3—5 united carpels; styles filiform. Capsule globose, 3—5-
celled ; each cell partially divided in two by an imperfect spu-
rious dissepiment, and opening by 2 valves at the apex. Seeds
solitary, with thin albumen and a straight embryo.—Herba-
ceous plants or small shrubs. Leaves entire, opposite or alter-
nate, without stipules. Flowers terminal.

LINUM. Linn.—Flax.
(From the Celtie lin, thread.)

Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 5, with the fila-
ments united at base. Styles 5, very rarely 3. Capsule supe-
rior, subglobose, 10-valved, 10-celled. Seeds ovate, com-
pressed.

1. L. usita tissimum Linn. : stem mostly solitary, round, smooth, simple,
branched above; leaves lanceolate, alternate ; flowers large, on peduncles ;
segments of the calyx ovate, acute; petals crenate; capsule roundish,
acuminate.

Fields. June, July. ().—Stem 14 to 2 feet high. eaves distant, 3-rowed.
Flowers large, purplish-blue. Introduced ; scarcely naturalized.

Common Flax.

54 MALVACER.

2. L. Virginianum Linn.: stem erect, slender, smooth; radical leaves
ovate and spatulate ; those of the stem linear-lanceolate, alternate ; panicle
lax, corymbose; sepals acute ; capsule globose, awnless.

Hills and fields. Can. to Flor. W.to Arkansas. June—Aug. ().—Stem

—2 feet high, slender. Flowers small, yellow, in a dichotomous panicle.
Virginian Flac.

3. S. rigidum Pursh.: stem rigid, angular, grooved; leaves subseta-
ceous, short and erect; margin of the calyx glandulously ciliate ; petals
cuneate-oblong ; seeds pale brown.

Woods. Mass. to Geor. W. to Fort Mandan and California. ().—Stem about
6 inches high. Flowers pale yellow. Small Wild Flax.

Orper XXII. MALVACEA).—Mattowworrs.

Sepals 5, very seldom 3 or 4, more or less united at the base,
often bearing external bracts forming an involucre. Petals
equal in number to the sepals. Stamens indefinite, monadel-
phous ; anthers 1-celled, reniform. Ovary formed by the union
of several carpels round a common axis, either distinct or co-
hering; styles as many as the carpels. Fruit capsular or ber-
ried. Seeds without albumen.—Herbaceous plants or shrubs.
Leaves alternate, more or less divided, stipulate. F lowers
showy.

1, MALVA. Linn.—Mallow.

(Name altered from padayn, soft ; in allusion to the emollient nature of the
species. Hook. Br. Fl.)

Calyx 5-cleft, surrounded by an involucre usually of 3, some-
times 1—2, or 5—6 setaceous bracts; rarely naked. Capsules
dry, numerous, 1-seeded, circularly arranged.

1. M. sylvestris Linn.: stem erect, herbaceous, branched hairy; leaves
large, roundish, with 7 somewhat acute lobes; flowers large, axillary; pe-
duncles and petioles hairy; petals obcordate, thrice as long as the calyx.

Fields. N.Y. July, Aug. %|.—Stem 2—3 feet high, branched. Flowers
large, 3 or 4 together, purplish rose-color, with darker veins. Whole plant mu-
cilaginous and emollient. Introduced from Europe. hgh Mallow.

2. M. rotundifolia Linn.: stem somewhat prostrate; leaves roundish,
cordate, obtusely 5—7-lobed; peduncles bent downwards, and with the
petioles pubescent ; flowers axillary; corolla twice the length of the calyx. -

Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June—Oct. 2|.—Root fusi-
form. Stem 10—18 inches long. Flowers small, pink, with darker veins, on
pedicels, 2—3 together. Extensively naturalized. Low Mailow.

3. M.? Americana Muhl. : leaves ovate, crenate, stipules oblong-linear ;

peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. Malope malacoides Linn.

Penn. Virg. ().—Stem 12—18 inches high, sparingly branched. Flowers
on peduncles 2—3 lines long. Petals twice as long as the calyx, yellow. Torr, ~
&§ Gr. American Mallow.

MALVACE. 5D

2. ALTHAA. Linn.—Marsh Mallow.
(From the Greek ad@w, to cure; on account of its healing properties.)
Calyx surrounded by a 6—9-cleft involucre. Capsules nu-
merous, 1-seeded, arranged circularly.

A. officinalis Linn.: leaves soft tomentose on both sides, cordate and
ovate, dentate, entire or 3-lobed; peduncles axillary, many-flowered, much
shorter than the leaves.

Near salt marshes. Mass. N. Y. N. J. Aug., Sept. %.—Stem 2 feet high.
Flowers large, purple. Introduced from Europe. Marsh Mailow.

3. HIBISCUS. Linn.—Hibiscus.
(From an ancient Greek name of some plant of this tribe.)

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, surrounded by an involucre which
is often many-leaved. Stigmas 5. Carpels united in a 5 or 10-
celled capsule; valves septiferous in the middle; cells many-
seeded, rarely 1-seeded.

1. H. Virginicus Linn.: roughish tomentose ; leaves cordate-ovate, acu-
minate, unequally serrate-toothed ; upper ones undivided; lower 3-lcbed;
pedicels longer than the petioles; flowers cernuous; capsule hispid. #.

clypeatus Walt.
_ Salt marshes. N. Y.to Car. Aug. %.—Stem3feethigh. Flowers in pan-
iculate racemes, 2 inches in diameter, rose-colored. Involucre 8—9-leaved, to-
mentose. Petals obovate-cuneate. Varginian Hibiscus.
2. A. Moscheutos Linn.: leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, often 3-lobed,
whitish-tomentose beneath, somewhat scabrous pubescent above ; pedun-
cles and petioles often united; calyx tomentose. H. palustris Linn.
Swamps, especially near salt water. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. %|—Svem
3—5 feet high. Jieaves 5 inches long and 3 broad, usually obtuse at base.
Flowers white or pale purple, sometimes with a crimson centre, about as large as
the common Hollyhock. Swamp Hibiscus.
3. H. militaris Willd.: leaves 3-lobed, hastate, acuminate, serrate,
smooth ; pedicels articulate in the middle; corolla subcampanulate ; cap-
sule ovate, acuminate, smooth; seeds silky. H. Virginicus Wall. H.
hastatus Mich.
Banks of streams. Penn. to Geor- W. to Ark. Aug. 2.—Stem 3—4 feet
high. Flowers large, purple, axillary, solitary. Smooth Hibiscus.
4. H. Trionuwm Linn.: leaves toothed; lower ones scarcely divided;
upper 3-parted; lobes lanceolate, middle one very long; calyx inflated,
membranaceous, nerved. H. pallidus Raf.

Near gardens and cultivated grounds. N.Y. July. ().—Stem 2 feet high,
somewhat hispid. Flowers yellowish white, with the lower part purple. Intro-
duced from Europe. Bladder Ketmia.

4. SIDA. Linn.—Sida.
(An ancient Greek name applied to some plant of this tribe.)
Calyx 5-cleft, often angled, naked, or rarely with 1—2 se-

56 “TILIACEA.

taceous bracts. Style many-cleft atthetop. Carpels numerous,
arranged circularly, 1-celled, 1—3-seeded.

1. S. spinosa Linn.: leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed, with the tubercles
at the base spiny ; pedicels axillary, solitary, shorter than the stipules and
petioles; carpels 5, bi-rostrate.

Barrens and road sides. N.Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. @.—Stem
1J—2 feet high, branched. Flowers solitary, yellow. Leaves sometimes sub-
cordate. Prickly Sida.

2. S. Napea Willd.: leaves palmately 5-lobed, smooth ; lobes oblong,
acuminate, toothed; peduncles many-flowered ; Hass 10, aes
acuminate. is levis Linn.

Rocky places. Penn. to Virg.; rare. Pursh. July. 2|.—Stem 3—4 feet high.
Flowers small, white. Smooth Sida.

3. S. divica Willd.: leaves palmately 7-lobed, rough; lobes lanceolate,
incisely toothed; peduncles many-flowered, paces cabeoey ede flow-
ers dicecious ; capsules 10, awnless. Napea dioica aad N. scabra Linn.

Stony sfoand: Penn and Virg. Oct. 2|.—Stem 4—5 feet high. Flowers
small, white, crowded into heads. Rough Sida.

4, S. Abutilon Linn.: leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate, toothed,
tomentose; peduncles shorter than the petioles; capenles 15, truncate,
bi-rostrate, hairy. Abutilon Avicenne Geert. Torr. & Gr.

Waste ground. N.S. July, Aug. (@.—Stem 3— feet high, with spreading
branches. Leaves large. Flowers orange yellow. Introduced from India.
Indian Mallow.

Orper XXIII. TILIACEKA.—Linpens.

Sepals 4—5, distinct or united, with a valvate zstivation.
Petals 4—5, entire, rarely wanting. Stamens generally in-
definite, hypogynous, distinct; anthers 2-celled. Disk often
with 4—5 glands at the base of the petals. Ovary of 2—10
united carpels ; style 1; stigmas as many as the carpels. Fruit
dry, of several cells. Seeds solitary or numerous, with fleshy
albumen.—Trees or shrubs, with simple, stipulate, alternate
leaves and axillary flowers.

TILIA. Linn.—Linden or Lime Tree.
(A name of uncertain origin.)

Calyx 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5, naked, or with a small
scale within. Stamens many; filaments free, or somewhat in
sets. Ovary globose, villous, 5-celled ; cells 2-seeded, (/7rwit.)
coriaceous, by abortion 1-celled, 1—2-seeded.

1. T. glabra Vent.: leaves deeply cordate, abruptly acuminate, acutely
serrate, subcoriaceous, smooth ; flowers in cymes; petals truncate at the
apex, crenate; style as long as the petals; fruit ovate, somewhat sete
T. Americana Linn. Mich. f. T. Canadensis Mich.

HYPERICACE. 57

. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. A tree often 60 or 70 feet high,
with yellowish-white flowers. 'The wood is white and soft, and much used by
cabinet and coach-makers. ‘he bark is grayish, and so strong and flexible as
to make tolerable ropes. Big. Basswood. Whitewood.

2. T. laxiflora Mich.: leaves cordate, gradually acuminate, serrate,
membranaceous, smooth; flowers in loose panicles; petals emarginate ;
styles longer than the petals; fruit globose.

Near the sea coast. Penn. to Geor. May. h.—A very distinct species,
though generally confounded with the former. Pursh.
/ Loose-flowered Linden.

3. T. pubescens Ait.: leaves truncate at the base, subcordate, oblique,
denticulate-serrate, pubescent beneath; petals emarginate ; styles longer
than the petals; fruit globose, smooth. JT. Americana Walt.

Banks of streams. Penn. to Geor. W. to Tenn. June.—A large tree.
Flowers white, in axillary cymes. Hairy-leaved Linden.

Groen XXIV. UVPERICACE A Time ana:

Sepals 4—-5, distinct or cohering, unequal. Petals 4—5,
with a twisted zstivation and oblique veins. Stamens usually
numerous and cohering at base in three or more parcels. Ovary
single, superior ; styles several, rarely connate ; stigmas simple,
occasionally capitate. Fruit a capsule or berry, of many valves
and many cells. Seeds very numerous, minute, without albu-
men; embryo straight.—Herbaceous plants or shrubs, with a
resinous juice, and dotted with pellucid or black glands. Leaves
opposite, entire, without stipules. Flowers mostly yellow.

1. HYPERICUM. Linn.—St. John’s Wort.
(A name of uncertain origin.)

Sepals 5, more or less united at the base, mostly equal. Pe-
tals 5, oblique, and often inequilateral. Stamens numerous, or
sometimes few, united at the base into 3—5 parcels, sometimes
distinct. Styles 3—5, distinct or more or less united. Capsule
membranaceous.

* Stamens numerous. Styles 5. Flowers mostly terminal, large, yellow.

1, A. pyramidatum Ait.: smooth; stem square, somewhat branching
above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, somewhat clasping, acute, membranaceous,
pellucid-punctate ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; styles free, as long as the sta-
mens. H.macrocarpon Mich. H. ascyroides Wild.

River banks. Can. to Penn. and Ohio. July. 2{.—Stem 2—4 feet high, with
two of the angles strongest. Flowers few or solitary, at the ends of the branches,
more than an inch in diameter. Capsule ovoid-conical, as large as a nutmeg.

Giant St. John’s Wort.

2. Kalmianum Willd.: frutescent, much branched; branches square ;

3

58 HYPERICACES.

leaves crowded, narrow-oblanceolate, obtuse ; cymes fastigiate, 3—7-flow-
ered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, about half as long as the petals.

Banks of streams and in swamps. Can. and around the great lakes. Falls
of Niagara. N. J. July, Aug. A shrub about 2 feet high. Flowers smaller than
in the preceding. ‘The var. elongatum of Macnab occurs in a swamp about
8 miles S. of New Brunswick, N. J. The branches are more elongated, the
leaves more obtuse, and the flowers smaller than in the specimens from Niagara
Falls. Kalm’s St. John’s Wort.

«* Stamens numerous. Styles mostly 3. Flowers yellow.

3. H. angulosum Mich.: stem herbaceous, square, erect; leaves distant,
elongated, ovate, subclasping, sinuate on the margin, acute, not punctate;
flowers axillary, solitary, ina dichotomous panicle; sepals lanceolate, acute,
somewhat keeled. H. denticulatum Walt.

Cedar swamps. N.J.to Flor. June, July. %.—Stem 12—18 inches high,
branched towards the summit. Flowers scattered in the panicle and alternate,
orange-colored. Styles 3, often united. Angular St. John’s Wort.

4. H. adpressum Bart.: stem 2-winged above; leaves linear-lanceolate
or linear-oblong, closely sessile, pellucid-punctate; cyme few-flowered,
naked; sepals very unequal, oblong and obovate, at length reflexed; petals
oblong-cbovate, twice as long as the sepals.

Swamps. N.J. Penn. W. to Ark. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem 2 feet high,
somewhat shrubby at base. Flowers in compound cymes. Stamens very nu-
merous. Winged St. John’s Wort.

5. H. ellipticum Hook.: stem square, simple below, somewhat branched
above; leaves elliptic, very obtuse, closely sessile, pellucid-punctate ; cyme
nearly naked; sepals oblong, very unequal, spreading; capsule ovate-glo-
bose.

Moist grounds. Can.to Penn. July. 2|.—Stem 1C—20 inches high. Flowers
pale orange. Styles 3, connate nearly to the summit.

Elliptic St. John’s Wort.

6. H. corymbosum Muhl.: stem terete, black punctate ; leaves ovate lance-
olate, obtuse, sub-clasping ; flowers in dense corymbs; sepals ovate, acute;
petals oblong. H. punciatum Torr. Comp.

Shady woods. Can. to Penn. W.to Miss. June. %|.—Stem 2 feet high.
Flowers in a compact panicle or corymb. Styles 3, longer than the stamens.
Whole plant, except the filaments and styles, spotted with black dots.

: Corymbed St. John’s Wort.

7. H. perforatum Linn. : stem ancipital; leaves obtuse, ovate-elliptic, and
with the lanceolate sepals pellucid-punctate ; flowers panicled ; anthers with
black punctures; styles diverging.

Fields, pastures, &c. Throughout Can. and the U.S. June—Aug. %.—
Stem 1—2 feet high, branched. Flowers numerous. Stamens mostly in three
sets. A pernicious weed, producing, according to Dr. Darlington, troublesome
sores upon horses and horned cattle, where it comes in contact with them. — It
would seem that the dew which collects’on the plant, becomes active in this
way. Fl. Cest. Introduced from Europe. Common St. John’s Wort.

8. H. mutilum Linn. : stem erect, much branched, smooth, square ; leaves
ovate, subcordate, obtuse, sessile, obscurely 5-nerved, pellucid-punctate ;
flowers in a dichotomous corymb ; sepals lanceolate, longer than the petals.
Hi. quinquenervium Walt. Mich. H. parviflorum Wald.

HYPERICACES. 59

Overflowed grounds. ‘Throughout Can. and the U.S. June—Aug 1|.—
Stem 6—12 inches high. Flowers very small, pale yellow, solitary in the divisions
of the stem. _ Small-flowered St. John’s Wort.

9. H. Canadense Linn.: stem erect and straight, 4-winged ; leaves linear,
attenuate at the base, rather obtuse: panicle elongated, dichotomous ; sepals
lanceolate, very acute, longer than the petals; stamens 5—10; capsule
long, conical, colored.

ravelly soil. Can. to Geor. June—Aug. (1)—Stem 6—12 inches hich.
Flowers small, yellow. Capsule much longer than the calyx, and of a Sodtish
color, by which, together with its linear leaves, it can be readily distinguished
from the preceding. Canadian St. John’s Wort.

10. H. Sarothra Mich.: erect, much branched above; branches seta-
ceous ; leaves minute, subulate, appressed; flowers terminal, subsolitary ;
stamens 5—10; capsule conical, very acute, l-celled. A. nudicaule Walt.
Sarothra gentianoides Willd.

Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. June—Aug. 2.—Stem 4—8 inches high,
much branched. eaves scarcely more than a line long. Flowers minute,
orange-yellow. Stamens variable in number. Ground Pine.

11. H. prolificum Linn.: stem shrubby, terete ; branches angled ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, revolute on the margin, pellucid-punctate; corymbs
axillary and terminal, few-flowered, sepals ovate-lanceolate ; stamens very
numerous. WH. galioides Pursh.

Banks of streams. N. J. to Flor. W. to Texas. July.—A shrub 2—3 feet
high, with much compressed branches. Leaves 2 inches long. Peduncles gen-

erally 3-flowered, the intermediate one nearly sessile.
Proliferous St. John’s Wort.

2. ASCYRUM. Linn.—St. Peter’s Wort.

(From the Greek a, privative, and oxvpos, roughness ; the pliant being smooth
to the touch. Torr. N. Y. FI.)

Calyx 4-sepalled; 2 outer sepals smaller. Petals 4, cadu-
cous. Stamens many, scarcely united at base. Styles 2—3,
rarely 4, sometimes united. Capsule 1-celled, 2—3-valved.

1, A. Cruz-Andree Linn.: stem much branched at base, assurgent ;
leaves obovate-oblong, or linear-oblong, obtuse ; flowers solitary or cymu-
lose, on short pedicels; outer sepals ovate, inner ones very minute; petals
linear-oblong ; styles 2, at length distinct. (Torr. G+ Gr.) A. muilticaule
Mich.

Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. and Louis. July. %.— Stem 8 inches to 2 feet
high, ancipital above. Leaves variable in width. Flowers usually in_threes,
pale yellow. Common St. Peter’s Wort.

2. A. stans Mich.: stem ancipital and somewhat winged; straight;
leaves closely sessile, ovate-elliptic, obtuse, glaucous ; outer sepals cordate-
orbicular ; inner ones lanceolate, one-third shorter than the others; styles
3, rarely 4. A. hypericoides Linn. ?

Sandy swamps. N. Y. to Flor. July, Aug. 2.—Stem 1—2 feet high,

branched at the summit. Flowers mostly three ij yellow, much larger
than in the preceding. Ipright St. Peter’s Wert.

60 ACERACES.

3. ELODEA. Adans.—Elodea.
(From the Greek e\wdns, growing in marshy places.)

Sepals 5, somewhat united at base. Petals 5, deciduous,
equilateral. Stamens 9, (rarely 12—15,) united into three
parcels which alternate with 3 hypogynous glands. Styles 3,
distinct. Capsule oblong, membranaceous, 3-celled. -

E. Virginica Nutt.: leaves sessile, clasping ; stamens united below the
middle. E.campanulata.Pursh. Hypericum Virginicum Linn.

Bogs and meadows. Can. to Flor. and Louis. July—-Sept. %|.—Stem 12—18
inches high, tinged with purple. Leaves 1—2inches long, paler beneath. Flow-
ers few, in terminal and axillary cymes, reddish-yellow, half an inch in diameter.

Virginian Elodea.

Orper XXV. ACERACEA(.—Map tes.

Calyx 5, or rarely 4—9-parted, with an imbricate zestivation.
Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx and alternate with them,
inserted round a hypogynous disk. Stamens usually 8, some-
times 83—12, distinct. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled ; style 1; stig-
mas 2. Fruit of 2 indehiscent winged carpels, (samare,) each
1-celled, 1—2-seeded. Seeds with little or no albumen.—Trees,
with opposite, palmately lobed, rarely pinnate, leaves. Flowers
small, often polygamous, in racemes, corymbs or fascicles.

1. ACER. Linn.—Maple.
(From the Latin acer, sharp; the wood having been used for pikes, or lances.)

Flowers mostly polygamous. Calyx 5-lobed, sometimes 5-
parted. Stamens rarely 5, often 7—10. Samare 8, winged,
united at base, by abortion 1-seeded.

* Flowers in corymbs or fascicles.

1. A. rubrum Linn. : leaves 3—5-lobed, cordate at the base, unequally
and incisely toothed, glaucous beneath; the sinuses acute, the lobes acute
or acuminate; flowers aggregated in about fives, on rather long pedicels;
fruit smooth ; the wings slightly falcate, at length spreading.

Moist woods. Can. to Flor. April.—A tree from 20—50 feet high. Leaves
pubescent when young. Flowers appearing before the leaves, in sessile fascicles,
red or yellowish. Pedicels of the flowers, half an inch long, of the fruit 2—3
inches. ! Red Maple.

2. A. eriocarpwm Mich. : leaves palmately 5-lobed, truncate at the base,
smooth and whitish-glaucous beneath; sinuses obtuse; lobes acuminate,
incisely toothed ; flowers aggregated, on short pedicels; fruit woolly when

young, nearly smooth when old, with large dilated wings. A. dasycarpum
Willd,

ACERACEE. 61

Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. April, May.—A tree 30—50 feet high, af-
fording a sweet sap. Leaves on long petioles, nearly smooth when old. Flowers
greenish-yellow or purplish, usually about 5 together. Pedicels of the fruit
about an inch long. Sulver-leaved Maple. White Maple.

3. A. barbatwm Mich.: leaves ovate-cordate, with 3 shortlobes, un-
equally serrate, glaucous beneath and pubescent on the nerves; corymbs
sessile; peduncles hairy; those of the sterile flowers branched, of the fer-
tile simple; calyx bearded within; fruit smooth; wings erect. A. Caro-
linianum Walt.

Cedar swamps. N. J. to Car. Pursh. April—aA small tree. Leaves small.
Flowers pale green. Calyx densely bearded within. Hairy Maple.

4. A. saccharinum Linn.: leaves palmately 3—5-lobed, subcordate at
base, petioled, glaucous beneath; sinuses obtuse; lobes acuminate; pe-
duncles corymbose, loose, nodding, hairy; fruit glabrous; wings divergent.

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April.—A tree’ 50—80 feet high.
Leaves deep green and smooth above. Flowers yellowish, on long filiform pe-
duncles. Petioles smooth. Valuable for its timber and for the sugar obtained
from its sap. Common Sugar Maple. Hard Maple.

5. A. nigrum Mich.: leaves palmately 5-lobed, cordate, with the sinus
closed, pubescent beneath ; lobes divaricate, sinuate-dentate; flowers on
long slender peduncles, corymbed; fruit glabrous, turgid at base; wings
diverging. A. saccharinum var. nigrum Torr. & Gr.

Woods, on hill-sides. Ver.to Car. April—aA large tree. Flowers yellowish.
Petioles pubescent. Black Sugar Maple.

** Flowers in racemes.

6. A. striatum Mich.: leaves with 3 acuminate lobes, rounded at the
base, acutely dentate, somewhat. pubescent ; racemes simple, pendulous ;
petals oval; fruit smooth ; wings large, somewhat diverging. A. Pennsyl-
vanicum Linn. j

Shady rocks. Can. toGeor. (Not south of the Highlands in N. Y. Torr.)
May.—A shrub or small tree 10—15 feet high ; trunk beautifully striate. Leaves
rarely undivided. Flowers large, greenish-yellow, 10—12 in a raceme.

Striped Maple. Moose Wood.

7. A. spicatum Linn.: leaves small, 3—5-lobed, acute, dentate, cordate,
pubescent beneath; racemes spikeform, erect ; petals linear; fruit smooth ;
wings somewhat diverging. A. montanum Ait.

Rocky hills. Can. to Geor. May.—Shrub 8—12 feet high. Flowers green-
ish, small, in racemes 2 or 3 inches long. Mountain Maple.

2. NEGUNDO. D. C. Box Elder.

Flowers dicecious. Calyx minute, unequally 4—5-toothed,
Petals none. Anthers 4—5, linear, sessile.

N. fraxinifoliwm Nult.: leaves ternate, or pinnate by fives; leafets
rhomboid-oval or oval-lanceolate, acuminate, unequally and coarsely den-
tate ; flowers dicecious, in simple pendulous racemes. Acer Negurdo Linn.
Mich.

Low wet grounds. Can. toGeor. W. tothe Rocky Mountains. April-—A tree

15—20 feet high, with a smooth yellowish-green bark. eaves mostly ternate.
Flowers yellowish-green, pendulous, Ash-leaved Maple. . Bow Elder.

62 - VITACER.

Orpen XXVI. HIPPOCASTANACEA.—Horst Cuesrnvrs.

Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, unequal. Stamens
7—8 distinct, unequal, inserted upon a hypogynous disk.
Ovary 3-celled; style filiform, acute. Fruit coriaceous, 1—2
or 3-valved, 1—2 or 3-celled. Seeds 1—3, large, roundish,
with a smooth shining coat, and a broad hilum ; albumen none ;
embryo curved, germinating under ground.—Trees or shrubs.
Leaves opposite, compound. Flowers in racemes or panicles.

JESCULUS. Linn.—Horse Chestnut.
(A Latin name said to have been originally applied to an oak.)

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 4—5, more or less
unequal. Filaments recurved backward.

1. 4. glabra Willd.: leafets 5, ovate, acuminate, very smooth; corolla
4-petalled, spreading, with the claws as long as the calyx; stamens longer
than the corolla; fruit echinate. J. echinata Muhl. Pavia Ohiensis
Mich. f.

Banks of streams. Penn. to Virg. W. to Miss. May.—A large shrub or small
tree. Flowers yellowish-white, in terminal racemose panicles. Buck-eye.

2. 2. Hippocastanum Linn.: leafets 7, obovate-cuneate, acute, dentate ;
flowers with 5 petals and 7 stamens ; fruit echinate.

About houses. May.—A tree with a smooth bark, very branching towards
the top. Flowers large, white, spotted with purple and yellow. A native of
India. Common Horse Chesinut.

Orper XXVII. VITACEA.—Vinzs.

Calyx small, nearly entire. Petals 4 or 5, sometimes co-
hering above and calyptriform, with a valvate estivation.
Stamens as many as the petals, inserted upon the disk, some-
times sterile by abortion. Ovary 2-celled ; style 1, very short;
stigma simple. Fruit a globose pulpy berry, 2- (or by abortion
1-) celled. Seeds 1—5, bony, with hard albumen.—Climbing
shrubs, with simple or compound leaves, and small green
flowers. :

1. AMPELOPSIS. Mich.—Ampelopsis.

(From the Greek apmehos vine, and ots, aspect ; on account of its resemblance
to the vine.)

Calyx nearly entire. Petals 5. Style 1, very short. Stig-
_ma capitate. Ovary not immersed in the disk, 2—4-seeded.
1. A. cordata Mich.: stem climbing, with slender branches ; leaves cor-

GERANIACE. 63

date, acuminate, toothed and angular; nerves beneath pubescent ; racemes
dichotomous, few-flowered. Cissus Ampelopsis Pers. Vitis indivisa Willd.

Banks of streams. Penn. to Car. W.to Ark. June, July. .—Leaves cor-
date, often straight at base asif truncate. Panicles opposite the leaves. Berries
pale red. Heart-leaved Ampelopsis.

2. A. quinguefolia Mich.: stem climbing and rooting ; leaves digitate,
by fives, on long petioles, glabrous; leafets connected at base, lanceolate,
acuminate, dentate towards the apex; racemes somewhat dichotomously
cymose. A. hederacea D.C. Cissus hederacea Pursh. Hedera quinquefolia
Linn. ‘

var. hirsuta Torr. g Gr.: leaves pubescent on both sides; leafets ovate.
A. hirsuta Muhl. Cissus hederacea, var. hirsuta Pursh.

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ark. Var. hirsuta, Alleghany Mountains. Pursh.
June, July. h.—Sitem climbing. Flowerssmall, yellowish-green. Berries dark
blue or nearly black. Virginian Creeper.

2. VITIS. Linn.—Vine.
(An ancient Latin name, the derivation of which is unknown.)
Calyx somewhat 4—5-toothed. Petals 4—5, cohering at their
apex, deciduous. Stamens 5. Style none. Berry 2-celled,
1—4-seeded; cells and seeds often abortive.

1. V. Labrusca Linn.: leaves very large, broad-cordate, sub-3-lobed,
acutely toothed, glabrous above, and with the peduncles grayish-tomentose
beneath ; racemes small, panicled ; berries large.

Woods. Can. to Flor. June, July. kh.—Stem climbing to a great height.
Flowers greenish. Berries dark purple, sometimes greenish-white. It under-.
goes great changes by cultivation. Fox Grape.

2. V. estivalis Mich.: stem long and slender; leaves broad-cordate,
3—5-lobed, younger ones ferruginous-tomentose beneath, when old nearly
smooth; sinuses rounded; racemes opposite the leaves, rather crowded,
oblong; berries small. V. intermedia Mudl.

Woods and river banks. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. June. .h.—Berries
deep blue, almost black. Summer Grape.

3. V. vulpina Linn.: leaves cordate, abruptly acuminate, somewhat
equally and rather coarsely toothed, smooth above; racemes loose, many-
flowered ; berries small. V. cordifolia Mich. Pursh.

River banks. Can.toFlor. June. hk.—Berries amber-colored, nearly black
when ripe, and have a tart taste. Winter Grape. Frost Grape.
4, V. riparia Mich.: leaves cordate, unequally and incisely toothed ;
shortly 3-lobed, pubescent on the margin, nerves and petiole; racemes
loose ; berriessmall. V. odoratissima Donn.

Gravelly banks. Can. to Virg. W. to Ark. May—July. h.—S*em long.
Leaves incisely toothed, by which it may be distinguished from the preceding.
Flowers sweet-scented. Berries dark purple or amber color, when ripe.

Sweet-scented Grape.

Orprer XXVIII. GERANIACE..—Crann’s-bitts.

Sepals 5, persistent, more or less unequal, with an imbricated
eestivation, Petals 5, (or by abortion 4, rarely none,) unguicu-

64 GERANIACE.

late. Stamens usually monadelphous, hypogynous, twice or
thrice as many as the petals. Fruit formed of 5 carpels co-
hering round the axis, having a membranous pericarp and ter-
minated by an indurated style, which finally twists and carries
the pericarp along with it. Seeds solitary, without albumen.
Cotyledons convolute and plaited——Herbaceous or shrubby
plants usually strong-scented. Leaves opposite and alternate,
mostly lobed. Flowers regular or irregular.

1. GERANIUM. Linn.—Crane’s-bill.
(From the Greek yepavos, a crane; the fruit resembling the bill of that bird.)

Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 109, all fertile;
alternate ones longer, and with nectariferous scales at the base.
Carpels with long awns, at length separating elastically from
the summit to the base ; awns smooth internally.

* Perennial.

1. G. maculatum Linn.: stem somewhat angular, erect, dichotomous,
retrorsely pubescent ; leaves 3—5-parted, incised; radical on long petioles ;
upper opposite, sessile; petals entire ; filaments slightly ciliate at the base.

Woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. %|.—Stem 8—I15 inches
high. Leaves hairy. Flowers large, purple. The root is very astringent, and
is useful for medicinal purposes. Big. Med. Bot. i. 19.

Spotted Geranium, or Crane’s-bill.

xk Annual.

2. G. pusillum Linn.: stem procumbent ; leaves reniform or nearly orbicu-
lar, deeply 5—7-lobed ; lobes of the lower leaves 3-cleft, of the upper entire;
peduncles short, 2-flowered; petals emarginate, scarcely longer than the
awnless calyx; carpels keeled, pubescent.

Sandy soils. N.Y. & Penn. May—July. @.—Stem 1—2 feet long, very
slender. Leaves slightly pubescent: Flowers pale se much smaller than in
the preceding. Introduced? Small-flowered Crane’s-bill.

3. G. Carolimanum Linn.: diffusely branched, pubescent; leaves 5-
lobed beyond the middle; lobes incised, 3—5-cleft; peduncles crowded to-
wards the top; petals notched, as long as the awned calyx; carpels hairy. -
G. dissectum Pursh.

Barren grounds. Arct. Amer. to Flor. and Louis. W. to the Rocky Moun-
tains and California. April—June. (@.—Stem 4—12 inches high. Flowers
small, rose-color, or nearly white. Carolina Crane’s-bill.

4. G. Robertianum Linn. : leaves ternate or quinate; leafets somewhat —
pinnatifid, segments mucronate ; peduncles long, 2-flowered; calyx, angu-
lar, hairy, with longish awns, eres than the entire petals; carpels small,
wrinkled.

Rocky places. Can. to Virg. June—Sept. (@).—Sitem long. Bones rather
small, purple. Plant very fetid. Herb Robert.

BALSAMINACE. 65

2. ERODIUM. L’ Herit.—Heron’s-bill.

(From the Greek eowduos, a heron; the fruit resembling the head and beak of
that bird.)

Sepals 5, equal, regular. Petals 5, mostly equal. Stamens
10, the 5 outer ones (opposite the petals) shorter and sterile;
the perfect ones with a nectariferous gland at the base. Styles
persistent, bearded on the inside, at length spirally twisted.

E. cicutarium Smith: stem prostrate or diffuse, hairy ; leaves pinnately
divided ; segments sessile, pinnatifid, incised or acute; peduncles several
flowered ; petals unequal. Geranium cicutariwm Linn.

- Gravelly shore of Oneida Lake, N. Y.; abundant. W. to Oregon and Cali-

fornia. May, June. (4).—Zeaves 2—4 inches long, oblong, with numerous pin-

natifid lobes. Flowers as large as those of Geranium pusillum. Introduced ?
Hemlock-leaved Heron’s-bill.

Orper XXIX. BALSAMINACEA.—Batsams.

Sepals 5, irregular, deciduous; the two upper commonly
united into one, the lower spurred. Petals 4, hypogynous,
united in pairs, so that apparently there are only 2 petals.
Stamens 5; filaments subulate. Ovary 5-celled ; stigma sessile,
more or less 5-lobed. Fruit capsular, with 5 elastic valves
and 5 cells. Seeds solitary or numerous, without albumen.—
Succulent herbaceous plants. Leaves simple, without stipules.

IMPATIENS. Linn.—Balsam.
(In allusion to the bursting of the seed-vessels by the slightest touch.)

Sepals 5, the lower one spurred. Corolla 4-petalled, irregu-
lar ; the two inner petals unequally bilobed. Stigmas 5, united.
Capsule prismatic-terete, elongated, 5-valved, opening elas-
tically. 3

1. I. pallida Nutt.: peduncles solitary 2—5-flowered; leaves oblong-
ovate, on short petioles, coarsely and obtusely serrate, the teeth mucronate ;
lower sepal dilated, obtusely conic, shorter than the petals, with a very
short recurved spur; flowers sparingly punctate. J. noli-tangere Pursh.
I. aurea Muhl,

Damp grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug. (1).—Stem 3—5 feet high,
much branched. eaves obtuse at base, on petioles half an inch long, upper
ones sessile. Flowers gamboge-yellow, larger than the next.

Snap-weed. Touch-me-not.

2. I. fulva Nutt.: peduncles solitary, 2—4-flowered ; leaves rhombic-
ovate, somewhat obtuse, on longish petioles, coarsely serrate, the teeth mu-
cronate; lower sepal acutely conic, with a long reeurved spur; flowers
with crowded spots. J. biflora Pursh. I. noli-tangere, var. Mich. I. ma-
culata Muh,

66 -OXALIDACE.

Wet grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. (@.—Stem 2—4 feet
high. Leaves on petioles an inch or more long. Flowers deep orange with red-

dish brown spots, smaller and less numerous than the former.
Balsam Weed. Jewel Weed.

OrperR XXX. TROPHZOLACEA.—Inpian CREssEs.

Sepals 3—5, upper one with a long distinct spur. Petals 1—5,
equal or unequal. Stamens 6—10, distinct. Ovary 1, 3-cor-
nered; style 1; stigmas 8—5, acute. Fruit indehiscent, the
pieces separable from a common axis, sometimes winged. Seeds
large, without albumen.—Herbaceous plants with an acrid taste.
Leaves alternate, without stipules.

FLOSRKIA. Willd—False Mermaid.
(In honor of Flerke, a German botanist.)
Calyx of 3 sepals. Petals 3, shorter than the sepals. Sta-
mens 6.

F. proserpinacoides Willd. F.uliginosa Muhl. Nectris pinnata Pursh. |

Marshes. Ver. to Virg. W. to Miss. April, May. ().—Stem 4—10 inches
long, at length decumbent, nearly simple. Leaves somewhat succulent, on slen-
der petioles, trifid and pinnatifid. Peduncles axillary, at first short, gradually
lengthening. Flowers about 3 lines in diameter, with white oblong petals.

False Mermaid.

OrpvER XXXJI. OXALIDACEA.—Woop Sorrzis.

Sepals 5, persistent, equal. Petals 5, equal, unguiculate,
with a twisted estivation. Stamens 10, usually more or less
monadelphous. Styles 5, filiform; stigmas capitate. Fruit
capsular, membranous, with 5 cells, and from 5 to 10 valves.
Seeds few, with a fleshy integument, which bursts elastically.
Albumen between cartilaginous and fleshy.—Herbaceous plants,
rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves mostly alternate and compound.

OXALIS. Linn.—Wood Sorrel.
(From the Greek oévs, sharp or acid; in allusion to the sour taste of the plant.)
Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens 10,
often monadelphous at base, 5 outer ones shorter. Styles 5.
Capsule pentangular, oblong or cylindric, 5-celled.

* Stemless.

1. O. Acetosella Linn.: root creeping, scaly; scape 1-flowered, longer
than the leaves, with two small bracts above the middle; leaves ternate ;
leafets obcordate, hairy ; petals oval, obtuse; styles as long as the inner
stamens.

ZANTHOXYLACE A. 67

Mountain woods. Can. Mass. N. Y.and Penn. June. 2|.—Scape 3—5 inches
long. Flowers large, white, with red veins, drooping. Petals shghtly emargi-
nate. ‘This is the Shamrock of the Irish. ‘The expressed juice yields binoxate
of potash. Common Wood Sorrel.

2. O. violacea Linn.: bulb scaly; scape umbelliferous, 3—9-flowered ;
flowers nodding ; leaves ternate ; leafets obcordate, smooth ; styles shorter
than the outer stamens.

Rocky woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. and Texas. May, June. 2.—
Scape 4—6 inches high. . Flowers violet, umbelled, with the petals obovate and
sometimes slightly emarginate. Violet Wood Sorrel.

**k Caulescent.

3. O.corniculata Linn. : pubescent; stem rooting, decumbent, branched ;
peduncles 2-flowered, shorter than the leaves; leaves ternate; leafets ob-
cordate ; petals obovate, emarginate ; styles as long as the inner stamens.
O. corniculata var. Mich.

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May—Aug. 2|.—Stem 6—10 inches
long. Flowers small, yellow. It is distinguished chiefly by its habit; but the
plant of American authors may after all be only a variety of the next.

Decumbent Wood Sorrel.

4. O. stricta Linn. : hairy ; stem erect, sometimes procumbent, branched ;
peduncles 2—6-flowered, longer than the leaves; leaves ternate ; leafets
obcordate ; petals obovate, entire; styles as long as the inner stamens.

Sandy Fields. Can. to Louis. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May—Aug. 2.
—Stem 4—12 inches high. Flowers small, yellow, 4—6 in an umbel.
Upright Wood Sorrel.

Oren KXXIL ZANTHOXY LACH @Zannnoxyie.

Flowers diclinous, regular. Calyx in 3, 4, or 5 divisions.
Petals as many as the sepals, rarely none, convolute. Stamens
as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovaries as many as
the petals, sometimes fewer; styles more or less combined.
Fruit either baccate or membranous, sometimes consisting of
several drupes or 2-valved capsules. Seeds solitary or in pairs,
with fleshy albumen.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves without sti-
pules, usually marked with pellucid dots.

1. ZANTHOXYLUM. Linn.—Prickly Ash.
(From the Greek gav@os, yellow, and fvdAov, wood.)

Polygamo-dicecious. Sepals 3—5, small. Petals longer
than the sepals, or none. Stamens and carpels as many as the
lobes of the calyx, 1—2-seeded.

Z. Americanum Mill,: prickly; leaves pinnate; leafets in 4—5 pairs,
ovate, obsoletely serrate, equal at base; petioles terete, unarmed ; prickles
stipular; flowers in short axillary sessile umbels. Z. fravinewm Willd.
Z. ramiflorum Mich.

68 CELASTRACE.

Rocky woods. Can. to Car. (Not below the Highlandsin N.Y. Torr.) W.
to Ark. April—Shrub, 3—5 feet high, covered with sharp strong prickles.
Leaves pinnate, sometimes prickly on the back. Flowers in umbels, small, green-
ish, appearing before the leaves. The bark of this shrub is pungent, and is em-
ployed medicinally. Big. Med. Bot. iii. 156. Prickly Ash.

2. PTELEA. Linn.—Shrubby Trefoil.

oe Greek name of the elm, from a root which alludes to the winged seed
Vessels.)

Polygamo-dicecious. Sepals 3—6, (usually 4,) small. Petals
much longer thanthe sepals. Stamens alternating with the
petals. Torus tumid, pentagonal. Ovary 1; style short; stig-
mas 2. Samare membranaceous, margined, 2-celled ; cells 2-
or by abortion 1-seeded.

Pt. trifoliata Linn.: leaves on long petioles, ternate; leafets sessile,
ovate, acuminate, odd one much attenuated at base ; flowers in panicles,

polygamous, mostly with 4 stamens.

Moist woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss.and Texas. Jume.—Shrub 6—10
feet high. Flowers greenish-white, small, in corymbose clusters.

Shrubby Trefeil.
Susciass I.L—CALCYFLORALS.

Calyx with the sepals more or less united at base, (gamosep-
alous, D. C.—monophyllous, Zinn.) Petals and stamens in-
serted into the calyx. =

% .
Orpen XXXII. CELASTRACE A Srmvous TREES.

Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated, inserted into the margin of a large
expanded disk. Petals 4—5, imbricate. Stamens alternate,
with the petals, inserted upon the margin or upper surface of
the disk. Ovary free, 2—5-celled. Fruit capsular or drupace-
ous. Seeds often with an aril; albumen fleshy.—Small trees
or shrubs, with simple leaves and small caducous stipules.

1. EVONYMUS. Linn.—Spindle Tree.

(From Exonyme, mother to the Furies, in allusion to the injurious effects pro-
duced by the fruit of this plant. Hook. Br. F1.) =

Calyx 4—5-cleft, having a peltate disk within. Petals hes.
Stamens inserted upon glands at the margin of the disk. Cap-
sule with 3—5 angles and as many cells and valves. Seeds
covered with a colored fleshy aril.

1. E. Americanus Linn.: branches opposite, smooth, square; leaves op-
posite, subsessile, varying from elliptic-lanceolate to oval-obovate ; smooth,

STAPHYLEACEA. 69

acute, serrate; peduncles 1—3-flowered, terete; calyx small, with acute
segments; corolla 5-petalled; fruit roughened, warty.

Shady woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June.—Shrub4—6 feet high, with
opposite branches. Flowers greenish-yellow, with a tinge of purple. Fruit
crimson, when mature. E. obovatus Nutt. is a trailing variety.

‘ Strawberry Tree.

2. E. atropurpureus Jacq. : stem with smooth, opposite, square branches;
leaves petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath ;
peduncles divaricate, many-flowered ; flowers 4-cleft; fruit smooth.

Shady woods. Can. to Flor. W.-to Miss. June. Ih.—Stem 4—8 feet high.

Flowers dark purple. Fruit crimson. Burning Bush.
2. CELASTRUS. Linn.—Staff Tree.

(A Greek name of uncertain application.)

Diceciously polygamous. Calyx minute, 5-lobed. Petals
5, small, unguiculate. Ovary small, with 10 strize, immersed in
the disk; style short and thick; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule
2—3-valved ; valves septiferous in the centre. Seeds 1—2 in
each cell, inclosed in a pulpy aril.

C. scandens Linn, : stem climbing, unarmed ; leaves petioled, oval, acu-

minate, serrate ; stipules minute; racemes terminal.

Rocky woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. May, June.—A woody vine or low
shub. eaves alternate. Flowers greenish-yellow, in small terminal racemes.
Fruit scarlet. Climbing Siaff Tree.

Orper XXXIV. STAPHYLEACEA.—Butapper-Nvts.

Sepals 5, colored, imbricated. Petals 5, imbricated. Sta-
mens 5, alternate with the petals, perigynous. Disk large,
urceolate. Ovary 2—8-celled, superior; styles 2—3, cohering
at base. Fruit membranous or fleshy. Seeds roundish, with a
bony testa; hilum large ; albumen none.—Shrubs, with oppo-
site pinnate leaves. Flowers in terminal racemes.

STAPHYLEA. Linn.—Bladder-Nut.

(From the Greek orapvdAn, a bunch of grapes; in allusion to its mode of flow-
ering.)

Sepals 5, oblong, erect, colored, persistent. Petals 5. Sta-
mens 5. Styles distinct or slightly umited. Fruit a membra-
naceous inflated 2—8-celled capsule. Seeds globose.

S. trifolia Linn.: leaves ternate, on long petioles; leafets ovate, acumi-
nate, serrulate, pubescent, the terminal one petioled; styles glabrous; cap-

sule bladder-like.

Moist places. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. April—June. Q—Stem 6—10 feet
high, with straight and smooth slender branches. //owers white, in axillary
and terminal pendulous panicles. American Bladder-nut.

70 RHAMNACES.

Orper XXXV. RHAMNACEA.—Boucxrtuorns.

Calyx 4—5-cleft, valvate. Petals distinct, inserted into the
orifice of the calyx, occasionally wanting. Stamens definite,
opposite the petals. Disk fleshy. Ovary superior or half su-
perior, 2—38—4-celled. Jruit fleshy and indehiscent, or dry
and separating in 3 parts. Seeds erect, mostly with fleshy al-
bumen; embryo with large flat cotyledons——Trees or shrubs,
often thorny. Leaves mostly alternate, simple, usually with
minute stipules.

1. RHAMNUS. Linn.—Buckthorn. —

(From the Greek papvos, white-thorn ; probably from its resemblance to some
of the thorn tribe.)

Calyx 4—5-cleft, urceolate. Petals alternating with the
lobes of the calyx, sometimes very minute or wanting. Sta-
mens 4—5, inserted above the petals. Style 2—4-cleft. Fruit
drupaceous, roundish, containing 2—4 cartilaginous nuts.

1. R. alnifolius L’Herit: unarmed; leaves alternate, oval, acuminate,
serrulate, pubescent on the veins beneath; flowers dicecious ; peduncles
1-flowered, aggregate; calyx acute; fruit turbinate. R&R. franguloides

Mich.

Sphagnous swamps. Hudson’s Bay to Penn.; rare. May, June. kh.—Siem
2—4 feet high, branching. Flowers small, greenish, in axillary fascicles. Berries
black, the size of a small pea. R. alnifolius of Pursh is described by De Can-

dolle as a distinct species, under the name of R. Purshianus.
Alder-leaved Buckthorn.

2. R. catharticus Linn.: branches thorny at the top; leaves opposite,
ovate, erosely denticulate ; flowers mostly 4-cleft, polygamo-diecious ; ber-
ries 4-seeded, subglobose.

' Highlands of N.Y. Torr. Mass.—A small tree or large shrub, with yellowish-
green flowers. Fruit black; cathartic. Introduced ? Common Buckthorn.

2. CEANOTHUS. Linn.—Ceanothus.
(An ancient Greek name applied to this genus.)

Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, persistent and somewhat ad-
hering with the fruit. Petals 5, small, saccate and arched,
with long claws. Stamens exsert. Styles 2—3, united to the
middle. Fruit dry and coriaceous, 3-celled, 3-seeded, 3-parted,
opening on the inner side.

1. C. Americanus Linn. : stem shrubby ; branches terete, and somewhat
pubescent ; leaves ovate-oblong, alternate, serrate, 3-nerved, tomentose,

pubescent beneath ; common peduncles axillary, elongated, almost leafless.
C. herbaceus Raf.

ANACARDIACES. ct

Woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May—July. h.—Stem 2—3 feet high.
Leaves on petioles, sometimes slightly cordate at base. Flowers small, white, in
an oblong terminal thyrse. Root very large, dark red. The leaves were used
as a substitute for tea during the American Revolution. A variable plant. C.
herbaceus Raf. is a variety with oval nearly smooth leaves. ;

New Jersey Tea. Red Root.

2. C. ovalis Big.: leaves narrow, oblong, or elliptic-lanceolate, 3-nerved
from the base, serrulate, nearly smooth; thyrse umbel-like, the pedicele
elongated and closely approximate. _H. intermedius Hook. not of Pursh.

Rocky places. Can. Maine, Ver. and Northern N. Y. W. to Mich. and Texas.
May, June. h—Stem 2—3 feet high. Leaves 1—3 inches long. Fruit black:
Easily distinguished by its narrow leaves and short thyrse from C. Americanus.

Narrow-leaved Ceanothus.

Orper XXXVI. ANACARDIACEA.—Awnacarps.

_ Flowers usually diclinous. Calyx usually small, persistent,
5- (sometimes 83—7) divided. Petals as many as the segments
of the calyx, perigynous, imbricate. Stamens as many as the
petals, and alternate, or twice as many or more; filaments dis-
tinct or cohering at the base. Disk fleshy, hypogynous. Ovary
single (or rarely 5—6 ;) stigmas usually 3. Fruit indehiscent,
usually drupaceous. Seed without albumen.—Trees or shrubs,
with a resinous, gummy, caustic, or milky juice. Leaves alter-
nate, simple, ternate or pmnate, not dotted.

RHUS. Linn.—Sumach.
(From the Celtic rhudd, red ; in allusion to the color of the fruit.)

Calyx small, 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, ovate, spreading.
Stamens 5, equal, inserted into the disk. Styles 3, short.
Drupe nearly dry, with one bony seed.

* Leaves ternate.

1. R. Toxicodendron Linn. : stem erect, pubescent near the summit ; leaves
ternate; leafets broad-oval or rhomboid, entire, sinuate or lobed, subpubes-
cent beneath; flowers dicecious, in sessile axillary racemes. &. Toxico-
dendron, var. quercifolium Mich.

Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Rocky Mountains. June. h.—Sitem

2—3 feet high. Flowers yellowish-green. Fruit globose, brown, smooth.
Poison Oak or Ivy.

2. R. radicans Linn.: stem climbing; leaves ternate ; leafets petiolate,
ovate, acuminate, smooth, generally entire; flowers in axillary racemes,
towards the top of the stem, diccious; fruit smooth. R. Toxicodendron,
var. vulgare Mich. Pursh. R. Toxicodendron var. radicans Torr.

Woods and hedges. Can. to Car. June. .—Stem climbing. Flowers yel-
o c > -

lowish-ereen. Fruit subglobose, brown. De Candolle thinks R. radicans distinet
5 S

from R. Toxicodendron, although they are considéfed identical by Torrey and

Gray. Both are very poisonous to persons of peculiar constitutions. —Christy, in

N.Y. Med. §& Phys. Jour. N.S. i. 21. Clinbing Poison Oak,

72 LEGUMINOS®.

3. R. aromatica Ait: branches slender, nearly smooth; leaves fernate ;
leafets sessile, ovate-rhomboid, deeply toothed, tomentose beneath ; flowers
in dense axillary racemes. or catkins, dicecious ; fruit pilose.—Lobadium
aromaticum Raf.

Rocky places. Arct. Amer. to Geor. W.to Miss. April, May. h.—Stem
2—6 feet high. Flowers yellow. Fruit red, more or less hispid, acid.
Aromatic Sumach.

** Leaves pinnate, smooth.

4. R. glabra Linn.: stem and branches smooth; leafets in many pairs ;
sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth, whitish glaucous be-
neath ; flowers all perfect, in terminal compound panicles.

Old fields. Can. to Geor. W.to Miss. July. kh.—Stem 6—12 feet high.
Flowers greenish-yellow. Fruit crimson, covered with short hairs, acid.
Smooth Sumach.

5. R. Copallina Linn.: branches terete, downy ; leafets 4—7 pairs, with
an odd one, oval-lanceolate, or oblong, very entire, shining on the upper
surface; pubescent beneath, unequal at base ; petiole winged, appearing as
if jointed ; flowers in sessile panicles, dicecious.

Dry fields. Can. to Flor. W.to Ark. July, Aug.—A small shrub, with yel-

lowish-green flowers. Fruit red, small, compressed, hairy, acid, and bitter.
Mountain Sumach.

6. R. venenata D.C.: branches, leaves, and petioles very smooth;
leafets in 3—6 pairs, oblong-oval, abruptly acuminate, nearly entire ; peti-
oles without joints or wings; flowers in loose slender pape dicecious ;
fruit smooth, greenish-white. R. Vernix Linn.

Margins of swamps. Can. to Geor. ._W. to Louis. June, nae h.—Stem
6—12 feet high. Flowers greenish. Fruit about as large asa pea. Poisonous.
Big. Med. Bot. i. 96. - Poison Sumach. Poison Elder.

xx Leaves pinnate, pubescent.

7. R.typhina Linn.: branches and petioles very villous; leafets in many
pairs, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, acutely serrate, whitish and more or
less pubescent beneath; flowers in oblong dense panicles, diccious.

Rocky hills. Can. to Car. June. h.—Stem 10—15 feet high. Flowers
greenish-yellow. Frutti in aiclusier covered with a purple velvety down, acrid.
Stag-horn Sumach.

ORDER XXXVIL LEGUMINOS 4.—Lecuminovus Puiants.

Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less combined. Petals 5, either
papilionaceous or regularly spreading. Stamens definite or in-
definite, distinct or monadelphous, or diadelphous. Ovary sim-
ple, superior. Fruit a legume. Seeds attached to the upper
suture, without albumen.—Herbaceous plants, shrubs or trees.
Leaves alternate, mostly compound, and with 2 stipules at base.

SUBORDER J. PAPILIONACE. .
Petals papilionaceous, imbricated in estivation, the upper
exterior. ”

LEGUMINOS&. 73

1, BAPTISIA. Vent.—Baptisia. _

(From the Greek Ganrw, to dye; in allusion-to the coloring properties of some
of the species.)

Calyx half 4—5-cleft, bilabiate. Petals 5, nearly equal.
Standard with the sides reflexed. Wings oblong. Keel slightly
incurved. Stamens deciduous. Legume ventricose, pedicelled,
many-seeded.,

1. B. tinctoria Brown: very smooth, much branched; leaves ternate,
petioled, upper ones subsessile; leafets cuneate-obovate, rounded and often
emarginate at the summit; stipules minute, subulate, deciduous; racemes
terminal, few-flowered; legume on a long stipe. Sophora tinctoria Linn.
Podalyria tinctoria Willd.

Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. June--Aug. %.—Stem 2—3 feet high, very
bushy. Flowers yellow. Whole plant turns bluish-black in drying. It is said
to yield a considerable quantity of inferior indigo. Wild Indigo.

2. B. australis Brown: smooth; leaves ternate, on short petioles, the
upper ones nearly sessile ; leafets oblong-wedgeform, obtuse ; stipules linear-
lanceolate, longer than the petioles; racemes elongated, erect; legumes
oval-oblong, the stipe about as long as the calyx. B.c@rulea Nutt. So-
phora australis Linn.

Banks of streams. Near Canandaigua, N. Y. Easton, Penn. to Geor. W. to
Miss. July. %|.—Stem2—3 feet high. Flowers an inch long, bright indigo
blue. Blue-flowered Baptisia.

3. B. alba Brown: leaves ternate, petioled, and with the branches
smooth ; leafets elliptic-oblong, obtuse ; stipules deciduous, subulate, shorter
than the petioles ; racemes terminal; ovaries smooth. Sophora alba Walt.

Sandy fields. On Lake Erie, Goldie. S. to Flor. W. to Miss.—Stem 1—2
feet high, branching towards the top. Flowers white.
: White-flowered Bapiisia.

2, CROTALARIA. Linn.—Rattlebox.
(From the Greek xporadov, a ratile; the seeds becoming loose in the ripe pod.)

Calyx 5-lobed, subbilabiate ; upper lip 2-, lower one 3-cleft.
Standard large, cordate. Keel falcate, acuminate. Filaments
all united, with the sheath often divided above. Legume tur-
gid, inflated, with ventricose valves, often many-seeded, pedi-
celled.

C. sagittalis Linn.: hairy, erect, branched; leaves simple, oblong-
lanceolate ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent ; racemes opposite the
leaves, about 3-flowered ; corolla smaller than the calyx. C. parviflere
Willd.

Sandy soils. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Ark. July, Aug. (1).—Stem 4—10 inches
high, with spreading branches. Leaves hairy on both sides, and varying trom
oblong to linear-lanceolate. Flowers yellow. Legume inflated, blackish when
ripe. Lam satisfied that C. parviflora is not specifically distinct.

Arrow-leaved Ratilebou.

ea
po

LEGUMINOS/.

3. GENISTA. Lam—Green Weed.
(From the Celtic gen ; signifying a shrub. Hook. Br. Fl.)

Calyx bilabiate, upper lip bipartite ; lower one 3-toothed, or
5-lobed ; 3 lower lobes united almost to the summit. Standard
oblong-oval. Keel oblong, straight. Stamens monadelphous.
Legume flat-compressed or rarely somewhat turgid, many-
seeded, rarely few-seeded.

G. tinctoria Linn.: stem unarmed, erect ; branches terete, striate ; leaves

lanceolate, nearly smooth; flowers in spiked racemes; legume smooth.

Hills. Mass. and N. Y. July. h.—Stem a foot high, with numerous
branches, shrubby. Leaves rather distant. Flowers on the upper part of the
branches, nearly sessile, yellow, with a floral leaf at the base. Said to afford a
fine yellow dye. Introduced from Europe. Dyer’s Green Weed.

4. MEDICAGO. Linn.—Medick.
(From the Greek pndixn; because it was imiroduced: into Greece by the Medes.)
Calyx subcylindric, 5-cleft. Keel somewhat remote from the
standard. Stamens diadelphous. Legume many-seeded, vary-
ing in form, always falcate or twisted into a spiral.
1. M. lupulina Linn. : stem procumbent; leafets obovate-cuneate, den-
ticulate at the apex; stipules lanceolate, acute, somewhat entire; flowers

in capitate spikes ; legume reniform, 1-seeded.

Fields. Throughout the U.S. June—Aug. (1).—Stem 6—12 inches high.
F lowers small, yellow, crowded. Legume black when ripe. Introduced from
Europe. Black Medick or Nonesuch.

2. M. intertexta Willd.: stem procumbent; leafets obovate, toothed ;
stipules ciliate-toothed; peduncles somewhat 2-flowered; legume pilose,
cochleate, membranaceous, obliquely reticulate; spines straight, thick,
rigid and acute.

Sandy fields. Conn. and Car. July, Aug. ().—Flowers yellow. Intro-
duced from Europe. Hedgehog Medick.

3. M. sativa Linn.: erect, smooth; leafets ovate-oblong, toothed above,
mucronate ; flowers in oblong racemes; legume spirally twisted.

Vields. N. S. June, July. 2.—Stem 1—2 feet high, erect or oblique.
Flowers purple. Pods twisted. A native of Europe, which has been occasion-
ally cultivated, and has in some places almost become naturalized. Lucerne.

5. MELILOTUS. Tourn.—Melilot.
(From the Latin mel, honey, and lotus, the genus so called.)

Calyx 5-toothed. Standard free, longer than the wings.
Keel petals united, free from the stamen-tubes. Legume cori-
aceous, globose or ovate, longer than the calyx, scarcely dehis-
cent, 1 or few-seeded.

1. M. officinalis Willd.: stem erect, branching; leafets lanceolate-ob-
long, obtuse, remotely serrate ; spikes axillary, paniculate ; legume 2-seeded,

LEGUMINOS&. 1h)

rugose ; style filiform, as long as the legume; seeds unequally cordate.
Trifolium officinale, var. a. Linn.

Fields. Can. to Geor. Aug. ().—Stem 2—4 feet high. Flowers in long ra-
cemes, yellow. Plant giving out an odor when dry, similar to the vernal grass.
Introduced from Europe. Yellow Melilot.

2. M. leucantha D.C.: stem erect, branched; leafets ovate-oblong,
truncate and mucronate at the apex, remotely serrate; stipules setaceous ;
teeth of the calyx unequal, as long as the tube; standard longer than the
keel and wings ; legume 1—2-seeded, ovate, lacunose-rugose, green; seeds
exactly ovate. M. vulgaris Willd. Enwm. Trifoliwm officinale, var. b.
Linn. 5

Fields. N.S. July, Aug. @)—*Stem 3—5 feet high. Flowers white. Ra-
cemes longer and less crowded than in the former. Both species become fragrant
upon drying. Introduced. White Melilot. Scented Clover

6. TRIFOLIUM. Tourn.—Clover Trefoil.
(From the Latin tres, three; and folium, a leaf.)

Calyx tubular, persistent, without glands, 5-cleft or 5-toothed.
Segments subulate. Keel shorter than the wings and standard.
Stamens diadelphous. Legume small, scarcely dehiscent, often
ovate, 1—2-seeded, as long as the calyx and covered by it,
rarely oblong, 3—4-seeded, and a little exceeding the calyx.

* Legume 1-seeded. Standard of the corolla deciduous. Flowers not yellow.

1. T. arvense Linn.: stem erect, simple or branched, pubescent; leaves
on short petioles; leafets obovate-linear or cuneate-oblong, somewhat
toothed at the apex; stipules ovate, acuminate; spikes oblong-cylindric,
very villous; segments of the calyx pilose, equal, setaceous, longer than the
corolla.

Dry pastures. Can. to Flor. May—Sept. ().—Stem 6—12 inches high.
Flowers minute, white or pink. Seeds ovoid, brown. Introduced from Europe.

Stone Clover. Hare’s-foot Trefoil.

2. T. pratense Linn.: stem suberect, branched; leaves on long petioles ;
leafets oval or oblong-ovate, often retuse or emarginate, nearly entire ; stip-
ules broad-lanceolate, terminating in a subulate point; heads of flowers
ovate, dense, nearly sessile; segments of the calyx setaceous, about half as
Jong as the corolla, the lower one longer than the rest.

Meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon. May—Oct. 2 .—Stem 1—2 feet
high. Flowers united into a tube at the base, rose-colored. Seeds yellowish,
reniform. Intreduced from Europe. Red Clover.

3. T. Pennsylvanicum Willd.: stem ascending, much branched, flexu-
ous; leafets ovate-elliptic, obtuse, very entire; stipules awned; heads of
flowers ovate-cylindric, solitary, dense; lower tooth of the calyx shorter
than the corolla.

Woods. Mass. and Penn. June—Sept. %|.—Flowers fine red. Resembles
T. medium of Linneus. Introduced ? Buffalo Clover.

76 LEGUMINOS&.

** Legume 1-seeded. Standard of the corolla persistent, scarious. Flowers
yellow.
4. T. procumbens Linn.: stem mostly procumbent; leaves on short pe-
tioles ; leafets obovate or obcordate, denticulate, terminal one petioled; stip-
ules lance-ovate, ciliate, shorter than the petiole; heads axillary, ovate ;
peduncles equal to or longer than the leaves; segments of the calyx un-
equal, the 2 upper ones very short; seeds elliptic.

Dry fields. Mass. to Virg. May—Aug. ().—Stem spreading, 3—6 inches
long. Flowers numerous, and with the seeds yellow. According to De Can-
dolle 7. campestre is a mere var. with erect branching stems. Introduced from
Europe. Hop Clover.

5. T. agrarium Linn.: stem ascending, with erect branches; leaves
nearly sessile; leafets oblong-ovate, or cuneate-oblong, denticulate, all
nearly sessile; stipules leafy, lanceolate, acute, often longer than the pe-
tiole; heads on rather long peduncles, oval; standard obcordate; segments
of the calyx smooth, elongated, the upper one smaller.

Sandy fields. Mass. to Virg. June—Aug. (1).—Stem 6—15 inches long.
Flowers small, pale yellow-brown when old. Introduced from Europe.

Golden Clover.
xxx TLeowme 3—8-seeded.

6. T. repens Linn.: stem creeping and somewhat rooting ; leafets obo-
vate-roundish, somewhat retuse, serrulate ; stipules scariose, narrow-lanceo-
late, mucronate; heads axillary, on very long peduncles; flowers pedicelled,
and at length reflexed; segments of the calyx unequal, shorter than the
corolla ; legume 4-seeded.

Fields and pastures. Throughout the U.S. May—Oct. %|.—Stem 6—12
inches long. Leaves on long slender petioles. Flowers white, becoming pale
brown. Seeds brown. White Clover.

7. T. reflexum Linn.: stem ascending ; leafets ovate or obovate, serru-
late ; stipules leafy, lanceolate-acuminate ; heads globose, axillary ; flowers
on long pedicels, at length reflexed; segments of the calyx hairy, nearly
equal, very narrow, one-nerved, nearly twice as long as the tube, but shorter
than the standard; legume 4 seeded. T° stoloniferum Mui.

Fields and woods. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. @).—Plant
smoothish or pubescent. Stem 6—18 inches long. Heads of flowers middle-
sized. Standard broad-ovate, rose-red. Wings and keel white.

Running Buffalo Clover.

7. CLITORIA. Linn.—Clitoria.
(From an anatomical term.)

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed; the teeth much shorter than the
tube. Standard very large, emarginate or bifid. Keel small,
shorter than the wings, incurved, acute, on very long claws.
Style dilated at the apex, longitudinally bearded. Legume stipi-
tate, linear or linear-oblong, twisted.

1. C. Mariana Linn.: stem climbing, glabrous; leaves ternate; leafets
ovate-lanceolate; peduncles solitary, 1—3-flowered ; calyx tubular-campan-
ulate, glabrous, much longer than the lanceolate bracts; teeth nearly equal;
legume 4—8-seeded, smooth.

LEGUMINOS®. 1%

Sandy soil. N. Y. to Flor. and Ala. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem 2 or more feet
long, climbing, sometimes erect. Flowers large, pale blue, usually 1—2 on the
peduncles. Maryland Clitoria.

Pan Oe ne Linn.: stem twining, and with the ovate leafets gla-
brous or subpubescent; peduncle 1—4-flowered; calyx 5-parted, about as
long as the lanceolate bracts; legume linear, compressed. Centrosema
Virgimana Benth, Torr. & Gr.

Dry soils. Penn. to Flor. Aug. 2|.—Flowers pieple or violet, larger than
that of any of our North American Papilionacee. De Candolle describes three
varieties of this species, which differ only in the shape of the leaves.

Butterfly Weed.

8. GALACTIA. Browne.—Milk Pea.
(From the Greek yada, milk ; some of the species yielding a milky juice.)

Calyx bibracteate, 4-cleft; sezments acute, of nearly equal
length ; the upper one broadest. Standard incumbent, broad.
Keel petals slightly cohering towards the apex. Legume com-
pressed, linear, many-seeded.

1. G. mollis Mich.: stem twining, softly villous; leaves ternate; leafets
ovate-oblong, obtuse, pale beneath; racemes axillary, a little longer than
the leaves, pedunculate; flowers pedicelled; calyx acuminate, villous;
legume compressed, villous.

Pine barrens. N. J. to Flor. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem prostrate or climbing.
Flowers reddish-purple, about half as large as the next. Soft Milk Pea.

2. G. glabella Mich.: stem prostrate, somewhat twining, smooth ; leaves
ternate; leafets elliptic-oblong, obtuse, emarginate at each end, shining
above ;, racemes axillary, simple, few-flowered, on peduncles as long as the
leaves ; calyx smooth; legume pubescent.

Sandysoils. N.Y. to Flor. Aug. %|.—Root fusiform. Stem 2—4 feet long,
spreading on the ground or twining. Flowers reddish-purple and white, large
and handsome. Smooth Milk Pea.

9. TEPHROSIA. Pers.—Tephrosia.
(From the Greek repos, ash-colored ; in allusion to the color of the foliage.)

Calyx without bracts, nearly equal, 5-toothed. Standard of
the corolla large, roundish, pubescent or sericeous without, re-
flexed-spreading ; wings adhering to the obtuse keel. Stamens
monadelphous, or diadelphous. Legume compressed-flat, linear,
many-seeded.

T. Virginiana Pers.: villous pubescent; stem erect; leafets 8—14 pairs,
oval or linear-oblong, mucronate, white villous beneath; raceme terminal,
subsessile ; segments of the calyx very villous, acuminate-cuspidate ; le-
gume falcate, villous. Galega Virginiana Linn.

Sandy soil. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June, July. 2|.—Root long and
tough. Stem about a foot high, usually several from one root. Flowers in a
dense terminal raceme, showy, yellow, tinged with purple. Goat's Rue.

78 LEGUMINOS&.

10. AMORPHA. Linn.—False Indigo.

(From the Greek a, privative, and popdn, shape; on account of the absence of
the wings and keel of the corolla.)

Calyx 5-toothed, obconic-campanulate. Standard of the co-
rclla ovate, concave; wings and keel none. Style filiform,
straight, glabrous. Stamens exserted, monadelphous at base.
Legume compressed, ovate or lunulate, 1-celled, 1—2-seeded.

A. fruticosa Linn. : subarborescent, pubescent, or nearly smooth; leaves
pinnate, petiolate; oval or elliptic-oblong; spikes aggregated; calyx some-
what pubescent, 4 teeth obtuse, the other one acuminate; legume few-
seeded.

N. J. to Flor. W. to Rocky Mountains. July.—A shrub with spikes of pur-
ple flowers. Varies with emarginate, mucronate and narrower leaves.
Shrubby False Indigo.

11. ROBINIA. D. C.—Locust.
(In honor of John and Vespasian Robin, French botanists.)

Teeth of the calyx 5, lanceolate, two upper ones approximate.
Corolla papilionaceous. Standard large. Keel obtuse. Sta-
mens diadelphous, deciduous. Legume compressed, straight,
subsessile, many-seeded; valves flat, thin.

R. Pseudacacia Linn.: leaves pinnate; leafets ovate and oblong-ovate ;
stipules prickly ; racemes pendulous, and with the legume smooth; teeth of
the calyx unarmed.

Near cultivated grounds, but apparently native. N.Y. to Car. W. to Miss.
May.—A large tree, the wood of which is much esteemed in ship-building.
Leafets 4—9 pairs, with an odd one. Flowers white, odorous, in racemes which
are 3—5 inches long. Common Locust Tree..

12. ASTRAGALUS. Linn.—Milk Vetch.
(A name given by the Greeks to a leguminous plant.)

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the keel obtuse. Stamens
diadelphous. Legume 2-, or half 2-celled; lower suture in-
flexed.

A. Canadensis Linn.: erect, canescent; leafets 10—14 pairs with an
odd one, elliptic-oblong, rather obtuse, smoothish ; stipules broad-lanceolate,
acuminate ; peduncles about as long as the leaves; flowers in oblong or
elongated spikes ; bracts subulate, nearly as long as the calyx; legume
ovate-oblong, terete, erect, smooth, 2-celled, many-seeded. A. Carolinianus
Linn.

Banks of streams. Can. as far N. as lat. 58°, to Louis. and W. to Oregon.
June—Aug. 2—Stem 1—3 feet high. Leafets usually smooth above, sparsely
pubescent beneath. Flowers pale yellow, in spikes 1—4 inches long.

. Canadian Milk Vetch.

LEGUMINOS&, 79

13. PHACA. Linn.—Bastard Vetch.
(From the Greck ¢axos, lentils.)

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft ; the two upper teeth a little dis-
tant from each other. Keel obtuse. Legume usually turgid
or inflated, 1-celled, the upper suture somewhat tumid.

P. neglecta Torr. § Gr.: nearly smooth; leafets 6—10 pairs, elliptic,
smooth above, pubescent with appressed hairs beneath; stipules triangular
ovate ; peduncles about as long as the leaves; spikes oblong, many-fiow-

ered; calyx campanulate; legume sessile, globose, ovate, pointed.

Gravelly banks and sandy woods. Western N. Y. to Wisconsin. June,
July. 2|.—Stem 1—2 feet high, rather slender, sparingly branched. Flowers
15—25 in a spike, white. Resembles Astragalus Canadensis, but has shorter
and looser spikes, white flowers, and a campanulate calyx. | Bastard Vetch.

14. STYLOSANTHES. Swartz.—Pencil Flower.

(From the Greek srvdos, a column, and av@0s, a flower ; the flowers appearing
slipitate.)

Tube of the calyx very long, slender; limb 5-parted, lobes
unequal. Corolla inserted in the throat of the calyx. Keel
minute, bifid at the apex. Stamens monadelphous. Style fili-
form, very long, straight. Stigma capitate, hispid. Legume
with 1—2 joints; joints 1-seeded; the apex subuncinate, acu-
minated into the base of the style.

S. elatior Swartz : stem erect, herbaceous, pubescent on one side; leaves
ternate; leafets lanceolate, smooth, acute; bracts lanceolate, hispid-ciliate ;
spikes few-flowered ; legume 2-jointed, the lower joint sterile and stipitate.
S. hispida Mich. Arachis aprica Wait.

Sandy woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Ala. and Ark. July, Aug. 2.—Svem

a foot high, branched at the top. Flowers yellow, in terminal compact heads.
Legume 1-seeded, hooked at the summit. Pencil Flower.

15. ASCHYNOMENE. Linn.—Eschynomene.
‘(From the Greek atsyvvopat, to be bashful ; in allusion to its sensibility.)

Calyx 5-cleft, bilabiate ; upper lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed ; lower
one 3-cleft, or 3-toothed. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens
10, in two equal sets. Legume compressed, transversely jointed,
erect, exsert; joints 1-seeded.

48. hispida Willd.: stem herbaceous, erect, and with the petioles and
peduncles hispid; leaves in many pairs; leafets linear, obtuse ; racemes
simple, 3—5-flowered ; legume distinctly stipitate, with 6—9 hispid joints.
Hedysarum Virginicum Linn.

Marshes. Penn. to Flor. July, Aug. ().—Stem 2-3 feet high. Leafers
20—25 pairs. Flowers yellow and red, EIhspid Agschynonene,

SO LEGUMINOS 2.

16. DESMODIUM. D. C.—Desmodium.

(From the Greek desyos, a chain, and edos, form; the articulated pods re-
sembling a chain.) ;

Calyx with two bracts at base, obscurely bilabiate to the mid-
dle; upper lip bifid; lower one 3-parted. Corolla papiliona-
ceous. Standard roundish; keel obtuse, not truncate; wings
longer than the keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1); fila-
ments subpersistent. Legume with many joints; joints com-
pressed, 1-seeded, membranaceous or coriaceous, scarcely de-
hiscent.

1. D. Canadense D. C.: stem erect, hairy, striate ; leaves ternate ; leaf-
ets oblong-lanceolate, much longer than the petioles, nearly smooth above ;
stipules lanceolate; racemes terminal and in the axils of the uppermost
leaves; joints of the legume 3—4, ovate-triangular, truncate at both ends,
hispid. Hedysarum Canadense Linn.

Dry woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. %|.—Stem 3—6 feet high,
often branched. Leafets 2—3 inches long. Flowers pale violet blue.
Canadian Desmodium.

2. D. canescens D. C.: stem erect, branching, striate, hairy and scabrous ;
leafets ovate, rather acute, scabrous, pubescent on both sides; stipules large,
obliquely ovate, acuminate; flowers in a loose terminal panicle; legume
with 4 or 5 oblong-triangular reticulated strongly hispid joints. D. Akin-
tanum Beck Bot. \st Ed. Hedysarum viridiflorum Pursh. D.C. H. canes-
cens Linn. ;

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. %|.—Stem3—5 feet high, more or
less hairy. Leafets 2—4 inches long, hairy on both sides, the shorter hairs un-
cinate. Flowers violet-purple. — Hoary Desmodium.

3. .D. Marylandicum Boott: stem erect, simple, slender, nearly smooth ;
leafets (small) ovate, very obtuse, often subcordate, thin ; petiole as long
as the lateral leafets, smooth ; stipules lanceolate-subulate, caduceus ; pan-
icle elongated; legume with 2—3 hispid somewhat semiorbicular joints.
D. obtusum D.C. Hedysarum Marylandicum Linn. and H. obtusum
Pursh.

Fields and woods. N. Y. to Flor. and Louis. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem 2—3
feet high, nearly smooth. Leafets about three-fourths of an inch long. Flowers
small, violet-purple, in a terminal panicle. Smooth Small-leaved Desmodium.

4, D. Dillenti Darlingt.: stem erect, branching, pilose; leafets oblong
or ovate-oblong, somewhat glaucous and villous beneath; stipules sub-
ulate ; racemes slender, forming a loose terminal panicle; legume with
3--4 rhomboid reticulated hispid joints. D. Marylandicum D.C. Hedy-
sarum Marylandicum Pursh.

Dry woods. Mass. to Penn. W. to Ken. Aug. %.—Stem 2—3 feet high.
Leafets 14—3 inches long, obtuse, sometimes acute. Flowers purple, becoming
bluish-green. Dillenius’s Desmodium.

5. D. viridiforum Beck: stem erect; leaves ternate; leafets ovate, ob-
tuse, scabrous on the upper surface, villous and very soft beneath; panicle

LEGUMINOS A. 81

terminal, very long, naked; legume with 3—4 roundish triangular very
hispid joints. Hedysarum viridiflorum Linn. Ell, not of Pursh.

Woods. N.Y. to Flor. July. %.—Stem 3—4 feet high, very scabrous to-
wards the summit. Leaves very scabrous on the upper surface, clothed with a
velvet-like tomentum on the under. Flowers purple within, greenish without.

Villous-leaved Desmodium.

6. D. ciliare D. C.: stem erect, rather slender, hairy; leaves crowded,
on short hairy petioles; leafets small, ovate or oval, obtuse, subcoriaceous,
ciliate; stipules subulate-linear; racemes paniculate, terminal; legume
with 2 or 3 semiorbicular hispid joints. Hedysarwm ciliare Willd.

Woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Texas. July, Aug. %|.—Stem about 2 feet
high. Resembles H. Marylandicum, but differs in having the petioles short and
hairy. : Hairy Small-leaved Desmodium.

7. D. rigidum D.C.: stem erect, branching, rough-pubescent ; leafets
ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, reticulate, ciliate, scabrous above, hairy be-
neath; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; racemes paniculate, erect,
very long; legumes with 2--3 semiorbicular or oval hispid joints. Hedy-
sarum rigidum Ell.

Dry woods. Mass. and’ N. Y. to Geor. W. to Ark. Aug. %.—Stem 2—3
feet high. eafets 1—3 inches long,somewhat coriaceous. Flowers small, pur-
ple. It sometimes closely resembles D. ciliare. Rigid Desmodium.

8. D. levigatum D. C.: stem simple, erect, smooth, somewhat glaucous ;
leaves ternate, on long petioles ; leafets ovate, acute ; panicle terminal ; flow-
ers in pairs, on long pedicels; bracts ovate, acute, shorter than the flower
buds; lower segment of the calyx elongated; joints of the legume triangu-
lar. Hedysarwm levigatum Nutt.

Woods. N.Y. and N.J.; rare. Aug. 2|.—Stem 2—4 feet high. Flowers
purple. The smoothest of the North American species. Smooth Desmodium.

9. D. cuspidatum Torr. § Gr.: stem erect, smooth; leafets ovate or
lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, smooth; stipules lanceolate, acuminate; pan-
icle terminal, elongated, rather slender; bracts ovate, acuminate, striate,
smooth ; legume with 4—6 triangular-oblong reticulated sparingly hispid
joints. D. bracteosum D.C. Hedysarum cuspidatum Willd. H. brac-
teosum Mich.

Rocky woods. Can. to,Flor. W. to Ark. Aug. 2|.—Stem 3—5 feet high,
nearly simple. Leafets 2—5 inches long. Flowers in a large open panicle, red-
dish-purple. Large-bracted Desmodium.

10. D. paniculatum D.C.: stem erect, smooth; leaves ternate ; leafets
oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, smoothish; stipules subulate ; panicle ter-
minal ; legumes with 3 or 4rhomboidal pubescent joints. Hedysarwm pan-
iculatum Linn.

_Dry woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug. 2|.—Stem 2—3 feet high,
slender, often branching. Leafets 1—3 inches long. Flowers small, purple, ina
paniculate raceme. Paniculate Desmodium.

11. D. strictum D. C. : stem stiffly erect, simple, subpubescent ; leaves ter-
nate; leafets sublinear, smooth, reticulate, glaucous beneath ; stipules sub-
ulate; panicles terminal, pedunculate, few-flowered; legume incurved,
with sublunate-triangular hispid joints. Hedysarwm hirtum Pursh.

Pine barrens. N. J. to Flor. W. to Misa. Aug. 2.—Stem slender, very

t

82 LEGUMINOSZ.

erect. Leafets narrow. Flowers small, purple, in long axillary and terminal
panicles. Strict Desmodium.

12. D. acuminatum D.C.: stem erect, simple, pubescent, leafy at the
summit ; leaves ternate, on very long petioles; leafets ovate, conspicuously
acuminate, somewhat hairy, the terminal one broader and orbicular-ovate ;
panicle terminal, on a very long peduncle ; joints of the legume 2—3, semi-
oval, pubescent. Hedysarum acuminatum Mich.

Shady woods. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. July, Aug. %|.—Stem about a foot
high, a little hairy. Leafets 2—4 incheslong. —Peduncle 1—2 feet long. Flow-
ers pale purple, Acuminate-leaved Desmodium.

13. D. nudiflorum D. C.: stem erect, simple, leafy at the summit ; leaves
ternate ; leafets broad-ovate, acuminate ; scape paniculate, smooth, radical;
legume on a very long stipe, with 3—4 obtusely triangular joints. Hedy-
sarum nudiflorum Linn.

Woods. Can. to Car. Aug. ().—Stem 8—10 inches high. Scape 14—3
feet long, slender. Flowers purple. Naked-flowered Desmodium.

14. D. pauciflorum D. C.: stem decumbent or suberect, low and slender,
mostly simple, pilose; leaves alternate and distant, lateral, on rather long pe-
tioles; leafets obliquely ovate, subacuminate and pubescent ciliate ; the ter-
minal one dilated, rhomboid-ovate; stipules obsclete ; raceme slender, few-
flowered, on a terminal peduncle; legume stipitate, with 2—3 semi-oval
pubescent joints. Hedysarum pauciflorum Nutt. ;

_Woods. Penn.; rare. Darlington. W.to Ark. Aug. %|.—Stem 6—9 inches
high, rather erect or decumbent at base. Leafets 1—3 inches long. Flowers in
a loose slender raceme, small, white or reddish-white.

Few-flowered Desmodium.
15. D. rotundifolium D.C.: stem prostrate, hirsute; leaves ternate ;
leafets orbicular, hairy ; stipules broad-ovate, acuminate, reflexed; racemes
axillary and terminal ; legume with 3—5 rhomboid-oval hispid joints. He-
dysarum rotundifolium Mich.

Rocky woods. N. Y.to Car. Aug. 2|.—Stem 2—4 feet long, hirsute with
spreading hairs. Racemes few-flowered, pedunculate. Flowers purple. :
Round-leaved Desmodium.

16. D. humifusum Beck: stem procumbent, smooth; leaves ternate;
leafets ovate, slightly hairy; racemes terminal, elongated ; joints of the le-
gume subrhomboidal. Hedysarum humifusum Muhl. Big.

Woods. Mass. Penn. to Car. Muhl. Aug. 1%.—Resembles the last, but is
smoother, and has the leafets oval or ovate and subacute. Perhaps only a va-
riety. Procumbent Desmodium.

17. HEDYSARUM. D. C.—Hedysarum.
(Etymology uncertain.)
Calyx 5-cleft ; segments linear-subulate, nearly equal. Stand-
ard large. Keel obliquely truncate ; wings much shorter than
the keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and1). Legume with many
joints ; joints compressed, roundish, 1-seeded.

H. boreale Nuitt.: stem subdecumbent ; leaves pinnate; leafets (7 or 8
pairs) oblong-ovate, partly villous; stipules sheathing, subulate; racemes

LEGUMINOS ©. 83

on long peduncles; legume with smooth rugose roundish joints. H. al-
pinum Mich,
Mountains. Can. and Penn. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to the Rocky Mountains.

June, July. %.—Stem 6—12 inches high, rather stout. Flowers large, nu-
merous, purple. Northern Hedysarum.

18. LESPEDEZA. /Mich.—Lespedeza.
(Dedicated by Michaux to Lespedez, a Spanish governor of Florida. ve
Calyx with 2 bracts at base, 5-parted ; segments nearly equal.
Corolla papilionaceous. Keel transversely obtuse. Stamens
diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume lenticular, compressed-flat,
not opening, 1-seeded, unarmed.

1. L. reticulata Pers. : stem erect, simple, nearly smooth ; leafets oblong-
linear, obtuse, mucronate, hairy beneath; fascicles of flowers subsessile,
numerous; axillary ones subracemose; legume ovate, reticulate, acute,
longer than the calyx. JL. sessiliflora, var. Mich. L. angustifolia. Raf.
LL violacea. Torr. g- Gr. Hedysarwm reticulatum Willd.

Dry woods. N.J. Penn. W.to Ill. Aug. %.—Stem 2 feet high, very rarely
branched. eafets half an inch to an inch long, 2 lines wide. Flowers in short
clustered axillary racemes, violet. Reticulated Lespedeza.

2. L. sessiliflora Nutt.: stem erect, somewhat branched ; leaves on short
petioles ; leafets oblong-oval, obtuse ; fascicles of flowers subsessile ; axillary
ones partly racemose ; lezume ovate, acute or acuminate, much longer than
the minute calyx. Hedysarwm sessiliflorum Lam. L. violacea Torr. & Gr.

Dry woods. N.Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. %.—Stem 2 feet
high, slender. Leaves hairy beneath. Flowers in subsessile axillary clusters,
violet. Sessile-flowered Lespedeza.

3. L. Stuvei Nutt.: stem, simple, erect, softly and sericeously villous;
leaves on very short petioles; leafets elliptic-oval, mucronate ; racemes pe-
dunculate, scarcely longer than the leaves; legume pubescent, naked,
longer than the calyx.

Sandy fields. N. J. to Louis. W. to Texas. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem 2—3
feet high, covered with a silky pubescence. Peduwncles an inch long. Flowers
purple, very variable. Stuve’s Lespedeza.

4. L. capitata Mich.: stem erect, simple; leaves on very short petioles ;
leafets varying from elliptic to ay with close-pressed hairs beneath; spikes
capitate, on short peduncles; calyx villous, as long as the corolla, with the
oval legume much longer. L. frutescens and L. angustifolia Ell.

Dry woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 2 —Stem 2—4 feet
high, straight. Leafets an inch or an inch and a half long, and 2—6 lines wide.
Flowers in 1 oblong or subglobose heads, white or very pale yellow.

Round-headed Lespedeza.

5. L. polystachia Mich.: stem erect, branched, very villous; leaves on
very short petioles ; leafets round-oval, obtuse ; spikes oblorig-ey lindric, the
peduncles at length much longer than the leaves; corolla and legume about
as long as the calyx. L. hirta Ell. Torr. & Gr. Hedysarum hirtum Linn.

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem 2—4 feet high. Leafe’s
about aninch long. Flowers reddish-white, in dense spikes which are about an
inch in length, Hairy Lespedeza.

84 LEGUMINOS&.

6. L. violacea Pers. : diffuse, much branched, somewhat pubescent ; leaves
on long petioles; leafets elliptic-obtuse, somewhat hairy ; racemes subum-
belled, about as long as the leaves; flowers in pairs, distinctly pedicellate ;
legume rhomboidal, reticulate and smooth. Hedysarum violaceum Linn.

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July. %|.—Stem long, slender.
Flowers violet—Lespedeza divergens of Pursh, is probably only a variety of the
above, although Mr. Elliott considers it very distinct. “It is,” he says, distin-
guished by much larger leaves on much longer petioles, its stem is much more
diffusely branched, the peduncles long, with the flowers scattered and distinctly
racemose.”’. Torrey and Gray include under this species LZ. divergens Pursh.
LL. frustescens Linn. (not of Ell.) L. sessiliflora Mich., and L. reticulata Pers.

Violet-flowered Lespedeza.

7. L. procumbens Mich. : slender, procumbent, with the branches assur-
gent, everywhere pubescent; leaves on long petioles; leafets oval, obtuse,
mucronate ; racemes short, subumbellate, on long erect axillary peduncles,
few-flowered; lesume orbicular-ovate, pubescent. Hedysarwm Lespedeza
Lam.

Sandy woods. Mass. to Flor. W.to Miss. Aug., Sept. 2.—Stem 2—3
feet long, densely pubescent. Flowers purple, tinged with violet.
Procumbent Lespedeza.

8. L. repens Torr. & Gr.: minutely pubescent or nearly smooth, dif
fusely procumbent ; leafets oval or obovate-elliptical, the uppermost ones
emarginate ; petioles mostly very short; peduncles axillary, elongated, few-
flowered ; legume nearly orbicular. ZL. repens Bart. LL. prostrata Pursh.
Hedysarum repens Linn.

Sandy fields. Can. to Geor. W.to Ken. July, Aug.» %|.—Stem 2 feet or
more long, very slender. Flowers violet, smaller than in the last. —
Slender Lespedeza.
19. VICIA. Linn.—Vetch.

(A name derived from a Celtic term, signifying Vetch.) —

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft or 5-toothed ; two upper teeth shorter.
Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens diadelphous. Style filiform,
bent at a right angle with the ovary, bearded beneath the stig-
ma. Legume oblong, many-seeded.

* Flowers on peduncles.

1. V. Caroliniana Walt.: smoothish ; leafets 8—10, elliptical-lanceolate,
subalternate, obtuse, mucronate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire ; pedun-
cles many-flowered, as long as or longer than the leaves; flowers distant ;
teeth of the calyx short ; style villous at the top ; legume lanceolate, smooth,
obliquely veined. V. parviflora Mich. ;

Borders of woods. Can.to Geor. W.to Ken. May, June. ..—Stem long
and climbing. Flowers small, white or pale blue. Standard black at the tip.

Carolina Vetch.

2. V. Americana Muh. : leafets 8—12, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth,
mucronate ; stipules semisagittate, deeply toothed ; peduncles 4—8-flowered,
shorter than the leaves.

Woods. Can. to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June. ‘l.—Stem

1—3 feet long, slender, somewhat 4-angled. Flowers pale purple, three-fourtlis
ef an inch long. American Vetch.

LEGUMINOSZE. 85

3. V. Cracca Linn.: stem branching ; leafets numerous, oblong, alternate
and opposite, mucronate, pubescent; stipules semisagittate, linear, nearly
entire; peduncles many-flowered, as long as or longer than the leaves;
racemes crowded, secund; teeth of the calyx unequal; upper ones very
short; lower ones shorter than the tube; styles hairy at the top; legume
oblong, coriaceous, compressed, smooth.

Woods and meadows. Can. to Penn. W. to Ken. June, July. 2.—Stem
2—3 feet long, slender. Leafets 10—12 pairs, an inch long, 1—3 lines wide.
Fiowers 10—20 ina raceme, pale purple. Tufted Vetch.

4. V. tetrasperma Loisel: smooth; leafets 4—6, oblong; stipules lance-
olate, semisagittate; peduncles mostly 2-flowered; legume oblong, smooth,
mostly 4-seeded. V. pusilla Mull. Ervum tetraspermum Linn.

Fields, &c. Can. to Penn. May, June. ().—Stem 1—2 feet long, very
slender, 4-angled. Leafets half an inch long, rather obtuse, with a fine point.
Flowers white or bluish-white, very small, sometimes 3 or 4 together.

Slender Vetch.
** Flowers nearly sessile.

5. V. satiwa Linn.: leafets 6—12, ovate-oblong or linear-oblong, retuse,
mucronate, more or less pilose beneath; stipules semisagittate, toothed, with
a dark spot beneath; flowers mostly in pairs, subsessile ; calyx cylindric ;
segments linear-lanceolate, nearly equal; style bearded at the top; legume
compressed,

Fields. Can. to Car. June. @).—Stem 1—2 feet high, erect or decumbent.
Flowers half an inch long, pale purple. A very variable species. Introduced
from Europe. Common Vetch.

20. ERVUM. Linn.—Tare.
(From the Celtic erw, a ploughed field, of which it is the pest. Hook. Br. Fl.)

Calyx 5-cleft; segments linear, acute, nearly equalling the
corolla. Stigma glabrous. Legume oblong, 2—4-seeded.

E. lursutwm Linn.: leafets linear or linear-oblong, truncate or retuse,
mucronate ; stipules semisagittate, narrow ; peduncles 3—6-flowered, about
as long as the leaves; segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, equal, longer
than the tube; legume oblong, compressed, hairy, finely reticulate; sceds
- globose, variegated. Vicia Mitchelli Raf.

Fields. N. Y.to Car. May, June. ().—Stem 2—3 feet long, much branched,
and diffuse. Leafets 8—20, about half an inch long and a line or two wide.
Flowers very small, bluish-white. Introduced 2? Hairy Tare.

21. LATHYRUS. Linn.—Vetchling.
(From \a@vpos; a leguminous plant of Theophrastus.)

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft ; two upper lobes shorter. Corolla
papilionaceous. Stamens diadelphous. Style flat, bent at a
right angle with the ovary, dilated at the summit, villous or pu-
bescent on the upper side. Legume oblong, many-seeded,
2-valved, 1-celled. Seeds globose or angled.

1. L. maritimus Big.: smooth; stem stout, at length decumbent; leafets
4—6 pairs, oval or slightly obovate; stipules cordate-hastate, nearly as

86 LEGUMINOS&.

large as the leafets; peduncles 6—10-flowered, shorter than the leaves ;
legume oblong, somewhat falcate. LL. pisiformis Hook, Pisum maritimum
Linn.

Sandy shores. Labrador to N.Y. W. to Oregon and California. Oneida
Lake and Long Island, N. Y. June, July. %.—Plant pale green. Stem 1—2
feet long. Flowers large, purple and blue. Beach Pea.

2. L. venosus Muhl.: stem square, naked; leaves pinnate; leafets 5—7
pairs, ovate-oblong, obtuse, subopposite, mucronate, smooth, veined; stipules
small, semisagittate, ovate; peduncles many-flowered, shorter than the
leaves.

Low meadows. Can. to Geor. W. to California. July, Aug. 2|.—JWeafets
large. Flowers purple. Veiny-leaved Veichling.

3. L. palustris Linn.: stem smooth, winged, weak; leafets in 3 pairs,
oblong, somewhat coriaceous, mucronate; stipules semisagittate, acute;
peduncles 3—5-flowered, a little longer than the leaves; segments of the
calyx unequal, sublinear, as long as the tube; legume compressed.

Low grounds. Can. to Penn. W. to Oregon. June, July. 2|.—Stem 2—3
feet long, climbing. JLeafets varying in width. Flowers pale purple.
Marsh Veichling.

4. L. myrtifolius Muhl.: stem weak, flexuous, square ; leafets 2—3 pairs,
oblong-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, mucronate, rigid, smooth, veined;
stipules semisagittate, lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the margin; pe-
duncles 3—6-flowered, longer than the leaves.

Salt marshes. N.Y. and Penn. July, Aug. 2.—Resembles the former,
but usually has a more slender stem, and broader leafets and stipules. Flowers
smaller, purple, and rose-colored. _ Myrtle-leaved Vetchling.

5. L. ochroleucus Hook.: plant smooth, pale, and somewhat glaucous;
leafets in 3—4 pairs, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, reticulate beneath; stipules
large, broad-ovate, acuminate ; peduncles 4—10-flowered, shorter than the
leaves; legume compressed, smooth. L. glaucifolius Beck Bot. 1st. Ed.

Banks of streams. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. and N. J. May, June. %|.—Siem
slender, 1—2 feet long, often nearly erect. Leafets one and a half to two inches
long, and an inch wide. Flowers large, pale yellow. When | introduced this
plant as a new species into the former edition of this work, I was not aware
that it had already been described under another name by Dr. Hooker.

Cream-colored Vetchling.

22. AMPHICARPZAA. Ell.—Hog-Nut.

(From the Greek ant, both, and xagros, fruit; producing fruit both above
and under ground.) :

Flowers of two kinds; the one perfect and petaliferous, but
often sterile ; the other imperfect, but usually fertile. PERrzcr
F'i.— Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-toothed, without bracts at
the base. Standard incumbent and partly folded round the
other petals. Style smooth. Stigma small, capitate. Le-
gume linear-oblong, stipitate, compressed, 3—4-seeded. In-
PERFECT I't.—Corolla none or with the rudiment of a standard.
Stamens either wanting, or 5—10. Legume obovate, 1—2-
seeded, usually maturing below the surface of the ground.

LEGUMINOS. 87

A. monoica Torr. & Gr.: racemes of the petaliferous flowers nodding ;
teeth of the calyx short and broad, somewhat triangular; bracts shorter
than the pedicels. A. monoica and A. sarmentosa Ell, Gilycine monoica,
comosa and bracteata Linn. |

Woods. Can. to Fler. W. to Louis. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem slender, twi-
ning, 3—8 feet long, more or less hairy. Leaves ternate ; leafels rhombic or
oblong-ovate. Flowers pale purple, in shortly peduncled racemes, some of them
under ground and imperfect. Common Hog-nut.

23. APIOS. Boerh.—Ground-Nut.
_ (From the Greek amos, a pear ; in allusion to the form of its tuberous roots.)
Calyx campanulate, obscurely 2-lipped; the upper lip of 2
short rounded teeth. Standard very broad, with a longitudinal
fold in the centre, reflexed. Keel long, falcate, and with the
stamens and style at length spirally twisted. Legume some-
what terete, slightly faleate, many-seeded.

A. tuberosa Mench. Glycine Apios Linn.

Low grounds. Can. to Flor..W. to Miss. July, Aug. %|.—Root producing
oval tubers abotit half an inch in diameter. Stem 4—8 feet long, slender,
climbing. Leafets mostly in fives, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, on short hairy
petioles. Flowers in short oval racemes, purple and green.

Ground-nut. Wild Bean.

24. PHASEOLUS. Linn.—Kidney Bean.
(From the Latin phaselus, a litile boat ; on account of the form of the legume.)

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-toothed ; the two upper teeth
more or less united. Keel, stamens and style, spirally twisted,
or rarely incurved. Legume linear or falcate, more or less
compressed, many-seeded.

1. P. perennis Wait. : stem twining, pubescent ; leafets ovate, acuminate,
3-nerved ; racemes solitary or somewhat clustered, simple or somewhat
branched, longer than the leaves; legume pendulous. P. paniculatus
Mich. Dolichos polystachyos Linn.

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July. 2|.—Stem 4—10 feet long,
climbing. Leafets 2—3 inches long. Flowers purple, in numerous racemes
which are from 4—10 inches long. Wild Kidney Bean.

2. P. diversifolius Pers.: stem prostrate; leafets broad-ovate, angular,
2—3-lobed; peduncles angled, longer than the leaves; flowers in heads;
bracts ovate; legume linear, terete, subpendulous, pubescent, 6—'7-seeded.
P. trilobus Mich. Strophostyles angulosa Ell. Glycine angulosa Muhl.
in Willd,

Woods. Can. to Flor. Aug. ().—Séem prostrate and a little scabrous,
2—6 feet long. Leafets more or less distinctly 3-lobed. Flowers 4—8, purple,
on peduncles 4—6 inches long. Various-leaved Kidney Bean.

3. P. helvolus Linn.: stem slender, hairy backwards; leafets ovate, ob-
long, usually entire, about the length of the petiole; stipules lanceolate;
peduncles slender, 3—6 times as long as the leaves; flowers few, in heads;

88 LEGUMINOSZ.

legume narrow-linear, 7—10-seeded, slightly pubescent; seeds pubescent.
P. vexillatus and P. helvolus Pursh. Strophostyles helvola and S. pedwneu-
laris Ell.

Sandy fields. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 2|—Stem 3—4 feet
long, prostrate or climbing. Leafets rarely 3-lobed. Flowers purple, 3—5 on a
very long peduncle. Pale-red Kidney Bean.

25. LUPINUS. Linn.—Lupine.

(From the Latin lupus, a wolf ; because it was supposed to destroy the fertility
of the soil.) Y

Calyx deeply bilabiate; the upper lip 2-cleft; the lower
entire, or 3-toothed. Standard with the sides reflexed. Wings
united at the top. Keel-acuminate. Anthers 5 roundish and
5 oblong. Style filiform. Stigma small, capitate, bearded.
Legume oblong or linear, torulose, coriaceous, many-seeded.

L. perennis Linn.: perennial, somewhat. hairy; leaves digitate; leafets
7—11, obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, rather obtuse, mucronate, smoothish
above, a little hairy beneath; flowers scattered in a long loose raceme ;

bracts shorter than the pedicels; upper lip of the calyx emarginate, lower
one nearly entire; legume linear-oblong, very hairy.

Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to Miss. May, June.
2|.—Stem 12—18 inches high, erect or somewhat decumbent. Leafets usually
8 or 9, digitately arranged. Flowers purplish-blue, large, in a terminal spike or
raceme which is 6—10 inches long. Common Lupine.

Suporper I]. CHSALPINEA.

Petals imbricated in estivation, the uppermost interior.

26. GLEDITSCHIA. Linn.—Honey Locust.
(In honor of Gileditsch, a German botanist of the last century.)

Flowers by abortion imperfect or perfect. Sepals 3-4-5,
equal. Petals as many as the sepals, arising from the tube of
the calyx. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them,
or by abortion fewer; style short; stigma pubescent above.

Legume compressed, 1- or many-seeded. Seeds oval, com-
pressed.

G. triacanthos Linn.: branches spiny ; spines thick, simple or triple and
compound ; leaves equally pinnate; leafets linear-oblong; legume com-
pressed-flat, falcate, many-seeded. G. triacanthos and brachycarpa Pursh.

Woods. N. Y. to Geor. W.to Miss. July.—A tree sometimes attaining the
height of 40 or 50 feet, with very long spines. Leafets three-fourths of an inch -
long, nearly smooth. Flowers in axillary racemes, greenish. Legume 10—15
inches long, many-seeded, the intervals between the cells of the seeds filled with
a saccharine pulp. The tree is sometimes unarmed, when it forms the var.
inermis of De Candolle. Three-thorned Honey Locust.

LEGUMINOS.&. 89

27. GYMNOCLADUS. Lam.—Coffee Tree.

(From the Greek yupvos, naked, and kdados, a-branch ; in allusion to the naked
appearance of this tree in winter.)

Flowers by abortion dicecious. | Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Pe-
tals 5, equal, oblong, exserted from the tube. Stamens 10, in-
cluded. Legume oblong, very large and thick, pulpy inside.

G. Canadensis Mich.

Can. N. Y. W.to Ark. May, June.—A middle-sized tree with few branches.
Leaves very large, (1—3 feet long,) bipinnate ; leafets oval, acuminate, slightly
pubescent. Flowers white, in racemes. Legume large, dark-brown. Seeds
half an inch in diameter. : Canadian Coffee Tree.

28. CASSIA. Linn.—Cassia.
(Said to have been derived from a Hebrew term Latinized by Cassia.)
Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, somewhat unequal. Pe-
tals 5, unequal. Stamens 10, free, unequal; 3 lower ones
longer ; 4 middle ones short and straight ; 3 upper ones usually
abortive. Anthers opening at the apex. Legume terete or
compressed, many-seeded.

1. C. Marylandica Linn. : stem erect; leafets in 6—9 pairs, ovate-oblong,
mucronate, equal; gland at the base of the petiole ovate ; racemes axillary,
many-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; legume compressed, linear, hispid,
at length smooth.

Banks of streams. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. |.
—Stem 3—4 feet high, smooth or somewhat pubescent. Flowers yellow, large,
in axillary racemes which appear paniculate at the summit of the stem. Me-
dicinal ; a tolerable substitute for the senna of the shops. Big. Med. Bot.i. 166.

, Wild Senna.

2. C. fasciculata Mich.: nearly smooth; leafets in 8 or 9 pairs, oblong-
linear, mucronate ; gland near the middle of the petiole sessile; fascicles
lateral, many-flowered ; petals and stamens of the same color; legume
smooth, curved, ascending.

Dry fields. N. Y.to Car. June—Aug. (@.—Flowers yellow. A doubtful
species. Fascicled Cassia.

3. C. nictitans Linn.: stem erect or decumbent, branched; leafets in
10— 20 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate ; gland on the petiole cup-
shaped, on a slender foot-stalk; racemes lateral, above the axils of the
leaves, short, few-flowered ; stamens 5; legume pubescent.

Sandy banks of streams. N. Y. to Flor. June, July. ().—Stem a foot high.
Flowers small, yellow, 2—3 ina raceme. ‘The leaves are somewhat irritable,
like the Mimosa or sensitive plant. Wild Sensitive Plant.

4. C. Chamacrista Linn.: erect or decumbent; leafets in 10—15 pairs,
linear-oblong, oblique at base, obtuse, mucronate; gland on the petiole cup-
shaped ; fascicles of flowers above the axils of the leaves ; lecume sparingly
hirsute.

Sandy places. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June—Aug. {(1).—Stem a foot or
more high. Flowers yellow, larger than in the preceding ; sometimes the base
of all the petals are spotted. Parinidge Pea,

90 DRUPACE.

29. CERCIS. Linn.—Red Bud.
(From the Greek xepxcs, a weaver’s shuttle; being the form of the legume.)
Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Petals 5, with claws,
subpapilionaceous, all distinct. Wings larger than the stand-
ard. Stamens 10, free, unequal. Legume oblong, compressed,
1-celled, many-seeded; upper seminiferous suture margined.
Seeds obovate.

C. Canadensis Linn.: leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate, villous in
the axils of the nerves; legume on short foot-stalks; flowers in small
fascicles.

Banks of streams. N. J. to Flor. W. to Miss. April—A small tree with
grayish-brown bark. Flowers appearing before the leaves, of a dark rose-color.
Legume about 3 inches long, acute at each end. Judas Tree. Red Bud.

Orper XXXVIII. DRUPACEA.—A.monps.

Calyx 5-toothed, deciduous, the odd lobe superior. Petals
5. Stamens about 20, arising from the throat of the calyx.
Ovary superior, solitary ; styles terminal, with a reniform stig-
ma. Fruitadrupe. Seeds mostly solitary, without albumen.—
Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves. Stipules simple,
mostly glandular. Flowers white or pink.

1. PRUNUS. Linn.—Plum.
(The Latin name for a plum.)

Calyx urceolate, hemispherical; limb 5-parted, deciduous.
Petals spreading. Stamens numerous. Drupe ovate or oblong,
fleshy, very smooth, covered with grayish dust; stone com-
pressed, acute at both ends, subsulcate at the margin, elsewhere
smooth.

1. P. maritima Wang: low ; branches seldom thorny ; leaves oval, ovate
or obovate, acuminate, sharply serrate; petioles usually with 2 glands;
flowers few, on short pedicels, umbellate ; drupe subglobose. P. acuminata
Mich. FP. litioralis Big. Cerasus pubescens and C. pygmea D. C.

Sandy sea-coast. Mass.and N. Y. toAla. April, May. h.—Stem 2—5 feet
high. Drupe often as large as the common garden-plum and eatable, but some-
times smaller and astringent ; the two kinds being sometimes on the same stem.

Beach Plum. Sand Plum.

2. P. Americana Marsh: branches somewhat thorny; leaves ovate.
oblong, ovate or obovate, acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate,
at length smooth ; umbels 2—5-flowered; drupe roundish oval. P. nigra
Ait. P. mollis Torr. Fl. N. & M.S. P. hiemalis Mich. Cerasus nigra
and hyemalis D.C.

Banks of streams. Arct. Amer. toGeor. Louis. and Texas. April, May. .—

DRUPACEX. 91

Stem 8—15 feet high, much branched. Leaves rather coarsely serrate. Flowers
white, preceding the leaves. Drupe an inch or a little less in diameter, with a
yellow pulp, and thick tough skin. & Red Plum. Yellow Plum.

3. P. spinosa Linn.: branches thorny ; peduncles solitary; calyx cam-
panulate; lobes obtuse, longer than the tube; leaves obovate-elliptic or
ovate, pubescent beneath, coarsely and doubly dentate ; drupe globose.

Hedgerows. Penn. k.—Introduced. Pursh. Black Thorn or Sloe.

2, CERASUS. Juss.—Cherry.

(The name of an Asiatic town, whence the cherry is said to have been de-
rived.)

Flowers as in the preceding. Drupe globose or umbilicate
at base, fleshy, very smooth, destitute of gray powder; nucleus
subglobose, smooth.

* Flowers wmbelled: pedicels \-flowered, arising from the buds.

1. C. pumila Mich.: depressed or prostrate ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, or
oval, acute or obtuse, serrulate, smooth, glaucous beneath; umbels sessile,
few-flowered; drupe ovoid. C. depressa D.C. Prunus pumila Willd.

Banks of streams. Hudson’s Bay to Virg. W. to Miss. May. h.—Stem
trailing, the branches 3—20 inches high. Dyrupe dark-red, eatable.

Sand Cherry.

2. C. Pennsylvanica D. C.: leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
smooth and shining when old, mostly with 2 glands at the base; umbels
subsessile, somewhat corymbose, many-flowered; drupe ovoid-subglobose.
C. borealis Mich. Prunus borealis Pursh. P. Pennsylvanica and lance-
olata Willd.

Woods. Subarct. Amer. to Virg. W. tothe Rocky Mountains. April, May.—
A small tree, with reddish bark. Leaves 2—5 inches long. Drupe small, red
and astringent. , Burd Cherry.

** Flowers racemose, arising from the branches.

3. C. Virginiana D.C.: leaves broad-oval or somewhat obovate, ab-
oO = )
ruptly acuminate, often subcordate, toothed, smoothish; petioles with 2—4
glands; racemes short, erect or spreading ; drupe subglobose. C. obovata
Beck Bot. ist. Ed. Prunus Virginiana Linn. P. obovata Big. P. sero-
tina Pursh.

Woods. Hudson’s Bay to Flor. April, May.—A small tree or low shrub,
with gray branches. Fruzt a quarter of an inch in diameter, dark-red when ripe,
very astringent. Choke Cherry.

4. C. serotina D.C.: leaves oval-oblong or lance-oblong, acuminate,
smooth and shining above, bearded along the midrib beneath, finely ser-
rate ; petiole mostly with 2 or more glands; drupe globose. C. Virginiana
Mich. Prunus serotina Willd.

Woods. Can. to Flor. May, June.—A tree 30—60 feet high; branches
spreading. Flowers in Jong racemes, which are at length pendulous. Drupe
dark purple, about as large as in the preceding, slightly bitter. The wood is
close-grained, and very valuable for cabinet work. Wild Cherry.

92 ROSACES.

OrpDER XXXIX. ROSACEA.—Roseworts.

Calyx 4 or 5-lobed, with a disk either lining the tube or sur-
rounding the orifice. Petals 5, equal, or none. Stamens usu-
ally indefinite. Ovaries superior, solitary or several, 1-celled ;
styles lateral. Fruit 1-seeded nuts, achenia, or follicles contain-
ing several seeds ; albumen none.—Herbaceous plants or shrubs,
with simple or compound leaves.

J, SPIRHA. Linn.—Spirea.

(Supposed to be from the Greek ozeipa, a cord; in allusion to its flexible
branches.)

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 20—50. Car-
pels 83—8, distinct, rarely united at base, short apiculate, sessile,
rarely stiped. Seeds 2—15.

* Shrubby. Leaves lobed and toothed.

1. S. opulifolia Linn.: leaves ovate, often subcordate, 3-lobed, doubly
toothed and crenate, petioled, smoothish ; corymbs umbel-like, hemispherical,
peduncled; pedicels filiform; carpels 3—5, at length spreading, much
longer than the calyx.

Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Oregon. May, June. h.—Stem
3—6 feet high, much branched. Flowers numerous, white, in corymbs which
are about two inches in diameter. Calyx and pedicels pubescent. -Nine-bark.

**x Shrubby. Leaves entire or toothed.

2. S. corymbosa Raf.: leaves oval or ovate, on short petioles, whitish be-
neath, incisely serrate toward the apex; corymb terminal, pedunculate,
compound, fastigiate, somewhat leafy; carpels 3—5, smooth. S. chame-
drifolia Pursh.

Mountains of Penn. S. to Geor. W. to Ken. May, June. h.—Stem 18
inches high, slightly pubescent. eaves nearly smooth above, pale beneath.

F lowers pale rose-color, in a compound pedunculate corymb. .
Corymbose Spirea.

3. S. salicifolia Linn.: stem and peduncles glabrous ; leaves lanceolate
or obovate, simply or doubly serrate, smooth; racemes in dense terminal
compound panicles; carpels 5, distinct, not inflated, scarcely twice as long
as the calyx. S. alba Ehrh. S. hypericifolia Muhl. according to Torr.
§ Gr.

Meadows. Arct. Amer. to Geor. June, July. h.—Stem 3—5 feet high, the
branches purple and brittle. Leaves varying in form, usually acute, but some-
times obtuse. Flowers white or reddish-white. Meadow Sweet.

A. S. tomentosa Linn.: stem and peduncles reddish tomentose; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate, densely tomentose beneath ; racemes
terminal, compound, crowded ; carpels 5, woolly. ;

In low grounds. Can. to Geor. July, Aug. .—Stem 2—3 feet high, cov-

ROSACER. 93

ered with a loose wool. Flowers small, pale purple, in a very dense elongated
conical raceme. Hard-hack. Steeple-bush.

*#* Herbaceous. Leaves pinnate.

5. S. Aruncus Linn.: leaves twice or thrice pinnate, shining; leafets
lanceolate-oblong, acuminate; the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, sharply
and incisely doubly serrate ; flowers very numerous; carpels 35, smooth.
S. Aruncus var. Americana Pursh.

Mountains. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. %.—Stem 4—6 feet high.
Leaves very large. Flowers white, small, in slender terminal spikes.
Goat’s Beard.

6. S. lobata Jacq.: leaves palmate-pinnate, smooth, lower ones bipin-
nate ; terminal leafet much larger and 7-lobed; lateral leafets 3-lobed; the
lobes all serrate, mostly incised or toothed; flowers in a compound cymose
panicle; sepals reflexed ; carpels 6—8, smooth.

Moist grounds. Penn. to Car. W. to Mich. and Ken. June, July. 2.—
Stem 5—8 feet high, angled. Flowers inan imperfect cyme, deep rose-color,
large. Lobe-leaved Spirea.

2, GILLENIA. Mench—Indian Physic.
(Etymology uncertain.)

Calyx tubular-campanulate, contracted at the mouth, 5-cleft.
Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, somewhat unequal, coarctate at the
claws. Stamens 10—20, mostly meluded. Styles filiform.
Carpels 5, distinct, 2-valved.

1. G. trifoliata Manch: leaves ternate; leafets lanceolate or obovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate; stipules small, subulate-linear, entire. Spi-

rea trifoliata Linn.

Shady woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss.; rare. June. 2.—Stem 2—3
feet high. Flowers white or pale rose-color, few, in a terminal panicle. Medi-
cinal; emetic, &c. Big. Med. Bot. iii. 11.

Indian Physic. Bowman’s Root.

2. G. stipulacea Nutt.: radical leaves pinnatifid ; cauline ternate ; leafets
incisely serrate; stipules foliaceous, ovate, incisely toothed and clasping.
Spirea stipulata Muhl.

Western part of N.Y. D. Thomas. S. to Car. and Louis. W. to Miss. June.
2|.— Stem 2—3 feet high, branching. It resembles the former, but can readily
be distinguished by its large clasping stipules. It possesses nearly the same
medicinal properties. American Ipecacuanha.

3. DRYAS. Linn.—Dryas.

(Said to be derived from the Greek dpvs, the oak; on account of a distant
similarity between their leaves.)

Calyx 8—9-parted, naked without ; tube somewhat concave.
Petals 8—9. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, crowned
by a terminal style, at length terminating in a bearded plumose
awn.

D, integrifolia Vahl. : leaves oblong-ovate, broader at base, entire or very
slightly toothed at the base; sepals linear. D, tenella Pursh,

94 ROSACEA.

White Hills, N. H. N. to Labrador. July. %|.—Flower white, on a termi-
nal peduncle. Scarcely distinct from D. octopetala Linn.
Entire-leaved Dryas.

4, GEUM. Linn.—Avens.

(From the Greek yevw, to yield an agreeable flavor ; the root of one species
being aromatic.)

Calyx concave; limb 5-cleft, with 5 small external bracts
alternating with the segments. Petals 5. Stamens numerous,
inserted into the disk that lines the base of the calyx. Carpels
in a head, awned by the persistent styles.

1. G. strictum Ait.: hairy; radical and lower leaves interruptedly pin-
nate; upper cauline ones 3—5-foliate; the leafets rhombic-ovate, acute,
sharply toothed and incised ; stipules large, incised ; petals roundish, longer
- than the calyx. C. Canadense Murr.

Swamps. Can. N. Y. and New Eng. Aug. ‘%|.—Stem 2—4 feet high,
simple. Radical and lower leaves on long petioles, the upper nearly sessile.
Flowers large, yellow, in a loose dichotomous panicle. Yellow Avens.

2. G. Virginianum Linn.: pubescent; radical leaves pseudo-pinnate or
ternate ; upper simple, lanceolate, incisely serrate ; stipules subovate, entire
or incised; petals cuneate-obovate, shorter than the calyx. G. album

Willd.

Woods. Can.to Geor. W.to Miss. June, July. %|.—Stem 2—3 feet high,
smooth, or pubescent. Radical leaves on long petioles. Flowers white or pale
yellow, on peduncles 1—3 inches long terminating the branches, at first some-
what nodding, at length erect. Virginian Avens.

3. G. macrophyllum Willd.: hispid; radical leaves lyrately and inter-
ruptedly pinnate ; cauline with 2—4 minute lateral leafets, the terminal one
large roundish and 3-parted; stipules nearly entire; petals obovate, a little
longer than the calyx.

White Mountains. N. H. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to the Pacific. June,
July. %.—Stem 1—2 feet high, very hispid. Leaves sometimes nearly smooth.
Flowers yellow, intermediate in size between G. strictum and Virgynianum.
; . Long-leaved Avens.

4, G. rivale Linn.:- pubescent; stem simple, 1—4 flowered; radical
leaves interruptedly pinnate; cauline ternate or 3-lobed; petals broad ob-
cordate-spatulate, emarginate, about as long as the calyx; carpels in a
stiped head, very hairy; upper joint of the style plumose.

Moist places. Can.to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May, June. 2|.—
Stem 18 inches or 2 feet high, nearly simple, somewhat pilose. Radical leaves
on very long petioles. Flowers large, purple, nodding. Water Avens. -

5. G. triflorum Pursh.: stem nearly naked, softly pubescent, about
3-flowered at the summit; radical leaves interruptedly pinnate, the petioles
hairy ; leafets cuneiform-oblong, deeply incised and toothed ; bracts longer
than the segments of the calyx; styles very long and filiform in fruit,
plumose. Sveversia triflora R. Brown.

On rocks. Watertown, Jefferson county, N. Y.; very rare. Dr. Crawe.

White Mountains, N. H. W. to the Rocky Mountains. — N. to Labrador. May,
June. 2.—Stem 4—6 inches, in fruit 12—15 inches high, with two opposite:

ROSACEA. 95

small laciniate leaves near the middle. Radical leaves numerous. . Flowers at
first nodding. Calyx purple. Petals yellowish white. Three-flowered Avens.

6. G. Peckit: somewhat hairy; stem paniculately branched above,
several-flowered, scarcely leafy; radical leaves lyrate-pinnate ; the terminal
leafet very large, roundish reniform, somewhat truncate at base; lateral
ones minute; petals obovate-roundish, twice as long as the ovate-triangular
segments of the calyx. Sveversia Pecku R. Brown.

White Mountains. N.H. Prof. Peck. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem a foot or more
high, with 3 or 4 small sessile incised leaves. Flowers terminal and solitary at
the end of each branch or peduncle, yellow, middle-sized. Peck’s Avens.

5. COMAROPSIS. Rich—Dry Strawberry.

(From the Greek, xonapos, the ancient name of a strawberry, and ows, appear-
ance ; on account of its resemblance to the strawberry.)

Calyx with the tube turbinate, the limb 5-cleft, not bracted.
Petals 5, without claws. Stamens numerous. Capsule small,
with an elongated filiform style at the apex. Achenia 2—6,
dry, not united at base. ;

C. fragarioides D. C.: leaves radical, ternate ; leafets broad wedgeform,
toothed and incised; scapes 3—5-flowered ; petals much larger than the
segments of the ‘calyx; carpels hairy. Dalibarda fragarioides Mich.
Pursh. Waldsteima fragarioides Torr. & Gr.

Shady woods. Can. toGeor. May. 2|.—Root creeping. Scape 3—4 inches

high, with a small leafy bract below the middle. Leaves on long petioles.
Flowers yellow. Dry Strawberry.

6. RUBUS. Linn.—Raspberry and Blackberry.
(Said to be from the Latin ruber, red.)

Calyx concave or flattish at base, naked, 5-parted. . Petals
5, deciduous. Stamens numerous, inserted into the border of
the disk. Berry composed of many pulpy carpels aggregated
on a spongy receptacle, persistent or deciduous.

§ 1. Berry concave beneath and falling away fram the dry receptacle when
ripe. (Raspberry.)

* Leaves simple.

1. R. odoratus Linn. : hispid with glandular hairs ; stem erect, branched ;
leaves large, 3—5-lobed ; the lobes acute or acuminate, unequally serrate ;
peduncles many-flowered, compound ; sepals long, acuminate, shorter than
the obovate-roundish petals.

Rocky places., Can. to Geor. June. 12.—Stem 3—4 feet high. Flowers
large, purple. Fruit broad and flat, yellowish or red when ripe, scanty, but
well-flavored. It is often abortive. Flowering Raspberry.

2. R. Chamemorus Linn.: dicecious; stem creeping at base, simple, 1-
flowered, somewhat pubescent, unarmed; leaves cordate-reniform, plicate,
5-lobed, serrate, the lobes rounded; sepals ovate, obtuse, shorter than the
spreading obovate petals,

96 ROSACEA.

Sphagnous swamps. Lubeck, Maine. White Mountains, N. H. Oakes. N. to
Arct. Amer., from Greenland to Behring’s Straits. June, July. 2|.—Flower
large, white. Fruit red, well-flavored, composed of few and large carpels.

Cloud Berry.

** Leaves compound.

3. R. triflorus Richardson: unarmed; stem suffrutescent at base, as-
cending ; leaves ternate or pedate-quinate, on slender petioles ; leafets mem-—
branaceous, rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely
serrate or incised, the terminal one petiolate ; peduncle terminal, 1—3-flow-
ered; sepals lanceolate, reflexed, shorter than the spatulate-oblong petals.
R. saxatilis 8 Canadensis Mich. R. saxatilis Big.

Moist woods and hills. Hudson’s Bay to Penn. June. k.—Stem a foot or
more high, and with the branches often rooting at the extremity, minutely pu-
bescent. Flowers white. Fruit small, reddish-purple, usually sour.

: Dwarf Raspberry.

4. R. strigosus Mich.: stem erect, suffruticose, strongly hispid; leaves
ternate or quinate; leafets oblong-ovate, acuminate, incisely serrate, white
tomentose beneath, the terminal one often subcordate; peduncles 4—6-
flowered ; sepals spreading, nearly as long as the petals. R. Pennsylvani-
cus Lam.

Rocky places. Subarct. Amer. to Virg. W. to Oregon. May. h.—Stem
reddish-brown, shining. Flowers white. Fruit red, richly flavored. This
species has probably been confounded with R. Ideus, which is not a native.

Red Raspberry.
5. R. occidentalis Linn. : somewhat smooth, armed with strong hooked
prickles ; leaves ternate, rarely quinate; leafets ovate, acuminate, coarsely
or incisely serrate, hoary tomentose beneath; terminal peduncles several-
flowered ; petals obovate-wedgeform, shorter than the reflexed sepals.

Woods. -Can. to Geor. W. to Oregon. May—July. hh.—Stem 5—8 feet long,
sparingly branched. Flowers white, 1—3 on axillary peduncles, in terminal
leafy racemes. Fruit roundish, dark purple, almost black, sweet and well-fla-
vored. Black Raspberry. Thimble Berry.

§ 2. Fruit persistent on the somewhat juicy receptacle. (Blackberry.) ;

6. R. villosus Ait.: prickly ; stem angular, and with the branches, pe-
duncles and lower surface of the leaves tomentose-villous and glandular;
leaves ternate and pedate-quinate ; leafets ovate or oblong-ovate, mostly
acuminate, doubly or unequally serrate, the terminal one petiolate and
subcordate; flowers in elongated terminal racemes; sepals acuminate,
much shorter than the obovate spreading petals.

var. frondosus Torr.: much less glandular, smoother; flowers fewer,
coryinbose, with leafy bracts. R. frondosus Big.

Fields and woods. Can. and throughout the U. S.. May, June. lh.—Stem
erect, (4—8 feet high,) or reclined. Flowers white, numerous. Fruit ovoid-
oblong, sometimes acute, half an inch to an inch in length, purple or nearly
black when ripe, sweet and well-flavored. Eugh Blackberry.

7. R. Canadensis Linn. : stem procumbent or trailing, somewhat prickly ;
leaves ternate or pedate-quinate, smooth or pubescent; leafets oval, rhom-
bic-ovate or lanceolate, sharply and unequally serrate, often incised ; flow-
ers in racemes or somewhat corymbed, with leafy bracts; sepals mucronate,

ROSACES. | 97

half as long as the petals. R. procumbens Muhl. R. trivialis Pursh. not
of Mich. R. flagellaris Willd.

Rocky woods. Can. to Virg. May, June. t).—Stem trailing or procumbent,
ascending at base. Flowers white, smaller than in the preceding. Fruit round-
ish or oblong, half an inch to an inch in diameter, black, sweet and juicy.

Low Blackberry. Dewberry.

8. R. hispidus Linn, : stem slender, prostrate, and with the petioles and
peduncles armed with retrose bristles or weak prickles; leaves ternate or
pedate-quinate ; leafets somewhat coriaceous, obovate, coarsely and un-
equally serrate, entire towards the base, smoothish ; flowers in corymbs or
racemes, without bracts ; sepals spreading, half the length of the obovate
or oblong-obovate petals. . obovalis Mich. RR. sempervirens Big.

Wet woods and swamps. Can. to Car. May, June, l.—Stem profusely
trailing, with short erect branches. Flowers white, small. Fruit composed of
a few large grains, blackish, sour. Trailing Swamp Blackberry.

9. R. setosus Big.: stem reclining, armed with weak prickles; branches
setose at the apex; leaves ternate or quinate, on long petioles ; leafets obo--
vate-wedgeform, simply serrate, smooth; flowers in racemes, with bristly
pedicels; petals obovate-wedgeform, longer than the sepals. R. hispidus
var. setosus Torr. & Gr.

Swamps. Can. and Mass. Big. June. h.—Flowers white. Fruit red,
small. . Bristly Raspberry.

10. R. trivialis Mich. : sarmentose procumbent, bristly, at length prickly ;
leaves ternate or pedate-quinate ; leafets ovate-oblong or lanceolate, mostly
acute, sharply serrate, nearly smooth; peduncles 1—3-flowered; petals
broad-obovate, more than twice as Jong as the reflexed sepals. A. hispidus
Willd.

Dry woods. Penn. to Flor. W. to Texas. March—May. kh.—The leaves
are more coriaceous and often smaller than in any other N. American species,
the young stems very hispid as well as prickly, the flowers large in proportion,
on long-hispid or prickly peduncles. Torr. & Gr. Stem sometimes with erect
branches. Fruit large, black. Low Bush Blackberry.

11. R. cuneifolius Pursh.: low, armed with stout recurved prickles ;
leaves ternate and pedate-quinate; leafets wedgeform-obovate, somewhat
coriaceous, entire at base, subplicate, pubescent-tomentose beneath, ter-
minal one petiolate ; peduncles few-flowered ; petals obovate, much longer
than the tomentose oblong mucronate sepals. R&R. parviflorus Wait.

Sandy fields. N.Y.to Flor. May, June. I).—Stem 1—3 feet high. Leaves
rarely quinate. Flowers white. Frutt ovoid, black, juicy, eatable.
Sand Blackberry.

7. DALIBARDA. Linn.-—Dalibarda.
(In honor of Dalibard, a French botanist of the last century.)

Calyx with the tube short, concave ; limb 5—6-cleft, naked
without ; lobes dentate. Petals 5, sessile, deciduous. Sta-
mens many. Ovaries 5—10, with short terminal styles. Ache-
nia few, dry, adhering to the calyx.

D. repens Linn. : stem creeping ; leaves simple, cordate, crenate-dentate ;
5
a

§8 ROSACE.

stipules laciniate ; peduncles 1-flowered; sepals not bristly. D. violgoides
Mich. . Rubus Dalibarda Linn.

Moist shady places. Can. N. Eng. N. Y. and Penn. June—Aug. %.—
Stem herbaceous, creeping and rooting. Leaves on long petioles, with a deep
and ofien closed sinus at the base. Flowers solitary, white, on long nearly
radical peduncles. Creeping Dalwarda.

8. FRAGARIA. Tourn.—Strawberry.
(From the Latin fragrans ; on account of its fragrant fruit.)
Calyx with the tube concave, 5-cleft, and with 5 bracts with-
out, (or 10-cleft.) Petals 5. Stamens many. Carpels naked,
fixed on a long pulpy deciduous receptacle. Style lateral.

1. F. Virginiana Linn.: \leafets broad-oval, smoothish above, the late-
ral ones distinctly petioled ; peduncles usually shorter than the leaves ; fruit
ovoid; achenia imbedded in the receptacle. F'. Canadensis Mich.

Fields and meadows. Throughout the U. S. Can. and Arct. Amer. to lat. 64°.
May. %.—Flowers white. F. Canadensis Mich. is the larger form of this spe-

cies, and appears in some situations to be quite constant. ‘This is the case at
Little Falls, N. Y. Wild Strawberry.

2. EF. vesca Linn.: lobes of the leaves plicate, thin, pilose beneath; pe- :
duncles usually longer than the leaves; fruit conical or hemispherical ;

achenia superficial.

Fields. N.S. Subarct. Amer. and N. W. Coast. April, May. 2|.—More
stoloniferous than the former, and the carpels not imbedded in the receptacle.
‘There are several cultivated varieties. Common Strawberry.

9. POTENTILLA. Linn — Cinquefoil.
(From the Latin potens, powerful ; i allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues.)
Calyx with the tube concave; limb 4—5-cleft, 4—5-bracted
without (or 8—10-cleft). Petals 4—5, obtuse or obcordate.
Stamens many. Carpels many, roundish, rugose, naked, fixed
to a small dry receptacle.

* Leaves ternate or quinate-palmate:

1. P. Norvegica Linn. : hirsute; stem erect, dichotomous above ; leaves
ternate-palmate ; leafets lanceolate or obovate, simply and doubly serrate ;
stipules lanceolate; flowers numerous, subcorymbed and axillary; petals
obovate, slightly emarginate, shorter than the calyx. P. hirsuta Mich.

Old fields and pastures. Can. toCar. N.to Arct. Amer. June—Auc. D—
Stem 1—2 feet high, hirsute, at length more or less branched. Lower leaves on
petioles 1—4 inches long. Flowers yellow, in leafy corymbs at the top, and on
long solitary peduncles below. Norway Cinquefeil.

2. P. tridentata Ait.: stems ascending, woody and creeping at base;
leaves ternate-palmate ; leafets obovate-wedgeform, coriaceous, 3-tocthed
at the end, pale pubescent beneath; stipules lanceolate, acuminate; co-
_ tymb loose, few-flowered ; petals oblong-ovate, longer than the calyx.
Mountains. Arct. Amer. to Car. June, July. 2.—Stem 4—10 inches high.

Leafets sometimes 4—5-toothed. Flowers 6—8 in the summit of each stem
white or reddish-white. Three-toothed Cinquefoil. ;

ROSACEA. 99

3. P. Canadensis Linn.: silky-villous; stem procumbent and ascend-
ing, somewhat branched; leaves quinate-palmate ; leafets obovate-wedge-
form, acutely dentate; stipules lanceolate, somewhat obtuse; peduncles
solitary, elongated; lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate, acute, nearly
equalling the obovate or obcordate petals. P. simplex Mich. P. sarmen-
tosa Willd.

Fields and woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April—Aug. %.—Stems at
first short, but at length 12—18 inches long. Leaves white, villous when young.
Flowers yellow, on slender axillary peduncles. Quite variable. Five-finger.

4. P. minvma Haller: stem ascending, pubescent, mostly 1-flowered ;
leaves ternate; leafets obovate, very obtuse, smooth except on the margin
and veins beneath, incisely serrate towards the apex; petals obcordate,
longer than the calyx.

Near the summit of the White Mountains, N. H. June, July. %.—Root
fusiform Stems 1—3 inches high. Leaves crowded. Flowers small.

Small Cinquefoil.

5. P. argentea Linn.: stem ascending or erect, tomentose; leaves qui-
nate-palmate ; leafets obovate-wedgeform, deeply incised, revolute on the
margin, smooth above, canescent beneath; flowers numerous, corymbed ;
lobes of the calyx lanceolate, shorter than the obovate petals.

Fields. Can. and throughout the U.S. June—Sept. 2|.—Stems numerous,
4—10 inches long, somewhat woody at base. eaves green above. Flowers
yellow, small, in spreading corymbs. Silvery Cinquefoil.

*x* Leaves pinnate.

6. P. fruticosa Linn.: stem fruticose ; leaves pinnate, hirsute or silky;
leafets oblong-lanceolate, very entire, approximate; stipules lanceolate,
membranaceous, acute; flowers in corymbs, large; petals longer than the
calyx. P. fruticosa and P. floribunda Pursh.

Margins of swamps. N.S. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to the Rocky Mountains.
June—Sept.—A shrub about 2. feet high, much branched and hairy. Leaves
numerous, on short petioles. Flowers numerous, large, yellow.

Shrubby Cinquefoil.

7. P. swpna Linn.: stem decumbent, herbaceous, dichotomous; leaves
pinnate ; leafets obovate or oblong, somewhat glabrous, more or less toothed ;
peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered; segments of the calyx triangular-
lanceolate; petals aslong as the calyx. P. paradoxa Nutt. in Torr. Gr.

Overflowed banks of streams. Can. and Penn. From the Ohio to Oregon.
Nutt. June—Aug. (D.—Flowers small, yellow. Perhaps not a native of our
section. Decumbent Cinquefoil.

8. P. Anserina Linn.: stem filiform, rooting ; leaves interruptedly pin-
nate; leafets ovate-oblong, incisely and acutely serrate, smooth above, silvery
canescent beneath; stipules many-cleft; peduncles scape-like, as long as
the leaves, axillary, solitary; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, entire, half as
long as the obovate petals.

Wet meadows. N.S. N. to Arct. Amer. W. toOregon. June. 2|.—Siems
long, reddish, with a tuft of leaves and one or more pedicels at each joint.
Leaves sometimes white and silky on both sides. Flowers bright yellow.

Nilver-weed. Wild Tansey.

9. P. Pennsylvanica Linn.: whole plant white tomentose; stem herba-

ceous, erect; leaves interruptedly pinnate; leafets oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid

100 ROSACE.

or pinnatety incised; stipules lanceolate, somewhat laciniate ; flowers in
corymbose panicles; segments of the calyx somewhat acute, as long ora
little longer than the corolla ; petals obcordate. P. arguta Lehn. not of
Pursh.

N.S.? Can. and throughout - British America. W. to the Roeky Mountains.
June. %|.—Stem 1—2 feet high. Flowers pale yellow. According to Torrey
and Gray this species is not found within the limits of the U.S. east of the Mis-
sissippi. They represent it as being very variable. _ Northern Cinquejoil.

10. P. arguta Pursh.: erect, simple, pubescent; leaves unequally pin-
nate; leafets roundish, ovate or somewhat rhomboid, incised or doubly ser-
rate, outer ones larger; stipules rhomboidal, toothed or entire; flowers ter-
minal, in a crowded corymb. P. conflertijflora Lehm. Geum agrimonoides
Pursh. Bootia sylvestris Big.

Banks of streams. Can. to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June, July.
2|.—Stem 1—3 feet high, erect, nearly simple, branched above and with the
petioles peduncles and calyx covered with a brownish and glandular pubes-
cence. Flowers erect, at first in dense corymbs, at length paniculate. Calyz
with the five alternate segments smaller. Petals ochroleucous or white.

Close-flowered Cinquefoil.

11. P. Comarum D.C.: root creeping; stem ascending; leaves pinnate,
upper ones ternate; leafets lanceolate, acutely serrate; petals lanceolate,
acuminate, much shorter than the calyx. P. palustris Lehm. Comarwin
palustre Linn. Torr. G& Gr.

In swamps. N.S. N. to Arct. Amer. June, July. %|.—Stem 18 inches high,

nearly simple. Leaves petioled, with a8. leafets. Flowers large, purple, on the
upper part of the stem. Marsh Cinquefoil.

10. SIBBALDIA. Linn.—Sibbaldia.

(In honor of Robert Sibbald; a writer upon the natural history of Scotland,
of the 17th century.)

Calyx 10-cleft, with the alternate segments narrower. Petals
5, minute. Stamens and carpels often 5. Styles 5, proceeding
laterally from the germ. Capsules 5, indehiscent, in the bottom
of the calyx, 1-seeded.

S. procumbens Linn.: leaves ternate; leafets cuneate, tridentate, smooth
above, hairy beneath; flowers ee petals ianeculee: acute, shorter

than the calyx.

High mountains. Can. and Ver. Pursh. Labrador and the summits of the
Rocky Mountains. July. h.—A small procumbent plant, with the habit of Po-
tentilla tridentata. Petals yellow, sometimes wanting. Stamens 5—7. Pistils
5—10. Procumbeni Sibbaldia.

11. AGRIMONIA. Linn.

(Corrupted from Argemone, a name given by the Greeks to a plant supposed to
cure cataract, called apynya.)

Calyx turbinate, covered with hooked bristles, 5-cleft, infe-
rior, with 2 bracteoles at the base. Petals 5. Stamens 12—15,
inserted with the petals upon the calyx. Achenia 1—2, in-
vested by the hardened calyx. gi

ROSACEA. 101

1. A. Eupatoria Linn.: hairy; leaves interruptedly pinnate; leafets ob-
long-ovate, crenate-dentate, the terminal one petioled; spike virgate, many-
flowered, terminal, long and slender; tube of the calyx bell-shaped, with
‘spreading bristles near the middle ; petals twice as long as the calyx ; fruit
distant, turbinate, hispid, smooth at base.

Woods and hedges. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July. 2.—Stem 2 feet
high. Flowers yellow, in a long terminal spike or raceme.
Common Agrimony.

2. A. parviflora Ait: hirsute with brownish hairs; leaves interruptedly
pinnate; leafets numerous, linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate; spike virgate ;
flowers on very short pedicels; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; fruit
roundish, divaricately hispid. A Eupatoria var. parviflora Hook.

Woods. N. J. to Geor. W. to Ken. July, Aug. 2.—Stem 4—5 feet high.
Flowers numerous, in virgate racemes. Petals small, pale yellow.
Small-flowered Agrimony.

12. ROSA. Linn.—Rose.
(From the Celtic rhos; signifying red.)

Calyx urceolate, fleshy, contracted at the orifice, terminating
in 5 segments. Petals 5. Stamens many. Carpels many,
long, hispid, included in and fixed to the fleshy tube of the
calyx.

* Styles cohering in a column.

1. #&. setigera Mich.: stem ascending ; branches glabrous; prickles few,
faleate; leaves ternate, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath; stip-
ules narrow, entire; peduncles and calyx hispid; flowers corymbose ; lobes
of the calyx ovate, short, simple; styles cohering in a tomentose club-
shaped column, as long as the stamens; fruit pisiform. JR. rudifolia R.
Brown.

Shores of the Western lakes. W. to Miss. July. kh .—Flowers very numer-
ous, changing from white to different shades of red, sometimes in a large co-
rymb. When cultivated, it may be trained to a great extent.

Michigan Rose.

*& Styles free.

2. R. lucida Ehrh.: prickles straight or slightly recurved ; leafets 5—9,
lanceolate-elliptic, coriaceous, sharply serrate, shining above; stipules di-
lated, large, smooth, serrulate ; peduncles somewhat hispid ; segments of
the calyx entire, appendaged, spreading but not deflexed ; flowers mostly
in pairs ; fruit globose-depressed, hispid or sinooth. 2. parvijlora Ehrh.
R. Caroliniana Mich. R. nitida and R. parviflora Beck Bot. 1st Ed.

Borders ofswarnps. Can. to Geor. W. to Ark. June, July. Ih.—Stem 1—3
or 4 feet high. Flowers rather large, pale red. Petals obcordate or emargi-
nate. Fruit small, red, mostly smooth when mature. A very variable species.

Dwarf Wild Rese.

3. R. Carolina Linn.: prickles recurved, often wanting ; leafets 5—9,
coriaceous, lanceolate or obovate, serrulate, approximate, glaucous beneath ;
stipules long, with an invelute margin; flowers mostly in corymbs, rarely

solitary ; lobes of the calyx very long, appendaged, spreading ; fruit de-

102 POMACE &.

pressed-globose, mostly somewhat glandular hispid. &. corymbosa Ehrh.
R. Pennsylvanica Mich.

Swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. hk .—Siem 3—6 feet high.
Flowers 5—7, in terminal corymbs. Petals large, red, obovate, emarginate.
Petioles tomentose. A very variable species. Numerous specimens found on
an island near Troy, N. Y., have the stems uniformly and constantly unarmed,
except near the root, where there are a few slender prickles. | Swamp Rose.

4, R. blanda Ait.: prickles straight, slender, deciduous; leafets 5—7,
oval or oblong, obtuse, equally serrate, pale and mostly pubescent beneath ;
stipules dilated ; flowers 1—3, on short smooth peduncles; lobes of the
calyx shorter than the petals; fruit globose. R. gemella Willd.

Dry hills and rocks. Hudson’s Bay to Penn. May, June. 1%|.—Stem 1—3
feet high. Flowers rather large, rose-color. Petals obcordate. Distinguished
from R. cinnamomea, to which it is allied, by its being more slender and nearly
unarmed, by the absence of stipular prickles, the smaller bracts and shorter
sepals as compared with the petals. Torr. & Gr. MR. stricta is said not to be a
native of the U. S. Early Rose.

5. R. rubiginosa Linn.: prickles strong, compressed, uncinate, rarely
straight; leafets 5—7, ovate or somewhat rounded, serrate, more or less;
especially beneath, glandular and ferriginous; fruit ovoid or obovate and
with the peduncles hispid. . swaveolens Pursh.

Hedges and road sides. Throughout the U.S. June, July. h.—Stem tall
and slender. Flowers solitary or two or three together, pale red. Fruit orange
red. Sweet-brier,

OrpverR XL. POMACHAi.—Appieworrs.

Calyx adherent, 5-toothed. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens
numerous. Disk thin, lining the tube of the calyx, bearing the
petals and stamens on its margin. Ovaries 1—5, adhering
more or less to the sides of the calyx and each other; styles
1—5 ; stigmas simple. Fruit a pome, 1—5-celled, seldom spu-
riously 10-celled. Seeds 1—2 in each carpel ; albumen none.—
‘Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple or compound leaves.

1. CRATZEGUS. Linn.—Thorn.

(From the Greek xoaros, strength; in allusion to the strength or firmness of
the wood.)

Calyx with the tube urceolate, and the limb 5-cleft. Petals
5, spreading, orbicular. Stamens many. Styles 1—5, glabrous.
Pome fleshy, or baccate, crowned with the teeth of the calyx,
containing 1—5 bony 1-seeded carpels, the summit contracted
or closed by the disk.

* Leaves serrate or subentire, not lobed.

1. C. Crus-galli Ait.: leaves obovate-wedgeform, subsessile, shining,
coriaceous, serrate, entire near the base; corymbs smooth; segments of the

POMACE. 103

calyx lanceolate, smooth, subserrate; styles 1—3; fruit ovoid-oblong, some-
times pyriform. C. lucida Wang. Amer.

Borders of woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss.. May, June—A shrub or

-small tree, much branched, and with long sharp spines. Flowers white, in a
corymb. Style often solitary. Fruit red. There are several varieties of this
species. Cockspur Thorn.
2. C. punctaia Jacg.: leaves obovate-cuneate, smooth, somewhat plaited,
doubly or incisely serrate; corymbs and calyx villous-pubescent when
young; styles 1—3; fruit dotted, globose.
Woods and swamps. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May.—A small tree with
rugged branches, usually armed with stout sharp thorns, but sometimes nearly
unarmed. Leaves light-green, mostly hairy. Flowers white, numerous, in com-
pound corymbs. Fruit large, red or yellow, eatable, but tough.
Common Thorn.
3. C. parvifolia Ait.: leaves obovate-cuneate, nearly sessile, crenate-ser-
rate, rarely somewhat incised, pubescent ; flowers subsolitary ; segments of
the calyx foliaceous, incised, as long as the petals, and with the short pedi-
cels and branchlets villous; styles 5; fruit roundish-pyriform. C. tomen-
tosa Linn. Mespilus laciniata Wait.

Sandy woods. N.J.to Flor. April, May. lh.—Stem 3 or 4—3 feet high, much
branched, with a few long and sharpthorns. Flowers white, mostly solitary and

terminal. Fruit a third to half an inch in diameter, pale greenish-yellow, eat-
able. Small-leaved Thorn.

** Leaves incised and more or less lobed.

4. C. tomentosa Linn.: leaves ovate-elliptic or oval, cuneate and nar-
rowed at base into a short margined petiole, incisely serrate and sublobed
towards the apex, smooth above, somewhat tomentose beneath when
young; peduncles and calyx villous; segments linear-lanceolate ; styles
3--5 ; fruit obovoid or pyriform. (Torr. g- Gr.) C. pyrifolia Ait. C. flava
Darlingt.

Borders of woods. Can. to Car. W. toKen: May,June. kh.—Stem 12—20
feet high, branching; the branches armed with long and sharp thorns. Leaves
usually large. Flowers white, in large leafy corymbs. Fruit large, orange red,
eatable, but rather insipid. Tomentose Thorn.

5. C. coccinea Linn.: leaves roundish-ovate, acutely incised or sublobed,
sharply serrate, thin and at length nearly smooth, on long slender petioles,
sometimes a little cordate; corymbs and calyx pubescent or smooth; styles
3—5; fruit globose. C. glandulosa Willd.

Borders of woods. Can. to Flor. and Louis. May. h.—Stem 10—20 feet
high, with spreading rugged branches armed with short slightly-curved thorns.
Leaves usually cut into 3 or 4 acute or acuminate angulate lobes on each side.
Flowers white, in corymbs terminating the young branches. Fruit rather large,
bright red or purple, eatable. Very variable. Scarlet-fruited Thorn.

6. C. cordata Ait.: leaves deltoid-ovate and subcordate, on long and
slender petioles, acuminate, incised and serrate, mostly 3-lobed near the
base; petioles and calyx without glands; styles 5; fruit depressed-globose,
P. populifolia Pursh.

Banks of streams. Washington city to Geor. June. Iy.—Siéem 15—20 feet
high, branching; the branches dark purple and armed with long and very
slender thorns. Leaves often deeply and equally 3-lobed like those of the red
maple. Flowers white, numerous, in corymbs terminating the branches. Fruit
small, bright purple. This species is not known to be a native of our district,

104 _ POMACE.

but according to Dr. Darlington it was long since introduced into Chester county,
Penn., from the neighborhood of Washington city, and is there extensively used
in hedging. it is known by the name of - Washington Thorn.

7. C. Oxycantha Linn.: leaves obovate-cuneate, 3—5-lobed, incised and
serrate, smoothish, shining; petioles and calyx destitute of glands; seg-
ments of the calyx acute or acuminate ; styles 1--3; fruit ovoid.

Road sides, &c. N.S. June. %.—Stem 4—10 feet high, much branched ;
the branches armed with sharp and short tapering thorns. Leaves variously

lobed, paler beneath. Flowers white, in corymbs. Fruit small, purple when
mature. Introduced from Europe. English Thorn. Hawthorn.

2, AMELANCHIER. D. C.—June Berry.

(Ameiancier is said to be the Savoy name for A. vulgaris.)

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals ovate-oblong or oblanceolate. Stamens
many, rather shorter than the calyx. Styles 5, somewhat
united at base. Pome, when mature, 3—5-celled.

1. A. Botryapium D.C.: unarmed; leaves cordate, oval, conspicuously
acuminate, pubescent when young, smooth when mature ; flowers in loose
racemes, appearing before the leaves; petals linear-lanceolate, four times as
long as the calyx. A. Canadensis var. Botryapium Torr. & Gr. Aroma
Botryapiwm Pers. Pyrus Botryapium Linn.

Rocky woods. Throughout the U.S. May.—A small tree. Flowers large,
white. Fruit dark purple. - Common June-berry. Shad-bush.

2. A. ovalis D. C.: leaves roundish-elliptic or oblong-oval, acute or acu-
minate, serrate, smooth when mature; flowers in compact racemes ; petals
obovate, oblong. A. Canadensis var. oblongifolia and rotundifolia Torr.
g Gr. Aronia ovalis Pers. Pyrus ovalis Linn.

Near swamps. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 62°. May.—A small shrub. Flowers
in racemes. Fruit small, nearly black, eatable. Supposed by some botanists
to be a variety of the preceding, but I am still inclined to believe it distinct.

5 Medlar Bush.

3. A. sanguinea D. C.: leaves oval, obtuse at each end, mucronate, with
very slender serratures, subcordate at base; racemes few-flowered; calyx
smooth; petals linear, obtuse. Pyrus sanguinea Pursh. Aronia sangut-
nea Nutt. ;

Can and Mass. W. to Columbia river. Pursh. May.—A small tree with
blood-red branches. Berries red, eatable. Pursh. Torrey & Gray refer this
plant, with a mark of doubt, to their A..Canadensis ; while Nuttall, Hocker and
‘Lindley, consider it distinct. : Red June-berry.

3. PYRUS. Exnn. Pear. Apple.
(The Latin name for the pete said to be derived from the Celtic peren.)
Calyx with the tube urceolate, and the limb 5-lobed. — Petals
roundish. Styles often 5, rarely 2—3. Pome closed, 5-celled,

with a cartilaginous putamen; cells 2-seeded. Seeds with a
cartilaginous covering.

SANGUISORBACE &. 105

* Petals spreading, flat. Styles 5, nearly wnited at base. Leaves simple,
without glands. Mauus.

1. P. coronaria Linn.: leaves broad-ovate, rounded at base, serrate,
somewhat angulate-lobed, smoothish ; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, on
long peduncles; fruit depressed, globose. Malus coronaria Mich.

In woods. N. Y. to Geor. May.—A tree 15—20 feet high. Flowers large,
fragrant, pale rose-color. Fruit an inch and a half in diameter, pale, greenish-
yellow, firm and hard, very acid. Crab Apple.

2. P. angustifolia Ait.: leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute at base, slightly
crenate-dentate or almost entire, smooth, shining above; flowers in co-
trymbs ; pedicels smooth. Malus angustifolia Mich.

In woods. Penn. to Geor. and Louis. March—May.—A tree 15—20 feet

high. Leaves and fruit smaller than in the preceding.
Narrow-leaved Crab Apple.

** Petals spreading. Styles 2—5. Leaves pinnate. Sorwus.

3. P. Americana D.C.: leaves pinnate; leafets 13—15, oblong-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, and with the common petiole at length
smooth ; flowers in large compound cymes; fruit globose. Sorbus Ameri-
cana Pursh.

var. microcarpa Torr. g Gr.: fruit smaller. P. microcarpa D.C.
Sorbus microcarpa Pursh.

Moist woods. Subarct. Amer. to Penn. N. W. Coast. Var. microcarpa on
high mountains, Virg. and N. Car. Torr. ¢ Gr. May.—A large shrub or small
tree, (sometimes in Vermont 204-30 feet high,) with the younger branches pu-
bescent.. Flowers very numerous, white. Styles 3—5. Fruit somewhat acid,
bright-red when ripe, remaining on the tree during the winter.

Mountain Ash.

x#* Petals spreading, with claws, Styles 2—5. Leaves simple, glandular
on the midrib above. Pome turbinate or globose. ADENORACHIS.

4. P. arbutifolia Linn.: leaves obovate, oblong or lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, crenate-serrate, smooth above, veiny beneath, with two rows of
glands on the midrib; flowers in corymbs ; fruit nearly globose.

var. 1. erythrocarpa Torr. g& Gr.: calyx peduncles and lower surface
of the leaves tomentose, especially when young; fruit dark-red. P. arbu-
tifolia D.C. Aronia arbutifolia Nutt.

var. 2. melanocarpa Torr. g Gr.: calyx peduncles and leaves smooth
or nearly so; fruit purplish-black. P. melanocarpa Willd. Aronia arbu-
tifolia Pers.

Low woods or bogs. Can. to Geor. May, June.—A shrub 2—5 feet high.
branching. Flowers numerous, reddish-white, in cymes or compound corymbs.

Fruit 2 or 3 lines in diameter, dark-red or nearly black, sweetish and astrin-
gent. Choke-berry.

Orprr XLI. SANGUISORBACEA.—Saneuisorss.
Calyx 3—5-lobed, with a thickened tube. Petals none,

Stamens few or definite. Ovary solitary, simple, enclosed in

the tube of the calyx; stigma simple or compound. Nut
¥5

106 CALYCANTHACES.

solitary. Albumen none.—Herbaceous plants or under-shrubs,
Leaves alternate, simple, lobed or compound. Flowers some-.
times polygamous or dicecious.

1. ALCHEMILLA. Linn.—Ladies’ Mantle.
(From the Arabic alkamelych, alchemy ; from its pretended alchemical virtues.)

Calyx tubular; tube somewhat contracted at the top; limb
8-parted, the alternate lobes smaller. Petals none. Stamens
1—4. Carpels 1—2, with a filiform capitate style on the side,
at length dry and 1-seeded.

A. alpina Linn.: leaves digitate; leafets 5—'7, lanceolate-cuneate, ob-

tuse, serrate at the apex, white and silky beneath.
High mountains. N.H.and Ver, Pursh. June, July. 2|.—Flowers white,

in corymbs. Alpine Ladies’ Manile.
2. SANGUISORBA. Linn.—Great Burnet.

(From the Latin sanguzs, blood, and sorbeo, to take up or absorb; from the
supposed vulnerary properties of the plant.)

Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous. Calyx 4-cleft, with
2—3 scales at base externally. Petals none. Stamens 4, op-
posite the calyx segments; filaments often dilated upwards.
Achenium dry, included in the hardened 4-winged calyx-tube.

1. S. Canadensis Linn.: leaves pinnate; leafets ovate-oblong subcor-
date, coarsely serrate; spikes cylindric, long; stamens longer than the
corolla. S. Canadensis a Torr. & Gr.

Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. Aug., Sept. %|—Stem 2—4 feet high.
Flowers white, in crowded spikes, which are from 2—5 inches long, and termi-
nate the naked branches. White Great Burnet.

2. S. media Linn.: leaves pinnate and with the bracts smooth; leafets
ovate, subcordate, toothed ; spikes ovate-cylindric; stamens — —
than the corolla. S. Cénsieiisis, 8 Torr. & Gr.

Wet meadows, principally on the mountains. Can. to Geor. W. to Oregon
and N. W. Coast. Aug., Sept. %.—The spikes shares than in the former, and
tinged withred. Pursh. Short-spiked Great Burnet.

OrperR XLII. CALYCANTHACEZE.—CatycAnras.,

Sepals arid petals confounded, indefinite, imbricated, com-
bined in a fleshy tube. Stamens indefinite, inserted into a
fleshy rim at the mouth of the tube. Ovaries several, simple.
Nuts enclosed in the fleshy tube of the calyx, 1-seeded. Albu-
men none.—Shrubs with square stems. Leaves opposite, sim-
ple. Flowers axillary, solitary.

