Coville, Frederick V.

Botany of Yakutat Bay, Alaska

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aad): S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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CONTRIBUTIONS

‘THE U.S. NATIONAL HERBARIUM.

Vol. Ill, No. 6.

ISSUED JANUARY 15, 1896.

BOTANY OF YAKUTAT BAY, ALASKA.

By FREDERICK VERNON COVILLE.

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WITH A FIELD REPORT

By FREDERICK FUNSTON.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
1895.

PaaS =

GA

feo DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DIVISION OF BOTANY.

CONTRIBUTIONS

FROM

THE U.S. NATIONAL HERBARIUM.

Wola LE INOD-G;

ISSUED JANUARY 15, 1896.

BOTANY OF YAKUTAT BAY, ALASKA.

By FREDERICK VERNON COVILLE.

WITH A FIELD REPORT

By FREDERICK FUNSTON.
le

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1895.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
DIVISION OF BOTANY,
Washington, D. C., August 21, 1895.

Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as Vol-
ume ITI, No. 6, of Contributions from the United States National Her-
barium, a manuscript entitled “ Botany of Yakutat Bay, Alaska.” This
paper constitutes a report on the botany of one of the obscure parts of
our country, and is a result of the explorations of a field agent of this
Department, Mr. Frederick Funston, during the summer of 1892.

Respectfully,
FREDERICK V. COVILLE,
Botanist.
Hon. J. STERLING MoRTON,
Secretary of Agriculture.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.

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BOTANY OF YAKUTAT BAY, ALASKA.

1.—FIELD REPORT.
By FREDERICK FUNSTON.

In accordance with my commission and letter of instructions to pro-
ceed to Yakutat Bay, Alaska, and make a collection of the plants of
that vicinity, | took passage from San Francisco on the Coast Survey
steamer Hassler, having purchased a camp outfit and hired a laborer to
accompany me on the trip as cook and general camp employee. The
Hassler sailed April 16, 1892, and on her way north touched at Port
Townsend, Victoria, Departure Bay, Port Simpson, and Sitka, arriving
at Yakutat Bay May 19, after a voyage of thirty-three days. On the
night following our arrival there arose a heavy southeasterly wind,
accompanied by rain, which continued with great violence for five days;
so that it was not until May 25 that 1 was able to establish my camp on
shore. In order to have some place suitable for storing supplies and
caring for specimens, I rented from the natives a house situated in the
smaller of their two villages, on Khantaak Island; the larger village
being on the mainland, distant about a mile.

The Indians, of whom about two hundred live in the vicinity of
Yakutat Bay, belong to the Thlinket tribe and are uncivilized, though
apparently well disposed toward white people who come among them.
They live in rude houses of their own construction, and subsist mostly
on fish, both fresh and smoked, shellfish, crabs, and other marine ani-
mals, besides the flesh and oil of the hair seal. Seal oil seems to be
their staff of life, as it is eaten with nearly ali kinds of food, both ani-
mal and vegetable. During the summer season the Indians use large
quantities of berries, and also utilize several edible plants, to be men-
tioned hereafter.

Immediately on establishing my camp I began the work of collecting,
though at this season but few plants were in flower. I endeavored to
obtain twenty sheets of dried specimens of each species, but in some
eases only a partial series could be secured on account of the scarcity
of the plant. The drying papers were changed two or three times
every day aud dried by hand over a fire before they were returned to the
presses, this work being rendered necessary by the great humidity of
the atmosphere and the almost daily rains. During the season about

10 cords of wood were used in keeping up these fires.
325

Seyi ly

GAR

326

Yakutat Bay and the land in its immediate vicinity may be briefly
described as follows: The bay, which lies approximately in latitude
60° N. and longitude 140° W., not only extends through the narrow
strip of lowland separating the St. Elias range of mountains from the
ocean, but also penetrates the range itself for a considerable distance.
Its width at the entrance, between Ocean Cape on the east and Point
Manby on the west, is about 20 miles, and its length, from the capes to
the entrance of Disenchantment Bay, about 30 miles. The latter bay
is merely an extension of Yakutat Bay, and lies wholly within the St.
Elias range, being walled in by tremendous mountains rising from the
water’s edge. Its length is about 25 miles, and its width from 3 to 5
miles. Great glaciers composed of pure ice several hundred feet in
thickness extend down to the water and throw off large numbers of
icebergs, which crowd the waters of the bay at all times and are carried
by the tides into Yakutat Bay, lining its western shore as far as Point
Manby, the prevailing southeasterly winds holding them against this
shore. The largest of the glaciers on Disenchantment Bay are the
Hubbard and Dalton, the former having a frontage on the water of 6
miles and the latter of 2 miles, and each being about 15 miles long.

Beginning again at the entrance of Yakutat Bay, and following its
eastern shore line from Ocean Cape to the foothills of the St. Elias
range, a distance of about 20 miles, the surface of the country is gener-
ally level, though in some places there are hills 50 feet high. About 2
miles from Ocean Cape the Ankow River, a sluggish stream a hundred
yards wide, empties into the bay. The Ankow has not been explored,
but the Indians give its length as about 20 miles. As the country
through which it flows has but little elevation above the sea, the waters
of this river are extremely brackish as far as 7 miles from its mouth,
being affected by the sea water at high tide. Between the mouth of
the Ankow and the foothills of the mountains a number of small tresh-
water streams reach the waters of the bay. After the foothills of the
range are reached the entire surface of the country undergoes a radi-
cal change, becoming extremely broken and mountainous, with numer-
ous very rapid streams. In this region there is very little level land,
the mountains generally rising from the beach to far above the line of
perpetual snow. The most conspicuous peak in this locality is Mount
Tebenkof, elevation unknown. Proceeding farther north, up the bay,
the mountains become more precipitous and the snow line gradually
comes nearer to sea level, until at the entrance to Disenchantment Bay
the country has a decidely Arctic character. It is on this latter bay
that the great glaciers appear, and in some sheltered canyons snow is
found at sea level even in midsummer. Crossing the upper end of
Yakutat Bay to the west side, near the mouth of Dalton Creek, the
country is generally level, sloping gradually upward toward the moun-
tains. In this vicinity a number of wide gravel washes, cut up by
numerous small streams, come down from the neighboring mountains.

327

From the mouth of Dalton Creek to Point Manby, a distance of 30
miles, the narrow strip of land, less than a mile wide, lying between
the beach and the edge of the Malaspina Glacier, is a succession of
sand dunes near the beach and of gravel ridges near the glacier, with
here and there small streams formed by the melting of the glacier ice.

On the eastern side of Yakutat Bay are about a dozen small islands,
ranging in size from Khantaak, 7 miles long, to some less than an acre
in extent.

During the first three weeks following my arrival, I collected on Khan-
taak Island and on the adjacent mainland from the Mission to Ocean
Cape, and also took a canoe trip to Mr. McGrath’s' camp, on the oppo-
site side of the bay near Point Manby, a distance of 20 miles, but found
little here that I had not already collected. Several days of the latter
part of June were spent on a trip by sea to the base of Mount Teben-
kof, a distance of 18 miles, but the weather was such that little was
accomplished. A canoe trip to the mainland near Knight Island about
the middle of July was more successful, though I was compelled by
a heavy rain storm to return after a stay of one day. Several other
journeys were made by canoe during the summer whenever the weather
would permit, and nearly every accessible point on the shores of the
bay was visited. It had been my original intention to spend the greater
part of the summer at Dalton’s cabin, an abandoned house in the forest,
3 miles from the beach on the west side of the bay near its head; but a
dense ice pack which lay off this shore nearly all the summer precluded
any attempt to effect a landing.

On August 2, accompanied by my laborer and another man employed
toassist in handling the canoes in the ice, I left Khantaak Island with two
canoes containing my camp outfit, collecting apparatus, and provisions
for a two weeks’ cruise, visiting nearly every part of Disenchantment
Bay and climbing many of the mountains on its shores to the line of
perpetual snow. The greater part of my collections in this region were
made on the southern shore of the bay, near the large rock known as
Haenke Island. Canoeing in Disenchantment Bay was attended with
much labor and no little peril, as we were constantly in danger of being
crushed in the floating ice which filled the bay at nearly all times.

On August 14, while camped on the east side of Disenchantment Bay
near its entrance, I noticed that the ice floe off the mouth of Dalton
Creek seemed to be less densely packed than usual, and, loading botb
canoes, I crossed to the opposite side and succeeded in landing, though
one of the canoes was upset in the surf. Two days later I returned to
Khantaak Island with my entire outfit. During this two weeks’ trip
the weather was exceptionally favorable and the collections were the
most satisfactory made during the season. Therain poured in torrents
nearly every day during the latter half of August, though some col-
lecting was done in the intervals. The rainfall is said to have been

1 Of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.

328

heavier in the summer of 1892 than in any other since the American
occupation of Alaska. From my arrival at Yakutat Bay on May 19
until my departure on September 4, a period of 107 days, there were
but 24 days wholly without rain.

The plant life of the region about Yakutat Bay is characterized by
the dense and vigorous growth of a comparatively small number of
species, giving the forests especially an appearance of great sameness.

The almost level country lying on the eastern side of the bay, between

Ocean Cape and the foothills of the mountains, is covered with a forest
growth practically impenetrable. The great amount of fallen timber,
together with the tangled and heavy undergrowth, constitute such
obstacles to travel that even the Indians, who have lived here many
years, have never penetrated the forests of the mainland for a mile from
their own village. The great bulk of this forest is composed of the
Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), which in this region reaches a height of
70 feet. This tree extends from sea level to an altitude of 2,200 feet on
the sides of Mount Tebenkof; but as one follows the .coast line up the
bay from this mountain, the upper limit becomes lower and lower, until
at the entrance of Disenchantment Bay it reaches sea level, the tree
not being found on the shores of this bay. A large forest lies along
Dalton Creek, and there are several of considerable extent between this
‘place and Point Manby.

The timber of the spruce tree plays a most important part in the
economy of the natives, as from it are constructed their houses and
canoes, and it is used in the manufacture of oil crates, bows, arrows,
and other implements, while the smaller roots, after being boiled and
split, are used in basket weaving.

The hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) is found scattered through the
spruce forests, and seems to have about the same vertical range as
that tree, but is much less abundant and is somewhat smaller in size.
The only other conifer found in this vicinity was a single individual of
Sitka cypress (Chamecyparis nootkatensis), a small tree on Khantaak
Island near the Indian village.

The red alder (Alnus rubra) is found in great quantities throughout
the forest region, especially on the edges of open glades, along the
banks of streams, near the beach, and on the mountain sides, above
the limitof spruce. On the western slope of Mount Tebenkof it reaches
an altitude of 3,000 feet, 800 feet higher than spruce and hemlock, and
grows on these higher slopes in such dense jungles as to be almost
impenetrable, constituting one of the most serious obstacles to moun-
tain climbing in this region. On the shores of Disenchantment Bay,
where the spruce is not found, the alder reaches an altitude of 800 feet.
This tree is also found in large quantities along the western shore of
the bay.

A willow (Salix barelayi), growing from 5 to 10 feet high, is found
sparingly on Khantaak Island and in the low forest region, and is
abundant in the wide canyons and washes of the St. Elias range and

329

along the numerous small streams flowing from the Malaspina glacier,
where it forms dense thickets which are the favorite resort of the
ptarmigan.

The elder (Sambucus racemosa), an erect shrub about 8 feet in height,
is common but not abundant in the open, well-drained tracts near the
margin of the forest, more especially on Khantaak Island and near the
mouth of the Ankow River. The bright, red berry ripens about the 1st
of September, but as I left the country about this time I can not say
whether the natives use this fruit or not.

