I
BOWEN'S
PICTURE OF BOSTON.
OR THE
CITIZEN'S AND STRANGER'S
GUIDE
TO THE
METROPOLIS OF MASSACHUSETTS,
AND ITS ENVIRONS.
EMBELLISHED WITH ENGRAVINGS.
BOSTON.
PUBLISHED BY ABEL BOWEN,
?T0. 2, CONGRESS SQCARE. MDCCCXNIX.
SOLD EY D. EELT AND C. S. FRANCIS, NEW TORK ; W. C. LITTLE, ALBANY; CAREY, LEA & CAREY, PHl- ADELPHIA ; E. J. COALE, BALTIMORE; AND P. THOMPSON, WASHINGTON.
Henry Bowen, Printer.
DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, TO WIT :
District Clerk's Office.
BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the hventy-ninth day of Decem- ber, A. D. 1828, in the fifu -third j-ear of the Independence of the Uni- ted States of America, ADEL BOWEN, ol said district, has deposited in this office, the title of a book, the tight whereof he claims as proprie- tor, in the words following, to wit:
'Buwen's Picture of Ronton, or (he Citizen's and Stranger's Guide to the Metropolis of Massachusetts and its envi: ons. Embellished with en- gravings.'
In con form it}- to the Act of the Concress of (iie United States, enti- tled 'An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies cf maps, charts and hooks, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned :' and also to an Act entitled 'An Act fmpplementary to an Act, entitled An -Act for the encouragement of learning, by. seeming the copies of maps, charts and books to the authors an;! proprietor of such copies during tfic times therein mentioned; and extending the b^nc/jt? thereof to the aits of designing, engiaving and, etching historical and other prints.'
JOHN" W. DAVIS, CJcrk of the district of Massachusetts.
PREFACE.
The object which the publisher had in view when ha commenced the collection of the materials for this vol- ume, was to furnish the citizen and traveller with a con- venient pocket volume, that might serve to give a gen- eral acquaintance with the various objects of interest, that constitute the most common subjects of inquiry, when a stranger visits our citv. How far he has sue- ceeded, it remains with a candid and generous public to decide. He trusts that his endeavors will be kindlj- ap- preciated, and that the patronage of his fellow citizens, to this attempt, will enable him in subsequent editions, to add such improvements as will make the work a per- fect index to this interesting metropolis.
The multiplicity of subjects, proper to be introduced, make it frequently difficult to decide on those to which a preference should be given in each particular place. — Some subjects are briefly noticed, which some individu- als may perhaps be pleased or interested to see more
4 PREFACE.
largely delineated. If to such any apology may be ne- cessary, the profession of a good intention is all the pub- lisher can offer. His interest in the History of Boston, published a few j'ears since, migbt in propriety, forbid him to say it, otherwise he would suggest the belief that almost every subject relative to this city will be found amply discussed in that volume. And if the flattering opinions of friends may be relied on, he can hardly wish for this volume a reputation for correctness superior to what that work enjoys.
The History of Boston is designed to be a connected narrative of events from the foundation of the city to the time of its publication. This work, the Picture of Boston, presents a bird's eye view of the most prominent objects. This explanation may serve to obviate misapprehension as to the similarity of the two works.
There are probably in these pages about eight hun- dred dates, and an equal number of measurements and other facts requiring the use of figures. For the great- er part of these the publisher lias had the advantage of examining original records, but for some of them he has been dependent on printed documents, which in many instances vary from each other. Every oppor-
PREFACE. 5
tunity that occurs will be hereafter improved to verify and make certain whatever may now remain in any de- gree doubtful ; and the publisher will feel obliged to all who have in possession the means of correcting any error, and will so far interest themselves as to give him information of its discoverj\
Special acknowledgments are due to those individuals who have aided in furnishing materials for this volume, which they will perceive in most instances to be used without the marks of quotation. The following books and maps have been consulted with much service :
History of Boston, by C. H. Snow, M. D.
" the Antient and Honorable Artillery, by Z. G.
Whitman, Esq. " Cambridge, by Rev. Dr. Holmes. " Quincy, by Geo. Whitney, Esq. " Hingham, by C. Lincoln, Esq. " Dedham, by E. Worthington, Esq. " Lynn, by Mr. Alonzo Lewis, (in MSS.) Description of Boston, by C. Shaw, Esq. Boston Directory, by Messrs. Hunt k. Stimpson. Mercantile Directory, printed by Messrs. Beals & Ho- mer.
1*
C PREFACE.
Hale's Survey of Boston and its vicinity. Stage Register, by Messrs. Badger & Porter. Massachusetts Register, by Mr. James Loring. Gazetteer of Massachusetts, by Dr. Spofibrd.
" New-Hampshire, by J. Farmer and J. B, Moore, Esqs.
Laws and Ordinances of Boston, Printed by Messrs, True Sc Greene.
Silliman's Journal,
Boston News Letter for 1826, 8 vo.
MAPS.
Hale's map of the New-England State.?.
Hales' map of Boston and vicinity.
Plan of Boston, published by Messrs. Annin & Smith,
Sc J. V. N. Throop. Plan of Charlestown. Plan of the Battle of Bunker Hill.
CONTENTS.
Introductory History,
Boston in Districts,
County of Suffolk, -
City Government,
Boston Schools,
Athenaeum, -
Libraries, - - - -
Periodicals, -
Societies, -
Public Buildings.
Bridges, i
Hospitals, -
Trade and Commerce,
Islands, -
Boston Churches,
Burial Grounds and Monuments,
p.tge 13
- 17 21
- 22
- -to
- 19
52
70 91 101 112 118 121 178
S CONTENTS.
Military, 183
Places of Amusement, ..... 1S7
Anniversaries, ...... 19Q
Hotels, 199
Stages, 210
Canals, 216
Banks, 218
Insurance Companies, - 221
Recent and Projected Improvements, - - 223 Ancient Buildings, - ... . . . 224
Environs, 229
Index, 247
A KEV TO THE MAP.
The following names of the Streets, Lanes, Public edifices, Lc. aic given in alphabetical order, to serve as an index lo the accompanying Plan of Boston.
2i, B. To rind any Street on the plan, scaicli for the number pnnexed. in the square given by the letters following the name ; thin, fin School street look in square F h, and you find thenunsbei 323. Public ed- ifices, ice. not numbered, are located within the squares refened to. The wards are designated by larce figures, and the doited lines show the boundaiies of each. The ancient high water mark is shown by the shading on the plan.
Allen st. |
C d |
o2 |
Brattle sq 'are |
Gg |
130 |
Allen st. S. |
U e |
63 |
Bread st. |
I h |
89 |
Ann st. |
I e |
24 |
Bridge st. |
r. f |
LI |
Aich st. |
F j |
123 |
Brighton st. |
B c |
47 |
Ash st. |
Dn |
162 |
Bioad st. |
Ih |
102 |
Atkinson st, |
Hj |
HO |
Biomfield st. |
Fi |
122 |
Bangs alley |
11 h |
Btdfinch st. |
Er |
73 |
|
Bath st. |
11 i |
93 |
Bulfinch place |
ES |
|
Battel y alley |
J c |
10 |
Bumstcad pl.ice |
E i |
|
Battery-maich st. |
H h |
9-5 |
Butlolph st. |
cs |
71 |
Beach st. |
E 1 |
150 |
Butlcis row |
«8 |
|
Beacon st. |
Eh |
124 |
Cainbiidge s!. |
C f |
CS |
Bed foid st. |
E k |
112 |
Cai lies com I |
F f |
|
Bedfoid pLce |
F k |
Carver st. |
C m |
3 GO |
|
Belknap st. |
c§ |
73 |
Ca-tlc st. |
D o |
105 |
Betinet st. S. |
Fn |
156 |
Causeway'-?!. |
E c |
SO |
Bcnnet si. X. |
Id |
3 |
Central st. |
11 U |
â– J6 |
Beiry st. |
11 J |
111 |
Cential cou: I |
I^j |
|
Blossom st. |
C f |
53 |
Cent.'e st. N. |
II I |
28 |
Bowdoin st. |
i>s |
77 |
Cen'.ie st. |
«S |
CO |
Bowdoin phice |
D h |
Chamber st. |
C f |
GO |
|
Bowdoin square. |
E f |
65 |
Chris lestown st. |
G d |
SI |
Bojlsion st. |
D 1 |
J 51 |
Chank'n st. |
r: f |
04 |
Boyklon court |
D 1 |
Charles st. |
A h |
123 |
|
Boybton square |
Dl |
('hat ham st. |
If 5 |
>•> |
|
Biatilc st. |
fs |
fS |
Charter st. |
H b |
3 |
10
PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Chauncy place |
Fj |
139 |
Garden st. |
Cg |
70 |
Chesnut st. |
B i |
SI |
Garden couit st. |
Id |
22 |
Clark it. |
Id |
14 |
George st. |
Bh |
130 |
Columbia st. |
Fk |
147 |
Gibbs lane |
Ij |
184 |
Common st. |
E i |
134 |
Governour alley |
F i |
185 |
Congress st. |
0 h |
91 |
Gooch st. |
Ee |
44 |
Cooks court |
Fh |
Gravel st. |
C d |
50 |
|
Copeland lane |
F f |
Green st. |
D e |
63 |
|
Cornhill court |
Gh |
Gridley lane |
Hj |
109 |
|
Court st. |
Fh |
92 |
Grove st. |
Bg |
68 |
Court square |
Fh |
Haerlem place |
E k |
||
Ciab alley |
Hh |
Hamilton st. |
Ii |
108 |
|
Crescent couit |
E e |
Hamilton place |
Ei |
203 |
|
Cross st. |
H e |
27 |
Hamilton avenue |
I i |
|
Custom house st. |
Ih |
GS |
Hancock st. |
Dg |
74 |
Custom house |
Ih |
96 |
Hanover st. |
H e |
29 |
Canal or Mill Creek. G e |
171 |
Hartford place |
Ij |
||
Deacon st. |
Fe |
180 |
Harvard st. |
E m |
155 |
Derne st. |
Dg |
181 |
Harvard place |
Fi |
|
Devonshire st. |
G h |
89 |
Halters square |
Hf |
|
Distill-hou«e square |
F e |
41 |
Hawkins st. |
Ff |
42 |
Doane st. |
Hh |
Hawlcy st. |
Fi |
136 |
|
Dock square |
Hg |
Haw ley place |
Fi |
||
East st. |
G J |
182 |
Haymarket place |
Dk |
|
Eaton st. |
G e |
56 |
Hayward place |
Ek |
|
Elliot st. |
D m |
152 |
Henchman lane |
Ic |
19 |
Elm st. |
G f |
81 |
Highst, |
Hk |
114 |
Essex st. |
El |
146 |
Hollis st. |
D in |
157 |
Exchange st. |
Gg |
se |
Hospital square |
B e |
|
Federal st. |
Gj |
120 |
Howard st. |
Eg |
73 |
Federal court S. |
Gj |
Hull st. |
H e |
4 |
|
Federal court N". |
G f |
India st. |
Ih |
100 |
|
Flag alley |
Gg |
87 |
Jarvis row |
Ek |
|
Fleet st. |
Id |
15 |
Jefferson place |
E m |
|
Foster st. |
Hb |
18 |
Kingston st. |
Fk |
140 |
Franklin st. |
Fi |
137 |
Kilby st. |
H h |
49 |
Franklin place |
Gj |
121 |
Kneeland st. |
E m |
153 |
Franklin avenue |
Fg |
183 |
Langdon place |
Ie |
|
Friends st. |
G e |
36 |
Leverett st. |
C c |
46 |
Front st. |
E o |
164 |
Leverett court |
Dd |
|
Fruit st. |
B e |
54 |
Leverett place |
De |
179 |
Gallop alley |
H e |
Liberty square |
H e |
201 |
STREETS.
11
Lincoln st. G 1 117
jLindal! st. Hh 186
Lowell plsce D 1
Lynn st. Df Gl
Lynde st. lb 2
Margaret st. He 137
Ma; gin st. N. G d 36
Margin st. S. E e 45
Market st. F 5 84
Markets!. N. and S. H g 1
Market row G g
Maiket place E I
Marlboro' place F i
Marlboro' roir F i
Med ford st. Ed 188
Marsh lane G f
Mai shall si. G f 57
Mason st. Dk 142
May s*. B g 125
Met chants row H g £3
Merrimac s». E e 32
Methodist alley J <! 12
Milk st. Gi 119
Millonsf. C c 189
Millpond st. G d 35
Moon st. Id 23
Mount Vernon C g
Myrtle s!. B h 12G
Newbury place E k
North square I e 200
North row He
Norfolk place E k
Olive st. B h 123
Oliver st. II i 105
Otis place F k
Park ?t. D i 133
Pearl st. II i 106
Peck lane Fl 143
Pinckney st. B g 127
Pine st. D n 163
Pitts st. E e 43
Pitts coart E e
Pleasant st. B m
Poplar st. C d
Portland st. Fe
Portland phce F f
Prince st. H c
Prospect st. D d
Purchase st. I j
Quincy place I j Roe-liuck passage H g
Richmond st. H e
Ridgeway lane D g
Robinson alley I c
Robbins court II e
Russel st. S. C g
Russel st. N. C F
Salem st, II d
Salt lane G f
Salutation alley Ic
School ;t. H f
School alley H d
S colts couit G g
Sea st. H 1
Second st. C c
Sheafe si. H c
Sheaf lane Dk
Short st. F k
Sister st. H j
Snow Hill st. G c
Somerset st. E g
Someiset place E g
Somerset con; t Eh
South st. G J
Southack si. R g
Spiingst. Cd
Spring Jan;* G i
Spruce st. B i
Slaniford s(. D f
State st. H h
Stillman st. G e
Suffolk place E k
Sudbury st. F f
Summer M, Fj
1G0 51 40
6
190 107
7
59
17
11 123
115
48
5
143
145
112
16
124
l»i
nd
67 43
194
02
192
193
80
139
12
PICTURE OF EOSTON.
Sumner s(. |
C !. |
128 193 |
Washington gf. |
D m |
154 |
Sun C*mit st. |
I 0 |
25 |
Washington plnce |
Ij |
104 |
Swectser couii |
Et |
Washington a^ enue |
• J i |
||
Temple st. |
»S |
76 |
Watei st. |
G h |
118 |
Thachcr sf. |
G d |
195 |
Well st. |
I li |
97 |
Theatre alley |
G i |
196 |
West st. |
Ej |
141 |
Tilesion st. |
Id |
8 |
Wliai f st. |
Ih |
101 |
Ti emont place |
F h |
Whi»e bread alley |
Id |
13 |
|
Union st. |
Gf |
38 |
Williams st. |
Hj |
113 |
Unity st. |
He |
21 |
Williams court |
G h |
|
Vine si. |
1$ e |
55 |
Wilsons lane |
Gg |
85 |
Wnlnut =(. |
C h |
132 |
Wiltshire st. |
Cd |
197 |
Wan en sf. |
C m |
159 |
Winter st. |
E i |
135 |
Wai ren pl.ice |
Co |
Wi'Jthrop place |
G k |
rniyciPAL wharves.
1. Commercial whai f
2. Wu;m simet fVny way
3. Battel y wharf
4. Union wharf
5. Hancock's whaif
6. Lewis's whai f
7. Mercantile wharf
8. Mercantile wharf
9. City wharl
Ih |
9. T wharf |
J? |
J b |
10. Long wharf |
Kg |
K c |
11. Central whai f |
K h |
J A |
12. India wharf |
J h |
K e |
18. Liverpool wharf |
I k |
K e |
14. Russia wharf |
I k |
J f |
15. Wheeler's point |
G n |
I P |
16. Baxter's wharf |
F n |
is |
17. |
NOTED BLOCKS.
Banisters hall Fayette place Congress square Cornhill squaie Hinckley's buildings Market «quare Merchants' hall Parkman's buildings
F h Djk G h G h II h
"S G h
Hg
Phillips' buildings II h
Province House row F i
Rogers' buildings G h
Scollay's do. F g
South row G i
Suffolk buildings G h
Tudor's do. F h
West row E f
INTRODUCTORY HISTORY.
Boston', the metropolis of Massachusetts, contains about 70,000 inhabitants, and is situated on a peninsula, nearly three miles in length and a little over a mile in breadth, of an uneven surface, at the head of Massachu- setts-bay, in north latitude 42° 23'. It was settled by Governor Winthrop and his associates, in 1630, and received its name in honor of the Rev. John Cotton, who emigrated from Boston in Lincolnshire, England. The name was confirmed by act of Court, September 7, 1630, O. S. which may be considered the date of the foundation of Boston. Its original Indian name was Shawmut, and for a short time, previous to receiving the present name, it was called Trimountain.
The neck or isthmus which connects the peninsula to the main land, is at the south part of the city, and joins to Roxbury. Boston is bounded on the wosr by Brook- line and Charles River, which winds round between Copp's Hill and Charlestown, on the north, and empties itself into the harbour, which lies on the east, — having Dorchester and Roxbury on the south. The surface of the peninsula swells into three eminences. — Beacon Hill which is on the westerly part, now rises 110 feet above high water mark, but was originally about 30 feet higher. Fort Hill, another eminence, on the easterly side, facing the harbour, rises about SO feet above the 2
14 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
sea, and the third which is called Copp's Hill, is at the northerly extremity of the city, and rises about 50 feet above high water.