ONAGRACE. 107

CALCYANTHUS. Linn.—Allspice-Shrub.

(From the Greek xadvé, a calyx, and avéos, a flower; the calyx resembling a
corolla.)

Lobes of the calyx in many rows, imbricate, lanceolate, col-
ored, all more or less coriaceous or fleshy. Stamens about 12,
unequal, deciduous, the outer ones fertile.

C. levigatus Willd.: lobes of the calyx lanceolate ; leaves oblong or
oval, gradually acuminate, somewhat rugose, smooth and green on both
sides; branches straight, erect. C. floridus, y levigatus. Torr. & Gr.
C. ferax Mich.

Mountains. Penn.? to Geor. March—June. h.—Stem 4—6 feet high.
Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers large, solitary, terminal. Calyx brownish pur-
ple. Common in gardens. Sweet-scented Shrub. Carolina Allspice.

Orper XLIIT ONAGRACEAl.—Ownagcraps.

Calyx tubular; the limb usually 4-lobed. Petals usually 4.
Stamens 4 or 8, inserted into the calyx. Ovary mostly 4-celled;
style filiform; stigma capitate or 4-lobed. Fruit baccate or
capsular, many-seeded.. Seeds without albumen.—Herbaceous
plants or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite. Flowers
axillary or terminal, of various colors.

1. EPILOBIUM. Linn.— Willow Herb.

(From the Greek em, upon, \o8os, a pod ; the flower being at the apex of a
long pod.) :

Calyx with a long 4-sided tube; limb 4-parted, deciduous.
Petals 4. Stamens 8, the 4 alternate a little shorter. Stigma
clavate, or with 4 spreading or revolute lobes. Capsule linear,

, x J
obtusely 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Sceds
crowned with a tuft of hairs.

1. E. spicatum Lam.: stem tall, terete, smooth, branched above ; leaves
scattered, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sparingly denticulate, veined ;
flowers large, pedicelled, in a terminal spike ; petals clawed, obovate ; sta-
mens unequal, declined. (Torr. § Gr.) E. angustifolium Linn.

Swamps and moist woods. Can. to Penn. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to Oregon.
July. 2|.—Stem 3-—5 feet high. , Flowers purple, in a terminal leafless spike or
raceme which is often a foot long. Spiked Willow Herb.

2. E. coloratum Muhl.: stem terete, branched, pubescent; leaves mostly
opposite, lanceolate, serrulate, petiolate, smooth, with colored veins, upper
ones alternate; flowers small, axillary, near the extremity of the branches ;
petals 2-cleft at the apex; capsule pedicellate, slightly pubescent. 2 tetre-
gonum Piursh. not of Linn.

1068 ONAGRACEZ: -

Wet grounds. Arct. Amer. toGeor. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. 2, Stem
1—3 feet high, much branched, often purplish. Flowers small, purplish, some-
times nearly white. Colored Willow Herb.

3. E. palustre Linn.: stem terete, branched, somewhat hirsute; leaves
lanceolate, rather acute, attenuate at base, nearly sessile, sparingly toothed
or entire, the lower ones opposite; petals about twice the length of the
calyx; stigma undivided; capsule pubescent. E. rosmarifouwm Pursh.
E squamatum Nutt. g sp

Sphagnous swamps. Labrador to Penn. W. to Oregon. Aug., Sept. %.—
Stem 1—2 feet high, slender, at length much branched. Flowers paie purple
cr white. Marsh Willow Herb.

4, E. tetragonum Linn.: stem 4-sided, nearly smooth; leaves opposite,
lanceolate-oblong, denticulate, lower ones slightly petioled; petals emargi-
nate; stigma clavate; capsule pedicellate.

Low grounds. Can. to Car. July. ‘|.—Stem 2 feet high, branched, smooth.
Fiowers small, pale red, in terminal racemes. Perhaps not a native of the
Northern States. Square-stalked Willow Herb.

5. E..molle Torr.: densely and softly pubescent; stem terete, erect;
leaves alternate and opposite, crowded, sessile, lanceolate or oblong-linear,
remotely denticulate or entire; petals deeply emarginate, twice as long as
the calyx; stigma large and thick; capsule pedicellate. E. strictwm Muhl.

Sphagnous swamps. N.Y.,N.J.,and Penn. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem 18—20
inches high, simple or branched above. Flowers axillary in the upper part of
the stem, pale purple. reas Soft Willow Herb.

6. E. alpnum Linn.: stem creeping at the base, usually marked with
2 pubescent lines; leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, slightly petioled.
denticulate, smooth; stigma entire ; capsule mostly pedicellate.

Mountains. Essex county, N. Y. Torr. White Mountains, N.H. Big. N.
to Arct. Amer. July. %2t.—Stem 6—10 inches high, slender, simple. Flowers
small, pale purple. Alpine Willow Herb.

2. GAURA. Linn.—Gaura. Nite;
(From the Greek yagos, superb ; on account of its showy spikes of flowers.)
Calyx tubular, adnate to the ovary at base ; segments 4, re-
flexed; tube deciduous. Petals mostly 4-clawed, somewhat
unequal. Stamens usually 8. Fruit 4-angled, dry and inde-
hiscent, by abortion mostly 1-celled, 1—4-seeded. | Seeds
naked.

G. biennis Linn.: stem herbaceous, erect, hairy, mostly purplish ; leaves

alternate, sessile, lanceolate, toothed; flowers numerous, sessile, in terminal

spikes ; fruit roundish, slightly 4-angled, pubescent.

Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. @.—Stem 2—5
feet high. Flowers dark rose-colored, sessile, in terminal spikes.
; Biennial Gaura.

3. ENOTHERA. Linn.—Evening Primrose.

(Said to be derived from the Greek owos, wine, and On0a, hunting ; but the ap-
plication is uncertain.)

Calyx with a long 4-sided or 8-ribbed deciduous tube ; seg-

oS

ONAGRACER. 109

ments 4, reflexed. Petals 4, equal. Stamens 8. Stigma 4-
lobed or capitate. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds
naked. i ;

* Capsule elongated, 4-sided, sessile.

1. G. biennis Linn.: stem erect, mostly simple, usually hairy; leaves
alternate ovate-lanceolate, repandly denticulate, acute, pubescent, lower
ones on short petioles; capsule sessile, obtusely 4-angled, somewhat turgid.
CE. muricata Murr. dE. parviflora Lann. 2. grandiflora Att.

Fields. Subarct. Amer. to Flor. W.to Ark. and Oregon. June, Aug. (D)
and (2),—Stem 2—5 feet high. Flowers yellow, variable in size, in a terminal
leafy spike 3—12 inches long. . Petals obcordate.

Common Evening Primrose.

2. CE. sinuata Linn.: pubescent or villous; stem ascending or decum-
bent; leaves oblong or lanceolate, nearly entire, sinuate-toothed or. pinna-
tifid; calyx and ovary villous; capsule cylindric or somewhat prismatic,
elongated. G. minima Pursh. .

- Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. 2|.—Stem 1—6
inches high, simple or branching from the base. Flowers small, axillary, sessile,
pale yellow. Petals obcordate. Sinuate-leaved Evening Primrose.

** Capsule obovate-clavate, angular, mostly pedicellate.

3. Gi. fruticosa Linn.: hairy or nearly smooth; stem erect, simple or
branched; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed; petals
obcordate; capsules oblong-clavate, 4-winged, longer than the pedicels.
aE. ambigua Spreng. i. hybrida Mich. CE. incana Nutt.

Shady woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Ohio. July. 2.—Stem 1—3 feet
high. Leaves sessile or slightly petioled. Flowers large, pale yellow, in a pe-
duncled corymb. Varies much in the amount of pubescence. Sun Drop.

4. (E. riparia Nutt. : slightly pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute,
attenuate at base and somewhat petioled, remotely denticulate or entire ; pe-
tals slightly obcordate ; capsules subsessile, oblong-clavate, sometimes shorter
than the pedicels, slightly 4-winged, with 4 intermediate ribs.

Swamps and banks of streams. Quaker Bridge, N. J. to Flor. June, July.
Q).—Stem 2—3 feet high, often vigately branched, Leaves rather thick, some-
what pubescent on the midrib and margin. Flowers large, yellow, somewhat
produced towards the summits of the branches. Swamp Evening Primrose.

5. Gi. linearis Mich.: stem erect or decumbent at base, slender and
often branched; leaves narrow-lanceolate or linear, remotely denticulate or
entire, tapering at base; capsule clavate, turbinate or obovate, mostly pu-
bescent or canescent, with the alternate angles slightly winged above.

Dry sandy grounds. Montauk Point, Long Island, N. Y. (the decumbent
variety. Torr. & Gr.) to Flor. and Louis. April—July. 2. ?—Stem 10 inches
to 2 feet high. Flowers rather large, yellow, somewhat corymbose at the ex-
tremity of the branches, but not in an elongated spike like those of G2. pumila.

Narrow-leaved Evening Primrose.

6. GE. chrysantha Mich. : pubescent; stem ascending ; leaves lanceolate,
rather obtuse, entire or slightly toothed, the radical ones obovate-spatulate ;
petals broad-obovate, emarginate; capsule clavate-oblong, pedicelled, the
alternate angles narrowly winged.

Rocky grounds, Hudson’s Bay to near Niagara Falls. June, July. @.?

110 ONAGRACE.

(Torr. & Gr-) UL. (Pursh.)—Stem about a foot high, slender, smvoth and pur-
plish towards the summit. Flowers small, orange-yellow, in a terminal some-
what crowded spike. Perhaps not distinct from the next.
Orange-flowered Evening Primrose.

7. Gi. pumila Einn.: minutely pubescent ; stem ascending; leaves lan-
ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, attenuate at base, entire, the
radical ones obovate-spatulate; petals obcordate; capsule oblong-clavate,
nearly sessile, 8-angled. CG. pusilla Mich.

Dry fields. Hudson’s Bay to Car. July. @). (Torr. & Gr.j—Siem 6—12

inches high, mostly simple. Flowers small, pale yellow, in a loose elongated
leafy spike. Low Evening Primrose.
4. ISNARDIA. Linn.—Isnardia.
(in honor of Antoine d’Isnard ; a French botanist.)

Tube of the calyx ovate or subcylindric, short, adhering to
the ovary; limb 4-parted, persistent. Petals 4, often minute
or wanting. Stamens 4. Style filiform, deciduous. Stigma
capitate. Capsule short, 4-sided, 4-valved, many-seeded.

* Petals 4. J.opwicia.

1. I. alternifolia D. C.: stem erect, branched, nearly smooth ; leaves al-
ternate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, somewhat scabrous on the margins
and under side; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered; lobes of the calyx large,
ovate, acuminate ; capsule obovoid-globose 4-cornered, the angles winged.
Ludwigia alternifolia Linn. Torr. & Gr. L. macrocarpa Mich.

Swamps. Can. to Flor. July. 2|.—Sitem 2—3 feet high, often purplish.
Flowers large, yellow, on short peduncles. Alternate-leaved Isnardia.

2. I. uniflora. : stem straight, simple ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute,
smooth; flower terminal; petals longer than the calyx. Ludwigia wni-

flora Raf.
Swamps. N. J.—This seems to be sufficiently distinct. Dr. Torrey, how-
ever, suggests that it is a variety of the former. Single-flowered Isnardia.

3. J. hirtella: hirsute; stem erect, scarcely-angled; leaves alternate,
ovate-oblong, sessile, upper ones narrower ; peduncles 1-flowered, axillary ;
capsule villous, globose, 4-angled, the angles slight winged. J. hirsuta
Pursh. Ludwigia hirtella Raf.

Ditches and pools. N. J. to Flor. July, Aug. %.—Stem 1—2 feet high,
simple or sparingly branched. Flowers bright yellow, axillary. —
Hairy Isnardia. —

** Petals very minute or none. ISNARDIA.

4. I. spherocarpa D.C.: stem erect, nearly smooth, much branched;
Jeaves narrow-lanceolate, mostly acute, attenuate at base; flowers solitary,
axillary, or clustered towards the summit of the branches; capsule turbi-
nate-globose, obscurely 4-sided, canescent. Ludwigia spherocarpa Ell.

In water. Near Peekskill, N. Y. to Flor. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem about 2
feet high, reddish. Flowers in somewhat compound leafy spikes. Petals none.
Round-fruited Isnardia.

5. I. palustris Linn.: stem prostrate, creeping, glabrous ; leaves opposite,

HALORAGACES. 111

ovate-lanceolate, tapering at base, petioled, smooth; flowers axillary, soli-
tary, sessile; capsule subovate, slightly angled. Ludwigia nitida Mich.
L. palustris Ell.

Stagnant water. Throughout the U.S. June—Oct. 2|.—Stem succulent,

purplish. Flowers very small. Petals none. Water Purslane.
5. CIRCHA. Linn.—Enchanter’s Nightshade.

(From the enchantress Circe, either from the prettiness of its flowers, or as
some say, from its growing in damp, shady places, where plants used for incan-
tations are found. Hook. Br. Fl.)

Calyx short ; limb bipartite. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens
2, alternating with the petals. Stigma emarginate. Capsule
obovate, hispid with hooked hairs, 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded.
-1. C. Intetiana, var. Canadensis Linn. : stem erect, pubescent; leaves
ovate, slightly cordate, acuminate, toothed, opaque, longer than the petiole.
C. Canadensis MuAl.

Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %|.—Stem a foot and
a half high, smooth, simple. Flowers ina long terminal.raceme, reddish-white.
Fruit reflexed. Common Enchanter’s Nightshade.

2. C. alpina Linn.: stem ascending, nearly smooth; leaves cordate,
shining, coarsely toothed, the lower ones about as long as the petiole.

Moist shady places on mountains. Can.to Car. July. %|.—Stem 3—8 inches
high, somewhat diaphanous. Leaves very thin and delicate. Flowers and fruit
as in the preceding, but smaller. Many botanists consider the two as varieties
of one species. Alpine Enchanter’s Nightshade.

Orper XLIV. HALORAGACEA.—Hrervurms.

Calyx with a minute limb. Petals 3 or 4, inserted into the
calyx, or none. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer.
Ovary adhering to the calyx, 1 or more celled; style none ;
stigmas as many as the cells. Fruit dry, indehiscent, mem-
branous or bony, 1 or more-celled. Seeds solitary, pendulous.
——Herbaceous plants or under-shrubs, growing in wet places,
with alternate, opposite or whorled leaves. Flowers sessile,
occasionally moncecious or dicecious.

1. PROSERPINACA. ZLinn.—Mermaid Weed.
(From the Latin proserpo, to creep ; the stems creeping and rooting at the base.)

Tube of the calyx adhering to the triquetrous ovary ; limb 3-
parted. Petalsnone. Stamens3. Stigmas 8, sessile upon the
top of the ovary. Fruit bony, 3-sided, 3-celled.

1, P. palustris Linn.: upper leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate ; lower
ones often pinnatifid or pectinately-incised: fruit angular, acute. P. pa-
lustris var. a. Mich.

Wet places. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. 2.—Stem a foot and a half long,

112 HALORAGACEZ.

the lower part usually submerged. Flowers mostly solitary, sometimes 2—4

together, very small, nearly sessile. Stigmas purplish.

Common Mermaid Weed.
2. P. pectinacea Lam.: leaves all pinnatifid-pectinate ; fruit large, an-

gular, obtuse. ~P. palustris var. 8 Mich.

Sandy swamps. Mass. to Flor. Aug. %|.—Distinguished from the former,
by having the leaves all finely pectinate and the fruit with rather obtuse in-
stead of acute angles. Pectinate Mermaid Weed.

2. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Linn.—Water Milfoil.

(From the Greek pupios, myriad, and ¢vAdov, a leaf; in allusion to the minute
divisions of the leaf.)

Flowers moneecious or rarely perfect. SreERILE Fi. Calyx
4-parted. Petals 4, ovate, sometimes inconspicuous or
wanting. ._ Stamens 4—8. Perrrecr Fu. Calyx adhering to
the ovary; limb 4-lobed. Petals none. Nuts 4, compressed
or subglobose, 1-seeded.

* Flowers octandrous.

1. M. spicatum Linn.: leaves verticillate, pinnately divided, segments
capillary ; floral leaves shorter than the flowers; lower subserrate and
mostly very entire; petals broad-ovate; carpels smooth and even.

In water. Can. and N. S. Aug., Sept. %|.—Stem slender, varying in
length with the depth of the water. Leaves in whorls, 3—5, pectinate. Flowers
in a terminal nearly naked spike. Spiked Water Milfoil.

2. M. verticillatum Linn.: leaves verticillate, pinnately divided into ca-
pillary or setaceous segments; floral leaves pectinate-pinnatifid, usually
much longer than the flowers; petals oblong-obovate ; carpels smooth and
even.

In water. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas and Oregon. July—Sept. 2.—Stem
long and stouter than in the preceding. Flowers in a terminal leafy spike,
upper ones sometimes perfect. Whorled Water Milfoil.

** Flowers tetrandrous.

3. M. heterophyllum Mich.: leaves verticillate, pinnately divided into ca-
pillary segments ; floral leaves ovate or lanceolate, sharply serrate, crowded ;
petals oblong ; carpels minutely.roughened, slightly 2-ridged on the back.

In water. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas. July. %2|.—Stem branching, thick.
Flowers purple, whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. Stamens 4. (6, Mi-
chauz.) Various-leaved Water Milfoil.

4. M. amhguum Nutt.: submersed leaves cut into capillary segments ;
the emersed ones pectinate ; floral leaves linear, tapering into a short peti-
ole, sparingly incised or toothed, sometimes entire ; flowers mostly perfect;
petals oblong; carpels smooth and even. MV. capillaceum Torr. Comp.
M. procumbens Big.

Ponds and ditches. Mass. to Penn. July, Aug. 2|.—Stems 2—6 inches
Jong and ‘creeping in the mud. or when floating in water, long and slender.
Leaves variously divided, depending upon the place of growth. Flowers small,
purplish, . - Polymorphous Water Milfoil.

PODOSTEMACES. 1138

5. M. tenellum Big.: stem simple, nearly leafless, erect, somewhat root-
ing at base; floral leaves minute, entire; flowers alternate ; petals linear-
oblong; carpels smooth and even.

Borders of ponds. N. Eng. and N. Y. July. 2|.—Scapes several from the
same rhizoma, 4—12 inches high, with numerous small scales. Flowers minute,
purplish. Leaflless Water Milfoil.

3. HIPPURIS. Linn.— Mare’s-tail.

(From the Greek irros, a horse, and ovpa, a tail; froma fancied resemblance
of the plant.)

Tube of calyx adnate to the ovary; limb minute, entire.
Petals none. Stamen 1, inserted into the margin of the calyx.
Style filiform, received into a groove of the anther. Fruit 1-
seeded, crowned with the margined limb of the calyx.

H, vulgaris Linn.: leaves in whorls of 8—12, linear, acute, callous at
the tip.

Ponds and lakes. Labrador and Subarct. Amer. to Penn. Aug. 2|.—Stem
12—18 inches high, simple, erect. Leaves mostly in whorls of 8. Flowers at
the base of the upper whorls, one to each leaf, sessile, minute.

Common Mare’s-taul.

_ 4,% CALLITRICHE. Linn.—Water Starwort.

(From the Greek kadXos, beautiful, and O:£, hair ; in allusion to its long and
slender stems.)

Flowers perfect or imperfect. Bracts 2, opposite, petaloid.
Calyx (corolla of some) inconspicuous. Petals none. SrEeRILe
‘Fr. Stamens 1, (rarely 2,) with the filament filiform and ex-
serted; anthers reniform. Ferrite Fi. Ovary 4-lobed. Cap-
sule compressed, 4-celled, indehiscent.

C. verna Linn.: leaves 3-nerved; upper ones aggregated, broader ; fruit
sessile, with 2 bracts at the base, each carpel bluntly keeled on the back.

var. 1. vulgaris: leaves all elongated and obovate.

var. 2. intermedia: upper leaves spatulate-obovate ; lower ones linear.
C. intermedia Willd. C. heterophylla Pwrsh.

var, 3. linearis: leaves all linear, or the upper ones _linear-elliptic.
C. autumnalis Mich.

var. 4. terrestris: stem procumbent, rooting in the mud ; leaves linear or
elliptic-oblong. C. terrestris Raf.

Ponds and slow-flowing streams, or in muddy banks. N.S. Some varieties
throughout the U.S. ay—Aug. (1).—Stems slender, varying in length with
the depth of the water, growing in tufts or patches. Flowers very minute, white,
I readily adopt the views of Darlington and Torrey in regard to this very
variable plant. Common Water Starwort.

Orper XLV. PODOSTEMACEA.—Popostemaps.

Flowers usually perfect, naked, bursting through an irregu-
larly lacerated spathe, Stamens 1, 2, or many, often monadel-

114 LYTHRACES.

phous. Ovary 2—3-celled; styles or stigmas 2 or 3, acute and
sessile. Fruit capsular, slightly pedicellate. Seeds numerous,
minute, without albumen.—Herbaceous plants, with alternate
leaves, which are usually cut into capillary segments. Flowers
minute.

PODOSTEMUM. Mich.—Podostemum.

(From the Greek zovs zod0s, a foot, and srnpov, a stamen ; the stamens being
supported on a common footstalk.)

Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 2, affixed to a common
pedicel. Stigmas 2, sessile, recurved. Capsule 2-celled, 2-
valved, many-seeded.

P. ceratophyllum Mich.: leaves dichotomously many-parted ; peduncles
solitary, axillary.

Rocks in streams. N.Y. to Ala. July, Aug. (@. ?—Stem creeping, 1—4
inches long, smooth, branching. eaves alternate, crowded above. Flowers
axillary, on short fleshy peduncles. Horn-leaved Podostemum.

Orver XLVI. CERATOPHYLLACEA.—Hornworrs.

Flowers moneecious. Calyx inferior, many-parted. _ STERILE
Fi. Stamens 12—20; filaments wanting; anthers 2-celled.
Fertite Ft. Ovary 1-celled; stigma filiform, oblique. Fruit
a beaked achenium. Seed pendulous, without albumen.—
Floating herbs, with dichotomous cellular verticillate leaves.
Flowers small.

CERATOPHYLLUM. Linn.—Hornwort.

(From the Greek kepas, @horn, and ¢vddov, a leaf; the dichotomous leaves
resembling horns.)

‘Character same as of the order.

C. echinatum Gray: achenium elliptic, slightly compressed, with 3 short
spines; sides strongly muricated; margins slightly winged, not gibbous,
armed with blunt teeth which finally become weak spines or horns as long

as the lateral spines. (Torr. g Gr.) C. demerswm (wholly or in part) of
American botanists.

Ponds and slow-flowing streams. N.Y. to Virg. June, July. 2|.—Stem
submerged, branching, filiform, jointed. Leaves in numerous whorls of 6—8,
2 or 3-chotomously divided, the segments capillary. Flowers axillary, solitary,
sessile, very minute, Rough Hornwort.

Orver XLVII. LYTHRACEA.—Looszstrires.

Sepals combined into a 4—7-toothed calyx, the sinuses some-
times lengthened into other teeth or processes. Petals inserted
between the teeth of the calyx, sometimes wanting. Stamens

LYTHRACEA. 115

as many, or 2—4 times as many as the petals, inserted into the
tube of the calyx. Ovary superior, 1—6-celled ; style filiform;
‘stigma usually capitate. Capsule membranous, covered by the
calyx, dehiscent. Seeds numerous, small, without albumen.—
Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite, seldom alternate, en-
tire. Flowers axillary, or in terminal spikes or racemes.

1, AMMANNIA. Linn.—Ammannia.
(In honor of John Ammann, a Russian botanist of the last century.)

Calyx 4—5-toothed or lobed, the sinuses expanding into
teeth or horns. Petals 4, or wanting. Stamens as many, and
sometimes twice as many, as the lobes of the calyx. Style
mostly short. Stigma capitate. Capsule globose or ovate,
many-seeded.

1. A. ramosior Linn.: stem erect, somewhat 4-sided; leaves linear-
lanceolate, dilated at the base; flowers axillary, sessile; the lower ones
compactly whorled, the upper solitary; petals 4, obovate-roundish ; sta-
mens 4,

_ Salt meadows. N.J. to Car. W. to Ark. Aug., Sept. @.—Stem 4—8
inches high, sometimes much higher. Flowers purple, minute. There is still
some uncertainty in regard to this plant. Branched Ammannia.

2. A. humilis Mich.: stem procumbent at the base, square, somewhat
branched ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, tapering at base into a short petiole ;
flowers sessile, solitary, axillary; petals 4, orbiculate; stamens 4, A. ra-
mosior Walt.

Damp grounds. Mass. N.Y. S.toGeor. Aug. (1).—Stem 4—8 inches high,
much more slender than in the former. Flowers smail, blue.

Dwarf Ammannia.

2. LYTHRUM. Linn.—Purple Loosestrife.

(From the Greek Avpov, blood; in allusion to the color of the flower in some
species.)

Calyx cylindric, striate, 8—12-toothed. Petals 4—6, inserted
into the calyx. Stamens as many or twice as many as the pe-
tals, sometimes fewer. Style filiform. Stigma capitate. Cap-
sule oblong, 2-celled, many-seeded.

* Slamens mostly equal in number with the petals. Flowers solitary in
the axils of the leaves.
1. L. hyssopifolia Linn.: leaves alternate or opposite, linear or oblong,
somewhat obtuse; flowers subsessile, shorter than the leaves; bracts
minute or none; petals and stamens 5—6.

_Low wet grounds. Mass. Conn. N.Y. July. (@.—Stem 12—18 inches
high ; the branches square, slightly margined. Leaves pale green, rather acute
at the base. Flowers small, pale purple. — Hyssop-leaved Purple Loosestrife.

116 MELASTOMACE.

_ 2. ZL. lineare Linn.: leaves linear, opaque, mostly opposite; the lower
obtuse; the upper narrow, acute ; flowers slightly pedicelled ; bracts minute ;
petals and stamens 6.

Brackish swamps. N. J. to Flor. and Louis. July—Sept. 2|.—Stem 3—4
feet high, slender, virgate, branched at the summit, 4-angled. Flowers small,
nearly white. Narrow-leaved Purple Loosestrife.

_ ®&* Stamens twice the number of the petals. Flowers numerous, somewhat
verticillate in an interrupted virgate spike.

3. L. Salicaria Linn.: leaves lanceolate, cordate at base ; flowers nearly
sessile, in a long spike; petals 6—7. L. Salicaria var. pubescens Pursh.
Beck Bot. 1st. Ed.

Wet meadows.. Can. Maine, Mass., and N.Y. July, Aug. %.—Stem
2 feet high, pubescent or smoothish. Leaves opposite and ternate, sessile ; the
upper ones very small, appearing like bracts. Flowers large, purple. Intro-
duced? Dr. Torrey remarks that it is apparently native in Orange county, N.Y.

Spiked Purple Loosestrife.
3. DECODON. Gmel.-Swamp Willow-herb.

(From the Greek dexas, ten, and odovs,a tooth ; in allusion to the ten teeth of
the calyx.)

Calyx short, broad campanulate, 10-toothed, 5 teeth longer
and spreading. Stamens 10, 5 very long, the alternate ones
shorter. Style filiform. Stigma small, undivided. Capsule cov-
ered with the calyx, 3—4-celled. Seeds numerous, wingless.

D. verticillatum Ell. Laythrum verticillatum Linn.

Swamps. Can. and throughout the U.S. Aug. 2—/Stem 2—6 feet long,
sometimes prostrate and rooting at the summit, smooth or pubescent. Leaves
lanceolate, acute, on short petioles, opposite and alternate, sometimes verticillate.
Flowers axillary, crowded so as to appear whorled, purplish.

Swamp Willow Herb.

- 4. CUPHEA. Jacg.—Cuphea.
(From the Greek kudos, curved ; in reference to the form of the capsule.)

Calyx tubular, ventricose, 6—12-toothed, unequal. Petals
6—T7, unequal. Stamens 11—14, rarely 6—7, unequal. Style
filiform. Stigma simple or subbifid. Capsule membranaceous,
1—2-celled, at length bursting longitudinally. |

C. viscosissima Jacg.: viscid-pubescent ; leaves opposite, petioled, ovate-
oblong, a little rough; flowers lateral, solitary, on short peduncles; calyx

ventricose, gibbous at the base.

_ Gravelly places. N. Y. to Geor. W.to Ark. July, Aug. @.—Stem 12—18
inches high, erect, branching. Petals unequal, narrowed to a claw at the base,
purple. Stamens 12. Viscid Cuphea.

OrpverR XLVIII. MELASTOMACEA.—MeEtasromapbs.

Calyx divided into 4, 5, or 6 lobes, cohering more or less
with the angles of the ovary. Petals as many as the segments ~

CUCURBITACE. 117

of the calyx, with a twisted estivation. Stamens as many or
twice as many as the petals; anthers long. Ovary 3—6-celled ;
style 1; stigma simple. Fruit capsular or baccate. Seeds very
numerous, without albumen.—Herbs, trees or shrubs, with op-
posite mostly entire leaves. Flowers terminal, solitary or cy-
mose.

RHEXTA. Linn.—Rhexia.

(A Greek name said to have been originally applied to a different plant.)

Calyx with the tube ventricose-ovate at base, narrowed at the
apex ; the limb 4-cleft. Petals 4, obovate. Anthers 8, at-
tached to the filaments behind, naked at base. Capsule free in
the calyx, 4-celled. Seeds cochleate.

1. R. Mariana Linn.: very hairy ; leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate,
acute at each end, sparingly hispid on both sides, ciliate-serrulate ; calyx
hispid.

Wet grounds. N. J. to Flor.and Louis. July, Aug. 2.—Stem 1—2 feet
high, slender. Petals obovate, hairy on the outer surface, purple.

Maryland Rhexia.

2. R. ciliosa Mich : stem nearly square, smooth; leaves broad-ovate,
subpetiolate, serrulate, ciliate, 3-nerved, smooth beneath, slightly hispid
above; flowers with an involucre; calyx smooth. R. petiolata Walt.

Moist pine barrens. Del. to Flor. July: 2|.—Stem 12—18 inches high.
Flowers in a loose dichotomous panicle, large, purple, with an involucre of
leaves at the base of each. Fringed Rhevia.

3. R. Virginica Linn.: stem with winged angles, somewhat hairy,
square; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, serrate, sprinkled with
hairs on both sides ; calyx hispid.

Wet meadows. Mass. and N. Y. to Louis. and Ark. July—Sept. 2|.—
Stem a foot high, often dichotomously branched above. eaves 5—7-nerved,
almost naked beneath. Flowers large, purple, ina dichotomous core

Deer Grass.

CucuRBITs.

Orpver XLIX. CUCURBITACEA.

Flowers moncecious or dicecious. Calyx 5-toothed, some-
times obsolete. Corolla 5-parted, scarcely distinguishable from
the calyx, with strongly marked reticulated veins. Stamens 5,
distinct, or cohering in 2 or 3 parcels ; anthers sinuous. Ovary
adherent, 1-celled ; style short; stigma very thick, velvety or
fringed. Fruit more or less succulent (a pepo). Seeds flat,
often arillate, without albumen.—Succulent herbaceous plants,
climbing by tendrils, Leaves alternate, palmately veined.
Flowers axillary,

118 CUCURBITACE.

1. SICYOS. Linn.—Single-seeded Cucumber.
(From the Greek cuxvos, cucumber.)

Flowers moneecious. Srerite Fi. Calyx 5-toothed; teeth
subulate or minute. Petals 5, all cohering in a tube, at length
separating into three parcels. Ferrite Fx. Calyx constricted
above the ovary, campanulate. Corolla campanulate. Style
rather slender. Stigmas 38, thick, obtuse, spreading. Fruit
ovate, spiny or hispid, 1-seeded.

S. angulatus Linn.: leaves roundish-cordate, 5-angled, toothed, sca-
brous; lobes acuminate; tendrils umbellate; sterile flowers corymbose-
capitate, with the common peduncle long; fertile ones sessile on a much

shorter peduncle.

Banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. (@.—A procumbent
vine, climbing by 3—5-cleft tendrils. Flowers greenish-white, the fertile not half
the size of the sterile ones. Fruit small, ovate, prickly.

Common Single-seeded Cucumber.

2. ECHINOCYSTIS. Torr. g& Gr—Wild Balsam Apple.

(From the Greek sywvos, prickly, and xvstis a bladder; in allusion to the ap-
pearance of the fruit.)

Flowers monecious. Calyx flattish; segments 6, filiform-
subulate. Corolla 6-parted, rotate, campanulate. Srerite FL.
Calyx slightly contracted above the ovary. Stamens 3, dia-
delphous, short. Ferrie Fu. Abortive filaments 38, very
small, distinct. Style very short. Stigmas 2, broadly ob-
cordate. Fruit globose-ovoid, bristly-echinate, 2-celled, 4-
seeded.

E. lobata Torr. & Gr.: Momordica echinata Muhl. Sicyos angulata
Mich.

Banks of streams. Can. N. Y.and Penn. W. to Miss. July, Aug. @—
Stem smooth, 10—15 feet long, climbing. Leaves large, nearly smooth, with 5
deep acuminate sharply denticulate lobes. Flowers white; the sterile in long
compound racemes ; the fertile solitary, or 2 or 3 together. Fruit about as large
as a pigeon’s egg, covered with short bristly spines. Wild Balsam Apple.

3. MELOTHRIA. Linn.—Creeping Cucumber.

Flowers polygamous or moneecious. Srerme Fr. Calyx
3—5-toothed. Corolla campanulate. Filaments 5, in 3 sets.
Ferrite Fi. Calyx and corolla as in the sterile. Style 1.
Stigmas 3, fimbriate. Fruit 3-celled, many-seeded.

M. pendula Linn. : leaves somewhat reniform, lobed and. angled, slightly

hispid; fruit oval, smooth, pendulous.

Banks of streams. Penn. to Ala. and Louis. June. (@.—A slender vine
running over small shrubs and herbs. Stem hairy. Leaves on petioles. Ten-

PORTULACACEA. _ 119

drils 5—6 inches long. Flowers axillary, yellow, the sterile in small racemes,
the fertile solitary. Small Creeping Cucumber.

Orper L. PASSIFLORACEA.—Passtonworts.

Sepals 5, combined in a tube of variable length which is
lined by filamentous: processes. Petals 5, arising from the
throat of the calyx, sometimes wanting. Stamens 5, monadel-
phous, rarely indefinite. Ovary seated on a long stalk, 1-celled ;
styles 3, clavate; stigma dilated. Fruit with 3 polyspermous
placentz, sometimes 3-valved. Seeds with a brittle sculptured
testa; albumen fleshy.—Herbaceous plants or shrubs, usually
climbing. Leaves alternate, with leafy stipules. Flowers ax-
lary or terminal.

PASSIFLORA. Linn.—Passion Flower.
(Altered by Linnzus from flos passionis, or passion flower.)

Calyx 5-parted, colored, with the tube very short. Petals
5, inserted into the calyx, or none. Stamens 5, monadelphous.
Crown of many filiform rays. Berry often pulpy, rarely sub-
membranaceous, pedicelled.

1. P. lutea Linn.: leaves cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse, nearly smooth; peti-

oles without glands ; peduncles axillary, in pairs ; petals much longer than
the calyx.

Banks of streams. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. June, July. 2|.—Stem climb-
ing, slender, 3—10 feet long. Flowers small, greenish-yellow. Fruit dark pur-
ple. Yellow Passion Flower.

2. P. incarnata Linn.: leaves smooth, subeuneate at base, 5-nerved,
deeply 3-cleft; lobes ovate-lanceolate, mostly acuminate; petioles with 2
glands; involucre 3-leaved; leafets lanceolate, glandular-serrate ; ovary
villous.

Banks of streams. Del. to Flor. W. to Miss. Sept. 2|.—Stem long, climb-
ing. Flowers large, on long pedicels. Petals oval-oblong, white. Crown pur-
ple. Fruit oval, pale yellow when ripe, eatable.

Flesh-colored Passion Flower.

Orprr LI. PORTULACACE..—Purstanes.

Sepals 8, cohering by the base. Petals generally 5. Sta-
mens inserted irregularly into the calyx or hypogynous, varia-
ble in number. Ovary 1-celled; style 1 or more; stigmas
several. Capsule 1-celled. Seeds attached to a central pla-
centa ; albumen mealy.—Succulent shrubs or herbs. Leaves
mostly alternate, with stipules. Flowers usually ephemeral.

120 : PORTULACACES.

1, PORTULACA. Linn.—Purslane.
(Origin uncertain.)

Calyx adnate to the ovary, 2-parted, finally separating at
base and deciduous. Petals 4—6, inserted on the calyx, equal.
Stamens 8—20. Style 3—6-cleft at the apex, or parted. Cap-
sule subglobose, 4-celled, many-seeded, opening circularly.

P. oleracea Linn.: leaves cuneiform, obtuse, fleshy, smooth; axils gen-

iculate, naked ; flowers sessile.

Near gardens, &. N.S. May—Aug. ().—Stem fleshy, spreading on the
ground, with the summit a little assurgent. Flowers in clusters, axillary and
terminal, small, pale yellow. Introduced. According to Mr. Nuttall it is indi-
genous on the plains of the. Missouri. Common Purslane.

2. TALINUM. Sims.—Talinum.
(Supposed to be derived from the Greek 0a\\w, to be green.)

Calyx of 2 ovate deciduous sepals. Petals 5, distinct, or
somewhat connected at base. Stamens 10—20. Style filiform,
cleft at the apex. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.

T. leretifollum Pursh.: leaves terete, subulate, fleshy; peduncles elon-
gated, naked; cyme terminal, somewhat dichotomous and corymbose.
Rocks. Penn. to N. Car. W. to Ark. and Texas. June—Aug. %.—Roota
few coarse fibres from a short, thick and fleshy rhizoma. Stems 1—4 inches

long, often branched. Peduncles 3—8 inches high. Bracts small, scarious,
produced at base. Petals bright purple, expanding only for a day. See a de-

tailed description of this plant in Darlington’s Flora Cestrica.
Cylindrical-leaved Talinum.

3. CLAYTONIA. Linn.—Spring Beauty.
(In honor of John Clayton, one of the earlier Virginian botanists.)

Calyx of 2 ovate or roundish persistent sepals. Petals 5,
obcordate or obovate, unguiculate. Stamens 5, inserted on the
claws of the petals. Ovary sessile. Style 3-cleft. Capsule
1-celled, 3-valved, 3—5-seeded. ¢

1. C. Virginica Linn. : leaves mostly 2, linear-lanceolate, elongated and
attenuated into a petiole below; raceme simple, loose, at length elongated ;
pedicels slender, nodding; petals usually emarginate.

Wet meadows. Can. to Flor. March—May. 1|.—Scape 6—10 inches long,
weak, erect or subprocumbent. Flowers about 6—12, in a loose simple raceme.
Petals rose-red, with deeper veins, three times as long as the sepals.”

Narrow-leaved Spring Beauty.

2. C. Caroliniana. Mich.: leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, somewhat
spatulate, or abruptly decurrent into a petiole; pedicels slender, nodding;
sepals and petals very obtuse. C. Virginica var. latifolia Torr. Fl. C.
spathulefolia Nutt.

Woods and hilly places. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. April,

CRASSULACER. 121

May. %.—Stem 4—8 inches high. Cauline leaves sometimes oval. Sepals
roundish-ovate. Petals pale rose-color, entire or slightly emarginate. Smaller
than the preceding. Broad-leaved Spring Beauty.

Orper LIL SCLERANTHACE 2Z.—Kwawets.

Calyx 4 or 5-toothed, with a stiff tube. Stamens 1—10, in-
serted into the orifice of the tube. Ovary simple, superior, 1-
seeded ; styles 1 or 2, emarginate at the apex. Fruit a mem-
branous utricle, enclosed within the hardened calyx. Seed
pendulous ; albumen mealy.—Small diffusely branched plants.
Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers small.

SCLERANTHUS. Linn.—Knawel.

(From the Greek oxdnoos, hard, and avOos, a flower ; in allusion to the indu-
rated nature of the floral covering.)

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent ; tube urceolate. Petals none. Sta-
mens 10, rarely 5 or 2. Styles 2. Capsule very smooth, with-
out valves, covered by the indurated tube of the calyx.

S. annuus Linn.: stems spreading, slightly pubescent; flowers decan-
drous; calyx of the fruit spreading, acute.

Sandy fields. N. S. July. (@.—Stems numerous, much branched in a di-
chotomous manner, forming tufts 3—6 inches in diameter. Leaves linear-sub-
ulate, scarious and dilated at base. Flowers very small, green, in axillary leafy
clusters. Introduced ? Annual Knawel.

Orper LITI. CRASSULACE 4.—Houssz-terxs.

Sepals 8—20, more or less united at the base. Petals as
many as the sepals, distinct or cohering. Stamens as many or
twice as many as the petals. Pistils always equal in number
to the sepals, distinct or partly united. Carpels follicular, usu-
ally several-seeded.—Succulent herbs or shrubs, with simple
leaves and the flowers usually in cymes.

1. TILLAA. Linn.—tTillea.
(In honor of Mich. Aug. Tilli; an Ttalian botanist, who died in 1740.)

- Sepals 83—4, united at base. Petals 3—4, oblong, acuminate,
Stamens 3—4, Carpels 83—4, distinct, opening by the inner
suture, many-seeded.

I’. simplex Nutt.: stem diffusely branching from the base and rooting ;
the branches ascending ; leaves linear-oblong, connate, rather obtuse ;
flowers solitary, nearly sessile; petals twice as long as the sepals.

Muddy banks of streams. N.Y. Connt and Penn. July, Aug. ().— Stems
1.—3 inches long. Leaves 2—3 lines long, spreading. Flowers very minute,
white. Carpels 8—10-seeded. Pigmy Weed.

6

122 TETRAGONIACE®.

2. SEDUM. Linn.—Stonecrop.

(From the Latin sedo, to sit; in allusion to the humble growth of these plants
on their native rocks.)

Sepals usually 5, more or ie united at base, ovate, often
turgid and leafy. Petals 5, often spreading. Stamens twice
the number of the petals. Carpels 5, many-seeded, with a
nectariferous scale at the base of each.

1. S. ternatum Mich.: stem creeping, a little scabrous ; leaves flat; the
ee ones Ae nates, ternately verticillate ; the Ee: ones ee
oblong, scattered; cymes mostly 3-spiked; eit, flowers decandrous,
the rest octandrous. SS. portulacoides Muhl.

Rocks. Can. to Geor. May. ‘%.—Stem 4—6 inches long. Leaves from
half an inch to aninchlong. Flowers white, sessile.

Purslane-leaved Stonecrop.

2. S. telephioides Mich.: stem erect; leaves ovate or oval, flat, acute at
each end, somewhat toothed, eee and fleshy; corymb fasciculate,
nese

Rocks. N.Y. to Car. July. %|.—Stem branching, about a foot high, leafy.
Flowers in crowded compound corymbs with leafy bracts interspersed, pale
purple. American Orpine.

3. S. Telephium Linn.: stem erect; leaves flat, oblong and oval, atten-
uate at the base, toothed, smooth ; corymbs leafy ; stamens shorter than the
corolla.

Rocks and fields. Catskill Mountains; Orville, Onondaga county, N. Y.
Torr. July. %.—~Stem 1—2 feet high. ‘Leaves broad. Flowers purple. In-
troduced from Europe. Common Orpine. Live-forever.

3, PENTHORUM. Linn.—Penthorum.

(From the Greek zevre, five, and opos, a border ; in allusion to the five- beaked
capsule.)

Sepals 5, united at base. Petals 5, or none. Stamens 10.
Carpels 5, united at the base into a 5-beaked, 5-celled capsule ;
cells opening transversely on the inner side of the beaks. Seeds
numerous, minute.

P. sedoides Linn. +: stem branched, angular above ; leaves alternate, lan-

ceolate, subsessile, unequally serrate ; flowers in es one-sided spikes
or racemes ; seed numerous, elliptic.

Overflowed grounds. Can. to Geor. and Louis. July, Aug. %.—Stem
12—18 inches high. Flowers pale greenish-yellow.

Sedum-leaved Penthorum.

Orper LIV. TETRAGONIACEZ.—Avoonxs,

Calyx 8—5-cleft, free or partially adherent to the ovary.
Corolla none. Stamens definite. Ovary 2—9-celled; styles
as many as the cells, distinct. Fruit either an indehiscent

{
bd

CACTACER. 123

_tough-shelled nut, or a capsule splitting all round. Seeds with
mealy albumen.—Succulent herbs or rarely small shrubs.
Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers small, axillary.

SESUVIUM. Linn.—Sesuvium.
(From onxos, a bird’s nest ; which the capsule resembles when open.)

Calyx 5-parted, persistent; lobes colored within. Stamens
15—80, inserted at the top of the short calycine tube. Styles
3—5. Capsule 3- rarely 4—5-celled, opening circularly, many-
seeded.

S. Portulacastrum Lann.: leaves linear or lanceolate-oblong, flat; flow-
ers pedicelled or subsessile.

Sandy beaches. N. J. to Flor. W. to Ark. June—Sept.. 2|.—Stem succu-
lent. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, reddish. ‘* Varies
with flowers upon long pedicels, S. pedunculatum Pers. and with the flowers
subsessile, S. sessile Pers.” D.C. Purslane-leaved Sesuvium.

Orver LV. CACTACEA.—Inopian Fries.

Sepals numerous, usually indefinite and confounded with the
numerous petals. Stamens indefinite ; filaments long, filiform.
Ovary fleshy, 1-celled ; style filiform ; stigmas numerous. Fruit
a berry, 1-celled, many-seeded. Seeds without albumen.—
Succulent shrubs, very variable in form. Leaves mostly want-
ing; when present fleshy, smooth, and entire or spine-like.
Flowers usually showy, sessile.

OPUNTIA. Tourn.—Indian Fig.
(A name given to this plant by Theophrastus.)

Sepals numerous, leafy, adnate to the ovary ; outer ones flat,
short ; inner ones petal-like, obovate, rosaceous ; tube above
the ovary none. Stamens numerous, shorter than the petals.
Style cylindric, contracted at base. Stigmas many, erect, thick.
Berry ovoid, umbilicate at the apex, tuberculate, often bearing
spines.

O. vulgaris D. C.: stems erect or procumbent, destitute of proper leaves,
articulately proliferous ; joints compressed, ovate ; spines setaceous ; flow-
ers sessile on the margin of the joints. CactusOpuntia Linn.

Dry rocks and sandy soils. N.Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. June, July. 2.—
Flowers large, yellow. Fruit obovate, umbilicate, nearly smooth, eatable.
Seeds numerous, immersed in the crimson pulp.

Common Indian Fig or Prickly Pear.

124 GROSSULARIACES.

Orver LYI. GROSSULARIACE Z.—Currantworts.

Calyx campanulate or tubular, 4—5-parted, sometimes col-
ored. Petals 4—-5, minute, inserted into the throat of the
calyx. Stamens 4—5, inserted alternately with the petals,
very short. Ovary 1-celled; style 2—4 cleft. Fruit a berry,
crowned with the withered flower, 1-celled. Seeds numerous,
suspended among’ the pulps by long filiform cords ; albumen
corneous.—Shrubs, either spiny or unarmed. Leayes alternate,
lobed. Flowers mostly in racemes.

RIBES. Linn.—Currant and Gosseberry.

(An Arabic name, said to have been originally applied to a species of rhubarb,
Rheum Ribes.)

Character same as that of the order.

* Stem unarmed ; flowers in racemes. WRIBESIA.

1. R. rubrum Linn.: leaves subcordate, obtusely 3—5-lobed, pubescent
beneath when young, mucronate-serrate ; calyx rotate, the segments round-
ish ; petals truncate; fruit smooth, globose. R. albinerviwm Mich.

Woods and swamps, (on mountains?) N.Y.? Ver. W. to the St. Croix
river. Can. tothe mouth of Mackenzie river. April, May. h.—Flowers in
pendulous racemes, small, greenish-yellow. Berries red. Red Currant.

2. R. prostratum L’Her,: stem reclining or prostrate; leaves deeply
cordate, smooth, 5—7-lobed; the lobes somewhat ovate, acute, coarsely
serrate ; calyx rotate, the segments obovate; petals spatulate, small; fruit
glandular-hispid, globose. R. glandulosum Aut. R. rigens and R. trifidum
Mich. (according to Torr. & Gr.)

Rocky places. Subarct. Amer. to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May,
June. h.—Stems 1—3 feet long, procumbent, with erect branches. Racemes
few-flowered, erect, at length pendulous. Petals purplish. Berries red, rather
large, not well flavored. The plant has a disagreeable odor. Fetid Currant.

3. R. floridum L’ Her.: leaves on long petioles, punctate on both sides,
sharply 3—5-lobed, subcordate ; the lobes acute, doubly serrate; racemes
pendulous, pubescent; bracts linear, longer than the pedicels; calyx tubu-
lar-campanulate, the segments oblong-spatulate; fruit ovoid-globose, smooth.
R. recurvatum Mich. R. Pennsylvanicum Lam.

Woods and hedges. Subarct. Amer. to Virg.and Ken. April, May. 2.—
Stem 3—4 feethigh. Flowers yellowish-green, rather large. Berries black and
insipid. Vild Black Currant.

** Stem usually armed with subaxillary spines, often prickly. GROSSULARIA,

4. R. Cynosbati Linn.: stem unarmed or prickly; subaxillary spines
1—3; leaves cordate, roundish, pubescent, with 3—5 incisely-toothed lobes,
peduncles long, 2—3-flowered; tube of the calyx broad-campanulate, slightly
contracted at the mouth; fruit prickly, rarely smooth.

SAXIFRAGACE. 125

Woods and mountains. Hudson’s Bay to Penn. W. to Ken. and the Rocky
Mountains.. May, June. %.—Stem 2—3 feet high, branching, the lower part
often prickly. lowers in pendulous racemes, greenish-white. Berries brown-
ish when ripe, usually covered with strong prickles, but sometimes smooth.

Prickly Gooseberry.

5. R. hirtellum Mich.: stem prickly or naked; subaxillary spines mostly
solitary and very short; leaves roundish, cordate, 3—5-lobed, toothed, pu-
bescent beneath ; peduncles very short, deflexed,.1—2 flowered ; calyx-tube
campanulate, the segments twice as long as the petals; fruit smooth.
R. triforum Big.

Rocky places. Hudson’s Bay to Mass. Alleghany Mountains. Pursh. W.
to Lake Superior. May, June. k:—Leaves small. Flowers in pendulous ra-
cemes, greenish-white. Berries bluish-purple. (Torr. & Gr.)

Rough Gooseberry.
6. R. rotundifoium Mich.: stem not prickly; subaxillary spines short,
mostly solitary; leaves roundish, 3—5-lobed, incisely toothed, nearly
smooth; peduncles slender, 1—2-flowered, smooth; calyx cylindrical and
narrow ; petals broad-spatulate, clawed; fruit small, smooth. R. triflorum
Willd. R. gracile Pursh. not of Mich.

Mountains, woods. Mass. N. Y. W. tothe Rocky Mountains. May, June.
h.—Stem 2—4 feet high, with recurved branches, sometimes without spines.
Flowers greenish, with a tinge of purple. Berries about as large as the black
currant, purple when ripe, finely-flavored. Round-leaved Gooseberry.

7. R. lacusire Pursh.: stem hispid-prickly ; subaxillary spines weak ;
leaves cordate, 3—5-parted, the lobes deeply incised; racemes 5—9-flow-
ered, loose; calyx rotate; fruit small, hispid. FR. oxycanthoides var. lacustre
Pers. R. oxycanthoides Mich.

Mountain swamps. N. H. Mass. N. Y. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to Oregon. May,
June. h.—Stem 3—4 feet high. Flowers small, greenish-yellow, on pubescent
peduncles. Berries dark purple, unpleasant to the taste. Swamp Gooseberry.

Orpver LVII. SAXIFRAGACEA.—Saxirraces.

Calyx either superior or inferior, 4—5-cleft. Petals 5, or
none. Stamens 5—10, inserted either into the calyx or be-
neath the ovary. Disk either hypogynous or perigynous.
Ovary 1 or 2-celled; styles none; stigmas sessile on the tips
of the lobes of the ovary. Fruit a capsule or berry, with nu-
merous minute seeds.—Herbaceous plants, with alternate leaves.
Flower stems simple, often naked.

1. SAXIFRAGA. Linn.—Saxifrage.

(From the Latin, sazwm, a stone, and frango, to break ; in allusion to the roots
penetrating the crevices of rocks and stones.)

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire, with short claws. Sta-
mens 10. Capsule with 2-beaks, 2-celled, many-seeded, open-
ing between the beaks.

1. S. Virginiensis Mich.: pubescent; scape mostly naked, corymbose-

126 SAXIFRAGACEA.

paniculate above; more or less spatulate-obovate, often obtuse, crenate-
dentate, tapering at the base into a broad petiole; flowers subsessile ;.
petals oval, twice as long as the calyx; capsule half inferior. SS. vernalis
Big. S. nivalis Muhl.

Rocky hills. Can. to Geor. W. to Oregon. April—June. %|.—Scape 4—12
inches high. eaves in a radical spreading tuft. Flowers in rather dense ter-
minal cymose clusters, white, with a tinge of purple. Virginian Saxifrage.

2. S. Pennsylvanica Linn.: pubescent; scape naked; leaves oblan-
ceolate or oval, attenuate into a long naked petiole, acute, obsoletely den-
ticulate ; cymes in a large oblong panicle ; flowers pedicellate; petals lance-
linear, a little longer than the calyx ; capsule superior.

Wet grounds. Can. to Virg. W. to Ohio. May, June. %.—Scape 1—2,
sometimes 3—4, feet high. Leaves all radical, 4—8 inches long. Flowers small,
greenish- -yellow. Pennsylvanian Saxifrage.

3. S. Wolleana Torr. g Gr.: leaves all radical, membranaceous, ob-
long, tapering at base into a short winged petiole, sinuate-toothed, iene’ :
branches of the panicle loosely flowered, from the axils of leaf-like bracts;
sepals nearly distinct, ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, reflexed, free from the ovary,
about as long as the oval sake petals.

On a mountain near Bethlehem, Penn. Mr. Wolle-—Root fibrous. Scape
rather slender, 12—18 inches high. Pefals small, white, with a yellowish spot
near the base. Resembles S. Pennsylvanica in habit, but differs in its flowers.

Woolle’s Saxifrage.

4, S. rivularis Linn. : small; stem weak, ascending, 3— 5-flowered ; rad-
ical leaves somewhat reniform, crenately lobed, with the petioles dilated at
base; cauline ones lanceolate, nearly entire; petals ovate, scarcely longer
than the calyx ; capsule thick, exceeding the calyx and crowned by the
short divergent styles.

White Mountains, N. H. Oakes. N.to Labrador, W. to the Rocky Mountains.
(.—Stem about 2 inches high. Flowers white, bracteate.
Alpine-brook Saxifrage.

5. S. aizoides Linn.: stems cespitose, leafy ; leaves linear, more or less
ciliate, slightly mucronate, thick; flowers panicled or sometimes solitary;
sepals ovate-oblong, nearly as long as the oblong petals; stigma depressed ;
capsule thick, as long as the styles.

Wet rocks. Annsville, Oneida co. N. Y.; the only locality in the U.S. Torr.
N. Y. Fl. N. to Labrador, W. to the Rocky Mountains. June. %|.—Stems
numerous. 2—4 inches long, ‘spreading. Leaves crowded at the base, scattered
above. Flowers in a loose panicle, yellow. Yellow Mountain Sarifrage.

2. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Linn.—Golden Saxifrage.

(From the Greek yevsos, gold, and ozAnv, spleen ; in allusion to the supposed
medicinal virtues of the genus.)

Calyx adhering to the ovary, the limb of 4—5 obtuse lobes.
Petals none. Stamens 8—10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked,
2—4-valved, at length 1-celled, many-seeded.

C. Americanum Schw. : stem decumbent, dichotomously feel leaves
opposite, upper ones often alternate, roundish-ovate, slightly eredgt tokens
flowers dichotomal, distant, sessile. C. opposivafolium, Mich. not of ene

SAXIFRAGACER. 127

Springs and brooks. Can.toCar. April, May. %|.—Plant succulent, creep-
ing, with small] sessile flowers. Calyz¢ usually 4-cleft. Stamens mostly 8. Seeds
hispid, reddish-brown. Hooker, Darlington, Torrey and Gray, consider our
plant different from C. opposztifolium of Europe.

American Golden Saxifrage.

3. MITELLA. Linn.— Bishop’s-Cap.

(A diminutive of the Latin mitra, a mitre or cap; in allusion to the form of
the capsule.)

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Petals 5, inserted into the calyx,
laciniate or toothed. Stamens 10. Styles 2, united. Stigmas
scarcely distinct. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved; valves equal.
Seeds numerous.

1. M. diphylla Linn.: radical leaves cordate-lobed, toothed and ciliate ;
cauline ones 2, opposite, smaller; flowers in a terminal raceme; petals

toothed-pinnatifid ; calyx and capsule at length membranaceous.

On wet rocks. Can. and N. S. W. to Mich. and Ken. April, May. 2.—
Stem 8—10 inches high. Radical leaves on long petioles ; cauline one ssessile.
Flowers small, white. Two-leaved Bishop’ s-cap.

2. M. cordifolia Linn.: radical leaves cordate, sub-3-lobed, doubly cre-
nate; scape naked or with a single leaf, scaly at base; petals fimbriate-
pinnatifid. M. nuda Linn. Torr. §& Gr. M. reniformis Lam.

Moist rocks. N.S. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June.
—WScape 6—8 inches high, sometimes prostrate with creeping suckers. Radical
leaves on long petioles; cauline one much smaller and sessile. Flowers few,
greenish-white, in a terminal spike. Heart-leaved Bishop’ s-cap.

4. TIARELLA,. Linn.—Mitrewort.

(A diminutive of the Latin tara, a head-dress ; in allusion to the form of the
capsule.)

Calyx 5-parted, persistent, with the lobes obtuse. Petals 5,
inserted into the calyx, unguiculate, entire. Stamens 10.
Styles 2, distinct. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved ; valves unequal.
Seeds few, near the base of the capsule.

T. cordifolia Linn.: scape naked; leaves cordate, acutely lobed, un-

equally dentate with mucronate teeth; petals with long claws.
Shady woods. Can. to Virg. April, May. 2{.—Scape 8—10 inches high,

sending out stolons after flowering. Radtcal leaves on long petioles. Flowers
white, in a simple terminal raceme. Heart-leaved Mitrewort.
5. HEUCHERA. Linn.—Heuchera.
(In honor of John Henry Heucher, a German botanist.)

Calyx campanulate, coherent with the ovary below, 5-cleft.
Petals 5, small, entire. Stamens 5, inserted alternately with the
petals into the throat of the calyx. Styles 2. Capsule with
2 beaks, 1-celled, many-seeded.

128 HYDRANGEACE.

1. H. Americana Linn.: scabrous-puberulent and somewhat viscid ; scape
mostly naked; leaves roundish-cordate, with short and rounded dentate-
mucronate lobes; flowers in a loose terminal panicle; petals spatulate,
about as long as the calyx; stamens at length much exserted. H. cortusa
Mich. H. viscida Pursh.

Shady rocks. N.Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. 2.—Scape 2—3
feet high. Leaves deeply cordate. Flowers small, purplish, in a long simple
panicle. The root is astringent. American Heuchera. Alum Root.

2. H. pubescens Pursh.: scape naked, pulverulent-pubescent, nearly
smooth below; leaves orbicular-cordate, smoothish, obtusely lobed; the
lobes crenulate with short slightly mucronate teeth; flowers in a somewhat
thyrsoid panicle; petals spatulate, longer than the included stamens.

Mountains and hills. Penn. Md. Virg. Ky. May, June. %|.—Scape about
a foot high, slender. Flowers nearly half an inch in length. Calyx segments
greenish-white, unequal. Petals violet-purple, veiny.. Pubescent Heuchera.

Orpver LVIIIL—ESCALLONIACE.—Escationtaps.

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, inserted on the tube of the calyx.
Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary 2—5-celled, with
a large polyspermous placenta in the axis; style simple ; stigma
2—5-lobed. Fruit capsular or baccate, surmounted by the
persistent style and calyx. Seeds very numerous and minute;
albumen oily.—Shrubs, with alternate toothed leaves and con-
spicuous flowers.

ITEA. Linn.—lItea.

(From the Greek trea, a willow; probably on account of the rapidity of its—
growth.)

Calyx eee 5-toothed ; the teeth subulate. Petals
5, lanceolate-linear, l-nerved. Stamens 5, shorter than the pe-
tals. Style 1; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2-parted
from the base to the apex.

I. Virginica Linn.

Borders of swamps. N. J. and Penn. to Flor. and Louis. May, June. h.—
Stem 4—8 feet high. Leaves alternate, oblong or oval, acuminate, scale
pubescent beneath. Flowers white, in simple terminal racemes.

Virginian Itea.

Orver LIX. HYDRANGEACEA.—HyprancEaps.

Calyx 4—6-toothed, adhering more or less to the ovary.
Petals 4—6, inserted on the calyx, deciduous. Stamens 8—12
in 2 rows, or many and distinct. Ovary of 2—5 carpels, ad-
hering by their sides; styles as many as the carpels, distinct,
with simple reniform stigmas. Fruit a capsule crowned by

UMBELLIFER&. 129

the permanent diverging styles. Seeds minute, usually in-
definite ; albumen fleshy.—Shrubs, with opposite simple leaves.
Flowers usually in cymes.

HYDRANGEA. Linn.—Hydrangea.

(From the Greek téwp water, and ayystov, a vase; in allusion to the form of the
capsule.)

Marginal flowers usually sterile. Sreriru Fr. Calyx mem-
branaceous, colored, veiny, 4—5-parted. Petals, stamens, and
pistils rudimentary or none. Fuerte Fx. Calyx hemispheric,
adnate to the ovary, 5-toothed. Petals 5, ovate. Stamens 10.
Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, opening by a foramen between the
styles. Seeds numerous.

1. H. arborescens Linn.: leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, obtuse
or subcordate at base, toothed, smoothish; flowers in fastigiate cymes.
Hf. vulgaris Mich.

Sandy banks. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. July. hk .—Stem 4—8 feet high.

Leaves large, the veins pubescent. Flowers white or yellowish-white, varying
from all fertile to all sterile and radiate. Tree Hydrangea.

2. H. radiata Walt.: leaves ovate, mostly cordate, acuminate, serrate,
white tomentose beneath; flowers in fastigiate cymes, some of the marginal
ones radiate and sterile. H. nivea Mich.

Penn. toGeor. Muhl. Tenn. May, June. kh.—Stem 6—8 feet high. Flowers
large, white, very ornamental. Changes by cultivation. Rayed Hydrangea.

Orpver LX. UMBELLIFERA).—Umsetuirers.

Calyx entire or 5-toothed. Petals 5, usually inflexed at the
point. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary inferior,
2-celled ; styles 2, distinct; stigmas simple. Fruit consisting
of two carpels, which are attached to a common axis by their
face (the commissure) from which they separate when ripe;
each carpel traversed by several ribs or wings; in the inter-
vening spaces (¢nréervals) are often lodged longitudinal channels
or receptacles (v2tte), containing colored oily matter. Seeds
usually adhering to the carpel; albumen copious, horny.—
Herbaceous plants with hollow stems. Leaves mostly com-
pound and sheathing at base. lowers in umbels.

Susorper I. ORTHOSPERM2.

Albumen flat or flattish on the face.
G*

130 UMBELLIFERZ:

* Umbels simple or imperfectly compound.
1, HYDROCOTYLE. Linn. Marsh Pennywort.

(From the Greek téwp, water, and xori\q, a cup; perhaps in allusion to the
form of the leaves of some species.)

Calyx with the tube Pci accd and the margin of the
limb obsolete. Petals ovate, entire, acute, with apex straight.
Fruit laterally compressed ; ribs 5, filiform, the middle and
lateral ones often obsolete.—Involucre few-leaved. Flowers
white. |

1. H. interrupta Muhl.: stem filiform, creeping, rooting at the joints,
smooth; leaves peltate, orbicular, doubly crenate, 1l-nerved; flowers 5—8

in axillary umbellate heads. H. vulgaris Mich.

Wet places. Can. to Geor. Pursh. June—Aug. 2|.—Flowers minute, white,
on very short pedicels ; peduneles longer than the petioles.
Interrupted Marsh Pennywort.

2. H. umbellata Linn.: stem glabrous, rooting at the joints; leaves pel-
tate, orbicular, doubly crenate, 11—12-nerved, emarginate at the base;
umbels 20—30-flowered; flowers distinct, pedicellate.

Boggy places. Mass. to Flor. and Louis. June—Aug. ‘|.—Stem creeping
or floating. Leaves on long petioles. Flowers minute, in umbels which are
sometimes proliferous. Many-flowered Marsh Pennywort.

3. H. Americana Linn.: very smooth and shining;. leaves orbicular,
reniform, somewhat lobed, doubly crenate, 7—9-nerved; umbels nearly
sessile, 3—5-flowered.

Moist places. Can. to Geor. June, July. 21—Stem filiform, branching,
with long creeping suckers. . Flowers greenish-white, in very small axillary
umbels. American Marsh Pennywort.

4. H. ranunculoides Linn.: smooth ; leaves orbicular-reniform, 5-nerved,

3—5-lobed ; umbels 5—10-flowered ; pedicels very short. H. cymbalarifolia
Muh.

In water.. Penn. to Geor. June, July.- 27|.—Sitem creeping or floating.
Leaves mostly deeply 3-lobed. Flowers white ; peduncles shorter than the pe-
tioles. Lobed Marsh Pennywort.

2 CRANTZIA. Noth —-Ciantaia.
(In honor of Prof. H. J. N. Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the last century.)
Calyx with the tube subglobose; limb nearly wanting. Pe-
tals roundish, entire, obtuse. Fruit roundish; commissure ex-
eavated. Carpels unequal, with 3 marginated dorsal ribs, and
4 obtuse-angled grooves.—Involucre 5—6-leaved.

C. lineata Nutt.: leaves cuneate-linear, obtuse, shorter than the pedun-
cles. Hydrocotyle lineata Mich.

Muddy banks of streams. Mass. to Flor. July. 2. __ Stem smooth, creeping
and rooting. Leaves about 2 at each joint, 1—2 inches long, marked with
transverse lines. Umbcls 8—10-flow ered, on long peduncles. Flowers pedicel-
late, white with a tinge of red. - Narrow-leaved Crantzia.

UMBELLIFER &. 131

3, ERIGENIA, Nutl—Enigenia.

(Erom the Greek novyeveca,a name of Aurora, the harbinger of day, or of the
pn i on account of its being the first conspicuous flowering plant in the U.
. Nutt.) °

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals 5, obovate, entire,
equal. Styles persistent, very long, subulate. Fruit oval,
somewhat laterally compressed. Carpels gibbously convex,
marked with 3 strize.—General involucre none; partial one a
few unequal leafets.

E. bulbosa Nutt. Sison bulbosum Mich. Hydrocotyle composita Pursh.

Wet grounds. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Miss. and Tenn. March, April. 2}.
—Root globose, tuberous.) Stem simple, 4—5 inches high, 2-leaved. Leaves
3-parted ; partitions subpinnate ; segments rhomboidal, cleft. Umbels terminal,
3—5-flowered. Flowers white. Bulbous Erigenia.

| 4, SANICULA. Linn.—Sanicle.

(From the Latin sanio, to heal ; on account of its supposed medicinal virtues.)

Calyx with the tube echinate, the lobes somewhat leafy and
persistent. Petals erect, connivent, obovate, deeply emargi-
nate. Fruit subglobose, solid, not ribbed, armed with hooked
bristles. —Leafets of the involucre few, often divided.

1. S. Marylandica Lann.: leaves digitately 5—'7-parted, the segments
incisely and mucronately serrate; sterile flowers numerous, distinctly pedi-

cellate, and nearly as long as the fertile ones; styles long and recurved.

Woods. Throughout the U.S. June—Aug. 2|.—Stem about 2 feet high,
branching at the top. Radical leaves on long petioles. Petals white or slightly
yellowish, obcordate. Long-styled Sanicle.

2. S. Canadensis Linn.: leaves digitately 3—5-parted, the segments
incisely and mucronately serrate; sterile flowers few, slightly pedicellate,
and much shorter than the fertile ones; styles shorter than the prickles.

Woods. Throughout the U.S. June—Aug. 2.—Dr. Torrey, in his Flora
of New York, has given figures of these two species, by which their diflerence
is fully shown. ‘The latter may be distinguished by its less divided leaves, its
fewer sterile flowers, and especially by its very short inconspicuous styles. Both
species are medicinal and poisonous. See Brg. Med. Bot. 1. 125. _

Canadian Sanicle.
5. ERYNGIUM. Linn.—Eryngo.

(A name given by Dioscorides to this or some allied plant, from its supposed
virtue in cases of flatulence.)

Calyx 5-parted ; tube rough with scales. Petals erect, con-
nivent, oblong-obovate, deeply emarginate. Fruit scaly or tu-
berculose.—F lowers in a roundish or oblong head, blue or
white, bracteate.

1. E. aquaticum Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, nerved, remotely ciliate-
spinose ; lower subensiform; leafets of the involucre 7—9, mostly entire,
shorter than the ovate-globose pedunculate heads. JZ. yuecarfoliwm Mich.

132 UMBELLIFER&.

Wet grounds. N. J.2 to Geor. W. to Texas. Aug. %|.—Stem 2—3 (some-
times 4—4) feet high, smooth, dichotomous above. Leaves variable in breadth.
Flowers white or pale blue. Medicinal. See Ell. Sk. i. 343.

Button Snake-root.

2. E. Virginianum Lam.: leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, slightly
serrate, tapering at each end; flowers in large terminal umbels or cymes ;
leafets of the involucre 7—8, longer than the heads, 3-cleft or dentate-
spiny, whitish beneath. E. aquaticum Mich.

Marshes. N. J. to Flor. W. to Texas. July, Aug. @).—Stem 2—5 feet
high, cymosely branched at the summit, hollow. Heads numerous, nearly an
inch in diameter, pale blue or nearly white. Virginian Eryngo. _

** Umbels compound or perfect.

6. CICUTA. Linn.—Cowbane.

(A Latin name applied to a hollow stem or internodes ; such as occur in this
genus.)

Calyx with the margin 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, reflexed.
Fruit roundish, didymous, laterally contracted. Carpels with
5 equal flattish ribs ; the lateral ones margined.—General, in-
volucre none or few-leaved ; partial one many-leaved.

1. C. maculata Linn.: stem spotted; lower leaves tri-ternate and qui-
nate; upper bi-ternate ; sesments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
mucronate-serrate ; umbels large, axillary and terminal; partial involucre
of 5—6 setaceous leaves.

Wet grounds. Can.to Geor. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. ‘%.—Stem 4—6
feet high, terete, smooth. Petals white, obcordate. Poisonous and medicinal.
Big. Med. Bot. i. 125. Spotted Cowbane. Water Hemlock.

2. C. bulbifera Linn.: leaves various, ternate and bi-ternate; leafets
linear and linear-lanceolate, remotely toothed; umbels small, axillary and
terminal ; partial involucre of 3—5 subulate leaves; axils of the leaves
bulbiferous.

Swamps. Can. to Penn.; rare. Aug. 2.—Stem 2—3 feet high, smooth

and slender. Umbels small. Flowers white. Bulb-bearing Cowbane.
7. ZIZIA. Koch—Meadow Parsnip.
(In honor of J. B. Zizit, a German botanist.)

Calyx with the margin obsolete or very short, 5-toothed.
Petals elliptic, attenuated into a long inflexed point. Fruit
laterally contracted, subdidymous, roundish or oval. Carpels
with 5 prominent equal ribs; the lateral ribs margined.—Gen-
eral involucre none ; partial one few-leaved.

1Z. aurea Koch.: lower leaves bi-ternate, upper bi-ternate or ternate ;
segments oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base, incisely serrate; partial in-
volucre 3-leaved, unilateral. Smyrniwm aurewm Linn.

Rocky hills. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June,July. 2|.—Stem about 2 feet
high, branching at the top. Umbel 10—15-rayed ; partial rays short. Flowers
bright yellow. Fruit blackish. Golden Alexanders.

2. Z, cordaia Koch.: radical leaves undivided, cordate, crenate, on long

UMBELLIFERZ. 133

petioles; cauline subsessile, ternate; segments petiolate, ovate or ovate-
oblong, serrate ; partial involucre 1—2-leaved. Smyrniwm cordatum Walt.

Meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. %|.—Stem 12—18 inches
high, smooth. Radical leaves sometimes a little lobed, Umbels on long naked
peduncles. Flowers yellow. Fruit black. Heart-leaved Alexanders.

3. Z. integerrima D.C.: leaves bi-ternate, somewhat glaucous; seg-

ments oblong-ovate, entire; partial involucre 1-leaved, very short. Smyr-
nium integerrimum Linn.

Rocky woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May, June. 2|.—Stem 1—2 feet
high. OUmbel with elongated filiform rays. Flowers yellow. Fruit dark brown.
Entire-leaved Zizia.

8. DISCOPLEURA. D. C.—Discopleura.

(From the Greek d:oxos, a disk, and m\svod, the side; the two sides of the fruit
being marked with a kind of disk.)

Calyx with 5 subulate persistent teeth. Petals ovate, entire.
Fruit ovate, subdidymous. Carpels with 5 ribs; 3 dorsal ribs
filiform, exsert, subacute; 2 lateral ones with a thick margin.—
Leaves much divided ; the segments linear. Partial involucre
a few linear setaceous leafets.

D. capillacea D.C.: stem erect or procumbent; umbels 3—12-rayed ;
leafets of the involucre 3—5, mostly 3-cleft; fruit ovate. Ammi majus
Walt. A. capillaceum Mich.

Bogs. N.Y. to Geor, July—Sept. @.—Stem 1—2 feet long, geniculate,
smooth. Leaves many-parted, with the segments filiform and spreading. Flow-
ers very small, white, on axillary umbels. Few-rayed Discopleura.

9. CRYPTOTZENIA. D. C.—Hone-wort.

(From the Greek xourrds, hidden, and raivca, a fillet; the narrow vitte being
concealed in the carpels.)

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, subentire,
with a narrow inflexed point. Fruit laterally contracted, linear-
oblong, crowned with straight styles. Carpels with 5 equal
filiform obtuse ribs; the lateral ones nearly margined.—Um-
bels numerous, arranged somewhat in the form of a panicle.
General involucre none; partial one few-leaved.

C. Canadensis D. C.: leaves ternate, smooth ; leafets rhomboid-ovate or
lanceolate, acute, incisely toothed, acutely serrate ; umbels numerous, lower
ones rising from the axils of the upper leaves; fruit oblong, beaked with the
persistent styles. Stson Canadense Linn. Cherophyllum Canadense Pers.

Rocky Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June—Aug. 2.—Stem about 2
feet high, branched above. Leaves sometimes quinate ; the lower ones on long
petioles. Flowers white. Canadian Hone-wort.

10. SIUM. Linn.—-Water Parsnip.
(From the Celtie siw, water ; in allusion to its place of growth.)
Calyx with the margin 5-toothed, often obsolete. Petals

134 UMBELLIFER #®.

obovate, emarginate, with an inflexed point. Styles divergent-
reflexed, capitulate at the apex. Fruit compressed or con-
tracted at the side, subdidymous, crowned with the styles.
Carpels with equal filiform and somewhat obtuse ribs.—Invo-
lucre many-leaved, rarely wanting.

1. S. latifolium Linn.: root creeping ; stem angular and sulcate ; leaves
pinnate; leafets ovate-lanceolate, unequal at base, sessile, smooth, equally
serrate, sometimes pinnatifid; umbels terminal, large, many-rayed; invo-
lueres many-leaved.

Swamps. Arct. Amer. to Penn. W. to Oregon. July. %.—Siem 2— feet
high, branching. Flowers white. When growing in water the lower leaves
are bi-pinnatifid, or have the leafets laciniate. Broad-leaved Water Parsnip.

2. S. lineare Mich.: stem erect, smooth, angular and sulcate ; lower
leaves pinnate, upper ones ternate; leafets linear-lanceolate or linear,
acutely and finely serrate; umbel terminal, with short rays; involucre
many-leaved, linear. SS. tenuifoliwm Muhl.

Swamps. Can. to Penn. W.to Oregon. July. 2.—Stem 2—5 feet high,
rather rigid. Leafets very long and narrow. Flowers white.

Narrow-leaved Water Parsnip.
11, BUPLEURUM. Linn.—Hare’s Ear.

(From the Greek (ss, an oz, and 7\evpov, a rib; probably in allusion fo the
ribbed leaves of some species.)

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals roundish, entire, in-
volute. Fruit laterally compressed or subdidymous, crowned
with the depressed style. Carpels with 5 winged acute fili-
form or obsolete ribs; lateral ones marginal.—Leaves mostly
simple. Involucre various.

B. rotundifolium Linn.: stem leaves perfoliate, roundish-ovate ; umbel
5-rayed; general involucre none; partial one of 5 mucronate leafets. B.

perfoliatum Lam.

Near cultivated grounds. N. Y. Penn. to N. Car.. June—Aug. (@.—Stem 1—2
feet high, branching. Leaves perforated by the stem. Flowers greenish-yellow.
‘Common Hare’s Ear. Thorough Wax.

12, ATHUSA. Linn.—Fool’s Parsley.
(From the Greek ac8w, to burn ; on account of its acrid quality.)

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, emargi-
nate, with an inflexed poimt. Fruit oyate-globose. Carpels
with 5 elevated, thick and acutely keeled ribs; the lateral ones
margined and a little broader, and surrounded by a somewhat
winged keel.—General involucre none or 1-leaved ; partial one
1—3 or 5 leaved.

46, Cynapium Linn.: leaves bi- and tri-pinnate, dark green; segments
ovate-lanceolate ; partial involucre of 3 long pendant leaves.

" UMBELLIFER2. 135

Near cultivated grounds. Mass. and N. ¥. July, Aug. @).—Stem about 2
feet. high, branched, hollow, not spotted. Leaves with the ultimate divisions
linear-lanceolate. Umbels on long peduncles, terminal and opposite the leaves.
It has a nauseous odor and is said to be poisonous. Common Fool’s Parsley.

13. CONIOSELINUM. D, C.—Conioselinum.
(Name compounded of Conium and Selinum.)

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obcordate or obo-
vate, with an inflexed point. Fruit convex or compressed on
the back. Carpels with 5 winged ribs; the lateral ones twice
as broad as the others and marginal.—General involucre none,
or few-leaved ; partial one of 5—6 subulate leaves.

'C. Canadense Torr. & Gr.: fruit oval, nearly twice the length of the
pedicels; «dorsal ridges narrowly winged. Selinwm Canadense Mich.
Cnidium Canadense Spreng.

Swamps. Can. N. Y. and Ver. July, Aug. %|.—Stem 3—5 feet high,
branching above, striate. Leaves with inflated sheathing petioles, 3-parted ; the
divisions pinnately compound; segments pinnatifid, long. Umbels of 10—16
slender rays. Flowers white. Closely resembles C. Fisher.

Canadian Conioselinum.

14. THASPIUM. Nutt.—Thaspium.
(From the Isle of T’haspia ; a name unfortunately applied.)

Calyx with the margin 5-toothed. Petals elliptic, attenuated
into a long inflexed point. Fruit not contracted at the side,
subelliptic. Carpels convex, with 5 winged ribs; wings sub-
equal; intervals grooved.—General involucre none; partial
one about 3-leaved. 7

* Umbels opposite. Flowers dark purple.

1. T. atropurpurewm Nutt.: stem smooth, dichotomously branched ;
radical leaves subcordate, simple, serrate; cauline ones ternate, serrate ;
leafets ovate-oblong. Cnidiwm atropurpureum Spreng.

Moist grounds. N.Y. N.J.and Penn. June. 2.—Stem about 2 feet high,
smooth. Flowers dark purple. Fruit small, with membranaceous wings.
Purple Alexanders.

** Umbels terminal. Flowers yellow,

2. T. actaifolium Nutt.: stem very tall, smooth and straight; lower
leaves tri-ternate; upper ones bi-ternate ; leafets oval, coarsely toothed ;
umbels numerous, terminal, somewhat whorled; partial involucre scta-
ceous. Ligusticum acteifolium Mich. Torr. §> Gr,

Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. July. 2}.—Stem 3—5 feet
high. Fruit ovate-oblong, with the ribs somewhat winged. Tull Thaspium.

3. T. barbinode Nutt.: petioles and nodes of the stem pubescent ; lower
leaves tri-ternate ; upper ones bi-ternate ; segments cuneate-ovate, acute,
unequally and incisely serrate, entire at the base ; partial involucre 3-leaved,
setaceous. Ligusticwm barbinede Mich. Thapsia trifoliata Spreng.

136 UMBELLIFERZ.

Borders of woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ark. June. 2.—Stem about 2
feet high, somewhat branched, sulcate. Umbels terminal and dichotomal.
Flowers deep yellow. The oily matter in the vitte of the fruit has a strongly
camphorated odor. Hairy-jonted Thasprum.

4. T. aureum Nutt.: lower and middle cauline leaves bi-ternately, and
the uppermost ternately, divided; segments oblong-lanceolate, mostly
wedgeform at the base, sharply serrate; carpels with the winged ribs
nearly equal. (Torr.) Smyrnium aureum Big.

Wet meadows. Mass. N. Y. Penn. Ohio. June. %|.—Stem 1—3 feet high,
nearly simple. Umbels on long peduncles 10—20-rayed, with very short invo-
lucres. Differs from Zizea aurea in the fruit. Torr. N. Y. Fl.

Golden Thaspium.

15. LIGUSTICUM. Innn.—Lovage.

(Named from Liguria, where the old Ligusticum Levisticum abounds. Hook.
Br. Fl.)

Calyx with the margin 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals obo-
vate, acute, emarginate, inflexed; claw very short. Fruit
roundish in the transverse section, or slightly laterally com-
pressed. Carpels with 5 equal and somewhat winged ribs;
the lateral ones margined.—Involucre various; partial one —
many-leaved.

L.. scoticum Linn.: stem erect, smooth and striate; lower leaves bi-ter-
nate ; upper ones ternate and nearly sessile ; leafets broadly ovate, coarsely
serrate; umbels many-rayed ; flowers equal; petals inflexed; involucres
linear-lanceolate, 5—7-leaved.

Borders of salt marshes. Salem, Mass. N. to Labrador. W.to Oregon. Aug.
2U.— Stem 1—2 feet high, flexuous. Flowers white. Identical with the foreign
plant. Sea Lovage.

16. ANGELICA. Linn.—Angelica.
(Named Angelic, from its medicinal and cordial properties.)

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals lanceolate, entire,
acuminate, with a straight or incurved poimt. Fruit com-
pressed on the back, with the central raphe two-winged on
each side. Carpels with 3 dorsal filiform elevated ribs; the
2 lateral ribs dilated into a membranaceous wing.—General in-
volucre none or few-leaved ; partial one many-leaved.

1. A. triquinata Mich.: stem terete, pubescent above; leaves on long
petioles, ternate; partitions quinate; leafets oblong-ovate, equally serrate,
smooth; lower ones 2-lobed at the base; general involucre none; partial
one of 6—8 subulate leaves directed to one side. A. hirsuta Muhl. Ferula
villosa Walt. Archangelica hirsuta Torr. & Gr.

Dry grounds. N.Y.toCar. July, Aug. %.—Stem 2—3 feet high, erect
and straight, white, villous below the umbel. Uzmbels mostly 3. Flowers nu-
merous, white. Triquinate Angelica.

UMBELLIFER&. 137

2. A. atropurpurea Linn.: stem large, smooth, colored; leaves ternate,
on large inflated sheathing petioles; partitions subquinate; leafets large,
oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, sublobed; the three terminal ones often
united at base; general involucre none; partial one of 8—10 subulate
leaves. A. triquinata Big. Archangelica atropurpurea Torr. §& Gr.

Wet meadows. Can. to Penn. June. ‘%.—Stem 3—6 feet high, purplish.
(Dr. Darlington says it is sometimes nearly 3 inches in diameter at base.) Flow-
ers white. Much larger than the preceding. Root poisonous.

Dark-purple Angelica.

3. A. lucida Linn.: stem erect, glabrous; leaves bi- and tri-pinnate ;
leafets equal, ovate, cuneate at base, incisely serrate; general involucre
about 5-leaved ; partial one subulate.

Shady woods. Can. to Car. Pursh. June, July. %|.—Stem 1—2 feet high.
Flowers white. Root aromatic. This is perhaps not a native of the U.S. See
Torr. & Gr. ; Shining Angelica.

17. ARCHEMORA. D. C.—Archemora.

(A fanciful name given by De Candolle in allusion to Archemorus, who is said
to have died from eating parsley.)

Calyx with the margin 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, inflexed.
Fruit dorsally compressed, flat, oval or obovate. Carpels with
5 subcarinate equidistant filiform ribs; lateral ribs dilated into
a membranaceous margin nearly as broad as the seed.—Gen-
eral involucre none or few-leaved ; partial one many-leaved.

1. A. rigida D.C.: stem erect, rigid, striate; leaves pinnate, smooth;
leafets 4—5 pairs, large, oblong-lanceolate, entire or with several remote
teeth ; umbels terminal, on long peduncles; general involucre none ; partial
one of 6—8 subulate leaves; fruit much compressed. A. 7vigida@ var. a.
Torr. & Gr. Sium rigidius Linn. Cinanthe rigida Nutt.

Swamps. N. Y.to Flor. Sept. 2|.—Stem 2—4 feet high. Leaves with a
white and sometimes scabrous margin. Flowers white. Rigid Archemora.

2. A. ambigua D.C.: stem erect, slightly angular; leaves pinnate,
smooth; leafets narrow-linear or linear-lanceolate, long, mostly entire,
somewhat glaucous beneath; umbels terminal, subsolitary ; general invo-
lucre none ; partial one of 3—5 subulate leaves. A. rigida var. 8 Torr. g-
Gr. Sium longifolium Pursh. Ginanthe ambigua Nutt.

Swamps. N. Y. and N. J. W.to Miss. Aug. 2{.—Stem 3—5 feet high.

Flowers white. Both species are supposed to be poisonous.
Ambiguous Archemora.
18. PASTINACA. Linn.—Parsnip.
(From the Latin pastus, food ; in allusion to the use made of the root.)
Calyx with the margin obsolete or minutely denticulate.
Petals roundish, entire, involute. Fruit dorsally and flatly
compressed, surrounded by a dilated margin. Carpels with
very slender ribs; 3 intermediate ribs equidistant; 2 lateral
ones contiguous.—Involucres none or few-leaved.

138 UMBELLIFERZ.

P. sativa Linn.: stem smooth, sulecate; leaves pinnate; leafets sessile,
subpubescent beneath, oblong, incised, terminal one 3-lobed ; umbels large,
terminal; fruit oval, much compressed. ‘

Fields and waste places. N.S. July. @.—Stem 2—4 feet high. Leaves
somewhat shining. Umbels large, fastigiate. Flowers yellow. Introduced.
Wild Parsnip.

19. HERACLEUM., Linn.—Cow Parsnip.

(Named from Hercules, who is said to have brought this or some allied plant
into use.)

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals obovate, emarginate, with an in-
flexed point; outer ones often rayed, bifid. Fruit dorsally and
flatly compressed, surrounded by a membranaceous margin.
Carpels with 3 equidistant ribs on the back; 2 lateral ribs with
a dilated margin.—General involucre caducous, often few-
leaved ; partial one many-leaved.

H. lanatum. Mich.: stem sulcate, pubescent; leafets ternate, petioled,
tomentose beneath; leafets petioled, round-cordate, lobed ; partial involucre
5—6-leaved ; fruit orbicular.

Meadows. Can. as far N. as lat. 58°. to Penn. W.to Oregon. June. 2|.—
Stem 4—3 feet high. Petioles very broad and membranous. Flowers white, in
very large terminal umbels. One of our largest umbelliferous plants.

ican Cow Parsnip.
20. DAUCUS. Linn.—Carrot.
(From davxos, the ancient Greek name for the Carrot.)

Calyx with the margin 5-toothed. Petals obovate, emargi-
nate, with aninflexed point ; outer ones often rayed and deeply
bifid. Fruit somewhat laterally compressed, ovate or oblong.
Carpels with 5 primary filiform ribs; 3 intermediate dorsal
ones; 2 lateral, flat, placed on the commissure; 4 secondary
ones equal, with prominent wings, parted into a simple aculeate
series.—General involucre with many pinnate or pinnatifid
leaves; partial one with many entire or trifid leafets.

D. Carota Linn: stem erect, hispid ; leaves tri-pinnate ; leafets pinnatifid;
segments linear-lanceolate, acute ; leaves of the involucre pinnatifid, nearly

as long as the umbel.

Old fields; road sides, &c. Throughout the U.S. July, Aug. (@).—Siem
2—3 feet high, branching. Umbel with a solitary eolored abortive flower in the
centre, when in seed coneave. Wild Carrot.

Suzorper Il CAMPYLOSPERMZ.

Seed with the margin involute or deeply furrowed on the
face.

UMBELLIFER. 139

21. CHHROPHYLLUM. Linn.—Wild Chervil.

(From the Greek ya:ow, to rejoice, and ¢vAdov, a leaf; on account of the
agreeable smell of the leaves.)

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, emarginate,
inflexed. Fruit not beaked, laterally contracted or compressed.
Carpels with 5 obtuse equal ribs; lateral ribs margined.—
General involucre none or few-leaved ; partial one many-leaved.

C. procumbens Lam : stem decumbent, somewhat hairy ; leaves bi-pin-
nate; leafets pinnatifid; segments lance-oblong, rather obtuse; umbels
opposite the leaves, 2—3-rayed; partial involucre of 4—5-ovate ciliate
leaves ; fruit prismatic, smooth, crowned with the persistent styles. Scandix
procumbens Linn. Myrrhis procumbens and M. bifida Spreng.

In shady situations. -_N.J. toS. Car. W.to Ark. April, May. (@.—Stem
6—13 inches long, slender, sometimes nearly erect. Umbels terminal and lateral,
few-flowered. Flowers small, white. Procumbent Wild Chervil.

22. OSMORHIZA. Raf—Osmorhiza.

(From the Greek oopn, odor, and p:ga, a root ; from its sweet or fragrant root.)

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals ovate, scarcely
emarginate, with a very short inflexed point. Fruit elongated,
attenuated at base, solid, acute-angled, in the transverse section
roundish. Carpels with hispid angles and 5 acute ribs ; com-
missure sulcate-—General involucre 2—3-leaved ; partial one
often 5-leaved.

1. O. longistylis D. C.: styles filiform, nearly as long as the fruit,

diverging. Uraspermum Claytoni Nutt. Scandix dulcis Muhl.

Wet meadows. N. Can. to Virg. W.to Oregon. May, June. ‘}.—Stem 2—3
feet high, purplish, at length nearly smooth, striate. Leaves mostly bi-ternate,
the aioe ones on long petioles ; leafets oblong-ovate, incisely serrate, acute.
Flowers white, twice as large as in the next species. ‘The root has the flavor of
Aniseed. Long-styled Osmorhiza. Sweet Cicely.

2. O. brevistylis D. C.: styles conical, erect, about half the length of the
fruit. Myrrhis Claytoni Mich. Uraspermum hirsutum Big.

Shady rocks. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. May, June. 2|.—Stem about
2 feet high, branching, striate, pale-green, at length nearly smooth. Leaves
bi-ternate ; leafets incised, often pinnatifid. ‘The root has a sweetish taste, not
so pleasant as that of the preceding. Short-styled Osmorhiza.

93. CONIUM. Linz—Poison Hemlock.

(Said to be derived from the Greek xwvos, & cone or fop; in allusion to the
giddiness produced by its fruit.

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obcordate, some-
what emarginate, very short and inflexed. Fruit ovate, late-
rally compressed. Carpels with 5 prominent equal undulate

140 ARALIACES.

ribs ; the lateral ribs margined.—Involucres 3—5-leaved ; par-
tial one dimidiate or unilateral.

C. maculatum Linn.: stem erect, branched, smooth and spotted; leaves
large, tri-pinnate; leafets lanceolate, pinnatifid; ultimate segments acute ;
general and partial umbels many-rayed ; general involucre of several short
lanceolate leaves; partial one few-leaved, linear-lanceolate, directed to
one side.

Road sides. Can. and the U.S. July. @.—Stem 2—4 feet high. Leaves
smooth and shining. Flowers white, numerous. Probably introduced. Whole
plant highly poisonous; fetid when bruised. Medicinal. Brg. Med. Bot. i. 113.

Poison Hemlock.

Ones LEE ARALIACE A —tyreoeee

Calyx superior, entire or toothed. Petals definite, 5—10,
valvate in eestivation, occasionally none. Stamens as many or
twice as many as the petals. Ovary many-celled. Fruit suc-
culent or dry, of several-seeded cells. Seeds pendulous; albu-

men fleshy.—Trees, shrubs or herbaceous plants, with the
habit of the Umbellifere. re

1. ARALIA. Linn.—Aralia.
(Origin of the name unknown.)

Calyx with the margin very short, 5-toothed or entire. Pe-

tals 5, spreading. Stamens 5. Styles 5, spreading. Berry
5-celled—Umbels often panicled.

1. A. nudicaulis Linn. : nearly stemless; leaf mostly solitary, tri-quinate ;
leafets sessile, oblong-oval, acute, serrate, smooth; scape shorter than the
leaf, 3-cleft at the top; umbels few, small, on long peduncles, without in-
volucres.

Rocky woods. Labrador toCar. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June, July.
2|.—Root thick and creeping, aromatic. Flowers small, 3-umbelled, greenish-
white. - a Wild Sarsaparilla.

2. A. racemosa Linn.: stem herbaceous, branched; petioles 3-parted ;
divisions ternate and quinate; leafets ovate, often cordate, acuminate,
sharply serrate, mostly smooth; umbels numerous, compound, in large
axillary panicles; involucre small, few-leaved.

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June—Aug. h.—
Stem 3—5 feet high, with spreading branches. Flowers greenish-white, in
panicles 4—8 inches long. The root is highly aromatic, and is sometimes used
for medicinal purposes. Spikenard.

3. A. hispida Mich.: low, suffruticose; stem and petioles hispid; leaves
doubly pinnate ; leafets oblong-ovate, sharply serrate, unarmed; umbels
axillary and terminal, on long peduncles.

Rocky woods. Hudson’s Bay to Virg. July. h.—Stem 1—2 feet high, with
stiff and thick bristles at the base. Flowers greenish-white, in spreading umbels,

ud Elder

HAMAMELIDACEZ. 141

4. A, spinosa Linn.: arborescent; stem and petioles prickly ; leaves doubly
or triply pinnate; leafets ovate, acuminate, sessile; umbels numerous, in
compound panicles ; involucre small, few-leaved.

Fertile woods. Penn. to Geor. W.to Miss. Aug., Sept. h.—Stem 8—12
(sometimes 30 or 40)) feet high, with the leaves crowded at the summit. Flowers
white, in very large terminal panicles. A watery infusion of the bark is said to
be both emetic and cathartic. Ell. Sk. i. 373. Angelica Tree.

2. PANAX. Linn.—Ginseng.

(From the Greek av, all, and axés, a cure; being considered by the Chinese
as a remedy for all diseases.)

Calyx with the margin very short and obsoletely 5-toothed.
Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the margin of the disk
and alternating with the sepals. Styles 2—3, short. Fruit
fleshy, compressed, orbiculate or didymous, 2-celled ; cells 1-
seeded.—F lowers in simple umbels, polygamous.

1. P. quinquefolium Linn.: root fusiform, sometimes branched; stem
angular; leaves ternate-quinate; leafets on distinct petioles, oval, acumi-
nate, serrate; peduncles shorter than the petioles; styles and seeds 2.

Woods. Can. toGeor. June, July. %|.—Root 3—6 inches long and aro-
matic. Stem about a foot high, divided at the top. Flowers greenish-yellow,
8—16 in an umbel. The rootis highly esteemed by the Chinese for its supposed
medicinal properties. Common Ginseng.

2. P. trifolium Linn.: root roundish; stem simple, smooth ; leaves ter-
nate; leafets subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; styles often 3; berry
3-seeded. |

Woods. Can. to Geor. May. %.—Stem 4—6 inches high. Leaves rarely
quinate. Flowers white, 20—40 in an umbel. Dwarf Ginseng.

Orper LXIT. HAMAMELIDACE A#.—Whircuuazets.

Calyx adherent, in 4 or 5 pieces. Petals 4 or 5, or none.
Stamens 8, 4 alternate with the petals, and 4 sterile placed at
the base of the petals. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2. Fruit half
inferior, capsular, usually opening with two septiferous valves.
Seeds pendulous; albumen horny.—Small trees or shrubs, with
alternate deciduous leaves. Flowers axillary, often polyga-
mous.

HAMAMELIS. Linn.—Witchhazel.
(Origin of the name uncertain.)

Calyx 4-lobed, with 2—3 bracteoles at the base. Petals 4,
long, ligulate. Sterile stamens scale-like, and opposite the
petals. Styles 2, short. Capsule coriaceous, 2-celled, 2-valved
at the top.

142 CORNACEX.

H. Virginica Linn.: leaves ovate, acute, toothed, cordate, with the sinus
small, scabrous beneath ; flowers in axillary clusters.
var. parvifolia Nutt.: leaves smaller and more pubescent beneath.

Woods. Can.-to Flor. and Louis. Oct., Nov. I.—Stem 6—12 feet high-
Flowers in threes, polygamous, greenish-yellow, appearing in autumn and con-
tinuing during a great part of the winter; the fruit is not perfected until about
September of the following year. Var. parviflora is found on the mountains of
Pennsylvania. Wiichhazel.

Orpver LXITI. CORNACEA.—Doewoops.

Sepals 4, adherent. Petals 4, distinct. Stamens 4, alternate
with the petals. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform ; stigma simple.
Fruit a 2-celled drupe crowned with the remains of the calyx.
Seed solitary; albumen fleshy.—Trees or shrubs, with opposite
rarely alternate leaves. Flowers capitate, umbellate or corym-
bose.

CORNUS. Linn.—Dogwood.

(From the Latin cornu, a horn; in allusion to the toughness of the wood.)

Calyx adherent to the ovary; the limb minute, 4-toothed.
Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4. Stigma obtuse.
Drupe with the cells not united.

* Flowers capitate, surrounded by a petaloid involucre.

1. C. Canadensis Linn.: herbaceous; lower leaves opposite, small;
upper on short petioles, verticillate, veined ; leaves of the involucre 4, broad-
ovate, acuminate ; flowers numerous, very small, in a terminal head; drupe
globose.

Damp woods. Arct. Amer. and Labrador to Car. W.to Oregon. May, June.
| —Stem 4—6 inches high, simple, with one or two pairs of opposite leaves and
a whorl of about 6 at the summit. Jnvolucre greenish-white, petaloid, much
longer than the flowers. Drupe red. Dwarf Dogwood.

2. C. florida Linn.: arborescent; leaves ovate, acuminate, whitish be-
neath ; leaves of the involucre 4, large, obcordate, nerved, with a callous
notch at the apex ; flowers in small terminal heads; drupe oval.

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June.—A tree 15—20 feet high,
with grayish bark. Flowers greenish-yellow. - Involucre about 3 inches in di-
ameter, white, sometimes tinged with red. Drupe scarlet. Medicinal. Big.
Med. Bot. ii. 73. rE Flowering Dogwood.

**x Flowers naked, in cymes.
Bs + Leaves opposite.
3. C. circinata LHerit.: branches warty; leaves on short petioles,
broad-oval, acuminate, white-downy beneath: cymes crowded, depressed ;

drupe globose. C. tomentulosa Mich.

Banks of streams. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. June, July. h.—Stem 6—&
feet high, with straight slender branches. Leaves broad, waved on the edges,
Flowers white. Drupe small, light-blue. Oval-leaved Dogwood.

LORANTHACEZ. 143

4. C. sericea L’ Herit.: branches expanded ; leaves ovate, acuminate, the
under surface clothed with a silky ferruginous down; cymes depressed,
woolly ; drupe globose. C.lanuginosa Mich. C. alba Walt.

Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. and Louis. May, June. kh.—Stem 5—10
feet high, with purplish bark. Leaves varying in form and pubescence. Flow-
ers yellowish-white. Drupe pale-blue. Swamp Dogwood.

5. C. stolonifera Mich.: stem often reclined and stoloniferous, with red-
dish-purple branches; leaves ovate, somewhat acuminate, obtuse at base,
rough with minute pubescence on both sides, whitish beneath; cymes
small, flat, rather crowded; drupe globose. C. alba Wang. C. sanguinea
Pursh.? not of Linn.

Banks of streams. Can. from lat. 69° to N. Y. W. to Miss. May, June. h.
—Stems sometimes 5-—10 feet long, ereet, or prostrate and rooting. Flowers
white, in small cymes. Drupe small, white or lead-colored. C. sanguinea
seems not to be a native of North America. The plant described under that
name by our botanists, is thought by Torrey and Gray to be this species ; while
Darlington connects it with C. sericea. C. stricta Lam. (Beck Bot. 1st Ed.), is
said to be confined to the southern states. Stoloniferous Dogwood.

6. C. paniculata L’ Herit.: branches erect, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late or oval, acuminate, acute at base, rough with a minute pubescence,
hoary beneath; cymes loose, usually paniculate, smooth ; drupe small, de-
pressed-globose. C. racemosa Lam.

Wet woods. Can. to Penn. W. to Miss. July. h.—Stem 6—S feet high,
with a grayish bark. Flowers white, in very numerous panicled or thyrsoid
cymes. Drupe white or lead-colored. Pancled Dogwood.

tt Leaves alternate.

7. C. alternifolia Linn.: branches alternate, warty; leaves alternate,
broad-oval or ovate, acuminate, smooth above, hoary pubescent beneath;
cymes depressed and spreading ; drupe globose.

Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Ken. June.—A small tree 15—20 feet
high, with spreading branches. eaves on slender petioles. Flowers yellowish-
white. Drupe dark-blue. Alternate-leaved Dogwood.

OrpeR LXIV. LORANTHACE.—Lorantus.

Calyx, with 3, 4 or 8 sepals often joined into a tube, usually
with 2 bracts at base, sometimes none. Petals none. Sta-
mens as many as the sepals, and opposite to them, when they
are present. Ovary 1-celled ; style 1 or none ; stigma simple.
Fruit succulent. Seed solitary ; albumen fleshy,—Shrubs, al-
most parasitical. Leaves fleshy, entire, mostly opposite, rarely
wanting.

VISCUM. Linn.—Misseltoe.

(From the Latin viscus, glue; in allusion to its glutinous fruit.)

Flowers moncecious or dicecious. Srerite Ft. Sepals 4,
(rarely 3—5,) fleshy, the segments triangular, Frrrive FL,

144 CAPRIFOLIACE.

Calyx with the margin obsolete ; inner sepals (petals) 4, dis-
tinct. Stigma obtuse, sessile. Berry pulpy.

V. flavescens Pursh.: branches terete, opposite and verticillate; leaves
cuneate-obovate, 3-nerved; spikes axillary, solitary, rather shorter than
the leaves; sterile flowers mostly trifid. V. vertzcillatum Nutt.

Parasitic on trees. N.J. to Flor. and throughout the valley of the Mississippi.
May. %.—Stem 9—18 inches high, yellowish-green, smooth. eaves fleshy
or somewhat coriaceous. Flowers small, yellowish-green, sessile. Berries
pearly white, resembling white wax. White Misseltoe.

Oapes LXV. CAPRIFOLIACE A_“Gaeereaeel

Calyx 4—5-cleft, usually with 2 or more bracts at base.
Corolla monopetalous or polypetalous, rotate or tubular, regu-
lar or irregular. Stamens epipetalous, as many as the lobes of
the corolla and alternate with them. Style 1, or none; stig-
mas 3—5. Fruit usually a berry or drupe, rarely a capsule.
Seeds solitary or numerous ; albumen fleshy.—Shrubs or her-
baceous plants. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Inflores-
cence various. !

1. SAMBUCUS. Linn.—Elder.

(From the Greek capGixn, a musical instrument, in the construction of which
this wood is said to have been employed.)

Calyx with the limb small and 5-cleft. Corolla rotate or
urceolate, 5-lobed ; lobes obtuse. Stamens 5. Style none.
Stigmas 3, sessile.. Berry roundish, pulpy, 1-celled, 3—5-
seeded.

1. S. Canadensis Linn.: stem suffrutescent ; leaves pinnate; leafets in
4 or 5 pairs, oblong-oval, acuminate, smooth and shining; nerves and peti-
oles smooth; stipules wanting; cyme 5-parted, spreading.

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May,June. h.—Stem 5—10 feet
high. Leaves sometimes bipinnate. Flowers white. Fruit oval, deep purple
or nearly black. Common Elder

2. S. pubens Mich.: stem frutescent; leaves pinnate; leafets in 2 or 3
pairs, oval-lanceolate, and with the petioles pubescent beneath; thyrse
ovoid or pyramidal, loose. S. pubescens Pers.

Rocky woods. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. June, July. h.—Siem 6—8,
sometimes 15, feet high. Flowers white. Fruit small, red, rarely white. Torr.
Red-berried Eider.

2. VIBURNUM. Linn.—Viburnum.
(Origin of the name uncertain.)

Calyx with the limb small 5-toothed and persistent. Co-
rolla rotate, subcampanulate or tubular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5,

CAPRIFOLIACER. 145

equal. Stigmas 3, sessile. Berry ovate or globose, 1-seeded,
crowned by the teeth of the calyx.

* [eaves serrate or toothed.

1. V. prunifolium Linn.: branches spreading, smooth; leaves obovate,
nearly round and oval, very smooth, acutely serrate; petioles winged;
cymes sessile, lateral; fruit oblong-ovoid.

Woods. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. h.—Stem 8—15 feet high.
Flowers large, white. Fruit dark-blue.
_ Plum-leaved Viburnum. Black Haw.
2. V. pyrifolium Lam.: leaves ovate-oblong, somewhat acute, subser-
rate, smooth ; petioles naked; cymes large, spreading, on angular pedun-
cles; fruit ovoid. V. nudwm,var. Torr. & Gr. .

Swamps. Can.and N.S. May, June. h.—Stem 5—10 feet high. Flowers
white, in large spreading cymes. Fruit red. _ Pear-leaved Viburnum.

3. V. Lentago Linn.: smooth; leaves broad-ovate or oval, acuminate,
sharply serrate; petioles with waved margins; cymes. terminal, sessile;
fruit oval.

Rocky banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Mich. May. h.—Stem
15—20 feet high. Flowers small, white, in spreading cymes. Fruit bluish-
black. Sweet Viburnum.

4. V. nudum Linn.: leaves oval-oblong, slightly acuminate, smooth
above, veins and margins pubescent beneath, obsoletely crenulate; petioles
naked ; cymes peduncled; fruit ovoid. V. squamatum R. & S.

Swamps. Can. to Flor. June. .—Stem 8—12 feet high. Flowers small,
crowded, white. Fruit dark-blue, nearly black. Swamp Viburnum.

5. V. lantanoides Mich.: branches flexuous and often procumbent ;

leaves orbicular-cordate, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate; nerves

_» and petioles puverulent-tomentose ; cymes closely SESSION fruit ovoid. V.
» Lantana,vay. grandiflorum Ait.

Rocky woods. Can.to Virg. May, June. h.—Stem 48 feet high. Flow-
s white, in flat, loose cymes, the sterile ones very large. Fruit red, black
when ripe. Large-flowered Viburnum.

6. V. dentatum Linn.: nearly smooth; leaves on long petioles, orbicu-
lar-ovate, with coarse serratures, plaited; axils of the veins pubescent be-
neath ; cymes terminal, pedunculate ; fruit nearly globose. V. dentatwm,
var. glabellum Mich.

Moist woods. Can.to Car. June. kh.—Stem 6—8 feet high. Leaves some-
times roundish-cordate or ovate, and pubescent beneath. Flowers white, in
large expanding cymes. Fruit dark-blue, small.

5 ryy yr
Toothed Viburnum. Arrow-woed.

7. V. pubescens Pursh.: pubescent; leaves on very short petioles, ovate
or ovate-oblong, subcordate, acuminate, dentate-serrate, villous beneath ;
cymes pedunculate ; fruit oblong. V. dentatum,var. semitomentosum Mich,

High grounds. Can. to Car, June. .—Stem 2—3 feet high, with strag-
gling branches. Leaves smoother when old. Cymes smaller than in the prece-
ding. Fruit small, reddish. Pubescent Viburnum.

** Leaves lobed or incised.

8. V. acerifolium Linn.: leaves roundish or broad-ovate, subcordate,
coarsely ,and acutely serrate, velvety pubescent beneath, 3-lobed; lobes
bd
f

146 CAPRIFOLIACE ZX

divergent; petioles hairy, with two setaceous appendages; cymes on long
peiuncle> fruit oval, compressed.

‘ Rocky woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon.? May, June. h.—Stem 4—6
feet high, with slender branches. F lowers white, slightly tinged with red.
Fruit nearly black. Maple-leaved Arruw-wood.

9. V. pauciflorum Pylaie: branches and petioles smoothish ; leaves
roundish, rarely subcordate, slightly 3-lobed or incised at the summit,
mostly 5-nerved from the base, unequally serrate, smoothish ; petioles with-
out stipuliform appendages; cymes pedunculate. (Torr. g& Gr.)

Mountains. N. H. Ver. and N. Y. Newfoundland. June. t.—Stem 2—3
feet high. Leaves smooth or slightly pubescent beneath. Cymes seldom an
inch in diameter. Fruit red. Stu a doubtful species.

: Mountain Bush Cranberry.

19. V. Oxycoccus Pursh.: leaves 3-lobed, acute at the base, 3-nerved ;
lobes divaricate, acuminate, remotely and obtusely toothed; petioles glan-
dular; cymes radiate; flowers of the ray large and abortive. V. Opulus,
var. Americanum Ait. Torr. & Gr. V.opuloides Muhl.

Woods. Arct. Amer. to N. J. May, June.—A small shrub with spreading
branches. Fruit large, subglobose, red, intensely acid and slightly bitter ; some-
times used as a substitute for cranberries. Cranberry-like Viburnum.

11. V. edule Pursh.: leaves 3-lobed, rather obtuse at the base, 3-nerved ;
lobes very short, with acuminate-dentate serratures; petioles glandular ;
cymes radiate. V. Opulus,var. Americanum Torr. Ge Gr.

Banks of rivers. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. July.—A smaller and more eee

shrub than the preceding; berries of the same color and size, but when com-
pletely ripe more agreeable to eat. -Pursh. ‘“Eatable Viburnum.

3. TRIOSTEUM. Linn.—Feverwort.

(From the Greek pets, three, and osreov, a bone; in allusion to its three bony
seeds.)

Calyx with the tube ovoid and the limb 5-parted ; lobes lin-
ear-lanceolate, persistent. Corolla tubular, subequally 5-lobed,

gibbous at base. Stamens 5, included. Stigma capitate.

Berry rather dry, crowned by the calyx, with 3—5 bony
nucules.

1. T. perfoliatum Linn.: stem glandular-hairy; leaves peed or
spatulate-ovate, acuminate, entire, abruptly narrowed at base, connate,
velvety pubescent beneath ; nonas ae in the axils of the leaves, sessile.
T. majus Mich.

Rocky woods. Mass. to Car. W to Miss. June. %|.—Stem 2—4 feet high.
Flowers purple. Medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 90. Perfoliate Feverwort.

2. T. angustifolium Linn.: stem hispid; leaves lanceclate or oblong,
acuminate, tapering to the base, pubescent or almost glabrous beneath, hir-
sute above; flowers mostly solitary in the axils, sessile or pedunculate. T.
minus Mich.

Shady places. Del. to Car. W. 10 Ark. and Miss. - May, June. 2|.—Smaller
than the preceding. Flowers yellowish. Narrow-leaved-Feverwort.

CAPRIFOLIACER. \A7T

4. DIERVILLA. Tourn.—Bush Honeysuckle.
(In honor of M. Dierville, a French surgeon, who introduced it into Europe.)
Calyx with the tube oblong, bibracteate at base; the limb
5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft, spreading, much longer
than the calyx. Stamens 5, somewhat exserted. Stigma cap-
itate. Capsule oblong, acute, not crowned, 1-celled, many-
seeded.

D. Tournefortii Mich.: peduncles axillary and terminal, dichotomous,
2—3-flowered ; leaves opposite, oblong-ovate, on short petioles, serrate,
acuminate, smooth. D. Canadensis Willd. D. trifida Mench.

Rocky woods. Throughout the U. S. May, June. h.—Stem 2—4 feet
high, branched. Flowers greenish-yellow, nearly an inch long.
Common Bush Honeysuckle.

5. LONICERA. D. C.—Honeysuckle.
(In honor of Adam Lonicer, a German botanist of the sixteenth century.)
Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, campanulate or funnel-
form, 5-cleft, often irregularly. Stamens 5. Style filiform.
Stigma capitate. Berry 2—3-celled, few-seeded.

* Flowers capitate-verticillate. Berry solitary, 3-celled, crowned by the
calyx. WONICERA.

1. L. flava Sims.: smooth and somewhat glaucous; leaves ovate, obo-
vate or oval, with a narrow cartilaginous margin; upper ones connate-
perfoliate; spikes verticillate, terminal; tube not gibbous, Caprifoliwm
flavum Ell. C. Fraseri Pursh.

Catskill Mountains, N. Y. S. to Geor. W. to Wisconsin. June, July. h.—
Stem twining, very smooth. Flowers bright yellow, an inch or more in length.

Yellow Honeysuckle.

2. L. hirsuta Eat.: leaves broad-ovate and obovate, pubescent and
ciliate, glaucous beneath; upper ones connate-perfoliate, nearly smooth ;
spikes verticillate, terminal, subcapitate, glandular-pubescent ; tube slightly
gibbous at base. Caprifoliwm pubescens Goldie.

Rocky woods. Can. to N. Y. W.to Mich. June, July. h.—Stem 15—30
feet long, twining. Flowers yellow, pubescent. Berries orange.

Hairy Honeysuckle,

3. L. parviflora Lam.: smooth; leaves elliptic or oblong, smooth, very
glaucous beneath, the upper pair connate-perfoliate, the rest mostly sub-
connate; flowers in verticillate pedunculate heads; corolla short, gibbous
at base; filaments bearded. Caprifoliwm parviflorum Pursh. C. bracteo-
sum Mich.

Rocky woods.. Subarct. Amer. to Car, June, July. h.—Stem 6—10 feet
long, twining or trailing, branched. Flowers yellow, smaller than in either of
the preceding. Small-flowered Honeysuckle.

4. L. grata Ait.: leaves obovate, smooth, glaucous beneath, the upper
pairs connate subperfoliate ; flowers verticillate in the axils of the upper

148 _ CAPRIFOLIACEA.

leaves; tube of the corolla long and slender, not gibbous. Caprifolium
gratum Pursh.

Rocky woods. Y. to Car. and Louis. May—Aug. h.—Stem 10—20
feet long, twining or ie Flowers about 6 in each whorl, fragrant, red or
purplish. Berries orange-red. Wild Honeysuckle.

5. LE. sempervirens Ait.: leaves oblong, glaucous beneath, shining above,
the upper ones connate-perfoliate; spikes verticillate, somewhat naked,
terminal ; corolla nearly equal, with the tube ventricose above. Caprijo-
lium sempervirens Mich. Shee

Borders of swamps. N. Y.to Flor. May, June. h.—Sitem 6—15 feet long,

twining. Leaves evergreen. Flowers scarlet and yellowish. Berries scarlet.
Scarlet Honeysuckle.

** Pedicels axillary, in pairs. Berries tn pairs, distinct or more or less
connate, 2-celled, many-seeded. XYLOSTEUM.

6. L. ciliata Muhl.: stem erect; leaves opposite, ovate and subcordate,
ciliate on the margin, younger ones villous beneath; tube of the corolla
calcarate at base, ventricose above ; segments short, acute ; style exserted ;
berries distinct. Xvylosteum ciliatum Pursh.

Hills and rocks. Can. to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May, June.
h .—Stem 3—5 feet high, with straggling branches. Corolla pale greenish-yel-
low, long, somewhat funnel-form. Berries ov oid, red. Fiy Honeysuckle.

7. L. cerulea Linn.: stem erect, leaves oval, entire, pubescent; pedun-
cles shorter than the flowers; bracts longer than the ovaries; corolla gib-
bous at base; berries formed by the union of two ovaries. JL. villosa D.C.
XAylosteum villosum Big. X. Solonis Eat.

Woods and sides of mountains. Labrador and Arct. Amer. to Mass. and N. Y.
May. h.—Stem 1—3 feet high, with the younger branches villous. Flowers
yellow. Berries closely united at the summit, deep-blue and glaucous.

Hairy Fly Honeysuckle.

8. L. oblongifolia Hook: stem erect; leaves oblong or oval, nearly smooth
when old; peduncles filiform, erect, ae longer than the flowers; bracts
minute ; Baie gibbous at the base, deeply Pepe berries Fae by the
union of 2 ovaries. Xylosieum ere Goldie.

Sphagnous swamps. Can. and Western N.Y.; rare. May, June. hb —Stem
3—4 feet high, much branched. Flowers greenish-yellow, tinged with purple.
Berries smail, slightly separate at the summit, purple.

Long-stalked Honeysuckle.

6. SYMPHORICARPUS. Dill—Snowberry.

(From the Greek cvygiw, to grow together, and xagzos, fruit; the berries form-
ing clusters.)

Calyx with the tube globose; the limb small, 4—5-toothed.
Corolla funnel-form, subequally 4—5-lobed. Stamens 5, scarcely
exserted. Stigma subglobose. Berry crowned by the calyx,
4-celled, 4-seeded ; 2 of the cells sometimes abortive.

1. S. vulgaris Mich,: racemes axillary, almost sessile, in little clomerate
heads; corolla with the lobes smoothish inside; stamens and bearded
style included. Symphoria glomerata Pursh.

RUBIACE. 149

Banks of streams. Yates county, N. Y. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. July,
Aug. h.—Stem 2—3 feet high, with numerous purplish branches. Flowers
greenish-red. Berries dark red, globose. Indian Currant.

2. S. racemosus Mich.: spikes terminal, loose, interrupted, often somewhat
leafy; flowers on short pedicels ; corolla campanulate, densely bearded in-
side ; style and stamens included. Symphoria racemosa Pursh.

Rocky banks of streams. Can. Western N.Y. W. to Oregon and California.

June, July. hh.—Stem 2—3 feet high. Flowers pale red. Berries globose, large,
very white and opaque. Common Snowberry.
7. LINNASA. Gron.—Linnea.
(In honor of the illustrious Swede.)

Calyx with the tube ovate; limb 5-parted; segments lan-.
ceolate-subulate. Corolla turbinate, subcampanulate, 5-lobed.
Stamens 4, subdidynamous, included. Stigma globose. Berry
dry, small, ovate-globose, 3-celled, (one cell only bearing a per-
fect seed.)

. borealis Gron.

Moist woods. Arct. Amer. to N. J. W.to Oregon. June, July. 2|.—Ever-
green, creeping. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, round-ovate, crenate,
slightly hairy. Peduncles erect, long. Flowers 2, drooping, pedicelled, white or
pale red. Twin Flower.

Orper LXVI. RUBIACEAl.—Mapperworrs.

Tube of the calyx mostly adhering to the ovary ; the limb
usually 4—5-cleft or toothed. Corolla with as many petals as
there are divisions of the calyx. Stamens as many as the
petals and alternate with them. Ovary 2-celled; style mostly
single; stigmas 2. Fruit various. Albumen copious, horny
or fleshy.—Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves simple, entire, op-
posite or in whorls.

1. HEDYOTIS. Linn.—Hedyotis.

(From the Greek ndis, sweet, and ots, Gros, an ear; on account of its supposed
virtue in curing deafness. Darlingion.)

Calyx with the tube ovate, the limb 4-toothed ; teeth erect,
persistent. Corolla funnel-form, salver-form or rotate, 4-parted.
Stamens 4, somewhat exserted. Capsule ovoid or globose,
2-celled, opening transversely at the top, many-seeded.

1. H. cerulea Hook.: stem erect or spreading, dichotomous; radical
leaves spatulate-oval; cauline oblanceolate ; peduncles filiform, elongated,
1-flowered. Houstonia caerulea Linn.

Moist grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. April—Sept. (D) or @.—Svems
numerous, 3—6 inches high. Flowers blue, sometimes nearly white. The

Western specimens not unfrequently have the peduncles many-flowered.
Blue Hedyotis. Common Bluets. Dwarf Pink.
tard

4

150 RUBIACER.

2. H. ciliolata Torr.: smooth, somewhat branched above; radical leaves
oval or oblong-spatulate, tapering into a petiole, the margin ciliate; cau-
line oblanceolate; flowers in corymbose clusters; peduncles and pedicels
short... Houstonia ciliolata Torr. Fl.

Wet banks. Western and Northern N.Y. Can. W. to Miss. May, Aue.
2|.—Stems usually numerous, 4—6 inches high, at length spreading. Flowers
numerous, terminal, pale purple. Fringed-leaved Hedyctis.

3. H. longifolia Hook: smooth; stem erect; leaves linear and oblong-
linear, tapering at base, rough on the margin, but not ciliate; radical ones
narrow-oval or oblong, tapering into a petiole; flowers mostly in threes,
terminal, nearly sessile. Houstonia longifolia Willd.

Dry hills and fields.- Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June—Aug. %|.—Stems
5—8 inches high, slender, branched at the top, 4-sided. Flowers usually in
threes, pale purple. Corolla about thrice as long as the lobes of the calyx.

Long-leaved Hedyotis.

4. H. glomerata Ell.: stem erect or somewhat diffuse, branching, pubes-
cent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base or slightly petioled, nearly
smooth; flowers in clusters, sessile, axillary and terminal; tube of the
calyx hairy, shorter than the lobes. H. auriculata Walt. Oldenlandia
glomerata Mich.

Moist grounds. N.Y. N. J. to Flor. Aug. @.?—Whole plant dull green.
Stem 2—4 inches high, first simple, then branching and assurgent. Flowers
usually clustered, small, white. Cluster-flowered Hedyotis.

5. H. purpurea Torr. §- Gr.: stem erect or ascending, 4-sided, pubescent ;
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile, 3—5-nerved, smoothish
above, lower surface and margins pubescent; flowers in terminal corymbs;
lobes of the calyx subulate-linear. Houstonia purpurea Linn.

Woods. Penn. and Virg. W. to Miss. and Tenn. May—July. 21.—Stems
usually several from the same root, about a foot high, branching. Flowers pur-
ple. Purple Hedyotis.

2. MITCHELLA. Linn.—Partridge Berry.
(In honor of Dr. John Mitchell, a botanist of Virginia.)

Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed.
Corolla funnel-form ; tube cylindric ; limb 4-parted, spreading,
villous on the inner side. Stamens 4, adnate to the tube,
scarcely exserted. Stigma 4-cleft. Berry didymous, 4-seeded.

M. repens Linn.: stem branched, smooth, creeping; leaves opposite, pe-
tioled, roundish-ovate, often slightly cordate, smooth, very entire; flowers
terminal, in pairs.

Woods, among dried leaves. Can. to Flor. W. to Ark. June, July. 2.—
A small evergreen, creeping plant. Flowers white, hairy within, fragrant.
Berries red. Partridge Berry.

3. CEPHALANTHUS. Linn.—Button Bush.

(From the Greek xepaAy, a head, and av@os, a flower.)

Calyx small, angular, inversely pyramidal, 4-cleft. Corolla —
tubular, slender, 4-cleft. Style much exserted. Stigma glo-

RUBIACEZ. 151

bose. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, mostly 2-parted. Recep-
tacle globose, hairy.—F lowers in a globose head.

C. occidentalis Linn.: leaves petiolate, opposite or ternate, ovate or oval,
acuminate, smoothish ; peduncles long, often ternate at the extremity of the
branches.

Borders of ponds and streams. Can. to Flor. W.to Miss. July, Aug. h.—
Stem 4—8 feet high, branched. Heads of flowers about an inch in diameter.
Corolia white, somewhat funnel-form. Buiton Bush. Pond Dogwood.

4, DIODIA. Linn.—Diodia.

(Said to be derived from the Greek dcod0s, a road or way; in allusion to its
- growing by way-sides. at. Man.)

Calyx with the tube ovate or obovate, often 8-nerved, 2—4-
toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, exserted
or included. Style bifid or undivided. Fruit crowned with the
calyx, 2-celled, bipartite; carpel 1-seeded.

D. teres Walt.: stem procumbent, diffuse, terete, hairy; leaves linear-
lanceolate, nearly smooth, margin and keel serrulate; stipules with numie-
rous long bristles; flowers axillary, solitary, alternate; corolla bearded
within; fruit ovate, pubescent, crowned by the 4-lobed calyx. Spermacoce
diodina Mich.

Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. and Louis. W. to Ark. Aug. ().—Stem 4—16
inches high, much branched. Flowers opposite, often clustered, white or pale
purple. Terete Diodia.

5, GALIUM. Linn.—Bedstraw.

(From the Greek yadu, milk; one of the species having been formerly used to
curdle milk.)

Calyx with the tube ovate-globose or oblong; limb nearly
wanting. Corolla 4-parted, rotate, (very rarely 3-parted.) Sta-
mens short. _ Styles 2, short. Fruit didymous, roundish, rarely
oblong.

* Fruit smooth. Flowers yellow.

1. G@, verwn Linn.: leaves about 8 in a whorl, narrow-linear, grooved,
scabrous, with somewhat revolute margins ; flowers in dense panicles.
Pastures. Mass. June, July. 2|.—Svem erect, 9—18 inches high, slender,
branched, Flowers yellow. Employed by the Highlanders as a rennet to cur-
dle milk. Hook, Br. Fl.
xe Fruit smooth. Flowers white.

2. G. trifidum Linn. : stem decumbent or ascending, scabrous downward ;

leaves 4—6 in a whorl, linear, obtuse, scabrous on the margin and midrib ;
peduncles smooth, spreading, 1—3-flowered ; corolla 3—4-cleft. G. Claytont
Mich. G. obtusum Big.

Swamps and wet fields. Arct. Amer. to Car. W.to Oregon. June, July.
21.—Stem 5 inches to 1 or 2 feet long, much branched. eaves varving from

152 RUBIACES.

linear to oblong, elliptic and oblanceolate. Flowers in threes, white, very
minute. Dr. Hooker thinks the American, distinct from the European, plant.
Small Bedstraw.

3. G. tinctoriwm Linn.: stem diffuse, smoothish; leaves linear, some-
what acute; those of the stem in sixes; of the branches in fours; pedun-
cles terminal, elongated, mostly 3-flowered; corolla 4-parted. G. trifidwm
var. tinctoriwm Torr. g& Gr.

Wet woods. Can.to Car. June—Aug. %.—Stem weak, branching. Leaves
very narrow. Corolla white, mostly 4-cleft. Used as a red dye.

Dyer’s Bedstraw.

4. G. asprellum Mich.: stem diffuse, very branching, the angles re-
trosely aculeate ; leaves in sixes, fives and fours, elliptical or lanceolate, the
midrib and margins aculeate-hispid ; branches 2—3-forked ; pedicels filiform,
divaricate, short. G. micranthum Pursh.

Moist places. Can. to Virg. June, July. 2|.—Stem weak, 2—4 feet long,
often supported on other plants by its hooked prickles. Flowers numerous,
minute, white. - Rough Bedsiraw.

sphie *ee Fruit hispid.

5. G. Aparine Linn.: stem weak, branching, retrosely aculeate ; leaves
6—8 in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, with the midrib and margin
rough with refiexed prickles ; fruit large.

Moist woods. Can. to Del. W. to Oregon. June. ().—Stem 3—4 feet long.
Flowers white, numerous, on axillary arid terminal peduncles. Perhaps intro-
duced. : Common Cleavers. Goose Grass.

6. G. triflorum Mich.: stem procumbent, smoothish, the angles aculeate
or hispid; leaves 5 or 6 in a whorl, narrow-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate,
acuminate, mucronate, slightly hispid or scabrous on the margin and mid-
rib; peduncles axillary and terminal, mostly 3-flowered at the extremity.
G. cuspidatum Muhl. Ell. G. brachiatum Pursh. :

Moist woods. Can. to Louis. W. to Oregon and California. July, Aug.
21.—Stem 1—4 feet long, with short branches. Flowers rather few, greenish-
white, small. A variable species. Dr. Torrey states that it gives out a vanilla-
like odor in drying. Sweet-scented Bedstraw.

7. G. pllosum Ait.: stem ascending, hispid, hairy or nearly smooth; leaves
4 in a whorl, oval or ovate, mucronate, ciliate and mostly hairy; peduncles
elongated, dichotomous, often 3-flowered at the extremity. G. puneiiculo-
sum Mich. G. Bermudianum Pursh.

Dry woods. N. Y.to Louis. W. to Texas. June, July. 2|.—Stem 1—2 feet
high, mostly simple, more or less pubescent. Flowers brownish purple.

Hairy Bedstraw.

8. G. cirzezans Mich. : stem erect or ascending, nearly smooth or hairy ;
leaves 4 in a whorl, oval or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, some-
what pubescent, ciliate on the margin and nerves; peduncles lateral and
terminal, divaricate, few-flowered. G.brachiatum Muhl. G. boreale Walt.

var. 1. lanceolatum Torr. N.Y. Fl.: leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, rather acute. G.lanceolatum Torr. Fl. -

var. 2. montanum Torr. g Gr.: dwarf; leaves obovate, nearly smooth.

Rocky woods and mountains. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss.. June, July. 21.—
Stems usually several from one root, 10—18 inches high. Flowers purple.
Fruit clothed with dense white bristles. Wild Liquorice.

VALERIANACES. 153

9. G. boreale Linn.: stem erect, branched above, smoothish; leaves in
fours, linear-acute or linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, smooth, margin involute
and scabrous ; flowers in a divaricate terminal panicle, C. septentrionale
R. Gg 8.

Dry woods. Arct. Amer. to Penn. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem

1—2 feet high. Flowers white, in a crowded terminal panicle. The whole
plant is somewhat glaucous. Northern Bedstraw.

Ona LXV VALEREANACH 40-V arnevanwonts:

Calyx with a limb of various kinds either membranous or
resembling pappus. Corolla tubular, regular or irregular,
sometimes calcarate at the base. Stamens 1—5. Ovary in-
ferior, 1—3-celled ; style filiform; stigmas 1—3. Fruit dry,
indehiscent, with 1 fertile cell and 2 empty ones. Seed desti-
tute of albumen.—Herbaceous plants. Leaves opposite, with-
out stipules. Flowers in cymes or panicles.

1. FEDIA. Mench.—-Corn-Salad.
(Origin of the name uncertain.)

Calyx with the limb toothed and persistent or obsolete.
Corolla not spurred; the limb 5-lobed, regular or slightly ir-
regular. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas entire, 2 or 3-lobed.
Fruit 3-celled ; 2 cells empty (sometimes confluent into one)
the other 1-seeded.

FE. Fagopyrum Torr. & Gr.: fruit triangular, with an ovate outline,
nearly smooth when mature, obsoletely 2—3-toothed at the apex; lateral
angles acute, the anterior somewhat obtuse; upper leaves mostly entire
and rather acute. FF. radiata Torr. Fl. Valerianella radiata Beck Bot.
lst Ed.

Swampy grounds. Western N. Y. to Mich. and Ken. May. (J. ?—Svtem
6—18 inches high, dichotomous above. Leaves somewhat glaucous; the lower-
most spatulate, the uppermost lanceolate-oblong. Flowers white. Corolla and
fruit larger than in F. radiata. Perhaps introduced. Buckwheat Corn-salad.

2, VALERIANA. Tourn.—Valerian,
(From the Latin valeo, to be powerful ; on account of its medicinal effects.)

Calyx with the limb involute and at length evolved in a
deciduous plumous pappus. Corolla with the tube obconic or
cylindric, equal or gibbous at base, the limb obtusely 5-cleft.
Stamens 8. Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded.

V. sylvatica Richardson: smooth; stem slightly striate, simple ; radical
leaves ovate or oblong-spatulate, entire or slightly lobed at base, on slender
petioles; cauline pinnate; leafets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or
obscurely serrate ; flowers all perfect and similar, in a cyme which is at

bee
‘

154 COMPOSIT.

first compact, but at length open corymbose; fruit ovoid, compressed,
smooth. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) V. dioica Pursh. V. sylvatica Beck Bot.
Ist Ed.

Swamps. Fairhaven, Ver. Dr. Robbins. Savannah, Wayne county, N. Y.
Dr. Sartwell. Subarct. Amer. and the Rocky Mountains. June, July. 2.—
Root consisting of numerous fibres, with the odor of V. officinalis. Stem 2—3
feet high, simple, erect, smooth, (slightly pubescent when young.) Radical
leaves on long petioles, mostly-simple, but sometimes lobed or auricled at base,
sometimes a little cordate ; cauline pinnate ; leafets 3—6 pairs with a larger odd
one, ovate oval or somewhat rhomboid, all sometimes entire or with a few
coarse teeth. Flowers numerous, in a pedunculate 2—3-forked corymb. Co-
rolla reddish-white, gibbous at base ; the limb 5-cleft. Stamens much exserted.
Style very long and filiform. Capsule 2-ribbed. According to Torrey and Gray,
the Vermont and New York plant is a distinct variety, (wliginosa.) but their de-
scription does not include all the forms which I have observed in the Fairhaven
specimens. Tall Swamp Valerian.

OrverR LXVIII. DIPSACACEA).—TeazeEL_worts.

Calyx adhering, membranous, surrounded by a scarious in-
volucel. Corolla tubular; limb oblique, 4—5-lebed. Stamens
4; anthers distinct. Ovary 1-celled; style 1; stigma simple.
Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, crowned by the pappus-like
calyx. Albumen fleshy—Herbs or under shrubs, with oppo-
site or whorled leaves. Flowers collected upon a common re-
ceptacle and surrounded by a many-leaved involucre.

DIPSACUS. Linn.—Teazel.

(From the Greek dimWaw, to be thirsty; the upper connate leaves containing
water in their hollows.)

Flowers collected in an oyate or roundish head. Common
calyx (involucre) foliaceous, many-leaved; proper superior, of
one leaf. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft. Stamens 4. Stigma longi-
tudinal. Fruit crowned with the limb of the calyx.

D. sylvestris Linn. : leaves opposite, rarely connate; the many-leaved
involucre turned upwards; scales of the receptacle straight.

Fields and waste places. N.S. July. @.—Stem 3—5 feet high, strong,
angular, prickly. Flowers blue, in dense oval heads, shorter than the scales of
the receptacle. Introduced. Wild Teazel.

Orver LXIX. COMPOSITA.—Composites.

Calyx closely adhering to the ovary, and undistinguishable
from it; its limb either wanting or membranous, divided into
bristles, paleze, hairs or feathers, called pappus. Corolla mono-
petalous, either ligulate or tubular; in the latter case 4 or 5
toothed. Stamens 5, rarely fewer, the anthers cohering into a
tube. Ovary 1-celled; style simple; stigmas 3, either distinct
or united. Fruit an achenium, crowned with the limb of the

COMPOSIT 4. 155

calyx or pappus. Seed destitute of aloumen.—Herbs, rarely
shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules. Flowers
collected in dense heads upon a common receptacle, surrounded
by an involucre.

Susorper I. TUBULIFLORZ.

Corolla of the perfect flowers tubular, with 5, rarely 4, equal
teeth.

I. Vernoniacem. Style of the perfect flowers cylindrical ; ats
branches long and subulate, occasionally short and blunt, always
covered over with bristles.

1. VERNONIA. Schreb.—Iron Weed.
(In honor of Mr. William Vernon, an English botanist.)

Heads several or many-flowered; the flowers all equal.
Involucre imbricate. Receptacle mostly naked. Corolla regu-
lar, 5-cleft. Filaments smooth. Achenia with a cartilaginous
callus at the base. Pappus often double; the inner row of
numerous bristles ; the outer one much shorter and often chaffy.

V. Noveboracensis Willd. : stem erect, smoothish ; leaves on short petioles,
elliptic-lanceolate, pubescent beneath; heads numerous, 20—30-flowered ;
scales of the involucre ovate, appressed at base, the apex produced into a
spreading filiform seta: achenia smooth, shorter than the pappus.

var. prealla Torr. g& Gr.: scales of the involucre acute or acuminate,
unarmed or only a part of them filiform at the top. V. prealta Willd.

Wet meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Svtem stout,
3—6 feet high, striate, often purple, branching at the top. Flowers in a large
terminal corymb, purple. In some places it is an obnoxious weed.

Common Iron-weed.

9, ELEPHANTOPUS. Cass.—Elephant’s-Foot.
| (From the Greek edcdas, an elephant, and movs, a foot; in allusion to the form
and position of the leaves in one species.)

Heads 3—5-flowered, densely crowded into clusters. Invo-
lucre compressed, in two rows; the leafets dry, oblong, the
inner ones often 3-nerved. Receptacle naked. Corolla pal-
mate ; segments acuminate, one sinus deeper than the rest.
Achenia somewhat compressed, many-ribbed, oblong, pilose.
Pappus in one or two rows of several chafly bristles, dilated at
the base.

E. Carvlinianus Willd. : stem branched, hairy ; leaves scabrous ; radical
ovate, or obovate-oblong, crenate-serrate, attenuate at the base; cauline ob-
long, narrow at base; floral ovate-oblong.

+

156 COMPOSIT &.

Dry soils. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. Sept. 2.—Stem 2 feet high, hairy ;
especially near the base, branching towards the summit. Heads composed of
four clusters, each 4- flowered, with the znvolucre 9—10-leaved. Corolla purple.

Carolinian Elephant’s-foot.

Il. Evpatorracez. Style of the perfect flowers cylindrical ; tts
branches long and clavate, with a papillose surface onthe outside
near the end.

3. SCLEROLEPIS. Cass.—Sclerolepis.

(From the Greek oxAnpos, hard, and ders, a scale ; ; in allusion to the scales of
the pappus.)

Heads many-flowered. Involucre with the scales in two
series, linear and equal. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular,
smooth, 5-toothed, the throat scarcely distinct from the tube.
Style branching, exsert, cylindric-clavate. Achenia 5-angled.
Pappus of 5 somewhat corneous short oval and obtuse scales
in one row.

S. verticillata Cass. D.C. Sparganophorus verticillatus Mich.

In shallow water. N.J. to Flor. Aug., Sept. %.—Stem 1—2 feet high,
simple, a little pubescent at the top. Leaves linear, an inch long, 6—8 in a
whorl. Heads few, terminal, purple. Whorled Sclerolepis.

4, KUHNIA. Linn.—Kuhnia.
(In honor of Dr. Adam Kuhn, of Penn.)

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in
two or three series. Receptacle naked. Corolla with the limb
not distinct from thetube. Achenia elongated, sessile or stiped.
Pappus in a single series, plumose.

1. K. eupatorioides Linn.: stem herbaceous; leaves broad-lanceolate,

serrate ; corymbs paniculate, terminal, few-flowered.

Shee woods. N. J. and Penn. to Flor. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem 2—3 feet
high, slender, somewhat branched. Flowers whitish. Resembles an Eupatorium.
Hempweed-like Kuhnia.

2. K. paniculata Cass, : stem herbaceous; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate,
entire, younger ones with the margin ae panicle corymbose, spréad-
ing, many flowered (DIC) K. Critonia Willd. K. eupatorioides var. gra-
BES Torr. & Gr.

Mountains. Penn.to Ala. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem 2—3 feet high, slender,

often dark purple. Heads in a large panicle, consisting of many corymbose
clusters. Flowers pale yellow. _ Panicled Kuhma.
5. LIATRIS. Schreb—Liatris.
(Origin of the name unknown.)
Heads few, many-flowered. Involucre with few or numerous
imbricate scales. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed ;
the lobes elongated. Style with the branches much exserted.

COMPOSIT.&. 157

Achenia about 10-ribbed, somewhat cylindric. Pappus of
numerous plumose or barbulate bristles.

1. L. spicata Willd.: stem simple, smooth ; leaves linear, entire, smooth,
ciliate at base, nerved and punctate; upper very short, often subulate;
heads 9—13-flowered, in a dense elongated spike; scales of the involucre
oblong, appressed, obtuse. L. macrostachya Mich. Pursh.

Meadows. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Sitem 3—6 feet high. Spike
terminal, 6—18 inches long. Flowers bright purple.

Long-spiked Liatris. Blue Blazing Star.

2. L. pilosa Willd.: stem simple, pubescent ; leaves linear, hairy, ciliate ;
heads 10—14-flowered, on long pedicels, forming a loose raceme; scales of
the involucre oblong, obtuse, villous.

Pine barrens. N. J. to Geor. Sept.—Nov. %|.—Stem 2—3 feet high, a
little hairy. Leaves long and linear. Raceme long, leafy. Flowers small,
bright purple. Hairy Liatris.

3. L. scariosa Willd.: stem erect, pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, pubes-
cent, scabrous on the margin ; lower oblong, tapering into a petiole ; heads
15—40-flowered, in a spike or raceme; scales of the involucre obovate,
obtuse, scarious on the margin, the lower a little spreading or squarrose.
Li, heterophylla Nutt.

Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. and Texas. Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Stem 3—5 feet
high, stout, striate. Lower leaves very long. Flowers numerous, bright purple.
A very variable species. Ragged-cupped Liatris.

4, L. squarrosa Willd. : stem simple, pubescent ; leaves very long, linear,
nerved, with the margins somewhat scabrous; heads few, about 20-flow-
ered, on leafy pedicels, racemose; upper scales of the involucre lanceolate,
rigid and spreading ; segments of the flowers linear, villous internally.

Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Sept., Oct. 2|.—Stem 2—3 feet
high. Heads generally 4—5, bright purple. Rough-headed Liatris.

5, L. cylindracea Mich.: stem leafy, slightly hairy; leaves linear and
lance-linear, rigid, mostly 1-nerved; heads few, (1—7, rarely more,) turbi-
nate-cylindric, sessile or pedicellate, 16—20-flowered ; scales of the invo-
lucre numerous, with rounded abruptly mucronate tips. (Tvrr. N.Y. F/.)
L. flecuosa Thomas, in Sill. Jowrn. xxxvii. 328.

Near Niagara Falls. Thomas. S. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. 2.—Stem

6—18 inches high, often somewhat flexuous. Leaves 6—10 inches long. Flow-
ers bright purple. Cylindrical-headed Liatris.

6. CONOCLINIUM. D. C.—Conoclidium.

(From the Greek «kwvos, a cone, and «c\wn, a bed; in allusion to its conie re-
ceptacle.)

Heads many-flowered. Involucre campanulate ; the scales
in 2—3 series, linear, acute, subequal. Receptacle naked,
conic. Achenia angled. Pappus of one series, pilose, rough.

C. calestinum D. C.: herbaceous ; stem terete, pubescent ; leaves oppo-
site, petioled, ovate, truncate at base or subcordate, somewhat acute, ob-

188 COMPOSIT Az.

tusely dentate, 3-nerved, somewhat scabrous; flowers in crowded corymbs.
Celestina cerulea Spreng. Ewpatorium calestinum Linn.

Woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug.—Oct. |.—Stem 2—3 feet high.
Leaves on petioles, opposite, sometimes deltoid. Flowers in close fastigiate co-
rymbs, fragrant, light-blue. Jnvolucre about 30-leaved, 40—60- flowered.

Blue Conoclidium.

7. EUPATORIUM. Linn.—Hempweed.
(Named after Eupator, king of Pontus.)

Heads 3- many-flowered. Receptacle flat, naked. Involu-
cre cylindric or campanulate; the scales in 1, 2 or many
series. Corolla tubular, funnel-form, often dilated at base.
Anthers included. Achenia angled. Pappus ina single series,
pilose, rough. )

* Heads 5—15-flowered. Scales of the involucre oblong, imbricate. Leaves
opposite, closely sessile or connate.

i. E- sessilifolium Linn. : stem somewhat terete, smoothish ; leaves lan-

ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile or somewhat clasping, rounded at base,
acuminate, serrate, smooth ; corymb compound; heads 5-flowered; scales
of the involucre 10, oblong-linear, obtuse, imbricate.
' Rocky hills. Mass. toGeor. Aug., Sept. 2.—Stem 2—4 feet high, much
branched above. Leaves opposite but not connate, minutely dotted beneath.
Flowers in a widely spreading terminal corymb, white. 3
Sessile-leaved Hempweed.

2. E. truncaiwm Muhi.: stem terete, striate, villous-hispid; leaves lan-
ceolate, clasping, obtuse at base, acuminate, rugose, dentate-serrate, villous-
pubescent beneath; corymb compound, crowded; heads 5—10-flowered ;
scales of the involucre 12—15, imbricate, linear, obtuse.

Shady woods. Penn. to Car. July—Sept. ‘|.--Very similar to the pre-
ceding, but has the stem pubescent, the leaves truncate at base, with the serra-
tures larger and more obtuse, and the involucre more pubescent. Welld.

Truncate-leaved Hempweed.

3. E. perfoliatwm Linn.: stem villous-hirsute ; leaves connate-perfoliate,
lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, crenate-serrate, rugose, tomentose beneath;
corymb compound; heads 8—10-flowered. E. connatum Mich.

Swampy grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. %|.—Stem 2—4
feet high, hairy or woolly, branched at the top. Leaves large, sometimes only
slightly connate. Flowers in large fastigiate corymbs, white. ‘The whole plant
is bitter and is used asa tonic. Big. Med. Bot. 1. 33.

Boneset. Thoroughwort.

4, E. resinosum Torr. ; stem erect, velvety pubescent; leaves opposite,
closely sessile or partly clasping at base, linear-lanceolate, elongated, acu-
minate, serrate, nearly smooth above, velvety canescent beneath; corymb
fastigiate, compound; heads glomerate, 10—15-flowered ; scales of the in-
volucre oval, obtuse, imbricate, white-tomentose and glandular.

Swamps. N.Y. and N.J. Penn.? Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stems growing in
tufts, 2—3 feet high. Leaves membranaceous, viscid with resinous globules.
Heads rather small, very numerous. Resinous Hempweed.

COMPOSIT A. 159

** Heads 56—~10-flowered. Scales of the involucre oblong, imbricate. Leaves
mostly verticillate.

5. E. purpureum Linn. : stem simple, hollow, or nearly solid ; leaves 3—6
in a whorl, or rarely opposite, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, more or less
petioled, acuminate, veiny, rough or smooth above, somewhat pubescent be-
neath, serrate; heads in a large corymb, 5—9-flowered. E. maculatum
Linn. E. verticillatum Willd. E. trifoliatum Linn. E. punctatum Willd.
EE. amenum Pursh. :

Low grounds. Can. and throughout the U.S. Aug.—Oct. |.—Stem 3—8
feet high. Leaves 2—8 inches long. Flowers in a large terminal corymb, pur-
ple. A very variabie piant. ‘The stem is sometimes solid and purplish, and the
leaves three or four in a whorl, (£. verticillatum.) In other specimens the stem
is solid and marked with purple spots, the leaves broader, more rugose and
scabrous, (E maculatum.) Purple Hempweed. Joe Pye’s Weed.

*x& Heads 8—20-flowered. Leaves petioled, opposite.

6. E. aromaticum Linn.: stem terete, pubescent; leaves opposite, pe-
tioled, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, coarsely and unequally serrate, somewhat
scabrous; corymb somewhat panicled; heads about 20-flowered ; scales of

the involucre 10—12, linear-acute, equal. EH. melissoides Willd. E. cean-

othifoliwm Muh.

Low woods. Mass. to Flor. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem 2 feet high, pubescent.
Flowers in small corymbs, large, white, and aromatic. Distinguished from the
next by its pubescent stem, smaller leaves and short petioles.

Aromatic Hempweed.

7. E. ageratoides Linn.: stem smooth, branching at the top; leaves op-
posite, on long petioles, broad-ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, unequally and
coarsely serrate, thin and smoothish; heads 12—20-flowered ; scales of the
involucre narrow-lanceolate. FE. urtice foliwm Mich. é,

Woods and thickets. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Stem 2—3
feet high, somewhat branched. _Leaves on petioles 1—2 inches long, sometimes
slightly cordate. Heads in a compound corymb, more numerous than in the pre-

ceding, mostly 12—15-flowered. Flowers pure white, somewhat fragrant.
Neitle-leaved Hempweed.

xx%* Heads 5-flowered. Leaves alternate or opposite, rarely whorled,

8. E. hyssopifolium Linn.: stem pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate,
3-nerved, pubescent and punctate; lower opposite and dentate; upper en-
tire, and sometimes alternate; heads 5-flowered ; scales of the involucre 10,
imbricate, pubescent and glandular on the back. £. linearifolium Walt.

Sterile soil. Mass. to Flor. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem 1—3 feet high. Leaves
small, punctate. Flowers in a terminal corymb, white. Style exserted.

Hyssop-leaved Hempweed.

9. E. allissimum Linn.: stem pubescent; leaves opposite, subsessile,
lanceolate, 3-nerved, attenuate at both ends, pubescent; lower serrate in
the middle, upper entire; heads in a terminal corymb, 5-flowered ; scales of
the involucre 10, oblong-linear, imbricate, somewhat obtuse, pubescent.

Sandy woods. Penn. and Virg. W. to Miss. Aug.—Oct. 2.—Stem 3—7
feet high. Flowers in a terminal corymb, white. Tall Hempweed.

10. E, leucolepis Torr. f+ Gr.: stem puberulent; leaves opposite, divari-
cate, lanceolate or linear, obtuse, closely sessile, serrate, very rough on both
sides, punctate, strongly I-nerved; corymb fastigiate, canescent; scales of

160 COMPOSIT A.

the involucre 8—10, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, very pubescent and
glandular on the back, white and scarious at the summit. 2. glaucescens
B leucolepis D.C. E. linearifolium Mich. (in part.)

Sandy swamps. Long Island, N. Y., to Flor. Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Sitem 2 feet
high, mostly simple, slender. Leaves 2 inches long and 4—5 lines widg, spread-

ing and sometimes recurved. Flowers white. Style much exserted._
White-scaled Hempweed.

11. E. pubescens Muhl.: stem pubescent; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate,
acuminate, sparingly pubescent and glandular-punctate on both sides;
lower doubly serrate, upper slightly serrate; corymb compound, fastigiate ;
heads 5-flowered; scales of the involucre 10, linear-lanceolate, acute.
E. ovatum Big.

Sandy woods. Mass., N.J., and Penn. Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Stem 2 feet high,

the lower branches opposite. eaves thin and slightly scabrous. Flowers white.
Pubescent Hempweed.

12. E. album Linn: stem pubescent at the top; leaves opposite, subses-
sile, broad-lanceolate, attenuate at base, with a few coarse teeth at the
apex, somewhat scabrous, punctate beneath; heads 5-flowered, in a ter-
minal corymb; scales of the involucre 10, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
almost exceeding the corolla, glandular on the back. EE. glandulosum
Mich.

Woods. N. Y. to Flor. -Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Sitem erect, about 2 feet high.
Flowers in a terminal fastigiate corymb, white. Scales white at the tips.

White-headed Hempweed.

13. E. verbenefolium Mich.: stem roughish-pubescent ; leaves opposite,
(the upper often alternate,) sessile, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, scab-
rous, coarsely serrate-toothed; corymb compound, somewhat panicled ;
heads 5—6-flowered; scales of the involucre 10, oblong-lanceolate, rather
acute, hispid-pubescent. EH. teucrifoliuwm and lanceolatum Willd.

Low woods. Mass. to Car. Aug.—Nov. %1.—-Stem 2—3 feet high, erect,
rather slender. Leaves sometimes almost incised; the lower broad at base and
closely sessile. Heads somewhat clustered, corymbose. Flowers white. Scales
scarious on the margin, white at the tips. _Michaux’s name for this species has
the claim of priority, and, as Mr. Elliott remarks, is equally, perhaps more, ap-
propriate. Vervain-leaved Hempweed.

14. E. rotundifolium Linn.: stem densely pubescent; leaves opposite,
sessile, roundish-ovate or ovate-cordate, obtuse, toothed, veined, pubescent,
glandular-punctate beneath; corymb fastigiate; heads 5-flowered; scales
of the involucre 10, acuminate. E. Marrubium Wait. j

Sandy fields. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem 2 feet high, slender,

roughish-pubescent. Leaves sometimes almost orbicular, sprinkled with resinous
dots. Flowers in a flat-topped corymb, white. Round-leaved Hempweed.
8. MIKANIA. Willd—Climbing Hempweed.
(In honor of Prof. Mikan, of Prague, a botanist of the last century.)

Heads mostly 4-flowered. Receptacle naked, narrow. In-
volucre 4-leaved. Corolla with the tube short, dilated or sub-
campanulate at the summit, 5-toothed. Anthers somewhat ex-
serted. Achenia angled. Pappus in a single series, rough.

COMPOSIT&. 161

M. scandens Willd.: stem climbing, smooth; leaves petioled, hastate-
cordate, acuminate, repand-toothed; corymbs panicled, clustered. Hwpa-
torrwm scandens Linn.

Low grounds. Can.to Flor. July—Sept. 2|.—Stem 3—6 feet long, branch-
ing, striate. Leaves with asomewhat triangular outline. Flowers in numerous
compound cymose panicles, purplish-white. M. pubescens Muhl., which is prob-
ably only a variety of this species, is confined to the Southern States.

Common Clinbing Hempweed.

9. NARDOSMIA. D. C.—Sweet Colt’s-foot.
(From the Greek vapdos, spekenard, and ocpn, odor.)

Heads many-flowered, somewhat dicecious. Srerme FL.
Flowers of the ray in a single series, pistillate, ligulate ; of the
disk numerous, perfect but infertile, with the corolla tubular and
5-toothed. Ferrie Fi. Flowers of the ray in several series,
pistillate, mostly ligulate ; those of the disk few. Involucre in
a single series. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia smooth.

1. N. frigida Hook.: leaves cordate, unequally coarsely and obtusely
toothed, somewhat lobed, smooth above, white-tomentose beneath; the

lobes divergent at base. Twussilago frigida Pursh.

Mountain woods. N.H. Ver. and Mass. Arct. Amer. from lat. 66°. May.
2|.—Scape 5—10 inches high. Heads ina fastigiate thyrse ; rays white ; disk
purple. Northern Sweet Colt’s-foot.

2. N. palmata Hook.: leaves reniform or roundish-cordate, palmately
5—7-lobed, tomentose beneath; segments coarsely toothed, often incised or
somewhat lobed. Twssilago palmata Ait.

Swamps. Ver. to Penn. N.to Labrador. W. to Oregon. April, May. 2.—
Scape 6—20 inches high, stout, clothed with numerous sheathing scales. Leaves
often resembling those of Podophyllum peltatum. Heads in a corymbose thyrse.

Palmated Sweet Colt’s-foot.

10. TUSSILAGO. Towrn.—Colt’s-foot.

(From the Latin tussis, a cough; for the cure of which the plant is esteemed.)

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous. Flowers of the ray in
several series, pistillate; those of the disk few, staminate, tu-
bular, 5-toothed. Receptacle naked. Involucre of one series,
the scales oblong-obtuse. Achenia of the ray oblong-cylindrie,
smooth ; of the disk abortive. Pappus of the ray in many
series ; of the disk in a single series, capillary.

T. Farfara Linn.

Wet places and low meadows. N.S. March, April. 2|.—Scape 4—10
inches high, clothed with oblong brownish seales, Leaves cordate, angular,
toothed, smoothish above, the lower surface and the long petiole white-tomen-

tose. Terminal head about three-fourths of an inch in diameter. Introduced
and naturalized in several parts of the Northern States. Common Colt’s-/oot.

>

162 COMPOSIT &.

III. AsteromEx. Style of the perfect flowers cylindrical ; its
branches linear, flattish on the outside, minutely and equally pubescent
above. -

11. ASTER. Linn.—Aster.
(From the Greek asrno, a star; which the flowers resemble.)

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers ina single series, ligu-
late, pistillate; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Receptacle
flat, alveolate, or rarely naked. Scales of the involucre in many
series, more or less imbricated, with the tips sometimes foli-
aceous. Achenia usually compressed. Pappus simple, of nu-
merous rough bristles.

* Scales appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips. _ Bristles of the
pappus unequal, Achenia slender, scarcely compressed. Leaves large,
coarsely serrate, radical ones cordate. Buiotia D.C.