Menziesia ferruginea, an erect shrub from 4 to 6 feet high, which
flowers during the first half of June, is scattered through the denser
forests. The highest altitude at which this plant was found was 1,800
feet above the sea on the sides of Mount Tebenkot, where, on June 22,
the buds were not yet open.

The high-bush cranberry (Viburnum pauciflorum) is common in the
forest region, growing more abundantly aloug the margins of the glades
than in the dense woods. The blossoms are open in early June. The
fruit—a bright scarlet berry about the size of a pea—is ripe after.
August 20 and is highly prized by the natives, who use large quantities
in season but do not preserve it for winter consumption.

The blueberry ( Vaccinium ovalifolium), a shrub 4 feet in height, forms
a large part of the forest undergrowth in the low country, but is not
found at any considerable altitude. The fruit, a dark purple berry
larger than a pea, is collected in great quantities by the natives, who
not only use it in season but preserve it for winter, drying the crushed
berries by artificial heat. It is considered an important article of food,
and in September, immediately after the close of the fishing season,
nearly all the women and children of the village begin collecting and
drying a supply for the coming winter.

Rubus spectabilis, known ail along the northwest coast as the salmon
berry, a spreading bush from 4 to 6 feet in height, grows in immense
quantities in the less densely shaded forests and along the beach. It
reaches an altitude of 2,200 feet on Mount Tebenkof. At this place, how-
ever, the growth is much stunted, as it is also on the sides of a moun-
tain above the entrance of Disenchantment Bay at an altitude of 1,100
feet. The fruit, which in general shape resembles the red raspberry,
is about an inch long by half an inch in diameter, and varies in color from
very light to very dark red. It begins to ripen at sea level about August
5, and at higher altitudes two weeks later. During the season it is an
important article of food among the natives, who gather large quantities
in baskets. The berry is sometimes eaten as taken from the bush, but
is usually crushed in a wooden bowl and eaten with seal oil. It is not
preserved for winter use.

The devil’s club (Hchinopanax horridwm), an erect shrub from 4 to 6
feet in height, with slender woody stem branching near the top, and
densely covered with short, sharp prickles, is abundant in all thé forests

332

The other plants found on these sandy stretches are Lathyrus mari-
timus, which is very abundant; Arabis hirsuta, sometimes eaten raw by
the Indians; Arenaria lateriflora, Castilleja miniata, Ranunculus nelsoni,
Lupinus nootkatensis unalaskensis, Epilobium latifolium, Pneuwmaria
maritima, Phellopterus littoralis, Rhinanthus erista-galli, Achillea mille-
folium, Gentiana amarella, Selinum gmelini, Pedicularis palustris wlas-
sowiana, and Juncoides campestre sudeticum.

Along the gravel beaches just out of reach of high tide are found
Glaux maritima, Arenaria peploides, Puccinellia muritima, and Poa
glumaris.

The mountains of the St. Elias range in the Disenchantment Bay
region, as has already been stated, are clothed to an altitude of
about 800 feet with a dense growth of Alnus rubra. There are, how-
ever, in some localities extensive breaks in these thickets which are
well filled with other vegetation, while there is a considerable variety
of growth above the limit of this tree. A few of the plants in the
vicinity of Disenchantment Bay have already been mentioned as
occurring on Khantaak Island and on the mainland near the Mission,
but the great majority of those collected in this region were not found
in the low forest country. Beginning at about the upper limit of the
red alder, the mountain sides are covered with a heavy growth of
grass, Deschampsia cespitosa longiflora, to an altitude of 2,550 feet.
‘These grassy slopes are in many places given a decidedly bluish tinge
by the blossoms of the monkshood (Aconitum delphinifolium). Above
the grass limit the vegetation is more scattering, and consists mostly
of Salix arctica, a willow about 3 inches in height; Saxrifraga bron-
chialis, Geranium erianthum, Cassiope stelleriana, Luetkea pectinata, and
Bryanthus glanduliflorus. The highest altitude which I reached. on
these mountains was 4,250 feet above the sea. At this height, at the
time of my visit (the first two weeks of August), one reaches almost
continuous snow fields, the mountains being unbroken white except
where they are too steep for the snow to lie on, or where it has been
swept away in an avalanche.

Among the plants collected in this treeless mountain region, besides
those already mentioned, were Tellima grandiflora, Arabis lyrata, which
is eaten raw by the natives; Cerastium alpinum, Pyrola minor, Valeriana
sitchensis, Potentilla procumbens, Parnassia fimbriata, Artemisia nor-
vegica, Potentilla villosa, Barbarea barbarea, Ranunculus cooleye (very
rare), Antennaria alpina, Campanula rotundifolia alaskana, Tussilago
Srigida, Antennaria margaritacea, Hieracium triste, Habenaria bracteata,
Lycopodium alpinum, Anemone narcissiflora, Prenanthes alata, Aquilegia
formosa, Arnica latifolia, Romanzoffia sitchensis, Huphrasia officinalis,
Geum calthifolium, Cryptogramme acrostichoides, Cystopteris fragilis,
Agrostis exarata, Phlewm alpinum, and Poa alpina.

As has been stated at the beginning of my report, but little collecting
was done after my return to Khantaak Island from Disenchantment

333

Bay, on account of the weather, so that my work for the season was
now practically closed.

The total number of specimens collected during the summer was
about 3,000, representing 154 different species.

The work of the coast survey parties having been completed, the
Hassler called in at Yakutat on September 3, and the next day started
on her return to San Francisco. On account of a delay at Sitka and
continued unfavorable weather, the vessel did not reach Port Townsend
until October 3, 1892. As the time of the ship’s departure for San
Francisco from this port was uncertain, I left the vessel here and pro-
ceeded east.

In closing, I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Captain
Harber and other officers of the Hassler, and to Messrs. McGrath and
Turner, of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, all of whom
took a lively interest in my work and aided me in many ways.

II.—BOTANICAL REPORT.
By FREDERICK VERNON COVILLE.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE.

The excellent collection of plants brought by Mr. Funston from the
vicinity of Yakutat Bay, Alaska, in 1892, gives us our first compre-
hensive knowledge of the flora of that locality. The specimens col-
lected undoubtedly represent nearly all the species of vascular plants
that occur in the area traversed, but circumstances prevented, for the
most part, the collection of the cellular cryptogams.

Yakutat Bay is an interesting point in the classification of the zonal
plant areas of the Pacific Coast, for at this place the dense coastal
forest characteristic of the coast mountains of British Columbia and
southern Alaska is broken by the occurrence of a series of glaciers
which here come down to the very beach, counteracting the influence of
the warm ocean currents and driving the timber line backward into the
sea. Westward from Yakutat Bay such breaks are frequent as far as
Cooks Inlet and the eastern part of Kadiak Island.! West of these
points the coniferous timber of the coast region ceases.”

On the west side of Yakutat Bay the Malaspina Glacier prevents
the growth of trees except at a few sheltered points. The forest on the
east side of Yakutat Bay, from Ocean Cape to Mount Tebenkof, a
distance of about 30 kilometers, is described by Mr. Funston as dense
and impenetrable and extending inland for an unknown distance. Of
such a nature is the coastal forest which extends almost uninterrupt-
edly to Sitka and still farther south.

The transition ground of such a change from forest to perpetual
snow and ice is full of interest. One stretch of it lies on the eastern
shore of Yakutat Bay, from Mount Tebenkof to the point which marks
the entrance of Disenchantment Bay, on the east. Following up the
eastern shore of Yakutat Bay over the lowlands, the forest meets Mount
Tebenkof, the southernmost peak of this section of the St. Elias range,
and ascends it to an altitude, on its western slope, of 2,200 feet. From
this point the timber line dips abruptly downward along the coastward

1“‘The eastern part of Kadiak Island and those lying to the northeast of it are
abundantly supplied with spruce and other trees.” Contributions to the Natural
History of Alaska, 1886, p.16; by L. M. Turner. Arctic Series of Publications, No.
II, Signal Service, U. S. Army.
2See map in Alaska Coast Pilot, 1879, Appendix I, Meteorology and Bibliography;
by W. H. Dall.
334

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slope of the mountains until at the mouth of Disenchantment Bay,
about 20 kilometers from Mount Tebenkof, it meets the sea.

The conditions which favor the northward progress of the forest
are: The low elevation of the coast region, the warmth of the ocean
currents, and the prevailing southeasterly winds; while the opposing
conditions are: The higher elevation of the mountains, the snow and
ice which cover them, and the occasional northerly winds.

Two zones are clearly represented in the flora of the Yakutat Bay
region, one extending from the sea up to timber line, the other from
timber line to the lower limit of perpetual snow. The conspicuous floral
features of these zones are described by Mr. Funston in his field report.
In its general geographic relationship the Yakutat Bay flora shows an
almost exclusively cireumpolar origin, while in its differentiation from
the circumpolar flora it conforms with that of Western British America
and the mountains of Washington and Oregon.

The appended catalogue of the collection contains 137 species and
varieties of vascular plants and 27 of cellular plants. The determina-
tion of the specimens in certain cases has been made by students of
special groups, the name of each of whom is inserted in the proper
place in the catalogue.

CATALOGUE OF SPECIES.

RANUNCULACES.

Anemone narcissiflora L. Sp. Pl. i, 542 (1753). Type localities, the Alps of
Austria, Switzerland, and Siberia. The specific name, apparently by a slip of the
pen, was printed first “‘narecissifolia,” but was corrected in a subsequent edition to
narcissiflora.

Disenchantment Bay, August 13 (No. 114), nearly past flowering. The plant is
abundant, ranging from 300 to 900 meters altitude.

Ranunculus cooleyze Vasey & Rose, Contr. Nat. Herb. i, 289 (1893). The type

specimens are those collected by Miss Cooley near Juneau, Alaska, and those of the
present collection.
, On the summit of a mountain on the mainland southeast of Haenke Island, Dis-
enchantment Bay, August 10 (No. 99), at an altitude of 1,000 meters. Only four
‘plants were seen. JI am wholly unable to agree with Professor E. L. Greene! in con-
‘sidering this plant a close relative of Kumlienia hystricula (Gray) Greene, which is
‘the Ranunculus hystriculus of Gray. Inthat peculiar plant the sepals are petaloid,
being large and white like those of an Anemone, while the petals are reduced to
minute stalked nectaries. In Ranunculus cooleye the sepals are of an herbaceous
green color, while the petals have the large size, expanded form, and bright yellow
color of an ordinary buttercup.

Ranunculus reptans L. Sp. Pl. i, 549 (1753); R. flammula reptans Meyer, Pl. Labr.
96 (1830). Described from specimens collected in Sweden and Russia.

Khantaak Island, July 31 (No. 81), along the margin of a fresh-water marsh.

Ranunculus nelsonii (DC.), Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. viii, 374 (1878) ; RB. recur-
vatus nelsonii DC. Syst. i, 290 (1818). The type specimens were collected on the
island of Unalaska by David Nelson.

! Erythea, ii, 193 (1894) and i, 53 (1895).

336

Knight Island, June 18 (No. 29), on a treeless, sandy bluff. It was common on
Khantaak Island, and a few specimens were found on Mount Tebenkof at an altitude
of 180 meters.

Caltha palustris L. Sp. Pl. i, 558 (1753). Type specimens from Europe.
On the east side of Yakutat Bay, near Ocean Cape, May 28 (No. 4); in the mar-
gins of fresh-water lagoons, but aot abundant.

Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii, 305 (1807); Helleborus trifolia
L. Sp. Pl. i, 558 (1753). Type localities, Canada and Siberia.