Most of the land which was originally the surface of the peninsula, is either covered with buildings or occu- pied as gardens, except the Common, consisting of about 50 acres of upland and 25 of fiats, which was generously reserved by the first settlers for a training field and other public purposes, to be kept unimpaired to the lat- est posterity. The streets of the oldest parts of the city, are generally narrow and crooked, and were laid out ap- parently without regard to convenience or taste. But in the parts more recently built, they are wider, and the buildings display elegance and splendor equal to any other city in the Union. The communication between the country and the city is very convenient, having be- sides the natural passage from Roxbury, the Mill-Dam which forms a grand western avenue into the city from Brookline and Brighton, and six excellent bridges. Two of these connect Boston with Cambridge, two with Charlestown, and two unite it with South Boston, which was set off from Dorchester in 1S04, and constitutes a part of the city.
The Harbor extends from Nanta^ket to the city, and spreads from Chelsea and Nahantto Hingham, con- taining about 75 square miles. It is bespangled with upwards of 100 islands or rocks, and receives the wa- ters from Mystic, Charles, Neponset and Manatticut Rivers, with several other smaller streams. The most noted islands are Governor's Island and Castle Island, both of which are fortified : the former is now called Fort Warren, the latter Fort Independence. They lie about two and a half miles easterly from the city, dividing \]\e inner from the outer harbour, about one mile distance from
INTRODUCTORY HISTORY. 15
each other, and the only channel for large ships passes between them. Noddle's Island and Bell Isle, lie to the north of the city on the Chelsea coast, — the first of which has Fort Strong on its eastern extremity, built by the citizens in 1814. Deer Island about five miles east, and Long Island about five and a half east by south, command the outer harbour. Thompson and Spectacle Island lie south-easterly towards Squantum, and within the parallel of Long Island. Rainsford or Hospital Isl- and is about one mile south-easterly from Long Island. Gallop, George and Lovel's Islands lie east by south from seven to eight miles from Boston, and between Broad Sound and Nantasket Road. Pethick's Island lies south of Nantasket Road or Hingham Bay. The Light House Island, on which the Light House stands, lies south 69° cast, S 2-3 miles. The Brewsters, Calf Island, Green Island, &c. lie northerly from the Light House, forming a chain of islands, rocks and ledges about three miles, to the Graves Rocks, between which no ships attempt to pass."
The water in this harbor is of a sufficient depth to admit 500 ships of the largest class to ride at anchor in safety; while the entrance is so narrow as scarcely to admit two ships abreast. Boston is finely situated for commerce and has more shipping than any other city in the United States, except New- York. The wharves and piers are extensive, — provided with spacious stores and warehouses, with ever)* convenience for the safe mooring and securing of vessels.
The city exhibits a very picturesque and beautiful view when approached from the sea, and its general
* See a crunp'ele Wd of all (lie islands, with [heir beatings and dU- t'n;c?.iu Di. Snow's Histoijr i>l Boston, jiuge 114.
16 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
appearance is much admired by strangers. In many respects it has been compared with Liverpool. An English traveller observes, tbat he was much struck with the resemblance, in the general aspect and furni- ture of the houses ; in the domestic arrangements and style of living, and in the manners, habits, and charac- ter of the people.
The Town was governed by nine Selectmen, chosen by the people annually, till 1S22, when it became an in- corporated city, and is now governed b}'a Mayor, S Al- dermen, and 48 Common Councilmen, chosen annually by the citizens.
Boston is the seat, of various literary and scientific in- stitutions, and probably no city of its size in the world is better supplied with schools. It has been greatly distin- guished in the history of this country, in consequence of the conspicuous part taken in the events and transactions which led to the American Revolution. It is also the seat of Government. The state Legislature convenes here twice a year. The first session, after the choice of members, takes place in the State House on the first Wednesday in May, which is the commencement of our political year. The second session commences usually on the second Wednesday of January.
It has the credit of being 'the Literary Emporium of the Western World,' and perhaps justly, for it is a fact, that a greater portion of the distinguished men of our nation have arisen, from this city and its vicinity, than from any other place in the United States. Besides those distinguished for literary acquirements, there are many who have been equally distinguished as patriots and statesmen. Among the inhabitants of Boston and Cambridge, We have descendants of the celebrated John Calvin, the reformer of Geneva ; of Sebastian Ca-
NORTH BOSTON. 17
bot, the distinguished English navigator; of Dr. Win. Ames, the author of the Medulla Theologiae : of Bishop Edmund Grindall, of John Fox, the Martyrologist, and John Rogers, the first who sealed with his life the pio- fession of his faith, in the reign of the bigoted Mary.
BOSTON I?>T DISTRICTS."
NORTH BOSTON.
Boston, like many other large cities, has been, by common consent, divided into districts, with names indi- cating the location of each. Thus wc have North Bos- ton, West Boston, South End, and South Boston. The first section embraces the north-end of the city, or all that part lying north of Faneuil-Hall and the Canal or Mill-Creek. This is the oldest part, and formerly had the advantage of the principal trade. The streets here are generally narrow and crooked, and remain much as they were when first constructed, on the model of the old towns in England. ' The government of the town, .coon after its settlement, endeavoured to correct some of their early errors, yet they seem to have had an utter aversion to straight lines or right angles; and though their moral walk was upright, they took little pains to make their crooked highways straight.' This irregular- ity, however, was partly occasioned by the uneven sur- face of the ground when the city was first built, and it is by no means certain that this ancient disposition of the streets, manifests a want of taste, or has materially injured the appearance of the city. On this subject, a writer observes, ' the forms and turnings of the streets of London, and other old towns, are produced by acci- dent, without any original plan or design ; but they are not always the less pleasant to the walker or spectator.
o
Li
18 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
on that account. On the contrary, had they been built on the regular plan of Sir Christopher Wren, the effect might have been, as it is in some new places, rather un- pleasing.' In North Boston the buildings are mostly old and built of wood, which exhibit the different styles of architecture used for a period of more than a century and a half. There are two houses, which from the charac- ter of the former occupants, may attract the notice of strangers. The three story brick building at the cor- ner of Salem and Charter Streets, now the Asylum for Indigent Boys, Avas erected by Governor Phipps, who died in 1695; and a very handsome house in Garden Court street, North-square, for many years occupied by William Little, Esq. was the residence of Lieut. Gov. Hutchinson. It received particular and trouble- some attention in 1766. This and the adjoining house, owned by Mr. Ellis, were built about 100 years ago, and are beautiful specimens of the perfection to which our mechanics had then arrived. The only spot not cover- ed by buildings at present is on Copp's Hill, and a part of tliis is occupied for a Burial Ground. From this hill the British cannonaded the townofCharlestownin 1775, during the memorable battle of Bunker Kill, when the village was principally destroyed by conflagration. — They left a small fort standing on this hill, which re- mained a favorite resort for the recreation of school boys till 1S07. The natural situation of this section of the cit}T gives it an advantage over any other part ; whether considered as a place for comfortable and healthy resi- dence, or its convenience for trade. The channel of Charles river runs close to the shore, and has depth and width sufficient to accommodate ships of the greatest burden. The spirit for improvement, recently awakened in North Boston, shows that its citizens begin to appre- ciate their advantages.
SOUTH BOSTON. 19
WEST BOSTON.
This is that part of the city which lies between the Common and Canal Creek, west of Hanover and Common-streets, and lias been recently built. The buildings are principally of brick, erected in a hand- some style, and are mostly used as dwellings. The State House, Hospital, Court House, Jail, and one of the houses of correction are located in this section.
south Exn.
The South End comprises all the peninsula south of Summer and "Winter Streets, and extends to Roxbury. About one third of the buildings in this section are of wood. Those that have been most recently erected are of brick and granite, exhibiting an improved style of architecture. The buildings here, also, are generally occupied for dwellings, except the lower stories of those on Washington Street.
SOUTH BOSTON.
South Boston is that section of the city which is sepa- rated from the peninsula, or the ancient town, by an arm of the harbor reaching to Roxbury. It contains about 560 acres, and is the newest and most unsettled part of the city. Within a few years the population has increased rapidly, and a considerable number of build- ings has been erected, principally of brick. This for- merly was a part of Dorchester, and embraces the heights so famed in the annals of the American Revolution.
20 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
There are two bridges that connect this with the older part of the city ; — one is at the south end near the com- mencement of the neck, and receives a toll; the other is a free bridge, recently built and leads from Wind- Mill point.
There remains one section of Boston, besides the Common, which has not been described. This may properly be termed the Heart of the City, as it was, in 1653, the heart of the town. It is bounded by Sum- mer, Winter, Common, and Hanover Streets and the Canal Creek, having the harbor on the east. Within these limits the principal business of the city is trans- acted. Here are the most extensive wharves, Faneuil Hall, Faneuil-Hall Market, all the Banks in the city except two, all the Insurance offices, the Custom House, most of the wholesale merchants' stores, the Athenaeum, Supreme Court House, Reading Room, Post Office, all the Newspaper offices, the Boston and Tremont Thea- tres, Tremont House, the Exchange Coffee House, Marlboro Hotel, and many other important places.
THE COMMON
Is a beautiful field on the westerly side of the city, and in front of the State House, bounded by Beacon, Park, Common and Boylston Streets, and the waters of Charles River Bay, containing more than 75 acres, as appears by the following survey : —
The malls on Common, Park, Beacon and Charles Streets,
contain 7 acies, 1 rood, and 6 rods, - - - 7 16
The Common enclosed by these malls and Bojlston Sheet, exclusive of the Bui ial Giound, -
The Bui yhig Ground contains, -
The Common west of Charles-Street contain?
41 |
0 13 |
1 |
|
25 |
0 0 |
75 |
0 22 |
SUFFOLK COUNTY 21
The surface of this Common is agreeably varied by several small eminences, the most prominent of which is near the centre, and still bears the marks of the forti- fication thrown up by the British troops quartered here, in 1775. A little to the north of this eminence is a beau- tiful sheet of fresh water, called the crescent pond, with young and thrift}" Elms around its border, which adds much to the pleasantness of the Common. The spacious Park, which contains 557 trees of various sizes, is acknowledged to rank before any other in the United States ; and from its peculiar situation it is believed, it may be made equal if not superior to any similar public spot in the Avorld. It is surrounded on three sides by splendid private dwellings, principally occupied by the owners of the estates.
Since the settlement of Boston, this land has always been the joint stock of the citizens, it never having been the property of any individual since the peninsula was transferred b)7 Chickatabut, the Indian Sachem, to the first settlers." They generously reserved it ' for a training field and other public purposes.' When pro- curing a city charter, the citizens had a clause intro- duced debarring the City Council, the power of ever selling the Common or Faneuil Hall.
SUFFOLK COUNTY.
The County of Suffolk was so named in honor of Gov. Wiuthrop, who was from Suffolk in England. It was incorporated in 1643. Till the year 1793, it comprised,
* Sfc History t-f Bo«(on, cli3p. xii.
22 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
besides Boston, the county of Norfolk, and embraced
23 towns. At present it is composed of Boston and the small but ancient town of Chelsea. By an act of the le- gislature passed Feb. 23, 1822, Chelsea is allowed to enjoy all privileges relating to the administration of jus- tice, notwithstanding the town is exempted from all taxes for county purposes.
THE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT
of Massachusetts, is held in Boston on the first Tues- day in March, and the seventh Tuesday next after the first Tuesday in September ; and the Court of Common Pleas, on the first Tuesday in January, April, July, and October.
UNITED STATES COURTS.
Supreme Court of the U. S. is held in Boston, in May and October. Joseph Story, dissociate Judge.
DISTRICT OFTICERS.
Massachusetts. — John Davis, judge; George Blake, attorney ; Samuel D. Harris, marshal ; Horatio Bass, deputy marshal. Marshal's office, Old Court House, Court-street. John W. Davis, district clerk ; office, Old Court House, Court-street.
CITY GOVERNMENT.
The ' City of Boston ' was incorporated by the grant of a charter in 1822. By this charter the city is divided into 12 Wards, in each of which the inhabitants meet at their respective ward rooms, on the 2d Monday in De- cember, annually, and after choosing ward officers, give
CITY GOVERNMENT. 23
in their ballots for a Mayor, 8 Aldermen, and 48 Com- mon Councilmen ; (4 Councilmen to represent each ward:) 12 Overseers of the poor, and 12 School Com- mittee-men. On the 1st Monday in January, the gov- ernment is organised in the rooms in which they ordi- narily meet for public business. The Mayor is sworn to a faithful performance of his duty, by one of the Judges of the Commonwealth, who afterwards administers the oath of office to the Aldermen and Common Council elect. After the two branches have been organized, they proceed to the choice of a city Clerk, by a joint ballot. The board of Aldermen, with the Mayor, com- pose one house, and the Common Council compose the other. The 1st branch is elected by general ticket, and the 2d by wards. They generally act separately and have a negative on the proceedings of each other. — These boards, in their joint capacity, ore denominated the City Council.
MAYOR AND ALDERMEN.
The Mayor and Aldermen's room, is a plain but con- venient apartment in the third story of the west wing of the Stone Court House, Court-Square in School- Street. A railing runs across the middle, dividing it into two divisions : — the south side being for the ac- commodation of visitors, who are provided with settees. The north side has an elevated floor, which is carpeted. The chairs and tables are so arranged, as to make half a circle ; the Mayor's chair in the centre and raised above the other. This board is generally convened for busi- ness on Monday evenings. The Mayor attends here to the duties of his office from nine in the morning till two in the afternoon. The Aldermen do not receive
24 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
pay for their services. Salary of the Mayor, $2500 .1 year, payable quarterly. The Mayor has the exclu- sive power to nominate all officers appointed by the Mayor and Aldermen.
COMMON COUNCIL.
The Common Council hold their sessions in the same. building with the board of Aldermen. The council 100m is in the third story, and in the centre of the build- ing. The President's seat is elevated at one side of the room, and the seats for the members are very conven- iently arranged, having a gradual ascent from front to rear. Members of this board also render their services without compensation. Thejr generally hold their ses- sions on Monday evenings, and when any important business makes it necessary, they convene oftener than once a week.
CITY COUNCIL.
The boards of Aldermen and Common Council in their joint capacity, constitute what is denominated the City Council. They have power to appoint, prescribe the duties, and fix the compensation of all city officers ; to call officers and boards to account; to determine, annu- ally, the number of Representatives the city shall send to the Legislature. They also have the power to elect a Mayor in case the office became vacant.
CITY CLERK.
The city Clerk's office is in the Mayor and Alder- men's room, where he can be found from 9 in the morning, till 1 p. m. and from 3 till evening. Hissala-
CITY GOVERNMENT. 25
ry is $1500 a year. He is also clerk to the Mayor and Aldermen.
CLERK OP THE COMMON COUNCIL.
His office is in a small brick building in Court-square. Office hours continue from 9 o'clock in the morning through the day. In the office are kept the records and doings of the Common Council. Salary $800 a year, besides the fees for publishing the bands of matri- mony. He attends to that duty every Thursday, im- mediately as the bell ceases to toll for the stated lecture of the Boston Ministerial Association.
CITY TREASURER.
This officer is chosen by concurrent vote, and enters into bonds of $60,000, for the faithful discharge of his duty. The salary is §3000 per annum — out of which, he has to pay for clerk hire, fuel and stationary. The City Treasurer is also Treasurer for the County. His office is in the second story of the west end of the Old State House, head of State-street Office hours from 9 in the morning, ordinarily, till two in the after- noon.
CITY MARSHAL.
Formerly, there was an executive officer, in the town government, appointed by the Selectmen, who was de- nominated the Superintendant of Police, whose duties were very similar to those of City Marshal. The office of Marshal was created in 1S23, and the board of Alder- men has the exclusive right of confirming the nomi- nation of the Mayor, and he is an executive officer of that particular branch of government. The Marshal's duties are various and arduous, as he is obliged to pass 3
26 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
through every street and lane in the city once a week, to inforce all the laws and regulations ordained by the City Council for the welfare, health and convenience of the inhabitants. He is also the Health Commissioner of the interior, taking cognisance of all nuisances and causing them to be speedily removed. This office is kept on the 2d floor of the west wing of the Court House in School-street. Ward books, on which com- plainants may note nuisances, are kept here, under the Marshal, who thus has a record before him of what re- quires immediate attention. Salary, $1000 per annum.
AUDITOR.
A comparatively new officer — of as much importance as any in the municipal government of the city. All monies paid by the city pass under his eye. He makes estimates of expenditures, and in fine systema- tizes and finishes all the pecuniary concerns of the city. He is elected by concurrent vote of the Council, year- ly. The salary is $1200 per annum. His office is in the Court House, School-street. The hours of business are, ordinarily from 9 in the morning till 1, and from 2 till evening. All accounts against the city are pre- sented here, and when audited by the committee on ac- counts, an order is given on the Treasurer for pay- ment.
MESSENGER.
The duties of the Messenger are various. He distri- butes notifications to committees, is in attendance on the Common Council, while in session, as well as on the board of Aldermen. He conveys messages from com- mittees, is in attendance through the day, in the
CITY GOVERNMENT. 27
Mayor's office, and sees that the different office rooms are kept in order, and lights the rooms for public meet- ings. This office is not considered an annual one, but is held at pleasure of the council. He is elected by the Mayor and Aldermen, and receives $600 per an-
num.
ASSESSORS.
There are three in number, denominated the Perma- nent Assessors, who are chosen annually, in the month of April, by a concurrent voice of the two boards, and receive as a compensation for their labor, $1000 each, per annum in quarterly pa}'ments. The Assessors' room is in Faneuil Hall, where they may generally he found from 9 in the morning till evening. There are also chosen annually two Assistant Assessois from each ward, whose duty is merely to advise and explain, without receiving any compensation for their services. The}" also meet at the Assessors' room for business.