1. A. macrophyllus Linn.: stem more or less hirsute above; leaves rough,
serrate, acuminate; lower and radical on long petioles, cordate; upper on
winged petioles or sessile, ovate; heads in large corymbs; scales of the in-
volucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. Biotia macrophylla D. C.

Woods. Can. to Geor. Aug., Sept. 21.—Stem 2—3 feet high. Heads in a
spreading terminal corymb ; rays white or pale-blue. Large-leaved Asier.

2. A. corymbosus Ait.: stem smooth, dichotomously corymbose at the
summit; leaves ovate, mostly cordate, sharply serrate, acuminate, petiolate ;
heads loosely corymbose ; scales of the involucre imbricate, obtuse, shorter
than the disk; outer ones ovate. Biotia corymbosa D. C.

Dry woods. Can.to Car. July, Aug. %|.—Stem about 2 feet high, some-
times purple, branched at the summit. Heads middle-sized, few, in a fastigiate
_corymb; rays white, narrow. Corymbed Aster.

** Scales of the involucre ciliate, squarrose ; outer ones herbaceous. Re-
cepiacle alveolate. Bristles of the pappus rigid, unequai, Achenia hirsute,
rarely smooth, Leaves scabrous, mostly entire. Heads large and showy.
AMELLI Nees.

3. A.-bifiorus Mich.: leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, serrate, scabrous;
stem one or few-flowered above; scales of the involucre imbricate, ap-
pressed, oblong, acute, scarcely shorter than the disk. A. strictus Pursh. .

High mountains. Penn. Pursh. N. to Hudson’s Bay and Labrador. Sept.,
Oct. 2.—Stem 46 inches high, Heads middle-sized ; rays pale violet; disk
brownish-yellow. Few-flowered Aster.

4, A. surculosus Mich.: stem simple, low and slender, minutely pubes-
cent; lower leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or subserrate, scabrous above ;
upper linear, clasping; corymb 3—5-flowered, somewhat naked ; involucre
uubricate, subsquarrose ; scales ciliate, linear-oblong, inner ones obtuse.

Woods. N.S.? S. to Car. Sept., Oct. 2|.—Stems several from the same
surculose caudex, 6—18 inches high, somewhat angled. Heads rather lerge;
rays long, linear, violet. Perhaps not a native of the Northern States. i

Many-stemmed Asier.

COMPOSIT A. 163

5. A. spectabilis Ait.: stem scabrous, corymbose at the summit; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, very rough; upper sessile and entire ; lower serrate and
petioled ; involucre hemispheric ; scales numerous, obtuse, squarrose, glan-
dular-pubescent. A. grandiflorus Walt. A. elegans Willd.

Sandy soil. - Mass. to Flor. W. to Ken. Aug.—Nov. ‘|.—Stem 2 feet hich ;
branches 2 or 3-flowered, somewhat hairy. Heads 10—15 in a corymb, large
and blue. Showy Aster.

6. A. gracilis Nutt.: stem slightly pubescent, corymbose at the summit ;
leaves roughish, obscurely crenulate-serrate ; radical oblong or spatulate,
or naked petioles ; cauline oblanceolate or narrow oblong, slightly clasping ;
heads in a spreading corymb; involucre obconic, as long as the disk ; scales
- whitish and coriaceous, with spreading tips.

Pine barrens. N.J.W.to Tenn. Sept. ‘|.—Stems several, often from the
same surculose caudex, about a foot high, simple or with corymbose flowering
branches. Heads about 30-flowered ; rays violet. Resembles the preceding.

Slender Aster.

7. A. Radula Ait.: stem smoothish, angular, corymbose; branches few
and nearly naked; leaves lanceolate, attenuate at both ends, rugose, very
rough, coarsely serrate in the middle; scales of the involucre imbricate, ob-
long, somewhat acute, spreading at the tips. A. sudiflorus Nutt.

Low grounds. Nova Scotia and Maine to Penn.; rare. Aug., Sept. 2|.—
Stem 1—3 feet high, with a few spreading branches at the summit, purplish.
Leaves numerous, about 3 inches long. Heads few, large, on peduncles 2% or 3
inches long ; rays numerous, pale purple ; disk yellow. Rasp-leaved Aster.

8. A. Nove-Anglia Linn.: stem stout, hairy, corymbose at the summit;
leaves narrow-lanceolate, hairy, clasping, auriculate, crowded on the
branchlets; scales of the involucre subulate-linear, viscid, as long as the
disk. ile

Meadows. Can. to Car. Sept.—Nov. %|.—Stem 3—6 feet high, almost
hispid, with spreading branches. Heads large, in a loose terminal panicle ; rays
purple ; disk yellow. Avery ornamental species. | New England Aster.

9. A. patens Ait.: stem hairy, paniculate at the summit; leaves oblong-
ovate, cordate, clasping, rough, entire; those of the divaricate slender
branches very small; scales of the involucre imbricate, linear-lanceolate,
somewhat rough, spreading. A. amplexicaulis Mich.

Moist grounds. Mass. to Flor. W. to Texas. Aug.—Noy. |.—Stem 1—3
feet high, slender, rough, with spreading branches. Leaves of the branches
small and bract-like. Heads middle-sized, subsolitary on the slender branches ;
rays purplish-blue. Spreading Aster.

10. A. phlogifolius Muhl. : stem very simple, pubescent, paniculate above ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, narrower below the middle, auriculate and
clasping at base, tapering to an acute point, pubescent beneath; scales of
the involucre loose, imbricate, lanceolate. A. patens, var. phlogifolius Nees.

Moist grounds. N. Y.toCar. Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Stem 1—3 feet high. Leaves
larger than in the preceding, auriculate-cordate and a little dilated at base.
Heads few ; rays purplish. Phlov-leaved Aster.

xk Scales of the involucre more or less membranaceous on the margin.
Bristles of the pappus soft, capillary, nearly equal. Receptacle alveolate-
toothed. Achenia smooth or slightly pubescent. Grnurint Nees,

164 COMPOSITE.

+ Leaves of different forms.

ll. A. cordifolius Linn.: stem often flexuous, hairy, racemose, panicu-
late at the summit; lower leaves petiolate, cordate, acuminate, sharply ser-
rate, hairy beneath; upper becoming gradually smaller; heads in divari-
cate panicles; scales of the involucre closely imbricate. A. paniculatus
Ait. A. heterophyllus Willd. :

Woods. Can. to Geor. Aug.—Oct. %.—Stem 2—4 feet high, often hairy
or roughish above. eaves varying from broad- to narrow-ovate, the upper
small. Heads small, crowded on the spreading branches; rays pale purple or
whitish ; disk yellowish, changing to purple. Heart-leaved Aster.

12. A. sagitlifolius Willd.: stem smooth, racemose-compound above ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly ciliate; lower cordate-sagit-
tate, on slender narrowly winged petioles, serrate; upper linear-lanceolate,
acuminate at each end, sessile and usually entire; heads in dense com-
pound racemes, on short peduncles; scales of the involucre closely imbri-
cate, linear-subulate. <A. paniculatus Muhl. not of Ait.

Dry woods. Yates county, N.Y. Dr. Sartwell. S. to Geor. W. to Miss.
Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Stem 2—4 feet high, with numerous erect and rigid branches
above. Heads small, in crowded racemes ; rays pale purple ; disk yellow.

Arrow-leaved Aster.

13. A. undulatus Linn. : stem grayish-pubescent; leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, rough above, somewhat woolly-pubescent beneath, acute, the
margins undulate or crenate-serrate ; lower cordate and on slightly mar-
gined and often dilated petioles; uppermost smaller, cordate, clasping ; scales
closely imbricate. A. diversifolius Mich.

Dry woods. Nearly throughout the U.S. Torr. & Gr. Sept:, Oct. 2.—
Stem 2—3 feet high, pyramidally branched at the summit. Heads middle sized,
the branches and pedicels pubescent; rays violet-blue; disk yellow, at length
purple. Wave-leaved Aster.

tf Leaves all nearly of a similar form.

14, A. prenanthoides Muhl.: stem and branches hairy in lines, corym-
bose-paniculate at the summit ; leaves spatulate-lanceolate or oval-lanceo-
late, incisely serrate in the middle, acuminate, cordate or auriculate-clasp-
ing at base, scabrous above, smooth beneath ; scales of the involucre linear,
squarrose-spreading at the apex.

Moist woods. Western N. Y.and Penn. W.toKen. Sept., Oct. 2|.—Stem
1—4 feet high, sparingly branched. Heads above middle size, rather few. clus-
tered towards the end of the branches ; rays violet or lilac, sometimes nearly
white. Prenanthes-like Aster.

15. A. puniceus Linn. : stem hispid, paniculate above; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, clasping-auriculate at base, acuminate, coarsely serrate in the
middle, scabrous above, smoothish beneath ; scales of the involucre loosely
imbricate, linear-subulate, nearly equal.

Wet grounds. Can.and N.S. Sept.—Nov. 2|.—Stem3—6 {eet high, hispid
with strong prickly hairs, mostly purple. Leaves often rough on both sides and
sparingly serrate. Heads above the middle size, on nearly naked pedicels ; rays
violet purple, sometimes pale. Red-stalked Aster.

16. A. @stivus Ait.: stem branching from near the base, erect, hispid;
branches lax, hairy, with a head at the extremity of each; leaves lanceo-

COMPOSIT A. 165

late, ciliate, subclasping; radical, appressed-serrate ; cauline entire ; involu-
cre narrow, obconic; inner scales subulate.

Dry woods. N. Y. and Penn. Pursh. July—Sept. 2|.—Stem 2 feet high.
Heads middle-sized; rays blue. A doubtful species. Summer Aster.

17. A. Novi-Belgii Linn.: stem terete, smooth, often somewhat glau-
cous; branches rigid, racemose or corymbose; leaves lanceolate, sub-
clasping, acute, scabrous on the margin; lower serrate in the middle ;
involucre loosely imbricate ; scales linear-lanceolate, acuminate. A. Novi-
Belgu and floribundus Willd.

Moist grounds. N.S.?S.toGeor. W.to Miss. Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Stem 1—4
feet high. Flowers middle-sized ; rays pale purple. Glaucous Aster.

18. A. simplex Willd.: stem smooth, racemose-decompound ; branches
subcorymbose at the summit; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, very smooth,
scabrous on the margin; the lower serrate; involucre loosely imbricate,
the scales linear-subulate.

Margins of swamps. Can. and throughout the U.S. Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Stem
from 2—6 feet high, pubescent in lines. Leaves sessile or a little clasping.
Heads middle-sized, loosely racemose or a little crowded on the short branch-
lets ; rays pale purple ; disk yellowish, at length purple-brown. A very varia-
ble species. Simple Aster.

19. A. laxus Willd.: stem smooth, racemose-compound or decompound,
the branches loose and subcorymbose at the top, the branchlets elongated ;
leaves narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, rough on the margin; the lower ser-
rate; those of the branches linear, obliquely spreading ; scales of the in-
volucre loose, linear, reflexed at the tips.

Sandy soils. Mass. and N.Y. Sept., Oct. 2|.—Stem about 3—4 feet high,
with numerous rigid branches, purplish. Heads loosely corymbose ; rays very
numerous, purplish-blue. Loose Aster.

20. A. prealtus Poir: stem somewhat hairy, racemose-paniculate or co-
rymbose at the summit; leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping, acute, nearly
entire, rough on the margin, smooth and somewhat shining above ; lower
narrowed at base; scales of the involucre loosely imbricate, linear-lanceo-
late, acute, often with spreading tips. A. salicifolius Pursh, ?

Moist woods. N. H. to Penn. Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Stem 1—5 or 6 feet high,
branched near the summit. Heads large and showy; rays reddish-blue ; disk
changing to purple. Tall Aster.

21. A. Tradescanti Linn.: stem smoothish, racemose-compound; branches
virgate, the branchlets often unilateral ; leaves sessile, smooth, with rough
margins ; cauline linear-lanceolate, acuminate, remotely and coarsely ser-
rate; those of the branches becoming smaller, entire, spreading and mucro-
nate ; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3—4 series, narrow-linear, acute.

var. fragilis Torr. g- Gr.: cauline leaves, except the lowermost, mi-
nutely appressed, serrulate or entire, usually shorter; heads more scattered
on the branchlets. A. fragilis Willd. A. tenuifolius Ell. not of Linn.

Fields and dry swamps. Mass. to Ala. and Louis. Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Stem
2—4 feet high, bushy, with numerous branches, at length widely spreading.
Heads small, numerous, on branchlets disposed in a racemose manner; rays
pale purple, almost white ; disk becoming purplish. Tradescant’s Aster.

22. A. dumosus Linn.: stem smooth or slightly scabrous, racemosely

166 COMPOSIT A.

compound or decompound; the branches corymbose at their summits;
leaves linear, entire, or remotely serrate, rough on the margin, sessile ;
those of the branches smaller and acute; scales of the involucre imbricate,
linear-obtuse. A. sparsiflorus Willd. A. foliolosus Azt.?

Moist soils. Ver. to Flor. and Louis. W.to Mich. Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Stem
1—3 feet high. eaves decreasing in size to the branchlets. Heads scattered ;
rays pale purple or nearly white. A very variable species. Bushy Aster.

23. A. ericoides Linn.: stem smoothish, racemose-compound; branches
virgate, branchlets unilateral; lower leaves oblanceolate or oblong-spatu-
late, tapering into a short margined petiole, often serrate; upper linear-
lanceolate and linear-subulate ; scales of the involucre short, imbricate,
subulate-spreading, the lower cuspidate. A. sparsiflorus Mich.

Old fields. Can.toCar. W. to Miss. Aug.—Oct. %|.—Stem 1—3 feet high,
often so much branched as to resemble a small bush. eaves very numerous,
and somewhat rigid. Heads arranged unilaterally ; rays white or pale purple;
disk at length purplish. Heath-lke Aster.

24. A. miser Linn.: stem mostly pubescent or hairy, racemosely branched
or compound; branches erect or spreading; leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, sessile, acuminate or attenuate at each end, serrate in the middle;
radical spatulate-lanceolate or oval; upper becoming smaller and often
entire; scales of the involucre linear; rays short.

var. 1. miserrimus Torr. §& Gr.: leaves elliptic- or cuneiform-lanceolate,
more or less rough; flowering branches short.

var. 2. glomerellus Torr. §& Gr.: mostly cinerous-pubescent or rough;
heads glomerate-spicate at the summit of the stem, or on diverging branches.
A. diffusus Muhl.

var. 3. diffusus Torr. g&- Gr.: branches diffuse, mostly elongated, diver-
gent recurved-spreading or divaricate. A. diffusus, divergens, pendulus
and parvifiorus Nees.

var. 4. hirsuticaulis Torr. & Gr.: leaves narrow-lanceolate elongated,
more or less hairy ; heads racemose or spicate, on short diverging branchlets.
A. hirsuticaulis Linn.

Old fields. Can. and throughout the U.S. Aug.—Nov. %|.—A very varia-
ble species, the exact limits of which are not yet perhaps accurately fixed. I fol-
low Torrey and Gray, although it wili probably be found.that the characters
which they have given to their several varieties are not in all cases constant.
The heads are usually numerous, but quite small, with the rays often inconspicu-
ous white or very pale purple; disk purplish. Pappus dirty white. It usually
has the appearance of a stunted plant; varies in height from 8 or 10 inches to

3 or 4 feet, erect or diffuse, at first nearly simple, but at length much branched.

Starved Aster.
25. A. concolor Linn.: stem erect, simple or sparingly branched, virgate ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, entire, minutely silky on both sides ; heads
in a simple or compound virgate raceme; scales of the involucre imbricate,

lanceolate, acute. —

Dry sandy soils. N.Y. to Flor. Aug.—Nov. 2.—Stem 2—3 feet high,
sparimgly branched. Leaves at length nearly smooth. Heads on short bracteate
eduncles, middle-sized ; rays bluish-violet. It has somewhat the habit of a

zatris, and is one of our most showy species. Racemed Violet Aster.
26. A. multifloris Ait.: stem grayish-pubescent, diffusely racemose-com-
pound ; leaves crowded, linear, entire, serrulate-scabrous on the margin,

COMPOSIT &. 167

somewhat 3-nerved; those of the branchlets spreading or reflexed; scales
of the involucre loosely immbricate, subspatulate, ciliate, with the mucronate
tips spreading or recurved. A. multiflorus and ciliatus Willd.

Dry fields. Can. to Geor. W. tothe Rocky Mountains. Sept., Oct. 2|—Siem
about 2 feet high, much branched, usually covered with a dense white pubes-
cence. Heads small, in crowded terminal racemes, on horizontal branches ;
rays white or slightly purplish ; disk purplish when old.

Many-flowered Aster.

27. A. tenwifolius Linn.: stem smooth, racemose-decompound ; branches
virgate; leaves narrow-lanceolate, mostly elongated, attenuate-acuminate,
rough on the margin; lower serrate in the middle; those of thé branches
smaller, entire, spreading; involucre ovate-hemispheric; scales imbricate,
linear-oblong, acute, spreading at the tips. A. polyphyllus and bellidi-
florus Willd.

Low grounds. Can. to Car. Aug.—Nov. 1%|.—Stem 2—5. feet high, mostly
stout. Leaves variable. Heads middle-sized; rays numerous, pale purple or
while; disk sometimes becoming purplish. Slender-leaved Aster.

28. A. carneus Nees.: smooth or with the branches somewhat pubescent
in lines; leaves narrow-lanceolate, mucronate-acuminate, roughish above,
with serrulate-scabrous margins; lower more or less attenuate at base;
upper subclasping ; heads racemose ; scales of the obovate involucre closely
imbricate, unequal, acute.

Moist soils. Mass. to Louis. W. to Miss. Sept., Oct. 2|.—Resembles the
preceding in its foliage, but has the heads usually larger, the rays longer, broader
and more showy, flesh-colored or nearly white. A variable species.

Flesh-colored Aster.

29. A. coccinus Willd.: stem smooth, loosely subcorymbose; branches
virgate, dichotomously paniculate ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping ;
lower remotely serrate ; those of the branchlets oblong, entire ; scales of the
closely imbricate involucre with a white margin.

Fields and woods. N.Y. and Penn. Pursh. S.to Flor. Sept—Nov. 2.—
Siem 2 feet high. Heads middle-sized ; rays bluish-purple. ‘The leaves are said
by Pursh to resemble those of Phlox maculata. It may belong to the next.

Neat Aster.

30. A. levis Willd.: smooth and more or less glaucous; stem loosely
paniculate or somewhat corymbose at the summit; leaves lanceolate, ovate-
lanceolate or oblong, coriaceous, very smooth, with rough or sparingly ser-
rate margins; lower narrowed towards the base or tapering into a mar-
gined petiole; upper clasping and usually auriculate or cordate at base ;
scales of the involucre closely imbricate, rigid, lanceolate or broad-linear,
with acute or acuminate tips. A. levis, levigatus and mutadbilis D.C.
A. amplexicaulis Willd. A. rubicaulis Lam. (according to Te. ¢+ Gr.)

var. cyaneus Torr. §- Gr.: more glaucous; upper leaves cordate-clasp-
ing, oblong-lanceolate; scales more numerous. A. cyaneuws Hoff. Pursh.

Woods and banks of streams. Can. to Geor. Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Stem 2—4
feet high, more or less branched at the summit, often dark purple. Heads mid-
dle-sized; rays bright violet-blue ; disk yellow. A handsome species, but very
variable. It may be recognized by its very smooth stem and shining leaves.

Smooth Blue Aster.

31. A. versicolor Willd.: stem smooth, paniculate-compound ; branches
densely corymbose ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, very smooth, of

168 COMPOSIT®.

the same color on both sides; lower serrate in the middle; upper clasping,
entire ; scales of the involucre imbricate, lanceolate.

Fields and woods. N.J.to Car: Aug.—QOct. 2.—Stem 2 feet high. Heads
large and very numerous, clustered towards the summits of the branches; rays
white, changing to a deep violet; disk yellow. Pursh. A doubtful species.

Various-colored Aster.

32. A. Greenii Torr. & Gr.: stem very smooth, racemosely branched or
compound ; leaves nearly all remotely appressed-serrulate, smooth, acute or
acuminate, rough above; cauline narrowly lanceolate, elongated, slightly
clasping (not dilated) at the base, spreading; heads simply racemose on the
leafy branches, on short bracteate peduncles; scales of the campanulate
involucre linear-lanceolate, acute, rather closely imbricate.

Fields. Boston, Mass. Dr. Greene. Schenectady, N. Y. Tuckerman.—
Heads racemose or crowded on the slender branches; rays rather short, pur-
plish ; disk turning to reddish-purple. Greene’s Aster.

33. A. elodes Torr. §& Gr.: very smooth; stem simple or sparingly
branched, slender; leaves varying from lanceolate to linear, somewhat co-
riaceous, narrowed at each end, nearly entire or serrulate, shining ; upper
somewhat clasping by a narrow base; scales of the hemispheric involucre
spatulate-linear, acute, mucronulate, with recurved-spreading herbaceous
tips. A. paludosus Nutt.

Swamps in pines. Mass. to Car. Aug.——Oct. %|.—Stem 1—24 feet high,
flexuous, simple, with a few flowers in a paniculate raceme at the summit, or
somewhat compoundly branched above with the flowers more numerous.
Heads large, seldom numerous, solitary on the shortish branchlets ; rays large,
deep blue or violet ; disk yellow, sometimes turning purplish. (Torr. NV. Y. F/.)

? Blue Smooth Marsh Aster.

xxx Scales of the regularly imbricate involucre with membranaceous or

scarious margins, destitute of herbaceous tips. Receptacle alveolate, flat.

Bristles of the pappus capillary, mostly unequal. Ortaomerts Torr. g& Gr.

34. A. acuminatus Mich.: stem simple, flexuous, pubescent, or hairy,
loosely and paniculately corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender,
naked ; leaves broad cuneiform-lanceolate, membranaceous, conspicuously
acuminate, unequally serrate above, tapering and entire towards the base,
» smooth above, pubescent beneath; scales of the involucre loosely imbri-
cate, linear, acuminate. :

In woods and on mountains. Can. to Virg. Aug.—Oct. %|.—Stem 12—18
inches high, stout. Heads usually few, middle-sized; rays white, sometimes
tinged with purple. Acuminate-leaved Aster. -

35. A. plarmicoides Torr. g& Gr.: stem simple, rough above; leaves
linear-lanceolate, rigid, acute, somewhat shining, very rough on the mar-
gin; cauline entire; lower elongated, often slightly and remotely toothed,
tapering at base or somewhat petioled; corymb fastigiate; scales of the
hemispheric involucre closely imbricate, rather obtuse, shorter than the
disk. Chrysopsis alba Nutt. Diplopappus albus Hook. Heleastrum album
D.C.

Rocky banks. Can. Ver. and N. Y. W. to Fort Mandan. July—Sept. 2.—
Stems 6—18 inches high, slender, usually several from one root. Heads rather
small, in a fastigiate corymb; rays white. From Dr. Torrey’s figure in his

COMPOSIT &. 169

New York Flora, this plant appears to be a true Aster. It has been referred to
several different genera. Ptarmicoid Aster.

xaxx* Scales-of the involucre membranaceous or with membranaceous mar-
gins, destitute of herbaceous tips. Receptacle somewhat alveolate. Bristles
of the pappus capillary, nearly equal, Leaves thickish or succulent. Ox-
YTRIPOLIUM D.C. :

36. A. flecuosus Nutt.: stem very smooth, flexuous, sparingly branched ;
branches mostly terminated by large solitary heads; cauline leaves linear ;
lower lanceolate-linear, fleshy, acute, tapering to the base; those of the
branchlets subulate; scales of the campanulate -involucre lanceolate-acu-
minate. A. sparsiflorus Pursh. Tripoliwm flexuosum D.C.

Salt marshes. Mass. to Flor. Sept.—Nov. %2|.—Stem 1—2 feet high,
usually with a few spreading branches at the summit. Heads 1—2 on the
branchlets, large ; rays pale purple; disk yellow.

Perennial Salt-marsh Aster.

37. A. linifolius Linn.: very smooth; stem erect, racemosely branched
from the base; branches erect, spreading ; leaves lanceolate-linear, acumi-
nate, narrowed at base; scales of the cylindric involucre linear-subulate ;
rays scarcely longer than the pappus. <A. subulatus Mich, Tripolium
subulatum D.C.

Salt marshes. Mass. to Car. Sept.—Nov. ().—Stem about 2 feet high,
striate-angular, with numerous spreading branches. Heads very small, in a
loose terminal panicle ; rays short, pale purple or nearly white.

Annual Salt-marsh Aster.

12, GALATELLA. Cass.—Galatella.
(Origin unknown.)

Heads radiate; rays in one series, neutral or bearing an
abortive style; disk-florets tubular, fertile. Involucre with
the imbricate scales shorter than the disk; outer scales often
3-nerved. Receptacle alveolate ; the alveolar margins toothed.
Achenia densely hirsute or silky-villous. Pappus consisting of
numerous scabrous filiform bristles.

1. G, linifolia Necs.: stem erect, corymbose at the summit ; leaves linear,
entire, punctate, roughish, l-nerved; branchlets with a single head, and
having the leaves linear-subulate and becoming smaller; scales of the in-
volucre lanceolate, acute, the margins somewhat membranaceous ; rays not
exceeding the disk. Chrysopsis linifolia Nutt.

Shady woods. Penn. to Virg. Sept., Oct. 2.—Svtem 12—18 inches high,
terete. Heads rather large ; rays few, white or pale purple. Perhaps not dis-
tinct from the next. Flaz-leaved Galatella.

2. G. hyssopifolia Nees: stem erect, corymbose at the summit; the
branches spreading ; leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, entire, rough, 3-nerved,
punctate; those of the branchlets linear-subulate; scales of the involucre
acutish; rays elongated. Aster hyssopifolius Linn.

Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug.—Oct. 2.—Stem 1—2 feet high, smooth.
Heads in small terminal fastigiate corymbs ; rays 5—10, white or pale purple.
Hyssop-leaved Galatella.
8

170 COMPOSIT &.

3. G. nemoralis Nees.: stem pubescent, rough, corymbose at the summit ;
leaves lanceolate-linear, entire, without nerves or punctures, scabrous and
somewhat revolute on the margin; scales of the involucre linear, acute, in
few series, much shorter than the disk; rays elongated. A. nemoralis-Ait.
A. ledifolius Pursh.

Sphegnous swamps. Can. Mass. and N. J. Sept., Oct. 2|.—Stem simple,
12—i8 inches high, fragile and thickly set with leaves which are sometimes
minutely bidentate. Heads large; rays pale violet. The stem is sometimes

simple and _i-flowered. (G. nemoralis, 8.monocephalus D.C. Aster unifiorus
Mich.) Wood Galatelia.

13. SERICOCARPUS. Necs.—Sericocarpus.
(From the Greek onpixos, silky, and xapzos, fruit; the achenia being very silky.)

Heads 12—15-flowered ; the ray flowers about 5; those of
the disk tubular, fertile. Involucre imbricate, ovate or oblong ;
the scales in several series, broad at the base, cartilaginous,
nerveless, the upper part herbaceous and often spreading. Re-
ceptacle small, alveolate; the alveoli toothed or lacerate-ciliate.
Achenia obpyramidal, short, densely strigose-silky. Pappus
of simple, rigid, rough bristles.

1. S. solidagineus Nees.: smooth; stem erect, somewhat flexuous, an-
gled with elevated lines; leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, attenuate at the
base, obtuse, the margin scabrous, obscurely 3-nerved ; corymb fastigiate ;
scales of the oblong involucre squarrose at the tips; rays elongated.
Conyza linifolia Linn. Aster solidaginoides Willd.

Dry swamps and woods. Can. and N. S. to Louis. ; rare. Aug., Sept. 21.—
Plant yellowish-green. Stem about 2 feet high, often several from the same
root, slender, nearly simple or with a few short branches near the summit.
Heads few, somewhat clustered in a fastigiate corymb ; rays 3—8, white, longer
than the disk. Pappus white. Narrow-leaved Sericocarpus.

2. S. conyzoides Nees: stem slightly pubescent, a little angular; leaves
elliptic, or oval-lanceolate, obscurely 3-nerved, smooth beneath, acute at
each end, ciliate; lower serrate towards the apex, narrowed to a petiole at
base; involucre oblong-turbinate, the scales squarrose at the tips; rays
short. Conyza asteroides Linn. Aster conyzoides Willd. .

Yoods and copses. Mass.%o Flor. July—Sept. %|.—Stem 1—2 feet high,
rigid, but rather slender, Heads few, in small clusters. Scales whitish at base,
green at the tip. Var. plantagintfolius Nees. (Aster conyzoides 8 plantaginifolius
Nuit.), has the radical leaves spatulate, the heads somewhat pedicelled, and the
rays about as long as the involucre. Broad-leaved Sericocarpus.

14. DIPLOPAPPUS. Cass.—Diplopappus.
(From the Greek dim)oos, double, and razzos, pappus.)
Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers in a single series, pistil-
late ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Receptacle flat, some-
what alveolate. Involucre imbricate. Achenia oblong, com-

COMPOSIT &. 171

pressed. Pappus double; inner of long rough capillary bris-
tles ; outer very short, subulate.

1. D. linariifolius Hook.: stem erect or somewhat decumbent; leaves
linear, rigid, spreading or recurved, rough on the margin; scales of the
turbinate involucre rigid, 1-nerved ; the outer short and acute, inner usually
obtuse. D. linariifolius and rigidus Lind. in D.C. Chrysopsis linartifolia
Nutt, Aster linariifolius and rigidus Linn.

Hills and rocky places. Can. to Car. Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Stems 9—18 inches
high, often several from the same root, or branched from near the base. Leaves
about an inch long and one or two lines wide. Heads middle-sized, solitary and
terminal on the branches, forming an umbellate corymb; rays pale violet; disk
yellow. Narrow-leaved Diplopappus.

2. D. wmbellatus Torr. g Gr.: stem striate, fastigiate-corymbose at the
summit; leaves elongated, lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, tapering at
base usually into a short petiole, a little rough on the margin; scales of the
short involucre obtusish, rather closely imbricate. D. amygdalinus and
wmbellatus Hook. Diplostephiwm wmbellatum D.C. Aster amygdalinus
Mich. A. wmbellatus Ait,

Low grounds. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem 2—5 feet high, branched
at the summit. Jeaves somewhat rough above,smooth beneath. Heads nume-
rous, in a level-topped corymb ; rays about 12, white or yellowish-white ; disk
yellowish. Umbelled Diplopappus.

3. D. cornifolius Darlingt. : stem slender, somewhat pubescent, sparingly
and dichotomously corymbose-paniculate at the summit; leaves elliptic,
acuminate, subcuneate at base, subsessile, entire, ciliate-hirsute on the
margin, hairy on the veins beneath; scales of the involucre oblong-lan-
ceolate, rather obtuse, ciliate. Diplostephiwm cornifolium D.C. Aster
humilis Pursh. A. cornifolius Willd. A. infirmus Mich. .

Woods. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 2.—Stem 1—2 feet high, often flexuous,
smooth or sparingly pubescent. Heads usually few, on rather rigid peduncles :
rays White or yellowish ; disk yellowish. Cornus-leaved Diplop: appus.

4. D. paludosus Lind.: stem slightly pubescent, somewhat corymbose at
the summit ; leaves linear, sessile or clasping, somewhat concave, subulate,
smooth, rough on the margin; scales of the involucre somewhat squarrose.
Heleastrum paludosum D.C. Aster palludosus Ait.

Borders of swamps. N. J. to Flor. Nutt. Aug.—Nov. 2|.—Stem 1—2 feet
high, smooth nearly to the top. Heads 3—5, large and beautiful; rays nume-
rous, bright blue. ‘Torrey and Gri ay suggest that Aster paludosus of Nuttall is
a form of their A. elodes ; if so, this is probably not a northern species.

Marsh Diplopappus.

15. ERIGERON. Linn.—Fleabane.

(From the Greek spc, early, and yeporv, an old man; in allusion to the bald
heads of the receptacles after the tlowers and fruit have fallen. Zook. Br. Fi.)

Heads many-flowered; the ray flowers numerous, very nar-
row, usually in more than one series, pistillate; those of the
disk tubular, perfect. Receptacle naked, flat, punctate or scro-
biculate. Involucre imbricate, with numerous linear scales.

Pappus mostly simple.

172 COMPOSIT&.

* Rays not exceeding the disk.

1. E. Canadense Linn. : stem erect, hirsute, profusely and paniculately
branched; leaves lance-linear, mostly entire, ciliate, lower sometimes ser-
rate; heads small, very numerous; rays crowded, scarcely longer than the
cylindric involucre.

Fields and waste places. Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon and Texas. July—Oct.
(1).—Stem 6 inches to nearly 6 feet high, depending upon the soil, mostly very
hairy. Heads loosely racemose on the branches, forming an oblong panicle ; rays
white, narrow, scarcely longer than the pappus. When small it constitutes
E. pusillum of Nuttall. Horse-weed. -

#* Rays longer than the disk.

2. E. bellidifoliwm Mudl.: hairy and canescent; radical leaves obovate or
spatulate, slightly serrate or entire; cauline sessile, scattered, oblong-lan-
ceolate; heads few, large, corymbose ; rays very numerous, linear, twice as
long as the involucre. E. pulchellwm Mich.

Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June—Aug. %.—Stem 12—18
inches high. Heads large, 2—5; the lower peduncles elongated, rather slender ;
rays about 50, bluish-purple, sometimes nearly white. Robert’s Plaintain.

3. E. Philadelphicum Linn.: stem pubescent, weak, corymbose at the
summit ; lower leaves cuneate-obovate, sometimes obtusely serrate, or in-
cisely toothed; upper clasping, usually entire; heads few, on elongated
pedicels ; rays very numerous, capillary, twice as long as the involucre.
E. purpureum Ait.

Woods and fields. Hudson’s Bay to Flor. W. to Oregon and California.
Aug., Sept. %.—Stem 1—3 feet high, hairy or villous at base. Heads few,
middle-sized, in a loose corymb; rays 100 or more, very narrow, pale purple or
flesh-color. Philadelplaa Fleabane.

4. E. annuum Pers.: sparsely hairy ; stem corymbosely branched above;
lower leaves ovate, obtuse, coarsely toothed, tapering into a margined peti-
ole; upper cauline lanceolate-acute, serrate in the middle; uppermost
usually entire; rays very narrow, scarcely twice the length of the some-
what hispid involucre. FE. heterophyllum Willd. Stenactis annua and
strigosa D.C.

Fields and meadows. Can. to Virg. W.to Ken. June—Aug. (1). ?—Stem
stout, 2—3 feet high, angular, more or less hirsute. Heads rather small; rays
white or tinged with purple, narrow. <A popular medicine.

Annual Fleabune. Daisy.

5. E. strigosum Muhil.: stem slender, hairy, corymbose-paniculate at the
summit; leaves toothed or entire; lower spatulate-lanceolate, 3-nerved,
tapering to a long narrow petiole; upper lanceolate or oblanceolate ; rays
narrow-linear, about twice as long as the hispid involucre. £. integrifo-
hum Big. E.ambiguum Nutt. Stenactis ambigua D. C.

Fields and meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. @ or Q@).—
Stem 1—3 feet high, angular. Heads rather small, in terminal corymbs at the
summit of the branches; rays usually white, narrow, sublinear, the tube hairy.

Strigose Fleabane.

16. BOLTONIA. L’Herit.—Boltonia.
(In honor of James Bolton, a British naturalist and artist.)
Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers in one series, linear, pis-
tillate; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Receptacle hemi-

COMPOSIT A. 173

spheric, alveolate. Scales of the involucre as long as the disk,
In two series, appressed, the margins membranaceous. <Ache-
nia flat-compressed, smoothish or slightly hispid. . Pappus con-
sisting of many minute setose bristles; in the disk florets 2—4
of them elongated, subulate and thicker.

1. B. glastifolia L’Herit.: leaves lanceolate, somewhat glaucous, the
lower serrate ; heads on short pedicels; achenia obovate, broadly winged ;
awns of the disk pappus many, unequal, two opposite ones thick, elongated
and somewhat rigid. ;

Banks of streams. Can. Penn. to Car. W. tolll. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem 3—7
feet high. Heads in a loose corymb ; rays purplish ; disk yellow.

Glaucous Boltonta.

2. B. asteroides L/ Herit.: leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or obscurely
serrate; heads on long pedicels, loosely corymbose ; achenia oval, smooth ;
pappus very short, similar in the disk and ray, deciduous. Chrysanthemum
Carolimanum Walt.

Swamps. Penn. to Flor.; rare. Aug. 1%|.—Stem 1—2 feet high. Rays
pale purple. Aster-like Boltonia.

17. CHRYSOPSIS. Nutt.—Chrysopsis.

(From the Greek yovoos, gold, and ows, appearance; in allusion to the yel-
low color of the flowers.)

Heads many-flowered; ray flowers in one series, ligulate,
pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Receptacle flat,
subalveolate. Involucre imbricate; the scales linear, acumi-
nate. Achenia obovate, compressed. Pappus double; the
outer short and chaffy; the inner elongated, hairy and sca-
brous.

1. C. graminifolia Nutt.: silky ; stem leafy towards the summit; leaves
grass-like, lanceolate or linear, acuminate, erect, acute, entire, nerved ; co-
rymb compound; scales of the involucre linear and lanceolate-subulate,
subpubescent and glandular on the back. Inula graminifolia Mich.

Sandy woods. Del. to Flor. and Louis. Aug.—Oct. ‘.—Stem 1—2 feet
high, and with the leaves covered with a silky pubescence. Leaves long. linear
or lanceolate-linear. Heads numerous, corymbed ; rays yellow. Closely allied
to C. argentea Ell., but the leaves are conspicuously nerved, the corymbs gene-
rally more compact and the heads more numerous. — Grass-leaved Chrysopsis.

2. C. Mariana Nutt. : villous with long and somewhat deciduous hairs ;
leaves sessile, elliptic-oblong, rather obtuse, remotely denticulate ; lower
spatulate-lanceolate, attenuated to a petiole at base; corymb mostly sim-
ple; scales of the involucre linear, acute, and with the peduncles glandular-
viscid. Inula Mariana Linn.

Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. Aug—Oct. 2..—Stem 1—3 feet high, mostly
simple, leafy, sparingly clothed with long hairs. Heads rather large, tew, in a
terminal somewhat umbellate corymb; rays 14—18, spatulate-linear, yellow ;
disk yellow. Maryland Chrysopsis.

3. C. falcata Ell, : woolly and villous; leaves sessile, linear, very acute,

174 COMPOSIT®.

3-nerved, subfalcate and spreading, hairy beneath; peduncles few, in ax-
ilary corymbs and with the involucre villous. C. Mariana, var. Nuit.
Inula falcata Pursh.

Sandy fields. Mass. Conn. N.Y. and N. J. Sept., Oct. U.—Stem 6—12
inches high, leafy. Heads in a simple or compound corymb, smail. bright yel-
low ; rays about 12, oblong. Falcate Chrusopsis.

18. BIGELOWIA. D. C.—Bigelowia.

(In honor of Dr. J. Bigelow, of Boston, author of the Flor. Bosioniensis.)

Heads 3—5-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect.
Receptacle narrow, pointed by a hyaline or scale-like cusp as
long as the achenia. Involucre clavate-cylindric, imbricate ;
the scales linear, appressed and somewhat glutinous. Achenia
somewhat obconic, hairy. Pappus a single series of rough
capillary bristles.

B. virgata D.C.: herbaceous, smooth; stem virgately branched;
branches corymbiferous, fastigiate; leaves narrow-linear, nerveless; heads
oblong, 3—4-flowered; scales of the involucre glutinous and appressed.
B. nudata,var. virgata Torr. & Gr. Chrysocoma virgata Nutt.

Swamps. N. J. to Flor. Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Stem about 18 inches high and
branched nearly from the base. eaves short and narrow, scattered, smooth
and thickish ; the radical ones broader and longer. Florets bright yellow. Re-
sembles Solidago tenuifolia Pursh. Virgate Bigelowia.

19. SOLIDAGO. Linn.—Golden-Rod.

(From the Latin solidari, to unite; on account of its reputed healing qualities.)

Heads usually small, few- or many-flowered ; ray flowers few,
or sometimes wanting ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Re-
ceptacle narrow, naked or alveolate. Involticre oblong ; the
scales imbricate, appressed. Achenia many-ribbed, somewhat
terete. -Pappus in a single series, pilose, scabrous.—Flowers
yellow (except in S. bicolor.)

* Scales of the involucre imbricate, free. ‘Rays ligulate, fewer than the

disk flowers. Receptacle naked or alveolate, not fimbrillate. Racemes pan-~
iculate or simple, not corymbose. VirGaurEA Tourn.

+ Racemes secund, somewhat recurved.
1. Leaves 3-nerved.

1. S. Canadensis Linn.. stem villous; leaves lanceolate-serrate, 3-nerved,
scabrous above, pubescent beneath; racemes paniculate, secund, recurved;
heads small; rays short.

Pields and woods. Can. to Flor. N. to Subarct. Amer. W. to Oregon. Auc.,
Sept. 2.—Stem 2—5 feet high, very villous. Leaves large, always scabrous on
the upper side. Heads very small; rays 7—8. Of this very variable species,
S. procera Ait. S. scabra Willd., are probably nothing more than varieties.

S. reflexa Ait. and S. lateriflora Linn., are also allied to it; but according to

COMPOSIT ©. 175

Torrey and Gray, they are only known as cultivated plants and their characters
are very obscure. Canadian Golden-rod.

2. S. serotina Ait.: stem very smooth and often glaucous; leaves lan-
ceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, 3-nerved, very smooth except the veins
beneath, margin and upper surface rough; racemes paniculate, secund ;
peduncles slender, pubescent ; rays numerous, short.

Low grounds. Can. Nearly throughout the U.S. W.toOregon. Sept., Oct.
2|—Stem 4—8 feet high, terete, sometimes purplish. Heads middle-sized ;
rays 9—12. Distinguished from S. Canadensis by its smooth stem, and irom
S. gigantea by its rough leaves. Late-fiowering Golden-rod.

3. S. arguta Ait: smooth; stem strict; radical and lower cauline leaves
large, elliptic- or lanceolate-oval, ebscurely 3-nerved, sharply serrate, acu-
minate, tapering into winged and somewhat ciliate petioles; the others
lanceolate, tapering at each end, sessile, sparingly serrate or entire; racemes
dense, at length elongated and recurved, forming a corymbose panicle;
scales of the involucre oblong, rather obtuse, much appressed. S. czliaris
Willd. S. juncea Att.

Woods and fields. N. Y. and Penn. to Car. N. toSubarct. Amer. W. to Miss.
Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem 2—4 feet high, terete, sometimes purple. Heads smali,
very numerous, arranged in a long racemose corymbose panicle which is at
length spreading. According to ‘Torrey and Gray, S. juncea Ait. is a variety
with narrower leaves. Sharp-toothed Golden-rod.

4. S. gigantea Ait.: stem erect, smooth ; leaves smooth on both sides, lan-
ceolate, attenuate at both ends, serrate, scabrous on the margin, 3-nerved ;
racemes paniculate, secund, spreading ; peduncles hirsute; rays a little
longer than the disk.

Fields and woods. Can. to Ala. W. to Oregon. Aug., Sept. 2|—Stem 4—7
feet high, purplish, and with the leaves quite smooth. Heads rather large.
Tall Smooth Golden-rod.

2, Leaves. veined.

5. S. linoides Soland: smooth; stem simple; leaves lanceolate, finel

) ? ?
appressed-serrate, with scabrous margins ; radical and lower cauline acute
or acuminate at both ends, on slender ciliate petioles ; upper oblong, some-
times entire ; panicle small, turned to one side; scales of the involucre ob-
long-linear, obtuse (Turr + Gr.)

Sphagnous swamps. Mass. and N. J. Sept., Oct. 2|—Stem 12—20 inches
high, slender. Heads small; rays 1—3, short; the disk flowers 4—d,

Flax-like Golden-rod.

6. S. allissima Linn.: stem erect, hispid with rough hair; leaves ovate-
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate, very
scabrous, rugose-veined ; racemes paniculate, spreading or recurved; rays
7—10. S. altissima, aspera, rugosa and villosa Pursh. (according to
Torr. g Gr.)

Fields and woods. Can. and throughout the U.S. Aug., Sept. 2L.—Stene
3—7 feet high, robust and hairy, often purplish. eaves sometimes thin and
nearly smooth above, softly hairy on the veins beneath, US. villosa ;) or reticu-
lated and very rugose, (S. rugosa.) Ideads rather small.

Tall Rough Golden-rod.

7. S. Mudlenbergii Torr. §> Gr.: stem smooth, angled; leaves large
and thin, very smooth on both sides, sharply serrate; radical on winged

176 COMPOSITE.

petioles; cauline elliptic-lanceolate, strongly acuminate, tapering at base;
uppermost somewhat entire; racemes pubescent, disposed in an elongated
open panicle. S. arguta Muhl. not of Ait.

Low grounds. Mass. to Penn. Aug.,Sept. %|.—Stem 2—3 feet high, simple
or virgately branched. Heads rather large, on short racemes, forming a some-
what slender panicle; rays 5—7, spatulate-oblong, large.

Muhlenberg’s Golden-rod.

8. S. nemoralis Ait: stem tomentose, simple or branched above; radical
leaves somewhat cuneate, crenate-serrate, narrowed at base into a petiole ;
cauline oblanceolate, nearly entire, roughish-pubescent; racemes secund,
paniculate. S. hispida Muh.

Sandy fields. Can. and throughout the U.S. Aug.—Oct. 2.—Stem 1—2
feet high, often much branched at the summit. Heads middle-sized, in a small
and somewhat corymbose panicle; rays spatulate-oblong, rather short. ‘The
whole plant has a grayish or pulverulent appearance. |

Woolly-stalked Golden-rod.

9. S. puberula Nutt.: minutely puberulent; stem simple; leaves lanceo-
late, entire, attenuated at each end; radical subserrate; racemes spiked,
axillary, erect, spreading, forming an elongated panicle; scales of the in-
volucre linear, subulate, appressed; rays about 10, elongated.

Sandy woods. Maine to Geor. ‘1.—Stem 2—-4 feet high, often purplish.
Racemes shorter than the lower leaves, collected into a leafy spike: rays bright
yellow. Resembles the preceding, but differs in its leaves and flowers.

Puberulent Golden-rod.

10. S. patula Muhl.: stem erect, striate, smooth; leaves elliptic, serrate,
smooth beneath, rough above; the radical oblong-spatulate; racemes secund,
paniculate, spreading ; peduncles pubescent.

Wet meadows. Can. to Flor. W.to Miss. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem 2—4 feet
high, somewhat angular, often purple, branched at the top. Leaves large.
Heads rather large. Panicle sometimes contracted. Rays 6—7, oblong.

Spreading Golden-rod.
ll. S. neglecta Torr. ¢ Gr.: stem smooth, striate ; leaves mostly thick-
ish, smooth; lower oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, mostly acute at
each end, finely serrate, upper entire; racemes short, dense, secund, some-
what spreading, forming an elongated leafy panicle; peduncles smoothish.
Swamps. - Mass. N.Y. to Car. W. toInd. Aug., Sept. %|.—Stem 3—6 feet
high, stout. Heads middle-sized, in racemes which are at length spreading;
rays 4—5, rather large. Neglected Golden-rod.
12. S. ulmifolia Willd. : stem erect, smooth, striate ; leaves elliptic-lan-
ceolate, deeply serrate, acuminate, tapering at base, villous beneath; radi-
cal obovate; racemes paniculate, secund ; peduncles villous; rays short.
Shady woods. N.S. Aug.—Oct. %|.—Stem 3—4 feet high, often with long
slender branches at the summit. Heads in racemes which are often slender and
usually recurved; rays about 4, small. The name is inappropriate.
Elm-leaved Golden-rod.
13. S. elliptica Ait. : stem erect, glabrous ; leaves elliptic, smooth, serrate ;
Tacemes paniculate, secund; peduncles and pedicels minutely pubescent ;
scales of the involucre narrow, acute; achenia strigose-pubescent. (Torr.

§ Gr.)

COMPOSIT A. 177

Shady woods. Can. and N. Y.?—Stem about 7 feet high. Leaves large.
Rays middle-sized. An obscure species. Elliptic-leaved Golden-rod.

14. S. recurvala Willd.: stem erect, pubescent; leaves lanceolate, acu-
minate, serrate, nearly glabrous above, scabrous on the margin and nerves
beneath; racemes elongated, secund, panicled.

Shady woods. Penn. and Virg. Sept—Nov. %—Pursh. Still doubtful
as a native species. Recurved Golden-rod.

15. S. sempervirens Linn.: stem erect, smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate,
fleshy, smooth, very entire, scabrous on the margin; the radical oval, ta-
pering into a long petiole ; racemes paniculate, secund; peduncles pubes-
cent. S. levigata and viminea Ait. S. limonifolia Torr. Comp.

Salt marshes. Can.toCar. Sept.—Nov. 2|.—Stem 3—6 feet high, smooth
and striate. Petioles6—12 inches long. Heads rather large ; rays 8—10, linear-
oblong, twice as long as the disk. Salt-marsh Golden-rod.

16. S. odora Ait.: stem erect, pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire,
smooth, pellucid-punctate, scabrous on the margin; racemes paniculate,
secund. )

Fertile woods. Can. to Flor. Aug.—Oct. %|.—Stem 2—3 feet high, with
lines of pubescence from the base of the leaves. Heads middle-sized, in secund
racemes, forming a terminal pyramidal panicle ; rays 3—4, oblong, large. The
flowers when dried, form an excellent substitute for tea, and have been ex-
ported to China. Pursh. The leaves yield by distillation, a fragrant volatile
oil. Big. Med. Bot. i. 187. Sweet-scented Grolden-rod.

17. S. pilosa Walt.: stem hirsute, strict, very leafy ;-leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate, serrulate, slightly scabrous, often pubescent beneath ; upper ovate-
lanceolate or oblong, closely sessile, mostly entire ; racemes recurved,secund,
in a dense pyramidal panicle. S. pyramidata Pursh.

Damp soils. N. J. to Flor. and Louis. Sept., Oct. 2|.—Stem 3—7 feet high,
stout. Heads very numerous, about as large as in S. odora; rays 7—10; disk
flowers about 5, nearly as long as the rays. Pilose Golden-rod.

tt Racemes erect, not secund.

18. S. Ohioensis Riddell: stem very smooth, erect, fastigiate-corymbose
at the summit ; lower leaves lanccolate-oblong, rather obtuse, scabrous on
the margin, remotely serrate near the apex, tapering into slender petioles ;
upper lanceolate, sessile, nearly entire; heads numerous, on slender pedi-
cels. (Torr. § G7.)

Moist meadows. Western N. Y. to Ohio. Sept., Oct. 2|.—Stem 2—3 feet
high, terete, simple and virgate. Heads oblong, erect, in a compound raceme ;
rays 6—7, small. Ohio Golden-rod.

19. S. speciosa Nutt.: stem smooth, simple or virgately branched ; leaves
lanceolate, entire, somewhat fleshy, scabrous on the margin; lower oval
or ovate, subserrate, petioled; upper lanceolate, entire ; racemes terminal,
erect and compound, pubescent ; peduncles mostly shorter than the invo-
lucre. SS. sempervirens Mich. not of Linn.

Shady woods. Mass. to Flor. W. to Texas. Sept., Oct. 2|.—Stem often 5
feet high, smooth and suleate. Leaves large. Heads forming numerous termi-
nal and erect racemes ; rays very broad, deep yellow.

Handsome Golden-rod.

20. S. dicoler Linn. : stem and leaves hairy; leaves elliptic-lanceolate

Q*
©

178 COMPOSIT &.

acute, white-pubescent; lower tapering into a petiole, serrate; branches
leafy ; racemes erect; scales of the involucre obtuse. Aster bicolor Nees.
Spreng.

Dry Hills. Can.toGeor. Aug—Oct. %|.—Stem 1—2 feet high, erect, very
pubescent. Heads numerous, rather large, in short clusters, forming a long

dense leafy raceme along the upper part of the stem; rays 7—9, nearly white.
Two-colored Golden-rod.

21. S. stricta Ait.: stem erect, smooth; cauline leaves lanceolate, very
entire, smooth, scabrous on the margin; radical tapering into winged peti-
oles, minutely serrate ; racemes paniculate, very erect ; peduncles smooth.

Sphagnous swamps. Hudson’s Bay to Mass. and N. Y. July, Aug. %.—
Stem 24 feet high, virgate, purplish. Heads forming a dense stiffly erect pan-
icle which is leafy at base ; rays 5—6, rather small. Upright Golden-rod.

22. S. virgata Mich.: stem smooth and simple, summit racemose ; leaves
smooth, lanceolate-oblong, somewhat obtuse, appressed to the stem, diapha-
nously punctate; upper smaller and entire; branches of the panicle elon-
gate, racemed at the summit; peduncles erect, smooth, filiform and squar-
rose.

Swamps. N.J. to Flor. Sept., Oct.—Stem 2—4 feet high, much attenu-
ted. Leaves gradually diminishing upwards; lower ones very large, serrulate.
Heads small. Long-branched Golden-rod.

23. S. latifolia Linn.: stem angled, mostly flexuous, smooth; leaves
broad-ovate or oval, coarsely dentate-serrate, very acuminate at both ends
or abruptly attenuate into a short petiole, mostly hairy on the veins be-
neath; heads in short axillary racemes or clusters, racemose or paniculate
at the summit of the stem. S. flezicaulis Ait. -S. macrophylla Big.

Moist woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Stem 2—3 feet
high, usually simple. Heads middle-sized, in clusters or racemes; rays 3—4;
disk flowers 6—7. road-leaved Golden-rod.

24. S. cesia Linn.: stem erect, smooth, glaucous, simple or branched;
leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth; heads in
short axillary clusters or racemes; peduncles pubescent; involucres smooth.
S. flexicaulis Linn. SS. axillaris Pursh. SS. livida Willd.

Woods and thickets. Can.to Geor. Aug.—Oct %|.—Stem 2—3 feet high,

slender, usually dark purple and glaucous. Heads middle-sized; rays 3—44.
Allied to S. latafolia, but probably distinct. Purple-stalked Golden-rod.

25. S. rigida Linn.: stem erect, roughly pubescent, paniculate at the
summit; leaves rigid, scabrous, slightly clasping; lower oval, petioled,
crenate-dentate ; upper ovate-oblong, sessile, entire: heads very large, in
compact erect racemes; scales of the involucre obtuse. -

Rocky hills. Conn. and N.Y. to Car. W. to Texas. Aug.—Oct. %1.—Stem
3—4 feet high, rigid, very pubescent when young. Heads very large, many-
flowered, clustered near the summits of the branches; rays 7—10, elongated.

Rigid-leaved Golden-rod.

26. S. Virga-Aurea Linn.: stem erect, terete, pubescent and branching
at the top; cauline leaves lanceolate, serrate, attenuate at each end; lower

ones elliptic, petioled; racemes erect, simple or compound; scales of the
involucre linear-acute.

COMPOSI'T 4&. 179

var. alpina Big.: a few inches in height, with obovate or lanceolate,
mostly entire, leaves.

Woods on the sides of the White Mountains, N.H. Big. Summit of Mount
Marcy, Essex county, N. Y. Zorr. N.to Labrador. Aug.—Oct. %|.—Stem
flexuous, 1—3 feet high. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, often with a long narrow
base, serrate; the upper nearly entire. Heads few and large; rays about 8,
elongated. Common to Europe, Asiaand America. A variable species.

Common Grolden-rod.

27. S. hwmilis Pursh: glabrous; stem simple, erect; radical leaves ob-
lanceolate or spatulate, obtuse, crenate-serrate at the apex, tapering into a
petiole; cauline lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base; uppermost linear
and entire; raceme simple or compound and paniculate, elongated, strict ;
scales of the involucre oblong, mostly obtuse. (Torr. g& Gr.)

Banks of Onion river, Ver. Robbins. N.to Hudson’s Bay. Aug., Sept. 2.—
Stem 6—15 inches high, smooth, but more or less glutinous. Heads middle-
sized, rather crowded ; rays 6—8, short. Dwarf Golden-rod.

28. S. thyrsoides Meyer : stem erect, or somewhat flexuous, simple, smooth,
the summit and peduncles villous-pubescent; leaves smooth, ovate, irregu-
larly and sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, narrowed into very long pe-
tioles; uppermost oblong-lanceolate, subsessile, often pubescent beneath ;
heads large, in an oblong simple raceme; scales of the involucre lanceolate,
acuminate, membranaceous. (Torr. g G7.)

Wooded sides of the White Mountains, N.H. Boott. Killington Peak, Ver.
Robbins. N.to Labrador. Aug., Sept. %|.—Allied to S. Virga-Aurea, but has
the leaves, except the uppermost, on long petioles, and the heads larger.

Thyrse-like Golden-rod.

29. S. squarrosa Muhl.: stem thick, very pubescent above; leaves
smooth; lower very broad, spatulate-oval, serrate, acute, scabrous on the
margin ; upper sessile, lanceolate-elliptic, entire ; racemes axillary, glome-
rate; involucre squarrose, many-flowered. S. macrophylla Pursh.

Rocky banks. Can. to Penn. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem 2—4 feet high, stout,
simple. Heads in dense axillary clusters, forming a long leafy compound spike ;
rays 10—12, bright yellow, elongated. Well distinguished by its squarrose invo-
luere. Squarrose Golden-rod.

** Scales of the involucre much appressed, somewhat glutinous. Ray-
flowers more nwmerous than those of the disk, very small, yellow. Receptacle
fimbrillate. Heads in corymbose clusters, mostly fascicled, Leaves linear,
quite entire, sessile. Euruamia Nuit,

30. iS. lanceolata Linn.: stem much branched, fastigiate ; leaves lanceo-
late-linear, very entire, 3—5-nerved, minutely scabrous-pubescent ; heads
ovoid-cylindric, in dense corymbose clusters, sessile. S. graminifolia Ell.
Euthamia graminifolia Nutt.

Low grounds. Throughout the U.S. N. to Subarct. Amer. Aug., Sept.
2|.—Stem 2—4 feet high, roughish-pubescent, angular-striate. Heads rather
large, in clusters at the summit of the corymbose branches ; rays 15—20, small;
disk flowers 8—12. Bushy Golden-rod.

31. S. denwifolia Pursh.: stem angled, scabrous, with fastigiate branches ;
leaves very narrow-linear, spreading, 1- or rarely 3-nerved, covered with
glandular dots, scabrous on the margin; heads ebovoid or turbinate, in

iti

180 COMPOSIT Z.

loose corymbose clusters. S. lanceolata,B. minor Mich. Euthamia tenui-
folia Nutt.

Sandy fields. N.Y. and Mass. to Flor. and Louis. Aug.—Oct. 2.—Stem
slender, 12—18 inches high. Heads smaller and less crowded than in the pre-
ceding ; rays about 10; disk flowers 5—6. Slender-leaved Golden-rod.

90. BACCHARIS. Linn.—Baccharis.
(From Bacchus, to whom the original plant was dedicated by the Greeks.)

Heads many-flowered, dicecious ; the flowers all similar and
tubular. Receptacle naked or somewhat chaffy. Involucre
somewhat hemispheric or oblong, imbricate, in several series.
SreriteE Fr. Corolla dilated, 5-cleft. Anthers exserted, un-
awned at base; style more or less abortive. Pappus in a single
series, about as long as the involucre. Ferrite Fu. Corolla
filiform and somewhat truncate. Anthers none. Style bifid,
exserted. Pappus in one or several series, usually much longer
than the involucre. y

B. halimifolia Linn.: leaves obovate, incisely-toothed above, cuneate at
base and attenuated into a short petiole; upper lanceolate and nearly
entire; heads of the sterile plant subglobose, solitary or aggregated ; of the

fertile ovoid-oblong, loosely panicled.

Sandy beaches. N.Y. Conn. and N.J. S. to Flor. Sept., Oct—A shrub
6—12 feet high, covered with a whitish resinous powder ordust. Heads in the
sterile plant mostly clustered at the summit of the leafy branches; in the fer-
tile, arranged in a large loose terminal panicle. Flowers white.

: Groundsel Tree. _

21, PLUCHEA. Cass.—Marsh Fleabane.
(Named in honor of Noel Pluche, author of ‘‘ Spectacle de la Nature,” &c.)

Heads many-flowered ; the outer flowers in many series, pis-
tillate, truncate or 2—3-toothed ; the central ones perfect or
sterile, 5-toothed. Receptacle flat, naked or hirsute-fimbrillate.
Involucre in many series, imbricate. Anthers bicaudate. Ache-
nia cylindric, sulcate-angular. Pappus in one series, filiform,
roughish. .

1. P. camphorata D.C.: minutely viscid-pubescent; leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, sessile and slightly petioled, sprinkled with resinous dots,
repantly-toothed ; corymb fastigiate; scales of the imvolucre viscid-pubes-
cent. (Torr. & Gr.) P.camphorata and P. Marylandica D.C. Conyza
canvphorata Big. Erigeron camphoratum Linn.

Salt marshes. Mass. toFlor. Aug.—Oct. (D.—Stem 1—2 feet high, branched
at the summit. Leaves somewhat succulent. Heads in numerous crowded
corymbs, purple. When bruised this plant gives out a strong spicy, but some-
what disagreeable odor. Big. Seaside Marsh Fleabane.

2, P. fetida D.C.: smoothish or minutely pubescent; leaves oval-lan-

COMPOSIT &. 181

ceolate, acuminate at each end, distinctly petioled, membranaceous, coarsely
serrate ; corymb fastigiate, somewhat paniculate; scales of the involucre
smoothish, dotted with minute glands. Conyza camphorata Pursh. Bac-
charis fetida Linn.

Wet banks. Penn.? to Ala. and Ken. Aug.—Oct. 2.—Stem 2-4 feet
high, grooved or angled. The leaves are much larger, the heads more numerous,
and the odor is more powerful,than in the preceding. . Fetid Marsh Fleabane.

22. INULA. Linn.—Elecampane.
(Origin doubtful.)

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers in a single series, pistillate,
sometimes infertile, ligulate, rarely tubular ; those of the disk
tubular, perfect. Involucre imbricate, in many series. Recep-
tacle flat or somewhat convex, naked. Anthers with 2 bristles
at base. Pappus capillary, roughish.

I. Heleniwm Linn. : leaves toothed, acute, velvety tomentose beneath ; the
radical ones ovate, tapering into a petiole; the cauline somewhat clasping ;

heads few, pedunculate, corymbose.

Road sides. N.S. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem 3—4 feet high, branching at the
top. Leaves very large. Heads large, solitary, on long terminal thick pedun-
cles, yellow; rays numerous, linear, 3-toothed. Introduced from Europe.

Common Elecampane.

23. ECLIPTA. Linn.—Eclipta.

(From the Greek sx\zrtw, to be deficient ; in allusion to its wingless achenia,
by which it is distinguished from Verbesina. Eat. Man.)

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers in one series, pistillate,
ligulate, very narrow and short; those of the disk tubular and
perfect. Receptacle flattish, furnished with linear filiform chaff,
as long as the achenia. Involucre in two series; the scales
10—12, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Achenia of the ray
3-sided; of the disk compressed at the sides, muricate-tuber-
cular, somewhat hairy at the summit. Pappus none, or of
1—8 minute teeth.

E. erecta Linn.: stem erect or ascending, appressed-strigose; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, slightly serrate ; pedicels solitary
or in pairs, several times as long as the head. E. procwmbens Mich. Ver-

besina alba Linn.

Damp sandy soil. Md. to Flor. W. to Ken. and Louis. June—Oct. (D.—
Stem 1—3 feet long, often rooting at base. Heads small. E. brachypoda Mich.
is a variety with the pedicels about as long as the heads, A very widely dif-
fused species. Cocke Eclipta.

182 COMPOSITE.

IV. SenecionipEz. Style of the perfect flowers cylindrical ; its
branches linear, fringed at the point, generally truncate, but sometimes
extended beyond the fringe into a short cone or appendage.

24. SILPHIUM. Linn.—Silphium.

(From Siiphi, the name of a medicinal plant of Africa, transferred to this genus
by Linneus.)

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers numerous, ligulate, pis-
tillate ; the ligules in one series, elongated, the fruit in several
series ; those of the disk with a very short tube, hairy above,
sterile. Receptacle somewhat convex, chaffy. Involucre cam-
panulate, imbricate; the scales loose and leafy at the summit.
Achenia of the ray obcompressed, surrounded with a wing
which is notched or toothed at the top; those of the disk abor-
tive, with an obsolete crown-like pappus.

1. S. trifoliatum Linn.: stem terete, slightly angled, smooth; leaves 3--4
in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, unequally toothed and serrate, scabrous on
the upper surface; lower petioled, upper nearly sessile and sometimes oppo-
site; heads loose, corymbose or paniculate. S. trifoliatum and S. terna-

tum Pursh.

Dry woods. Near the Falls of Niagara. Dr. Eddy. Md. to Car. W.to Ohio.
Aug. —Oct. 2|.—Stem 4—-6 feet high, slightly angled, purplish. Heads rather
small, in a loose terminal corymb ; rays 15—18, bright yellow, long.

: Three-leaved Sylphium. °

2. S. perfoliatum Linn.: stem square, smooth, the branches sometimes
terete ; leaves opposite; lower deltoid-ovate, coarsely serrate, on winged
petioles; upper connate-perfoliate, nearly entire; heads trichotomously
corymbose, the central one on a long peduncle. S. connatum Mich.

Banks of streams. Penn.? to Car. W.to Miss. Aug. 2|.—Stem 5—6 feet
high. Leaves very large, the lower somewhat cordate. Heads large; rays
15—30, yellow. Perfoliate Silphium.

25. POLYMNIA. Linn.—Polymnia.
(Said to be named after [lodvpvia, one of the Muses.)

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers pistillate, ligulate, in
one series ; those of the disk tubular, sterile. Receptacle flat,
chaffy. Involucre double; the outer scales 4—5, large and
leafy ; the inner ones numerous, shorter, surrounding the smooth
achenia. Pappus none.

* Rays shorter than the involucre.

1. P. Canadensis Linn.: viscid-pubescent; leaves angulate and hastate-
lobed, denticulate, acuminate, the lower deeply pinnatifid or lyrate ; scales
of the involucre ovate, acuminate, ciliate, the outer ones a little larger.

COMPOSIT Ai. 183

Shady hills and inravines. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. 2|.—Siem
2—5 feet high, roughly pubescent and somewhat viscid, branching. Leaves op-
pate or alternate, very thin, mostly 3—5-lobed at the apex. Heads small,
oosely paniculate ; rays white, or very pale yellow, small, obtusely 3-lobed at
the apex ; disk yellow. Small-flowered Polymna.

** Rays longer than the involucre.

2. P. Uvedalia Linn.: stem suleate, somewhat pubescent above; leaves
sinuate-lobed, broad-ovate or deltoid, roughish; lower subpalmate, decur-
rent into a winged petiole; outer scales of the involucre oblong-ovate, ob-
tuse, much larger than the inner. .

Dry rich grounds. Western N. Y. and Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. July,
Aug. 2.—Stem 3—8 feet high, terete. Leaves opposite or alternate, the lower
very large. Heads few, large, arranged in loose panicles; rays about 10, 3-
toothed at the apex, bright yellow ; disk dull yellow. :

Large-flowered Polymnia.
26. PARTHENIUM. Linn—Parthenium. _

(From the Greek ragQevos; on account of its supposed efficacy in certain
diseases.)

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers 5, pistillate, ligulate, fer-
tile; those of the disk tubular, abortive. Receptacle conic or
cylindric, covered with membranaceous chaff. Involucre hemi-
spheric, in 2 series; outer scales ovate, inner nearly orbicular.
Achenia obcompressed, smooth. Pappus of 2 aristate or
nearly orbicular scale-like processes.

P. integrifolium Linn.: stem hirsute-pubescent; leaves oval, rough,
unequally crenate-toothed, or sometimes incised; lower decurvent into a
petiole, upper sessile or somewhat clasping; outer scales of the involucre
somewhat acute.

Dry soil. Md. to Geor. and Ala. W. to Texas. July—Sept. 2|.—Stem
1—2 feet high. Heads numerous, corymbed; rays small, whitish.
MS Simple-leaved: Parthenium.

27. XANTHIUM. Tourn.—Clot-weed.

(From the Greek éavos, yellow ; a color said to be produced by this plant.)

Heads in glomerate spikes, sterile at the summit, pistillate
below. Srertme Fx. Involucre subglobose, many-flowered,
with the scales in one series. Receptacle cylindric, chafty.
Corolla short, 5-lobed, somewhat hairy. Frrrime Fr. Involucre
with hooked prickles, surmounted by 1—2 beaks. Corolla
filiform. Stamens none. Achenia compressed, one in each
cell of the involucre.

1. X. strwnarium Linn. : fruit-bearing involucre oval, somewhat pubes-
cent; beaks straight; leaves cordate at base, 3—5-lobed, coarsely toothed.

Road sides and waste places. Can. to Flor. W. to the Roeky Mountains.
Aug., Sept. @.—Stem 1—3 feet high, angular, scabrous-pubescent. Leaves

184 COMPOSITE.

3—6 inches long, and nearly of the same width. Heads in short axillary
racemose clusters. Var. Canadense Torr. & Gr. has the stem spotted and the
fruit-bearing involucre scabrous pubescent. X. strumarium Mich. Introduced?
Common Clot-weed. Small Burdock.

2. X. echinatum Murr. : fruit-bearing invelucre oval, very densely clothed
with rigid slender prickles and with the incurved beaks strongly hispid ;
leaves rough, broad-cordate, irregularly sinuate-toothed, obscurely lobed.
( Torr. &. Gr.) X. macrocarpon Beck Bot. \st. Ed. X. orientale Muhl.
X. maculaium Raf.

Near salt water. Mass. and N.Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug—Oct. @.—
Stem marked with purple spots and stripes, roughly pubescent. Leaves very
; Sea Clot-weed.

rough. Fruit very large, woolly.

3. X. spinosum Linn.: spines 3-parted, slender; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
cuneate at base, entire or somewhat 3-lobed, acuminate, minutely-pubescent
above, the under surface and the veins of the upper canescent.

Waste grounds. N.Y. to Geor. Sept., Oct. @.—Stem 2—3 feet high.
pubescent, branched. Leaves entire or repand-denticulate, at length often
3-lobed. Heads few, axillary, solitary. A troublesome weed. Introduced from
Europe. Spiny Clot-weed.

28. AMBROSIA. Linn.—Rag-weed.

(Ambrosia was the food of the Gods; but it is difficult to determine the appli-
cation to the plants of this genus,)

Heads moneecious ; the fertile at the base and the sterile at
the top of the spike. Sreritz Fi. Involucre hemispheric or
turbinate; scales few. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular,
short. Ferrtire Fi. Involucre 1-flowered, incurved and often
armed with several tubercles or horns. Corolla none. Achenia
ovoid or obovoid. .

* Upper leaves undivided.

1. A. integrifolia Muhl.: leaves opposite, ovate, sessile, acuminate, ser-
rate, hispid on both sides, ciliate at base; racemes terminal and mostly ter-
nate. A. trifida,var. Torr. & Gr.

Near ponds and ditches. Penn. and Virg. @. Pursh. Itis said to have the
lower leaves sometimes 3-lobed. Probably a variety of the next, as suggested by
Torrey and Gray. Simple-leaved Rag-weed.

** Leaves all 3—5-lobed.
2. A. trifida Linn. : hirsute, rough; leaves 3—5-lobed, serrate ; the lobes
oval-lanceolate, acuminate; fruit 6-spined below the summit.

Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July—Sept. ().—Stem4—8
or 10 feet high, angular, branched above. Leaves very large and rough. Heads
small ; the sterile ones in long paniculate racemes ; the fertile in small clusters
at the base of the racemes. Three-lobed Rag weed.

*** Leaves singly or doubly pinnatifid.
3. A. artemisiefolia Linn.: stem pubescent, often much branched;
leaves bi-pinnatifid, rough, hoary beneath, the petioles ciliate with long

hairs; racemes paniculate, terminal. A. elutior Linn. A. absynthifolia
Mich.

COMPOSIT &. 185

Old fields. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. @.—Stem 1—4 feet high, usually
rough. Heads small; the sterile ones in long slender paniculate racemes. Fruat
solitary or in small clusters at the base of the sterile racernes, armed with about
6 short acute teeth. A troublesome weed. ' Hog-weed.

4. A. paniculata Mich.: stem branching, paniculate at the summit, and
with the petioles villous; leaves green on both sides, bi-pinnatifid, the seg-

ments lanceolate; fruit somewhat clustered, small, obovate, slightly awned.
Iva monophylla Walt.

Old fields. Can. to Flor. July—Sept. @. Pursh.—Stem 2—4 feet high.
Heads in simple terminal and axillary racemes. Pamiculate Rag-weed.

5. A. heterophylla Muhl.: stem pubescent or villous, paniculate; cauline
leaves pinnatifid, subdentate, petiolate; those of the branches lanceolate,

sessile; petioles with long cilie ; racemes terminal, solitary. A. Peruviana
Willd.

Banks of streams. Penn. July—Sept. @). Muhl—Fruit with 5—6 acute
teeth below the summit. Perhaps this and the preceding are only varieties of
A. artimisiefolia. Varvous-leaved Rag-weed.

29. IVA. Linn.—Marsh Elder.
(Origin of the name doubtful.)

Heads moneecious, not radiate. Fertile flowers 1—5, mar-
ginal, with a small tubular corolla. Sterile flowers numerous,
with a tubular-campanulate corolla. Scales of the involucre
38—5 in a single series, or 6—9 and imbricated. Receptacle
small, chaffy. Achenia obovoid, somewhat compressed. Pap-
pus none.

I. frutescens Linn.: shrubby, smooth; leaves opposite, oval or oval-lan-
ceolate, somewhat petioled, deeply-serrate, slightly scabrous ; uppermost

linear-lanceolate, entire; heads axillary, depressed-globose, pedicellate ;
scales of the involucre 5, orbicular.

Sea coast. Mass. to Flor. Aug., Sept. kh.—Stem 3—8 feet high, much
branched. Leaves thick and somewhat fleshy. Heads numerous, small, green-
ish, in axillary leafy racemes, forming a large terminal panicle.

Marsh Elder. Highwater Shrub.

30. HELIOPSIS. Pers.—Ox-eye.

(From the Greek Atos, the sun, and ors, appearance; in allusion to the form
of the heads of flowers.)

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers in one series, ligulate,
fertile ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre in 2—3
series ; the outer scales leafy, the rest imbricate. Receptacle
conic. Achenia angular, partly surrounded by the chaff.

H. levis Pers.: stem smooth; leaves smoothish, ovate-lanceolate or ob-
long-ovate, tapering at base into a petiole, serrate, 3-nerved, Helianthus
levis Linn.

Banks of streams Throughout the U.S. Aug., Sept. 2|.— Stem 2—4 feet

186 COMPOSIT &.

high, dichotomously branched above. Heads middle-sized, on long peduncles,
solitary, or in a loose fastigiate corymb ; rays 10—15, 2—3-toothed, yellow ;
disk dark purple, conic. Common Or-eye.

31. RUDBECKIA. Linn.—Rudbeckia. r

(In honor of Olaus Rudbeck, Professor of Botany at Upsal, in Sweden, who
died in 1762.)

Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers neutral, in a single se-
ries, ligulate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the
involucre in two series, leafy, spreading. Receptacle conic or
elongated; the chaff acute, concave or boat-form. Achenia
quadrangular. Pappus none or minute and coroniform.

1. R. fulgida Ait.: stem hispid, the branches long and virgate; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, denticulate, hispid, narrowed and slightly cordate at base,
acuminate ; scales of the involucre as long as the rays; chaff lanceolate.
RF. chrysomela Mich.

Fields and mountain woods. Penn. to Flor. July—Oct. 2|.—Stem 2—3 feet
high, branched. Heads small, solitary and terminal; rays orange-yellow, 2-cieft
at the summit ; disk purple, nearly hemispheric. | Small-flowered Rudbeckia.

2. R. hirta Linn.: very hirsute ; stem virgate, sparingly branched; lower
leaves spatulate-oval, 3-nerved, denticulate, petioled; upper ovate-lanceo-
late, sessile ; scales of the involucre nearly equalling the rays; chaff of the
receptacle linear.

Meadows. Can.and N. Y. to Flor. W.to Texas. July—Sept. 2|.—Siem
2—3 feet high, scabrous and hairy. Heads middle-sized, sclitary, terminal;
rays 14, bifid, hairy, pale yellow; disk dark-purple, conic. Hairy Rudbeckia.

3. FR. triloba Linn.: hairy-hispid; stem paniculate ; leaves lanceoiate,
acuminate at each end, serrate; the lower 3-lobed; scales of the involucre
linear, shorter than the rays.

Dry soils. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July—Sept. 2|.—Stem 4—5 feet high.
Heads numerous, on the summits of the branches; rays about 8, yellow; disk
dark purple. Three-lobed Rudbeckta.

4. R. speciosa Wender.: stem hirsute or hispid, with elongated naked
branches ; leaves roughish-hirsute or pubescent, coarsely toothed or incised ;
upper lanceolate, sessile ; lower ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate at both ends, petioled; scales of the involucre about half as long as
the rays; pappus coroniform. (Torr. g Gr.)

Mountains. Penn. to Ohio. Aug.—Oct. %.—Larger than R. fulgida.
Radical leaves on long petioles, 5-nerved. Heads Jarge and showy; rays nume-
rous, oblong-linear, elongated, bright yellow ; disk conoid-globose, black-purple.

Showy Rudbeckia.

5. RB, laciniata Linn. : stem tall, smooth, branching; leaves somewhat
hairy and scabrous; lower pinnate, the segments 3—5-lobed or incised,
sometimes laciniate; uppermost lanceolate or ovate, incisely toothed or
entire; pappus toothed. A. levigata and R. digitata Pursh.

Borders of swarnps. Can. to Ala. W. to near the Rocky Mountains. July—
Sept.—Stem 4—6 feet high. Leaves gradually less and less divided from the
radical to the uppermost ones. Heads rather large, in a loose terminal panicle ;
rays bright llow, about twice as long as the involucre, oblanceolate, drooping ;
disk greenish-yellow, conic. Tall Rudbeckia. Cone Flower.

COMPOSIT A. 187

32. LEPACHYS. Raff-—Lepachys.

(From the Greek ders, a scale, ad mays, thick; in reference to the chaff of
the receptacle.)

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers few, in a single series,
neutral ; those of the disk small, tubular, perfect. Scales of
the involucre few, linear or subulate, spreading, sometimes with
an inner series of small obtuse scales. Receptacle elongated,
spiciform ; chaff truncate or obtuse, thickened and hairy at the
summit. Achenia of the ray 8-aneled, hairy; of the disk,
compressed, smooth or ciliate.

L. pinnata Torr. § Gr.: leaves pinnate; leafets 3—7, oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate at each end, sparingly serrate, the uppermost undivided ;
rays much longer than the disk. Rudbeckia pinnata Mich. and R. digitata

Willd. Obeliscaria pinnata D. C.

Shores of Lake Erie, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. Penn.S. to Flor. W. to Miss. July
—Sept. 2.—Stem 3—4 feet high, rough and pubescent, sulcate. Heads ter-
minating the branches; rays ang toothed at the apex, bright yellow ; disk
flowers with short recurved te Tall Lepachys.

33. COREOPSIS. Linn.—Coreopsis.

(From the Greek koots, a bug, and oys, resemblance; in allusion to the form
of the achenia. )

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers about 8, neutral; those
of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre double, each of about
8 scales; the outer narrow, leafy, spreading ; the inner broader
and somewhat membranaceous. Receptacle flat or slightly
convex, chaffy. Achenia obcompressed, often 2-toothed or
2-awned at the summit ; the awns smooth or hispid upwards.

* Leaves alternate.

1. C. gladiata Walt.: stem smooth, terete, dichotomous at the summit ;
leaves alternate, somewhat fleshy, entire or slightly lobed ; lower oblong-
lanceolate, tapering into a long and somewhat clasping petiole ; scales of
the outer involucre ovate-lanceolate ; achenia obovate-oblong, surrounded
by a pectinate wing. C. dichotoma Mich.

Swamps. N.J.? N. Car. to Flor. July—Sept. @).—Stem 2—3 feet high,
slender. Lower leaves large. Heads on the dichotomous branches ; rays 3-
lobed, yellow ; ; disk dark purple. Forked Coreopsis.

** Leaves opposite, undivided,

2. C. rosea Nutt,: stem smooth, leafy ; leaves opposite, narrow-linear,
entire ; heads few, peduncled; scales of the outer involucre much shorter
than the inner; rays unequally 3-toothed; achenia nearly naked. Cal-
liopsis rosea Spreng.

Swamps. N.Y. and Mass. to Geor. Aug. 2.—Stem about a foot high,
sparingly branched. Heads few ; rays about 8, rose-color ; disk yellowish.

Rose-colored Coreopsis.

188 COMPOSIT &.
*x* Leaves opposite, divided.

3. C. trichosperma Mich.: smooth; stem obtusely 4-angled; leaves op-
posite, on short petioles, pinnate ; leafets 5—7, linear-lanceolate, serrate or
incised ; uppermost 3—5-cleft, nearly sessile ; scales of the outer involucre
subspatulate, ciliate-serrate; achenia cuneiform, with 2-hispid teeth.

Swamps. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. Aug.—Oct. @.—Stem 2—3 feet high,
much branched. Heads in paniculate corymbs, on long slender peduncles;
rays about 8, yellow, oblong, obtuse, entire: Tick-seed Sunflower.

4. C. tripteris Linn.: smooth; leaves opposite, petiolate; radical 5-pin-
nate; cauline ternate; leafets lanceolate, acute, entire, scabrous on the
margins; achenia obovate, naked at the summit. Cyrysostemma tripteris
Less; DOC.

Banks ef streams. Penn. to Flor. W.to Miss. Aug.—Oct. %|.—Stem 4—6
feet high. Heads rather small, in a loose terminal corymb, on short peduncles ;
rays about 8, yellowish. Three-leaved Coreopsis.

5. C. verticillata Linn.: smooth; leaves closely sessile, ternate; leafets
pinnate or bi-pinnate; segments narrow-linear, obtuse; achenia obovate-
wedgeform, slightly winged, with 2 minute teeth. -C. tenuifolia Pursh.

Wet grounds. Md. to Car. W. to Mich. and Ark. July—Sept. 2|—Sitem
1—3 feet high, slender, somewhat branched. Leaves appearing as if whorled.
Heads yeliow ; rays long and narrow, rarely obtuse and 2—3-toothed.

W horl-leaved Coreopsis.
34. ACTINOMERIS. Nutt.—Actinomeris.

(From the Greek axriv, a ray, and peots, a part; the flower being imperfectly
radiate.) 2

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers neutral, few, elongated or
sometimes. wanting ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Inyo-
lucre of 1—8 series; the scales leafy, acuminate. Receptacle
convex, chaffy, the chaff embracing the margin of the achenia.
Achenia compressed, obovate, winged, with 2 smoothish per-
sistent awns at the summit.

A. squarrosa Nutt.: stem erect, pubescent and winged towards the sum-
mit ; leaves broad-lanceolate, acute, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent be-
neath; lower often opposite, upper alternate; involucre in 2 series; the
outer reflexed, spreading. Cvreopsis alternifolia Linn. Verbesina Coreop-
sis Mich.

Moist grounds. Yates county, N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. 2.—
Stem 3—6 feet high, slender, smooth below. Heads small, in a terminal leafy
corymbose panicle; rays few, oblanceolate, yellow ; disk greenish-yellow.

Squarrose Actinomeris.

35. HELIANTHUS. Linn.—Sunflower.
(From the Greek #Alos, the sun, and av@os, a flower.)

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers in one series, ligulate,
neutral ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre imbri-
cate in several series; the scales usually with foliaceous tips.
Receptacle flat or convex; the chaff embracing the compressed

COMPOSIT &. 189

or somewhat quadrangular achenia. Pappus mostly of 2 un-
equal chaffy scales or awns, (sometimes additional smaller ones,)

deciduous.
* Disk flowers dark purple.

1. H. atrorubens Linn.: stem erect, branched above, hispid with long
scattered hairs; leaves mostly opposite, oblong-spatulate or ovate, some-
what serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acu-
minate, smooth, as long as the disk.

Gravelly soiis. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. %|.—Stem 3—4 feet
high, somewhat branched. Lower leaves very large and often slightly cordate.
Heads in a loose terminal panicle ; rays about 16, yellow ; disk dark purple.

Dark-red Sunflower.

2. H. angustifolius Linn.: stem scabrous or hairy ; leaves narrow-lan-
ceolate, sessile, entire, 1-nerved, rough above, pale beneath, the margins
revolute ; lower opposite, upper alternate; scales of the involucre linear-
lanceolate, as long as the disk; chaff 3-toothed. Rudbeckia angustifolia
Linn.

Swamps in pine barrens. N. J. to Flor. W. to Texas. Aug.—Oct. 2.—
Stem 2—6 feet high, slender, sparingly branched. Heads small, somewhat co-

rymbose, on slender peduncles ; rays 12—20, yellow ; disk dark purple.
Narrow-leaved Sunflower.

** Disk flowers yellow.
+ Leaves opposite, or the wpper sometimes alternate.

3. H. mollis Lam.: stem villous; leaves ovate or lanceolate, acuminate,
somewhat clasping at base, entire or serrulate, scabrous above, tomentose
canescent beneath; scales of the involucre lanceolate, villous-canescent.
H. canescens Mich.

Low grounds. Penn.? and Ohio to Geor. W. to Texas. July—Sept. 2|.—
Stem 2—4 feet high, simple or sparingly branched. Heads few, rather large ;
rays 15—25, about an inch long. Woolly Sunflower.

4. H. strumosus Linn.: stem rough above, smooth below; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, with a long tapering point, serrate, 3-nerved, rough above,
whitish and pubescent beneath, abruptly tapering into a short winged pe-
tiole; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, equalling the disk.
H. macrophyllus Willd.

Dry woods. Can. to Geor. W.to Ark. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem 2—4 feet
high, slender, simple or sparingly branched. Heads few, on roughly pubescent
peduneles ; rays about 10, bright yellow, Sharp-leaved Sunflower.

5. H. divaricatus Linn. : stem smooth, simple or dichotomously branched
above; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, tapering to the
point, serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous above, rough-pubescent beneath; scales
of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, spreading,

Woods. Can. to Flor.. Aug.—Oct. 2.—Stem 1—5 feet high, sometimes
purple and glaucous. Heads small, few, ina terminal panicle ; rays 8—12, bright
yellow ; disk yellow. Rough-leaved Sunflower.

6. H. decapetalus Linn, : stem erect, smooth below, rough above; leaves
ovate or oblong-ovate, on short winged petioles, acuminate, coarsely serrate,
3-nerved, thin and slightly scabrous; scales of the involucre linear-lanceo-

190 COMPOSIT &.

late, squarrose, hispidly ciliate. H. frondosus Hook. H. strumosus and
tenwifolius Ell.

Rocky woods. Can.to Geor. Aug.—Oct. 2|.—Stem 3—5 feet high, slender,
somewhat branching at the summit. Heads in a fastigiate corymb ; rays8—10 ;
narrow, pale-yellow. Thin-leaved Sunflower.

7. H. trachelifolius Willd.: stem rough, branched above; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, very scabrous on both sides, con-
tracted into a short petiole, the upper alternate; scales of the involucre
linear-lanceolate, ciliate, outer ones large and squarrose.

Woods. Can. to Car. Aug.—Oct. %|.—Stem 3—4 feet high. Heads in a
loose terminal panicle; rays 10. ' Wild Sunflower.

8. H. giganteus Linn. : stem tall, scabrous; leaves lanceolate, acuminate,

somewhat serrate, obscurely 3-nerved, very rough, attenuate and ciliate at
base, the upper alternate; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate, ciliate. H. altissimus Willd, :

Dry swamps. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 2.—Stem 5—8 feet high, panicu
lately branched at the summit, sometimes smoothish below. Heads in a loose
terminal panicle; rays 12—20, sulphur yellow ; disk greenish yellow.

Tall Sunflower.

9. H. microcephalus Torr. & Gr.: stem smooth, 2—3-chotomously
branched; leaves mostly opposite, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, somewhat serrate, petioled, 3-nerved, scabrous above, tomentose-
pubescent beneath; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, the
outer with squarrose tips. H. divaricatus Mich.

Woods. Can. Penn. to Geor. W. to Ken. July—Sept. %|.—Stems usually
in tufts, 3—6 feet high. Heads small, oblong ; rays 5—6, about an inch long.
A ig 7 _ Small-headed Sunflower.

++ Leaves alternate, sometimes opposite below.

10. H. multiflorus Linn.: stem erect, branching, scabrous ; leaves alter-
nate, petioled, toothed, 3-nerved, scabrous, serrate ; lower cordate, upper ovate;
outer scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, ciliate, inner lanceolate.

Mountain woods. Arct. Amer to Can. Penn. to Car. Hook. & Pursh. July—
Sept. 2|.—Stem and peduncles scabrous. Leaves sometimes opposite. Involucre
with 40—50 scales, imbricate, not squarrose. Heads erect; rays numerous,
oblong. Perhaps not a native. Many-rayed Sunflower.

11. H. tuberosus Linn.: root creeping, bearing an oblong tubercle; stem
erect, branching, rough; leaves alternate, petiolate 3-nerved, scabrous,
serrate; lower cordate-ovate, upper ovate-acuminate; petioles ciliate at
base; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, ciliate.

Fields and cultivated grounds. N.S. July—Sept. 2|.—Stem 4—8 feet high.
Leaves large, cuneate at base;the lower ones opposite, rarely ternate. Heads
rather large, terminal, on angular pubescent peduncles ; rays numerous, yellow.
Naturalized in various parts of the U.S. Jerusalem Artichoke.

36. BIDENS. Linn.—Bur-Marigold.

(From the Latin bidens, having two teeth; in allusion to the awns of the
achenia.)

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers neutral, often want-
ing ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre double, un-

COMPOSIT ©. 191

equal; the outer series often large and leafy. Receptacle flat-
tish, chaffy. Achenia obcompressed, not winged, crowned with
2—5 retrorsely pilose rigid awns. 7

1. B. cernua Linn.: smooth; leaves undivided, lanceolate, toothed, the

upper somewhat connate; heads discoid or radiate, on slender peduncles,

usually nodding ; outer involucre longer than the head; achenia 4-awned,
retrorsely ciliate on the margin.

Near ponds and ditches. Can. to Penn. W. toOregon. _ Aug., Sept. @).—
Stem 1—2 feet high. Heads usually discoid, but sometimes more or less radiate ;
rays, When present, yellow. ‘This plant is sometimes not more than 6 or 8 inches
high. with very small erect flowers, when it constitutes the variety minima.
Swamp Beggar-ticks.

2. H. chrysanthemoides Mich.: stem smooth; leaves undivided, oblong-
lanceolate, tapering at each end, connate at base, dentate-serrate; heads
radiate, somewhat nodding ; rays elliptic, longer than the involucre ; ache-
nia with 2—4 retrorsely scabrous awns.

Wet places. Can. and throughout the U.S. Aug., Sept. (@.—Stem 1—2

feet high, erect or declined at base, branching. Heads rather large, solitary at

the end of the branches, erect or somewhat nodding ; rays 8—10, bright yellow.
Large-flowered Bur-marigold.

3. B. frondosa Linn.: stem smooth or a little hairy; lower leaves quinate-
pinnate, upper 3-parted ; the lobes lanceolate, serrate; heads discoid, pedicel-
late, erect ; outer scales of the involucre much longer than the head, ciliate
at the base; achenia 2-awned, somewhat ciliate on the margin.

Woods and fields. Can. and throughout the U.S. July—Sept. @.—Stem
2—5 feet high, striate, often purple, branched. Heads rather small, on long axil-
lary branches or peduncles; rays none ; disk flowers yellowish.

vi rey J ! :

* Leafy Bur-marigold.
4. B. connata Muhl.: smooth; lower leaves often ternate, with the
lateral lobes decurrent into a petiole and slightly connate ; upper undivided
gnuy 7 UP ’
oblong-lanceolate, serrate, attenuate at each end; heads discoid, on short
peduncles ; scales of the outer involucre longer than the disk ; achenia 2—3-
awned. JB. tripartita Big.

Wet grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July—Sept. ().—Stem 1—3 feet
high, branched, often purple. Leaves sometimes all undivided. Heads middle-
sized, rather erect ; rays none ; disk greenish-yellow. Connate Bur-marigold.

5. B. bipinnata Linn.: smooth; stem erect, 4-angled; leaves petioled,
bi-pinnate, the segments lanceolate or oblong-ovate: heads on slender pe-
duncles, with 2—4 small rays; outer scales of the involucre speading, about
as long as the disk; achenia linear, 3—4-awned.

Near cultivated grounds. Conn. to Flor. W. to Ark. July—Sept. ()—Stem
2—4 feet high, branched. Heads small, oblong, on long terminal and axillary
peduncles; rays 3—4, small, yellow, obovate ; disk yellow. A troublesome
weed, probably introduced from the South. Spanish Needles.

6. B. Beckit Torr. : stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves mostly
submerged, divided into numerous capillary segments; the emersed ones
few, lanceolate, coarsely serrate or pinnatifidly laciniate; heads solitary,
erect, radiate, terminal; rays longer than the involucre; achenia narrow-
oblong, 4—6-awned,

192 COMPOSIT &.

In water. Can. Ver. Mass. and N.Y. W. to the sources of the Mississippi.
July, Aug. 2.—Stem 2—6 feet long, simple, or with very small and slender
branches arising from the axils of the upper leaves. Lower leaves very multifid,
capillary, asin Ranunculus aquatilis, but opposite or almost verticillate ; upper
about an inch and a half long, broad-lanceolate, attenuate at each extremity,
deeply serrate or incised. Flower solitary, at the extremity of the stem, rather
large, yellow ; rays much longer than the involucre. Water Marigold.

37. VERBESINA. Linn.—Verbesina. -

(Said to be altered from Verbena, on account of the resemblance of one of the
species.)

Heads many-flowered, mostly radiate. Involucre in two or
more series ; the scales nearly equal or imbricated. Receptacle
flat or somewhat convex; the chaff concave and embracing the
flowers. Achenia flat-compressed, usually winged at the an-
gles, crowned with 2 rigid awns.

1. V. Siegesbeckia Mich.: stem smooth, 4-winged ; leaves opposite, decur-
rent, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, smoothish, coarsely serrate ;
panicle trichotomous, corymbose at the summit; scales of the involucre few,
obtuse. V. occidentalis Walt. Siegesbeckia occidentalis Linn.

Shady woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. July—Sept. 2|.—Root creeping.
Stem erect, 4—6 feet high, with 4 leafy wings. Heads in corymbs, yellow ; rays
1—5, lanceolate, 3-toothed. Crown Beard.

2. V. Virginica Linn.: stem narrowly winged, tomentose-pubescent at
the summit; leaves alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, serrate, veined,
scabrous above, pubescent beneath, acute or acuminate at each end, the
lower decurrent ; heads in cymose corymbs, crowded.

Dry woods. Penn. to Flor. W. to Ark. Aug., Sept. 2.—Stem 3—6 feet

high. Heads in crowded corymbs; rays very short, the tube and involucre pu-
bescent. Virginian Verbesina.
38. HELENIUM. Linn.—False Sunflower.
(Named, it is said, after Helen, the wife of Menelaus.)

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray flowers in a single
series, pistillate, ligulate, or rarely tubular, 3—5-cleft ; those
of the disk perfect, tubular, very short, 4—5-toothed. Involu-
cre in 2 series; the outer scales numerous, leafy, long-linear,
reflexed or spreading. Receptacle convex, globose or oblong,
naked. Achenia turbinate-obovate. Pappus chaffy; chaff 5—6-
awned.

H. autumnale Linn.: smooth; stem erect, branched; leaves lanceolate,

serrate, acute, decurrent; disk globose; rays 3—5-cleft, spreading or
reflexed. :

Low grounds. Hudson’s Bay to Flor. W. to Oregon. Aug.—Oct. 2.—
Siem 2—3 feet high, winged by the decurrent leaves. eaves narrowed at
base, the upper nearly entire. Heads middle-sized, numerous, in a terminal
corymb ; rays yellow, cuneate, mostly drooping ; disk greenish-yellow. Whole
plant intensely bitter. Sneeze-weed.

COMPOSIT ®. 193

39. ANTHEMIS. Linn.—Chamomile.

(From the Greek avOepov, a flower; on account of the profusion of its blos-
soms.) ;

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers in one series, ligulate,
pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the in-
volucre imbricate, in a few series. Receptacle convex, oblong
or conic, with membraceous chaff among the flowers. Achenia
terete or obtusely 4-angled, striate or smooth. Pappus none
or a membranous margin.

A. arvensis Linn.: diffuse, pubescent ; leaves pinnately parted ; the lobes
lnear-lanceolate, with very acute teeth; heads solitary at the summits of

the leafless branches ; receptacle conic; the chaff lanceolate, acuminate.

Fields and cultivated grounds. N. Y. to Virg. June—Aug. (@.—Stem
9—15 inches high, branched. Leaves grayish-pubescent. Heads large; rays
broad, white, spreading ; disk yellow, convex. Introduced from Europe. A.
nobilis Linn., the common chamomile, is said by Nuttall to be naturalized near
Lewistown, Del. Wild or Corn Chamomile.

40. MARUTA. Cass.—May Weed.
(Origin not known.)

Heads many-flowered; the ray flowers ligulate, neutral ;
those of the disk perfect. Involucre hemispheric, in a few
series, shorter than the disk. Receptacle conic or convex,
chaffy throughout or only at the top. Achenia ribbed, smooth.
Pappus none.

M. Cotula D.C. : smoothish ; leaves bi-pinnatifid, the segments subulate-
linear; receptacle conic, with narrow acuminate chaff at the summit.
Anthemis Cotula Linn.

Road sides, &c. Can. and throughout the U.S. June—Oct. (.—Stem
a foot high, erect, branched. Leaves pale green, more or less pilose ; the seg-
ments very narrow. Heads on elongated slender peduncles; rays about 12,
white ; disk convex, yellow. Whole plant strongly fetid. An exotic, now al-
most everywhere naturalized. Common May-weed.

41. PTARMICA. Towrn.—Sneezewort.
(From the Greek rrappos, in allusion to its effect upon the nostrils.)

‘Involucre campanulate ; the scales scarious on the margin.
Receptacle flat or scarcely convex, broad, chafly. Rays 5—20,
flat, spreading much longer than the involucre. Achenia ob-
compressed, the outer ones often somewhat winged on the
margin.

P. vulgaris D. C.: stem erect, branching above; leaves smooth, sessile,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely and equally serrate ; chaff of the re-

ceptacle oblong, pubescent. Achillea Plarmica Linn.
Dry swamps. Can. to N. Y. Pursk. Danvers, Mass. Oakes. Aug., Sept.

9

194 COMPOSITZ.

2|.—Stem 1—3 feet. high, erect, branched ; heads in a rather large terminal
corymb ; rays 8—12, white, roundish, 3-toothed ; disk white. When dried and
pulverized the plant has been employed to excite sneezing, whence its common
name. Introduced from Europe. Common Sneezewort.

49 ACHILUEA: Linn-—Varow

(So named because its healing virtues were said to have been first discovered
by Achilles.)

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers 4—6 pistillate, ligu-
late, short, or none; those of the disk perfect, tubular, 5-
toothed. Involucre ovate-oblong, the scales imbricate. Re-
ceptacle small, usually flat, chaffy. Achenia oblong, smooth,
somewhat compressed, margined. Pappus none.

A. Millefolium Linn.: stem erect, somewhat hairy, suleate: leaves bi-
pinnate, slightly hairy ; the lobes linear, toothed, mucronate.

Fields and woods. Arct. Amer. to Flor. W. to Oregon and Mexico. June—
Aug. %|—Stem 2—3 feet high, branched atthe top. Leaves 2—6 inches long,
cut into very numerous narrow segments. Heads numerous, in a dense terminal
fastigiate corymb ; rays about 5, white or rose-colored. It is sometimes em-
ployed as a tonic and astringent. Introduced and extensively naturalized.

Common Yarrow or Milfoil.

43, LEUCANTHEMUM. Tourn.—Ox-eye Daisy.
(From the Greek Aevxos, white, and avOeyov,a flower.)

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers numerous, pistillate, or
rarely neutral; those of the disk perfect, with a fleshy somewhat
two-winged tube. Inyolucre broad, imbricate; the scales with
a somewhat scarious margin. Receptacle naked, flat, or con-

vex. Achenia of the ray always without pappus; of the disk
sometimes with a short pappus.

L. vulgare Lam.: stem erect, somewhat branched ; lower leaves petiolate,
obovate, toothed; cauline somewhat clasping, serrate, incisely serrate at
base; scales of the involucre with a narrow brownish margin. Chrysanthe-
mum Leucanthemum Linn. =

Fields and road sides. Can. and throughout the U. S. June—Aug. 2.—
Stem 1—2 feet high, erect or subdecumbent at base, smoothish. Leaves often
pinnatifid-toothed near the base. Heads large, solitary on the branches; rays

20—30, white ; desk flowers numerous, yellow. Introduced, and everywhere
naturalized. A very troublesome weed. Large Ox-eye Daisy.

44. ARTEMISIA. Linn.—Wormwood.
(Named from Artem’s, the Diana of the Greeks.)

Heads discoid, few- or many-flowered ; the outer flowers in
one series, often pistillate, 3-toothed, with a long exsert bifid
style; those of the disk 5-toothed, perfect, sterile or staminate
by abortion of the ovary. Involucre imbricate ; the scales dry

COMPOSIT A. 195

and scarious on the margin. Receptacle flattish or convex,
naked or villous. Achenia obovate, with a minute epigynous
disk. Pappus none.

* Receptacle naked.

I. A. vulgaris Linn.: herbaceous, erect; leaves white-tomentose be-
neath ; cauline pinnatifid; segments laciniate, incised, coarsely serrate and
entire; uppermost nearly linear, entire; heads ovoid, at length erect; outer
scales of the involucre white-tomentose.

Banks of streams. Arct. Amer. Ver. and N.Y. 8. toCar. Sept., Oct. 2|.—
Stem 2—3 feet high, suffruticose, much branched. Leaves variable. Heads few,
sessile. Introduced ! Mugwort.

2. A. Canadensis Mich.: smooth or canescent; lower leaves pinnate,
petioled ; upper subpinnate, sessile ; segments linear or linear-lanceolate ;
heads hemispheric, in paniculate racemes; scales of the involucre roundish
or ovate, scarious on the margin.

Sandy shores. Mass. and N.Y. N. to the Arctic Circle. W. to Oregon. July,
Aug. @eSien mostly erect, but sometimes decumbent at base, 2—4 feet high.
Radical leaves clustered, silky beneath. Heads rather large, very numerous, in
terminal paniculate racemes. A variable species. Wild Wormwood.

3. A. cordata Mich.: stem erect, smooth: radical and lower cauline
leaves sub-bipinnate, upper sub-pinnate ; segments subsetaceous, alternate,
somewhat divaricate; racemes elongated, erect, paniculate; heads sub-
globose. <A. Canadensis big.

Sandy woods and shores. N. H. to Geor. W.to Miss. Aug., Sept. @Q).—
Stem 2—6 feet high, rather slender. Leaves slightly pubescent beneath, petioled
or sessile. Heads erect, very numerous, in racemes which forma dense pyram-
idal panicle. Nearly allied to the preceding. Tall Wormwood.

** Receptacle villous.

4, A. Absinthium Linn.: suffruticose, erect, silky-canescent; leaves bi-
pinnatifid ; the segments lanceolate, often incised; obtuse; heads hemi-
spheric, in leafy paniculate racemes, nodding.

Road sides. N.S. Aug. ‘}.—Stems2—4 feet high, several from one root.
Heads numerous. Flowers yellowish. Introduced and naturalized in a few
places. Uncommonly bitter, and valuable for its medicinal properties.

Common Wormwood.

45. TANACETUM. Linn.—Tansy.

(The name altered from Athanasia; a, not, and @avaros, death; because its
flowers do not quickly fade.)

Heads homogamous or heterogamous, with pistillate flowers
in a single series in the circumference, often 3—4-toothed.
Disk-flowers 4—5-toothed. Receptacle naked, convex. Invo-
lucre campanulate, imbricate. Achenia sessile, angular, smooth,
with a large epigynous disk. Pappus none or minute, membra-
naceous and crown-form, entire or toothed.

T. vulgare Linn,: stem herbaceous, erect, smooth ; leaves smoothish, bi-

196 COMPOSIT Z&.

pinnate; rachis and lobes incisely serrate; heads numerous, corymbose ;
pappus short, equal, 5-toothed.

Road sides, near fences, &c. Can. and N.S. July, Oct. 21.—Stem 2—4
feet high, ribbed, somewhat branched above. Leaves 2—6 inches long, dotted.
Heads in dense terminal corymbs, deep yellow. The whole plant is bitter and
aromatic, and much used as a popular medicine. Introduced and in many
places completely naturalized. Common Tansy.

46. GNAPHALIUM. Linn.—Cud Weed.

(From the Greek yvagadov, soft down or wool, with which the leaves of many
species are clothed.)

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; flowers all tubular;
outer ones in many series, pistillate, very slender; those of the
disk perfect. Involucre ovate, with the scales imbricate, ap-
pressed and somewhat hyaline. Receptacle flat, naked. Ache-
nia somewhat terete, or more or less obcompressed. Pappus
in a single series, of filiform roughish bristles.

* Pistillate flowers in several series. Achenia somewhat terete.
+ Leaves decurrent.

1. G. decurrens Ives.: stem erect, simple, viscid-pubescent, branched at
the summit; leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, very acute, decurrent,
roughish and green above, white and woolly beneath ; heads nearly sessile,
in dense roundish clusters at the summits of the branches.

Fields and hills. Can. N. Y. Mass. and N. J. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem about
2 feet high. Heads subsessile, in large roundish clusters. Scales of the invo-
lucre yellowish-white. Decurrent Cud-weed.

tr Leaves not decurrent.

2. G. polycephalum Mich.: stem erect, paniculate above, tomentose;
leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering at base, acute, smoothish above, white-
tomentose beneath; heads obovate, crowded in a corymb at the summits of
the branches.

Fields. Can. to Louis. W. to Texas. July—Sept. ().—Svlem 1—2 feet high.
often much branched at the summit. Heads at length obovate. Scales of the
involucre yellowish-white. The whole plant has a balsamic odor.

Fragrant Life-everlasting.

3. G. uliginosum Linn.: stem herbaceous, diffusely branched, woolly;
leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, tomentose on both sides; heads in dense
subglobose terminal clusters, leafy at the base. :

Wet grounds. Can.and N.S. N. to Newfoundland. W. to Oregon and Califor-
nia. July—Sept. ().—Stem 4—6 inches high, very much branched. Heads
small. Scales of the involucre yellowish-brown, shining. Marsh Cud-weed.

4. G. purpureum Linn. : stem erect or ascending, woolly ; leaves oblong-
spatulate, mostly obtuse, mucronate, tomentose beneath; heads sessile,
clustered, axillary and terminal. G. Americanwm Willd.

Barren soils. N. H. to Louis. W. to Texas. July—Oct. %.—Stem 8—12
inches high, slender. Heads some what spiked at the top of the stem, purplish.
| Purple Cud-weed.

COMPOSITZ. 197

*« Pristillate flowers in one series. Achenia obcompressed, obovord.

5. G. supinum Vill.: cespitose; flowering stems simple, slender, woolly
above; leaves linear, woolly; heads oblong, solitary, terminal, or few and
spicate-racemose ; scales of the involucre oblong, acuminate, brown; ache-
nia puberulent. Omalotheca supina D. C.

White mountains, N. H. Nutt. N. to Labrador. 2|—.Stem 2—4 inches
high. Low Alpine Cud-weed.

47. FILAGO. Tourn.—Cotton Rose.

(From the Latin filum, a thread; in allusion to the cobweb-like threads which
cover the plant.)

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; the terminal or central
flowers numerous, pistillate, perfect or infertile, tubular, 4—5-
toothed ; the others filiform, pistillate, searcely-toothed. Scales
of the involucre few, the outer ones woolly. Receptacle elon-
gated, filiform, chaffy. Pappus of the central flowers filiform ;
of the outer none or dissimilar.

F’. Germanica Linn.: stem dichotomous or proliferously branched at the
summit; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, tomentose ; heads few-flowered, in
subglobose clusters, terminal and dichotomal; scales of the involucre awned.

Gnaphalium Germanicum Willd.

Fields and pastures. N. ¥. to Virg. July, Aug. ().—Stem 4—8 inches
high, more or less branched, woolly-tomentose. Heads small, in roundish capi-
tate clusters. Scales of the involucre yellowish, very acute. Introduced. ?

Herba Impia.

48, ANTENNARIA. Gert.—Antennaria.

(Named in allusion to the bristles of the pappus, which resemble the antenne
of some insects.)

Heads many-flowered, dicecious ; the corolla tubular ; in the
pistillate flowers filiform, 5-toothed. Scales of the imvolucre
imbricate, colored, scarious. Receptacle convex, alveolate.
Achenia nearly terete. Pappus in a single series ; in the pis-
tillate flowers filiform ; in the staminate clavate.

1. A. plantaginea R. Brown: stem simple, with procumbent shoots;
leaves silky-villous when young, but when old smoothish above and ca-
nescent beneath; radical oval, petiolate, 3-nerved ; cauline linear; heads in
a small crowded corymb. Gnaphalium plantagineum Linn. G, dioicum

var. plantaginifolium Mich.

Woods. Hudson’s Bay to Flor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. April—June.
2|.—Stem 3—8 inches high, downy. Radical leaves often large and broad.
Heads few, (sometimes a single large one,) oblong, pedicellate, with a whité
involucre. Plantain-leaved Cud-weed.

2. A. margaritacea R. Brown: stem erect, tomentose ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, l-nerved, green and lanuginous above, tomentose
beneath; heads in a terminal corymb. Gnaphalium margaritaceum Linn.

Woods and fields. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem

198 .- COMPOSIT#.

1—2 feet high, clothed witha thick wool. Heads numerous, rather large, pedi-
cellate, in a spreading corymb. JIJnvolucre pearly white. Flowers yellowish.
Pearly Everlasting.

49, ERECHTITES. Raf— Fire Weed.

(An ancient name of a species of Senecio, from which this genus was sep-
arated.)

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous; marginal flowers pis-
tillate, somewhat 3—5-toothed ; the central ones perfect, 4—5-
toothed. Involucre cylindric, in one series; the scales linear,
acute. Receptacle naked, somewhat papillose. Achenia ob-
long, striate. Pappus in many series, of very fine somewhat
roughish hairs.

E. hieracifolia Raf.: stem striate, simple or paniculate above; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, sessile, attenuate at base, coarsely and unequally ser-
rate; upper auriculate at base and partly clasping; involucre cylindric,

with linear-subulate bracteoles at the base. Senecio hieracifolius Linn.

Road sides and burnt grounds. Can. and throughout the U.S. July, Aug.
@).—Stem 2—5 feet high, stout, succulent, more or less hairy. Heads numerous,
middle-sized, in a compound terminal panicle; rays none; disk flowers numer-
ous, white or yellowish. Common Fire-weed. —

50. ARNICA. Linn.—Arnica.
(Said to be a corruption of Ptarmica.)

Heads many-flowered, radiate; ray flowers pistillate ; those
of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre campanulate ; the scales
in two series, linear-lanceolate, equal. Receptacle flat, some-
what hairy. Achenia tapering at each end, somewhat hairy.
Pappus in one series of rough rigid bristles.

1. A. nudicaulis Nutl.: hirsute; leaves sessile; the radical clustered,
elliptic-ovate, nerved, entire or slightly toothed; cauline 1—2 pairs, lance-
ovate; heads terminal, on loosely corymbose peduncles. A. Claytoni Pursh.
Doronicum nudicaule Mich.

Meadows. Chester county, Penn. Darlington; rare. S. to Flor. July,
Aug. 2.—Stem 1—2 feet high, with a few peduncle-like branches at the sum-
mit, somewhat viscid. Heads large; rays numerous, deep yellow, 2—3-toothed
at the apex; disk greenish-yellow. | Naked-stemmed Arnica. Leopard’s-bane.

_ 2. A. mollis Hook.: villous-pubescent; stem leafy, bearing 1—5 heads;

leaves lanceolate or oblong, smoothish when old, repand-denticulate ; upper
ones closely sessile ; the lower narrowed at base or tapering into a petiole;
scales of the involucre acuminate, hairy.

Borders of rivulets, in the mountains of Essex county, N.Y. Aug. Torr.
White Mountains, N.H. 2|.—Root creeping. Stem 12—20 inches high, simple,
more or less pubescent. Heads about 3, large ; rays 2—3-toothed at the summit,
pale-yellow. Pappus nearly plumose. ~ Pubescent Arnica.

COMPOSITE. 199

51. CACALIA. Linn.—Indian Plantain.
(An ancient Greek name, the etymology of which is obscure.)

Heads many-flowered, the flowers all tubular and perfect.
Involucre in one series, 5—30-leaved. Receptacle flat, not
chaffy. Achenia oblong, smooth, not beaked. Pappus in one
series of minute capillary bristles.

1. C. suaveolens Linn.: stem erect, smooth, striate and angled; leaves
petiolate, hastate-sagittate, serrate, smooth and green on both sides; heads,
many-flowered ; scales of the involucre about 13. Senecio suaveolens Ell.

Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. and Ill. Sept. 2|.—Stem 3—4
feet high, smooth. Radical leaves on long petioles. Heads 25—30-flowered, in
a compound corymb, yellowish-white. Sweet-scented Indian Plantain.

2. C. atriplicifolia Linn.: stem erect, smooth; leaves petioled, smooth,
glaucous beneath; lower deltoid-cordate, sinuate-angled and toothed ; upper
rhomboidal, acute, wedgeform at base, coarsely toothed; involucre oblong,
5-leaved, 5-flowered. Senecio atriplicifolius Hook. ;

Moist grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. 2.—Stem erect,
3—6 feet high. Lower leaves 4—6 inches long and nearly as wide, on long pe-
tioles. Heads numerous, in a terminal corymb, greenish-white.

Common Indian Plantain.

3. C. reniformis Muhi.: stem sulcate-angled ; leaves petioled, smooth,
hairy on the veins beneath; radical broad-cordate, reniform, repand-toothed ;
cauline oblong, toothed, wedgeform and very entire at base; corymb fas-
tigiate ; involucre 5-leaved.

Low grounds. Penn. to Car. W. to Ill. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem 4—S feet
high. Radical leaves often 2 feet wide. (Torr. & Gr.) Heads 5-flowered,
white. ’ .. Kidney-leaved Indian Plantain.

52. SENECIO. Linn.—Groundsel.
(From the Latin senez, an old man; the pappus resembling a white beard.)

Heads many-flowered, radiate or discoid; rays pistillate.
Involucre in one series or calyculate, with smaller accessory
scales at base. Receptacle naked or alveolate. Achenia not
beaked. Pappus of numerous slender nearly equal bristles.

* Rays none.

1. S. vulgaris Linn. : stem erect, often branching ; leaves deeply pinna-
tifid, clasping, toothed; the lower tapering into petioles; heads in a corymb,
nodding; rays none; pappus equalling the corolla.

Waste places. N.S. May—Oct. (1).—Svem about a foot high. Heads yel-
low. Calyculate scales shorter than the involucre. Introduced from Europe.

Common Groundsel.
** Heads radiate.

2. S. aureus Linn.: smooth or somewhat lanuginous; radical leaves
cordate-ovate, obtuse, serrate, on long petioles; cauline pinnatifid, toothed,
sessile, the terminal segments lanceolate; heads few, in a somewhat um-

belled corymb.

200 COMPOSIT&.

Wet shady woods. Arct. Amer. to Louis. W. to Oregon. June, July. 7.—
Stem 1—2 feet high, branched above, often woolly. Heads middle sized, nume-
rous, on long slender peduncles which are thickened near the involucre; rays
8—12, and with the disk yellow. Golden Groundsel. Squaw-weed.

3. S. Balsamit@ Muhl.: stem erect, villous at base; radical leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, dentate-serrate, on long petioles; cauline lyrate-pinnatifid,
sessile, the segments toothed; heads in a compound umbellate corymb.

Moist grounds. Arct. Amer. to Louis. W. to Oregon. June, July. 2.—
Stem 1—2 feet high, densely woolly at the base. Heads rather small, yellow;
rays 8—12, narrow ; disk flowers about 20. Balsamita-like Groundsel.

4. S. obovatus Muhil.: stem erect, smoothish ; radical leaves varying from
roundish-obovate to oblong-spatulate, crenate-serrate, petiolate; cauline
pinnatifid, toothed, sessile; heads in a nearly simple somewhat umbelled
corymb, on long peduncles which are scarcely thickened at the summit. -

Rocky woods. Arct. Amer. to Louis. W. to Oregon. June, July. 2.—Stem
a foot high, branched at the summit. Heads rather small, yellow; rays about
10. Torrey & Gray consider this and the preceding species, as mere Varieties
of S. aureus; to which also they refer S. lanceolatus Oakes and S. gracilis
Pursh. Obovate-leaved Groundsel.

5. S. tomentosus Mich.: white-tomentose and woolly; radical leaves
oval-oblong or oval-lanceolate, serrulate-crenate, toothed at base, on long
petioles ; cauline oblong, somewhat divided ; corymb small, somewhat um-
belled. SS. integrifolius Nutt. Cineraria integrifolia and heterophylla
Pursh.

Dry rocks on the Blue Mountains, Penn. Pursh. S.to Flor. May, June.
2..—Stem 1—2 feet high. Heads yellow, larger than in S. aureus ; rays 12—15,
elongated. Downy Groundsel.

6. S. elongatus Pursh.: smooth; radical leaves spatulate, serrate, atten-
uated into a petiole; cauline pinnatifid, toothed, very remote ; heads on
elongated peduncles, arranged in a somewhat umbelled corymb.

Rocks on banks of streams near Easton, Penn. July, Aug. %1—Resembles

S. Balsamie, but is destitute of ray flowers. Pursh. Elongated Groundsel.

V. CynarExz. Style in the perfect flowers thickened near the sum-
mit, and often fringed at the tumor; ius branches distinct or united,
pubescent externally.

53. CENTAUREA. Linn.—Knap Weed. Blue Bottle.

(From the Centaur Chiron, who is said by this plant to have cured himself of
a wound received irom Hercules.)

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers mostly large and sterile,
funnel-form, sometimes wanting. Scales of the involucre imbri-
cate, various. Receptacle bristly-paleaceous. Achenia com-
pressed. Pappus mostly in many series, pilose, sometimes
wanting.

1, C. Jacea Linn.: stem erect, branched; leaves linear-lanceolate ;

lower broader and toothed, petioled; scales of the involucre scarious and
torn, the outer pinnatifid; heads radiate ; pappus very short or none.

COMPOSITE. 201

Waste places. Penn. MuAl. July, Aug. 2.—Heads with numerous purple
flowers. Jnvolucre pale-brown, shining. Introduced from Europe.
Brown Knap-weed.

2. C.mgra Linn.: stem erect, branched ; leaves scabrous; lower an-
gular-lyrate, petioled; upper lanceolate; scales of the involucre ovate,
fringed with capillary teeth ; rays none; pappus very short, tufted.

Fields. Mass. and Penn. July, Aug. |.—Stem 2—3 feet high. Heads
terminal, solitary. Flowers purple. Scales of the mvolucre almost black, the
teeth brown. Introduced from Europe and becoming in some places a trouble-
some weed. Black Knap-weed.

3. C. Cyanus Linn.: cottony-tomentose; stem erect, branched; upper
leaves linear, entire ; lowermost toothed or pinnatifid at base; scales of the
involucre serrate ; pappus short.

Cultivated grounds. N.S. July, Aug. ().—Stem 2—3 feet high. Heads
in terminal peduncles ; rays few, spreading, bright blue; disk flowers smaller,
purple. Introduced from Europe and naturalized in a few places.

; Corn Blue-boitle.

54. CNICUS. Vaill._—Blessed Thistle.
(From the Greek «vi@w, to prick or wound.)

Heads many-flowered ; the rays sterile, slender, nearly equal
to the disk. Involucre ovoid ; scales coriaceous, produced into
a long hard pinnated spinose appendage. Receptacle bristly.
Achenia smooth, striate. Pappus triple ; outer series very short ;
intermediate of 10 long rigid bristles ; inner of 10 short bristles.

C. benedictus Linn. D.C. Centawrea benedicta. Linn. Ed. 2.

Road sides; rare. N.Y. June. Torr. @.—Stem 1—2 feet high, branching.
Leaves clasping, somewhat decurrent and pinnatifid, the lobes spiny. Heads
large. Introduced. Common Blessed Thistle.

55. ONOPORDON. Linn.—Cotton Thistle.

(From two Greek words expressive of the eflect, ascribed by Pliny, to the ass
who eats the plant. Hook. Br. Fl.)

Heads homogamous, many- and equal-flowered. Involucre
ovate-globose ; scales imbricate, coriaceous, terminating in a
lanceolate appendage bearing a spine at the summit. Recepta-
cle honey-combed. Achenia four-cornered, transversely ru-
gose. Pappus in several series, rough, deciduous,

O. Acanthium Linn.: leaves ovate-oblong, sinuate and spinous, deeur-
rent, woolly on both sides; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, the
outer spreading and woolly at the base.

‘Waste grounds, Mass. July. @).—Stem 4—6 feet high, branched and
winged at the summit ; wings very spinous. Heads large, solitary. Flowers
urple. Introduced from Europe. Cultivated in Scotland as the Scotch Thisile.
duok, Common Cotton Thistle.

g*

é

202 COMPOSIT.

56. CIRSIUM. Tourn.—Thistle.

(From the Greek ktosos, a swelled vein; on account of its being supposed to
heal that disease.)

Heads many-flowered; the flowers perfect or dicecious.
Scales of the involucre more or less spinous at the summit.
Receptacle bristly. Corolla with the tube short and the border
5-cleft. Achenia oblong, compressed, smooth, not ribbed. Pap-
pus of numerous plumose bristles, deciduous.

—* Leaves decurrent.

1. C. lanceolatum Scop.: stem branched, hairy; leaves decurrent pinna-
tifid, hispid above, woolly beneath ; segments divaricate and spinous ; scales
of the involucre linear-lanceolate, spinous, outer ones spreading. Cardwus
lanceolatus Linn. Cnicus lanceolatus Willd.

Fields and road sides. N.S. July—Oct. 2|.—Stem 2—4 feet high, winged
by the decurrent leaves. Heads terminal, ovoid, middle-sized. Flowers purple.
Common Thistle.

** Teaves sessile,

2. C. altissimwm Spreng. : stem tall, branched, pubescent ; leaves ciliate-
spinous, scabrous above, tomentose beneath; radical petioled, pinnatifid ;
cauline sessile, oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-toothed ; scales of the involucre
ovate-lanceolate, spinous, appressed. Cardwus altissimus Linn. Cnicus
altissimus Willd.

Old fields. Penn, to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. 2].—Stem 3-8 feet
high, and on the Missouri, according to Mr. Nuttall, 12—18 feet. Leaves varia-
ble. Heads large, terminal. Flowers purple. Tall Thistle.

3. C. discolor Spreng.: stem hairy, divaricately branched; leaves lan-
ceolate, sessile or clasping, more or less deeply pinnatifid, smoothish above,
tomentose beneath; segments 2-lobed, ciliate and spinous; involucre sub-
globose; the scales ovate, spinous. Carduwus discolor Nutt. Cnicus discolor
Muh.

Old fields. Can. to Car. July—Sept. @.—Stem 3—6 feet high, sparsely
hairy. Heads large, terminal. Flowers purple. Two-colored Thisile.

4, C. arvense Scop.: stem paniculate; the branches somewhat woolly ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, sinuate-pinnatifid, spinous, undulate,
smoothish; involucre ovoid; scales ovate-lanceolate, the outer armed with
a short spine. Carduus arvensis Smith. Cnicus arvensis Willd.

Fields and road sides. Can. and N.S. July. 2.—Root creeping. Stem
2—3 feet high. JLeaves very thorny. Heads numerous, terminal, small. Flowers
purple, rarely whitish. A very troublesome weed. Introduced from Europe.

Canada Thistle. Cursed Thisile.

5. C. muticum Mich.: stem smoothish, sparingly branched ; leaves ses-
sile, deeply pinnatifid, woolly beneath; segments lanceolate, acute, spinu-
lose ; involucre subglobose; scales viscid, woolly, unarmed, or the outer
ones with a very short spine. C. Bigelowii D.C. Cardwus muticus Nutt.
C. glutinosus Beck Bot. 1st. Ed.

ee a

COMPOSITE. 203

Low grounds. Can. to Louis. W. to Texas. Aug., Sept. | or @.—Stem
3—5 feet high, striate and angular. Heads middle-sized, terminal. Flowers
purple. Awnless Thistle.

6. C. pumilum Spreng.: stera low, hairy, 1—3-flowered ; leaves lance-
oblong, pinnatifid, somewhat clasping, green on both sides; segments irreg-
ularly lobed, ciliate and spinous; involucre sub-globose; scales appressed,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, spinous. Carduwus pumilus Nutt.

Dry fields. N.Y. Mass. and Penn. July, Aug. @.—Stem 1—2 feet high,
(sometimes much taller,) erect or subdecumbent. Heads very large. Flowers
pale purple. Pappus more than an inch long. Var. Hystrix of Nuttall, has the
stem simple, 1-flowered, and the leaves densely margined with spines. It occurs
en the banks of the Hudson, near the city of New York. Low Thistle.

7. C. Nuttallii D.C.: stem much branched; leaves sessile, smooth or
smoothish on both sides, pinnatifid ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate and with
the teeth spinous; involucre ovoid; scales lanceolate, appressed, with a
short somewhat reflexed spme at the apex, somewhat pubescent and viscid
upon the back. Carduus glaber Nutt. Cnicus glaber Ell.

Low grounds. N. J. Nuit. S. to Geor. 2.—Stem 4—5 feet high, slenderly
branched. Heads somewhat paniculate. Flowers pale purple. Allied to
C. muticum, and perhaps only a variety. é Nuttall’s Thistle.

8. C. horridulum Mich.: stem simple or sparingly branched, arachnoid
when young; leaves lanceolate, partly clasping, pinnatifid, acutely divided,
very spinous, woolly beneath; heads with a whorl of spinous bracts at
base ; involucre subglobose; scales linear, acute, scarcely spinous. Car-
duus spinosissimus Walt. Cnicus horridulus Pursh.

Sandy fields. N.Y. to Flor. and Louis. July—Sept. 2|.—Stem 2—3 feet
high, stout, hollow, lanuginous. Heads large, axillary and terminal, with 20—30
bracts at base, the outer of which have spines somewhat in pairs. Flowers dull
ycllow, rarely pale purple. Yellow Thistle.

9. C. Virginianum Mich, : stem slender, mostly simple, arachnoid ; leaves
sessile, lance-linear, revolute on the margin, distantly and spinosely serrate,
smooth above, white-tomentose beneath ; involucre ovate; scales appressed,
shortly mucronate, glutinous. Cardwus Virginianus Willd. Cnicus Virgin-
tanus Pursh.

Woods. Penn.? to Geor. W. to Ken. July—Sept. 2.—Stem 2—4 feet high,
covered with a white down, especially towards the summit. Heads small,

mostly solitary. J'lowers purple. Vinginian Thistle.
57. LAPPA. Touwrn.—Burdock.

(Said to be derived from the Celtic llap, a hand ; because it lays hold of every-
thing near it. Z'orr.)

Heads many-flowered; the flowers similar and perfect.
Corolla 5-cleft; tube 10-nerved. Involucre globose; scales
imbricate, coriaceous, with a long subulate inflexed point. Re-
ceptacle flat, covered with bristly chaff Achenia oblong, com-
pressed, smooth, transversely rugose. Pappus of numerous
short distinct filiform rough bristles, caducous.

204 COMPOSITE.

L. major Gaert.: scales of the involucre subulate, smooth or with a cob-
web-like down; lower leaves cordate, petiolate; cauline ovate. Arctium
Lappa Linn.

Waste grounds, road sides, &c. N.S. July—Oct. 2|.—Stem stout, 3—4 feet
high. Radical leaves very large, (often 1—2 feet long and a foot wide,) wavy on
the margin. Heads globose, numerous, often clustered. Flowers purple. Invo-
Zucres with hooked scales, by which they are fastened to clothes and the coats
of animals. Introduced from Europe. Common Burdock.

Suporper II. LIGULIFLORA.
Flowers all ligulate and perfect.

VI. Cicuoracex. Style cylindrical above; its branches rather long
and obtuse, equally pubescent.

58. CICHORIUM. Tourn.—Succory.
(Said to be derived from the Arabic Chikouryeh.)

Heads many-flowered. Involucre double; the outer of about
5 short scales ; inner long, 8—10-leaved. Receptacle flattish,
naked or slightly hairy. Achenia somewhat compressed, smooth,
striate. Pappus of numerous very short and somewhat obtuse
scales, in one or two series.

C. Intybus Linn.: lower leaves runcinate, scarious-hispid on the mid-
rib; upper lanceolate, nearly entire; heads axillary, sessile, mostly 2—3
together.

Old fields and road sides. N.S. July—Sept.—Stem 2—3 feet high, with
numerous rough branches. Heads axillary, mostly in pairs, sessile. Flowers
bright blue or purplish. The roots are largely used for the purpose of adulterating
coffee. Introduced from Europe. Succory or Chicory.

59. KRIGIA. Schreb.—Dwarf Dandelion.
(In honor of David Kreig, a German botanist.)

Heads many-flowered, (15—30). Involucre in a single
series, with 8—12 scales. Receptacle naked. Achenia turbi-
nate, somewhat pentagonal, not beaked. Pappus in a double
series; the outer of 5 broad, short, chaffy scales; inner of 5
long scabrous bristles, alternating with the scales.

K. Virginica Willd.: somewhat glaucous; primary leaves roundish,
entire ; the succeeding ones lyrate, nearly smooth; heads solitary, on scapes
which are finally longer than the leaves. Cynthia Virginica Beck Bot.
Ist Ed. Hyoseris Virginica Linn. :

Fields and dry soils. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas. May—Aug. (1).—Scapes
2—10 inches high, often several from one root. Head solitary, terminal, small:
Flowers deep yellow. This plant continues in flower for some time; during
which it varies greatly in the length of the scape. K. dichotoma of Nuttall, al-
though marked as distinct by De Candolle, can be nothing more than a va-
riety of this species. Dwarf Dandelion. —

COMPOSIT &. 205

60. CYNTHIA. Don. —Cynthia.

(Supposed to be named from Mount Cynthus ; which was sacred to Apollo
and Diana. Darlingt. Fl. Ces.)

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre numerous, in
one or two series. Receptacle naked, dotted. Achenia quad-
rangular, smoothish, not beaked. Pappus double; the outer
of numerous very short chaffy scales ; inner hair-like, deciduous.

1. C. Virginica Don.: smooth and glaucous; stem scape-like, often bifid
or trifid, few-leaved ; radical leaves petioled, lyrate, sinuate-dentate or pin-
natifid ; cauline lanceolate, clasping, nearly entire, smooth. C. amplexicaule

Beck Bot. 1st Ed. Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt.

Wet woods. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. May—July. 2|.—Svtems a foot or
more high, often 2 or 3 from one root, divided into long slender branches, with a
clasping leaf at the forks. Heads solitary, at the extremities of the branches,
large, orange-yellow. Virgiman Cynthia.

2. C. Dandelion Linn.: scapes usually several from the same root; pri-
mary leaves spatulate-oblong; the others linear-lanceolate, elongated,
mostly acute, either entire, repand-denticulate, remotely sinuate-toothed or
laciniate-subpinnatifid ; the triangular-lanceolate divaricate lobes 2—3 on
each side (Torr. g- Gr.) C. Dandelion and Boscti D.C. Krigia Dan-
delion Nutt. Gen.

Low grounds. Md. to Geor. W. to Texas. March—May. %|.—Roots tube-
riferous. Scapes or stems 6—15 inches high, sometimes decumbent. Flowers
yellow. Dandelion-like Cynthia.

61. OPORINIA. Don.—Hawkbit.
(From the Greek orwpiv6s, autumnal; in allusion to the time of flowering.)

Heads many-flowered. Involucre obconic, in one series;
scales lanceolate, acuminate, with numerous accessory ones at
the base. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, somewhat te-
rete, attenuated at both ends, transversely rugulose. Pappus
in one series, persistent, plumose, scarious and dilated at base.

O. autumnale Don.: scape branched, scaly upwards ; leaves lanceolate,
toothed or pinnatifid, smoothish ; peduncles swollen beneath the somewhat
downy involucre. Apargia autumnalis Willd.

Fields and road sides. N.S. July—Sept. {.—Scape spreading, branched
into a few peduncles which are furnished with remote scales. Heads middle-
sized, bright yellow, resembling the Dandelion. Introduced from Europe.

Autumnal Hawkbit.

62. LACTUCA. Touwrn.—Lettuce.
(From the Latin Jac, milk; the plant giving out a milky juice.)
Heads few- or many-flowered. Involucre cylindric; scales
calyculate-imbricate, in 2—4 series; the outer short. Recep-
tacle naked. Achenia flat, obcompressed, wingless, abruptly

206 COMPOSIT &.

produced into a filiform beak. Pappus of copious soft and
white capillary bristles. ae

EL. elongata Muhl.: stem erect, smoothish, paniculate at the summit;
leaves subciasping, pale beneath; the lower runcinate-pimnatifid; upper
mostly lanceolate and entire, sometimes elongated; heads in an elongated
leafless panicle. G. longifolia Mich.

var. integrifolia Torr. & Gr.: leaves nearly all undivided, lanceolate.
L. integrifolia Big.

var. sanguinea Torr. § Gr.: leaves nearly all runcinate; flowers pur-
plish or red. ZL. sanguinea Big. and L. hirsuta Nuit,

Woods and road sides; often growing up from ground newly burnt over.
Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July--Sept. @).—Stem 2—8 feet high; in var. san-
guinea smaller. Heads rather smaller than in garden lettuce. Flowers yellow,
purple or red. I follow Torrey and Gray in uniting with this species the three
which have heretofore been described as distinct. Wild Lettuce. Fire-weed.

63. TARAXACUM. Hailler.—Dandelion.
(From the Greek rapacow; on account of its medicinal qualities.)
Heads many-flowered. Involucre double; the outer scales
small, spreading or reflexed ; the inner in a single series, erect.
Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, striate, muricate on the
ribs, produced into a long beak. Pappus in many series, white,
pilose. :

T. Dens-leonis Desf.: smooth; leaves equally and acutely runcinate, the
segments toothed ; outer scales of the involucre reflexed ; achenia muricate
at the apex. Leontodon Taraxacum Linn.

Pastures, &c. Throughout Can. and the U.S. April—Nov. %.—Root
thick. Scapes often several from the root, each with one large terminal head.
Flowers yellow. — In its young state it is used as a potherb. Introduced, but al-
most everywhere naturalized. Common Dandelion.

64. SONCHUS. Linn.—Sow Thistle.
(An ancient Greek name, the meaning of which is obscure.)

Heads many-flowered, dilated at base. Involucre imbricate.
Receptacle naked. Achenia compressed, not winged or beaked,
longitudinally ribbed, transversely rugose. Pappus of nume-
rous soft and very white hairs.

1. S. oleraceus Linn.: smooth or with the branches glandular-pilose ;
cauline leaves runcinate-pinnatifid or the upper undivided, clasping, slightly

spinulose-toothed ; the auricles acute ; peduncles somewhat tomentose when
young. S. ciliatus Lam.

Waste grounds. Can. and throughout the U. S. July—Sept. @.—Stem
2—4 feet high, hollow and succulent. Leaves 2—6 inches long, variously di-
vided. Heads in a somewhat umbelled corymb. Flowerspale yellow. Pappus
very white and silky. Inireduced from Europe. Common Sow-thistle.

2. S. asper Vill.: smooth or somewhat glandular hairy at the summit;
lower leaves spatulate or oval; cauline undivided, undulate or slightly

—

COMPOSITE. 207

uncinate, spinulose-toothed, cordate-clasping; heads umbellate-corymbose,
S. sprnulosus,var. asper Linn. S. spinulosus Big.

Fields and waste places. Throughout the U. S. Aug., Sept. @.—-Stem
about 2 feet high, smooth or slightly hairy. Heads small, somewhat umbelled.
Flowers yellow. Introduced from Europe. Spiny-leaved Sow-thastle.

3. S. arvensis Linn.: root creeping ; stem erect, smooth; leaves runci-
nate-pinnatifid, spinulose-toothed, cordate-clasping; the auricles obtuse ;
panicle umbellate-corymbose; pedicels and involucres glandular-hispid.

Near cultivated grounds. Ver. to Penn. Newfoundland Hook. Aug., Sept.
2.—Stem 2—3 feet high. Heads as large asin the Dandeiion. Flowers yellow.
Introduced from Europe. Large Sow-thistle.

65. HIERACIUM. Linn.—Hawk Weed.

(From the Greek ‘coat, a hawk ; because birds of prey were supposed to em-
ploy this plant to strengthen their powers of vision. Hook. Br. Fl.)

Heads many-flowered. Involucre ovate or cylindric; scales
limear-obtuse, imbricate, rarely only in two series. Receptacle
alveolate or pitted and fimbrillate. Achenia 5-sided, somewhat
striate, mostly clavate, not beaked. Pappus in a single series
of very dense dull-white rigid scabrous hairs.

* Stem leafy.

1, H. Canadense Mich.: stem erect, simple or sparingly branched above ;
leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth or somewhat pubescent,
acutely and divaricately toothed ; heads corymbose ; involucre smoothish ;
outer scales mostly spreading in fruit. HH. virgatwm, fasciculatum and ma-
cMphyllum Pursh, H. Kalmii Spreng. not of Linn. (according to Torr.
g Gr.)

Rocky woods. Can. N. Eng. and N.Y. N. to lat. 66°. W. to Oregon. July,
Aug. ‘2|.—Stem stout, smooth, pubescent or hairy. Heads axillary and termi-

nal, on downy or hispid peduncles. lowers pale-yellow.
Canadian Hawk-weed.

2. H. scabrum Mich.: stem erect, stout, hispid below, rough above ;
leaves obovate or oval, entire or somewhat denticulate, hairy, the lower
narrowed at the base, the upper closely sessile; peduncles and involucre
hispid and downy. H. marianwm Willd. H. Gronovii,3, Hook.

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem about 2 feet
high, often very rough below. Heads numerous, in a fastigiate corymb. Flow-
ers yellow. Rough Hawk-weed.

3. H. Gronovit Linn.: stem erect, leafless and paniculate above ; leaves
entire or denticulate, pale, sparingly villous-hirsute ; the lower oblong-obo-
vate or spatulate ; upper oval or oblong, sessile or clasping ; peduncles and
involucre glandular-hispid.

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas. July, Aug. 2.—Stem about 2
feet high, nearly naked. Heads in a long naked panicle. Flowers yellow.
Differs from the preceding in its more slender, nearly naked stem and much
longer peduncles. Gronovius’s Hawk-weed.

4, H. paniculatum Willd.: stem erect, loosely paniculate, smooth above,

208 COMPOSIT A.

whitish tomentose below; leaves lanceolate, oblong, few-toothed, sessile,
membranaceous, smooth; peduncles slender, divaricate ; bracts setaceous.

Woods. Can. to Geor. W.to Miss. July—Sept. %|.—Stem slender, 1—3
feet high. Heads small, on long slender peduncles, forming a large panicle.
Flowers yellow. Panicled Hawk-weed.

5. H. Scouleri, Hook.: clothed with long brownish rigid and spreading
hairs ; stem paniculate, branched; leaves broad-lanceolate, somewhat co-
riaceous, rigid, acute, slightly toothed ; radical attenuated into a short peti-
ole; cauline very remote, sessile; involucre rusty-pubescent, with long
scattered hairs.

On the Columbia river ; and also gathered in Penn. by Schweinitz. Hooker.
Stem a foot high. Heads small. Flowers yellow. Scouler’s Hawk-weed.

** Stem naked or nearly so.

6. H. venosum Linn. : stem scape-like, naked or with a single leaf, smooth
and branching above; leaves obovate-oblong and lanceolate, entire or ob-
securely denticulate, hairy on the margin and midrib beneath; veins pur-
ple ; involucre mostly smooth.

Dry and sandy woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. June—Aug. 2|.—Stem
J—2 feet high, naked or with 1—2 leaves, branched at the summit. Radical
leaves spreading on the ground, colored with dark veins. Heads small, on slen-
der peduncles, forming a loose panicle. Flowers yellow. This is one of the
plants in common repute as an antidote or remedy for the poison of the rattle-
snake ; but we are still in want of proof in regard to its medicinal power.

Veiny Hawk-weed.

66. NABALUS. Cass.—Nabalus.
(Origin unknown.)

Heads 5—30-flowered. Involucre cylindric, of 10—14 lin-
ear scales, calyculate at base. Receptacle naked. Achenia cb-
long, subcylindraceous, sulcate, smooth, truncate at the ap&.
Pappus in many series of yellow or brownish rough rigid hairs.

1. N. Serpentarius Hook.: leaves toothed, rough; radical palmate; cau-
line on long petioles, sinuate-pinnatifid, somewhat 3-lobed, the middle seg-
ment 3-parted; upper leaves lanceolate; racemes terminal, paniculate,
short, nodding ; involucre 8-leaved, 12-flowered. WN. albus,var. Serpentaria
Torr. §& Gr. Harpalyce Serpentaria Don. Prenanthes Serpentaria Pursh.

Woods on hill sides. Hudson’s Bay to Car. Aug., Sept. 2.—Stem 2—5
feet high, simple or much branched. _Heads in loose terminal panicles. Invo-
lucre purplish. Flowers white or yellowish. A very variable species, which
may perhaps be more properly united with the next,as has been done by Torrey
and Gray, and Dr. Darlington. It has gained some notoriety asa cure for the
bite of the rattlesnake, but I apprehend that the statements on this point are en-
titled to very little credence. Ratilesnake Root. Lion’s Foot.

2. N. albus Hook.: smooth and somewhat glaucous; stem paniculate at
the summit; leaves angular-hastate, irregularly toothed, sinuate-incised or
pinnately 3—5-parted; the lower petioled, upper sessile; racemes short,
paniculate; involucre about 8-leaved, 8—10-flowered. Harpalyce alba Don.
Prenanthes alba Linn.

_ Woods. Can.toCar. Aug. 2|.—Stem 3—5 feet high. Heads numerous,
in a loose panicle which is cormposed of small terminal clusters. Flowers white.
Achenia yellow. Pappus deep cinnamon-color. White Lettuce.

COMPOSIT ZA. 209

3. N. altissimus Hook.: stem erect, smooth, branched; leaves all pe-
tioled, undivided, or the lower 3—5-cleft or parted; the lobes or leaves acu-
minate, repandly toothed or denticulate ; headsin small axillary or terminal
clusters; involucre 5-leaved, 5—6-flowered. NN. cordatus and N. deltoideus
D.C. Harpalyce altissima and cordata Don. Prenanthes altissima and
cordata Pursh.

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem 4 or 5 feet high,
slender. Leaves sometimes cordate, deltoid or triangular-hastate. Heads nod-
ding, in racemes arranged in a large leafy panicle. Flowers yellowish-white.
Pappus dirty white. Tall Nabalus.

4. N. virgatus D.C.: smooth; stem simple; leaves narrow-lanceolate ;
the lower sinuate or dentate, upper entire; racemes simple, terminal ;
heads nodding, 8—10-flowered; involucre smooth, 8-leaved. Harpalyce
virgata Don. Prenanthes virgata Mich.

_ Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. Aug., Sept. 2.—Stem 2—5 feet high. Heads
in a long terminal virgate raceme. Flowers pale purple. Virgate Nabalus.

5. N. Fraseri D.C.: stem erect, slightly pubescent, branched; leaves
mostly deltoid, 3—7-lobed, contracted into winged or margined petioles;
upper nearly sessile and undivided; involucre smoothish, of about 8 scales,
8—12-flowered. N. Frasert, trilobatus, integrifolius and Serpentarius, B.D.C.
Prenanthes rubicunda Pursh, (according to Torr. g Gr.)

Dry sterile and sandy soils. Can. and N. Y. to Flor. Aug.—Oct. |.—Stem
2—4 feet high. Leaves very variable. Involucre often purplish, usually quite
smooth. Flowers cream-color, sometimes witha tinge of purple. Pappus straw
color. Very near N. albus, and some of its forms can only be distinguished from
that species by its light-colored pappus. Fraser’s Nabalus.

6. N. nanus D. C.: smooth; stem simple; leaves on slender petioles,
varying from undivided and angular or toothed to hastately or palmately
3-lobed or parted ; heads clustered, forming a racemose panicle; involucre
10—15-flowered ; inner scales about 8; the calyculate scales very short, tri-
angular-ovate. (Torr. g Gr.) Harpalyce alba,var. nana Beck Bot. \st Ed.
Prenanthes alba,var. nana Big.

White Mountains, N. H. Big. Summit of Mount Marcy, Essex county, N.Y.
Torr. Aug. 2.—Stem 5—12 inches high, smooth. Heads nodding. Flowers
whitish. Pappus straw-color. Dwarf Nabalus.

7. N. Boottii D. C.: stem simple, pubescent at the summit; leaves pe-
tioled, smooth ; lower subcordate or hastate-cordate, obtuse; the middle cor-
date-lanceolate ; upper linear-lanceolate, acuminate and entire; heads in a
nearly simple raceme; involucre 10—18-flowered ; the inner scales 10—15,
obtuse; the calyculate scales linear, lax, nearly half the length of the
proper involucre. (Tvrr. g Gr.) Prenanthes alba, var. nana Big. (in part)

White Mountains. N. H. Boott. Summit of Whiteface Mountain, Essex
county, N.Y. Torr. Aug.,Sept. 2|.—Stem 5—8 inches high. Leaves variable.
Heads slightly nodding. Flowers whitish, odorous. Pappus straw-color. Dis-
tinguished from the preceding by the narrow loose and elongated calyculate
scales of the involucre. Torr. Boott’s Nabalus.

210 CAMPANULACES.

67. MULGEDIUM. Cass.—Mulgedium. -

(From the Latin mulgeo, to milk; on account of its yielding a white juice
when cut.)

Heads many-flowered. Involucre calyculate-imbricate, the
outer scales much shorter than the inner. Receptacle naked,
honey-combed. Achenia smooth, compressed, attenuated into
a beak at the summit, appearing as if a part of the achenium,
and expanded into a short thick cup-form disk. Pappus in one
or a few series of stiff rough white or tawny hairs.

1. M. macrophyllum D. C.: stem stiffly erect, hispid at the summit;
feaves broad-lyrate, cordate at base, hairy beneath; terminal lobe large,
cordate; petioles winged; heads in a loose hispid panicle; involucre
slightly hispid. Sonchus macrophyllus Willd. Agathyrsus macrophyllus Don.?

Wet grounds. Penn. to Car.? Aug., Sept. %|.—Root tuberous. Stem 4—7
feet high. Heads about as large as those of Crchorium Intybus. Flowers blue.
A doubtful species. Large-leaved Mulgedium.

2. M. Floridanum D.C.: smooth; stem erect, purplish or somewhat
glaucous, paniculate above; cauline leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, petioled;
the lobes few, sinuate-toothed; uppermost triangular, acute; heads in a
loose erect panicle. Sonchus Floridanus Linn. Agathyrsus Floridanus
Don.

Woods and road sides. N.Y. to Geor. July, Aug. @).—Stem 3—6 feet high,
often purplish. Heads rather small, inan oblong terminal panicle. Flowers blue,
Pappus dirty white. Pursh states that this plant is used as a cure for the bite
of the rattlesnake in the same manner as Nabalus Serpentarius, and is known
by the name of Gall of the Earth.

3. M. acuminatum D.C.: stem erect, smooth, simple; cauline leaves
ovate, acute, sparingly toothed, attenuated into a winged petiole, slightly
hairy on the midrib and veins beneath; radical sometimes slightly runcinate;
heads in a thyrse-like panicle; peduncles somewhat scaly. Sonchus acumi-
natus Willd. Lactuca villosa Jacq.

Shady woods. N. Y. to Geor. and Louis. Aug., Sept. @.—Stem 3—6 feet
high, paniculate above. Heads small, not numerous, in a widely spreading ter-
minal panicle; the peduncles with a few ovate ciliate scales. Flowers blue.

Sharp-leaved Mulgedium.

4. M. leucopheum D. C.: stem very leafy, smoothish, paniculate at the
summit ; leaves somewhat runcinate-pinnatifid, coarsely toothed, somewhat
hairy beneath; heads in a large compound panicle; peduncles scaly.
Sonchus leucopheus Willd. Agathyrsus leucopheus Don.

Waste grounds and road sides. Can. to Car. W.to Oregon. July—Sept.
@.—Stem 3—10 feet high, (Torr.) smooth, or slightly hairy. Lower leaves very
large. Heads numerous, small, in an elongated panicle. Flowers bluish-white.

Tall Mulgedium.

Orper LXX. CAMPANULACE2.—Bettworts.

Calyx usually 5-lobed, (3—8,) persistent. Corolla usually
5-lobed, (3—8,) withering, valvate. Stamens alternate with the

CAMPANULACER. 211

lobes of the corolla; anthers distinct. Style covered with col-
lecting hairs. Capsule 2—3, several-celled, opening by apertures
or valves. Seeds numerous ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albu-
men.—Herbaceous plants, with a milky juice. Leaves alter-
nate, without stipules. Flowers usually showy.

‘1. CAMPANULA. Linn.—Bell Flower.
(From the Latin campanula, a little bell; in reference to the shape of the flower.)

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-cleft, usually campanu-
late. Stamens 5, free. Filaments broad and membranaceous at
base. Stigmas 3 or 5, filiform. Capsule 3—5-celled, opening
by 3—5 lateral valves.

1. C. rotundifolia Linn.: radical leaves petioled, reniform-cordate, cre-
nate or cut; cauline linear, entire; segments of the calyx subulate, about
one-third as long as the campanulate corolla.

Rocky banks. Arct. Amer. to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June,
July. 2.—Stems 8—12 inches high, erect or assurgent, sometimes branched
from the base, or several from one root. Radical leaves cordate, (withering early.)
Flowers few, large, blue, in a loose terminal panicle or raceme.

Flax Bell-flower. Harebell.

2. C. Americana Linn.: leaves ovate-lanceolate, much acuminate, unci-
nately-serrate ; lowest often somewhat cordate, contracted into a petiole at
base; flowers in a terminal-leafy spike; segments of the calyx linear-
acuminate, shorter than the somewhat rotate corolla. C. acwminata Mich.

Moist shady places. N.Y. to Geor. W. to Mich. July, Aug. 2|.—Siem
2—3 feet high, simple or slightly branched. Flowers numerous,.blue, sessile,
2—3 together in the axils of the leaves. American Bell-flower.

3. C. aparinoides Pursh.: stem slender, much branched, acutely-angled ;
angles with the margin and nerves of the leaves aculeate backwards ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, sessile, somewhat crenate-serrate, smooth above ; pedicels
slender, flexuous; lobes of the calyx triangular, one-third as long as the
campanulate corolla. C. erinoides Muwhl.

Wet meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. June, July. ()?—Stem about a
foot high, weak. Flowers very small, white, nodding. Prickly Bell-flower.

2. SPECULARIA. D. C.—Specularia.
(From the ancient name of one of the species, Speculum Veneris.)
Calyx 5-lobed, by abortion 3—4-lobed; the tube elongated,
prismatic or obconic. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, free.
Filaments membranaceous, hairy, shorter than the anthers.
Stigmas 8. Capsule elongated, prismatic, 8-celled, opening
laterally by 3 valves near the summit,

S. perfoliata D.C.: stem simple, angular ; angles hispid ; leaves roundish-

212 LOBELIACE.

cordate, crenate-dentate, clasping ; flowers solitary or glomerate in the axils
of the leaves. Campanula perfoliata Linn. C. amplexicaulis Mich.

Fields. Can. to Car. W. toMiss. May—July. @©.—Stem 9—18 inches high,
(sometimes 2—3 feet,) mostly simple. Leaves about three-fourths of an inch
long, and sometimes broader than long, closely embracing the stem, but never
perfoliate. Flowers small, purple, sessile, 1—4 in the axil of each leaf.

Clasping Bell-flower.

OrpErR LXXI. LOBELIACEA.—Losx tips.

Calyx 5-lobed or entire. Corolla irregular, 5-lobed or 5-cleft.
Stamens 5; anthers cohermg. Stigma fringed. Fruit capsular,
1 or more celled, many-seeded, dehiscing at the apex; embryo
in the axis of the albumen.—Herbaceous plants or shrubs, often
with milky juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers
axillary or terminal.

LOBELIA. Linn.—Lobelia.
(In honor of Matthias de Lobel; a Flemish.botanist.)

Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla irregular, cleft on the upper side,
2-lipped ; lower lip 3-cleft. The two lower anthers, rarely all,
bearded at the summit. Capsule inferior or semisuperior, 2 or
3-celled, opening at the summit.

1. L. Dortmanna Linn.: stem erect, simple, nearly naked; radical
leaves in a cluster, terete, fleshy, 2-celled; cauline few and minute ; flow-
ers few, in a terminal raceme, remote, pedicellate, nodding. ;

_ Ponds and swamps. Hudson’s Bay to Geor. July—Sept. |.—Stem scape-
like, 9—18 inches high. Radical leaves growing in a single tuft, consisting of
two empty united tubes, obtuse, spreading and recurved. Flowers 3—4, very
remote, pale-blue. — Water Gladiole.

2. L. paludosa Nutt.: stem erect, angular, smooth, nearly simple and
naked; leaves smooth, flat, fleshy, remotely crenulate; radical crowded,
linear-oblong, obtuse; cauline remote, erect, linear; flowers few, in a
spiked raceme, remote; corolla six times as long as the lobes of the calyx,
with the lower lip hairy. a

Sphagnous swamps. Del. to Geor. %|.— Stems or scapes several from the
same root, 2 feet in length, fistulous, sometimes a little branched. Radzcal leaves
in a large cluster, 4—12 inches long. Flowers small, pale-blue, subtended by
minute bracts often nearly 2 inches apart. Resembles the preceding, but prob-
ably distinct. Marsh Lobelia.

3. L. Kalmii Linn.: smooth; stem mostly branched ; leaves remotely
toothed ; radical oblong-spatulate; cauline linear ; racemes terminal, loose,
few-flowered, leafy ; pedicels longer than the fruit, with 2 minute bracteoles
near the flower.

Wet places. Can.to N. Y. July, Aug. @).—Stem 8—18 inches high, slen-

der, erect or assurgent. Flowers blue, on slender pedicels which are from 6—12
lines long. Kalm’s Lobelia.

4, L. Nultallii R. G& S.: stem erect, minutely scabrous, simple or with

ERICACE. 213

filiform branches; leaves remotely denticulate ; radical oblong-spatulate ;
cauline oblong-linear; racemes virgate; pedicels shorter than the flower,
with minute bracteoles near the base; capsule obtuse below. WL. gracilis
Nutt. L. Kalmii,var. Bart. Ell.

Sandy swamps and near salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. @.—
Stem 1—2 feet high, filiform, erect or flexuous. Flowers in a slender raceme,
pale-blue, smaller than in the preceding; the bracteoles near the base of the
pedicels and often colored. Nuttall’s Lobelia.

5. L. spicata Lam.: stem erect, simple,pubescent; leaves pubescent, ob-
tuse, nearly entire; radical spatulate; cauline oblong; raceme virgate,
naked ; segments of the calyx subulate, nearly as long as the tube of the
corolla. ZL. Claytoniana Mich. LL. pallida Muhl.

Fields. Can. to Car. N. to Lake Winnipeg. July, Aug. %|.—Stem 1—2
feet high, generally simple. Flowers pale-blue, as large as those of L. Kalmu,
from 6—30 in a spike-like raceme. Spiked Lobelia.

6. L. puberula Mich.: pubescent; stem erect, simple; leaves oblong-
ovate, obtuse, repand-serrulate ; flowers nearly sessile, in a 1-sided spike ;
calyx hirsute at base, the lanceolate ciliate segments as long as the tube of
the corolla.