Khantaak Island, June 3 (No. 11); found sparingly among mosses and ferns in the
lowlands,

Aquilegia formosa Fisch.; DC. Prodr. i, 50 (1753). Type locality, Kamchatka.
Disenchantment Bay, August 14 (No. 121); abundant up to an altitude of 200
meters.

Aconitum delphinifolium DC. Syst. i, 380 (1818). The type specimen was col-
lected ‘‘in Hedge Island ad oras occidentales Americ borealis” by David Nelson.

Disenchantment Bay, August 13 (No. 116); abundant on the grassy slopes of the
mountains from 275 to 750 meters altitude.

Actza spicata arguta (Nutt.) Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 63 (1857); 4. arguta Nutt.;
Torr. & Gr. Fl. i, 35 (1838). The type locality is ‘‘ woods of the Oregon [i. e., the
Columbia] and its tributary streams.”

Near the Mission, June 6 (No. 14); growing in treeless, sandy soil covered with
grass.

NYMPHAACES.

Nympheza polysepala (Engelm.) Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, xv, 84 (1888); Nuphar
polysepalum Engelm, Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 282 (1865). Type locality, the
higher Rocky Mountains, from the sources of the Platte to those of the Columbia.
The various stations known at that time were also given.

Khantaak Island, June 26 (No. 43), in a fresh-water pond about 1 meter deep.

BRASSICACEZ.

Barbarea barbarea (L.) MacMillan Met. Minn. Val. 259 (1892); Erysimum barbarea
L. Sp. ae li, 660 (1755); Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iv, 109
(1812). Type specimens from Europe.

Disenchantment Bay, August 8 (No. 95); growing in damp, shady spots from sea
level to an altitude of 125 meters.

Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, ii, 30 (1772); Turritis hirsuta L. Sp. Pl.
ii, 666 (1753). Original specimens, from Sweden, Germany, and England.

Khantaak Island, June 7 (No. 15); found abundantly about an old Indian camp.
For use, see page 332.

Arabis lyrata L. Sp. Pl. ii, 665 (1753). Type specimen collected in Canada by
Kalm.

Disenchantment Bay, August 3 (No. 84); common on rock slides and all places
where other vegetation is scarce, at an altitude of 150 meters or less.

Cardamine oligosperma Nutt.; Torr. & Gr. FI. i, 85 (1838). Type locality,
“shady woods of the Oregon.”

Khantaak Island, May 50 (No. 7); growing along the beach above tide water.
Dr. N. L. Britton, to whom specimens have been submitted, refers them to C.
oligosperma, yet doubtfully, for they have no mature fruit. He says that they are
certainly not C. hirsuta.

Draba stenoloba Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i, 154 (1842), The type specimens were col-
lected on the island of Unalaska by Chamisso and Eschscholtz.

Disenchantment Bay, August 9 (No. 96); on the sides of a rocky cliff, 90 meters
above the sea. These specimens are in some cases annuals, in others biennials or

337

short-lived perennials, but they retain in the latter case a characteristic slender-
ness of the persistent part of the stem. Such specimens seldom occur in the Rocky
Mountains and Sierra Nevada, but, according to Ledebour, a subperennial habit is
characteristic of the species.
VIOLACEA.

Viola glabella Nutt.; Torr. & Gr. Fl. i, 142 (1838). Type locality, ‘‘shady woods
of the Oregon,” i. e., the Columbia River.

Near the entrance of Disenchantment Bay, July 24 (No. 74), on a mountain slope
at the altitude of 125 meters.

Viola langsdorfii Fisch.; DC. Prodr. i, 296 (1824). Type locality, the island of
Unalaska.

Khantaak Island, June 3 (No. 12) and June 27 (No. 48). No. 48 is arobust caulescent
plant with flowers, when not shrunken, 18 to 25 mm. long. No. 12 has no well-
developed aérial stems, and is a smaller plant than the other, with smaller flowers
and more nearly glabrous petals. It blooms, Mr. Funston states, a month earlier
than No. 48 and has flowers of a lighter blue. It will be seen that its characters
incline toward those of V. palustris. No. 12 is abundant throughout the forest
region, while No. 48 is said to occur less frequently.

CARYOPHYLLACEA.

Cerastium alpinum L. Sp. Pl.i, 488 (1753). Type specimens from Europe.

Disenchantment Bay, August 5 (No. 85) occurring but scantily.

Arenaria lateriflora L. Sp. Pl. i, 423 (1753). Type specimens from Siberia.

Khantaak Island, June 12 (Nos. 18 and 19). These specimens, like others from
the northern portions of the range of the species, are of low stature, seldom exceed-
ing 10 em. in height, and have leaves about 1 cm. in length. In No. 19 the anthers
are nearly black and contain a mass of bodies many times smaller than pollen grains,
undoubtedly their atrophied and functionless representatives. The same tendency
toward the suppression of the stamens is manifested in other herbarium specimens.
The plant grew on a sand spit and along a sandy bluff.

Arenaria peploides L. Sp. Pl. i, 425 (1753). The Linnean plants came from the
seashores of northern Europe.

Khantaak Island, June 20 (No. 37). All the Alaskan specimens in the National
Herbarium belong to the form described by Torrey and Gray as Honekenya oblongi-
folia. The plant is strictly a littoral species, growing in profusion along gravelly
beaches between the line of high tide and the forest. It is very commonly used to
produce a smudge to drive away insects.

PORTULACACES.

_ Claytonia sibirica L. Sp. Pl. i, 204 (1753). Type locality, Siberia.

At the base of Mount Tebenkof, Yakutat Bay, June 22, (No. 42). The plant is
abnndant along the banks of streams flowing into Disenchantment Bay. For use
see page 330.

GERANIACEZ.

Geranium erianthum DC. Prodr. i, 641 (1824). The species was decribed from
specimens collected by David Nelson in Kamchatka and northwestern North
America,

Disenchantment Bay, August 10 (No. 100); common on the slopes of the moun-
tains from 550 to 900 meters.

5076—No. 6

2

338

FABACES.

Lupinus nootkatensis unalaskensis Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. viii, 524 (1873).
The type specimens of this variety were collected on the Island of Unalaska.

Khantaak Island, June 20 (No. 35). It was found in abundance also in Disen-
chantment Bay and on the west side of Yakutat Bay. The National Herbarium
contains specimens not only from Unalaska but also from the Shumagin Islands and
Kadiak Island.

Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigelow, #1. Bost. ed. 2, 268 (1824); Pisum maritimum L.
Sp. Pl. ii, 727 (1753). First described from European specimens.

At the mouth of the Ankow River, ¥akonat Bay, June 13 (No. 20); abundant on
a bare, sandy point.

Lathyrus palustris L. Sp. Pl. ii, 733 (1753). Type locality, Europe.

Khantaak Island, July 27 (No. 77), in the margins of forest openings.

ROSACEZ.

Luetkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. i, 217 (1891); Saxifraga pectinata
Pursh, Fl. i, 312 (1814). Type specimen, from the ‘northwest coast” of North
America, dn dataa by Menzies.

Disenchantment Bay, August 5 (No. 90); abundant in the Hennig oceurring
between 180 and 1,200 meters altitude.

Rubus pedatus Smith, Ic. Pl. Ined. t. 63 (1791). ‘In Americ borealis tractu
occidentali legit Archibaldus Menzies.”

Khantaak Island, June (No. 151); frequent in the moist spruce forests.

Rubus spectabilis Pursh, Fl. i, 348, t. 16 (1814). Pursh described the species from
specimens collected by Lewis and Clarke on the banks of the Columbia River, and
by Menzies ‘‘on the northwest coast.”

At the Mission, May 26 (No.1). For the distribution and uses of this plant, see
page 329.

Rubus stellatus Smith, Ic. Pl. Ined. t. 64(1791). Type locality the same as that

of Rubus pedatus.
Near the Mission, June 1 (No. 9); common in the damp woods of the lowlands.

Geum calthifolium Smith, in Rees, Cyel. xvi (1819). Type specimen, collected
“by Mr. Menzies on the west coast of North America.”

Near Dalton Landing, August 16 (No. 130), occurring on a mountain side at an
altitude of about 250 meters.

Geum macrophyllum Willd. Enum. i, 557 (1809). Type locality, ‘‘in Camt-
schatca.”

Khantaak Island, June 17 (No. 25); a common weed near adeserted Indian village.

FPragaria chiloensis (L.) Lam. Encyel. ii, 537 (1786); J. vesca chiloensis L. Sp.
Pl. i, 495 (1753). Type locality not given.

Khantaak Island, May 27 (No. 2). This plant has a thick, closely bracteate root-
stock and thick, coriaceous leaves, glabrous and impressed-reticulate above, densely
villous beneath, as in specimens from the vicinity of San Francisco. For the distri-
bution and uses of this plant, see page 331.

Potentiila anserina L. Sp. Pl. i, 495 (1753). Type locality European.

Near the Mission, June 19 (No. 34). The plant is common but is confined to the
beaches, both on the islands and on the mainland. The leaf of Potentilla anserina
is one example of a type represented in the present collection by three other species,
Fragaria chiloensis, Potentilla villosa, and Phellopterus littoralis. In all these plants
the leaf is somewhat thickened, rugose and glabrous above, and beneath very
densely tomentose or villous. All the species grow upon the naked, sandy beach of
the ocean just above the line of high tide, where they are exposed not only to the

ee ey

Te

339

moisture-laden air of the region, but to the direct rays of the hot, summer sun, and,

‘probably also, to the influence of the salt water in the soil. The similarity in the
leaves of these plants, in the light of their diversity in natural relationship and their
subjection to the same environment, is strong evidence of their adaptive modification
for a common purpose.

Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, i, 359 (1772); Comarum palustre L.
Sp. Pl. i, 502 (1753). Type locality, European.

Along the Ankow River, about 10 kilometers from the point where it empties into
Yakutat Bay, July 16 (No. 63); growing abundantly in fresh-water swamps near the
stream.

Potentilla procumbens (L.) Clairv. Manuel, 166 (1811); Sibbaldia procumbens L.
Sp. Pl. i, 284 (1753). Described from European specimens.
At Dalton Landing, August 15 (No. 124). The species was nearly past flowering.

Potentilla villosa Pall.; Pursh, Fl. i, 355 (1814). The type specimens, which
Pursh saw in the herbarium of Lambert, came from the ‘‘ northwest coast” of North
America. In Ledebour’s Flora Rossica the recorded American localities in which
specimens were collected by Pallas are the islands of Kadiak and Unalaska.

Found only at a few points in Disenchantment Bay, August 8 (No. 94) and August
10 (No. 103), from sea level to an altitude of 650 meters. At this time the plant was
nearly past flowering.

Sanguisorba latifolia nom. nov.; Sanguisorba canadensis latifolia Hook. F1. Bor.
Amer. i, 198 (1834); Sanguwisorba sitchensis C. A. Meyer; Trauty. & Mey. Fl, Ochot.
35 (1856); Poterium sitechense Wats. Bibl. Ind. 303 (1878). The plant was described
from specimens collected by Scouler at ‘‘Observatory Inlet, Northwest coast of
America” and by Chamisso at Unalaska.

Along the Ankow River, about 10 kilometers above its mouth, July 16 (No. 66), on
the edges of sandy bluffs along the river bank.

Sorbus occidentalis (Wats.) Greene, FI. Fran. 54 (1891); Pyrus occidentalis Wats.
Proc. Amer. Acad. xxiii, 263 (1888). The type specimens are from the higher moun-
tains of Washington, Oregon, and California.