OVERSEERS OF THE POOR.
One Overseer is elected in each ward annually- — This board holds a meeting on the afternoon of the 1st Wednesday in each month. Their office is kept in the 2d story of Faneuil Hall. A clerk is there from 9 a.m. till evening.
SCHOOL COMMITTEE
Are chosen annually, one member from each ward, who, together with the Mayor and Aldermen, consii- tute a board, of which the Mayor is usually chairman. They fill all vacancies, and make such regulations from
28 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
time to time, as the well-being of the public Scbools re- quires. They hold their meetings in the Mayor's office, as often as circumstances may render it nec- essary.
WARD OFFICERS.
A Warden, as presiding officer, a Clerk and 5 Inspec- tors are chosen by the inhabitants of each of the wards, in December annually, as officers of the ward. They receive the ballots of the legally authorized citizens, on all public elections of city, county or state officers. — From this board, a return is made by the Warden and Clerk, to the Mayor and Aldermen. They hold their meetings in their respective ward rooms, — of which there is one in each of the 12 wards.
OVERSEERS OF THE HOUSE OF CORRECTION.
This board, consisting of three persons, is appointed by the Mayor and Aldermen, and has the immediate oversight of the internal regulations of the House of Correction, which is a very strong and well built edi- fice, within the Jail-yard enclosure, in Leverett-street.
HOUSE OF INDUSTRY.
By an act of the General Court, the City Council are authorized to elect, in the month of May, annually, by ballot, 9 discreet and suitable citizens, to be Directors of the House of Industry, which is located at South Boston. The directors divide themselves into three committees, and attend daily to the duties of their office, in Faneuil Hall. The authority delegated to the direc- tors, is exercised bjr overseers of the poor in other parts
CITY GOVERNMENT. 29
of the Commonwealth; but in the city, the office of overseer extends only to provision for the poor at their own habitations. They receive no compensation. A Clerk, at a salary of $500, is in attendance at the office, from 9 a. m. till evening.
The Superintendant of the House of Industry re- ceives for his own and his family's services. $1000, an- nually, together with house room and fire wood.
HOUSE FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS.
This is contiguous to the House of Industry, and con- trolled by the same board of directors. The Superin- tendant, who is the instructor of the boys and the moni- tor over their conduct and labors, receives a salary of $750, besides apartments and fuel.
FIRE DEPARTMENT.
This is under the immediate direction of a Chief En- gineer, and 12 Assistant Engineers, chosen by both branches of the Council, annually. The present organ- ization of this important department merits the highest praise. Office of the Chief Engineer, at present, in the Old Court House, Court-street.
HEALTH DEPARTMENT.
This is divided into the external, internal, and that which regulates the burial of the dead. The external embraces the quarantine of vessels, and takes cogni- zance of any sickness, and all nuisances which may be brought into port, from foreign parts. The internal relates to the cleaning of the streets, emptying of vaults and the removal of all nuisances from the city. This 3*
30 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
is accomplished at an annual expense of about $12,000. The city Marshal is also internal health Commissioner, with whom all complaints, of this nature, are lodged in the Health Office, in the Court House, School-street.
BURIAL OF THE DEAD.
The Superintendant of Burial Grounds has an office in the same building, and has the immediate control of all the grave yards, tombs and cemeteries in the city. He is appointed annually, in the month of May, by a concurrent vote of the City Council, and receives a salary of $900. All the sextons or undertakers make a return to this officer, daily, of all who have died the preceding day and night, — with the particulars of their ages and disease, which are entered on record.
QUARANTINE DEPARTMENT.
In the month of June, annually, a resident Physician is appointed, by concurrent-vote, whose duty it is tore- side on Rainsford Island, the quarantine station, from the 15th of June till the 15th of September, and regu- late the quarantine of vessels, and merchandise, also to land the sick and take charge of them in the Hospital, according to his best judgment and skill. He is also the city physician, whose duty it is, when any contagious disease appears in the city, or on board of any vessel arriv- ing in the port, at any season, to take charge of the sick, by removing them to the quarantine hospital. The duties of this office are very arduous and fatiguing. — Salary, $1000. Three consulting physicians are also chosen annually.
CITY GOVERNMENT. 31
CITV SOLICITOR.
This officer is chosen annually in June, by concur- rent vote. All matters of law, in which the city may be interested, are submitted to him for his advice and superintendence. Salary, $600.
POLICE COURT.
The Police Court is held in the brick Court House, Court-street. Three justices are appointed by the gov- ernor and council, who hold their office during good behavior. Salary, {$1500 each. Two clerks are at- tached to the court. The first clerk receives £1400 and the second i£S00 yearly. Each justice sits two davs in the week from 9 a. m. till 1, and from 2 till evening, every week day. One of the justices holds a court, Wednesday and Saturday for hearing and decid- ing civil causes, under $20.
CONSTABLES.
Twenty five constables are usually appointed, an- nually, by the Mayor and Aldermen, who are in at- tendance on the police, and other courts of the County.
MUNICIPAL COURT.
This Court is held in the Court House, Leverett- street, the first Monday in each month, for the trial of persons indicted by the grand jury of the county of Suffolk, for offences not punishable with death. The Judge is appointed by the governor and council. He receives $700 from the state, and the same sum from the city, as yearly salary.
32 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
rROBATE OFFICE.
This office is kept in the basement story of the west wing of the Stone Court House. Court days, Monday of each week. The office is open daily for the trans- action of ordinary business, such as making researches* and procuring papers from the clerks.
The records in this department have been preserved with admirable care, and present a connected series of wills and accounts of administrations, almost unbroken, from the foundation of the town. Many of these are rare curiosities for the antiquarian, and afford the best guides for tracing the genealogy of families, descended from the first settlers.
REGISTER OF DEEDS.
To Jdc chosen once in five years, by the inhabitants, in the several wards, until the city shall compose the whole county. Office in the centre of the same build- ing with the Probate office, on the first floor. His compensation arises from fees.
SUPERINTENDANT OF STREETS.
Chosen in May, annually, by the City Council. He is Superintendant of the city stables, Mill-Pond-street, and regulates the scavengers, carts, &c. and sees that the streets and side-walks are kept in repair. Salary, .$•1000.
CAPTAIN OF THE WATCH.
Appointed by the Mayor and Aldermen, and holds his office during good behaviour. He is also superinten- dant of lamps. Salary, $800, for both duties. He re- gulates and superintends the night patrol, and dis-
PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 33
charges or commits all persons apprehended by the watch. "VVatch hours commence at 10 o'clock, and continue till day light.
BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
The great and increasing interest manifested in this city on the subject of juvenile instruction is gratifying. The system so early commenced here is spreading over the whole land, and pervading in a great measure the popu- lar mind in almost every section of our republic. The grand principle, that the minds of the rising generation are a species of public property, demanding in an emi- nent degree the guardian care of government, seems to be duly understood by the civil authorities, and rapidly gaining favor among the great body of the people. The New England states, as well as this metropolis, have long enjo}-ed the enviable honor of having bestowed the highest attention upon the education of their youth, and extended the most liberal and efficient aid towards the establishment of seminaries of learning of every class. "Knowledge is Power,'' says a learned writer ; and for the truth of this saying, look over our commonwealth, and witness the intellectual strength of our social com- pact. From what source do our citizens draw the nu- triment which gives them power to form such a mental fabric ? The answer is, from the fountains of knowl- edge which are opened in every town, at the public ex- pense, for the use of all who will partake of their benefit. If we turn our thoughts to the ancient republics, and ask what elevated Greece to her pre-eminent standing? History answers, the force of education. The knowl- edge which irradiated these republics emanated from
34 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
the scholars of Athens, and from a few eminent philoso- phers, who shed over their land a light which continues to illumine every country. Our system of education is founded on a plan that must reflect a genial radiance on every citizen and scatter a genial light over our repub- lic, which Greece and Rome never enjoyed. The youth in Boston have reason to think highly of their ex- alted privileges, which owe their origin and growth to the liberal spirit of their enlightened and pious fore- fathers.
Primary Schools are kept at public expense in differ- ent parts of the city, where children, from the age of 4 to 7 years, are taught the Alphabet, Spelling ond Reading. At the age of seven, if they can read ' the English language, by spelling the same,' they are ad- mitted into the Grammar schools, where they remain till they arrive at the age of fourteen. If they have made sufficient progress, they are admitted into the Latin School at 9, and the English High School at 12 years of age, where they remain until fitted for college or other situations in life. It has been remarked, that some of the brightest scholars, examined for admission at Harvard College, were from our public schools,
PRIMARY SCHOOLS.
These Schools were first established by a vote of the town, passed June 11, 1818, which granted $5000 for that purpose the first year. Since that time, the system has been much developed, and so far extended as to increase the annual appropriation to about $15.-000. In 1828, there were 57 of these schools, in each of which be- tween 50 and 60 scholars receive instruction, the year round. Women are employed in these schools as in-
PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 35
structers, and the whole is under the immediate care and management of a board, consisting of one member for each school, and a standing committee of seven, and a treasurer : this board is divided into district committees, who are considered responsible for the good state of the schools in their jurisdiction. Each school is visited once every month by at least one member of its district com- mittee, to learn and report their condition to the whole committee.
GRAMMAR AND WRITING SCHOOLS.
These free schools commenced with the first settlers of Boston, but the system was not matured to any great extent till about the close of the last century, when an unusual interest was excited on the subject of educa- tion, and several important changes were effected.
These schools are separated into two rooms, the up- per being occupied for the reading, and the lower for the writing department, the two branches being kept entirely distinct. Each room is provided with a master and assistant, and is calculated to accommodate about 800 children. As writing and arithmetic only are taught at the writing schools, the masters are selected with special reference to their qualifications in these branches; but the law requires that the master of the grammar or reading school, shall have been ' educated at some college or university, and be a citizen of the United States by birth or naturalization.'
The Grammar schools, and those which follow, are un- der the superintendence of a School Committee, consist- ing of twenty one gentlemen : the Mayor and eight Al- derman being members ex officio, and one from each of the twelve wards being chosen by the citizens annually.
SG PICTURE OF BOSTON.
These are divided into sub-committees for the more convenient examination of the schools, which they are required by their own rules to make once a month, and by a law of the state twice a year. At the semi-annual visitation in August, three silver medals, furnished from a fund, bequeathed for this purpose by Franklin, are distributed to the most distinguished boys in each of the reading schools, and the same number in each of the writing schools. In 1S22, the Franklin medals were extended to the girls, in equal numbers to each school.
The number of children varies in the different schools, but by the returns made, the average number of boys in each exceeded two hundred, and the girls one hund- red and seventy. The salary of the master is twelve hundred dollars, and that of the assistant six hundred ; making the expense of tuition alone, about nine dollars a year for each child.
There are in this city eight schools of this description besides the African school in Belknap street.
As a tribute of gratitude to the memory of some of the most eminent patrons of letters and benefactors of the public institutions of Boston, they are named as follows, (beginning at the North part of the city,) viz,
The Eliot school ; situated in North Bennet Street, af- ter the Rev. Dr. John Eliot.
The Hancock School ; in Hanover-street, after Gov. John Hancock.
The Mayhew School ; in Hawkins Street, after the Rev. Dr. Jonathan Mayhew.
The Bowdoin School ; in Derne Street, in honor of Got. Bowdoin.
The Boylston School ; on Fort Hill, after Thomas Boylston, Esq.
PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 37
The Adams School ; in Mason Street, after Samuel Adams, Esq.
The Franklin School ; in Washington Street, after Dr. Benjamin Franklin.
The South Boston School, not yet named.
THE ENGLISH HIGH SCHOOL, rinckney-Stieet
This school was established by a vote of the town in 1820, expressly for the purpose of affording to lads in- tending to become merchants or mechanics, better means of instruction than were provided at any of the public schools. The school went into operation in May, 1S21. The annual examination for admission is in August.
The course for the first year includes Intellectual and Written Arithmetic, Geography and the use of the Globes, exercises in Grammar, General History, and History of the United States, Book keeping by single entry, Elements of some Arts and Sciences, Composition and Declamation. That for the second and third year embraces Geometry, Algebra, Trigonometry and its applications, Book-keeping by double entry, various branches of Natural Philosophy, Natural History, Chemistry, Moral Philosophy and Natural Theology, Rhetoric, evidences of Christianity, Intellectual Philoso- phy, Political Economy, and Logic.
Instruction in the French language has also been introduced, as a means of lessening the difficulties that are met with in teaching the vernacular language by itself, and also as being very necessary to the education of a merchant.
4
38 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
The establishment of this school forms an era in the history of free Education in Boston. Its present high reputation and growing importance, while they render it an object of increasing interest, promise extensive and lasting utility ; and furnish a gratifying proof of (he wisdom of that policy which brings forward, to places of high responsibility, young men of talents and learning, who have a reputation and fortune to gain.
THE LATIN" GRAMMAR SCHOOL,
School-Street.
This ancient and venerable institution, so intimately connected with the early history of Boston, and of its learned men in generations that are past, seems to de- mand a moment's pause. It is grateful to look back upon the picture of primitive, but enlightened simplicity exhibited in the early history of New England, and to arrest, as far as possible, the progress of decay by which its already indistinct lines are rapidly fading from our view.
There appear to have been no public accounts pre- served of the first three years after the settlement of Boston ; but they did not suffer a longer period to elapse than until the 13th of the 2d month, (viz. April) 1635, before it is stated as apart of the transactions of a public meeting, ' Likewise it was generally agreed upon that our brother Philemon Purmont shalbe intrcated to be- come scholemaster for the teaching and nourtering of children with us.' This was the beginning' of the Latin School.
The whole school house in School Street, is now ap- propriated to tins school. The last catalogue contains
PUBLIC SCHOOLS, 39
225 scholarsi These are distributed into six separate apartments, under the care of the same number of in- structers; viz. a Principal, or head master, a sub-mas- ter, and four assistants. For admission, boys must be at least nine years old ; able to read correctly and with fluency, and to write a running hand ; they must know all the stops, marks, and abbreviations, and have suffi- cient knowledge of English Grammar to parse common sentences in prose. The time of admission is the Fri- day and Saturday next preceding the Commencement at Cambridge, which two days are devoted to the exami- nation of candidates. The regular course of instruction lasts five years ; and the school is divided into five clas- ses, according to the time of entrance.
These are the means provided at the public expence, for the gratuitous instruction of the children of all clas- ses of the citizens of Boston. They are offered equally to all. The poorest inhabitant may have his children instructed from the age of four to seventeen, at schools, some of which are alread}' equal, if not superior to any private schools in our country; and all of them may be made so. If a child be kept at a Primaiy school from four to seven, and then at one of the Grammar Schools until nine, and from that time till seventeen at the Lat- in, and the English Classical School, there is no ques- tion but he will go through a more thorough and com- plete course of instruction, and in reality enjoy greater advantages than are provided at many of the respecta- ble colleges in the Union.
By the report of a Sub-committee, appointed to in- form the Legislature of the number of pupils taught in public and private schools in this city, and the expense of their tuition, it appeared that the aggregate of pupils amounted to 10,636, in 182G. Of this number. 7,04 i
•10 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
were in the public, and 3.592 in private schools. The whole annual expense attending their instruction was estimated at £152/722 — of which individuals paid $97,305 and the city $55,417. The whole number of private and public schools was ascertained to be 215.
SABBATH SCHOOLS.
There is much added to the means for obtaining a Free Education in Boston, by the numerous Sabbath Schools established by different religious societies. — The number of children that receive instruction at these schools, is found to be rising 3,800.
INFANT SCHOOLS.
Before quitting the subject of schools, it is proper to take notice of the recent introduction of Infant Schools, which are designed to supply completely all that was wanting to perfect our system of education. Sunday schools had already provided for the wants of uneducat- ed adults. Infant schools take the child from its moth- er's arms, and fit it by natural gradations of task and play, for a place on the primary benches at four years of age. Tavo such schools have already been established, one in Salem-street, at the north part of the city, and the other in Bedford-street, South End. Visitors speak in terms of admiration of the scenes which these schools afford.
BOSTON ATHENJSUM,
This establishment owes its origin to several public spirited gentlemen, who, in 1S06, issued proposals for providing, and opening a public reading room, to con- tain all the valuable periodical journals, and such books
ATHENAEUM. 41
as would serve for general reference. The proprietors were incorporated under the name of the ' Boston Athe- nsum,' in 1807. The price of a share is $300, which entitles the owner to three tickets of admission. A life subscriber pays £100. Annual subscribers are admitted at £10. per annum. There are 254 proprietors of shares; about 50 Life Subscribers, and about the same number of annual subscribers. Proprietors and Life Subscri- bers have the right of introducing an unlimited number of strangers, not residing within 20 miles of Boston ; who are entitled to admission, for the term of one month, after having their names recorded.
The Governor, and Lieutenant Governor, Counsellors, Senators, Members of the House of Representatives, during the session of the Legislature, Judges of the dif- ferent Courts, President and Officers of Harvard Col- lege, have free admission to the Reading Room and Li- brary.
The spacious and commodious edifice occupied for this institution, is situated near the head of Pearl-street, the better half of which was (he gift of the late James Per- kins, Esq. On entering, the visitor finds himself sur- rounded with the busts and statues of heroes and learn- ed men of antiquity. At his left, on the first floor, is the Reading Room, in which are found the newspapers and journals of the present day, with complete files of periodical publications for many years back. In this room it is contrary to etiquette, to hold any conversa- tion whatever. On the right is a large and convenient room where the proprietors hold their meetings, and the Trustees transact their business. This room is tastefully decorated with statuary and paintings. The Librarian's room and a conversation room, complete the apartments on the lower story. The 2d and 3d story contain the 4*
42 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Library, which is classed and neatly arranged, on shelves with numbers, and a catalogue for each de- partment. The whole number of volumes is above 25,000.