Moist low grounds. Penn. to Geor. Sept. 2|.—Stem 2 feet high. Lower
leaves obovate ; upper lanceolate. Flowers rather large, in a secund spike or
raceme, nearly sessile, bright blue. Allied to the next, but smaller in all its
parts. Pubescent Lobelia.

7. L. syphilitica Linn.: stem erect, somewhat hairy; leaves closely ses-
sile, ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate, with scattered hairs on the upper
surface ; raceme leafy, with the flowers on short pedicels; calyx hispidly-
ciliate, with the auricles reflexed and 2-cleft.

Bogs and low wet grounds. Can. to Car. Aug.,Sept. 2|.—Stem 2—3 feet
high, simple, hairy on the margin. Flowers on short pedicels, in a long leafy
raceme, large, blue. This plant was formerly supposed to be medicinal.

Blue Cardinal Flower.

8. L. inflata Linn. : stem erect, hairy, branched; leaves ovate-lanceo-
— late, sessile, crenate-dentate, hairy ; racemes leafy, somewhat paniculate ;
capsule ovoid, inflated.

Fields and woods. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. July—Sept. @).—Stem 12—18
inches high. Flowers numerous, small, pale-blue, in leafy spikes or racemes.

Plant acrid and powerfully medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 177.
Indian. Tobacco.

9. L. cardinalis Linn.: stem erect, simple, pubescent; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, acute at each end, unequally dentate-serrate, minutely pubes-
cent ; raceme somewhat secund and leafy below; stamens longer than the
corolla,

Low wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. July, Aug. 2|.— Stem 2—3
feethigh. Flowers very large, bright scarlet, in a terminal raceme which is

from 8—10 inches long. One of the most splendid plants in the Northern
States. Cardinal Flower.

Orpver LXXII.—ERICACE.“.—HeEaruworrs.

Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, nearly equal, persistent. Corolla 4 or 5-
cleft, regular or irregular. Stamens definite, equal in number

214 ERICACE.

to the segments of the corolla, or twice asmany. Ovary many-
celled ; style 1. Fruit capsular, baccate or drupaceous. Seeds
indefinite, minute; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.—
Shrubs or under shrubs. Leaves evergreen, rigid, without
stipules.

1. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Adans.—Bear Grape.

(From the Greek apxros, a bear, and stapd\n, a grape.)

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla ovate-urceolate; the ori-
fice 5-toothed, revolute. Stamens 10, included. Anthers com-
pressed, with two pores at the summit, laterally 2-awned, the
awns reflexed. Berry drupaceous, globose, mostly 5-celled;
cells 1-seeded.

1. A. Uva-ursi Spreng. : procumbent, smooth ; leaves petioled, cuneate-
obovate, very entire, coriaceous, shining ; flowers in small terminal racemes;

fruit smooth. Arbutus Uva-ursi Linn.

On mountains and in sandy soils. Subarct. Amer. to N. ¥. W.to Rocky
Mountains. April, May. h.—A trailing evergreen. Stems numerous and
spreading. Leaves thick and rigid, less than an inch long. Flowers drooping,
pale-red. Berry small, red. The leaves are astringent and medicinal. See
Big. Med. Bot. i. 66. Bear Berry.

2. A. alpina Spreng.: procumbent; leaves membranaceous, deciduous,
obovate, acute, serrate, ciliate when young; bracteoles broad-ovate, ciliate,
about as long as the pedicels.

White Mountains, N. H.; rare. Gray & Tuckermann. May.? h.—Stem
trailing. Leaves tapering into a short petiole, becoming red in the autumn.
Ficwers white or very pale rose-color. Berry black. Alpine Arbutus.

2. GAULTHERIA. Linn.—Partridge Berry.

(In honor of M. Gautier, a French physician of Quebec. The original name
of Kalm, seems to have been Gautiera.)

Calyx 5-lobed, bi-bracteate at base. Corolla ovate, the ori-
fice 5-toothed. Stamens 10, with the filaments hirsute. An-
thers two-horned at the summit. Capsule 5-celled, invested by
the calyx which becomes a berry.

G. procumbens Linn.: stem procumbent, with the branches erect;
leaves obovate, wedgeform at the base, ciliate-denticulate; flowers few,
subterminal, nodding.

Dry woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Ohio. May—July. h.—Stem creeping ;
branches ascending, 4—6 inches high. Jeavesevergreenand shining. Flowers
axillary, white. Fruit having the appearance of a bright scarlet berry.

Partridge Berry. Spicy Wintergreen.

3. OXYDENDRUM. D. C.—Sorrel Tree.

(From the Greek ofvs, an acid, and devdoov, a tree ; on account of the sour taste
of its leaves.)

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acuminate. Corolla ovate, 5-

ERICACE. 215

toothed. Stamens 10. Filaments hairy. Anthers erect, ob-
long, not awned. Style pentagonal. Capsule pyramidal, pen-
tagonal, 5-celled, 5-valved, the valves septiferous in the middle.

O. arboreum D.C.: smooth; branches terete; leaves petioled, oblong,
acuminate, serrate; panicles terminal, many-spiked ; corolla ovate, pubes-
cent on the outside. Andromeda arborea Linn.

Mountain valleys. Penn. and Ohio to Flor. June, July.—A_ beautiful
tree 40—50 feet high. Leaves large, shining above, paler beneath, having an
acid taste. Flowers white, in large terminal panicles consisting of numerous
secund racemes or spikes. Sorrel Tree.

4. ANDROMEDA. Linn.— Andromeda.

(Thus named im allusion to the fabled exposure of Andromeda ; from the place
of growth of some species.)

Calyx 5-parted, the segments acute. Corolla ovate, globose
or somewhat campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens 10. Capsule 5-
celled, 5-valved.

* Leaves evergreen.

1. A. hypnoides Linn.: leaves imbricate, subulate, smooth; pedicels ter-
minal, 1-flowered ; corolla nodding, globose-campanulate, deeply 3-cleft.
Cassiope hypnoides D. C.

White Hills, N. H. N. W. Coast. June. k.—Stem creeping ; flowering
branches erect. Flowers white, tinged with red. It resembles a moss.
Moss Andromeda.

2. A. polyfolia Linn.: leaves linear-lanceolate, revolute on the margin,
whitish-glaucous beneath; flowers in short terminal racemes.

Sphagnous swamps. Labrador to Penn. June. hk.—Stem 12—I8 inches
high. Leaves 1—2 inches long, coriaceous, varying from linear to oblong.
Flowers white, tinged with red. Wild Rosemary.

3. A. calyculata Linn.: leaves elliptic-oblong, rather obtuse, subrevo-
lute, ferruginous beneath; racemes terminal, leafy; corolla ovate-oblong,
with the orifice contracted; calyx bi bracteate. Cassandra calyculata Don.

Swamps. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. April, May. hk.—Sfem 3—4 feet high.
Leaves coriaceous, covered with white dots above, pale beneath. Flowers
white, solitary, on short secund pedicels. Bou-leaved Andromeda.

*
** Leaves deciduous.

4. A. Mariana Linn.: leaves oval, somewhat acute, entire, smooth
above, pale and somewhat pubescent beneath, subcoriaceous ; flowering
branches nearly naked; pedicels fasciculate; calyx leafy; corolla ovoid-
cylindric; filaments hairy. Leucothoe Mariana D. C.

Sandy soils. N.Y. to Flor. June, July. ).—Stem 2—3 feet high. Leaves
on short petioles. Flowers white and pale-red, large, arranged in short sessile
fasciculate racemes. Supposed to be poisonous to lambs. Kill-lamb.

5, A. racemosa Mich.: leaves oblong, serrulate, membranaceous, smooth
above, somewhat pubescent beneath ; racemes terminal, secund, simple or
branched ; corolla oblong-cylindric, contracted at the mouth; anthers 4-

awned at the summit. A, paniculata Walt. Zenobia racemosa D. C.

216 ERICACE.

Swamps and wet woods. Can. to Flor. June, July. h.—Stem 4—6 feet
high, irregularly branched. Leaves on short petioles. Flowers white, in ra-
cemes which are 3 or 4 inches long. Racemed Andromeda.

6. A. ligustrina Muhl.: pubescent; leaves obovate-oblong, acuminate,
minutely serrulate ; flower-bearing branches terminal, paniculate, naked ;
corolla nearly Blobese, pubescent ; “anthers unawned, A.paniculata Pursh.
Vaccinium ligustrinum Linn. Lyonia paniculata Nutt.

Swamps, &e. Can. to Car. June, July. h.—Stem 4—6 feet high, much
branched. Flowers in compound nearly naked and erect panicles. Corolla
small, white, pubescent. Privet Andromeda.

5. CLETHRA. Linn.—Sweet Pepper Bush.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla 5-parted, almost 5-pe-
talled; the petals ovate-oblong. Stamens10. Filaments subu-
late. Style straight. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, enclosed by
the calyx. :

C. alnifolia Linn.: leaves cuneate-obovate, acute, serrate, smooth, green
on both sides; racemes spiked, simple, bracteate, vent tomentose.
Swamps. Gan to Geor. W. to Ohio. July, Aug. h.—Stem 4—6 feet
high. eaves sometimes slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers white, in long
terminal racemes or spikes, with downy pedicels.
Common Sweet Pepper-bush.
6. MENZIESIA. Smith.—Menziesia.

(Named in honor of Archibald Menzies, a botanist and physician who accom-
panied Vancouver in his voyage around the world. )

Calyx campanulate, 4- cleft or 4-toothed. Corolla tubular or
globose ; limb very short, 4-toothed, revolute. Stamens 8, in-
cluded. Filaments subulate, smooth. Stigma obtuse. Cap-
sule 4-celled, 4-valved.

M. globularis Salisb.: branches and pedicels somewhat hairy; leaves
oval-lanceolate, ciliate, pubescent except on the nerves beneath, with a
sharp glandular point; calyx 4-cleft; corolla globose. MM. Smithiz Mich.

Mountains. Penn.to Car. June. h.—Stéem 4 feet high. Leaves very hairy
when young. Flowers yellowish-brown. Globose Menzresza.

7. PHYLLODOCE. Salish—American Heath.

(From the Greek ¢vA\ov, a leaf, and doxew, to see; in allusion to its peltate
stigma ?)

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes often acuminate.- Corolla ovate,
the orifice contracted, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, included. Fil-
aments smooth, slender. Anthers awnless. Stigma peltate..
Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded.

P. taxifolia Salisb.: stem branchéd; leaves linear, toothed ; peduncles
terminal, 1-flowered, glandular-ptlose; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, acu-

ERICACES. 217

minate; anthers smooth, one-third the length of the filaments. Andromeda
cerulea Linn. Menziesia caerulea Swartz. ;

White Mountains, N. H. N. W. Coast and Labrador. _July.—An evergreen
* shrub, resembling a heath in its foliage and flowers. Leaves one-third of an inch
long. Flowers large, purple, on long red peduncles. American Heath.

8, KALMIA. Linn.—American Laurel.

(In honor of Peter Kalm,;a Swedish botanist, who travelled in this country
about the middle of the last century.)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form; border on the under
side producing 10 cornute protuberances and as many cavities
in which the anthers are concealed. Stamens 10. Capsule
globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded.

1. K. glauca Ait.: branches ancipital; leaves opposite, subsessile, ob-
long, smooth, glaucous beneath, revolute on the margin; corymbs terminal,
bracteate; peduncles and calyx very smooth.

var. rosmarinifolia Pursh.: leaves linear, conspicuously revolute, nearly
green beneath.

Sphagnous swamps. Arct. Amer. to Penn. W. to Lake Superior. June,
July. h.—Stem 12—18 inches high, with opposite lanceolate leaves. Flowers
pale rose-color, in terminal corymbs or umbels. Var. rosmarinifolia is found ina
swamp two miles east of Albany, N.Y. Glawcous Kalmia. Swamp Laurel.

2. K. angustifolia Linn.: branches terete; leaves scattered or ternate,
petiolate, oval-oblong, obtuse, smooth, sometimes slightly ferruginous be-
neath; corymbs lateral; peduncles and calyx glandular-pubescent.

Sandy woods. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. June, July. h.—Stem 12—18
inches high. eaves on short petioles, somewhat glaucous beneath. Flowers
small, deep rose-color, in lateral corymbs, forming a kind of whorl around the
stem. Sheep Laurel.

3. K. lalifoha Linn.: branches terete ; leaves on long petioles, scattered
and ternate, oval-lanceolate, acute at each end, geeen on both sides;
corymbs terminal, viscidly pubescent.

Hills and mountains. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. June, July. h.—Stem
4—10 feet high, with irregular branches. Leaves 2—3 inches long, thick and
8 »/ . . .
coriaceous. lowers rose-color, arranged in terminal spreading corymbs. Me-

dicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 133. Mountain Laurel. Calico Bush.

9. EPIGAA, Linn.—Ground Laurel.

(From the Greek ex, upon, and yn, the earth; in allusion to its prostrate habit.)

Calyx deeply 5-parted, colored, with 3 bracts at the base.
Corolla salver-form ; the border 5-parted, spreading. Stamens
10. Capsule subglobose, depressed, 5-celled, surrounded by
the persistent calyx.

E. repens Linn.: stem decumbent, creeping; leaves cordate-ovate, pe-
tioled, very entire ; corolla hairy inside,

Side hills, roots of trees, &e. Can. to Del. April. Ty.—A small trailing and
creeping evergreen. Siem and leaves hirsute with coarse hairs. Fvowers white

218 ERICACER.

tinged with red, very fragrant. It it is said, but perhaps incorrectly, to be injw-
rious to cattle, when eaten by them. It is sold by the Shakers under the name
of Gravel Plant. Ground Laurel. -Trailing Arbutus,

10. RHODORA. Linn.—Rhodora.
(From the Greek podov, a rose.)

Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla adnate to the calyx,
ringent, the upper lip 2—3-parted, the lower one 2-lobed.
Stamens 10, declined. Filaments unequal. Capsule 5-celled,
5-valved, opening at the top.

R.Canadensis Linn. Rhododendron Rhodora Don. Torr.

Mountain bogs. Can.and N.S. May. h.—Stem 2 feet high, with smooth
erect branches. eaves alternate, oval, very entire, nearly smooth above,
pubescent and glaucous beneath. Flowers purple,in terminal clusters or umbels,
appearing before the leaves. Rhodora. False Honeysuckle.

11. RHODODENDRON. Linn.-—Rose-bay.

(From the Greek podov, a rose, and devdoov, a tree ; in allusion to the color of
the flowers.)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnel-form, 5-cleft.
Stamens 5—10, declinate. Anthers opening by 2 terminal
pores. Capsule mostly 5-celled, 5-valved.

* Stamens 5—10.
1. R. Lapponicum Wahl.: procumbent and divaricately branched ; leaves
elliptic, obtuse, rigid, covered with minute scales on both sides; flowers few,
terminal, umbellate; corolla campanulate. Azalea Lapponica Linn.

Highest summits of Mounts Marcy and McIntyre, N. Y. Torr. White Moun-
tains, N. H. Arct. Amer. and the Rocky Mountains. July. —-Stem with
numerous straggling branches, a few inches high. Leaves 5—7 lines long, ever-
green. Flowers deep purple, in terminal clusters or umbels. %

Low Alpine Rose-bay.

2. R. maximum Linn.: arborescent ; leaves elliptic-oblong, evergreen,
acuminate, thick, smooth, paler beneath; corymbs somewhat racemose ;
segments of the calyx ovate-oblong, obtuse; corolla campanulate.

Swamps and bogs. Mass. to Car. June, July. h.—Stem 10—15 feet high.
eaves large, coriaceous. Flowers rose-color, in a large compact cone-like ra-
ceme, covered when young with large acuminate ferruginous bracts. Several
Varieties occur in various parts of the U.S. Medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. iii. 101.

American Rose-bay.

** Stamens 5.

3. R. nudiflorum Torr. : oblong, acute, ciliate, pubescent above and on the
veins and midrib beneath; flowers in rather naked corymbs, slightly viscid ;
tube of the corolla a little longer than the lobes; stamens exserted. Azalea
nudifiora Linn. A periclymenoides Mich.

Woods. Can. to Geor. April, May.. h.—Stem 2—6 feet high, much
branched above. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches. Flowers red-
dish, in terminal clusters, appearing a little before the leaves. Of this species

there are a number of varieties. Among others mentioned by Pursh, is one
which has from 10—20 stamens. Upright Wild Honeysuckle. Pinxter Blom.

ERICACEA, 219

4. R. viscosum Torr.: branchlets hispid; leaves oblong-obovate, acute,
smooth and green on both sides, ciliate on the margin, the midrib bristly ;
flowers glutinous, hairy, appearing with the leaves; tube as long again as
the segments; stamens scarcely longer than the corolla. Azalea viscosa
Lann. and A. glauca Pursh.

Woods. Can. to Geor. June. h).—Stem 6—8 feet high, much branched.
Leaves 1—2 inches long, sometimes glaucous beneath. Fvowers white, in ter-
minal clusters, sweet scented. Corolla viscid and pubescent.

White Wild Honeysuckle.

5. R. calendulaceum Torr.: branchlets somewhat villous; leaves oblong,
pubescent on both sides, at length hirsute; flowers large, in rather naked
corymbs, not viscid ; teeth of the calyx oblong; tube of the corolla hairy,
shorter than the segments. Azalea calendulacea Mich. A. nudiflora var.
coccinea Ait.

Penn. to Car. May. On Clear Creek, Ohio, Dr. J. M. Bigelow. th.—Stem
2—6 feet high. lowers yeilow or flame-color. One of the handsomest shrubs
in the U.S. ~ Yellow-flowered Rose-bay.

6. R. arborescens Torr.: branchlets smooth ; leaves obovate, somewhat
obtuse, smooth on both sides, glaucous beneath, ciliate on the margin, midrib
almost smooth; flowers in leafy corymbs, not viscid; tube longer than the
segments; calyx leafy, with the segments oblong, acute; filaments ex-
serted. Azalea arborescens Pursh.

Blue Mountains, Penn. May—July. hh. Pursh.—Stem 10—20 feet high.
Flowers large, reddish; scales of the flower-buds large, yellowish-brown, sur-
rounded with a fringed white border. Pursh. Arborescent Azalea.

7. R. nitidum Torr.: branches somewhat smooth; leaves oblanceolate,
submucronate, coriaceous, smooth on both sides, shining above; midrib
bristly beneath, margin revolute-ciliate; flowers viscid, in leafy corymbs ;
tube a little longer than the segments; calyx very short. Azalea nitida
Pursh.

Mountain swamps. N. Y. to Virg. June, July. h.—Jeaves dark green and
shining, smaller than in any other species. Flowers white, with a reddish tinge.
Pursh. Shining Rhododendron.

8. R. hispidum Torr.: branches straight, very hispid; leaves long-lan-
ceolate, hispid above, smooth beneath, glaucous on both sides, ciliate on
the margin, the midrib bristly; flowers very viscid, appearing with the
leaves ; tube scarcely longer than the segments; teeth of the calyx oblong,
rounded ; filaments exserted. Azalea hispida Pursh.

Margins of lakes, on high mountains. N.Y. and Penn. Purshk. July, Aug.
k.— Stem 10—15 feet high. Flowers white, with a red border. Stamens often
10. ‘This shrub is said by Pursh to have a bluish appearance, by which it may
be distinguished from al! others at a great distance ; but Dr. ‘Torrey thinks it is
scarcely distinct from R. viscosum. Hispid Rhododendron.

12. AZALEA. Linn.—dAzalea.
(Supposed to be derived from the Greek aZaXsos, dry, from its habitat.)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, campanulate, 5-cleft. Sta-
mens 5, equal, shorter than the corolla; anthers opening longi-

220 VACCINIACE.

tudinally. Style straight, included. Capsule 5-celled, 5-
valved, opening at the top.

A. procumbens Linn. : stem procumbent, diffusely branched; leaves op-
posite, elliptic, smooth, revolute on the margin; stamens included. Loisi-
leuria procumbens R. & S. D.C. :

White Mountains, N. H.-N. to Arct. Amer. July. wh.—Stem 3—6 inches

long, branched, leafy above. Leaves evergreen, thick, obtuse, small. Flowers
small, reddish-white, in terminal clusters. Trailing Azalea.

13. LEDUM. ZLinn.—Labrador Tea.
(From the Greek Andy, a shrub; which this resembles. )

Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-petalled, spreading.
Stamens 5—10, exserted. Anthers opening by two terminal
pores. Capsule subovate, 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the
base, pedicellate. Seeds numerous, linear, with a membrana-
ceous wing at each extremity.

1. L. latifolium Ait.: leaves elliptic-oblong, revolute on the margin, fer-
ruginous tomentose beneath ; stamens 5, as long as the corolla. L. palus-
tre var. latifoliwm Mich. Torr.

Sphagnous swamps. Arct. Amer. to Penn. June.—An evergreen shrub
about 2 feet high and with the stem irregularly branched ; the branches woolly.
Leaves alternate, broad-oblong, obtuse. Flowers in terminal corymbs, white.

Broad-leaved Labrador Tea.

2. L. palustre Linn.: leaves linear, revolute on the margin, ferruginous
tomentose beneath; stamens 10, longer than the corolla.

Swamps. Arct. Amer. to Penn. June.—A shrub smaller than the last and
with narrower leaves. I have found both species in a sphagnous swamp near
Fairhaven, Vt. ‘They have both been used as substitutes for tea, but the latter
is said to be preterable for this purpose. Narrow-leaved Labrador Tea.

14. LEIOPHYLLUM. Pers.—Sleek Leaf.
(From the Greek Aetos, smooth, and ¢vAXov, a leaf; in allusion to its foliage.)
Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent. Corolla 5-petalled. Sta-
mens 10, longer than the corolla. Anthers lateral, opening on
the inside longitudinally. Capsule globose, 3-celled, 3-valved,
opening at the top. Seeds many, ovate.

L. buxifolium Ell.: stem erect; leaves oval or obovate, nearly sessile,
alternate; capsule smooth. Ledum buxifoliwm Ait. Ammyrsine buxifolium
Pursh.

Pine barrens, N. J. and high mountains, S. Car. May. June.—A small ever-
green shrub 6—18 inches high, branching, smooth. Leaves small, entire, smooth,

coriaceous, with the margin revolute. Flowers numerous, white, in small ter-
minal corymbs. Sleek Leaf. Sand Myrtle.

Orpver LXXIII. VACCINIACE A.—CRaAnBeERRIES.

Calyx entire, or 4—6-lobed. Corolla with as many lobes as
the calyx. Stamens distinct, double the number of the lobes

VACCINIACEZ. 22y

of the corolla. Ovary inferior, 4—5-celled; style and stigma
simple. Berry crowned with the persistent limb of the calyx,
succulent, many-seeded. Seeds minute—Shrubs or small
trees, with the leaves often evergreen.

1. VACCINIUM.—Linn.Whortleberry.
(Etymology unknown. )

Cals adherent to the ovary, 4—5-toothed. Corolla urceo-
late, cylindric, campanulate or somewhat rotate, 4—35-cleft.
Stamens 8—10, inserted on the ovary. Berry globose, 4—10-
celled, many- (or by abortion few-) seeded.

* Leaves deciduous.

+ Corolla campanulate.

1. V. stamineum Linn.: much branched, the younger branches pubes-
cent; leaves ovate or oval, acute, very entire, glaucous beneath; pedicels
hee axillary, filiform, satine corolla poeaptelate: spreading; an-
thers exserted, with two awns on the back. V. album Pursh.

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. W.to Miss. May, June. h.—Stem 2—3 feet
high, diffusely branched. Flowers white, on the lateral branches of the stem
which appear like leafy racemes. Berry large, pale green or purplish, scarcely
eatable. Deerberry.

2. V. dumosum Curt.: minutely pubescent; younger branches, leaves
and racemes sprinkled with resinous dots; leaves obovate-oblong, mucro-
nate, entire, green on both sides; racemes with large foliaceous bracts ;
pedicels short, axillary, subsolitary; corolla campanulate. V. hirtellwm
Ait. Gaylussacia hirtella Torr. & Gr.

Wet sandy soils. N.J.toFlor. June. h.—Stem12—18 inches high. Flow-
ers large, white, nodding, in leafy racemes. Berry large, globose, black and
shining, tasteless. Low Swamp Whortleberry.

3. V. frondosum Linn.: smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, very
entire, sprinkled with resinous dots, glaucous beneath; racemes lateral,
loose, bracteate ; pedicels filiform, bracteolate in the middle; corolla glo-
bose-campanulate. V. glaucwm Mich. Gaylussacia frondosa Torr, § Gr.

Sandy woods. Can. toGeor. June. h.—Stem 3—5 feet high, with slender
branches. Racemes lateral, few-flowered. Flowers small, white. Berry large,
bluish, sweet and well flavored. Whortleberry. Blwe-tangle.

tt Corolla wrceolate, ovoid, oblong or cylindric.
a. Flowers racemose or fasciculate.
4. V. resinosum Ait.:; younger branches pubescent ; leaves petiolate, ob-
long-oval, mostly obtuse, very entire, sprinkled with resinous dots beneath ;
racemes lateral, secund, bracteate ; corolla ovoid-conic, pentagonal, at first

contracted at the mouth, at length open. Gavylussacia resinosa Torr. § Gr.

Woods and hills. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. May, June. t.—Stem 2—4
feet high. Flowers reddish-green, in short lateral racemes or fascicles. Berry
globose, black, slightly acid, but agreeable. Black Whorileberry.

222 VACCINIACES.

5. V. vaccillans Kalm: branches angular, smooth; leaves oval, elliptic or
obovate, serrulate, smooth on both sides, acute or rather obtuse, mucronu-

late ; racemes very short, clustered; corolla campanulate-cylindric. (Torr. —

N. Y. Fi.)

Woods and thickets. N.Y. Torr. May. hh.—Stem 1—2 feet high, much
branched. eaves an inch or more long, deciduous. Flowers greenish-white
tinged with red, on short pedicels. Berry dark-blue, glaucous, very sweet. It
has probably been confounded with V. Pennsylvanicum.

Sugar Whortleberry.

6. V. Pennsylvanicum Lam.: branches angular, (green ;) leaves sessile,
ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate, smooth and
shining on both surfaces; fascicles of flowers subterminal ; corolla ovoid.
V. virgatum Aut. V. tenellum Pursh.

Dry hills. N. Y.teGeor. May,June. h.—Stem 12—18 inches high, much
branched. Flowers pale red, 6—8 in a fascicle. Berry large, bluish-black,
somewhat glaucous, sweet. Low Blue W hortleberry.

7. V. corymbosum Linn. : flower-bearing branches almost leafless ; leaves
oblong-oval, rather acute at each end, nearly entire, the young ones pu-
bescent; racemes short, sessile, bracteate; corolla cylindric-ovoid. V.
amenum Pursh. V.disomorphum Mich.

Swamps and wet woods. Can. to Virg. June. h.—Siem 4—8 feet high,
with a few straggling branches. Flowers purplish-white, in racemes which are
crowded near the summit of the naked branches. Berry large, purplish-black,
subacid. High Swamp W hortleberry.

8. V. Canadense Kalm: flower-bearing branches leafy ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, very entiré, acute, and with the branches covered with a white
pubescence; flowers in crowded racemes; corolla ovoid-campanulate. ( Tor7.
N.Y. Fl.) V. disomorphum Big. not of Mich.

Swamps. Can. and Westen N.Y. May, June. h.—Stem 1—2 feet high,
with numerous warty branches. Leaves about an inch and a half long. Ra-
cemes numerous, few-flowered. Corolla reddish-white. Berry bluish-black,
sweet. Resembles the preceding, for which it has probably been mistaken.

Black Bilberry.

9. V. tenellum Ait. : leaves oblong-elliptic, subcuneiform, serrulate, nearly
smooth; racemes bracteate, sessile, few-flowered.

Boston, Mass. Big. N. J. and Penn. Muhl. April, May.—A low shrub
growing in patches. Flowers in short crowded clusters, reddish-white. Berry
large, blue, agreeable. Dwarf Whortleberry.

10. V. ligustrinum Mich.: branches angular and erect; leaves subses-
sile, erect, lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate; fascicles gemmaceous, sessile ;
flowers nearly sessile; corolla oblong-ovoid.

Dry woods. Penn. and Virg. May, June.—A small shrub with straight é

and slender branches. Flowers purplish-red. Berry black. It is said to vary
very much in the shape and size of its leaves. Privet-like Whortleberry.
b. Flowers solitary and-axillary.

ll. V. uliginosum Linn.: procumbent; branches rigid; leaves obovate,
very obtuse, entire, smooth above, vemed and glaucous beneath; flowers
subsolitary, octandrous; corolla short, urceolate, 4—5-cleft; anthers awned
on the back. V. uliginoswm var. alpinum Big.

White Hills, N. H. Essex county, N. Y. N. to Arct. Amer. July.—A pro-
cumbent shrub with numerous erect branches 6—12 inches high. Leaves about

VACCINIACE. 223

half an inch long. Flowers single or in pairs, nearly sessile. Berry oblong,
deep blue, crowned with the style. Alpine Marsh W hortleberry.

** Leaves evergreen.

12. V. Vitis Idea Linn.: stem creeping ; branches erect ; leaves obovate,
evergreen, dotted beneath, subentire and revolute at the margin ; flowers in
terminal drooping racemes ; corolla cylindric-campanulate.

Woods and mountains. Mass. N.to Arct. Amer. May. June.—A low shrub
with a creeping stem and angular branches. Leaves small, coriaceous. Flowers
few, ina raceme, pale red. Corolla mostly 4-cleft, with 4 stamens. Berry red,
acid. Also anative of Kurope. — Red Whortleberry. Cowberry.

2. OXYCOCCUS. Pers——Cranberry.
(From the Greek ofvs, acid, and koxxos, a berry.)

Calyx adnate to the ovary, with the limb 4-cleft. Corolla
4-parted, with the segments somewhat linear and revolute.
Stamens 8. Filaments connivent. Anthers tubular, 2-parted.
Berry 4-celled, many-seeded.

1. O. macrocarpus Pursh: stem creeping, with the branches ascending ;
leaves oblong, nearly flat, obtuse, glaucous beneath; pedicels elongated,
1-flowered. Vaccinium macrocarpon Att.

Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Del. June. s.—Stem creeping, and throwing
up short erect branches. Leaves about half an inch long, obscurely serrulate.
Flowers white or pale red, on slender axillary pedicels. Berry large, bright scar-
let, agreeably acid. Common Cranberry.

2. O. palustris Pers.: stem filiform, creeping ; leaves ovate, acute, en-
tire, with revolute margins; pedicels elongated, terminal, 1-flowered; seg-
ments of the corolla oval. O. vulgaris Pursh. Vacciniwm Oxycoccus Linn.

Alpine bogs. Can.to N. Y. June. k.—A small evergreen creeping plant.
Leaves 3—4 lines long, glaucous beneath. Flowers red. Berry bright purple,
globose, very acid, smaller than the preceding. Small Cranberry.

3. PHALEROCARPUS. G. Don.—Snowberry.
(From the Greek dadnocs, white, and xapmos, fruit.)

Calyx bi-bracteate, adhering to the ovary ; the limb 4-parted,
thin and membranaceous. Corolla short-campanulate, 4-cleft.
Stamens 8. Filaments short and dilated. Anthers awnless.
Berry globose-ovoid, white, crowned with the teeth of the calyx,
4-celled; the cells many-seeded.

P. serpyllifolia G. Don: stem filiform, creeping, hispid ; leaves rowndish-
ovate, acute, with slightly revolute margins, smooth above, paler and some-
what hispid beneath; flowers solitary, axillary, subsessile. Gaultheria
serpulifolia Pursh. Vaccinium hispidulum Linn. Chiogenes hispidula
Torr. §& Gr.

Alpine swamps. Mass. Conn. and N.Y. May, June. th.—Stem creeping,
much branched. Leaves evergreen, small. Flowers solitary, on recurved

pedicels. Corolla and berry white; the taste of the latter resembling that of
Gaultheria procumbens. Creeping Snowberry.

224 PYROLACE.

Orper LXXIV. PYROLACEAl.—WrxtTercGREENS.

Sepals 5, persistent. Corolla regular, deciduous, 4—5-parted.
Stamens twice as numerous as the divisions of the corolla; an-
thers 2-celled, opening by pores. Ovary superior, 4—5-celled ;
style 1; stigma indusiate. Fruit capsular, 4—5-celled. Seeds
many, minute, winged.—Herbaceous plants, rarely under shrubs,
with simple leaves. .

1. PYROLA. Linn.—Wintergreen.
(A diminutive of the Latin pyrus,a pear; from the resemblance of its leaves.)

Calyx minute, 5-cleft or 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 10,
slightly united at base. Anthers opening by 2 pores at base.
Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule 5-celled.

* Flowers in racemes. Sutures of the capsules woolly.
+ Stamens ascending. Style declined. Stigma annulate.

1. P. rotundifolia Linn.: leaves roundish, entire or slightly crenulate,
coriaceous and shining, scarcely as long as the dilated petiole ; scape many-
flowered, bracteate ; calyx 5-parted, the segments ovate-lanceolate; stigma
obtusely 5-toothed.-

var. asarifolia Hook.: leaves larger, reniform-roundish. P. asarifolia
Mich.

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Mich. July. 2.—Zeaves all radical, 14—2
inches in diameter, on petioles as long or longer. Scape 8—12 inches high.

Flowers nodding, white, fragrant, 8—20 in a raceme. The largest of the species.
Round-leaved Wintergreen.

2. P.chlorantha Swariz: leaves orbicular, retuse, obsoletely crenulate,
half as long as the narrow petiole; scape nearly naked; raceme few-
flowered; segments of the calyx very short, obtuse ; stigma with the disk
5-lobed.

Woods. Can. and N.Y. June. %.—Zeaves about an inch long, varying
from orbicular to broad-obovate. Scape 6—8 inches high. Flowers 5—8 in a
raceme, greenish-white, odorous. _ Greenish-jlowered Wintergreen.

3. P. elliptica Nutt.: leaves elliptic-ovate, membranaceous, serrulate,
longer than the dilated petiole ; scape naked or with a single subulate bract ;
calyx 5-cleft, very short, the segments ovate; stigma clavate, 5-lobed.

Dry woods. Can. to Virg. July. 2|.—Zeaves all radical, membranaceous,
finely serrate, with an attenuated base, much longer than the petiole. Scape
6—10 inches high, about 5-angled. Flowers 8—12 in a raceme, greenish-white,
fragrant. Distinguished from P. rotundifolia, by its longer, thin and dull leaves,
and shorter calyx. Thin Leaf.

4. P. uliginosa Torr. & Gr.: leaves nearly orbicular, obscurely crenate-
denticulate, coriaceous, longer than the petiole; scape bracteate; raceme
many-flowered ; calyx one-fourth as long as the petals; the segments broad-
ovate, acute; stigma with 5 small erect teeth. =

PYROLACEZ. 225

Sphagnous swamps. Oneida county, N. Y. June. 2|.—Leaves 13—2 inches
in diameter, abruptly decurrent on the petiole. Scape 6—12 inches high, with
2—4 bracts. Flowers dull purple, 7—12 in a raceme. Intermediate between
P. rotundifolia and P. chlorantha: differing from the former in its smaller, less
coriaceous and nearly dull leaves, smaller purplish-flowers and much shorter
calyx; from the latter in its larger leaves, bracteate scape and acuminate calyx-
segments, as well as in the color of the flowers. (Torrey.) I have met with the
same plant in the vicinity of Albany, but supposed it to be a variety of P. rotun-
difolka. It may still prove to be not distinct. Swamp Wintergreen.

+f Stamens erect. Style straight. Stigma not annulate.

5. P. minor Linn.: leaves roundish or oval, coriaceous, repandly crenate,
longer than the somewhat dilated petiole; raceme spiked ; bracts as long as
or longer than the pedicels; lobes of the calyx very short; style included ;
stigma 5-lobed.

Western N.Y. Pursh. Penn. Muhl. N.toArct. Amer. June. %|.—Leaves
on short petioles, mucronate at the apex. Scape angular. Flowers in crowded
or lax racemes. Corolla globose, white, or very pale rose-color. It is still
doubtful whether this plant is a native of the northern states. P. minor of
Pursh and Muhlenberg, may be our P. chlorantha ; from which, however, the
true Linnean plant is quite distinct. - Small Wintergreen.

6. P. secunda Linn.: leaves ovate, acute, membranaceous, serrate, longer
than the narrow petiole; raceme many-flowered, secund; segments of the
calyx rounded ; petals oblong; style exserted; stigma depressed, 5-lobed.

Sandy woods. Can. to Virg. July. 2|.—Stems decumbent, 2—3 inches long.
Leaves about an inch long. Peduncle scape-like, 3—6 inches high. Flowers
greenish-white, in a one-sided raceme which is 1—2 inches long.

One-sided Wintergreen.

** Flowers solitary, im corymbs or umbels, Sutures of the capsules not
woolly. ,
7. P. uniflora Linn. : leaves orbicular, serrate; scape 1-flowered; style
straight ; stigma 5-rayed. Moneses grandiflora D. C.

Can. N. H. Mass. N.Y.; rare. July. %|.—A small and very delicate spe-
cies. Flower terminal, large, white, fragrant, nodding.
One-flowered Wintergreen.

8. P. wmbellata Linn.: leaves cuneate-lanceolate, serrate, in fours or
sixes; peduncle pubescent, corymbed ; bracts linear-subulate ; appendages
of the filaments ciliate; style immersed in the ovary. Chimaphila wmbel-
laia Nutt.

Woods. Can. to Virg. July. 2|.—Root woody and creeping, Stem ascend-
ing, somewhat woody. Leaves evergreen,smooth and coriaceous, lower surface
somewhat paler. Peduncle solitary, 4—6 inches long. Flowers large, greenish-
white tinged with purple, in a terminal corymb or imperfect umbel, on nodding

edicels. It is known by the Indians by the name of Pipstssawa or Sipsissawa.
Tedicinal. See Big. Med. Bot. ii. 15. Prince’s Pine.

9. P. maculata Linn.: leaves lanceolate, acuminate, incisely serrate,
discolored, opposite or in threes; peduncles pubescent, corymbed ; bracts
linear; appendages of the filaments woolly; style very short. Chimaphila
maculata Pursh.

Sandy woods. Can. to Car. July. 2{.—This species may be distinguished
by its variegated leaves. Stem 3—4 inches high. Peduncles 1—2, puberulent,
8—5 inches long. Flowers large, reddish-white, nodding, fragrant, 2 or 3 ina
corymb or umbel. Spotted Wintergreen.

10*

226 PYROLACES.

2. MONOTROPA. Linn.—Bird’s Nest.

(From the Greek povos, one, and tperw, to turn; from its flowers turning
chiefly to one side.)

Calyx none. Corolla 4—5-petalled, persistent, cucullate at
base. Stamens 8—10. Filaments alternating at the base, with
short reflexed tooth-like processes. Anthers 1-celled, at length
opening flat. Stigma orbicular, umbillicate or depressed. Cap-
sule 4—5-celled. Seeds subulate.

* Stem many-flowered. Wyrorituys Nuit.

1. M. lanuginosa Mich.: stem, bracts, and flowers pubescent; flowers in
a terminal raceme; capsule globose. Hypopithys lanuginosa Nutt.

var. glabriuscula Torr.: stem and scales nearly or quite smooth; flowers
somewhat pubescent. MM. Hypopithys Mich. Hypopithys Europea Nutt.

Roots of trees. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %.—Stems clustered, erect, 48
inches high, simple. Leaves merely scales, lanceolate-ovate, crowded near the
root, scattered above. Flowers in a terminal raceme, which is at first nodding
but finally erect. Whole plant of a yellowish-brown color (rarely reddish),
turning black by decay or drying. Pine-sap. False Beachdrops.

** Stem 1-flowered. Monotropa. Nutt.

2. M. uniflora Linn.: stem smooth, 1-flowered; flower with 10 stamens
erect or cernuous. JM. Morisoniana Mich.

Shady woods. Can. to Flor. June. 2|.—Scape 5—8 inches high. Flowers
large, at first nodding but afterwards erect. Whole plant white and smooth,
becoming purplisk-black in drying. | Indian Pipe.

3. PTEROSPORA. Nuit—Tall Bird’s Nest.
(From the Greek rrepov, a wing, and s7opa, a seed.)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla monopetalous, ovate; margin 5-
toothed, reflexed. Stamens 10, included. Filaments subulate.
Anthers with 2 bristles on the back near the base, 2-celled-
Style short, terete. Stigma obtusely 5-lobed. Capsule de-
pressed-globose, 5-celled. Seeds numerous, minute, furnished -
with a large terminal reticulated wing.

P. Andromeda Nutt.

Clayey and limestone soils. Can. Ver. and N. Y. W. to the Columbia river;
not common. July. ‘%|.—Plant covered with brownish viscid hairs. Stem
1—2 (sometimes more than 3) feet high, straight, simple, grooved, brownish-red
or purplish, clothed at the base with imbricate lanceolate scales. Flowers very
numerous, in a long terminal raceme, rose-red and white. Pedicels filiform,
nodding, longer than the flowers. _ - Tall Bird’s Nest.

Suscrtass III. COROLLIFLORALS.

Petals united into a hypogynous corolla, or not attached to
the calyx. Stamens inserted into the corolla.

AQUIFOLIACE®. -, See

Orper LXXV. EBENACEA).—Epernaps.

Flowers usually polygamous. Calyx in 8—7 nearly equal
divisions, persistent. Corolla 83—7-divided, deciduous, some-
what coriaceous. Stamens twice to four times as many as the
segments of the corolla. _Ovary sessile, many-celled ; style di-
vided, seldom simple ; stigmas bifid or simple. Fruit fleshy,
few-seeded. Embryo in the axis of cartilaginous albumen.—
Trees or shrubs, without milky juice. Leaves alternate, mostly
entire, without stipules.

DIOSPYROS. Linn.—Persimmon.

(From the Greek Ais, dios, Jupiter, and zvpos, grain or fruit; the application
obscure.)

Diecious. Calyx 4—6-cleft. Corolla urceolate, 4—6-cleft.
STERILE Fi. Stamens 8—16, often producing 2 anthers. Frr-
TILE Fr. Stamens about 8, abortive. Style divided. Stig-
mas*simple, or 2-cleft. Fruit. globose or ovoid, 4—8-celled.

D. Virginiana Linn.: leaves oval or ovate-oblong, acuminate, reticu-
lately veined, nearly smooth; petioles pubescent ; buds smooth,

Woods. N. Y. to Geor. and throughout the Western States. _May.—A small
tree, seldom more than 30—40 feet high. Leaves alternate. Flowers 1—3 to-
gether, axillary, on short peduncles, greenish-yellow. Fruit as large as a com-
mon plum, reddish-orange, well flavored when fully ripe, but very astringent
before that time. Common Persimmon.

Orver LXXVI. AQUIFOLIACE.—Hottyworts.

Sepals 4—6, imbricated in estivation. Corolla 4—6-parted,
the stamens as many as the segments and alternating with them.
Ovary 2—6- or more-celled; stigma subsessile, lobed. Fruit
fleshy, with 2—6 or more stones or nucules. Seed suspended,
with large fleshy albumen and small embryo.—Trees or shrubs,
often with angular branches, and mostly with leathery ever-
green leaves. Flowers small, by abortion often polygamous.

1, ILEX. Linn.—Holly.
(Etymology uncertain.)

‘Flowers mostly perfect. Calyx 4—5-toothed, persistent.
Corolla 4—5-parted nearly to the base, rotate. Stamens 4—5,
alternating with the petals. Ovary sessile, 4-celled. Stigmas
subsessile, 4—5, sometimes distinct, sometimes united, Fruit
with 4—-5 ribbed or veined nucules.

228 AQUIFOLIACE.

1. I. opaca Ait.: leaves ovate, flat, coriaceous, acute, smooth, their mar-
gins with sharp spines; flowers scattered at the base of the young branches;
teeth of the calyx acute. J. aquifolium Walt.

Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. W.to Ark. June.—An evergreen tree 10—15
feet high. Leaves tough, smooth and shining, with rigid spines at the edges.
Flowers growing in bunches around the branches, small, white. It is stated by
the younger Michaux, that birdlime may be extracted from the bark. The
wood is fine grained and compact, and is employed by cabinet makers and
turners. American Holly.

2. I. ambiguus Torr.: leaves deciduous, ovate, acuminate, obtuse or
acute at the base, thin, smooth, serrate ; flowers tetrandrous, on short pedi-
cels, aggregated at the extremity of short lateral branches. Prinos ambi-
guus Mich. not of Ell. or Nutt.

On the Catskill Mountains, N.Y., and on the mountains near Bethlehem, Penn.
Torr.—A shrub about 6 feet high. Leaves about 3 inches long, clustered at the
ends of the branches. Flowers polygamous, white. Dr. Torrey thinks that if
this plant is not the P. ambiguus of Michaux, it must be undescribed. He has
placed it under Ilex on account of its sulcate nucules. N.Y. FI.

Ambiguous Ilex.

2. NEMOPANTHES. Raf—Mountain Holly.

(From the Greek vepos, a grove, ow, an eye, and av90s, a flower. Lind.)

Flowers by abortion dicecious or polygamous. Calyx small,
scarcely conspicuous. Petals 8—5, distinct, oblong-linear, de-
ciduous. Stamens 3—5, alternating with the petals. Ovary
in the fertile flowers hemispherical. Style none. Stigmas 3—3,
sessile. Fruit subglobose ; nucules usually 4, smooth, bony.

N. Canadensis D.C. WN. fascicularis Raf. Ilex Canadensis Mich.

Swamps in low grounds or on mountains. Can. to Car. May, June. h.—
A shrub 3—6 feet high. Leaves ovate or oval, entire or slightly denticulate,
smooth, petioled. Flowers on slender pedicels of about an inch in length, small,
green. Fruit about as large as a pea, scarlet. ie

Mountain Holly. Black Alder.

3. PRENOS. Linn.—Winterberry.

- (Said to be derived from the Greek tu:w, to saw; in allusion to its serrated
eaves.) :

Flowers mostly dicecious or polygamous. Calyx minute,
4—6-toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, usually 6-parted.
Stamens mostly 6. Ovary superior, 4—6-celled. Fruit with
4—6 smooth bony nucules.

1. P. verticillatus Linn.: leaves deciduous, oval or obovate, acuminate,
serrate, pubescent beneath; sterile flowers axillary, subumbellate ; fertile
flowers aggregated. P. Gronovii Mich.

Swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. h.—Siem 6—8 feet high, much
branched. Leaves 2—3inches long. Flowers numerous, small, white, dicecious.
#ruu globose, bright scarlet when ripe. Common Winterberry.

2. P. levigatus Pursh: leaves deciduous, lanceolate, with appressed

OLEACE. 229

serratures, smooth on both sides, shining above; nerves beneath scarcely
pubescent ; flowers 6-cleft ; fertile ones axillary, subsessile; sterile scattered,

pedunculate.

In swamps. N.Y. W. to Miss. July. h.—Stem 6-—8 feet high. Leaves
2% inches long. Fruit large, red. The characters of this species do not seem
yet to be well ascertained. Smooth Winterberry.

3. P. glaber Linn.: leaves evergreen, wedgeform, lanceolate, coriaceous,
smooth and shining, somewhat toothed at the extremity; pedicels axillary,
subsolitary, mostly 3-flowered.

Swamps. N.Y. to Car. July. t2.—Stem 3—A feet high, much branched.
Leaves crowded, about an inch and a halflong. Flowers white. Fruit globose,
black and shining. Evergreen Winterberry. Inkberry.

Orper LXXVII. OLEACEA).—Ottveworrs.

Flowers monoclinous, sometimes dicecious. Calyx 4-lobed
or 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla 4-cleft, sometimes of 4 petals,
rarely wanting. Stamens 2, alternate with the segments of the
corolla. Ovary free, 2-celled; style 1 or none; stigma entire
or bifid. Fruit often by abortion 1-seeded. Seeds with dense
albumen.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, some-
times pinnatifid. Flowers in racemes or panicles.

1, LIGUSTRUM. Linn.—Privet.

(Said to be derived from the Latin ligo, to bind; in allusion to the use made
of its branches.)

Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, the limb
4-cleft. Stamens 2, included. Style very short. Stigma 2-
cleft. Berry globose, 2-celled; cells 2-seeded, or by abortion
1-seeded.

L. vulgare Linn.: leaves elliptic-lanceolate, somewhat acute, smooth ;

panicles crowded.

Woods. N.Y. to Virge. W.to Miss. May, June. h.—Stem 4—6 feet high,
with numerous opposite branches. Leaves varying from elliptic to obovate, and
from acute to obtuse. Flowers white, in terminal thyrsoid panicles. Berry black,
globose. Common Privet or Prim.

2. CHIONANTHUS. Linn.—Snowdrop Tree.

(From the Greek yiwy, snow, and av@os, a flower ; in allusion to its snow-white
flowers.)

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla with the tube very short, the limb
deeply 4-parted ; the lobes long and linear. Stamens 2. An-
thers nearly sessile on the tube. Drupe 1-seeded. Nut striate.

C. Virginica Linn.: panicle terminal; peduncles 3-flowered; leaves
acute.

var. 1. montana Pursh: leaves oval-lanceolate, coriaceous, smooth;
panicles dense; drupe oval.

230 OLEACE.

var. 2. maritima Pursh: leaves obovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, pu-
bescent; panicles very loose: drupe elliptic.

Var. 1, on mountains; var.2, on the sea coast. Penn.to Car. May, June. —
A small tree, 6—10 feet high, with opposite branches. Flowers white, in pen-

dulous panicles. Drupe purple. The cerolla is sometimes 5 or 6-cleft.
Snowdrop Tree. Fringe Tree.

3. FRAXINUS. Zinn.—Ash.

(Supposed to be derived from the Greek dpaégis, a hedge; in allusion to the use
sometimes made of it.)

Flowers pelygamous or dicecious. Calyx small, 4-cleft or
none. Corolla none or 4-petalled ; the petals cohering at the
base in pairs, oblong or linear. Stamens 2. Stigma 2-cleft.
Samara 2-celled, compressed, winged at the apex, by abortion
1-seeded. Seeds pendulous, compressed.

* Flowers naked.

1. F’. sambucifolia Lam.: leaves pinnate; leafets in 4—5 pairs, sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, somewhat rounded and unequal at the base, acuminate,
serrate, smooth above, somewhat villous on the veins beneath; samara
elliptic-oblong, obtuse at both ends. .

River banks and swamps. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. April—A tree 30—40
feet high; the young branches smooth, sprinkled with black dots; buds blue.
Leafets rugose and shining above, witha somewhat villous tuft at the base of
the midrib beneath. Samara broadish. of nearly uniform width. ‘The wood is

less valuable than that of either of the following species.
Black Ash. Water Ash.

** Flowers calyculate, apetalous.

2. F. Americana Linn.: leaves pinnate; leafets in 3—4 pairs, on short
petioles, elliptic-ovate, acuminate, entire or slightly serrate, glaucous be-
neath; petioles and branches terete; samara linear-oblong, obtuse, nar-
rower at the base. EF. acuminata Lam. F*. discolor MuAl.

Woods. Can. to Geor.and Louis. May.—A large tree 50—60 feet high ; the
bark light-gray; the young branches smooth and marked with white dots.
Leaves at first downy, but finally almost smooth and green above, pubescent and
glaucous beneath. Flowers mostly triandrous, in loose compound axillary pan-
icles. Petals none. The wood of this tree is highly valuable, being much used,
on account of its toughness and elasticity, by wheelwrights, coach-makers, &c.

White Ash.

3. F'. pubescens Walt.: leaves pinnate; leafets in 3—4 pairs, on short
petioles, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, long acuminate, remotely serrate ;
petioles and young branches tomentose ; samara smooth, narrow-lanceo-
late, obtuse, mucronate. FF" tomentosa Mich.

Moist woods. Can. to Car. April, May.—A tree 30 to 40 feet high. wit
slender branches. Leafets narrower, longer, more acuminate and pubescent than
in the preceding. This tree is generally smaller than F. Americana, but its wood
is used for the same purposes. Red Ash.

4. F. juglandifolia Lam.: branches smooth; leaves pinnate; leafets in
3—4 pairs, on short petioles, ovate, opaque, serrate, glaucous beneath; axils of
the veins pubescent ; samara cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse. F’. concolor Muhl.

APOCYNACES. 231

Wet woods. Can. to Car. May.—Said to be a small tree, but there is still
some doubt in regard to its being a distinct species. Swamp Ash.

xe* Flowers calyculate, 4-petalicd. Ornus. Pers.

5. F. Ornus Linn.: leaves pinnate; leafets in 3—4 pairs, somewhat
petioled, lanceolate, attenuate, serrate at the apex, entire at the base, pu-
bescent on the veins beneath; samara linear-lanceolate, obtuse, attenuated
at each end. )

var. latifolia Ait.: leafets ovate-oblong. Ornus Americana Pursh.

Shady woods. Md.and Virg.; rare. May. Pursh.—A tree with opposite
and wnequally pinnate leaves. Flowers in crowded panicles resembling those of
Chionanthus. Fruit small and winged. Flowering Ash.

Mops LXXVIll | APOCY NACE H—“Docaines.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla regular, 5-lobed, twisted
in estivation. Stamens 5, with the filaments distinct and the
anthers 2-celled; pollen granular. Ovaries 2, distinct or rarely
united ; styles 2 or 1; stigma 1. Fruit usually a follicle, sin-
gle or double. Seeds with fleshy albumen.—Trees or shrubs,
usually milky. Leaves entire, mostly opposite, without stipules.
Flowers in cymes or panicles.

APOCYNUM. Linn.—-Dog’s Bane.

(From the Greek azo, far from, and xvwy, a dog ; it being supposed to poison
that animal.)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft; the base of
the tube furnished with 5 triangular scales, alternating with the
lobes. Stamens 5, included. Anthers sagittate, connivent, ad-
hering to the stigma. Ovaries 2, oblong. Stigma nearly sessile,
ovoid, obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles slender, elongated, cori-
aceous. Seeds comose.

1. A, androsemifoliwm Linn.: leaves ovate, mostly obtuse at base, smooth
above, slightly pubescent beneath; cymes lateral and terminal, few-flow-
ered ; tube of the corolla longer than the calyx.

Fields, &c. Subarct. Amer. to Car. W.to Miss. June, July. 2|.—Stem
2—3 feet high, erect, smooth, with numerous spreading branches. Leaves on
short petioles. Flowers in loose paniculate cymes, pale-red, with the limb spread-
ing. Medicinal. Brg. Med. Bot. it. 148. Common Dog’s Bane.

2. A. cannabinum Linn.: leaves on short petioles, lanceolate or lance-
oblong, acute at each end, smooth above, slightly pubescent beneath; cymes
paniculate, many-flowered ; calyx as long as the tube of the corolla; limb
erect.

Fields and woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. |.—Stem 2—4
feet high, mostly erect, branched. ower leaves sometimes cordate at base,
Flowers small, greenish-white, in terminal cymes. It has the leaves narrower
and the flowers-smaller than in the preceding. Indian Hemp.

232 ASCLEPIADACES.

3. A. hypericifolium Ait.: leaves oblong, smooth, on very short petioles,
mucronate, obtuse and subcordate at base; cymes shorter than the leaves;
calyx nearly as long as the tube of the corolla.

Gravelly banks of streams. Can. to Virg. W.to Miss. June, July. U—
Siem 2 feet high, erect. Leaves on very short petioles. Flowers greenish-white,
in terminal and lateral cymes. Plant smaller than the preceding.

Hypericum-leaved Dog’s Bane.

4. A. pubescens R. Brown: leaves on short petioles, ovate-oblong, mu-
cronate, hoary-pubescent beneath; cymes short, pubescent; corolla longer
than the calyx. A. cannabinwm Mich.

Fields. Can.to Car. July, Aug. |.—Stem2—32 feet high. Flowers small,
greenish-white. It is perhaps nothing more than a variety of A. cannabinum.
_ Pubescent Dog’s Bane.

OrperR LXXIX. ASCLEPIADACEA.—Mireweens.

Calyx 5-divided, persistent. Corolla 5-lobed, regular, decidu-
ous; stivation imbricate, rarely valvate. Stamens 5, inserted
into the base of the corolla ; filaments usually connate ; anthers
2-celled or incompletely 4-celled; pollen, when the anther
bursts, coalescing into masses which are as numerous as the
cells, or sometimes confluent by pairs, and sticking to the 5
processes of the stigma. Ovaries 2; styles 2, close to each
other ; stigma 1, common to both styles, 5-cornered. Follicles
2, 1 of which is sometimes abortive. Seeds numerous, comose,
with thin albumen.—Shrubs or herbaceous plants, almost al-
ways milky and often twinng. Leaves entire, having ciliz be-
tween their petioles instead of stipules. Flowers somewhat
umbelled, fascicled or racemose, proceeding from between the
petioles.

1. ASCLEPIAS. Linn.—Milkweed. Silkweed.
(The Greek name of 4sculapius ; to whom this genus is dedicated.)

Calyx small, 5-parted ; segments lanceolate. Corolla 5-part-
ed; the lobes lanceolate, reflexed. Stamineal crown (nectary)
5-leaved; leafets opposite the anthers, each mostly producing
from its base a subulate averted process or little horn. Pollen-
masses 5 distinct pairs, compressed, affixed by their attenuated
summits in the cells of the anthers. Stigma depressed. F olli-
cles ventricose, smooth or muricate. Seeds comose.

* Nectary or Stamineal crown with horns,
+ Follicles muricate.

1. A. Syriaca Linn: stem sub-simple, smoothish ; leaves oblong-lanceo-

ASCLEPIADACER. 233

late, acute or shortly acuminate, petiolate, tomentose beneath ; umbel sub-
terminal, many-flowered, somewhat nodding ; leafets of the crown ovate,
the margin 2-toothed. A. Cornuti Decaisne.

Fields and road sides. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 2|—Stem2—4
feet high. Leaves 6—8 inches long. Umbels lateral and terminal, 15—20-flow-
ered. Flowers large, pale purple. Follicles 2—5 inches long, covered with soft
flexible spines. ‘lhe leaves are said to be used in preparing the indigo dye in
woollen manufactories. ‘The reasons given for changing the old name of this
plant do not appear to me to be satisfactory. Common Milkweed.

tt Follicles smooth.
a. Leaves opposite.

2. A. phytolaccoides Pursh: stem erect, simple; leaves broad-lanceolate,
acuminate, smooth above, paler and somewhat pubescent beneath; umbels
many-flowered, lateral and terminal, solitary, on long peduncles, nodding ;
leafets of the crown truncate, the inflexed margin 2-toothed at the summit ;
horn much exserted, subfalcate. A. exvaltata and acuminata Mull. A.nivea
Hook. :

Wet rocky grounds. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. June, July. 2|.—Stem 3—4
feet high. Leaves large, and resembling those of Phytolacca decandra. Umbels
few-flowered, on long peduncles. Flowers large, greenish-purple. A more deli-
cate species than the preceding. Poke-leaved Milkweed.

3. A. imcarnata Linn.: stem erect, branched above, more or less pubes-
cent; leaves lanceolate, subsessile, somewhat tomentose; umbels numerous,
erect, mostly in pairs and terminal; leafets of the crown not toothed; horn
exserted, subulate. A. pulchra Willd.

Banks of streams. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem 2—4
feet high, with pubescent lines or hairy tomentose. Umbels numerous, rather
small. Flowers bright purple. Swamp Siukweed.

4. A. purpurascens Linn.: stem simple, with two pubescent lines ; leaves
ovate-elliptic or ovate, mucronate, abruptly attenuated into a short petiole,
smoothish above, pubescent and paler beneath; leafets of the crown ob-
long; horn falcate, horizontal, acute. A. amena Mich.

Woods. Mass. to Virg. Ohio, and Ken. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem 2—3 feet
high, rather slender. Leaves with the midrib broad and purple. Umbels many-
flowered, near the summit of the stem. Flowers deep purple. Well defined by
the peculiar curvature of the horn. Purple Silkweed.

5. A. obtusifolia Mich.: stem simple, erect, smooth ; leaves closely sessile,
somewhat cordate and clasping, oblong, obtuse, undulate on the margin,
very smooth, glaucous beneath; umbel terminal, long peduncled, generally
solitary, many-flowered ; leafets of the crown slightly 2-toothed ; horn ex-
serted. A. purpurascens Walt,

Sandy fields. N. Y.toCar. June. 2.—Stem 2—3 feet high. Umbels 1—3,
terminal, on long peduncles. Flowers large, pale purple. Wavy Dlilkweed.

6. A. variegata Linn.: stem simple, with 2 pubescent lines; leaves
ovate or obovate, attenuated at base into a petiole, smooth, at length some-~
what waved; umbels on short peduncles; the peduncles and _ pedicels
woolly ; leafets of the crown without teeth; horn broad, with a horizontal
point. A. hybrida Mich.

234 ASCLEPIADACE#.

Woods. N.Y. to Car. July, Aug. %|.—Stem 3—4 feet high. Leaves
slightly acuminate, on pubescent petioles. Umbels 1—4, terminal and on the
upper part of the stem, rather densely flowered. Flowers greenish-white, tinged
with purple within. Variegated Silkweed.

7. A. laurifolia Mich.: stem erect, simple, slightly pubescent; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, very acute, subcordate or often rounded at base, subsessile,
somewhat distant, smooth, scabrous-serrate on the margin; umbels mostly
terminal; leafets of the crown acute, with the horns scarcely as long.
A. acuminata Pursh. A. periplocefolia Nutt.

Low grounds. N. J. to Car. July, Aug. 2|.—Root tuberous. Stem 18 inches
to 2 feet high. Leaves subsessile or on very shert petioles. Umbels 1—3, near
the summit. Flowers yellowish-green and purple. Laurus-leaved Silkweed.

8. A. quadrifolia Jacq. : stem simple, slender, smooth; leaves lance-ovate,
acuminate, petiolate, smooth, 4 larger ones in a whorl near the middle of
the stem; umbels 2, terminal, erect, loose; pedicels capillary; leafets of the
crown 2-toothed; horn very short.

Stony woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. 1%|.—Stem 1—2 feet high.
Leaves thin and membranaceous, the upper and Jower ones opposite. Umbels

mostly 2, sometimes solitary, on long slender peduncles. Flowers small, white
or pale purple. Four-leaved Silkweed.

b. Leaves alternate or verticillate.

9. A. verticillata Linn.: stem simple, marked with pubescent lines;
leaves mostly whorled, narrow-linear, revolute on the margin; umbels ter-
minal and axillary; leafets of the crown short, obtuse, 2-toothed; horn
falcate, much exserted.

Dry hills. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. and Texas. June—Sept. 2|.—Siem
1—3 feet high, very slender, often a little branched at the summit. Umbels
“numerous, about an inch in diameter, terminal and subterminal. Flowers small,
greenish-white. Whorled Silkweed.

10. A tuberosa Linn.: hairy; stem erect, oblique or decumbent, with
spreading branches; leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or linear,
mostly alternate, subsessile; umbels numerous, often forming corymbs;
horn subulate, rather erect. A. decumbens Willd.

Sandy fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June—Aug. 2|.—Rooé large, tube-
rous. Stem 1—3 feet long. Leaves sometimes broad and cordate, at others
linear and somewhat tapering at base. Flowers large, in numerous erect umbels,
bright orange. Plant without milky juice. Medicinal. See Big. Med. Bot. ii.59.

Butterfly Weed. Pleurisy Root.

** Nectary or stamineal crown without horns. AcERATES. Ell.

ll. A. viridifiora Raf.: stem erect or ascending, hairy; leaves oval,
ovate and obovate, on short petioles, tomentose-pubescent on both sides, ob-
tuse; umbels subglobose, many-flowered, subsessile, nodding ; pedicels to-
mentose. <A. nutans Muhl. A. lanceolata Ives. Acerates viridifiora and
obovata Ell. :

Sandy fields. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. July. 2.—Stems 1—2 feet high,
sometimes clustered. Leaves 2—3 inches long, rather thick and coriaceous, ~
varying in form. Umbels 2—4, subterminal, on short thick hairy peduncles.

Flowers green. I follow Decaisne, Torrey and Darlington, in uniting A. lanceo-
lata of Ives with this species. Green-flowered Sulkweed.

‘LOGANIACES. 235

2, GONOLOBUS. Mich.—Gonolobus.

(From the Greek yovta, an angle, and ofos, a pod; on account of its angular
follicles.)

Calyx 5-parted, the sepals spreading. Corolla rotate, 5-
parted. Stamineal crown scutelliform, 5-lobed. Anthers
opening transversely, terminated by a membrane. Pollen-
masses 5 pairs, not separating into grains. Stigma flattish-
depressed. Follicles 2, ventricose, somewhat ribbed. Seeds
comose.

-1.-G. macrophyllus Mich.: stem hirsute with long hairs; leaves broadly
ovate-cordate, with the sinus nearly closed, acuminate, finely pubescent,
at length smoothish above; segments of the corolla linear or linear-oblong,
with the margin reflexed ; follicles ribbed and angled. G. obliquus Brown.
Cynanchum obliquum Muhl.

Near Philadelphia. Barton. Chester county, Penn. Darlington. July. 2.—
Stem several feet long, twining. Flowers in loose cymose umbels, purple and
greenish, fetid. Large-leaved Gonolobus.

2. G. hirsutus Mich.: stem twining; younger branches very hairy ;
leaves cordate-ovate, or ovate-roundish, attenuate or somewhat obtuse,
hairy on both sides; peduncles shorter than the petiole, few-flowered ; seg-
ments of the corolla oblong; follicles muricate. Gonolobiwm hirsutwm
Pursh.

Hedges near streams. Penn. to Car. Pursh. June,July. %|.—Stem trailing
and climbing, 3—4 feet long, pubescent. Leaves slightly auriculate at base.
Umbels axillary, 3—4-flowered. Flowers dark purple. Hairy Gonolobus.

Orper LXXX. LOGANIACEHAl.—Loaantraps.

Calyx inferior, 4—5-parted. Corolla regular or irregular,
4—5 or 10-cleft. Stamens 5, arising from the corolla. Ovary
2-celled; style continuous; stigma simple. Fruit capsular,
drupaceous or berried. Seeds usually peltate, sometimes
winged, with fleshy or cartilaginous albumen.—Shrubs, herba-
ceous plants or trees. Leaves opposite, entire, usually with
stipules in the form of interpetiolary sheaths.

SPIGELIA. Linnz.—Worm Grass.
(In honor of Adam Spigelius, an old botanist of considerable note.)
Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the segments linear-subulate.
Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft. Stamens 5. <Anthers linear,
erect, 2-lobed at base. Capsule ovoid-compressed, didymous,
2-celled, few-seeded.

S. Marylandica Linn.: stem simple, square, smooth; leaves opposite,

236 GENTIANACEZ.

ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute or acuminate, the margin and nerves rough,
hairy ; lobes of the corolla four times as long as the calyx; anthers exserted.

Woods. Pennand Md. to Flor. W.to Ark. June. %|.—Stem 6—18 inches
high. Flowers sessile, 3—S8 in a spike or raceme, an inch and a half long, crim-
son, yellow within. A celebrated vermifuge. Big. Med. Bot. i. 142.

Pink-root. Perennial Worm Grass.

OrpER LXXXI. GENTIANACEA.—GentiaAnworts.

Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla usually recular, with an
imbricate, twisted, rarely induplicate, zestivation; its lobes of
the same number as those of the calyx, generally 4 or 5, (rarely
6—10.) Stamens inserted upon the corolla and equal in num-
ber to its lobes. Ovary composed of 2 carpels, 1- or partly
2-celled; style 1, continuous; stigmas 2. Capsule or berry
many-seeded. Seeds small; albumen fleshy—Herbaceous
plants, rarely shrubs, sometimes twining. Leaves almost al-
ways opposite and entire. Flowers showy.

I. GenTIANEz. Corolla imbricate.

1. GENTIANA. Linn.—Gentian.

(Named from Genitus, king of Hlyria, who, according to Pliny, brought into
use the species so much valued in medicine.)

Calyx 4—5-cleft. Corolla tubular-campanulate, funnel-form
or somewhat salver-form ; the limb 4—5-cleft, sometimes with
intermediate plaits. Stamens 4—5, inserted upon the tube of
the corolla. Styles very short. Stigmas 2. Capsule 1-celled,
2-valved.

* Corolla somewhat tubular ; intermediate lobes or plaits large.

1. G. Andrewsti Griseb.: stem ascending ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, 3-nerved, rough on the margin; flowers aggregated, subsessile, brac-
teate ; lobes of the calyx shorter than the tube; corolla connivent; the
lobes very short, smaller than the somewhat 2-lobed plaits. (D.C.) G.
Saponaria Frel. not of Linn.

Woods and meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Mich. Sept., Oct. 2.—Stem
1—2 feet high, simple. Flowers large, principally in a dense terminal fascicle or
head, bright blue. Andrews’s Gentian.

2. G.Saponaria 6. linearis Griseb.: stem ascending; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, obtuse, rough on the margin; flowers aggregated, somewhat sessile,
bracteate ; lobes of the corolla ovate, twice or thrice as long as the cleft
plaits. (D.C.) G.Pnewmonanthe. G. linearis Frel. and puberula Mich.

Valleys of the Adirondack Mountains, Essex county, N. ¥. Torr: Swamp
near Portland, Maine. Big. Aug., Sept. ‘l|.—Stem about a foot high, slender,
smooth. Flowers bright blue, 3—5 in a terminal fascicle, with one or two in the
axils of the next pair of leaves below. Soap Gentian.

GENTIANACE. Dal

3. G. ochroleuca Frel-: stem ascending; leaves ovate-lanceolate and
obovate, rough on the margin; flowers aggregated, subsessile, bracteate ;
lobes of the calyx unequal, as long as the tube; corolla with the lobes
acute, and the plaits very short and entire. G.Swponaria Walt. G. villosa
Linn.

Sandy fields. N.J.to Flor. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem 9—15 inches high, sim-
ple, somewhat angular, the angles a little rough. Flowers yellowish-white,

tinged with green and purple, i in a terminal bracteate fascicle.
Yellowish Gentvan.

4. G. angustifolia Mich. : stem terete, simple, slender, 1-flowered; leaves
linear, obtuse, smooth on the margin; calyx deeply 5-cleft, with the lobes
linear; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the calyx,
the plaits many-cleft or lacerate. G. purpurea Walt.

Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Stem a foot high. Flower
large, sky-blue, terminal. Narrow-leaved Gentian.

** Corolla funnel-form, without plaits.

5. G. quinqueflora Lam.: stem square, branched; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, subclasping, acute, 5-nerved ; flowers somewhat in fives, axillary and
terminal, pedicellate; corolla 5-cleft, the lobes triangular and setaceously
acute. G. amarelloides Mich. G. quinquefolia Linn.

Woods. N.Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %| ?— Stem 12—18 inches
high. Flowers small, pale blue, generally 3—5 on the summit of the branches.
Five-flowered Gentian.

*«* Corolla fimbriate on the margin, without plaits.

6. G. delonsa Fries: stem erect; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear,
scabrous on the margin, spatulate at the base; corolla 4—5-lobed; the
lobes oblong, obtuse, ciliate at base, crenate at the summit. (D. C.)

Wet limestone rocks, Goat Island, Niagara Falls, N.Y. Torr. N. to Hudson’s
Bay. W. to the Rocky Mountains. Sept. (. — Stem 8—12 inches high, mostly
simple. Leaves 1—2 inches long. Flowers 1—3, on elongated terminal pedun-
cles, bright blue; the tube yellowish and white. Distinzuished from the next
by its narrow leaves and less fringed corolla. Smaller Fringed Gentian.

7. G. crinita Willd.: stem erect, branched above; branches elongated,
1-flowered; leaves lanceolate, rounded or cordate at base; the lower ones
obovate, obtuse; corolla 4-cleft; the lobes cuneate-obovate, fringed at
the top.

Pastures and woods. Can. to Car. Sept., Oct. @)?—Stem 1—2 feet high,
terete below, square above. Flowers large, bright blue, on peduncles at the
ends of the branches. Large Fringed Gentian.

2. HALENIA. Borkh.—Halenia.
(Etymology unknown.)
Calyx 4—5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 4—5-cleft; the
lobes erect, equalling the tube, with a glanduliferous spur at

the base. Stamens 4—5. Stigma 2-lobed, nearly sessile.
Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.

238 GENTIANACES.

H.-defleca Griseb.: stem erect, leafy; leaves 3—5-nerved; lower ones
oblong-spatulate, attenuated into a petiole as long as the lamina; cauline
oblong-lanceolate, subsessile, acute; spurs cylindric, obtuse, deflexed, half as
long as thecorolla. (D.C.) Swertia defleca Smith. S.corniculata Mich.

Swamps. Can.and N. Y. N.to Hudson’s Bay. W. to the Rocky Moun-
tains. Aug. (@).—Stem 18 inches high, 4-angled. Leaves about an inch long,
Flowers blue, in terminal cymes and subterminal whorls. The plant turns
nearly black in drying. Deflexed Halenia. Felwort.

3. SWERTIA. Linn —Swertia.
(In honor of Emanuel Sweert, gardener to the Emperor Rudolphus II.)

Calyx 4—5-parted. Corolla rotate, 4—5-parted ; the seg-
ments with 2 glanduliferous fimbriate pores at the base of each.
Stamens 4—5. Stigmas reniform, mostly 2-lobed (rarely 2,
distinct.) Style none. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded.

S. pusilla Pursh: stem simple, 1-flowered; leaves few, small, oblong;

corolla twice as long as the calyx; the segments oblong, acuminate.

White Hills, N. H. June. Pursh. Q? N.to Labrador.—Stem about an
inch high. Leaves 1 or 2 pairs, small. Flowers large, blue. It is still doubtful
whether it belongs to this genus. ; Small Swertia.

‘ oe F
4, FRASERA. Wali.—Frasera. —
“Ra Foes
(In honor of John Fraser, a collector of North American plants.)

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deciduous, rotate, 4-parted, with 1
or 2 fringed glands on each lobe. Stamens 4. Styles united.
Stigmas 2. Capsule compressed, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds
few, large, winged.

F’. Caroliniensis Walt.: stem smooth; leaves opposite and whorled;
panicle elongated; glands oval-orbicular, one on each lobe of the corolla.
FE’. Walteri Mich. F. verticillata MuAl.

Swamps. Near Fairfield; Herkimer county, N. Y. Prof. Hadley. Moscow,
Livingston county. Dr. Bradley. S. to Car.; rare. July. @.—Siem 3—6
feet high, nearly square. branched, furrowed. Leaves smooth, usually whorled,
sometimes opposite, oblong-lanceolate. Flowers on whorled peduncles, greenish-
yellow. Peduncles 1-flowered. The root of this plant is esteemed as a bitter
tonic. See U. S. Dispensatory. American Columbo.

5. SABBATIA. Adans.—Sabbatia.
(In honor of Liberatus Sabbati, an Italian botanist.)

Calyx 5—12-parted. Corolla rotate, 5—12-parted. Sta-

mens 5—12. Anthers at length revolute. Stigmas 2, spiral.

Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved.

1. S. stellaris Pursh: stem slightly angular, dichotomously branched;
branches elongated, 1-flowered ; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, somewhat

.
|
=
|

GENTIANACE. 239

acute ; segments of calyx linear-subulate, half as long as the obovate lobes
of the corolla. S. gracilis Ell,

Salt marshes. N. Y.to Car. Aug., Sept. @).—Stem 12—18 inches high,
often branched from near the root. Leaves somewhat fleshy, obscurely 3-nerved.
Flowers solitary at the extremity of the branches, forming a small corymh, rose-
color. Salt-marsh Ceniaury.

2. 8. angularis Pursh: stem erect, square, somewhat winged; leaves
ovate, clasping; peduncles elongated, corymbed; segments of the calyx

lanceolate, much shorter than the obovate-elliptic lobes of the corolla. Chi-
roma angularis Linn.

Wet meadows. Can.to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. (@).—Stem 1—2 feet high,
With opposite branches. Leaves about an inch long, obscurely 5-nerved. Flow-
ers rose-color. American Centaury.

3. S. gracilis Salisb.: stem teretish ; branches alternate ; leaves linear, the
lower ovate or lanceolate ; calyx as long as the corolla, the tube very short ;
lobes of the corolla elliptic-oblong, obtuse. S. campanulata Torr. — Chiro-
nia campanulata Linn.

Wet grounds. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. (@).—/Stem a foot high, with long
branches. Panicle terminal, the branches spreading and few-flowered. Flow-
ers purple. Slender Sabbatia.

4. S. calycosa Pursh : stem terete, dichotomously branched ; the branches
1-flowered ; leaves elliptic-oblong, 3-nerved; segments of the calyx oblong-
lanceolate, eae larger than oblong obtuse lobes of the corolla. Chironia
calycosa Mich. Pi! - dichotomea Walt.

Wet meadows. | . Y.to Car. Aug. @).—Stema foot high, slightly angled,
with few branches. L Ae oval, thin. Flowers terminal, often solitary,
rose-color. alae Dichotomous Sabbatia.

5. S. chloroides Pursh : y SNesriiehbar: somewhat angled, with. few 1-flow-
ered branches; leaves lanceolate, erect; branches few, 1 flowered ; flowers
7 —12-parted ; segments of the eslye aneer much sien than the elliptic-
lanceolate lobes of the corolla. Chironia chloroides Mich. Chlora dodecan-
dra Linn.

Salt bogs. N.Y. to Car. Aug. @).—Stem 1—2 feet high. eaves closely

sessile, without nerves, the lower ones ov ate-spatulate. F lowers large, bright
rose-color. This and the preceding are very variable.

Large-flowered Sabbatia.
6. S. corymbosa Bald.: stem erect, nearly square, with opposite branches ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, sessile ; flowers corymbed ; segments of
the calyx linear, much shorter than the obovate oblong lobes of the corolla.
S. paniculata vara. Pursh. Chironia lanceolata Walt.

Swamps. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Svem a foot high, branched near
the summit. Leaves somewhat clasping. Corymb few- flowered. Corolla
white, 5—6-parted. Coerymbose Sabbatia.

6. ERYTHRAA, Rich.—Centaury.
(From the Greek eov0o0s, red ; the prevailing eolor of the flowers.)

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form ; limb short, 5-
cleft. Stamens 5. Anthers, after flowering, spirally twisted.

240 GENTIANACES.

Style erect. Stigmas 2,roundish. Capsule linear, 1—2-celled,
2-valved. Seeds minute.

1. E. Centauriwm Pers. : stem erect, nearly simple ; leaves ovate-oblong,
nerved ; flowers subsessile, fasciculate-cymose; calyx half as long as the
tube of the corolla. Chironia Centaurium Willd.

Dry grounds. Near Oswego, and in Putnam county, N. Y.; rare. July,
Aug. (1).—Stem 8—12 inches high. Leaves variable ; the lower ones broader
than the upper. Flowers rose-color, in fasciculate cymes near the top of the
stem. Common Centaury. *

2. E. Muhlenbergi Griseb. : stem simple or branching ; leaves ovate-ob-
long, somewhat obtuse ; flowers in loose dichotomous cymes, the central ones
pedicellate ; corolla after flowering twice the length of the calyx; the lobes
oblong-lanceolate. (D.C.) E. pulchella Darlingt.

Wet meadows. Flushing, N. Y. Torr. Penn. and Virg. Darlingt. July.
D.—Stem 2—6 inches high, sharply 4-angled. Flowers smaller than in the pre-
ceding ; limb bright-purple. It is perhaps not distinct from the preceding.

Muhlenberg’s Centaury.

7. EXACUM. Linn.—Exacum.

(From the Latin ez, out, and ago, to drive ; it being supposed to have the_
power of expelling poison from the stomach.)

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla 4-lobed, with the tube glo-
bose. Stamens 4. Style 1. Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule bi-
sulcate, 2-celled, many-seeded. “he iii

E. pulchellum Pursh: lower leaves Tomueiees the rest subulate; panicle
corymbose; peduncles filiform; calyx 4-parted; segments subulate. Cuzcen-

dria pulchella? Grisebvin D. C.
Sea coast, N. J.; rare. Aug. (@.—Flowers small, rose-color.

Pretty Exacum.
8. CENTAURELLA. Mich.—Centaurella.

(A diminutive of Centaurea.)

Calyx 4-parted, appressed. Corolla subcampanulate, 4-
parted; segments somewhat erect. Stamens 4. Stigma thick,
glandulous and partly bifid. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx and corolla.

C. paniculata Mich.: stem somewhat branched, smooth; peduncles op- .
posite, the lower ones branched; leaves minute, subulate, alternate below,
nearly opposite above ; flowers in panicles; corolla as long as the calyx;
style very short. C. autwmnalis Pursh. Bartonia tenella Muhl.

Damp grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. ().—Stem 4—8 inches high,
square, often twisted. Leaves scarcely 2 linesinlength. Flowers small, green-
ish-white, on the ends of the branches. Late-flowered Centaurella.

BIGNONIACE. 2AL

II. Menyantuez. Corolla induplicate.

9. LIMNANTHEMUM. Gmel.—Limnanthemum.
(From the Greek pas, inhabiting a lake, and avOepov, a flower.)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-parted ; the lobes bearded
or scaly at base and furnished with glands. Stamens 5. An-
thers erect. Style short or none. Stigma 2-lobed, persistent.
Capsule 1-celled, few-seeded.

LL, lacunosum Griseb.: floating; leaves reniform-cordate, obscurely cre-
nate, smoothish above, spongy beneath; segments of the calyx ovate-ob-
long, one-third as long as the corolla. (D.C.) Villarsia lacunosa Pursh,
Menyanthes trachysperma Mich.

Ponds and lakes. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem long, filiform, rooting
in the mud. Leaves aboutan inch long, on elongated petioles, somewhat fleshy,
greenish above and mostly purplish and spongy below. Flowers white, fascicu-
late, on peduncles produced from the petiole about half an inch below the leaf.
Abundant in Sand Lake, N. Y. Floating Heart.

10. MENYANTHES. Linn.—Buckbean.

(From the Greek pnvn, the moon, (a month,) and avfos, a flower ; because the
. plant continues in flower about that time. Eaton.)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form; limb spreading, 5-
lobed, equal, hairy within. Stamens 5. Style 1, filiform.
Stigma 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule 1-celled, with the axis
of the valves seminiferous.

M. trifoliata Linn.

Marshes. Subarct. Amer. to Virg. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. 2|.—
Plant 8—12 inches high. Root creeping. Leaves ternate, on long petioles
which are sheathing at base; leafets obovate, nearly entire. Peduncles scape-
like, longer than the leaves. Flowers pale red, in a terminal raceme. re

Buckbean. Marsh Trefoil.

Orver LXXXII. BIGNONIACEA).—Bienontaps.

Calyx divided or entire, sometimes spathaceous. Corolla
usually irregular, 4—5-lobed. Stamens 5, unequal, always 1,
sometimes 3, sterile; when 4 are fertile, they are didynamous.
Ovary seated in a disk, 2-celled, or spuriously 4-celled. Style
1; stigma of 2 plates. Capsule 2-celled, sometimes spuriously
4-celled, 2-valved. Seeds transverse, compressed, often winged,
without albumen.—Trees or shrubs, often twining or climbing.
Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, without stipules. Flowers
somewhat panicled,

11

242 PEDALIACER.

1. TECOMA. Juss.—Trumpet Flower.
(Etymology unknown.)

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla with the tube short ;
the limb 5-lobed, equal or somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 4,
didynamous, with the rudiment of a fifth. Capsule 2-celled,
2-valved ; dissepiments contrary to the valves. Seeds winged.

T radicans Juss.: stem creeping; leaves pinnate; leafets in 4—5 pairs,
ovate, acuminate, toothed-serrate, pubescent on the nerves beneath; tube

of the corolla three times as long as the calyx. Bignonia radicans Linn.
Banks of streams. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. h.—Creeping
on rocks and trees. Flowers 2—3 inches long, scarlet, in a terminal corymb.
Ash-leaved Trumpet-flower.
2. CATALPA. Juss.—Catalpa. )

(Said to be a corruption of Catawba, the Indian name of this tree.)

Calyx 2-parted. Corolla campanulate; tube ventricose ;
limb 5-lobed, unequal. Stamens 2 fertile, 2—3 sterile. Stigma
in 2 plates. Capsule pod-form, long, cylindric, 2-valved; dis-
sepiments opposite the valves. Seeds membranaceously winged,
laciniate at the summit.

C. cordifolia Ell.: leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate, entire, petiolate ;

flowers panicled. C. syringefolia Sims. Bignonia Catalpa Linn.

Fields, near houses, &c. N. Y. to Flor. and throughout the Western and
Southwestern States. July.—A large tree with irregular branches. Leaves
~ large, smooth above, somewhat pubescent beneath, on long petioles. Flowers

large, white, variegated with yellow and purple, in large pyramidal panicles.
Probably introduced, as it is generally found in the vicinity of habitations,
Indian encampments, &c. Common Catalpa. Bean Tree.

Orper LXXXIIJ. PEDALIACEA.—Pepautaps.

Calyx divided in 5 nearly equal pieces. Corolla irregular;
the throat ventricose, the limb somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 4,
didynamous, (2 sometimes sterile,) with the rudiment of a fifth.
Ovary seated in a glandular disk, 1 or 2-celled, sometimes with
spurious cells; style 1; stigma divided. Fruit drupaceous or
capsular. Seeds usually few, wingless, without albumen.—
Herbaceous plants, mostly covered with glandular hairs.
Leaves opposite or alternate, often angular or lobed, without
stipules. Flowers usually large, axillary.

MARTYNIA. Linn.—Martynia.
(in honor of John Martyn, Professor of Botany in Cambridge, Eng.)

Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, gibbous at base; the limb un-

POLEMONIACE &. 243

equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, with the rudiment
of a fifth. Capsule leneous, corticate, 4-celled, with a long
hooked beak which at length splits into two horns.

M. proboscidea Linn.: stem viscid, pubescent, branched, mostly decum-
bent; leaves alternate, cordate, nearly round, very entire, villous; flowers
axillary, on long peduncles. M. alternifolia Lam.

River banks, N. Y. to Car. W.to Miss. Aug., Sept. @).—Stem 1—2 feet
long. eaves 3—5 inches in diameter. Flowers dull yellow, large, spotted.
Whole plant fetid. The fruit is esteemed as a pickle. Probably introduced into
the Northern States from the Southwest. Unicorn Plant.

Orper LXXXIV. POLEMONIACEA.—Putoxworts.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, in-
serted into the tube of the corolla. Ovary superior, 3-celled ;
style simple; stigma trifid. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, with a
loculicidal dehiscence; the valves separating from the axis.
Seeds angular or oval, sometimes mucilaginous and furnished
with spiral threads; albumen horny.—Herbaceous plants, with
opposite or alternate simple or compound leaves.

1. PHLOX. Linn.—Phlox.

(From the Greek ¢\of, flame; a name which is said to have been originally
applied to a species of Lychnis, and transferred to this genus by Linneus.)

Calyx prismatic, the segments erect. Corolla salver-form ;
tube long, somewhat curved; the limb flat, 5-lobed. Stamens
inserted about the middle of the tube of the corolla, very un-
equal. Capsule roundish-ovoid, 3-seeded.

1. P. paniculata Linn.: stem erect, smooth, paniculately branched
above; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; panicle pyramidal,
corymbose, many-flowered; teeth of the calyx setaceous-acuminate ; lobes
of the corolla obovate.

Meadows. : Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. 2|.—Stem 2—3 feet
high. eaves opposite, rough on the margin, the upper ones slightly cordate at

base. Flowers numerous, crowded at the summits of the branches, purple.
Panicled Phlox.

2. P. maculata. Linn.: stem erect, simple, and somewhat scabrous ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth, with the margin scabrous; panicle oblong,
thyrsoid or somewhat pyramidal; teeth of the calyx lanceolate, acute ; lobes
of the corolla rounded. P. pyramidalis Smith. P. swaveolens Ait.

Moist meadows. N.J.to Car. June. 2{.—Stem 2—3 feet high, mostly simple,
roughish pubescent above, sometimes spotted with dark purple. Upper leaves
ovate, and somewhat cordate at base. Flowers in pedunculate axillary corymbs
at and near the summit of the stem, varying from deep purple to nearly white.
I follow De Candolle in uniting the above species, as it is difficult to point out
the distinctive characters. Spotted Phlag,

244 CONVOLVULACEZ.

3. P.aristata Mich.: stem erect, weak, viscid-pubescent; leaves linear or
linear-lanceolate, pubescent; corymb crowded, few-flowered; teeth of the
calyx pubescent, very long, awn-like; lobes of the corolla obovate, entire.
P. pilosa Linn.

Wet woods. N. J. to Car. W.to Miss. June. %|.—Stem 12—18 inches
high, simple. JZeaves sometimes nearly linear, with the margins revolute.
Fiowers terminal, loosely corymbose, on villous peduncles, pale purple or white.

: Hairy Phloz.

4. P. divaricata Linn.: stem decumbent, pubescent; leaves oval-lan-
ceolate or lance-ovate, acute, membranaceous, ciliate on the margin; pan-
icle loose, corymbose, few-flowered; teeth of the calyx linear-subulate ;
lobes of the corolla slightly obcordate.

Banks of streams. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. %|.—Stems nu-
merous, prostrate and spreading, with erect branches. Upper leaves alinost
clasping and often alternate. Flowers few, in a loose terminal somewhat tri-
chotomous panicle, bluish or dark purple. _ Divaricate Phloz.

5. P. reptans Mich.: stem erect, with procumbent suckers at base, pu-
bescent; radical leaves spatulate-obovate; cauline oval-lanceolate, sessile ;
corymb few-flowered, divaricate; teeth of the calyx subulate, reflexed;
lobes of the corolla obovate, entire. P. stolonifera Pursh.

Rocky places. Penn. to Car. W. to Ken. June. %.—Sitem 6—8 inches
high. Leaves more or less pilose and ciliate on the margin. Flowers in a small
corymb, blue, with a purple centre. Creeping Phlox.

6. P. subulata Linn.: stem procumbent, cespitose, much branched, pu-
bescent; leaves linear-subulate, rigid, ciliate: corymb few-flowered ; teeth
of the calyx short, subulate; lobes of the corolla wedgeform, emarginate.
P. setacea Linn.

Rocky places. N.J.toCar. April, May. 2|.—Root creeping. Stems 6—12
inches long, with numerous assurgent branches 2 or 3 inches high. eaves half
an inch long, with the rudiments of smaller ones or of branches in the axils.
Flowers pink or nearly white, with a purple centre. Very abundant near New
Brunswick, N. J. Mountain Pink.

2. POLEMONIUM. JLinn.—Greek Valerian.

(From the Greek oXepyos, war ; which is said by Pliny to have been waged by
two kings for the honor of its discovery.) 5

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate-rotate ;
tube very short, closed by the dilated bases of the filaments.
Capsule ovoid, obtuse, the cells many-seeded.

P. reptans Linn.: stem weak, erect or declined ; leaves pinnate; leafets
7—9, (rarely 11,) ovate-lanceolate, acute; flowers terminal, nodding.

Moist woods. N.Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. 2|.—Stem 12—18 inches
high, nearly smooth, branching. Jeafets mostly opposite, the common petiole
winged. lowers blue, in small nodding corymbs at the end of the branches.

Jacob’s Ladder. —

Orper LXXXV. CONVOLVULACEA).—BinpweEeps.

Calyx persistent, in 5 divisions, remarkably imbricated. Co-
rolla regular, deciduous ; the limb 5-lobed, plaited; the tube

CONVOLVULACEZ. 245

without scales. Stamens 5, inserted into the base of the corolla.
Ovary simple, mostly 2—4-celled ; styles united or more or less
distinct; stigmas obtuse or acute. Capsule 1—4-celled. Seeds
with asmall quantity of mucilaginous albumen, a curved embryo
and leafy shrivelled cotyledons.—Herbaceous plants or shrubs,
usually twining and milky. Leaves alternate, very often cor-
date, entire or lobed. Flowers large and showy.

CONVOLVULUS.. Linn __Bindweed.

(From the Latin convolvo, to entwine.)

Calyx 5-parted, naked or with 2 bracts at base. Corolla
funnel-form or campanulate, with 5 plaits. Stamens 5, shorter
than the limb. Style undivided. Stigma capitate or lobed.
Capsule 2—3-celled, 2—3-valved.

1. C. arvensis Linn.: stem twining, angular; leaves sagittate-hastate,
with acute lobes; peduncles mostly 1-flowered; bracts minute, remote from
the flower; sepals roundish-ovate.

Fields. Maine to Car.; rare. June, July. %|.—Root long, creeping. Stem
2—3 feet long, climbing, somewhat hairy. Leaves small, ovate-oblong, on short
petioles. Flowers white, an inch long, on axillary peduncles which are longer
than the leaves. Introduced, and, on account of its deep and spreading roots,
becoming in many places a troublesome weed. | Common or Corn Bindweed.

2. C. Sepium Linn.: stem twining; leaves sagittate, very acute, with
the lubes truncate; peduncles square, 1-flowered; bracts large, cordate,
close to the flower. Calystegia Sepiwm Brown.

Moist grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. 2|.—Stem 3—12
feet long, climbing or trailing, nearly smooth. Flowers large, white, on pedun-
cles which are longer than the leaves. Great Bindweed.

3. C. panduratus Linn.: stem twining; leaves cordate or panduriform,
acuminate, the lobes rounded; peduncles long, with small bracts at the
base; flowers in fascicles ; corolla tubular-campanulate.

Sandy fields. N.Y. to Flor. W.to Ohio. July. 2|.—Root very large and
thick. Stem 4—6 feet long, mostly trailing, at length nearly smooth. Flowers
mostly 2—5 in a fascicle, on peduncles 3 or 4 inches long. Corolla white, the
tube purple. Medicinal. Man of the Earth.

4. C. spithameus Linn.: stem erect or oblique; leaves oval or oblong,
subcordate, pubescent, hoary; peduncles 1-flowered, about as long as the
leaves; bracts close to the flower, much larger than the calyx. C. sans
Mich. Calystegia tomentosa and spitham@ea Pursh.

Sandy woods. Can. to Virg. June. 2|.—Stem 8—18 inches long, sometimes
nearly procumbent. eaves varying from acute to obtuse and rounded. Flowers
white, on peduncles which are about as long as the leaves. A variable species.

Upright Bindweed.

5. C. purpureus Linn: stem twining and climbing; leaves cordate,
acuminate, undivided, entire ; peduncles 2—3-flowered ; pedicels thickened,
nodding ; capsule smooth. Jpomea purpurea Pursh. Pharbitis hispida,
Choisy,in D.C,

246 CUSCUTACE.

Fields, &e - July, Aug. (@).—Stem hairy, climbing to a great height. Leaves
2—6 inches long, on petioles of about the same length. Flowers large, blue,
purple or nearly white. Introduced. Common Morning Glory.

6. C. lacunosus Spreng.: stem smooth, twisted; leaves cordate acumi-
nate, angled at base; peduncles short, 1—3-flowered; calyx hairy; corolla
tubular, short; capsule hairy. Jpome@a lacunosa Linn.

Penn. Mul. S.to Flor. Aug., Sept. @).—Flowers white, with a purple
rim. Ragged Bindweed.

7. C. nil Linn.: stem hairy, twming; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, the inter-
mediate lobe dilated at the base, the lateral ones shorter, acute ; peduncles
short, 2—3-flowered ; segments of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, hairy at the
base. Lpomea nil Pursh. Pharbitis nil Choisy in D.C.

Penn. Muhl. S. to Car. Aug. (1).—Flowers 2 or 3, on peduncles shorter
than the petioles. Corolla white at base, blue near the border.
Morning Glory.

Orper LXXXVI. CUSCUTACEZ.—D ODDERS.

Calyx 4—5-parted, persistent, with an imbricate eestivation.
Corolla cut round at the base; the limb 4—5-cleft, with alter-
nating scales. Stamens as many as the segments of the corolla.
Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, or none; stigmas 2. Fruit capsular
or baceate, 2-celled; cells 1—2-seeded. Seeds with a fleshy
albumen and a spiral acotyledonous embryo.—Leafless climb-
ing colorless parasites, with the flowers in dense clusters.

CUSCUTA. Linn.—Dodder.
(Etymology uncertain.)

Calyx 5- rarely 4-parted. Corolla globose-urceolate, 4—5-
cleft. Stamens 4——-5. Filaments often with scales at the base.
Styles 2. Stigmas filiform or capitate. Capsule 2-celled, open-
ing all round transversely.

1. C. Epilinum Weih.: heads of about 5 sessile flowers; calyx 5-parted,
the lobes obtuse; corolla globose cylindric, about as long as the calyx;

styles erect, at length divergent. (D.C.) C. Europea. Beck Bot. 1st Ed.

Parasitic on flax. Schenectady, N. Y. Mass. Dewey. Chester county, Penn.
Darlingt. July. ().—Stem filiform, long and climbing. orange-colored, leafless.
Flowers in small dense heads, pale-yellow or rose-color. Introduced? ~ Dr. ~
Darlington’s C. Europea, which seems to be identical with the New York
plant, is referred to this species by the author above quoted. Flax Dodder.

2. C. Gronoviit Willd.: stem branched; flowers pedunculate or more
lax, generally 5-parted; corolla deeply campanulate, open, pellucid-punc-
tate, longer than the roundish obtuse calyx-segments; scales convergent,
fimbriate. C. Americana Linn.

Low grounds. N. Y. to Ala. W.to Ohio. July—Sept. @)—Stem filiform,
orange-colored, twining around other plants. Flowers in small cymes or much

crowded, yellowish-white, marked with little roundish glands.
Common Dodder.

BORAGINACE. ZAT

3. C. umbrosa Beyrich: stem low, branching; flowers 5-parted, some-
what pedunculate, at length in spikes; corolla campanulate, longer than
the obtuse calyx-segments; stamens as long as the limb; scales pinnatifid-
laciniate, convergent. (Torr. N.Y. Fl.)

Western part of N. Y. Dr. Gray.—Distinguished from the preceding by the
more open campanulate corolla, which is destitute of pellucid glands, and the
form of its lobes as well as those of the calyx. Torr.

Smooth-flowered Dodder.

Oxper LXXXVII. DIAPENSIACEA.—Diapensraps,

Calyx of 5 imbricate sepals, with 3 bracts at the base. Co-
rolla somewhat salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, equal ; fila-
ments petaloid. Ovary superior, 3-celled ; style single, con-
tinuous ; stigma sessile. Capsule membranous or papery.
Seeds pitted, with a very small embryo in a mass of fleshy
albumen.—Prostrate under-shrubs, with small densely imbri-
cate leaves and solitary terminal flowers.

DIAPENSIA. Linn-—Diapensia.

(Said to be an ancient Greek name for the Sanicle, applied to this plant by
Linneus.)

Calyx with the sepals unequal, smooth. Corolla 5-lobed.
Stamens 5. Filaments broad-linear, inserted into the throat of
the corolla. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.

1. D. Lapponica Linn,: cespitose; leaves spatulate, smooth; flower
terminal, solitary, on a short peduncle; anthers simple. D. obtusifolia

Pursh.

Summits of the White Mountains, N. H., and of Mount Marcy and Mount
McIntyre, N. Y. N.to Labrador and Arct. Amer. June, July. 2|.—Stems
short, forming thick firm tufts, densely covered with small fleshy evergreen
leaves. Flower white. Lapland Diapensia.

2. D. barbulata Ell.: \eaves lanceolate-wedgeform, pubescent at base:
flower solitary, terminal, sessile; anthers horizontal, beaked at base. D.
cuneifolia Pursh. Pyxidanthera barbulata Mich.

Pine barrens. N.J.to Car. May, June. %|.—Plant small, creeping, form-
ing dense mats; branches assurgent, 1-flowered. Upper leaves crowded near

the base of the flower, which is small and white. Very abundant in New Jersey.
Beaked Diapensia.

Orper LXXXVIIL BORAGINACEA.—Boraceworts.

Calyx persistent, 5-divided. Corolla 5-lobed, generally reg-
ular, and sometimes with a row of scales in the throat. Sta-
mens 5, inserted in the corolla and alternate with its lobes.
Ovary 4-parted; style simple; stigma simple or bifid. Fruit
consisting of 4 little nuts or achenia. Seed without albumen.—

248 BORAGINACE.

Herbaceous plants or shrubs, with round stems. Leaves alter-
nate, often rough, without stipules. Flowers usually in one-
sided spikes or racemes.

ll; LITHOSPERMUM. LTann.— Grom well.

(From the Greek d.Oos, a stone, and oneopa, seed; on account of the stony
hardness of its seeds or nuts.)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed; the throat
naked, rarely with minute scales. Nuts imperforate at base,
shining, smooth or rugose.

1. L. arvense Linn.: stem erect, branched ; leaves sessile, linear-lanceo-
late, rather acute, veinless, rough, hairy ; calyx a little shorter than the
corolla, at length spreading; nuts rugose.

Fields. N.Y. and Mass. to Del. W. to Ohio. May. (@).—Plant hispid-
pilose. Stem 12—18 inches high, more or less branched. Flowers solitary,
axillary, white. Calyx with the segments thrice as long as the fruit. Intro-
duced from Europe. Corn Gromwell.

2. L. officinale Linn.: stem erect, much branched, covered with rigid
hairs; leaves broad-lanceolate, acute, nerved, rough above, hairy beneath ;
tube of the corolla as long as the calyx ; nuts smooth.

Dry waste places. N. Y. and Mass. to Penn. and Ohio. May. %.—Stem
12—18 inches high, often branched and diffuse. Flowers pale yellow, in leafy
spike-like racemes. Nuts whitish-brown, highly polished. Introduced from
Europe. Common Gromwell.

2. BATSCHIA. Gmel.—Puccoon.
(In honor of John George Batsch, a German botanist of the last century.)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, rather large; tube
straight, much longer than the calyx, closed at the base by a
bearded ring ; orifice naked or partially closed ; the limb nearly
flat, with 5 rounded lobes. Stamens very short. Nuts smooth
and shining, not perforate at the base.

1. B. canescens Mich.: stem erect, simple, villous; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse, slightly mucronate, silky above, subvillous beneath; tube of
the corolla as long again as the calyx. Anchusa canescens Muhl. Latho-
spermum canescens Lehm.

Hills. Subarct. Amer. to Virg. W. to Miss. June, July. 21.—Stem 8—12
inches high. Flowers axillary, crowded near the top of the stem, bright orange.
Found near Fairfield, N. Y. by Prof. Hadley. Used by the Indians as a red
dye. Common Puccoon. Alkanet.

2. B. Gmelini Mich.: plant hirsute ; stem simple; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, hairy on both sides, ciliate ; floral ones ovate-lanceolate ; segments of
the calyx linear, hairy, scarcely as long as the tube of the corolla. B.
Caroliniensis Gmel. Anchusa hirta Muhl. Lithospermum hirtum Lehm.

Woods. Penn.to Car. June, July. 2|.—Stem8—12 inches high. Flowers
in a terminal raceme, oranze. Gmelin’s Puccoon.

BORAGINACE. 249

3. ONOSMODIUM. Mich.—Onosmodium.
(So named from its resemblance to Onosma, another genus of this order.)

Calyx deeply 5-parted; segments linear. Corolla tubular-
campanulate ; throat naked; limb 5-cleft, the lobes acute and
connivent. Anthers sessile, included. Style much exserted.
Nuts imperforate, shining, ovoid.

1. O. hisprdum Mich.: stem hispid, branched ; leaves obovate-lanceolate,
hairy, papillose-punctate ; segments of the corolla subulate. O. Virgini-
anum D.C. Lnthospermum Virginianum Linn. Purshia hispida Lehm.

Fields, &c. N.Y. to Car. W. to Ohio. Aug. 2.—Stem 1—2 feet high.
Flowers white, in simple leafy secund racemes, which at first are recurved and
afterwards straight. Hairy Onosmodium.

2. O. molle Mich.: whole plant white-villous ; leaves oblong-oval, some-
what 3-nerved ; segments of the corolla semi-oval. O. Carolinianum D. C.
Lithospermum molle Muhl. Purshia mollis Lehm.

Sandy grounds, near Albany, N. Y. G. A. Clinton. Penn. to Tenn. July,
Aug. ‘%|.—Differs from the former in its soft white pubescence, and in the
broader segments of its corolla. Soft Onosmodium.

4. SYMPHYTUM. Linn.—Comfrey.
(From the Greek ovpgduw, to unite; on account of its reputed healing powers.)

Calyx 5-parted, 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Corolla tubular-cam-
panulate ; throat closed with 5 connivent subulate scales ; limb
with 5 broad and short lobes. Nuts ovoid, rugose.

S. officinale Linn.: stem hispid, winged above ; radical leaves on long
petioles, rough ; cauline ovate-lanceolate, attenuated at base and very de-
current.

Springy grounds. N.Y. Mass.and Penn. June. %.—Stem 1—3 feet high,
branched above. MJRacemes in pairs, secund, drooping. Corolla large, yellow-
ish-white, or rarely purplish. Introduced, but apparently native near Fairfield,

: Common Comfrey.

5. ECHIUM. Linn.—Viper’s Bugloss.

(From the Greek eyts, a viper ; on account of the fancied resemblance of the
seed to the head of that animal.)

Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes linear-lanceolate, erect. Corolla
subecampanulate ; tube very short; throat open; the limb un-
equally and obliquely 5-lobed. Stamens unequal. Nuts im-
perforate at base, tuberculate.

E. vulgare Linn. : stem simple, hispid with tubercles ; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, hispid; radical ones petiolate, spreading, very long; flowers in
lateral spikes; stamens longer than the corolla.

Fields and road sides. N. Y. to Virg.; common in New Jersey. June, July.
@.—Siem 2—3 feet high, branched above. Flowers large, blue, in lateral

11*

250 BORAGINACEAE

spikes which are at first recurved but gradually become erect. - Introduced.
A very showy plant when in full flower, but in many places becoming trouble-
some. Viper’s Bugloss. Blue Thisile.

6. LYCOPSIS. Linn.—Bugloss.

(From the Greek Avxos, a wolf, and ovis, a face; from a fancied resemblance
to the head of that animal.)

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, with a curved tube;
the mouth closed with convex connivent scales. Nuts perforate
at the base.

L. arvensis Linn.: leaves lanceolate, repand-denticulate, very hispid ;
lower ones tapering into a petiole; upper sessile, subclasping ; calyx erect
while in flower, about as long as the tube of the corolla. Anchusa arvensis
Lehm.

Sandy fields. N.Y. and Mass. June, July. ().—Plant very hispid. Stem
12—18 inches high. Flowers smail, bright blue, in one or more leafy racemes.
Introduced from Europe. Small Bugloss.

7. MYOSOTIS. Linn.—Scorpion Grass.

(From the Greek pus, pvos, a mouse, and ovs, wros, an ear; in allusion to the
shape of the leaves.)

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla salver-form ; tube short ;
limb flat; orifice closed with short connivent scales. Nuts
smooth or rugose, with a cavity at the base.

1. M. cespitosa Schultz: stem terete, erect, branching, appressed pubes-
cent; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse; calyx 5-cleft, appressed-hairy, shorter
than the pedicels, spreading when in fruit; style very short. (D.C.)

var. laxa D.C.: smoothish; pedicels longer. M. laxa Lehm. M. palus-
tris Torr.

Ditches and wet grounds. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. May—Sept. @)?—Sitem
12—18 inches high, slender, erect or oblique, branching above, smooth or
sprinkled with a few appressed hairs. Leaves 1—3 inches long, the upper sessile,
the lower often petioled. Flowers very small, bright blue, in racemes which are
at length elongated. Marsh Scorpion Grass. -

2. M. stricta Link: stem erect, simple or branched, hispid-villous; leaves
oblong, obtuse; racemes leafy at base; fruit-bearing pedicels erect, shorter
than the calyx; calyx 5-parted, closed when in fruit, clothed with divari-
cate hairs; tube of the corolla included. (D.C.) M. arvensis Reich. M.
verna Nutt.

Sandy fields. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. May, June. ().—Plant grayish-
pubescent. Stem 4—10 inches high, at length branching. Flowers very small,
white, in terminal racemes which are elongated when in fruit.

Field Scorpion Grass.

8. ECHINOSPERMUM. Lehm.—Stickseed.

(From the Greek eywwos, a hedgehog, and oneppa, seed ; the fruit being covered
with prickles.) j

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form ; throat closed by short

BORAGINACES. 251

scales; the limb with obtuse lobes. Nuts fixed to a central
column, imperforate at base, aculeate on the margin.

E.. Lappula Lehm.: stem branched above; leaves lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, hairy ; cerolla longer than the calyx; berder erect, spreading ;
nuts with two rows of hooked prickles on the margin, Myosotis Lappula
Lann. Rochelia Lappula R. €: 8. ;

Road sides. Can. to Virg. W. to Oregon. N. to Subarct. Amer. July, Aug.
@).—Stem a foot high, branched above. Flowers minute, blue, in leafy racemes.
Fruit erect. Introduced ? : Common Stickseed.

9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Linn.—Hound’s-Tongue.

(From the Greek xvwy, a dog, and y\woca, a tongue; in allusion to the shape
of the leaves.)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, funnel-form; orifice closed
with convex connivent scales ; limb with 5 obtuse lobes. Nuts
depressed, affixed to the styles by their inner margin, echinate.

1. C. officinale Linn.: silky-pubescent; lower leaves lanceolate, oblong,
attenuated into a petiole; upper lanceolate, somewhat cordate or clasping
at base; racemes without bracts; lobes of the calyx oblong, obtuse, shorter
than the corolla.

Road sides, &c. Can. to Virg. W.to Ohio. June, July. @.—Plant dull
green, soft and downy, fetid. Stem 1—2 feet high. Flowers purplish-red, in
naked secund racemes. Fruit rough. Introduced from Europe.

Common Hound’s-tongue.

2. C. Virginicum Linn.: hairy; lower leaves oval-oblong, petiolate ;
upper lanceolate-oblong, sessile, clasping and cordate at base ; racemes
somewhat corymbose, naked; pedicels elongated, recurved-spreading ; lobes
of the calyx acute, villous, about half as long as the tube of the corolla.
C. amplexicaule Mich.

Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May, June.
.—Stem 2—3 feet high, very hairy. Radical leaves 6 inches long ; upper ones
smaller. Flowers blue or nearly white, in a terminal corymbose panicle con-
sisting of 2 or 3 divisions. Wild Comfrey.

3. C. Morisoni D. C.: stem erect, somewhat hairy, divaricately branched ;
leaves ovate or lanceolate-oblong, acute, attenuate at base, scabrous above,
pubescent beneath; racemes forked, bracteate ; pedicels at length deflexed ;
fruit covered with hooked bristles. Echinospermum Virginicum Lehm.
Myosotis Virginiana Linn.

Borders of woods, &c. Can. to Car. W. to Ken. July. Q).—Siem 2—J
feet high. Leaves thin and membranaceous; lower ones petioled. Flowers

small, pale blue or white, in forked terminal racemes. 4
Small-flowered Hound’s-tongue.

10. MERTENSIA. Roth.—Mertensia.
(In honor of F. C. Mertens, a German botanist who wrote upon the Alge.)
Calyx short, 5-cleft. or 5-parted. Corolla with the tube cy-
lindric, the limb somewhat campanulate, 5-cleft ; throat naked

252 HYDROPHYLLACES.

or with 5 plaits. Stamens inserted into the upper part of the
tube. Nuts somewhat drupaceous, smooth, or reticulate and
rugose.

1, M. Virginica D.C.: smooth; stem erect; radical leaves obovate-
oblong, obtuse; cauline narrower; calyx three or four times shorter than
the tube of the corolla. Pulmonaria Virginica Linn. Laithospermum pul-

chrum Lehm.

Wet grounds. N. Y. to Car. W.to Miss. May. %.—-Stem 8—12 inches
high, succulent, mostly simple. Leaves smooth and a little glaucous. Flowers
large, bright blue, in a loose racemose panicle. The plant turns black by dry-
ing. Virginian Cowslip. Lungwort.

2, M. maritima G. Don: stem procumbent or ascending, branched ;
leayes ovate, rough with callous dots, fleshy, glaucous; upper lanceolate ;
calyx about half as long as the corolla. (D.C.) Pulmonaria maritima Linn.
Lithospermun maritimum Lehm.

Sea shores. N. Eng. Pursh. N.to Subarct. Amer. July. 2|.—Stem dif-
fuse, much branched. Lower leaves on petioles and acute ; upper ones sessile.
Flowers purplish-blue, in leafy racemes. Seaside Mertensia.

3, WM. denticulata G. Don: stem erect; leaves nerved, somewhat glau-
COs, Margin rough with minute teeth; radical ones ovate, petiolate; cau-
ling elliptic, sessile; segments of the calyx denticulate on the margin, three
op four times shorter than the corolla. (D. C.) Pulmonaria Sibirica Pursh
App. Lithespermum denticulatum Lehm.

Can. N. ¥.?_ W. to the Columbia river. June. %|.—Stem 6—10 inches
high. Leaves 3—5-nerved. Flowers numerous, purple, in somewhat nodding
Yacemes. Denticulate Mertensia.

Orper LXXXIX. HYDROPHYLLACEA.—Hyproparis.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the sinuses often with appendages, per-
sistent. Corolla regular, shortly 5-cleft, mostly between cam-
panulate and rotate. Stamens 5, inserted into the corolla.
Ovary simple, 1—2-celled; styles 2, united into 1; stigma
bifid. Fruit a capsule. Seeds few, reticulated, with abundant
cartilaginous albumen.—Herbaceous plants, often hispid, with
alternate lobed or pinnatifid leaves. Flowers in cymose clus-
ters, or in one-sided racemes.

1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Linn. Water Leaf.
(From the Greek téwp, water, and ¢vdXov, a leaf.)

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes subulate and the sinuses mostly
naked. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft, with 5 longitudinal mar-
gined grooves on the inside alternating with the lobes. Sta-
mens exserted. Filaments bearded in the middle. Stigma

ol

HYDROPHYLLACEX. 253

bifid. Capsule globose, 2-valved, 1-seeded, 3 other seeds
mostly abortive.

* Sinuses of the calyx naked.

1. H. Virginicum Linn.: stem nearly smooth; leaves pinnatifid and
pinnate ; the lobes oval-lanceolate, with deep serratures; clusters of flowers
crowded ; peduncles longer than the petioles; segments of the calyx lance-
linear, hispid-ciliate.

Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. 2.—Stem 12—18
inches high, often branched from the base. Leaves pinnately cut into 5—7 seg-
ments, on long petioles. Flowers blue and white, in compact peduncled lateral
and axillary clusters. Virginian Waterleaf.

2. H. Canadense Linn. : somewhat hairy ; leaves angularly sub- 5-lobed,
mostly cordate at base, coarsely toothed ; flowers in crowded fascicles ; pe-
duncles shorter than the petioles; segments of the calyx narrow-linear,
slightly hairy. >

Shady woods. Can. to Car. W.to Ohio. June. %.—Stem 12—18 inches
high. Leaves large and broad, somewhat palmate, about 5—7-lobed ; lobes
broad, cut and toothed. Flowers blue and white, in crowded clusters.

Canadian Waterleaf.

3. H. macrophyllum Nutt.: leaves oblong, pinnately divided at base,
with the segments towards the apex pinnatifid or subpinnate, hairy, on
both sides; the lobes ovate, with coarse ovate mucronulate teeth; pedun-
cles very long and with the calyx hairy; segments of the calyx ovate at
base, long-acuminate, (D.C.) Phaceha bipinnatiida Frank not of
Mich.

Alleghany Mountains, Penn.? Short. Ohio. Gray.—Leaves a foot or more
in length. Corolla white, scarcely longer than the calyx. Large Waterleaf.

** Sinuses of the calyx appendiculale.

4, H. appendiculatum Mich.: stem hairy; leaves hairy above, pubescent
beneath ; lower pinnately divided; upper palmately 5-lobed; sinuses of the
calyx with minute oval appendages. Nemophila paniculata Spreng.

Moist woods. Can. to Virg. W.to Miss. May. @)?—Stem about a foot
high, branching at the summit. Leaves on long petioles, the lobes toothed.
Flowers blue, on short peduncles, in somewhat paniculate racemes.

Hairy Waterleaf.

2. PHACELIA. Juss.—Phacelia.
(From the Greek gaxeXos, a bundle ; in allusion to its fascicled spike.)

Calyx 5-parted, the sinuses naked. Corolla tubular-campan-
ulate, caducous, 5-cleft or half 5-cleft, with 10 plaits or scales
onthe inside. Stamens often exserted. Style bifid. Capsule
ovoid, 2-valved. Seeds 4, obiong.

P. bipinnatifida Mich.: stem somewhat erect, hairy; leaves pinnately
divided, on long petioles; lateral segments 2—4, ovate, acute, incisely-
lobed; terminal one 3—5-cleft; racemes elongated, mostly bifid; lobes of
the calyx linear-acuminate, half as long as the corolla.

254 SOLANACE.

Wet weeds. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. 1% ?—Stem a foot
high. eaves 3—4 inches long, thin and smoothish. Flowers blue, in terminal
racemes. Jagged Phacelia.

. COSMANTHUS. Nolte. ~Cosmanthus.
(Etymology uncertain.)

Calyx 5-parted; the sinuses naked. Corolla broadly cam-
panulate, caducous, 5-cleft; tube without scales. Filaments
slender, about as long as the corolla. Style bifid. Capsule
2-valved, septiferous in the middle. Seeds 4—10, ovoid-
angular.

* Lobes of the corolla naked.

1. C. parviflorus D.C. : stem diffuse, pubescent ; leaves subsessile, pinna-
tifid or trifid, hairy on both sides, the uppermost sometimes undivided ; lobes
of the lower ones ovate or oblong, entire; racemes solitary. Phacelia par-
vifiora Pursh. Polemonium dubium Willd.

Low grounds. Penn. Ohio, and Virg. May. (1).—Stem 6—8 inches high.
Flowers small, pale-blue; lobes of the corolla rounded, entire, somewhat hairy
on the outside. Stamens hairy at the base. Small- -flowered Cosmanthus.

by a ** Lobes of the corolla fimbriate.

2. C. fimbriata Nolte: whole plant hairy ; stem ascending ; lower leaves
petiolate, pinnately divided, the segments few and entire; upper sessile, pec-
Pe le the lobes oblong and entire ; racemes terminal, elongated,
few-flowered ; lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate, half as long as the
corolla. (D.C.) Phacelia fimbriata Mich.

~ Low grounds. Penn. to Geor. W.to Miss. May, June. ().—Stem 8—12
inches high, ascending, slender, branched. Radical leaves with the lohes very
obtuse. Flowers pale- “blue, i in a simple terminal raceme, at first revolute, after-
wards erect. Fimbriate Cosmanthus.

Orper XC. SOLANACEA!.—NicursHanes.

Calyx 5- seldom 4-parted, persistent. Corolla with the limb
5- seldom 4-cleft, mostly regular, deciduous. Stamens inserted
upon the corolla, as many as the segments of the limb. Ovary
2-celled ; style continuous ; stigma simple. Fruit a capsule or
berry. Seeds numerous, with the embryo straight or curved,
in fleshy albumen.—Herbaceous plants or shrubs, with alternate
undivided or lobed leaves. Inflorescence various.

* Fruit a berry.
1, SOLANUM. Linn.—Nightshade.
(Etymology uncertain.)

Calyx 5—10-parted. Corolla rotate or subcampanulate ;

limb plaited, 5—10-cleft. Stamens 5. Filaments very short;

SOLANACEA. 250

Anthers erect, large, connivent, opening at the top by two pores.
Berry 2—6-celled. Seeds numerous.

1. S. Duleamara Linn.: stem shrubby, fiexuous, climbing, without
thorns, smooth or pubescent; leaves ovate-cordate, smooth; upper ones
hastate; flowers in lateral clusters.

Low grounds. N.S. July, Aug. h.—Stem 6—8 feet long, somewhat pu-
bescent. Flowers purple, with 2 green tubercles at the base of each segment.
Berry bright red, oval. Introduced from Europe.

Woody Night-shade. Bitter-sweet.

2. S. nigrum Lann.: stem herbaceous, without thorns, angular, rough
on the angles; leaves ovate, obtusely toothed and waved; flowers subum-
belled. S. nigrum var. Virginianum Linn.

Old fields. Can. to Car. July, Aug. @).—Stem 1—2 feet high, much
branched, angular or slightly winged. Flowers nodding, white, 3—6 in an um-
bel. Berry spherical, black, 2-celled. Introduced from Europe.

Common Night-shade.

3. S. Carolinense Linn.: herbaceous, prickly; leaves ovate-oblong,
acute, sinuate-angular, often subhastate, stellate-pubescent ; raceme simple,

loose.

Road sides, &c. N.Y. to Car. W.to Miss. June, July. %|.—Stem erect,
branched, a foot high, armed with short prickles. Leaves aculeate on the mid-
rib and larger nerves on both sides. Flowers white, in lateral racemes. Berry
globose, orange-yellow. Horse Neitle.

2, PHYSALIS. Linn.—Ground Cherry.
(From the Greek @vca, a bladder or bag ; in allusion to the inflated calyx.)

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, finally becoming ventricose. Corolla
campanulate-rotate ; limb plaited, somewhat 5-lobed; tube very
short. Stamens 5, connivent. Anthers opening longitudinally.
Berry 2-celled. Seeds numerous.

1. P. viscosa Linn.: herbaceous, pubescent and more or less viscid ;
stem dichotomously branched, with the branches at length spreading ;
leaves solitary or in pairs, varying from roundish-ovate to lanceolate-ovate,
subcordate at base, mostly acute, more or less repand-toothed; flowers
solitary, axillary, pendulous. P. obscura Mich. and P. Pennsylvanica
Linn.

Road sides, fields, &c. N.Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem
low, spreading divaricately. Leaves varying in form, on petioles, 1—2 inches
long. Flowers on short pedicels, greenish-ye!low with brownish spots at base.
Berry globose, viscid, yellowish, enclosed by the inflated calyx.

Clammy Ground Cherry.

2. P. lanceolata Mich.: stem herbaceous, dichotomously branched,
densely pubescent; leaves mostly in pairs, ovate-lanceolate, entire, acumi-
nate, narrowed at the base into a petiole; flower solitary, nodding; calyx
villous.

Penn. Muhl. §& Darlingt. ; rare. S to Car. July. 2|.—Stem 1—2 feet high,
angular. Leaves often very unequal at base. Flowers usually in the upper axils,

pale greenish-yellow, with fuscous spots at base.
SNpear-leaved Ground Cherry.

256 SOLANACE.

3. NICANDRA. Adans.—Nicandra.

(In honor of Nicander, an ancient Greek physician.)

Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the angles compressed, segments
sagittate. Corolla campanulate, dry; the limb plaited and
nearly entire. Stamens incurved. Berry 3—5-celled, covered
by the calyx.

N. physaloides Gert.: stem herbaceous; leaves sinuate-angled, glabrous ;
flowers solitary, axillary, on short peduncles; calyx closed, with the angles

very acute. <Atropa physaloides Linn.

Cultivated grounds, road sides, &c. N.Y. to Geor. July, Aug. @.—Stem
2—3 feet high, much branched. Leaves 2—4 inches long, alternate. Flowers
solitary, axillary, on short peduncles, pale-blue. Introduced. Originally from
Peru, where it is said to be much used as a narcotic. Nicandra.

** Fruit a capsule.

4, NICOTIANA. Linn.—Tobacco.
(After John Nicot, who introduced tobacco into Europe.)

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form ;
the limb 5-lobed and plaited. Stamens 5, equal. Stigma capi-
tate. Capsule 2-celled, 2—4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds
minute.

N. rustica Liann.: plant viscid-pubescent; stem terete; leaves petioled, —
ovate, very entire; tube of the corolla cylindrical, longer than the calyx, _

the lobes rounded.

Western part of New York. Nutt. Long Island. Torr. @.—Stem 12—18
inches high. Flowers greenish-yellow, in a terminal panicle or raceme. Ac-
cording to Mr. Nuttall it has been introduced by the Indians. It contains the
same poisonous principle as the common tobacco. | Wild Tobacco.

5. DATURA. Linn.—Thorn Apple.
(Supposed to be derived from Tatorah, the Arabic name of the plant.)

Calyx tubular and usually 5-angled, separating from the per-
sistent base. Corolla funnel-form, the tube long, the limb 5-
angled and plaited. Stamens 5. Stigma bilamellate. Cap-
sule usually prickly or muricate, 2-celled, 4-valved ; cells 2—3-
parted, many-seeded.

D, Stramonium Linn.: stem dichotomously branched; leaves ovate,
smooth, angularly-toothed, somewhat cordate; capsule spiny, erect.
var. Tatula Torr.: stem and flowers purple. D. Tatula Linn.

Waste grounds, &c. Throughout the U.S. July—Sept. (@.—Stem 2—6
feet high, yellowish-green or purple. Flowers solitary, large, white or bluish-
purple, on peduncles. Very fetid. Medicinal and poisonous. Big. Med. Bot.
i. 16. Jamestown Weed. Thorn-apple.

OROBANCHACE. 2at

6. HYOSCYAMUS. Linn.—Henbane.

(From the Greek is, ios, a hog, and xvapos, a bean; because hogs are said to
eat without injury the fruit, which bears some resemblance to a bean.)

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, irregular, lobes
obtuse. Stamens 5, declined. Stigma capitate. Capsule
ovoid, opening with a lid.

H. mger Linn,: stem erect, very leafy; leaves sinuate and angularly
toothed, clasping; flowers sessile, arranged in terminal recurved leafy

spikes ; corolla reticulate.

Waste places. N. Y. and Penn. June. () or @).—FPlant covered with
unctuous fetid hairs. Stem 12—18 inches high, much branched. Leaves ob-
long, acute. Flowers large, dull yellow, with purple veins. A powerful narcotic,
Introduced from Europe. Common Henbane.

Orper XCI. OROBANCHACEA.—Broomrapes.

Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla irregular, persistent, with
an imbricate estivation. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary
superior, 1-celled, seated in a fleshy disk, with 2 or more pari-
etal placentze ; style 1; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule, en-
closed within the withered corolla. Seeds numerous, very mi-
nute.—Herbaceous leafless parasites. Stem covered with brown
or colorless scales.

1. OROBANCHE. Linn.—Broom Rape.

(From the Greek opoGos, a pea-like plant, and ayyeu, to strangle ; from its sup-
posed injurious eflect.)

Flowers perfect. Calyx 2—5-cleft, seements often unequal.
Corolla tubular, the limb somewhat ringent; upper lip entire
or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous. Stig-
ma mostly 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 2-valved, many-seeded.

1. O, Americana Linn.: stem clothed with ovate-lanceolate imbricate
scales; spike terminal, smooth ; corolla slightly curved; stamens exserted.

Shady woods. Can. to Geor. June. 2.—Plant 6—8 inches high, mostly
growing in clusters. Flowers sessile, with lanceolate bracts at the base, dirty
white or pale brown. Nquaw-root.

2. O. uniflora Linn. : stem very short, often branched at base, clothed
with oblong scales; flowers solitary, on scape-like pubescent peduncles ;
calyx equally 5-cleft; lobes of the corolla oblong-oval, with a pubescent
colored margin ; stamens included, smooth.

Woods. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. May, June. %.—Plant 4—6 inches
high, brownish-yellow. Peduncles 2—5 inches long, mostly 2 or 3 on each
short stem, Flowers incurved, pale purple. One-flowered Broom-rape,

258 SCROPHULARIACER.

2. EPIPHAGUS. Nutt.—Beech Drops.
(From the Greek ex, upon, and ¢nyos or payos, a beech tree.)

Flowers polygamous; the upper complete but sterile; the
lower imperfect, fertile. Srurirz Ft. Calyx 5-toothed. Co-
rolla tubular, compressed, curved; upper lip emarginate; the
lower 3-toothed. Stamens as long as the corolla. Style ex-
serted. Ovary abortive. Frrrire Fu. Calyx 5-toothed. Co-
rolla small, rarely expanding, 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens
4, 3 usually sterile. Style short. Capsule roundish-ovoid,
gibbous, opening on the upper side.

E.. Americanus Nutt. Orobanche Virginiana Linn.

Shady beech woods. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Plant 6—12 inches
high, yellowish-brown, smooth. Stem angular, branching from near the base ;
the branches with small lance-ovate scales below. Flowers alternate, distant,
nearly sessile, small; fertile ones deciduous; sterile larger, white striped with
purple. Parasitic. Reputed to be medicinal. Beech-drops. Cancer-root.

3. OBOLARIA. Linn.—Obolaria.

(From the Greek o@odos, a small Athenian coin, which the leaves are said to _
resemble.)

Calyx 2-parted, in the form of bracts. Corolla campanulate,
4-cleft ; the lobes entire, sometimes crenulate. Stamens 4,
subdidynamous, proceeding from the clefts of the corolla.
Stigma emarginate. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded.

O. Virginica Linn.

Woods. Penn.and Ohio to Ala. April, May. %| ?—Stem 4—6 inches high,
cespitose, nearly simple, smooth. Leaves opposite, rather fleshy, cuneate-obo-

vate, sessile, glaucous. Flowers in pairs or threes towards the top of the stem,
white or pale red. Pennywort.

Orpver XCII. SCROPHULARIACEA.—Fieworts.

Calyx of 4 or 5 more or less united sepals, persistent.
Corolla with the limb 2-lipped or more or less irregular, with
an imbricated eestivation. Stamens didynamous, rarely equal ;
the uppermost or fifth stamen altogether deficient, or sterile, or
very rarely fertile, and shorter than the rest; sometimes the
two lower ones are sterile or deficient. Ovary 2-celled; style
mostly simple. Fruit capsular, 2-valved. Seeds numerous.—
Herbs or sometimes shrubs, usually with opposite or whorled,
but occasionally alternate leaves.

SCROPHULARIACE. 259

SusorpEer Il. ANTIRRHINIDEZ.

Inflorescence entirely centripetal or compound. Aistivation
of the corolla bilabiately imbricated, the two upper segments
being external.

I. VERBACEE.

1. VERBASCUM. Linn. Mullein.

(Name altered from Barbascum ; the leaves being covered with a barba or beard.)

Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed,
the lobes nearly equal. Stamens 5, all perfect, declined, often
hairy; the anterior longer. Style compressed-dilated at the
apex. Capsule globose, ovoid or oblong, dehiscent.

1. V. Thapsus Linn.: densely woolly; stem simple; leaves ovate-ob-
long, decurrent ; flowers in a long dense terminal spike; stamens unequal,
two smooth.

Road sides, &c. Throughout the U.S. June. @)—Stem 3--6 feet high,
angular, winged. Leaves 6—12 inches long. Flowers yellow, in a long dense
cylindric spike. Introduced from Europe. Common Mullein.

2. V. Blatiaria Linn.: stem nearly smooth, angled; leaves oblong,
clasping, crenate-serrate; the radical ones petioled, sinuate-pinnatifid ;
flowers pedicellate, in an elongated raceme.

Road sides, &c. N. Y. to Car. June, July. @).—Stem 2 feet high, angular.
Leaves acute, serrate or toothed. Flowers yellow or white, with a purplish
tinge. Considered by some as a variety of the preceding. Introduced from
Europe. Moth Mullein.

3. V. Lychnitis Linn.: stem angular; leaves oblong, wedgeform, nearly
smooth above, white and woolly beneath; flowers numerous, in a pyramidal
panicle; filaments white-woolly.

Old fields. Near Oneida Lake, N.Y. Torr. Penn. Pursh. July, Aug.
Q).—Stem 2—5 feet high. Flowers rather small, cream-colored. Introduced
from Europe. White Mullein.

IJ. ANTIRRHINER.

2, LINARIA. Tourn.—Toad Flax.

(From the Latin linuwm, flax; on account of the resemblance of the leaves in
many species.)

Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla personate ; tube with a spur
at base; upper lip 2-cleft, erect; throat closed by the prominent
palate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule ovoid or globose,
2-celled, usually opening at the summit by several valves.
Seeds ovoid.

1.. L, Elatine Mill.: stem procumbent, hairy; leaves broad-hastate,

260 SCROPHULARIACEZR.

acute; the lowest ovate, slightly toothed and opposite; peduncles solitary,
axillary, very long. Antirrhinawm Elatine Linn.
Sandy fields. N.Y. to Virg. July. (@.—Stem 1—2 feet long, with spread-
ing branches. Flowers small, yellowish, the upper lip purple. Introduced ?
Sharp-pointed Toadflaz.
2. L. vulgaris Mill.: stem erect, mostly simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
scattered, crowded; flowers imbricated in a terminal spiked raceme; calyx
smooth, shorter than the spur. Antirrhinum Linaria Linn.

Road sides. Can. to Virg. June—Oct. 2|.—Stem 1—2 feet high, somewhat
glaucous, sometimes a little branched. Flowers large, yellow, in a dense ter-
minal bracteate raceme, rarely with 3 or 5 spurs. A very troublesome weed.
Introduced from Europe. - Common Toadflaz. Snapdragon.

3. L. Canadensis Spreng.: stem erect or assurgent, mostly simple ; leaves
scattered, erect, linear, obtuse ; flowers racemose ; sterile branches procum-
bent. Antirrhinum Canadense Linn.

Low grounds. Can. to Car. May—Aug. (@.—Stem about a foot high,
slender, often throwing out suckers at base. Flowers very small, blue, in a
naked terminal raceme. Canadian Toadflax.

Ill. CHELonez.

3. SCROPHULARIA. Linn.—Figwort.
(So named from its being supposed to cure the scrophula.)

Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla subglobose ; limb
contracted, with 2 short lips ; upper lip 2-lobed, frequently with
a scale or abortive stamen within ; lower lip 3-lobed. Capsule
2-celled, 2-valved ; valves opening at the apex.

S. Marylandica Linn.: stem angled, smoothish ; leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acute, coarsely serrate, mostly rounded or cordate at base; pe-
tioles ciliate ; panicle thyrse-like, the branches composed of loosely flowered

clusters. S. nodosa Benth.in D.C. WS. nodosa var. Americana Mich. S.
lanceolata Pursh.

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to California. June—Aug. 1%|.—Stem 3—35 feet
high, 4 angled, branched above, slightly pubescent. Leaves opposite, slightly
pubescent beneath. Flowers purple-brown tinged with green, in a large termi-
nal oblong panicle. Capsule globular. Very closely allied to, if not identical
with, S. nodosa of Europe. Figwort.

4. COLLINSIA. Nutt.—Collinsia.
(In honor of the late Zaccheus Collins, of Philadelphia.)

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bilabiate, the orifice closed; upper
lip bifid, lower trifid; intermediate segment carinately saccate
and closed over the declinate style and stamens. Capsule glo-
bose, partly 1-celled and imperfectly 4-valved. Seeds 2—3,
umbilicate. : j

C. verna Nutt.: assurgent, nearly smooth; leaves remotely and some-
what obtusely serrate; radical ones oblong or cordate and petiolate; cau-
line ovate-oblong, sessile or clasping ; uppermost ternate

SCROPHULARIACEZ. 261

Banks of streams. Western N. Y. W. to Miss. July. @.—Stem a foot
high. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, opposite or verticillate. Corolla parti-
colored, yellowish-white and blue. _ Early Collinsia.

5. CHELONE. Linn.—Shell Flower.

(From the Greek yeAwvn, a tortoise; the flower resembling the.head of that
animal.)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ventricose-tubular ; upper lip broad,
concave, emarginate or shortly bifid; lower one spreading, 3-
cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, with a fifth shorter sterile fila-
ment. Anthers woolly. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved. sees
membranaceously margined.

C. glabra Linn,: smooth; leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-

late, acuminate, serrate ; flowers in dense spikes.

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. Aug.—Oct. .—Stem 2 feet
high, simple. eaves thick and somewhat coriaceous. Flowers large, white or
reddish, in compact terminal or subaxillary spikes. Snake-head.

6. PENTSTEMON. Linn.—Pentstemon.

(From the Greek zevre, five, and ornuwy, a stamen ; in allusion to the fifth large
abortive stamen.)

Calyx deeply 5-parted or 5-sepalled. Corolla bilabiate, ven-
tricose. The fifth sterile filament longer than the rest and
bearded on the upper side. Anthers smooth. Capsule ovoid,
2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, angular.

1. P. pubescens Linn. : stem pubescent; leaves lanceolate-oblong, serru-
late, sessile, clasping; sterile filament bearded from the top to below the

middle.

Hill sides. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June. %.—Stem 12—15 inches
high, simple or branching. Leaves smoothish. lowers pale purple, in terminal
panicles. Pubescent Pentstemon.

2. P. lavigatus Ait.: smooth; leaves ovate-oblong, clasping at base,
slightly toothed, the lower entire; sterile filament bearded near. the top.
Chelone Pentstemon Walt. P. pubescens Benth. in D.C.

Low grounds. Penn. to Flor. June. 2|.—Stem 1—2 feet high. Flowers
in terminal panicles. Smooth Pentstemon.

IV. GrRarioues.

7. MIMULUS. Linn.—Monkey Flower.
(From the Greek pipw, a monkey ; in allusion to its grinning-flowers.)
Calyx tubular, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla ringent ; wpper
lip 2-lobed, erect or reflexed at the sides; lower lip 8-lobed,
spreading. Stamens 4. Stigma thick, 2-cleft, Capsule 2-
celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute.

262 SCROPHULARIACES.

1, M. ringens Linn.: erect, smooth; leaves sessile, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, serrate; peduncles axillary, opposite, longer than the flowers; teeth
of the calyx oblong, acuminate.

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. Aug. %|.—Stem 2 feet high, an-
gular, somewhat branched. Leaves a little clasping. Flowers large, pale purple.
‘ Common Monkey-flower.

2. M. alatus Linn.: erect, smooth; stem winged; leaves petioled, ovate,
acuminate, toothed-serrate; peduncles axillary, opposite, shorter than the
flowers ; teeth of the calyx round, mucronate.

Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 2.—Stem 2 feet high, with winged
angles, somewhat branched. Leaves tapering at base into a short petiole.
Flowers pale blue. Abundant in the western part of New York.

Stem-winged Monkey-flower.

8. HERPESTIS. Gart.—Herpestis.
(From the Greek égznarns, a creeper.)

Calyx 5-parted, unequal. Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip emar-
ginate or 2-lobed; lower one 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous,
ascending. Capsule bisulcate, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds nu-
merous, small.

-1. H. Monnieria Humb.: creeping, smooth; leaves cuneate-obovate,
entire or obscurely crenate near the summit; pedicels with two bracteoles
near the end; lower segment of the calyx ovate. H. cuneifolia Pursh.
Monniera cuneifolia Mich.

Inundated banks. Penn. to Car. Pursh. From Car. to Buenos Ayres and
Chili. D.C. Aug. %|.—Stem prostrate, creeping. Leaves opposite, thick,
somewhat clasping, variable in size and form. Flowers very small, pale purple,
solitary, axillary, on peduncles about as long as the leaves.

Wedge-leaved Herpestis.

2. H. amplexicaulis Pursh: stem villous; leaves clasping, ovate, obtuse,
entire, nerved, smooth or sparingly pubescent beneath; pedicels solitary,
shorter than the calyx. Monniera amplexicaulis Mich.

Tn ponds and ditches, N. J. to Louis. D.C. Car. and Geor. Pursh. June—
Aug. %.—Leaves 6—9 lines long. Flowers blue, larger than in the preceding.
Clasping-leaved Herpestis.

9. GRATIOLA. Linn.—Hedge Hyssop.

(From the Latin gratia, grace or favor; in allusion to its supposed medicinal
virtues.) °s :

Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corolla
tubular, subbilabiate ; upper lip entire or shortly bifid; lower
one 3-lobed, the palate not prominent. Stamens 4, 2 sterile.
Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, the valves
at length 2-cleft. (4-valved. D. C.)

1. G. aurea Muhl.: smooth; stem assurgent; leaves linear-oblong, sub-
clasping, obscurely-toothed; segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, equal ;
sterile filaments minute. G. officinalis Mich. G. Caroliniensis Pers.

Sandy swamps. Mass to Flor. . July, Aug. 2}.—Root creeping. Stem assur-

SCROPHULARIACES. 263

gent, 4—8 inches high, 4-angled, branching. Leaves nerved and marked with
pellucid dots. Flowers bright yellow, on axillary peduncles.
Golden Hedge Hyssop.

2. G. Virginica Linn.: stem assurgent, terete, pubescent above; leaves
smooth, lanceolate, sparingly dentate-serrate, attenuate and connate at the
base ; segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, equal ; sterile filaments nearly
wanting. i

Inundated meadows. Can. to Louis. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. 2.—Stem
6 inches high, branched at base. Peduncles shorter or longer than the leaves ;
upper ones opposite. Flowers yellowish-white. A variable species.
Common Hedge Hyssop.

3. G. megalocarpa Ell. : leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent ; peduncles
opposite, longer than the leaves; segments of the calyx linear, as long as
the globose capsule. G. acuminata Pursh. (excl. syn.) —

Ditches and pools. Penn. to Flor. July, Aug. %|.—Flowers pale-yellow,
large. Capsule larger than in any other species.
Large-fruited Hedge Hyssop.

10. LINDERNIA. Linn.—Lindernia.
(In honor of F. B. Von Lindern, a German botanist.)

Calyx 5-parted, naked at base. Corolla tubular, ringent ;
upper lip short, reflexed, emarginate ; lower one trifid, unequal.
Stamens 4, 2 longer forked and sterile. Stigma emarginate.
Capsule ovoid-oblong, 2-celled, 2-valved; dissepiment parallel
with the valves. |

1. L. dilatata Muhl,: leaves ovate or oblong, dilated at the base, clasping,
remotely toothed ; peduncles longer than the leaves. .L. Pyxidaria Pursh.
Gratiola anagalloidea Mich.

Inundated banks. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. (.—Stem 6
inches high, erect or assurgent, 4-sided, smooth, often much branched. Leaves
6—7 lines long. Flowers pale-purple, on alternate and opposite peduncles.

Long-stalked Lindernia.

2. L. attenuata Muhl.: leaves lanceolate and obovate, serrate-toothed,
narrowed at the base; peduncles shorter than the leaves, erect. LL. Pyx-
idaria var. major Pursh.

Inundated banks. Can. to Car. July—Sept. ().-—Stem erect or assurgent,
branched, stouter than in the preceding. Peduncles mostly shorter than the
leaves. Short-stalked Lindernia.

3. L. monticola Nutt.: stem slender, dichotomous; radical leaves spatu-
late ; cauline ones linear, small and remote; peduncles very long, at length
deflected.

White hills, N.H.? June. %|.—Stem erect, 4—6 inches high. Radical
leaves obscurely toothed, punctate ; cauline ones very few. Flowers pale-blue.
Mountain Lindernia.

11. HEMIANTHUS. Nutt.—Hemianthus.

(From the Greek ijt, (for ijpiovs,) half, and avOos, a flower; on account of the
form of the flower.)

Calyx tubular, cleft on the under side; border 4-toothed.
Corolla with the upper lip obsolete; the lower 3-parted ; inter-

264 SCROPHULARIACES.

mediate segment ligulate and truncate, much longer, closely in-
curved. Stamens 2. Filaments bifid, lateral fork antheriferous.
Style bifid. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.

H. micranthemoides Nult. Herpestis micrantha Pursh, (excl. syn.)

Inundated banks. Penn. to Virg. Aug., Sept. ().—Stem creeping, dichoto-
mous. Leaves opposite, crowded, sessile, obscurely 3-nerved. Flowers white,
minute, solitary, axillary. Hemianthus.

SusporperR II.—RHINANTHIDES.

Inflorescence entirely centripetal or compound. stivation
irregularly imbricated, one of the lateral segments being gen-
erally external, while the two upper are always internal.

I. SIsTHORPEZ.

12. LIMOSELLA. Linn—Mudwort.

(From the Latin limus, mud; in allusion to its place of growth.)

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla shortly campanulate, 5-cleft, equal.
Stamens 4, approximating by pairs. Capsule 2-valved, sub-
bilocular, many-seeded.

L. subulata Ives: leaves linear, very narrow, scarcely dilated at the apex ;

scape 1-flowered, as long as the leaves. LL. tenuifolia Nutt.

Muddy shores. N. Y. and Penn. Aug. %|.—Plant rooting and creeping in
the mud. Jeaves about an inch long. Flowers bluish-white, minute, on pedun-
cles a little longer than the leaves. Common Mudwort.

,

IJ. VERONICES.

13. VERONICA. Linn.—Speedwell.
(Name of doubtful origin.)

Calyx 4- rarely 5-parted. Corolla rotate, unequally 4-lobed ;
the lower segment narrower. Stamens 2, inserted into the
tube, exserted. Capsule 2-celled, mostly emarginate or obtuse.
Seeds few.

* Spikes or racemes terminal.

1. V. serpyllifolia Linn.: stem ascending; leaves broadly ovate or ellip-
tic, slightly crenate, smoothish ; raceme elongated, many-flowered; cap-
sule inversely reniform, as long as the style.

Meadows, &c. Throughout the U.S. May—Ang. %|.—Stem procumbent,
3—8 inches long, sometimes creeping. Flowers small, pale blue, in a long spike
or raceme. Introduced from Europe. Thyme-leaved Speedwell.

** Spikes or racemes axillary.

2 .
2. V. scutellata Linn. : stem slender, nearly erect ; leaves linear or lance-
linear, sessile, somewhat toothed; racemes lateral, alternate; pedicels
divaricate in fruit. “ng

SCROPHULARIACEX. 265

Moist places. N.Y. and Penn. W.to Miss. May. %|.—Stem erect, weak,
6—12 inches long. Flowers flesh-colored, in simple rarely compound racemes.
Skullcap Speedwell.
3. V. Anagallis Linn.: stem erect; leaves lanceolate, clasping, serrate;
racemes opposite.

Ditches and moist places. Can. to Car. June—Aug. %|.—Stem 1—2 feet
high, succulent. Leaves varying in width. Flowers numerous, blue or purplish,
in long racemes. Pedicels shorter than in the preceding, but never reflexed.

Water Speedwell.

4. V. Americana Schwein.: smooth; stem decumbent at base, erect
above; leaves mostly petioled, ovate or oblong, acute or slightly obtuse,
serrate, somewhat cordate at base; capsule roundish, turgid, emarginate,
(D:C.) V. Beccabunga var. Americana Torr.

Wet grounds. Can.toCar. W.to Oregon. July. 2|.—Intermediate between
V. Anagallis and V. Beccabunga, but probably distinct. It has the habit of the
former, but the leaves are mostly petioled, shorter and broader. The capsule
and seeds are similar to those of the latter. Intermediate Speedwell.

5. V. Beccabunga Linn.: stem procumbent at the base and rooting;
leaves elliptic, obtuse, somewhat serrate, smooth; racemes opposite.

Ditches, &e. N.S. June. 2|.—Whole plant smooth and shining. Racemes
many-flowered, longer than the leaves. Flowers bright blue. Brooklime.

6. V. officinalis Linn.: stem procumbent, downy; leaves broad-ovate
and obovate, serrate, roughly-pubescent ; racemes spiked; capsule obovate,
deeply notched.

Pastures and dry woods. Can.to Car. May—July. 2|.—Stem 6—12 inches
long, rooting below. Flowers pale blue, in erect pedunculate spikes.
Common Speedwell.

** Flowers axillary, solitary.

7. V. agrestis Linn.: stem procumbent, hairy; leaves all petiolate, cor-
date-ovate, incisely-serrate, as long as the peduncles; capsule of 2 rounded
keeled lobes.

Sandy fields. Can. to Car. May. (@.—Stem 3—4 inches long, hairy.
Peduncles rather longer than the leaves and recurved when in fruit. Flowers
small, pale blue or whitish. Introduced from Europe.

Procumbent Speedwell.

8. V. peregrina Linn.: stem erect ; leaves oblong, rather obtuse, dentate-
serrate; flowers solitary, sessile. V. Caroliniana Walt. WV. Marilandica
Linn.

Clay grounds. Arct. Amer. to Car. W. to Miss. May—July. @.—Whole
plant smooth. Stem simple, or branched only at base. Flowers very small,
white or pale blue, nearly or quite sessile. Neck-weed.

9. V. arvensis Linn.: stem ascending; leaves cordate-ovate, serrate ;
the lower ones petiolate ; the upper or bracts sessile, lanceolate, alternate,
nearly entire; flowers subsessile.

Fields, &e. N.Y. to Car. April, July. @).—Stem somewhat branched at
base. Flowers nearly sessile, very small, pale blue. Capsule compressed and
ciliate. Introduced from Europe. Small Speedwell.

10. V. hederifolia Linn.: stem procumbent ; leaves all petiolate, cordate,
5—‘7-lobed ; segments of the calyx cordate, ciliate, acute; capsule of two
turgid lobes.

12

266 SCROPHULARIACER.

Shady rocks. N.Y. and Penn. March, April. @.—Siem slender, 4—10
inches long, somewhat pubescent. Peduncles longer than the leaves. ‘Corolla
shorter than the calyx. Ivy-leaved Speedwell.

14. LEPTANDRA. Nutt.—Leptandra.

(From the Greek denros; slender, and avnp, avdoos, a man; in allusion to the
stamens.)

Calyx 5-parted ; segments acuminate. Corolla tubular-cam-

panulate ; border 4-lobed, a little rmgent, the lower segment
narrower. Stamens 2, and with the pistil at length much ex-
serted. Capsule ovoid, acral 2-celled, many-seeded, open-
ing at the summit.

L. Virginica Nutt.: stem erect; leaves whorled in fours or fives, lanceo-
late, serrate, petiolate; spikes aggregated. Veronica Virginica Linn,
Pederota Virginica Torr.

4
Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. ab —Sitem 2—4 feet high,
angular, smooth, simple. Leaves slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers white,
in long dense terminal spixes. ‘The root is cathartic and diaphoretic.
Culver’s Physic.

Ill. Bucunerez.

15. BUCHNERA. Lin2.—Buchnera.
(In honor of John Gottfried Buchner, a Gounan botanist.)

Calyx tubular, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat salver-
form; tube slender; limb almost equally 5-lobed; the lobes
oblong or obovate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule straight,
2-celled, opening elastically.

B. Americana Linn. : hairy-hispid; stem simple; leaves jane ses-

sile, somewhat toothed, scabrous and hairy; spike long, with the flowers
at length remote.

Sandy places. N.Y. to Car. W.to Miss. July. 2|.—Stem 12—18 inches
high. Leaves 3-nerved, opposite, sessile. Flowers blue. The plant blackens by
drying. Blue Hearts.

IV. GERARDIES.

16. GERARDIA. Linn.—Gerardia.
(in honor of John Gerard, an old English botanist.)

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla tubular-
funnel-form or somewhat campanulate; the border unequally
5-lobed, the lobes broad and entire. Stamens 4, didynamous,
included. Capsule obtuse or shortly acuminate ; the valves cori-
aceous, usually entire. Seeds numerous.

ia

SCROPHULARIACEZ. 267

* Flowers purple.

1. G. purpurea Linn.: stem angular, much branched ; leaves linear,
long, very rough; flowers nearly sessile; teeth of the calyx lanceolate-
subulate.

Swamps and low grounds. Can. to Car. Aug.—Oct. ().—Stem 1—2 feet
high, much branched above, rough on the angles. Flowers large, axillary,
purple, pubescent. Rough-leaved Gerardia.

2. G. tenuifolia Vahl: stem much branched, smooth; leaves linear,
acute at each end, smoothish ; peduncles axillary, opposite, longer than the
flowers; teeth of the calyx short, acute. G. erecta Walt.

Fields and woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July—Sept. ().—Stem
6—12 inches high, 4-angled, much branched. Flowers small, purple. Differs
from the preceding in its more slender growth, its smoother leaves, larger flow-
ers and longer peduncles. Slender Gerardia.

3. G. maritima Raf.: stem angular; leaves linear, fleshy, short, rather
obtuse ; peduncles much shorter than the flowers ; calyx truncate, the teeth
short and somewhat obtuse; corolla smooth. G. purpurea var. crassifolia
Pursh.

Salt marshes. Mass. N. Y. and N. J. July—Sept. (.—Stem 6—12 inches
high. Flowers middle-sized, purple, axillary and terminal. Easily distin-
guished by its obtuse leaves and by its short calyx-teeth.

Salt-marsh Gerardia.

4. G. auriculata Mich.: stem subsimple, roughly hirsute; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, auriculate at base, sessile, very entire; flowers sessile. Oto-
phyla Michauxu D.C.

Low grounds. West Chester and Nazareth, Penn. Darlington. S. to Car.

W. to Il—Stem 12—15 inches high. Flowers sessile, often opposite, purple,
rarely white, hairy-pubescent. Auriculate Gerardia.

** Flowers yellow. Dasystoma.—Raf.

5. G. flava Linn.: pubescent; stem mostly simple; leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate ; the upper ones entire or sinuate-toothed, nearly sessile ;
the lower incised or somewhat pinnatifid, on longer petioles; flowers ax-
illary, opposite, nearly sessile.

Rocky woods. N. Y. to Flor. W.to Miss. Aug., Sept. 2.—Stem 2—
feet high. Flowers large, yellow. Pubescent False Foxglove.

6. G. glauca Eddy: stem paniculately branched, smooth, glaucous ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, smooth, the lower ones pinnatifid ; flowers
on pedicels, axillary ; calyx smooth, the segments lance-linear. G. quer-
cifolia Pursh.

Woods. N.Y. to Car. W.to Miss. Aug.,Sept. 2|—Stem 3—5 feet high.
Flowers large, yellow. Glaucous False Foxglove.

7. G@. Pedicularia Linn.: stem much branched, pubescent; leaves ob-
long, smoothish, pinnatifid ; segments uncinate, serrate ; flowers axillary,
on pedicels ; segments of the calyx leafy, notched and toothed.

Woods. Can.to Car. July, Aug, 2|.—Stem 2—3 feet high, much branched.

Flowers smaller than in the preceding, yellow, villous, very caducous.
Bushy Gerardia,

268 SCROPHULARIACEA.

V. EUPHRASIER.
17. SCHWALBEA. Linn.—Schwalbea.
Cn honor of Christian Schwalbe; aGerman botanist.)

Calyx declined, very oblique, tubular, 10—12-ribbed, 5-
toothed ; the upper tooth much smaller; the 2 lower connate.
Corolla bilabiate; upper lip oblong, obtuse, entire; the lower
short, erect, with 3 very short obtuse lobes. Stamens didyna-
mous. Capsule ovoid-roundish, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds
numerous, winged.

S. Americana Linn.

Pine barrens. N. Y. to Flor. and Louis. July, Aug. %|.—Stems several
from the same root, 12—18 inches high, and with the rest of the plant some-
what viscid-pubescent. Leaves alternate, sometimes nearly opposite, lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, obscurely 3-nerved. Flowers ina terminal raceme, large,
dark purple ; upper lip villous. Found in the sandy plains near Albany, N. Y.

American Schwalbea.

18. RHINANTHUS. Linn.—Yellow Rattle.

(From the Greek prv, a nose, and ay§0s, a flower ; its ringent corolla resembling
the snout of an animal.)

Calyx inflated, 4-toothed. Corolla ringent ; upper lip ovate,
obtuse, compressed laterally ; lower one of 3 nearly equal lobes.
Stamens inserted into the throat of the corolla. Capsule orbic-
ular, compressed, 2-celled. Seeds numerous, margined.

R. minor Ehrh: smooth or a little pubescent; leaves varying from ob-
long to lanceolate, serrate; calyx smooth; upper lip of the corolla broad-
ovate. FR. Crista-galli Linn.

Meadows. Arct. Amer. Can. N. Y. and Mass. W. to Oregon. June, July-
).—Stem 1—2 feet high, branching, sometimes not more than a few inches
high and simple. Leaves opposite, veiny, varying in width. Flowers axillary,
but somewhat spiked, yellow. When the fruit is ripe, the seeds rattle in the
husky capsule, whence its English name. Common Yellow Rattle. -

19. PEDICULARIS. Linn.—Lousewort.

(From the Latin pediculus, a louse; supposed to be because it produces the
lousy disease in sheep that feed upon it.)

Calyx ventricose, unequally 5-toothed or 2-lipped; upper lip
2-toothed or entire; lower 8-toothed or sometimes obliquely
truncate. Corolla ringent; upper lip compressed, galeate and
often rostrate, emarginate; lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe
smaller. Capsule ovate or lanceolate, compressed, more or less”
faleate or oblique, 2-celled, 2-valved, opening at the top.

1. P. lanceolata Mich. : stem erect, somewhat branched, smoothish ; leaves
subopposite, lanceolate, crenately incised, with the segments toothed-serrate,

SCROPHULARIACES. 269

rough on the margin; calyx bifid, with the segments roundish-ovate, leafy
and dentate; helmet of the corolla truncate at the apex. P. pallida Pursh.