Disenchantment Bay, August 5 (No.92). Only two specimens were seen, forming
trees 2 to 3 meters high and growing at an altitude of 250 meters. The plant is
referred to S. occidentalis with doubt; for while it has leaflets entire for their lower
half, like those of that species, its young shoots are densely pubescent with brown
hairs and the flowers are unusually large, the petals reaching a length of 5to 6mm.,
and the calyx-throat a breadth of 5mm.* Theeymes are 3 to 5 em. in diameter, and the
leaflets nine to thirteen in number, the larger 5 cm.long. The plant is not referable
to typical S. sambucifolia,

SAXIFRAGACES.

Saxifraga bronchialis L. Sp. Pl. i, 400 (1753). Type locality, Siberia.

Disenchantment Bay, August 5 (No. 91); growing on the mountains at the altitude of
from 575 to 1,150 meters. The leaves of this plant present the thick body and thin
margins that occur also in Bryanthus glanduliflorus.

Saxifraga mertensiana Bong. Veg. Sitch. 141 (1831). Type locality Sitka.
At the base of Mount Tebenkof, June 22 (No. 41); abundant along the bank of a
stream.

Saxifraga punctata L. Sp. Pl. i, 401 (1753). Type locality, Siberia.

At the base of Mount Tebenkof, June 22 (No. 40); growing with No. 41.

Saxifraga stellaris L. Sp. Pl. i, 400 (1753). Type locality European.

On the east side of Yakutat Bay, 25 kilometers north of the Mission, July 14 (No.
60); growing along a stream. The name S. stellaris is here used for this plant to
emphasize the fact that, while commonly referred to S. leucanthemifolia of Michaux,
now S. michauxii Britton, itdoes not really belong to that species. The type locality

340

of Michaux’s plant is ‘“‘in excelsis montibus Carolin,” and it has not been found out-
side the Alleghany Mountains, although often collected there. European authori-
ties have held that true S. stellaris has never been found in America, and that name is
here adopted only for convenience.

Tiarella trifoliata L. Sp. Pl. i, 406 (1753). Type locality, northern Asia.
Khantaak Island, June 7 (No. 16), in the spruce forest.

Tellima grandiflora (Pursh) R. Br.; Richards. App. Frank]. Journ. 765 (1823) ; Mi-
tella grandiflora Pursh, FI. i, 314 (1814). Described from specimens collected on the
northwest coast of North America by Menzies.

Disenchantment Bay, August 3 (No. 83); from sea level to an altitude of 150 meters.

Heuchera glabra Willd.; Roem. & Schult. Syst. vi, 21@(1820). Type ae
collected by Pallas in the oninie part of North America.

On the east shore of Yakutat Bay, 25 kilometers north of the Mission, July 14 (No.
59), along a forest stream.

Parnassia fimbriata Banks; Koenig and Sims, Ann. Bot. i, 391 (1805).

Disenchantment Bay, August 5 (No. 88); abundant on the mountain slopes from
180 to 675 meters of altitude, :

Ribes laxiflorum Pursh, Fl. ii, 731 (1814). The original specimens were collected
by Menzies ‘‘on the northwest coast.”

On the east side of Yakutat Bay, near Ocean Cape, May 28 (No. 5).

The species occurs throughout the forest area in the vicinity of Yakutat Bay and
is abundant on the foothills of the mountains. On Mount Tebenkof it extends to an
altitude of 575 meters. The specimens are nearly past flowering. The use of the
name Libes americanum by Miller! for the plant commonly known as &. floridum pre-

‘vents the use of Pallas’s name 2. americanum? for the present species.
ONAGRACEZ.

Epilobium latifolium L. Sp. Pl. i, 347 (1753). Type specimen from Siberia.

On the west side of Yakutat Bay, about 7 miles north of Point Manby, June 28
(No. 49), andat Dalton Landing, August 15 (No. 128). The petals in these speci-
mens sometimes attain the length of 2.8 cm. The petals, which are very beautiful
and delicate, may be described as of a purplish, but pale, rose color. No. 128 is an
albino. The species occurred abundantly on the west side of Yakutat Bay, between
the beach and the moraine of the Malaspina Glacier; and along the base of Mount
Tebenkof, occasionally rising to an altitude of nearly 500 meters.

Epilobium luteum Pursh, Fl. i, 259 (1814). Type specimen from the ‘‘northwest
coast” of North America, collected by Pallas.

On the eastern side of Yakutat Bay, about 25 kilometers north of the Mission,
July 14 (No. 58); growing along the beach just above the line of high tide. A few
specimens were seen aiterwards in the same situation in Disenchantment Bay.

Epilobium palustre L. Sp. Pl. i, 348 (1753). Type specimen from Europe.

Near the Mission, July 30 (No. 80); found in but one place. The filiform, subter-
ranean offshoots characteristic of this species are excellently shown in some of the
specimens. Like the similar slender organs of Circwa alpina, they are well adapted,
in this exceedingly moist climate and in the moist, loose stratum of moss, leaves, or
light soil through which they push their way, to propagate the plant without the
loss of strength incident to a greater outlay of vegetative tissue. In a drier climate
or a harder soil, much stouter and better protected structures, and consequently a
greater expenditure of vital energy, would be required to accomplish the same result.

Circza alpina L. Sp. Pl.i,9 (1753). Type specimen from Europe.

At the mouth of Disenchantment Bay, July 24 (No. 76), among the rocks along the
beach.

1Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (1768). 2 Pallas, Fl. Ross. 1i, 34 (1784).

a

341

AMMIACEZ.'

Cicuta virosa L. Sp. Pl.i, 255 (1753). Type specimen from Europe.

Khantaak Island, July 22 \No.71); common in the edges of treeless openings.

Phellopterus littoralis Schmidt, Fl. Sachal. 138 (1868).

Along the Ankow near Ocean Cape, July 1 (No.51). It occurred only among the
saud dunes along the river and on the beach.

[Not before reported from Alaska. J.N. Rose.]

Ligusticum scothicum L. Sp. Pl.i, 250 (1753). Type localities, the seashores of
England and Sweden.

Ocean Cape, July 18 (No. 70), on bluffs near the beach.

Selinum gmelini (Cham. & Schlecht.) Kurtz in Engler, Bot. Jarb. xix, 382 (1894) ;
Ligusticum gmelini Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea, i, 391 (1826); Selinum benthami Wats.
Bibl. Ind. 432 (1878). Type specimens from Alaska,

Cape Phipps, July 23 (No. 73), on a sandy beach near the edge of the forest.

Ccelopleurum gmelini (DC.) Ledeb. I'l. Ross. ii, 361 (1844); Archangelica gmelini
DC. Prodr. iv, 170 (1830). Type specimens from Kamchatka.

Khantaak Island, June 26 (No.44); abundant in sunny spots about a deserted
Indian village.

Heracleum lanatum Michx. F1.i, 166 (1803). Type locality, Canada.

Khantaak Island, June 26 (No. 45); abundant on both the island and the mainland,
growing along the margins of the forests and in their openings, and extending far
up into Disenchantment Bay. For use as food, see page 331,

ARALIACEZ.

Echinopanax horridum (Smith) Decaisne & Planch. Rev. Hort. 1854, 105 (1854) ;
Panax horridum Smith, in Rees, Cyel. xxvi (1819). Type specimen collected by
Menzies at Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island.

Khantaak Island, August 30 (No. 143), with mature fruit. The plant, which is popu-
larly known as ‘‘devil’s club,” in May and June bears clusters of white, sweet-scented
flowers. It is very common in the woods from sea level to an altitude of 550 meters,
anc its thick stems, from 0.5 to 2 meters high, covered with stout, spine-like prickles,
often render one’s progress difficult and painful. It occurs throughout the lowland
forests in the vicinity of Yakutat Bay, following them to the altitude of 550 meters
on Mount Tebenkof.

CORNACES.

Cornus canadensis L. Sp. Pl. i, 118 (1753). Type locality, Canada.
Khantaak Island, June 15 (No. 23); abundant in the dense lowland woods at the
base of Mount Tebenkof, ascending to an altitude of 100 meters. Mature fruit was

collected August 27.
CAPRIFOLIACES.

Sambucus racemosa L. Sp. Pl.i, 270 (1753). Type locality, Europe.

Khantaak Island, June 15 (No. 24). See page 329.

Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaie; Torr. and Gr. FI. ii, 17 (1841). The type specimens
were collected in Newfoundland by Pylaie.

Khantaak Island, June 15 (No. 22). Fruiting specimens were collected August 27.
For notes on distribution and use, see page 329.

VALERIANACES.

Valeriana sitchensis Bong. Veg. Sitch. 145 (1831). Type specimens from Sitka.
Disenchantment Bay, August 4 (No. 87); abundant on sandy slopes near the beach,
and rising to an altitude of 180 meters.

1The Ammiacez have been determined by Dr. J. N. Rose.

342
CARDUACEZ.

Aster foliaceus Lindl.; DC. Prodr. v, 228 (1836). The type specimens were from
Unalaska.
Khantaak Island, July 27 (No. 78), on a bluff along the western side of the island.

Erigeron salsuginosus (Richards.) Gray, Proc. Amer, Acad. xvi, 93 (1881); Aster
salsuginosus Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. 748 (1823). Type locality, the Salt
Plains in Athabasca.

Khantaak Island, June 27 (No. 46); common in openings in the forest.

Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. ii, 410 (1791); Gnaphalium alpinum L. .
Sp. Pl. ii, 856 (1753). Type specimens from the Alps of Lapland and Switzerland.

Disenchantment Bay, August 10 (No. 101); ranging from sea level to an altitude of
250 meters.

Antennaria margaritacea (L.) Hook. FJ. Bor. Amer. i, 329 (1834); Gnaphalium
margaritaceum L. Sp. Pl. ii, 850 (1753); Anaphalis margaritacea Benth. & Hook. Gen.
Pl. ii, 303 (1873). No more specific localities were assigned for the Linnean speci-
mens than North America and Kamchatka.

Along the banks of a river flowing into Disenchantment Bay, at a point southeast
of Haenke Island, August 11 (No. 106), in sandy soil.

Achillea millefolium L. Sp. Pl. ii, 899 (1753). Type specimens from Europe.

At Ocean Cape, July 18 (No. 69), abundant on the sandy beach; at Point Manby and
in Disenchantment Bay, both along the beach and on the hillsides to an altitude of
135 meters. The specimens belong to the boreal type of the plant, which has a
darker-colored involucre than the weed of more southern range.

Artemisia norvegica pacifica Gray, Syn. Fl. i, pt. 11, 371 (1884). Range given
as from the Arctic coast to the Aleutian Islands, ete. The name of this plant
unquestionably must be changed.

Disenchantment Bay, August 8 (No. 93); abundant, occurring from sea level to an
altitude of 200 meters. Some of’ the specimens are very large and robust, reaching
60 cm. in height, the petioles of the basai leaves sometimes 25 cm. Jong and their
blades 13 em. Its place of growth, on a grassy bank near the beach, undoubtedly
accounts for this unusual development.

Arnica latifolia Bong. Veg. Sitch. 147 (1833). Type specimen collected at Sitka
by Mertens. :

Yakutat Bay, near the Mission, July 30 (No. 79), and at Dalton Landing (No. 122);
in the former locality common in open swampy places in the forest, in the latter
growing in abundance among the sand dunes along the beach.

Tussilago frigida L. Sp. Pl. ii, 865 (1753). Type locality European.

Disenchantment Bay, August (No. 105); growing in wet, sheltered spots from sea
level to an altitude of 75 meters. Our specimens, as well as others from Alaska, do
not conform with the typical plant of Europe. The flowering stems reach 40 em, in
height, and the petioles 25 cm. ; while the leaf blades, which are usually more nearly
reniform than deltoid, with sinuses reaching one-third or one-half the way to the
base, attaina breadth of 15cm. The ligules of the ray flowers are minute and incon-
spicuous in both kinds of anthodia.