There are belonging to the Athenaeum, two cases, containing 2065 silver and copper coins and medals, be- sides 25 medals of gold, 26 of silver, 12 of white metal, 27 of base metal, and 2S1 of copper; 2988 ancient cop- per coins, 256 modern silver coins, and 7822 modern copper coins, together with a series of ISO Napoleon Medals, making in all 13,627 medals and coins, many of which are very rare and valuable. The Librarian at- tends to the interior concerns of the institution, and un- der his direction the reading room and library is kept open from eight o'clock in the morning till nine in the evening, every day except Sunday.
In 1826, a number of the most enterprising proprie- tors who were desirous of extending the usefulness of the institution, urged the necessity of adopting meas- ures to enlarge the establishment. Subscriptions were soon raised, which amounted to about $45,000. To ac- complish the objects they had in view, a new building was erected from a plan by Mr. Willard, in the rear of the main building of the Athenaeum, which is entirely detached from it. It is called —
THE GALLERY OF FINE ARTS.
The building is of three stories ; is 60 feet in length by 50 in width, and cost, exclusive of land, upwards of $13,000. The lower story comprises four rooms, one of which contains the apparatus for the lectures, another is occupied by the Academy of Arts and Sciences, for their library ; and the third for the Massachusetts Med-
LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 43
ical Society, whose library is also here. The fourth is occupied by the Mechanic Institution, and contains their extensive Philosophical Apparatus. The second story, which is IS feet high, consists of a lecture room conveniently arranged with circular seats on an inclin- ed plane, and sufficiently spacious to accommodate 500 auditors. The upper story forms a single room, 50 by 60 feet square, is upwards of 20 feet high, and lighted only from the top, in a manner peculiarly adapted for the exhibition of Paintings, to which purpose this room has been appropriated. The first Exhibition was open- ed May 10, 1S27, consisting of pictures, loaned by indi- viduals, incorporate bodies, and the productions of American Artists, which presented a collection of rich treasures in the arts. The receipts during the 'two months of the exhibition, amounted to S 1,006. The exhibitions are opened annually. Admittance, 25 cents ; season tickets 50 cents.
The Afhenreum is now placed on a sure and perma- nent footing. The incorporation has an annual income arising from rents, the receipts of the Exhibition of Paintings, and the interest received on $40,000.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
The formation of a Society in Boston for promoting useful knowledge had been in contemplation for many years, but the design was never vigorously pursued till the end of the year 17T9, when many gentlemen in va- rious parts of the commonwealth, determined to use their endeavors to have one formed upon a liberal and extensive plan, and at the same time to have it estab- lished upon a firm basis by the sanction of the legisla-
44 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
ture. The .Society took the name of The American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The charter was granted May 4, 17S0. The design of the institution is the promotion and encouragement of the knowledge of the antiquities of America, and the natural history of the country, and to determine the uses to which the va- rious productions of the country may be applied, to pro- mote and encourage medical discoveries, mathematical disquisitions, philosophical inquiries and experiments ; astrological, meteorological, and geographical observa- tions ; improvements in agriculture, arts, manufactures and commerce ; and, in fine, to cultivate every art and science, which may tend to advance the interest, honor, dignity, and happiness of a free, independent and virtu- ous people. The Academy has published memoirs of its transactions in 4 quarto volumes, of Avhich the last appeared in 1821, Jts sessions are held in Boston, and its valuable library of about 2000 volumes, is deposited in the Athenaeum Gallery.
Gov. Bowdoin was elected its first President, and con- tinued in the office until his death, in November, 1790. This learned society originally consisted of 62 resident members; and some other distinguished men abroad were soon after elected as honorary members. It has always sustained a respectable character in the estima- tion of learned foreigners ; and its publications are hon- orable to the literature of our country. George Vv ash- ington and John Adams, piesidents of the United Sates, were members of this society.
MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
This Society was incorporated, Feb. 19, 1794. Its design is to collect, preserve, and communicate mate- rials for a complete history of this country, and of all
LIBRARIES. 45
valuable efforts of the ingenuity and industry of its in- habitants. In pursuance of this design, they have al- ready amassed a large collection of books, pamphlets, and manuscripts. The Society's library and museum occupy a spacious apartment over the arch in Franklin- street. They have published their collections in 22 oc- tavo volumes, •which include Hubbard's History of New-England, and Johnson's Wonder-wTorking Provi- dence. The Society was at first supported by the la- bors of a few ; it has since enrolled among its members many of our first scholars, and now claims a very con- siderable reputation among the literary institutions of America.
BOSTON LIBRARY SOCIETY.
This Society was incorporated June 17, 1794. The object of the associates was to make a collection of Books in the sciences and general literature, for popu- lar use ; more particularly of those works, which from their costliness or peculiar value, are not generally found in private collections, and cannot conveniently be obtained by individuals of moderate fortune. The plan has been diligently and successfully pursued, and with the aid of occasional donations, the library is now as complete in works of general utility, as any similar in- stitution in this part of the country. The books amount to about G000 volumes, and their number is constantly augmenting. To gratify the increasing taste for foreign literature, a collection of the best French authors has baen added. For pome years after the library was founded, the shares were not transferable, and subscri- bers had only the use of the library for their lives ;
46 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Consequently, by the death of original proprietors, many shares have fallen into the common stock, which has given to the shares of present proprietors a value far beyond their cost. It is computed, that a share at the present price, gives a property in the common stock greatly exceeding the cost of a share, exclusive of the value of the Hall, which is the property of the corpora- tion. The price of a share is $25, subject usually to an annual tax of $2, for the increase of the Library, and the charge of maintaining it. Shares are now transfer- able, and do not cease at the death of the proprietor. — The Library is kept at the Hall, over the arch in Frank- lin-street, and is opened on the afternoon of Thursdays, and the forenoon and afternoon of Saturdays, for the de- livery and return of books.
COLUMBIAN LIBRARY.
This Library is kept in Boylston Hall, and is estab- lished on principles, somewhat similar to those of the Boston Library Society. It contains 4,500 volumes.
CIRCULATING LIBRARIES.
Boston contains a number of respectable establish- ments cf this description, of which the Union Library, Shakspeare Library, Suffolk Library, Franklin Library, Boylston Library, and the Washington Library are the most extensive. The terms of letting books are nearly the same in all the Circulating Libraries, except the yearly subscriptions, the price of which is fixed in some degree, in proportion to the extent of the Library.
UNION CIRCULATING LIBRARY.
This is the oldest and most extensive of the Circulat- ing Libraries. It is owned and kept by Col. S. H.
CIRCULATING LIBRARIES. 47
Parker, at No. 164 Washington-street, and contains about 8,000 volumes. The terms to those that subscribe to take out books, for one year, is ^7 ; for 6 months S§>4 : three months $2,50 and for one month $1. — To non- subscribers 6 cents, for each duodecimo or smaller vol- ume; for each octavo, 12 cents, and for larger works, 23 cents per week.
SHAKSPLARE LIBRARY.
This Library is owned by Mr. Charles Callender, and is kept at No. 10, Franklin-street. It contains about 4,500 volumes; a very considerable number of which are foreign publications.
SUFFOLK CIRCULATING LIBRARY.
This Library is located at North Boston, No. 92 Han- over-street, and is owned by Mr. Thomas Wells. It contains about 5,000 volumes, of choice and valuable books, mostly on History, Biography, Mechanics, and the Arts.
FRANKLHJ LIBRARY.
This ia kept by Mr. Samuel K. Bayley, at No. 99 Court-street, near the head of Hanover-street, and con- tains about 3000 volumes, principally miscellaneous work;.
BOYLSTON CIRCULATING LIBRARY.
This Library is located in the vicinity of Boylston Market, No. 354 Washington-street, It is owned by Mr. David Francis, who has furnished it with a greater number of foreign periodical-::, than is found in anv other
48 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
circulating library in the city. It contains about 3000 volumes.
WASHINGTON LIBRARY,
Is kept by Mr. Adonis Howard, in Bowdoin Row, No. 157 Court-street. It has been recently established, and is supplied with an excellent selection of useful and modern publications.
apprentices' library.
This Library, the first of the kind known to have heen established in any country, was commenced on 22d of February, 1S20, under the supervision of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association. It contains about 1,500 volumes, which are owned by the Association, and placed in the hands of their Apprenti- ces, who are organized into a socie()r, for the purpose of managing the concerns of the Library.
The benefits of this Library are extended to all Ap- prentices in the cit)', who can obtain a certificate from their masters, that they are worthy of such privilege. This institution is calculated to have a beneficial effect on the minds and morals of those who enjoy its advan- tages. ' As a proof of the high estimation in which Ap- prentices' Libraries are held, we have only to notice the increasing popularity of them throughout our coun- try: and even England, in this instance, has not dis- dained to copy from her descendants.5
MERCANTILE LIBRARY.
This Library was founded, March 11, 1820, under the patronage of some of the most respectable and wealthy merchants of Boston. The society consists of about 200
PERIODICALS. 49
members, principally between tbe age of 13 and 21, who are engaged in the mercantile business. Each in- dividual on joining the society, adds a volume to the Li- brary, worth at least one dollar, and pays $2 per an- num, as long as he remains a member. The Library comprises about 3000 volumes of choice works, and is annually increasing. The library room in Merchants' Hall, is also appropriated as a Reading Room for the members, where they assemble every evening except Sundav during the winter season, and three evenings
a, O - O
in a week during the warm weather. In connection with the Library, the Society have in view the forma- tion of a Museum of Marine Curiosities, and the collec- tion of a Cabinet of all the coins or moneys used as a circulating medium throughout the world.
'=-
PERIODICALS.
The credit of first introducing the Art of Printing into this country, belongs to Massachusetts, and that of issu- ing the first newspaper in North America, belongs to Boston. This was ' The Boston News Letter,' com- menced by John Campbell, Esq. on the 24th of April, 1704, which was continued for nearly 72 years. The Independent Chronicle may be considered the oldest paper in this city, although it has changed its name, on passing through different hands, and undergone various alterations since its first establishment. It was com- menced at Salem, in 176S, with the title of The Essex Gazette. The oldest surviving paper, established in Boston since the revolution, is the Columbian Centinel, which was commenced, March 24. 1734, by Benjamin Russell, Esq. who continued its proprietor and editor, until November, 1S2S.
50
PICTURE OF BOSTON.
The following is a list of Periodicals published in Eos^ ton, in 182S, showing the price per annum, and the days of the week on which they are published. The Daily Advertiser and several of the other newspapers, are printed on TreadAvell's Power Press, which is car- ried by steam, and throws off about 600 per hour.
NEWSPAPERS.
Boston Daily Advertiser, |
Daily, |
$8 00 |
Boston Patriot and Mercantile Ad |
rertiser, " |
2 00 |
Boston Courier, |
tt |
8 00 |
The Boston Statesman, |
u |
8 00 |
Boston Evening Bulletin, |
u |
8 00 |
Boston Commercial Gazelle, |
u |
8 00 |
Boston Advertiser, Tuesday, |
Thursday and Saturday, |
5 00 |
Boston Courier, " |
U (« |
5 00 |
American Statesman, " |
it ci |
5 00 |
Massachusetts Journal, " |
u « |
5 00 |
Indepen. Chron. & Bos. Patriot, Wednesday and Saturday, |
4 00 |
|
Columbian Centintl, |
U U |
4 00 |
New England Palladium, |
Tuesday and Friday, |
4 00 |
Commercial Gazette, |
Monday and Thursday, |
4 00 |
Boston Courier, |
u u |
4 00 |
American Traveller, |
Tuesday and Friday, |
4 00 |
Evening Bullelin, |
Monday and Thursday, |
4 00 |
Jackson Republican, |
Wednesday and Saturday, |
4 00 |
Weekly Messenger, |
Thursday, |
2 00 |
Evening Gazette, |
Saturday Evening, |
S 00 |
New England Galaxy, |
Friday, |
S 00 |
Recorder and Telegraph, |
u |
3 00 |
Trumpet and Univer. Magazine, |
Saturday, |
2 00 |
Chiistian Watchman, |
Friday, |
3 00 |
Christian Register, |
Saturday, |
3 00 |
New England Farmer, |
Friday, |
S 00 |
National Philanthropist, |
u |
2 00 |
Youth's Companion, |
u |
1 50 |
PERIODICALS. |
51 |
|
The Times, |
Saturday, |
$2 60 |
The Boston Statesman, |
Saturday Evening, |
3 00 |
Massachusetts Weekly Journal, |
Wednesday, |
2 50 |
Paul Pry, |
Saturday, |
2 50 |
American Manufacturer, |
Thursday, |
2 00 |
Gospel Balance, |
Wednesday, |
3 00 |
MAGAZINES.
Bower of Taste, Saturday, ^3 00
Medical and Surgical Journal, Weekly, 0 00
The Athenaeum, Semi-monthly, 5 00
Amaranth, mm 2 00
Journal of Education, Monthly, -4 00
Ladies' Magazine, " 3 00
Missionary Herald, " 1 50
Spirit of the Pilgrims, " -3 00
American Baptist Magazine, *• 1 50
Christian Teacher's Manual, « 2 00
Unitarian Advocate, " 2 00
Morning Star, •* J 00
New Jerusalem Magazine, " 2 50
Liberal Preacher, " 2 00
Bapiist Preacher, " 1 00
Christian Examiner, every two Monllw, S 00
Juvenile Miscellany, u u 2 00
Stage Register, m « i 00
Christian Visitant, * u i 5Q
North American Review, Quarterly, 5 00
Ameiican Jurist, " 6 00
Friend of Peace " 1 00
World of Fashion, " 4 00
British Quaiterly Review, (reprinted) " 5 00
Edinburgh Magazine, " " 5 00
Tiie Legendary, in a volume once in four months 3 75
Ma'sachusetts Journal of Agriculture, Semi-annual, 1 00
DDuarj) |
'* Annual, |
$2 50 |
a |
M |
2 00 |
M |
U |
1 50 |
H |
(1 |
1 00 |
u |
1 00 |
|
(a |
1 00 |
52 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
The Token, (a New Ye The Memorial, «
The Casket, "
Juvenile Souvenir, a Boston Directory, Massachusetts Register,
CHARITABLE SOCIETIES.
Besides the public provision for the destitute of all descriptions, -which is so ample that no one need to suf- fer any privation, who is able to make known his case to an overseer of the poor, there are numerous societies established in Boston, whose object is the alleviation of human misery,
MASSACHUSETTS HUMANE SOCIETY.
The Humane Society was established by law, Feb. 23, 1791. The design of their institution is ' the re- covery of persons who meet with such accidents as produce in them the appearance of death, and for pro- moting the cause of humanity, by pursuing such means, from time to time, as shall have for their object, the preservation of human life, and the alleviation of its miseries.'
MASSACHUSETTS CHARITABLE TIRE SOCIETY.
The object of this institution is to provide means to relieve such of the inhabitants of this commonwealth as may unfortunately suffer by fire, and to reward the in- dustry and ingenuity of those who may invent useful machines for extinguishing fires, or make extraordinary personal exertion in the time of such calamity, or make
CHARITABLE SOCIETIES. 53
such discoveries for preventing its devastation as shall be thought worthy of their patronage. The Society was incorporated June 25, 1784.
MASSACHUSETTS CHARITABLE MECHANIC ASSOCIATION.
This Society was instituted March 15, 1795, by a number of public spirited individuals, of the most indus- irious and respectable of the mechanic interest; of va- rious occupations, residing in different parts of the town ; who styled themselves the ' Boston Association of Me- chanics.' In a few months the society increased much in numbers, resources, and usefulness. With the in- crease of its numbers and means, its views became en- larged, its utility more apparent, and a laudable emula- tion pervaded a considerable part of the community to raise the mechanic interest and character to its just grade in society. The associates, in order to extend the benefits of the institution, altered the original ap- pellation, and voted to assume the title of ' The Asso- ciation of Mechanics of the Commonwealth of Massa- chusetts,' which gave opportunity for qualified citizens throughout the commonwealth to offer themselves as candidates for membership; and some few embraced this privilege and became members, beside those residing in Boston. But the society labored under many disadvan- tages previous to its incorporation, March 8.T806, eleven years from its institution ; when its fair claims became acknowledged, the characters and conduct of its foun- der, officers and members, were deemed sufficient pledges of the purity of their intentions; and one of its primary principles being ingrafted in its title.it was, by an act of the legislature, incorporated by its present name. There is a Library of about 1.500 volumes; be- 5*
54 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
longing to the Association, placed in the hands of their Apprentices for use. The Association defrays the ex- pense of an Evening School for their apprentices during the winter season. The Institution has about £-15,000 in funds, and the number of members is about 350.
THE BOSTON DISPENSARY.
The Boston Dispensary was instituted in 1795, and incorporated, Feb. 26, 1S01. At the expense of this institution, the poor are supplied with medicines, and thejr are gratuitously attended by physicians appointed yearly by the managers. A subscriber of $5, is enti- tled to tickets for four patients, which number he may keep constantly on the list of the Dispensary.
BOSTON FEMALE ASYLUM
"Was instituted Sept. 25, 1800, by a number of ladies, who associated for the charitable purpose of relieving, instructing, employing, and assisting female orphan children. They were incorporated Feb. 26, 1803. The success which has attended this institution has equalled the most benevolent expectations. The society has re- scued from ruin and distress a great number of father- less and motherless girls, who have, under its protection been nourished and brought up to habits of industry and piety. The asylum-house is situated in Essex-street, corner of Lincoln st.