Low grounds. Can. to Virg. W.to Miss. Sept. 2.—Stem 1—2 feet high.
Flowers large, straw-yellow. Capsule short and broad-ovate.

Tall Lousewort.

2. P. Canadensis Linn.: stem simple, oblique, pubescent ; leaves pinna-
tifid, the segments notched and toothed; spike leafy at the base, hairy;
calyx obliquely truncate; helmet of the corolla with two setaceous teeth.
P. gladiata Mich.

Meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May—July. %|.— Stems 8—12 inches
high, often several from one root. Flowers yellow and purple, in a short ter-
minal spike. Common Lousewort.

20. EUPHRASIA. Linn.—Eye-bright.

(From Euphrosyne, expressive of joy and pleasure, in allusion to its properties.
Hovk. Brit. Fl.)

Calyx tubular, 4-cleft, rarely with a fifth tooth. Corolla bi-
labiate; upper lip bifid; lower one of 3 obtuse or emarginate
lobes. Anthers with their lobes mucronate at base. Capsule
ude 2-celled. Seeds striate.

E. officinalis Linn.: leaves ovate, deeply toothed, furrowed ; flowers ax-
illary towards the summit; calyx 4-toothed, Ihetan: lobes of the lower lip
of the corolla emarginate.

Pastures. Arct. Amer. Richardson. N. Eng. Muhl. July—Sept. @).—Stem
varying from one inch with often only a single flower, to 6 and 8 inches and
branched. Flowers axillary, but crowded at the extremities of the branches,
white or reddish, streaked with purple. Hook. Common Eye-bright.

21. CASTILLEJA. Mutis—Painted Cup.
(Named by Mutis after his friend Castillejo.)

Calyx tubular, ventricose, spathe-like, 2—4-cleft. Corolla
2-lipped; upper lip long and narrow; the lower with 3 very
short teeth. Stamens 4. Capsule ovoid-compressed, septifer-
ous in the middle. Seeds numerous, with a loose reticulated
testa.

1. C. coccinea Spreng.: pubescent; radical leaves rosulate; cauline lan-
ceolate, pinnatifidly incised; floral trifid or incised, colored at the summit;
lobes of the calyx truncate, retuse or entire, nearly as long as the corolla.
Evuchroma coccinea Nutt. Bartsia coccinea Linn.

Wet grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. April, May. 2|.—Stem S—15
inches high, simple, reddish or purple, pubescent. Floral leaves scarlet towards
the summit. Flowers in a crowded spike, greenish-yellow. The variety palens
of Pursh, having the floral leaves yellow, and the whole plant of a pale yellow-
ish- -green, has been found by Dr. Darlington at Downington, Penn.

Scarlet Painted Cup.

2. C. seplentrionalis Lind,: smooth or hispid-hairy ; leaves lanceolate, the
upper or all incised; floral oblong or obovate, colored, incised; lobes of the

270 LABIAT.

calyx bifid; the teeth ovate-oblong, acute, about as long as the corolla.
Bartsia pallida Pursh not of Linn.

White Mountains, N. H. N. to Subarct. Amer. Aug. |.—Stem about 12
inches high. Floral leaves purple. Flowers yellow, pubescent, in a terminal
spike. I follow Bentham in referring the New Hampshire plant to this species,
although the description given by Lindley does not entirely warrant such a
union. Yellow Painted Cup.

22. MELAMPYRUM. Linn.—Cow Wheat.

(From the Greek pedas, black, and zvoos, wheat; the seeds resemble grains of
wheat, and are said, when mixed with flour, to make black bread. Hook. Br. Fl.)

Calyx tubular, 4-cleft or 4-toothed. Corolla ringent or per-
sonate; upper lip compressed, with the margins folded back;
the lower lip a little longer, bi-convex, shortly 3-lobed. Sta-
mens 4, Capsule éompressed, ovate, oblique or faicate, 2-celled.
Seeds usually 2 in each cell.

M. Americanwm Mich.: lower leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ;
floral ones lanceolate, toothed at the base; flowers axillary, distinct. JZ

hineare Lam. and M. latifolium Muh.

Woods. Can. to Car. June, July. @.—Stem 8—12 inches high, branched
at the upper part. Flowers yellow. It varies considerably in the ferm of the
leaves. © > American Cow-wheat.

Orver XCIIL LABIATA.—Lasiares.

Calyx tubular, persistent, 2-lipped or regularly 5- or 10-
toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper undivided or bifid, over-
lapping the lower, which is larger and 3-lobed. Stamens 4,
didynamous, the 2 upper sometimes wanting. Ovary deeply
4-lobed ; style 1, proceeding from the base of the lobes; stigma
bifid. Fruit 1—4 small nuts or achenia enclosed within the
persistent calyx. Seeds with little or no albumen.—Herbaceous
plants or under shrubs. Stem 4-cornered. Leaves opposite,
without stipules. Flowers usually in opposite nearly sessile
axillary cymes resembling whorls.

I. Mentuoiwex. Corolla somewhat campanulate or funnel-form ;
the tube scarcely longer than the calyx ; the limb almost equally 4—5-
cleft. Stamens distant, straight or diverging, nearly equal, or the upper
pair sometimes wanting.

1. LYCOPUS. Linn.—Water Horehound.

(From the Greek duos, a wolf, and rss, a foot; on account of the fancied
resemblance in the cut leaves to a wolf’s paw.)

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, mouth naked. Corolla tubular-cam-

LABIAT A. Paige |

panulate, nearly equal, 4-lobed; upper segments broader and.
notched. Stamens 2, distant, simple. Achenia 4, smooth.

1. L. sinuatus Ell. : stem erect, acutely 4-angled, smoothish; leaves pe-
tiolate, oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, the lower pinnatifid in the mid-
die; whorls many-flowered; calyx with 5 acute spinous teeth. L. Huropeus
Pursh not of Linn. L. Americanus Muhl.

Moist places. Arct. Amer. to Car. W.to Oregon. July, Aug. 2|.—Siem
erect, 1—2 feet high, square. Leaves opposite, upper ones slightly, lower ones
deeply, toothed. Flowers in dense whorls, white. Calyx with spines, longer
than the achenia. Common Water Horehound.

2. L. Virginicus Linn.: stem stoloniferous at base, smoothish; leaves
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, remotely toothed, tapering at each end; calyx
with 4 ovate spineless teeth. L. wniflorus Mich.

Wet places. Can. to Car. W. to Rocky Mountains. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem
12—18 inches high, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves opposite, sessile, pur-
plish. Flowers minute, white, in compact whorls. Formerly in great repuie as
a remedy for hemoptysis. Bugle Weed.

29, ISANTHUS. Mich.—Isanthus.

(From the Greek tcos, equal, and avOos, a flower; the corolla being nearly
regular.)

Calyx campanulate, 10-nerved, deeply 5-toothed ; the throat
naked inside. Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx; tube
straight and short; limb campanulate; of 5 equal rounded
lobes. Stamens 4, nearly equal, erect, about as long as the
corolla. Style 2-cleft at the summit. Achenia obovate.

ZI. ceruleus Mich.

River banks. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. @.—Plant viscidly
pubescent, about a foot high. eaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends,
3-nerved. Flowers pale blue, 1—3 on axillary peduncles.
False Pennyroyal.
3. MENTHA. Zinn.—Mint.

(From povda or pivOn, an ancient Greek term.)

Calyx tubular or cam panulate, 5-toothed, equal or somewhat
2-lipped. Corolla nearly regular, 4-lobed, the upper lobe
broader and emarginate. Stamens 4, equal, distant. Achenia
smooth.

* Flowers in spikes.

1. M. piperita Linn.: stem smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate,
acute, serrate, smoothish; spikes interrupted; pedicels and base of the
calyx smooth; calyx-teeth hispid.

Marshy grounds on the Hudson and in Western part of N.Y. July. 2|.—Stem
ascending, 12—15 inches long, branched, often purplish. Zieaves rounded at
base. Flowers pale purple, in spikes which consist of a few whorls. Introduced
from Europe. Peppermint.

2 LABIATAE

2. M. viridis Linn.: stem erect, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, nearly
sessile, unequally serrate, smoothish ; flowers in verticillate slender spikes ;
bracts and teeth of the calyx somewhat hairy. M. tenuis Mich.

Marshy places. N.Y. to Geor. July, Aug. %|.—Stem 1—2 feet high,
branched. Spikes numerous, terminal, forming a kind of panicle. Flowers in
distant whorls,-pale purple. Introduced from Europe. Spearmint.

** Flowers in axillary whorls,

3. M. Canadensis Linn,: stem ascending, pubescent; leaves lanceolate
or oval-lanceolate, petiolate, serrate, acute at each end; whorls many-
flowered, remote; stamens exserted. MV. borealis Mich.

Moist grounds. Hudson’s Bay to Virg. W. to Miss. July-—Sept. %.—Plant
of a grayish-green color. Stem 12—18 inches high, ascending or decumbent,
simple or branched. eaves hairy, especially beneath. Flowers in dense ax-
illary whorls, pale purple. Canadian Mint.

Il. Monarpex. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 2, fertile, (rarely 4.)
ascending. Anthers linear and confluent at the summit or halved, the
cells separated by a long linear connective, which 1s transversely articu-
laied to the top of the filament.

4. SALVIA. Linn.—Sage.
_ (From the Latin salvo, to save or heal; in allusion to its supposed healing
properties.)

Calyx subcampanulate, 2-lipped ; upper lip mostly 3-toothed ;
lower bifid, the throat naked. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip
erect, straight or falcate and vaulted. Stamens 2. Anthers
dimidiate.

1. S. lyrata Linn.: stem nearly leafless, retrosely pubescent; radical
leaves lyrate-toothed, hispid on both sides; cauline oblong-lanceolate ; up-

pormost oblong-linear ; upper lip of the corolla very short.
_ Woods. Penn. to Geor. June. %|.—Stem about a foot high, densely coy-
ered with reflexed hairs. Leaves mostly radical, more or less lyrate or pinnati-
fid, very obtuse. Flowers purple, about 6 in a whorl. Lyre-leaved Sage. —

2. S. Claytoni Ell.: leaves cordate-ovate, sinuate-toothed, rugose; teeth
of the upper lip of the calyx connivent. S. verbenacea Muh.

Woods. Penn. to Car. Muhl. June—Oct. 1.—Stem erect, 8—12 inches
high. Flowers in whorls, violet. A doubtful species. Clayton’s Sage.

3. S. urticafolia Linn.: viscous and villous; leaves ovate, rhomboid,
petioled, somewhat acute, crenate; floral ones broad-ovate ; whorls many-
flowered, distant ; calyx 3-cleft, upper segment 3-toothed.

Rocky grounds. N.J.to Car. June. 2|.—Jeaves very pubescent. Flowers

blue, viscous, in remote whorls. Netile-leaved Sage.
5. MONARDA. Linn.—Monarda.
(In honor of Nicholas Monardez, a Spanish botanist.)
Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equal, 5-toothed.
Corolla ringent, with a long cylindric tube; upper lip linear,

LABIAT 2. Ble

nearly straight and entire, involving the filaments ; lower re-
flexed, broader, 3-lobed, the middle lobe longer. Stamens 2,
exserted from the upper lip of the corolla.

1. M. didyma Linn. : leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly
rounded or somewhat cordate at base, mucronate, serrate, a little hairy, on
ciliate petioles; floral ones and exterior bracts oblong-lanceolate, nearly
sessile, colored; calyx incurved, smooth, naked in the throat; corolla
smoothish. MM. purpurea Lam. M. coccinea Mich. M. Kalmiana Pursh.

Moist grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %2|.—Stem 2—3 feet high, acute-
angled, simple or branched at the top, somewhat pubescent. Leaves quite vari-
able, sometimes tapering at base as in Pursh’s figure of M. Kalmiana, but usu-
ally rounded or even subcordate. Flowers scarlet or crimson, in 2 very rarely
3 terminal whorls which resemble proliferous heads. Oswego Tea.

2. M. fistulosa Linn.: leaves ovate-lanceolate, rounded and somewhat
cordate at base, acuminate, coarsely toothed, thin and nearly smooth, on
slightly pubescent petioles; fioral ones and outer bracts slightly colored ;
calyx somewhat curved, with the throat bearded ; corolla pubescent.

Rocky banks. N.Y.to Car.? July, Aug. 2.—Stem 2 feet high, obtuse-
angled, simple, usually hollow. Leaves yellowish-green and somewhat mem-
branaceous ; petioles about half an inch long. Flowers pale yellow, in 1 or 2
whorled heads which are smaller than in the preceding. Abundant near
Rochester, N. Y. Pale Monarda.

3. M. allophylla Mich.: leaves ovate-lanceolate, remotely toothed, smooth
above, somewhat hairy beneath; floral ones and the outer bracts colored ;
calyx short, densely bearded at the throat. M. longifolia Lam. M. ob-
longata Ait. M. clinopodia Linn.

Rocky banks. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. July. 2|.—Stem 3—4 feet high,
obtuse-angled, much branched and hairy above. Leaves tapering or slightly
rounded at base, with a few coarse teeth, varying in the degree of pubescence.
Flowers pale violet or bluish, in simple heads which are about as large as in the
preceding. The habit of this plant is entirely different from that of M. fistulosa ;
the stem is taller and constantly much branched, the leaves are thicker and
more hairy, and the color of the flowers is uniformly different. It isalso, I think,
more common. Horse Mint. Wild Bergamot.

4, M. punctata Linn.: minutely pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, petiolate,
remotely serrate, narrowed at base; flowers in dense remote capitate
whorls; bracts lanceolate, colored; calyx pubescent, with 5 unequal
teeth ; corolla smooth. MM. lutea Mich.

Sandy fields. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. 2|—Stem 2—3 feet
high, obtuse-angled, branched, with a minute pubescence. F/owers in several
whorled heads. Corolla dull yellow; the upper lip villous at the tip; the lower

spotted. It contains an essential oil, which is sometimes used medicinally.
See Philad. Med. Recorder, ii. 494. Horse Mint.

6. BLEPHILIA. Raf—Blephilhia.

(From the Greek @\spapis, eye-lash; probably in allusion to the fringed calyx-
teeth.)

Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, throat naked ; up-

per lip of 3 awned teeth ; lower 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ;
12*

274 LABIATZ.

upper lip entire; lower 3-lobed; tube dilated. Stamens 2.
Style bifid at the summit.

B. hirsuta Benth.: plant hairy ; leaves on long petioles, ovate, rounded
and somewhat cordate at base, hairy on both sides; lower teeth of the
calyx short, without awns. Monarda hirsuta Pursh.

Low woods. Mass.and N. Y.to Car. W.to Miss. June, July. %|.—Stem
23 feet high, branched. eaves usually with a tuft of down near the midrib
beneath.. Whorls 2—4, on the upper part of each branch. Corolla small, pale
blue, dotted with purple. Hairy Blephilia.

Ill. Sarurernez. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped ; the lips flat. Sta-
mens 4, (sometimes 2,) straight, diverging ; the lower pair longer.
Anthers not dimidiate.

7. PYCNANTHEMUM. Mich—Mountain Mint.

(From the Greek zvxvos, dense, and av@eyov, a flower; in allusion to the in-
florescence.)

Heads of flowers surrounded by an involucre of many bracts.
Calyx ovoid or tubular, about 13-nerved, 5-toothed, more or
less 2-lipped. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped; upper lip nearly
entire; lower trifid, the lobes ovate and obtuse.- Stamens 4,
nearly equal, distant. Anthers with the cells parallel.

1. P. incanum Mich.: leaves oblong-ovate, petiolate, acute, remotely
serrate, tomentose-pubescent beneath ; the upper ones hoary on both sides ;
heads compound, pedunculate, cymose; bracts linear-subulate. Clinopo-
dium incanum Linn.

Low fields. Can. to Car.and Alabama. July—Sept. 2.—Stem 2—3 feet
high, branching above, 4-angled, pubescent. Flowers pale-red, in dense lateral
and terminal cymes. Nearly the whole plant is covered with a white soft
down. Hoary Pycnanthemum.

2. P. clinopodioides Torr. & Gr.: leaves oblong-lanceolate, on short
petioles, acute at each end, slightly serrate, smooth above, villous-pubes-
cent beneath; heads cymose, contracted ; teeth of the calyx short, subulate.

Dry rocky hills Kingsbridge on the Island of New York. Yorr. Aug.,
Sept. 2.—Stem 13—2 feet high, sparingly branched. Leaves pale-green, but
never hoary, (the floral ones slightly.) Heads more than half an inch in diam-
eter. Distinguished from the preceding principally by the want of hoariness in
the foliage, and the small size of the heads. (Torr.) ;

; Basil-leaved Pycnanthemum.
_ 3. P. aristatwm Mich. : leaves lanceolate-ovate, subserrate, on very short
petioles, nearly smooth on both sides; heads dense, sessile ; bracts acumi-
nate, subulate; corolla pubescent within. Nepeta Virginica Linn.

Woods. Md. to Car. W.to Tenn. July, Aug. 2.—Stem 1—2 feet -
high. Upper leaves hoary. Flowers very small, white, in one or two sessile
whorls and a terminal head. Bracts and calyx terminated by long awns.

Spear-leaved Pycnanthemum.

4. P. Torrei Benth.: stem strict, pubescent ; leaves varying from linear- _
lanceolate to oblong-linear, smoothish, acute, remotely toothed, tapering

LABIAT A. 275

into a petiole; cymose heads contracted, depressed-hemispheric ; calyx with
nearly equal lanceolate acuminate teeth. P. Virginicum Nutt.

Dry rocky hills. Near Kingsbridge, N. Y. and Princeton, N.J. Torr. Aug.,
Sept. 2|.—Stem 2 feet high, sparingly branched, eaves pale green. Heads
of flowers more than an inch in diameter, formed of densely aggregated cymules.
Intermediate between P. clinopodiordes and P. lanceolatum, but distinet. (Torr.
WEY, Be) = Torrey’s Pycnanthemum.

5. P. linifoliwm Pursh : stem much branched, smooth ; leaves linear, ses-
sile, rigid, entire; bracts linear, acute, rigid; teeth of the calyx ianceolate-
subulate. Brachystemum linifolium Willd.

Moist woods. N. Y.to Car. W.to Miss. July, Aug. %.—Stem 12—18
inches high, fastigiately branched. Flowers white with purple spots, in nume-
rous crowded hemispheric heads which are about 4 lines in diameter.

Narrow-leaved Virginian Thyme.

6. P. lanceolatum Pursh: stem paniculately branched above, pubescent
on the angles; leaves lanceolate and lance-linear, entire, rigid, smoothish ;
bracts ovate-lanceolate; teeth of the calyx obtuse. P. Virginicwm Pers.
Brachystemum Virginicum Mich.

Borders of woods. N.Y. toCar. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem about 2 feet high,
obtusely 4-angled. Heads numerous, dense, fastigiate, about 4 lines in diam-
eter. Flowers small, reddish-white with purple dots.. According to Bentham,
P. verticillatum of Persoon is a broad-leaved variety of this species.

Broad-leaved Virginian Thyme.

7. P. muticum Pers.: stem pubescent, paniculate at the summit; leaves
subsessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute, subserrate, veined, obtuse or rounded at
the base, smoothish, the upper ones canescent; whorls dense, mostly in
terminal heads; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Brachystemwm
muticum Mich.

Dry hills. N. Y. toGeor. July, Aug. 2.—Stem 2 feet high, with widely
spreading branches. Flowers reddish-white with purple spots, in dense terminal
heads which are about half an inch in diameter.

Veiny-leaved Mountain Mint.
8. THYMUS. Linn Thyme.
(From the Greek Ovpos, strength; in allusion to its cordial qualities.)
Flowers whorled or capitate. Calyx ovoid, 13-nerved, bi-
labiate ; upper lip 3-toothed; lower bifid, the throat hairy.
Corolla with the upper lip erect, nearly flat, emarginate ; the
lower longer, spreading and 38-cleft.

T. Serpyllum Linn.: stem branched, decumbent; leaves flat, ovate,
obtuse, entire, petioled, more or less ciliate at base ; flowers capitate.

Fields. Penn.; naturalized. Nutt. & Darlingt. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem
spreading, decumbent, branched. Leaves more or less hairy. F/owers purple,
in terminal heads. Wild Thyme.

9. ORIGANUM. Linn.—Marjoram.

(From the Greek opos, a hill, and yavos, joy; in allusion to its fragrance and
beauty in its native habitat.)

Flowers collected into 4-sided dense spikes or heads. Calyx
ovoid-tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped; upper

276 LABIATA.

lip erect, nearly flat, emarginate; lower spreading, almost
equally 3-cleft. Stamens 4, the lower ones longer.

O. vulgare Linn.: erect, villous; leaves broad-ovate, petiolate, obtuse,
nearly entire; spikes roundish, panicled, clustered, smooth; bracts ovate,

longer than the calyx.

Rocky fields. N.S. July—Sept. 2|.—Stem 8—12 inches high, hairy.
Flowers pale-purple, in numerous small spikes which are crowded together so
as to forma terminal head. Introduced ¢ Common Marjoram.

10. COLLINSONIA. Linnw.—Horse Balm.
(In honor of Peter Collinson, of Londen, a patron of botany.)

Calyx ovoid, about 10-nerved, 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed ;
lower bifid. Corolla subcampanulate, somewhat 2-lipped; the
lower lobe longer than the rest, toothed or fimbriate; throat
dilated. Stamens mostly 2, much exserted, diverging.

C. Canadensis Linn.: stem smoothish; leaves broad-ovate, acuminate,
coarsely serrate, thin and smoothish; flowers diandrous, in a loose terminal
panicle.

Woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %.—Stem 2—3 feet high, somewhat
branched, 4-angled. Leaves iarge, cordate or obtusely cuneate at base. Flowers
large, greenish-yellow. Sold by the Shakers under the name of Stone-root.

Common Horse-balm.

11. CUNILA. Linn.—Dittany.

(A name borrowed from the ancient Roman naturalisis.)

Calyx ovoid-tubular, about 13-nerved, 5-toothed; throat
densely villous. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip flat and emargi-
nate; lower 3-lobed. Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant. Style
bifid at the summit.

C. Mariana Linn.: herbaceous; leaves subsessile, ovate, somewhat cor-
date at base, serrate; cymes pedunculate, loosely corymbose.

Dry hills and rocks. Can. to Car. W. to Arkansas. July—Aug. %.—Stem
8—12 inches high, 4-angled, much branched, purple. Leaves sessile or on very
short petioles, smoothish. Flowers pale red. Common Ditiany.

IV. Meuissinez. Calyx mostly 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Corolla 2-
lipped; the divisions flatiish, or the upper lip rarely galeate. Stamens
4, or sometimes 2, ascending.

12. HEDEOMA. Pers.—Pennyroyal.
(From the Greek #deta, sweet, and osun, odor; in allusion to its fragrance.)
Calyx ovoid-tubular, gibbous on the under side at the base, -
2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed or 3-cleft ; lower 2-cleft. Corolla
2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat ; lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens
2 sterile, rudimentary or wanting; 2 fertile and ascending.

LABIAT A. 277

HI, pulegioides Pers.: stem erect, branched, pubescent; leaves ovate, sub-
serrate, petiolate, narrowed at base; whorls axillary, about 6-flowered ;
corolla about as long as the calyx. Cunila pulegioides Linn.

Dry hills and woods. Can.to Car. July, Aug. ().—Stem 6~-12 inches high,
4-sided, branched above. Flowers small, pale-blue. about 3 in each opposite
axil. A popular and really valuable aromatic, stimulant and diaphoretic.

Pennyroyal.

13. MICROMERIA. Benth.—Micromeria.
(From the Greek prxpos, small, and peots, a part.)

Calyx tubular, 13—15-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth, or
somewhat 2-lipped ; the throat often villous. Corolla 2-lipped ;
upper lip flattish, entire or emarginate ; the lower spreading,
with the lobes nearly equal, or the middle one broader. Sta-
mens 4, didynamous, the lower pair longer and ascending.

M. glabella var. angustifolia Torr.: smooth; stem herbaceous, erect,
with prostrate suckers at the base; radical leaves ovate, petiolate ; cauline
oblong-linear, obtuse; all entire; flowers axillary, solitary, or 2—5 in cymes,
on long pedicels. M. glabella Benth. (excl. syn. Mich.) Cuwnila glabella
Beck Bot. 1st. Ed.

Limestone rocks, near Niagara Falls. W.to Miss. Aug. 2|.—Stems 6—10
inches high, branched from below. Corolla violet, much longer than the calyx.
Found by the late Dr. D. Houghton at the Falls of St. Anthony. According to
Dr. Torrey, the true Cunila glabella of Michaux, which occurs on rocks in
Tennessee, differs from the Niagara plant in being much larger, the leaves all
ovate or obovate-oblong and toothed. Magara Thyme.

14, MELISSA. Linn.—Balm.

(From the Greek pedtcoa, a bee; because the flowers are sought by that insect.)

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, often striated, 2-lipped ; upper lip
mostly spreading, 3-toothed; lower bifid. Corolla 2-lipped ;
upper lip erect, flattish; lower spreading, 3-lobed, the middle
lobe mostly broader. Stamens 4, ascending, mostly approx-
imated in pairs at the summit.

1. M. Clinopodium Benth.: herbaceous, erect, villous; leaves petiolate
obtuse, subcrenate, rounded at base; whorls many-flowered, depressed-
globose ; bracts subulate, as long as the calyx. Clinopodium vulgare Linn.

Borders of woods. Can. to Virg. W.to Miss. July, Aug. |.—Stem 12—18
inches high, simple or sparingly branched. Flowers pale purple or rose-colored,
in 2—3 roundish depressed heads which are both axillary and terminal. Smell
aromatic. Introduced from Europe. Wild Basil.

2. M. officinalis Linn: herbaceous, erect; leaves oblong-ovate, rather
acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, rugose, sometimes obtuse or cordate at base ;
whorls dimidiate or secund, loose, axillary; bracts few, lance-ovate, pe-
tiolate.

Road sides, &e. N.S. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem 1—2 feet high, branched,
more or less pubescent, Flowers in small axillary peduncled cymes, white or

278 LABIATZ.

yellowish. Introduced and naturalized in some places. It is cultivated as 2
medicinal herb; the infusion being considered gs a useful drink in fevers.
Common Balm.

V. Scurentarinem. Upper lip of the calyx truncate, entire or

somewhat 3-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip galeate. Stamens
4, ascending ; the lower pair longer.

15. PRUNELLA. Linn.—Self Heal. -

(From the German Brunelle, again derived from Braeune, the quinsy ; because
the plant was supposed to cure that disease.)

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 2-lipped ; upper lip flat, dilated,
truncate, with 3 short teeth; lower 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped ;
upper lip erect, vaulted, entire ; lower depending, 3-lobed. Sta-
mens 4, ascending. Filaments 2-toothed at the apex.

P. vulgaris Linn.: leaves petiolate, cblong-ovate, toothed at base ; lips
of the calyx unequal; the upper one truncate, 3-awned. P. Pennsylvanica
Willd.

Meadows. Can.to Car. W.to Miss. June—Aug. © 2|.—Stem 8—12 inches
high, erect or ascending, somewhat branched, hairy. Flowers large, purple,

densely whorled, so as to form an imbricated oblong spike. Introduced ?
Common Self-heal.

16. SCUTELLARIA. Linn.—Skullcap.

(From the Latin scutella, a litile dish or cup ; in allusion to the appearance of
the calyx with its appendage.)

Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped ; lips entire; upper one with a
galeate appendage on the back, deciduous. Corolla 2-lipped ;
the tube elongated; upper lip vaulted; lower dilated, convex.
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla.

1. S. canescens Nutt.: stem tall, branched, pubescent ; leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute, crenate, petiolate, pubescent on both sides, white
beneath; lower somewhat cordate; flowers in loose paniculate racemes; -
calyx white-tomentose. S. pubescens Muhl. ;

Woods. Can. to Virg.. W.to Miss. July. %|.—Stem 2—3 feet high, erect,
branched, hoary-pubescent. Leaves2—3 inches long. Flowers 8—9 lines long,
deep blue, in lateral and terminal racemes. Canescent Skullcap.

2. S. pilosa Mich: stem erect, mostly simple, pubescent; leaves remote,
rhombic-ovate, crenate-serrate, petiolate; upper cuneate or narrowed at
base; lower rounded or cordate: raceme terminal, loose, mostly branched ;
bracts elliptic-ovate.

Open woods. N.Y. to Car. June, July. %.—Stem 12—18 inches high,
often purplish. Lower leaves sometimes cordate, on petioles an inch or more
long. Flowers large, in a somewhat paniculate terminal raceme, white, tinged
with violet at the summit. A variable species. Hairy Skulicap.

3. S. integrifolia.: Linn stem nearly simple, pubescent; leaves oblong-
lanceolate or linear, obtuse, smoothish, on short petioles, entire or very ob-

LABIAT A. 279

scurely toothed; racemes terminal, subpaniculate, loose, leafy; bracts
lanceolate. WS. hyssopifolia Linn. WS. Caroliniana Pursh.

Moist grounds. N. Y. to Geor. W.to Miss. June, July. 2|.—Stem 1—2
feet high, sparingly branched above, grayish-green. Flowers very large, in
loose terminal and subterminal racemes, blue at the summit, the tube nearly
white. A very showy species. ; Entire-leaved Skullcap.

4, S. galericulata Linn,: stem simple or-divaricately branched; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, on very short petioles, acute, roundish and cordate at
base, crenate ; flowers axillary, solitary, on short pedicels.

Wet meadows. Can. Mass. N.Y. W.to Oregon. Aug. %.—Stem 12—18
inches high, smooth or pubescent. Flowers half an inch long, blue, pubescent.
i Common Skullcap.

5. S. parvula Mich.: stem decumbent or oblique, slender, branching from
the base, minutely pubescent; leaves ovate or lance-ovate, remotely serrate
or entire, sessile, subcordate at base, prominently veined; flowers small,
axillary. S. ambigua Nutt.

Rocky grounds. Can. to Virg. W.to Miss. June, July. 2|.—Root (rhi-
zoma) consisting of a succession of tubers. Stem 4—8 inches high, simple or
branched from near the base and spreading, mostly purplish. Leaves 4—8 lines
long, rather closely sessile, distinctly veined, purplish beneath. Flowers from
3—4 lines long, blue, axillary, hairy. ‘The specimens found by Dr. A. F.
Holmes, in Canada, and by Dr. D. Houghton, on the Upper Mississippi, agree
exactly with those from New Brunswick, N. J. Small Skullcap.

6. S. nervosa Pursh: stem erect, mostly simple, smoothish ; lower leaves
roundish-cordate, petiolate; middle ones broad-ovate, crenate-dentate, ses-
sile; upper ovate-lanceolate, entire; flowers axillary, solitary, opposite.
S. gracilis Nutt. 8. parviflora Muhl ?

Shady rocks. N. Y.and Penn. W.to Miss. and Louis. May, June. 2|.—
Root fibrous. Stem 9—15 inches high, sometimes curved and decumbent at
base. Leaves strongly nerved. Flowers small, pale-blue. Nerved Skullcap.

7. S. lateriflora Linn.: smoothish; stem erect, much branched; leaves
on long petioles, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rounded or
slightly cordate at base; racemes axillary, leafy.

Wet meadows. Can. to Car. W.to Oregon. July, Aug. %.—Stem 1—2
feet high, much branched, with the angles roughish.» Flowers small, blue, in
numerous leafy racemes. Some years since this plant was in great repute as a
cure for hydrophobia ; but like many other specifics, it has had its day.

Mad-dog Skullcap.

VI. Nererem. Calyx oblique or somewhat 2-lipped. Corolla 2-

lipped ; the upper lip galeate. Stamens 4; the upper pair longer.
17. LOPHANTHUS.,. Benth.—Giant Hyssop.

(From the Greek dogos, a crest, and avGos, a flower; in allusion to the flowers.)

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth
somewhat longer. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip emarginately
bifid; lower 3-lobed; the middle lobe broader, crenate. Sta-
mens divaricate, upper pair longer.

1. ZL. nepetoides Benth. : stem smooth, with the angles acute or winged ;
leaves opposite, ovate and lance-ovate, serrate-crenate, green on both sides,

280 LABIAT.

smoothish ; teeth of the calyx ovate, somewhat obtuse. Hyssopus nepetoides
Linn. :

Woods. Can. to Virg. W.to Miss. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem 3—6 feet high,
branched, yellowish-green. Leaves pale-green, slightly pubescent beneath.
Flowers small, greenish-yellow, in terminal cylindric spikes which are inter-
rupted at base. Yellow Grant Hyssop.

2. L. scrophulariefolius Benth.: stem pubescent, with the angles obtuse ;
leaves ovate, acute, serrate-crenate, green on both sides, smooth above,
pubescent beneath ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate, acute. Hyssopus scro-
phulariefolius Linn. .

Woods. N. Y. to Virg. W.tolll. July, Aug. %.—Stem 3—5 feet high,
mostly of a purple color, branched. Leaves often cordate at base, on pubescent
petioles. Flowers pale-purple, in terminal cylindric spikes which are inter-
rupted at base. Purple Grant Hyssop.

18. NEPETA. Linn.—Cat Mint.

(Named, some say, from Nepi, a town in Italy, others, from Nepa, a scorpion,
for whose bite this plant was considered a cure. Hook. Brit. Fi.)

Calyx tubular, 13—15-nerved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla
2-lipped ; upper lip erect, emarginate or bifid; lower 3-lobed,
middle lobe largest ; throat dilated; tube slender below. Sta-
mens 4, ascending. .

1. N. Cataria Linn.: hoary-pubescent ; stem erect, tall; leaves oblong-
cordate, petiolate, acute, coarsely crenate, rugose; whorls many-flowered,

upper ones crowded in a spike ; calyx half as long as the corolla.

Old fields and cultivated grounds. N.S. June—Aug. .2|.—Stems 2—4 feet
high, often several from the same root, downy and whitish. Leaves softly pu-
bescent and green above. canescent beneath. Flowers yellowish-white, tinged
and spotted with red. Introduced from Europe.

Common Cat-mint. Catnep.

2. N. Glechoma Benth.: stem procumbent, rooting at the base; leaves
petiolate, cordate-reniform, rounded, crenate, somewhat hairy ; whorls few-
flowered, axillary; corolla three times as long as the calyx. Glechoma
hederacea Lann.

Road sides, &c. N.S. May, June. %|.—Stems about a foot long, slender,
with ascending branches. Flowers large, blue, in distant axillary whorls. In-
troduced from Europe. Ground Ivy.

19. DRACOCEPHALUM. Linn.— Dragon’s Head.

(From the Greek doaxov a dragon, and xedadn, a head; in allusion to the form _
of the flowers.)

Calyx tubular, 13—15-nerved, 5-toothed ; upper tooth broader
and often larger, the 3 upper sometimes approximated. Corolla
3-lipped ; upper lip erect and emarginate; lower spreading,
3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending; the lower pair shorter.

D. parviflorum Nuti: stem erect, branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
coarsely or incisely crenate or serrate, petiolate, green on both sides; whorls
in a terminal capitate spike ; upper tooth of the calyx broad-ovate; corolla
scarely longer than the calyx.

LABIAT A. 281

Barren fields and woods. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. W.to Miss. May—Aug. @).—
Nearly smooth. Stem 8—15 inches high, obtusely 4-angled. Flowers pale-blue,
in ovoid or globose spikes which are about an inch in diameter.

Small-flowered Dragon’s Head.

VII. Stacnypex. Calyx 5—10-nerved or irregularly veined. Co-

rolla 2-lipped. Stamens 4, ascending ; the lower pair longer. Achenia
smoothish when dry.

20. PHYSOSTEGIA. Benth.—Physostegia.

_ (From the Greek ¢gusa, a bladder, and oréyn, a covering ; in allusion to its
inflated calyx.) :

Calyx 5-toothed or truncate, at length inflated-campanulate.
Corolla 2-lipped ; tube exserted, destitute of a ring within; up-
per lip nearly erect, somewhat concave; lower with 3 rounded
lobes, the middle one larger and emarginate. Stamens 4,
ascending under the upper lip; the lower pair rather longer.

P. Virgimana Benth.: calyx acutely and almost equally 5-toothed.
Dracocephalum Virginianum Linn, and D, denticulatwm Ait. D. vari-

egatum Vent.

Low grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June—Aug. %|.—Stem about
2 feet high, smooth except at the summit. Leaves sessile, opposite, varying from
narrow-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrate or denticulate, coriaceous.
Flowers large, pale-purple, sometimes variegated, nearly sessile and usually
opposite, in long spikes, crowded or somewhat distant. I follow Bentham in
uniting the two or three species heretofore considered distinct, but not without
considerable hesitation. I cannot help thinking, with Dr. Darlington, that
D. denticulatum of previous authors will eventually prove to be, if not a distinct
species, at least a constant variety. Dragon’s Head.

21. LAMIUM. Linn.—Dead Nettle.
(From the Greek Xatpos, the throat ; on account of the shape of the flower.)
Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly
equal subulate teeth. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip oblong or
ovate, galeate ; throat dilated; lower lip with the middle or
lower lobe broad, emarginate, contracted at base. Stamens 4,

the lower pair longer.

L. amplexicaule Linn.: leaves rounded, crenately incised; lower ones
petiolate ; floral sessile, clasping ; tube of the corolla naked within.

Fields and road-sides. N.S. May—Nov. ().—Stem 6—10 inches high,
branched from the base. Flowers with the tube slender, purple, in dense whorls.
Introduced from Europe. Common Dead Nettle. Hen-bit.

292. LEONURUS. Linnz.——Motherwort.

(From the Greek Aswr, a lion, and ovpa, a tail; on account of a fancied
resemblance in the plant.)

~

Calyx turbinate, 5-nerved, with 5. subulate equal teeth.
Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip very hairy above, entire; lower

282 LABIAT&.

spreading, 38-cleft, the middle lobe obcordate. Stamens 4,
ascending ; the lower pair longer.

L. Cardiaca Linn.: lower stem leaves palmately divided ; upper ovate,
lobed ; floral cuneate-oblong, mostly trifid ; tube of the corolla with a villous
ring inside; upper lip flattish, hirsutely villose.

Waste grounds. Can.toCar. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem 2—3 feet high, branched,

villous. Leaves pubescent, pale beneath. Flowers in crowded whorls, white
with a reddish tinge. Introduced from Europe. Common Motherwort.

23. GALEOPSIS. Linn.—Hemp Nettle.

(From the Greek yaXzn. a weasel, and oils, appearance ; the lips of the flower
resembling the snout of that animal.)

Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-nerved, 5-toothed; the
teeth armed with spine-like tips, nearly equal. Corolla 2-lipped ;
upper lip entire, arched; lower spreading, 3-lobed, the middle
lobe bifid or obcordate; throat dilated. Stamens 4, ascending ;
the lower pair longer.

G. Tetrahit Linn.: stem hispid, swollen below the joints; leaves petio-

late, ovate serrate, and with the calyx smooth or hairy. -

“Old fields, &e. N.S. July: %.—Stem 1—2 feet high, retrorsely hispid,
branched. Flowers numerous, pale-purple, with darker spots, in whorls, which
are usually approximated towards the summit of the stem and branches. Ac-
cording to Bentham this is a very variable species, and shoald probably include
that which has been described by American botanists under the name of G. La-
danum. Introduced from Europe. Common Hemp Nettle.

24. STACHYS. Linn.—Hedge Nettle.
(From the Greek, crayvs, a spike ; in allusion to its mode of flowering.)
Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5—10-nerved, 5-toothed ; the
teeth equal or the upper ones longer. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper
spreading and somewhat vaulted ; lower mostly longer, spread-
ing, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending ;
the lower ones longer.

1. S. hyssopifolia Mich.: herbaceous, smooth; stem slender, ascending ;
leaves oblong or linear-lanceolate, sessile, remotely toothed; whorls about
4-flowered ; calyx smooth; the teeth lanceolate, acute. S. tenuifolia Willd.

Meadows. N.Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July. 2|.—Stem 6—12 inches high.
Leaves often linear, very finely denticulate. Flowers sessile, in whorls near the
summit of the stem, purple. Smooth Hedge Netile.

2. S. aspera Mich.: stem erect, angles hairy backwards; leaves sub-
petiolate, lanceolate, acutely serrate, smoothish ; whorls about 6-flowered ;
calyx-teeth divaricate, spiny. S. arvensis Walt. S. hispida Pursh.

Fields. Canto Car. W.to Miss. July. 2|.—Stem about 2 feet high, spar-
ingly branched. Flowers in whorls, forming a terminal leafy spike, purple.
Rough Hedge Netile.

3. S. palustris Linn.: herbaceous, erect; stem hairy; leaves subsessile,

LABIAT A. 283

cordate-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, serrate-crenate, rugose, hispid, the lower
smooth ; whorls 6—10-flowered, distinct; teeth of the calyx lanceolate,
acute and somewhat spiny. S. sylvatica Nutt, ;

Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. 2.—Stem 2—3
feet-high, branched, mostly hispid on the angles. Flowers purplish ; the whorls
forming a long terminal spike. Marsh Hedge Nettle.

25. MARRUBIUM. Linn.—Horehound.

(Of doubtful origin, some say from a town so called in Italy.)

Calyx tubular, 5—10-nerved, with 5—10 spreading teeth ;
the throat hairy. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip flattish or concave ;
lower 3-lobed,' the middle lobe broader and usually emarginate.
Stamens 4, included; the lower pair longer.

M. vulgare Linn.: stem erect, white and woolly ; leaves roundish-ovate,
toothed, rugose, very woolly beneath; whorls villous, many-flowered ; calyx

with 10 setaceous hooked teeth.

Road sides. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. ‘%.—Stem 12—18
inches high, branched from the base, covered with a white wool. Flowers
small, white, in crowded whorls. Smell aromatic; flavor bitter. Medicinal.
Introduced from Europe. White Horehound.

26. BALLOTA. Linn.—Fetid Horehound.
(From the Greek @adXw, to reject ; on account of its disagreeable smell.)

Calyx funnel-form, 10-nerved, with 5—10 broad mucronate
teeth. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, somewhat concave,
emarginate ; lower trifid, the middle lobe largest and emarginate.
Stamens 4, ascending ; the lower pair longer.

B. nigra Linn.: hairy or smoothish; leaves ovate, truncate at base,
green on both sides, more or less hairy; teeth of the calyx 5, dilated at the

base, subulate-mucronate at the summit.

At Hull, Mass. Big. July. 2|.—Stem 2--3 feet high. Flowers purple,
rarely white, in whorls. Whole plant fetid. Introduced from Eurupe.
Black Horehound.

VIII. AsucomeEs. Corolla with the upper lip very short, sometimes

bifid, with the segments mostly depending. Stamens 2 or 4, ascending,
exserted. Achenia more or less reticulate-rugose.

27. TRICHOSTEMA. Linn.—Trichostema.

(From the Greek Oott, recyvos, a haw, and ornua, a stamen; in allusion to its
hair-like stamens.)

Calyx campanulate, oblique, resupinate, unequally 5-cleft ;
the three upper teeth (apparently lower) elongated; the two
others short. Corolla with the tube slender; upper lip faleate.
Stamens 4, very ong and curved.

284 : VERBENACEZ.

1. T. dichotoma Linn.: stem pubescent; leaves lance-oblong or rhom-
boid-lanceolate, petiolate, entire.

Dry hills. N.Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. June—Aug. (@).—Stem 6—12 inches
high, much branched, obtusely 4-angled. Flowers blue, in dichotomous pani-
cles. Stamens very long, slender, and curved.

Forked Trichostema. Blue Curls.

2. T. linearis Walt.: stem viscidly pubescent; leaves linear, smooth,
sessile, acute at each end; teeth of the calyx awned. © T. dichotoma var.
linearis Pursh.

Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. June—Sept. @.—Resembles the former in
habit, but is smaller. It is considered distinct by Nuttali and Elliott.
Narrow-leaved Trichostema:

28. TEUCRIUM. Linn.—Germander.

(From Teucer, a prince of Troy, who is said to have first used this plant
medicinally.)

Calyx tubular or campanulate, almost equally 5-toothed.
Corolla with the tube short ; 4 upper lobes of the limb nearly
equal ; the lowest lobe longest, oblong or rounded. Stamens
exserted from a cleft between the upper lobes of the corolla.

T. Canadense Linn.: hoary-pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate,

petiolate, obtuse at base, hoary beneath; whorls crowded in a single termi-

nal spike ; calyx campanulate, with the 3 upper teeth broader. YT Virgin-
acum Linn.

_Low grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %.—Stem 2—3 feet
high, square, usually simple. Leaves varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
on short petioles. Flowers purple, in a termina! whorled spike.

Canadian Germander. Wood Sage.

Orpver XCIV. VERBENACEA.—VeERVALNS.

Calyx tubular, persistent. Corolla tubular, deciduous, gene-
rally with an irregular limb. Stamens usually 4, didynamous,
seldom equal, sometimes only 2. Ovary 2—4-celled ; style 1;
stigma bifid or undivided. Fruit nucamentaceous, sometimes
berried, composed of 2 or 4 nucules in a state of adhesion,
(rarely with 1 nucule). Seeds with the albumen wanting or
fleshy.—Trees, shrubs or herbaceous plants, with the leaves op-
posite, and the flowers usually in corymbs.

1. VERBENA. Linn.—Vervain.

(From the Celtic ferfain, derived from fer, to drive away, and faen, stone ;
from its having been supposed to cure the disease so called. Hook. Brit. Fl.)

Calyx tubular, with 5 teeth, one of them generally shorter
than the rest. Corolla tubular or somewhat funnel-form ; hmb

VERBENACE. 285

unequal, 5-cleft. Stamens 4, included, (sometimes only 2.)
Fruit composed of 2—4 nucules.

1. V. hastata Linn:: erect, tall; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sharply
or incisely serrate, lower ones lobed or subhastate; spikes filiform, erect,
corymbose-paniculate, somewhat imbricate.

Low grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem 3—5 feet
high, 4-sided, somewhai rough and hairy. Leaves large, rough.—Flowers small,
purple, in numerous spikes forming a large terminal panicle. ;

Halbert-leaved Vervain.

2, V. spuria Linn.: stem decumbent, branched, divaricate; leaves la-
ciniate, much divided; spikes filiform, loose; bracts longer than the calyx.

Sandy fields. N.Y. to Car. W.to Miss. Aug.—Oct. (@.—Stem 1—2 feet
long, at length much branched. Flowers small, blue, in paniculate spikes, at
length scattered. Decumbent Vervain.

3. V. urticefolia Linn.: erect, somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or
lance-ovate, acute, serrate, petiolate; spikes filiform, axillary and terminal ;
flowers distinct.

Road sides. N.Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %.—Stem 2—3 feet
high, somewhat hairy. Flowers small, white tinged with purple, in filiform
spikes forming panicles. Common Vervain.

4, V. angustifolia Mich.: erect, mostly simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
attenuate at the base, remotely toothed, with elevated veins ; spikes filiform,
solitary, axillary and terminal. V. rugosa Willd.

Sandy fields. N.Y. and Penn. W. to Miss. June—Aug. 2|.—Stem a foot
high, sometimes a little branched, hairy. lowers blue, in terminal spikes.
Narrow-leaved Vervain.

2 ZAPANIA. Lam.— Zapania.
(In honor of Paul Anthony Zappa, an Italian botanist.)

Calyx compressed, 2-parted. Corolla tubular, with the limb
unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous. Stigma peltately
capitate, oblique. Nucules 2, at first covered by an evanescent
pericarp.

Z. nodifiora Lam.: stem procumbent and rooting; leaves ovate-wedge-
form and ovate-lanceolate, subsessile, serrate above; spikes solitary, on
long filiform peduncles, forming conical heads. Z. lanceolata Pers. Ver-
bena nodiflora Linn. Lippia nodiflora Mich,

Low grounds. Penn. to Car. W.to Miss. July. %.—Stem 6—8 inches
long, branching. Flowers bluish-white, in heads which are on peduncles 2—4
inches long. Node-flowered Zapania.

3. PHRYMA. Linn.—Lopseed.
(Etymology unknown.)

Calyx cylindric, 2-lipped; upper lip longer, trifid; lower
2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip emarginate; the lower
much larger, flat, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, included. Pericarp
thin and evanescent, with a single seed,

286 ACANTHACES.

P. leptosiachya Linn. : leaves ovate,acute, coarsely and unequally toothed,
petioled; spikes terminal, slender.

Shady woods. Can.to Car. July. %|.—Stem 2—3 feet high, with a few
spreading branches above. Leaves large. Spikes on long slender peduncles.
Flowers small, mostly opposite, purplish. Calyx reflected downwards when in
fruit. Lepseed.

OrpER XCV. ACANTHACEAt.—Acanrnaps.

Calyx 4 or 5-divided, usually 5-leaved, distinct or variously
combined, persistent.” Corolla mostly irregular, with the limb
ringent or bilabiate, or occasionally 1-lipped, sometimes nearly
equal, deciduous. Stamens mostly 2, both bearing anthers ;
sometimes 4, didynamous, the shorter ones being sometimes
sterile. Ovary seated in the disk, 2-celled; style 1; stioma
2-lobed or entire. Capsule 2-celled, bursting elastically with
2 valves. Seeds roundish, hanging by processes of the pla-
centa, without albumen.—Herbaceous plants or shrubs. Leaves
opposite, without stipules.

1. JUSTICIA. Linn.—Justicia.
(In honor of James Justice, a Scotch horticulturalist.)
Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corolla
irregular, bilabiate ; upper lip emarginate ; lower 3-cleft. Sta-
mens 2, each with a single or double anther. Stigma 1. Cap-
sule attenuated, 2-celled, 2-valved; dissepiment growing from
the centre of each valve.

J. pedunculosa Mich.: leaves linear-lanceolate ; spikes axillary ; pedun-
cles elongated, mostly alternate; flowers crowded. J. Americana Vahl.
Dianthera Americana Linn.

In water. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. ‘|.—Root creeping.
Stem 2 feet high, simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves nearly 6 inches
long, narrow-lanceolate. Flowers on axillary peduncles which are nearly as
long as the leaves, pale-purple. Water Willow.

2. RUELLIA. Linn.—Ruellia.
(In honor of John Ruelle, a French physician and botanist.)

Calyx 5-parted, often bi-bracteate. Corolla subcampanulate,
border 5-lobed. Stamens approximating by pairs. Capsule
attenuated at either extremity, bursting with elastic teeth.
Seeds few.

R. strepens Linn.: erect, hairy; leaves on petioles, opposite, lanceolate-
ovate, entire; peduncles 1—3-flowered; segments of the calyx linear-lan-
ceolate, very acute, hispid, shorter than the tube of the corolla.

Shady woods. Penn. to Flor. W.to Miss. July. %|.—Stem 8—12 inches
high. Flowers axillary, blue. Whorled Ruellia.

LENTIBULARIACES. 287

Orper XCVI. LENTIBULARIACEA.—Borrerworrs.

Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla irregular, bilabiate, with
aspur. Stamens 2, included within the corolla and inserted
into its base; anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled ; style 1; stig-
ma bilabiate. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute,
without albumen.—Herbaceous plants, growing in water or
marshes. Leaves. radical, undivided; or compound, resem-
bling roots and bearing little vescicles.

1. PINGUIGULA. Linn.—Butterwort.
(From the Latin pinguis, fat; the leaves being thick and greasy to the touch.)
Calyx 4—5-cleft, unequal. Corolla ringent, spurred at the
base beneath. Stamens 2, included; the filaments ascending,
Anthers transversely 2-valved.

P. vulgaris Linn.: spur cylindric, acute, as long as the veinless petal ;
upper lip 2-lobed; lower one in three unequal obtuse segments. P. acuti-
folia Mich. ?

Wet rocks. Rochester, N. Y. Mich. and Wisc. Arct. Amer. April. 2.—

Leaves all radical, spatulate-ovate, fleshy. Scape 4—6 inches high. Flowers
solitary, nodding ; tube of the corolla villous, purple. | Common Butterwort.

2. UTRICULARIA. Linn.—Bladderwort.

(From the Latin utriculus, a little bladder ; in allusion to the inflated appen-
dages attached to the roots.)

Calyx 2-parted; lips undivided, nearly equal. Corolla per-
sonate, with the lower lip spurred at the base. Stamens 2,
with the filaments incurved, bearing the anthers w ae the apex.
Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 1- etd:

1. U. ceratophylla Mich.: floating ; upper leaves whorled, pinnatifid at
the extremities and furnished with air bladders; scape 5—'7-flowered ;
lower lip of the corolla deeply 3-lobed; spur short, obtuse, deeply emargi-
nate. U. inflata Walt.

Ponds. N. Y. to Mexico; rare. July, Aug. 2.—Root very long, finely
divided and furnished with numerous compressed air vessels. Stem or scape
about 8 inches high. Flowers large, yellow, subcorymbed.

Spon; ay-leaved Bladderwort,

2. U. vulgaris Linn,: floating; stems submerged, dichotomous ; leaves

many-parted, furnished with air bladders; scape 5—9- flowered, bracteate ;
upper lip of the corolla entire, broad-ovate ; spur conical, incurved. U.
macrorhiza Le Conte.

Pools and ponds of deep water. Can. to Car. W. to the Platte River. July,
Aug. 2|.—Root much branched. Scape 8—10 inches high. Flowers large,

racemed, yellow ; spur entire and somewhat attenuated at the apex.
Common Bladderwort.

288 LENTIBULARIACE®.

3. U. minor Linn.: floating ; leaves dichotomously divided, the segments
linear and setaceous, furnished with air bladders; scape about 2-flowered ;
upper lip emarginate, as long as the palate; spur very short, obtuse, keeled,
deflexed. U. gibba Torr. Fl. not of Linn.

Ponds and swamps. .N. Y. and Mass. June. 1|.—JZeaves furnished with
air bladders. Scape 2—4 inches high. Flowers small, dull-yellow. _
Lesser Bladderwort.

4. U. fornicata Le Conte: floating; scape naked, 1—2-flowered; upper
lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe arched over the palate ; spur incurved, conoidal,
obtuse, very entire, appressed to the lower lip of the corolla. U. minor
Pursh. U. gibba Ell. not of Linn.

Swamps and ditches. N. Y.toGeor. Aug. 1%—Root furnished with air
bladders. Scape naked. Flowers few, small, yellow. Incurved Bladderwort.

5. U. setacea Mich.: scape filiform, rooting, with 2 or more flowers;
upper lip of the corolla ovate ; the lower deeply 3-lobed; spur subulate, as
long as the lower lip of the corolla. U.subulata Pursh. U. pumila Wait.

Swamps. Can. to Flor.and Louis. June. %.—Scape very slender, 4—6
inches high, furnished with scales. Flowers many, small, yellow. Upper lip
of the corolla half the size of the lower. Setaceous Bladderwort.

6. U. intermedia Heyne: floating ; leaves distichous, dichotomously many-
parted, without air bladders; segments setaceous, spinulose-denticulate ;
scape 2—3-flowered, upper lip entire, twice as long as the palate; spur
conical, acute ; capsule erect. (D. C.)

Swamps. Mass. Green. Jefferson county, N. Y. Gray. Arct. Amer.
Hook. June, July. 2.—Zeaves oblong, cut into numerous segments like those
of yarrow. The air bladders grow in separate root-like branches. Scape 4—8
inches high. Flowers about half as large as in U. vulgaris, yellow.

Intermediate Bladderwort.

7. U. resupinata Greene: radical leaves resembling roots, somewhat
whorled, capillary, furnished with air bladders; scape 1-flowered, erect,
slender ; lip cylindraceous, obtuse, 4 times as long as the corolla. (D.C.)

Plymouth, Mass. Greene. ({)?—Plant 3—6 inches long, slender. Flower
solitary, yellow? The only description which I have seen of this species is that
given in De Candolle, Prod. viii. 11, from a specimen furnished by Mr. Tucker-
mann. Resupinate Bladderwort.

8. U.cornuta Mich.: scape rooting, erect, rigid; flowers 2—3, sessile ;
upper lip of the corolla obovate, entire; lower lip very broad, somewhat
3-lobed ; spur very acute, projecting and dependent.

Wet rocks. Can. to Car. W. to Lake Superior. July, Aug. %.—Seape 10
inches high, with minute appressed scales. Flowers yellow, approximate, nearly
sessile, as large as those of U. vulgaris. Sharp-horned Bladderwort.

9. U. striata Le Conte: floating ; scape 4—7-flowered ; upper lip of the
corolla ovate-roundish, subemarginate, margin waved; lower lip 3-lobed,
reflected at the sides; spur straight, obtuse, shorter than the lower lip. U.
jibrosa Ell. not of Walt.

Swamps and shallow waters. Mass. to Flor. June, July. %|.—Reoot spar-
ingly furnished with air vessels. Scape nearly a foot high. Corolla large, yel-
low, striated with red; spwr much shorter than the lower lip.

Striated Bladderwort.

10. U. personata Le Conte: scape rooting, many-flowered; upper lip of

PRIMULACEZS. 289

the corolla emarginate, reclinate ; lower small, entire; palate very large ;
spur linear-subulate, somewhat acute, as long as the corolla.

Bogs. N. Eng. to Flor. Le Conte. ().—Scape 12—18 inches high, 4—10-
flowered, furnished with scales. Flowers yellow, rather large. Spur more
slender and acute than in U. cornuta. Personate Bladderwort.

11. U. purpurea Wailt.: floating; leaves verticillately branched; the
capillary segments furnished with air bladders ; scape 1—3-flowered ; upper
lip of the corolla truncate; the lower 3-lobed ; lateral lobes cucullate ; spur
conical, appressed to the corolla and half its length. _ U. saccata Ell.

Ponds. Mass. to Flor. N. W. Territory. Houghton. Aug. ().—Stems
2—3 feet long. Scapes 2—4 inches long, axillary, solitary and in pairs. Co-
rolla purple. Purple Bladderwort.

‘Orprr XCVIL PRIMULACE.—Primworrs.

Calyx 4—5-cleft, persistent. Corolla regular, the limb 4—5-
cleft. Stamens inserted upon the corolla, equal in number,
and opposite to its segments. Ovary 1-celled; style 1; stigma
capitate. Capsule with a central placenta. Seeds numerous,
peltate ; embryo lying across the hilum in fleshy albumen.—
Herbaceous plants, with the leaves usually radical ; otherwise
whorled and opposite or alternate..

ale PRIMULA. Linn.—Primrose.

(From the Latin primus, first ; on account of the early appearance of the flow-
ers of some species.)

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form; tube cylin-
dric ; orifice open. Stamens 5, not exserted. Stigma globose.
Capsule opening with 10 teeth. Flowers in an involucrate
umbel.

P. Mistassinica Mich,: leaves obovate-spatulate, sparingly toothed, ob-
tuse or acute, smooth or pubescent beneath; scape slender, with a few-
flowered umbel; segments of the corolla obcordate, slightly emarginate,
about two-thirds as long as the tube. D. pusilla Hook.

Yates county, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell.. Steuben county, N. Y. D. Thomas.
N. to Arct. Amer. 2|.—Plant usually smooth, but sometimes powdery. Scape
3—5 inches high. Leaves 6—10 lines long. Flowers about 3, in a terminal
umbel, pale-purple. Mr. David Thomas informs me that this plant was found
several years since near Hammondsport, Steuben county, N. Y. The two New
York localities are the only known ones in the U. 8.

Dwarf Canadian Primrose.

2. DODECANTHEON. Linn.—American Cowslip.

(From the Greek dodexa, twelve, and Onos, divinity ; an old name renewed by
Linneus on account of its beauty.)

Calyx 5-parted, reflexed. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, the lobes
reflexed. Stamens 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla ;
13

290 PRIMULACE SE.

‘

filaments connate at base. Stigma exserted. Capsule oblong-
ovoid, 5-valved, many-seeded.

1. D. Meadia Linn.: scape erect, simple, smooth ; leaves oblong-ovate,
repandly toothed; umbel many-flowered ; flowers nodding; bracts nume-
rous, oval.

Rocky places. Penn. to Ala. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May, June.
21.—Scape 8—12 inches high. Flowers large, purple.

Common American Cowslip.

2. D. integrifolium Mich.: leaves ovate or lanceolate, subspatulate, ob-
tuse ; umbel few-flowered ; flowers nearly erect ; bracts lanceolate or linear,
acute.

Mountains. Penn. N. to Subarct. Amer. W. to the Miss. June. 2|.—
Flowers pale-blue, smaller than in the preceding. Pursh. 2
Entire-leaved American Cowslip.

3. TRIENTALIS. Linn.—Wintergreen.

(From the Latin triens, the third part; said to allude to this plant being the
third of a foot high. Hook. Brit. Fl.) :

Calyx deeply 6—8-parted. Corolla deeply 6—8-parted, ro-
tate. Stamens 6—8. Style filiform. Capsule globose, some-
what fleshy, (berry,) opening at the sutures, and then 5-valved.
Seeds few.

T. Americana Pursh: leaves narrow-lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate ;
lobes of the corolla acuminate. T. Europea Mich. T. Europe@a var. angus-
tifolia Nutt.

Low woods. Can. to Virg. N. to Subaret. Amer. May, June. %|.—Sitem
6 inches high. Leaves 6 or 7 ina terminal whorl, with two or three straggling
ones on the stem. Flowers white, on terminal filiform peduncles. ;

Chickweed Wintergreen.

4, HOTTONIA. Linn.—Water Feather.

(In honor of Pierre Hotton, a professor of Leyden, who flourished in the seven-
teenth century.) :

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens
seated on the tube of the corolla. Stigma globose. Capsule
globose, crowned with the persistent style, at length 5-valved.
Seeds very numerous.

H. inflata Linn.: stem thick, generally submersed ; scape jointed, with
the internodes and lower part inflated ; flowers verticillate, mostly in fours,
pedicellate. H. palustris Pursh.

Stagnant waters. N.Y. and Mass. to Geor.; rare. July. 2|.—Stem thick,
spongy, generally submersed. Leaves long and pectinate. Flowers whorled,

on pedicels, 2 or 3 lines long, small, white. Abundant near North Salem, West-
chester county, N.Y. Dr. §. B. Mead. American Water Feather.

PRIMULACEM. 291

5. GLAUX. Linn.—Black Saltwort.

(From the Greek yAavxiov, given to a plant of a sea-green color, or because it
grew near-the sea.)

Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, colored. Corolla none. Sta-
mens 5, inserted into the bottom of the calyx and alternating
with the segments. Stigma capitate. Capsule globose, 5-
valved, few-seeded.

G. maritima Linn.

Marshes on the sea-coast. Can. and Mass.; rare. July. %.—Stem sub-
erect or procumbent, 4—5 inches high, very leafy. Leaves opposite, ovate or
roundish, smooth, entire, fleshy. Flowers minute, sessile, solitary, axillary, red-
dish- white. Black Saltwort.

6. LYSIMACHIA. Linn.—-Loosestrife.

(Origin uncertain.)

Calyx 5—6-parted. Corolla somewhat rotate, 5—6-parted.
Stamens 5, (rarely 6-—7,) sometimes with intermediate teeth or
short sterile filaments. Capsule globose, 5—10-valved, dehis-
cent at the summit.

1. L. stricta Ait.: stem erect, smooth ; leaves opposite, lanceolate, taper-
ing at base, subsessile, punctate; racemé terminal, very long, loose ; pedi-
cels long, slender. L. racemosa Mich.

Low grounds. Can. to Virg. July, Aug. %.—Stem 12—18 inches high.
Leaves few, often with bulbs or abortive branches in the axils. (Torr.) Flowers
yellow, on capillary pedicels, arranged in a terminal raceme 4—8 inches long.

Upright Loosestrife.

2. L. quadrifolia Linn.: stem simple, a little hairy; leaves in whorls of
fours or fives, ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, acuminate, punctate; pedun-
cles mostly in fours, axillary, 1-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oval, entire.
L. hirsuta Mich. L. punctata Walt.

Low grounds. Can. to Car. June, July. 2|.—Stem 12—18 inches high.
Leaves varying from 3—8 in a whorl, though generally four. Flowers yellow, on
long slender peduncles which are as numerous as the leaves.

Whorled Loosestrife.

3. L. longifolia Pursh: very smooth, 4-sided, branched above; leaves
opposite, sessile, linear, revolute on the margin; peduncles 1-flowered, op-
posite or in fours, the upper ones longer; lobes of the corolla broad-ovate,
acuminate, serrulate. L. revoluta Nutt.

Wet rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Mich. June. 2|.—Stem 1—2 feet
high. eaves narrow, not dotted ; floral ones appearing as if whorled., Flowers
mostly at the extremities of the branches, at length nodding, yellow. :

Revolute Loosestrife.

4. L. ciliata Linn: stem nearly smooth; leaves opposite, on long pe-
tioles, subcordate-ovate, acuminate ; petioles ciliate; peduncles mostly in
pairs, 1-flowered; flowers drooping; lobes of the corolla rounded, crenate,
mucronate. L. quadrifolia B. ciliata Willd.

Banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. July. 2|.—

292 PRIMULACE.

Stem 2—3 feet high, square, sparingly branched. Leaves large, not punctate.
Flowers large, yellow. Cilate Loosesirife.

5. L. hybrida Mich.: stem smooth; leaves petioled, opposite, lanceolate,
acute at each end; petioles ciliate; peduncles axillary, mostly in pairs,
1-flowered ; flowers nodding; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. L.
heterophylla Nutt.

Moist grounds. N.Y. to Car. July. 72|.—Resembles the preceding species,
but the leaves are narrower and never cordate at base, and the petioles are less
ciliate. - Hybrid Loosestrife.

6. L. capitata Pursh: nearly smooth; stem simple ; leaves opposite, ses-
sile, lanceolate, punctate; peduncles axillary, elongated; flowers in dense
roundish heads, 5—‘%-parted. L. thyrsifolia Mich. Naumbergia thyrsifolia
DE.

Swamps. N.S. N.toAret. Amer. June. 2|.—Stem 1—2 feet high. Leaves
villous beneath. Flowers yellow, in roundish or ovate heads which are on ax-
illary peduncles. Capitaie Loosestrife. ~

7. ANAGALLIS. Linn.—Pimpernel.

(From the Greek avays\aw, to laugh ; on account of its supposed exhilarating
virtues.)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens
5; filaments hairy. Capsule globose, opening hemispherically,
many-seeded.

A. arvensis Linn.: stem procumbent, branched; leaves opposite, ovate,

sessile, dotted beneath, very entire; margin of the corolla crenate and pi- “
lose-glandular.

_ Fields and road sides. N.Y. Mass. to Car. June—Oct. @.—Stem 4—10
inches long. Flowers scarlet, sometimes with a purple centre, on solitary axil-
lary peduncles which are longer than the leaves. Scarlet Pimpernel.

8. SAMOLUS. Linn.—Water Pimpernel.
(Supposed to have been named from the island of Samos.)

Calyx 5-cleft, the base adnate to the ovary. Corolla salver- _ )
form, 5-parted, with 5 scales, (sterile filaments, ) alternating with q
the lobes; tube short. Fertile stamens 5, inserted on the tube
of the corolla. Capsule half inferior, 1-celled, many-seeded,
opening with 5 valves. |

S. Valerandi Linn.: stem erect; leaves obovate; racemes elongated,

loose, many-flowered ; pedicels with small bracts.

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. July—Sept. 2|.—Stem 8—12 inches high,
smooth. Leaves obovate, subpetiolate, entire and somewhat fleshy. Flowers _
small, white. This plant is very generally distributed throughout the world.

Common Water Pimpernel.

PLANTAGINACES. 293

Orpver XCVITII. PLUMBAGINACE4.—Leapworrs.

Calyx tubular, plaited, persistent. Corolla monopetalous or
of 5 petals, regular. Stamens 5, hypogynous when the petals
are combined, inserted into the base of the petals when distinct.
Ovary free, 1-celled; styles 5, seldom 8 or 4; stigmas the
same number. Fruit an utricle. Seed inverted, with rather a
small quantity of mealy albumen.—Herbaceous plants or under
shrubs. Leaves alternate or clustered, undivided, somewhat
sheathing at base. Flowers either loosely panicled or contracted
into heads.

STATICE. Linn.—Marsh Rosemary.

(From the Greek ora7i@w, to stop; on account of its supposed power of check-
ing diarrhea.)

Calyx funnel-form, 5-toothed. Petals 5, united at base.
Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Styles 5.
Fruit a membranaceous utricle.

1. S. Limonium Linn.: scape paniculate, terete; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, petiolate, smooth, mucronate; calyx with deep acute plaited segments
and intermediate teeth. S. Caroliniana Walt.

Salt marshes. N.Y. and Mass. to Car. Aug.—Oct. 2|—Root large, ligneous.
Scape angular, longer than the leaves, with several lanceolate scales. Flowers
sessile, blue, in a large corymbose panicle. <A valuable astringent. Bog. Med.
Bot. ii. 51. Common Marsh Rosemary.

2. S. Armeria Linn.: scape simple,terete, bearing a round head of flow-
ers ; leaves linear, smooth; awns of the calyx short.

Rocks near the sea shore. Penn. to Virg. Pursh. N. to Arct. Amer. July,
Aug. |.—Root large, ligneous. Scape a foot high. Heads of flowers rose-
colored, intermixed with scales and having also a 3-leaved general involucre.

Thrift.

Orper XCIX. PLANTAGINACEA.—Risworts.

Calyx 4-parted, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, persistent,
with a 4-parted limb. Stamens 4, inserted into the corolla,
alternate with its segments; filaments long, filiform; anthers
versatile. Ovary 2- very seldom 4-celled; style simple. Cap-
sule membranous, opening transversely. Seeds sessile, peltate.
—Herbaceous plants, usually stemless. Leaves flat and ribbed
or taper and fleshy. Flowers in spikes, small.

PLANTAGO. JZinaw.— Plantain.
(Origin doubtful.)

Flowers perfect. Calyx 4- (rarely 3) -parted. Corolla 4-

294 PLANTAGINACES.

cleft: border reflexed. Stamens 4, mostly very long. Capsule
- 2—4-celled, opening transversely. .
* Leaves broad.
1. P. cordata Lam.: \eaves on long petioles, broad-ovate, cordate, sub-
dentate, smooth; spike very long; flowers subimbricate ; the lower ones
- scattered; bracts ovate, obtuse ; cells of the capsule 1-seeded. P. Kentuck-

zensis Mich.

Banks of streams. Can. N. Y. and Penn. W.to Tenn. June, July. Y.—
Scape 12—18 inches high. Leaves 3—6 inches long, smooth, generally cordate
at base. Flowers in a slender elongated spike. Heart-leaved Plantain.

2. P. major Linn. : leaves ovate, smoothish, subdentate, on longish peti-
oles; scape rounded; spike cylindric, very long; flowers closely imbri-
cated; cells of the capsule many-seeded.

Fields, &c. Throughout Can. and the U.S. June—Aug. %.—Scape 8—12
inches high, pubescent. Leaves spreading on the ground, coarsely toothed, 5—7-
nerved. Spike 2—6 inches long, close. Flowers whitish. Introduced from
Europe. Common Plantain.

3. P. media Linn.: leaves ovate, pubescent, sessile or tapering into short
petioles ; scape rounded; spike short, cylindric; cells of the capsule 1-
seeded.

Fields. N.Y. and Penn. July. %|.—Scape longer than the leaves. Leaves
2 incheslong. Flowers in a closely imbricated spike which is shorter than in
the preceding. Pubescent Plantain.

4. P. Virginica Linn. : hoary-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate-ovate, spar-
ingly toothed, 3—5-nerved, tapering at base; spike cylindric, with the
flowers rather remote; capsule 2-seeded.

‘Sandy soils. Throughout the U.S. May, June. @.—Scape hairy, aimost
hispid, longer than the leaves, angular. Spikes 1—4 inches long, with the
flowers at first crowded, but at length distant. Corolla yellowish.

Virginian Plantain.
5. P. lanceolata Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, 3—5-nerved,
remotely toothed; scape slender, elongated, grooved; spike short, ovoid-
cylindric, compact ; capsule 2-seeded.
_ Pastures. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May—Sept.. 2|.—Scape 12—18
inches high, a little hairy. Flowers in a very dense spike. Bracts ovate,
brownish, as long as the calyx. Corolla whitish. Introduced from Europe.
Ribwort.
6. P. cucullata Lam.: leaves ovate,cucullate, subdenticulate, 9-nerved,
pubescent beneath ; scape-rounded ; spike cylindric, imbricated. P. maz-
wma. Jacq.

Moist rocky situations. -Can. and Maine. Pursh. July, Aug. 1.

Hooded Plantain.
** Leaves linear.

7. P. maritima Linn.: leaves linear, grooved, fleshy, hairy near the
base, mostly entire; scape rounded; spike cylindric, dense; cells of the.
capsule l-seeded. P. pauciflora Pursh.

Salt marshes. Mass. N. Y. Aug., Sept. 2.—Scape 6—10 inches high.

Leaves fleshy, channelled above. Spzke cylindric, short, the flowers at length
somewhat remote. Sea-side Plantain.

AMARANTHACE A. 295

8. P. pusilla Nutt.: minutely pubescent; leaves linear-subulate, flat,
entire, acute; scape terete, slender, longer than the leaves; spike cylin-
dric, loose; lower flowers distant; bracts ovate, acute, as long as the
calyx. P. hybrida Bart. P. linearifolia Muh.

Rocky hills. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. (@).—Scape 2—3
inches high, slender. Flowers in an interrupted spike. Dwarf Plantain.

Susciass 1V.—_MONOCHLAMY DEALS.

Flowers with a simple perianth, or whose calyx and corolla
form only one envelope.

Orver C. AMARANTHACEA.—Amarantus.

Perianth 3—5-parted, scarious, persistent. Stamens hypo-
gynous, either 5 or some multiple of that number, distinct or
monadelphous ; anthers 1—2-celled. Ovary single; style 1 or
none. Fruit usually a membranous utricle. Seeds lenticular,
pendulous ; the embryo curved around mealy albumen.—Herbs
or shrubs. Leaves simple, opposite or alternate. Flowers in
heads or spikes, sometimes moneecious or dicecious.

AMARANTHUS. Linn.—Amaranth.

(From the Greek a, not, and papatva, to fade; or flowers which do not fade.)

Moneecious. Perianth deeply 3—5-parted. Srerite FL.
Stamens 8—5. Ferrite Ft. Styles 3. Utricle opening trans-
versely all round, indehiscent.

1. A. lividus Linn.: stem erect ; leaves elliptic, retuse ; flowers clustered,
triandrous, in rounded spikes.

Cultivated grounds. Penn.? to Car. June—Aug. ().—Stem 2—3 feet
high, smooth. Liwvid Amaranth.

2. A. hybridus. Linn.: stem sulcate, angled, roughish pubescent, spar-
ingly branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate; flowers pentandrous, in dense
compound axillary and terminal spikes.

Near gardens, &c. N.Y. to Car. June—Sept. ().—Stem 2—3 feet high.
Flowers small, green, in compound sessile crowded spikes. Introduced ?

Hybrid Amaranth.

3. A. grecizans Linn.: stem obtusely angled, smooth, erect, with hori-
zontal branches ; leaves obovate and spatulate, oblong, retuse, mucronate ;
flowers triandrous, in smail axillary clusters. A. Blitwm Big.

Cultivated grounds. Mass. to Virg. July—Sept. @.—Stem 1—3 feet high.
Flowers numerous, pale-green. Introduced ? Bushy Amaranth.

4. A. spinosus Linn.: stem striate, smoothish, much branched; leaves
ovate-lanceolate ; axils spinose; flowers pentandrous, in compound ter-
minal and axillary spikes.

Cultivated grounds near West Chester, Penn. Darlingt. Aug. (D—Stem

296 - CHENOPODIACES.

18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, generally much branched, often purple. Flowers
small, in oblong erect terminal and subterminal spikes. A very troublesome
weed. Introduced. Spiny Amaranth.

5. A. retrofilecus Linn.: branches pubescent; leaves ovate, undulate;
racemes erect, much compounded; flowers pentandrous.

Among rubbish, &c. Penn. to Virg. Aug. (@). Pursh.
Hairy Amaranth.

6. A. pumilus Raf.: stem diffuse, smooth; leaves ovate, obtuse, smooth
and fleshy, often retuse; flowers pentandrous, in axillary clusters.

Sandy beaches. N. Y. to Car. Aug. ().—Stema foot high, somewhat de-
cumbent, spreading. Flowers greenish and purple, in somewhat crowded
clusters. Dwarf Amaranth.

OrpverR CI. CHENOPODIACEA.—CHEnNopops.

Perianth deeply divided, sometimes tubular at the base, per-
sistent. Stamens inserted into the base of the perianth, oppo-
site its segments and equal to them in number or fewer. Ovary
single, mostly superior. Style 2—4-divided, rarely simple ;
stigmas simple. Fruit an utricle, sometimes a berry. Seed
erect, with the embryo usually curved around mealy albumen.
—Herbaceous plants or under shrubs. Leaves alternate, with-
out stipules, occasionally opposite. Flowers small, sometimes
polygamous.

1. CHENOPODIUM. Linn.—Goosefoot.

(From the Greek X1Y, XnVOS, a goose, and ss 7000s, a foot ; in allusion to the
shape of the leaves in some species.)

Flowers perfect. Perianth 5-parted, closing upon but not
wholly enveloping the fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 2, united at
base. Uétricle thin, membranaceous. Seed lenticular.

* Leaves ovate or rhomboid, often toothed or lobed.

Bu Or Bonus Henricus Linn.: leaves trianguldr-sagittate, very entire;
spikes compound, peduncled, crowded, terminal and axillary, erect, leafless.
Blitum Bonus Henricus Mey.

Oneida county, N. Y. Torr. June. %|.—Stem a foot high, striate, ascend-
ing. eaves large, dark-green. Flowers green, in small roundish clusters,
forming a terminal spike. Introduced from Europe. Good King Henry.

2. C. rhombifolium Muhl.: leaves triangular-rhombic, acute, repandly
toothed ; upper ones lanceolate, toothed, cuneate at base ; racemes axillary,
erect, leafless bracts minute, aren rede

Penn. to Car. June, July. @.—Plant yellowish-green. Stem 1—2 feet
high, branched. F lowers small, in capitate axillary clusters. Introduced ?

Rhombic-leaved Goosefovt.

3. C, rubrum Linn.: leaves rhomboid-triangular, deeply toothed and

CHENOPODIACE. 297

sinuate; racemes erect, compound, leafy; flowers crowded; fruit very
small.

Waste places. Near Boston. Big. Aug. ().—Stem 2 feet high, often reddish.
Racemes very compound, intermixed with small leaves. Introduced from
Europe. Red Goosefoot.

4. C. hybridwm Linn.: leaves cordate, ovate, angularly toothed, acumi-
nate; racemes much branched in a somewhat cymose manner, divaricate,
leafless.

Waste places. . Mass. to Virg. July, Aug. ().—Stem 2—3 feet high, slen-
der, with large and bright-green leaves. Flowers in compound clusters, remote
from the leaves. Introduced from Europe. Maple-leaved Goosefoot.

5. C. album Linn.: leaves rhomboid-ovate, erose-dentate, entire at the
base ; upper ones oblong-lanceolate, entire; racemes branched, somewhat
leafy ; seed very smooth. :

Waste grounds. Mass. to Virg. July, Aug. (d)—Stem 3—5 feet high.
Leaves covered with a mealy substance. Racemes somewhat branched, con-
glomerate. When the leaves are greener and more entire, it constitutes the
C. viride of Linneus. Introduced from Europe. Lamb’s-quarters.

6. C. ambrosioides Linn.: leaves lanceolate, remotely toothed ; the upper
ones linear-lanceolate, entire; racemes simple, axillary, leafy. Amdbrina
ambrosioides Spach,

Road sides. Mass. to Virg. Aug., Sept. ().—Stem 18 inches high, much
branched, somewhat pubescent. Leaves on short petioles. Flowers-green, in
erect spikes. Sweet Pigweed.

7. C. Botrys Linn.: leaves oblong, pinnatifid-smuate ; racemes axillary
and terminal, paniculate, leafless; flowers distinct, on short pedicels.
Ambrina Botrys Spach.

Waste places. N. S. July—Sept. (.—Svtem 1—2 feet high, branched,
somewhat viscid. Flowers in numerous short axillary racemes covering the
ends of the branches. ‘The whole plant has a strong smell. Introduced.

Jerusalem Oak.

8. C. anthelminticum Linn.: leaves oblong-lanceolate, nearly sessile,
coarsely toothed; racemes axillary and terminal, spike-like, simple, elon-
gated, leafless. Ambrina anthelmintica Spach.

Fields. N.S. Aug. 2|.—Stem 14—2 feet high, much branched. Racemes
long and slender, axillary and terminal. Worm-seed.

9. C. glaucum Linn. : leaves oblong, toothed and sinuate on the margin,
glaucous and mealy beneath; spikes compound, axillary and terminal,
leafless.

InN. Y. Muhl. @.—Stem diffuse, thick. Glaucous Goosefoot.

** Leaves linear, fleshy.

10. C. maritamum Linn.: leaves linear, subulate, fleshy, semi-cylindric ;
flowers in sessile axillary clusters; stamens shorter than the petals. Sa/-
sola salsa Mich. Suweda maritima Torr,

Salt meadows.. Can. to Flor. <Aug., Sept. (@.—Stem 2—3 feet high,
branched, very leafy. Flowers in small axillary glomerules. According to
Macnab, the C. maritimwm of American authors is the C. fruticosum ot Lin-
neus. Edin. New Phil. Jour. xix. 63. Seaside G'oose/oot.

13*

298 © CHENOPODIACER.

2. ATRIPLEX. Linn,—Orach.
(From the Greek a, not, and readgeiv, to nourish.)

Flowers moneecious or dicecious, rarely perfect. Sreriz FL.
without bracts. Perianth 3—5-parted, without appendages.
Stamens 83—5. Fertive FL. with 2 bracts at base. Perianth
none. Styles 2, united below. Utricle compressed, partly
included in the bracts, 1-seeded.

1. A. Halimus Linn.: stem frutescent; leaves alternate or opposite, ob-
' long-subrhomboid, entire, decurrent into the petiole.
N. J. to Virg. . Muhl. A doubtful species. Shrubby Orach.

2. A. patula Linn.: stem herbaceous, much branched, procumbent ;
leaves triangular-hastate, acuminate, smooth above, irregularly toothed ;
the upper ones entire; perianth of the fruit submuricate on the sides.
A. laciniata Pursh.

N. Y. to Car. Aug. ().-—Stem much branched ; the branches 1—2 feet long,
striate. Leaves on petioles which are nearly an-inch long. Flowers clustered
on axillary and terminal spikes. Spreading Orach.

3. A arenaria Nuti.: stem herbaceous, spreading; leaves oblong-ovate,
subsessile, silvery-mealy beneath, very entire; upper ones acute or acumi-
nate; perianth of the fruit muricate, dentate, retuse. Obione arenaria
Moq- Tand.

Sea-coast. N.Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. ().—Stem a foot high, angular, much
branched. Lower leaves often cuneate. Flowers moncecious; the sterile ones
in short glomerate spikes at the end of the branches ; the fertile ones in axillary
clusters. Sea-beach Orach.

4, A. hortensis Linn.: stem erect, herbaceous; leaves triangular, dentate,
green on both sides; perianth of the fruit ovate, reticulate, entire ; flowers
in terminal interrupted racemes or spikes.

Cultivated geounds. N.S.; rare. July. @.—Stem 3-4 feet high. Leaves
2—3 inches long. Flowers green. Introduced. Garden Orach.

3. ACNIDA. Linn.—Water Hemp.

(From the Greek a, without, and kvidn, a netile; because it resembles a netile
but does not sting.)

Flowers dicecious, without bracts. Srerire Fr. Perianth
5-parted. Stamens 5, very short. Ferrite Fu. Perianth 3-_
parted. Styles none. Stigmas 3—5, spreading. Capsule 1-
seeded.

1. A. cannabina Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate ; capsules smooth, acutely
angled.

Marshes. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. @.—Stem 3—6 feet high, slightly an-
gled. Leaves alternate, ribbed, 2—5 inches long, petioled. Flowers small, green,
in large axillary and terminal panicles. Common Water Hemp.

2. A. ruscocarpa Mich.: leaves oval-lanceolate ; capsules obtusely an-
gled, rugose.

CHENOPODIACE. 299

Marshes. Can. to Fior. Nutt. July. @.—Resembles the preceding, except
in its fruit. It may be only a variety. Rough-fruited Water-hemp.

4, SALICORNIA. Linn.—Glasswort.

(From the Latin sel, salt, and cornu, a horn ; on account of the saline nature
and horn-like branches of the plant.)

Perianth turbinate, fleshy, ebscurely lobed. Stamens 1 or 2.
Style 1, bifid. Utricle compressed, enclosed in the enlarged
perianth.

1. S. herbacea Linn.: herbaceous, annual; stem erect or assurgent ;
joints compressed, somewhat thickened and notched at the summit; spikes
peduncled, cylindric, slightly tapering at the extremity; perianth truncated.
S. Virginica Linn,

Sea-coast and salt marshes. N.Y. to Flor. Sept. @.—FPlant destitute of
leaves. Stem 6—10 inches high, branched. Flowers very minute, in threes at
each joint. Common Saltwort or Samphire.

2. S.ambigua Mich.: perennial, procumbent, branching ; joints crescent-
shaped, small; spikes opposite and alternate ; perianth truncate.

Salt meadows. N. Y. to Car. (@) or 2|.—Stem procumbent and ascending.
Anthers purplish-yellow. Resembles S. fruticosa of Linneus.
Perennial Saitwort.

3. S. mucronata Lag.? herbaceous, annual, erect; the joints 4-angled
at the hase, with two acute ovate mucronate teeth at the summit; spikes
very thick, obtuse. (Torr. N. Y. F7.)

Salt marshes. Near Boston. Big. Long Island. Torr. Aug., Sept. @.—Stem
4—8 inches high, sparingly branched, thick and succulent. Spikes 3 lines in
diameter and an inch or mote in length. Dwarf Saliwort.

5. SALSOLA. Linn.—Saltwort.

(From the Latin sal, salt; in allusion to the alkaline salt which many of the
species afford.)

Flowers perfect. Perianth 5-cleft, persistent, enveloping the
fruit with its base, and crowning it with its enlarged limb.
Stamens 5. Styles 2.

2)

S. Kali Linn. : herbaceous, decumbent; leaves subulate, spinose, rough ;
flowers axillary, solitary; fruit-bearing perianth with a scarious margin.
S. Caroliniana Mich. S. Kali var. Caroliniana Nutt. S. Tragus Muhl. ?

Sea-coast. N.Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. @.—Stem much branched, diffuse,
angled. Flowers succulent, pale-greenish, sessile, with 2 or 3 bracts at the base
of each. Prickly Saltwort.

6. BLITUM. Linn.—Strawberry Blite.
(Said to be derived from the Greek @Xcrov, insipid; in allusion to the fruit.)
Perianth 5-cleft, baccate in fruit. Stamens mostly solitary.
Styles 2, united below. Utricle compressed, covered with the
perianth. Seed somewhat globose.

300 POLYGONACE.

1. B. capitatum Linn.: procumbent ; leaves triangular-hastate ; heads of
flowers alternate, in a leafiess terminal spike.

Fields and margins of swamps. Mass. to Virg. N. to Subarct. Amer. June,
July. @©—Stem a foot long. branched. Heads round, sessile, consisting of nu-
merous minute flowers, becoming red and succulent; somewhat resembling

>

strawberries. Abundant near Rome, N.Y. | Strawberry Blite.
2. B. virgatum Linn.: leaves triangular-hastate; heads scattered,
lateral.

Fields, &c. Penn. June. (@.—Leaves with large sinuate teeth. Heads of
flowers axillary, always lateral, becoming red. Introduced. ;
Slender Strawberry Blie.

3. B. maritimum Nuit.: perianth membranaceous; clusters axillary,
spiked, naked; leaves lanceolate, attenuated at each extremity, incisely
toothed.

Salt marshes, near N. Y. Aug. @.—Stem erect, 1—2 feet high, much
branched. eaves with a few large teeth, succulent. Perianth not becoming
succulent. Resembles an Afripler, and perhaps does not belong to this genus.

Seaside Blite.

Ones Cl “PHYTOLAGGA CEP aceaeanae

Perianth of 4—5-petaloid leaves. Stamens either indefinite,
or, if equal to the number of the divisions of the perianth, alter-
nate with them. Ovary of 1 or several cells, each containing
1 ascending ovule. Fruit berried or dry, indehiscent. Seeds
ascending, solitary, with a cylindric embryo curved round mealy
albumen.—Under shrubs or herbaceous planis. Flowers race-
mose.

PHYTOLACCA. Linn.—Pokeweed.

(From the Greek durov, a plant, and dayavoy, a pot-herb; in allusion to the
use which is made of the young shoots.) ;

Perianth 5-leaved, petaloid. Stamens 7—30. Styles short,
5--12. Berry superior, globose-depressed, made up of 5—12
closely united carpels. a

P. decandra Linn.: leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end, alter-

nate, petiolate; flowers in simple racemes, with 10 stamens and 10 styles.

Borders of fields. Can. to Car. W.to Ark. June—Oct. 121—Root very
large, fusiform. Stem 4—S feet high, succulent, purplish. Flowers whitish, in
long pedunculate racemes. Berry globose-depressed, purple when mature. The
root is a Violent emetic. Big. Med. Bot. i. 39. Common Pokeweed.

Orper CII]. POLYGONACEA).—BuckwHeats.

Perianth free, often colored, imbricated in <estivation. Sta-_
mens usually definite, inserted in the bottom of the perianth.
Ovary superior, with a single erect ovule; styles 2—4. Fruita
nut, usually triangular, naked or covered by the enlarged peri-

—

POLYGONACE. 3601

anth. Seed with farimaceous albumen and an inverted em-
bryo.—Herbaceous plants, rarely shrubs, with alternate entire
leaves and usually sheathing stipules (ochre). Flowers often
in racemes, occasionally diclinous.

1. POLYGONUM. Linn.—Knotweed.

(From the Greek mo\vs many, and yovv, a knec or joint; the stem having nu-
merous joints.) 3

Perianth mostly 5-parted, petaloid, persistent. Stamens
3—9, mostly 8. Styles 2—3. Fruit a one-seeded compressed
or triquetrous nut.

* Flowers axillary.

1. P. aviculare Linn.: stem mostly procumbent, herbaceous; leaves
elliptic-lanceolate, rough on the margin; flowers axillary, 2—3 together;
nerves of the stipules distant. P. aviculare var. procumbens Torr.

Waste places. Mass. to Car. N. to Subarct. Amer. W. to the Platte River.
May—Sept. ().—Stem much branched, nearly erect. Leaves variable in size
and shape. lowers greenish-white tinged with purple. Knot Grass.

2. P. erectum Muhl.: stem mostly erect ; leaves broad-oval, rather obtuse,
petiolate, smooth ; flowers pentandrous, pedicellate. P. aviculare var. lati-
foliwm Mich. vay. erectum Torr.

Near cultivated grounds. N.S. N.to Subarct. Amer. Aug. 2|.—Stem 1—3

feet high. Flowers greenish. Dr. Darlington concurs in the opinion expressed
by Muhlenberg, that this is a distinct species. Fl. Cest. Upright Knotweed.

3. P. maritimum Linn.: glaucous; stem prostrate, with very short in-
ternodes ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat fleshy, often revolute on the margin ;
stipules half as long as the leaves, finally lacerate; flowers axillary, 2—3
together, on somewhat exserted pedicels. P. glaucwm Nutt.

Sandy coast of Long Island. Torr. Aug. (@) and | ?—Stem diffuse and
spreading, woody towards the base. Flowers pale rose-color or white, twice as
large as in P. aviculure. Seaside Knotweed.

4, P. tenue Mich.: stem slender, erect, branched, acutely angled; leaves
lance-linear, erect, cuspidate ; stipules tubular, lacerate at the summit, with
the segments setaceously acuminate ; flowers axillary, mostly solitary, sub-
sessile, alternate. P. linifoliwm Muhl.

Dry hills and fields. Mass. to Virg. July, Aug. ().—Stem 6—12 inches
high, scabrous on the angles. Flowers smail, white, solitary and in pairs. Nu
acutely triangular, shining, almost black. Slender Knotweed.

** Flowers in terminal solitary spikes.

5, P. viviparum Linn. : stem simple ; spike linear, solitary ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, revolute on the margin; the lower ones elliptic, petiolate.

Can. White Hills, N. H., Arct. Amer. and Rocky Mountains. Aug. |.—
Stem 4—8 inches high, slender. Spike generally bearing little red bulbs at the
lower part. Flowers pale flesh-color, almost white.

Bulb-bearing Knotweed.

302 POLYGONACE.

eee Flowers in auillary or terminal spikes.

6. P. punctatum Ell.: stem branched; leaves lanceolate, with pellucid
punctures, scabrous on the margin and midrib; stipules slightly hairy,
ciliate; spikes few-flowered, filiform, at first cernuous; perianth glandular-
punctate; stamens 6—8; styles 2—3. P. Hydropiper Mich. P. hydro-
piperoides Pursh.

Inundated grounds. Can. to Car. Augz., Sept. (@).—Stem 1—2 feet high,
slender, sometimes de¢umbent. Flowers white, in one or two slender simple
spikes. Nut lenticular or triquetrous. Plant very acrid. Water Pepper.

7. P. mite Pers,: stem erect or ascending; leaves narrow-lanceolate,
acuminate, entire, somewhat hairy; stipules hairy, with long cilie ; flowers
octandrous, in crowded spikes; styles 3. P. hydropiperoides Mich.

Ditches and ponds. Can. to Car. July—Sept. (.—Stéem 18 inches high.
Flowers purplish, in somewhat crowded spikes. Leaves not acrid. Nut trique-
trous, purplish-black. Bearded Knotweed.

8. P. Virgimanum Linn.: stem simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate ; spike terminal, slender, very long; flowers remote, pentandrous ;
perianth unequally 4-parted; styles 2. P. Bistorta Walt. |

Shady woods. Can. to Flor. W.to Miss. July, Aug. %|.—Stem 2—4 feet.

high, somewhat angular, hairy near the summit. Leaves large, with hairy
stipules. Flowers white or purplish, in a very long naked and somewhat vir-
gate spike. _ Virginian Knotweed.

9. P. amphibum Linn.: stem nearly erect; leaves petiolate, oblong-
lanceolate, sometimes cordate at base; flowers in dense terminal spikes,
pentandrous ; styles2. P. coccinewm vay. terrestre Pursh.

var. aquaticum Linn.: stem spreading on the surface of water; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, cordate; spike cylindric-oblong. P. fluitans Eaton. P.
coccineum Big.

Borders of swamps and ponds. N.S. W. to Miss. July. 2.—Stem 8—12
inches long. Flowers large, reddish, in an ovate spike. The var. has the stems
long and the leaves broad-cordate and floating ; but it passes into the former.

Water Knotweed.

10. P. Pennsylvanicum Linn. : stem erect, with tumid joints ; leaves lan-
ceolate, slightly hairy, petioled; stipules smooth and naked; spikes ob-
long, crowded, on glandular-hispid peduncles; flowers mostly octandrous ;
styles 2.

Margins of ponds and ditches. N. Y. to Car. W.to Miss. July, Sept.
().—Stem 2—4 feet high, geniculate, branched above. Flowers large, reddish,
in numerous crowded spikes. Stamens often 6. Pennsylvanian Knotweed.

11. P. Persicaria Linn.: stem erect; leaves lanceolate ; stipules trun-
cate, ciliate; spikes dense, ovate-oblong, erect, on smooth peduncles ; flow-
ers hexandrous; styles 2. P. lapathifoliwm Linn.

Waste places. Can. to Car. July, Aug. (@.—Stem 12—18 inches high,
erect or decumbent, branched, smooth, often purplish. Leaves on short petioles,
the upper surface usually marked with a dark-colored spot. Flowers reddish,
in erect oblong terminal spikes. Ladies’ Thumb.

12. P. orientale Linn.: stem erect, paniculately branched, hirsute ;

leaves very large, petioled, ovate, acuminate, minutely pubescent; stipules
hairy, salverform; spikes terminal, dense, nodding, on hairy peduncles;
flowers heptandrous ; styles 2.

POLYGONACE. 303

Old fields and road sides. July, Aug. (@.—Stem 4—5 feet high, loosely
branched above, hairy. Flowers large, crimson, in numerous pendulous spikes.
Naturalized throughout the whole U. States. Prince’s Feather.

eek Flowers in panicled spikes. Perianth 5-sepalled.

13. P. ariiculatum Linn.: stem erect; leaves linear, obtuse; stipules
short, truncate; spikes paniculate, filiform, erect; pedicels solitary, articu-
late near the base ; flowers perfect, octandrous, trigynous, nodding.

Sandy plains. Mass. N. Y. and N. J. W.to Michigan. Sept. @.—Stem
12 inches high, branched above, smooth. eaves very small, linear. Flowers
reddish-white, in spikes which are jointed by a succession of imbricate sheath-
ing bracts. Jointweed.

#eexe Flowers in racemose panicles. Leaves subcordate or sagittate.

14, P. sagittatum Linn.: stem prostrate, square, the angles armed with
reversed prickles; leaves sagittate, acute, nearly sessile; flowers in small —
peduncled heads, mostly octandrous.

Wet grounds. N. Y. to Flor. July, Aug. @).—Stem 2—4 feet long, slender,
procumbent or supported by other plants. Flowers white, axillary and terminal,
in small compact heads which are supported on lung peduncles.

Arrow-leaved Knotweed.

15. P. arifolium Linn.: stem prostrate, sulcate-angled, the angles with
reversed prickles ; leaves on long petioles, hastate, acuminate ; flowers sub-
racemose, distinct, hexandrous ; styles 2.

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. ().—Stem 3—6 feet long, flexu-
ous, prostrate or climbing. Flowers pale-red, in loose slender racemose clusters.
Halbert-leaved Knotweed.

16. P. Convolvulus Linn. : stem climbing or prostrate, somewhat rough ;
leaves oblong, hastate-cordate, acuminate; flowers in loose axillary ra-
cemes, octandrous; segments of the perianth bluntly keeled, wingless.

Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July—Sept. (.—Stem
3—6 feet long, climbing. Flowers whitish or reddish, in terminal interrupted
leafy racemes. Introduced ? Black Bindweed.

17. P. cilinode Mich.: stem climbing or prostrate, retrorsely. pubescent ;
leaves somewhat hastate-cordate, acuminate; stipules somewhat acute,
ciliate at the base; flowers in axillary paniculate racemes, octandrous ;
segments of the perianth bluntly keeled, wingless; styles 3.

Rocky hills. Mass. and N. Y. July, Aug. ().—Stem 4—8 feet long, pur-
plish. Flowers greenish or pale rose-color, in slender nearly naked racemes.
Distinct from the preceding. Fringe-jointed Knotweed.

18. P. dumetorwm Linn. : stem climbing, smooth; leaves broad-cordate,
acuminate ; stipules truncate, naked ; flowers rather large, in erect axillary
racemes, octandrous ; sesments of the perianth winged. L. scandens Linn.

Shady woods. N.Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. (@).—Stem 6—12
feet long, often purple. Flowers white or reddish, in axillary racemes.

Climbing Buckwheat.

19. P. Fagopyrum Linn.: stem erect, paniculately branched, smoothish ;
leaves cordate-sagittate, acute; racemes terminal and axillary; seeds
equally triquetrous, nearly naked.

Fields, remaining as a weed where it has been cultivated. June. ().—Stem
2—3 feet high, pubescent at the joints. Flowers white tinged with green and
purple, in somewhat paniculate racemes. Buckwheat.

304 POLYGONACE.

2, RUMEX. Linn.— Dock.

(Said to be derived from the Latin rumez, a pike or spear ; in reference to the
form of the leaves of some species.)

Perianth 6-leaved ; the three inner leaves somewhat colored,
larger, often with tubercles on the outside and closing in a val-
vate manner over the fruit. Stamens6. Styles 3. Stigmas
many-cleft. Nut triquetrous.

* Flowers perfect. Inner leaves of the perianth or valves bearing tubercles,

1. R aquaticus Linn.: leaves lanceolate, acute, the lower ones on long
petioles and cordate at base; valves ovate, entire, all of them bearing tu-
bercles.

Ponds and ditches. N.S. July, Aug. |.—Root large and very astringent.
Stem 3—4 feet high. Flowers whorled, in a terminal leafy panicle. Intro-
duced ? Water Dock.

2. R. crispus Linn.: leaves lanceolate, acute, waved on the margin;
upper whorls of flowers leafless ; valves very large, cordate, entire, veined,
one of them with a large tubercle.

Pastures and meadows. Can. to Car. June, July. %|.—Rooé large, fusi-
form, yellow: Stem 2—3 feet high, furrowed, paniculately branched above.
Flowers in crowded whorls, on pedicels. One of the valves with a large orange-
colored tubercle, the others with the midrib swollen at the base. Introduced
from Europe. Curled Dock.

3. R. sanguineus Linn.: leaves lanceolate, somewhat cordate, petioled,
smooth, mostly with red veins; whorls distant, on long generally leafless
branches; valves small, oblong, entire, one at least with a tubercle.

Fields and road sides. Can. to Car. June, July. %2|.—Stem 3 feet high.
Root leaves large, with blood-red veins. Flowers in small distant whorls. In-
troduced from Europe. Bloody Dock.

4. R. Britannica Linn.: leaves broad-lanceolate, flat, smooth; sheaths
obsolete; racemes in»a large terminal panicle, nearly leafless; valves all
entire and usually with tubercles.

Swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. 2|.—Root fusiform, yellow internally.
Stem 2—4 feet high. Leaves large, on petioles. Flowers in a compound termi-
nal panicle. Yellow-rooted Water Dock.

5. R. verticillatus Linn.: leaves lanceolate, acute, flat; sheaths cylin-
dric ; flowers whorled, in long leafless racemes; valves broad-cordate, en-
tire, all bearing tubercles.

Swampy grounds. N.S. June, July. %.—Stem 2 feet high, branching
above. eaves long, lanceolate, narrow. Whorls distant, on dichotomous ra-
cemes or spikes. Pedicels of the fruit half an inch or more in length.

Whorled Dock.

6. R. pallidus Big.: leaves linear-lanceolate, acute ; spikes slender;
valves ovate, acute, entire, with large tubercles.

Salt marshes. Mass. June. ‘%|.—Stems numerous, ascending, slightly fur-
rowed. Leaves smooth, petioled, more or less waved on the margin. Spikes
slender. Pale Dock.

7. R. acutus Linn. : leaves cordate-oblong, acuminate ; whorls numerous,
small, leafy ; valves oblong, somewhat toothed, all with tubercles.

LAURACE: 305

Moist grounds. N.S. June. %|.—Stem 2—3 feet high. Introduced from
Europe. Sharp-pointed Dock.

8. FR. obtusifolius Linn.: stem roughish; radical leaves cordate-oblong,
obtuse ; upper ones narrower; valves ovate, toothed, one of them with a
tubercle.

Wocds and fields. N.Y.to Virg. June, July. 2.—Stem 2—3 feet high,
paniculately branched. Leaves very large. Flowers in long nearly leafless ra-
cemes. Introduced from Europe. Obtuse-leaved Dock.

** E'‘lowers diecious. Valves without tubercles.

9. R. Acetosella Linn. : leaves lanceolate-hastate ; lobes acute, spreading ;
racemes paniculate ; valves ovate, entire, without tubercles.

Fields, &c. Throughout the U. S. June, July. 2|.—Stem 6—12 inches
high. Racemes paniculate, at length becoming purple. Fertile flowers similar
to the sterile, but less common. The plant has a pleasant acid taste, owing to
the presence of binoxalate of potassa. ‘ Sheep Sorrel.

3. OXYRIA. Hill—Oxyria.
(From the Greek o€vs, acid ; in allusion to the qualities of its leaves.)

Perianth 4-leaved; two inner leaves larger. Stamens 6.
Styles 2. Nut triquetrous, with a broad winged membranous
margin.

O. reniformis Hook, Rumex digynus Linn,

Moist ravines. On the summit of the White Mountains, N. H. Oakes.
July, Aug. ‘%|.—Stem 8—10 inches high, often naked. Radical leaves nume-
rous, all reniform, on long petioles. Racemes and peduncles branched, with
minute bracts at the base of each ramification. Flowers erect, small.

Kidneyform-leaved Oxyria.

OrperR CIV. LAURACEA.—Lavrets.

Perianth 4—6-cleft, imbricated. Stamens definite, opposite
the segments of the perianth and usually twice as numerous ;
anthers adnate, 2—4-celled, bursting by a longitudinal valve.
Glands usually present at the base of the imner filaments.
Ovary superior, single ; style simple; stigma obtuse. Fruit a
berry or drupe, naked or covered. Seed without albumen ;
embryo inverted.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves without stipules,
alternate, Flowers in panicles or umbels.

1. LAURUS. Linn.—Bay Tree.
(The ancient name for the Bay Tree.)

Dicecious. Perianth colored, 5—6-parted. Fertile stamens
9, arranged in three series, the six outer ones with simple dis-
tinct filaments; three inner ones with two glands at the base
of each. Ovary superior. Drupe 1-seeded.

306 ELAGNACEA.

* Leaves perennial.

1. L. Carolinensis Mich.: leaves oval-lanceolate, coriaceous, glaucous
beneath; peduncles simple, terminated with a few-flowered fascicle ; outer
segments of the perianth half as long as the inner.

In the Great Cypress Swamp, Sussex county, Delaware ; its most northern
boundary. Nutt. S. to Geor. June.—A large shrub or small tree. Flowers in
small clusters, polygamous, pale-yellow. Drupe dark-blue.

Carolina Bay-tree.

a

** Deaves deciduous. Flowers diecious.

2. L. Benzoin Linn.: leaves obovate-lanceolate, wedgeform at base,
entire, whitish and subpubescent beneath; flowers in clustered umbels, ap-
pearing before the leaves; buds and pedicels smooth. LL. Psewdo-Benzoin
Mich. Benzoin odoriferum Nees.

Banks of streams. Can. toGeor. W. to Miss. April, May.—A shrub 6—10
feet high, with byittle virgate branches. Flowers pale-yellow. Drupe roundish,
scarlet. Benzoin. Spice-wood.

3. L. Sassafras Linn. : leaves entire and ovate, or 2—3-lobed ; flowers in
clustered corymbose racemes, appearing before the leaves; buds and pedi-
cels silky-pubescent. Sassafras officinale Nees.

River banks. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April.—Varies in size from that
of a large shrub to a large tree. Leaves of two forms, some ovate and entire,
others dilated and 3-lobed at the summit, silky-pubescent when young, at length
smooth. Flowers pale-yellow. Drupe ovate-oblong, dark-blue. This and the
foregoing species possess medicinal properties. See Big. Med. Bot. ii. 142.

Sassafras.

Orper CV. ELA AGNACEA.—OLEzASTERS.

Flowers mostly dicecious. Srzrme Fri. Stamens, 3, 4, or 8,
sessile; anthers 2-celled. Frrrine Ft. Perianth tubular, per-
sistent ; the limb entire or 2—5-toothed. Ovary free, 1-celled ;
stigma simple, subulate, glandular. Fruit crustaceous, enclosed
within the perianth become succulent. Seed erect; embryo
straight, surrounded by thin fleshy albumen.—Trees or shrubs,
usually covered with leprous scales. Leaves alternate or oppo-
site, without stipules.

SHEPHERDIA. Nutit.—Shepherdia.
(In honor of John Shepherd, late curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.)
Dicecious. Srerite Fr. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 8,
included, alternating with 8 glands. Ferrrme Fu. Perianth 4-
cleft, campanulate, superior. Stamens none. Style 1. Stigma
oblique. Berry 1-seeded. .

S. Canadensis Nutt.: leaves oblong-ovate, nearly smooth above, stellately
hairy and scaly beneath; the scales ferruginous and deciduous. Hippophaé
Canadensis Willd. ;

SANTALACE. 307

Rocky banks of streams. Can. and western part of N.Y. N.to Arct. Amer.
May, June. h.—Stem 6—8 feet high, with numerous opposite branches. Flowers
minute, in short axillary racemes. Berry scaly, sweetish.

Canadian Shepherdia.

OrperR CVI. THYMELACEA).—Darunaps.

Perianth inferior, tubular, colored; the limb 4- seldom 5-
cleft. Stamens definite, usually 8, sometimes 4 or 2; anthers
2-celled. Ovary solitary; style 1; stigma undivided. Fruit a
nut or drupe; albumen none, or thin and fleshy.—Shrubs with
a tough bark. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, without
stipules.

DIRCA. Linn.—Leather Wood.

(From the Greek dwoxa, a fountain ; in allusion to its usual place of growth.)

Perianth colored, tubular-campanulate ; limb obsolete, loosely
dentate. Stamens 8, inserted into the perianth, unequal. Style
1. Berry 1-seeded.

D. palustris Linn.

Woods. Can. to Geor. April. h.—Stem 2—4 feet high, with tough yel-
lowish branches. Leaves alternate, ovate, sometimes subrhomboid, petioled, en-
tire, obtuse, smooth above, pubescent and glaucous beneath. Flowers appearing
before the leaves, usually in threes, on a short thick peduncle, pale-yellow.
Berry oval, reddish when ripe. The bark has a sweetish taste, and when
chewed excites a burning sensation in the fauces. Leather Wood.

Orpver CVIT SANTALACEA).—Sanpatworts.

Perianth superior, 4- or 5-cleft, half colored, with valvate
estivation. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the segments of the per-
ianth and inserted into their bases. Ovary 1-celled, with from
1—4 ovules ; style 1; stigma often lobed. Fruit a nut or drupe.
Seed with fleshy albumen.—Trees, shrubs, or sometimes herba-
ceous plants, with alternate undivided leaves and small flowers.

1. NYSSA. Linn.—Gum Tree.
(Origin of the name uncertain.)

Diceciously polygamous. Srerme Fr. Perianth 5-parted.
Stamens 5—10. Ferme Fx. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens
5. Style 1. Drupe inferior, 1-seeded.

1. N. multiflora Walt: leaves oval and obovate, very entire, acute at each
end, the petiole margin and midrib villous; fertile peduncles mostly 2—3
flowered. N. villosa Willd. Mich, N. sylvatica Mich. f.

Low woods. Can. to Car. June.—<A tree 30—50 feet high. Flowers small,
green; the stertle ones 2—6 in a cluster; the fertile mostly 2 on a peduncle.

308 ARISTOLOCHIACEZ.

Drupe nearly spherical, very dark blue. ‘The wood of this tree, as s of the next,
(if indeed it is distinct.) is remarkable for its toughness ; on which account it is
much used for making naves for carriage- -wheels, &e.

Sour Gum. Black Gum.

2. N. biflora Walt.: leaves ovate-oblong, very entire, acute at each end,
smooth; fertile peduncles 2-flowered ; “drupe oval-compressed. NN. aquatica

inn.

Swamps. N.S.? S.to Car. June.—A tree 30—50 feet high. Fertile flowers
almost invariably 2. ee dark blue. Probably not distinet from the pre-
ceding, at least as credited to the Northern States.

TLupelo-tree. Swamp Hornbeam.
2. HAMILTONIA. Muhl.—oOil Nut.

(Dedicated by Muhlenberg to Mr. Hamilton, an American patron of botany.)

Polygamous. Prrrecr Fi. Perianth turbinate-campanu-
late, 5-cleft. Germ immersed in the 5-toothed glandulous disk.
Style 1. Stigmas 2—3, sublenticular. Drupe pyriform, 1-
seeded, enclosed in the adhering base of the calyx. STERILE
Fi. resembling the perfect, except in wanting the pistil.

H. oleifera Muhl. Pyrularia pubera Mich.

Mountains. Penn to Geor.; rare. May, June. h.—Stem 4—6 feet high,
with a very deep root. Leaves oblong-obovate, entire, acuminate, 2—3 inches
long, petiolate, pubescent when young. Flowers in a terminal raceme, small,
greenish-yellow. Whole plant more or less oily. Oil Nut.

3. COMANDRA. Nutt.—Bastard Toad Flax.

(From the Greek xoun, hair, and avno, a man, (a stamen ;) in allusion to the
tuft of hair which connects the anthers with the perianth.) |

Perianth urceolate-campanulate; the limb 5-cleft, persistent.
Stamens 5, rarely 4, the anthers adhering to the lobes of the
perianth by a tuft of hair. Style single. Fruit. somewhat
drupaceous, dry, 1-seeded, crowned by the persistent perianth.

C. umbellata Nutt.: stem round and erect; leaves lance-ovate or oblong,
subsessile, entire ; cymes in a leafy terminal panicle. Thesiwm wmbellatum
Linn. +9

Rocky hills and woods. Subarct. Amer. to Geor. W. to Miss. May—Aug.

2|.—Stem 8—12 inches high, smoothish, branched at the top. Flowers white,
numerous, on short pedicels. Bastard Toad-flaz.

OrvEerR CVIII. ne

Perianth superior, regular or very unequal ; the limb valvate.
Stamens 6—12, epigynous, distinct, or adhering to the style and
stigmas. Ovary inferior, 3—6-celled; style simple; stigmas
radiate. Fruit dry or succulent, 3—6-celled. Seeds with a
very minute embryo, in the base of fleshy albumen.—Herbs or
shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, often with leafy stipules.

EMPETRACES. 309

1. ARISTOLOCHIA. Linn.—Birthwort.

(From the Greek; in allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues.)

Perianth tubular, ventricose at base, dilated at the apex and,
ligulate. Anthers 6, subsessile, inserted on the style. Stigma
6-parted or lobed. Capsule 6-sided, 6-celled, many-seeded.

1. A. Sipho L’Herit.; stem twining; leaves cordate, acute; peduncles
1-flowered, furnished with an ovate bract; perianth ascending, the limb
3-cleft and equal.

Mountains. Penn.to Car. June. h.—A vine climbing over trees of large
size. Leaves very large, alternate, sprinkled ‘with hairs. Flowers solitary,
brown. Dutchman’s Pipe.

2. A. Serpentaria Linn.: stem erect, flexuous; leaves cordate-oblong,
acuminate; peduncles nearly radical; perianth sigmoid, the orifice 2-
lipped.

Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. June. ‘%.—Rooét consisting of numerous
coarse fibres. Stem 8—12 inches high, pubescent, geniculate and knotty at
base. lowers purplish-brown, large, at aN base of the stem, on crooked scaly
peduncles. It possesses valuable medicinal properties. See Big. Med. Bot.
ui. 82. Virginia Snakeroot.

2, ASARUM. Linn.—Asarabacca.

(From the Greek a, not, and cetoa, a band or braid; because it was rejected
from garlands by the ancients.)

Perianth campanulate, mostly 3-parted. Stamens 12, placed
on an epigynous disk. Anthers adnate to the middle of the fil-
aments. Ovary inferior ; style short ; stigma 6-parted or lobed.
Capsule 6-celled, many-seeded.

1. A. Canadense Linn.: leaves a terminal pair, broad. reniform; peri-
anth woolly, cleft to the base; the segments sublanceolate, reflexed. A.
Carolimanum Walt.

Woods. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. April. %|.—Svem none or very short.
Leaves generally 2, with long and hairy petioles. Flower somewhat campanu-
late, solitary, on a short peduncle, sometimes nearly buried in the ground. The
root has an agreeable and aromatic flavor.

Canadian Asarabacca. Wild Ginger.

2. A. Virginicum Mich.: leaves solitary, cordate, nearly round, coria-
ceous; flower nearly sessile; perianth externally smooth, short, cam-
panulate.

Rocky woods. N. J. to Car. April. |.—Zeaves spotted or clouded, smooth.
Segments of the percanth obtuse. Very similar in habit to the preceding.
Virginian Asarabacca.

Orper CIX. EMPETRACEA\.—Crowserrisrs.

Flowers dicecious or polygamous. Perianth consisting of
several persistent imbricate scales, the innermost of which are
sometimes petaloid, Stamens as numerous as the inner scales.

310 EUPHORBIACEZ.

Ovary free, 3—9-celled; style 1; stigma radiating. Fruit
fleshy, seated in the persistent perianth, with 3—9 bony nu-
cules.—Small arid shrubs, with heath-like evergreen leaves and
minute flowers in their axils. '

1. EMPETRUM. Linn.—Crowberry.
(From the Greek «v, on, and zerpos, u stone; in allusion to its place of growth.)

Dicecious. Perianth consisting of two rows of scales. Sre-
RILE Ft. Stamens 3, upon long filaments. Ferrtite Fu. Sta-
mens none. Style none, or very short. Stigma with 6—9
rays. Fruit globose, with 6—9 nucules.

E. nigrum Mich.: procumbent; leaves linear-oblong, revolute on the
margin.

White Hills, N. H. Big. Summits of the high mountains in Essex county,
N. Y. Forr. Shores of Lake Superior. Houghton. N-.to Arct. Amer. May,
June.—A low shrub with small and dense evergreen foliage, like that of the
heaths. Leaves imbricate, cblong, obtuse. Flowers axillary, very small, red-
dish. Berry roundish, black. Common Crowberry.

2. OAKESIA. Tuckerm.—Oakesia.
(In honor of William Oakes, Esq-, of Ipswich, Mass., a well known botanist.)

Mostly dicecious. Sraminare Fx. Perianth of 5—6 leafets,
the 2 innermost ones somewhat petaloid and often united on
one side. Stamens mostly 3, (sometimes 4 or 5,) exserted.
Ovary wanting or mostly abortive. Frrrire Fr. Perianth
nearly as in the sterile. Disk none. Ovary 3—4-celled ; style
filiform, 8—4-cleft. Fruit dry and drupaceous, globose, mi-
nute.

O. Conradi Tuckerm.

Dry sandy woods. - Long Island, N. Y. July, Aug.—aA very branching shrub
forming dense circular patches; the branches somewhat verticillate, with a
grayish bark. Leaves coriaceous, narrow-linear, bright green, somewhat hispid
when young, smooth when old, margin revolute. Heads of flowers furnished
with several small concave bracts. Perianth purplish-brown, the leafets ob-
long or obovate. Fruit about the size of a mustard-seed. (Torr. N.Y. Fl.)

Conrad’s Oakesia.

Onper OX:-. EUPHORBIACE ae eranea eee

Flowers moncecious or dicecious. Perianth inferior, with va-
rious glandular or scaly appendages, (sometimes wanting). Srz-
RILE Fx. Stamens 1 or many; anthers 2-celled. FeErrirz Ft.
Ovary free, sessile or stalked; styles 2—3; stigmas compound
or single with several lobes. Fruit consisting of 2—3 dehis-
cent cells, separating with elasticity from their common axis,

EUPHORBIACES. Blt

sometimes indehiscent. Seeds often with an aril, the embryo
enclosed in fleshy albumen.—Trees, shrubs or herbs, often
abounding in acrid milk. Leaves simple, rarely compound,
usually with stipules.

1, CROTONOPSIS. Mich.—Crotonopsis.
(So called from its resembling the Croton.)

Moneecious. Srerme Fx. Perianth 5-parted, with 5 peta-
loid scales. Stamens 5. Ferrie Fr. Perianth 5-parted.
Stigmas 3, twice bifid. Capsule 1-seeded, not opening.

C. linearis Mich.: stem erect, dichotomously branched ; leaves stellately
pubescent ahove, hairy and covered with silvery scales beneath. C. ar-
gentea Pursh. Friesia argentea Spreng.

Swamps in sands. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. June. (@.—Stem 12—18
inches high, covered like the leaves, with solitary scales. Leaves varying from
linear-lanceolate to ovate, on short petioles. Flowers in terminal and axillary
spikes, very minute. Linear-leaved Crotonopsis.

2. PHYLLANTHUS. Linn.—Phyllanthus.

(From the Greek ¢vA)ov, a leaf, and avO0s, a flower ; the flowers being con-
nected with the leaves.)

Moneecious. Srerme Fr. Perianth 6-parted; segments
spreading, colored, persistent. Stamens 3, very short, spread-
ing, united at base; anthers didymous. Ferrrme Fu. Peri-
anth as in the sterile. Styles 3, bifid. Capsule 3-celled.

P. Caroliniensis Walt.: herbaceous; stem erect; branches alternate and
distichous ; leaves alternate, simple, elliptic-obovate, obtuse, smooth, some-
what distichous, on short petioles; flowers few, (2—4,) axillary, on pedi-
cels, nodding. P. obovatus Willd.

Banks of streams. Penn. to Geor. July. Aug. ().—Stem 12 inches high,
with distichous branches, sometimes dark-purple. Flowers on short pedicels,
axillary, nodding, yellowish, with a purple tinge at base.

Carolinian Phyllanthus.

3. RICINUS. Linn.—Palma Christi.
(From the Latin ricinus, a tick ; its seed resembling that insect.)

Moneecious. Srerire Fr. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens
numerous; filaments united, branching. Ferrie Fu. Per-
anth 3-parted. Styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule mostly echinate,
8-celled, 3-seeded.

R. communis Linn. : stem herbaceous, glaucous-pruinose ; leaves peltate-

palmate; lobes lanceolate, serrate ; capsule echinate.

Around plantations at the South. Aug., Sept. G).—Introduced. Cultjyated
extensively in various parts of the U.S. for the purpose of obtaining oil from the
seed. Castor-oil Bean.

a2 EUPHORBIACER.

4. ACALYPHA. Linn.—Three-seeded Mercury.
(A Greek name for the netéle, which this plant somewhat resembles.)

Moneecious. SrerteF 1. Perianth 3—4-parted. Stamens
8—16, very short, united at base. FeErtiz Fi. Styles 3, 2-
parted. Capsule 3-celled; cells 1-seeded.

1. A. Virginica Linn.: pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
obtusely serrate, petiolate ; bracts somewhat stipitate, roundish-cordate, in-
cisely lobed; fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike.

Road sides, &c. Can. to Car. June—Aug. (f).—Stem 12—18 inches high,
erect, pubescent. Sterile flowers very small. Capsule hispid.
Common Three-seeded Mercury.

2. A. Caroliniana Walt.: leaves on long petioles, rhombic-ovate, acu-
minate, serrate, entire at base; bracts cordate, lobed; fertile flowers at the
base of the sterile spike.

Fields. Penn. to Flor. July, Aug. @.—Stem 9—18 inches high.
- Carolinian Three-seeded Mercury.

5. EUPHORBIA. Linn.—Spurge.
(Named after Euphorbus, an ancient Greek physician.)

Moneecious. Rarely furnished with a perianth. Involucre
monophyllous, campanulate, 4—5-lobed ; lobes usually alterna-
ting with peltate glands. Srerie FL. numerous, each consist-
ing of an anther with its filament articulated in the middle.
FertiLe Ft. solitary, central, on a long peduncle. Styles 3,
usually 2-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded.

*« Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbose.

1. E. dentata Mich.: hairy; leaves opposite, oval, dentate; flowers
crowded at the summit of the stem.

Shady rocks. Penn.to Tenn. July, Aug. (@.—The upper leaves spotted. .
Toothed Spurge.

2. E. hypericifoha Linn.: stem erect, spreading, smoothish or hairy,
with dichotomous branches; leaves on short petioles, oval-oblong, slightly
faleate, serrate; peduncles solitary in the axils and corymbose at the ex-
tremity of the branches; glands of the involucre with smal! petaloid ap-
pendages:

Fields and road sides. Can. to Flor. W.to Miss. Aug., Sept. (@).—Stem
8—18 inches high, sometimes almost prostrate. eaves often with purple blotches
above. Flowers small, white or purplish. Hypericum-leaved Spurge.

3. E. maculata Linn.: stem prostrate, much branched, hairy; leaves
opposite, ovate-oblong, serrate, unequal at base; flowers axillary, solitary
or somewhat clustered; glands 4, seated on small petaloid appendages,
transversely elliptic.

EUPHORBIACE. 313

Near cultivated grounds. N. Y. to:Car. Aug.—Oct. (D).—Stem 6—12
inches long, much branched from the base. eaves on short petioles, with
purplish blotches above. Flowers crowded near the summit of the stem.

) Spotted Spurge.

4. E. polygonifolia Linn.: procumbent, branching, very smooth, succu-
lent; leaves oblong and linear-oblong, petiolate, obtuse, sometimes sub-
cordate at base; flowers solitary in the forks of the stem; glands trans-
versely oblong, stipitate. EH. maritima Nutt.

_ Sandy sea-shores. N. Y. to Car. July—Sept. %|.—Stem diffuse, 4—10
inches long. Stipules subulate, simple or simply cloven. Flowers solitary, on
peduneles which are longer than the petioles. Seaside Spurge.

5. E. Ipecacuanha Linn.: procumbent or nearly erect, small, smooth ;
leaves opposite, varying from obovate to linear-lanceolate ; peduncles ax-
illary, 1-flowered, elongated; glands reniform.

Sandy soils. N. Y.to Car. June. %2|.—Root very long and tapering. Stem
short, the branches 6—12 inches long. Leaves sessile, often purplish. Flowers
solitary, on peduncles which are about as long as the leaves. Emetic, and
sometimes uced as a substitute for the Ipecacuanha of the shops.

; Wild Ipecac.

6. E. portulacoides Linn.: erect; leaves entire, oval, retuse; lower ones
ternate, spatulate, obtuse, smooth; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, as long
as the leaves; glands of the involucre roundish.

Sandy soils. Penn. Muhl. June—Aug. 17|.—It may be a variety of E.
corollata. Purselain-leaved Spurge.

** Flowers somewhat umbelled, involucrate.

7. E. Peplus Linn.: leaves membranaceous, broad-obovate, petioled,
entire, smooth; umbel 3—4-cleft; glands of the involucre lunate, the horns
very long; capsule somewhat winged.

Cultivated grounds. Penn. to Virg. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 2|.—Jnvolucels
or floral leaves large. Flowers conspicuous. Introduced from Europe.

Petiy Spurge.

8. E. mercurialina Mich.: stem weak and slender; leaves opposite or
ternate, subsessile, oval, entire; umbel simply 3-cleft, the rays 1-flowered.

Shady rocky situations. Penn. and Ken. Pursh: July, Aug. 2|.—Resem-
bles Mercurialis annua. Mercurialis-like Spurge.

9. E. Lathyris Linn,: stem erect; leaves submembranaceous, oblong-
lanceolate, entire, sessile, 4-farious; umbel 3—4-cleft; glands of the invo-
lucre bluntly lunate; capsule smooth.

Near gardens and cultivated grounds. Penn. July, Aug. @) or 2|.—Stem
2—8 feet high, stout, smooth. Leaves opposite and decussate. Flowers on
dichotomous branches at the summit of the stem. Introduced from Europe.

Caper Spurge.

10. E. corollata Linn,: stem simple, erect; leaves varying from ovate-
oblong to linear and spatulate-oblong, obtuse; umbel mostly 5-cleft, the
rays 2—6-forked; glands of the involucre with a large obovate petaloid ap-
pendage; capsule smooth.

Dry fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July--Aug. 2.—Stem 1—3 feet
high, slender, rarely branched, nearly smooth. Leaves varying in form, alter-
nate on the stem, whorled near the flowers, often somewhat revolute. lowers

on slender peduncles, in a terminal umbel, conspicuous.
Large-flowered Spurge.

314 URTICACER.

11. E. memoralis Darlingt.: stem erect; leaves alternate, lance-oblong,
rather acute, narrowed at the base, subsessile, entire, hairy beneath: um-
bel 5--8-cleft, the rays 1—2-forked; petaloid segments of the involucre
dilated, subreniform. E. pilosa Pursi not of Linn.

Moist woods. Penn. May, June. 2|—Stem 2—3 feet high, simple or with
a slender peduncle-like branch from the axils of the leaves. Flowers in a ter-
minal umbel and on slender axillary branches. Wood Spurge.

12. E. helioscopia Linn.: smooth: stem erect, branched above ; leaves
alternate, broadly obovate-wedgeform, obtuse, serrulate, the bracteal ones
broader; umbel 3—5-cleft, the rays 2—3-times forked; involucre oblong-
turbinate, terminal and in the forks of the umbel, nearly sessile. 2. obtusaia
Pursh.

Sandy fields. N.Y. to Car. July—Sept. @.—Stem 8—18 inches high, um-
bellately branched at the top. Leaves membranaceous, sometimes retuse.
Sterile flowers rather numerous. Wartwort Spurge.

13. E. platyphylla Linn.: stem erect, smooth; leaves elliptic or oblan-
ceolate, mostly acute, finely serrulate, hairy beneath; floral ones cordate ;
umbel 3—5-cleft, the rays 2—3-times forked; glands of the involucre oval ;
capsule warted.

Near Portland Harbor, Lake Erie. Dr. Kneishern. On the islands of Lake
Champlain. Oakes. Can. Hook. ().—Stem about a foot high. Leaves mem-
branaceous, tapering to the base, sessile. Glands large. Introduced ?

Broad-leaved Spurge.

ORDER CXI. URTICACEK At.— Nerrtes.

Flowers moncecious or dicecious, scattered or clustered. Per-
ianth membranous, lobed, persistent. Stamens definite, distinct,
inserted into the base of the calyx and opposite its lobes.
Ovary superior, simple; stigma simple. Fruit a simple inde-
hiscent nut, surrounded either by the membranous or fleshy
perianth. Embryo straight, with fleshy albumen.—Trees,
shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, often covered with pungent
hairs. Flowers inconspicuous.

1, URTICA. Linn.—WNettle.
(From the Latin wro, to burn; in allusion to its stinging property.)

Moneecious, rarely dicecious. Srerme Fx. Perianth single,
of 4 roundish-obtuse leaves, containing the cup-shaped rudiment
of a germ. Stamens 4. Ferrie Fu. Perianth mostly of 2
persistent leaves. Stigmai1. Nut orbicular-ovate, compressed,
shining. |

* Leaves opposite. ;
1. U. wrens Linn. : leaves elliptic or roundish-ovate, somewhat 5-nerved,

acutely serrate ; flowers in simple axillary clusters, which are shorter than
the leaves. :

URTICACE. 315

_ Cultivated grounds. Can. to Geor. June, July. @.—Stem 10—15 inches
high, stinging. lowers in short dense clusters. Introduced from Europe.

Small Stinging Netile.

2. U. dioica Linn.: stem and leaves hispid; leaves ovate, acuminate,
cordate at base, coarsely serrate; flowers mostly dicecious, in much-branched
clusters.

Waste places Can.to Car. June—Aug. %|.—Stem 2—3 feet. high, erect,
simple or branched, clothed with stinging hairs.- Flowers small, green, in
axillary spikes which are in pairs. The root boiled with alum dyes yarn of a
yellow color. Hook. Introduced from Europe. Large Stinging Neitle.

3. U. procera Muhl.: leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, serrate; petioles
fringed ; flowers dicecious ; spikes branching, clustered by pairs, longer than
the petioles.

Low grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %|.—Stem 3—4 feet high, obtusely
4-angled. Flowers in compact approximate clusters. According to Mr. Elliott,
the leaves of this species are never cordate, and the spikes are uniformly longer
than the petioles, in which points it differs from the U. procera of Pursh, which
would seem to be a distinct species, probably the next. Tall Nettle. -

4. U. gracilis Linn.: stem hispid; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate,
serrate, cordate at base; flowers dicecious; peduncles hispid; clusters in
pairs, somewhat branched, about as long as the petioles. U. procera Pursh. ?

Rocky places. Can. to Penn. Pursh. Muhl. N.to Arct. Amer. July—Aug.
2|.—Stem 2—3 feet high. Slender-stalked Nettle.

** Leaves alternate.
5. U.capitata Linn. : stem naked; Jeaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, ser-
rate, 3-nerved, twice as long as the petiole ; clusters spiked ; spikes solitary,
shorter than the leaves, leafy at the summit.

_ Shady woods. Can. toCar. June, July. 2|.—Stem 4—5 feet high, scabrous,
furrowed. Leaves scabrous, those on the stem generally opposite. Clusters
lateral and axillary. Resembles U. dioica. Headed Nettle.

6. U. Canadensis Linn.: hispid and stinging; leaves ovate, acuminate,
serrate ; panicles axillary, mostly in pairs, loosely and divaricately branched ;
the lower sterile, the upper fertile. U. divaricata Pursh.

Moist shady grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem 5—6 feet high,

stout, erect, branched. Leaves large, ovate, sometimes cordate. ‘This species
has the fibres very tough and strong, and it was formerly proposed by Mr.
Whitlow as a substitute for hemp. Canadian Nettle.
2. ADIKE. Raf—Richweed.
(An ancient Greek name of some nettles.)

Flowers dicecious or somewhat moneecious. Perianth 3-(some-
times 4-) leaved; leaves nearly equal, oblong or lanceolate.
Srerite Ft. Stamens 3. Ferrire Fx. Perianth with a peta-
loid cucullate scale at the base of each of the leaves inside,
membranaceous in fruit. Stigma 1, minute, capitate, sessile.
Nut minutely papillose, straight.

A. pumila Raf. Urtica pumila Linn.

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. June, July. @.—Stem 6—18 inches high, sim-

316 CANNABINACER.

ple or branched from the base, succulent and almost transparent. Leaves oppo-
site, broad-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, shining, on
petioles which are 1—2 inches long. Flowers very small, greenish, in axillary
branching clusters or paniculate corymbs, which are shorter than the petioles.
Very properly separated from the genus Utica. Richweed. Coolweed.

3. BOAHMERIA. Jacq.—False Nettle.
(Named after George Rudolph Behmer, a German Botanist.)

Flowers moncecious or dicecious, minute. Srerite Fu. Pe-
rianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. Ferrie Fru. Perianth none,
but a cluster of ovate acuminate scales, with a compressed
ovary within each scale. Nut ovate, pointed with the subulate
style. ;
B. cylindrica Willd.: herbaceous; leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, acu-
minate, toothed, 3-nerved, on long petioles, smoothish ; sterile spikes inter-
rupted; fertile ones mostly continuous, cylindric. B. laterifora Muhl.

Urtica cylindrica Linn.
Wet grounds. Can.to Flor. June—Aug. %.—Stem 2—3 feet high, smooth-

ish, usually simple, obtusely 4-angled. Flowers minute, greenish, often dicecious,
in slender mostly leafy spikes. False Nettle.
4. PARIETARIA. Linn.—Pellitory.
(From the Latin paries, a wall ; the species often growing on old walls.)
Flowers polygamous, surrounded by a many-cleft mvolucre.
PerFrect Fu. Perianth 4-parted, persistent. Stamens 4; fila-
ments at first incurved, then expanding with an elastic force.
Ovary 1. Style 1. Nut enclosed by the enlarged perianth.

P. Pennsylvanica Muhl.: leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, veiny,
with opaque dots; involucre longer than the flowers.

Moist rocks. N.Y. to Geor. June. (@.—Stem 6—12 inches high, simple.
Flowers mostly perfect,in compact axillary clusters, whitish, at length brown.
ie Pennsylvanian Pellitory.

Orper CXII. CANNABINACEA.—HeEmpworts.

Flowers dicecious. SrertLe FL. in racemes or panicles. Pe-
rianth 5-parted, herbaceous, scaly, imbricated. Stamens few.
Ferrite FL. in spikes-or cones. Perianth single, inwrapping
the ovary. Stigmas 2, subulate, sessile. Fruit indehiscent,
with a single seed. Embryo curved, without albumen.—Her-
baceous rough-stemmed watery plants, with alternate lobed stip-
ulate leaves, and small inconspicuous flowers.

1. CANNABIS. Linn.—Hemp.
(An ancient Greek name, the etymology of which is obscure.)
Dicecious. Sreriz Fi. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5.

~~

MORACER. oy

Fertitz Ft. Perianth oblong, acuminate, convolute, the base
ventricose and including the ovary. Stigmas 2, long, subulate.
Nut 2-valved.

C. sativa Linn.

Fields and waste places. Can. to Virg. June. (1).—Stem 5—10 feet high,
angular and sulcate, often branched. Leaves petiolate, digitate ; leafets 5—7,
lanceolate, serrate. Sterile flowers in loose axillary clusters, which form a large
panicle. Fertile flowers axillary, mostly in pairs, greenish. Everywhere culti-

_ vated for the sake of its tough fibre. Introduced. Common Hemp.

2. HUMULUS. Linn.—Hop.
(From the Latin humus, moist earth ; because it prefers moist soils.)
Dicecious. Srerine Fi. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5.
FrErtiLeE Fx. in aments; the scales large, membranous, imbri-
cate in several rows, 2-flowered. Stigmas 2, long, spreading.
Achenia invested with the enlarged perianth and forming a

membranaceous strobile.
HI, Lupulus Linn.

Hedges, &c. Throughout the U.S. Aug. %.—Stem twining, scabrous.
Leaves opposite, rough, cordate at base, 3—5-lobed ; the lobes acuminate and
serrate. Flowers greenish, the sterile in oblong panicles terminating the axillary
branches, the fertile in oblong aments. It is used in medicine as an anodyne.
Big. Med. Bot. iii. 163. Common Hop.

Orver CXIII. MORACEA.—MovtsBerrizs.

Flowers moneecious, in heads, spikes or aments. STERILE FL.
Perianth none, or 3-——4-parted, imbricated. Stamens 3—4.
Ferrite Fi. Perianth 3—5-parted, sometimes in two rows.
Ovary 1- rarely 2-celled; style terminal, bifid. Fruit small
nuts or utricles, 1-seeded, enclosed by a succulent receptacle or
collected in a fleshy head formed by the succulent perianth.
Seeds albuminous.—Trees or shrubs, with a milky juice. Leaves
of various forms. Flowers very inconspicuous.

MORUS. Linn.— Mulberry.
(From the Greek popea, the mulberry.)

Flowers in spikes, usually moncecious sometimes dicecious.
Srerite Fx. in loose spikes. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4.
Fertive Fi. in dense spikes. Perianth 4-parted, becoming
baceate. Styles 2. Nut ovate, compressed, covered by the
succulent perianth.

1. M. rubra Linn.: leaves cordate-ovate or palmately lobed, acuminate,
equally serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath; flowers mostly dic-
cious; fruit dark-purple.

318 SALICACE.

Woods. N. Y. to Car. W.to Miss. May.—A tree 15—25 feet high, with
spreading branches. Leaves often variously lobed. Flowers greenish, small,
in numerous axillary pedunculate spikes. Fruit oblong, of an agreeable sweet-
ish taste. The wood is remarkable for its durability. Red Mulberry.

2. M. alba Linn.: leaves cordate, ovate, unequal at base, somewhat
lobed, acute, serrate, smeothish, Junie. fees monecious ; fruit usually
whitish.

Near old fields, &c. May.—A tree 20—30 feet high, much branched. Leaves
sometimes a little lobed. Fruit shorter than jn the preceding, sweetish but
nauseous. Originally introduced as food for the silk-worm. White Mulberry. *

OrperR CXIV. SAURURACEA).—Savruraps:

Flowers naked, seated upon a scale. Stamens definite, cla-
vate, persistent ; anthers continuous with the slender filaments.
Ovaries 3 or 4, more or less distinct, Fruit consisting of 3 or
4 fleshy indehiscent nuts, or a 3- or 4-celled capsule. Embryo
minute, in a fleshy sac, on the outside of hard mealy albumen.
-—Herbaceous plants, growing in marshy places. Leaves alter-
nate, with stipules. Flowers in spikes.

SAURURUS. Linn.—Lizard’s Tail.

(From the Greek cavga, a lizard and ovpa, a tail; in allusion to its spike of
flowers.)

Flowers in a solitary spike. Scales 1-flowered. Stamens
6—8 ; filaments free, elongated. Fruit 3- or 4-celled; the car-
pels easily separating at maturity, 1- rarely 2-seeded, not
opening.

S. cernuus Linn.

Swamps. Can. to Car. Aug. 2|.—Stem 1—2 feet high, leafy, forked above,
angular and sulcate. eaves sagittate-cordate, acuminate, nerved beneath.
Flowers very small, greenish- -white, in a long slender spike, which is at first
cernuous at the apex, but in fruit erect. Lizard’s Tail. Swamp =

Orper CXV. SALICACE4.—Wixttows.

Flowers dicecious, naked, or with a membranous scale or
bract, amentaceous. Srerite Fr. Stamens 2—12 or more,
sometimes monadelphous. Ferrite Fr. Ovary superior, 1-
celled; style 1 or none; stigmas 2, often 2-cleft or 2-parted.
Fruit leather y, l-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds covered
with long silky hairs. Albumen none.—Trees or shrubs.
Leaves alternate, simple, serrate or entire, furnished with stip-
ules. The bark is usually bitter, and contains more or less of
the peculiar principle called Salicine.

SALICACE. 319

1. SALIX. Linn.—Willow.

(From the Celtic sal, near, and lis, water; a tree that grows near water.)

Dicecious. Ament cylindric. Perianth none. Srerie FL-
Stamens mostly 2, but often 3—5. Ferrite Fu. Ovary with
a gland at the base. Stigmas 2, often cleft.

* Leaves entire or obscurely serrate.

1, S. viminalis Linn.: leaves linear-lanceolate, very Jong-acuminate,
nearly entire, somewhat undulate, white-silky beneath; stipules very small,
sublanceolate; aments appearing before the leaves; scales roundish, very
hairy ; ovary sessile, ovoid; style filiform; stigmas linear, acute, undivided.

Banks of streams. N.S. April, May—A middle-sized tree. Branches slen-
der and flexile. Filaments yellow. Anthers oraige. Introduced from Europe.
Oster. Basket-willow.

2. S. candida Willd.: leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, ob-
securely toothed at the point, pubescent above, white-tomentose beneath,
with the margin revolute ; stipules lunate, small ; aments appearing before
the leaves, cylindric; scales obovate, obtuse, brown, clothed with long
hairs. S. incana Mich.

Shady woods. N.Y.and Penn. N. to Arct. Amer. April, May. h.—Stem
5 or 6 feet high, with reddish twigs. Aments about an inch long, on short
peduncles. White-leaved Willow.

3. S. Muhlenbergiana Barratt: leaves obovate-lanceolate, entire or re-
motely toothed, mostly acute, even, smoothish above, grayish-tomentose
beneath ; stipules semiovate or lunate; aments ovoid-cylindric, densely
flowered; ovary lanceolate, with a long beak; stigma 2-cleft. S. coni-
fera Willd. and S. recurvata Pursh.

Dry woods. Can. to Car. April. h.—Stem 4—8 feet high, with brittle
grayish twigs. eaves distinctly veined, the margin sometimes a little waved.
Aments about an inch long. Filaments white. Anthers yellow.

Muhlenberg’s Willow.

4. S. tristis Ait.: leaves narrow-cuneate, oblanceolate, acute at each end,
nearly entire, revolute, smoothish above, rugosely veined and tomentose be-
neath; stipules none or caducous; aments globose-ovoid, appearing before
the leaves; scales roundish-obovate ; stigmas 2-cleft; capsules with a long
beak. S. longirostris Mich.

Sandy woods. N. Y. to Car.. March, April.. k.—Stem 2 or 3 feet high,

sometimes procumbent. Aments numerous, 4—6-lines long. Anthers at length
yellow. The most dwarfish of our lowland species. Dwarf Downy Willow.

5. S. pedicellaris Pursh : branches smooth; leaves obovate-lanceolate,
rather acute, very entire, smooth and of the same color on both sides;
stipules none ; aments appearing with the leaves, pedunculate, very smoot! ;
scales oblong, half the length of the pedicel, scarcely hairy ; stamens 2;
ovary ovoid-oblong ; style short; stigmas 2-cleft.

Sphagnous swamps. Catskill mountains, N. Y. Pursh. Near Oriskany,
Oneida county. Lodi, Seneca county, N.Y. Torr. New Eng. Tuckermann.
May. h.—Stem ascending, virgate, 1—3 feet high, the bark smooth and brewn-

320 SALICACE.

ish. Aments at the ends of the leafy branches, about 8 lines long. Capsule
reddish. Long-stalked Willow.

6. S. rosmarinifolia Linn.: leaves straight, linear-lanceolate, acute at
each end, very entire or with a few glandular teeth, pubescent above, silky
beneath ; stipules lanceolate, erect; aments appearing before the leaves;
scales short, villous; ovary pedicellate, lanceolate, acuminate, silky ; stigmas
subsessile, bifid.

Wet meadows and mountain swamps. Penn. to Car. March. h.—Siem
2—3 feet high; the branches silky-pubescent. Leaves 14 inches long, becoming
smooth when old. Whole plant, when dry, turning almost black. itt

Rosemary-leaved Willow.

*«x [Leaves remotely and obtusely serrate.

7. S. myricoides Muhl.: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, —
biglandular at base, obtusely serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath; stipules
lunate, ovate, glandular-serrate ;-aments villous, leafy at the base; scales
lanceolate, obtuse, villous, black; ovaries on long pedicels, lanceolate,
smooth; style distinct; stigmas bifid.

Swamps and wet grounds. N. Eng. to Virg. April. h.—Stem 6—9 feet
high, with tough green and purple branches. Aments flowering first above.
Anthers yellow. Gale-leaved Willow.

8. S. prinoides Pursh.: leaves oval-oblong, acute, remotely undulate-
serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath ; stipules semicerdate, incisely toothed ;
aments appearing before the leaves, villous; ovary pedicellate, ovoid, acu-
minate, silky ; style long; stigmas bifid.

On the banks of rivers. Penn. to Virg. March, April_—aA shrub 6—8 feet

high. Prinos-like Willow.
_ 9. S. discolor Willd.: leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, somewhat obtuse
or shortly acuminate, smoothish, remotely serrate, very entire at the point,
glaucous beneath; stipules lunate, serrate, deciduous; aments appearing
with the leaves, diandrous, oblong, tomentose ; scales oblong, acute, hairy,
black; ovary subsessile, tomentose; stigmas deeply 2-parted. S. prinoides
Pursh.

Swamps and low grounds. N. Eng. to Car. April—aA shrub or small tree,
with tough brownish or greenish branches. Aments an inch long, thick and
compact. Filaments white. Anthers red, yellow when burst. ;

i ‘ : i Glaucous Willow.

19. SS. longifolia Muhl. : leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, acute at each
end, remotely toothed, green on both sides and at length nearly smooth;
stipules smail, lanceolate, toothed; aments appearing with the leaves, pe-
duncled, tomentose; scales flat, retuse ; stamens 2, longer than the scales;
stigmas large, 2-parted. S. angustata Pursh. -

Banks of streams. N.Y. Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May—July-
kh .—Stem 2—10 or 12 feet high, with brown branches and white branchlets,
sometimes prostrate and rooting. Aments an inch to an inch and a half long.

Long-leaved Willow.

11. S. Cutlert Tuckermann: depressed; leaves elliptic and acute, or obo-
vate and obtuse, glandular-denticulate, smooth and somewhat shining
- above, glaucous beneath; aments appearing with the leaves, compact, ob-
long-cylindric ; scales obovate, silky, blackish ; stigmas 2-cleft. (Torr. N.Y.
Fi.) S. Uva urst Pursh.

SALICACER. 321

White Mountains, N. H. High mountains in Essex county, N.Y. June. h.—
Stem depressed, much branched, smooth. Leaves from half an inch to an inch
long. Aments about half an inch long. Cutler’s Willow.

***x Leaves closely and acutely serrate.

12. S. Purshiana Spreng.: leaves very long, linear-lanceolate, gradually
attenuate above, subfalcate, acute at base, finely toothed-serrate, smooth
on both sides, silky when young; stipules lunate, toothed, reflexed; ovaries
smooth, pedicellate ; style short. S. falcata Pursh. S. nigra var. falcata
Torr. N.Y. Fl.

Banks of streams. N. ¥. to Virg—A small tree, 6—10 feet high, with
smooth and slender branches. Aments 1—2 inches long. Capsules brownish.
Pursh’s Willow.

13. S. nigra Marsh.: leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, serrulate,
smoothish and green on both sides; petiole and upper side of the midrib to-
mentose; stipules small, lunate, caducous; aments appearing with the
leaves; scales oblong, very villous; filaments 3—6,bearded at base; ovary
pedicelled, ovoid, smooth; style very short; stigmas bifid. S. Caroliniana
Mich.

Banks of streams. N.Y.to Car. April, May.—A tree 15—20 feet high, with
dark rough bark, generally branching from the base ; branches very brittle
at base. Slerile aments 2 inches long. Stamens usually 5. Black Willow.

14. S. lucida Muhl.: leaves ovate-oblong, cuspidate-acuminate, rounded
at base, glandular-serrate, smooth and shining on both sides; stipules
roundish or oblong, sérrate ; aments appearing with the leaves; scales lan-
ceolate, obtuse, hairy at the base,smooth and serrate at the apex; ovary
lanceolate-subulate, smooth; style short; stigmas bifid.

Banks of streams. N.Y. to Virg. May. h.—Stem 8—12 feet high, with
yellowish-brown bark. Sterile aments an inch and a half long, with yellow
scales. Stamens usually 5. Closely allied to S. pentandra of Europe.

Glossy-leaved Willow.

15, S. rigida Muhl.: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at
base, rigid, coarsely serrate, smooth, paler beneath ; petioles villous; stip-
ules large, cordate, obtuse, serrate; aments appearing with the leaves;
scales lanceolate, woolly, black; ovaries on long pedicels, lanceolate,
smooth; style very short; stigmas 2-parted. S. cordata Mich.

Swamps. N. Eng. to Virg. April, May. k.—Stem 6—12 feet high;
branches green, red towards the end, the younger ones pubescent. Aments 1—2
inches long, on short leafy peduncles. Stamens usually 2. It is tough, and
much used by basket makers. Rigid Heart-leaved Willow.

16. S. rostrata Richardson: leaves oblong or obovate-lanceolate, acute,
entire, toothed or waved on the margin, glaucous and hoary-pubescent
beneath, smoothish above; stipules lunate or ovate, toothed ; sterile aments
densely flowered, the fertile at length much elongated; capsules with a
long slender beak; stigmas subsessile, 2-cleft.

Margins of swamps. Western N. Y. N. to Arct. Amer. April. ).—Stem
4—15 feet high, with numerous reddish-brown branchlets. Aments on leafy
peduncles; the sterile ones about an inch, the fertile ones nearly 2 inches. long.

Ochre-flowered Willow.

17. S. cordata Muhl,: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at

base, acutely serrate, smooth, paler beneath; stipules large, roundish-

14%

322 SALICACE.

ovate, serrate; aments appearing with the leaves; scales ovate-lanceolate,
woolly, black; ovaries pedicellate, lanceolate, smooth; style very short;
stigmas 2-cleft.

Banks of streams. N. Y.to Virg. N. to Arct. Amer. April. .—Stem
48 feet high, with yellowish-green branches. Leaves large and broad.
Aments an inch to anineh and a half long. Anthers yellow.

Heart-leaved Willow.

18. S. petiolaris Smith: leaves lanceolate, serrate, smoothish above,
glaucous and silky-pubescent beneath; stipules lunate, toothed; aments
appearing before the leaves, loose; scales obovate, obtuse, black at the tip;
ovaries on long pedicels, ovoid, silky ; stigmas nearly sessile, 2-lobed. S.
grisea Willd. S. sericea Muhl.

Banks of streams. N. Y. to Virg.—Stem 4—10 feet high ; twigs green or
purple, tough but brittle at base. _Aments scarcely an inch long; the fertile
ones often recurved. Anthers at first reddish, then yellow, and finally brown.

Dark Long-leaved Willow.

19. S. vitellina Linn.: leaves lanceolate, acuminate, with glandular
serratures, smoothish above, paler and somewhat silky beneath; stipules
minute or caducous; aments appearing with the leaves, cylindric; scales
ovoid-lanceolate, externally pubescent; ovaries sessile, ovate-lanceolate,
smooth; style short; stigmas 2-lobed. S. alba Linn. oe

Road sides and about farms. May.—A tree 20—40 feet high, with numerous
somewhat erect branches; twigs yellowish and shining. Fertile aments about
2 inches long. Introduced from Europe and naturalized in many places. Ac-
cording to Dr. Darlington S. Russeliana is naturalized aiong the Brandywine in
Pennsylvania. It is closely allied to, if not identical with, S. decipiens of Hoff-
man ; which is said to be a native of Arctic America. _ Yellow Willow.

2. POPULUS. Linn.—Poplar.

(From the Latin populus, the people ; on account of its having been used to
shade public walks.)

Dicecious. Ament cylindric ; scales lacerately fringed at the
summit. Srerite Fr, Anthers 8—30, arising from a turbi-
nate oblique entire single perianth. Ferraz Fu. Perianth
turbinate, entire. Stigmas 4. Capsule superior, 2-celled, 2-
valved, many-seeded. Seeds comose.

1. P. balsamifera Linn.: leaves ovate, acuminate, appressed-serrate,
smooth -on both sides, white and reticular-veined beneath; stamens very
numerous; buds resinous. tart iat

Can. Ver. Northern and Western N. Y. N.to the Arctic Sea. March.—A
tree from 40—80 feet high. _ Stertle aments 2—3 inches, fertile ones at length
4—6 inches, long. Anthers purple. According to Mr. Douglass, on the North-
west Coast this tree sometimes attains the height of 140 feet. "The young buds
are covered with an odoriferous balsam. Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac.

2. P. candicans Ait.: leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, obtusely and
unequally serrate, whitish and reticular-veined beneath; petioles hairy ;
buds resinous.

Woods. N. H. Ver.and N.Y. March.—A tree from 40—50 feet high, with
smooth and greenish bark. Leaves large, the petiole somewhat compressed
above. Fertile aments 6 inches long. The young buds, as in the preceding, are
covered with an odoriferous balsam. Balm of Gilead.

MYRICACER. 323

3. P. tremuioides Mich.: leaves cordate-orbicular, abruptly acuminate,
dentate-serrate, pubescent on the margin, green and smooth on both sides.

Woods. Subarct. Amer. to Penn. April—aA tree from 20—30 feet high,
with smooth bark. Leaves small, light, roundish and slightly cordate. Aments
3—4 inches long, pendulous. American Aspen.

4. P. monilifera Att.: leaves subcordate-deltoid, acuminate, smooth,
with cartilaginous hooked serratures, nearly entire at the base; petioles
compressed above.

Banks of the Hudson, near Troy, N. Y. and in the western part of that state.
W.to Ark. April—A tree 50—80 feet high, with the younger branches slightly
angled. Fertile aments very long. It seems not to have been found in N.
America by either the elder or younger Michaux. Virginian Poplar.

5. BP. nigra var. betulifolia Torr.: leaves deltoid-rhomboid, conspicu-
ously acuminate, finely crenate-serrate, smooth on both sides. P. Hud-
sonica Mich. f. P. nigra Mich. P. betulifolia Pursh. i

Banks of the Hudson, above Albany. Michaur. ~March.—A tree 30-—50
feet high, with spreading branches, the younger of which are pubescent. It is
probably not a native. According to Loudon, Michaux believed it to be a mere
variety of P. nigra. American Black Poplar.

6. P. grandidentata Mich. : leaves roundish-ovate, acute, unequally and
sinuately toothed, smooth; white tomentose when young; petioles com-
pressed near the summit. JP. trepida Willd.

var. pendula Nutt.: branches pendulous.

Woods. Can. to Car. April.—A tree 40—50 feet high, covered with smooth
greenish bark. Leaves when young covered with a thick down, which disap-
pears as they become older. The large and unequal indentations on the mar-
gins of the leaves sufficiently characterize this species. The variety is found
on the Alleghany mountains, Penn. American Large Aspen.

7. P. levigata Ait.: younger branches angled; leaves roundish or del-
toid-ovate, acuminate, subcordate, unequally serrate, smooth, glandular at
base ; petioles compressed. P. Canadensis Mich.

Rocky grounds. Can. to Virg. W.to the Rocky Mountains. March.—
A tree from 70—80 feet high; branches angular, the angles forming whitish
lines. Leaves large, deltoid, somewhat cordate ; petioles with two glands at
the base. This species has been confounded with P. angulata, but according
to the younger Michaux, it is distinct. Cotton Wood.

8. P. heterophylla Linn.: leaves roundish-ovate, obtuse, often auricu-
lately cordate at base with the sinus small, uncinately toothed, very tomen-
tose when young. P. argentea Mich. f.

Swamps. N. Y. toCar. W.to Miss. May.—A tree 40--60 feet high, with
terete branches. Leaves with lobes or auricles that often conceal the insertion
of the petiole. Fertile aments about 6 inches in length.

Various-leaved Poplar.

Orprer CXVI. MYRICACEA.—Gateworts.

Flowers moncecious or dicecious, amentaceous, naked. Sre-
RILE Fx, Stamens 2—8, generally in the axil of a scale-like
bract. Ferrire Ft. Ovary 1-celled, surrounded by several
hypogynous scales ; stigmas 2, subulate or dilated and petaloid.
Fruit drupaceous, often covered with waxy secretions. Seed

324 BETULACES.

without albumen.—Shrubs or small trees, with alternate leaves
which are covered with resinous glands and dots.