Hieracium triste Willd.; Spreng. Syst. iii, 640 (1826). Type specimen from the
Aleutian Islands.

Disenchantment Bay, August 12 (No. 107); at an altitude of 1,000 meters. It
occurred sparingly on grassy slopes from this altitude down to sea level, at the lower
points bearing mature fruit.

Prenanthes alata (Hook.) Gray, Syn. FI. i, pt. ii, 435 (1884); Nabalus alatus Hook.
Fl. Bor. Amer. i, 294, t. 102 (1834). Type locality, Fort Vancouver, Washington.

Disenchantment Bay, August 13 (No. 115); extending abundantly from an altitude
of 650 meters down to 450 meters, and sparingly down to 150 meters.

.

343

CAMPANULACES.

Campanula rotundifolia alaskana Gray, Syn. FI. ii, pt. i, 365 (1886). The range
given with the description is from the northern Aleutian Islands to Kadiak and Sitka.

Disenchantment Bay, July 10 (No. 56) and August 10 (No. 102); the latter nearly
past flowering. The name here used can not properly be applied to this plant under
the present principles of nomenclature, but an examination of type specimens is
necessary to ascertain its proper designation. No. 56 was found on the side of a
steep, rocky bluff, about 25 kilometers north of the Mission. Where No. 102 was col-
lected the species occurred abundantly on the grassy mountain slopes at an altitude

of 350 to 675 meters.
ERICACESA.

Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith in Rees, Cycl. xxxvi (1819). Type specimen,
“brought by Mr. Menzies from the west coast of North America.”

At the Mission, May 31 (No. &). The plant at this date had nearly ceased bloom-
ing. Mature fruit was collected August 27. For notes on the distribution and uses
of this plant, sce page 329.

Cassiope stelleriana (Pall.) DC. Prodr. vii, 611 (1839); Andromeda stelleriana
Pall. F1. Ross. ii, 58 t. 74 f. 2 (1790).

Disenchantment Bay, August 12 (No. 110); occurring at an altitude of 300 to 1,000
meters. On the summits of the mountains it 1s often the only plant to be found.
‘The thick leaves of this plant have thin edges, which character, as is suggested by
their position in unfolding, may be due to the pressure of the parts in the bud.

Bryanthus glanduliflorus (Hook.) Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. vii, 368 (1868); Men-
ziesia glanduliflorus Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. ii, 40, t. 132 (1834). Type specimens
collected by Drummond in the alpine woods and mountains north of the Smoking
River.

Disenchantment Bay, August 12 (No. 109); on the mountains at the altitude of
from 350 to 1,000 meters. The leaves of these Alaskan specimens, which seem to be
from the highest latitude in which the species has ever been found, are thinner and
more serrate than in specimens from the southern portion of the range of the species.
The densely glandular, hirsute corolla and calyx, the short-pilose but not glandular
filaments, and the lemon-yellow color of the corolla, distinguish it from the related
species. The serrations of the leaves are tipped when young with glands which,
like those of the calyx and corolla, afford a resinous-glandular protective covering
for the exposed nascent parts of the plant.

Menziesia ferruginea Smith, Ic. Ined. t. 56 (1791).

Khantaak Island, June 10 (No. 26); common in the lowland forests on the main-
land and extending to 550 meters on Mount Tebenkof. The filaments in these
specimens are conspicuously short-pilose near the base.

Pyrola minor L. Sp. Pl. i, 896 (1753). Type locality European.
Disenchantment Bay, August 14 (No. 86); found at only asingle point, in the shade
of a clump of alders near the beach.

Pyrola secunda L. Sp. Pl. i, 396 (1753). Type locality European.

On the eastern shore of Yakutat Bay about 30 kilometers north of the Mission,
July 14 (No. 57). It was found, but not frequently, at several points in the forest
area growing in the moist moss.

Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray, Man. 273 (1848); Pyrola uniflora lL. Sp. Pl. i, 397.
Type locality European.

Ocean Cape, July 9 (No. 54), growing in the moss of a dense forest, and in the
mainland forest near Mount Tebenkof,

344

PRIMULACES.

Trientalis europza arctica (lisch.) Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii, 25 (1847); 7. aretica
Fisch. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. i, 121 (1830). The range given with the original deserip-
tion is from Sandy Bay, in Clarence Straits, to Unalaska, and in Kamchatka.

Between the Mission and Cape Phipps, June 1 (No. 10); of frequent occurrence in —
the spruce forest.

Glaux maritima L. Sp. Pl. i, 207 (1753). Type locality Europe.

On the mainland near the Mission, June 19 (No. 32); growing in patches on the
beach just above the line of high tide. It occurred also on Khantaak Island at the
head of Port Mulgrave.

GENTIANACE.

Gentiana amarella L. Sp. PI. i, 230 (1753). Type specimens from Europe.

Cape Phipps, July 25 (No. 72), and Disenchantment Bay, August 11 (No. 104); at
both points growing on the beach. Two forms are represented in these two num-
bers, the best disposal of which, in the present state of our knowledge concerning
the varieties of G. amarella, is to refer them to that species without a varietal desig-
nation. No. 72 has purplish foliage and stem, blue flowers, and a deeply cleft calyx,
the narrow lobes of which are not more than one-half as long as the corolla. No. 104,
while very similar in form and size, has green herbage, yellow flowers, and a calyx
with more foliaceous divisions, the larger commonly two-thirds to three-fourths as
long as the corolla.

Gentiana platypetala Griseb. Gent. 191 (1839). The type specimens were col-
lected on the island of Sitka during the second expedition of Kotzebue in the early
part of the present century, and none have been reported since.

Disenchantment Bay, August 12 (No. 108). It has been impossible to compare ours
with the original specimens, yet from Grisebach’s description we appear to haye
the same plant. It closely resembles small specimens of G. calycosa, the stems
being 15 to 22 cm. high and bearing 6 to 10 pairs of ovate-oblong, obtuse or bluntly
acute leaves. Each stem is terminated by a single sessile flower involucrately sur-
rounded by 2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the inner reduced. The calyx, which is about
one-half as Jong as the tube of the campanulate blue corolla, has a spathaceous
membranaceous tube 10 to 14 mm. long, which usually spreads open along two oppo-
site lines nearly to the base, the free margins being thin, scarious, and apparently
not torn. The calyx lobes proper are minute, lanceolate, acute, herbaceous organs
about 3mm. long. The corolla lobes are conspicuously narrower at their insertion,
broader than long, and abruptly acuminate, while the plaits in the sinuses are tri-
angular, broader than high, and acute or emarginate.

Menyanthes trifoliata L. Sp. Pl. i, 145 (1753). Type locality European.

Khantaak Island, June 20 (No. 39): common in fresh-water ponds, growing both
in the water and on the adjacent wet soil.

HYDROPHYLLACES.

Romanzoffia sitchensis Bong. Veg. Sitch. 158 (1831). Type locality, Sitka.

Near Dalton Landing, August 15 (No. 123), growing among shaded rocks in a
canyon leading from the St. Elias range. This plant so closely resembles a small
saxifrage, Saxifraga nudicaulis for example, that a critical look at the corolla is
necessary to distinguish it. Even the thickened bases of the petioles and the two
divergent carpels of the mature fruit precisely simulate those of certain saxifrages,
yet they have the most widely different genetic relation. :

345

BORAGINACES.

Pneumaria maritima (L.) Hill, Veg. Syst. vii, 40 (1764); Pulmonaria maritima
L. Sp. Pl. i, 136 (1753). Type locality, the sandy beaches of England.

On the west side of Yakutat Bay, about 10 kilometers north of Point Manby, June
28 (No. 50). Around Disenchantment Bay, also, the plant is common, and, as at the
other locality, confined to the sandy beach.

SCROPHULARIACES.

Mimulus langsdorfii Donn; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1501 (1812). Description drawn
from specimens grown in the Botanic Garden at Cambridge, England, the seed com-
ing ‘‘ from Unashka [Unalaska], one of the Fox Islands.” This is the Mimulus luteus
of most American authors.

On the east side of Yakutat Bay, 26 kilometers north of the Mission, July 14 (No.
55), along a stream in dense woods; and again on a small stream emptying into
Disenchantment Bay.

Veronica alpina L. Sp. Pl. i, 11 (1753). Type locality European.

Disenchantment Bay, August 9 (No. 97), near a water course; found but sparingly.

Castilleja miniata Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. ii, 106 (1838). Type specimens
from the Blue Mountains of Oregon.

On a sandy point at the mouth of the Ankow River, June 13 (No. 21), and in Dis_
enchantment Bay, August 3 (No. 82); the former with yellowish, the latter with red
bracts. The plant is abundant in the valleys and lowlands about Yukutat Bay, and
occurs occasionally up to an altitude of 550 meters.

Castilleja parviflora Bong. Veg. Sitch. 158 (1831). Type specimens collected near
Sitka.

Disenchantment Bay, August 5 (No. 89); found in but one place, on the southern
slope of a mountain, abont 600 meters above the sea. These specimens were thus
identified by the late Mr. H. I. Seaton.

Euphrasia officinalis L. Sp. Pl. ii, 604 (1753). Type specimens from Europe.

Dalton Landing, August 15 (No. 125); common in sandy soil of the beach. The
specimens have less spinescent leaves and smaller flowers than the typical European
plant.

Pedicularis palustris wlassowiana (Steven) Bunge, in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii, 283
(1847); P. wlassowiana Steven, Mon. Pedic. 27, t. 9, fig. 1 (1822).

At the entrance of. Disenchantment Bay, July 24 (No. 75); growing along a sandy
beach just above the line of high tide. The lower lip in these specimens is unusually
short, not more than one-half as long as the galea.

Pedicularis sudetica Willd. Sp. Pl. iii, 209 (1800). Described from plants col-
lected in the Sudetic Mountains and in Siberia.

Disenchantment Bay, August 9 (No. 98); from sea level to an altitude of 120 meters.

Rhinanthus crista-galli L. Sp. Pl. 11, 603 (1753). Type locality European.

Ocean Cape, July 18 (No. 68), and at Dalton Landing; growing in both stations on

the sandy beach. t
: POLYGONACES.

Polygonum viviparum L. Sp. Pl. i, 360 (1753). Type locality, European.
On a bluff along the Ankow River, about 10 kilometers above its mouth, July 16
(No. 65), and on the shores of Disenchantment Bay, 200 meters above the sea.

FPAGACE.

Alnus rubra Bong. Veg. Sitch., 162 (1831). The type specimen was collected at
Sitka by Mertens.

Khantaak Island, May 27 (No.3). For the distribution of this plant, the red alder,
see page 328.

346

SALICACEZ.

Salix arctica Pall. Fl. Ross. i, pt. ii, 86 (1788). Type locality “in plaga arctica
muscosa nuda secundum Sinum Obensem et versus glacialem Oceanum.”’

Disenchantment Bay, August13 (No. 117). This willow, according to Mr. Funston’s
notes, is common on the rocky mountain slopes about Disenchantment Bay, extending
from sea level to the limit of vegetation. These specimens have obovate to orbicu-
lar, glabrous, reticulated leaves, glaucous beneath, rounded at the base, the blades
of the larger ones 2 to 2.5 cm. long. They bear mature fruit, the capsules glabrous.
This form of Salix arctica is not known in the United States proper. Our specimens
have a short, thick, woody trunk, often 1 cm. in diameter and two to three times as
long, scarcely rising above the surface of the ground. From this trunk arise lateral
branches 10 to 30 cm. in length, which retain their vitality only a few years, spread-
ing onthe ground and ascending to the height of a few centimeters. The trunk is —
firmly fixed in the ground by means of stout roots.