THE HOWARD BENEVOLENT SOCIETY
Was organized, June 1, 1S12, and incorporated Feb. 16, 1818. Their object is to search out and administer to the wants of the sick and the infirm; 'more especially of that clas9 of our fellow-citizens, who, not being con-
CHARITABLE SOCIETIES. 55
nected with any of the religious societies, are in no way benefitted by the provisions made in most of them for the relief of their poor.'
THE BOSTON ASYLUM FOR INDIGENT BOYS
Was incorporated Feb. 25, 1314. Its object is to make similar provisions for orphan boys, to that which has been so usefully made for girls by the Female Asylum. This institution occupies the large house on the corner of Salem and Charter streets, formerly the residence of Sir William Phipps.
THE PROVIDENT INSTITUTION FOR SAVINGS
Was incorporated Dec. 13, 1816. This society is in- tended to encourage industry and prudence in the poorer classes, and to induce them to save and lay by some- thing of their earnings for a period of life when they will be less able to earn a support. Deposits are re- ceived as low as one dollar, and when any person's de- posit amounts to five dollars, it is put on interest. The deposits may be withdrawn on stated days, ii desired. The office of this institution is open every Wednesday, in Scollay's buildings, Pemberton Hill.
THE EOSTON SOCIETY
For the Religious and Moral Instruction of the Poor was incorporated in the year 1820. Through the exertions of this society, schools for the poor have been instituted in various parts of the city, the gospel has been preach- ed to them, and pains have been taken to raise the standard of moral character among; them.
56 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
MASS. CHARITABLE EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY.
This benevolent Institution was founded in 1S21, by the influence of several gentlemen of the first respecta- bility in this city. The amount soon subscribed placed it on a permanent basis. This institution is lo- cated on the corner of Court and Common streets, where all diseases of the Eye and Ear are treated with the ut- most skill, free of expense to the patient, by experienc- ed physicians.
THE PENITENT FEMALES' REFUGE
Is an Institution formed with the hope of reclaiming, from the paths of vice and ruin, a portion of those un- happy women, whose false steps have blasted their prospects of enjoying a reputable standing in life. A house of refuge is opened by this Society, for such a3 are sincerely desirous of returning to the paths of virtue. This house is situated in Charter-street, is large and commodious, and is under the care of a matron and as- sistants. A committee of ladies visit it every week, and the pecuniary concerns are under the management of a Board of Directors, chosen annually from the gentle- men who are subscribers to the funds of the institution — Constitution adopted April 14, 1819 : incorporated Jan- uary 21, 1823.
The ladies who manage its internal affairs are assidu- ous and persevering ; they are an honor to their sex, and the best praise that can be given to them is to refer to the institution itself, which all along, as far as it re- spects moral influence and the reformation of those who have made it a retreat, has been, and still is, eminently prosperous. The only regret is that greater means have not been put into the hands of those so well fitted
SOCIETIES. 57
and disposed to minister to the mind diseased. The in- stitution has heen remembered on the dying beds of some eminent men in this city, and is worthy the at- tention and patronage of the living.
FEMALE DOMESTIC SOCIETY.
Some of the most respectable ladies of Boston formed themselves into an Association, in 1S27, for the purpose of improving the character of the female domestics. Their institution provides for the registry of the names of female domestics, Avhose services may be obtained by the members of the Association on application therefor ; institutes certain rewards for those who live a certain period of time in the same family; and makes some pro- vision for such as may be out of employ. The mem- bers of the Association pay a dollar a year, and are thus ensured the services of a faithful domestic. Those do- mestics who register their names will be pretty sure of good places during good behavior, but in case complaint against them is made to the managers of the Association, their names are struck from the register.
MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOCIETY.
This Society was incorporated in 1781, and holds its annual meetings in the new building in the rear of the Athenaeum, in Pearl-street, on the first "Wednesday in June. On the following day, there is a meeting of the Counsellors, for the election of officers, and the transac- tion of the financial concerns of the society. A board of censors, for the examination of candidates for the practice of Medicine and Surgery, meet quarterly, in
53 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
the same apartments. The library of the society is also kept here for the use of the fellows.
BOSTON' MEDICAL ASSOCIATION",
Plold their monthly conversations, on the third Friday in each month. All regularly licensed physicians in the city may become members of this Association.
MASSACHUSETTS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
This institution was founded in 1822, by the Apothe- caries of Boston, to provide the means of a systematic education ; to regulate the instruction of apprentices ; to promote a spirit of pharmaceutical investigation, and to diffuse information among the members of the pro- fession ; to discountenance the sale of spurious, adulter- ated and inferior articles; to regulate the business as far as practicable and consistent with our social institu- tions.
Since it is committed to the apothecary to select and prepare the medicines on which the practitioner depends for his success in preserving life and restoring health ; since these medicines are very various in number and quality, and require extensive and accurate knowledge for their preparation ; since also they are easily sophisti- cated, so as to destroy their efficacy without its being readily detected by simple inspection, it is at once ap- parent, that a scientific and practical education in phar- macy is requisite, to qualify the apothecary for dis- charging the duties of his profession with credit to him- self, and with safety to the community.
SOCIETIES. 59
THE BRITISH CHARITABLE SOCIETY.
A few Englishmen mostly strangers to each other, hut influenced hy the same kind affections, the same feelings of compassion for their unfortunate country- men in distress, were induced to form this Benevolent Institution, which was commenced November 7, 1S1G. The rising state of this country is and necessarily mu«t be such, that it has an inviting aspect to man}7 in the Eastern world. Emigration to America is the common consequence of enterprize in Britain, which is contin- ually bringing out to these shores multitudes of adven- turers, a large portion of whom are mechanics and la- borers ; they come hither with greater or less expecta- tions : some succeed beyond their hopes, others have be- come dissatisfied, and disappointment has caused a re- gret that they left their home, and induced a wish to return. This floating and vacillating emigration has. occupied much of the attention of the British Charitable Society. To receive them on their arrival, to advise, recommend, and admonish them in their proceeding, has been the object of the Society. Their charities in this way have been much demanded. Failures in en- terprise, and consequently poverty, and sometimes sick- ness, have introduced many to their notice.
By the charities of this Society, over 1000 distressed British subjects have been relieved, many of whom have been raised from the most abject poverty to a state of comfort and respectability. There are near 200 mem- bers belonging to this institution, which has about ^3000 in funds. The terms of membership require that each and every member on admission, subscribe towards the funds. £2 ; and any larger sum over and above this, he
60 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
feels disposed to contribute, is considered a donation, and recorded as such. The first year's subscription is to be paid on subscribing; after which, the annual con- tributions of $2, with such larger sums as may be sub- scribed, are to be paid annually, or quarterly, in ad- vance. Persons subscribing, and paying a sum not less than $25, become life subscribers, and are exempted from any further assessments, excepting for their pro- portion of the incidental expences of the institution. The Trustees receive applications for relief, and direct proper inquiry into the circumstances and character of the applicant, and, if worthy, grant such relief as may be deemed necessary.
NEW ENGLAND SOCIETT.
The formation of the JVew England Society for the promotion of Manufactures and the Mechanic Arts was commenced in 1825, by citizens of Boston who were desirous to promote American Industry, Genius and Talents, wherever found. The first meeting was held on the 2d of November, when a committee was appointed to draft a Constitution and report the same for consideration to a meeting which they were authorized to call, and did so on the 21st of December, when their plan and resolutions were adopted. They obtained an act of Incorporation, from the Government of the State, March 3, 1S26, by which the Society is authorized to hold Public Exhibitions of the products of the Arts — to award and grant premiums for new and useful inven- tions, and for the best specimens of the skill and ingen- uity of Manufacturers and Mechanics. There are two sales in the year under the direction of the Societ}* —
SOCIETIES. 61
one in the Spring and the other in the Fall of the year. The law, incorporating the Society, exempts all goods sold under its direction at the regular semi-annual sales, from the auction duty ; and the City Government, by an Ordinance has granted the use of the Halls over the Faneuil Hall Market for the sales, free of expense. The concerns of the Society are managed by a Board, consisting of a President, 10 Vice-Presidents, a Treas- urer, a Secretary and 25 Directors. Their first public sale commenced on the 12th of September, 1S26, and the whole amount of goods sold at the five first sales, was not far from $,2,000,000. In addition to the sales, the Society had an Exhibition in October, 1826, and another in August, 1823. At these exhibitions, pre- miums of medals were offered for the best specimens of American Manufactures of all kinds — for new inven- tion? in the Arts. Machinery, Sec. There were 15 med- als awarded at the first, and 20 at the second exhi- bition.
There is a Standing Committee from this Society who have authority to award premiums for new inventions, machinery, and for experiments in Chemistry and Nat- ural Philosophy tending to the advancement of the Arts. Their common premium is an elegant silver medal, struck from highly finished dies, the workmanship of Mr. C. Gobrecht, an eminent artist of Philadelphia. The payment ot {|2 annually constitutes a member, and those that pay $25, become members for life. The number of members is about two hundred.
The Society has done much, even at this early period of its existence, to advance the interests of Mechanics and Manufacturers ; by bringing them together once or twice in a year, to attend their extensive and well con- ducted sales and exhibitions, which enables every me- 6
62 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
chanic and manufacturer to compare the products of his own skill with those of others, and to present the result of his labor and study to judges competent to decide on their character and usefulness, and by opening to him a market for their sale, where the number, as well as character and interest of those present, will secure to him a fair and liberal reward for his inventions and im- provements. It must give every friend to improve- ment great pleasure to perceive that the doings of this Society have created a spirit of emulation, that must raise still hieher the character of our manufacturers.
EOSTON MECHANICS' INSTITUTION.
Instituted January 12, 1S27. Incorporated June 15, 1527. This Association consists of such mechanics and others, as are friendly to the promotion of science and the arts. Its object is the cultivation of useful knowl- edge, by the aid of lectures, and such other means as may be found expedient. To place the benefits to be thus derived within the reach of all classes in the com- munity, it is provided by the constitution that the fee for admission shall be only $2, with an annual assess- ment of the same amount.
The principal direction of the affairs of the Institution is confided to a board of Managers, composed of a Pre- sident, three Vice-Presidents, Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, Treasurer, and fifteen Direc- tors, who are chosen annually on the last Mondaj' in April. It is required by the constitution that the four first officers, and at least three-fourths of the directors, shall be, or shall have been, practical mechanics, man- ufacturers, artists, or engineers.
SOCIETIES. 63
The Society was fortunate in selecting as its first President the Hon. Nathaniel Bowditch,whose exertions have contributed in no small degree to the usefulness and prosperity of the Institution.
The first course of lectures, which was commenced in less than three weeks from the organization of the Society, consisted of an introductory by Mr. George B- Emerson, four lectures on subjects in natural Philoso- phy by Professor Farrar, four on Chemistry by Pro- fessor Webster, and one on Friction by Mr. Daniel Treadwell.
The second course, which was commenced on the 7th of November, 1S27, consisted of an Introductory by the Hon. Edward Everett, four on Physiology by Dr. John Ware, four on Chemistry by Professor "Webster, seven on subjects of Natural Philosophy by Professor Farrar, and five on a Steam Engine by Mr. Daniel Tread- well.
The lecture, introductory to the third course, was de- livered on the 12th of November, 1S28, by the Hon. Daniel Webster. This course will include lectures on Architecture, the Elements of Mechanics, the Senses, Chemistry, and the art of Brewing and Distilling, and Avill be delivered by Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Mr. Geo. B. Emerson, Dr. John Ware, Professor Webster and Dr. Gamaliel Bradford. The lectures are delivered weekly, on Wednesday evening, in the lecture room of the Bos- ton Athenaeum, and repeated on the following evening to a class of minors. The Institution consists at present of 600 members, and the minors' class of about two hundred.
In the collection of apparatus, great care has been used to procure instruments of such a size and structure as should suit them to be used before a large audience,
64 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
and of such finish of workmanship as should make them specimens of the skill of experienced artists. In the model of a working steam-engine, already received, these two qualities are united in an eminent degree. This beautiful machine was made by Bancks, Jr. of London. Those who have had an opportunity of exam- ining it, have been struck with admiration at the extra- ordinary delicacy and perfection of the workmanship, and the great accuracy with which all the parts of this most complex machine are represented.
Nothing has yet been done with respect to the for- mation of a library, but as this is a desirable object, it will no doubt receive attention whenever the friends of the Institution, and a proper regard to objects of more immediate importance, shall permit.
BOSTON DEBATING SOCIETY.
This Society, composed of gentlemen belonging to the various trades and professions in the communit}', was organized at a meeting held in January and Feb- ruary, 1S21. Its principal object is the improvement of its members in extemporaneous discussion. The government is vested in a President, Vice-President, and five Directors, who, with a Secretary, Treasurer, and four Monitors, are chosen annually, on the first Tuesday evening in February. The meetings of the society are held every Tuesday evening in Chauncy Hall. The number of members is at present about two hundred.
FRANKLIN DEBATING SOCIETY.
This Society was instituted in May, 1S22. The gen- eral objects of the Association are improvement in ex- temporaneous speaking, deliberative discussion, and elo-
SOCIETIES. 65
cution in general. Its government is organized in a Pre- sident, Vice-President, Directors, Secretary and Treas- urer, who are elected annually in November. The meetings of the Society are held at Chauncy Hall, on Wednesday evening of each week : the first meeting in each month, being devoted to the transaction of inciden- tal business, and the others to the discussion of subjects of general interest. The questions for debate are se- lected by the government and advertised in the public papers, previous to the meeting, assigned for their dis- cussion. In the transaction of business and the discus • sion of questions, the Society is governed by strict par- liamentary and congressional rules and regulations. Members are admitted by a vote of seven-eighths of the Society, and entitled to membership, on paying to the Treasurer the sum of ^3 at their admission and an an- nual assessment of {jj>2. The whole number of mem- bers at the present time is about one hundred and fifty.
HANDEL A>*D HAYDN SOCILTY.
It had long been the wish of some of the most distin- guished professors of Music in Boston, that something should be done to improve the style of performing sac- red music, and to introduce into more general practice the works of Handel, Haydn, and other eminent com- posers. With a view to adopt some plan by which these objects might be accomplished, a meeting was held at Mr. Graupner's Hall in Franklin-street on the 30th March, 1815. They continued to meet at this Hall, and at one afterwards provided in Bedford-street, under the following government : Thomas S. Webb, President; Amasa Winchester, Vice-President; Nath-
66 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
aniel Tucker.. Treasurer, and M. S. Parker, Secretary. A board of Trustees was also added. The expences were at first defrayed by voluntary loans from the mem- bers, who were originally 31 in number, and they at first performed selections from the ' Lock Hospital Col- lection/ in a manner which augured success to their undertaking. The first public performance which was at the Stone Chapel, was on Christmas evening, 1S15, which consisted of selections from Haydn's Crea- tion, Handel's Messiah, £cc. One thousand persons were present on this occasion. The Society from this time, by indefatigable exertions, rose into repute rapid- ly, repeating their public performances often and sat- isfactorily.
The Society was incorporated by an act of the Legis- lature Feb. 9, 1816, and increased to such a degree, that it was found necessary to procure a much larger hall. They selected Boylston Hall over Boylston Mar- ket, at which place they have held their meetings since Feb. 11, 1817. The act of incorporation allows the So- ciety to hold $50,000 in real estate, and the like sum in personal property, which is never to be divided among the members of the corporation, but descend to their successors, subject only to the payment of the just debts incurred by the Corporation.
In 1818, Incledon and Phillip.?, the celebrated vocal- ists, assisted their performances several times, and in- deed it has ever been the custom of this society to invite such distinguished performers as may gratify the city with a display of their talents, to join their public con- certs. This association has published three quartos of Sacred Music from the works of Handel, Haydn, Be- thoven, Mozart, &c. Six editions of Orchestra Church Music, a volume of Old Colony Collection of Anthems,
SOCIETIES. 67
and other works : with the profits accruing from these, they have been able to purchase a fine toned Organ, and a valuable collection of music. Their orchestra is com- posed of the united musical talent of our city. Their s tated meetings for the practice of music are held on the first Tuesday evening in every month. The terms of admission are $10, and signing the bye-laws, after re- ceiving the vote of seven-eighths of the members pre- sent, when ballotted for. To perpetuate this society, it is provided that three fourths of all the profits, arising from the publication and sale of music, constitute a fund — two thirds of v\ hich are to be reserved and appropriated to the building of a Hall for their use, and the remaining third to purchase a musical Library, or any other ob- ject consistent with the original design of the institution. The property possessed by this society is about $7,000. The number of members in 1S27 was about 160.
"We question if any other society in our country has done so much for the noble and elevated cause it has espoused, as has this. Raised to its present high stand- ing by its own exertions, it deserves the support of all lovers of this < art divine.'
THE APOLLO SOCIETY
Next deserves notice. This association has, since its foundation in September, 1S24. maintained an unusually eminent station among the musical societies in our country. Projected on a scientific and liberal plan, it has always been an attraction to lovers of genuine music.
PKIL0-HAKM05IC SOCIETY.
A musical Association of Amateurs was formed in Boston some years since, and for a time performed the fashionable music of the day with considerable eclat.
68 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Latterly, however, the meetings of this society have been limited to their annual convention for choice of officers, and for occasional purposes.
THE MOZART SOCIETY,
A sacred music Association, of a late date, has perform- ed several Concerts, with acceptable success.
PBISON DISCIPLINE SOCIETY.