1. MYRICA. Linn.—Candleberry Myrtle.
(From the Greek pvetxn, synonymous with the Tamariz. Hook. Brit. Fl.)

Dicecious. Srerite Ft. Ament cylindric; scales concave.
Stamens 4—6. Ferritx Fr. Ament closely mbricate, small,
ovoid.. Styles 2. Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded.

1. M. gale Linn.: leaves cuneate-lanceolate, serrate at the apex, ob-
tuse ; sterile aments imbricate; scales acuminate, ciliate; fruit in imbri-
cate heads. :

Bogs and mountain lakes. Can. to Penn. April, May. .—Stem 4—5 feet
high, branching. Leaves alternate, somewhat coriaceous. Fruzé with a strong
penetrating spicy scent. ‘The leaves have a bitter taste and are sometimes em-
ployed as a substitute for hops. Hook. Sweet Gale. Dutch Myrtle.

2. M. cerifera Linn.: leaves cuneate-lanceolate, with a few serratures
near the summit, acute; sterile aments loose; scales acute; fruit globular,
naked. M. Caroliniensis and Pennsylvanica Pursh.

Shady woods. N. Eng. to Flor. May, June. h.—Stem 2—8, but some-
times, (especially at the South,) 10—18, feet high, diffusely spreading. Leaves
varying in width, sometimes entire, somewhat pubescent. Fruzé small, dry and
juiceless, but by boiling, a wax of very pleasant flavor is extracted from it,
which is used for making candles, &e. Big. Med. Bot. iii.

Bayberry. Wax Myrile.

2, COMPTONIA. Gert.—Sweet Fern.

(In honor of Henry Compton, a Bishop of London of the last century, who was
a patron of botany.)

Moneecious. Srerite Ft. Ament cylindric, imbricate; scales
reniform-cordate, acuminate, 1-flowered. Perianth of 2 minute
searious leaves. Stamens 3—5. Ferrriz Fu. Ament glo-
bose; scales 1-flowered. Styles 2. - Nut ovoid-oblong, smooth.
C. asplenifolia Ait. Ligquidambar asplenifolium Linn.

Woods, Can. to Geor. April, May. h.—Stem 2—4 feet high, much
branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate, cut almost to the midrib into numerous
roundish lobes. - Flowers in oval sessile aments. Nuts forming a round burr.
"The whole plant, when rubbed, has a strong and somewhat fragrant seent. It
is a popular remedy in dysentery. Sweet Fern.

Orper CXVII. BETULACEA.—Brnrouss.

Flowers moneecious, in aments, with small scales which are
sometimes arranged ina whorl. Srerme Fi. Stamens 4, dis-
tinct, opposite the scales; anthers 2-celled.. Furrmz Ft,
Ovary free ; styles single or none; stigmas 2. Fruit thin, in-
dehiscent, 1-celled, combined with the scales in’o a sort of

BETULACEZ. 32D

cone. Seeds without albumen.—Trees or shrubs, with alter-
nate simple leaves and deciduous stipules.

. 1, BETULA. Tourn.—Birch.
(Said to be derived from Betu, the Celtic name for the birch.)

Sreritz Fx. Ament imbricate, cylindric ; scales ternate, the
middle one bearing the stamens. Frrrire fx. Ament ovoid-
oblong ; scales trifid, 3-flowered. Nuts compressed, winged on
each side.

1. B. populifolia Ait.: leaves deltoid, long-acuminate, unequally serrate,
very smooth; petioles smooth; fertile aments cylindric, pendulous; scales
with roundish lateral lobes.

Rocky woods. Can. Mass. N.Y. W.to Ark. May.—A tree from 20—30
feet high, with white bark, not easily separable into layers. Leaves tapering
‘to a long point. Aments pedunculate. White Birch.

2. B. excelsa Ait,: leaves ovate, acute, serrate, smooth on both sides;
petioles pubescent, shorter than the peduncles ; fertile aments ovate, erect ;
scales with rounded lateral lobes. B. lutea Mich. f.

Low grounds. N. Eng. and N. Y. May, June.—A tree from 40—60 feet
high, with a yellowish bark which is slightly fragrant. Fertile aments about an
inch long. Used for fuel and for cabinet work. ‘The bark is valuable for tan-
ning. Yellow Birch.

3. B. nigra Linn.: leaves rhombic-ovate, doubly serrate, acute, pubes-
cent beneath, entire at base; fertile aments ovate ;-scales villous, with the
segments linear and equal. 2B. rubra Mich. f.

Banks of streams. N.Y. toCar. April, May.—A tree 40—60 feet high, with

a smooth bark. eaves on short petioles. Fertile aments three-fourths of an
inch long. The wood is of little consequence. Red Birch.

4. B. papyracea Ait.: leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, hairy on
the veins beneath ; petioles smooth; fertile aments pedunculate, nodding ;
scales with short and rounded lateral lobes. B. papyrifera Mich.

Can. N. Eng. N.Y. N. to Hudson’s Bay. May, June.—A tree 40—70
feet high; the bark white externally, easily separable into thin layers which
have a reddish color. Fertile aments about an inch long. The bark is used by
the Indians for constructing their canoes ; and the wood is sometimes employed

for cabinet work. Canoe Birch.

5. B. lenta Linn.: leaves cordate-ovate, sharply serrate, acuminate;
nerves beneath and petioles hairy ; fertile aments elliptic-ovoid, erect ; scales
roughish-pubescent; lobes nearly equal, obtuse, with elevated veins. BD.
carpinifolia Mich.

Woods. Can. to Geor. April, May.—A tree 30—60 feet high, with nume-
rous slender branches which are spotted with white. Leaves cordate and some-
what unequal at base, long-acuminate. The wood has a close grain and is
susceptible of a fine polish. The bark and young twigs are fragrant and aro-
matic. Sweet Birch. Cherry Birch.

6, B. pumila Linn.: young branches pubescent or smoothish ; leaves
roundish-obovate, serrate, smooth, subsessile; petioles densely pubescent
beneath; fertile aments oblong. B. glandulosa Mich.

326 CUPULIFERZ.

Mountain bogs. Can. N.Y.and Penn. Pursh. W.to Ohio. May, June.
R.—Stem 2—3 feet high. Leaves on short petioles, somewhat pubescent be-
neath. Dr. Torrey states that he has seen no specimens collected in New York.

Low Birch.

7. B. nana Linn.: very smooth; leaves orbicular, crenate, reticular-
veined beneath; fertile aments oblong, on short peduncles; scales deeply
3-parted ; lobes oblong-cbovate, nearly equal

White Mountains, N. H. High mountains of Essex county, N. You: to
Hudson’s Bay. April. May. h.—Stem 1—2 feet high, branched. ~Leaves small.
. Fertile aments half an inch long. Fruit ovate, with a winged margin.

Dwarf Birch.
2. ALNUS. Wilid.—Alder.

(From the Celtic al, near, and lan, the river bank.)
Moneecious. Srerrte Fr, Ament long, cylindric; scales
3-lobed, 3-flowered. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. FERTILE
Fri. Ament ovoid; scales subtrifid, 2-fiowered. Perianth none;
Styles 2. Nut compressed.

1 A. serrulata Willd.: leaves obovate, somewhat coriaceous, doubly ser-
rulate, acuminate, veins and their axils hairy beneath; stipules oval, ob-
tuse.

Swamps and banks of rivers. Can. to Car. March. h.—Stem 6—10 feet
high, with alternate leaves. Sterile flowers ina long pendulous ament ; fertile
ones about half an inch long, thick and rigid, purplish-brown, persistent, often
sumewhat clustered. Common Alder.

2. A. incana Willd.: leaves thin, ovate or oblong, rather acute, obtuse
or somewhat cordate at base, slightly lobed, acutely serrate, glaucous and
pubescent beneath, naked in the axils of the veins; stipules oblong-lance-
olate. (Torr. N.Y. Fl.) A. crispa Pursh, (in part.) A. glauca Mich. f.

Banks of mountain streams. Can. N. Bae. N. Y. h.—Stem 8—20 feet
_ high, with smooth brown bark. Fertile at oval, usually 4—5 in a panicu-
late raceme. Black Alder.

3. Aviridis D.C.: leaves oval or ovate, obtuse or acute, somewhat obtuse
at the base, doubly serrate, glutinous and pubescent beneath, or only the
veins and axils pubescent ; stipules broad-ovate ; fruit with a broad winged
margin. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) A. undulata Willd. Betula crispa Att.

Banks of mountain streams. Ver. N. H. and N. Y. N. to Hudson’s Bay-
W. to the N. W. coast. hh .—Stem 4—8 feet high, much branched ; the branches
warty. Fertile aments ovoid, obtuse, three- fourths of an inch long, on long pedi-
eels. Fruit winged, like that of a Betula. Mountain Alder.

Orpver CXVIII. CUPULIFERZ.—Nors. ~

Flowers usually monecious. Srerme Fr. in aments. Sta-
mens 5—20, inserted into the base of scale-like or regular per-
ianth. Ferre FL. solitary, 2—3 together or clustered. Ovary
crowned by the rudiments of an adherent perianth, seated within
a coriaceous involucre which is usually echinate or scaly exter-
nally, and encloses the fruit at maturity or forms a cup at its

CUPULIFER A. oot

base. Fruit a bony or coriaceous 1-celled nut. Albumen none,
—Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, often feather-
veined, with stipules.

-1, CARPINUS. Linn.—-Hornbeam.

(From the Celtic car, wood, and pin, the head; being used in making yokes
for cattle.)

Monecious. Srerize Fr. Ament long-cylindric; scales
ovate, acute, ciliate at base. Stamens 8—14, somewhat bearded
at the top. Furrire Ft. Ament oblong, loosely imbricated ;
scales in pairs, enlarging and becoming leafy ; each pair 2-flow-
ered. Styles 2. Nut bony, ovoid, acute, sulcate.

C. Americana Mich.: leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally ser-
rate; scales of the fertile ament 3-parted; the middle segment much the
largest, oblique, ovate-lanceolate, unequally toothed on one side. C. Vir-
giniana Mich. f.

Woods. Can. to Flor. May.—A tree 10—20 feet high, much branched.
Leaves alternate, on short petioles, often cordate at base. Fertile aments 2—3

inches long, loosely imbricated, with large foliaceous scales.
Hornbeam. Water-Beech.

2, OSTRYA. Mich.—Hop Hornbeam.
(From the Greek ocrpeoy, a shell; in allusion to the fruit.)

Moneecious. Srertte Fi. Ament cylindric; scales orbicular-
ovate, acuminate, ciliate. Stamens 8—10 or more; filaments
branched. Ferrite Ft. Ament loosely imbricated, bracteate,
with the flowers in pairs ; scales none, but a membranous sac or
involucre enclosing each flower. Stigmas 2, filiform. Nut ob-
long, included in the bladdery involucre.

O. Virginica Willd.: leaves ovate-oblong, somewhat cordate at base,
acuminate, unequally serrate; strobile oblong-ovoid, erect; buds acute.

Carpinus Ostrya Mich.

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May.—A tree 20—40
feet high, with brownish bark. Leaves alternate, on hairy petioles. Fertile
aments at length enlarged into a sort of oblong somewhat pendulous cone re-
sembling the common hop. The wood is exceedingly hard and heavy. In some
parts of the country it is called lever wood, from the use to which it is sometimes
applied. Iron Wood. Hop Hornbeam.

3. QUERCUS. Linn.—Oak.
(From the Celtic quer, beautiful, and cwez, a tree. Hook.)
Moneecious. Srerite Fx. Ament long, slender and pendu-
lous. Perianth 6—8-parted, the segments unequal. Stamens
6—10. Ferrie Fr. Several together on erect axillary pedun-

328 CUPULIFERZ.

cles or sessile on a rachis. Involucre 1-flowered, consisting of
many imbricate scales, which in fruit become an indurated
cup (cupule), surrounding the base of the ovoid or roundish
1-seeded nut or acorn.

* Fruit biennial, subsessile.
{ Leaves entire.

1. Q. Phellos Linn.: leaves deciduous, linear-lanceolate, tapering at
each end, very entire, smooth, mucronate; acorn nearly round. .

Low swampy forests. Suffolk county, N.Y. Torr. S. to Flor. W. to Ark.
April, May.—A tree 30 to 60 feet high, generally straight and slender. Leaves
when young of a light-green color and dentate. Acorn small, nearly round.
The timber is of little use. Willow Oak.

2. Q. inbricaria Mich.: leaves deciduous, oblong, acute at each end,
mucronate, very entire, shining, pubescent beneath; cup shallow; scales
broad-ovate ; acorn subglobose.

Banks of rivers in mountainous regions. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. June.—
A tree 40-—50 feet high, with numerous irregular branches. Acorn small, nearly
spherical, in a flat nearly sessile cup. The wood splits easily, and is used in the
Western States for shingles. Shingle Oak.

tt Leaves toothed or lobed.

3. Q. heterophylla Mich.: leaves on long petioles, ovate-lanceolate or
oblong, entire or coarsely toothed ; cup hemispheric ; acorn subglobose.

Banks of the Delaware. Penn. May. k.—According to Pursh there is
only one individual of this species known, which grows near Philadelphia. He
suggests that it may be a hybrid. It is figured and described by Michaux in his
Sylva Americana. Various-leaved Oak.

4. Q. aquatica Wailt.: leaves obovate-wedgeform, smooth, very entire,
obscurely 3-lobed at the end, with the middle lobe largest; cup hemispheric ;
acorn subglobose. Q. nigra Linn.

Swamps. Md. to Flor. W.to Ark. May.—A tree 30—40 feet high. Leaves
very variable. Cup shallow. Acorn rather small, roundish. It resembles Q.
laurifolia. Its timber is of no value. Water Oak.

5. Q. triloba Linn : leaves oblong-wédgeform, acute at the base, somewhat
3-lobed at the end; lobes equal, mucronate, tomentose beneath, middle one
longer ; cup flat; acorn depressed-globose.

Pine barrens. N. J. toGeor. May.—A tree 20—40 feet high, of rapid growth.

Downy Black Oak.

6. Q. nigra Willd.: leaves coriaceous, wedgeform, subcordate at base,
dilated and retusely 3-lobed above, the lobes mucronate when young, rusty- —
pulverulent beneath; cup turbinate, with the scales obtuse and scarious ;
acorn short, ovoid. Q. ferruginea Mich. f.

Sandy woods. Long Island. Torr. S. to Flor. May.—A tree 10—30 feet
high, irregular in its growth, and covered with a thick rough black bark. The
wood is much esteemed for fuel; but is seldom of sufficient size to be of any
value as timber. Barren Oak. | Black Jack Oak.

7. Q. tinctoria Bartram: leaves obovate-oblong, somewhat sinuate-

CUPULIFERZ. 329

lobed, pubescent beneath; lobes oblong, obtuse, obscurely toothed, mucro-
nate; cup flat, tapering at base; acorn ovoid-globose.

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May.—One of the largest species of
oak, sometimes attaining the height of 70 or 80 feet, covered with a rough black-
ish bark, from whence it has derived its common name. It is highly valued on
account of its timber, as well as its bark. Black Oak. Quercitron.

8. Q. discolor Ait.: leaves oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate, pubescent beneath ;
lobes oblong, toothed, setaceously mucronate; cup turbinate; acorn ovoid.
Q. tinctoria sinuosa Mich. f.

Forests. Penn. to Car. May.—A large tree, resembling the preceding, and

also Q. coccinea, but differs in having the young leaves covered with down. It
is still, however, doubtful whether it is really distinct. Two-colored Oak.

Tht Leaves deeply sunuate and lobed.

9. Q. coccinea Wang.: leaves on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate-
lobed, smooth ; lobes divaricate, toothed, acute, setaceously-mucronate ; cup
turbinate, scaly ; acorn roundish-ovoid.

Fertile woods. N. Eng.to Geor. W. tothe Ark. May.—A tree 60—80 feet
high. Distinguished by the brilliant red color of its leaves towards the close of

autumn. Its wood is used for staves and fuel, but it is not very durable. The
bark is valuable for tanning. Scarlet Oak.

10. Q. rubra Linn.: leaves on long petioles, oblong, smooth, obtusely
sinuate-lobed ; lobes spreading, rather acute, toothed, setaceously mucro-
nate; cup flat, nearly smooth; acorn oblong-ovoid.

Forests. Can. toGeor. May.—A tree 70—80 feet high. Leaves bright-green,
slightly pubescent in the axils of the nerves beneath. Resembles the former, but
its leaves are larger, and in autumn they change to a dull red, and finally be-
come yellow. ‘The acorn also is larger, has a flat base and shallow cup. It is
valuable both for its wood and bark ; the wood however is not very durable.

Red Oak.

11. Q. Catesbe@i Mich.: leaves on short petioles, wedgeform at base, ob-
long, deeply sinuate, smooth; lobes 3—5, divaricate, toothed, acute, seta-
ceously mucronate; cup turbinate, broad; scales obtuse, those of the mar-
gin bent inwards; acorn subglobose.

Pine barrens. Md. to Flor. May.—A shrub or small tree 10—20 feet high,
with an irregular stem and branches. ~Leaves coriaceous and glossy. Cup large

and remarkable for its obtuse scales. 'The wood makes excellent fuel, and its
bark is used by the tanner. Shrubby Oak.

12. Q. falcata Mich.: leaves on long petioles, obtuse at base, tomentose
beneath, 3-lobed or sinuate; lobes somewhat falcate, setaceously mucro-
nate, the terminal one long; cup shallow, somewhat turbinate; acorn glo-
bose. Q. elongata Linn. Q. rubra Walt.

Sandy soils. N. J. toGeor. W.to Ark. May.—A tree 70—80 feet high.
Leaves with 3—5 lobes, glossy on the upper surface, The wood is used for
staves, fencing and fuel. ‘The bark is highly esteemed by tanners.

Spanish Oak. Downy Red Oak.

13. Q. palustris Mich.: leaves on long petioles, oblong, smooth, deeply
sinuate-lobed, with broad sinuses ; lobes dentate, toothed, acute, setaceously
mucronate ; cup flat, smooth; acorn subglobose.

Swampy woods. N. Y. N. Eng. and Penn. W. to Tl. and Ark. May.—A
tree 40—60 feet high, with numerous spreading branches. eaves bright-green

330 CUPULIFER®.

and shining. Acorns numerous, small, on short peduncles. The wood is firm
and much used by mechanics. Water Oak. Pin Oak.

14. Q. Banisteri Mich.: leaves on rather short petioles, obovate-wedge-
form, 3—5-lobed, entire on the margin, grayish tomentose beneath; lobes
setaceously mucronate ; cup subturbinate ; acorn roundish-ovoid. Q. ilici-
folia Willd.

Dry hills and barrens. Can. to Geor. May. h.—Stem 4—6 feet high,
crooked and much branched. Acorns in numerous clusters on the branches,

small. Covers large tracts, called oak barrens, in various parts of New York
and of other states. Bear Oak. Barren Scrub Oak.

** Fructification annual. Fruit mostly pedunculate.

+ Leaves sinuate-lobed ; lobes not mucronate.

15. Q. obtusiloba Mich.: leaves oblong, deeply-sinuate-lobed, wedgeform
at base, pubescent beneath ; lobes obtuse, the upper one dilated and retuse ;
cup hemispheric; acorn oval. Q. stellata Linn.

Sterile grounds. Can. to Flor. W.to Miss. and Ark. May.—A tree 30—50
feet high, with straggling irregular branches. Leaves mostly 5-lobed, smooth-
ish and shining above, rusty pubescent beneath. Frit sessile or 2—3 together
on a short common peduncle. Cup hemispheric, enclosing nearly half of the
acorn. ‘The timber is much esteemed in ship building, and is supposed in dura-
bility and strength to surpass that of any other species of oak except the Live Oak.

Post Oak.

16. Q. macrocarpa Mich.: leaves deeply and lyrately sinuate-lobed, to-
mentose beneath; lobes obtuse, repand, upper ones dilated; cup deep,
fringed around the margin; acorn ovoid, turgid, more than half immersed
in the cup.

Woods. Near Schenectady, N. Y. On the islands in Lake Champlain. Penn.,
and throughout the Western and Southwestern states. May.—A tree 40—60
feet high, the branches with a corky bark. Acorns pedunculate, larger than in
any other American species. The wood is said to be of an excellent quality.

Over-cup White Oak.

17. Q. oliveformis Mich.: leaves oblong, smooth, glaucous beneath,
deeply and unequally sinuate-pinnatifid; cup very deep, crenate above;
acorn elliptic-oval, three-fourths enclosed in the cup.

Hills. N. Y¥. to Virg. May.—A tree somewhat resembling the preceding.
Michaux credits it to the banks of the Hudson near Albany, but I believe no
other botanist has found it there. It has, however, been observed by the late
Dr. W. Horton, in Orange county, N. Y. Mossy-cup Oak.

18. Q. alba Linn.: leaves oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate, paler beneath;
segments oblong, obtuse, entire ; fruit pedunculate ; cup deep, tuberculate ;
acorn ovoid or oblong.

Fertile forests. Throughout the U.S. May.—One of the largest and most
valuable of the American forest trees, often 80—100 feet high, and 3—7 feet in
diameter. Bark whitish. Leaves pubescent beneath when young. ‘Timber
firm and durable, and of great use in ship building and in many ana ; '

ite Oak.

tt Leaves coarsely serrate or toothed, not lobed.
_ 19. Q. Prinus Linn.: leaves on long petioles, obovate, acute, pubes-
cent beneath, coarsely toothed ; teeth unequal, dilated, callous at the point ;

cup deep, attenuate at base; acorn ovoid or oval. Q. Prinus palustris
Mich.

CUPULIFERA. 331

Shady woods. N. Y.? to Flor. May.—A tree 60—80 feet high. Leaves
large, on petioles about an inch long. Cup hemispheric, enclosing about one
third of the acorn, on a short peduncle. Acorn large. Timber inferior to that
of the preceding, but often employed indiscriminately with it.

Swamp Chestnut Oak.

20. Q. bicolor Willd.: leaves on short petioles, oblong-obovate, whitish
tomentose beneath, coarsely toothed, cuneate and entire at base; teeth
unequal, dilated, rather acute, callous at the summit; fruit mostly in pairs,
on long peduncles; cup hemispheric; acorn oblong-ovoid. Q. Prinus
discolor Mich. f.

Low woods and swamps. N. Y. toCar. May.—A tree 40—60 feet high,
with the bark separating into large flat scales or plates. Leaves varying from
broad-ovate to oblong. Acorn large, in a small thin and roughish cup. Its tim-
ber is in less repute than that of many other species. Swamp White Oak.

21. Q. montana Willd. : leaves on petioles, broad-obovate, oblong, pubes-
cent and somewhat glaucous beneath, coarsely and nearly equally toothed ;
teeth short, broad and obtuse, slightly mucronate; fruit mostly in pairs, on
short peduncles; cup hemispheric; acorn elliptic-oblong. Q. Prinus mon-
ticola Mich.

In rocky situations. N: H. to Car. W.to Ark. May.—A tree of less size
than either of the two preceding. Its wood resembles the white oak in strength,
and its bark is highly esteemed by tanners. For fuel it is scarcely exceeded in
value by any of our trees. Rock Chestnut Oak.

22. Q. Castanea Willd.: leaves on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, ob-
tuse at base, acuminate, pubescent and grayish beneath, nearly equally
toothed ; teeth acute, callous at the point; cup hemispheric ; acorn round-
ish-ovoid. Q. Prinus acuminata Mich. f.

Mountains. N.Y.to Geor. May.—A tree 60—70 feet high. Leaves on long
petioles and narrower than those of the former. Fruit middle-sized, sessile or
on a short peduncle. In name and use it is often confounded with Q. Prinus.

Chestnut Oak. Yellow Oak.

23. Q. Chinquapin Pursh: leaves on short petioles, obovate, and lance-
oblong, coarsely and often obsoletely sinuate-toothed, acute at base, pu-
bescent and glaucous beneath; teeth nearly equal, callous at the point; cup
hemispheric, sessile; acorn ovoid. Q. prinoides Willd.

Sandy woods. N.Y. to Geor. W. to Ark. May. h.—Stem 3—6 feet

high. Acorns small, numerous. It occurs in tracts or patches intermingled with
Q. Banisteri. Chinquapin Oak. Dwarf Chestnut Oak.

4, CASTANEA. Tourn.—Chestnut.
(From Castanea, a city of Thessaly, noted for its chestnuts.)

Polygamous. Srerire Fr. Aments numerous, interruptedly
clustered, very long, cylindric. Perianth deeply 5—6-parted.
Stamens 8—15. Ferrite Fu. 2—8, within an ovoid sealy or
muricate involucre. Perianth urceolate, 5—6-cleft, having the
rudiments of 10—12 abortive stamens. Ovary crowned with
the perianth. Nuts 1—8, included in the enlarged echinate
4-lobed involucre.

aoe CUPULIFER.

1. C. vesca var. Americana Mich.: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
mucronate-serrate, smooth on both sides. C. vesca. Wiild.

Dry woods. N.Y.to Car. W.tolll. May, June.—A large tree, and one of
the most useful. Leaves 6 inches long, pubescent beneath when young. Sie-
rile aments or spikes.as long as the leaves. Flowers yellowish, in dense brac-
teate clusters, giving out an unpleasant odor. Nuts generally 3, much smaller |
than in the European chestnut. The wood is extremely durable and is highly
esteemed for posts and rails to construct fences. American Chestnut.

2. C. pumila Mich.: leaves oblong, acute, mucronate-serrate, white-to-
mentose beneath. Fagus pumila Linn.

Sandy fields and woods. N.Y. to Geor. May.—A shrub or small tree, at
the North being seldom more than 10 or 12 feet high. eaves smaller than in
the preceding and white beneath. Nut ovoid, acute, very sweet, half as large
as that of the preceding. ‘The wood is durable, but too small to be converted
to much use. : Chinquapin.

5. CORYLUS. Linn—Hazel Nut.
(From the Greek xopvus, a helmet or cup; in allusion to the involucrate fruit.)

Moncecious. Sverre Fx. Ament cylindric; scales 3-cleft,
the middle lobe covering the two lateral ones. Perianth none.
Stamens 8. Anthers 1-celled. Frrrizze Fu. numerous, in ter-
minal capitate scaly clusters. Perianth obsolete. Stigmas 2.
Nut bony, roundish-ovoid, obtuse, surrounded by the enlarged
coriaceous and. lacerately toothed involucre.

1. C. Americana Walt.: leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate; involucre
roundish-campanulate, larger than the subglobose nut; border dilated,

many-cleft.

Shady woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. and Ark. March, April. h.—
Stem 4—8 feet high, with virgate branches, pubescent when young. Nut about
half an inch long and often a little compressed ; the kernel of a fine flavor.

American Hazel Nut. Wald Filbert.

2. C. rostrata Ait.: leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate;
stipules linear-lanceolate ; involucre tubular-campanulate, longer than the
nut, 2-parted, with incised segments.

Mountain woods. Can. to Car. May. h.—Stem 3—4 feet high. Leaves
on short petioles, slightly cordate. Involucre terminating in a tube about 2
inehes long, the lower part enveloping the nut and densely hairy. Easily dis-.
tinguished from the preceding, by its narrow leaves and long beaked involucre.

: Beaked Hazel Nut.

6. FAGUS. Linn.—Beech.
(From the Greek ¢ayw, to eat; in allusion to the esculent fruit.)

Moneecious. Srerme Fr. Ament globose, pedunculate.
Perianth campanulate, 6-cleft. Stamens 8—12. Ferrrize FL.
2 within a 4-lobed prickly involucre. Perianth with 4—5 mi-
nute lobes. Ovaries triquetrous, 3-celled, 2 abortive. Styles
3. Nuts usually 2, invested by the enlarged coriaceous muri-
eate 4-cleft involucre. | :

ALTINGIACES. 300

F’ sylvatica, var. Americana Nutt : leaves elliptic-ovate, acuminate, more
or less toothed, ciliate on the margin; nut sharply 3-angled, acute or some-
what obtuse. Ff. sylvestris Mich. F. ferruginea Ait.? Torr, N. Y. Fl.

Woods. Can. to Geor. May.—A beautiful tree, often attaining the height of
50 or 60 feet, and coated with a thick smooth grayish bark. Leaves 2—5 inches
long, often a little cordate at base, bright-green and shining above, silky beneath
when young. Nuts 1-—2 in each involucre, mostly acute but sometimes rather
obtuse, mucronate with a sharp point, pale reddish-brown. There is probably
only one species of beech in the Northern States, but whether this is distinct
from the foreign F. sylvatica, or a mere variety, is still somewhat doubtful. The
difference in the color of the wood, (red and white,) is caused by the more or less
rapid growth of the tree. Beech.

Orper CXIX. PLATANACEA.—PLanes.

Flowers moncecious, in globose pedunculate aments, destitute
of floral envelopes. Srmrine Fit. Stamens numerous, mixed
with small scales and appendages. Ferrite Fu. Ovaries nu-
merous, mixed with scales; styles subulate; stigma small.
Fruit a small coriaceous 1-seeded nut. Seeds albuminous.—
Large trees, with alternate palmate or toothed leaves.

PLATANUS. Linn.—Plane Tree.

(From the Greek m)arvs, broad ; inallusion to its wide spreading branches and
foliage.)

Character same as that of the order.

P. occidentalis Linn.: leaves angularly lobed or obscurely palmate, sinu-
ate-toothed, pubescent beneath; branches whitish; fertile heads solitary.

Banks of streams. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May.—One of the largest
trees in the United States, attaining in favorable situations the height of 80 feet
or more. Leaves alternate, on long petioles. Aments axillary, globose; the
fertile ones at length forming a compact ball of about aninehin diameter, which
hangs on a slender peduncle 2 or 3 inches in length.

Bution Wood. Sycamore.

Orper CXX. ALTINGIACEA.—Sweer Gums.

Flowers moncecious, destitute of floral envelopes, in aments
which are furnished with a deciduous 4-leaved involucre. Srx-
RILE FL. in conical aments. Anthers numerous, nearly sessile,
with a few minute scales. Ferrite FL. in globose aments.
Ovaries numerous, each surrounded by a few scales; styles 2,
lone. Fruit a cone composed of hard connected scales, in the
cavities of which lie obconic, 2-lobed, 2-celled capsules. Seeds
mostly abortive ; albumen fieshy.—Trees, with alternate simple
or lobed leaves and deciduous stipules.

304 ULMACE &.

LIQUIDAMBAR. Linn—Sweet Gum.

(From the Latin hguidum, fluid, and ambar, amber; in allusion to the liquid
which exudes from the tree.)

Character same as that of the order.

L. styraciflua Linn.: leaves palmately lobed; lobes acuminate, serrate;
axils of the primary veins villous.

Low woods. N. Y. to Flor. W.to Miss. May.—A tree sometimes attaining
the height of 60 or 70 feet. Leaves fragrant when bruised. Fertile aments
when in fruit about an inch in diameter, forming a brownish woody and prickly
strobile. At the South, the tree yields an aromatic liquid.

Common Sweet Gum. SBilsted.

Orper CXXI. ULMACEAi.—Exms.

Flowers perfect or polygamous by abortion. -Perianth cam-
panulate, imbricate, irregular. Stamens 5—10, inserted on the
perianth. Ovary 2-celled ; stigmas 2, distinct. Fruita samara,
an indehiscent capsule or a drupe. Seed solitary, without albu-
men.—Trees or shrubs, with rough alternate simple deciduous
leaves and stipules. |

1, ULMUS. Linn.—EIlm.
(An ancient Latin name, the origin of which is doubtful.)

Flowers perfect. Perianth campanulate, 5—8-cleft. Stamens
5—8.. Styles 2. Fruit (a samara) flat, with a broad mem-
branaceous border.

1. U. Americana Linn.: branches smooth; leaves smooth above, pubes-
cent beneath, somewhat doubly serrate, unequal at the base; serratures
uncinately acuminate; flowers pedicellate, in loose lateral fascicles ; samara
oval, densely villose, ciliate on the margin.

Low grounds. N.Y. to Car. W. to Miss. April, May.—A tree 60—80
feet or more in height, with long recurved branches. Flowers purplish, in small
fascicles, generally appearing before the leaves. Stamens 4—8. In favorable
situations the most magnificent tree on the continent. The wood is less com-
pact than that of the two next species. : American Elm. White Elin.

2. U. fulva Mich.: branches scabrous, white; leaves ovate-oblong,
much acuminate, very scabrous above and somewhat roughly pubescent
beneath; buds tomentose, with a thick tawny wool; flowers in dense
nearly sessile fascicles,; samara orbicular, nearly naked on the margin.
U. rubra Mich. f. . j

Mountains. N.Y. to Car. May.—A tree 20, 30, or 40 feet high. eaves
much larger than in the preceding and very rough. Stamens 7—9. The inner
bark contains a great portion of mucilage, and is largely employed for medi-
cinal purposes. Slippery Elm.

3. U. nemoralis Ait.: leaves oblong, somewhat glabrous, equally serrate,
nearly equal at base; flowers sessile. s

JUGLANDACES. 335

Banks of streams. N. Eng. to Virg.; rare. April, May. kh.—Pursh. A
doubtful species. River Elin.

_4. U. racemosa.Thomas: young branchlets pubescent; leaves smooth
above, slightly and softly pubescent beneath, acuminate, doubly and unci-
nately serrate; flowers in compound racemes, pedicellate ; samara elliptic-
oval, the margin densely fringed.

Banks of streams. Ver. N.Y. and in the Western States. April_—A large
tree ; the branches having irregular corky excrescences. Leaves obovate, ob-
long, often auriculate on one side. Racemes compound, 1—2% inches long ;
pedicels solitary, or 2—4 together. Perianth 7—8 cleft. Stamens 7—10. De-
scribed and figured by. David Thomas, Esq., in Silliman’s Journal, xix. 170.

Thomas’s Elin. White Elm.

2. CELTIS. Linn.—Nettle Tree.
(An ancient name of the Lotus, applied to this tree.)

Polygamous. Srerive Fi. Perianth 5—6-parted. Stamens
5—6. Perrect Fu. Perianth deeply 5-parted. Stigmas 2,
elongated, spreading. Drupe globose, 1-seeded,

1. C. occidentalis Linn.: leaves ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, un-

equal at base, scabrous above, hairy beneath; flowers small, subsolitary.

Woods. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. May. an tree 20—60 or 70 feet high.
Leaves 2—5 inches long, at length coriaceous. Flowers small, greenish-white,
solitary or in pairs. Drupe nearly globose. Sugar Berry. Beaver Wood.

2. C. crassifolia Lam.: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate,
rough and hairy on both sides, unequal and subcordate at the base; pe-
duncles mostly 2-flowered.

Low grounds. Penn. W. toTenn. May ?—A tree 30—50 feet high. Leaves
3—6 inches long. Flowers often in pairs on a common peduncle. Drupe round,
about as large as a pea, black when ripe. Mich. Darlingt.

Hoop Ash. Hack Berry.

OrpeR CXXIT. JUGLANDACEA.—Watnuts.

Flowers moncecious, imperfect. Srerite Fu. in aments.
Perianth adherent to a scale-like bract, unequally 2—6-parted.
Stamens 3, or numerous. Ferrite Fu. few, clustered or in
loose racemes. Perianth adherent to the ovary; the limb
minute, 3—5-parted; rarely double, the inner of 3—-5 minute
leaves. Ovary 2—4-celled below, 1-celled above; styles 1—2,
very short; stigmas 2—4, unequal. Fruit drupaceous, the
pericarp fibrous-fleshy or coriaceous ; nut opening or separating
from a 2-valved or valveless stone, which is 2—-4-celled at base,
and 1-celled at the apex. Seed without albumen, 2- or 4-lobed ;
cotyledons fleshy and oily —Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves
destitute of stipules.

336 JUGLANDACEZ.

1. JUGLANS. Linn.—Walnut.
(From the Latin Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter ; on account of its excellence.)

Moneecious. Srerire Fi. Ament imbricate; scales mostly
5-parted, sometimes bracteate. Perianth 5- or 6-parted. Sta-
mens 8—40. Ferraz Fi. Perianth double; the outer one
short, 4-toothed; the inner one 4-parted. Styles 2, very short.
Stigmas 2, somewhat clavate. Drupe fibrous-fleshy, indehiscent.
Nut rugose and irregularly furrowed.

1. J. nigra Linn.: leaves pimnate; leafets numerous, ovate-lanceolate,
serrate, subcordate, tapering to the summit, the under surface and petioles
slightly pubescent; fruit globose, roughly dotted, spongy; nut nearly glo- -
bose, corrugated.

Fertile woods. N. Y. to Flor. W.to Miss. April, May.—A tree, 30—60
feet high, with alarge spreading top. eaves pinnate, with from 15—21 leafets.
Sterile aments axillary, cylindric, pendulous. Timber compact, fine grained,
heavy and dark colored when exposed to the air. Black Walnut.

2. J. cinerea Linn. : leaves pinnate; leafets numerous, oblong-lanceo-
late, serrate, rounded at the base, softly pubescent beneath; petioles villous;
fruit ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, hairy and viscid; nut elliptic-oblong, acumi-
nate, conspicuously sculptured. J. cathartica Mich. f.

Woods. Can. toGeor. W. to Miss. April, May.—A large tree. Leaves pin-
nate, with 15—17 pubescent leafets. Habit and fructification very similar to
the preceding, but the fruit is oblong, with a tapering protuberance at the sum-
mit, and the nut much more deeply and irregularly sculptured. The inner bark
yields a laxative extract. Butternut. White Walnut.

2. CARYA. Nutt.—Hickory.
(From the Greek rapia, an ancient name of the Walnut.)

Monecious. Srerire Ft, Aments mostly in threes, slender,
imbricate ; scales 3-parted. Stamens 3—8. Anthers sessile,
hairy. Ferrtime Fr. Perianth single, 4-cleft. Drupe cori-
aceous or somewhat fleshy, 4-valved. Nut oval, somewhat
4-sided, smooth. |

1. C. sulcata Nutt.: leafets generally 9, obovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate, pubescent beneath, terminal one subsessile and attenuate at base ;
fruit roundish, 4-angled; nut oblong, slightly compressed, conspicuously
mucronate. Juglans sulcata Willd. J. mucronata Mich. and J. laciniosa
Mich. f.

Fertile soils. N.Y. to Car. April, May.—A large tree. eaves pinnate,
with 7--9 leafets. Sterile aments 3-parted, very long, peduncled. Nut large,
oblong, with a very thick 4-parted pericarp. This, like most of the species, is.
valuable for fuel. Thick Sheil-bark Hickory.

2. C. alba Nutt.: leafets 5—7, on long petioles, obovate and oblong-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, villous beneath, the terminal one ses-

CONIFER. BBY 6

sile; aments filiform, smooth; fruit depressed-globose; nut compressed,
oblique. Juglans alba Mich. J. compressa Willd. J. squamosa Mich, f.

Fertile woods. Can. to Car. and W. to Miss. April, May.—A tree 50 to 80
feet high, with the bark separating in large flat scales or plates. Nut witha
thinner shell than that of most other species and of a fine flavor; pericarp glo-
bose, depressed at the summit. Timber much prized, in consequence of the
fineness of the grain and the elasticity of the fibre.

Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory.

3. C. microcarpa Nutt.: leafets 5—7, oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously
acuminate, serrate, smooth, glandular beneath; aments smooth; fruit
roundish-ovoid; pericarp thin; nut slightly 4-sided. Juglans compressa, var.
microcarpa Muhl.

Moist woods. Penn. May.—A tree 60—80 feet high, with an even bark.
Aments long, slender, smooth. J ruwit three-fourths of an inch in diameter ;
pericarp thin; nut with a thin shell. Intermediate between C. alba and one of
the varieties of C. porcina, but Dr. Darlington is inclined to think it a good spe-
cles. Small-fruited Carya.

4, C. tomentosa Nutt.: leafets 7—9, oblong and obovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, smooth, slightly serrate, pubescent and scabrous beneath, terminal
one nearly sessile ; aments filiform, very long, tomentose; fruit subglobose ;
smooth; pericarp very thick; nut somewhat 6-angled, the shell very thick
and hard. Juglans tomentosa Mich. J. alba Willd.

Fertile wocds. Can. to Geor. April, May.—A tree, 50—80 feet high, with
the bark rough but not scaly. Leafets sometimes nearly entire (var. integrifolia
Torr.) Fruit very variable in size, but usually from 14—2 inches in length;
nut light brown, shell very thick and hard, kernel sweet. ‘The wood is very val-
uable for fuel. White-heart Hickory. Mockernut.

5. C. amara Nutt.: leafets '7—9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply ser-
rate, smooth on both sides ; fruit subglobose; nut smooth, mucronate, with
the shell fragile. Juglans amara Mich. Hicorius amara Raf.

Dry fertile woods. Can. to Car. May.—A large tree. Leafets mostly 7,
sometimes only 5, sessile, with the nerves and midrib pubescent. Nut small,
almost obcordate, with a very thin shell, and a bitter and astringent kernel.
Often confounded with the next species. Butternut. Swamp Hickory.

6. C. porcina Nutt.: leafets generally 7, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate,
acute at the base, smooth on both sides; fruit oblong-globose or pyriform ;
nut compressed, smooth, very hard. Juglans porcina Mich. J. obcordata
and glabra Willd.

Fertile woods. N.Y. to Geor. May.—A very large tree. Leafets 5—7.
Fruit small, variable, with a bitter and astringent kernel. Wood very tough;
used for making splint brooms. Pignut. Broom Hickory.

Orper CXXIII. CONIFERA).—Pines.

Flowers moncecious or dicecious, naked. Srertz Ft. consist-
ing of one or more (often monadelphous) stamens, arranged on a
rachis so as to form a loose ament. Frrrine Fx. in cones.
Ovary spread open, and having the appearance of a flat scale
destitute of style or stigma, and arising from the axil of a mem-
branous bract. Fruit a cone. Seed with a hard crustaceous

1)

338 CONIFER Z.

integument ; embryo in oily albumen.—Trees or shrubs, with a
Seared trunk abounding in resin. Wood marked with circular
disks. Leaves usually rigid and needle-shaped, entire.

1, JUNIPERUS. Linn.—Juniper.
(From the Celtic jeneprus, rude, rough, characteristic of the plant.)

Dicecious, rarely moneecious. Srerir—E Fit. Ament ovoid-
oblong, very small; scales verticillate, peltate. Anther-cells
3—6. Fertire Ft. Ament ovoid; scales few, concave, united
at base, becoming a fleshy tuber culate berry and enclosing 1—3
crustaceous ee

1. J. communis Linn.: leaves in threes, subulate, spreading, mucronate,
longer than the ovoid berry.

Dry hills and woods. Can. to Virg. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May.—
A shrub with prostrate and spreading branches, forming large beds. Leaves
sharply mucronate, glaucous above, shining below. Berry purple. Medicinal.
Big. Med. Bot. iii. 45. Common Juniper.

2. f. Virginiana Linn.: trunk arboreous; leaves in four rows, shorter
than the berry; those of the older branches subulate, cuspidate, and some-
what spreading.

Woods. Can. to Geor.\W. to the Rocky Mountains. May.—A middle-sized
tree, with horizontal branches. Berry covered with a blue powder. Wood
light and very durable. The leaves resemble Savin in their medicinal proper-
ties. Red Cedar.

3. J. prostrata Mich.: stem prostrate, creeping; leaves imbricate in four
rows, ovate, submucronate, glandular in the middle, appressed; berry large
and conspicuously tubercular. J. repens Nutt. J. Virginiana, var. pros-
trata Torr.

Sandy soils. Can. to Penn. W. to Miss. May.—A low shrub with creeping
branches 2 yardslong. Dr. Torrey considers this as a variety of the preceding ;

but it seems to differ i in its habit and in its fruit.
Trailing Juniper.

2. THUYA. Linn.—Arbor Vite.

(From the Greek @vwy, sacrifice; because its wood or resin was used. as a
perfume in sacrifices.)

Moneecious. Srerits Fr. Aments terminal, very small,
ovoid. Perianthnone. Anther-cells 4, opening longitudinally.
Ferrite Ft, Cone with the scales 2-flowered. Seeds more or
less winged.

T. occidentalis Linn.: branches ancipitous ; leaves imbricate in 4 rows,
ovate-rhomboidal, appressed, tuberculate; cones nodding, obovoid; inner

scales truncate, gibbous at the summit ; He winged all round.

River banks and hill sides. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May.—A tree 2030
feet high, with very tough branches. Leaves resembling scales. Cones about
half an inch long, yellowish- brown. The wood is light and soit, but very dura-
ble. American Arbor Vite.

CONIFER 2. 339

3. CUPRESSUS. Linn.—Cypress.
(From the Island of Cyprus, where one species of the tree is abundant.)

Monecious. Srerire Fx. Ament solitary. Anthers 2—4
celled. Furrritu Fit. Cone globose; the scales protuberant or
mucronate in the centre, and finally spreading. Seeds angular,
compressed. ;

1. C. disticha Linn.: leaves distichous, flat, deciduous; sterile flowers
leafless, paniculate.

Swamps. N. J. to Flor. W. to Miss. May.—One of the largest trees of the
forest, occurring in extensive swamps, especially at the South. Leaves small,
linear and acute. Cone with an irregular surface. ‘Timber very durable.

American Cypress.

2. C. thuyoides Linn. : branches compressed; leaves imbricate in four

rows, ovate, tuberculate at base.

Swamps. N.Y. to Car. May.—A middle-sized tree, composing the Cedar
swamps of the middle and southern states. Wood light, soft and durable, used
as is the preceding, for shingles, cedar-ware, rails, &c. White Cedar.

4. PINUS. Linn.—Pine.

(Said to be derived from the Celtic pin or pen, a crag or stony mountain ;
often its place of growth.)

Moneecious. Aments racemosely clustered ; scales peltate.

tamens numerous, with short filaments. FrErrire Ft, Aments
more or less conic or cylindric; scales closely imbricate, 2-
flowered, enlarging and becoming woody, forming a cone.
Seeds winged at the summit, covered by the scales of the
cone,

* Leaves 2—5, sheathing at base. Scales of the cone thickened at the
summit. PINUS.

1. P. inops Ait: leaves short, mostly in pairs; cones oblong-ovoid, as
long as the leaves, somewhat recurved; spines of the scales subulate,
straight.

Sterile soils. N.J. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May.—A tree
15—40 feet high, with straggling branches and full of resin. Leaves about
2 inches long. Cones 2—3 inches long, ovoid, tapering and a little curved.

Pitch or Scrub Pine.

2. P. resinosa Ait.: leaves elongated, in pairs; sheaths elongated; cones
ovoid-conic, rounded at base, subsolitary, half the length of the leaves;
scales dilated in the middle, unarmed. P. rubra Mich.

Mountain woods. Can. N. Eng. N. Y. W. to the N. W. Coast. May.—A
tree 60 or 70 feet high. Leaves 4—6 inches long. Cones 2—3 inches long, ab-
ruptly pointed. Found on the Helderburg mountains near Albany, N. Y.

Red Pine. Norway Pine.

3. P. Banksiana Lamb.: leaves short, in pairs, rigid, divaricate, ob-
lique; cones recurved, tortuous; scales unarmed, PP. rupesiris Mich. f.

340 CONIFER &.-

Rocky grounds. Subarct. Amer. to Maine. April, May.—A small tree, with
long spreading flexible branches. Banks’ Scrub Pine.

4. P. variabilis Lamb: leaves elongated, in pairs and threes, channelled,
the sheaths long; cones ovoid-conic, mostly solitary; spines of the scales
very slender, pointing outward. P.mitis Mich.

Forests. N. Eng. N. Y.% to Geor. May.—A tree 40—60 feet high, with a
pyramidal head. ~ Leaves 3—5 inches long, dark-green. Cone solitary, 2—3

inches long. ‘Timber fine grained and durable. Abundant in New Jersey.
Yellow Pine.

5. P. rigida Linn.: leaves in threes; sheaths short; sterile aments
erect-incumbent ; cones ovoid, often in clusters; spines of the scales rigid,
reflexed.

Sandy soils. Maine to Virg. May.—A tree 30—50 feet high, with nume-
rous branches and a rough fissured bark. Leaves 4—6 inches long. Cones
usually clustered in threes or fours, 2—4 inches long. ‘The wood abounds in
turpentine and is chiefly used as fuel. Pitch Pine.

6. P. serotina Mich.: leaves elongated, in threes; sterile aments incum-
bent, nearly erect; cones ovoid; spines of the scales straight, slender.

Margins of swamps. N.J.to Car. May.—Asmall tree. Leaves 6—8 inches
long. Cones larger and more globular than in the preceding. Pond Pine.

7. P. Strobus Linn. : leaves in fives, slender; sheaths very short; cones
cylindric-oblong, pendulous, much longer than the leaves; scales loose,
flattish, without spines.

Fertile soils. Can. to Virg. May.—A very large and valuable tree, some-
times attaining the height of 200 feet or more. Leaves 4 inches long, sharply
triangular and more slender than in any of our species. Cone solitary, very
long. ‘Timber soft, fine grained and light. White or Weymouth Pine.

** Leaves fasciculate, deciduous. Larix.

8. P. pendula Ait.: leaves fasciculate, deciduous, short; cones ovoid-
roundish, consisting of a few nearly orbicular thin scales; bracts broad-
ovate, with the point attenuated. P. microcarpa Lamb. Larix Americana
Mich.

Swamps. Can. N. Eng. and N.Y. N.to Arct. Amer. April, May.—A tree
from 30—70 feet high, which differs from the preceding by its leaves growing
in tufts or fascicles, and in their being deciduous. Cones about half an inch
long, covered with soft scales. The wood is strong and durable.
Hackmatack. 'Tamarack-

*x* Leaves solitary, distinct at base. Scales of the cone even and atten-
uated, ABIES.

9. P. Balsamea Linn.: leaves solitary, flat, emarginate or entire, glau-
cous beneath, somewhat pectinate at the summit, nearly erect, below re-
curved-spreading ; cone cylindric, erect; bracts short, obovate, conspicu-
ously mucronate, somewhat serrulate. Abies balsamifera Mich.

Mountains. Subarct. Amer. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May.—
A tree 40—50 feet high. Leaves 6—10 lines long. Cone solitary, erect. It
yields a kind of turpentine known by the name of Canada balsam, which is used
medicinally and for optical purposes. ~ American Silver Fir. Balsam Fire

10. P, Fraseri Pursh.: leaves solitary, flat, short, emarginate, glau-

CONIFER. BAL

cous beneath, subsecund, erect above; cones ovoid-oblong, erect; bracts
elongated, reflexed, oblong-cuneate, emarginate, shortly mucronate, incisely
toothed: P. Balsamea, var. F'raseri Nutt.

Mountains. Ver. N. Y.? and Penn. May.—Resembles the former, but dif.
fers in being a smaller tree, the leaves shorier and more erect, and the cones
not one-fourth the size. Double Balsam Fir.

11. P. Canadensis Linn.: leaves somewhat distichous, solitary, flat,
minutely denticulate, obtuse ; cones elliptic-ovoid, terminal, scarcely longer
than the leaves. Abies Canadensis Mich.

Mountains. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May.—A tree
sometimes attaining the height of 60 or 70 feet, with spreading and often some-
what pendulous branches. Leaves 6—8 lines long. Cones very small. The
wood, though soft and coarse grained, is much used for various purposes. ‘The
bark contains a great quantity of tannin. Hemlock Spruce.

12. P. mgra Ait.: leaves solitary, scattered all around the branches,
somewhat 4-sided, erect, short, entire; cones ovoid; scales elliptic, aad
late on the margin, crenulate or toothed at the apex. Abies nigra Mich. f.

Swamps. Subarct. Amer. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May.—A
tree usually from 30—60 feet high, witha pyramidal summit. Leaves half an
inch long, dark-green. Cones 1—2 inches in length.

Black or Double Spruce.

13. P. rubra ee aie leaves solitary, subulate; cones oblong, ebenre
scales rounded, somewhat 2-lobed, entire on the margin.
Hiudeoren Bar Pursh. Maine. Torr. May. kh. Red Spruce.

14, P. alba Ait.: leaves solitary, scattered around the branches, erect,
4-sided, somewhat glaucous, entire; cones oblong-cylindric, loose ; uate,
obovate, very entire.

Swamps. Arct. Amer.to Car. May.—A small tree, seldom more than 40 or
50 feet high. Leaves 5—8 lines long, more slender and less crowded than in the
preceding. Cones slender, 2 inches long. While or Single Spruce.

5. TAXUS. Linn.—Yew.

(Supposed to be derived from the Greek rofov, a bow; on account of the use
made of the wood.)

Flowers dicecious. Srerire FL. consisting of peltate anthers
in an ament; anther-cells 3—6 or more, inserted in the lobes
of the connective, opening beneath. Frrriie FL. solitary, with
imbricate scales at the base. Seed nut-like, seated in the disk
which becomes a succulent cup.

T. Canadensis Willd.: leaves linear, distichous, crowded, revolute on
the margin ; sterile aments solitary, glohose. T. baccata, var. minor Mich.

Moist rocky places. Can. to Virg. W. to St. Louis River. March, April.
h.—Siem 4—8 feet high. Leaves resembling those of Pinws Canadensis, but
larger. Fruit having the appearance of a berry, open at the top, bright-red, the
seed or nut oval, compressed. American Yew. Ground Hemlock.

342 HY DROCHARIDACES.

Crass IL ENDOGENOUS orn MONOCOTYLEDO-
NOUS PLANTS.

Stem, with no perceptible distinction of bark, wood and pith,
increasing in diameter by the addition of new matter to the
centre. Leaves mostly alternate, with no evident articulation,
commonly sheathing at base and entire, mostly with parallel
veins. Embryo with but one cotyledon; or if two, one is
smaller and alternate with the other.

Susciass —PETALOIDEALS.

Stamens and pistils naked or covered by verticillate floral
envelopes.

Orper CXXIV. HYDROCHARIDACEA.—Froe’s Birs.

Flowers in a spathe, mostly dicecious. Perianth regular,
3—6-parted ; the inner segments petaloid. Stamens 3—12.
Ovary 1—9-celled ; stigmas 3—6. Fruit dry or succulent, in-
dehiscent. Seeds numerous, without albumen.—Floating or
water plants. Leaves mostly radical, sometimes opposite or
verticillate.

1. UDORA. Nutt.—Udora.
(From the Greek vd«p, water ; in allusion to its place of growth.)

Polygamous. Spathe bifid, 1-flowered. Perianth 6-parted,
petaloid. Srerize Fr. Stamens 9, 3 of them interior. Perr-
FECT FL. Tube of the perianth very long and slender. Sta-
mens 3—6 ; filaments short, subulate. Style long and filiform.
Stigmas 3, large and spreading, 2-lobed. Fruit coriaceous,
few seeded. Seeds elliptic, smooth.

U. Canadensis Nutt.: leaves verticillate in threes and fours, lanceolate,
oblong or linear, finely serrulate; tube of the perianth filiform. Elédea
Canadensis Mich. Serpicula ver ticillata Muhi:

Still waters. Can. to Virg.. W.to Miss. Aug. | ?—Stem submersed, dif-
fusely dichotomous. Flowers axillary, very small; whitish. The plant without
flowers resembles an aquatic moss. Lutile Water Snakeweed.

2. VALLISNERIA. Linn.—Tapeweed.
(In honor of Antonio Vallisneri, an Italian botanist.)
Dicecious. Srzrirz Ft. Spathe ovate, 2—4-parted. Spa-
dix covered with minute flowers. Perianth 3-parted. Stamens

ORCHIDACEZ:. 343

2, Ferrite Fr. Scape very long, flexuous or spiral. Spathe
tubular, bifid, 1-flowered. Perianth elongated, 6-parted ; the
alternate segments linear. Style none. Stigmas 3, ovate, bifid.
Capsule elongated, cylindric, 3-toothed, 1-celled, many-seeded ;
the seeds attached to the sides.

V. spiralis Linn.: leaves linear, obtuse, minutely and aculeately serru-
late; sterile peduncles very short; fertile ones flexuous. V. Americana
Mich.

Still water. Can. to Flor. W.to Til. Aug. .——Leaves all radical, 1—2
feet or more long, 2—4 lines wide, linear and grass-like, obscurely 3-nerved,
- smooth and deep-green. Perianth reddish-white. ‘The roots are supposed to be
the favorite food of the canvas-back duck. Tape Grass. Kel Grass.

Orper CXXV. ORCHIDACEA.—Onrcunips.

Flowers irregular. Perianth of 6 segments, in two rows, the
outer (calyx) usually colored and petaloid like the inner, the
lowest one (dip) different from the others and often spurred.
Stamens 3, united with the style and thus forming the column,
the central one only perfect or the central abortive and the two
lateral perfect. Pollen powdery or cohering in waxy masses.
Ovary adherent, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentz ; style mostly
forming part of the column; stigma a viscid concave spot in
front of the column. Seeds very numerous and minute, with a
loose netted coat.—Herbs, with tuberous or fibrous roots and
usually handsome. Flowers in spikes or racemes.

I. Mataxrem. Pollen cohering in waxy masses, without a caudicle
or separable stigmatic gland. Anther terminal.

1. LIPARIS. Rich.—Liparis.

(From the Greek \rrapos, fat ; the leaves having an unctuous feel.)

Perianth with the segments distinct, linear, spreading. Lip
flat, dilated, entire, turned various ways. Column winged.
Pollen-masses 4, without pedicels or glands.

1. L. liliifolia Rich.: leaves 2, ovate, much shorter than the scape;
inner segments of the perianth filiform, deflected ; lip very large, obovate,
mucronate, Malaxis liliifolia Willd.

Wet woods. Can. to Car. June, July. 2|.—Scape 6—S inches high, 5-an-
gled, with an ovoid bulb at the base. Flowers rather large, in a short terminal
raceme, the perianth pale-yellow, the lip purplish. Common Liparis.

2. L. Leselii Rich.: leaves 2, ovate-lanceolate, plaited, erect, much
shorter than the scape; segments of the perianth linear, unequal; lip obo-
vate, entire. ZL. Correana Spreng. Malaxis Correana Bart.

344 ORCHIDACES.

Wet woods. Can. to Virg.; rare. June, July. %.—Scape 5—8 inches
high, 3—5-angled, with a bulb at the base. Flowers yellowish-green, in a ter-
minal raceme, smaller but more numerous than in the preceding.

Smaller Liparis.

2. MICROSTYLIS. Nutt.—Adder’s Mouth.
(From the Greek ptxpos, litile, and orvdos, a column.)

Perianth with the segments distinct; the two inner lateral
ones filiform or linear. Lip widely spreading, concave, sagit-
tate or auriculate at the base. Column very small. Pollen-
masses 4, loose. |

1. MW. ophioglossoides Nutt.: scape or stem with one ovate, clasping leaf
near the middle; flowers in an obtuse raceme, much shorter than the pedi-

cels. Malaxis ophioglossoides Willd.

Wet grounds, near roots of trees. Can. to Virg. July. %2|.—Stem or scape
6—10 inches high, 1-leaved, with ovoid bulb at the base. Leaf about 2 inches
long. Flowers numerous, minute, greenish-white, in a short terminal raceme,
many abortive. Common Adder’s-mouth.

2. MM. monophylios Lind. : scape or stem with a single ovate-elliptic leaf
near the base ; flowers in a slender elongated raceme, about as long as the
pedicels. Malaxis monophyllos Willd.

Shady swamps. Herkimer and Oneida counties, N. Y. July. %|.—Stem
or scape 2—8 inches high, triangular, somewhat winged, with an ovoid bulb at
the base. Leaf solitary, (rarely 2,) about 2 inches long, petiolate. Flowers nu-
merous, in an elongated raceme, several abortive. Smaller Adder’s-mouth.

3. CALYPSO. Salisb.—Calypso.
(A poetical name.)
Segments of the perianth ascending, secund. Lip ventricose,
spurred beneath near the end. Column petaloid, dilated. Pol-
len-masses 2, each 2-parted, sessile.

C. borealis Salish. C. Americana Brown. Limodorwm boreale Wilid.

Sphagnous swamps, near Brownville, Jefferson county, and Lowville, Lewis
county, N. Y. W. A. Wood and F. B. Hough. Ver. Montreal, and various parts
of British America. Near the outlet of Lake Michigan and W. to the Columbia
River. Scape 6—8 inches high, sheathed, with a fleshy bulb at base. Leaf
solitary, radical, 1—2 inches long, roundish-ovate, petiolate, plaited. Flower
solitary, terminal, about an inch long, purplish. A rare and beautiful plant,
resembling a Cypripedium. Calypso.

4. CORALLORHIZA. Brown.—Coral-Root.
(From the Greek kopadwor, coral, and ota, a root ; the root being coral-like.)
Perianth with the segments nearly equal and connivent. Lip
produced at the base underneath; the spur short and adnate
to the ovary. Column free. Pollen-masses 4, oblique, not
parallel. | ;

1. C. mnaia Brown: scape few-flowered; lip oblong, bi-dentate at the
base, the apex recurved and ovate; spur obsolete, adnate; capsule elliptic-
obovoid, C.verna Nutt. Cymbidiwm Corallorhizon Willd.

ORCHIDACE®. 345

Moist woods. Can. to. Virg. May, June. 2|.—Root coraloid or branching,
with tooth-like processes. Scape 6—8 inches high, with 3 or 4 membranous
leafless sheaths, having a purplish color. Flowers 5—12 in a short spike, small,
distant, dull-purple. Lip nearly white, mostly without spots. Spur nearly
wanting. According to Sir W. Hooker and Dr. Torrey, our plant is identical
with the foreign C. innata. Vernal Coral-root.

2. C. odontorhiza Nutt. : scape few-flowered; lip oval or obovate, cre-
nulate and waved; spur obsolete, adnate; capsule nearly globose. Cym-
bidium odontorhizon Willd. Ophrys Corallorhiza Mich.

Roots of trees. Ver. to Car. Aug., Sept. %|.—Root coraloid. Scape 8—10
inches high, a little enlarged at the base, with 2—3 sheaths. Flowers 10—12 in
a terminal pendulous raceme, purplish and tawney. vp dilated, obovate, white
spotted with purple. Spur entirely wanting. Small Late Coral-root.

3. C. multiflora Nutt.: scape many-flowered ; lip wedgeform-oval, spot-
ted, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad recurved: spur conspicuous, adnate ;
capsule elliptic-obovoid. C. imnata Nutt. Gen.

Roots of trees. Can. to Car. July—Sept. 2|.—Root coraloid, much branched.
Scape a foot high, with 3—4 sheaths, purplish. Flowers 10—30, in a terminal
raceme, larger than in either of the preceding, purplish-brown. Lip whitish
spotted with purple. Spur distinct, brownish. Large Coral-root.

5. APLECTRUM. Nuti.—Putty-Root.
(From the Greek a, without, and m\exrpov, a spur.)

Perianth with the segments distinct, nearly equal. Lip un-
guiculate, not produced at the base. Column free. Anther sit-
uated a little below the summit of the column. Pollen-masses
4, oblique, lenticular.

A. hyemale Nutt. Cymbidium hyemale Willd.

Shady woods. Can. to Flor. W.to Ark. May, June. %|.—Root with 2—4
subglobose tubers. Scape about a foot high, with 3 loose sheaths, purplish.
_ Leaf solitary, 4—6 inches long, elliptic, acute at each end, nerved, on a petiole
2—3 inches long, which is inserted on the summit of the tuber. Flowers brown-
ish, in a terminal bracteate raceme. Lip 3-lobed, obtuse, the middle lobe crenu-
late on the margin. Adam and Eve. Putty-root.

II. Vanprx. Pollen cohering in waxy masses, with a distinct cau-
dicle united lo a stigmatic gland. Anther terminal, rarely dorsal.

6. TIPULARIA. Nutt.—Tipularia.
(From a fancied resemblance in the flower to insects of the genus Tipula.)
Segments of the perianth spatulate, spreading. Lip oblong,
sessile, 3-lobed ; the intermediate lobe elongated, with a filiform
spur at the base. Column wingless, free. Anther operculate,
persistent. Pollen-masses 4, parallel.

T. discolor Nutt. Orchis discolor Pursh. Limodorum unifoliwn Mul.

Pine woods. Martha’s Vineyard, (Torr.) to Car. July. 2.—Scape 10—15
inches high, slender, with a bulb at the base. Leaf solitary, ovate, petiolate,
strongly nerved, smooth. Flowers in a terminal raceme, nodding, minute,
greenish with a tinge of purple. Spur slender, nearly twice as long as the
ovary. 15* One-leaved Tipularia,

e

346 ORCHIDACES. |

III. Opurez. Pollen powdery, granular or sectile. Anther ter=
minal, erect.
7. ORCHIS. Linn.—Orchis.

(An ancient Greek name.)

Perianth ringent. Lip with a spur on the under side at base.
Pollen masses pedicellate ; glands of the pedicels contained in
one common little pouch,

O. spectabilis Linn.: leaves 2, radical, elliptic-obovate, obtuse ; scape an-
gular, naked, few-flowered, scarcely longer than the leaves; bracts longer
than the flowers; spur clavate, shorter than the ovary. O. humilis Mich.
Habenaria spectabilis Spreng.

Shady woods. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. June. 2|.—Scape 4—6 inches

high, 5-angled,smooth. Leaves mostly 2,nearly as long as the scape. Flowers
46, in a terminal spike, large, purplish and white. Showy Orchis.

8. GYMNADENIA. Brown.—Gymnadenia,
(From the Greek yvupvos, naked, and adny, a gland.)

Lip with a spur at the base. Glands of the stalks of the
pollen-masses naked, approximated.

G. tridentata Lind.: lower leaf oblong, rather acute, upper leaves much
smaller; flowers few, in an oblong terminal spike; lip cuneate-oblong, 3-
toothed at the apex; segments of the perianth connivent, oblong-ovate,
obtuse ; spur clavate, incurved, longer than the ovary. Habenaria triden-
tata Hook. Orchis tridentata Willd.

Swamps. Can. to Virg. June, July. %|.—Stem 8—18 inches high, slender,
Flowers pale-yellowish-green, small, 6—12 in a compact terminal spike. Lip
with 3 short equal teeth at the apex. Three-toothed Gymnadenia.

9. PLATANTHERA. Rich.—Platanthera.
(From the Greek zAarvus, broad, and avfeoa, an anther.)

Lip entire, with a spur at the base. Cells of the anther
widely separated. Glands of the pollen-masses pedicellate ;
the glands naked.

* Lip undivided.
+ Scape nearly naked.

1. P. obtusata Lind.: upper segment of the perianth very broad; inner
segments triangular, truncate at the apex ; lip linear, with two minute tu-
bercles at the base; spur subulate-conic, curved, as long as the lip. Orchis
obtusata Pursh.

Woods on the sides of mountains in Essex county, N.Y. Torr. White
Mountains, N. H. Boott. Hudson’s Bay. Pursh. Aug. %|—Stem 5—8 inches
high. slender. Leaf solitary, radical, oblong-cbovate. Flowers 5—8, greenish,
erect, in a rather loose terminal spike. Obtuse-leaved Platanthera.

2. P. orbiculata Lind.; upper segment of the perianth orbicular, the

ORCHIDACE. 347

lateral ones ovate; lip linear-spatulate, one-half longer than the segments ;
spur linear-clavate, curved, nearly twice as long as the ovary. Orchis
orbiculata Pursh. Habenaria macrophylla Goldie.

Shady woods. Can. to Virg. W.to Ark. July. 2.—Scape 1—2 feet high,
with several small appressed scales. Leaves 2, radical, nearly orbicular, large,
fleshy, spreading on the ground. Flowers greenish-white, in a loose terminal
raceme which is sometimes 5 or 6 inches long. Long-leaved Orchis.

3. P. Hookeri Lind.: outer segments of the perianth ovate-lanceolate,
acute or acutish ; inner ones linear, dilated at base, shorter than the outer ;
lip lanceolate, acuminate, rather shorter than the ovary. Habenaria Hookeri
Torr. ¢& Gr. in Lyc. Ann.

Fertile woods.. Can. to Virg.? July. %.—Scape 8—12 inches high, some-
times with a small lanceolate leaf. Radical leaves 2, nearly orbicular or oval,
large, spreading. Flowers 10—20, yellowish-green, in an erect spike. Differs
from the preceding, for which it has probably been often mistaken, by its closer
spike, projecting spur, and narrow upper perianth-segment. | Hooker’s Orchis.

Tt Slem leafy.

4, P. flava Gray: lower leaves oblong, acute, the upper lanceolate ;
bracts acuminate, longer than the flowers; lip oblong, 2-toothed toward the
base, anda single tubercle in the middle, about half as long as the clavate
spur. Orchis flava Linn. O fuscecens Pursh. Habenaria herbiola Brown,
H. virescens Spreng. (according to Gray, Sill. Jour, xxxviii.)

Wet banks of streams. Can to Car. 2.—Sitem 12—18 inches high, with
3—5 long clasping leaves. Flowers numerous, in 2 loose spike ; outer segments
greenish ; the inner ones greenish-yellow. Small Pale-yeiiow Platanthera.

5. P. hyperborea Lind.: leaves lanceolate, erect; outer segments of the
perianth ovate, the upper one shorter and broader; inner segments and
lip lanceolate, somewhat equal; spur thick and obtuse, about half the
length of the ovary. 2B. dilatata Beck Bot. 1st. Ed. Habenaria hyperborea
Brown and H. Huronensis Spreng. Orchis hyperborea Pursh. ( Gray, l. ¢.)

Sphagnous swamps. Can. as far N. as Hudson’s Bay. N. H. N.Y. W. to
Ark. June, July. 2|.—Stem 8—20 inches high. eaves 3—8 inches long.
Flowers numerous, in a loose or close spike, greenish-yellow.

Northern Platanthera.

6. P. dilatata Lind,: leaves lanceolate; bracts linear-lanceolate, the
lower ones about as long as the flowers; outer segments of the perianth
ovate, obtuse ; lip lanceolate-linear, entire, dilated at the base, about as long
as the thick obtuse spur. Orchis dilatata Pursh.

Sphagnous swamps. N.Y. Yorr. June, July. 2|.—Stem 1—2 feet high,
angled. Leaves 4—6 inches long. Flowers white, in a long cylindric spike.
Small While-flowered Orchis.

fk Lip incised.

7. P. blepharigloitis Lind.: leaves lanceolate, acute; outer segments of
the perianth roundish-oblong, the lateral ones reflexed; inner segments
spatulate, slightly incised at the apex; lip oblong, flat, fimbriate ; spur fili-
form, incurved, much longer than the ovary. Habenaria blepharigilotiis
Hook. Orchis blephariglottis Willd.

Swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. 2.—Stem 14—2 feet high. Lower
leaves 6--8 inches long, the upper gradually smaller. Flowers pure white, in a

348 ORCHIDACE.

dense oblong spike. Spur nearly aninch long. The inner segments of the pen-
anth are sometimes entire, when it constitutes the var. Aolopetala of Torrey.
Fringed White Orchas.

8 P. ciliaris Lind: leaves lanceolate, acute; outer segments of the
perianth roundish-ovate, the lateral ones reflexed; inner segments linear,
incised; lip oblong, deeply and finely cut and fringed, twice as long as the
segments ; spur longer than the ovary. Huabenariaciiiaris Brown. Orchis
ciliaris Linn. |

Swamps. Can to Car. June, July. 2|.—Stem 12—18 inches high. Flowers
bright orange-yellow, in a dense terminal spike. Zip larger and more pinnately
ciliate than in the preceding. I have seen hundreds of specimens of this beau-

tiful plant in a sandy swamp about two miles west.of Albany, N. Y. :
Fringed Yellow Orchis.

9. P. psycodes Gray: leaves oblong ; outer segmentsof the perianth ovate,
obtuse, the lateral ones deflexed ; inner segments fimbriate-toothed, cuneate,
oblong, obtuse, incised ; lip clawed, roundish, 3-parted, the segments cuneate
and incisely toothed, the intermediate one larger; spur incurved, about
twice as long as the lip. Habenaria psycodes Spreng. HE. fimbriata Brown.
A. incisa and fissa Spreng.- H. grandiflora Torr. Comp. Beck Bot. 1st. Ed.
( Gray, l. ¢.)

Swamps and wet meadows. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem 1—2
(sometimes 3) feet high, stout, angular. Leaves long. Flowers bright-purple, in
a spike which is 2—6 inches long. Var. grandiflora of Gray has the flowers
larger than the common form, and the segments of the lip fimbriate——Gray, in
Sul. Jour. xxxviii. Purple Swamp Orchis.

10. P. lacera Gray: outer segments of the perianth ovate ; inner ones ob-
long-linear, obtuse, entire; lip clawed, slender, 3-parted, the lobes cut into
capillary segments; spur filiform, clavate, ascending, somewhat longer than
the ovary. Huabenaria psycodes Spreng. “Orchis lacera Mich.

Wet meadows. Can. to Virg. June, July. 21.—Stem 18 inches to 2 feet
high, somewhat slender, angular. Leaves 3—8 inches long, mostly acute.
Flowers pale greenish-yellow, in a long somewhat loose terminal spike.

Ragged Yellow Orchis.

11. P. bracteata Torr.: bracts spreading, much longer than the flowers;
inner segments of the perianth linear-lanceolate, erect; lip oblong-linear,
obscurely 3-toothed at the apex ; spur obtuse, very short, somewhat inflated
and didymous. Habenaria bracteata Brown.

Shady woods. Can. to Virg. July. 2|.—S*em 6—12 inches high, smooth,
leafy at base. Leaves about 3, an inch and a half to near 3 inches long. elliptic-
lanceolate, acute, the lower one sometimes spatulate-obovate and obtuse. Fiow-
ers green, small, in a terminal bracteate spike which is 2—3 inches long.

Green-flowered Orchis.

12. P. integra Gray: bracts as long as the flowers; lip oblong or ovate,
entire, partly crenulate, longer than the inner segments of the perianth ;
spur subulate, scarcely longer than the ovary. Hahenaria integra Spreng.
and A. Elliottti Beck. Orchis integra and flava Nuti. O. flava Ell.?

Swamps. N.J.toGeor. July. 2|.—Stem 14—2 feet high. . Flowers small,
bright orange-yellow, in a short crowded spike. I follow Dr. Gray in uniting
Habenaria Elhottti with this species, although! am still doubtful of their identity.

Small Crange-fiowered Orchis.

13. P. cristata Lind: segments of the perianth roundish ; the two lateral

ORCHIDACEA. 349

ones toothed; lip oblong, pinnately ciliate ; spur shorter than the ovary.
Habenaria cristata Brown. Orchis cristata Mich,

Swamps. Penn. to Car. June, July. 2|.—Stem 1—2 feet high. Flowers
yellow, in a somewhat crowded terminal spike. Distinguished from the former
by its smaller flowers and more dense spike. Cristate Platanthera.

IV. Arernusem. Pollen powdery, granular or sectile. Anther
terminal, opercular.

10, POGONIA. Brown.—Pogonia. :
(From the Greek twywyv, a beard ; in allusion to the bearded lip of the flower.)
Perianth with the segments distinct and nearly equal. Lip
sessile or unguiculate, cucullate, mostly with a beard-like crest
on the mner or upperside. Column wingless. Pollen powdery.
1. P. ophioglossoides Brown.: scape mostly 1-flowered, with an ovai-lan-
ceolate leaf near the middle and a foliaceous bract near the flower; lip

spatulate-oblong, crested and fimbriate. Avethusa ophioglossoides Linn.

Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Car. and Ala. June, July.—Root fasciculate.
Scape 9—12 inches high. Flower mostly solitary, large, pale-purple, somewhat
nodding. Single-leaved Pogonia.

2. P. veriicillata Nutt. : scape with a whorl of 5 elliptic-obovate leaves
at the summit, 1—2-flowered ; segments of the perianth unequal, the 3
outer ones very long and nearly linear; the 2 inner small, lanceolate, ob-
tuse; lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe dilated and undulate. Arethusa verticil-
lata Willd.

Swamps. N. Y. to Geor. June, July. 2|.—Root fasciculate. Scape about
a foot high. Leaves 5 in a whorl at the top of the stem. Flower mostly solitary ;
outer segments brown, 2 inches long; inner ones short, paler and obtuse.
Whorled Pogonia.

11. TRIPHORA. Nuét.—Triphora.
(Abbreviated from the Greek tra, aves, and ¢epw, literally, bearing three

flowers.)

-Perianth with the segments distinct equal and connivent.
Lip unguiculate, not crested. Column spatulate, flat, without
wings. Pollen powdery.

T’. pendula Nutt. Arethusa pendula Willd. Pogonia pendula Lind.

Fertile woods, about roots of trees. N.Y. to Flor. and Ala. Sept. 2|.—
Root bearing tubers. Stems 6—38 inches high, angular, often in clusters, mostly
purplish. Leaves 3—7, remote, very short, ovate and rather acute. Flowers
1-4, pale-purple, on axillary pedicels, pendulous. Lip about as long as the
segments of the perianth, a little rough but not crested.

Pendulous Triphora.

12. ARETHUSA, Linn.—Arethusa,
(From Arethusa, a nymph of Diana.)

Perianth somewhat ringent ; the segments cohering at base,
connivent and cucullate above. Lip united at the base with

300 ORCHIDACE.

the column, deflected at the apex, bearded inside. Pollen
angular.
A. bulbosa Linn.

Sphagneous swamps. Can. to Car. May, June. %|.—Scape 6—10 inches
high, with a globose tuber at the base, the lower part bearing 2—4 loosely
sheathing scales, from the upper of which there is often a linear-lanceolate
nerved leaf. Flowers mostly solitary, (rarely 2,) terminal, large, bright-purple.
Lip curled, crenulate on the margin, yellow and white, bearded in the middle.

Bulbous Arethusa.

13. CALOPOGON. Brown.—Calopogon.

(From the Greek xaos, beautiful, and twywv, a beard ; in allusion to the beard
of the flower.) :

Flowers resupinate. Perianth with the segments distinct
and spreading. Lip on the upper side of the flower, erect, un-
guiculate, bearded in front. Column free. Pollen angular.

C. puichellus Brown. Cymbidium pulchellum Willd.

Swamps. Can. to Flor. W.to Lake Superior. June, July. 2|.—Roof tu-
berous. Scape 12—18 inches high, slender. Zeaf generally solitary, 8—10
inches long, sheathing the base of the stem. Flowers 3—4, in a terminal brac-
teate spike, large, bright-purple. Calopogon.

V. Neottex. Pollen powdery, granular or sectile. Anther dorsal.

14. LISTERA. Brown.—'Twayblade.
(In honor of Martin Lister, an eminent British naturalist.)

Perianth irregular. Lip 2-lobed or 2-cleft, without callous
processes. Column wingless, (minute.) Anther fixed by its
base. Pollen powdery.

1. L. cordata Brown : stem with only 2 opposite roundish cordate leaves ;
raceme loose; column without any appendage behind; lip elongated, 2-
toothed at base, deeply bifid, the segments divaricate and acute. Ophrys

cordata Mich.

Sphagnous swamps. Can. to N. J. May. 2|.—Stem 4—8 inches high.
Leaves roundish, cordate, veined, smooth, mucronate. Raceme 7T—15-flowered.
Flowers distant, minute, green and purple. Heart-leaved Twayblade.

2. L. convallarioides Nutt.: stem with only 2 opposite oval-roundish
leaves, pubescent above ; raceme few-flowered, (4—6) ; column porrecteéd ;
lip oblong, dilated and obtusely 2-lobed at the extremity. Hpzpactis con-
vallarioides Pursh.

Swamps. N. Y.toCar. May. %|.—Stem 6 inches high and very slender.
Flowers dark-brown and green, larger than in the preceding.
Large-flowered Twayblade:

15. SPIRANTHES. Rich.—Ladies’ Tresses.

(From the Greek oze:oa, a cord, and av§0s, a flower ; the flowers being spiral
like the strands of a rope.)

Spike spiral; inner segments of the perianth connivent. Lip -
unguiculate, parallel with the column, with 2 callous processes

ORCHIDACER. 351

at the base. Column curved. Stigma ovate, mostly rostrate.
Ovary oblique. Pollen powdery.

1. S. tortilis Rich.: radical leaves lance-linear ; scape sheathed ; flowers
spirally secund; lip trifid; the middle lobe larger and crenulate. Neottia
tortilis Pursh. Ophrys @stivalis Mich.

Low meadows. N. Y. to Flor. June, July. %.—Scape about a foot high.

Flowers white, spirally twisted in a terminai spike which is 2—4 inches long.
Perhaps not distinct from the next. Three-lobed Ladies’ Tresses.

2. S. gracilis Big.: radical leaves ovate; scape sheathing; flowers in a
spiral row ; lip obovate, curled.

Dry woods. N. Y.and Mass. July. k.—Scape 8—12 inches high, erect,
with a few sheathing scales or leafets. Leaves on short petioles, sometimes fall-
ing off before the plant flowers. Flowers white, in a twisted spike.

Slender Ladies’ Tresses.

3. S. cernua Rich.: leaves nearly radical, lance-linear; scape sheathed,
the lower sheaths bearing short leaves; flowers in a dense spike, obliquely
recurved and cernuous; lip oblong, obtuse, crisped and crenate. Neottia
cernua Willd.

Moist grounds. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. %.—Scape 6—18 inches high,
(rarely 2—3 feet.) Leaves radical or near the base of the scape, 3—10 inches
long. Flowers greenish-white, sometimes a little yellowish, larger than in the
preceding. It is liable to considerable variation in the number, and somewhat
in the form of the leaves. Nodding Ladies’ Tresses.

4. S. planiaginea Torr.: entirely smooth ; leaves mostly radical, oblong-
lanceolate, 3—7-nerved ; scape somewhat succulent, with 2—3 nearly leaf-
less sheaths; spike loosely spiral; flowers slender and recurved-cernuous ;
lip oblong, obtuse, crenulate on the margin, about 5-nerved. S. estivalis
Oakes, not of Rich. Neottia plantaginea Raf.

Moist woods. Ver. and N. ¥Y. Torr. June. 2.—Root consisting of oblong
fascicled tubers. Scape 5—10 inches high, with 2 or 3 sheaths which are pro-
duced into short linear leaves. Flowers white, the lip pale-yellow, in a spike
which is about 2 inches long. Ladies’ Tresses.

16. GOODYERA. Brown.—Goodyera.
In honor of John Goodyer, an old English botanist.)

Perianth ringent ; the outer segments herbaceous, the upper
one vaulted, the 2 lateral ones placed beneath the saccate en-
tire lip. Column free. Pollen angular. Stigma roundish or
rostrate.

1. G. pubescens Brown: radical leaves ovate, petiolate, reticulate ; scape
with the flowers and sheathing scales pubescent; outer lateral segments
of the perianth ovate; lip roundish-ovate, acuminate. Neoltia pubescens
Willd.

Shady woods. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. 2|.—Scape 6~—10 inches high.

Leaves radical, dark-green, veined with white. Flowers greenish-white, in an
oblong spike. Rattlesnake Plantain.

2. G. repens Brown : radical leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, somewhat
reticulate ; flowers unilateral and with the scales slightly pubescent ; outer
segments of the perianth and lip lanceolate. Neottia repens Willd.

352 ORCHIDACEZ.

Shady woods. Can. to Virg. July, Aug. 2.—Rhizoma creeping. Scape
6—8 inches high. eaves less distinctly veined than in the preceding. Flowers
greenish-white. Smaller Goodyera.

VI. Cypripepex. Anthers 2, with a large dilated lobe or abortive
stamen between them.

17. CYPRIPEDIUM. Linn.—Ladies’ Slipper.
(From the Greek Kurgis, Venus, and zodewv, a shoe.)

Perianth with the two outer lateral (or lower) segments mostly
united nearly to the apex. Lip large and inflated. Column
short, cernuous, 3-lobed; the middle lobe (sterile stamen)
dilated and petaloid.

1. C. candidum Willd: stem leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate; lip com-
pressed, shorter than the lanceolate segments of the perianth ; sterile stamen
lanceolate, rather obtuse.

Penn. Muhl.- May. 2|.—Resembles C. Calceolus ; but the flowers are white
and not half the size ; the form of the leaves and of the sterile stamen distinguish
it sufficiently. Pursh. A doubtful species. White Ladies’ Slipper.

2. C. parviflorum Willd.: outer segments of the perianth ovate-oblong,
acuminate; inner ones lance-linear, contorted; lip shorter than the peri-
anth; sterile stamen triangular, acute. C. Calceolus Mich.

Woods and swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. %.—Stem
12—18 inches high. Leaves ovate, clasping at base, pubescent. Flowers soli-
tary or in pairs. Outer segments of the pertanth green with purple stains ; lip
yellow, spotted, an inch and a half long, infiated. Yellow Ladies’ Slipper.

3. C. pubescens Swartz: stem leafy; outer segments of the perianth lan-
ceolate, acuminate ; inner ones very long, linear and contorted ; lip laterally
compressed, shorter than the inner segments; sterile stamen triangular;
obtuse, (acute, Hook.)

Woods. Subarct. Amer. to Car. W. to Miss. May. %.—Stem 1—2 feet
high. Leaves large, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent. Flowers solitary or in pairs.
Segments of the perianth greenish-yellow, spotted with purple; lp yellow,
1—1% inches long, much inflated. Closely resembles the preceding, but prob-
ably distinct. Large Yellow Ladies’ Slipper. -

4, C. spectabile Swartz: stem leafy; outer segments of the perianth
ovate, obtuse, longer than the flat lanceolate inner ones; lip longer than the

inner segments; sterile stamen cordate-ovate, obtuse. C. Canadense Mich.
Swam-s and bogs. Can. to Car. June, July. %|.—Sitem 1—2 feet high.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, plaited, resembling those of Veratrum viride. Flowers
2—3, very large.. Segments of the perianth white; lip variegated with stripes
of purple and white, an inch or more long, much inflated. :
Showy Ladies’ Slipper.
5. C. acaule Ait: scape leafiess, 1-flowered ; radical leaves 2, oblong;
obtuse ; outer segments of the perianth ovate-lanceolate ; lip cleft in front;
sterile stamen roundish-rhomboid, acuminate, deflected. C. humile Salisb.

Shady woods. Subarct. Amer. toCar. May, June. 2|.—Scape 6—10 inches
high, with twe oval or elliptic-lanceolate leaves near the base. Flower solitary,

IRIDACEA. 353

large, terminal. Segments of the pertanih yellowish-green, spotted with purple
lip purple, veined. Stemless Ladies’ Shipper.

6. C. arietinum Brown: stem leafy; upper segment of the perianth
ovate-lanceolate, the rest linear; lip as long as the segments, acute, conic
below ; sterile stamen orbicular-spatulate. Cryosanthes borealis Raf. Arteti-
num Americanum Beck Bot. \st. Ed.

Sphagnous swamps. Montreal, Can. Hallowell, Maine. Fairhaven, Ver.
Oneida and Montgomery counties, N. Y.; rare. 2|.—Stem 6—8 inches high,
with a few alternate lanceolate leaves. Flower solitary, much smaller than in
any of the preceding species. Segments of the perianth greenish-brown; lip
small, red-and white, reticulated, the lower part ending in a conical point or
short obtuse spur. ; Ram’s Head.

Orpen CXXVI. IRIDACE4.—In0s.

Perianth with the limb 6-parted, in a double series, sometimes
nregular, the 3 inner segments being occasionally very short.
Stamens 3, from the base of the sepals; filaments distinct or
connate. Ovary 3-celled ; style single; stigmas 3, often dilated
and petaloid. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds
with hard albumen.—Mostly herbaceous plants, with tuberous
or fibrous roots. Leaves equitant. Flowers spathaceous, usu-
ally large and showy.

1. IRIS. Linn.—Iris. Flower de Luce.
(So named from the varied hues of the flowers.)

Perianth 6-cleft; 3 of the segments larger and reflexed, the
others erect. Stamens distinct. Style short or none. Stigmas
3, petaloid, covering the stamens.

1. I. versicolor Linn.: stem terete or slightly compressed, more or less
flexuous; leaves ensiform; perianth beardless; ovary obtusely triangular,
with the sides flat ; capsule. oblong, turgid, with rounded angles. I. Vir-
ginica Pursh, not of Linn.

Margins of ponds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. 2|.—Root large,
fleshy, creeping. Stem 2—3 feet high, rarely branched. Flowers 2—6 at the
summit of the stem, blue variegated with green and yellow. Blue Flag.

2. I. Virginica Linn.: stem round, slender, smooth; leaves narrow-
linear, long; perianth beardless; ovary 3-sided, each side twice grooved ;
capsule triangular, acute at each end. (‘Terr.) I. prismatica Pursh. I. gra-
cilis Big.

Wet meadows. N.Y. to Virg. June | 2|.—Root tuberous, creeping. Siem
1—2 feet high, a little flexuous,round. Flowers 2—6 at the summit of the stem,
blue and yellow, more delicate than in the preceding Very commen in the
vicinity of New Brunswick. N. J. Slender Blue Flag.

3. I. lacustris Nuitt.: leaves ensiform, shorter than the |-flowered scape ;
perianth without a bearded crest; segments nearly equal, attenuated on
the tube ; capsule turbinate, 3-sided, margined.

354 AMARYLLIDACE A.

Gravelly shores of Lake Huron. Nutt.. June. .—Root tuberous, creeping.
Scape compressed, scarcely an inch long. Leaves 3—5 inches long and 1-4 of
an inch broad. Torr. Comp. Lake Iris.

2. SISYRINCHIUM. Linn.—Blue-eyed Grass.

(From the Greek cvs, a hog, and pvyxos, a snout ; hogs being supposed to be
fond of rooting it up.)

Spathe 2-leaved, bract-like. Perianth colored; limb flat,
6-cleft ; the lobes equal; tube short. Stamens 3, the filaments
mostly united below. Style short. Stigmas 3. Capsule pe-
dicellate, roundish-triangular.

1. S. mucronatum Mich.: scape simple, narrowly winged; valves of the
spathe unequal, colored; the outer one longer than the peduncles, tapering

to a rigid point. S. Bermudiana var. Torr.

Wet meadows. N. Y. to Virg. W. to the Platte River. May, June. 2.—
Scape 6—10 inches high, slender. eaves narrow-linear, grass-like. Flowers
3—4 from each spathe, blue. Mucronate Blue-eyed Grass.

2. S. anceps Linn.: scape simple, broadly winged; valves cf the spathe
nearly equal, shorter than the peduncles. S.gramineum Lam. S. Bermu-

diana var. Torr.

Pastures, &c. Can. to Flor. July. %.—Scape 12—18 inches high, some-
what branching above. Spathe with the valves nearly equal, not colored.
Flowers 2—5 from each spathe, blue. Common Blue-eyed Grass.

Orver CXXVII. AMARYLLIDACE4.—Amaryiims.

Perianth petaloid, regular, 6-cleft ; the outer segments over-
lapping the inner. Stamens 6, sometimes cohering below.
Ovary 3-celled; style 1; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a 3-celled 3-
valved capsule, or a 1—3-seeded berry. Seeds with fleshy or
corneous albumen.—Mostly bulbous, sometimes fibrous rooted,
plants. Leaves ensiform, with parallel veins. Flowers usually
spathaceous.

1. AMARYLLIS. Linn.—Amarylilis.
(From the nymph Amaryllis, mentioned in Virgil. Eat. Man.)

Perianth 6-parted, petaloid, unequal. Stamens 6, arising
from the orifice of the tube, declined or straight, unequal. Style
1. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. 0 7

A. Atamasco Linn.: spathe bifid, acute; flower pedicellate; perianth
subcampanulate, subequal, erect, short and tubular at the base; stamens
declined, equal.

_ Shady woods. Penn. Muhl. S. to Geor. June. 2|.—Scape 6 inches high.
Leaves a foot long, linear, concave, smooth. Flower solitary, large, white and
pink. Atamasco Lily.

DIOSCOREACE. 355

2. AGAVE. Linn.—Agave.
(From the Greek ayavos, admirable ; in allusion to its beautiful appearance.)

Perianth tubular, 6-cleft. Stamens 6, exserted. Anthers
versatile. Capsule ovate, attenuate at each end, obtusely tri-
angular, 3-celled, many-seeded.

A. Virginica Linn.: scape simple; leaves with cartilaginous serratures ;

flowers sessile.

Rocky Banks. Penn.? to Car. Sept. %|.—Scape 6 feet high. Flowers
greenish-yellow, very fragrant. Virginian Agave or False Aloe.

Orver CXXVIII. HYPOXIDACEA.—Srar Grasszs.

Perianth petaloid, regular, 6-parted. Stamens 6. Ovary
adherent, 3-celled; style single; stigmas 3, or united. Fruit
indehiscent, dry or berried, 1—3-celled. Seeds numerous,
roundish, with a lateral hilum ;-embryo straight in the axis of
fleshy albumen.—Herbaceous plants, with tuberous or fibrous.
roots. Leaves usually radical, plaited.

HYPOXIS. Linn.—Star Grass.

(From the Greek do, beneath, and ofvs, sharp; in allusion to the acute base
of the capsule.)

Perianth superior, 6-parted, persistent. Capsule elongated,
narrowed at the base, 3-celled, many-seeded. Seeds roundish,
naked.

H, erecta Linn,: hairy ; leaves all radical, linear and grass-like; scape
3—4-flowered, somewhat umbelled, mostly shorter than the leaves. H. erecta
and graminea Pursh. H. Caroliniensis Mich.

Meadows and woods. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. April—June. ?|.—Root
bulbous. Scape 4—6 inches high, with the leaves narrow and often double the
length. Flowers usually 4, yellow within, greenish and hairy outside.

Common Star-grass.

Orpver CXXIX. DIOSCOREACEA).—Y ams.

Flowers dicecious. Perianth 6-parted, equal. Stamens 6.
Ovary adherent, 3-celled ; styles 3, united below or distinct.
Fruit a capsule, often 3-winged, with two of its cells sometimes
abortive. Seeds compressed, sometimes winged ; embryo small,
lying in a cavity of the cartilaginous albumen.—Twining herbs
or under shrubs. Leaves with reticulated veins. Flowers
small, spiked.

356 SMILACER.

DIOSCOREA. Linn.—Yam.
(In honor of the celebrated Greek naturalist, Dioscorides.)

Dicecious. Perianth 6-parted. Srerme Fr. Stamens 6,
3 sometimes barren. Filaments subulate. Ferrmz Fi. Styles
distinct nearly to the base. Capsule 3-celled, triangular ; the
angles winged. Seeds membranaceously winged.

1. D. villosa Linn.: leaves alternate, opposite and verticillate, cordate,
acuminate, pubescent beneath, J—11-nerved; lateral nerves simple. D,
paniculata Mich.

Woods. Can. toCar. May, June. 1%|.—Stem climbing, sometimes 10 or 12
feet long. Leaves mostly alternate, sometimes subopposite, rarely in whorls of
4. Flowers minute, pale greenish- “yellow : the sterzle ones in pendulous pani-
cles ; fertile ones in pendulous simple racemes. Hairy Yam.

2. D. quaternata Walt.: leaves verticillate in fours, or alternate, cordate,
acuminate, smooth on both sides, 7-nerved ; lateral nerves bifid. D. glauca
Muhl.

Old fields. Penn. to Car. July. %|.—Sitem climbing® Leaves more tapering
at the summit than in the preceding, of which, however, it may be only a
variety. Smooth Yam.

Orper CXXX. SMILACHKA).—SarsapariLias.

Flowers perfect or dicecious. Perianth petaloid, 6- (rarely 4-)
parted or 6-leaved in a double series. Stamens 6, (rarely 4,)
inserted into the perianth, rarely hypogynous. Ovary 3-celled ;
styles 3, distinct or united. Fruit a roundish berry. Seeds
with horny albumen.—Herbaceous plants or under shrubs,
usually climbing. Leaves simple, mostly entire, reticulated.

1. SMILAX. Linn. — Green Brier.

(Greek optda€, from cptAn, a knife or scraper ; most of the species being armed
with prickles.)

Dicecious. Perianth campanulate, spreading, of 6 leaves in
a double series, somewhat petaloid. Sreriru Fx. Stamens
mostly 6. Filaments short. Frrriz Fr. Style very short
Stigmas 3, thick. Berry 3- (or by abortion 1—2-) celled.
Seeds 1—3, globose.
* Stem shrubby.

1. S. quadrangularis Willd.: prickly; stem 4-angled, unarmed —,
leaves unarmed, ovate, subcordate, acute, 5-nerved.
_ Dry woods. Penn. toCar. June, July. kh.—Berry black. Pursh.
Square-stalked Greenbrier.

Cbs) a ips Smith: stem terete, very prickly, with slightly recurved

SMILACE. 357

and rigid but rather slender prickles; leaves ovate-lanceolate, (on young
plants often somewhat panduriform,) smooth on both sides, glaucous be-
neath, 3—5 nerved. (Torr. N.Y. Fl.) S. Sarsaparilia Linn. (in part.) ?

Sandy woods. N.Y. and N. J. Torr. k—Stem 3—6 feet long, trailing or
climbing. Leaves 2—-3 inches long, often dilated at base} cuspidate.

Spinulose Greenbrier.

3. S. rotundifolia Linn.: stem prickly, nearly round; leaves unarmed,
roundish-ovate, acuminate, slightly cordate, 5-nerved; common peduncles
scarcely longer than the petioles.

Moist woods. Can. to Car. June. .—Stem climbing upon trees and
bushes, with strong tendrils. Flowers yellowish-green, in small globose axillary
umbels. Berry bluish-black, spherical. Common Greenbrier.

A, S. hispida Muhl.: stem round, the lower part very hispid; branchlets
angular; leaves ovate, acute, mostly cordate at the base, 5-nerved, smooth
and green on both fides. margins crenulate; peduncles twice as lene as
the petioles. (Torr. N. Y. Fi, ye

Woods. N.Y. Penn. and Mich. June. h —Stem climbing. Flowers 4—6
inanumbel. Berry black. Hispid Greenbrier.

5. S. caduca Linn,: stem prickly; leaves ovate, mucronate, 5-nerved ;
common peduncles longer than the petioles.

Moist woods. Can. to Car. June. hk.—Stem 8—10 feet long, flexuous,
leaning or climbing, somewhat angled. Flowers yellowish-green, in small axil-
lary umbels. Berr ry bluish-black. Caducous Greenbrier.

6. S. laurifolia Linn.: stem prickly ; branches unarmed; leaves coria-
ceous, oval-lanceolate, slightly acuminate, 3-nerved; umbels on very short
peduncles.

Boggy woods. N. J. to Geor. June—Aug. h.— Stem climbing to a great
height. Leaves somewhat crowded, coriaceous and perennial. Peduncles
scarcely as long as the pedicels. Laurel-leaved Greenbrier.

7. S. pandurata Pursh: stem prickly; leaves ovate-panduriform, acu-
minate, 3-nerved; common peduncles twice as long as the petioles. S.
tamnoides Ell. not of Linn. ?

Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. July. h.-—Stem twining, round. Leaves
smooth and shining on both sides.. Berry black.
Panduriform-leaved Greenbrier.

** Stem herbaceous, unarmed.

8. S. herbacea Linn,: stem erect orclimbing, nearly simple, angular ;
leaves ovate or oblong, cordate, acuminate, (sometimes obtuse ;) peduncles
very long, compressed. S. peduncularis Muhl.

Meadows and woods. Can. to Car. May, June. .—Stem 3—5 feet
long, climbing or leaning on other plants. Flowers yellowish-green, fetid, nu-
merous, in elobose axillary umbels of about an inch in diameter. Berry bluish-
black. Carrion Flower.

2. SMILACINA. Desf—Smilacina.
(The diminutive of cpiAaé, to which thie genus, however, has little resemblance.)
Perianth 6- (rarely 4-) parted, spreading. Stamens as many
as the segments of the perianth and inserted at their base,

358 SMILACE.

Style thick, short. Stigma obscurely 2—3-lobed. Berry glo-
bose, pulpy, 1—3-seeded.

* Segments of the perianth and stamens 6.

1. S. stellata Desf.: leaves numerous, alternate, oval-lanceolate, acute,
somewhat clasping ; raceme simple, terminal, few-flowered. Convallaria
stellata Linn.

River banks. Can. to Penn. May,June. %.—Siem a foot high. Leaves
7—9, ciliate on the margin, roughish on the nerves beneath. Flowers 4—9, in
an erect terminal raceme, small, white. Star-jflowered Smilacina.

2. S. trifolia Desf.: stem smooth, angular, pubescent, about 3-leaved ;
leaves alternate, oval-lanceolate, acute, contracted at the base and some-
what clasping ; raceme simple, terminal, few-flowered. Convallaria trifolia
Linn.

Swamps. Can. to Penn. May, June. 2|.—Stem6 inches high. Leaves 2.
or 3, smooth on the margin. Flowers small, white, 4—6 in a terminal raceme,
with the segments spreading. Three-leaved Smilacina.

3. S. racemosa Desf.: stem a little flexuous ; leaves numerous, alternate,
sessile, oblong-oval, acuminate, nerved, pubescent; flowers in a terminal
racemose panicle, very small. Convallaria racemosa Linn.

Woods. Can.to Car. W.toMiss. May,June. %.—Root thick and fleshy.
tem 18 inches to 2 feet high. Flowers very small, greenish-white, in a com-
pound terminal panicle or raceme. Wild Sprikenard.

a Segments of the perianth and stamens 4.

4. S. bifolia Schulles: stem mostly 2-leaved; leaves cordate-oblong,
nearly sessile or petiolate, smooth on both sides; raceme simple, terminal.
S. Canadensis Pursh. Convallaria bifolia Linn. Styrandra bifolia Raf.

Shady woods. Can. to Virg. W.to Mich. May. 2|—Sitem 4—6 inches
high, with 2 or sormetimes 3 leaves near the summit, and often a larger radical
leaf ona long petiole. Flowers white, small, sweet-scented, in an oblong ra-
ceme. Two- leaved Smilacina.

3. CLINTONIA. Raf.—Clintonia.
(in honor of the late Governor De Witt Clinton.)

Perianth 6-parted, campanulate. Stamens 6, inserted at the
base. Style compressed. Stigma 2-lobed, compressed. Berry
2-celled; cells many-seeded.

1. C. borealis Raf.: leaves oblong or obovate, with the margin ciliate ;
umbel 2—5-flowered ; pedicels nodding, without bracts. Dracena borealis
Ait. Smilacina borealis Pursh.

Wet woods. Can. to Penn. May, June. %|.—Scape 6—8 inches high.
Leaves radical or nearly so, 6 inches or more in length, Flowers yellowish-
green, large, campanulate. Berry globose-oblong, blue.

Large-flowered Clintonia.

Ce ate Torr.: leaves-oblong-lanceolate, the margin and keel
ciliate; umbel many-flowered; cells of the berry 2-seeded. C. parviflora,
odorata, &c. Raf. Smilacina wmbellata Desf. Convallaria umbellata Mich.

TRILLIACE. 359

Swamps. Jamestown, Chatauque county, N. Y. Torr. Can. to Car. ?
May, June. %|.—Leaves 2—5, radical or nearly so, 6—9 inches long. Scape
usually longer than the leaves. Flowers 15—30,in an umbel or a corymb,
white, odorous, much smaller than in the preceding species.

; Small-flowered Clintonia.

4, POLYGONATUM. Desf—Solomon’s Seal.

(From the Greek todvs, many, and yovv, a knee ; in allusion to its many-jointed
rhizoma.)

Perianth tubular, 6-cleft. Stamens 6, inserted near the sum-
mit of the tube. Ovary superior. Berry subglobose, 3-celled ;
cells 2-seeded.

P. multifiorum All.: stem nearly terete; leaves ovate-elliptic or elliptic-
lanceolate, clasping ; peduncles i—6-flowered ; filaments smooth or slightly
pubescent ; ovules 3—6 in each cell of the ovary. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) P.
biflorum Ell. P. pubescens, canaliculatum, latifolium, hirsutwm and multi-
jflorum Pursh.

Rocky woods, banks of streams, &c. Can.to Car. June, July. 2.—Rhi-
zoma thick and fleshy. Stem 1—3 feet high, simple, slightly curved, round or a
little angular and channelled. Leaves variable in size and form. Flowers green-
ish-white, usually 2—4, sometimes 5—6, rarely 1, on recurved peduncles. I
adopt the views of Darlington and Torrey in regard to the identity of several
supposed distinct species of this genus. Common Solomon’s Seal.

Orper CXXXI. TRILLIACHKAL.—Paroips.

Perianth 6-parted ; 3 inner segments larger, colored or her-
baceous. Stamens 6—10; filaments subulate ; anthers lear.
Ovary free, 3—5-celled; styles as many, distinct ; stigmas in-
conspicuous. Fruit succulent, 3—5-celled. Seeds numerous,
with fleshy albumen.—Herbaceous plants, with simple stems,
verticillate leaves and large terminal solitary flowers.

1. MEDEOLA. ZLinn.—Indian Cucumber.

(From Myéea, the name of a sorceress; on account of the reputed virtues of
the plant.)

Perianth petaloid, 6-parted, revolute. Stamens 6, inserted
at the base of the perianth. Styles 3, filiform, elongated, di-
varicate. Berry 8-celled; cells 1—38-seeded.

M. Virginica Linn. Gyromia Virginica Nutt.

Moist woods. Can. to Geor. May, June. %.—Svtem 12—18 inches high,
erect. Leaves in 2 whorls; one about the middle of the stem, of 6—S oblong-
lanceolate acuminate leaves; the other near the top, of 2—3 smaller ovate ones.
Flowers 3—6, on pedicels arising from the upper whorl, greenish-yellow, re-
flexed. Cucumber Root.

360 TRILLIACE A.

2. TRILLIUM. Linn.—Trillium.
(From the Latin triliz, triple; several parts of the plant being in threes.)
Perianth deeply 6-parted; 3 outer segments (sepals) spread-
ing; 3 inner petaloid, (petals.) Stamens 6, inserted at the
base of the segments, nearly equal. Anthers linear. Styles 3,
distinct or united at base, stigmatose on the inside. Berry
ovoid, 3-celled ; cells many-seeded.

* Flowers sessile.

1. T. sessile Linn.: leaves sessile, broad-ovate, acute; flower closely
sessile, erect; petals lanceolate, erect, twice as long as the calyx.

Fertile hills. Penn.toCar. Pursh. April, May. 2|.—Stem 8 inches high,
smooth. Petals dark-purple. Common Sessile Trillium.

2. T. recurvatum Beck: leaves ovate or obovate, subpetiolate, nerved ;
flower closely sessile ; petals lanceolate-ovate pve acute, attenuate at tree
erect, as long as the syonrred calyx.

Shady woods. Miss. May.—Stem 8—10 inches high, srieadh Leaves
smooth, clouded with dark-green. Petals purple. Filaments very short. 1»
have been led to introduce thisand the next species, described some years since,
(Sil. Jour. xi. 178,) from the fact that under the name 7°. sessile, several distinct
species have heretofore been included. Recurved Sessile Trillium.

3. T. viride Beck: leaves ovate, acute, closely sessile, 3—5-nerved;
flower erect, closely sessile ; petals fleshy, narrow, somewhat spatulate, a
little longer than the lanceolate or ovate obtuse erect calyx.

Shady woods. Miss. April. 2|.—Stem 8—12 inches high. Leaves with
whitish spots on the upper surface. Petuls dark-green. Sepals variable.
Green Sessile Trillium.

** Flowers pedunculate.

4, T. erythrocarpum Mich.: leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at the
base, abruptly contracted into a short petiole; peduncle somewhat erect;
petals from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, recurved, nearly twice as long
asthe sepals. TT. pictum Pursh. T. undulatum Willd.

Shady woods. Can. to Car. May, June. 2|.—Stem 6—10 inches high.
Flower on a peduncle about an inch long. Petals white with purple veins
near the base. Berry scarlet. Red-berried Trilium. -

5. T. pusillum Mich.: leaves oval, oblong, obtuse, sessile; peduncle
erect; petals scarcely longer than the sepals. T. pumilum Pith

Woods. Penn. to Car. Muhl. May. ‘%1.—Plant small. Petals flesh-
colored. - Dwarf Trillium.

6. T. cernwum Linn.: leaves dilated-rhomboid, abruptly acuminate, on
short petioles; peduncle short, recurved; petals ovate, acuminate, flat, as
long as the ovate-lanceolate sepals.

Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. May. %|.—Stem 12—18 inches high. Flower
small, on a recurved peduncle, aca concealed by the leaves. Petals white.
Berry large, ovoid, dark-purple. Nodding Trillium.

7. T. erectum Linn.: leaves broad-rhomboid, acuminate, sessile ; pe-

LILIACE A. 361

duncle inclined, the flower a little nodding; petals ovate, acute or acumi-
nate, flat, spreading, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate sepals. T.
rhomboideum var. atropurpureum and-album Mich.

Moist woods. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. May. 2|.—Stem 12—15 inches
high. Flower on a peduncle 1—3 inches long. Petals dark-purple or white.
_Erect Trillium. False Wake-robin.

8. Ds pendulum Willd.: leaves roundish-rhomboid, acuminate, nearly
sessile ; peduncle inclined, the flower pendulous; petals ovate, acuminate,
rather larger than the sepals.

Moist woods. Penn. to Car. May. 2|.--Stem about a foot high. Flower
on a peduncle recurved between the leaves. Petals white with pink veins.
Berry roundish,dark purple. Pendulous Trillium.

9. T. grandifiorum Salisb.: leaves broadly rhomboid-ovate, sessile, ab-
ruptly acuminate; peduncle a little inclined, with the flower nearly erect;
petals spatulate-lanceolate, much longer than the sepals. T. rhomboidewm
var. grandiflorum Mich. ;

Woods and banks of streams. Can. to Car.; rare. May. ‘%.—Stem about
a foot high. Flower on a slightly inclined peduncle which is 2—3 inches long.
Petals large, white. Large-flowered Trillium.

Orper CXXXII. LILIACEA.—Litins.

Perianth 6-parted or 6-leaved, regular or nearly so, some-
times cohering ina tube. Stamens 6, inserted into the peri-
anth ; anthers opening inwards. Ovary free, 3-celled ; style
1; stigma simple or 3-lobed. Fruit succulent or dry and cap-
sular, 3-celled. Seeds in one or two rows; embryo in fleshy
albumen.—Herbaceous plants shrubs or trees, with bulbs, tu-
bers, rhizomes or fibrous roots. Leaves with parallel veins,
usually narrow. Flowers large and showy.

I. Turres.
1, LILIUM. Linn.—Lily.

(Supposed to be derived from the Celtic li, white ; in allusion to the color of
one of the species.)

Perianth campanulate, deeply 6-parted; segments straight
or reflexed, with a longitudinal furrow at the base. Stamens
6, adhering to the base of the perianth. Style elongated.
Stigma thick, slightly 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, 3-celled, with
numerous seeds.

1. L. Catesbai Walt.: leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, very acute ;
stem 1-flowered ; perianth erect; segments with long claws, undulate on
the margin, reflexed at the summit.

_ Sandy meadows. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. June—Aug. 2|.—Stem 18
inches high. Flower large, scarlet, spotted with yellow and brown. :
Catesby’s Lily.

362 LILEACE AE.

2. L. Philadelphicum Linn.: leaves whorled, linear-lanceolate ; stem
1—3-flowered ; perianth erect, campanulate, spreading, the segments with
claws.

Woods and meadows. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 2—Stem 2—3 feet high,

terete, smooth. Flowers large, dark orange, spotted at base, on a peduncle 1—3
inches long. Red Lily.

3. L. Canadense Linn.: leaves mostly whorled, lanceolate, detincit
nerved, the nerves hairy beneath; peduncles 2—3, terminal, elongated ;
perianth nodding, campanulate, the segments lanceolate and slightly
revolute. ;

Wet meadows. Can.to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem 2—3 feet
high. Flowers mostly about 3, (sometimes solitary,) yellow, spotted on the in-
side. _ Common Yellow Lily.

4, L. superbum Linn. : leaves whorled below, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved,
smooth, the upper ones scattered; flowers in a pyramidal raceme; perianth
campanulate, nedding, the segments revolute.

Wet meadows. Can. to Car. July. 2. Stem 4—6 feet high. Flowers
3—20 or more in a large pyramidal raceme, orange, with dark spots. The char-
acters of this plant seem to be constant, and both Torrey and Darlington con-
sider it distinct. Superb Lily.

2 ERYTHRONIUM. Linn.—Dog-tooth Violet.

(Frem the Greek epv9o0s, red ; supposed to be in allusion to the purple spots on
the leaves.)

Perianth campanulate, 6-parted; segments refiexed; the 3
inner ones with a callous tooth on each side near the base, and a
nectariferous pore. Stamens 6. Style elongated. Stigma trian-
gular. Capsule narrowed at base, or substipitate, 3-celled.
Seeds. ovoid.

1. E. Americanum Smith: leaves elliptic-lanceolate, punctate ; segments
of the perianth oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at the point ; inner ones bidentate
near the base; style clavate; stigma entire. E.lanceolatum Pursh. E.
Dens-canis Mich. 7

Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. April, May. 2|.—Scape 6—8 inches high.
Leaves 2, radical, spotted with purple. Flower solitary, terminal, yellow, spotted
near the base. American Dog-tooih Violet.

2. E. albidum Nuit.: leaves elliptic-lanceolate, not punctate ; segments
of the perianth linear-lanceolate, obtuse; inner ones without dentures, sub-
unguiculate ;. style clavate ; stigma 3-cleft.

Wet meadows. Can. and N. Y. W. to Miss. April, May. 2|.—Scape 6—8
inches high. Flower white, seements thick and somewhat obtuse. Very abun-
dant near Albany, N. Y., and also found near the Clyde river, Wayne county,
N. Y., and in Canada, by D. Thomas, Esq. I have observed a plant at New
Brunswick, N. J., which agrees with this in the absence of dentures and in the
trifid stigma, but the perianth is yellow. It is probably the same which is
alluded to by Mr. Nuttall, (Gen. Pl. i. 223,) and may prove distinct.

White Dog-tooth Violet.

3. E. bracteatum Big.: leaves lanceolate, unequal; scape bracted.

LILIACE. 363

High mountains, Ver. Boott. June. %|.—Leaves very unequal, one being
two or three times as large as the other. Scape shorter than the leaves, with a
narrow lanceolate bract 1—2 inches below the flower, which is yellow, half as
large as in E. Americanum, and has the segments gibbous at base.

Bracted Dog-tooth Violet.

Il. HemerocauLe.

3. HEMEROCALLIS. Linn.—Day Lily.
(From the Greek tyeoa, a day, and xaddos, beauty ; its flower lasting but a day.)

Perianth tubular, 6-parted ; tube cylindric ; limb campanulate,
marcescent, Stamens 6, declined. Ovary superior. Capsule
3-sided, 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, roundish.

H. fulva Linn.: leaves linear, keeled; inner segments of the perianth
obtuse, undulate.

Wet meadows. Penn. July. %|.—Root fasciculate. Scape 3—4 feet high.
Leaves about 2 feet long and an inch wide, acute, smooth. Flowers large, taw-
ny or reddish-yellow. A foreigner beginning to be naturalized in various parts
of Chester county, Penn. Darlington. - Copper-colored Day Lily.

Til. Scinurez.

4. ALLIUM. Linn.—Garlic. Onion.
(From the Celtic All, signifying acrid or burning.)

Flowers umbellate, arising from a 2-leaved spathe. Perianth
inferior, petaloid, 6-leaved or deeply 6-parted, spreading. Sta-
mens 6 ; the filaments sometimes tricuspidate. Capsule 3-celled,
3-valved, few-seeded. Seeds black and rough.

1. A. vineale Linn.: stem slender, somewhat leafy; leaves terete, fistu-
lous, channelled above; umbel often bulbiferous ; filaments alternately cus-
pidate, the middle cusp bearing an anther.

Meadows and pastures. N.S. June, July. 2{.—Bulb ovoid, small. Stem
about 2 feet high. Flowers rose-colored. A pernicious weed, introduced from
Europe. Field or Crow Garlic.

2, A. triflorum Pursh: scape naked, terete, shorter than the leaves;
leaves lanceolate, nerved; umbel few-flowered.

Shady woods on the high mountains of Penn. May, June. |. Pursh.

Mountain Leeks.

3. A. cernuum Roth: scape elongated, angular; leaves linear, acutely
keeled; umbel nodding, many-flowered; leafets of the perianth oblong-
ovate, acute ; filaments simple.

Meadows. N.Y. Penn. July. 2|.—Bulb ovoid, large. Scape 1—2 feet
high, marked with lines giving it an angular appearance. Flowers rose-colored,
about 20 in an umbel. Wild Onion.

4, A. Canadense Linn,: stem terete, leafy at the base; leaves linear,
flat, smooth; umbel few-flowered, bulbiferous ; filaments simple, about as
long as the penianth.

364 LILIACES.

Wet meadows. Can. to Car. May, June. 2|.—Bulb ovoid, small. Stem
12—18 inches high. Leaves very long and narrow. Flowers rose-colored.
Canadian Garlic.

5. A. tricoccum Ait.: leaves lance-oblong, flat, smooth ; umbel somewhat
crowded; leafets of the perianth oblong, obtuse, about as long as the sta-
mens; filaments simple, dilated downwards.

Moist woods. N.Y. to Virg. June, July. %|.—Bulb oblong-ovoid, rather
large. Scape about a foot high. Flowers white, in a globose umbel. Capsule
wiih the cells 1-seeded. Three-seeded Garlic.

5. ORNITHOGALUM. Linn.—Star of Bethlehem.
(From the Greek opuis, opvt80s, a bird, and yada, milk; application unknown.)
Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading above. Stamens 6, hy-
pogynous ; the filaments dilated at base. Ovary superior. Cap-
sule roundish-angular, 3-celled. Seeds few, roundish or angular,
black and rough.

C. umbellatum Linn.: corymb few-flowered; peduncles longer than the
bracts ; filaments subulate.

Wet meadows. N.Y. and Penn. May, June. 2|.—Bulb small, ovoid. Scape
6—10 inches high, smooth. eaves radical, linear,smooth. Flowers white in-
side, green with a white margin outside. Introduced from Europe.

Common Star of Bethlehem.

IV. WacHENDORFEE.

6. LOPHIOLA. Ker.—Lophiola.
(From the Greek ogra, a crest; in allusion to its woolly perianth.)
Perianth 6-parted, woolly, bearded within. Stamens 6. Fil-
aments naked. Anthers erect. Stigmasimple. Capsule open-
ing at the summit.

LL. aurea Ker. Conostylis Americana Pursh.

Sandy swamps. N. J. to Car. July. %.—Root creeping. Leaves radical,
grass-like, ensiform, shorter than the erect scape which has | or 2 short leaves.
Flowers yellow, in a crowded corymb. Golden-crested Lophiola.

V. ASPARAGES.

7. ASPARAGUS. Linn.—Asparagus.
(From the Greek acrapayos, an esculent vegetable.)

Perianth 6-parted, subcampanulate, the segments spreading
at the apex. Stamens 6. Anthers peltate. Style very short.
Berry 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded.

A. officinalis Linn.: unarmed; stem herbaceous, erect, rounded, much
branched ; leaves setaceous, fasciculate and flexible; peduncles jointed m
the middle.

Gravelly shores, near salt water, N. Y. June. 2.—Stem 1—3 feet high.

MELANTHACE. 365

Flowers small, greenish-white, subaxillary. solitary, drooping. Berry globose,
red. Introduced and naturalized in some places on Long Island and near the
city of New York. Common Asparagus.

Orper CXXXIII. MELANTHACEAL.—Metantus.

Flowers often polygamous or diccious. Perianth petaloid,
6-leaved or deeply 6-parted. Stamens 6; anthers turned out-
wards. Ovary 3-celled; styles 3, distinct, (sometimes 1, nearly
entire or 3-cleft.) Fruit a capsule, generally divisible into three
pieces, or a 3-celled berry. Seeds with a membranous integu-
ment and dense fleshy albumen.—Bulbous tuberous or fibrous-
rooted plants, with sessile more or less clasping or sheathing
leaves.

I. VERATRE.
1. ZYGADENUS. Mich.—Zygadenus.

(From the Greek @vyos, a yoke, and adyv, a gland; the glands of the perianth
being in pairs.)

Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous. Perianth deeply 6-
parted ; segments spreading, without claws, with two glands at
the base of each. Stamens 6. Filaments dilated at base. An-
thers cordate. Style 3-parted. Stigmas somewhat capitate.
Capsule ovoid-conic, 3-celled ; cells 6—10-seeded.

Z. glaucus Nutt.: bulb tunicated; leaves very smooth, shorter than the
stem ; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the pedicels ; segments of the perianth
oval or obovate, obtuse ; glands obcordate. (Nutt. Jour. Ph. Acad. vii. 56.)

Melanthium glaucum Nutt. Gen.

Gravelly banks of the St. Lawrence. Shores of Lake Erie. Can. W. to
Miss. July, Aug. ‘%.—Stem 1—2 feet high, slender. Leaves mostly radical,
2—4 lines wide. Flowers greenish-white, in a panicle or a nearly simple ra-
ceme, sometimes polygamous. Torr. Smooth-leaved Zygadenus.

9 MELANTHIUM. ZLinn.—Melanthium.

(From the Greek pedas, black, and av@os, a flower ; the flowers becoming of a
dark color.)

Polygamous. Perianth petaloid, rotate, deeply 6-parted ;
seoments unguiculate, with two glands at the base. Stamens
6, on the claws of the perianth. Styles short, subulate. Stig-
mas simple, minute. Capsule ovoid-conic, 3-celled. Seeds
humerous.

1. M. Virginicum Linn.: leaves linear-lanceolate, long; panicle very
large, pyramidal, with simple racemose branches ; segments of the perianth
ovate, somewhat hastate or auriculate ; glands approximated.

Rocky woods. Staten Island and Orange county, N.Y. Torr. and Dr. W,
Horton. S.to Car. July. 2|.—Stem 3—4 ieet high, leafy. Leaves 9—15 inches

366 MELANTHACEZ.

long, somewhat clasping at base. Flowers greenish-white, in a panicle which is
a foot or more in length, perfect and sterile ones mixed. ;
Virginian Melanthium.

2. M. hybridum Walt.: leaves long-linear, nearly smooth, clasping the
stem; panicle long, composed of simple racemes; segments of the perianth
orbicular, plaited, with long claws; glands united. MW. racemosum Mich.

Wet meadows. N. J. to Car. W.to Miss. June, July. %.—Stem 2 feet
high, leafy. Flowers in a long panicle which is composed of simple racemes.
Hybrid Melanthium.

3. TOFIELDIA. Huds.—Tofieldia.~
(In honor of Mr. Tofield, an English botanist.)

Perianth 6-parted, with asmall 3-parted involucre. Stamens
6, smooth. Capsule 3—6-celled; cells united at base, many-
seeded.

T. pubescens Pursh. : leaves subradical, narrow-ensiform, smooth ; rachis
and pedicels rough ; flowers in an oblong interrupted spike; capsule glo-
bose, scarcely longer than the involucre. Nartheciwm pubens Mich.

Swamps. Del. to Car. July. %.—Scape 18 inches high. Leaves a foot

long. Flowers greenish-white, in a racemed spike. Downy Tofieldia.
4, XEROPHYLLUM. Mich.—Xerophyllum.

(From the Greek énoos, dry, and ¢vAdov, a leaf; its leaves appearing as if
withered.) :

Perianth subrotate, deeply 6-parted. Stamens 6, contiguous
at base. Stigmas 3, revolute, partly united below. Capsule
subglobose, 3-celled; cells 2-seeded, opening at the summit.

X. setifolium Mich.: leaves subulate-setaceous; flowers in a crowded
oblong raceme; filaments dilated at the base, as long as the perianth. He-
lonias asphodeloides Linn.

Sandy plains. N. J. to Car. June. %.—Scape 3—5 feet high. Radical
leaves forming large tufts, a foot long and very narrow. Flowers white, in a
large terminal raceme. Grass-leaved Xerophyllum.

5. HELONIAS. Linn.—Helonias. _
(From the Greek £A0s, a marsh; in allusion to its place of growth.)
Flowers sometimes dicecious. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted,
spreading ; segments sessile and without glands. Stamens 6,
hypogynous and at leneth exceeding the perianth. . Styles 3,
distinct. Capsule 3-celled, 3-horned ; cells mostly few-seeded.

1. H. latifolia Mich. : scape leafless ; spike ovate, crowded ; bracts liear-
lanceolate; leaves lanceolate, mucronate, nerved. H. bullata Linn.

Sandy swamps. N. J. to Virg. Pursh.. May. |.—Flowers pale-purple.
Anthers blue. Broad-leaved Helonias. ~

2. H. erythrosperma Mich.: stem simple, leafy ; leaves linear, very long;
raceme oblong; bracts short; capsule shortened, with divaricate horns;
seeds ovoid, with a purple fleshy coat. Melanthium latum Ait.

MELANTHACE. 367

Shady woods. Penn. to Car. June, July. 2.—Stem 2 feet high, obtusely
angular. Leaves slightly channelled above. Flowers greenish-white, in a sim-
ple terminal raceme which is sometimes 9 inches long, but mostly shorter. The
root is said to be poisonous. Purple-seeded Helonias.

3. H. dioica Pursh.: stem leafy; leaves lanceolate; racemes dicecious,
the sterile nodding at first, the fertile mostly erect ; segments of the perianth
linear; stamens exserted. H. lutea Ait. Veratrum luteum Linn.

Damp grounds. N. Y. and Conn. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. %.—Ste-
rile plant 1—2 feet, the fertile one often 3 feet high. Leaves becoming broader
near the root, and often spatulate and somewhat obtuse. Flowers white, in a
spike-like raceme which is 6—12 inches long. ‘The root is a popular tonic.

Unicorn Plant.

6. VERATRUM. Linn.—Veratrum.
(From the Latin vere atrum, truly black ; in allusion to the color of the root.)
Polygamous. Perianth calyx-like, deeply 6-parted, spread-
ing, persistent ; segments sessile and without glands. Stamens
6, mserted upon the receptacle. Styles 3, short, subulate.
Capsule ovoid, membranaceous, 3-lobed; the carpels distinct at
the summit. Seeds numerous, with a broad membranaceous
margin.
V. viride Ait.: leaves broad-ovate, plaited ; panicle pyramidal, with com-
pound racemose branches ; bracts of the branches oblong-lanceolate; par-

tial bracts longer than the pedicels, V. album Mich.

Meadows and swamps. Can. to Car. May, June. ‘%.—Stem 3—4 feet
high. Leaves large, sheathing the stem at base. Flowers yellowish-green, ina
large terminal panicle. Medicinal and poisonous.

Poke Root. American Hellebore.

Il. Uvuvariz.
7. UVULARIA. Linn.—Bellwort.

(From the Latin diminutive of wva, a cluster, or wvula, the appendage to the
palate; perhaps in allusion to the inflorescence.)

Perianth inferior, deeply 6-parted, erect; segments with a
nectariferous cavity at base. Stamens 6. Filaments very short,
growing to the anthers. Stigmas 8, reflexed. Capsule 3-an-
gled, 3-celled. Seeds nearly globose, arillate at the hilum.

1. U. perfoliata Linn. : leaves perfoliate, elliptic-lanceolate, mostly acute ;
perianth subcampanulate, tuberculate, rough within; anthers awned. U.
perfoliata, var. minor Mich.

Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. 2|.—Siem 8—12
inches high, forked near the top. Flowers pale-yellow, mostly solitary, from
one of the forks of the stem. Perfoliate Bellwort.

2. U. flava Smith.: leaves perfoliate, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, undulate at
base ; perianth tapering at base, rough within; anthers awned.

Sandy soils. N. J. to Car. May, June. 2{.—Flowers larger and of a deeper
yellow than in the preceding. Pursh. Perhaps only a variety.

Yellow Bellwort.

368 MELANTHACES.

3. U. grandiflora Smith: leaves perfoliate, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, acute ;
perianth smooth within; anthers without awns. U. perfoliata, var. major
Mich. U. lanceolata Willd.

Woods and hill sides. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. %|—Stem
12—15 inches high, with one or two forks near the summit. Flowers much
larger than in either of the preceding and of a brighter yellow.

Large-flowered Bellwort.

4. U. sessilifolia Linn.: leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, somewhat glau-
cous beneath; segments of the perianth flat, smooth inside; anthers obtuse.

Shady woods. Can. to Car. May. %.—Stem 8—12 inches high, forked
near the summit. Flowers 1—2 on a slender axillary peduncle, pale-yellow.
Sessile-leaved Beliwort.

8. PROSARTES. Dow.—Prosartes.

(From the Greek zpocapraw, to hang upon ; in allusion to the suspended ovules.)

Perianth 6-leaved, campanulate-spreading ; the leafets with a
nectariferous pit, or saccate at base. Stamens 6; the filaments
inserted at the base of the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, with 2
ovules suspended from the summit of each cell. Style single.
Stigmas 3, short, recurved. Berry ovoid, 3-celled.

P. lanuginosa Don.: leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, clasping, ciliolate,
minutely pubescent beneath; pedicels in pairs; leafets of the perianth
linear-lanceolate; style smooth. Streptopus lanuginosus Mich. Uvularia

lanuginosa Pers.

Woods. Western N. Y. to Car. May. 2.—Stem 12—18 inches high, with
2—3 forks near the summit. Flowers yellowish-green, on pubescent pedicels.
Pale-flowered Prosartes.

9, STREPTOPUS. Mich Twisted Stalk.

(From the Greek orperros, twisted, and tovs, foot; in allusion to a twist in the
pedicels. )

Perianth 6-leaved, campanulate at base; the three imner
leaves carinate.. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the leaves.
Anthers sagittate, longer than the filaments. Style single, ta-
pering. Stigmas simple, obtuse. Berry globose, 3-celled.

1. S. roseus Mich.: leaves ovate-oblong, clasping, serrulate-ciliate on
the margin, green on both sides; pedicels scarcely twice as long as the
flower, slightly geniculate near the middle; anthers 2-cleft at the summit.
Uvularia rosea Pers.

Woods and swamps, on mountains. Can. to Car. W.toMich. May, June.
2|.—Stem 12—18 inches high, di- or tri-chotomous at the upper part. Flowers
rose-colored, 1—2 on filiform nodding axillary pedicels. Rose Twrsted Stalk.

2. S. amplexifolius D.C.: leaves oblong-ovate, closely clasping, glau-
cous beneath, the margin naked; pedicels elongated, distorted and genicu-
late above the middle ; anthers acuminate, entire. S. distortus Mich. Uvu-
laria amplexifolia Linn.

Shady woods and swamps. Can. to Penn. May, June. %|.—Stem about 2

PONTEDERACES. 369

feet high, forked. Flowers greenish-white, on filiform axillary pedicels which
are longer than in the preceding. Smooth Twisted Stalk.

Orper CXXXIV. PONTEDERACE Al.—Ponreperaps.

Perianth tubular, colored, 6-parted, more or less irregular ;
eestivation circinate. Stamens 8—6, unequal, perigynous.
Ovary free, more or less completely 3-celled; style 1; stigma
38—6-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds nu-
merous, with somewhat mealy albumen.—Aquatic or marsh
plants. Leaves sheathing at the base, with parallel veins.

1. PONTEDERIA. Linn.—Pickerel Weed.
(In honor of Julius Pontedera, professor of botany at Padua.)

Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, 2-lipped; under side of the tube
perforated with 3 longitudinal foramina; the lower part per-
sistent, calycine. Stamens 6, unequally inserted, 3 near the
base and 3 near the summit of the tube. Utricle muricate,
1-seeded.

1. P. cordata Lann.: leaves subradical, oblong-cordate; flowers in
crowded spikes; segments of the perianth oblong.

Ponds. Can. to Car. W.toArk. Aug. 2|.—Stem 1—2 feet long, bearing
a single leaf with the base of the petiole sheathing. Flowers aggregated by
twos and threes, sessile, bright-blue. Common Pickerel Weed.

2. P. angustifolia Pursh.: leaves elongated-triangular, truncate and
subcordate at the base; segments of the perianth linear-lanceolate. P.
cordata,var. angustifolia Torr. P. mucronata Raf.

Beach pond, Westchester county, N. Y. Dr. S. B. Mead. Mountain lakes.
N. Y. to Car. Pursh. July. 2|.—Flowers blue, smaller than in the preceding
species, of which, however, it may be only a variety.

Narrow-leaved Pickerel Weed.

2. HETERANTHERA. R. g P.—Heteranthera.

(From the Greek érepos, different, and avnp, anther; the anthers in the same
flower being dissimilar.)

Flowers in aspathe. Perianth with a long and slender tuhe ;
border 6-parted, equal. Stamens 3. Anthers of 2 forms.
Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the angles; dissepi-
ment contrary.

H. reniformis R. § P.: leaves orbicular-reniform ; spathe oblong, acumi-
nate, 3—5-flowered. Hl. acuta Pursh. Leplanthus reniformis Mich,

Overflowed banks. N.Y. to Virg. July, Aug. °|.—Stem prostrate and
rooting in the mud, partly floating, 6—18 inches long. eaves semicircularly
nerved, on petioles 2—3 inches long. Flowers white, 3-—5 in a spathe. :

Mud Plantain.
LG*

370 ERIOCAULACEZ.

3. SCHOLLERA. Schreb.—-Schollera.
(Dedicated to Frederick Adam Scholler, a German botanist.)

Spathe 1-flowered. Perianth with along slender tube ; limb
deeply 6-parted. Stamens nearly equal. Anthers similar, ob-
long-sagittate. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 1-celled.

S. graminea Vahl. Leptanthus gramineus Mich. Heteranthera graminea

Pursh.

In flowing streams. N.S. July, Aug. 1%|.—Sitem slender, much branched,
rooting at the lower joints. Leaves sessile, narrow-linear. Flowers small, pale-
yellow, solitary. Stamens usually 3, but sometimes 4, unequal.

i Grass-leaved Schollera.

OrpER CXXXV. ERIOCAULACEA.—Pirreworts.

Flowers bracteate, moncecious or dicecious. Perianth 2—6
parted, in two rows; the outer glumaceous; inner somewhat
petaloid. Stamens 3—6. Ovary superior, 2—3-celled; style
very short; stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary. Capsule
2—3-celled, loculicidal. Seeds solitary, coated with wings or
rows of hairs.——Perennial marsh plants, with linear cellular
spongy leaves, and minute flowers which are collected into a
head at the summit of the scape.

ERIOCAULON. Linn.—Pipewort.

(From the Greek <orov, wool, and xavdos, a stem; in allusion to the woolly
scapes of the species first described.)

Flowers moncecious, rarely dicecious, collected into a com-
pact scaly head. Srerize FL. in the disk. Perianth 4—6-
cleft, the inner segments united nearly to their summit. Stamens
3—6. Ferrite FL. in the margin. Perianth deeply 4-parted.
Capsule 2—3-celled. ang

1. E. septangulare With.: scape slender, 6—7-furrowed, smooth; leaves
subulate-ensiform, cellular and transversely reticulated; head small, hemi-
spheric; scales of the involucre obovate, and with the flowers hairy at the
summit. E. pellucidum Mich.

Ponds and swamps. Can. to Penn. Aug. 2|.—Scape varying in length
from 2 or 3 inches to 6 feet, (Torr.) and like the leaves pellucid and cellular.
Flowers minute, in a compact head, 4-cleft. Perianth with the outer segments
purplish, the inner ones white. Stamens 4. Jointed Pipewort.

2. E. decangulare Mich.: scape 10-furrowed ; leaves ensiform, smooth ;
head large, depressed-globose; scales of the involucre oval, acute, of the

receptacle mucronate.

Ponds. N.J.toCar. Aug. 2}.—Scape2—3 feet high. Flowers very white.
Ten-angled Pipewort.

JUNCACE. ort

Orper CXXXVI. XYRIDACEA.—Xvyriws.

Perianth 6-parted, in 2 rows ; outer glumaceous ; inner peta-
loid, unguiculate. Stamens 6, 3 fertile, inserted upon the claws
of the inner segments of the perianth. Ovary single; style
trifid. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded, with parietal
placentze.—Herbaceous rush-lke plants, with fibrous roots,
ensiform or filiform radical leaves and flowers im terminal im-
bricate scaly heads. .

| XYRIS. Linn.—Yeliow-eyed Grass,
(From the Greek évgos, sharp, in allusion to the pointed leaves.)

Perianth in 2 rows ; outer row glumaceous, 2 of the segments
somewhat boat-shaped ; inner row petaloid; the segments with
long nearly distinct claws and dilated lamine. Stamens 6; 3
fertile, the rest abortive. Capsule 1-celled.

1, X. Caroliniana Walt.: scape somewhat 2-edged; leaves linear,
grass-like, much shorter than the scape; head roundish-ovoid; bracts
orbicular-obovate. X, Jupacai Mich. X. flexuosa Ell.

Wet meadows. N.Y. toFlor.. July. 2|.—Stem a foot high, somewhat bul-
bous at the base. often spirally twisted. Leaves sheathing at base, flat or twisted.
Flowers yellow, in a head 3—4 lines long. Common Yellow-eyed Grass.

2. X. brevifolia Mich.: leaves subulate, ensiform, short; head globose ;

inner segments of the perianth shorter than the outer one, slightly notched.

Wet meadows. Penn. to Geor, July. %|.—Scape 12—18 inches high, com-
pressed near the summit. Leaves much twisted. Flowers yellow, in a globose
head. Short-leaved Yellow-eyed Grass.

3. X. fimbriata Ell.: leaves long, ensiform; heads loosely imbricate,

oblong; segments of the perianth fimbriate. :

Meadows. N.J. to Geor. June. 2.—Stem 2 feet high. Flowers yellow.
Found in New Jersey by Dr. Darlington. Fl. Cest. _ :
Fimbriate Yellow-eyed Grass.

RusHEs.

Onpmr CXXXVIL JUNCACEA.

Flowers mostly perfect. Perianth 6-leaved, in a double row,
more or less glumaceous. Stamens 6, rarely 3, inserted into
the base of the segments. Ovary 1- or 38-celled ; stigmas gen-
erally 3. Fruit capsular, with 3 valves. Seeds with a thin
skin and firm albumen.—-Mostly grass-like plants. [Flowers
small, generally brown or green, in cymes or heads.

ote JUNCACE.

1, LUZULA. D. C—Wood Rush.

(Said to be derived from the Italian lucciola, a glow-worm ; because its flowers,
when moistened with dew, sparkle by moonlight.)

Perianth spreading, glumaceous. Stamens 6. Filaments
smooth. Stigmas 8. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds 3,
sometimes with an appendage at one end.

1. L. pilosa Willd.: leaves broad-linear, hairy; peduncles in an umbel-
late corymb, 1-flowered, at length bent downward ; leafets of the perianth
acuminate, shorter than the obtuse capsule; seeds with a curved appendage
atthe top. Juncus pilosus Linn.

Woods. Can. to Penn. April, May. 2|.—Stem 6—12 inches high. cespitose.
Flowers dark-brown, 8—12 in an umbel, on filiform peduncles 6—8 lines in
length. Hairy Wood Rush.

2. L. campestris D. C.: leaves hairy; spikes sessile and peduncled ;
leafets of the perianth acuminate, awned, longer than the obtuse capsule ;
seeds with an appendage at the base. Juncus campestris Linn.

Meadows. Can. to Car. April, May. %|—Stem 6—12 inches high, cespi-
tose at base. Flowers reddish-brown, in ovcid cr oblong nearly erect spikes
forming a sort of umbel. Common Wood Rush.

3. L. parviflora Desv.: smooth; stem elongated; leaves broad-linear;
flowers in a decompound loose corymb, the peduncles elongated and capil-
lary; pedicels. 1-flowered; leafets of the perianth ovate, acute, about the
length of the oval obtuse apiculate capsule; seeds without an appendage.
15% melanocar ‘pa Desv. Juncus melanocarpus Mich.

Mountains. Northern N.Y. Torr. White Mountains, N. H. Big. Can.
Mich. July. 2|.—Stem 12—18 inches high, slender. Flowers in a loose corym-
bose panicle, nodding. Seeds brown. Small-flowered Wood Rush.

4. L. spicata D. C.: leaves narrow, channelled, hairy at the throat;
spike solitary, drooping, compound; spikelets aioe: than the Gaeeecas
mucronate bracts; leafets-of the perianth acuminate-mucronate, about as
long as the rounded capsule. Juncus spicatus Willd.

White Mountains, N. H. Big. Aug. ‘|.—Stem 6—S8 inches high, slender.
Spike dark-colored, ‘interrupted near the base, drooping.

Spike-flowered Wood Rush.
2. JUNCUS. Linn.—Rush.

(From the Latin jungo, to join; the leaves and stems having been used as
cordage.)

Perianth spreading, glumaceous. Stamens 6, or sometimes
8. Filaments smooth. Stigmas 3, subsessile. Capsule 3-celled,
many-seeded. |

* Leaves none.

1. J. acutus Linn.: barren scapes and outer bracts pungent; panicle

very compound, mostly compact; leafets of the perianth equal; inner ones

with a broad membranaceous margin at the apex, shorter than the broad-
ovate abruptly acuminate capsule,

JUNCACES. 3/3

Sandy sea-coasts. N.J.toCar. July. %|.—Scape 2—3 feet high. Panicle
2-3 inches long, appearing as if lateral, though really terminal.
; Great Sharp Sea Rush.

2. J. effusus Linn.: scape not rigid, finely striate; panicle loose, very
much branched, spreading; leafets of the perianth lanceolate, spreading,
very acute, as long as the obovoid obtuse capsule; stamens 3.

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. June, July. 2|.—Scape 2—3 feet high, erect,
terminating in along tapering point. Panicle bursting from a fissure in the
side of the scape above the middle, sessile. Flowers greenish. Sometimes used
for making mats. Soft Rush.

3. J. filiformis Linn.: scape filiform, smooth; panicle few-flowered ;
leafets of the perianth lanceolate, acuminate, nearly equal, larger than the
obovoid apiculate capsule ; stamens 6.

_ Borders of ponds. Northern and Western N.Y. Yorr. White Mountains,

N. H. Big. July. 2.—Scape 18 inches to 2 feet high, very slender. Panicle
bursting from the side of the scape above the middle. Flowers greenish.

Slender Rush.
4, J. Baiticus Willd.: scape obscurely striate; panicle erect, branched ;
leafets of the perianth nearly equal, very acute, as long as the elliptic mu-
cronate capsule; stamens 6; style conspicuous.

Gravelly shores of the St. Lawrence and of Lake Ontario. Torr. July. 2.—
Scape 2—4 feet high, often flexuous or twisted. Panicle with the branches
slender and flexuous. Flowers dark brown. Baltic Rush.

** Stem leafy. Leaves terete, nodose.

5. J. nodosus Linn.: stem nearly round; leaves distinctly nodose, terete ;
inflorescence terminal; heads few, globose, many-flowered; leafets of the
perianth linear-lanceolate, with a long subulate point; stamens 3; capsule
triquetrous, attenuated at the summit, about as long as the perianth; seeds
oblong.

Sandy banks of streams. Can. to Car. July. ‘|.— Stem 8 inches to 2 feet
high. Heads in a loose more or less compound panicle, or in a dense cluster.
Flowers brownish or greenish. Stamens 3—6. <A very variable plant; which,
however, according to Dr. Torrey, can always be distinguished from J. polyceph-
alus, by its attenuated capsule, and by its oblong (not tailed) seeds.

Knotty Rush.

6. J. polycephalus Mich. : stem erect; leaves compressed, nodose ; panicle
terminal, compound; heads many-flowered, globose ; leafets of the perianth
lanceolate, somewhat awned; stamens 3; capsule oblong-triangular, ab-
ruptly acuminate, scarcely longer than the perianth; seeds tailed at each
end. J. echinatus Muhl.

Boggy meadows. Can. to Geor. July, Aug. %|.—Stem 1—3 feet high.
Panicle more or less compound. Flowers greenish. Seeds with a subulate ap-
pendage or tail at each end. (Torr.) A variable species.

’ Many-headed Rush.

7. J. subverticillatus Willd: stem compressed; leaves few, subulate, no-
dose ; panicle corymbose; heads about 5-flowered, fasciculate-verticillate ;
leafets of the perianth linear-lanceolate, striate, as long as the obtuse cap-
sule. J. verticillatus Pursh.

Swamps. Can. N. Y. and Penn. July, Aug. 2|.—Stem 14—2 feet high,

Ot4 JUNCACE.

slender, about 2-leaved. Panicle 4—8 inches long, the branches subverticillate
and div Crs: flewers greenish, in somewhat hemispherical heads.
Whorled Rush.

8. J. acuminatus Mich.: stem erect; leaves somewhat compressed, no-
dose; panicle terminal, compound; heads 3—6-flowered, pedunculate and
sessile; leafets of the perianth linear-lanceolate, mucronate, shorter than
the peal triangular capsule; stamens 3; seeds tailed at each end. J.
sylvaticus Muh.

Boggy meadows. Can. to Car. July. a. — Stem 12—15 inches high. Leaves
distantly jointed. Panicle more or less compound, rather erect, spreading.
Flowers pale-green cr purplish, mostly 3 in a head. Sharp -fruited Rush.

9. J. pelocarpus Meyer: stem erect, bearing a single leaf, compressed ;
leaves setaceous, compressed, obscurely nodose ; panicle pyramidal, spread-
ing; heads about 2-flowered; leafets of the perianth oblong, obtuse, the
inner ones a little longer, shorter than the triquetrous ovate capsule. (T7.

INGY EET) :
Ver. and N. Y.? .2|.—Stem 15—18 inches high. Panicle loose and elon-
gated. Heads 3—6-flowered. Stamens 6. Brownish Rush.

10. J. Conradi Tuckerman: stem erect, leafy; leaves erect, compressed,
slightly nodose ; inflorescence terminal, decompound, divaricate; flowers
solitary; leafets of the perianth lanceolate-acute, shorter than the oblong
acuminate-rostrate capsule. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) J. viviparus Conrad.

Borders of ponds in sandy soils). N.H. Mass. N. Y. and N.J. July, Aug.
@).—Stem cespitose, 6-10 inches high; slender. Leaves few. — Inflorescence
spreading, with the branches slender. Flowers often viviparous or abortive,
reddish-brown. Stamens 6. Torr. Conrad’s Rush.

xxx Leaves flat or channelled on the upper side.

11. J. tenuis Willd. : stems cespitose, slender, leafy at the base, erect,
somewhat compressed ; leaves setaceous-linear, channelled ; panicle termi-
nal, more or less compound; flowers solitary, unilateral; leafets of the per-

ianth lanceolate, a little longer than the obtuse capsule. J. bicornis Mich.

Low grounds. N.Y. to Car. June, July. 21.—Stems cespitose, 10 or 12 inches
high. Panicle cymose; the peduncles unequal. Flowers solitary, greenish,
somewhat racemose or unilateral on the branchlets. Slender Rush.

12. J. Greener Tuckerm. & Oakes: stem erect, leafy at the base, terete,

rigid ; leaves setaceous-linear, channelled above, rounded on the back;
panicle terminal, compound, cymose; flowers solitary, erect, unilateral ;
leafets of the perianth shorter than the ovoid-oblong rather obtuse capsule.

Sandy borders of salt - marshes. Mass. and N. Y. July. 2|.—Sitems cespi-
tose, 12—18 inches high, striate. _ Panicle consisting of several much contracted ~
cymes. Flowers unilateral, greenish. Greene’s Rush.

13. J. Gerardi Loisel.: stem simple, leafy, compressed; leaves linear-
setaceous, channelled; panicle terminal, compound, cymose, longer than
the bracteal leaves ; leafets of the perianth oblong, somewhat obtuse, mostly
shorter than the obovoid obtuse triangular capsule; stamens 6; seeds ob-
long-ovoid, strongly ribbed. J. bulbosus Pursh.

Borders of salt marshes. N.Y.to Car. Aug. %|.—Stem 8—12 inches high,
slender. Panicle rather crowded, the branches unequal. Flowers and capsules
dark-brown. : Black Grass.

JUNCACES. — 375

14, J. bujonius Linn.: stem diffuse, leafy, dichotomous above ; leaves fili-
form-setaceous, channelled; panicle loose ; flowers subsolitary, remote, uni-
lateral; leafets of the perianth lanceolate, very acuminate, much longer
than the oblong obtuse capsule.

Moist places. Can. to Car. July, Aug. ().—Stems cespitose, 3—6 inches
high, divided towards the top. Panicle loose, spreading, few-flowered, pale-
green. Toad Rush.

15. J. marginatus Rostk.: stem leafy, jointed ; leaves flat and grass-like ;
panicle corymbose, compound; leafets of the perianth about as long as the
obtuse capsule, the outer ones and the bracts subaristate; stamens 3. J.
aristulatus Mich.

Low grounds. N.Y. to Car. Aug. %.—Stem 1—3 feet high, tuberous at
base. Panicle often very compound and proliferous. Flowers 3—6 in a head.

Grass-leaved Rush.

16. J. siygius Linn.: stem filiform, erect, rigid, leafy; leaves setaceous,
slightly flattened; flowers about 3, in a terminal head; leafets of the peri-
anth shorter than the oblong-elliptic acute capsule; stamens 3; seeds with
an appendage at each end.

Sphagnous swamps, on Perch Lake, Jefferson county, N.Y. Dr. Gray.
U.2—Stem 6—12 inches high, simple. Flowers larger than in any of the pre-
ceding species, with 2—3 bracts at the base of the heads.

Large-fruited Rush.

17. J. trifidus Linn.: leaf mostly solitary, near the summit of the stem,
linear-setaceous; sheaths ciliate; heads about 3-flowered, terminal; bracts
foliaceous, very long, grooved.

White Mountains, N. H. Big. Summit of Mount Marcy, Essex county, N.
Y. July, Aug. %|.—Stem 6—10 inches high, rather rigid. Flowers mostly in
a single head, supported by 2 long setaceous bracts or terminal leaves.

> Trifid Rush.

18. J. militaris Big.: leaf solitary, jointed, longer than the stem; pani-
cle terminal, proliferous, with sheathing lanceolate bracts at base; heads
about 5-flowered.

Ponds, near Boston, Mass. Big. Stem 2-—3 feet high, with a long sheath
or two at base and commonly another above the leaf. Panicle terminal, erect,
with proliferous branches. Bayonet Rush.

3. NARTHECIUM. Lina.—Narthecium.

(From the Greek vap0os, a rod; probably from the elongated straight raceme
of flowers.)

Perianth petaloid, of 6 linear-lanceolate spreading pieces.
Stamens 6. Filaments hairy. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds
with an appendage at each extremity.

N. Americanwm Ker: raceme sometimes interruptedly spiked, lax ; pedi-
cels with a setaceous bract below the flower, and another embracing its
base ; filaments with very short hair. Phalangium ossifragum Muh.

- Sandy swamps. N. J. to Ala. June, July. 2|.—Scape a foot high. Leaves

narrow-ensiform. Flowers yellow, in a terminal spike. Closely resembles J.
ossifragum of Europe. American Narthectum.

376 COMMELYNACES.

Orper CXXXVIII. H#MODORACEA.—Btoop Roors.

Perianth petaloid, 6-cleft, usually more or less woolly. Sta-
mens inserted on the perianth, either 3 and opposite the inner
segments, or 6; anthers bursting inwardly. Stigma undivided.
Fruit capsular, somewhat nucamentaceous.—Herbaceous plants,
with fibrous perennial roots and permanent ensiform equitant
leaves.

1, LACHNANTHES. £il.—Lachnanthes.

Perianth superior, 6-cleft; segments unequal. Stamens 3.
Style declining. Stigma minutely 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled,
truncate, many-seeded.

L. tinctoria Ell. Dilatris tinctoria Pursh.

Sandy swamps. N.J.to Flor. July. 2|.—Stem erect, 2 feet high, hairy at
the top. Leaves ensiform, shorter than the stem. Flowers in a corymbose pan-
icle, woolly, yellow within. The root yields a red color, which is used for dye-
ing. Red Root.

2.% ALETRIS. Linn—Star Grass.

(From the Greek ade:ap, meal; in allusion to the mealy appearance of the
flowers.)

Perianth tubular or tubular-campanulate, rugose, 6-cleft.
Stamens 6, inserted at the orifice of the tube. Style triquetrous,
finally 3-parted. Capsule 38-celled, many-seeded, opening at
the summit.

1. A. farinosa Linn.: leaves radical, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth ;
flowers pedicellate, oblong-tubular; perianth rugose-muricate. A. alba
Mich.

Sandy woods. Can. to Car. July. %.—Scape 2 feet high, with several
bract-like leaves. Flowers white, in a terminal raceme which is sometimes a
foot in length. Perianth appearing as if covered with a rough powder. The
root is intensely bitter. Star-grass. Colic Root.

2. A. aurea Walt.: leaves radical, lanceolate, acuminate; flowers sub-
sessile, short; perianth rugose and very rough.

Pine Barrens. N. J.toCar. July, Aug. 2|.—Scape 2—3 feet high. Flowers
yellow, in a terminal raceme, less numerous than in the preceding.
Yellow Bice nese.

OrperR CXXXIX. COMMELYNACE.—Sprzrworts.

Perianth in 2 rows; outer row herbaceous, 3-leaved ; mner
petaloid, 3-leaved or 3-cleft. Stamens 6 or fewer, some of
them deformed or abortive. Ovary 3-celled; stigma 1. .Cap-

ALISMACE. 377

sule 2—3-celled. Seeds often twin; albumen fleshy.—Herba-
ceous plants, with flat narrow mostly sheathing leaves.

1, COMMELYNA. Linn.—Day Flower.
(In honor of two Dutch botanists, John and Gaspar Commelyn.)

Perianth in 2 rows; outer one 3-leaved, calycine ; inner 3-
leaved, petaloid. Stamens 6, 3—4 sterile and furnished with
cruciform glands. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; one of the valves
often abortive. |

1. C. angustifolia Mich.: assurgent, slender, weak, somewhat smooth;
leaves linear-lanceolate, very acute, flat, smooth; sheaths subciliate ; inner
segments of the perianth unequal, one very minute; bracts peduncled,
broad-cordate. C. erecta Willd.

Borders of swamps. N. Y. to Car. June. %|.—Stem a foot high, somewhat
branching from the base. Flowers blue. Fertile stamens 2.
Narrow-leaved Day-flower.

2. C. Virginica Linn.: stem stiffly erect, pubescent; leaves long-lance-
olate, somewhat petiolate, the sheaths bearded at the throat; inner seg-
ments of the perianth nearly equal; bracts subsessile. C. longifolia Mich.

Woods. Penn. Muhl. S. to Car. July. 2|.—Stem 2 feet high. Flowers
blue, clustered at the top of the stem. Fertile stamens 3.

Broad-leaved Day-flower.
2. TRADESCANTIA. Linn.—Spiderwort.
(In honor of John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I. Torr.)

Perianth in 2 rows; the outer one 3-leaved, calycine; inner
one 3-leaved, petaloid. Stamens 6, all fertile. Filaments villous.
Stigma obtuse. Capsule 2—3-celled, 3-valved, few-seeded.

1. T. Virginica Linn. : stem erect, sometimes branching, smooth ; leaves
long, lanceolate, smooth; flowers in an imperfect umbel, sessile; calyx
pubescent. T. cristata Walt.

Shady woods. N.Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. May. %|.—Stems about a foot
high, often several from the same root. Flowers purple, in a terminal cluster or
umbel, with a large 2-leaved involucre at base. trginian Spiderwort.

2. T’. rosea Mich.: erect, simple; leaves linear, long, smooth; peduncles
elongated; calyx smooth. JT. Virginica Walt.

Moist woods. Penn. to Geor. May. 2|.—Stem 8—12 inches high. Flowers
smaller than in the preceding, with the inner segments rose-colored, and three
times as long as the outer ones. Rose-colored Sprderwort.

Orper CXL. ALISMACEA1.—Atismaps.
Perianth 6-leaved, in two rows ; outer row herbaceous, inner
petaloid. Stamens definite or indefinite. Ovaries several, 1-
celled; styles and stigmas as many as the ovaries. Fruit not

378 ALISMACE.

opening, 1 or 2-seeded. Seeds without albumen; embryo
shaped like a horse-shoe.—Floating or swamp planis, with fas-
ciculate roots. Leaves with parallel veins.

1. SAGITTARIA. Linn.— Arrowhead.

(From the Latin sagitia, an arrow; in allusion to the general form of the leaves.)

Moneecious. - Perianth 6-leaved; 3 outer leaves persistent,
calycine; 3 inner colored, petaloid. Srerite Fi. Stamens nu-
merous. Ferrite Fi. Ovaries numerous, collected into a head.
Carpels compressed, 1-seeded, crowned with the persistent
style.