Salix barclayi Anders. Proc. Amer. Acad. iv, 66 (1858). The type specimens were
collected on Kadiak Island by Barclay.
Khantaak Island, May 30 (No. 6). For notes on this species, see page 328.

ORCHIDACEZ.

Habenaria bracteata ( Willd.) R. Br.; Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v, 192 (1818); Orchis
bracteata Willd. Sp. Pl. iv, 34 (1805). Type specimen from Pennsylvania.

Disenchantment Bay, August 12 (No. 112). Scattered specimens were found from
sea level to au altitude of more than 1,000 meters.

Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. Exot. Fl. ii, 95 (1825); Orchis dilatata Pursh,
Fl. ii, 588 (1814). Type specimen from Labrador.

Along the Ankow River, near Ocean Cape, July 1 (No. 52). The plant grows in
moist, shaded parts of the forest region; and itssnow-white flowers, according to Mr.
Funston’s observations, are very fragrant. Determined by Thomas Morong.

Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br.; Ait. Hort. Kew. vy, 193 (1813); Orchis hyper-
borea L. Mant. i, 121 (1767). ;

Along the Ankow River, about 10 kilometers above its mouth, July 16 (No. 64);
abundant in fresh-water swamps. Determined by Thomas Morong.

IRIDACEA.

Iris setosa Pall.; Link, Jabresb. i, pt. iii, 71 (1841). ;
At the mouth of the Ankow River, July 3 (No. 53), in sandy soil near a fresh-water
pond. The Indians are said to use the rootstock as a medicinal charm.

LILIACEZ.

Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) Lam. & DC. Fl. France. iii, 174 (1805); Uvularia
amplexifolia L. Sp. Pl. i, 804 (1758). Type locality, European.

About 25 kilometers north of the Mission, July 14 (No. 61); common in the dense
woods, and on Mount Tebenkof found at the altitude of 180 meters. Fruiting spe-
cimens were collected on Khantaak Island, August 27.

Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker, Bot. Mag. under t. 1216 (1809); Lilium
camschatcensis L. Sp. Pl. i, 303 (1753). Type locality, Kamchatka.

Khantaak Island, June 20 (No. 38). It occurs in openings throughout the lowland
forest area in the vicinity of Yakutat Bay, ascending on Mount Tebenkof to an alti-
tude of 900 meters. The use of this plant for food is recorded in Hooker's Flora
Boreali-Americana, p. 181, as follows: ‘‘ Voyagers to Kamtschatka (where this species
seems more abundant than on the American coast) bring home small, white, granu-
lated esculent roots, dried on strings. These are the bitter tubers of this Fritillary,

347

which are also copiously eaten by the Indians of Stikine, and known by the names
of Koch or N. W. Rice; but Mr. Toline says they are bitter and nauseous.” For the
use of the plant among the Thlinkets, see page 330.
Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. Syn. i, 399 (1805); Narthecium glutinosum Michx.
FI. i, 210 (1803). Type specimen collected between Quebec and Lake Mistassinie.
Khantaak Island, June 27 (No. 47), along the margin of a fresh-water marsh.

JUNCACEZ.

Juncus falcatus alaskensis var. nov.; probably J. falcatus sitchensis Buch. Monog,

June. 428 (1890), not J. arcticus sitchensis Engelm. (1866). Type specimen in the
United States National Herbarium, collected July 18, 1892, at Ocean Cape, Yakutat
Bay, Alaska, by Frederick Funston (No. 67), growing in openings in the forest.
_ In the typical form of the species, which was originally collected at Monterey,
California, and which seems to range as far northward as Puget Sound, the styles
are long, the stigmas conspicuously exserted, and the anthers much longer than
their filaments, as in J. orthophyllus, but specimens collected at various points from
Yakutat Bay, Alaska, to the Aleutian Islands have a very short, thick style, and
anthers little longer than their filaments. No fruiting specimens have been seen,
but the plant is doubtless the same as Dr. Buchenau’s variety sitchensis, which was
described, presumably from Alaskan specimens, as having aretuse obcordate capsule
instead of the obtuse ovate one of the type form. The plant occurs on the Aleutian
islands, Atka and Unalaska, on the Shumagin Islands, at Yakutat Bay, and perhaps
farther southward along the Alaskan coast.

Juncoides campestre sudeticum (Willd.) Coville, Contr. Wat. Herb. iv, 208
(1893); Juncus sudeticus Willd. Sp. Pl. ii, 221 (1799); Luzula campestris sudctica Cela-
kovsky, Prodr. Fl. Boehm. 749 (1881). Type locality, the summit of the Sudetic Moun-
tains, of Silesia.

Knight Island, June 18 (No. 28), growing on bare, well-drained sandy points.

CYPERACES.

Eleocharis watsoni Babb. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, x, 20 (1852). Type
specimen collected on the seacoast of Scotland, near Tayanloan, Argyleshire.

Along the Ankow River, August 28 (No. 135); abundant along the margins of
lagoons and fresh-water swamps. Mr. C. 3. Clarke! has disposed of this species as
a variety, watsoni, of EF. palustris; but if our specimens are fairly representative of
the plant, it appears much more satisfactory to treat it as a distinct species. They
have culms 20 to 40 cm. high, spikes at maturity 4 to 6 mm. in diameter and 7 to
15 mm. long, bracts of the spike black, with hyaline margins, and setie equaling
the nutlet. The plant was identified by Dr. N. L. Britton.

Carex decidua? Boott, Proc. Linn. Soc. i, 255 (1845). Type specimens from the
Falkland Islands and from Port Famine, Straits of Magellan.

On the Ankow River, August 28 (No. 134); common in fresh-water swamps and
along the edges of lagoons.

Carex festiva pachystachya Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i, 51 (1889).

Mainland, near Mission, Yakutat Bay, June 19 (No. 30); found wherever there is
no shade. Common on the Ankow.

Carex limosa stygia (Fries) Bailey, Proc. Amer. Acad. xxii, 95 (1887); C. stygia
Fries, Mant. iii, 141 (1842).

Knight Island, June 18 (No. 27); common along the edges of fresh-water ponds on
the mainland and islands of the bay.

! Journal of Botany, xxv, 268 (1887).
2 The specimens of Carex were determined by Professor L. H. Bailey.

348

POACEG:.’

Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, vy, 34 (1894); Holcus odoratus
L. Sp. Pl. ii, 108 (1753); Hierochloa borealis Roem. & Schult. Syst. ii, 513 (1817). Type
specimens from Europe.

Khantaak Island, June 20 (No. 36); found along the edges of bluffs about 6 meters
above sea level.

Phleum alpinum L. Sp. Pl. i, 59 (1753). Type specimens from Europe.

On dry sand bars along streams, from sea level to 60 meters elevation. Abundant
at Dalton Landing, August 16 (No. 119); a few scattering specimens on Khantaak
Island.

Agrostis exarata Trin. Diss. i, 207 (1824). Type locality, Unalaska.

Growing in scattered clumps on dry sand bars along small rivers which empty into
the sea. Disenchantment Bay, August 17 (No. 118); from sea level to 60 meters
elevation.

Calamagrostis langsdorffii (Link.) Trin. Gr. Unifl. 225 (1824); Arundo langsdorffii
Link, Enum. i, 74 (1821). Type locality, Siberia.

Ankow River, August 28 (No. 136); found generally along the beach near the edge
of the forest, and on bluffs near the rivers.

Deschampsia czespitosa (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 91 (1812); -tira ewspitosa L., Sp. PI.
i, 64 (1753). Type specimen from Europe.

Yakutat Bay, August 27 (No. 133); found everywhere in the vicinity of Yakutat
Bay, often in great abundance. It occupies all the open, but not swampy, spaces in
the forests, and is found in abundance on the bluffs near the seashore and on the
southern slope of Mount Tebenkof, to an altitude of 525 meters.

Deschampsia cespitosa longiflora (Trin.) Vasey, Descr. Cat. Gr. 29 (1883); Aira
cespitosa longiflora Trin; Thurb. Bot. Wilkes Exped. xvii, 487 (1873-74). Type local-
ity; ‘‘Nisqually and the north branch of the Columbia.”

Disenchantment Bay, August 12 (No. 111); found in large quantities on the slopes
of mountains, at from 250 to 775 meters altitude, between the upper limit of red
alder and the lower limit of summer snow, where it gives the mountains their light-
green color, Some tracts of hundreds of acres of mountain slope are covered with
it, to the exclusion of all other vegetation. It is not found in the forest country.

Poa alpina L. Sp. Pl. i, 67 (1753). Type specimen from Europe.

Dalton Landing, August 15 (No. 127); growing abundantly in small clusters on
dry sand bars near Dalton Creek; also found near Cape Manby.

Poa glumaris Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. ser. 6, i, 379 (1831). Type locality,
Arctic Siberia.

Khantaak Island, August 29 (No. 137); common on gravelly beaches out of reach
of high tides.

Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl. Fl. Ital. i, 370 (1848); Poa maritima Huds. F1.
Angl, 42 (1762).

On the mainland near the Mission, at sea level; also on the beach at the base of
Mount Tebenkof, June 21 (No, 31); found only near the beach, where it grows in dense
clumps; not common.

7-Q

Elymus arenarius L. Sp. Pl. i, 83 (1753). Type specimen from Europe.

Near the Mission, August 29 (No. 140); abundant along sandy beaches, but found
only near the sea. The thick culms play an important part in the basket making of
the Thlinket Indians. When green they are cut, stripped of leaves, and dried near a
fire. ‘They are then used to form the uprights or framework around which are woven
split spruce roots.

! Determined by the late Dr. George Vasey.

349

PINACEZ..

Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Trait. Con. 260 (1855); Pinus sitchensis Bong. Veg.
Sitch. 164 (1831). Type specimen from Sitka.

Khantaak Island, August 27 (No. 131). The specimens bear well-developed cones
with nearly mature seeds. For the distribution and uses of the tree, see pages 328
and 334.

Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Trait. Con. ed. 2, 250 (1867); Pinus mertensiana
Bong. Veg. Sitch. 163 (1831). Type specimens collected at Sitka by Mertens.

Yakutat Bay, August 27 (No. 132). For notes on this tree, see page 328.

Chamecyparis nootkatensis (Lamb.) Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 333 (1842); Cupressus
nootkatensis Lamb. Pin. ii, 18 (1824).

Khantaak Island, September (No. 147). The specimens bear mature cones with
fully grown seeds, in many cases capable of germination. Only a single individual
of this, the Sitka cypress, was seen by Mr. Funston in the territory that he tray-
ersed. The tree does not follow in its range the same course as Picea sitchensis, but
in the southern portion of its range, in Oregon, is found remote from the coast in the
region of the Cascade Mountains,

LYCOPODIACEZ.

Lycopodium alpinum L. Sp. Pl. ii, 1104 (1753). Type locality European.

Growing in abundance, but at only one place, on the bleak summit of a mountain
1,175 meters high, on the mainland southeast of Haenke Island. Collected August
13 (No. 113). At the base of some of the branches the complanate character of the
stem and leaves is very marked, but in most parts of the plant this character is
not seen.

Lycopodium annotinum L. Sp. Pl. ii, 1103 (1753). Type locality European.

Near the Mission, August 29 (No. 139); abundant throughout the lowland forest,
growing on decayed logs and in other similar soil.

EQUISETACES.

Equisetum variegatum Schleich. Cat. Pl. Helv. ed. 2, 27 (1807).
Khantaak Island, August 50 (No. 142); common near the fresh-water swamps.
Determined by L. M. Underwood.