This Society, formed by a number of the most re- spectable people of this city, was organized in Boston, June SO, 1S25. Their object is to promote ' the im- provement of Public Prisons.' The officers of (his so- ciety consist of a President, 15 Vice-Presidents, a Treas- urer and Secretary ; and a Board of Managers, consist- ing of twelve persons, chosen anually. The Secretary has a salary of ,^1000, and is required to devote all his time to the objects of the society. Persons subscribing and paying ^2 annually are admitted members. Those paying $30 at one time are members for life ; persons paying i^lO annually, become Directors, and those that pay ,^100 are Directors for life. The annual meeting of this society is held in Boston on the Friday succeed- ing the General Election.
o
There are a number of other Societies in Boston, wor- thy of a more detailed account, than the facts furnished "will enable us to give. Among these are —
Auxiliary Foreign Mission Society, of Boston and vicinity.
The Massachusetts Charitable Congregational Society. Incorporated March 2 4th, 17S6.
SOCIETIES. 69
Faustus Association. Instituted August 2, 1S05.
Massachusetts Charitable Society. Founded in Bos- ton, September 6, 1762. Incorporated March 15, 1780.
Boston Episcopal Charitable Society. Instituted in 1724. Incorporated February 12, 1TS4.
Boston Society for the Religious and Moral Improve- ment of Seamen. Instituted May 11, 1S12.
Scot's Charitable Society. Instituted in 16S4. In- corporated March 1G, 173G.
Boston Female Society, for Missionary Purposes. Constituted, Oct. 9, 1800. '
Charitable Irish Society. Instituted March, 1737. In- corporated Febuary 23, 1S09.
The Coiban Society, instituted by Females of Boston to aid Candidates for the Gospel Ministry, September 1811.
Fragment Society. Incorporated November, 1816. Instituted by Females of Boston, for the relief of Women and Children in destitute circumstances.
The Baptist Evangelical Tract Society.
Female Philanthropic Society.
American Tract Society, in Boston.
Boston Female Samaritan Society.
Baptist Missionary Society of Massachusetts.
Fatherless and "Widow's Society.
Massachusetts Bible Society.
Boston Baptist Evangelical Society.
Boston Female Society, for the promotion of Chris- tianity among the Jews.
American Education Society.
Massachusetts Peace Society.
Franklin Typographical Society.
70 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Washington Society.
Massachusetts Society of Cincinnati.
Boston Society for the Suppression of Intemperance.
Pastoral Association of Massachusetts.
Massachusetts Sabbath School Union.
Hibernian Relief Society.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
STATE HOUSE.
The corner stone of this edifice was laid July 4th, 1795, on land formerly owned by Governor Hancock, near the top of Beacon Hill. This building is of an ob- long form. 173 feet front and 61 deep. It consists ex- ternally of a basement story, 20 feet high, and a princi- pal story 30 feet. This, in the centre of the front, is covered with an attic 60 feet wide, 20 feet high, which is covered with a pediment. Immediately above this rises a dome, 50 feet diameter, and 20 high ; the whole terminates with an elegant circular lantern supporting an elegant pine cone. The basement story is finished plain on the wings with square windows. The center is 94 feet in length, and formed of arches Avhich project 14 feet; they form a covered walk below; and support a colonnade of Corinthian columns of the same extent above. The outside walls are of large patent bricks, with white marble fascias, imposts and keystones. The body of the building is of^,a Portland stone color; the dome of a bronze. The lower story is divided into a large hall or public walk in the centre, 50 feet square and 20 high, supported by Dorick columns. In the centre and on the north side of this story is placed the highly finished Statue or Washington by Chantry,
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 71
in a neat Temple erected for the purpose. Two en- tries open at each end, 16 feet wide, with two flights of stairs in each ; on both sides of which are offices for the Treasurer. Secretary. Adjutant and Quarter Master General, and the Land Office. The rooms above are, the Representatives' room, in the centre, 55 feet square, the corners formed into niches for fire places; this room is finished with Dorick columns on two sides, at 12 feet from the floor, forming- galleries ; the Dorick entabla- ture surrounds the whole ; from this spring four flat arches on the side, which being united by a circular cornice above, form in the angles four large pendants to a bold and well proportioned dome. The pendants arc ornamented with emblems of Commerce, Agriculture, Peace and War. The dome is finished in compartments of stucco in a style of simple elegance. The centre of the dome is fifty feet from the floor. The Speaker's chair is placed on the north side, and the permanent seats, in a semi-circular form, are so arranged as to ac- commodate about 350 members on the floor, leaving in their rear on the south side of the room an area which will accommodate a number of spectators without in- convenience to the members of the House. There are two galleries in this room, one for the accommodation of the members and another for spectators.
North of the centre room is the Senate chamber, 55 feet long, 33 wide, and 30 high, highly finished in the Ionick order ; two screens of columns support with their entablature a rich and elegant arched ceiling. This room is also ornamented with Ionic pilasters, and with the arms of the State, and of the United States, placed in opposite pannels.
The Council chamber is on the opposite quarter of the building, it is 27 feet square, and 20 high with a flat
72 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
ceiling; the walls are finished with Corinthian pilas- ters, and pannels of stucco ; these pannels are enriched with the State arms, with emblems of executive power, the scale and sword of justice, and the insignia of arts and freedom, the Caduceus and cap of Liberty ; the whole decorated with wreaths of oak and laurel. Be- sides these principal rooms, there are about twenty smaller plainly finished for the use of committees. The whole cost of the building amounted to $133,333 33. It was first occupied by the Legislature on the 11th of January, 179S.
The foundation of this edifice is 110 feet above the level of the harbor, and its elevation and size make it a very conspicuous object. Two flights of stairs lead to the top of the outer dome, 170 steps from the founda- tion. The view from this dome, which is 230 feet above the level of the sea, affords one of the most interesting and beautiful spectacles. The eye embraces at once every avenue and every public building in the city, and overlooks the towns adjacent, all speckled with white houses and country seats, amidst groves and luxu- riant fields. At our feet, on the right, we see the man- sion house of Hancock, (a venerable stone building of upwards of eighty years standing) and in front is spread the Common, like a splendid carpet of green, bounded on all sides bjr the Malls, closely shaded by trees of va- rious growth, over which the great elm in the middle of the common, (near to an old redoubt, and beside an artificial pond,) seems to command the whole, with the majestic waving of his huge branches, the growth of more than a century. East, lies in full view, the sight unobstructed in its farthest reach, the ocean and the harbor, bespangled with islands, almost as numerous, and said to be equally as charming as those which beau-
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 73
tify the bay of Naples: all together combining to make this view one of the most delightful panoramas that the world affords. Turning to the north, you have a fine view of Charlestown, the Navy Yard. Bunker Hill and the Monument.
FANEUIL HALL.
The history of Faneuil Hall, which has been very properly styled the 'cradle of American libertv,' is intimately connected with that of our country. The original building, commenced in 1740, was the noble gift of Peter Faneuil, Esq. to the town of Boston, for a town hall and market place". The inside woodwork and roof of this building" was destroyed by fire on the 13th of January, 1761. It was again repaired in 1763, with some slight alteration in the work, but the size of the building remained the same, two, stories high and 100 feet by 40. The enlargement, by which it was ex- tended in width to SO feet, and a third story added, was proposed by the selectmen in May, 1805, and completed in the course of the year. The building has a Cupola, from which there is a, fine view of the harbor. The great hall is 76 feet square, and 2S feet high, with gal- leries of three sides upon doric columns; the ceiling is supported by two ranges of Jonic. columns ; the walls enriched with: pilasters and the windows with archi- traves, &c. Platforms under and in the galleries rise araphitheatrically to accommodate spectators, and from trials already made on various occasions of public inter- est, it appears favorable for sight and sound.
The west end is decorated by an original full length painting of "Washington, by Stuart, presented 7
74 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
by Samuel Parkman, Esq. and another painting of the same size, by Col. Henry Sargent, representing Peti:r Faneuil, Esq. in full length, copied from an original of smaller size.
Above the great hall is another 7S feet long' and 30 wide, devoted to the exercise of the different military corps of the city, with a number of apartments on each side for depositing the arms and military equipments, where those of the several Independent Companies are arranged and kept in perfect order. The building also contains convenient offices for the Overseers of the Poor, Assessors, &c.
During the summer of 1827, the city government thoroughly repaired the building and divided the lower stovy, which had formerly been used for a market, into eight elegant and convenient stores, which give to the city upwards of $4,600 per annum. The building was at the same time painted a light Portland stone color.
In the annals of the American Continent, there is no one place, more distinguished for powerful eloquence, than Faneuil Hall. That flame which roused a depres- ed jieople from want and degradation, arose from the al- tar of Liberty in Faneuil Hall: — the language which made a monarch tremble upon his throne for the safety of bis colonies, and which inspired New England with confidence in a cause, both arduous and bold, unpre- pared and unassisted, against a royal bulwark of here- ditary authority, had its origin in Faneuil Hall. Those maxims of political truth which have extended an influ- ence over the habitable globe, and have given rise to *iew republics, where despotism once held a court, glutted with the blood that would be free, werefirst promulgat- ed in Faneuil Hall. Tyranny, with all its concomitant evils, was first exposed, and the great machine of human
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 75
wisdom, which was to emancipate man from the rapa- cious jaws of a British Lion, was put in active operation in Faneuil Hall. The story of our country's future greatness, her power, her learning, her magnitude, her final independence, was told prophetically in the same immortal forum.
FANEUIL HALL MARKET.
Faneuil Hall Market is situated at the east end of Faneuil Hall, between two streets called North and South Market Streets, having two streets passing at right angles at the east and west fronts, the one being 76 feet, ond the other at the east end, 65 feet wide. North Market-street is 65 feet wide, the South 102 feet, each street having a range of stores four stories high with granite fronts; the range of stores on the north side 520 feet, and 55 feet deep ; on the south 530 feet, and 65 feet deep ; (an arched avenue in centre of each range five feet wide, communicating with the adjoining streets;) the facade of which is composed of piers, lintel, and arched windows . on the second story. The roofs are slated, and the cellars water proof. The height and form of the stores were regulated by the conditions of sale. The purchaser was required to erect, within a limited time, a brick store with hammered stone front, (granite piers) in strict conformity with a plan drawn by Mr. Alexander Parris.
The first operation for locating and building this spa- cious and superb Market House, commenced on the 20th of August, 1S24. by staking out the ground for the same, and for the North .Market-street ; the old buildings standing on the premises, having been previously pur- chased by the city, but not removed.
76 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Shortly after the razing of these buildings, the filling up of the docks, and other work, necessary for clearing the wide area, and preparing for laying the corner stone of the structure, were simultaneously entered upon, and carried through, to the raising of the splendid dome, without the intervention, we believe, of a single acci- dent, or occurrence, affecting human life.
The corner stone of this building was laid with much ceremony. The plate deposited beneath it bears the names of the Mayor, Aldermen and Common Council, Building Committee and Principal Architect, besides the following inscription : ' Faneuil Hall Market, es- tablished by the City of Boston. This stone was laid April 27, Anno Domini Mncccxxv. In the forty-ninth year of American Independence and in the third of the incorporation of the city. John Quincy Adams, Presi- dent of the United States. Marcus Morton, Lt. Gov- ernor and Commander in chief of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The population of the city estimated at 50,000 : that of the United States 11,000,000.'
In length it is 585 feet 9 inches, in width 50 feet, wholly built of granite, having a center building 74^ by 55 feet, projecting 2£ feet in the north and south fronts. From the centre buildings are wings on each side, 173 by 50 feet, the wing continues from a projection of 6 inches, 46 feet 3 inches, and 51 feet in width, on each facade of which are 5 anta.es, projecting 6 inches, finish- ing with a portico at each end of the building, project- ing 11 feet 7£ inches. The porticos consist of 4 columns, 3£ feet diameter at base, and 2 feet 10 inches at neck, each shaft in one piece, 20 feet 9 inches long, with a capital of the Grecian Doric. The columns support a pediment, the tympanum of which has a circular win- dow for ventilation. The wings are of two stories, the
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 77
lower one 14 ieet, the upper 14^ feet, the lower win- dows have circular heads. The huilding is finished with a Grecian cornice lfi inches in depth, and 21 inches projection, worked in granite. The roof is slated, and gutters copper. The height of the wings from the side- walk to the top of the cornice is 81 feet.
The facade of the centre building, up to the underside of the second story windows, is composed of five recessed of piers and arches of grooved ashler, on the top of which are again formed recesses by antaes, supporting a frieze and cornice, similar to the wing building ; in each re- cess is a circular headed window, the centre a Venetian ; on the top of the cornice is a blocking course, and an octagon attic, 6 feet high, with two elliptical sawiells, surmounted by a dome covered with copper, and crown- ed by a lantern light. At each angle on top of the cen- tre building is a pedestal, in which are placed the ne- cessary flues.
The whole edifice is supported by a base of Quincy blue granite, 2 feet 10 inches high, with arched win- dows and doors, communicating with the cellars.
The building is approached by 6 steps of easy ascent; each wins: has 6 doors. The centre building in the north and south front, a pair of folding doors, enter a passage 10 feet wide, paved with brick, bid on ground arches; the wings have also a passage way of smaller dimensions to correspond.
The principal entrances are from the east and Avest porticos, which communicate with the corridor, 512 feet long, 12 feet wide, with entablatures, finished with a cove ceiling. The interior is divided into 12S stalls, and occupied as follows, viz: 14 for mutton, lamb, veal and poultry ; two for poultry and venison ; 19 for pork,
78 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
lamb, butter and poultry ; -15 for beef; 4 for butter and cheese ; 19 for vegetables ; and 20 for fish.
On the south front are four door ways opening to stair- cases, leading to the second story, In the centre of which is a hall, 70 by 50 feet, having a dome, springing from four segmental arches, ornamented with pannels and rosetts, in the crown of which is an elliptical opening, 14 b}' 12 feet, through which is seen the sky light, and part of the outer dome. The whole height of the hall to the opening, or eye of tbe dome, is 46 feet. Each wing is divided into two halls by a brick partition, the smaller 44 by 47, the larger 173 by 47.
The whole of the Market and the improvements on North and South Market Streets, were completed with- in the space of 28 months, and occupy about 1 acre, 2 perches, 24 rods, the greater part of which has been reclaimed from the sea, by filling in earth at different periods. The cellar story is occupied for storage of pro- visions, and made perfectly water proof.
The Hon. Josiah Quincy, Mayor of the City, is enti- tled to much credit for his exertions in carrying this bold and noble plan into execution. It is in fact one of the principal attractions of the city, to strangers.
OLD STATE HOUSE.
The building first erected for govermental business was placed at the head of State-street. It has been twice burnt. The last time it was destroyed was in 1747, and it was repaired in the following year in its present form. Tbe building is in length 110, in breadth 38 feet, three stories high, finished according to the Tuscan, Dorick and Ionic orders. The lower story of
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 79
this building is now rented by tbe city for stores and offices, the second and third stories, except one room at the west of the second story, (which is occupied for the city Treasurer's office.) are occupied by the Masonic Lodges in Boston.
The Masonic Hall is elegantly embellished : the dec- orations and furniture are very rich and appropriate, and the room is sufficiently capacious for most masonic purposes. It measures 43 by 32 feet and is 16 feet high. The following is a list of the lodges that hold their meetings here, viz.
Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, on the 2d Wednes- day in December. March, June and September.
Grand Chapter, 2d Tuesday in December, June and September.
St. John's Lodge, on 1st Tuesday of each month. St. Andrews' on 2d Thursday " «
Massachusetts on last Friday " "
Columbian on 1st Thursday " "
Mount Lebanon on last Monday " "
St. Andrews' Chapter, 1st Wednesday " " St. Paul's Chapter, on 3d Tuesday " Council of R. M. on last Wednesday " " Encampment on 3d Wednesday " "
This building being placed at the head of one of the first streets in Boston, has quite a pleasant and imposing appearance to the stranger as he approaches it from Long Wharf.
In Hales' survey of Boston and vicinity, the measures of distances are reckoned from this building.
COURT HOUSE — COURT SQUARE,
School-Street.
Dr. Snow, in his History of Boston, suggests the pro- priety of calling this building Johnson Hall in honor of
80 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Isaac Johnson, Esq. one of the first settlers of Boston. This perhaps might be very proper, for it seems almost necessary it should receive some appellation by which it could be designated from our other court houses, but it is believed that the purposes to which it is appropriat- ed would suggest another name quite as suitable. It is in fact our Citv Halt., being principally occupied for municipal purposes. This building was erected in 1S10, the materials of which are of white granite, with a stone or brick floor for the first story. It is 140 feet long, consists of an Octagon centre, 55 feet wide, two stories, two wings of three stories, 26 by 40 feet connected by the entrance and passages to the centre; contains two large halls or court rooms in the centre, one smaller in one wing, Offices of Probate, Register of Deeds. Clerks of Supreme and Common Pleas Courts, Rooms for Judges and Law Library, rooms for Grand and Petit Juries. The board of Aldeimen and Common Council hold their sessions in this building ; and the offices of the Mayor, City Clerk, City Auditor, City Marshall, and Superin- tendent of Buiial Grounds are also kept here. The cost of the building to the County was $92.SI7 16.
COURT HOUSE, J All. AND HOUSE OF CORRECTION.
The County Jail in Leveret-street and the House of Correction connected with it, and the Municipal Court House, are three separate edifices, all of which are handsome stone buildings. Perhaps there is not a pris- on in the world made more secure. The walls and floors are composed of large blocks of hewn stone, which arc firmly bound together with iron ; and between the courses, loorc cannon balls are placed in cavities made half in the unper and hah in the lower blocks, as
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 81
a further security. Several years elapsed after these were commenced, hefore they were finished and occu- pied, which was in 1S22.