1, S. sagittifolia Willd.: scape simple; leaves sagittate or sometimes
entire.

var. 1. vulgaris Hook.: leaves ovate, acute; the lobes ovate-lanceolate,
straight, acuminate. S. sagittifolia Mich.

var. 2. latifolia Torr. : leaves very large and broad, more or less obtuse ;
the lobes ovate-lanceolate, spreading. S. latifolia Pursh.

var. 3. hastata Torr.: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute ; the lobes divari-
cate, lanceolate, elongated; flowers mostly dicecious. S. hastata Pursh.

var. 4. gracilis Torr.: leaves lance-linear; the lobes much divaricate,
linear, very long and acute, sometimes wanting. S. gracilis and hetero-
phylla Pursh.

var. 5. pubescens Torv.: leaves and stem pubescent; bracts and outer
leaves of the perianth very pubescent. S. pubescens Pursh.

var. 6. simplex Hook.: leaves with the lamina linear-lanceolate and with-
out lobes. SS. simplex, graminea and acutifolia Pursh.

var. 7. rigida Torr.: leaves narrow-lanceolate, very acute at each end,
carinate below. SS. rigida Pursh.

Ditches, ponds, and moist grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to the Platte River.
July, Aug. %.—Scape 6 inches to 2 feet high. Leavesvery variable. Flowers
white. I follow Dr. Torrey (N.Y. Fil.) in reducing all the above forms to one
species. ‘There seems to be more doubt concerning S. rigida, than any of the
rest. But they all pass inte each other by almost imperceptible gradations.
Perhaps the following will hereafter also be found to be mere varieties of this
polymorphous plant. According to Nuttall it exudes a milky sap which hardens
into a white and hyaline gum. Common Arrowhead.

2. S. obtusa Willd.: leaves sagittate, dilated-ovate, rounded at the ex-
-tremity, mucronate; lobes approximate, oblong, obliquely acuminate,
straight; flowers dicecious; sterile scape branched at base. ~

Ditches and ponds. - Penn. to Virg. July. 2|.—Zeaves about as large as those
of Calla palustris. Flowers white. Obtuse-leaved Arrowhead.

3. S. pusilla Nutt.: leaves linear, obtuse and short, the summits folia-
ceous; scape simple, mostly shorter than the leaves; flowers monecious,
few, the fertile one usuaily solitary. Alisma subulata Pursh.

Muddy Banks. N.Y. to Geor. Aug. 2|.?—Scape 2--4 inches high. Leaves
rarely ever subulate, scarcely a line wide and obtuse. Flowers 3—6, only one
of them usually fertile. Dwarf Arrowhead.

JUNCAGINACEA. 379

4. S. natans Mich.: leaves floating, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved,
attenuate at base; lower ones subcordate; scape simple, few-flowered ;
lower peduncles elongated.

In water. Penn. -Muhl. S.to Car. July, Aug. 2|.—Scape mostly erect,

3—6 inches long. Leaves generally floating, 1—2 inches long. Flowers few,
small, the upper sterile. El. Floating Arrowhead.
2, ALISMA. Linn.—Water Plantain.
(From the Celtic alis, water ; in allusion to its place of growth.)

Perianth 6-leaved; 3 outer leaves persistent, calycine; 3
inner colored, petaloid, deciduous. Stamens 6. Ovaries and
styles numerous. Carpels numerous, distinct, 1-seeded, crowned
with the persistent style.

A. Plantago Linn.: stemless ; leaves ovate-cordate, acute, nerved ; flow-
ers in a compound verticillate panicle; fruit obtusely triangular. A. trivi-
alis and parviflora Pursh.

Wet grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to the Platte River. July, Aug. 2}.—
Scape 1—2 feet high, triangular. Leaves all radical, on long petioles, mostly
9-nerved. Panicle much decompounded in a verticillate manner. Flowers
white, tinged with purple. rutt consisting of numerous carpels verticillately
arranged. - Common Water Plantain.

Orper CXLI. JUNCAGINACEA).—Arrow Grasszs.

Perianth 6-leaved ; the 3 inner leaves narrower. Stamens 6.
Carpels 83—6, free, united or distinct. Fruit dry, 1 or 2-seeded.
Seeds without albumen; embryo with a lateral cleft—Herba-
ceous aquatic or marsh plants, with ensiform leaves and the
flowers in spikes or racemes.

1, TRIGLOCHIN. Linn.—Arrow Grass.

(From the Greek rpeis, three, and yAwxts, a point ; in allusion to the three
points of the capsules.)

Perianth somewhat colored, deciduous ; leaves concave. Sta-
mens 6; anthers subsessile. Capsules 3—6, united by a lon-
gitudinal receptacle from which they usually separate at the
base, 1-seeded.

1. T. palustre Linn.: fruit of 3 united carpels, nearly linear, subulate at

the base.

Marshes. Salina and elsewhere in Western N.Y. N.to Arct. Amer. July.
2|.—Scape about a foot high, very slender. Leaves very numerous, all radical
or nearly so, linear, fleshy, slightly grooved on the upper side, nearly as long as
the scape. Flowers small, greenish, ina terminal lax spike or raceme. The
leaves, when bruised, give out a very fetid odor. Marsh Arrow Grass.

2. T. maritimum Linn.: fruit ovoid, of 6 united oblong carpels. TT.
elatum Nutt.

Salt marshes. Can. to Penn. W. to Mich. July. %|.—Scape 18 inches

380 TYPHACER.

high and stouter than in the preceding. eaves all radical, narrow, sheathing

at base, shorter than the scape. Flowers very small, greenish, in a long iermi-

nal spike. Sea-side Arrow Grass.
2. SCHEUCHZERIA. Linn.—Scheuchzeria.

(In honor of the three Scheuchzers, Swiss botanists.)

Perianth of 6 somewhat petaloid persistent leaves; the 3
inner ones narrower. Stamens 6. Anthers on slender flaments.
Capsules 3, inflated, united at base, 1—2 seeded.

S. palustris Linn.

Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Virg.; rare. July. 2.— Stem 8—12 inches

high, angular. eaves linear, roundish, sheathing at base. Flowers greenish-
yellow, in a small terminal raceme. Marsh Scheuchzerta.

OrperR CXLII TYPHACKA.—Car Tatts.

Flowers moncecious, arranged upon a naked spadix. Perianth
consisting of 8 or more scales or bristles. Srmrizrz FL.» Sta-
mens numerous ; the filaments distinct or united below ; anthers
erect, 2-celled. Frrrize Fi. Ovary single, 1-celled; style
short; stigmas 1—2, linear. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed 1;
albumen mealy.—Aquatic or marsh plants. Stem without
nodes. Leaves rigid, ensiform, with parallel veins.

1. SPARGANIUM. ZLinn.—Bur Reed.

(From the Greek ozapyavov, a litile band; in allusion to its long and narrow
leaves.),

Moneecious. Flowers in dense spherical heads, the sterile
ones above. SreriLeE Fit. Stamens numerous, intermixed with
membranous scales. Frrtite Ft. Pistils numerous, sessile,
each surrounded with 8—6 scales. Style short. Fruit sessile.

1. S. ramosum Smith: leaves triangular at base, their sides concave;
common peduncle branched ; stigma linear. SS. evectum Linn.

Stagnant waters. Can. to Virg. July, Aug. %|.—Stem 2 feet high, round,
flexuous, with 2 or 3 short axillary branches at the top. Lower leaves very long,
linear-ensiform. Heads distantly placed ; the sterile above more numerous and
smaller than the fertile. j Branching Bur-reed.

2. S. simplex Huds.: stem nearly simple ; leaves triangular at base, the .
sides flat; stigma linear. S. Americanum Nutt.

_ Ponds and lakes. Can. to Car. July, Aug. .2|.—Smaller than the last.
Stem simple or rarely a little branched. Fertile heads 2—3, mostly sessile.
Flowers pale-yellow. Smaller Bur-reed:

3. S. natans Smith: stem simple ; leaves floating, very narrow, flat ; stig-
ma linear, short; heads of sterile flowers subsolitary. S. angustifolium
Mich.

ARACE. 381

Lakes, &c. Can. and N.Y. Aug. %|.—Stem long and slender. Leaves
very long, linear, pellucid. It may be\only a variety of the preceding.
Floating Bur-reed.

2, TYPHA. Linn.—Cat-Tail.

(From the Greek 7!¢0s, a marsh ; on account of its place of growth.)
Flowers collected into a long dense cylindric spike. Sre-
RILE Fx. above. Stamens numerous, intermixed with simple
hairs inserted directly on the axis. Flaments slender, 2—4
forked. Frrtitz Ft. below the sterile on the same axis. Ova-
ries numerous, surrounded at base with numerous clavate bris-
tles. Fruit oblong, very small, stipitate.

1. T. latifolia Linn.: leaves linear, nearly flat; sterile and fertile spikes
close together or almost continuous.

Borders of swamps and ponds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. ‘%|.—Stems clus-
tered, 4—5 feet high, simple, round, leafy at base. Leaves very long. Flowers
in a cylindric spike, the sterile yellowish, the fertile brownish.

Broad-leaved Cat-tail. Reed-mace.

2. T. angustifolia Linn.: leaves linear, channelled near the base; ste-
rile and fertile spikes a little distant from each other. .

Borders of swamps and ponds. N. Y. to Virg. July, Aug. %.—Stems and
spikes more slender, and the leaves narrower, than in the preceding.
Narrow-leaved Cat-tail.

Orper CXLITI. ARACEHA).—Arvms.

Flowers mostly moneecious, arranged on a spadix within a
spathe. Srerite Ft. Stamens very short ; anthers turned out-
wards. Ferrite Fx. at the base of the spadix. Ovary free,
1—8- or more-celled ; stigma sessile. Fruit succulent. Seeds
pulpy.—Herbaceous plants frequently with a fleshy cormus, or
shrubs. Leaves sheathing at the base, sometimes compound.

1, ARIS HMA. Mart. Torr—Dragon Arum.
(Origin of the name unknown.)

Spathe convolute below, the limb arched or flattish. Spa-
dix naked above, the lower part covered with flowers, of which
the upper are sterile and the lower fertile, or in some plants
all sterile. Anthers somewhat verticillate and distinct. Fila-
ments very short. Ovaries 1-celled, numerous. Stigma capi-
tate-peltate, almost sessile. Berry 1- several-seeded,

1, A. triphyllum Torr.: leaves ternate; leafets elliptic-ovate, sessile,
acuminate, entire; spadix clavate, obtuse, shorter than the spathe, A.
atrorubens Blume. Arum triphyllum Linn, A. atrorubens Ait.

382 ARACE.

Wet woods. Can.toCar. W. to Miss. April, May, 2|.—Scape 6—12 inches
or more high, with a fleshy cormus at the base. Leaves 1 or 2, on long petioles;
the leafets variable in breadth. Spathe ovate; the upper portion arched over
at the top, greenish, dark purple, or variegated. Berries forming a dense ovoid
head. The recent tuber is very acrid, and almost caustic, but it becomes mild
by boiling or drying. Big. Med. Bot., i. 52. Indian Turnip.

2. A. Dracontium Schott: leaf mostly solitary, pedate; the leafets lance-
oblong, acuminate, entire; spadix subulate, much longer than the oblong
acuminate convolute-spathe. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) Arwm Dracontium

Linn.

Banks of streams. N. Y. to Flor. June, July. 2.—Scape about a foot
long, with roundish corms, often clustered. Leaf on a petiole 8—15 inches
long. Spadir greenish; the upper part tapering into aslender point, which
rises 2—4 inches above the top of the spathe. _ Berries reddish-orange when ripe,
forming an ovoid cluster. Darlington. Green Dragon.

2. PELTANDRA. Raf.—Arrow Arum,

(From the Greek z<Arn, a shield; and avno, a stamen; in allusion to the form
of the sterile organs.)

Spathe elongated, convolute, undulate on the margin, curved
at the apex. Spadix covered with flowers. Perianth none.
Anthers sessile, covering the upper part of the spadix in a tes-
selated manner. Ovaries 1-celled, on the lower part of the
spadix. Berries ovoid, forming a dense cluster.

P. Virginica Raf. Arum Virginicum Linn. Calla Virginica Mich.
Lecontia Virginica Torr. Comp. Rensselaeria Viginica Beck Bot. ist. Ed.

Swamps. N.Y. to Car. June, July. 2|.—Scapes, several from one root,
12—18 inches long. Leaves all radical, and with the petiole about as long as
the scape, oblong, hastate-sagittate, acuminate, the lobes spreading and usually
obtuse. ~Spathe 3—5 inches long, narrow and somewhat fleshy. Spadir nearly
as longasthe spathe. Berries 1—3-seeded, green when ripe.

Arrow-leaved Arum.

3. CALLA. Linn.—Water Arum.

(An ancient name of some plant allied to Arum.)

Spathe ovate, somewhat flattened. Spadix covered with
flowers, which are destitute of a perianth, and consist of pistils
surrounded by stamens. Anthers with slender filaments. Ber-
ries distinct, depressed, few-seeded.

C. palustris Linn.

Sphagnous swamps. Can. to the southern part of N. Y. July, Aug. 2.—
Rhizoma thick,jointed. Scape 6—8 inches high. Jeaves on long petioles, cor-
date, abruptly acuminate, with an involute point. Spathe oval, green on the
_ outside, white within. Spadir oblong, covered with crowded flowers. The
root is acrid, but the pungency disappears in drying. Linnzus states that the
Laplanders use it for bread. Common Water Arum.

ARACES. 339

4, SYMPLOCARPUS. Salisb.—Skunk Cabbage.

(From the Greek cvpmo«n, connection, and xapmos, fruit; the berries being
united.)

Spathe ventricose-ovate, acuminate. Spadix roundish, coy-
ered with perfect flowers. Perianth deeply 4-parted, persist-
ent ; segments cucullate, truncate, becoming thick and spongy.
Stamens 4. Style pyramidal, 4-sided. Stigma simple, minute.
Berries numerous, globular, imbedded in the spadix.
iS fatidus Salisb.: leaves cordate-ovate ; spadix oval, much shorter than
the spathe. Ictodes fatidus Big. Pothos fetida Mich.

Wet meadows. Can. to Car. Feb.—April. 2|.—Rhizoma large, with nu-
merous thick fibres. Leaves appearing after the spathe, very large, petiolate,
cordate-ovate, smooth. Spathe ovate-convolute, purple, spotted with green and
yellow, bent over atthe summit. Spadvz about an inch long, peduncled, densely
covered with purplish flowers. Whole plane very fetid. Medicinal. Big. Med.
Bot. iu. 41. Common Skunk Cabbage.

5. ACORUS. Linn.—Sweet Flag.
(From the Greek a, without, and xopn, the pupil of the eye ; a supposed remedy

for sore eyes.)

Spathe leaf-like, continuous with the scape. Spadix cylin-
dric, covered with flowers. Perianth glumaceous, 6-leaved.
Stamens 6. Ovary 1. Stigma minute, sessile. Fruit baccate
or capsular.

?

‘ A. Calamus Linn.: scape ancipital, with an ensiform point rising above
the spadix.

' Swamps. Can.to Car. June. %|.—Rhizoma horizontal, creeping, aromatic.
Leaves 2—3 feet long, and 6—10 lines wide. Scape similar to the leaves, some-
what triangular below the spadix. Spadiv sessile on the side of the scape, 2—3
inches long, terete, covered with minute greenish flowers.

Common Sweet Flag.

6. ORONTIUM. Linn.—Orontium.
(An ancient name, supposed to refer to the river Oronles.)
Spathe none. Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers. Per-
ianth of 4—6 truncate concave sepals. Stamens 4—6. Ovary
superior. Stigma sessile, subumbilicate. Utricle 1-seeded.

O. aquaticum Linn,

Ponds and marshes. Can. to Flor. May. 2|.—Scape8—18 inches long, cla-
vate. Leaves on long petioles, floating, the lamina varying from oblong-lance-
olate to elliptic- lanceolate, deep-green above, paler beneath. Spadix 1—2 inches
long, yellow, somewhat tapering ; the flowers crowded and sessile.

Water Orontium. Golden Club.

384 NAIADACE.

Omen CXLIV: -PISTIACE _“Digeeae

Flowers 2—8, appearing from the margin of a flat frond, en-
closed in a spathe but without a spadix, moncecious ; the sterile
consisting of 1—2 stamens; the fertile of a 1-celled ovary, a
short style and a simple stigma. Fruit membranous or cap-
sular, not opening.—F loating or land plants, with very cellular,
lenticular or lobed fronds, destitute of proper stems and leaves.

LEMNA. Linn.—Duckweed.
(From the Greek Aya, bark or scale ; in allusion to the form of the fronds.)
Spathe membranous, urceolate, with 2 sterile flowers. Sta-
mens 2, rarely wanting. Filaments longer than the style, curved.
Style usually elongated. Stigma flat. Fruit an utricle.

1. L. trisulca Linn.: fronds thin, elliptic-lanceolate, cordate at one ex-
tremity, at the cther serrate; root solitary.

Ditches and ponds. N. Y. to Virg.; rarely in flower. -July. @.—Fronds
half an inch or more in length, thin, margin pellucid ; young fronds produced
from lateral clefts, of the same shape as the parent plant, and again proliferous
before they are detached. Flowers very minute. oot a single fibre.

Star Duckweed.

2. L. minor Linn.: fronds nearly ovate, compressed ; root solitary.

Stagnant waters. N. Y.to Car. June, July. @.—Fronds a line and a half
long, slightly convex beneath, somewhat fleshy, increasing rapidly by gemme
(young fronds) so as often completely to cover the surface of stagnant water.

Lesser Duckweed.

3. L. gibba Linn.: fronds obovate, almost flat above, hemispheric and

pale beneath ; root subsolitary.

Stagnant waiers, near Liverpool, Onondaga county, N. Y. Pursh. Brad-
dock’s Bay, Lake Ontario. Torr. June, July. G)—Distinguished from the
former by its being pale and hemispheric beneath, and appearing reticulated.

Gibbous Duckweed.

4, L. perpusilla Torr.: fronds obovate, thin; root solitary; seed erect.

Ponds on Staten Island, N. Y. Aug. (1). ?—Fronds a line and a half long,
bright-green on both sides. Flowers bursting from acleft in the side of the
frond. Spathe cyathiform. Seed oblong, erect. Smallest Duckweed.

5. L. polyrhiza Linn.: fronds roundish-obovate, compressed; roots
numerous, fascicled.

Stagnant waters. N. Y.to Car. .June,July. @.—Fronds 3—4 lines long,
succulent, of a firm texture, distinctly nerved above and often dark purple _be-
neath. Root a bundle of 8 or 10 simple fibres in the middle of the frond. The
largest of all the species. It is said never to have been seen in flower either in
North America or in Great Britain. Larger Duckweed.

OrperR CXLV. NAIADACEA.—PonpweEEDs.

Flowers mostly diclinous. Perianth of 2 or 4 pieces, rarely
wanting. Stamens definite. Ovaries 1 or more, superior. Stigma

NAIADACE. 385

simple. Fruita little nut or indehiscent capsule. Seed with-
out albumen.—Water plants, with simple cellular leaves and
membranous stipules. Flowers mconspicuous, often in termi-
nal spikes.

1, ZOSTERA. Linn.—Grasswrack.

(From the Greek (worne, a girdle or ribbon, which the leaves sometirnes re-
semble.)

Stamens and pistils separated, seated in 2 rows upon one
side of a flat spadix. Anthers ovate, sessile. Pistils alterna-
ting with the anthers, ovate. Style subulate. Stigmas 2. Utri-
cle with 1 seed, bursting irregularly. |

Z. marina Linn.: stem roundish; leaves entire, somewhat 3-nerved.

Muddy shores. Mass. and N. Y. to Car. Aug. ‘%.—Stem terete, flexuous,
throwing out roots from the joints. Leaves very long and narrow. Spadix
linear, arising from a sheathing portion of the leaf. Flowers green; prstils and
anthers alternate. This plant is used in Europe for packing glass and earthen-
ware. Beds are also sometimes made of it. Common Grasswrack.

2. CAULINIA. Willd.—Caulinia.
(In honor of F. Cavolini; a Neapolitan botanist.)
Moneecious. Perianth none. Srerirz Fu. Anther nearly
sessile. Ferrie Fr. Style filiform. Stigmas 2. Fruit capsu-
lar, 1-seeded.
1. C. fragilis Willd.: leaves ternate or opposite, linear-subulate, re-

curved, aculeate-dentate, rigid.

In water. Penn. Aug. (1).—Stem long, submerged. Flowers small.
Brittle Caulinia.

2. C. flexilis Willd.: leaves whorled in sixes, linear, denticulate near
the apex, spreading. Najas Canadensis Mich.

Ponds and ditches. Can. to Car. July, Aug. (@.—Stem 6—18 inches long,
submerged, dichotomously branched, jointed. Flower solitary, axillary, sessile.
Bending Caulinia.

3. ZANNICHELLIA. Linn.—Horned Pondweed.
(In honor of John Jerome Zannichelli ; a Venetian apothecary and botanist.)
Moneecious. Srerme Fu. Perianth none. Stamen 1. Fila-
ment slender. Ferrie Fx. Perianth cup-shaped. Pistils
2—4, tapermg into a short style. Stigma large and peltate.
Fruit on a short stipe, coriaceous.

Z. palustris Linn. Z. intermedia Torr. Comp.

Ditches and stagnant waters. Can. to Virg. July, Aug. (1).—Stem long,
filiform, much branched. Leaves opposite, linear, entire. Flowers axillary,
from a membranaceous cup-shaped perianth or involucre, small. Sfamen
longer than the pistils. Anther large, 4-celled, (Hook.) 2-celled, (Torr.) Stig-
ma entire. Fruit a little incurved, sometimes toothed on the back.

Horn Pondweed.
17

386 NAIADACE EE.

é

4, RUPPIA. Linn.—Ruppia.
(In honor of Henry Bernard Ruppwus ; a German botanist.)

Flowers 2, perfect, naked, on a spadix arising from the sheath-
ing base of the leaves. Stamens 2 or4,sessile. Anthers large,
peltate. Ovaries mostly 4. Stigmas sessile, peltate. Fruit
drupaceous, pedicellate.

R. maritima Linn. ;

Salt- marshes. Can. to Geor. July. %|.—Siem long, filiform, branched,
floating. Leaves linear, setaceous, with inflated sheaths. Spadix with 2 naked
green flowers, at first very short, but gradually increasing to the length of 5 or
6 inches. Anthers large, sessile, bursting horizontally. Drupes olive-green,
smooth, crowned with a short oblique beak. Sea Ruppia.

5. POTAMOGETON. Linn.—Pondweed.

(From the Greek marapyos, a river, and ye:twr, a neighbor ; in reference to its
place of growth.)

Flowers perfect, on a spadix arising fromaspathe. Perianth
single, 4-leaved. Anthers 4, nearly sessile, alternating with
the divisions of the perianth. Ovaries 4, becoming 4 com-
pressed and somewhat cochleate nuts.

* Upper leaves floating.

1. P. nataens Linn.: wpper leaves floating, coriaceous, on long petioles,
oblong-ovate ; lower membranous, linear-lanceolate, gradually tapering
into a petiole. P. natans @. Mich.

Ponds and lakes. Mass. to Virg. W. to the Platte river. July, Ang. .—
Stem varying in length. Leaves sometimes cordate. Spadix 1—2 inches long,
rising above the water. Broad-leaved Pondweed.

2. P. fluiians Linn.: upper leaves floating, subcoriaceous, ovate-lan-
ceolate, obtuse, tapering into a rather short petiole; lower very long, lan-
ceolate, membranous and sessile. P. naians var. fluitans Torr.

Ponds and streams. Can. to Car. W. tothe Platte river. July, Aug. 2.
—Siem varying in length. eaves reddish, less coriaceous than in the prece-
cing. Spadir an inch long, almost submersed. Floating Pondweed.

3. P. heterophyllum Schreb.: upper leaves floating, coriaceous, elliptic,
petiolate; lower membranous, linear-lanceolate, sessile. P. hybridum
Mich.

Stagnant water. Can. to Car. Aug. %|.—Smaller than the former. In
flowing water the leaves are very iong and narrow.
Various-leaved Pondweed.
4. P. diversifolium Bart. : wpper leaves floating, elliptic, petiolate, 5-
nerved ; lower filiform; spadix axillary, almost sessile, few-flowered. P.
setaceum Pursh. P. hybridum Torr.

Ponds and small streams. Can. to Virg. June. .—Stems numerous,
branched, filiform. Upper leaves scarcely an inch long. Spadizx 4—6-flowered.
: : : Small Floating Pondweed.

CYPERACES. 387

** DLeaves all submersed,.

5. P. perfoliaitum Linn. : leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, somewhat cordate
at the base, sessile and clasping. P. denswm Schw. not of Linn. P. cris-
pum Pursh.

Lakes, &c. Can.toPenn. Aug. %|.—Stemslender, dichotomously branched.
Leaves an inch or more in length, appearing perfoliate, slightly waved on the
margin, subpellucid. Spadiz few-flowered, on a peduncle of about an inch in
length. Perfoltate Pondweed.

6. P. lucens Linn.: leaves elliptic and _elliptic-lanceolate; upper some-
times petiolate, coarsely reticulate and mucronate.

Rivers and lakes. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. %.—Stem long,
branched. Leaves large, very pellucid and finely veined. Spadwr cylindric,
many-flowered, on a thick peduncle which is sometimes shorter and at others
much longer than the leaves. A very variable species. Shining Pondweed.

7. P. zosterifolium Schumach. : leaves all linear and grass-like, pellucid,
with three primary and many smaller nerves, acuminate ; spadix cylindric,
on longish thick peduncles. P.compressum Torr. Fl.

In water. Can. to Virg. July, Aug. %.—Stem 2—4 feet long, much com-
ressed, almost winged. Leaves 3--6 inches long, very narrow. Spadix 6—9
ines long, on short peduncles. Grass-leaved Pondweed.

8. P. pusillum Linn.: leaves narrow-linear, 3—5-nerved, rather obtuse,
pellucid ; spadix oblong, few-flowered, somewhat interrupted, much shorter
than the peduncles.

Crocked Lake, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. Aug. %|.—Stem branching, slender,
flexuous. Leaves 1—2 inches long, very narrow, mostly 5-nerved. Spadix
about 6-flowered, on a thick peduncle which is about an inch in length.

Small Pondweed.

9. P. pauciflorum Pursh.: leaves sessile, narrow-linear, flat; lower al-
ternate; uppermost subverticillate; spadix capitate, 4—6-flowered. P.
gramineum Mich.

Ponds and rivers. N.Y. to Car. W.to Miss. July, Aug. 2|.—Svem al-
most filiform, much branched, compressed. Leaves 2—3 inches long. not more
than half a line broad. Spadiz small, on a clavate peduncle about half an
inch long. Few-flowered Pondweed.

10. P. pectinatum Linn.: leaves distichous, setaceous, alternate, sheath-
ing; stipules scarcely any; spadix few-flowered, interrupted. P. marinune
Mich.

Ponds. Can. to Virg. June. %|.—Svem filiform, much branched. Leaves
very numerous, giving to the plant a pectinated appearance. Spadix inter-
rupted, on an elongated peduncle. fennel-leaved Ponduxed.

Suscuass I.—GLUMACEALS.

Flowers destitute of a true perianth, but consisting of imbri-
cate colorless or herbaceous scales.

Orper CXLVI.. CYPERACEA.—Sepass.

Flowers often moncecious or dicecious, consisting of imbri-
eated solitary bracts, (scales,) rarely enclosing other opposite

358 CYPERACE.

bracts at right angles with the first, and called glumes. Perianth
none, or consisting of hypogynous bristles. Stamens 1—12, but
mostly 3. Style single, 2—3-cleft. Fruit an-achenium or
crustaceous nut. Embryo lenticular, within the base of tho
albumen.—Grass-like herbs, growing in tufts. Culms solid,
seldom with joints, often 3-cornered. Leaves with their sheaths
entire.

I. Cyperexz. Flowers perfect. Spikelets imbricate in two rows.
Perigynium none or seiaceous. .

1. DULICHIUM. Rich.—Dulichium.

(From the Greek dvo, two, and derynv, a scab or scale ; in allusion to the two-
rowed scales. Kat. Man.)

Spikelets elongated, compressed, many-flowered. Scales
2-ranked. Bristles 6—49, rigid, retrorsely hispid. Stamens 3.
Style very long, 2-cleft, persistent. Achenium compressed,
linear-oblong.

D. spathaceum Pers. Schenus spathaceus Linn. Cyperus spathaceus
Muhi.

Swamps and margins of ponds. Throughout the U. S. July, Aug. %—
Culm about 18 inches high, round below, obscurely triangular above. Leaves
linear, flat, spreading almost horizontally in three directions. Spikelets 6—10-
flowered, on a flexuous rachis. Scales rusty-yellow, lanceolate, acute.

: : Dulichium.

2. CYPERUS. Linn.—Galingale.

(From the Greek xumetoos ; a name supposed to have been given to one of this
genus.)

Spikelets 2-ranked, many-flowered. Scales mostly all fertile,
equal. Stamens 2 or 3, rarely solitary, deciduous. Style 2—3-
cleft, deciduous. Achenium compressed or triangular. .

* Style 2-cleft. Achenitum compressed-lenticular.

1. C. flavescens Linn.: umbel of 2—4 short rays; involucre 3-leaved ;
spikelets linear, 14—20-flowered, at the end of the rays, rather obtuse;
scales obtuse, 1-nerved.

_ Wet grounds. N.Y. to Flor. W.toKen. Aug., Sept. %]-—Culm 4—10
inches high. Leaves narrow, as long as the culm. WSpekelets in fascicles of 34
on the rachis, 5—8 lines long, yellowish, sometimes 30-flowered.

Yellowish Dwarf Galingale.

2. C. Nuttalii Torr.: rays few, short or nearly sessile, loose ; involucre
4-leaved, 2 of the leaves very long; spikelets linear-lanceolate, much com-
pressed, acute; stamens 2; style 2-cleft.. C. cespitosus Spreng. C. tenuis
Muh. )

CYPERACEA. 389

Salt marshes. N.Y. to Car. and Louis. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Culms 5—12
inches high, cespitose, triangular. Leaves nearly as tall as the culm. Syrkeiets
very acute, sometimes compound, green and brown. Nuttall’s Galingale.

3. C. diandrus Torr.: umbel of 2—5 short rays; involucre 3-leaved,
two of the leaves much longer than the umbel; spikelets lance-oblong,
much-compressed, 14—24-flowered ; scales oblong, rather obtuse, 1-nerved ;
stamens 2; style 2-cleft, much exserted. :

var. castaneus Torr.: scales oblong-lanceolate; style scarcely exserted.
C. castaneus Big.

Wet grounds. N. Y. to Del. W. to Ohio, Aug. %|.—Culms 6—12 inches
high, often weak and somewhat decumbent, cespitose, obtusely triangular.
Umbel sometimes without rays. Scales with a light-brown margin, the sides
yellowish and the keel green ; in the var. of a dark chestnut-color and firmer
texture. Stamens sometimes 3 in the upper flowers. | Diandrous Galingale.

*& Style 3-cleft. Acheniwm triangular. Inner scales adnate to the rachis.
+ Culm subierete, nodose.

4. C. tenellus Linn. : culm and leaves setaceous; spikelet solitary, lance-
linear, 10—12-flowered ; involucre mostly 1-leaved. C. minimus Nutt. ?

N. J. and Penn., near Philadelphia. Dr. Cleaver. Culm about 4 inches high,
bristle-like, triangular. Spzkelet half an inch long and a line broad, much com-
pressed. Jt may be a distinct species. Delicate Galingale.

tt Culm triangular. Umbel simple or compound.

5. C. Michauxianus Schultes: culm acutely triangular; umbel compound,
the rays short; involucre 5—6-leaved, much longer than the umbel; spike-
lets linear, somewhat terete, 6—8-flowered; scales ovate, rather obtuse.
C. erythrorhizus Torr. Fl.

Borders of marshes. N.Y. to Geor. and Louis. Aug., Sept. ()?—Culm

about a foot high, reddish near the root. Leaves mostly shorter than the culm.
Spikelets much crowded, the lower ones compound. Michaux’s Galingale.

6. C. sivigosus Linn.: umbel simple or compound ; rays numerous, elon-
gated; involucre 5--9-leaved, very long; spikelets 8—10-flowered, linear-
lanceolate, flattened, much crowded, spreading horizontally ; scales oblong-
lanceolate, nerved, rather acute.

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. and Louis. W. to Ohio. Aug., Sept. 2|.—
Culm 2—3 feet high, somewhat tumid at the base. Sprkes 1—2 inches long,
consisting of 20—-80 sprkelets. Scales loosely imbricate, yellowish on the sides.
In sterile soils it is much smaller. Tall Galingale.

7. C. repens Ell.: rhizoma creeping, tuberiferous; umbel simple, 4—6-
rayed; involucre 3—9-leaved, much longer than the rays; spikelets linear,
compressed, somewhat spreading, 12—20-flowered; scales oblong, rather
acute, scarious on the margin. C. phymatodes Muhl. C. tuberosus Pursh.

Moist grounds. Can. to Flor. and Louis. W. to Miss. Aug. 2|.—Rhizoma
creeping extensively, with roundish tubers at the ends of the branches. Cu/m
12—18 inches high. Leaves radical, broad, yellowish-green. Scales yellowish,
at length spreading. Creeping Gulingale.

8. C. filiculmis Vahl: culm triangular, often inclined; umbel simple, of

1—2 divaricate rays or wanting; spikelets collected into globose heads,

390 CYPERACE.

linear-lanceolate, 6—10-flowered ; scales loose, ovate, obtuse or emarginate.
C. mariscoides Ell.

Dry soils. N.Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. and Texas. Aug. 2|.—Culms about a
foot high, cespitose, often diverging, tuberous at base. Jeaves linear, dull-green.
Spikelets acute. Scales yellowish-green, with a scarious margin.

Slender-stalked Galingale.

9. C. Gray Torr.: culm filiform; umbel 4—6-rayed, somewhat erect ;
heads composed of 5—10 spikelets, loose ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, com-
pressed, 5—7-flowered; scales ovate, rather obtuse when old, loosely im-
bricate. ;

Sandy soils. N.Y. R.I. Mass. N. J. Aug. 2|.—Culms 8—12 inches high,
cespitose, tough and rigid. eaves all radical, setaceous, scarcely half a line
wide. IJnvolucre setaceous. Spikelets chestnut-colored, slightly convex. Differs
from the preceding in its very slender culm and leaves, and in its many-rayed
umbel. Gray’s Galingale.

10. C. dentatus Torr.: rhizoma creeping, tuberiferous; umbel compound,
of 4—7 somewhat erect rays; involucre 3-leaved, longer than the umbel;
spikelets 3—6 on each partial ray, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, much com-
pressed, 6—30-flowered; scales very acute or mucronate, keeled. C. par-
viflorus Muhl.

Swamps and marshes. N. Y.to Flor. Aug. 2|.—Rhizoma extensively creep-
~ ing. Culm 6—12 inches high. Leaves somewhat rigid, pale yellowish-green.
Scales with the sides reddish brown, the keel green. Toothed Galingale.

11. C.inflecus Muhl.: umbel contracted, 1—3-rayed ; involucre 3-leaved,
very long ; spikelets collected into ovoid heads, oblong-linear, about 8-flow-
ered; scales cuspidate, squarrose at the tip: stamen 1. C. uncinatus
Pursh. :

Banks of streams. Throughout the U.S. N. to lat. 52°. Aug., Sept. @)?
—Culms 2—3 inches high, densely cespitose. Leaves linear, as long as the
culm. Umbel often sessile. Spikelets yellowish, in heads of 8—16 or more. It
has a strong and durable odor like that of Trifolium ceruleum.

Dwarf Odorous Galingale.
12. €. Schweinitzii Torr.: culm triquetrous, with rough angles; umbel
simple, the rays elongated ; spikelets 6—8, lanceolate, alternate, approxi-
mate, 6—8-flowered, with a setaceous bract at the base of each; scales
ovate, acuminate, mucronate, keeled. :

Dry sandy shore of Lake Ontario, near Braddock’s Bay. W. to St. Pete
River and Ark. -Aug.—Culm 8—18 inches high, slender, the upper part rongh
on the angles. Leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm. Spokelets irregu-

larly arranged, forming a loose oblong head. Scales rather rigid, yellowish.
Schweiniiz’s Galingale.

**x Inner scales herbaceous, free.

13. C. erythrorhizos Muhl.: umbel compound, many-rayed; involucre
4—5-leaved, very long; spikes cylindric-oblong, nearly sessile ; spikelets
very numerous, spreading horizontally, terete-compressed, many-flowered ;
scales lanceolate,;mucronate. C. tenuiflorus Ell. |

Wet places. Penn. to Geor. and Louis. (@.-—Culm 2—3 feet high, obtusely
triangular, Smooth. eaves shorter than the culm. Spzkelets linear, 10—18-
flowered. Scales chestnut colored, shining. Red-rooted Galingale.

CYPERACE. 391

3. MARISCUS. Vahl.—Mariscus.
(From the Celtic-mar,a marsh; in allusion to the place of growth of some
species.)
‘Spikelets few-flowered, clustered in heads. Scales somewhat
imbricate in two rows; the lower ones short and empty.
Stamens sometimes 2. Style triid. Achenium triguetrous.

1. M. ovularis Vahl: umbel simple, of 1—6 short rays; involucre 3—4-
leaved; heads globose, compact; spikelets terete, 2—4 flowered, radiated ;
scales ovate, rather obtuse. Scirpus ovularis Linn. Kyllingia ovularis
Mich. Cyperus ovularis Torr.

Sandy soils. N. Y. to Flor. W.toArk. July, Aug. %.—Rhizoma short and
tuberous. Culm 6—18 inches high, triangular, nearly naked. Leaves keeled,
nearly smooth. Sprkelets very numerous, 2—4-flowered, usually only one or two
fertile, short and thick. Egg-shaped Mariscus.

2. MW. retrofracius Vahl: umbel-simple, of numerous elongated rays ; in-
volucre 3-leaved; heads obovate, retrorsely imbricate; spikelets nearly
terete, subulate, 1-flowered ; two lowest scales very short, the uppermost
one very narrow and involute. Scirpus retrofractus Linn. Cyperus retro-
fractus Torr.

Wet grounds. N. Y.to Flor. W.toArk. July,Aug. %.—Culm 2—3 feet
high, obtusely triangular. Leaves mostly radical, half as leng as the culm.

Spikelets very numerous, slender, the uppermost ones spreading horizontally,
the rest bent backwards against the peduncle. Bent-flowered Mariscus.

4. KYLLINGIA. Linn.—Kyllingia.
(Named in honor of Peter Kyliing,a Danish botanist.)

Spikelets distinct, disposed in a roundish sessile subimbri-
cate spike. Scales 2-valved, 1-flowered. Pale 2, longer
than the scales.

K. monocephala Linn.: stem filiform, triangular ; involucre 3-leaved ; one
of the leaves erect, the others horizontal; head globose, compact; spikelets
1-flowered, ovoid, acuminate ; scales ciliate, nerved.

Moist grounds. N. J. to Geor. June. 2|.—Root creeping, stoloniferous.

=) leg

Culm about a foot high. Leaves narrow, shorter than the culm. Head always
single, mostly inclining to one side. Supposed to be distinct from the foreign
plant. One-headed Kyllingia.

Il. Scirpez. Flowers perfect. Scales mosily imbricate on all
sides. Perigynium composed of bristles hairs or scales, sometimes
wanting.

5. ELEOCHARIS. Brown.—Spike Rush.

(From the Greek eos, e\sos, a marsh; and yatow, to delight in; in allusion to
xX More &
the place of growth.)

Scales imbricate on all sides, or imperfectly bifarious. Bris-
tles 8—12, (rarely wanting,) rigid and persistent, usually rough

392 CYPERACEA.

or hispid. Style 2—3-cleft, bulbous at the base. Achenium
lenticular or obtusely triangular.

= ‘Spike cylindric. Scales rigid, spirally arranged. Style 3-cleft.

1. E. equisetoides Torr.: culm terete, remotely nodose, papillose; scales
suborbicular-ovate, very obtuse or slightly pointed; bristles 6, as long as
the obovate biconvex achenium; tubercle conic-rostrate, acute. Scirpus
equisetoides Eli.

Bogs and in water. Near Lewiston, Del. S. to Geor. July. 2.—Culm
18—24 inches high, slightly roughened with minute papille. Spike about an
inch long, rather acute. Scales with a narrow scarious margin.

Equisetum-hke Spike Rush.

2. EB. quadrangulata Brown: calm acutely and unequally quadrangular,
three of the sides concave, the other wider and flat; scales broad-ovate,
very obtuse; bristles 6, as long as the obovate striate achenium ; tubercle
conic, compressed. ‘Scirpus quadrangulatus Mich.

Swamps and margins of rivers. Penn. to Car. and Louis. June. %.—
Rhizoma creeping. Culm 2—4 feet high, with purple sheaths at base. Spzke
Ne lines in length. Scales with a scarious margin, dotted with purple.

Square-stalked Spike Rush.
** Spike ovoid or oblong. Scales membranaceous, very numerous, wregularly
imbricated. Style mostly 2-cleft.

3. E. palusiris Brown : culm terete, striate, spongy ; spike oblong-lance-
olate; scales somewhat obtuse, the two lowest large and empty; bristles
3—6, hes Pees than the lenticular smooth achenium. Scirpus palus-
tris Linn.

Marshes and low meadows. Arct. Amer. to Flor. W. to the Pacific Ocean.
July, Aug. %.—Rhizoma creeping. Culm 1—2 feet high, erect, with three
sheaths at base. Spike 3—5 lines long, many-flowered. Scales fuscous in the
middle. Common Spike Rush.

4, E. olivacea Torr.: culm filiform, compressed, suicate, soft; spike
ovoid, mostly somewhat obtuse, many-flowered; scales ovate, obtuse, mem-
branaceous; bristles 6—8, retrorsely hispid, nearly twice as long as the
obovoid lenticular achenium. Scirpus intermedius Gray.

Wet sandy places. Mass. N. Y.and N.J. Aug. %|.—Culms 6—8 inches
long, cespitose, erect or decumbent, often dwarfish and slender. Spikes 3 lines
long, 20—30- flowered. Achenium smooth, dark olive when ripe.

Olwe-fruted Spike Rush.

5. EL. rostellata Torr.: culm compressed, suleate; spike ovoid-lanceolate,
acute; scales ovate, obtuse, loose, with a scarious margin ; bristles 4—6,
longer than the biconvex dagine achenium ; tubercle conic-rostrate. (Torr.
N. Y. FU) Scirpus rostellatus Torr. Cyp.

Penn-Yan, Yates County, N. Y. Torr. 2.—Culm 12—18 inches high,
firm and tough, compressed, suleate. Spike 12—15-flowered. Scales light brown.
Bristles hispid ‘downward. Beaked Spike Rush.

6. E. intermedia Schultes: culm setaceous, diffuse, compressed, angular
and sulcate; spike ovoid-lanceolate, acute; scales somewhat acute; bris-
tles 6, longer than the obovoid compressed achenium ; style 3-cleft ; tubercle
distinct. Scirpus intermedius Muhl.

CYPERACES. 393

Marshes and swamps. N. Y. and Mass. to Geor. July. 2|.—Culms very
numerous, slender, diffuse or recurved, prostrate. Scales membranaceous, red-
dish-brown on the sides. Achenium light brown. Intermediate Spike Rush.

7. E. obtusa Schultes: culm terete or slightly compressed, spongy ; spike
globose-ovoid, many-flowered ; scales -very obtuse; bristles 6, longer than
the obovate lenticular achenium ; tubercle dilated at base. Scirpus capitatus
Linn.

Bogs and low meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Ohio. June, July. %{.—
Culms 8—15 inches high, cespitose, erect. Spuke thick and obtuse, 50—80-
flowered. Scales with a green midrib. Obtuse Spike Rush.

xe% Spike ovoid. Scales coriaceous. Bristles 6, rigid. Slyle 3-cleft.
Tubercle nearly y as large as the achenium.

8. E. tuberculosa Brown: culm terete, filiform, striate; spike globose-
ovoid, somewhat acute ; scales Inraaubanvatle very anise. loosely appressed ;
bristles 6, longer than the oblong and striate achenium; tubercle large,
ovoid, obtuse. Scirpus tuberculosus Mich.

Sandy swamps. N.Y. and Mass. fo Flor. and Louis. Aug. 2|.—Culm 8—12
inches high, clothed at base with 1 or2 sheaths. Spike 12—16-flowered. Scales
pale green, or whitish mixed with brown. Large-tubercled Spike Rush.

xxx* Spike ovoid or elongated. Scales membranaceous. Bristles 1—4,
slender, rarely none. Acheniwm roundish or triangular.

9. E. acicularis Brown: culm setaceous, angular; spike ovoid, acute,
few-flowered ; scales oblong, rather obtuse ; bristles 4, slender, shorter than
the obovate achenium; tubercle minute. Scirpus acicularis Linn. S. cap-
wlaceus Mich.

Margins of ponds. Hudson’s Bay to Flor. June, July. %|?’—Culm 2—8
inches long, cespitose, slender. Spike 3--8-flowered. Scales greenish with a
purple stripe. Capillary Spike Rush.

10, E, tenuis Schultes: culm filiform, angular, the sides concave ; spike
elliptic, acute at each end; scales ovate, obtuse; bristles 2, 3, or none;
achenium obovoid-triangular, rugose ; tubercle minute, triangular. Scirpus
tenuis Willd.

Swamps and wet meadows. Can. to Car. W.to Ark. July. %|.—Culm
8—12 inches long, very slender, with one or two purple sheaths at base. Spike
when young somewhat obtuse. Scales dark chestnut color, with the margins
white. Slender Spike Rush.

11. E. melanocarpa Torr.: culm compressed, sulcate; spike oblong or
cylindric-oblong ; scales ovate, obtuse, membranaceous; bristles 3—4,
slender, mostly as long as the somewhat turbinate and obtusely triangular
achenium ; tubercle broad, triangular, short-acuminate.

Borders of swamps. N. Y. to Geor. May, June. |.—Culm 12—18 inches
high, tough, sulcate. Sprkes 4—6-lines long, thick, many-flowered. Briséles
sometimes very short. Black-fruited Spike Rush.

eee Spike compressed, oflen somewhat distichous. Scales membranaceous.
Bristles slender. Style 3-cleft, Achenium triangular.

12. E, pigmea Torr.: culm setaceous or acicular, much compressed and

sulcate; spike ovate-compressed, few-flowered; scales ovate; bristles 6,

Wi

394 CYPERACE.

slender, mostly longer than the ovoid acutely triangular achenium ; tubercle
very minute or almost wanting. Scirpus pusillus Pursh, not of Vahl.

Salt marshes. N.Y. and N.J. July, Aug. 2.—Culm 1—2 inches high,
often destitute of spikes. Spikes 3—8-flowered, only 1 or 2 flowers perfect.
Brisiles sometimes wanting. Dwarf Spike Rush.

13. E. microcarpa, var. filiculmis Torr.: culms cespitose, capillary or
filiform, quadrangular, wiry ; spikes oblong; bristles nearly as long as the
obovate-oblong achenium ; tubercle very minute, closely sessile.

Wet places in the Pine Banieis of N. J. 2.—Culms 3—4 inches high, not
thicker than a hair. Spzke about 2 lines long. Scales dark chestnut color.
Wiry-stalked Spike Rush.

6. SCIRPUS. Linn.—Club Rush.
(An ancient Latin name for the Bulrush, which belongs to this genus.)

Spikes many-flowered, the scales imbricate on all sides.
Bristles 3—6, rigid, persistent. Style 2—3-cleft, simple at
base, deciduous. Achenium biconvex or triangular.

* Spike solitary, terminal.

1, S. cespitosus Linn.: culms cespitose, filiform, terete; the sheaths with
rudiments of leaves; spike ovoid, few-flowered; the two lowest scales
bract-like, as long as the spike; bristles smooth; style 3-cleft; achenium
obtusely triangular.

Wet places. White Hills, N. H. Big. High mountains of Essex county,
N.Y. Torr. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to the Rocky Mountains. July. %.—
Culm 2--10 inches high, rather rigid, finely striate, with imbricate avcithe at
base. Spike 4—5-flowered, a little compressed. _ Scales yellowish-brown.
Scaly-stalked Club Rush.

2. S. planifolius Muhl.: culm triangular ; leaves linear, flat, about as
long as the culm; spike oblong, compressed; scales carinate, cuspidate,
the lowest one longer than the spike ; achenium triangular.

Wet grounds. N.Y. and Mass. to Del. June. 2.—Culms 6—12 inches
ong, cespitose, rough on the angles. Leaves subradical, grass-like, rough on
the margin. Scales yellowish, with a green keel. Bristles 4—6, nearly as long
as the achenium. Flat-leaved Club Rush.

3. S. subterminalis Torr.: culm floating, sulcate, leafy at the base;
spike oblong-lanceolate, shorter than the bract at the base; scales ovate-
lanceolate ; style 3-cleft ; achenium triangular.

Slow flowing streams. N.Y. Mass. and N. J. W. to the Rocky Mountains.
Aug. 2.—Culm 3 ieet long, growing under water. Leaves long, filiform,
channelled. Spike emersed, “with a narrow bract at base. Bristles 6, rigid,
nearly as long as the achenium. Floating Club Rush.

** Culm many-spiked.
+ Spikes lateral.
4, S. debilis Pursh.: culm terete, with a few subulate leaves at base,
striate ; spikes 3—5, ovoid, closely sessile, below the top of the culm ; scales

broad-ovate, obtuse, mucronulate ; style 2—3-cleft ; achenium plano-convex,
broad-obovate.

CYPERACER. 395

_ Along streams and in ponds. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. %J.—Culms 9—18
inches high, growing in tufts. Sprkeleis 1—6, bursting in a cluster from the
side of the culm two or three inches from the top. Scales pale geeen. Bristles
4—6, retrorsely hispid. Weak-stalked Club Rush.

5. S. triqueter Linn.: culm nearly naked, triangular or slightly winged,
two of the sides concave; spikes 1—6, ovoid, aggregated and sessile;
scales round-ovate, mucronate; achenium doubly convex, acuminate,
S. Americanus Pursh. S. mucronatus Pursh.

Ponds and marshes. Throughout N. Amer. to the Arctic regions. July, Aug.
‘“.—Culm 3—5 feet high, slender, mucronate, very acutely triangular, some-
times winged. Spikes in a dense cluster usually near the top. Scales rusty
colored. SSrtstles 3—5, slender, retrorsely hispid. Used for the bottoms of
chairs. Chairmaker’s Rush.

6. S. mucronatus Linn.: culm leafy at base, triangular, the sides con-
cave; spikes 2—4, oblong-lanceolate, sessile; scales ovate, mucronate,
smooth; anthers acute, (not fringed); achenium angular-convex exter-
nally, mucronate.

Margins of ponds. Boston, Mass. West Point, N. Y. W. to Mich. ; rare.
Torr. July. 2.—Culm about 2 feet high, with one or two leaves at base which
are sometimes more thana foot long. Spikes clustered, more elongated and of a
lighter color than in the preceding. Brastles 6, rather slender, longer than the
achenium. Mucronate Club Rush.

7. S. lacustris Linn.: culm terete, attenuate above, leafless; panicle
growing from the side of the culm near the top; spikes ovoid, mostly pe-
dunculate; scales ovate, mucronulate, ciliate; achenium obovate, convex
on the back. SS. acutus Muhl. S. validus Pursh.

Ponds and swamps. Subarct. Amer. to Flor. W. to the Pacific Ocean.
June, July. 2|.—Culm 3—8 feet high, round and tapering upwards, terminating

in a cusp, which projects 1—2 inches above the panicle. Spikes in an unequal
subdivided cymose panicle or umbel. Scales brown, minutely pubescent.

Brisiles 4—6, stout, hispid. Tall Club Rush. Bulrush.
+t Sprkes terminal.

8, S. maritimus Linn.: culm triangular, leafy ; corymb clustered, shorter
than the 3-leaved involucre; spikes ovoid-oblong, rather obtuse; scales
ovate, 3-cleft or 3-toothed, the middle segment subulate and reflexed ;
style 3-cleft; achenium broad-obovate, lenticular. S. robustus Pursh. S.
macrostachyos Muhl, (in part.)

Salt marshes and ditches. Subarct. Amer. to Flor. July, Aug. 2.—Culm
1—4 feet high, thick, smooth, leafy below. Spikes usually forming somewhat
compound corymbs. Scales chestnut-colored, membranaceous. Bristles 3-—4,
very slender, hispid. A variety of this species occurs in fresh-water marshes,
and is common in Western N. Y. It has the corymb somewhat compound, the

spikes ovoid and acute, and the wvolwere 3—5-lobed. Yorr. ‘
Marsh Club Rush.

9. S. atrovirens Muhl.: culm triangular, leafy; cyme compound, pro-
liferous ; involucre 3-leaved; spikes ovoid, acute, densely glomerated in
heads of 10—20; scales ovate, mucronate, pubescent; style 3-cleft; ache-
nium compressed-triangular, sharply acuminate.

Wet meadows and swamps. Mass. to Penn. W.to Ken. June, July. 2.
—Culm about 2 feet high, feat nearly to the top, smooth. Spikes many-tlow-
ered, in an unequal cyme or umbel. Scales dark green, at fanpth becoming
brownish. Brisiles 6, slender, hispid downwards. Dark-green Clud Rush.

396 CYPERACES.

10. S. brunneus Muhl.: culm obtusely triangular, leafy ; cyme decom-
pound; involucre 3—4-leaved; spikes round-ovoid, clustered in heads of 3
to 6 or 8; scales ovate, obtuse, slightly mucronate ; style 3-cleft; achenium
minute, plano-convex, short-acuminate.

Swamps and margins of ponds. N. Y. to Car.; rare. July, Aug. 2|.—Culm
2—3 feet high, obtusely triangular below. Leaves broad, as tall as the cyme.
Spikes longer than in the preceding. Scales at first yellowish-green, at length
reddish-brown. Bristles 4—6, slender, pubescent. Brown Club Rush.

11.8. Eriophorum Mich.: culm leafy, obtusely triangular above, nearly
terete below; panicle decompound, large, loose, somewhat nodding; invo-
lucre many-leaved, very long; scales lanceolate; bristles 6, much exserted,
capillary, tortuous. Tvichophorum Cyperinum Pers. Eriophorum Cyperi-
num Linn.

Wet grounds. Hudson’s Bay to Flor. W. to Ohio and Ken. July, Aug.
| —Culm 2—5 feet high, leafy nearly to the top. Leaves 1—2 feet long, flat
above, rough on the margin. Panicle usually very large, the spikes distinct and
pedunculate, or in small clusters at the ends of the rays. Scales with the sides
brown and the keel green. Bristles at length so much extended as to give the
whole panicle a woolly appearance. Brown Wool-grass.

12. S. lineatus Mich.: culm triangular; panicles terminal and lateral,
at length nodding; involucre 1—2-leaved; spikes oblong, pedunculate ;
scales ovate, acuminate, somewhat carinate. Tichophorwm lineatum Pers.

Boggy places. N. Y. to Geor. W.to Miss. and Texas. Aug. %.—Culm
1—3 feet high, very leafy, distinctly triangular. Leaves rough on the margin.
Panicles somewhat umbellate, the terminal one largest, the lateral ones some-
times wanting. Scales rusty colored. SBristles crisped,somewhat exserted. A
smaller plant than the preceding. Loose-flowered Wool-grass.

7. ERIOPHORUM. Linn.—Cotton-Grass.

(From the Greek eproy, wool, and ¢:0, to bear ; the fruit being covered with
wool-like hairs.)

Scales of the spike imbricate on all sides. Achenium densely
invested with long soft woolly or cottony hairs. Stamens 3.
Style 3-cleft.

* Spike solitary.

1. E. alpinum Linn.: calm triangular, somewhat rough, with short sub-
ulate leaves at the base; spike oblong; scales keeled; hairs 6, crisped. —
E. Hudsonianum Mich. Trichophorum alpinum Pursh.

Sphagnous swamps, often on mountains. N. H. Ver. Mass.and N.Y. W.-
to Mich. June. ‘1.—-Culm 8—10 inches high, with a few short leaves and
sheaths at base. Spike somewhat compressed. Scales yellowish-brown. Hairs
white, very long. : Alpine Cotton-grass.

2. E. vaginatum Linn.: culm terete below, obtusely triangular above,
somewhat rigid; sheaths inflated; spike oblong-ovoid; scales scarious;
hairs straight, dense. LE. cespitoswm Pursh.

Swamps, especially on mountains. Arct. Amer. to Virg. July. 2.—Culms
about.a foothigh, cespitose. Leaves longer than the culm, very narrow. Scales
dark-colored when in fruit. Hairs very numerous, white, 2—3 times the length
cf the stale. Hare’s-tail Cotion-grass. ~

CYPERACES. | 397

** Spikes numerous.

3. E. polystachyum Linn.: culm nearly terete; leaves flat, triangular at
the extremity ; involucre about 2-leaved; ‘spikes on scabrous peduncles,
nodding; scales ovate, acute. E. polystachium 6. Mich. E. vulgare
Pers,

Bogs and marshes. Can. to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June. 1.
—Culm 1—2 feet high, smooth. Spikes 4—12, on long filiform peduncles.
Scales green, at length brown. Hairs very numerous, long, white with a red-
- dish tinge. Broad-leaved Coiton-grass.

4. E. Virginicum Lann.: culm nearly terete below, obtusely triangular
above; leaves flat, very long; involucre 2—3-leaved; spikes clustered,
erect, nearly sessile.

Swamps and wet meadows. Hudson’s Bay to Flor. W. to Miss. July,
Aug. ?1.—Culm 2—4 teet high, leafy. Peduncles somewhat umbellate. Scales
with pale sides and a green keel. Hairs very numerous, tawny.

Rusty Cotton-grass.

5. EB. angustifolium Roth.: calm somewhat triangular, roughish above ;
leaves triangular, channelled ; involucre mostly 1-leaved ; peduncles smooth,
nodding ; scales broad-ovate, obtuse. LE. tenellum Nutt.

Wet meadows. Arct. Amer. to Del. June. %|.—Culm 12—18 inches high,
leafy. Spokes 4—10, ovoid; 1 or2 nearly sessile, the others on peduncles. Hairs
very numerous, long, white and cottony. Narrow-leaved Cotton-grass.

8. FIMBRISTYLIS. Vahl.—Fimbristylis.
(From the Latin fimbria, a fringe, and stylus, a style.)
Scales imbricate on all sides. Bristles none. Style com-
pressed, 2-cleft, more or less bulbous at the base, wholly de-
ciduous, mostly ciliate on the margin.

1. F.. spadicea Vahl: culm compressed, nearly naked; leaves semi-
terete, filiform, channelled; involucre rigid, 2-leaved; umbel of few rays,
simple or compound; spikes ovoid-oblong; scales rigid, broad-ovate, ob-
tuse. Scimpus spadiceus Linn.

Salt marshes. N. Y. to Flor. W.to Texas. Aug., Sept. 2.—Culm 1—2

feet high, compressed above, rigid, smooth. eaves nearly radical, rough on
the margin. Scales chestnut colored when old. Tall brown Funbristylis.

2. F. Baldwiniana, Torr.: culm somewhat compressed, deeply striate,
leafy at base ; leaves narrow-linear, striate, serrulate; involucre subulate ;
umbel subcompound; spikes ovoid-lanceolate, acute; scales smoothish,
ovate, mucronate. Scirpus Baldwinianus Schultes.

Moist places. Penn. to the Gulf of Mexico. W. to Miss. July. 2|?—Culm
4—12 inches high. Leaves about as long as the culm. Umbel small, some of
the rays divided. Scales with the keel greenish and the sides chestnut brown.

Baldwin’s Fimbristylis.

3. F. cylindrica Vahl: involucre about 1-leaved, rigid, as long as the
simple umbel ; spikes cylindric, very obtuse.

Quaker’s Bridge, N. J. Schweiniiz. 2.—An obscure species.

Cylindrical Fimbristylis.

398 CYPERACE.

9. ISOLEPIS. Brown.—Isolepis.
(From the Greek coos, equal, and dents, a scale.)

Scales imbricate on all sides. Bristles none. Style 3-cleft,
simple at the base, or with a minute bulb from which it sepa-
rates. Achenium triangular, often crowned with the base of
the style.

I. capillaris R. § S.: culm capillary, angular and sulcate, nearly naked ;
leaves setaceous, much shorter than the culm; spikes umbelled, usually
4, terminal, on short rays, ovoid-oblong ; scales somewhat 4-rowed, oblong,

obtuse. Scirpus capillaris Linn.

Sandy fields. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. W. to Ohio. Aug., Sept. @.—
Culms 4—8 inches high, densely cespitose. Leaves mostly radical, setaceous.
Spikes umbelled, somewhat quadrangular. Scales rusty brown with a green
keel. Hair-like Isolepis.

10. TRICHELOSTYLIS. Lesti/.—Trichelostylis.

(From the Greek rerytwy, hairy, and orvdos, a style ; the style being often
hairy. Torr. N. Y. Fl.)

Scales mostly 4—8-ranked, keeled. Bristles none. Style
3-cleft, more or less bulbous at the base, deciduous below the
bulb. Achenium triangular.

T. mucronulata Torr.: culm compressed, ancipital; involucre 2—3-
leaved, shorter than the compound spreading umbel; spikes oblong, acute ;
scales about 4-rowed, ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, with the points some-
what spreading. Scirpus autumnalis Pursh. SS. mucronulatus Mich.

Low grounds. N. Y. and Mass. to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 2|.—
Culms 8—12 inches high, cespitose, often spreading or decumbent. Leaves very

acute. Sprkes solitary or 2—3 at the extremity of the rays. Scales rusty col-
ored, keeled. Common Trichelostylis.

III. Furrenexz. Spikelets perfect. Scales imbricate on ail sides.
Achenium with three scales or leaflets often alternating with three bris-
tles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft.

11, FUIRENA. Rott).—Fuirena.
(Named in honor of G. Fuiren ; a Danish botanist.)
Character same as that above given.

F. squarrosa Mich.: {culm obtusely triangular, sulcate; leaves ciliate ;
sheaths hairy; spikes 3—12, clustered, ovoid ; bristles none; scales cordate
or ovate, unguiculate. F. sguarrosa and Torreyana Beck Bot. 1st Ed.
F. pumila Spreng.

Sandy swamps and bogs. N.Y. and Mass. te Geor. and Louis. Aug. Y.
—Culm varying in height from 2—18 inches. Leaves smoothish or somewhat

hairy. Spekes 4—12 inches long, forming an irregular terminal umbel. Scales
hairy, with a long slender recurved bristle. Squarrosé Fuirena.

CYPERACER. 399

IV. Hyrotytrem. Flowers perfect. Scales of the spikes imbri-
cate on all sides, each 1-flowered ; the flowers with a 1—A4-valved (not
brisile-form) perygynium.

12, HEMICARPHA. Nees.—Hemicarpha,

(From the Greek nyisvs, half, and xapdos, straw; the flowers having a valve
only on one side.) fa

Spikes ovoid. Scales very numerous, deciduous. - Flowers
with a single valve, which is opposite the scale. Stamen 1.
Style 2-cleft. Achenium oblong.

H. subsquarrosa Nees: culm setaceous, compressed, sulcate; involucre
2-leaved, long, unequal; spikes 2—3, ovoid, sessile, lateral; scales rhombic-
obovate, with a short mucronate recurved point ; achenium obovate-oblong,
somewhat compressed. (Torr.N. Y. Fl.) Scirpus subsquarrosus Muhl.

Sandy shores. N.Y. to Geor. July. (@).—Culms about 2 inches high, in
-dense tufts, leafy at base. Leaves setaceous. Spikes sometimes solitary.
Scales very numerous. _ Dwarf Hemicarpha.

V. Cuapex. Flowers perfect, rarely diclinous. - Spikelets 1—3-
flowered. Scales imbricate in a somewhat three or four-rowed order ;
the lowest empty. Perigynium none. Stamens 2—12. Styles 2—3-
cleft. Acheniwm smooth or irregularly wrinkled.

13. CLADIUM. Browne.—Twig Rush.

(From the Greek «Aados, a twig ; but the application is not understood.)

Spikelets 1—2-flowered. Scales few, imbricate in a some-
what trifarious manner; the lowest empty. Bristles none.
Stamens mostly 2. Style 2—3-cleft. Achenium globose-ovoid.

C. mariscoides Torr.: culm obscurely triangular; cymes compound,
2Q—4-rayed, nearly naked, the rays elongated ; spikelets in heads of 3—8
together; style 3-cleft. Schenus mariscoides Muhl.

Bogs and ponds. Can. to Del. July. %|.—Culm 2 feet high, nearly smooth.

Leaves channelled, with a long compressed point, nearly smooth on the margin.
Scales about 6, brown ; 4 lower ones usually empty. Smooth Twig Rush.

VI. Ruyncnosporen. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Spikelets
mostly few-flowered. Scales irregularly imbricate, obscurely two- or
three-rowed. Perigyniwm of several rough or plumose bristles, rarely
wanting. Acheniwm beaked.

14. RHYNCHOSPORA. Vahl.—Beak Rush.
(From the Greek pvyyxos, a beak, and omopa, a seed.)

Spikelets few-flowered., Scales loosely imbricate ; the lower
ones smaller and empty. Bristles 6, rarely 1O—12. Stamens

400 CYPERACES.

8, rarely 2, 6 or 12. Style 2-cleft. Achenium crustaceous,
crowned. with the persistent base of the style.

* Achenium smooth, mostly lenticular.

1. R. alba Vahl: culm triangular above ; spikelets in corymbose fascicles ;
bristles usually 10, retrorsely hispid, longer than the ovoid-lenticular ache-
nium. Schenus albus Linn.

Swamps and bogs. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. July, Aug. 2|.—Culm 12—18
inches high, smooth. eaves setaceous, shorter than the culm. Spekelets about
2-flowered. Scales lanceolate, whitish, when old brownish.

White Beak. Rush.

2. R. gracilenta Gray: culm and leaves very slender; clusters of spike-
lets 2—4, small, somewhat crowded, the terminal one nearly sessile ; bristles
6, longer than the smooth ovoid-lenticular achenium ; tubercie long, sub-
ulate.

Sandy grounds. N. Y. and N. J. to N. Car. Culm 1—2 feet high, almost
capillary. eaves linear, setaceous. Spikelets few-flowered, ovoid. Scales
ovate, fuscous. Tall Slender Beak Rush.

3. R. Kneiskernii Carey: culm triangular, slender; spikes numerous, in
4—6 distant clusters ; bristles 5, retrorsely hispid, about as long as the obo-
vate somewhat stiped achenium; tubercle triangular, compressed, broad
at the base. (Carey, Sill. Jour. July, 1847.)

Pine Barrens, N. J. Dr. Kneiskern. Culm 12—18 inches high, branching
from the base. Leaves short and narrow. Spikes small, setaceously bracteate,
forming small distant clusters throughout the whole length of the culm. It re-
sembles the preceding, but differs in its achenium and bristles.

Kneiskern’s Beak Rush.

4. R. glomerata Vahl: culm obtusely triangular ; spikelets ovoid-oblong,
in corymbose clusters, distant, mostly in pairs; bristles 6, hispid, as long
as the obovoid-lenticular achenium; tubercle lanceolate. Schenus glom-
eratus Linn. :

Swamps and bogs. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. 2—Culm 12—18 inches
high, smooth. Leaves flat, shorter than the culm. Scales lanceolate, brownish.

Clustered Beak Rush.

5. R. capillacea Torr.: culm triangular, slender; spikelets 3—6, nearly
terminal; bristles 6, about twice as long as the oblong-ovate compressed
achenium ; tubercle lanceolate, rostrate. Schenus setaceus Muhl.

Swamps. Can. to Penn. July. 2|.—Culm 6—12 inches high. Leaves seta-
ceous; radical ones short. Spikelets about 1—3-flowered. Scales light brown,
oblong, mucronate. Capillary Beak Rush.

6. R. fusca R. G S.: culm obscurely triangular ; clusters of spikelets 1—3,
somewhat capitate; bristles 6, slender, minutely hispid, about twice the
length of the obovate achenium ; tubercles slender, acute. Schenus fuscus

Linn.

Swamps. Mass. N. Y.and N.J. July, Aug. 2.—Culm8—12 inches high,
very slender. Leaves almost filiform; radical ones elongated. Scales dark-
brown and shining. Brown Beak Rush.

7. R. cephalantha Gray: heads somewhat globose, dense, many-flowered,

CYPERACEA. AO1

axillary and terminal, often in pairs; spikelets oblong-lanceolate ; bristles
hispid, twice as long as the orbicular-obovate margined achenium.

Sandy swamps. N. Y. to Flor. and Louis. Aug. 2|.—Culm obtusely trian-
gular, stout. Leaves narrow-linear, flat. Scales dark brown, oblong, acute or
acuminate. Resembles the preceding, but has the heads larger and compact.

Round-headed Beak Rush.

8. R. macrostachya Torr.: culm triangular; axillary corymbs simple,
terminal ones compound; upper spikelets densely fascicled; bristles 6,
hispid upward, twice as long—and the persistent style four times as long—
as the obovate achenium.

Ponds. Mass. Culm 2—3 feet high,smooth. Leaves 1—2 feet long, smooth;
the upper scabrous on the margin. Corymbs about 4. Scales fuscous, acute.
Subsequently referred by Dr. Torrey, with some doubt, to the genus Ceratosche-
nus Nees.—Torr. Cyp. Long-headed Beak Rush.

9. R. corniculata Gray: culm triangular; corymbs decompound, diffuse ;
spikelets loosely fasciculate, subulate ; bristles mostly 6; achenium obovate,
pointed with the long persistent style. &. longirostris Ell. Schenus cor-
niculatus Lam.

Wet places. Del. to Flor. W. to Ohio. July. 2|.—Culm 3—6 feet high.
Leaves 1—2 feet long, smooth, rough on the margin. Corymbs subumbellate,
axillary and terminal. Scales fuscous. Referred by Dr. Torrey to the genus
Ceratoschenus Nees. Long-styled Beak Rush.

*e Acheniwm transversely rugose.

10. R. cymosa Nutt. : culm acutely triangular ; corymbs somewhat cymose,
terminal and axillary; spikelets clustered, ovoid; bristles 6, shorter than
the obovate subcompressed achenium; tubercle depressed-conic. Schenus
cymosus Willd.

Moist grounds. N. J. to Flor. and Louis. July. 2|.—Culm 12—18 inches
high, slender. Leaves linear, smooth. Spikelets in clusters of 3--5 at the end
of the peduncle. Scales fuscous, ovate ; the lower ones obcordate, mucronate.

‘ufted Beak Rush.

11, R. Torreyana Gray: culm slender, somewhat terete ; panicle corym-
bose, rather loose ; spikelets ovoid, mostly pedicellate ; bristles 6, a little more
than half the length of the oblong-ovate compressed achenium; tubercle
compressed-conic.

Wet grounds. N.J. Torr. July, Aug. 2.—Culms 1—3 feet high, cespi-
pitose. Radical leaves long and rigid ; those of the culm shorter. Scales ovate,
fuscous. Torrey’s Beak Rush.

15. PSILOCARYA. Torr.—Psilocarya.

(From the Greek WiAos, naked, and xapva, a nut; the achenium being desti-
tute of bristles.)

Scales imbricate on all sides, membranaceous or chartaceous,
all fertile. Perigynium none. Stamens 2. Filaments long and
persistent. Style 2-cleft, compressed, dilated at base. Ache-
nium biconvex, crowned with the broad persistent tubercle or
rostrate with the persistent style.

P. scirpoides Torr,: spikes oblong-ovate, many-flowered; scales lance.

402 CYPERACER.

ovate, acute, membranaccous; style long, rostrate, persistent, much dilated
at the base, and decurrent at the edges of the tumid rugose achenium.
( Torr. Cyp.)

Borders of a pond near North Providence, R. J. Near Boston and New Bed- -
ford, Mass. T. A. Greene and Dr. H. Litile. Culm obtusely triangular, smooth,
leafy. Leaves 6—8 inches long, grassy. Cymes pedunculate, one terminal and
one from the sheath of each leaf, spreading. Spikes 3—4 lines long, 20—30-
flowered. Brisiles entirely wanting. Scirpus-like Psilocarpa.

VIL. Scterem. Flowers diclinous. Fertile spikelets 1- or rarely
2-flowered. Scales fasciculate ; the lower ones empty, often seated in
acup or torus. Perigynium of 3 scales, often wanting. Achenium
nut-leke.

16. SCLERIA. Linn.—Nut Rush.

(From the Greek ox\noos, hard; in allusion to the hard bone-like achenium.)

Moneecious. Fertile spikelets 1-flowered ; the sterile seve-
ral-flowered. Scales 2—6. Disk shallow, saucer-like or lobed.
Perigynium coriaceous or crustaceous, sometimes wanting.
Achenium globose or ovoid.

* With a perigynium.

1. S. reticularis Mich.: culm erect, rough on the angles below; fascicles

lateral and terminal, remote, loose; achenium globose, reticulated and

deeply pitted between the lines; perigynium 3-lobed.

Sandy swamps. Long Island, N.Y. Torr. S.to Flor. Aug. 2.—Culm
12—15 inches high, triangular. Leaves smooth, flat. Spzkelets in pairs. Scales
smooth; the sterile lanceolate; the fertile ovate mucronate.

Reticulated Nut Rush.

2. S.laxa Torr.: culm weak, somewhat diffuse, nearly smooth; fasci-
_ cles lateral and terminal, remote, on long slender peduncles, loosely flow-
ered ; scales and bracts smooth; achenium globose, pitted and marked in a
somewhat spiral manner with transverse hairy wrinkles; perigynium 3-
lobed. S. reticularis Muh.

Sandy swamps. N. Y. to Flor, Aug. |.—Culm 12—18 inches ‘high,
acutely triangular. Leaves flat, smooth. Spvzkelets in pairs, distant.

Loose-flowered Nut Rush.

3. S. iriglomerata Mich.: culm acutely triangular, rough; leaves broad-
linear, somewhat hairy; fascicles lateral and terminal, triglomerate ; bracts
ciliate; scales cuspidate; achenium ovoid-globose, smooth and polished ;
perigynium annular.

Swamps and moist grounds. Ver. to Flor. W.to Ark. June, July. 2.—
Cuim 3—4 feet high, leafy. . Leaves 2—3 lines wide, rough on the margin, hairy
beneath. Scales purplish. Achenium large and white.

Three-clustered Nut Rush.

4. 8. pauciflora Muhl.: culm triangular, slender, smoothish ; leaves nar-
row-linear, with pubescent sheaths; fascicles lateral and terminal, few-
flowered, the lateral on long peduncles; bracts ciliate; scales smoothish;
achenium globose-ovoid, warty; perigynium of 6 tooth-like processes.

CYPERACE&. 403

Low meadows. N.H.to Car. W.to Ohio. June. 2|.—Culm 9—18 inches
high, roughish above. Fascicles 2--3 ; 2 Jateral ones on long slender peduncles.
Achenium white, rough with elevated points. Few-flowered Nut Rush.

** Perigynium none.
5. S. verticillata Muhl.: culm filiform, triangular and’ with the leaves
smooth ; fascicles 4—6, alternate, sessile, distant; bracts minute, setaceous;
scales smooth; achenium globose, mucronate, rugose-verrucose. Hiypopo-

rum verticillalwm Nees.

Wet grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug. %.—Culm 6—12 inches high, very
slender. Leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm. Fascicles appearing as
if whorled. Scales purple. Whorled Nut Rush.

VII. Cartcem. Flowers diclinous. Scales of the spikes imbri-
cate on all sides. Achenium entirely enclosed in an urceolate perigy-
nium, which is often 2-toothed or 2-lobed at the orifice.

17, CAREX. Linn.—Sedge.

_ (Supposed to be derived from the Greek ke‘pw, to shear or cut; in allusion to
its sharp leaves and stems.)

Spikes one or several, androgynous, moncecious or rarely dice-
cious. Srerive Fi. Stamens 3, rarely 2 or 1. Ferrize FL.
Perigynium membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, 2-toothed,
emarginate or truncate at the apex. Style single, included.
Stigmas 2—3, elongated, exserted. Achenium lenticular, plano-
convex or triangular, crowned with the lower portion of the
style. ( Torr.)

A. Spike single.
* Monecious. Stigmas 2.

1. C. capitata Linn.: spike capitate or nearly globose, staminate at the
summit; perigynium roundish-ovoid, close, compressed, convex-concave,
smooth, longer than the ovate and somewhat obtuse scale.

Alpine regions of the White Mountains, N. H. Dr. Robbins.—Culm trian-
gular. Leaves filiform. Capitate Sedge.

*& Diecious.

+ Stignas 2.
2. C. dioica Linn.: spike simple, oblong; perigynium somewhat erect
or spreading, oblong-ovoid, nerved, hispid toward the summit on the mar-

gin. C. Davailiana Dew.
Swamps. Yates county, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. .—Culm 6—8 inches high,

filiform. Leaves setaceous. Scales ovate. Diecious Sedge.
+ Stigmas 3.

3. C. scirpoidea Mich.: spike oblong-cylindric, somewhat acute; peri-
gynium ovoid or oval, subrostrate, pubescent, longer than the ovate some-
what acute scarious scale.

404 CYPERACE.

White Mountains, N. H. Oakes.—Culm 4—10 inches high, erect. Leaves
fiat and long. Scurpus-like Sedge.

*kx Spike androgynous.
+ Stigmas 2.

4. C. exilis Dew.: fertile spike staminate below, ovoid, rather densely
flowered; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, convex on both sides, finally
spreading or recurved, a little longer than the ovate acute scale.

Lakes and meadows. Mass. N. Y. and N. J. June. 2|.—Culm 12—20
inches high, very slender. Leaves setaceous. Spike from half an inch to an
inch long. ; Slender Sedge.

Tt Stigmas 3.

5. C. pauciflora Lighif.: spike simple, about 4-flowered; staminate
flower subsolitary, terminal ; perigynium lanceolate, terete, apices scales
caducous. C. leucoglochin inn,

Sphagnous swamps. Mass. and N.Y. May, June. %|.—Culm 3—8 inches
high. Peri rgynium large, pale yellow, caducous. Few-jlowered Sedge.

6. C. Fraseri Sims: spike simple, ovoid; perigynium ovoid-subglobose,
entire at the point, striate, longer than the saan scale. C. lagopus Muhl.

Mountains. Penn. to N.Car. April. 1. ee about a foot high, sheathed
at base. Leaves radical, broad, undulate. Fraser’s Sedge.

7. C. polytrichoides Muhl.: spike simple, oblong-linear, few-flowered ;
perigynium oblong-lanceolate, compressed, triquetrous, obtuse, emarginate,
twice as long as the ovate scale.

Wet grounds. Can.to Penn.; common. May. 121. —Culm a foot high, very
slender. Leaves subradical, very narrow. Fertile fiowers
Britile-stalked Sedge.

8. C. Willdenovii Schk.: spike simple; sterile and fertile flowers about
6; perigynium ovoid-oblong, acuminate-rostrate; scales ovate, acuminate,
the inferior ones foliaceous and often longer than the spike.

Shady woods. N.Y. to Car. W.to Ohio. May, June. 2|.—Culm 8—12
inches high, slender. eaves flat, longer than the culm.
Willdenow’s Sedge.

9. C. Backii Boott: spike simple; sterile flowers above, about 3, the
fertile 2—4; fertile scales foliaceous, the lower one much longer than the
spike; perigynium globose-ovoid, acuminated, with a conical smooth beak,
entire at the point. (Torr..N. Y. Fl.) C. Willdenovit Gray.

Arct. Amer. to N. Y.—Culms cespitose. eaves grass-like, longer than the
culms. Achenium globose-pyriform, nearly smooth. Back’s Sedge.

ibe Spikelets aggregated, androgynous, sessile. Stigmas 2.

* Spikelets sterile at the summit.

10. C. disperma Dew.: spikelets about 3, rather remote, mostly 2-flow- —
ered, somewhat erect, the lowest one bracteate; perigynium ovate, rather
obtuse, nerved, plano-convex, smooth, with a scabrous margin, entire at the
point, twice as long as the ovate obtuse submucronate scale.

Swamps; often on mountains. N. Eng. and N. Y. W. to Mich. May,
June. Culm 6—12 inches high. Leaves narrow and linear. Spikelets
24. Two-seeded Sedge.

CYPERACE. 405

11. C. chordorhiza Linn.: spikelets 3—5, in an ovoid head; perigynium
ovate, acuminate, subrostrate, convex above, equalling the broad-ovate
acute scale.

Sphagnous swamps. N. Y.to Mich. May. ‘%.—Culm branching at the
base, and rooting at the joints. Leaves of the culm short, of the sterile shoots
longer. Rooting Sedge.

12. C. cephalophora Muhl.: spikelets collected into an oval head; peri-
gynium ovate, scabrous on the margin above, about equal to the ovate sub-
aristate scale,

Fields and woods. CantoCar.; common. May. %|.—Culm 1—2 feet high,
wiry, leafy at base. Whole piant green. Oval-headed Sedge.

13. C. Muhlenhergu Schk.: spikelets 5—'7, crowded at the summit of the
culm, bracteate at the base; perigynium broad-ovate, compressed, nerved,
bifid, somewhat diverging, scabrous on the margin, rather shorter than the
ovate mucronate scale.

Rocky woods. Mass. and N. Y.to Car. May, June. ‘%.—Culm 1—2 feet
high, thick. Leaves broad-linear. Plant dark green. Muhlenberg’s Sedge.

14, C. siccata Dew.: spikelets 4—8, staminate above, often wholly stam-
inate, ovoid, close, or approximate ; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
compressed, scabrous on the margin, bifid, nerved, nearly equal to the ovate-
lanceolate scale.

Sandy plains. Mass.and N. Y. June. %.—Culm 12—18 inches high, slen-
der, rough. Plant light green, and of a dried appearance.

Dry-spiked Sedge.

15. C. rosea Schk.: spikelets 4—6, remote, about 9-flowered, the lowest
one with a setaceous bract exceeding the spike; perigynium oblong-lance-
olate, acuminate, diverging and radiate, rough on the margin, twice as long
as the ovate obtuse scale. i

Moist woods. Mass. N. Y. and Penn.toOhio; common. May. 2|.—Culma
foct high. Sprkelets mostly about 5, yellowish-green ; lower ones distant. It is
sometimes dwarfish, when it forms the var. radiata of Dewey. — Rose Sedge.

16. C. retrofleca Muhl.: spikelets about 4, subapproximate, the lower
ones with a short bract; perigynium ovate, acutish, 2-toothed, smooth on
the margin, spreading or reflexed, nearly as long as the ovate acute scale.

Meadows and pastures. N.S. May. .—Culm about a foot high, slender.
Spikelets mostly 4, the two lower ones a little distant, 5—8-flowered.

Retroflered Sedge.

17. C. stipata Muhl.: spike compound, oblong; spikelets numerous,
10—15, oblong, aggregated, bracteate; perigynium lanceolate, subterete
and smooth below, spreading, with a long tapering beak which is rough
on the margin, twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale.

Wet meadows. Throughout the U.S. April,May. |.—Culm 1—3 feet
high, thick and succulent, smooth except at the summit. Spike 2 inches long,
straw-color. Beaked Sedge.

18. C. muricata Linn.: spikelets about 5, ovoid, sessile, approximate,
bracteate, lower ones sometimes remotish ; perigynium ovate-lanceolate,
plano-convex, 2-toothed, horizontal, scabrous on the margin, sometimes
longer than the ovate-lanceolate scale. (Dew.)

Fields near Boston, Mass. Arct. Amer. Muricate Sedge.

406 CYPERACER.

19. C. sparganoides Muhl.: spikelets 6—10, ovoid; the upper approxi-
‘mate; lower somewhat distant, bracteate; perigynium ovate, compressed,
acute, diverging, rough on the narrowly winged margin, about twice as
long as the ovate mucronate scale. ;

Swampy grounds. N. Y. and Mass.to Car. W. to Ohio. May. 21.—Culn
2 feet or more high, rough on the angles above. Leaves broad-linear, pale-
green. Bur-reed Sedge.

20. C. vulpinoidea Mich.: spike oblong, decompound, more or less inter-
rupted, bracteate; spikelets glomerate, ovoid, obtuse; perigynium com-
pressed, ovate, acuminate, bifid, 3-nerved, diverging, rather shorter than the
ovate cuspidate scale. C. multiflora Muhl.

Low grounds. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Car.; common. May, June. ?|.—
Culm 14—2 feet high, obtusely triangular above, leafy.- Spzke consisting of
8—10 clusters of spikelets. For Sedge.

21. C. setacea Dew.: spike oblong, decompound, bracteate; spikelets
glomerate, ovoid, obtuse; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, com-
pressed, bifid, somewhat diverging, as long as the ovate-lanceolate awned
scale.

Wet meadows. Mass. and N. Y. to Del. June, July. %.—Culm about 2
feet high, acutely triangular, siriate, rough above Resembles the preceding,
but it has a more compact spike, and the perigynia are narrower and more
compressed. Setaceous Sedge.

22. C. bromoides Schk.: spikes 4—6, alternate, oblong, erect, uppermost
one fertile above, the rest pistilliferous or androgynous, with staminate and
fertile flowers both above and below; perigynium erect, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, scabrous, nerved, longer than the lanceolate scale.

Swampy grounds. Mass. N. Y.and Penn. toOhio; common. May. 2.—
Culm 12—18 inches high, slender, rough above. Scales light brown.
Brome-like Sedge.

23. C. alopecoidea Tuckerman: spike compound, oblong; spikelets 8—10,
ovoid, aggregated, staminate above; perigynium ovate, plano-convex,
nearly nerveless, about as long as the ovate mucronate scale; the beak
acuminate, serrulate-scabrous on the margin. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) C.,
cephalophora var. maxima Dew.

Woods. Penn-Yan,N. ¥. %.—Culm 2—4 feet high, rough on the angles.
Spike yellowish-green. Fox-tail Sedge.

24. C. Sartwellii Dew.: spike compound; spikelets 12—20, ovoid, ses-
sile, compact, bracteate; lower ones fertile; upper often staminate ; peri-
gynium ovate-lanceolate, convex-concave, subulate, somewhat 2-toothed,
about as long as the ovate acute scale.

Junius, Seneca County, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. U—Culm 14—2 feet high,
somewhat rigid, rough on the angles, leafy below. Leaves flat, linear, shorter
than the culm. Closely allied to C. distzcha of Europe. 3

Sartwell’s Sedge.

25. C. teretiuscula Good.: spike decompound, oblong, dense, at length
brown ; spikelets ovoid, acute, sessile; perigynium ovate, acuminate, convex
and gibbous, ciliate-serrulate on the margin, longer than the ovate acute scale.

Marshes and bogs. N. Eng. and N. Y. May. %.-—Culm 2 feet or more
high, rough on the angles, leafy below. Scales brownish.
Smaller-panicled Sedge.

CYPERACE. AOT

26. C. decomposita Muhl.: spike decompound and paniculate; spikelets
very numerous, ovoid, alternate, at length brown; perigynium ovate, sessile,
convex on both sides, acute or short-rostrate, aa as 8 long as the ovate
acuminate scale.

Swamps. Yates County, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. W. to Mich, 2.—Culm
2—3 feet high, oaeely triangular, leafy. Leaves broad-linear, rough.

Large-panicied Sedge.

** Spikelets staminate at the base.

27. C. trisperma Dew.: spikelets mostly 3, about 3-flowered, remote, al-
ternate, sessile, ovoid, uppermost one without a bract.; perigynium oblong,
acute or short-rostrate, entire at the point, nerved, subscabrous above, some-
what diverging, longer than the oblong acute whitish scale. .

Marshes and wet woods. N.Eng.and N.Y: June. %|.—Culm 1—2 feet
high, triangular, slender and weak, leafy. Leaves very narrow.

Three-seeded Sedge.

28. C. Deweyana Schw. : Spilkelets about 3, sessile, ovoid-lanceolate, alter-
nate, rather distant, the uppermost with a bract ; perigynium shlepcllenes-
olate, acuminate-rostrate, 2-toothed, slightly scnbrets on the margin, rather
longer than the ovate-lanceolate awned hyaline scale.

Woods. N. Eng. and N. Y. June. ‘%|.—Culm 1—4 feet high, weak and
slender, subprocumbent. Leaves yellowish-green, mostly radical, narrow.

Dewey’ s Sedge.

29. C. stellulata Good.: spikelets 3—4, roundish or ovoid, rather remote ;
perigyniuin ovate, acuminate, scabrous on the margin, at length spreading
horizontally, a little longer than the ovate somewhat obtuse scale. C. ster-
iis Willd.

Wet grounds. Mass. to Car. May. 2|.—Culm 8—18 inches high, stiff, leafy
below. Perigynium broad-ovate, almost cordate when mature.

Star-like Sedge.

30. C. scirpoides Schk.: spikelets about 4, ovoid, obtuse, approximate,
sessile, lowest bracteate; perigynium ovate, cordate, compressed, lanceolate
or rostrate, scabrous on the margin, diverging or horizontal, longer than the
ovate-lanceolate acute scale.

Wet meadows. N. Eng. to Car. May. %|.—Culm 6—12 inches high, leafy
at base. Perigynium erect, or spreading horizontally. Perhaps only a_variety

of the es Scirpus-like Sedge.

31. C. canescens Linn.: spikelets about 6, rather remote, cylindric-ovoid,
with ie bracts at base ; perigynium broad-ovate, plano-convex, rather
acute, somewhat rough on the margin, nearly entire at the orifice, about ag
long as the scale. C. curta Good. C. spherostachya Dew.

Wet meadows. Can. N. Eng. and N. Y. May, June. 2|.—Culms about
2 feet high, clustered, triangular, rough above. Spikelets silvery white when
mature. Canescent Sedge.

32. C. tenuiflora Wahl.: spikelets 2—3, roundish-elliptic, approximate,
the lowest bracteate at base; perigynium elliptic, obtuse, compressed, erect,
about as long as the broad-ovate somewhat obtuse scale.

Sphagnous swamps. Ver. Mass. N. Y.; rare. June, 2.—Culms cespitose,
8—12 inches long, very slender, often prostrate, Leaves light green, narrow-
CY ) ‘Y =
linear, shorter than the culm. Slender-spiked Sedge.

A08 CYPERACER.

33. C. scoparia Schk: spikelets ovoid, sessile, approximate, aggregate,
lowest bracteate; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, margined, nerved, smooth,
bifid, longer than the lanceolate acuminate scale.

Swamps. Mass. to Car. May. %|.—Culm 1—2 feet high, triangular, rough
above. Jeaves long and narrow. Fruit tawny when mature, not winged,
9-nerved. Broom-hke Sedge.

34. C. lagopodioides Schk.: spikelets 8—20, cylindric-ovoid, rather
crowded, alternate and sessile; bract beneath the lowest overtopping the
culm; perigynium lanceolate, tapering at both ends, nerved, bidentate, with
a narrow serrulate margin, twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale.

Wet meadows. Mass. toCar. May. %|.—Culm 1—2 or more feet high, fur-
rowed. Spikes large, subcylindric when young. Dr. Torrey considers it a
variety of the preceding. Hare’sfoot-like Sedge.

29, C. stramiea Schk.: spikelets 3—15, ovoid, roundish-ovoid or ovoid
globose; perigynium ovate or broad-ovate, much compressed, acuminate,
with a broad-winged ciliolate-scabrous margin, a little longer than the
lanceolate scale.

Wet meadows and swamps. N. Eng. to Penn. W. to Ohio. May, June.
2|.—A very variable species, including, according to Dr. Torrey, C. fenea
Muhl. C. festucacea, mirabilis, cristata and tenera Dew. Straw-colored Sedge.

C. Spikes several, (rarely solitary.) alt androgynous. Stigmas 3.
‘ * Staminate at the summit.

36. C. pedunculata Muhl.: spikes about 4, on long peduncles, very
remote; perigynium obovoid, triquetrous, entire, a little longer than the
oblong cuspidate scale.

Rocky hills. Can. to Penn.; rare April. %|—Culms 4—12 inches high,
cespitose, slender. Peduncles mostly radical. Peduncled Sedge.

**x Staminate at the base.
37. C. squarrosa Linn.: spikes 1—3, very thick, oblong-cylindric ; peri-
gynium ovate, subglobose, long-rostrate, smooth, squarrose, 2-toothed at the
summit, longer than the lanceolate scale. C. typhina Mich.

Bogs. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May, June. %.—Culm 2 fect high, tri-
angular, rough, leafy. Spike 1—2 inches long, and from half to three-fourths
of an inch in diameter. Squarrose Sedge.

D. Spikes several: terminal one androgynous 3; the others fertile.
Siigmas 3.

38. C. Buzbaumii Wahl.: spikes about 4, obovoid or oblong, rather re-
mote ; upper one androgynous and pedunculate; the rest sessile, with very
long bracts; perigynium elliptic, obtuse, rather compressed, slightly 2-
lobed, shorter than the ovate cuspidate scale.

Sphagnousswamps. N.Eng. and N. Y.. W. to Mich.; rare. May. ‘U.—Culm
1—2 feet high, leafy at base. Scales chestnut brown. Buxbaum’s Sedge.

39. C. hirsuta Willd.: spikes 3, oblong, approximate; upper one pedun-
culate; the others nearly sessile and bracteate; perigynium obovate, obtuse,

nerved, smooth when mature, entire at the orifice, about as long as the

ovate acuminate scale. — C. triceps Mich.

a on

CYPERACER. 409

Woods and meadows. Can. to Geor. W. toMich. May. 2.--Culm 12—18
inches high, triangular, rough, leafy. eaves and sheaths retrorsely pubescent.
Pubescent Sedge.

40. C. virescens Muhl.: spikes 2—4, oblong, erect ; upper one peduncu-
late, sterile below; the rest fertile, subsessile and bracteate; perigynium
ovoid, obtuse, costate, pubescent, rather longer than the ovate mucronate
scale. C.costata Schw.

Dry woods. Can. toCar. May. %.—Culm 1—2 feet high, rather slender,
triangular, leafy. Leaves and sheaths pale green, pubescent.
Greenish Sedge.

Al. C. gracilima Schw.: spikes mostly 4, distant, slender, pedunculate,
loosely-flowered, nodding ; uppermost androgynous, fertile above; the rest
all fertile; peryginium oblong, triangular, obtuse, smooth, longer than the
oblong-mucronate scale. C. digiialis Schw. G& Torr.

Wet meadows. Mass. to Del. W. to Mich. June. 21.—Culm 18 inches high,
nearly smooth, leafy. Leaves short, pale green. Sprkes linear and filiform.

¢ Slender-nodding Sedge.

42. C. formosa Dew.: spikes 3—4, oblong, thick, distant, on exsert pe-
duncles, nodding, uppermost one sterile at the base; perigynium oblong,
triquetrous, somewhat inflated, rather acute at each end, nearly entire or
2-lobed at the orifice, twice as long as the ovate acute scale.

Wet meadows. Mass. and N. Y.; rare. May. %.—Culm 12—18 inches
high, triangular, smooth. Leaves sometimes pubescent, pale green.
Showy Sedge.
43. C. Davisii Schw. G Torr.: spikes mostly 4, somewhat distant, ob-
Jong-cylindric, few-flowered, pedunculate and somewhat nodding; _peri-
gynium oblong, somewhat inflated, acute, smooth, slightly 2-toothed, about
as long as the awned scale. C. aristata and Torreyana Dew.

Wet meadows. Mass. and N.Y. May. %.--Culm 1—2 feet high, trian-
gular, leafy, rough above. Leaves sometimes pubescent, rough on the margin.
Dawis’s Sedge.

E. Spikes several; one or more of the terminal ones entirely stami-
nate; the rest pistilate.
* Stligmas 2.

44, C. rigida Good.: sterile spike mostly solitary, erect; fertile spikes
2—4, oblong-cylindric, subremote, erect, loose-flowered, on short peduncles ;
perigynium oval, acute at each end, compressed, shortly beaked, smooth,
about equalling the ovate-oblong acutish scale. C. Washingtoniana Dew.
C. nigra Schw. g Torr.

Damp grounds. White Mountains, N. H. Mount Marcy, N.Y. July. 2.
—Culm a foot high, subscabrous above. Leaves light green, somewhat rigid.

Rigid Sedge.

45. C. acuta Linn.: sterile spikes 1—3; fertile mostly 3, subpeduncu-
late, somewhat nodding, cylindric, remote; perigynium oval or oblong, ob-"
tuse, short-rostrate, about as long as the oblong acute scale, C. stricta
Lam. C. angustata Boott.

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W.to Ohio. May. %.—Culm 2 feet high,
acutely triquetrous. Leaves subglaucous. Scales blackish brown.

Large Bog Sedge.
18

A410 CYPERACE.

46. C. cespitosa Linn.: sterile spikes solitary or sometimes 2, cylindric-
oblong; fertile mostly 3, cylindric, obtuse, distant, the lower on a short
exsert peduncle ; perigynium ovoid or oval, somewhat acute, smooth, mostly
longer than the oblong obtuse blackish scale. C. concolor Brown.

Mountain bogs. Can. to Penn. May. Culm 12—18 inches high, slightly
rough above. Leaves light green, flat. Fertzle scales nearly black.
Smaller Bog Sedge.

47. C. aquatilis Wahl.: sterile spikes 1—4, erect, oblong; fertile mostly
3, on short peduncles, cylindric, thick-clavate above, dense-flowered, sub-
erect, sometimes sterile at the apex; perigynium elliptic, sublenticular,
smooth, with the orifice entire and protruded, about equal to the ovate
acutish scale. :

Marshes and wet places. Mass. and N.Y. June. 2|.—Culm20—30 inches
high, triangular, nearly smooth. Leaves smoothish, pale green and glaucous.
Waiter Sedge.

48. C. aurea Nutt.: sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes
3—4, oblong, loose-flowered, subpendulous, rather approximate, lower ones
pedunculate ; perigynium obovoid or pyriform, obtuse, nerved, entire at the
orifice, longer than the ovate acute scale. ,

Wet rocks. Can. Mass.and N. Y. W to Mich. May, June. %—Culm
410 inches high, subprocumbent, slender. Perigynium orange-yellow when
mature. Golden Sedge.

49. C. crinita Lam.: sterile spikes one or more, lax oblong, sometimes
with a few fertile flowers; fertile spikes 4--5, dense, distant; perigynium
roundish-ovoid, ventricose, slightly rostrate, entire at the orifice, much
shorter than the oblong scabrous awned scale. C. paleacea Wahl.

Swamps and meadows. Can.to Geor. June. 2|.—Culm 24 feet high,
triangular, rougn. Leaves pale green. Fertile spikes 2—3 inches long.
Fringed Sedge.

** Stigmas 3.
+ Perigynium inflated, with a more or less elongated beak.

50. C. oligosperma Mich.: sterile spike mostly solitary, Sleadee peduncu-
late; fertile spikes 1—3, ovoid, sessile, distant, bracteate, few-flowered ;
petigynium ovoid, somewhat tadated acute, nerve shar soe aie
at the orifice, anontie a little longer than the ovate acute scale. C. Oake-
siana Dew.

Borders of lakes. Arct. Amer. N. Eng. and N. Y. June. %.—Culm 1—2
feet high, triangular, rough above. Leaves linear, light green, at length in-
volute. Few-fruited Sedge.

51. C. bullata Schk.: sterile spikes 2—3; fertile mostly 2, oblong-cylin-
dric, rather loose, exsertly pedunculate and somewhat nodding, distant;
perigynium atone ovoid, inflated, erect, smooth, costate, ee ee
nate, twice as long as the lanceolate scale. C. monile Dew.

Wet grounds. Mass. N.Y. Penn. and Ohio. May. %.—Culm 14—23 feet
high, triangular, rough above, leafy. Leaves longer than the culm.

Inflated Sedge.

52. C. cylindrica Tuckerm.: sterile spikes 2—3; fertile 1—3, remote,
cylindric, on short peduncles, erect or inclined ; perigynium ovoid, inflated,

CYPERACEZ. Ail

conic-rostrate, 2-forked, smooth, about twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate
scale. C. Tuckermani Dew.

Wet grounds. Mass.and N.Y. May? %—Culm about 2 feet high, tri-
angular, leafy, rough above. eaves narrow, longer than the culm.
Cylindrical Sedge.

53. C. vesicaria Linn.: sterile spikes about 3, erect, oblong; fertile
mostly 2, cylindric, erect, long-bracteate ; perigynium oblong-conic, inflated,
rostrate, nerved, bicuspidate, nearly twice as long as the oblong-lanceolate:
scale. C. wtriculata Boott.

Meadows. Mass. and N. Y. to Del. W.to Mich. May. Culm 2 feet high,
shorter than the leaves, acutely triangular. Plant bright green.
Bladder Sedge.

54. C. ampullacea: sterile spikes 2—4, oblong, cylindric, erect; fertile
2—3, cylindric, erect, close-flowered, short-pedunculate; perigynium sub-
globose, inflated, diverging, rostrate, bifurcate, longer than the lanceolate

}

scale.

Marshes. Arct. Amer. to Mass.and N. Y. .—Culm 2—3 feet high, ob-
tusely triangular. eaves light green. Perhaps identical with the preceding.
Bottle-like Sedge.

55. C. subulata Mich.: sterile spike solitary, short-pedunculate ; fertile
spikes mostly 3—4, sessile, or with included peduncles, very remote, few-
flowered, sparingly staminate at the top; perigynium subulate, reflexed,
bifid at the orifice, longer than the lanceolate scale. C. Collinsiit and
Michaurii Dew. ay

Cedar swamps. Long Island, N. Y.and N. J. June. %|.—Culm 1—2 feet
high, almost filiform, leafy. Leaves deep green. Aul-fruied Sedge.

56. C. folliculata Linn.: sterile spike solitary; fertile spikes 2—4, ovoid,
distant, few-flowered, pedunculate ; peryginium oblong-conic, somewhat in-
flated, tapering to a long point, horizontal or diverging, twice as long as the
ovate mucronate scale. C. xanihophysa Wahl.

Swamps. Can. to Flor. July. 2|.—Culm 2—4 feet high, obtusely triangu-
lar, leafy. eaves flat, smooth. Plant pale green, at length yellow.

Tall Yellow Sedge.

57. C. intwmescens Rudge: sterile spike oblong, pedunculate ; fertile
spikes 13, roundish, approximate, few-flowered, upper one sessile, lower
on a short peduncle ; perigynium ovoid, acuminate-rostrate, much inflated,
diverging, three times as long as the ovate cuspidate scale. C. folliculala
Schk.

Wet grounds. N. Y. Mass. Penn. and Ohio. June. 2|.—Culm 18 inches
high, triangular, smooth. Leaves broad-linear, rough on the margin.

Swollen Sedge.

58. C. lupulina Mul. : sterile spike on a short peduncle; fertile spikes 3,
ovoid-oblong, approximate ; bracts very long and leafy; perigynium ovoid,
inflexed, nerved, long-rostrate, bicuspidate, much longer than the ovate or
lanceolate scale.

var. 1. polystachya Torr.: fertile spikes 5, oblong-cylindric ; lowest one
remote, ona long peduncle.

var. 2, pedunculala Gray: fertile spikes all pedunculate; the lower long-
pedunculate, distant; the 3 upper subumbellate.

412 CYPERACER.

Swamps. Hudson’s Bay to Geor. June, July. %|.—Culm 2—3 feet high,
very thick, triangular, smooth. eaves longer than the culm, bright green.
Var. 1. is found in Putnam County, N. Y.; var. 2. in Chester County, Penn.,
and on the shores of lake Erie. Hop-like Sedge.

59. C. scabrata Schw.: fertile spikes about 5, rather remote, cylindric,
nearly erect ; lower ones long-pedunculate; perigynium ovoid, acuminate-
rostrate, subventricose, scabrous, orifice oblique and somewhat bifid, longer
than the ovate-lanceolate ciliate scale.

Swamps. N.H.toPenn. May. %|.—Culm 18 inches high, rather slender,
triangular. Leaves long, very rough, dark green. Rough Sedge.

60. C. Schweinitzu Dew.: sterile spikes 2, the lower one often pistillate
at the base; fertile about 3, oblong-cylindric, somewhat pendulous, loose-
flowered, rather remote, lowest often long-pedunculate ; perigynium oblong-
ovoid, inflated, rostrate, bicuspidate, longer than the lanceolate-subulate
scale.

Wet sandy soils. N. Eng)N. Y. and N. J. June.—Culm about a feot high,
rough above, very leafy. Leaves taller than the culm, yellowish-green. -

Schweintz’s Sedge.

61. C. retrorsa Schw.: sterile spikes about 3, lower one often fertile at
the base; fertile about 5, oblong-cylindric, approximate, dense-fiowered, the
lowest often remote and long-pedunculate ; perigynium ovoid, inflated, re-
flexed, rostrate, bicuspidate, much longer than the lanceolate scale.

Near ponds. N. Eng. and N.Y. May.—Culm 2 feet high, slightly rough on
theedges. Fertile sprkes thick. - Retrorse Sedge.

62. C. tentaculata Muhl.: sterile spike solitary ; fertile spikes 2—3, ovoid
or ovoid-cylindric, bracteate, mostly approximate, spreading, the peduncles
included; perigynia crowded, ovoid, ventricose, very long-rostrate, 2-
toothed at the apex, longer than the lanceolate-subulate scale,

Wet meadows. Can. toGeor. May. %.—Cuim 12—18 inches high, trian-
gular, rough on the angles. Leaves longer than the culm, bright green.

Long-pointed Sedge.

63. C. rostrata Mich.: sterile spike short and small; fertile spikes 2—3,
subglobose or capitate, bracteate ; perigynia crowded, erect, or diverging,
very long-rostrate, oblong-conic, slightly inflated, twice as long as the ovate-
oblong acutish scale. <4

Can. Mich. Base of the White Mountains, N. H. Oakes. .—Culm
&—16 inches high, erect, stiff, few-leaved. Plant pale yellow.
Beaked Sedge.

64. C. hystericina Willd. : sterile spike solitary ; fertile spikes 2—4, thick,
at length cernuous, upper one nearly included, the rest on exsert peduncles ;
perigynium ovoid, inflated, spreading, many-nerved, rostrate, bifid, twice as
long as the oblong awned scale.

Wet grounds.. Can. to Geor. W.to Ohio. July, Aug. %|.—Cubn 1—2 feet
high, triangular, rough above. eaves long, linear-lanceolate, yellowish-green.
Porcupine Sedge. -

65. C. Pseudo-Cyperus Linn,: sterile spike solitary, long and slender;
fertile spikes 2—5, eylindric, thick, pendulous, pedunculate, upper ones
somewhat geminate ; perigynium ovoid-lanceolate, rostrate, reflexed, many-

CYPERACER. Ai3

nerved, divaricately bifid at the summit, a little longer than the lanceolate
awned scale.

Swamps. Can. toGeor. June. %|.—Culm 2—3 feet high, thick, rough on
the angles. Leaves broad, rough. Cyperus-like Sedge.

66. C. longirosiris Torr.: sterile spikes mostly 3, short; fertile 2—3,
cylindric, loose, at length pendulous, long-pedunculate, rather distant ; peri-
gynium globose-ovoid, smooth, with a very long beak, bifid, a little longe:
than the lanceolate scale.

Shady places. N. Eng. and N. Y. W.to Mich. Gray. June. %.—Culm
about 2 feet high, slender, nearly smooth. eaves bright green and shining.

Long-beaked Sedge.

67. C. trichocarpa Muhl.: sterile spikes 2—4; fertile 2—3, distant, pe-
dunculate, erect, oblong-cylindric ; perigynium ovoid-conic, acuminate, bi-
cuspidate, pubescent, longer than the ovate acuminate scale.

Swamps. Can. to Geor. June. ‘%.—Culm 2 feet high, rough above.
Leaves and sheaths pubescent. ; Hairy-fruited Sedge.

68. C. aristala Brown: sterile spikes 2—4; fertile 2—4, distant, close-
flowered, erect; perigynium ovoid-oblong, somewhat inflated, smooth, long-

rostrate, many-nerved, deeply bifid, longer than the oblong awned scale. C.
miraia Dew.

Watertown, Jefferson County, N. Y. British Amer.; rare. Torr. Culm
2—3 feet high, smooth, leafy. Leaves on the under side, and the sheaihs pubes-
cent, Closely allied to the preceding. Awned Sedge.

Tt Perigynium villous, not inflated.

69. C. umbellala Schk.: cespitose; sterile spike short, erect ; fertile spikes
mostly 4, ovoid, few-flowered: one sessile at the summit of the culm; the
rest on radical peduncles, subumbellate; perigynium ovoid, acuminate, ros-
trate, subpubescent, as long as the ovate acuminate scale.

Rocky grounds. N. Eng. N. Y. and Penn. May. %|.—Culms in dense
tufts, 1—6inches high. eaves radical, narrow, rough, longer than the culm.

Umbelled Sedge.

70. C. varia Muhl.: sterile spike erect, sessNe or on a short peduncle ;
fertile spikes 2—3, ovoid, sessile, approximate, few-flowered ; perigynium
ovoid or subglobose, acuminate-rostrate, bifid, obtusely triangular, hispidly
pubescent, as long as the ovate acuminate scale. C. Emmonsii and col-
lecta Dew.

Dry woods. Hudson’s Bay to Geor. April. 2.—Culm 8—12 inches high,
erect, filiform. Leaves pale green. ‘Torrey considers it a variety of the next.

Varrable Sedge.

Tl. C. Pennsylvanica Lam,: sterile spike erect, pedunculate, somewhat
triangular; fertile spikes 1—3, ovoid, subsessile, subapproximate, few-flow-
ered; perigynium ovoid-globose, short-rostrate, bifid, about as long as the
ovate mucronate or acuminate scale. C. marginala Muhl.

Dry woods. Can. to Car.; common. April. 2|.—Culms growing in tufts,
4—12 inches high, slender, rough above. eaves short, somewhat glaucous.
Pennsylvanian Sedge.

72. C. Nove-Anglie Schw.: sterile spike on a short peduncle; fertile

spikes 2—3, sessile, ovoid, few-flowered, rather remote ; perigynium oblong-

Al4 CYPERACES.

ovoid, subtriquetrous, rostrate, minutely pubescent, longer than the ovate-
mucronate scale. _C. collecta Dew.

Mountains. Mass. and N. Y. June. %|.—Culm 6—8 inches high, filiform,
nearly decumbent. Leaves smoothish, pale green. New England Sedge.

73. C. filiformis Linn.: sterile spikes 2--3; fertile spikes 2—3, ovoid-
oblong, close-flowered, somewhat remote; perigynium ovoid, short-rostrate,
bifurcate, about as long as the ovate acute scale.

Marshes. N. Eng. N. Y. and N. J. W. to Mich. June. - 21.—Culm 2—3
feet high, obtusely triangular, rigid. . Leaves mostly radical, in a tuft, with along ~
filiform point, pale green. Filiform Sedge.

74. C. lanuginosa Mich.: sterile spikes 2; fertile 2—3, ovoid-cylindric,
remote, erect, nearly sessile; perigynium ovoid, somewhat triangular,
woolly, short-rostrate, bicuspidate, about as long as the ovate-lanceolate
awned glume. C. pellita Muhl.

Wet grounds. Can. to Del. W. to Ohio. May. %|.—Culm about 2 feet
high, nearly round below. Leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, rough on the margin.

Woolly Sedge.

75. C vestita Willd.: sterile spikes 1—2, cylindric-oblong; fertile 2,
ovoid-oblong, sessile, subapproximate, often staminate at the summit; peri-
gynium ovoid, triangular, nerved, short-rostrate, pubescent, rather longer
than the ovate mucronate scale.

Wet grounds. N. Y. and Mass. to Geo.; rather rare. May. 2|.—Culm
about 2 feet high, acutely triangular, leafy below. _ Leaves rough.

Short Woolly Sedge.

76. C. pubescens Muhl.: sterile spike sessile; fertile spikes 3, oblong,
erect, rather loosely flowered, the lowest on a short peduncle; perigynium
obovoid-triangular, rostrate, pubescent, nearly entire at the orifice, a little
longer than the ovate-oblong mucronate scale.

Moist woods. Can. to Del. W.to Ohio. May. 2.—Culm 12—18 inches
high, slender, leafy below. Leaves shorter than the culm, very pubescent.

Pubescent Sedge.

77. C. precox Jacq.: sterile spike single, erect, subclavate ; fertile spikes
1—3, ovoid, bracteate, approximate, the lower one short-pedunculate ; _peri-
gynium globose-ovoid, triangular, short-rostrate, about as long as the ovate
mucronate scale.

Rocky hills. Mass. Dewey.—Culm 2—6 inches high, leafy at the base.
Early Dwarf Sedge.

+H Perigynium smooth, short, not inflated. Spikes dark purple or black.

78. C. limosa Linn.: sterile spike solitary, pedunculate; fertile spikes
1—3. ovoid or oblong, pedunculate, somewhat distant, pendulous; peri-
gynium roundish-elliptic, compressed, very short-rostrate, about as long as
the oblong or ovate cuspidate scale. C. lenticularis and irrigua Dew. —

Swamps. Arct. Amer. to Del. June. 2—Culm 9—24 inches high, ob-
tusely triangular, very smooth, leafy below. Leaves flat, narrow, somewhat
glaucous. Mud Sedge. —

79. C. raviflora Smith : sterile spike single; fertile spikes about 2, Imear,
loose-flowered, long-pedunculate, nodding ; perigynium ovoid-oblong, trian-
gular, depressed, as long as the ovate subcircinate (brown) scale.

CYPERACER. AL5

White Mountains, N. H. Dewey.—Culm 10 inches high, giaucous.
Few-flowered Mountain Sedge.
80. C. Grayana Dew.: sterile spike oblong ; fertile spikes 2—3, oblong-
cylindric, rather loosely flowered; perigynium ovoid-oblong, subtriangular,
subinflated, obtuse or acutish, entire at the orifice, longer than the oblong
obtuse scale.

Sphagnous swamps. N.Y.and N. J. June. %.—Culm 6—16 inches high,
erect, triangular. Leaves about as long as the culm. glaucous. ‘Torrey thinks
it identical with C. huida Wilid., but according to Dewey it differs in several
respects. Gray’s Sedge.

TrTt Spikes green.

81. C. flava Linn.: sterile spike on a short peduncle; fertile spikes 2—4,
ovoid-oblong, rather distant, sometimes androgynous; perigynia ovoid,
densely imbricate, bidentate, with a curved and reflexed beak, shorter than
the ovate-laneeolate scale.

Wet meadows. Can.to N.Y. June, %|.—Cuim 10—20 inches high, ob-
tusely triangular, leafy. Whole plant yellowish green.

Large Yellow Sedge.

82. C. Gideri Ehrh.: sterile spike on a short peduncle; fertile spikes 2—4,
ovoid-cblong, nearly sessile, densely flowered; perigynium ovoid-globose,
horizontal, with a subulate beak, a little longer than the ovate scale.

Rocky banks. Hudson’s Bay toN. J. June. %.—Culm 3—12 inches high,
obtusely triangular, leafy. Resembles C. flava, but differs in having the spikes
more densely flowered and the perigynium much smaller. Cider’s Sedge.

83. C. palescens Linn.: sterile spike solitary, on a short peduncle; fertile
spikes 2—3, ovoid-cylindric, on exserted peduncles, densely flowered, at
length somewhat nodding; perigynium obovoid-oblong, obtuse, smooth,
about as long as the ovate scale.

Wet grounds. Mass. and N.Y. May. %|.—Culm a foot high, erect, slender,
and with the leaves light green and slightly pubescent. Pale Sedge.

84. C. Torrey Tuckerman: sterile spike solitary, oblong, on a short pe-
duncle ; fertile spikes, 2—3, short, subsessile, erect; perigynium obovoid,
obtuse, smooth, somewhat triangular, entire at the orifice, subrostrate, a
little longer than the acute scale.

N.Y. Tuckerman.—Culm 12—18 inches high, erect, triangular. Plant pale
green and pubescent. Torrey’s Sedge.

85. C. striata Mich.: sterile spikes 1—2; fertile mostly solitary, rarely 2
and distant, cylindric-oblong, puncticulate, erect, loose ; perigynium oblong-
ovoid, subtriangular, nerved, rough-puncticulate, erect, with an oblique
conical beak, rather longer than the ovate acutish scale. C. Halseyana
Dew.

Swamps. Mass. and N. Y. May. 2|.—Culm 12—18 inches high, triangular,
roughish. Leaves linear-lanceolate, dark green. Striated Sedge.

86. C. granularis Muhl. : sterile spike sessile or short-pedunculate ; fertile
spikes mostly 3, oblong-cylindric, remote, dense, the two lowest peduneled ;
perigynium globose-ovoid, nerved, entire at the orifice, with a very short
recurved beak, twice as long as the ovate acuminate scale.

A416 CYPERACE.

Wet grounds. Can. to Del. W. to Ohio. May. %2|.—Culm a foot high,
erect or somewhat.decumbent. eaves subglaucous. Round-fruiied Sedge.

87. C. laxifiora Lam.: sterile spike solitary, subsessile; fertile spikes
mostly 3, rather loose, remote, pedunculate, erect ; perigynium ovoid-oblong,
ventricose, obtuse, somewhat shining, longer than the ovate cuspidate
scale.

Moist woods. Can. to Geor. May. %21—Culm 12—18 inches high, erect,
smooth. Leaves deep green, longer than the culm. Loose-flowered Sedge.

88. C. conoidea Schk.: sterile spike pedunculate; fertile spikes 2—3, ob-
long, remote, rather loose, uppermost sessile, the lower on a long peduncle ;
perigynium oblong-cenic, obtuse, smooth, nerved, subdiverging, entire at the
orifice, as long as the ovate subulate scale. C. granularoides Schw.

Moist woods. Can. to Car. May.—Culm 6—i2 inches high. angles sca-
brous. _ Leaves shorter than the culm, bright green. Conical-fruited Sedge.

89. C. tetanica Schk.: sterile spike long-pedunculate ; fertile spikes 2—3,
oblong-cylindric, loose, the lowest on a long peduncle ; perigynium obovoid,
smooth, nerved, recurved and entire at the apex, shorter*than the ovate
acute or mucronate scale.

Wet meadows. Can. to Car.; rare. May. 2|.—Culm 6—10 inches high,
slender, erect. Leaves linear-lanceolate, about as long as the culm, light green.

Crooked-necked Sedge.

90. C. oligocarpa Schk. : sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes
2—3, erect, 3—4-flowered, on exserted peduncles; perigynium roundish-
triangular, short-rostrate, longer than the ovate mucronate scale.

Rocky woods. Hudson’s Bay to Penn. W. to Ken. May. ‘%.—Culm
6—12 inches high, erect. - Leaves longer than the culm, dark green. C. Hitch-
cockiana Dew. is a taller variety, with the culm and leaves minutely pubescent.
Torr. Few-fruiied Sedge.

91. C. digitalis Willd.: sterile spike solitary ; fertile spikes mostly 3,
few- flowered and loose, remote, slender, on long and somewhat cernuous
peduncles ; perigynium oblong, triangular, nerved, smooth, short-rostrate,
entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate mucronate scale. C. relrocurva
Dew.?

Rocky woods. Mass. and N. Y.; rare. May. 2.—Culm 6—15 inches
high, slender, sharply triangular. eaves mosily narrow. (sometimes very
wide, ,) ight green and subgiaucous. Slender Wood Sedge.

92. C. anceps Muhl.: sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes
mostly 3, remote, subcylindric, loosely flowered, lower ones pedunculate ;
perigynium oval, triangular, acute, striate, recurved at the apex, nearly en-
tire at the Thee. about as long as the ovate euepaa scale. C. planta-
ginea Muhl.

Woods. Can. to Car. May. 2.—Culm 9—18 inches high, somewhat 2-
edged above. eaves very variable ; the radical ones sometimes nearly an inch
wide ; those of the culm much narrower. Two-edged Sedge.

93. C. blanda Dew. : sterile spike solitary, triangular; fertile spikes 2—4,
oblong-cylindric, sparse-flowered, the lowest on a long 2-edged peduncle ;
perigynium ovoid, somewhat triangular, nerved, recurved and entire at the
apex, a little longer than the ovate mucronate scale. C. conoidea Mui.

ae

CYPERACES. 417

Dry woods. Mass. to Penn.; common. May. %.—-Culm 6—12 inches
high, triangular, leafy near the base. eaves as long as the stem, pale green
and somewhat glaucous. Resembles the preceding. Pale Sedge.

94. C. Crawei Dew.: sterile spike single, oblong; fertile 2—3, oblong-
cylindric, distant, erect, rather closely flowered, the lowest on a longish
peduncle; perigynium ovoid-oblong, with a short beak, slightly nerved,
entire at the orifice, twice as long as the ovate scale. (Torr. N.Y. FJ.)

Banks of Black River, near Watertown, N. Y. Dr. Crawe. Culm 4—8
inches high, erect, leafy. Leaves smooth, as long as the culm, light gieen.
Crawe’s Sedge.

95. C. plantaginea Lam.: sterile spike solitary, pedunculate; fertile
spikes 3—4, arising from inciuded or exserted peduncles; the lower ones
with subulate bracts, loose-flowered; perigynium oblong, triangular-ellip-
tic or cuneiform, acute at each end, recurved at the apex, longer than the
ovate cuspidate scale. C. latifolia Schk.

Shady woods. Mass. N.Y.and Penn. April, May. %.—Culm8—20 inches
high, erect, with purplish-brown sheaths. Leaves radical, broad, strongly 3-
nerved. Plantain-like Sedge.

96. C. Careyana Torr.: sterile spike solitary ; fertile spike 2—3, oblong,
few-fiowered, loose, lower ones on exserted peduncles; perigynium ovoid,
triangular, smooth, nerved, acuminate, tapering at base, entire at the
orifice, twice as long as the ovate mucronate scale.

Shady woods. N. Y. and Ohio. May. %.—Culm 1—2 feet high, erect,
leafy near the base. Leaves linear-lanceolate, strongly nerved, dark green.
Closely allied to the preceding. Carey’s Sedge.

97. C. eburnea Boott: sterile spike solitary; fertile spikes 2—3, erect,
3—6-flowered, ovoid, with white leafless sheaths and the upper higher than
the sterile spike; perigynium obovoid, triangular, short-rostrate, shining,
twice as long as the white ovate hyaline scale. C. alba Dew.

Rocky banks. N. H. Ver.and N. Y. May. %.—~-Culms 4—12 inches high,
densely cespitose, erect, setaceous, naked. Leaves in a radical tuft, shorter than
the culm, setaceous. Brisily White Sedge.

98. C. flexilis Rudge: sterile spike solitary, oblong, pedunculate ; fer-
tile spikes 2—4, oblong-cylindric, on nodding naked peduncles; perigy-
nium ovoid, rostrate, bidentate, about as long as the ovate ciliolate scale.
C. blepharophora Gray.

Moist shady places. N.Y. June. 2|.—Culm 12—18 inches high, erect,
striate. Leaves narrow, short, pale green, and with the bracts ciliate.

Fringed Sedge.

99. C. debilis Mich.: sterile spike solitary, pedunculate; fertile spikes
3—4, on long nodding peduncles, filiform, remote, loose-flowered ; peri-
gynium oblong, subtriangular, alternate, rostrate, bifid, twice as long as
the ovate-lanceolate scale. C. flexuosa Muh.

Wet meadows. Can. to Geor, June. 2.—Culm 1—2 feet high. weak and
slender, sometimes procumbent, leafy. eaves narrow. Weak Sedge.

109. C. arctata Boott: sterile spike cylindric; fertile spikes 3—4, re-
mote, on long nodding peduncles, slender, loose-flowered; perigynium
ovoid-elliptic, triangular, nerved, beaked, bifid at the orifice, rather longer
than the ovate membranaccous mucronate scale. C. sylvatica Dew.

18*

Ai8 GRAMINACE.

Moist woods. Can. and N. Y.; common. May. 2—Culm 9—18 inches
high, slender, leafy. Leaves narrow, shorter than the culm, pale green.
Narrow Sedge.
101. C. miliacea Muhi.: sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes
3, slender, cylindric, on filiform nodding peduncles; perigynium ovoid, tri-
angular, nerveless, slightly rostrate, entire at the orifice, as long as the
ovaie-lanceolate scale.

Wet grounds. Can. to Geor. June. %.—Culm 1—2 feet high, slender,
leafy below. eaves narrow, about as long as the-culm, yellowish-green.
Millet-like Sedge.

102. C. lacustris Willd.: sterile spikes 2—4; fertile 2—3, erect, oblong-
cylindric, short-pedunculate ; perigynium oblong, many-nerved, subrostrate,
smooth, bifurcate, somewhat longer than the oblong mucronate scale.
C. riparia Muhl.

Marshes. Can.to Car. June. %.—Culm 3—5 feet high, stout, acutely tri-
angular, rough above, leafy. Leaves long, somewhat glaucous, green.

Lake Sedge.

103. C. capillaris Linn.: sterile spike single, small; fertile spikes 2—3,
ovoid-oblong, about 6-flowered, loose, on long and recurved peduncles ;
perigynium oval, short-rostrate, oblong, oblique, longer than the ovate-ob-
long obtuse scale.

Alpine regions of the White Mountains, N. H. Dr. Robbins. Culms 2—7
inches high, in tufts, leafy at base. Leaves long and narrow, pale green.

Capillary Sedge.

104. C. panicea Linn.: sterile spike single; fertile spikes 2—3, loose-
- flowered, distant, the lowest long-pedunculate; perigynium subglobose,
obtuse, entire at the mouth, a little Jarger than the ovate acute scale.

Near Boston, Mass. Dewey. Culm a foot high, triangular, leafy at base.
Leaves shorter than the culm, light green. Farinaceous Sedge.

105. C. binervis Smith: sterile spike single; fertile spikes 3, oblong-cy-
lindric, somewhat dense-fiowered; perigynium round-ovoid, short-rostrate,
bicuspidate, smooth, 2-nerved, twice as long as the ovate subacute glume.

Near Boston, Mass. Dewey. Culm a foot or more high, triangular, leafy
near the base, pale green. Lwo-nerved Sedge.

106. C. Greeniana Dew.: sterile spikes 1—2, erect ; fertile 2—3, oblong,
bracteate, pedunculate; perigynium ovoid-lanceolate, triangular, nerved,
rostrate, bifurcate, about as long as the ovate cuspidate scale.

Near Boston, Mass.; rare. Dewey. Culm 1—2 feet high, scabrous above,
leafy towards the base, light green. Greene’s Sedge.

Orpen CXLVIL GRAMINACEAl.— Grasses.

Flowers consisting of imbricated bracts ; of which the outer
(usually 2) are called glumes, the two inner immediately enclos-
ing the stamens, palee, and the 2 or 3 innermost at the base of -
the ovary (sometimes wanting), scades. Stamens 1—6 or more, -
but usually 3; anthers versatile. Ovary simple; styles 2 or 3,
rarely united into 1; stigmas feathery or hairy. Pericarpmem-

GRAMINACEA. 419

branous ; albumen farinaceous. Stem (culm) cylindric, usually
hollow and closed at the joints, sometimes solid. Leaves nar-
row and undivided, alternate, with a split sheath, and a mem-
branous expansion (/igu/e) at the junction of the stalk and blade.
Flowers green, in small spikelets, arranged in a spiked racemed
or panicled manner.

I. Oryzex. Syokelets either one-flowered, with the glumes mostly
abortive, or 2—3-flowered, one or both of the lower flowers with a single
palea and neutral, the terminal one fertile. Paiee somewhat coriaceous.
Siamens 1—6.

1, LEERSIA, Swartz.--White Grass.
(Named in honor of J. D, Leers, a German botanist.)
_ Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed. Glumes none. Palez 2,
compressed-carinate, awnless ; lower one much broader. Sta-
mens 38—6, rarely solitary.—Panicle simple or branched.

1. L. Viginica Willd.: panicle simple, the lower branches spreading ;
flowers appressed, monandrous, sparingly ciliate on the keel.

Wet woods. Can. to Car. W.to Ohio. Aug. ‘%.—Culm 2—4 feet high,
slender, branched, geniculate, erect or decumbent. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
rough. Panicle terminal, at length much exserted ; branches few and solitary.

Virginian White-grass.

2. L. oryzoides Swartz : panicle branched, diffuse, often sheathed at base;

spikelets rather spreading ; flowers triandrous; palez strongly ciliate on the

keel.
Ditches and swamps. Throughout the U.S. Aug. Sept. 2|.—Root creep-

ing. Culm 3-5 feet high, geniculate, rough. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate,
very rough, with hooked prickles. Panicle with many widely spreading and
flexuous branches. A worthless grass. Cut-grass.
2. ZIZANIA. Linn.—Wild Rice.
(A Greek name, supposed to have been originally applied to Lolium perenne.)
Moneecious. Spikelets one-flowered. Srerite. Ft. Glumes
none, or only rudimentary. Palez 2, herbaceous, concave,
nearly equal, awnless. Stamens 6. Perrrecr. Ft. Glumes none.
Palez 2, herbaceous; lower one longer, oblong, keeled, termi-
nating in a straight awn. Styles 2, short.—Panicle large, ter-

<

minal.

1. Z. aquatica Linn.: panicle pyramidal; lower branches spreading,
sterile ; upper branches nearly erect, fertile ; spikelets on clavate pedicels ;
awns long; caryopsis slender, linear. 2. clavulosa Mich,

Swamps and overflowed banks. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug. 2.—
Culm 4—8 feet high, stout, terete, smocth, eaves very long, broad-linear.

Panicle terminal, a foot or more long, With verticillate branches.
Wild Rice. Water Oats.

420 GRAMINACEZ.

2, Z. miliacea Mich.: panicle effuse, pyramidal ; sterile and fertile flowers
intermixed ; style 1; pale with short awns; caryopsis ovate, smooth.

Swamps, &c. Penn. to Car. W. to Ark. Aug. %.—Culm erect, 6—10
feet high. Leaves very long, narrow, glaucous. Panicle terminal, large.
~ Millet-like Zizania.

Ii. PuHauarex. Spikelets perfect, polygamous or rarely mone-
cious; either 1-fowered, with or without a rudimentary sitpe-like
flower ; or 2-flowered, the flowers perfect or sterile; or 2—3-flowered,
the terminal flowers perfect, the rest imperfect. Glumes mostly equal.
Palee often shining and indurated in fruit. ©

3. CRYPSIS. Aii.—Crypsis.

(From the Greek xeviis, concealment; the flowers being hidden in the sheath
of the leaf.)

Glumes 2, compressed, unequal. Paleze 2, unequal, longer
than the glumes. Stamens 2—3. . Caryopsis loose, covered by
the paleze.—Panicle spike-like, oblong.

C. Virginica Nutt.: culm procumbent and geniculate ; leaves at length
involute, rigid, pungent; spike oblong-cylindric, thick and lobed. Agros-
tis Virginica Willd.

Sandy fields, near Philadelphia. Aug—Oct. @.—Culm 6—12 inches long,

branched from the base. eaves short, filiform, nearly smooth and somewhat
glaucous. Spikes closely sheathed, axillary and terminal. Virginian Crypsis.

4, ALOPECURUS. Linn.—Fox-tail Grass.

(From the Greek adwzyéi,a fox, and ovpa, a tail; in allusion to the form of
the spike.)

Spikelets 1-fiowered. Glumes 2, boat-shaped and keeled,
awnless, nearly equal, united at base. Lower palea membra-
naceous, compressed, with the margins united below, awned on
the back below the middle; upper palea wanting. Styles often
connate at the base.—Panicle spiked, cylindric, terminal.

1. A. pratensis Linn.: culm erect, smooth; spike cylindric, obtuse;
glumes ciliate, connate below the middle, as long as the palea.

Fields and pastures. N.S.; rare. May—Aug. 2|.—-Culm simple, 2—4 feet
high. Leaves flat, smooth. Spike 14 inches long. Intreduced from Europe.

Common Fox-tail-grass.

2. A. geniculaius Linn.: culm ascending, geniculate at base; spike
cylindric, obtuse; glumes cuneate at base, obtuse, hairy on the back and
margin; awn twice as long as the flower.

var. aristulatus Torr.: awn scarcely exserted. A. aristulaius Mich.

Wet meadows. Arct. Amer. to N.Y. W. to Ohio; rare. June. 2|.—Culm
12—18 inches high, knee-jointed and rooting below, terete, smooth. Leaves
dinear-lanceolate, very acute. Spike nearly 2 inches long.

Water Fox-tail-grase.

GRAMINACEZ. - AQ

5, PHLEUM. Zinn.—Cat-tail Grass.

(An ancient Greek name; suppesed however to have been originally applied
to a different plant.)

Giumes 2, much longer than the palez, distinct, equal, boat-
shaped, beaked or mucronate. Palez 2, included in the glumes,
awnless, truncate.—Panicle spiked, dense, cylindric. }

P. pratense Linn.: culm erect; spike cylindric; glumes truncate, mucro-
nate, with a ciliate keel; awn shorter than the glume.

Fields. N.S. June—Aug. 21.—Culm 2—3 feet high, simple, smooth.
Leaves flat, smooth and glaucous. Spike long, cylindric, green. Introduced
from Europe. Timothy. Herd’s-grass.

6. PHALARIS Linn.—Canary Grass.
(From the Greek ¢aXos, shining ; in allusion to the smooth and polished paleze.}

Spikelets 3-flowered ; the two inferior flowers scale-like and
minute; upper flowers perfect. Glumes 2, nearly equal, mem-
branaceous, gibbous on the back, keeled, awnless. Palez 2,
coriaceous, shorter than the glumes, awnless; upper one sur-
rounded by the lower.—Panicle dense and spike-like.

1. P. arundinacea Linn.: panicle ovoid, spiked; glumes boat-shaped,
serrulate; paler unequal; abortive flowers hairy. Calamagrostis colorata
Nutt.

Swamps. Can.to Car. July, Aug. 2.—Culm 2—5 feet high, erect, a little
branching. eaves deep green, lanceolate. Panicle 2—4 inches long, at length
a little spreading. The Rrbbon-grass, sometimes cultivated in gardens, is a
variety of this species. Reed Canary-grass.

2. P. Canariensis Linn.: panicle spike-like, oval; glumes boat-shaped,
entire at the apex ; abortive flowers smooth.

In pastures and wet places, N. Y. July. @.—Culm a foot and a half high,
simple. eaves broad-linear, pale green. Glumes twice the length of the palee,
yellowish-green. Introduced from Europe. Common Canary-grass.

7. HOLCUS. Linn.—Soft Grass.

(From the Greek ddxos, derived from s\xw, to extract ; because of its supposed
virtue in drawing out thorns from the flesh.)

Spikelets 2-flowered, polygamous. Glumes_ herbaceous,
somewhat boat-shaped, mucronate. Lower flower perfect, awn-
less ; upper one staminate or neutral, pedicillate; the lower
palea awned on the back.—Panicle more or less contracted.

HZ. lanalus Linn.: panicle oblong, rather contracted ; flowers shorter than

the glumes, the upper one with a recurved awn,

Wet meadows. N.Y. Mass. and Penn. W. to Mich. July. 2|.—Plant
covered with a soft whitish pubescence. Root fibrous. Culm 18 inches high.
Leaves 2—5 inches long, flat. Panicle somewhat dense. Glwmes pubescent,
whitish or tinged with purple. <A grass of little or no value. Introduced from
Europe. Meadow Soft-grass. White Timothy.

422 GRAMINACE &.

ill. Panicex. Spikelets 2-flowered; the lower flower imperfect,
usually neutral, rarely staminate. Glumes of a thinner texture than
the palee ; the lower one often (rarely both) abortive. Palee more or
less coriaceous, mostly awnless ; the lower one concave.

8. PASPALUM. Linn.—Paspalum.
(From the Greek taczahos, millet ; on account of the resemblance of its grain.)

Spikelets 2-flowered. Glume single. Lower flower neutral,
of a single palea, membranaceous, awnless, as long as the glume.
Perfect flowers with 2 coriaceous awnless palee; the lower
concave and embracing the upper. Stamens 3.—Flowers in
unilateral spikes. |

1, P. setaceum Mich.: culm erect or decumbent, slender; leaves and
sheaths hairy ; spikes mostly 2, the one on a long, the other on a short pe-
duncle frem the same sheath; spikelets in 2 rows. P. pubescens Muhl.

Sandy fields. N. Y.toCar. July, Aug. 2.—Culm prostrate or erect, j—2
feet high. eaves narrow, mostly very hairy and ciliate on the margin. Ter-
minal spike on a peduncle which is 2—6 inches long. Hiairy Paspalum.

2. P. ciliatifolium Mich.: culm -decumbent; leaves hairy and ciliate;
sheaths hairy ; spikes 1—2, rather lax; spikelets indistinctly 3-rowed. P.
ciliatum Pursh.

Sandy fields. Mass. to Car. Sept. %|.—Culm 18 inches long, slender and
simple. Spzke mosily solitary, terminal. Fringed Paspalum.

3. P. leave Mich.: calm erect, very smooth, rather stout: leaves short,
mostly smooth, hairy at base; spikes 3—6, alternate ; spikelets in two
rows, ovoid-roundish, smooth.

Dry meadows. N. Y.to Car. Aug. %|.—Culm 13—3 feet high. Leaves
broad-linear, long. Spikes usually 3—4, spreading ; rachis flexuous.
Smooth Paspalum.

4. P. sloloniferum Bosc.: culm prostrate at base; leaves short, subcor-
date; spikes in elongated racemes, somewhat verticillate, spreading ; flow-
ers ne ciliate, transversely rugose.

Cedar swamps. N.J. Aug. %|.—Culm 2 feet long, branched, geniculate,

stcoloniferous. Spikes very numerous (30—59.) Stoloniferous Paspalum.
9. MILIUM. Linn.—Millet Grass.

(Supposed to be derived from the Latin mille, a thousand; on account of its
fertility.) .
Spikelets 2-flowered. Glume single, membranaceous, con-
cave. Lower flower neutral, and consisting of a single palea re-
sembling the glume; upper flower perfect, the paleze awnless.
Lower palea coneave and embracing the upper. Stamens 3.
—Panicle spreading.
1. M. effusum Linn.: panicle diffuse, compound, branches horizontal ;
glumes ovate, very obtuse; palew awnless, smooth and shining.

- GRAMINACE. 423

Woods and meadows. Can. and N.Y. July, Aug. 2|.—Culm 3—6 feet
high, erect, simple, smooth. eaves broad-linear, smooth beneath, roughish
above. Panicle oblong, 6—10 inches in length. Cominon Millet-grass.

2. M. amphicarpon Pursh: leaves \inear-lanceolate, hairy, ciliate; pan-
icle simple, contracted, bearing staminate flowers ; fertile flowers on solitary
elongated radical scapes, at length subterraneous. MV. ciliatwm Muhl.

Sandy Swamps. N.J. Aug., Sept. @|.—Culms numerous, 1—2 feet high,
assurgent. Panicle appressed. Glumes acuminate. This species is well
figured by Pursh. _ Fringed Millet-grass.

10. DIGITARIA. Scop.—Finger Grass,
(From the Latin digitus, a finger ; the spikes being digitate or finger-like.)
_ Spikelets unilateral, in pairs, on short bifid pedicels. Glumes
mostly 2-valved; lower valve very small, sometimes wanting.
Lower flower abortive ; paleze smgle, membranaceous. Upper
flower perfect; pales 2, coriaceous, nearly equal, lance-oblong.
—Spikes linear, digitate or fasciculate.

1. D. sanguinalis Scop.: leaves.and sheaths somewhat hairy; spikes
numerous, fascicled, somewhat spreading ; spikelets oblong, in pairs; flow-
ers pubescent on the margin. Panicum sanguinale Linn.

Cultivated grounds. Can.to Car. Aug.—Oct. @.—Culm 12—18 inches
long, decumbent or assurgent. eaves lanceolate, sometimes undulate on the
margin. Spikes usually 4—6, sometimes 8—9, becoming purple; rachis flex-
uous. Hairy Finger-grass. Crab-grass.

2. D. glabra R. & S.: leaves and sheaths smooth ; spikes digitate, some-
what alternate, (3—4,) spreading; spikelets ovoid, crowded; lower glume
almost wanting, upper as long as the abortive flower, both hairy. Pani-
cum glabrum Gaud. Torr. (Torr. N.Y. Fl.)

Sandy fields. N.Y. to Virg. Aug., Sept. @).—Culm about a foot long,
mostly decumbent. Leaves sometimes very slightly hairy. Spikes mostly 3,
about 2 inches long. Probably introduced. Smooth Finger-grass.

3. D. filiformis Beauv.: culm filiform, erect ; leaves short; lower sheaths
very hairy; spikes 2—4, filiform, alternate and opposite ; spikelets in twos
and threes, all pedicellate, elliptic-obiong ; glume 1-valved, as long as the
abortive flower, pubescent. Panicum filiforme Linn.

Sandy fields. N.Y. toGeor. Aug. @).—Culm 1—2 feet high, very slen-
der. Leaves 1—2 inches long, sometimes a little hairy, Spikes mostly 2,
1—2 inches long ; rachis rough, flexuous. Slender Finger-grass.

11. PANICUM. ZLinn.—Panic Grass.

(Said to be derived from the Latin panis, bread; the grain of some species
being used for food.)

Spikelets 2-flowered, naked, Glumes 2, unequal, membrana-
ceous, concave. Lower flower of one or two pale, staminate or
neutral, membranaceous. Upper flower perfect ; the pales 2,
coriaceous, nearly equal, concave. Stamens 3.—Spikelets in
loose or somewhat racemose panicles.

424 GRAMINACESR.

* Spikelets in loose panicles.

1. P. virgatum Linn.: whole plant very smooth; panicle diffuse, very
large ; spikelets scattered; flowers acuminate; the lower one staminate,
with nearly equal palee.

Wet banks, especially near salt water. N. Y.to Car. July, Aug. 2—
Cuim 3—5 feet high. Leaves very long, fiat. Panicle virgate, at length spread-
ing, often a fvot long. Fall Smooth Panic-grass.

2. P. capillure Linn.: calm erect, straight; sheaths very hairy; panicle
large, capillary, expanding, loose; spikelets on long peduncles, acuminate,
smooth ; abortive flower without an upper palea.

Cultivated grounds. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. (@).—Culm 1—2 feet high,
' sometimes branched. Leaves flat, broad. Panicle pyramidal, often purplish.

Hawr-stalked Panic-grass.

3. P. depauperatum Muhl.: culms cespitose; panicle nearly simple, on a
long peduncle, few-flowered, with flexuous branches; spikelets obovoid, al-
ternate, pedicellate, large and somewhat turgid; upper palea of the neutral
flower very small. P. rectum R.g S. P.vnavolutum. Torr. Fi.

Dry sandy soils. -N. Y. to Virg. May, June. %|.—Culm about a foot high,
mostly simple. Leaves short, becoming longer above, narrow-linear, hairy
beneath, at length involute. Panicle terminal, on a slender peduncle ; branches
rnostly in pairs, the lower longer and bearing 2 spikelets. ;

Few-flowered Panic-grass.

4. P. dichotomum Linn.: culm at first nearly simple, with a single pedun-
culate terminal compound panicle, but at length more or less branched and
fastigiate with small lateral nearly simple panicles; spikelets minute, on
long peduncles, obovoid, mostly pubescent; lower glume one-third the
length of the upper; lower flower neutral, the upper palea minute. (Torr.
N.Y. Fl.) P. nitidum Lam. P. barbulatwm and ramulosum Mich.

Moist meadows and woods. N. Y. to Car. July—Sept. 2.—Culm 8—24
inches high, mostly erect, but sometimes procumbent, smooth or pubescent.
Radical leaves short and very broad, often purplish ; upper ones narrower and
much longer. Panicle changing its form, often purplish. A very variable
species. Variable Pantec-grass.

5. P. verrucosum Muhl.: culm slender, decumbent and geniculate,
branching from the base, and with the leaves smooth; panicle capillary,
widely spreading, few-flowered ; spikelets ovoid ; flowers verrucose ; neutral
flowers without an upper palea.

Sandy swamps. N.Y. to Geor. Aug., Sept. |. Culm 1—2 feet long,
much branched; the nodes smooth and inflated. eaves narrow, spreading,
smooth. Panicles terminal and lateral, loose; the branches flexuous.

Warty-flowered Panic-grass.

6. P. clandestinum Linn.: culm with short axillary branches, the nodes
smooth; leaves broad-lanceolate, somewhat cordate at the base; sheaths
hispid, enclosing the short lateral panicles; spikelets ovoid, pubescent ; the
lower flower neutral, with 2 palee ; upper valve obtuse. | P. latifoliwm var.
clandestinum Pursh. :

var. pedunculatum Torr.: sheaths less hispid; terminal panicle on a long
peduncle. (N.Y. FU.) P. pedunculatum Torr. Fl.

Moist woods. N.Y. to Car. July,Aug. %|.—Culm 1—3 feet high, erect,
rigid, very leafy. Leaves broad,strongly nerved. Panicles terminal and lateral,

GRAMINACER. 425

the former wholly concealed in the leaves, exserted, or on a long peduncle.
Anthers and stigmas purple. Midden-flowered Panic-grass.

7. P. latifohum Linn. : culm mostly simple, bearded at the joints; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, smooth, or with the sheaths somewhat pubescent ; pan-
icle terminal, a little exserted, simple, pubescent ; spikelets oblong-ovoid ;
lower flower staminate, of 2 palez; upper palea somewhat herbaceous,
nearly as long as the lower, acute.

Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Ill. June, July. 2|.—Culm 1—2 feet high,
simple or a little branched. Leaves cordate and clasping at base. Panicle
2 inches long, with pubescent downy branches. Broad-leaved Panic-grass.

8. P. scoparium Lam.: whole plant softly villous; leaves lanceolate ;
panicle erect, compound, setaceous, much branched ; spikelets turgid, ovoid,
pubescent.

Wood. N. J. to Car. 21.—Culmn 2 feet high, mostly simple. Flowers larger
than in any of our species. Scarcely distinct from the preceding.

Broom-like Panic-grass.

9..P. nervosum Muhl.: culm simple, with the nodes smooth ; leaves
broad-lanceolate, smooth, a little ciliate on the margin; panicle much
branched, smooth, many-flowered ; spikes oblong ; lower flower staminate ;
upper palea somewhat herbaceous, shorter than the lower.

Marshy grounds. N.J.toCar. J uly. 2.—Culm 3—4 feet high. Panicle
4—5 inches long, decompound. Allied to P. latifoium, but is taller, and has
the joints smooth and the panicles decompound and smooth.

Nerved Panic-grass.

10. P. xanthophysum Gray: culm erect, simple or branching from the
base ; leaves lanceolate, strongly nerved, ciliate at the base; sheaths hairy ;
panicle nearly simple, few-flowered, the branches erect ; spikelets globose-
obovate, pubescent; lower flower staminate, of 2 pales, as long as the
obovate perfect flower.

Dry pine plains. Oneida, Hamilton, and Madison counties, N. Y. July. 2.
—Culm 12—15 inches high, slender, smooth. Leaves very acute. Panicle
on a long naked slender peduncle. Whole plant yellowish when dry.

Yellow Panic-grass.

11, P. macrocarpon Torr.: culm erect, simple; leaves inear-lanceolate,
erect, a little hairy beneath; joints naked; sheaths hispid; panicle rather
compound, smooth ; spikelets globose-ovoid ; abortive flower neutral.

Banks of streams. Mass. and N. J. July. 21.—Culm 3 feet high, erect.
Panicle with few spreading flexuous branches, Large-fruited Panic-grass.

12. P. pubescens Linn.: erect, much branched, leafy, softly pubescent ;
leaves lanceolate, ciliate; panicle small, few-flowered, free; spikelets sub-
globose-ovoid, pubescent.

Shady woods. Penn. toCar. July. 2—Culm 18 inches high. Leaves and
nodes hairy. Panicle with horizontal branches. Hairy Panic-grass.

** Spikelets in somewhat racemose panicles.

13. P. agrostoides Muhl.: culm erect, compressed, smooth; leaves very
long; panicles terminal and lateral, pyramidal, spreading ; the spikelets
ovoid-oblong, acute, appressed, and somewhat racemose ; lower flower
neutral, with 2 nearly equal palex. P, elongatum Pursh,

426 GRAMINACEZ.

Moist meadows. N.Y. to Virg. July—Sept. 2|.—Culm 2—3 feet high,
smooth at the joints. Leaves forming a tuft at the base of the culm. Panicle
mostly dark purple. Agrostis-like Panic-grass.

14. P. anceps Mich.: culm compressed; sheaths ancipital, hairy neat
the throat and on the margin; panicles erect, oblong, with simple branches ;
spikelets interruptedly racemose, acuminate; neutral flower with the upper
palea oblong obtuse or emarginate. P. rostratum Muhl.

Fields and meadows. Penn. to Car. July. 21.—Culm 2—4 feet high, com-
pressed, somewhat geniculate at base. Leaves linear-lanceolate, hairy above,
roughish on the margin. Panicles terminal and lateral, oblong, the branches
erect. A variable species. Two-edged Panic-grass.

15. P. proliferum Lam. : smooth; culm assurgent or procumbent, branch-
ing and geniculate at base; panicles terminal and lateral, compound;
spikelets somewhat. racemose; abortive flower without an upper palea.
P. dichotonnfiorum Mich. P. geniculatum Mud.

Wet meadows. N.Y.toGeor. Aug.,Sept. @. —Culm 1—3 feet long, stout
and somewhat succulent. Leaves 8—12 inches or more in length. Panicles
large and pyrainidal. Proliferous Panic-grass.

16. P. longifolium Torr.: very smooth; culm compressed, erect, simple,
slender ; leaves very long and narrow ; panicle simple, elongated, racemose ;
spikelets acuminate ; abortive flower with 2 palee.

Pine Barrens. N.J. Sept., Oct. 2|.—Culm about 2 feet high. Leaves a
foot or more long, very narrow. Panicle few-flowered.
Long-leaved Panac-grass.

17. P. Crus-Galli Linn.: spikes alternate and in pairs, simple or com-
pound; spikelets imbricate; glumes and outer palee of the neutral flower
hispid, awned or mucronate; rachis hispid, about 5-angled; sheaths
smooth. Oplismenus Crus-Galli Kunth.

var. hispidum Torr.: sheaths hispid ; awns verylong. P. hispidum Muhl.

Wet places, near barn-yards, &c. N.Y. to Car. Aug.. Sept. @.—Culm
2—4 feet high, terete, smooth. Leaves rather broad, flat, serrulate on the mar-
gin. Panicle dense, pyramidal, with the spikelets in dense spike-form racemes.
‘The rough variety is often found near salt water. Introduced 2:

Cock’s-foot Panic-grass.

12. SETARIA. Beauv.—Bristle Grass.

(From the Latin seia, a brisile; in allusion to the bristly involucres of the
spikelets.)

Spikelets 2-flowered, invested with an involucre of 2 or more
bristles. Glumes 2, unequal, herbaceous. Lower flower abor-
tive; paleze 1 or 2, herbaceous. Upper flower perfect; palez
cartilaginous.—F lowers in a compound cylindric spike.

1. S. viridis Beawv.: spike cylindric; involucre of 4—10 fasciculate
_ bristles, much longer than the spikelets; palee of the perfect flower longi-
tudinally striate, daued: margin of the sheaths hairy. Panicum viride

Linn. eraeciin Vir oP, Brown.

Cultivated grounds. N.Y. and Mass. to Car. W. to Ohio. July, Aug. O—
Culm 2—3 feet high, erect, mostly simple. eaves linear, flat, roughish. Spzke
terminal, 2—3 inches long, green; the rachis hairy. Probably a naturalized
foreigner. Green Bristle-grass.

GRAMINACES. 427

2. S. glauca Beauv.: spike cylindric; involucre of 6—10 fascicled bris-
tles, much longer than the spikelets; glumes smooth; palex of the perfect
fiower transversely rugose. Panicum glaucum Linn. Pennisetum glau-
cum Brown.

Cultivated grounds. N.Y. and Mass. to Car. W. toOhio. July, Aug. G@).—
Culm 2—3 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, hairy at base. Spike 2-4 inches long,
tawny or orange-yellow; the rachis angular and hairy. Introduced from
Europe. Glaucous Bristle-grass.

3. S. verticillata Beawv.: spike subverticillate ; bristles of the involucre
in pairs, retrorsely scabrous ; spikelets solitary; palee of the perfect flower
roughish-punctate. Panicum verticillatum Linn. Pennisetum verticilla-
tum Nutt.

Cultivated grounds. Mass. to Del. July. ©.—Culm about 2 feet high,
smooth. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, rough on the margin. Spike 2—3 inches
long, composed of interrupted whorls; rachis angled and rough. Introduced
from Europe. Rough Bristle-grass.

4. §. Italica Beawv.: involucre many times longer than the flowers;
spike compound, interrupted at base, nodding; spikelets glomerate. Pani- -
cum Italicum Linn. Pennisetum Italicum Nutt.

Wet grounds. N.J.to Car. July. @:—Culm 4, (at the South sometimes
10,) feethigh. Sprke or panicle 6—8 inches long. A naturalized foreigner; of
little value as a grass. ftahan Brisile- grass.

13. CENCHRUS. Linn.—Bur Grass.

(From a Greek word signifying mullet ; supposed to have been originally ap-
plied to some other plant.)

Spikelets 2-flowered, 1—3, enclosed in a laciniate spiny or
bristly involucre which is finally hardened. Glumes 2, unequal,
membranaceous. Flowers dissimilar; the lower staminate or
neutral; the upper perfect.—Inflorescence racemose.

C. tribuloides Linn.: involucres globose, pubescent, muricate-spinose,
split on one side, enclosing 2—3 spikelets. _ C. echinatus Mudl.
Dry sandy soils. Throughout the U.S. Aug. @).—Culm erect or decum-

bent, 1—2 feet. long, geniculate, branching. Leaves rather short, flat. Spikes
about 2 inches long, consisting of 8—10 sessile bur-like heads. A very trouble-
some weed. Bur-grass. Hedgehog-grass.

IV. Stirex. Sprkelets 1-lowered. Lower palea involute, usually
indurated in fruit, awned at the tip; the awn simple or 3-cleft, mostly
twisted and articulated at the base. Ovary more or less stiptate.
Scales mostly 3.

14, ORYZOPSIS. Mich.—Mountain Rice.
(From the Greek ogvéa, rice, and ors, resemblance.)

Glumes herbaceo-membranaceous, equal, awnless. Palez 2,
elliptic, nearly equal, coriaceous, with an articulated awn at the
tip. Scales linear-elongated.—Inflorescence panicled.

1, O. asperifolia Mich.: radical leaves elongated; sheaths of the culm

428 GRAMINACE.

nearly leafless; panicle racemose; awn longer than the flower; palee
_ whitish when mature.

Rocky woods. Subaret. Amer. to N. Y. April, May. .—Culm about 18
inches high, simple, smoothish, purple at base. Radical leaves as long as the
culm, rough. Panicle very simple ; the branches short and appressed.

White Mountain Rice.

2. O. melanocarpa Muhl.: culm leafy; panicle nearly simple, the lower
_ branches more or less spreading; flowers somewhat racemose; glumes
ovate-lanceolate ; palee blackish when mature, somewhat hairy ; the lower
one with an awn 2—3 times as long as the flower. Piptatherum nigrum
Dorr, Bl.

_Rocky woods. N.Eng.and N.Y. Aug. %.—Culm 2—3 feet high, erect,
simple. eaves long, linear-lanceolate. Panicle sparingly branched. Awn
nearly an inch long. Caryopsis black. Black-fruited Mountain Rice.

‘3. O. Canadensis Torr.: leaves very short, pungent ; panicle contracted,
the branches usually in pairs, ovoid ; palee hairy ; awn short, often decidu-
ous or wanting. (Torr. N.Y. Fl.) Miliwm pungens Torr. F7. i

Rocky hills. Mass.and N.Y. 2|.—Culm 8—15 inches high, slender, simple,
rigid. Radical leaves 6—8 inches long, about a line wide, at length mvolute,
pungent. Panicle oblong, few-ilowered. \ Duarf Oryzopsis.

15. STIPA. Linn.—Feather Grass.

(From the Greek orun, a feathery substance; particularly applicable to one
of the species.)