POLY PODIACESA.

Polypodium vulgare L. Sp. Pl. ii, 1085 (1753). Type locality European.
Near the Mission, June 6 (No.13). The species is common throughout the forested
area.

Cryptogramme acrostichoides R. Br.; Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. 754 (1823).
The plant is more fully described in Brown’s Addenda to the same work (p.767),
where it is stated that the specimens were found by Menzies at Nootka Sound, Van-
couver Island.

Dalton Landing, August 16 (No. 129); abundant among rocks.

Dryopteris spinulosa (Retz.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. ii, 810 (1891); Polypodiwm spin-
ulosum Retz. Fl. Scand. ed. 2, 250 (1795); Aspidium spinulosum Swartz; Schrad. Journ.
Bot. ii, 38 (1800).

Near the Mission, June 19 (No.33). The sporangia are immature at this season.
This fern grows in the greatest profusion in the damp mossy woods about the Mis-
sion. On Mount Tebenkof, up to an altitude of 600 meters, certain areas were densely
covered with the plant.

Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fee, Gen. Fil. 243 (1850-1852); Polypodium dryopteris
L. Sp. Pl. ii, 1093 (1753). Type specimen from Europe.

350

Near the Mission, August 29 (No. 138). This fern grows in the greatest profusion
in the spruce forest of the lowlands about Yakutat Bay. On Mount Tebenkof it was
found at an altitude of 380 meters.

Dryopteris lonchitis (L.) Kuntze, Rey. Gen. Pl. ii, 813 (1891); Polypodiwm lon-
chitis L. Sp. Pl. ii, 1088 (1753); Aspidium lonchitis Swartz; Schrad. Journ. Bot. ii, 38
(1800). Type locality, the mountains of Europe.

Near the cabin, about 3 kilometers from Dalton Landing, August 15 (No. 126).
Only one specimen was seen.

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Neues Journ. Bot. i, pt. ii, 26 (1806); Polypod-
ium fragile L. Sp. Pl. ii, 1091 (1753). Type specimens from Europe.

Disenchantment Bay, August 14 (No. 120); found sparingly on the cliffs near the
beach. Determined by L. M. Underwood.

BRYACEZ:.'

Polytrichum attenuatum Menz.; P. formosum Hedw. Khantaak Island and main-
land near the Mission (No. 17); common around the bases of trees and on decaying
logs.

Polytrichum urnigerum L.; Pogonatum urnigerum Drum. Collected with the
preceding (No. 152).

Astrophyllum punctatum (L.) Lindb.; Wnium punctatum Hedw. Khantaak
Island (Nos. 62 and 145); on decaying tree trunks, in shaded places.

Dicranum fragilifolium Lindb. Khantaak Island (No. 154); growing on decaying
tree trunks.

Dicranum fuscescens Turn. Khantaak Island (No. 149); common on the bark of
Alnus rubra.

Dicranum majus Turn. In woods on Khantaak Island (No 157).

Ceratodon purpureus (L.) Brid. Khantaak Island (No. 159).

Ulota barclayi Mitt. Khantaak island (No. 158); on the bark of Alnus rubra.

Climacium ruthenicum Lindb. Khantaak Island (No. 153).

Brachythecium letum (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp.; Hypnum letum Brid. Khantaak
Island (No. 156).

Hylocomium loreum (L.) Brunch & Schimp.; Hypnum loreum L. Khantaak Island
(No. 146). Growing with Hylocomium squarrosum.

Hylocomium proliferum (L.) Lindb.; Hypnum splendens Hedw. Comimon in the
woods on Khantaak Island (No. 148).

Hylocomium squarrosum (L.) Bruch & Schimp.; Hypnum squarrosum L. Khan-
taak Island (No. 155). This moss is abundant in the forests around Yakutat Bay,
growing ou tree trunks and stumps. The highest point at which it was noted was
150 meters above sea level on the side of Mount Tebenkof.

Hypnumarcuatum Lindb. Khantaak Island (No. 160); growing with Hyloco-
mium proliferum.

Hypnum circinale Hook. Khantaak Island (No. 150); growing on decaying logs.

Hypnum uncinatum Hedw. Khantaak Island (No. 144); growing on decaying tree

trunks.
SPHAGNACEZ.”

Sphagnum squarrosum semisquarrosum Russ. Khantaak Island (No. 141).
This moss grows in abundance along the borders of bogs and swamps, both on the
island and on the mainland.

1 Determined by J. M. Holzinger.
2 Determined by Dr. Christian Warnstorf.

eS...

351

JUNGERMANNIACEZ:!

Blepharostoma trichophyllum (L.) Dum. Near Yakutat Bay (No. 161).
Cephalozia divaricata (Sm.) Dum. Near Yakutat Bay (No. 162).
Cephalozia multiflora Spruce. Near Yakutat Bay (No. 163).

Frullania nisquallensis Sulliv. Near Yakutat Bay (No. 164).

Kantia trichomanis (L.) §.F.Gray. Near Yakutat Bay (No. 165).
Lepidozia reptans (L.) Dum. Near Yakutat Bay (No. 166).
Plagiochila asplenioides (L.) Dum. Near Yakutat Bay (No. 167).
Radula krausei Steph. Near Yakutat Bay (No. 168).

‘Among the mosses collected by Mr. Funston were detected several fragments of
Hepatice, which have been determined by Mr. A. W. Evans.

SMW WA Ok wD eH

t
ae a a ee
oman aoourkwndr &

no bo
i) _

bp bo
OU He

LIST. OF SPECIMENS:

. Rubus spectabilis Pursh.

. Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Lam.

. Alnus rubra Bong.

. Caltha palustris L.

. Ribes laxiflorum Pursh.

. Salix barclay1 Anders.

. Cardamine oligosperma Nutt.

. Vaccinium ovalifolinm Smith.

. Rubus stellatus Smith.

. Trientalis europza arctica (Hook.) Fisch.
. Coptis trifolia (L ) Salisb.

. Viola langsdorfii Fisch.

. Polypodium vulgare L.

. Acta spicata arguta (Nutt.) Torr.

. Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop.

. Tiarella trifoliata L.

. Polytrichnm attenuatum Menz.

. Arenaria lateriflora L.

. Arenaria laterifiora L.

20,
. Castilleja miniata Benth.
22.
. Cornus canadensis L.

. Sambucus racemosa L.

. Geum macrophyllum Willd.
26.
. Carex limosa stygia (Fries) Bailey.

. Juncoides campestre sudeticum (Willd.) Co-

Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel.

Viburnum paucitiorum Pylaie.

Menziesia ferruginea Smith.

ville.

. Ranunculus nelsonii (DC.) Gray.

. Carex festiva pachystachya Bailey.

. Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl.

. Glaux maritima L.

. Dryopteris spinulosa (Retz.) Kuntze.

. Potentilla anserina L.

. Lupinus nootkatensis unalaskensis Wats.
. Savastana odorata (L.) Seribn.

. Arenaria peploides L.

. Fritiliaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker.

. Menyanthes trifoliata L.

. Saxifraga punctata L.

. Saxifraga mertensiana Bong.

. Claytonia sibirica L.

. Nymphza polysepala (Engelm.) Greene.
. Celopleurum gmelini (DC.) Ledeb.

. Heracleum lanatuim Michx.

. Erigeron salsuginosus (Richards.) Gray.
. Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers.

. Viola langsdorfii Fisch.

. Epilobium latifolium L.

. Pneumaria maritima (L.) Hill.

. Phellopterus littoralis Schmidt.

. Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook.

. Iris setosa Pall.

302

62.

Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray.

. Mimulus Inteus L.

. Campanula rotundifolia alaskana Gray.
. Pyrola secunda L,

. Epilobium luteum Pursh.

. Heuchera glabra Willd.

} Saxifraga stellaris L.

61.'

Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC.

‘Astrophyllum punctatum (L.) Lindb.

63.’Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. ~

64.

Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br.

*y 65. Polygonum viviparum L.

66.

100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.

Sanguisorba latifolia (Hook.) Coville.

. Juncus faleatus alaskensis Coville.

. Rhinanthus crista-galli L.

. Achillea millefolium L.

. Ligusticum scothicum L.

. Cieuta virosa L.

. Gentiana amarella L.

. Selinum gmelini (Cham. & Schlecht.) Kurtz.
. Viola glabella Nutt.

. Pedicularis palustris wlassoviana (Steven)

’ Bunge.

. Circa alpina L.

. Lathyrus palustris L.

. Aster foliaceus Lindl.

. Arnica latifolia Bong.

. Epilobium palustre L.

. Ranunculus reptans L.

. Castilleia miniata (Benth.) Doug].
3. Lellima grandiflora (Pursh) R. Br.

rabis lyrata L.

. Cerastiam alpinum L.
. Pyrola minor L.
. Parnassia fimbriata Koenig.

Valeriana sitchensis Bong.

. Castilleja parviflora Bong.

. Luetkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze.
. Saxifraga bronchialis L.

. Sorbus occidentalis (Wats.) Greene.
. Artemisia norvegica pacifica Gray.
. Potentilla villosa Pall.

. Barbarea barbarea (L.) McMillan.

. Draba stenoloba Ledeb.

. Veronica alpina L.

. Pedicularis sudetica Willd.

. Ranunculus cooleyz Vasey & Rose.

Geranium erianthuin DC.

Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn.
Campanula rotundifolia alaskana Gray.
Potentilla villosa Pall.

Gentiana amarella L.

Tussilago frigida L

Antennaria margaritacea (L.) Hook.

“107.

~

108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.

123.

124.
125.

126.
127.
128.
129.
180.
131.
182.
133.

134.

135.
136.
137.

138.

139.

Hieracium triste Willd.
Gentiana platypetala Griseb.

Bryanthus glanduliflorus (Hook.) Gray.

Cassiope stelleriana (Pall.) DC.

Deschampsia ceespitosa longiflora Trin.

Habenaria bracteata (Willd.) R. Br.
Lycopodium alpinum L.

Anemone narcissiflora L.
Prenanthes alata (Hook.) Gray.
Aconitum delphinifolium DC.

Salix arctica Pall.

Agrostis exarata Trin.

Phleum alpinum L.

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.
Aquilegia formosa Fisch.

Arnica latifolia Bong.

Romanzoftia sitchensis Bong.
Potentilla procumbens (L.) Clairv.
Euphrasia officinalis L.

Dryopteris lonchitis (L.) Kuntze.
Poa alpina L.

Epilobium latifolium L.
Cryptogramme acrostichoides R. Br.
Geum calthifolium Smith.

Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.
Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.
Deschampsia ceespitosa (L.) Beauy.
Carex decidua Boott.

Eleocharis watsoni Babb.
Calamagrostis langsdorfii (Link) Trin.
Poa glumaris Trin.

Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fee.
Lycopodium annotinum L.

5076—No. 6 3

. Elymus arenarius L.
. Sphagnum

squarrosum semisquarrosum

Russ

. Equisetum variegatum Schleich.

. Echinopanax horridum Smith.

. Hypnum uncinatum Hedw.

. Astrophyllum punctatum (L.) Lindb.

. Hylocomium loreum (L.) Bruch & Schimp.

. Chamzecyparis nootkatensis (Lamb.) Spach.
. Hylocomium proliferum (L.) Lindb.

. Dicranum fuscescens Turn.

. Hypnum circinale Hook.

Rubus pedatus Smith.

. Polytrichum urnigerum L.
. Climacium ruthenicum Lindb.
. Dicranum fragilifolium Lindb.

. Hylocomium squarrosum (L.) Bruch &
Schimp.
. Brachythecium letum (Brid.) Bruch &

Schimp.

. Dicranum majus Turn.

. Ulota barclayi Mitt.