Before leaving this subject it may be proper to say something that will convey an idea of the internal econ- omy and regulations of these abodes of wretchedness. The inmates of the House of Correction are generally sent there by the Police Court, though many are order- ed there by the Municipal Court. A great proportion of this class of prisoners are confirmed drunkards, — or notorious for their disorderly and immoral lives. The women, from very young girls to those of an advanced age, who are sometimes collected there, are mostly em- ployed in making meivs clothing, excepting one day in the week, which is set apart for washing. They are kept orderly, under the care of experienced managers of such people, and their work is laid out and superin- tended by females of good character. The men, con- fined in the House of Correction, are ordinarily em- ployed in breaking stone, suitable for repairing and McAdamizing the streets. They work with a ball and chain, generally, if notoriously bad, to prevent escape. In cold or rainy weather, they pick oakum in the mid- dle story of the Jail. These prisoners are under the immediate charge of a careful man, whose humanity towards these unhappy creatures is greatly to be prais- ed. The debtors, in close prison, occupy the rooms in the third story of the Jail, where they are accessible by their friends, at all hours of the day, by steps leading to a balustrade under the windows. Prisoners who are waiting trial, as -well as those who have been condemn- ed, are principally lodged on the lower floor of the Jail. The food of the prisoners consists, principally of fresh beef, flour bread, and a kind of broth, technically called
82 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
skilly, made by thickening the liquor in which the meat has been boiled, with Indian meal. In case of sickness, however, a diet is directed by the physician, according to the wants and necessities of the individual. The aged and infirm, as well as those who are debili- tated by intemperance or disease, are allowed tea, rice, broths, &c. daily, besides other comforts, which it were unnecessary to particularize. A physician whose sal- ary is fixed by the board of accounts, at £200 per an- num, visits the prison daily and prescribes according to his best skill and judgment. The apothecary room, though small, has a well assorted case of medicines. In this room a diet book is regularly made out, for the sick of the day. The directors also hold their meetings in the same room, on tbe afternoon of each Monday. Religious services are held in one or both prisons, every Sabbath, by pious philanthropic divines. The immed- iate responsibility of the whole, devolves on the Jailor, Mr. Badlam, whose character, as a discreet and humane man, and as a superintendant over this necessary, but gloomy reservoir of misery, has long been acknowledg- ed by the community.
THE OLD COURT HOUSE
On the south side of Court-st. was a handsome building of brick, three stories high, and has on the roof an oc- tagon cupola. On the lower floor are the offices of the United States District Marshall, and several private offi- ces. In the second story, the floor of which is support- ed by pillars of the Tuscan order, are held the Circuit and District Courts of the U. S. for the Massachusetts District, and the office of the District clerk. In the
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. SB
third story are convenient rooms for jurors, Sec. This building, before the erection of the Court House, in Court-Square, was used by all the courts of law held in the county.
THE CUSTOM HOUSE
Stands on the north side of Custom House Street, near the head of Central wharf. It is 60 feet square and two stories in height exclusive of the basement, which is divided by brick Avails and brick arches supporting the different passages above. The lower part of the front is built of stone and the upper part of brick, with a colonnade GO feet long and 10 feet wide, supported by 10 stone columns of the doric order, 14 feet in length. The floor is paved with stone, and a broad flight of stone steps with iron railings leads to the several offices. It is finished with a stone frieze and cornice, and the win- dows ornamented with marble dressings. The front is crowned by a pediment, en the top of which is a spread eagle. The basement and first story is calculated for the storing of goods, and contains a number of compart- ments occupied by the house-keeper, and some of the under officers. The upper story contains 6 rooms 20 feet high, in which the business of the office is transac- ted. The building is remarkably Avell contrived for the convenience of business, and exhibits a chaste and elegant specimen of architecture. It was built in 1810, and first occupied on the 29th of December. It cost about thirty thousand dollars.
merchants' hall.
The location of this building is at the corner of Con- gress and Water Streets; it is a large plain building of brick, four stories in height. On the lower floor is the
84 PICTURE OF EOSTON.
Post-Office, a spacious Hall and a very extensive News Room, which for its utility deserves a particular de- scription.
TOFLIFF'S READING ROOM.
This establishment is supported by subscribers, con- sisting chiefly of the first Merchants in the place. The annual subscription is $10, with the right of introducing a friend, from any place, not within 6 miles of the city. The room is furnished with all the principal papers in the United States, as well as foreign papers, prices cur- rent, Sec. Also seven books — the 1st is for the general record of news, on which is recorded dail}-, all informa- tion of a general nature, and such as is particularly in- teresting to the merchants of the place, as may be re- ceived from correspondents, by land or water, and by arrivals at the port ; the 2d is for the record of all arri- vals from foreign parts or places, with the cargoes par- ticularly specified to each consignee ; the 3d for the record of all arrivals from other porta in the United States similarly noted as the 2d ; the 4th for the record of all vessels cleared for foreign ports, time of sailing, &c. the 5th for the record of all vessels cleared for other ports in the United States ; the 6th for the record of all arrivals and clearances, from or for foreign ports, in all ports of the United States, except Boston ; and the 7th for the record of the names of all gentlemen intro- duced by the subscribers, the places whence they came and the name of the subscriber introducing them. In the room are also several of the most important maps, necessary or useful to the ship owner or merchant ; and a good clock. Attached to this establishment is a boat with two men ready at all times, for the Superin-
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PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 85
tend ant, who generally boards all vessels arriving in the port, and all such information as he maj" obtain from them is recorded on the several books above mentioned, as soon as possible for the benefit of the subscribers and all those who have the privilege of frequenting the room.
THE POST OFFICE
Is situated on the corner of Congress and Water-streets, on the same floor with Merchants' Hall, and Reading Room. Aaron Hill, Esq. Post-Master. There are S Clerks employed in the office, and one Penny-post for distributing letters through the citv. There are made up weekly for departure, about 1500 mails. The great Southern Mail closes at 1 o'clock, p. m. and arrives about 6 o'clock, p. m. during the warm seasons, and about mid-night during the winter. The Eastern Mail closes at S o'clock, p. m. and arrives in the course of the night. To insure immediate forwarding of letters, they should be desposited at least 10 or 15 minutes previous to the closing of the mail. The office is open- ed during the warm seasons at 7 o'clock, and during the winter at 8 o'clock, a. m. and is closed at S o'clock, p. m. the year round, with the escepiion of Sundays, when it is open from 11 a. m. until 1 p. m.
BOTESTOX MARKET AND BOYESTON IIAEL.
This building, situated at the corner of 'Washington and Boylston Streets, was so named in honor of Ward Nicholas Boylston, Esq. The proprietors were incor- porated Feb. 27, 1309, and the foundation of the build- ing was commenced in the April following. The land S
86 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
belonging to the corporation was formerly owned by Samuel Welles, Esq. of whose heirs it was purchased by Mr. Jos. C. Dyer, and by him conveyed to the pre- sent proprietors for $20,560. The cost of the building was about $39,000, besides the cupola, which was built by subscription. The clock was a donation of Mr. Boyl- ston. It was opened in 1S10. It is in length 120 feet and in -width 50, of three stories, with a deep cellar. On the first floor are 12 stalls for the sale of provisions. The second is separated by an avenue running length- wise, on the sides of which are four spacious rooms.
The 3d story forms one of the most spacious halls in Bos- ton, and is denominated Boylston Hall. This is a noble apartment, 100 feet long by 48 feet in breadth, with an arched ceiling 24 feet high. It is rented by the Han- del and Haydn Society, and is coromodiously fitted up for their accommodation. At the west end an orches- tra is constructed capable of containing 150 vocal and instrumental performers. A handsome organ, built by Mr. Appletonof this city, stands at the extreme westerly end, with its top nearly touching the roof of the hall. The seats in the orchestra are built in a semi-circular form, and in the centre of the arc stands the desk of the president. The orchestra occupies about one fourth part of the floor; the remainder of which is furnished with settees, for the audience, and will accommodate about 800 persons. The entrance is by three doors at the east end, and immediately over these is a gallery sufficiently spacious to accommodate two hundred.
The Hall is occasionally used for lectures, concerts, declamations, &c. Previous to building the church in Piedmont-street, the Rev. James Sabine preached here on Sundays to his little flock, which followed him from the church in Essex-street.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 87
PARKMAN'S MARKET.
This market is a large brick building at the corner of Grove and Cambridge Streets, distinguished by a cupola. It was erected b}r the late Samuel Parkman, Esq. for the purpose of a market to accommodate the population in that neighborhood. It was built in the fall of 1810.
THE CITY MARKET
Is an extensive brick building three stories high, situat- ed at (he end of Brattle-street next to Dock-square. The lower story and cellars were appropriated to the sale of provisions. This building was erected by pri- vate citizens in the year 1819 : the town had opposed their wish to be incorporated, and their application to the General Court was in consequence unsuccessful. The city has since refused to accept the building as a donation, and a furniture warehouse is now kept in the part formerly occupied as a market.
VNITED STATES BRANCH BANK.
The capital stock of this Bank, employed in Boston is $1,500,000. This banking house is situated in State-St. at the head of Wilson's lane, and constitutes a chief orna- ment of our Exchange. The first outline of a plan for this building was made for the situation which is occu- pied by the Old State House, and was intended to be an imitation of the purest example of the Grecian Dorick order with two porticos: but the scite, which was final- ly obtained, required a different arrangement. One of
83 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
the porticos was dispensed with, and Antae at the an- gles introduced, according to the primitive form of the Grecian Temple. The shafts of the columns are frus- tums of cones, the sides' being right lines, which, being the most severe and simple form, seemed the best adapted to the occasion. The corner stone of this edi- fice was laid on Monday, July 5, 1S24. Mr. Solomon Willard was the designer and architect. The building is about 44 feet in front and 96 feet deep. The portico is an imitation from the primitive form of the Grecian Temple, with little variation, excepting what was neces- sary in order to adapt it to the location, and to the re- fractory material (Chelmsford granite) of which it was to be built. The columns are of the Grecian Dorick, four feet in diameter and twenty four feet high, the shaft being a single piece.
In the front part of the building, on the first floor, there is an entry, and two rooms for the President and Cashier ; and in the second story over them, a large room for the use of the Directors. The centre of the building is occupied for the Banking room, which is a rotunda, 36 feet in diameter, and 44 feet high to the top of the curb stone. The rear of the building contains the vaults, which open into the Banking room, and a number of other apartments which are to serve for the various purposes of the institution.
There are several other Banking houses in Boston, the elegance of which, would be likely to attract the notice of the stranger. Such are the State Bank and the City Bank on the south side of State-street, and Washington Bank, a small but neat granite edifice, with columns in front, near Boylston Market.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. Si)
CONCERT HALL
Is a large, handsome building at the head of Hanover street. It was erected in the year 1756, by Mr. Steph- en Deblois, a musician, for the purpose of concerts, dancing, and other entertainments. The building has since been enlarged, and improved at a great expense by Mr. Amory, the proprietor. The front Hall is about 60 feet by 30 in the second story and is justly admired for its correct proportions and the richness of its archi- tecture." It is highly finished in the Corinthian style, with an orchestra, and the walls are ornamented with superb minors. In the rear is another hall on the same story finished in a plainer style, and well calcula- ted for public entertainments, and large parties.
JULIEN HALL.
This is a large and convenient edifice situated on the corner of Congress and Milk Streets, erected in 1S25 by Dr. Edward H. Robbins, and received the name of Jvlicn Hall, in consequence of its being built on the land where formerly stood the much noted Julieii's Rcstorator. There are two halls in this building, 55 by 44 feet square ; the principal one is 15 feet high, and receives light through the cupola in the centre. These are rented for various purposes, such as public exhibi- tions, the holding of meetings, &c.
CORINTHIAN HALL.
This Hall was built by Mr. J. L. Cunningham, who occupies the first floor of the building for his extensive Auction Rooms. It is located on the corner of Milk and
S^
90 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Federal Street9 near Julien Hall, and has a small cu- pola which adds to the beauty of the building. The Hall, which was finished for an Assembly Room, has become a fashionable place for the meeting of Cotillion Parties. It was first opened by Mons. Lebasse, for his Dancing Assembly on the 4th of October, 1826.
PANTHEOK HALL.
This is a very neat and convenient hall, for holding- various Assemblies. It is situated in Washington Street, on the corner of Boylston Square.
WASHINGTON HALL
Is another hall, recentlj' built and fitted for similar purposes. This is also in Washington Street, and its location is nearly opposite Franklin Street.
CIIAUNCY HALL — IN CHAINCY PLACE,
Was built in 1828, by Mr. G. F. Thayer, for many years a teacher of a private seminary in this city, and is devoted principally to the use of his school. It takes its name from Dr. Charles Chauncy, a man of liberal feelings, and enlightened mind. It contains one of the finest halls for public speaking, that there is in the city. The meetings of the debating; societies are held here.
The building presents a view of three stories in front, though it has no rooms at the base, the space being de- voted, by a peculiar construction, to the purposes of a play-ground for the pupils, and is supported by rough granite pillars, admitting a free circulation of air and
BRIDGES. 91
light. The exterior and interior are of a superior order, embracing every convenience for a large school, and administering, in a high degree, to the comfort and pro- gress of the pupils. The school kept here is intended to be of the first order, and to embrace all that is most valuable in an academic course.
BRIDGES.
Some of the most striking objects to attract the stran- ger on visiting Boston, are our bridges which lead from its' various points. Although we cannot boast of so grand superstructures as the ancient city of London, we nevertheless have a greater number of those convenient avenue?. The subject of Free Bridges, has recently been agitated, and received considerable countenance from our state authorities; and it is to be hoped the period is not far distant when all the bridges communi- cating with the metropolis will be made free. Except- ing Craio-ie's and the TTarren bridge, where the carriage way is covered with earth, the construction of all the bridges is similar, and the rates of toll are the same as the Charles River Bridge, excepting the Bos- ton South Bridge, (where foot passengers are not taxed, but the rates for vehicles, &c. are rather higher,) and the Boston Free Bridge, Avhich belongs to the city. All these bridges are well lighted by lamps when the ev- enings are dark, and the lights, placed at regular dis- tances, have a splendid and romantic appearance.
CHAKLE3 RIVER BRIDGE.
The first great undertaking, since the revolution, was the erection of a bridge over Charles River, in the place
92 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
where the ferry between Boston and Charlestown was kept.* The Act, which incorporated Messrs. John Han- cock, Thomas Russell, Nath. Gorham, and Ebenezcr Parsons and others, who had subscribed to a fund for executing and completing this purpose, was passed March 9, 17S5, and the bridge was so far completed that the last pier was ready to be put down on the 81st of May. 1786.
On the 17th of June, the bridge was opened for pas- sengers. Preparation had been made for great festivity on the occasion. Salutes of 13 guns were fired by sun â– rise from Bunker and Copps' hills, and the bells of Christ Church rang repeated peals. This salute formed a contrast so striking, compared with the hostile and bloody one of the same clay, of the same month, and of the week, in '75, as to excite in every breast emotions of the happiest kind. At 1, p. m. the proprietors as- sembled in the State House, at the head of State-street, for the purpose of waiting on the different branches of the legislature over the bridge. The procession con- sisted of almost every respectable character in public and private life ; as they moved from State-street, a sa- lute was fired from the Castle ; and upon their arrival at the entrance of the bridge, the attendant companies of artillery and artificers formed two lines on the right and left of the proprietors, and moved on to the centre of the bridge, when the President of the proprietary ad- vanced alone, and gave orders to Mr. Cox, the master workman, to fix the draw for the passage of the compa- ny, which was immediately done. At this moment 13 cannon were fired from Copps' hill, and the procession
* Al llic lime this bridge was built it was considered the gi eatest un- dertaking that had ever been jirojected in America.
BRIDGES. D3
passed forward, attended by the loudest shouts of accla- mation, from a concourse of at least 20.000 spectators. As the company ascended Breed's hill, 13 cannon were discharged. The gentlemen took their seats at two ta- bles of 320 feet, united at each end by a semi-circular one, which accommodated 800 persons, who spent the day in sober festivity, and separated at 6 o'clock.
The following description of this bridge was publish- ed at the time, as taken from actual survey. The abut- ment at Charlestown, from the old landing, is 100 feet; space to the first pier 16^ feet ; 63 piers at equal distance to the draw G22£ feet ; width of the draw 30 feet ; 39 piers at equal distance from the draw 672 feet; space to the abutment at Boston 1G£ feet ; abutment at Boston to the old landing 45* feet; whole length 1503 feet.
The 75 piers total, upon which this elegant structure stands, are each composed of 7 sticks of oak timber, united by a cap piece, strong braces and girts, and after- wards driven into the bed of the river, and firmly se- cured by a single pile on each side, driven obliquely to a solid bottom. The piers are connected to each other by large string-pieces, which are covered with 4 inch plank. The bridge is 42 feet in width, and on each side is accommodated with a passage 6 feet wide, railed in for the safety of people on foot. The Bridge has a gradu- al rise from each end, so as to be two feet higher in the middle than at the extremities. Forty elegant lamps are erected at suitable distances, to illuminate it when necessary. There are four strong stone wharves connec- ted with three piers each, sunk in various parts of the river.
The floor of the Bridge at the highest tides, is 4 feet above the water, which generally rises about 12 or 14 feet. The distance where the longest pier is erected
9i PICTURE OF BOSTON.
from the floor of the Bridge to the bed of the river, is 64£ feet.