Spikelets 1-flowered ; the flower stipitate. Glumes 2-valved,
membranaceous. Palez 2, longer than the glumes, somewhat
coriaceous, cylindric-involute; the lower awned at the summit.
Awn twisted at the base. -Caryopsis terete, furrowed.—In-
florescence panicled.

S. avenacea Linn.: leaves setaceous; panicle spreading, somewhat se-
cund, the branches mostly in pairs; glumes as long as the palee; awn
very long, naked. S. barbata Mich.

Sandy woods. N. Y.and Mass. toGeor. June. 21.—Culm about 2 feet high,
slender. simple. Leaves mostly radical, 6—8 inches long. Panacle nodding, at
length diffuse. Black Oat-grass.

16. ARISTIDA. Linn.—Three-awned Grass.

(From the Latin arista, an awn or beard.)

Flower stipitate. Glumes membranaceous, unequal. Palez
mostly 2; lower one coriaceous, involute, 3-awned at the tip;
“upper very minute or obsolete. Scales 2, entire, smooth.—
Spikelets racemose or paniculate.

1. A. dichotoma Mich.: culm cespitose, dichotomously branched ; panicle
contracted, racemose; lateral awns very short; the intermediate one nearly

as long as the palezx, contorted.

terile soils. Mass. and N. Y. to Car. Aug. @?—Culm 9—15 inches long,
slender. branching at the joints. Leaves flat, very slender, smoothish. Rea-
cemes on clavate peduncles. Forked Three-awned Grass.

GRAMINACES. 429

2. A. gracilis Ell.: culm very slender, erect; panicle spiked, the flow-
ers appressed ; lateral awns rather shorter than the palez, erect; middle
one longer, bent, not twisted; lower palea spinulose on the {Gee ( Torr.
N.Y. Fi.) A. stricta Dare not of Mich.

Sterile sandy soils. N. Y.to Car. Sept. @).—Culm 4—15 inches high,
smooth. eaves very narrow, convolute when dry. Panicle 2—5 inches long,
slender. A stricta Mich. is probably confined to the southern states.

Slender Three-awned Grass.

3. A. purpurascens Poir.: culm filiform, erect, simple; leaves very nar-
tow, flat; flowers in a long spiked panicle ; awns nearly eaney) twice as
long as aa palez, divaricate.

Sandy fields and woods. Mass. to Penn.? Sept. 2|.—Culm 2—3 feet high,
Leaves filiform at the extremity. Panicle elongated, loose, aay Introduced ?
Purple hree-awned Grass.

V. Acrostex. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely with the subulate rudi-
ment of an upper flower. Glumes and palee 2, membranaceoously
herbaceous ; lower palea often awned. Stigma mostly sessile.

17. MUHLENBERGIA. Schreb—Muhlenbergia.

(In honor of the late Henry Muhlenberg, D.D., one of the most distinguished
American botanists.)

Glumes 2, very minute, unequal, one scarcely perceptible.
Paleze much longer than the glumes, linear-lanceolate, nerved,
hairy at base ; the lower one terminating in a long slender bris-
tle.—Panicle more or less contracted.

1. M. diffusa Schreb. : culm decumbent, diffuse ; leaves linear-lanceolate ;
panicle slender, branched, the branches appressed; bristles about twice as

long as the palea.

Woods and pastures. N. Y.toCar. July. %.—Culm 12—18 inches long,
compressed, geniculate, branched. Leaves rough. Panicles terminal and lat-
eral, very slender ; bristle purplish.

Spreading Muhlenbergia. Drop-seed Grass.

2. M. erecta Schreb.: culm erect, simple; leaves lanceolate, pubescent ;
panicle simple, loose; awn twice as long as the palea; upper palea with
an awn at base lodged in a groove on the back. Brachyelytrwm aristatum
Beauv.

Rocky hills. Can. to Car. July. 2|.—Root creeping. Culm 2—3 feet high,
erect, slender. Leaves 4—6 inches long. Panicle simple, racemose, erect.
Lower palea with a very long awn. Erect Muhlenbergia.

18. CINNA. ZLinn.—Cinna,
(From the Greek «tvva, a kind of grain.)

Glumes nearly equal, compressed, the upper one 3-nerved.
Pale 2, nearly equal, compressed, shortly stipitate, naked at
the base; the lower one larger, enclosing the upper, with a
short awn near the summit. Stamen 1.—Panicle loose.

430 GRAMINACEZ.

C. arundinacea Willd.: culm simple, smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate ;
panicle large, loose, with the branches somewhat in fours, capillary.
Muhlenbergia Cinna Trin. Agrostis Cinna Pursh.

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. Aug. %.—Culm 2--5 feet high. Leaves a

foot or more in length, rough on the margin. Panicle terminal, 8—12 inches
long. Flowers green or purplish. f - Reed-like Cinna.

19. AGROSTIS. Linn.—Bent Grass.

(From the Greek ayoos, a field ; in reference to the place of growth.)
Glumes 2, nearly equal, usually longer than the flower, point-
less. _Paleze 2; the lower one mostly awned on the back ; upper

often minute or nearly wanting.—Panicle diffuse. ?
1. A. stricta Willd.: culm erect; panicle elongated; the branches ver-
ticillate, nearly erect; glumes equal, oblong acute; palee two, smaller
_than the glumes, unequal ;, the lower one twice as long as the upper, with

an awn at the base about twice as long as the palea.

Sandy fields. N. Eng. and N. Y. June. %.—Culm about a foot high,
smooth, with black nodes. eaves linear-lanceolate, rough on the margin.
Panicle oblong, the primary branches whorled in fives. Spvkelets somewhat
crowded. Upright-flowered Bent-grass.

2. A. vulgaris With.: culm ascending; panicle oblong, spreading, the
branches smoothish and at length divaricate; palee unequal, the outer
one d-nerved. A. alba Muhl. A. polymorpha Gray.

Pastures and meadows. Throughout the U.S. July. Root creeping,
throwing out many mostly ascending culms 1—2 feet high. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, flat, scabrous, the ligule very short. Panicle 4—6 inches long, pur-
plish, the branches a little rough. Introduced, but now completely naturalized.

. - Herd’s-grass. Red-top.

3. A. alba Linn.: panicle contracted, at length spreading, the branches
hispid ; lower palea 5-nerved; ligule oblong. A. stolonifera Linn. A. de-
cumbens Muht. ;

Wet meadows. Throughout the U. S. June, July. 21.—Root creeping.
Culm 1—2 feet high, ascending, often rooting at the lower joints. Leaves
roughish, the sheaths smooth. Panicle pale green or purplish. Closely allied
to the preceding, but generally stouter and taller. Introduced, but everywhere ~
naturalized. Herd’s-grass. Fiorin-grass.

4, A. lateriflora Mich. : culm erect, branched ; panicles lateral and termi-
nal, contracted, dense-flowered; glumes acuminate; palee about as long
as the glumes, equal, pubescent at base, awnless. A. Mexicana Muh.
Muhlenbergia Mexicana Trin.

loist grounds. N. Y. to Virg. Aug., Sept. |.—Root creeping. Cutm
2 feet or more high, much branched, often geniculate. Leaves broad-linear,

flat. Panicles numerous, terminating the branches, pale green or purplish.
Lateral-flowered Bent-grass.

5. A. sobolifera Muhl.: culm erect, branched; panicle contracted, fili-
form, simple, with appressed alternate branches; palew equal, longer than
the glumes, awnless, hairy at base, the lower one mucronate at the tip.
Muhlenbergia sobolifera Trin.

Rocky woods. N. Y. to Virg, Aug., Sept. 2.—Culm 2 feet high, sobolif-
erous, sometimes decumbent. Leaves pale green, somewhat scabrous. Pan-
icle with the flowers rather crowded, Slender-branched Bent-grass.

GRAMINACER. 431

6. A tenuiflora Willd.: culm nearly simple, pubescent about the joints ;

__ branches appressed ; panicle contracted, filiform; palew twice as long as

the glume, hairy at base, the lower one three or four times as long as the
spikelet. Muhlenbergia Willdenovii Trin,

Rocky woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 2. Root- creeping. Culm 3 feet
or more high, with swelling and pubescent nodes. Leaves few, spreading,
strongly nerved. Punicle elongated, very slender and contracted.

Slender-flowered Bent-grass,

7. Axsylvatica Torr.: culm ascending, much branched, diffuse, smooth ‘
panicle slender, rather dense-flowered ; palee longer than the glumes ;
awn about three times as long as the flower. A. diffusa Muhl. Muhlen-
bergia sylvatica Torr & Gr.

Rocky hills. N. Y. to Virg. Aug. 2:—Root creeping. Culm 2—3 feet
high. Resembles the preceding, but differs in being much branched and dif-
fase. Spreading Bent-grass.

8. A. compressa Torr. : whole plant very smooth ; culm erect, compressed,
simple; panicle oblong, subcontracted ; glumes equal, shorter than the
palez, acute; palee rather obtuse, smooth at the base.

Sandy swamps. N. J. Sept. 21.— Root creeping. Culm soboliferous.
Leaves linear, long, compressed, with carinate sheaths. Panicle purple,

Compressed Bent-grass.

9. A. juncea Mich. : leaves straight and erect, convolutely setaceous ; pan-
icle oblong-pyramidal, verticillate ; palee awnless, twice the length of the
unequal glumes. A. Indica Mudl.

Sandy barrens. N. J. to Flor. Oct. 2.—Culm 1—2 feet high, terete.
Panicle purple. Rush-like Bent-grass.

10. A. canina Linn. : vay.% tenella Torr.: panicle loose, somewhat
contracted; the branches mostly in threes, slightly hispid; glumes nearly
equal, lanceolate, very acute, rough on the keel; lower palea narrow-lan-
ceolate, rather acute, with a geniculate awn a little below the middle ; the
awn about twice the length of the flower; upper palea nearly wanting.
(Torr, N.Y. Fl.) |

Mountains in Northern N. Y. Aug. 2—Culm about a foot high, slender,
smooth. eaves very narrow, flat. Panicle very slender, the branches some-
what flexuous. Differs from A. canina in its less diffuse panicle, narrow glumes
and flat leaves. Brown Bent-grass.

20. TRICHODIUM. Mich.—Thin Grass.

(From the Greek 69:2, hair, and etdos, form; in allusion to the hair-like inflo-
rescence.)

Glumes 2, nearly equal, very acute, scabrous on the keel.
Palea 1, shorter than the glumes, sometimes awned. Caryop-
sis loose, covered by the palea.—F lowers in loose panicles,

1. T. laxiflorum Mich.: culm erect; leaves lance-linear, short, the
sheaths somewhat rough; panicle diffuse, capillary, with trichotomous
branches; glumes unequal, aculeate-hispid on the keel. 7 montanum
Lorr. Fl. Agrostis laviflora Richardson. A. Michauxii Trin.

Dry fields. Subaret. Amer. to Car. May, June. .—Culm 18 inches
high, very slender. Lower leaves 3—6 inches long, becoming involute and fili-

432 GRAMINACEZ.

form. Panicle purple, very loose, the lower branches in fives or sixes, the upper
ones in threes, at length spreading. Spikelets clustered at the extremity of the
branchlets. A somewhat variable species. Loose-flowered Thin-grass.
2. T. scabrum Muhl.: culm geniculate at base, assurgent, branched;
leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, scabrous on the margin; panicle oblong;
branches spreading or divaricate, the divisions trichotomous; glumes un-
equal. Agrostis scabra Willd. A. laxiflora var. scabra Torr. N. Y. FA.
Woods. Can. to Car. July. Aug. %.—Culm 12—18 inches high, often
somewhat decumbent and branching. Jeaves 4—6 inches long. Panicle pale
green, the branches slender, but shorter than in the preceding. Sprkelets not
clustered. Rough Thin-grass.
3. T. elatum Pursh.: culm stiffly erect; leaves narrow-linear, flat, sca-
brous, the sheaths smooth ; panicle verticillate, somewhat spreading ; glumes
nearly equal. Agrostis dispar Mich. ? .
Sandy swamps. N.J.to Car. Aug. %|.—Culm 2—3 feet high. Panicle
purple, exserted. Tall Thin-grass.

21. VILFA. Adans.—Vilfa.
(Origin unknown.)

Glumes carinate; the lower one smaller. Palez awnless;
the lower one rather acute, longer than the glumes; the upper
2-keeled. Stigmas simply plumose- Caryopsis deciduous. —
Panicle diffuse or contracted and spike-like.

1. V. vagineflora Torr.: culms numerous, assurgent; leaves distichous,
involute, rigid; panicles lateral and terminal, spike-form ; the lateral ones
concealed in the sheaths; glumes equal, about as large as the palez.
Agrostis Virginica Muhl.

Sandy soils. N. Y. to Virg. Sept., Oct. @.—Culms about a foot high, ces-
pitose, geniculate at base. eaves with a slender point, the sheaths tumid.
Panicle oblong, compressed, few-flowered. Anthers purple.

Hidden-flowered Vilfa.

2. V. aspera Beauv.: leaves very long, filiform and recurved towards the
apex; panicle contracted, spiked, partly exserted from the uppermost
sheath; palee much longer than the glumes, subequal, smooth or hairy,
without awns. Agrostis aspera Mich.

Sandy fields and hill sides.. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. Sept., Oct. 2.—Culm
2—4 feet high, simple, terete. Leaves 1—2 feet.long, tapering to a filiform ex-
tremity, rough on the margin. Panacles lateral and terminal, the former more
or less exserted. Rough-leaved Vilfa.

3. V. serotina Torr. & Gr.: culm filiform, much compressed; leaves
very narrow, keeled, erect; panicle elongated, capillary, somewhat diffuse ;
glumes ovate, unequal, about half as long as the awnless palew. Agrostis
serotina Torr. Ft.

Sandy swamps. N. ¥. and N. J. Sept. 2.—Culm 12—18 inches high.
Leaves short, almost filiform. Panicle slender, with the branches flexuous.

Late-flowering Vilfa.

4. V. heterolepis Gray: leaves setaceous; panicle pyramidal, sparsely

flowered ; lower glume subulate; the upper one ovate, cuspidate, about

GRAMINACES. A433

twice the length of the lower; palee nearly equal, pointless, a little shorter
than the upper glume. (Torr. N. Y. F%.)

On rocks. Watertown, Jefferson County, N. Y. W. to Ohio. 2.—Culm
1—2 feet high, smooth. Leaves convolute- setaceous, the lower ones equalling
the culm, the upper shorter. Panicle spreading or somewhat contracted, pur-
plish. It is said to emit a strong odor, resembling that of Poa Eragrostis.

' Strong-scented Vilfa.

5. V.cryptandra Torr.. panicle pyramidal, the base usually enclosed in
the upper sheath, with spreading mostly alternate branches, which are hairy
on the axils; spikelets racemose ; flowers awnless ; lower glume very short;
the upper one as long as the oe equal lanceolate acute palee. (Torr.
INE Vixde:)

Sandy soils. N.Y.and Mass. W.to the Rocky Mountains. Aug. 2|.—
Culm 14—3 feet high, leafy,smooth. Leaves short, smooth ; the sheaths densely
bearded at the throat. Panicle large, bluish.

Large-panicled Vilfa.

22. POLYPOGON. Desfi—Beard Grass.

(From the Greek rodvs, many, and twyw», a beard; in reference to the unusual
number of awns.)

Glumes 2-valved, 1-flowered ; valves membranaceous, awned.
Palez 2; the lower one with along awn; the upper one bifid,
toothed.—Panicle spike-form.

1. P. glomeraius Willd.: panicle dense, oblong, interrupted below ;
glumes linear, acuminate, nearly equal, armed with a long rough bristle ;
palee unarmed, hairy at base. P. racemosus Nutt. Muhlenbergia glome-
rata Trin.

Bogsandswamps. Mass. and N. Y. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. 2|.—Culm 3—4
feet high, a little compressed, simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves sca-

brous and somewhat glaucous. Panicle crowded and spike-like, the lower flowers
remote. Close-flowered Beard-grass.

2. P. sericeus Spreng.: leaves convolute-filiform, smooth; panicle diffuse,
capillary, very slender; pedicels longer than the awns; awns 3—4 times
as long as the palee. Tichochloa capillaris D. C. »Stipa sericea Mich.
Agrostis sericea Muhl.

Sandy fields. Mass. to Car. June, July. 2.-—Culms 2 feet high, cespitose,
very slender. Panicle 8—10 inches long, glossy and purple.

Silky Beard-grass.

Vi. ArnunpinEs. Spikelets either 1-flowered, with or without an
abortive pedicel, or many-flowered. Flowers usually with long soft hairs
at the base. Glumes and palee 2, membranaceously herbaceous.

23, CALAMAGROSTIS. Adans.—Small Reed.
(From the Greek kaXapos, a reed, and Agrostis, a genus of grasses.)
Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, nearly equal, acute or acu-
minate. Pale 2, mostly shorter than the glumes, surrounded

with hairs at the base ; lower one mucronate, mostly awned be-
19

434 GRAMINACEA.

low the tip; upper with a stipitate pencil-form pappus at base.
—Flowers in a loose panicle.

1. C. Canadensis-Beauv.: panicle oblong, loose; glumes nearly equal,
serrulate on the keel, somewhat rough on the sides; palee as long as the
glumes, the lower with an awn on the back. Arundo Canadensis Mich.
A. cinnoides MuAl.

Wet meadows. Can.toCar. July, Aug. “.—Culm 8—4 feet high, smooth.
Leaves a foot long, narrow, somewhat scabrous. Panicle erect, much divided,
at length spreading. Canadian Small-reed.

2. C. coarciata Torr.: panicle contracted, thick, and somewhat spike-
form; glumes narrow-lanceolate, nearly equal, a little longer than the
palez, keeled ; lower palea awned a little below the summit ; pappus two-
thirds as long as the flower. C. Canadensis Nutt. Agrostis glauca Mui.

Wet meadows and swamps. Arct. Amer. to Penn. Aug.- %.—Culm 3—5
feet high, simple, somewhat glaucous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, scabrous and
somewhat hairy. Panicle termina al, erect, with short aggregated branches.

Glaucous Smali-reed.

3. C. inexpansa Gray: panicle contracted, elongated; glumes oblong-
lanceolate; palez nearly equal, as long as the glumes, the lower one with
a scarcely exserted awn inserted below the middle; pappus nearly as long
as the flower. (Terr. N. Y. F7.) i

Swamps. Northern and Western N.Y. July, Aug. 2|.—Culm about 3 feet
high, erect, simple. Leaves 2—3 lines wide, smooth. Panicle 4—6 inches
long, slender, with short rough appressed branches. Differs from the preceding
in iis more slender panicle, broader and less acute glumes, and the awn inserted
near the base of the pale. Torr. Close-flowered Small-reed.

24. AMMOPHILA. Host—Sea Reed.

(From the Greek dyyos, sand, and ¢:dos, a lover; in allusion to its place of
growth.)

Glumes nearly equal, keeled. Palez shorter than the glumes,
surrounded with short hairs at the base, keeled, awnless.
Abortive pedicel plumose above.—Panicle spiked, eee: and
cylindric.

A. arundinacea Host.: glumes acute; hairs or pappus about one-third as

long as the palee. _Arundo arenaria Linn. _Psamma arenaria R. & S. -

- Sandy sea-coast. Can..N. Y. and N. Eng. Aug. %|.—Root branching and
extensiv oly creeping inthe sand. Culm 23 feet high, erect. Leaves long,
smooth, and glaucous: ‘Panicle 6—12 inches long, close and spike-like, whitish.
The roots of this grass form a mat, which prevents the motion of sand; and it is
sometimes planted on shores to protect them from the inroads of the sea. Itis
used in Massachusetts for the manufacture of paper.

Common Sea-reed or Mat-weed.

25. PHRAGMITES. a heed ee

(From the Greek poaypos, a aoe or hedge; in allusion to the use said te
have been made of it.)

Spikelets 83—7-flowered. Glumes 2, lanceolate, unequal.
The lower flower staminate and naked at base; the others per-

GRAMINACEZ: 435

fect, and surrounded by a tuft of hairs. Paleze very unequal;
the lower one elongated, acuminate; the upper 2-keeled.—
Panicle terminal, very large.

P. communis Trin.: panicle loose, 1-sided; spikelets 3—5-flowered.

Arundo Phragmites Linn.

Margins of swamps and ponds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug. 21.—Culm
9—12 feet high, very leafy, with numerous joints. Leaves 1—2 feet long, linear-
lanceolate, flat, glaucous, rough on the margin. Panicle terminal, very large,
loose, somewhat nodding. The largest grass in the Northern States; and at a
distance somewhat resembling Broom-corn. Common Reed-grass.

VII. Cutores. Spikelets arranged in unilateral digitate or pan-
iculate (rarely solitary) spikes, 1- many-flowered ; upper flowers imper-
fect. Glumes and palee 2, membranaceously herbaceous ; the latter
often awned. Rachis not articulated.

26. CYNODON. Rich.—Dog’s-tooth Grass.

(From the Greek xuwy, a dog, and odovs, a tooth.)

Spikelets filiform, unilateral, with one perfect flower and one
abortive rudiment. Glumes membranaceous, persistent, shorter
than the flower and only embracing it at the base. Fertile
flower with the upper palea bifid-toothed. , Rudiment minute,
pedicellate. Caryopsis loose, not furrowed.—Spikes digitate or
racemose.

C. Dactylon Pers.: culm creeping; spikes digitate, 3—5, spreading ;
glume with the keel scabrous; palee smooth, longer than the glume, the

lower one with a bristle at the base. Digitaria Dactylon Muh.

Sandy soils. Penn. to Geor. July, Aug. 2|.—Culm a foot or more long,
prostrate. eaves narrow, somewhat distichous, hairy on the margin and near
the base. Stigmas dark purple. Introduced. Creeping Dog’s-tooth Grass.

27. ELEUSINE. Gert—Dog’s-tail Grass.

(EnXevowia was one of the names of Ceres, the goddess of harvests ; probably
from Eleusis, where she was worshipped.)

Spikelets sessile, 2—6-flowered. Glumes unequal, shorter
than the flowers. Palez unequal, awnless; the lower keeled ;
upper shorter, channelled on the back. Caryopsis triangular-
ovoid, transversely rugose.—Spikes digitate, unilateral.

E. Indica Gert. : culm oblique, compressed ; leaves smooth ; spikes 2—4,
linear, straight ; spikelets closely imbricate, lanceolate, about 5-flowered.
Cynosurus Indicus Linn.

Cultivated grounds, in farm-yards, &c. Throughout the U.S. July-—Nov.
@).—Culm 9—18 inches long, compressed, branching from the base. Leaves
distichous, linear, somewhat pubescent, Spikes 1—6, but usually 2—4. Prob-
ably introduced. Dog’s-tail Grass. Wire-grass,

436 GRAMINACEE.

28. SPARTINA. Svhreb—Marsh Grass.
(Said to be named on account of its similarity to Lygewm Spartum.)

Spikelets imbricate, one-flowered, much compressed. Glumes
and pales unequal, awnless. Styles mostly united below.—
Spikes unilateral.

1. S. cynosuroides Willd.: leaves very long, filiform at the end, at length
convolute; spikes numerous, (S—40,) scattered, pedunculate, forming a
long secund panicle; cieeee serrulate on the eel with a long slender
point ; style 2-cleft at the summit. (Zorr. N. Y. Fl.) S. polystachya Muhi,
Limnetis cynosuroides and polystachya Pers.

Marshes and banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to the Platte River. wing:
-2\.—Culm 3—8 feet high, smooth, terete. eaves 1—3 feet long, narrow.
Spikes linear, about 3 inches long, on scabrous spreading peduncles.

Tall Marsh-grass.

2. S. guncea Willd.: leaves distichous, convolute, spreading ; spikes few,
(1—5,) on smooth peduncles ; palee rather obtuse ; styles distinct nearly to
the base. Limnetis juncea Pers.

Salt marshes and river banks. Can. to Car. July, Aug. ‘%|.—Root creep-
ing, forming thick tufts. Culm 1—2 feet high, rigid, smooth. Leaves 6—10
inches long, very slender, smooth. Spikes usually 3; the lowest pedunculate.
It forms a part of salt hay. Rush-like Marsh-grass.

3. S. alternifolia Loisel.: leaves channelled, erect; spikes numerous,
(8—i4), elongated, sessile, erect, appressed; glumes and palee nearly
smooth ; styles distinct nearly to the base. S. glabra Muh.

Salt marshes. N.Y. and Mass.toCar. Aug.,Sept. 2|.—Root creeping ex-
tensively. Culm 3—5 feet high, smooth and somewhat succulent. eaves
broad at the base, tapering to a long point. Spikes unequal, closely appressed
to the common rachis. For thatching i it is said to be preferable to wheat straw.
It has a strong rancid smell, which renders it unfit for cattle.

Smooth Marsh-grass.

29. ATHEROPOGON. Muhl.—Athercpogon.

(From the Greek aéno, a bristle, and twywyr, a beard ; the beards being bristle-
like.) ;

Spikelets unilateral, nearly sessile, alternate, 2—3-flowered ;
the terminal flower abortive. Glumes 2, membranaceous, un-
equal; the lower shorter, setiform. Perfect flower, subcoria-
ceous. Lower palea 38-toothed or 3-bristled; upper bifid.
Abortive flower pedicellate, neutral —Spikes short, arranged in
a raceme.

A. apludoides Muhl.: spikes numerous, in a terminal raceme, alternate,
distant, pendulous, at length secund; spikelets mostly 2-flowered ; lower
palea of the perfect flower tricuspidate; abortive flower with 3 bristles.
Chloris curtipendula Mich. Bouteloua racemosa Lag. Torr. N. Y. Fl.

Dry rocky banks. N. Y. N. J. and Penn. W. tothe Rocky Mountains; rare.
Aug. ae Culm 2—3 feet high, geniculate at base, smooth. Leaves lanceolate,

GRAMINACEA:. A37

attenuate at the end, involute when dry, slightly hairy above. Spikes 20—40,
on short flat peduncles, each containing 6—8 spikelets. Anthers bright red.
Racemed Atheropogon.

30, GYMNOPOGON. Beaw.—Gymnopogon.

(From the Greek yvpvos, naked, and rwywv, a beard; in allusion to the awn
of the neutral flower.)

Glume 2-valved, carinate, nearly equal. Palez nearly equal ;
the lower one with a long and straight bristle a little below the
tip. Neutral rudiment pedicellate, of one minute: valve pro-
duced into an awn.—F lowers in a compound spike or panicle.

G. racemosus Beauv.: culm ascending; leaves distichous, ovate-lance-
olate, nerved, short ; spikes numerous, arranged in a somewhat whorled pan-
icle; flowers appressed. Andropogon ambiguus Mich. Anthopogon lep-
turoides Nutt.

Sandy fields. N.J.to Geor. Aug. %|.—Culm about 2 feet high, decum-
bent at base. eaves 2 inches or less in length, very acute. Panicle large,
spreading. : Racemed Gymnopogon.

VIII. Avenrem. Spikelets 2—many-flowered ; terminal flower com-
monly wmperfect. Glumes and palee 2, membranaceously herbaceous ;
lower palea usually with a twisted awn on the back.

ol. HIEROCHLOA. Gmel.—Holy Grass.

(From the Greek tev0s, sacred, and yoa, a grass; because in some parts of
Prussia it is used on festival days.)

Spikelets 3-flowered, pedicellate. Lateral flowers staminate,
triandrous and mostly awned; terminal or central one perfect,
diandrous, awnless.—F lowers in a contracted panicle.

1. A. borealis R. G& S.: panicle somewhat one-sided, a little spreading ;
peduncles smooth; flowers awnless; lower palea ciliate on the margin.
Holcus odoratus Linn.

Wet meadows. Subarct. Amer. to Virg. W. to Mich. May. .—Root
creeping. Culm 18 inches high, erect. Leaves linear-acuminate, smooth and
shining. Panicle few-flowered, pyramidal, brown and purple. Smell resem-
pling that of Anthoxanthum odoratum, and like that grass used to scent clothes
and apartments. Northern Holy-grass. Vanilla-grass.

2. H. alpina R. § S.: panicle ovate, contracted; spikelets compressed,
longer than the branches; glumes lanceolate, almost nerveless; lateral
flowers triandrous, obtuse, awned on the back. Holcus alpinus Wahl.

High mountains. Essex County, N. Y. White Mountains, N. H. Aret.
Amer.; rare. June. %.—Culm 6—12 inches high, erect. Leaves 2—3 lines
wide. Panicle with the branches in pairs. Spikelets larger than in the preced-
ing, shining and purplish-brown, Alpine Holy-grass.

382, ANTHOXANTHUM. Linn.—Vernal Grass.

(From the Greek av9os, a flower, and favO0s, yellow; in allusion to the color of
its spikes. )

Spikelets 3-flowered ; the two lower flowers neutral and each

438 GRAMINACE.

consisting of a single awned palea; the upper flower perfect, of
2 palez, diandrous, nearly equal, short, awnless.—Panicle con-
tracted or spike-lke. | |

A. odoratum Linn.: panicle spiked, ovoid-oblong; flowers pubescent,
shorter than the awns.

Meadows and woods. Can. to Car. .June—Aug. 1%|.—Culm about a foot
high, erect, rather slender. eaves short, more or less pubescent. Panicle
contracted into an oblong or ovoid-oblong spike, yellow when mature. When
cut and partially dry it gives outa very fragrant odor. Introduced from Europe,
but completely naturalized. Sweet-scented Vernal-grass.

33. AIRA. Linn.—Hair Grass.

(From the Greek a:ow, to destroy ; a name originally applied to a poisonous
plant, Lolium temulentum.)

Spikelets 2—3-flowered; the flowers without an abortive
rudiment between them. Glumes 2, unequal, about as long as
the flowers. Paleze thin and membranaceous, the lower one
awned on the back below the middle.—Flowers usually in a
compound spreading panicle.

1. A. flexuosa Linn. : leaves setaceous, smooth ; panicle loose, spreading,
trichotomously branched; branches smoothish, flexuous; flowers scarcely

longer than the glumes; awn geniculate, longer than the palez. °

Dry rocky banks. Can. te Car.. W. to Mich. June. ‘%.—Culm 1—2 feet
high, smooth. Leaves mostly radical or near the base of the culm, involute,
slender. Panicle capillary, loose, whitish, the lower branches somewhat
whorled. ; Common Hair-grass.

2. A. cespitosa Linn.: leaves fiat, scabrous; panicle at length diffuse;
glumes about as long asthe palee; awn short, straight. A. aristulata
Torr. El.

Wet places. Can. to Penn. June. July. 2|.—Culms 2—3 feet high, cespi-
tose, smooth. Leaves narrow, rough above, smooth beneath. Panicle large,

oblong or pyramidal, capillary, dull purplish; the branches somewhat whorled.
Tufted Hair-grass.

3. A. atropurpurea Wahl. : leaves flat ; panicle divaricate, of few spike-_
lets; flowers much shorter than the glumes; palez a little hairy at the
summit; awn from the middle of the back, nearly twice as long as the
flowers. (Torr. N. Y. F1.) i

High mountains of Essex County, N.Y. Aug. %1.?-Culm8—15 inches
high, erect, siender. Leaves short, smooth. Panicle loose, purplish or yellow-
- ish-green; branches mostly in pairs and flexuous. ?

Purple Alpine Hatr-grass.

4. A. precox Linn. : leaves setaceous; panicle somewhat spiked; flow-
ers scarcely villous at the base, about as long as the glumes; awn twisted,
inserted below the middle, longer than the flowers. Avena precox Beauv.

Sandy fields. N. J. to Virg. June. (@.—Culms 34 inches high, cespitose,
smooth, leafy. Leaves short, smooth. Panicle somewhat compact, few-flow-
ered, greenish. Introduced ? Early Hair-grass. —

GRAMINACE. 439

34. ARRHENATHERUM. Beawv.—Oat Grass.

(From the Greek agony, male, and afne, an awn; the staminate flower being
awned.)

Spikelets 2-flowered. Lower flower staminate; the lower
palea with a long twisted awn below the middle. Upper flower
perfect ; the lower palea with a short straight bristle below the
point.—Panicle loose.

A. avenaceum Beauv. Avena elatior Linn.

Cultivated grounds. Mass. N. Y.and Penn. May, June. ‘%!.—Root creep-
ing. Culm 2—3 feet high, erect. Leaves scabrous on the margin and upper
surface. Panicle oblong, at first contracted, finally spreading and somewhat
nodding ; the branches short and semiverticillate. Spikelets brownish. Intro-
duced from Europe, but naturalized in several places.

Common Qat-grass. Grass of the Andes.

35. AVENA. LinnM@Oat.
(Name of doubtful origin.)

Spikelets 3—many-flowered ; flowers rather remote, the upper
ones often imperfect. Glumes loose and membranaceous, nearly
equal. Paleze 2; the lower one bifid at the summit, with a
twisted awn above the base.—Panicle compound, loose.

1, A. Pennsylvanica Linn.: panicle attenuated, loose, nodding, the
branches somewhat verticillate ; spikelets 2—3-flowered ; flowers smooth,
lower one often awnless, upper one on a hairy pedicel; lower palea with a
slender awn below the bifid tip, about twice the length of the flower. A.

palustris Mich. Trisetwm Pennsylvanicum Beauv. T. palustre Torr. Fl.

Wet meadows.. N. Y. to Flor. June. ‘|.—Culm 2—3 feet high, slender,
erect. Leaves flat, narrow, 2—4 inches long. Panicle oblong, yellowish-green,
often somewhat one-sided. Pennsylvania Wild Oat.

2. A. striata Mich.: panicle nearly simple, loose, few-flowered ; spikelets
3—5-flowered, somewhat terete, the flowers bearded at the base; lower
palea with a slender nearly straight awn below the tip. Triselum purpu-
rascens ‘Torr, FV.

Moist woods. Can. N. Y. and Mass. July. 2|.—Culm 2—3 feet high, erect,
smooth. eaves narrow-linear. Panicle 4—6 inches long, with a few simple
branches. Glumes reddish-purple. Purple Wud Oat.

36. TRISETUM. Pers.—Trisetum.
(From the Latin, in allusion to the three bristles of the flowers.)
Spikelets 2—4-flowered. Glumes membranaceous, keeled,
awnless. Pale herbaceous; lower one with 2 long cusps at
the summit and a twisted awn on the back; upper 2-keeled.
Caryopsis smooth, with a lon
tracted.

ZT. molle Kunth: whole plant minutely and softly pubescent; panicle

gitudinal groove.—Panicle con-

440 GRAMINACEZ&.

contracted and somewhat spiked; glumes 2-flowered, the flowers not
bearded; awn about the length of the palea, not twisted, diverging or re-
curved. (Torr. N.Y. Fl.) T. subspicatum Beck Bot. ist Ed. Avena
motlis Mich.

Banks of streams and on mountains. Arct. Amer. Western N. Y. White
Mountains, N. H. Rocky Mountains. June. %|.—Culm about a foot high,
erect, slender. Leaves 2—3 inches long, narrow-linear. Panicle 2—3 inches
long, with appressed branches. Closely allied to T. subspicatum and perhaps
identical with it. Soft Trisetum.

37. DANTHONIA. D. C.—Danthonia.
(in honor of M. Danthoine, a French botanist.)

Spikelets 2—10-fiowered ; the upper flowers often imperfect.
Glumes nearly equal, mostly longer than the flower. Pale
hairy at the base; lower one 2-toothed at the summit, with a
twisted awn between the teeth; upper one obtuse, entire—
Flowers in a spiked panicle.

D. spicata Beawv.: leaves subulate ; lower sheaths hairy at the throat ;
panicle spike-form, simple; spikelets 7—9, about 7-flowered; lower palea
hairy. Avena spicata Linn.

Woods and fields. Can. to Car. W. to Mich. June—Aug. %1.—Culms
1—2 feet high, erect, cespitose at base. Leaves very narrow, numerous below.
Panicle i-sided, short, the lower branches sometimes divided. Wild Oats.

38. URALEPIS. Nutt.—Uralepis.

(From the Greek ovga, a tail, and Aeris, a scale ; in allusion to the appearance
of the lower palea.)

Spikelets 2—3-flowered, somewhat terete ; flowers alternate,
distinct, longer than the glumes. Palew very unequal, dis-
tinctly villous on the margin ; lower palea tricuspidate, the cen-
tral cusp produced into a short bristle; upper entire, concave,
incurved. Caryopsis gibbous.—Panicle simple, racemose.

U. aristulata, Nutt.: lateral panicles concealed in the sheaths of the
leaves, terminal one more or less exserted; spikelets 3-flowered; awn as

long as the lateral cusps.

Sea coast and sandy fields). N.Y.and Penn. W.to Ark. Aug., Sept. (@.
—Calms about a foot high, cespitose, jointed. Leaves short, subulate. Ter-
minal panicle, when exserted, spreading. Flowers purplish.

Short-awned Uralepis.

IX. Frstucez. Spikelets usually many-flowered. Glumes and
palee 2, of nearly similar texture, usually keeled. Lower palea often
awned ; the awn not twisted.

39. POA. Linn.—Meadow Grass.
(Greek moa, grass, or pasturage; applied by way of distinction to this genus.)

Spikelets 2- many-flowered ; the flowers distichous, perfect.

GRAMINACE. A441

Glumes 2, pointless, shorter than the flowers. Palez nearly
equal, membranaceous, awnless, often with a villous web at the
base ; the lower one keeled or concave; upper one 2-keeled.
Stigmas simply plumose. Caryopsis free.—Spikelets in diffuse
or contracted panicles.

* Flowers webbed at base.

1. P. pungens Nutt.: culm compressed; leaves very short, cuspidate ;
panicle somewhat simple, spreading ; spikelets lance-ovate, 3—4-flowered,
crowded at the extremities of the branches; flowers rather obtuse. P.
flexuosa Muh.

Rocky woods. N.Y. to Car. April, May. 2|.—Culm 1—2 feet high, com-
pressed, smooth, somewhat cespitose. Leaves erect, cuspidate ; the radical ones
long, linear; those of the culm usually 2, very short. Panicle small, semiver-
ticillate. Sharp-leaved Meadow-grass.

2. P. pratensis Linn.: culm terete, smooth; leaves keeled, linear, ab-
ruptly acute; ligule short, truncate; panicle somewhat crowded, finally
spreading ; spikelets oblong-ovate, about 4-flowered; flowers acute, 5-
nerved. P. viridis Muhl.

Fields and meadows. Can. to Car. May—July. 2|.—Root creeping. Culm
2—3 feet high. Leaves deep green, the lower very long, the upper much
shorter. Panicle at length pyramidal, spreading. Introduced from Europe.

Smooth-stalked Meadow-grass.

3. P. trivialis Linn.: culm and sheaths somewhat rough; ligule elon-
gated, acuminate; panicle equal, diffuse; spikelets oblong-ovate, 2—3-
flowered ; flowers 5-nerved. /P. stolonifera Muhl.

Wet meadows. N.Y. to Del. June—Aug. %|.—Root fibrous. Culm 2—3
feet high, often stcloniferous at base. eaves very narrow, pale green. Pan-
icle large, pyramidal, the branches somewhat whorled. ;

Rough Meadow-grass.

4. P. compressa Linn.: culm decumbent or oblique, much compressed,
smooth; panicle contracted, somewhat secund; spikelets ovate-oblong,
4—8-flowered ; flowers obscurely nerved.

var. sylvestris Torr. : culm slender, nearly erect; panicle loose, somewhat
spreading; spikelets 2—3-flowered.

Fields and pastures. N. Eng. N.Y. and Penn. June, July. 2|.—Root
creeping extensively. Culm 12—18 inches high, often decumbent and rooting
at base. Leaves short, smooth, and with the culm bluish-green. Panicle con-
tracted, at first almost spike-like, finally a litthe expanding. Introduced from
Europe. Blue-grass. Wire-grass.

5. P. serotina Ehrh.: culm erect, smooth; panicle elongated, diffuse, at
length somewhat nodding at the top; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 2—3-
flowered ; flowers yellowish at the tip, obscurely 5-merved. P. palustris
Muhl.

Wet meadows. N. Eng. and N. Y. June. 2|.—Root creeping. Culm 2--3
feet high. Zeaves flat, smooth. Panicle 6—10 inches long ; the branches mostly
whorled in fives, rough and. flexuous. Red-top.

6. P. nemoralis Linn.: culm and leaves smooth; ligule almost wanting ;
panicle slender, a little attenuated, loose ; the branches rough and flexuous;

19*

A442 GRAMINACE.

spikelets ovate-lanceolate, about 3-flowered; flowers rather distant, hairy,
acute, very obscurely nerved.

Woods and thickets. N. Eng. and N.Y. June, July. ‘..—Root creeping.
Culm 2 feet high, slender. Leaves narrow-linear, acute. Panicle 6—10 inches
long, the branches semiverticillate. Wood Meadow-grass..

7. P. laxa Henke: culms cespitose ; leaves narrow-linear, acute ; ligules
all lanceolate; panicle contracted, somewhat nodding at the apex; the
branches smooth, mostly in pairs; spikelets ovate, about 3-flowered ; flowers

~acute; hairy. (Torr, N. Y. Fi.)

Summit of Mount Marcy, Essex county, N. Y. ing 2|.— Culms 6--8 inches
high, cespitose, very slender. eaves numerous, glaucous, smooth. Panicle
1—2 inches long, the branches flexuous. Allied to P. alpina.

Wavy Meadow-grass.

8. P. debilis Torr. : culm bendee leaves and sheaths smooth; ligule ob-
long, acute ; panicle loose, few- Aurea somewhat spreading ; the branches
mostly in pairs, flexuous, a little rough; spikelets ovate, obtuse, 3-flowered ;
flowers smoothish; lower palea oblong, obtuse, slightly 3-nerved.

Rocky banks of streams. N.Y. May. %.—Culm about 2 feet high, erect,
smooth. Leaves pale green, rough on the margin. Panicle oblong, somew hat
coniracted. __ Weak Meadow-gr ass.

** Flowers free, or not webbed at base.

3. P. annua Linn. : culm oblique, compressed ; panicle somewhat secund,
at length divaricate; spikelets ovate-oblong, about 5-flowered.

Cultivated grounds. Can. toCar. April—Sept. (@).—Root fibrous. Culms
3—8 inches long, very smooth, cespitose, often nearly procumbent. Leaves lance-
linear, bright green. Panicle with the branches mostly solitary, at length
spreading horizontally. Annual Meadow-grass.

10. P. capillaris Linn.: culm much branched at base; sheaths hairy at
the throat; panicle very large, loose, expanding; the branches capillary
and much divided; spikelets about 3-flowered, ovate, acute.

‘Sandy fields. Can. to Flor. Aug. @—Culms 12—18 inches high, cespitose.
Leaves-linear, flat, the sheaths fringed a long hairs. Panicle 8—12 inches
long, pyramidal, much branched. “ Hair-panicled Meadou-grass.

11. P. hirsuta Mich.: culm erect, simple, compressed ; sheaths hairy ;

panicle very large, capillary; branches expanding, at length reflexed,

bearded in the axils; spikelets oblong, 5—15- flowered ; upper palea ciliate
on the double keel. P. spectabilis Pursh.

Sandy fields. N. Eng. and N. Y. toGeor. Aug., Sept. Q)?—Culm 1—2 feet
high, stout, mostly simple. Leaves long, lanceolate, somewhat hairy near the
base. Panicle 8—15 inches long, very much branched, purplish.

Hairy Meadow-grass.
ie alee eed Linn.: culm oblique, geniculate; leaves hairy at the base;
panicle eapillary, pyramidal, the lower branches hairy in the axils; spike-
lets lance-linear, 5--12-flowered; glumes very unequal; upper palea per-
sistent. P. pectinacea Mich. P. tenella Pursh.

Sandy soils, road sides, &c. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. Q—
Culms 6—12 inches high, cespitose. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat. Panicle
large, loose, often purplish. E Slender Meadow-grass.

13, P. repians Mich.: dicecious; culm branched, creeping; panicle

GRAMINACE, 443

somewhat simple, ovate; spikelets approximated on the short branches,
linear-lanceolate, 12—20-flowered ; flowers acuminate, smooth ; lower palea
3-nerved, ©

Swamps. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Flor. W.to Miss. July, Aug. @).—Culm
6—18 inches long, creeping and rooting at the joints. eaves subulate, flat,
pubescent above. Panicle 1—2 inches long, with the spikelets much com-
pressed. Creeping Meadow-grass.

14. P. dentata Torr.: cuim oblique or decumbent; panicle loose, some-
what spreading; branches capillary, flexuous; spikelets lanceolate, about
5-flowered ; flowers rather distant ; glumes unequal, the upper 3-nerved and
obtuse; lower palea 5-nerved, at length 5-teothed at the apex.

Wet sandy places. N. Eng. and N.Y. W. to Ohio. June, July. %|.—
Culm 1—3 feet long, rooting at the lower joints. Leaves flat, pale green. Pan-
icle large, weak, nodding when young. Toothed Meadow-grass.

15. P. maritima Huds.: calm somewhat geniculate; leaves convolute ;
panicle erect, somewhat crowded ; spikelets linear, about 5-fiowered, terete ;
flowers rather obtuse, indistinctly 5-nerved.

_ Salt marshes. Near Boston, Mass. June. 2.—Root creeping. Culm 8—12
inches high, rigid. Leaves somewhat pungent, glaucous. Panicle rigidly erect,
sometimes purplish. Sea Meadow-grass.

16. P. brevifolia Muhl. : culm oblique; leaves very short; ligule acumi-
nate; panicle loose; branches in pairs, horizontal; spikelets 3—4-flowered ;
palee pubescent.

Woods. Penn. Muhl. April.. 2.—Culm about 2 feet high, somewhat an-
gular. Panicle loose, flexuous. Short-leaved Meadow-grass.

17. P. conferta Ell. : culm erect, geniculate ; panicles terminal and ax-
illary, erect; spikelets about 8-flowered, compressed; flowers clustered,
smooth. P. glomerata Walt.

Penn. Schweinitz. S.to Car. 2.—Culm 2—3 feet high. eaves smooth,
flat, serrulate on the margin. Panicles 4—8 inches long.
Clustered Meadow-grass.

18. P. Eragrostis Linn.: culm oblique ; sheaths smooth; panicle spread-
ing, pyramidal ; the lower branches hairy in the axils; spikelets ovate-ob-
long and linear-lanceolate, 8—30-flowered ; flowers obtuse ; glumes nearly
equal. Briza Eragrostis Linn. Megastachya Eragrostis Beauv.

Sandy fields, road sides, &c. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Flor. July, Aug. @.—
Culm 12—18 inches long, geniculate and branching.at base. Leaves narrow,
roughish above. Panicle pyramidal; the branches subdivided, short and flex-
nous. Introduced from Europe, and now extensively naturalized ; but it is of
little or no value for pasturage. Quake-grass.

19. P. Michauxii Kunth: culms cespitose, erect; leaves distichous,
spreading ; panicle contracted, spiked; spikelets ovate or ovate-oblong,
5——9-flowered, smooth; lower palea about 9-nerved. (Torr. N. Y¥. #%.)
Uniola spicata Linn, Festuca distichophylla Mich.

Salt marshes. Mass. and N.Y. to Car. W.to the North West Coast, Aug.,
Sept. 2.—Root creeping extensively. Culms 12—18 inches high, branched at
base. Leaves numerous, slightly glaucous. Panicle contracted, in a dense
spike. Michaur’s Meadow-grass.

4d GRAMINACE.

40. GLYCERIA. Brown.—Manna Grass.
(From the Greek y)vxvs, sweet; on account of the sweet taste of the grains.)

Spikelets long, linear, many-flowered; rachis jointed. Glumes
2, membranaceous, nearly equal, pointless. Palez membrana-
ceously herbaceous, nearly equal, awnless ; the lower one usually
obtuse, 7-nerved; the upper 2-keeled. Stigmas decompound.
—Panicle nearly simple.

1. G. fluitans Brown: panicle secund, slightly branched, divaricate ;
spikelets linear-terete, appressed, 8—12-flowered; flowers very obtuse.

Festuca fluitans Linn.

Wet grounds. N. Eng. N. Y. and Penn. W.to Mich. June, July. 2.—
Root creeping. Culm 3—5 feet high, compressed, erect or ascending. eaves
long, linear-lanceolate. Panicle 12—15 inches long, slender, partly concealed
in the upper sheath; branches mostly simple. Common Manna-grass.

2. G. acutiflora Torr.: panicle simple, elongated, appressed; spikelets
linear-terete, 4—12-flowered ; flowers attenuated, acute, indistinctly nerved.
Festuca acutijiora Big.

Overflowed meadows. N. ¥. and Mass. to Del. W.to Ohio. June. 2.—
Culm about 18 inches high. Leaves short, erect, attenuated at the point. Pan-
icle long and slender, somewhat nodding. Resembles the preceding, but dis-
tinguished by its acute flowers and nerveless palee. :

; Sharp-flowered Manna-grass.

3. G. aquatica Smith: panicle equal, diffuse, much branched ; spikelets
linear-oblong, 5—9-flowered ; flowers free, oblong, obtuse, prominently 7-
nerved. Poa aquatica Linn.

Wet meadows. Can.to Virg. July, Aug. %|.—Root creeping. Culm 3—5
feet high, thick. eaves broad-linear, a foot or more in length. Panicle very
large, often purplish. Reed Manna-grass.

4. G. nervata Trin.: panicle diffuse, loose ; the branches siender and at
length pendulous; spikelets ovate-oblong, about 5-flowered; flowers ob-
tuse, conspicuously 7-nerved. Poa nervata Willd. P. striata Mich. P.

- parviflora Pursh.

Wet meadows. Can. to Flor. W.to Ohio. June. %|.—Culm 2—4 feet.
high. Leaves narrow-linear, flat, smooth ; ligule ovate. Panicle large. capillary,
often purplish. Nerved Manna-grass.

5. G. elongata Trin.: panicle elongated, racemose; branches mostly
solitary, appressed; spikelets ovate, obtuse, somewhat tumid, 3—4-flow-
ered; lower palea rather acute; stamens 2. Poa elongata Torr. FY.

Swamps and wet meadows. Can. to Penn. June, July. 2|.—Culm 3—4
feet high, simple. eaves long, nearly smooth ; kgule nearly wanting. Panicle
8—i2 inches long, somewhat nodding. Long-panicled Manna-grass.

6. G. Canadensis Trin.: panicle large, effuse ; branches semiverticillate,
at length pendulous; spikelets broad-ovate, tumid, 5—8-flowered; lower
palea somewhat acute, 7-nerved; upper shorter and very obtuse; stamens
2. Briza Canadensis Mich.

Swamps. Can. N. Eng. and N.Y. July, Aug. 2.—Culm 2—3 feet high,
erect. terete. Leaves linear, long, roughish; ligule obtuse, lacerate. Pantcle
63 inches long, the branches at length spreading. Canadian Manna-grass.

GRAMINACEZ, A45

7. G. obtusa: panicle dense, ovate; spikelets ovate, tumid, 5—'7-flow-
ered; glumes scarious; palee ovate, smooth, obtuse; lower one indis-
tinctly 7-nerved. Poa obtusa Muhi.

Swamps. N. Eng. N. J. and Penn. Muhl. Aug., Sept. %.—Culm 3—4
feet high. JLeaves linear, as long as the culm, and with the sheaths smooth.
Panicle 3—4 inches long, many-flowered. Obtuse-flowered Manna-grass.

41. BRIZA. Linn.—Quaking Grass.
(From the Greek fet, to balance ; the spikelets being delicately suspended.)

Spikelets cordate-ovate, many-flowered. © Glumes shorter
than the lower flowers. Paleze ventricose; lower one cordate
at base, embracing the upper, which is nearly round and much
shorter. Caryopsis beaked.—Panicle loose.

B. media Linn.: panicle erect, few-flowered; spikelets broad-ovate,

about 7-flowered; glume smaller than the flowers.

Meadows. Near Boston, Mass. Big. Penn. Muhl. June. .—Culm
12—18 inches high, slender. Leaves short, linear, acuminate. Panicle with
filiform spreading purple branches. Introduced from Europe and naturalized
in a few places. : Common Quaking-grass.

42. MELICA. Linn.—Melic Grass.

(A name given in Italy to the Sorghum vulgare, on account of the sweet fla-
yor of its stem, from mel, honey, and applied by Linneus to this genus. Hook.
Tr. Hb.)

Spikelets 2—4-flowered, one or more of the upper flowers in-
complete and abortive. Glumes 2-valved, unequal. Palez
membranaceous, unarmed. Caryopsis loose, not furrowed.—
Panicle loose.

IM. speciosa Muhl.: smooth ; panicle loose, erect, few-flowered ; branches

simple ; flowers obtuse. MM. glabra Mich.
Mountains. Penn.toFlor. June. %|.—Culm 3—4 feet high. Panicle sub-

secund, with solitary branches. Showy Melic-grass.
43. KOQXLERIA. Pers—Keeleria.
(In honor of M. Keeler, a German botanist.)

Spikelets compressed, 2—4-flowered. Glumes 2, shorter
than the flowers; the lower much narrower, keeled. Paleze
membranaceous, unequal ; the lower acute or obtuse, unawned
or with a short awn below the tip; the upper 2-keeled. Styles
very short.—Panicle contracted or spike-lke.

1. K. Pennsylvanica D. C.: lower leaves and sheaths softly pubescent ;
panicle long, very slender, rather loose ; spikelets mostly 2-flowered ; upper
glume oblanceolate, obtuse or slightly pointed; lower palea rough. Aira
mollis Muhl.

446 GRAMINACE.

var, major Torr.: taller; leaves broad-linear, and with the sheaths
smooth; panicle more dense.

_ Moist woods. N. Y. te Car. May, June. 2.—Culm about 2 feet high,
simple. Leaves short, flat. Panicle 4—8 inches long, very slender, with yel-
lowish-green spikelets. Pennsylvanian Keeleria.

2. K. truncata Torr.: leaves and sheaths smooth or pubescent; panicle
oblong, contracted ; branches short, racemose; spikelets somewhat cluster-
ed, 2-flowered ; upper glume broad-obovate, very obtuse or truncate ; upper
palea smoothish. Holcus striatus Linn. Aira truncata Mull.

Dry woods. N.Y. and Mass. to Car. June. 2.—Culm about 2 feet high,
slender. Leaves lance-linear, flat. Panicle 3—5 inches long, rather dense, nar-
row. Perhaps not distinct from the preceding. Truncated Keeleria.

44, DACTYLIS. Linn —Orchard Grass.
(From the Greek daxrvdos, a finger ; in allusion to the forra of the spike.)
Spikelets 2—‘-flowered, aggregated, subsecund. Glumes
unequal; the larger keeled, mucronate. Palese herbaceous,
mucronate ; the lower 5-nerved, with a fringed keel; upper
bifid. Stigmas plumose.—Panicle contracted, glomerate.
D. glomerata Linn.: panicle distantly branched, somewhat secund ;

spikelets 3—4-flowered, in dense unilateral clusters at the ends of the

branches.

Fields and meadows. N.Y.and Mass. to Car. June. %|.—Culm 2—3 feet
high.. Leaves broad-linear, acuminate, rough. Panicle glaucous, contracted,
somewhat secund ; the clusters ovate, or lance-oblong. Introduced from Europe,
where it is sometimes cultivated for cattle. It is thought, however, to be infe-
rior to Timothy. Rough Orchard-grass.

45. TRICUSPIS. Beauv.—Tricuspis.

(From the Latin tres, three, and cuspis, a point ; in allusion to the lower palea.)

Spikelets nearly terete, many-flowered. Glumes shorter
than the flowers. Lower palea bifid at the apex, and tricuspi-
date by the projecting keel and marginal nerves, the base and
sides villous; upper palea slightly bicuspidate——Panicle com-
pound, spreading.

T. seslerioides Torr.: panicle loose, spreading; branches flexuous,
smooth; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 5—6-flowered, nearly terete, shining.

Poa seslerioides Mich. P. quinquefida Pursh. Windsoria poeformis Nuit.
Sandy fields. N. Eng.and N. Y. to Car. Aug. 2|.—Culm 3—5 feet high,
erect, smooth. Leaves long, flat, nerved, the sheaths bearded at the throat.
Panicle very large, at length spreading and pendulous, usually purple. [tis a
harsh grass, but is sometimes cut for hay. Tall Red-top. -
46. FESTUCA. Linn.—Fescue Grass.
(Said to be derived from the Celtic fest, signifying food, pasturage.)

Spikélets cblong, 8—many-flowered ; the flowers distichous,

GRAMINACES. 447

free. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Palez herbaceous ;
the lower somewhat rounded on the back, acute, mucronate or
awned at the summit. Stigmas simply plumose. Caryopsis
compressed, somewhat adhering to the upper palea.—Panicle
usually compound.

1. F. Myurus Linn.: culm leafy in the upper part; panicle secund,
elongated, contracted ; spikelets about 4-flowered; flowers shorter than the
awn, hairy, monandrous. ;

Dry fields. N.J. to Geor. June. @.—Culm 8—12 inches high. Leaves
linear, setaceous. Panicle 4 or 5 inches long. Introduced ?
. Wall Fescue-grass.

2. F. tenella Willd.: culm filiform; leaves setaceous; panicle simple,
spike-form, rather secund; spikelets about 7-flowered; awns shorter than
the subulate flowers. F' bromoides Mich.

Sandy fields. N.Y. and Mass. to Car. June. @.—Culms often clustered,
6—12 inches high, geniculate at base. eaves linear, short. Panicle 2—4
inches long, the spikelets brownish when old. Slender Fescue-grass.

3. F.. duriuscula Linn.: root fibrous; culm leaves flat, radical ones seta-
ceous; panicle somewhat contracted, subsecund; spikelets oblong, 5—6-
flowered, nearly terete ; flowers with short awns.

Fields and pastures. N. Eng. and N. Y.to Car. June. 2|.—Culm12—18
inches high, erect, slender. Leaves smooth, those of the culm involute. Panz-
cle 2—3 inches long, with the branches mostly in pairs. Probably introduced
from Europe. . Hard Fescue-grass.

4. F. rubra Linn.: root creeping ; leaves pubescent on the upper side ;
panicle secund, erect, spreading ; spikelets somewhat terete; flowers longer
than their awns.

Dry soils. Penn. Muhl. June. %.—Root extensively creeping. Culm
18 inches high, erect. Leaves long. Panicle contracted. Difiers from the
preceding chiefly in its creeping root. Introduced 2?

Creeping Fescue-grass.

5. EF. elatior Linn. : root creeping ; panicle much branched, rather loose
and spreading; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 4—6-flowered ; flowers cylin-
dric, acuminate or mucronate.

Wet meadows. N. Y.and Mass. to Car. June. 21.—Culm 3—5 feet high.
Leaves broad-linear, 9—15 inches long. Panicle 6—8 or 10 inches long, mostly
nodding, the branches usually in pairs. Introduced, but extensively natural-
ized. Tall Fescue-grass.

6. EF. pratensis Huds.: root fibrous; leaves linear; panicle spreading,
branched, erect; spikelets oblong or linear-lanceolate, many-flowered ;
flowers cylindric, awnless ; outer palea acute.

Meadows and fields. N. Y.and Mass. to Del. W. to Ohio. June, July.
2.—Culm 2—3 feet high. Leaves broad-linear, nerved, smooth, rough on the
margin. Panicle 4—8 inches long, somewhat secund. Introduced, but exten-
sively naturalized. It is said to be a much more valuable grass than the pre-
ceding. Meadow Fescue-grass.

7. F. nutans Willd,: panicle slender, diffuse, at length nodding ; branches
Jong, in pairs, naked below ; spikelets lance-ovate, 2—5-flowered; flowers
smooth, awnless, very obscurely nerved.

448 GRAMINACEZ.

Moist woods. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. W. toMich. June. 21.—Culm about
3 feet high, erect, rather slender, simple. eaves linear-lanceolate, somewhat
rough. Panicle very loose, few-flowered. Nodding Fescue-grass.

47, DIPLACHNE. Beauv.—Diplachne.

(From the Greek é:7)oos, double, and ayvn, chaff; in allusion to the division
of the outer palea.)

Spikelets at first terete, 7—9-flowered. Paleze unequal, mu-
cronate, villous on the margins ; lower one slightly bifid at the
tip, with a straight bristle between the teeth, 3-nerved ; upper
bifid, flat on the back. Stigmas simply plumose. Pericarp
loose.—Panicle somewhat secund.

D. fascicularis Beauv. Torr. N, Y. Fl. Festuca fascicularis Lam. F.
procumbens Muhl.

Brackish meadows. N.Y. to Car. Aug. @)—Culm 8—15 inches long,
branched from the base, procumbent. eaves longer than the culm, narrow,

pointed at the end; ligule lacerate. Panicle erect, with spreading spike-like
branches. Spikelets one-sided, on short peduncles.

Cluster-flowered Diplachne.
48. BROMUS. Linn.—Brome Grass.

(From Spopuos, a name given by the Greeks to a kind of oats.)

Spikelets oblong, 8- many-flowered; the flowers in two
rows. Glumes unequal, shorter than the flowers. Lower
palea bifid at the apex, and usually awned a little below the tip ;
upper 2-keeled, the keels pectinate-ciliate. Stigmas simply
plumose.—Panicle diffuse or contracted.

1. B. sterils Linn.: panicle drooping, slightly branched ; spikelets linear-
lanceolate, at length oblong; flowers remote, lanceolate-subulate; palee
shorter than the straight awn.

Waste grounds. Penn-Yan, Yates county, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. June, July.
(@).—Culm about 2 feet high, slender, smooth. Leaves pubescent above, smooth
beneath. Panicle nearly simple, slender. Sprkelets about 6-flowered. Intro-
duced from Europe. Barren Brome-grass.

2. B. secalinus Linn.: panicle spreading, the peduncles but little branched ;
spikelets ovate-oblong, compressed, 8—10-flowered ; flowers rather remote ;
pale longer than the flexuous awns.

Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. W.to Ohio. June. (1).—Culm 2—3 feet
high ; the nodes swollen and pubescent. Leaves broad-linear, hairy above.
Panicle 4—6 inches long; branches semiverticillate, scabrous and pubescent.
Introduced from Europe. It is very common in wheat fields, especially when
the grain has been injured by frost. This has given rise to the common, but
mistaken, idea that wheat is changed into this plant. Chess. Cheat.

3. B. mollis Linn.:. panicle erect, contracted; spikelets oblong-ovate,
somewhat compressed, pubescent ; flowers imbricate, compressed, about as
long as the straight awn. ;

Fields and pastures. Mass. to Penn. June. @)—Culm 1—2 feet high.

GRAMINACES. A49

Leaves very soft, pubescenf. Panicle 3--4 inches long. Sprkelets nearly erect,
5—10-flowered. 'The seeds are said to be deleterious. Introduced from Kurope.
Soft Brome-grass.
4, B. purgans Lann.: panicle oblong, somewhat contracted, at length
nodding ; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, ovate-oblong when old, 7—8-flowered ;
flowers hairy ; awn straight, nearly as long as the palee.

Moist woods. Arct. Amer. to Car. W.to Ohio; rare. July, Aug. 2|.—
Culm 2—3 feet high, pubescent at the nodes. Leaves flat, somewhat hairy.
Panicle about 3 inches long, with short nearly simple branches.

| Canadian Brome-grass.
5. B. ciliatus Linn.: panicle loose, nodding; spikelets oblong, terete,
8—12-flowered ; flowers appressed-pubescent, longer than the straight awn.
B. Canadensis Mich. ?

Woods. Can.to Penn. June. 2.—Culm 3—5 feet high, striate, the nodes
black and hairy. Leaves broad-linear, hairy above, smoothish beneath. Pan-
icle 6—8 inches long; the branches filiform, rongh. Ciliate Brome-grass.

6. B. pubescens Muhl: panicle loose, nodding; spikelets lanceolate, sub-
terete, 8—12-flowered ; flowers pubescent, rather longer than the straight
awn.

Woods. Mass. to Car. W. to Ohio. June. 2|.—Culm 3—4 feet high, some-
what hairy below, the nodes black. eaves lanceolate, hairy above, smooth be-
neath. Panicle loose, at length nodding, with slender flexuous branches.

Pubescent Brome-grass.

7. B. arvensis Linn.: panicle erect, spreading; spikelets lanceolate, com-
pressed, 7—8-flowered ; flowers imbricate, compressed, smoothish, about as
long as the straight awn.

Fields and meadows. West Chester, Penn. Darlington. June, July. @.
—Culm about 2 feet high, smooth; nodes nearly black, pubescent. eaves
lance-linear, hairy on both sides. Panicle slender, spreading, at length droop-
ing. Introduced from Europe. Feld Brome-grass.

49. UNIOLA. Linn.—Spike Grass.

(Probably so named because the lower flowers of the spikelet consist only of a
single palea. Torr.)

Spikelets compressed, many-flowered, one or more of the
lower flowers sterile, and consisting of a single palea. Glumes
keeled. Palez of the perfect flowers 2; lower one boat-shaped ;
upper smaller, doubly keeled. Stamens 1—3.
pound, loose.

Panicle com-

1. U. latifolia Mich.: leaves broad and flat; panicle loose, nodding;
spikelets on long peduncles ; flowers somewhat falcate, monandrous.
Mountains. Penn. to Geor. Aug. 2|.—Culm 2—3 feet high, somewhat
branching. Panicle a foot long, loose. Broad-leaved Spike-grass.
- oracilis Mich.: panicle elongated, racemose, appressed ; spikelets
. § Pp § )
3—4-flowered ; flowers spreading, monandrous. Holcus laxus Linn.
Sandy swamps. N.Y. to Geor. Aug. 2.—Culm 3—4 feet high, cespitose,
slender, somewhat compressed, leafy. Leaves a foot or more long, narrow, flat.
Panicle 6—10 inches long, very slender, with short remote branches.
Slender Sprke-grass.

A5O > GRAMINACE.

X. Horpem. Sprkelets 3- many-flowered, rarely 1-flowered, often
awned; the terminal flower imperfect. Gilumes and palee 2, herba-
ceous ; the former rarely wanting. Stigmas sessile.

50. LOLIUM. Linn.—Darnel.

(A classical Latin name, applied to this genus.)

Spikelets sessile, many-flowered, distichous at right angles.
with, or the edge to the rachis. Flowers imbricate, naked at
the base. Inner glume mostly wanting. Lower palea lanceo-
late, mucronate or with a short bristle at the tip; upper one
2-keeled.—Spike simple ; rachis not jointed.

1. L. perenne Linn. : perennial ; spikelets longer than the glumes, linear-
oblong, compressed, 7—9-flowered ; flowers mostly awnless.

Meadows and fields. N. Eng. N. Y. and Penn. June. %.—Culm 1—2
feet high, smooth. eaves lance-linear, smooth, shining, somewhat rough near
the end. Spikelets 12—20, alternate, forming a spike about 6 inches long. In-
troduced, probably from England, where it is esteemed as a valuable grass for
the agriculturalist. Perennial Darnel. Rye-grass.

2. L. temulentum Linn.: annual; spikelets as long as the glumes, much
compressed, 5—‘-flowered ; flowers as long as the rigid awns.

Fields. N. Eng. and Penn. July. @.—Culm about 2 feet high, terete,
scabrous above. eaves lance-linear, rough on the margins. Sprkelets much

compressed. ‘The seeds are said to be poisonous. Introduced from Europe.
Bearded Darnel.

51. TRITICUM. Linn.—Wheat or Wheat Grass.

(From the Latin tritum, rubbed or ground ; because the seed is thus prepared
for food.)

Spikelets distichously imbricate, sessile on the teeth of the
‘rachis, 3- many-flowered. Glumes 2, nearly equal, opposite.
Palez lanceolate; the lower one concave, acuminate or awned
at the summit. Scales 2, mostly entire and ciliate-—Flowers
spiked.

1. T. repens Linn.: root creeping ; spike distichous, compressed ; spike-
lets about 5-flowered, distant, alternate, lance-oblong, acute; glumes lan-

ceolate, 5-nerved, acuminate. Agropyron repens Torr. Fl.

Fields and meadows. N.S. W.to Miss. June—Aug. %.—Rooét or riv-
zoma jointed, proliferous. Culm about 2 feet high. Jeaves lance-linear, some-
what scabrous. Spike 3—5 incheslong. A very troublesome weed. Intro-
duced from Europe. Creeping Wheat-grass. Couch-grass.

2. 1. caninum Linn. : root fibrous ; spike distichous, compressed ; spike-
lets about 5-flowered ; glumes lanceolate, 3—5-nerved, acute ; lower palea -
awned. Agropyron.caninum R. & S.

Fields. Penn-Yan, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. Del. Muhl. July. %.—Culm
2—-3 feet high. Leaves flat, smooth. Best distinguished from the preceding by
its fibrous root. Introduced from Europe. Fibrous-rooted Wheat-grass,

GRAMINACEA, Abl

52, ELYMUS. Linn.—Lyme Grass.

(From s\vpos, a name given by the Greeks to the panic-grasses, because they
grew abundantly about Klyma, in Greece. Hook. Fl. Br.)

Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis, 2—7-flow-
ered, the upper flowers imperfect. _Glumes 2, nearly equal,
subulate, rarely 1 or wanting. ~ Paleze 2, lanceolate, subcoria-
ceous ; the lower one usually awned.—Spike simple.

1. E. Virginicus Linn.: spike erect, dense; spikelets in pairs, 2—3-
flowered, the flowers nearly smooth; glumes lanceolate, nerved, as long as

the spikelets.

Banks of streams. N. Y. and Mass. to Geor. W. to Mich. and Ark. July,
Aug. %.—Culm 3—4 feet high, smooth. Leaves broad-linear, flat, scabrous,
deep green. Spike 3—5 inches long, stiffly erect, thick.

Virginian Lyme-grass. Wild Rye.

2. E. Canadensis Linn,: spike rather spreading, nodding at the ex-
tremity ; spikelets in pairs, 3—5-flowered ; flowers hairy; glumes lanceo-
late-subulate, awned, conspicuously nerved. E. glaucifolius and Philadel-
phicus Willd.

River banks. Subarct. Amer. to Del. W. to Miss. Aug. °%|.—Root creep-
ing. Culm 3—4 feet high, erect. Leaves broad-linear, flat, somewhat rough.
Spike 6-—8 inches long, at length nodding. Canadian Lyme-grass.

3. E. villosus Muhl.: spike loose, somewhat nodding ; rachis and flow-
ers hispid-pilose ; spikelets mostly in pairs, 1—3-flowered; glumes linear,
hairy-ciliate, 2—3-nerved. £. ciliatus Muhl.

Banks of streams. N.Y. and Mass. to Virg. July. %.—Culm 2—3 feet
high, rather slender, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, somewhat pubescent above ;
the lower sheaths hairy. Spike 2—3 inches long, at length spreading and some-
what nodding. Hairy Lyme-grass.

4. E. Hystrix Linn.: spike erect; spikelets in pairs or ternate, distant,
diverging, about 3-flowered; flowers awned; glumes minute or wanting.

Rocky woods. Can.to Car. W.to Miss. July. %.—Culm 2—4 feet high,
erect, smooth. Leaves broad-linear, flat, often glaucous. Speke 4—6 inches
long, at length spreading so as to resemble an apothecary’s bottle washer.

Bottle-brush Grass.

5. E. striatus Willd.: spike erect ; spikelets in pairs, 2-flowered, awned,
hispid; glumes linear, nerved, awned, nearly as long as the spikelets.

Shady woods. Mass. and N.Y. to Virg. W.to Mich. and Ark. June. 2.
—Culm 8 inches high, erect, striate. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, rough
above, sheaths smooth. Spike somewhat spreading, the rachis pubescent.

Striated Lyme-grass.

53. HORDEUM. Linn.—Barley.
(An ancient Latin name, the origin of which is doubtful.)
Spikelets 3 at each joint of the rachis, the lateral ones often
abortive, each 1-flowered,; with a subulate rudiment of a second
flower. Glumes 2, nearly equal, collateral, lance-linear, flat,
awned. Palez 2, the lower with a long awn; the upper 2-
keeled, obtuse—Spike simple.

452 GRAMINACE.

H. jubaium Linn. : lateral flowers abortive, neutral ; bristles of the glume
and lower palea 6 times as long as the flowers.

Marshes. Subarct. Amer. to Mass. W. to the Platte River. June. @).—
Culm 2 feet high, simple, smooth, slender. Leaves rather short, rough on the
margin. Spike 2—3 inches long. Wild Barley. Squirrel-iail Grass.

XI. Rorrspentesz. Spikelets 1- or 2- rarely 3-flowered, seaied in
an excavation of the rachis, either solitary or in pairs, with one pedicel-
late and often blighted. One flower of each 2-flowered spikelet imper-
fect. Gilumes 1—2, sometimes wanting, mostly coriaceous. Palee
membranaceous, rarely awned.

54, TRIPSACUM. Linn.—Sesame Grass.
(From the Greek te.Gw, togrind ; but the application is obscure.)

Moneecious. STERILE SPIKELETS in pairs on each joint of the
rachis, and longer than the joint, collateral, 2-flowered. Flow-
ers each with 2 palee, Ferrtirz Sprxexzrs solitary, as long
as the joint, 2-flowered. Flowers with 2 palez ; the outer or
lower flower neutral, the inner or upper one fertile——Spikes
solitary, or digitate in twos or threes.

T.. dactyloides Linn.: spikes 2—3, aggregated or digitate, sometimes sol-
itary ; sterile flowers above, fertile at the base.

Meadows. N.Y. to Car. W. to Miss. and Ark. July, Aug. 2|.—Culm
erect or oblique, 4—6 feet high, somewhat compressed. Leaves large, often 3
feet long, linear-lanceolate, smooth beneath, rough above. Spikes usually 2—3,
rachis articulated. T’. monostachyon Willd. is a mere variety with a single
spike. The value of this grass for fodder, seems to have been greatly overrated.

Sesame-grass. Gama-grass.

XII. Anpropocones. Spikelets 2-flowered; the lower flower al-
ways wmperfect, on a bearded pedicel. Palee mostly hyaline.

55. ANDROPOGON. Linn.—Beard Grass.

(From the Greek avep, a man, and zwywy, a beard; in allusion to the hairy
flowers.) ; °;

Lower flower staminate or neutral, the glumes and palez
often very minute or wanting. Upper flower perfect. Glumes
awnless. Paleze 2, shorter than the glumes ; lower one mostly
awned.—F lowers in panicles or spikes.

*« Flowers in panicles.

1. A. nutans Linn.: panicle terminal, oblong, branched, at length nod-
ding ; lower flower a mere pedicel, without valves ; outer glume of the per-
fect flower covered with brownish hairs; awn contorted. A. avenaceum

Mich.

Sandy sterile fields. Throughout the U.S. Aug—Oct. %.—Culm 3—6
feet high, simple, terete. Leaves a foot or more long, glaucous. Panicle loose, at
first erect, at length nodding. Nodding Beard-grass. Indian-grass. —

GRAMINACES. 453

*« Flowers in spikes.

2. A. scoparius Mich, : spikes simple, lateral and terminal, pedunculate,
in pairs; lower flower neutral, awned ; glumes ofthe perfect flower smooth ;
awn twisted. A. purpurascens Willd.

Old fields and road sides. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. W.toOhio. Aug. “.
—Culm about 3 feet high, with lateral scattered branches. Leaves flat, some-
what hairy. Sprkes on a flexuous rachis, often purple.

Purple Bear-grass. Brown-grass.

3. A. furcatus Muhl.: spikes digitate, generally in threes or fours ; lower
flower staminate, awnless; awn of the perfect flower somewhat contorted.

Rocky grounds. N.Y. and Mass. to Car. W.to Ark. Aug., Sept. 2.—
Culm 3—4 feet high, simple or somewhat branching. Leaves flat; the lower
very long. Spikes about 3 inches long, 3—5 or more at the summit of the culm.

Forked Beard-grass.

4, A. macrourus Mich.: spikes fasciculate, in dense lateral and terminal
fastigiate panicles; lower flower a mere rudiment without valves; perfect
flower monandrous, the awn straight.

Swamps, especially near salt water. N. Y. and Mass. to Flor. Sept., Oct.
2.—Culm 3 feet high, much branched towards the top. Leaves roughish ; the
lower long. Spikes very numerous, in large clustered panicles, partly concealed
in the boat-like sheaths. Many-spiked Beard-grass.

5. A. Virginicus Linn.: culm somewhat compressed; sheaths smooth ;
spikes short, 2—3 from each sheath, in slender fascicles, lateral and termi-
nal; lower flower a mere pedicel without glumes; perfect flower monan-
drous, the awn straight. A. dissitiflorwm Mich.

Dry swamps. N. Y. and Mass. to Flor. Sept. 2|.—Culms about 3 feet high,
somewhat cespitose, with short branches above. eaves a foot or more in
length, the lower hairy on the upper surface. Spzkes partly concealed in sheaths.

Virginian Beard-grass.

DIVISION II.
FLOWERLESS or CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.

PLANTS DESTITUTE OF PROPER FLOWERS; AND PRODUCING
SPORES, INSTEAD OF SEEDS.

CLASS I. FERN-LIKE PLANTS.

Flowerless plants, with a stem having a vascular system and
for the most part with distinct leaves or fronds. Spore-cases
(the coverings of the spores, sometimes called thece or cap-
sules), axillary, radical or dorsal, one or many-celled.

Orper CXLVIII> EQUISETACEA.—Horse Tams.

Fructification in terminal cones or spikes composed of peltate
scales attached to a central axis, and bearing on their inner sur-
face several cases or thecee, which contain the spores. Spores
oval grains, wrapped round with a pair of highly elastic elaters,
which uncoil themselves when dry.—Leafless herbaceous peren-
nial plants. Stems hollow and jointed, either simple or with
whorled branches, and furnished at the joints with toothed
sheaths. Stomates arranged longitudinally on the cuticle,
which contains a large quantity of silica.

EQUISETUM. Linn.—Horse Tail.
Character same as that of the order.
* Fertile stems simple, discolored, appearing before the sterile ones.

1. E. arvense Linn.: sterile stems erect or assurgent, roughish, with
12—14 furrows, the branches 3—4-angled and ascending; teeth of the
sheaths ovate-acuminate, subsquarrose; fertile stems simple, erect; the
sheaths large, loose, remote.

EQUISETACEA. 455

Moist grounds. Arct. Amer. to Virg. W. tothe N. W. Coast. — April, May.
?|.—-Sterile stems 10—15 inches high, with whorls of ascending branches, which
are either simple or somewhat divided. Fertile stems 6—8 inches high, with
brownish or purple sheaths. Spikes oblong, obtuse ; the scales at first approxi-
mated, at length more open. Field Horse-tail.

*« Fertile stems at length branched, bearing the fructification at the same time
with the branches.

2, E. sylvaticum Linn.: sterile and fertile stems both branched, about
12—furrowed; branches compound, curved downwards; sheaths loose,
deeply cleft into several broad-lanceolate membranous teeth.

Moist grounds. Arct. Amer. to Virg. and Ohio. June,July. 2|.—Stems 12—18
inches high ; the sterile ones usually taller and more slender. Sheaths divided
into 8—17 teeth or leaves, whose points are connected in 2—4 or more lobes.
Spike oblong. Wood Horse-tail.

3. E. palustre Linn.: stem deeply grooved, roughish, 7—8-angled ;
branches whorled, simple, gradually shorter upwards; sheaths distant, cut
at the apex into 6—10 fuscous teeth.

Swamps. Arct. Amer. to Virg. June. %|.—Stems 12—18 inches high, gen-
erally with simple erect whorled branches. Sheaths mostly with 7—9 teeth.
Spike an inch long, slender and blackish. A variable species. :
. Marsh Horse-tail.

4. E. limoswm Linn. : stem smooth, with 16—21 strie, sometimes simple;
branches nearly erect, simple, short; teeth of the sheaths short, rigid, dis-
tinct.

Borders of swamps and ponds. Can. to Virg. W. to Wise. June, July. %.
Stems 2—3 feet high, erect, simple, or with a few whorls of branches at the top.
Sheaths numerous, appressed, usually with 17—20 brownish or blackish teeth.
Spike oblong, scarcely an inch in length. Easily distinguished from the preceding
by the structure of its stem and by its teeth. Smooth Swamp Horse-tail.

*&* Stems sumple or branched only at base.

5. E. hyemale Linn. : stems numerous, simple, naked, erect, very rough ;
sheaths short, blackish at the base and apex, with about 14—20 very small
obtuse finally deciduous teeth.

Wet woods and marshes. Can. to Penn. W. to Miss. and Ken. June, July.
2|.—Stems 1—2 feet high, naked, furrowed, pale and somewhat glaucous green.
Sheaths 2—4 lines long, the teeth deciduous. Syrke ovoid, blackish. The cuti-
cle abounds in silica, and the stems are well suited for the polishing of hard
woods and the metals. Scouring Rush. Shave-grass.

6. E. variegatum Schleich. : stems several, usually decumbent or assurgent,
simple or only branched at the base, rough, filiform, with 4—8 strie;
sheaths with membranaceous lanceolate teeth, blackish at the base.

Wet sandy places. Arct. Amer. to N.Y. July. 2|.—Svtems 6—12 inches
long, several from the same root. Sheathks blackish, consisting of about seven
4-keéled persistent teeth. Spzke ovoid, blackish, smaller than in the preceding.

Variegated Rough Horse-tavl.
"7. E. scirpoides Mich.: stems cespitose, much branched from the root,
ascending, naked, filiform, rough; sheaths blackish, with a few awned
teeth. E. variegatum Torr. Comp. E. variegatum var. minus Hook.

Wet rocky places. Arct. Amer. to N.Y. and N. Eng. 2|.—Stems in dense
tufts, 4—8 inches long, very slender, 5—6-angled. Sheaths minute, blackish,

A56 FILICES.

with 3—6 subulate whitish awned teeth. Spzkes ovoid capitate, 2—3-lines
long, blackish. Torr. N. Y. Fl. The smallest of the genus.
Smallest Rough Horse-tail.

OrpEeR CXLIX. FILICES.—Ferns.

Fructification only of one kind on the same individual.
Spore-cases sometimes in distinct spikes or racemes, but usu-
ally collected into clusters of various shapes, (sorz,) arising
from veins on the under surface of the leaf or frond ; either
pedicellate, with the stalk passing round them in the form of an
elastic ring, or sessile and destitute of such a ring; and either
naked, or covered with an involucre, (indusium.) Spores very
minute.—Leafy plants, producing a rhizoma which is mostly
creeping, but sometimes arborescent. Fronds coiled up before
expansion, simple or variously branched and divided.

I. PotypopEx. Spore-cases stalked, furnished with an articulated
elastic more or less complete ring, opening transversely and irregularly.

¢ 1. POLYPODIUM. Linn.—Polypody.

_ (From the Greek zo\vs, many, and zovs, modos, a foot; from the numerous feet-
like branches of the root-stock.) é

Sori roundish, scattered on various parts of the lower surface
of the frond. Indusium none.

*« Frond pinnatifid.

1. P. vulgare var. Americanum Hook.: frond smooth, deeply pinnatifid ;
segments linear-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrulate, the upper ones becoming
gradually smaller; sori large, distinct. P. Virginianum Willd.

Rocky woods. Arct. Amer. to Car. W.to Miss. July. 2|.—Rhizoma creep-
ing, clothed with brownish chaffy scales. Fronds 6—10 inches long, 13—-2 inches
wide, growing in thick patches; segments mostly alternate. Sort large, in
double rows on the back of each segment, at first distinct and yellowish, at
length in contact and dark colored. According to Torrey, the American plant
differs from the European only in the fronds being narrower and more oblong,
the segments more distant, and the sori nearer the margin.

Common Polypody.

** Frond bipinnatifid.

2. P. hexagonopterum Mich.: stipe smooth; frond bipinnatifid, slightly
pubescent, the lowest divisions deflexed ; segments lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate,
crenate or toothed ; the lowest pairs adnate-decurrent, connected by an ob- _
long somewhat hexagonal wing; sori minute.

Moist woods. Can. to Car. July. 2.—Stipe 12—15 inches long, slender,
smooth. Frond triangular in its outline, the base 6—9 inches wide, and often
exceeding the length. Sori very small, roundish, distinct, marginal, in 1—3
rows. Winged Polypody.

FILICES. ADdT

3. P. Phegopteris Linn.: stipe pubescent, somewhat chaffy; frond bi-
pinnatifid, the two lower divisions deflexed; segments linear-lanceolate,
obtuse, entire, ciliate, the lowermost ones adnate-decurrent ; veins hairy;
sori solitary, marginal. P. connectile Mich.

Shady woods. Throughout the U.S. July, Aug. %.—Stipe 6—10 inches
long, minutely pubescent and a little chaffy. Frond triangular, 3—5 inches
long. Sort minute, mostly 4 on each segment. Identical with the foreign plant,
aud differing from the preceding chiefly in its smaller size, pubescent stipe, and
more closely approximated pinne. Beech Polypody.

*** RYyond ternate, bipinnate.

4. P. Dryopteris Linn.: frond ternate ; the divisions bipinnate, spread-
ing and deflexed; segments oblong, obtuse, somewhat crenate; sori mar-
ginal, at length confluent. PP. calcarewm Smith. Nephrodiwm Dryopteris
Mich.

Wet woods. Arct. Amer. to Penn. July. 2|.—Rhizoma black, creeping and
slender. Stipe 6—12 inches long, erect, slender, smooth. Frond 4—6 inches
wide, triangular, of a light green color. Sort small, light brown.

Three-branched Polypody.

2. ONOCLEA. Linn.—Sensitive Fern.

(An ancient Greek name, applied to this genus.)

Sterile frond deeply pinnatifid ; the segments sinuous or-pin-
natifid, with reticulated veins. Fertile frond bipinnate, small ;
the segments contracted, with their margins revolute, forming
a general involucre and resembling berries. Sori 4—6, con-
fluent. Indusium lateral, cucullate, thin and membranaceous.

O. sensibilis Linn.: sterile frond pinnate; pinne lanceolate, acute, la-
ciniate, upper ones united at base; fertile frond bipinnate, with the seg-
ments recurved and globosely contracted, resembling a compound spike.

var. obtusiloba Torr.: fertile frond deeply bipinnatifid ; seements obovate,

very obtuse; the margin slightly recurved. O. obtusilobata Schk.? Pursh.

Moist woods. Can. to Flor. July. %|..—Stzpe 8—12 inches long, angular, a
little chaffy at the base, elsewhere smooth. Sterile frond 8—12 inches long,
triangular, deeply pinnate.smooth. Fertile frond 3—6 inches long, nearly erect ;
the contracted and somewhat triangular-globose segments smoothish, dark brown,
resembling berries in two-rowed unilateral spikes. ‘lhe var. obtus:lobata is quite
rare, and is said by Torrey to have been hitherto obtained in only three local-
ities. In one of these it was found growing on the same root with the common
variety. Sensitive Fern.

3. ASPIDIUM. Swartz.—Shield Fern.
(From the Greek acms, a shield; in allusion to the form of the indusium.)

Sori roundish, scattered. Indusium orbicular, fixed by the
centre, or reniform and fixed at the sinus.

‘ * Frond pinnate.

1. A. acrostichoides Swartz: stipe and rachis chaffy; frond pinnate;
pinne linear-lanceolate, acute, somewhat falcate, mucronate-serrulate, au-

20

A58 FILICES.

riculate at base on the upper side, subsessile; the upper ones smaller and
only fertile; sori at length confluent. Nephrodiwm acrostichoides Mich.

var. incisum Gray : segments unequally and incisely toothed ; sori mostly
distinct. <A. Schweimitzu Beck Bot. 1st Ed.

Rocky and low shady places. Can. to Car. W.to Miss. June—Aug. “Zl.
—An erect fern 12—18 inches high, growing in clusters. Stipe short, paie, and
with the rachis very chaffy. rond lanceolate, very acute or cuspidate, pale
green. Sore rather large, ina single or double row, at length confluent. and
covering the whole lower surface of the terminal leafets. Industum orbicular.
Var. incisum, has been found in Oneida county, N. Y., by Gray, and near Phil-
adelphia by Schweinitz. Terminal Shield-fern.

** Frond pinnate-pinnatifia,

2. A. Thelypleris Swartz : frond pinnate; pinne mostly opposite, linear-
lanceolate, sessile, deeply pinnatifid, the lower ones longer ; segments ovate-
oblong, rather acute, the margin slightly crenulate, revolute when in fruit;
sori small, a short distance from the margin, contiguous, at length confiu-
ent. Polypodiwm Thelypieris Linn. ;

Wet woodsiand swamps. Can. to Del. July. 2|.—Stipe about a foot long,
smooth and naked. Frond 6—12 inches long, oblong-lanceolate in outline,
deep green and delicate. Sort between the margin and midrib of the segments,

at length confluent and usually covering their whole under surface. Indusium
orbicular-reniform. . Marsh Shield-fern.

3. A. Noveboracense Willd.: frond pinnate; pinne linear-lanceolate,
sessile, deeply pinnatifid, the lower ones gradually smaller; segments ob-
long, obtuse, entire, ciliate; sori minute, nearly marginal, distinct. A.
thelypteroides Swartz. Nephrodiwm thelypteroides Mich. ,

Moist woods. Can. to Car. July. %.—-A fern about as large as the pre-
ceding, but of a more rigid habit. Sipe smooth or slightly pubescent. Frond
pale green; the segments linear-oblong and sometimes a little acute. Sorz in
two rows. Indusrwm orbicular-reniform. Perhaps not distinct from A. T’he-
lypteris. New York Shield-fern.

4. A. cristaium Swartz: stipe nearly naked; frond pinnate, (nearly bi-
pinnate,) lanceolate, somewhat rigid; pinne somewhat cordate, oblong,
deeply pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse, doubly serrate; sari near the
midrib. A. Lancastriense Spreng.

Moist woods. Can. to Del.; rare. July. %|.—Stipe stout, somewhat chafty,
varying from tawny to brown. Frond 13—2 feet long, linear-lanceolate in its
outline, bright green; lower pinne broad atthe base. Sort middle-sized, dis-
iinct, dark brown, mostly in two rows, usually on the upper half of the frond.

. Crested Shteld-fern.

5. A. Goldianum Hook.: frond pinnate, broad-ovate ; pinne deeply pin-
natifid, lanceolate, acuminate; segments oblong, subacute, somewhat fal-
cate, mucronate-serrate; sori in two rows near the midrib on the lower
segments. A. Fulix mas Pursh not of Willd.

Moist woods. Can. to Del. July. ‘|.—Fern 12—3 feet high, with the stipe
somewhat chaffy. Frond 6—12 inches wide, yellowish-green. Resembles A.
cristatum more than any other species, but can at once be distinguished by the
broader frond, by the form of the pinnee, which are never broader at base, and
by the narrower and slightly faleate segments. Goldie’s Shield-fern.

*x* Frond bipinnate.

6. A. marginale Swartz: stipe chaffy; frond bipinnate; pinne lance-

FILICES. A59

olate; segments oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, decurrent, the lower ones
nearly distinct; sori nearly marginal, distinct. Nephrodium marginale
Mich,

Rocky wovuds. Can. to Car. July. 2|.—Fern 12—18 inches high. Stipe
stout, chaffy, especially near the root, with large tawny scales. Frond ovate-
oblong, smooih, bluish-green, the upper part only fertile. Sort middle-sized,
one at each notch in the segments. Jndusiwm peltate-reniform. }

Marginal Shield-fern.

7. A. dilatatum Swartz: stipe chaffy; frond bipinnate; the pinnules
oblong, distinct, deeply and incisely pinnatifid; segments mucronate-ser-
rate; sori minute, distinct, in a double row about the middle of the pinnules.
A. intermedium Muhl. A. spinulosum Pursh. Nephrodium cristatwum Mich.

Shady woods. Can. to Virg. July. %.—Stipe 6—12 inches long, pale
brown, chaffy with thin brown scales. Frond 12—18 inches long, ovate-lan-
ceolate in its outline, varying in the divisions of the pinne, sometimes almost
tripinnate ; serratures of the segments cuspidate or sharply acuminate. Sort
rather small, numerous, somewhat in two rows, brownish. £ndustum umbilicate
in the centre. Dilated Shield-fern.

8. A. aculeatum Swartz: stipe and rachis chaffy; frond bipinnate;
pinnules ovate, somewhat falcate, slightly petioled, mucronate-serrate, ob-
liquely truncate and auricled at the base on the upper side, obtuscly cuneate
on the lower, upper ones fructiferous. (Torr. N. Y. £7.)

White mountains, N. H. Green Mountains, Vt. Mountains of Essex county,
N.¥. Aug. 2.—Stipe 2—6 inches long, and with the rachis clothed with
chafly lanceolate-subulate scales. Frond 14—2 feet long, of a rigid texture,
broad-lanceolate in its outline. Sort rather large, 5—8 on each pinnule, near
the middle. dndusrwm renitorm-peltate. Prickly Shield-fern.

4, WOODSIA. Brown.—Woodsia.
(Named in honor of Joseph Woods ; an English botanist.)

Sori globose. Indusium more or less globose or cup-shaped,
seated under the sorus, and at length cut at the margin into
numerous often capillary segments. Spore-cases globose, pedi-
cellate.

1. W. Ilvensis Brown: frond lanceolate, pinnate; pinne oblong, obtuse,
deeply pinnatifid ; seements oblong, obscurely crenate, the undersurface as
well as the rachis and stipe chaffy. W. Ilvensis and rufidula Beck Bot.
Ist, Ed. Polypodium Ilvense Swartz.

Rocky banks of streams, Subarct. Amer. toCar. June. 2|.—Fern 4—6
inches high, growing in dense tufts. Fronds 2—4 inches long, the under surface
clothed with rusty scales; pinne about 12, alternate. Sort small, near the
margin of the segments, at length confluent. Jndusiwm surrounding the slightly
pedicellate spore-cases, the margin cut into numerous capillary segments. ;

Oblong-leaved Woodsia.

2. W. hyperborea Brown : frond lanceolate, pinnate; pinne ovate-cordate,
incisely pinnatifid, covered with chaffy hair beneath; segments rounded,
unequal. Polypodiwm hyperboreum Swartz.

In clefts of rocks. Can. and on the high mountains of Penn. and Virg
Pursh. Jaly. .--Resembles the preceding, but is sometimes quite small, and
differs in having the pinne as well as the segments more rounded and less deeply

460 FILICES.

pinnatifid, except at their base, where the bottom pair of segments are often so
deepiy separated as to form two litile pinnules. Rounded-leaved Woodsia.

3. W. obtusa Torr.: stipe and rachis somewhat chaffy ; frond lanceolate,
somewhat bipinnate, minutely glandular-pilose ; divisions pinnate or deeply
pinnatifid; segments oblong, obtuse, crenate-toothed ; sori mostly solitary
on each lobule of the segments, and near the sinus. (Torr. N. Y. F1.)
W. Perriniana Hook. & Grev. Alsophila Perriniana Spreng. Aspidiwm
obtusum Willd.

Rocky banks. Can. to-Car.; rather rare. July. 2|.—Fern 8—12 inches
high. Stipe 2—3 inches long, straw-colored, chaffy. Frond covered with
a minute glandular pubescence; the divisions ovate-oblong. Sori small, at
length almost confluent. Industum hemispheric, at length opening at the top
with an irregular lobed margin. Dr. Torrey states that the Alsopkila Perrini-
ana was described by Sprengel from specimens sent by him, which were placed
by mistake in a collection of plants brought from the West Indies by M. Perrin.

Obtuse Woodsia.

5. CISTOPTERIS. Bernh.—Bladder Fern.
(From the Greek xicrn, a bor, and mrepis, a fern.)

Sori roundish. Indusium inserted by its broad cucullate
base at the under side of the sorus, opening by its lengthened
free extremity which points towards the apex of the segment.

1. C. fragilis Bernh.: frond bipinnate ; pinne ovate-lanceolate; pinnules
ovate-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid; segments toothed; rachis winged,
Aspidium fragile Swartz. A. tenue Willd, Nephrodium tenue Mich.

Moist rocks. Arct. Amer. to Ver. Mass. and N.-Y. June, July. %|.—Fern
6—14 inches high, growing in tufts. Stipe slender, dark colered and a little
chaffy at base. Frond delicate, deep green; pinnules somewhat variable in
their shape and divisions. .Sorz large, pale, mostly solitary, near the margins of
the segments. Jndustum forming a sort of cup or hood. Brittle Bladder-fern.

2. C. hulbifera Bernh.: frond bipinnate, lanceolate, attenuate at the
upper part; segments opposite, oblong, obtuse, serrate, the lower ones pin-
natifid; rachis bearing bulbs; sori minute. Aspidiwm bulbiferum Swariz,
Nephrodium bulbiferum Mich. .

Shady rocks. Can. to Penn. and Ohio; common. July. 2|.—Fern some-
times 2 feet or more high, growing in tufts. Stipe smooth, pale. Frond nar-
row, smooth, green, much elongated and often bending over at the end. Rachis
bearing greenish somewhat flattened bulbs, which are about the size of a pea.

Bulb-bearing Bladder-fern.
6. ASPLENIUM. Linn.—Spleenwort.

(From the Greek a, privative, and or\nv, the spleen ; from its supposed medici-
nal virtues.)

Sori oblong or linear, oblique, scattered. Indusium of the
same shape, superficial, arising from the lateral veins, and open-—
ing longitudinally on the side towards the midrib.

* Frond pinnate.

1. A. angustifolium Mich,: frond pinnate ; pinne linear-lanceolate, cre-

FILICES. 461

nate-serrulate, somewhat repand; the base truncate on the lower side,
rounded on the upper.

Moist woods. Can. to Mass.and N.Y. July. 2.—Fern 1—2 feet hich,
erect. Sterile fronds forming a circle with the fertile ones smaller and central.
Sort oblong-linear, diverging like veins from the midrib, at length confluent.
Indusium vaulted, thick. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort.

2. A. ebeneum Willd.: frond pinnate; pinne sessile, lanceolate, some-
what falcate, serrate, auriculate on the upper side of their base ; stipe and
rachis smooth and shining, dark purple. A. trichomanoides Mich. A. po-
lypodioides Muhl.

Rocky woods. Can. to Car. July. 2. ep 8—12 inches high, erect.
Stipe very smooth, dark purple or nearly black. Frond lance-linear in its out-
line, pale green, smooth. Sori in short diverging lines, arranged in a double
row along the midrib of the pinne, at length confluent. Indusium thin and
membranaceous. Ebony Spleenwort.

3. A. Trichomanes Linn.: frond pinnate ; pinne obliquely oval or round-
ish-obovate, subsessile, crenate, cuneate or cuneate-truncate at base; stipe
and rachis smooth, shining, very dark purple. A. melanocaulon Willd.

Shady rocks. Can.to Car. July. 2|.—Fern 4—8 inches high, growing in
dense spreading tufts. Stipe slender, smooth and shining, blackish-purple.

Frond lance-linear in its outline, dark green. Sor? 2-—6 on each pinna, linear-
oblong, at length nearly oval. Common Rock Spleenwort.

** Frond pinnate-pinnatifid.

4. A. _thelypterioides Mich.: frond pinnate; pinne sessile, oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, ae Ply pinnatifid; seements oblong, oimes. denticulate-
serrate.

Shady banks of streams. Can. to Car. July. %.—Fern 1—2 feet high.
Supe smooth, straw-color, slightly chaffy. Frond oblong-lanceolate, pale glau-
cous green; pinne long, numerous, distinct. Sort oblong and oblique, forming

two rows, one on each side of the partial rib, at length almost confluent.
Thelypteris-like Spleenwort.

*** Frond bipinnate.

5. A. Ruta muraria Linn.: frond bipinnate at base, simply pinnate at

the top; segments rhomboid-cuneate, obtusely denticulate at the extremity.

Limestone rocks. N.Y. to Car.; rare. July. 2|.—Fern 2—4 inches long,

growing in tufts. Frond ovate, spreading, smooth, rather rigid. glauecus green.
Sori linear-oblong. slightly oblique, at length of a darker color and confluent.
Wall-rue Spleenwor!

6. A. montanum Willd.: frond smooth, bipinnate; pinnules iss
ovate, pinnatifid ; segments 2—3-toothed at the apex. A. Adiantum ni-
grum Mich.

Mountain rocks. Bethlehem, Penn. to Car. Schwetnetz. July. 2 —Fern
4—-8 inches high. growing in tufts. Frond having a narrow outlive. mostty bi-

pinnate, but more or less divided according to its size. Sort linear, at length
confluent. Differs from the foreign A. Adiantum nigrum in being much smaller,
and in having the segments more obtuse. Mountain Spleenwort.

7. A. Filix famina Bernh.: frond bipinnate; pinnules linear-cblong ;
segments oblong-lanceolate, incised-serrate, the serratures 2—3-toothed ;
sori oblong, at length lunate and recurved, Aspidiwm Fulix femina and

462 FILICES.

asplenioides Swartz. A.angusium Willd. Nephrodium Fulix femina and
asplenioides Mich.

Shady woods. Throughout the U.S.and Can. July. 2|.—Fern 1—2 feet
or more high, smooth. Stipe tawny. Frond with an outline varying from ob-
long to broad-lanceolate, variously divided and subdivided. Sort small, one on
each segment of the pinnules, inserted laterally into its minute midrib, oblong
and straight, at length by the pushing back of the indusium becoming ‘kidney-

shaped and appearing nearly round, but always remaining distinct.
” Female Spleenwort.

7. ANTIGRAMMA. J. Smiti—Antigramma.

(From the Greek avzt, like, and yoappa, aisle ; in allusion to the appearance
of the sori.)

Sori linear, unilateral, mostly approximated in pairs and
facing each other, scattered. Indusium linear; one margin
free,

A. rhizophylla J. Smith: frond lanceolate, somewhat crenate, (rarely
sinuate,) auriculate-cordate at base; the point very long, attenuate and
often rooting. Aspleniwm rhizophyllum Walld.

Wet rocks. Can. to Car.; ratherrare. July. %|.—Fronds several from the
same root,6 or 8 inches long and half an inch to an inch wide at the base,
cradually. tapering, with a long and linear point which is bent to the ground
and often takes root, the base often hastate or conspicuously auricled ; veins
forked, reticulated. Sori often approximating in pairs and sometimes confluent.

Walking Fern.

8. SCOLOPENDRIUM. Smith.—Hart’s Tongue.

(Thus named from the resemblance which the lines of fructification bear to
the insect called Scolopendra.)

Sori linear, transverse, on lateral nerves. Indusium double,
occupying both sides of the sorus, superficial, opening inwards,
as it were, by a longitudinal suture.

S. officinarum Smith: frond simple, oblong-ligulate, entire, cordate at
base. Aspleniwm Scolopendrium Linn.

Limestone rocks along Chittenango Creek, near the Falls, N.Y.; abundant.
Torr. July. 2|.—Fern 12—20 inches high, growing in thick tufis. Stipe rather
short, chaffy. Frond 83—15 inches long, 1—2 wide, bright green, pale beneath.
Sori linear, 6—9 lines long, oblique to the midrib, confluent in pairs.

Common Hart’s Tongue.
: 9. WOODWARDIA. Smith.—Woodwardia.
(In honor of Thomas J. Woodward, an English botanist.)

Sori oblong or linear, distinct, parallel with the ribs of the
frond on either side. Indusium superficial, vaulted, separating
towards the rib.

1. W. angustifolia Smith: sterile frond pinnatifid, with lanceolate slightly
serrulate segments; fertile frond pinnate; pinne linear, entire, acute. W.
onocleoides Willd. Onoclea nodulosa Mich.

i FILICES. 7 463

Swamps. Can.to Flor.; rather rare. Aug. %l.—Fern 1—2 feet high, grow-
ing in tuits, smooth except at the lower part of the stipe. Frond lancevlate,
tapering at the top; the veins of the sterile one much reticulated. Sori 3—4
lines long, at lengih nearly covering the back of the pinnee. Jnduwsiwm involute.

Narrow-leaved Woodwardia.

2. W. Virginica Swartz: sterile and fertile fronds similar, very smooth,
pinnate; pinne sessile, lanceolate, pinnatifid. W. Banisleriana Mich.
Doodia Virginica Presl.

Swamps. N.Y. and Mass. to Geor. July. 2.—Fern about 2 feet high,
growing in tuits, smooth. Sipe brown. Frond oblong-lanceolate in iis outline,
light green, with the segments rather obtuse and a little incurved. Sor? in in-
terrupted double lines near the midrib of the pinne and segments. Induwiium
revolute. Virginzan Woodwardiua.

10. PTERIS. Linn—Brake.
(From the Greek rreoué, a plume or feather ; in allusion to the forra of the frond.)
Sori marginal, linear, continuous or interrupted, forming a
transverse receptacle which connects the apices of the veinlets. -
Indusium linear, narrow, occupying the margin of the frond ;
the inner side free.

1. P. aquilina Linn.: frend 3-parted; branches bipinnate; pinnules
linear-lanceolate, lewer pinnatifid, upper undivided; segments oblong, ob-
tuse. P. cordata Puwrsh.

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. 2|.—Siipe 1—2 feet long, angular,
smooth, light brown, divided into large opposite branches. Frond 1—2 or 3 feet
in diameter, bi-triternately divided, spreading, dull green ; some. of the puvuules
wi h only a single lobe, and appearing auricled. Sort uninterrupted, resembling
a thickened russet edging. One of our largest ferns. Conunon Brake.

2. P. atropurpurea Linn.: frond. pinnate or subbipinnate ; lower divisions
ternate or pinnate; segments lance-oblong, obtuse, entire, obliquely trun-
cate or subcordate at base. Plalyloma atropurpurea J. Smith.

On rocks. N.Y. to Car. July. 2[.—Sizpe 2—4 inches long, dark purple,
terete, slender, roughish-pubescent. Frond 4--8 inches long, grayish-green.
Sort conspicuous, linear and marginal. igndustwm membranacecus, often undu-
lately crenate. Purple-sialked Brake.

3. P. gracilis Mich.: frond lanceolate; the sterile pinnate, with pinna-
tifid divisions and a few broad-ovate obtuse segments; the fertile bipinnate,
with linear-oblong acute slightly crenate segments. Cheilanthes gracilis
Spreng. Allosurus gracilis J. Smith.

Moist rocks. Can. and N.Y.; rare. Aag. %|.—Sipe 1—3 inches long,
dark brown and shining. #rornd 2—4 inches long, smooth, membranaceous.
Sort approximated. ZJndusiwm membranaceous. Smaller and more delicate
than the preceding. Abundant on the rocks near Whitehall, N. Y.

Slender Brake.

11. ADIANTUM. Linn.—Maiden Hair.
(From the Greek adtavros, dry; its surface repelling moisture.)
Sori oblong or roundish, marginal. Indusium membranaceous,
arising from the reflexed margin of distinct segments of the
frond, opening along the lower or inner side.

A464 FILICES.

A. pedaium Linn.: frond pedate ; divisions pinnate ; segments dimidiate,
triangular-oblong, or somewhat rhomboid; the upper margin incisely lobed
and serrate ; sori somewhat lunate.

Shady woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. and Louis. July. ?|.—A delicate

t

and graceful fern 1—2 feet high, easily known by its long slender black highly
polished stzpe, and its pedate nearly horizontal frond. Maiden-hair.

12. CHEILANTHES. Swartz.—Cheilanthes.

(From the Greek yerdos, a lip, and av6os, a flower; in allusion to the labiate
form of the indusium.)

Sori roundish, distinct, situated at the margin of the frond.
Indusium of distinct membranaceous inflexed scales, opening
inwards.

C. vestita Willd.: frond bipinnate, hairy on both sides; pinnules pinna-
tifid; segments rounded, oblong, very entire ; stipe and rachis hairy.

Rocky banks. Penn. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. July. 2!.—Fern
6—8 inches high, covered with long brownish hair. Stipe somewhat rigid.
Frond lance-oblong in its outline. Sori at length contiguous or crowded.

Hairy Cheilanthes.

13. HYMENOPHYLLUM. Smiti.—Filmy Fern.

(From the Greek tunv, a membrane, and ¢v)dXov, a leaf ; in allusion to the tex-
ture of the frond.)

Sori in separate spots on the the margin of the frond. Spore-
cases inserted upon a narrow receptacle, within a 2-valved indu-
sium which is of the same texture as the frond, opening above.

H. ciliatum Smith: frond pmnate; lower divisions larger; upper ones
gradually smaller, pinnatifid; segments linear-obtuse, bifid, ciliate, hairy
on the veins; stipe and rachis winged and ciliate. T\vichomanes ciliatum
Swartz.

Trunks of trees in shady places. Penn. and Virg. %.—Pursh.
Ciliate Filmy-fern.
14. STRUTHIOPTERIS. Willd.—Ostrich Fern.

(From the Greek orgov90s, an ostrich, and treuis, a fern; on account of the
fancied resemblance to the plumes of that bird.)

Fertile frond contracted; the margins revolute, forming a
general involucre. Sori round, confluent, naked; the pedicels
of the spore-cases cohering at the base, forming an elevated
thickened receptacle.

S. Germanica Willd.: sterile frond pinnate; pinne pinnatifid, sessile ;
segments entire, rather acute, lower ones elongated. S Pennsylvanica.
Willd. Onoclea Struthiopteris and nodulosa Schk.

Low grounds. Can. N. Eng. and N. Y.; rather rare. Juiy. ‘%{.—Sierdle
fronds 2—3 feet high, forming circular tufts. Fertile fronds central, much

FILICES. 465

smaller than the sterile, but having a thicker stipe ; segments incurved and filled
with the confluent sorz. Common Ostrich-fern.

15. DICKSONIA. L’ Heri¢.—Dicksonia.
(In honor of James Dickson, an English botanist.)

Sori small, roundish or dot-like, distinct, marginal. Indu-
slum coriaceous or membranaceous, formed in part of the lobule
of the frond and of the proper indusium more or less united,
2-valved or entire, sometimes cup-shaped.

_ D. pilosiuscula Willd.: frond bipinnate ; pinne lanceolate, sessile; pin-
nules decurrent, ovate-oblong, pinnatifid; segments incised-toothed; sori
solitary, minute; indusium cup-shaped. D. punctiloba Hook. Nephrodium
punctilobum Mich. Aspidiwm punctilooum Willd.

Moist shady places. Can. to Virg.; common. July. 2|.—Frond 15—20 inches
high, lance-oblong, somewhat hairy, pale yellowish-green and rather delicate.
Stipe and rachis somewhat hairy, pale green. Sort solitary, minute, near the
divisions of the segments. Hairy Dicksonia.

Il. Osmunvrem. Capsules destitute of a ring, reticulated, striated
with rays at the apex, opening lengthwise and usually externally.

16. OSMUNDA. Linn.——¥Flowering Fern.
(Etymology uncertain.)
Spore-cases subglobose, pedicellate, radiate-striate or wrin-
kled, half 2-valved, in terminal paniculate racemes, or clustered

on the contracted frond. Indusium none.
1. O. Clayioniana Linn.: frond pinnate; pinne pinnatifid; seements
oblong, entire; some of the intermediate pinne fertile. O. inlerrwpla

Mich.

Low wet grounds. Can. to Virg.; common. June. 2|.—Stipe nearly smooth,
6—8 inches long. Frond 18--24 inches long, linear-oblong in its outline ; panne
mostly opposite, 2 or 3 of the central pairs contracted into pinnate clusters of
dark brown spore-cases. Interrupted Flowering-fern.

2. O. spectabilis Linn.: frond bipinnate, fruit bearing at the summit;
pinnules lance-oblong, nearly equal at the base, subpetiolate, serrulate ;
raceme large, decompound, smooth. O. regalis Mich.

Moist meadows and thickets. Can. to Flor. July.. 2|.—Fern 3—4 feet high,
smooth, grayish-green, with numerous ‘spreading branches. Raceme terminal,
4—8 inches long. Smaller and of a more rigid texture than the foreign O regalis,
and also differing from it in having the pinnules distinct and without the auricle
on the lower side. Flowering-fern.

. 3. O. cinnamomea Linn.: sterile frond pinnate; pinne elongated, pin-
natifid ; segments ovate-oblong, entire; fertile frond bipinnate ; pinne con-
tracted, and with the stipe woolly.

var. frondosa Torr.: frond leafy below, fruit-bearmg at the summit;
stipe less woolly. O. Clayloniana Conrad not of Linn. (according to
To.)

466 FILICES.

Low grounds. Can. to Flor. Aug. %.—Fern sometimes 4—5 feet high,
in large bundles or circles. Fertile fronds usually central, less numerous than
the sterile, with the pinne much smaller and covered with dense clusters of
ferruginous or cinnatnon-colored spore-cases. War. frondosa has been found in
a few localities in the state of N. Y. I am doubtful whether it may not still
turn out to be a distinct species. Woolly Flowering-fern.

17. LYGODIUM. Swartz.—Climbing Fern.
(From the Greek Avy-s, a twig ; in allusion to its twining habit.)

Spore-cases sessile, ovate, in 2-ranked little spikes, which
issue from the margin of the frond, radiate-striate, or wrinkled,
opening on the inner side from the base to the summit. Indu-
sium scale-like, covering each spore-case.

L. palmatum Swartz: stem flexuous and climbing; fronds conjugate,
cordate, palmate, 5—7-lobed, the lobes entire and obtuse; terminal ones
contracted and fruit-bearing, forming a compound panicle. Hydroglosswm

palmaium Willd. Cteisium paniculatwm Mich.

Low woods. Mass. and N. Y.? to Car.; rare. July. U.-—Stem climbing,
3—4 feet long, smooth and slender. Petioles alternate, forked at a short dis-
tance from the stem, and supporting two leaves or fronds, which are deeply lobed,
light green above and paler beneath. Fertile jronds variously divided into
small linear segments with the sor? in two imbricated rows. Climbing-fern.

18. SCHIZEA. Smith—One-sided Fern.
the Greek cy iw, to split ; in allusion to the cloven appearance of the
Spikes unilateral, flabellate, aggregate. Spore-cases with
radiating furrows at the top, somewhat turbinate, bursting lat-
erally, sessile. Indusium continuous, formed of the inflexed
“margin of the spikes.
S. pusilla Pursk: frond simple, linear-compressed, tortuous; spikes few,

conglomerated at'the summit of a long slender stipe. SS. tortwosa MuAl.

Sandy moist grounds. Near the Academy in the town of Yates, Orleans
county, N.Y. J. E. Wetmore. Near Quakers’ Bridge. N. J. Aug. 2.—A
very small fern, with numerous cespitose fronds, which are about 2 inches long.
Stipe 3—5 inches long, filiform, with a few brownish secund spikes. It has
been found in Newfoundland and in the Falkland Islands, but the only inter-
mediate localities known are those above noticed. ~ One-sided Fern.

III. OpurogLossex. Spore-cases roundish, 1-celled, adnate at the
base, coriaceous, opaque, destitute of a ring, sometimes connate, half 2-
valved. Vernation siraight.

19. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Linn.—Adder’s Tongue.

(From the Greek ogi, a serpent, and yAwsoa, a tongue; in allusion to the ap-
pearance of the spike.)

Spore-cases roundish, smooth, 1-celled, 2-valved, opening
transversely, forming a compact 2-ranked linear spike. Indu-

slum none.
20%

LYCOPODIACE. 467

1. O. vulgatum Linn.: root fibrous; spike cauline; frond simple, ob-
long-ovate, obtuse, closely reticulate.

‘Low moist woods. N.S.; rare. June. ‘%|.—Stipe smooth and succulent,
6—8 inches high, bearing about the middle a single en.ire subsessile frond.
Spike about an inch Jong, on a slender pedunele. | Common Adder’s-tongue.

2. O. bulbosum Mich. : root bulbous; spike cauline; frond subcordate,
ovate, somewhat obtuse. O. crotalophoroides Walt.

Low sandy grounds. N. J. to Car.; rare. May. 2|.—Stipe 6 inches high.
Frond 1—1% inches long and an inch broad, reticulate.
Bulbous Adder’s-tongue.

20. BOTRYCHIUM. Swartz.—Moonwort.
(From the Greek @érpus, a bunch of grapes; in allusion to the fructification.)
Spore-cases subglobose, 1-celled, 2-valved, distinct, smooth,
sessile along the margin of a compound pinnate rachis, opening

transversely. Indusium none.

1. B. simplex Hitchcock: scape with one frond above; frond ternate,
pinnatifid; segments roundish, cuneate, obovate, entire or somewhat
incised. i

Dry woods. Can. N. Y.and Mass. June. %.—Scape seldom more than
4 or Dinehes high. Frond solitary, from a torn membranaceous sheath, divided
into 3 or 4 unequal segments or pinnatifid ; the segments often much cut. Spike
pinnate. Small Moonwort.

2. B. lunarioides Swartz : scape bearing the petioled frond near the base ;
frond smocth, 3-parted, the divisions bipinnatifid ; segments obliquely lance-
ovate, crenulate; spike bipinnate. 2B. fwmarioides and obliquum Willd.
Botrypus lunarioides Mich,

Moist low grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Ark. June. %|.—Scape 6—15
inches long, smooth or slightly hairy. frond triangular in its outline, petioled,
but often more compound ; segments lunate, crenulate. Spore-cases in double
rows on the pinnules, which are very narrow and without teeth. B. dissectum
Muhl. is nothing more than a variety, with the frond more dissected and the
segments narrower. Tall Moonwort.

3. B. Virginicum Swartz: somewhat hairy; scape bearing the frond
near the middle; frond 3-parted, the divisions bipinnatifid: segments ob-
tuse, incisely toothed; spike bipinnate. B. gracile Pursh. Botrypus Vir-
ginicus Mich.

Shady woods. Can. to Car. May—July. %.—Scape ]0—I8 or 20 inches
high. Frond 3-parted or ternate; the divisions 4—6 inches long. broad-ovate or
somewhat deltoid in their outline and again variously subdivided ; segments
acutely 2—6-toothed. Spike oblong, loose, brownish.

Virginian Moonwort. Ratilesnake Fern.

Orper CL. LYCOPODIACEAt.—C.uvusmossss.

Fructification axillary or spiked, composed of 1—3-celled
sessile spore-cases containing either minute powdery matter, or
grains of larger size.—Moss-like plants, with creeping or pros-
trate stems and imbricate leaves, the axis abounding in annular

468 LYCOPODIACES.

vessels ; or stemless plants, with erect subulate leaves and a
solid corm.

1. LYCOPODIUM. Linn.—Club Moss.

(From the Greek Avxos, a wolf, and 7ovs, t0d0s, a foot ; on account of a supposed
resemblance in the appearance of some species.)

Spore-cases all of one kind, 1-celled, reniform, somewhat
didymous, opening transversely at the apex or rarely at the
base.

* Spore-cases vn spikes.
+ Spikes pedunculate.

1. L. clavatum Linn.: stem creeping, with ascending branches ; leaves
scattered, numerous, subulate-linear, incurved and hair-pointed; spikes
mostly in pairs, cylindric, pedunculate; scales ovate, acuminate, erosely
denticulate. L. tristachywm Pursh.? LL. integrifolium Goldie.

Dry woods. Can. to Del. W.to Mich. July. 2|.—Stem closely trailing
on the ground, several feet long, rooting and throwing up fertile branches 2—6
inches long. Leaves 3—4lines jong, light green, entire or minutely denticulate.

Spikes usually in pairs, sometimes is rarely 3 or 4, yellowish, erect. Peduncles
2—5 inches long. Common Club-moss.

2. L. complanctum Linn.: stem trailing ; branches erect or ascending,
dichotomously and pedately subdivided, with the branchlets flattened and
spreading ; leaves 4-rowed, the marginal ones connate and diverging at the
apex, the middle rows distinct and appressed; spikes 2—4, cylindric, on a
long common peduncle.

Woods and thickets. Arct. Amer. toCar.; common. July. 2.—Stem2—8
feet long. procumbent or sometimes shorter and nearly erect, variously branched.
Leaves short, 4-rowed, those on each margin broad at the base and somewhat
spreading, those of the middle row smaller and closely pressed to the flattened
sides of the stem. Spikes about an inch long. Flattened Club-moss.

+t Spikes sessile.

3. L. inundatum Linn.: stem prostrate, creeping; fertile branches soli-
tary, erect, with a single oblong sessile and leafy spike at the extremity ;
leaves linear, scattered, acute, entire or sparingly denticulate, curved up-
wards. L. Carolinianum Big. :

var. alopecuroides Tuckerman: fertile branches elongated ; leaves linear-
subulate, sparingly ciliate-denticulate at the base. WL. alopecuroides Linn.

Swamps and wet sandy margins of ponds. Hudson’s Bay to Flor. July,
Aug. ‘l1.—Siem long, creeping close to the ground, yellowish-green. Fertile
branches subradical, 2—10 inches high. Sterile branches short, flaccid. Leaves
varying from entire to conspicuously denticulate. Spkes 6 lines to an inch or
more long, leafy. Marsh Club-moss.

4. I. annotinum Linn.: stem creeping, very branching; branches —
ascending, 2—3-forked, the branchlets simple; leaves in about 5 rows,
linear-lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate at the apex, spreading; spike soli-
tary, oblong-cylindric, sessile.

LYCOPODIACES. 469

var. montanum Tuckerman: low; leaves in 4 rows. L. sabinefoliwm
Beck Bot. 1st. Ed.

Rocky and mountain woods. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. W. to Miss. July. 2|.—
Stem otten several feet in length, sending up ascending branches which are
6—S inches high. JLeaves rigid, light green, those of the stem shorier. Spike
about an inch long. I concur in the opinion expressed by Mr. 'Tuckerman, that
L. sabinefolium ot the previous edition is an alpine variety of this species.

Interrupted Club-moss.

5. L. obscurum Linn,: stem erect, much branched near the summit;
branches alternate, subdivided, erect, or somewhat spreading; leaves linear-
lanceolate, in 4—6 unequal rows, spreading ; spikes 1—3, sessile. JL. den-
droideum Mich.

Shady woods. Can. to Car. July 72|.—Stem 6—9 inches high, bushy near
the summit, the branches dichotomously subdivided. Leaves entire, those of
the lateral rows longest. Spikes sometimes solitary, but occasionally 4 or 5,
about 2 inches long, somewhat tapering at the surmmit. Ground Pine.

6. L. selaginoides Linn: stem filiform, creeping ; branches few, ascend-
ing, simple ; leaves scattered, lanceolate, somewhat spreading, ciliate-den-
ticulate ; spike solitary, sessile, leafy.

Wet hill sides. Can. and N.8.% July. 2|.—Fertile branches 2—4 inches

high, nearly erect, yellowish-green, with the leaves larger than those of the
sterile ones. Spike about an inch long. Lesser Alpine Club-moss.

** Spore-cases axillary, scattered.

7. L. lucidulum Mich,: stem 2—3-forked, the branches ascending ;
leaves in about 8 rows, linear-lanceolate, denticulate, acute, spreading or
reflexed.

Moist shady woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %|.—Stem mostly prostrate,
the branches 8—12 inches high. Leaves longer than in any of the preceding,
dark green and shining. Spore-cases subreniform or semi-circular, pale yellow,
sessile in the axils of the leaves about an inch from top of the branches.

, Shining Club-moss.

8. L. Selago Linn. : stem erect, fastigiate, dichotomously branched ; leaves
in about 8 rows, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, imbricate, rigid.

Alpine summits. White Mountains N. H. Green Mountains, Vt. Whiteface
Mountain and Mount Marcy, N.Y. Arct. Amer. July. %.—Svem 3—8 inches
high, rigid, with the branches of the same thickness from the top to the base.
Leaves 3—5 lines long, dark green, shining, rigid. Spore-cases in the axils of
the leaves, reniform, yellowish. Fir Club-moss.

2. SELAGINELLA. Spring. Torr.—Selaginella.
(The diminutive of Selago.)

Spore-cases of two kinds, 1-celled ; some filled with minute
powdery matter, and opening at the apex; others containing
1—4 rarely 6 globose-angular grains.

1. S. rupestris Spring: cespitose, with ascending stems ; leaves crowded,
imbricate, linear-lanceolate, ciliate, with a hair-like point at the tip; spikes
terminal, sessile, acutely quadrangular. Lycopodium rupestre Linn.

Rocks and hill sides. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 2|.—Plené grayish-green,
Stems 1—3 inches long, much branched. Zcaves ending in hairs, which give

470 MARSILEACE e

the summits of the branches a whitish appearance. Spikes 3—6 lines long,
square and scarcely distinguishable from stem below. Spore-cases mostly with
larger grains. Small Rock Club-moss.

2. S. apus Spring: cespitose; stems flaccid, creeping, flat; leaves in 4
rows, not auricled; those of the lateral rows roundish-ovate, oblique and
spreading ; the intermediate ones on the upper side of the branches smaller,
appressed ; spikes dense, leafy. (Torr. N.Y. Fl.) Lycopodium apodum
Linn. £2 albidulum Pursh.

Wet rocky places. N.Y. to Flor. July, Aug. @)?—A small pale green
moss-like plant. Stems numerous, 1—4 inches long, with somewhat flattened
branches. eaves small, membranaceous. Spikes terminal, 2—4 lines long,
with the larger spore-cases at the lower part. Resembles S. Helvetica of Europe.

Moss-like Selaginella.

Orper CLI. MARSILEACEA..—PEppPERWworts.

Fructification enclosed in indusia or involucres of two kinds ;
the one clustered and stalked, or crowded confusedly without
stalks, and distinct from the second, or mixed with it, or in con-
tact with it; the other, simple oval bodies, sometimes having a
terminal nipple, from which germination uniformly proceeds.—
Stemless plants, creeping or floating. Leaves usually petioled,
sometimes sessile and scaly, occasionally destitute of lamina and
rolled up in vernation

1, AZOLLA. Lam.—Azolla.

(Said to be derived from the Greek a@w, to dry, and a\dvpt, to destroy ; it being
quickly killed by dryness.)

Reproductive organs in pairs, attached to the stem and
branches, one above the other, concealed in a membranaceous
indusium. Capsules? of each pair either difform—in which
case the lowest one is oblong-ovoid, the upper globose—or both
of either kind; the upper half generally tinged with red. The
oblong-ovoid capsule opens by circumcision; the globose one has
a rugose surface from the pressure of the secondary capsules.
(Grifith,in Lind. Veg. King.)

A. Caroliniana Willd: leaves 2-ranked, imbricate, ovate-oblong, obtuse,

spreading, reddish beneath,

Lakes and slow flowing streams. N.Y. to Flor. W. to Miss.; rare in the
N.S. @.—A smail plant floating on water, and somewhat resembling a Jun-
germannia, dark green, pinnately branched. Leaves less than half a line _
long. Sterile indusia solitary or in pairs at the base of the much larger ste-
rile ones. ; Carolinian Azolia.

MARSILEACEZ. 471

2. SALVINIA. Micheli.—-Salvinia.

(In honor of Salvini, an Italian professor.)

Reproductive organs near the root solitary, or in racemes of
3—5, covered with brown rigid hairs. Upper ones of each ra-
ceme filled with innumerable spherical bodies, brownish and
reticulated ; lower ones more oblong, contaming 6—18 larger
oblong-ovoid, brown and reticulated bodies, on short stout com-
pound pedicels. (Griffith,in Lind. Veg. King.)

S. natans Willd.: leaves elliptic, subcordate, obtuse, with fascicles of

hairs above. Marsilea natans Linn.

Lakes and still waters. Can. and Western N. Y. Pursh. Leaves opposite,
2-ranked, fine green. Floating on water like a Lemna. Floating Salvinia.

3, ISOETES. Linn.—Quill-Wort.
(From the Greek «cos, equal, and eros, the year, or evergreen.)

Spore-cases membranaceous, oblong, 1-celled, not opening,
imbedded in the dilated base of the frond. Spores globose or
slightly angular, attached to numerous filiform receptacles which
traverse the capsule.

I. riparia Engelman: emersed rhizoma small (orbicular?); leaves slen-
der, soft, yellowish-green ; sheaths short (longer than broad) ; spores neatly
and minutely farinaceous and reticulated. (Sil. Jour. Jan. 1847.)

In ponds and wet shady places. Banks of the Delaware below Philadelphia.
Chester county, Penn. Darlington. July, Aug. “|.—Root or rhizoma 4 or 5
lines in diameter. Fronds numerous, 4—6 inches long, (Engelm.), 4—12 or 15
inches, (Darlingt.), linear subulate, somewhat like the leaves of a Juncus.
Fructification oval-oblong, membranaceous, imbedded in the swollen base of the
frond. According to Professor Braun, £. lacustris has hitherto been found only
in middle and northern Europe. See Sill. Jour. Jan. 1847.

Mud Quiil-wort.

INDEX

OF THE

ORDERS AND GENERA,

WITH ACCENTS.

{ce The Orders are printed in small capitals; the Genera in Roman; and
the Synonyms in Italic. The figures which occur after the letter s, also
refer to the Synonyms of the Genera and Species,

Page
A’bies, 340, 341 | A’Inus,
Abitilon, 56 | Alopectrus,
Acalypha, 312 | Alsene,
ACANTHA'CER, 286 | Alséphila,
A’cer, 60 | Althe’a,
s. 61 | ALTINGIA/CER,
ACERA’/CER, 60 | AMARANTHA/CEA,
Acerdtes, 234 | Amaranthus,
Achilléa, 194 | AMARYLLIDA/CEZ,
s, 193 | Amary’llis,
Acnida, 298 | Ambrina,
Aconitum, 13 | Ambrosia,
A’corus, 383 | Amelanchier,
Acte’a, 13 | Ammannia,
Actinoméris, 188 | A’mmz,
Adiantum, 463 | Ammophila,
Adi‘ke, 315 | Ammyrsine,
Adlumia, 23 | Amorpha,
JEschynomene, 79 | Ampelopsis,
ffi‘sculus, 62 | Amphicarpeza,
fEthusa, 134 | ANAacarvia’CEB,
Agathy'rsus, 210 | Anagallis,
Agave, 355 | Anchusa, 248,
Agrimonia, 100 | Andromeda,
Agropy'ron, 450 Ss. 215,
Agrostémma, 47 | Andropogon,
Agrostis, 430 S:
s.420,430,431,432,433 | Anemone,
Aira, 438 Si
s. 445, 446 | Angélica,
Alchemilla, 106 | Anona,
Alétris, 376 | ANONA‘CEA,
Alisma, 379 | Antennaria,
s. 378. | A/‘nthemis,
ALISMA/CEB, 377 Ss
A/llium, 363 | Anthopégon,
Allosurus, 463 | Anthoxanthum,

Page
326
420

48
460

55
333
295
295
354
004
297
184
104
115
133
434
220

78

62

86

71
292

Page

Antigramma, 462
Antirrhinum, 260
Any’chia, 52
Apargia, 205
A’pios, 87
Apléctrum, 345
APOCYNA/CER, 231
Apocynum, 231
AQUIFOLIA’CEB, 227
Aquilégia, 11
A’rabis, 2
s. 29, 32
Ara/CER, 3sl
A’rachis, ad
Aralia, 140
ARALIA/CEE, 140
A’rbutus, 214
Archangélica, 136, 137
Archémora, 137
A'rctium, 204
Arctostaphylos, 214
Arenaria, 49
s. 50
Arethtsa, 349
s. 349
Argemone, 20
Arietanum, 353
Arise’ma, 381
Aristida, 428
Aristolochia, 309

ARISTOLOCHIA/CE®, 308

A’rnica, 198
Arénia, 104, 105
Arrhenathérum, 439
Artemisia, 194
A’rum, 381, 382
Arundo, 434, 435

/

s. 169, 179,

Astragalus,
Atheropogon,
Atragéne
A’triplex,
A’tropa,
Avéna,

s. 438, 439,
s. 218,

Azalea

Azélla,

Baccharis,

Ballota,
BabsaMINa/CEE,
Baptisia,
Barbaréa,
Barténia,
Barisia,
Batschia,
Béenzoin,
BerBeRIDs/CEZ,
Bérberis,
Bétula,

BetuLa’ce&
Bidens,
Bigelowia,
Bignonia,
BiGNONIa’CES,
Bistia,
Biephilia,
Bhium,

Behméria,
Boltonia,
Bo6tia,
BoraGina/CEd,
Botry’chium,
Bétrupus,
Bouteloia,
Brachyely'trum,
Brachystémum,
Brasénia,

A
ASCLEPIADA'CEB,
A

S.

Ss.

9,

INDEX.

Page | age Page
309 | Breza, 145 | Centaurélla, 240
232 | s. 443, 444 | Centroséma, eT]
232 | Bromus, 448 | Cephalanthus, 159
59 | Buchnéra, 206 | Cerastium, 59
15 | Bunias, 24 | Cérasus, G1
364 | Bupletrum, 134 s. 99
457 | CERATOPHYLLA’CEz,114
460 | CaBompBa’ces, 18 | Ceratophy’ilum, 114
460 | Cacalia, 189 | Cércis, 99
462 | Cacta‘cEa, 123 | Cherophy‘llum, 139
162 | Cactus, 123 | s. 133
171 | Cakile, 24 | Cheilanthes, 464
78 | Calamagrostis, 433 s. 463
436 s. 421 | Cheiranthus, 31
4| Calla, 382| Chelidonium 21
288 s. 382 s. 29
256 | Calliopsis, 187 | Chelone, 261
439 | s. 188 | s. 261
440 | Callitriche, 113| CaENopopia/cex, 295
219 | Calopogon, 350 | Chenopddium, 295
219 | Caltha, 10 | Chimaphila, 225
470 | CatycantTHa’cez 106) Chiogénes, 220
Calycanthus, 107 | Chionanthus 229
Caly’pso, 344 | Chironia, 239

189 | Calystégia, 245 | S. 24!
181 | Camelina, 26 | Chlora, - 239
283 | Campanula, 211 | Caloris, 436
65 s. 212 | Chrysanthemum, 173
73 | CaMPANULA'CEZ, 210| Chrysécoma, 174
28 | Cannazpina/ceEz, 316) Chrysopsis, 173
240 | Cannabis, 316 | s. 168, 169, 171
270 | Capparipa/CzEd, 33 Chrysosplénium, 126
248 | CapRirouia/cEz, 144 | Chrysostémma, 188
306 | Caprifolium, 147, 148 | Cicéndria, 249
16 | Capsélla, 25 | Cich6rium, 204
16 | Cardamine 29 | Cictita, 132
325 | Carduus, 202, 203 | Cimicifuga, 13
326 | Carex, 403 | Cinerdrvia, 290
324 | Carpinus, 327 | Cinna, 429
199 s. 327 | Circe’a, 111
174 | Carya, 336 | Circium, 202
242 | CarYOPHYLLA'CEE, 44} Cossus, 63
241 | Cassandra, 215 | Cista/cEx, 34
162 | Cassia, 89 | Cistdpteris, 460
273 | Cassiope, 215 Céstus, 35
299 | Castanea, 301 | Cladium, 399
296 | Castilléja, 269 | Claytonia, 120
316.| Catalpa, 242 | Clématis, 4
172 | Caulinia, 385. Cleéme, o4
100 | Caulophy'llum, 17 | Cléthra, 216
247 | Ceanothus, 70 | Clinopédium, 274, 277
467 | CeLasTrRa/CEX, 68 | Clintonia, 358
467 | Celastrus, 69 | Clitoria, 76

436 | Céltis, 335 Cnicus, 29
429 | Cénchrus, 427 | s. 202, 203
275 | Centauréa, 200 | Cnidium, 135
18 | s. 201 | Cochle4ria, 25

Page
Celestina, 158
Collinsia, 260
Collins6nia, 276
Comandra, 308
Comaropsis, 95
Cémarum., 100
Commely’na, O77
CoMMELYNa’CEE, 376
Compo’siITz, 154
Comptonia, 324
Con!/FERZ, Jo 7
Conioselinum, 135
Conium, 139
Conoclinium, 157
Conosty'lis, 364
Convallaria, 358
CoNVoLVULA'CER, 244
Convolvulus, 245
Cony'za, 170,180, 181
Coptis, 11
Corallorhiza, 344
Coreopsis, 187
Corna’'CEx, 142
Cornus, 142
Cory‘dalis, 23
Corylus, 332
Cosmanthus, 254
Crantzia, 130
CRASSULA’/CER, 121
Crate’gus, 102
Crotalaria, 73
Crotonopsis, 31]
Cruci/FERA, 23
Cryosanthes, 353
Cry’psis, 420
Cry'pta, 53
Cryptote’nia, 133
Clersium, 000
Cucibalus, 45, 46
CucurBITA/CEE, 117
Cunila, 27
s. 277
Cuphea, 116
Cupréssus, 339
CuPULI/FERA, 326
Cuiscuta, 246
Cuscura/cER, 246
Cy/amus 18
Cymbidium, 344, 345
350
Cynanchum, 235
Cy’nodon, 435
Cynoglossum, 251
Cynostirus, 435
Cy'nthia, 205
Ss, 204
CyPeEra’CES, 387

INDEX.
Page
Cypérus, 388
5. 388, 391
Cypripédium, 352
Dactylis, 446
Dalibarda, 97
Danthonia, 449
Datura, 256
Daucus, 138
Décodon, 116
Delphinium, 12
Dentaria, 27
Desmodium, 80
Dianthera, 286
Dianthus, 44
Diapénsia, 247
DiaPensia/CEA, 247
Dicéntra, 22
Dicksonia, 465
Dicly'tra, 22, 23
Diervilla, 147
Digitaria, 423
Ss. 435
Dilatris, 376
Diddia, 151
Dioscorea, 356
DioscorgEa/cEm, 355
Diospy’ros, 227
Diplachne, 448
Diplopappus, 170
Lette s. 168
Diplostéphium, 17]
Dipsaca'CcEs, 154
Dipsacus, 154
Dirca, 307
Discopletra, 133
Dodecantheon, 289
Dolichos, 87
Doddia, 463
Doronicum, 198
Draba, 25
Drace'na, 358
Dracocéphalum, 280
Ss. 281
Drosera, 4]
DrosEra‘CEL, Al
Drupa’cEx, 90
Dry/as, 93
Dulichium, 388
EBENA‘CER, 227
Echinocy’stis 118
Echinospérmum, 250
Ss, 251

E’chium, 249

Page

Kclipta, 181
ELEAGNA/CEE, 306
ELATINA/CEA, 52
Elatine, 53
Eleocharis, 391
Hlephantopus, 155
Eleusine, 435
Elodea, 60
5, 342

E/lymus, 451
EMPETRA/CEA, 309
Empétrum, 319
Epige/a, 217
EKpilobium, 107
E’pipactis, 350
Epiphagus, 358
EQUISETa/CER, 454
Equisétum, 454
Eréchtites, 198
Erica/ceaz, 213
Erigénia, 131
Erigeron, a
s. 180

ERIOCAULA/CER, 370
Eriocau/lon, 370
Eriophorum, 396
s. 396

Erodium, 65
Erophila, 25
E/rvum, 85
s. 85

Ery/ngium, 131
Ery’simum, : 32,
s. 28, 32

Erythre’a, 239
Erythronium, 362
EscaLLONia’CEE, 128
Euchréma, 269
Eupatorium, 158
s. 158, 161

Euphorbia, 312
EUPHORBIA’CEX, 310
Euphrasia, 269
Euthamia, 179, 180
Evonymus, 68
E’/xacum, 240
Facus, 332
s. 332

Fédia, 153
Férula, 136
Festuca, 436
s. 448, 444, 448

Filago, 197
FVLices, 456
Fimbristy'lis, 397

476

Page |
Fle’rkia, 66
Fragaria, 98
Frasera, 238
Fraxinus, 230
Friésia, 311
Fuiréna, 398
Fumaria, 22
Ss. 22, 23
Fumaria/CEB, 22
Galactia, dd
Galatélla, 169
Galéza, a.
Galeopsis, 282
Galium, 151
Gaultheria, 214
S. 223
Gatra, 108
Gaylussacia, 221
Genista, 7
Gentiana, 236
GENTIANA’CER, 236
GrRANIA/CER, 63
Geranium, 64
s. 65
Gerardia, 266
Géun, 94
s. 100
Gillénia, 93
Glaax, 291
Gléchoma, 280
Gleditschia, 88
Glycéria, 444
Gly'cine, 87
Gnaphalium, 196
Ss. 108
Gonolobium, 235
Gonolobus, 235
Goodyéra, 351
GuaMINa’CEB, 418
Gratiola, 262
GerossuLaRiA/CEB, 124
Gymnocladus, 89
Gymnopogon, 437
Gynandropsis, 33
Gyromia, 359
Habenaria, 346, 347,
348, 349
H#MoporRA‘CEE, 376
Halénia, 7
HaLoraGa/Ces, 111
HAMAMELIDA'CEB, 141
Hamamélis, 141
Hamiltonia, 308 |

INDEX,
Page
Harpaly'ce, 208, "209 Hypericum, ay
Hedeoma, 276 s. 60
Hedera, 63 | Hypopithys, 226
Hedy/otis 149 | Hypéporum, 403
Hedy’sarum, 82 | Hypoxipa/cEm 355
s. 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 34 | Hypdxis, 355
Heleastrum, 168, 171 | Hyssépus, 280
Helenium, 192
Helianthemum, 34
Helianthus, 188 | Ictédes, 383
5.185 | Tex, 227
Helidpsis, 185 Ss. 228
Helleborus, 12 | ILLECEBRA/CER, 51
s. 11} Impatiens, 65
Helonias, 366 | Inula, 181
s, 366 s. 173, 174
Hemerocallis, 363 | Ipome'a, 245, 246
Hemianthus, 263 | Ir1pa/cEm, 353
Hemicarpha, 399 | I’ris, 353
Hepatica, 6 | Isanthus, 271
Heracleum, 138 | Isnardia, 110
Herpestis, 262 | Isee’tes, A47i
Ss. 264 | Isolepis, 398
Hésperis, 31 | I’'tea. 128
Heteranthera, 369 | I’va, 185
Heuchera, 127 s. 185
Hibiscus, 55 | Jeffersonia, ie
Hic6rius, 337 | JUGLANDA’/CER, 335
Hieracium, 207 | Juglans, 308
Hierochloa, 437 s. 336, 337
HIPPocaSTANAa’/CEZ, 62] JuNca/cER, 371
Hippophe, 306 | JuNcaGINa’cEB, 379
Hippuris, 113| Juncus, 372
Holcus, 421 s. 372
s. 437, 446, 449 | Juniperus, 338
Honckénya, 50 | Justicia, 286
Hordeum, 451
Hottonia, 290
Houstonia, 149, 150 | Kalmia, 217
Hudsonia, 36 | Keeléria, 445
Humulus, 317| Krigia, 204
Hydrangea, 129 s. 205
HYDRANGEA’CE®, 128/ Kuhnia, 156
Hydrastis, 6 | Kyllingia, 391
HDYROCHARIDA’CER, , stood
342
Hydrocotyle, 130 | Lasi/aTaz, 70
s. 131 | Lachnanthes, 376
Hi, dréglossum, 466 | Lacttica, 205
Hydropeltis, 18 s. 210
HypRoPHYLLA/CES, 252 | Lamium, 281
Hydrophy’Ilum, 252 Lappa, 203°
Hymenophy'llum, 464 | Lariz, 340
Hyoscy’amus, 257 | Lathyrus, 85
Ay6seris, 204 Laura’CEs, 305
Hyrerica’cea, 57 | Laurus, 305

Lechéa,
Leconitia,
Lédum,

Leérsia,
LEGUMINO’SE,
Lei‘ophy’llum,
Lémna,
LENTIBULARIA/CER,
Leontice,
Leéntodon,
Leontrus,
Lépachys,
Lepidium,
Leptandra,
Leptanthus,
Lespedéza,
Leucanthemum,
Leucothoé,
Liatris,
Ligusticum,

369,

Ligustrum,
Li.ia/cEz,
Li‘hum,
Limnanthemum,
Limneélis,
Limodorum,

Limosélla,
Lina/CEB,
Linaria,
Lindérnia,
Linne’a,
Linum, "
Liparis,
Lippia,
Liquidambar,

Liriodéndron,
Listéra,
Lithospérmum,

s. 248, 249,
Lobadiwn,
Lobélia,
LoBELIA/CER,
LoGaniA/CEm,
Loisilenria,
Lolium,
Lonicéra,
Lophanthus,
Lophv‘ola,
LoraAntTua/CER,
Ludwigia,
Lupi’nus,
Luzula,

110,

INDEX.
Page Page
35 | Ly’chnis, 47
382 | Lycopopia/ceEz, 467
220 | Lycopodium, 468
220 s. 469
419 | Lyco’psis, 250
72 | Lycopus, 270
220 | Lygodium, 466
384 | Lyonia, 216
287 | Lysimachia, 291
17 | LytHRa/cex, 114
206 | Ly’thrum, 115
281 s. 116
187
26 | Magnolia, 14
266 | MaGnouia/cEz& 14
370 | Malaxis, 343, 344
83 | Malope, 54
194 | Malus, 105
215 | Malva, 54
156 | Matva’cez, 54
136 | Mari‘scus, 391
135 | Marrubium, 283
229 | Marsi/lea, AT
361 | MarsILea’cEB, 470
361 | Marty’nia, 242
241 | Marutta, 193
436 | Meconopsis, 20
344 | Medéola, 059
345 | Medicago, 74
264 | Megastachya, 443
53 | Melampy’rum, 70
259 | MevanTua/cem, 365
263 | Melanthium, 365
149 s. 365, 367
53 | Mevastoma’/cem, 116
343 | Mélica, 445
285 | Melilotus, 74
334 | Melissa, 277
324 | Melothria, 118
15 | MenisperMa’cex, 16
350 | Menispérmum, 16
248 | Méntha, O71
252 | Menyanthes, 241
72 Ss. 241
912 | Menziésia, 216
212 s. 217
235 | Merténsia, 201
220 | Meéspilus, 103
450 | Microméria, 277
147 | Micropétalwm, 48
279 | Microstylis, 344
364 | Mikania, 160
143 | Mi‘hum, 422
111 Ss. 428
88 | Mimulus, 261
372 | Mitcheélla, 150

AT7

Page
Mitélla, 127
Meehri/ngia, 59
Molligo, 47
Momordica, 118
Monarda, 272
s. 274
Moneses, 225
Monniéra, 202
Monotropa, 226
Mora/cEm, 317
Morus, a7
Muhlenbérgia, 429
s. 430, 431, 433
Mulgédium, 210
Myagrum, 20
Myosotis, 250
s, 251
Myrica, 324
Myrica/ces, 323
Myriophy’llum, 112
My'rrhis, 139
Nabalus, 208
Natapa‘cEz, 384
Najas, 385
Nape'a, 56
Nardosmia, 161
Narthécium, 375
s. 366
Nasturtium, 30
Naumbérgia, 292
Néctris,
Negundo, 61
NELUMBIA/CEE, 18
Nelambium, 18
Nemopanthes, 228
Neméphila, 253
Néottia, 351
Népeta, 280
S. 274
Nephrodium, 457, 458,
459, 460
Nicandra, 256
Nicotiana, 256
Nuphar, 19
Nymphe’a, 19
Ske
NYMPH &A‘CER, 19
Ny’ssa, 307
O‘akesia, 310
Obeliscaria, 187
Obrone, 298
Obolaria, 258
GEnanthe, 137
Q&nothéra, 108

478

Page !
Oldenlandia, 159
OLEA’CER, 229
Omatlothéca, 197
ONsGRA/CER, 107
Onocléa, 457
s. 464
Onopordon, 201
Onosmodium, 249
Ophioglossum, 406
O'phrys, 345, 350, 351
Oplasmenus, 426
Opori‘nia, 205
Opuntia, 123
OrcuiDa/CE, 343
O’rchis, 346
S. 345,346,347,348, 349
Origanum, 2715
Ornithogaium, 364
OTnus, 201
OroBANCHA’CER, 257
Orobanche, 257
s. 258
Oréntium, 383
Oryzopsis, 427
Csmorhi’za, 139
Osmunda, 4b5
O’strya, 327
Olophy'lla, 207
OxaLiDa’/Cee, 66
Oxalis, 66
Oxycoccus, 223
Oxydéndrum, 214
Oxy’ria, 305
Pedérota, 266
Panax, 141
Panicum, 423
s. 423, 426, 427
Papaver, 21
PAPAVERA’CEER, 19
Parietaria, 316
Parnassia, Al
Parthénium, 183
Paspalum, 422
Passiflora, 119

ASSIFLORA’CEE, I1

Pastinaca, 137
Pavia, 62
PEDALIA/CEE, 242
Pedicularis, 268
Peltandra, 382
Pennisétum, 426, 427
Penthorum, 122
Pentstémon, 261
Péplis, 53
Phaca 79

INDEX.
Page
| Phacélia, 253
S. 203, 254
| Pralangium, 375
Phalaris, 421
| Pharbitis, 245, 246
| Phaséolus, 87
| Phléum, 42)
Phlox, 243
Phragmites, 434
Phry’ma, 285
Phyllanthus, 311
Phyllodoce, 216
Phy/’salis, 255
Physostégia, 281
Phytolacea, 300
Puyto.acca/csz, 300
PLANTAGINA/‘CEZ, 293 |
Pingui’cula, 287 |
Pinus, 339
Piptatherum, 428
PistTia/CEz, O04 |
Pisum, 56
Plantago, 293
PLataNna/CEZ, 333
Platanthéra, ' 346
Platanus, 333
Platy'loma, 463
Plachea, - 180
PLUMBAGINA’CEE, 293
Poa, 440
s. 444, 445, 446
Podaly'ria, 73
Podophy’‘llum, 17
PopostTeMa’ceEz, 113
Podostémum, 114
Pogonia, 349
s. 349
Polani'sia, 34
PoLEMoNIA/cEm, 243
Polemonium, 244
s. 254
Poly’gala, 42
POLYGALA‘/CER, 42
PoLYGON4/CER, 300
Polygonatum, 359
Poly’gonum, 301
Poly’mnia, 182
Polypodium, 456
s. 458, 459
Polypogon, 433
Poma’cE, 102
PONTEDERA/CEB, 369
Pontedéria, 359
Populus, 322
Porcelia, 15 |
| Portulaca, 120 |

Page

PORTULACA CEE, 119
Potamogéton, 386
Potenti'lla, 93
Pothos, 3383
| Prenanthes, 208,209
Primula, 289
PRIMULA‘CES, 289
| Prinos, 228
s. 228

Prosartes, 368
Proserpinaca, 11}
Prunélia, 27e
| Prunus, 90
Sagi

Psamma, 434
Psilocarya, 401
Ptarmica, 193
| Ptélea, 63
Ptéris, 463
Pterdspora, 226
Pulmonaria, 252
Purshia, 249
Pycnanthemum, 274
Py’rola, 224
Pyroua’CEz, 224
Pyrularia, 303
Py’rus, 104
Pyzidanthéra, 247
Quércus, ae 1
Quéria, 52
RANUNCULA'CER, 3
Ranunculus, 7
Raphanus, 33
Rensselaéria, 382
RHAMNA’CER, 70
Rhamnus, 70
Rhéxia, 117
Rhinanthus, 268
Rhododéndron, 218
s. 218

Rhodora, 218
Rhus, ak
Rhynchospora, 399
Ri’bes, 124
Ricinus, ou
Robinia, 73
Rochélia, 251
Rosa, 101
Rosa/CEE, 92
Rusia’/CEE, 149
Rubus, 95
s. 98

Rudbéckia, 185
s. 187, 189

f Page
Ruéllia, 286
Rumex, 304
s. 305
Ruppia, 386
Sabbatia, 258
Sagina, 47
S, 52
Sagittaria, 378
Saica/cex, 318 |
Salicornia, 299
Salix, 319
Salsola, 299
5 AT)
Salvia, 272
Salvinia, A471
Sambicus, 144
Samolus, 292
Sanguinaria, 20
Sanguisorba, 106
SANGUISORBA/CEH, 105
Sanicula, 131
SANTALA’ CER, 307
Saponaria, 46
Saréthra, ‘ 59
Sarracénia, 22
SARRACENIA/CER, 21
Sassafras, 306
SAURURA/CER, 318
Saurtirus, 318
Saxifraga, 125
SAXIFRAGA’CER, 125
Scandix, 139
Scheuchzéria, 080
Schizea, 466
Scha’'nus, 388, 399
Schéllera, 379
Schwalbea, 268
Scirpus, 394
5. 391, 392, 393, 394,
397, 398
ScLERANTHA'CED, 121
Scleranthus, 121
Scleéria, A{)2
Sclerolépis, 156
Scolopéndrium, 462
Scrophularia, 260
Scropuunaria‘cem, 258
Scutellaria, 278
S:dum, 122
Selaginélla, 469 |
Selanum, 135
Senécio, 199
s. 198, 199 |
Sericocarpus, 170
Serpicula, 342 |

INDEX.
Page
Sesuvium, 123
Setaria, 4°26
Shepherdia, 306
Sibbaldia, 100
Sicyos, 118
Sida, 55
Stegesbéckia, 192
Sievérsia, 94, 95
Silene, 45
Silphium, 182
Sinapis, 33
S' son, 131, 133
Sisy’ mbrium, 32
S. 29, 30, 3
Sisyrinchium, 354
Sium, 133
8. 137
SmILa‘CEA, 356
Smilacina, 357
s. 358
Smilax, 356
Smy'rniwm, 132,133,136
SoLana/CER, 254
Solanum, 254
Solea, 40
Solidago, 174
Sonchus, 206
“s. 210
Sophora, 3
Sorbus, 105
Sparganium, 380
Sparganophorus, 150
Spartina, 436
Specularia, 211
Spergula, 52
s. 49
Spergulastrum 48
Spernacace, 15]
Spigéha, 235
Spire’a 92
age s. 93
Spiranthes, 350
Stachys, 282
Staphyléa, 69
STAPHYLA‘CEE, 69
Statice, 293
Stellaria, 48
Slenactis, 17:
Stipa, 42
Ss. 433
Streptopus, 368
s ae
S/rophostyles, 87,

Struthiopteris, i) bd
Stylophorum,
Stylosanthes,

ce)
~
28 |
?

479

Page

Styrandra, 398
Subularia, 27
Suéda, 297
Sweértia, 238
s. 238

Symphoria, 148, 149
Symphoricarpus, 148
Symplocarpus, 383
Sy’mphytum, 249
Talinum, 120
Tanacctum, 195
Taraxacum, 295
Taxus, o41
Tecoma, 242
Tephrosia, wy
TETRAGONIA/‘CER = 122
Teticrium, 284
Thalictrum, 4
Tuaspia, 135
Thaspium, 135
Tréesrum, 308
Thlaspi, 24
s, 26

Thuya, 338
THYMELA/CER, 307
Thy’mus, 275
Tiarélla, 127
Tilia, 5S
TiLia/CER, 56
Tille’a, 121
Tipularia, 045
Toficldia, 366
Tradescantia, 377
Trichelosty ‘lis, 398
Trichéchloa, 433
Trichodium, 431
Trichémanes, 464
Tvichéphorum, 396
Trichostéma, 283
Trictispis, 446
Trientalis, 299
Trifolium, To
Triglochin, 379
TRILUIA/CEE, 359
Trillium, 369
Tridsteum, 145
Triphora, 49
Tripolium, 169
Tripsacum, 152
| 'Trisétum, 439
459

Triticum, 150
| 'Trollius, 1
TrROPmOLA'CES, 66

A89 INDEX.

a Page Page | Page
Turritis, 31} Vaccinium, . 221 | Vita’cEx, 62
s. 28 s. 216, 223 | Vitis, 63

Tussilago, 161 | Valeriana, 153
s. 161 | VALERIANA/CER, 153 | Waldste2nia, 95
Ty’pha, 381 | Valerianélla, 153 | Windséria, 446
TypHa’cEx, 380 | Valisnéria, 342 | Woddsia, 459
Veratrum, 367 | Woodwardia, 462

Udora, 342 s: 367
ULMa’cEs, 334 | Verbascum, 259 | Xanthium, 183
U'lmus, 334 | Verbéna, 284 | Xerophy’llum 366
UMBELLI/FERE, 129 Ss. 285 | Xylosteum, 148
Uniola, 449 | VERBENA’CER, 284 | Xyripa/cez, 371
s. 443 | Verbesina, 192 | Xy'ris, 371

Uralépis, 440 | Vernonia, 155
Uraspérmum, 139 | Veronica, 264 | Zannichéllia, 385
Urtica, 314 S. 266! ZaNTHOXYLA‘CEE, 67
s. 315, 316 | Vibtrnum, 144} Zanthoxylum, 67
Urtica’/cEs, 314 | Vicia, 84 | Zanthoriza, 14
Utricularia, 287 s. 85| Zapania, 285
Uvaria, 15 | Vilfa 432 | Zenobia, 215
Uvularia, 367 | Villarsia, 241 | Zizania, 419
s. 368 | Viola, 36 | Zizia, 132
_ $s. 40| Zostéra, 385
Vaccinia/cEz, 220 | VioLa’cES, 36 | Zygadénus, 365
Viscum, 143

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