. Ceratodon purpureus (L.) Brid.

. Hypnum areuatum Lindb.

. Blepharostoma trichophyllum (L.) Dum.
. Cephalozia divaricata (Sm.) Dum.

. Cephalozia multiflora Spruce.

. Frullania nisquallensis Sulliv.

. Kantia trichomanis (L.) 8S. F. Gray.
. Lepidozia reptans (L.) Dum.

. Plagiochila asplenioides (L.) Dum.
. Radula krausei Steph.

Page.

Ate eres ane wate swine =eisvau cestale)s\e stn wine sacl 342
SABONUGUMN sone sana as cece cece a nistneseesensms 336
MEISE oie rcfere siete sip tm otcinlon a) ote = e'n alnievaincc-pseime 336
SRE ORS oe aes cles pn wie alee olacietn i lnis acclaim = 348
OF ean cis ais ames seccminenaere-seek as se ae 348
RONEN Sepa e mas oieiars = aisieie. 2 onic Slee ann =i mena 345
MOE MAD ise te in cose sce anna S=sec a saeenes 342
SUCTION 2 ras acicne = con nemo e sane eens 343
PMN SIRECT LEY tects oa icine cial ie adm oiapnl ate inte 385
CREATE (ort ioe a wie Sie a winnie oS sm.aein nie 342
Alquilepias: .......-----.22-- 0-22 2--- 26 --eeee 336
Bolger yeaa aie ane ee gies tae lee inna 336
Archangelica ...-.--. ---+-+-----+---0------= 341
PAROLE ee aia)e einen aicinasinine we aoe oe sleiain 337
PARDRINO HN a) Aetoi am wos <3 oo ae Ania low ej ofenrel t= = nina 342
JNTHIGTON CEE oe S AE ee ee een re 342
PA UPTO lo > be 3 oo lm ae eisin win a/nia = ia/wiw Scie ciainie's'= sie 348
PAUL wows elie == weenie 3s tna 349, 350
BRET eee ae soins ons Ome a anes 30 e oaemee 342
Aistrophyllum.-......-----..22-~-.+--0-e=0- 350
DAO erase ae ese rine ona ie'e sem cintae abies wianie 336
Blepharostoma ........-----------------+--- 351
Brachythecium .....-...----..-----<---«.-- 35

IBV EDS < <in <ie'nie esis aeleine oe mn a=<inai = 343, 339
(ORIAIAOTOSTIS so c0 2-2 2 cewinn se ee wo i 348
(OEMITO? Geb Oe AGES eP Beer oct Sec orice 336
Cam Pan Acc nents a= = ieee tance 343
SN CLAINIUNG) oieta mle cee aceite ie late miata 336
(CHINESE S38 snciece sei Soon eee COLE seen ees 347
SESE It Se cesectodoghe ap ee cer= sec eeeerre 343
(CORI RUG) Ete aaa e SO peepee Eee See an erie 345
(Cy SELVA 5 423 S50 Seeeegee S eRe epee apenas 351
ESET CHD Bee. & OSE RES De Sane rch erecei 337
WerapodOuse- esses se Sacss ces teas an own 350
(Cline Og 21a ee oe One oeoS Se ec ee oer aae c 349
LOT Catal aS oe Se oe OnE toe SOraN cee cero ane 341
(CHM6GSS) cop Combe sagen seeceror ce Seer era 340
Claytonia .....-..-- Pane Oe eo eC Se 337
(Oiiniietei ire Sape Reee cess ape eae ae acer onaas e 350
CmleplouMEM ena. conse need eens eae = == 341
CORAUT UAT erste oe aa tesa eae 339
WOBDIS Se a nincwis 1m s\n oe aie >) ain almln/=(s = aint=)m mimieleiel sins 336
@ORHUR eter a neo ccc aeenie aes nteeetaeteenisinie 341
Cryptogramme......--.-----.---...05-.5--- 349
CUES Seg = ona Sac op Pho Doc ence Seo eae 349
(ONG Me Scere Beene ee aoc Sa SURO DELODe 350
DERGHAMpPSIaresccaciceadese-a5n Eicigeeee aicte a 348
TOM e ein isso se S5cc co scoscneoncoeseeos conse 350
WD Vall aie a tet eee inte wwe lea'asninistwjcie’a ae lacie 336
TD ODUGEIA sialeiniete melee eras ainlaae a w'nie wie“ = 349, 350

Page.
PERT OMAN as ais sis esac’ <n wc ivietmn.cie elaine 341
TOM TOS OUT aes Se See re eae ere gee 347
NNN ite einen a aateiadm aside rive ao Scans omens 348
TSS Eel Oe 2 CRS ae eee eee eve 340
WP (RUSS ie Ske a ee eee aera 349
CWSI UPC eGR ~ RRS SS ee eee ee 342
PSE RAL ITD lec nictn ne ay clalae min a'<im aso ate ale 336
PD NGASIA acts eminem aac ces cccetestenas sams 345
LENE ee See Re Oe ASS eee eerie 338
(Sea PEA ee: ao rs ners ee A 346
Lan UIE 2 eee Oke 351
GaN TT ASUS Se ean ara a ano win'e ib sminm oie 344
MpraT RIN NUaRIA ae ee oe eta eicinis Skis wo vio Siaee wl som 337
ITE as rine tina ale wate coc soa a a/n'sjn 338
MER Re ee eB nn wins sion ow sisiaineie eine 344
CEDIA NUNN ca ee teeta ~ scaace sas s=cense es 342
PIS Hen aN a ae eee ete oc Coscen cs <neesss 346
EL ALLEROTAUR eam tee ee Ae: wenn n'a nSa eames 336
1S NEVO ee ee 341
TIENEN Geren etcsows cere ao cc.<noewn me pelsine 340
EOC IIN aera scram sine eane can sismaiciasie dios 342
RET UE OMnae eOs o'sa a'c'a'v cies snc sins wasiwe,ss'o 348
LEE a ne ales din wee iui «Ps ioeeanene'ae as 348
UT OREMENGI 6a one nase nw oa ances nenascccesies'= 337
ERS COIN coeeencs anclewonncascccseocess's 350
ERG OMe er slovn wniccs ccc tuecknccccscecesee 350
te eee er hs ae ae ect loc nincin'e eile nee wslaiaiaie 346
PUPTI COO GH eee oicicsie a) =o ote anew slatisieisisymins isere 347
CMEC Reese ae ey ac ice oo cemccie ewe awa mincer 347
WGA eee steal cas ce cw.ors ss Sovscmeso essa 351
Ph clGyrh ht yo Sa Se Ss Se eee eae oe 335
(JUROR ET Se 8 ace cee enee ee pn ae seneceSrereaer 338
WO Ue ee = A oi = cio oe nee a= mee 351
UPR Tie ee eee eee see ieee ence 341
TUT iA AE ORS SOR EOE DC tee OO Le 346
SCHINp ae eee isn cia ooo nee me a a ie seer 338
LTrie hal ee Is eee nope entrar ee aecan aaa 338
VE) Spl adler PEER Eee ON MOrE CACC 347
Bycopodium ....<--...5---0s6.---<=2-=--=-5 349
Mienyanthes.-.2ccscsce<. = mans see one ewe c 344
Re FOSI Ae Oto ioe wires ns wise nie om onl omeeiae 343
IU Ch Ga Aesnce ce Ieomenero ree Segoe anononccc 345
LAN ee ee ee Cee BC OC ETI Ae OE 340
SUN TAOT BQ BENE REC OCP SE DOLE SI OOnRe > nor Omoyae 350
MIGNRESES: «Soe ees cece oea eee ain salem 343
TA Ree ee Sere OCR AOE DO LE OOCOSOC 342
INT Gl UOT IT ap ROO OO ITE ICE IEEE CORE 347
IMO Ee ee FOO GEC OnCeceine IaOene 336
WWiyM PARA a ccemnicecsince ane samen nuiwinmicie mae 336
ORG ee teartein ms sie ea al oon wale n ale maimpa ale olor= ete 346

Page.
PANO ceocccn ste sheets eons cane oe ee eee eee 341
IPArNASSIA:s cao ce cea Ses eee eeeme. deans wees 340
IPBOICUIARIS ene s ee ece ce eee ee ese one 345
JER WIG eee ooncomoceatas sacuoeseeas' 349
Phellopierusee-s-p ses sess e saan ae 341, 338
Phleumisccescseee essence ees ee.eeecies couse 348
Picea ce. weet roo bee bari Sas Ae siew somes 349
Ug Steten ace aia nce aoe esis eae © sooo eh 349
ISU ere lene ne ee ce inis SO a sea sone Sie 338
Ip benoit 4. os oseaSstontee- esate ameeoae 351
IP NOUINATI Aes cae sceties sissies ors Sees sees 345
PPO aes eee eter Seetee meee aceite claw aslo ci wei 348
LANGUES 65 Bessa Soom aE SOC non aoaae 350
IRN Ren a asso Saeco onosasena pose area Ie 345
JEU) MD OO UNE ae 2pm ben oResas see sac S Se 349, 350
Polyvirichunteen neo - =! ae- ne eee sa e neee 350
IPGLOM Mase oe See an store aac ae me os eases 338, 339
POLCTTUT Bs tet ele oe ree oe ae eae ss eke a ee 339
IPTENMAMUNES coccca wea eat a aes miacenssaaseer 342
PPC CING lids. «ata he cereltic oiars Se aoe 348
POTN soe Sead ee a eale ole vos ease ee 345
REVO Liecteeeteeinia ae ates ose aie mie Saraln miss tela 343
SV RES male atemia sao sie ae asec so s sie ayaa 339
a tees ete oceans sac cee malay =a sees 351
RTnun Glas em ce acesae Sse aekne os etcnceanaame 335
RNA GUS hoes as sale ese oe a eee 345
IRIDGS oe eens sewiee seibsids «sss aeteecc ms womens O40

II

ROMAN ZOM Beemer sca de sees Sienspoes -honme 344
RUDUS 255. 0.0 + sodiactecce aceasta eee eee 338
Salix.< 22 -cc-ctias Ce eeene soe ataee eee eee 346
Sambucuss.-.5- Sinasoee seco e ere eee 341
Sanguisorbays-- sees. eee ee ee 339
Savastana: <5 sees eee eee aces | eee 348
Saxifrapa.2~ =. secssnaes see ee 538, 339, 344
Selinunt X.-. 35-22 4-detear eee ane eae 341
Stbbaldid..gc0 508 ae see eee 339
Sorbus -s./220..:cecocen Bl onece eee 339
Sphagnum: 5.2. sde- eee oe 350
StreplOpuss oc omc. sateen eee - eee 346
Tellinia 2 is-0 su ooeceeee salves coe-ee ee 340
Tiarellatr ct 25. Jo iosas see ee eee 340
Tofieldiats 2. sar oasecscee o 6 see CeCe 347
Trientalis: «jo... 2244 =cees s-Ot et eee 344
AUS io ee tio HBS oaseSee coe camos osc ES ke coos fc 349
DROP rUtis Joos x o'sicloim winls a's) o ciclo tele ee ee 336
Tussila go’. \oe. 2 elas see ae eee 342
WROtaT 2 sce ectciccic oem te seen eee eee 350
OUULGTIE= Soo ac Sea clae seca oe eee eee 346
VaCOIninny =. J-a- sos 52 - sec ae ee 343
WA CTIAN Bas onic wine n e c stee ee eal eee 341
WeroniCa 25 o5<4. <c22ecne- oo eae ee eee eee 345
Viburntim.< 322.4220. $<- 2cee ea ee 341
Vidlaosocas cade eserade as sace bese oee eae 337