The cost of this bridge has been stated at £15.000, lawful, and the property was divided into 150 shares of £100 each. Rates of toll, to be double on Lord's days, were established, by the act of incorporation, which the proprietors were to enjoy for forty years, paying to the college at Combridge, an annuity of £200, in considera- tion of their loss of income from the ferry. This period was extended to 70 years, and the double toll repealed when the charter was granted for "West Boston Bridge, at the expiration of which period the property reverts to the state.
There had been considerable effort to have the first bridge carried from West Boston to Cambridge, but the expediency of making the experiment across the nar- rower part of the river was so apparent, that the town of Boston had expressed an opinion almost unanimous (1833 to 2) in favor of it.
The stock of this corporation has been very produc- tive : It was stated in 1S26, on good authority, that a gentleman who was an original proprietor of one share, which cost £100, had received his principal and the in- terest upon the original cost, and a surplus of.^TOOO. The rates of toll for passing the bridge are,
Foi Stage or Hack 1«.
" Chahe or Sulkey 8 pence.
" Teams of any kind diawn hy more than one heast, 6 "
" one horse waggons or carts 4 "
" saddle hoises 2 pence &. 2 thirds-
li hand cart and wheel-hanow 1 penny t 2 thirds
" each foot passenger 2 thuds oJ a penny
BRIDGES. 9o
WEST BOSTON BRIDGE.
Tbis was the second bridge built over Charles River. It is a conveyance from the west end of Cambridge-st. to the opposite shore in Cambridge-port. A number of gentlemen were incorporated for the purpose of erecting this bridge, March 9, 1792. The causeway was begun July 15, 1792, and suspended after the 28th of Decem- ber, till the 20th of March, 1793, when the work was resumed. The wood work of the bridge was begun the 8th of April, 1793, and the bridge and causeAvay opened for passengers the 23d of November following, being seven months and an half from laying the first pier. The sides of the causeway are stoned, capstand, and railed ; on each side of which is a canal about 30 feet wide.
Tiie bridge stands on 130 piers, is Bridge over the go; e, 14 " Abutment Boston side,
Causeway,
Distance fiom end of the causeway to > Cambiidge Meeting-house, 3
Width of the bridge,
Railed on each side for foot passengers.
To the proprietors a toll was granted for 70 years from the opening of the bridge,* which together with the causeway, was estimated to have cost about £23,000, 1. m. The principal undertaker for building the bridge, was Mr. Whiting.
* This term ha; since been extended tofOyeaisfiom the opening of Ciaigie's bridge. West Boston to pay the College 200/. annually, and Crai.ie'- to pay West Boston 100Z. dining their joint existence.
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9G PICTURE OF BOSTON,
BOSTON' SOUTH BRIDGE.
The building- of this bridge grew out of the project for annexing Dorchester Neck, so called, to Boston, as a part of the city. In the latter end of 1503, there were but 10 families on that peninsula, which comprised an extent of 560 acres of land. Tbese families united with several citizens of Boston in a petition to the town for the privilege of being annexed thereto, ' upon the sin- gle condition that the inhabitants [of B.] will procure a bridge to be erected between Boston and Dorchester neck.' On the 31st of January, 1804, after several con- fused meetings on the subject, the town agreed to the proposition, on condition c that the place from which and the terms on which the bridge should be built shall be left entirely to the Legislature.' Application was made to the General Court, and measures were in train for authorising a bridge from South-street to the point. The inhabitants of the south end of the town, having opposed this measure in vain thus far in its progress, formed a plan at this juncture, in which they proposed to erect a bridge where the present bridge stands, and, to obviate the objection that such a bridge would not lessen the distance from the point so much as the South- street bridge would, they offered to construct a commo- dious street across the flats from Rainsford's lane to the head of the proposed bridge. They presented a petition to the Court to be incorporated for these purpo- ses upon the presumption that no liberty would be grant- ed for the erection of any other bridge, to the north- ward of their bridge, unless at come future period the increased settlement of this part of the country should be such, that the public exigencies should require the
BRIDGES. 97
same. This plan and petition met with so favorable a reception, that the Dorchester point proprietors were induced to make a compromise with the South-end peti- tioners, in which it was agreed, that the South-street bridge should be abandoned, and that the South end bridge should be transferred to the Dorchester company, and the proposed street be carried forward by the peti- tioners. A joint committee made a report on the basis of this compromise, which was accepted in concurrence Feb. 23d ; and on the 6th of March, bills were passed for the three objects, the annexation of Dorchester neck to Boston, the incorporation of the Proprietors of Boston South Bridge, and also of the Front-street Corporation in the town of Boston.
Messrs. William Tudor, Gardiner Green, Jona. Ma- son, and Harrison Gray Otis, were the proprietors named in Boston South Bridge act. Seventy years improve- ment was allowed, from the date of the first opening of said bridge for passengers, which took place in the sum- mer of 1S05. On the first of October, it was the scene of a military display and sham fight. This bridge is 1551 feet in length, and cost the proprietors about 56,000 dollars.
CANAL OR CRAIGIE'S BRIDGE.
This bridge runs from Barton'? Point in Boston to Lechmere's Point in Cambridge. Irs length is 2796 feet ; its width 40 feet. The persons named in the Act incorporating this bridge, were John C. Jones, Loammi Baldwin, Aaron Dexter, Benjamin Weld, Jos. Coolidge, {r. Benjamin Joy, Gorham Parson?, Jonathan Ingersoll, John Beach, Abijah Cheever, Win. B. Hutchins, Ste-
9S PICTURE OF BOSTON.
phen Howard and Andrew Craigie. This bridge dif- fers from those previously built, in being covered with a layer of gravel on the floor of the bridge. It was first opened for passengers on Commencement day. August SO, 1809. This bridge on the Cambridge side is united to Charlestown by Prison-point bridge, which is 1S21 feet long, and 35 feet broad, having but one side railed for loot passengers.
WESTERN AVENUE.
This splendid work was projected by Mr. Uriah Cot- ting, who with others associated, received an act of in- corporation, June 14, 1814, under the title of ' The Bos- ton and Roxbury Mill Corporation ;' the stock of which is divided into 3500 shares of $100 each. It was com- menced in 1818, under Mr. Cotting?s direction, but he did not live (o witness its completion. His place was supplied by Col. Loammi Baldwin, and the road was op- ened for passengers, July 2, 1821. There was a splen- did ceremony on the occasion; a cavalcade of citizens at an early hour entered the city over the dam, and was welcomed on this side by the inhabitants, who waited to receive them. This Avenue or Mill Dam leads from Beacon-street in Boston to Sewall's Point in Brookline, and is composed of solid materials water-tight, with a gravelled surface, raised three or four feet above high- water mark. It is one mile and a half in length, and a part of the way 100 feet in width. This dam cuts off and encloses about 601 acres of the southerl}7 part of the buck of Charles River Bay, over which the tide be- fore regularly flowed. The water that is now admitted is rendered subservient and manageable. Very exten-
BRIDGES. 99
sive mill privileges are gained by the aid of a cross dam running from the principal one to a point of land in Rox- bury, which divides the Reservoir cr full Basin on the west, from the empty or running Basin on the east. There are five pair of flood-gates in the long dam, grooved in massy piers of hewn stone : each pair moves hom their opposite pivots towards the centre of the aperture on a horizontal platform of stone, until they close in an obtuse angle on a projected line cut on the platform, from the pivots in the piers to the centre of the space, with their angular points towards the open or uninclosed part of the bay, to shut against the flow of tide and prevent the passage of water into the empty basin. In this manner all the water is kept out from this basin, except what is necessary to pass from the full basin, through the cross dam, to keep the mill works in operation. The reservoir is kept full by means of similar flood-gates, opening into the full basin, (when the rising of the tide gets ascendency over the water in the reservoir) and fills at every flow, and closes again on the receding of the tide. In this way, at every high tide, the reservoir is filled, and a continual supply of water, to pass through sluice-ways in the cross dam, sufficient to keep in motion, at all times, at least 100 mills and factories. At low water the flood-gales of the receiving basin open and discharge the water re- ceived from the reservoir.
From this Avenue there are excellent roads leading to Roxbury, Brookline, Brighton and "Watertown, which are very extensively travelled. Besides the income from the mill privileges the corporation receives a toll, which is granted by the act of incorporation, to be per- petual.
100 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
eosto5 Fnrr bridge.
Within two years after the erection of the Boston South Bridge, an attempt was made for another to run from Sea-street to South Boston. Many other attempts have been made since that time, to establish a bridge at this place, but they were stronglj' opposed till tbc passage of an Act March 4, 1826, authorizing the erection of the present bridge. Tbe committee of the Legisla- ture, to whom was referred the subject, gave this rea- son for reporting in favor the bill : ' that if the public good or public interest required that the proposed bridge should be constructed, then the prayer of the petition should be granted : that indemnification should be made for property taken for the use of the bridge, but to no greater extent ; that the navigable waters being public property the legislature had the right to control the use of them. The committee therefore considered the only question arising was, whether the public exigency required this bridge. It appeared that about 100,000 people, if this bridge were erected, would be saved a travel of one mile by coming from the south shore over this bridge, instead of over the Neck ; that an increasing intercourse would take place between the centre cf business in the city and South Boston, and the distance be lessened a half a mile, which in a dense population was equal to ten or twenty miles in the country. The only objections to this bridge arose from persons in Roxbuiy, at the South End of Boston, and from a part of the proprietors of the present bridge ; that it did not appear that any others would be injured, and that these persons would not be injured to the extent they imagined. It was admitted
BRIDGES. 101
that the navigation might he made a little inconvenient, hut not so much so as was expected. It appeared that the present channel might, by individual right, be narrowed to three hundred feet, which would increase the current more than the proposed bridge ; that the present current was about one mile the hour, while that at Charlestown Bridge was three miles ; that the increase to the price of wood if the bridge were erect- ed would be only six cents the cord ; and that with one or two exceptions all the bridges in the state had been granted without any indemnity for consequential damages, other than compensation for property convert- ed to the use of such bridge. The committee came to the conclusion that no person ought to claim damages for an interruption of navigable waters ; that these wa- ters were held by the legislature in trust for all the citi- zens, and that no individual had the right to be secured indemnity for damages arising therefrom, when the pub- lic accommodation required such interruption.'
This bridge was completed in 1828, by a company of gentlemen who were proprietors of lands at South Bos- ton, and by residents of that section, and who transfer- red it to the city in October.
WARREN BRIDGE.
The subject of erecting a free bridge to lead from Boston to Charlestown was agitated in 1822. Subscrip- tions were raised and a petition presented to the Legis- lature for an act of incorporation, which was opposed with great skill and perseverance by the friends and proprietors of Charles River Bridge. The subject be- fore the Legislature was deferred from one session to
102 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
another till the winter of 1827, when a bill for a free bridge passed both houses, and only wanted the Gov- ernors signature to become a law. The Governor re- turned the bill with a message giving his reasons for not signing it. The petition was again renewed, but so va- ried, as to make it a toll bridge. Great principles were involved in this subject, which the representatives of the people calmly and deliberately considered before they decided. The final bill was passed in the House of Representatives, Feb. 29. — Yeas 152, nays 134 ; in the Senate, March 9, — Yeas 19, nays 17, and the Gov- ernor approved the act March 12, 1S2S. The distinc- tion which was said to have been made by the Governor, between this bill and the one to which he refused his sanction the year previous, was that the Legislature had in the passage of the present act virtually decided, that the public convenience and necessity, aside from consideration of tolls, required another avenue over Charles River, which was not the case with the pre- vious bill.
The erection of this bridge was commenced early the following spring, and while in progress, the proprietors of Charles River Bridge made an application to the Su- preme Judicial Court on the 2Sth of June, by a bill in Equity, for an injunction against further proceedings in the erection of Warren Bridge. The court decided that the time for hearing should be extended to the 5th of August, and a special session was held at that time, act- ing as a Court of Chancery, when Messrs. Shaw, Gor- ham and Webster, appeared as a council for the appli- cants, and Messrs. Fletcher and Aylwin for the respon- dents. After hearing the parties by their counsel, on the 12th of August, the Court refused to grant the In- junction.
MEDICAL COLLEGE. 103
This bridge was so far finished by the 25th of Sep- tember as to admit of persons walking over it. It is a more complete and elegant structure, than any other bridge in Boston. It is placed on 75 piers, about 18 feet from each other, and measures 1390 feet long ; is 44 feet wide, allowing 30 feet for the carriage way and seven feet on each side, which is railed for foot passen- gers. The floor of the bridge consists of hewn timber, one foot thick, on which is spread four inches of clay, then a layer of gravel six inches, over the whole sur- face, and finished by Macadamizing eight inches thick ; making the whole thickness of the bridge 30 inches. This bridge is placed lower than any of the other bridges, that the timbers might be occasionally wet by the highest tides, which it is supposed will tend to their preservation.
The proprietors are granted a toll, the same as the Charles River Bridge, until they are reimbursed the money expended, with five per cent interest thereon, provided that period should not extend beyond the term of six years from the first opening of the bridge ; at which time, (or sooner, if the reimbursement, by the receipts of tolls should permit,) the bridge is to revert to the state in good repair. By the act of incorporation the proprietors are required to pay one half the sum al- lowed Harvard College annually, from the proprietors of Charles River Bridge.
MEDICAL COLLEGE.
The Medical College, a department of Harvard Uni- versity, in which the several professors give an annual course of lectures, commencing the last "Wednesday in
104
PICTURE OF BOSTON.
October, is located in Mason-street, directly back of Fayette-place. External beauty is not a very promi- nent cbaracteristic of this edilice ; but its internal con- veniences and accommodations, are very superior. There is an Anatomical Theatre, in the centre ; a chym- ical laboratory under it, and in the south wing, a lecture room for the professor of theory and practice of physic, capable of holding 150 students. In the west wing, upon the first floor, is a convenient consultation room. There is also an extensive Anatomical Museum, ad- joining the theatre, and a dissecting room contiguous.
THE MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL
^^ffl^ a H jjjftil B _ 1 lJl|-
Has been pronounced the finest building in the State. It stands on a small eminence open to the south, east, and west. It is 168 feet in length and 54 in its greatest breadth, having a portico of eight Ionick columns in
HOSPITALS. 105
front. It is built of Chelmsford granite, the columns and their capitals being of the same material. In the centre of the two principal stories are the rooms of the officers of the institution. Above these is the operating theatre which is lighted from the dome. The wings of the building are divided into wards and sick rooms. The stair case and floorings of the entries are of stone. The whole house is supplied with heat by air-flues from furnaces, and with water by pipes and a forcing pump. The beautiful hills which surround Boston are seen from every part of the building, and the grounds on the south west are washed by the waters of the bay. The prem- ises have been improved by the planting of ornamental trees and shrubs, and the extension of the gravel walks for those patients whose health will admit of exercise in the open air.
Towards the close of the la>&j£eentury a gentleman died in Boston, leaving a bequest in his will of $'5000 towards the building of a hospital. This circumstance was attended with the beneficial effect of awakening the attention of the public to the subject. Nothing however, was effected before August, 1S10, when two physicians living in this town addressed a circular, in which the advantages of a hospital were stated, to sev- eral gentlemen of Boston, possessed of ample fortunes and disposed to contribute to institutions in which the public good was concerned. In the beginning of 1811 fifty six gentlemen, living in different parts of the com- monwealth, were incorporated by the name of the Mass. General Hospital. Their charter allowed the corpora- tion to hold property to the amount of $30,000 yearly income. It also granted to the Hospital a fee simple in the estate of the old Province House, on the condition that £100.000 should be raised by subscription within
106 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
ten years. Little exertion was made before the autumn of 1816, when a subscription was commenced that was attended with uncommon success. In the towns of Bos- ton, Salem, Plymouth, Charlestown, Hingham and Chelsea (including a few subscriptions in some other towns) 1047 individuals subscribed either to the Hospital or the Asylum for the insane. More than 200 of these contributed <|100 or more, and several from JS1000 to 5000, and one $20,000. Donations of equal and larger amounts have since been made, which have increased the funds of tins institution, for immediate use and per- manent stock, to a greater sum than any other among us has realized, excepting the University at Cam- bridge.
In 1816, the Trustees purchased the estate at Charles- town, belonging to the late Mr. Barrell, formerly cal- led Poplar Grove, antftfave there built two brick houses, besides the requisite out houses, for an Insane Hospital. In 1817, they purchased four acres in a field at the wrest end of Boston, called Prince's Pasture, and on the 4th day of July, 1818, the corner stone of the present Hospital wa3 there laid, in the presence of many per- sons of great dignity in public life, and of a numerous assemblage of citizens. The civil, religious and ma- sonic services were performed with such impressive pomp as rendered the whole scene truly solemn and in- teresting. This building was so far completed on the 1st of September, 1821, as to be in a fit condition to re- ceive patients.
All applications must be made to the Superintencbnt for the admission of patients to the Hospital, and in all cases in which the patient is able, he or she should ap- pear there in person, if able. The application may be made by a friend, between 8 and 9 o'clock in the morn-
HOSPITALS, 107
ing, on any day except Sunday. The Physicians and Surgeons will not attend to any applications respecting the Hospital at their houses, unless in cases really ur- gent. In cases of accident, in which it may be desira- ble to carry the patient directly to the Hospital, appli- cation for a permit may be made to one of the Trustees, or of the Medical officers. Friends are allowed to visit patients in the Hospital, on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Fri- days and Saturdays, from 12 to 1 o'clock.
It seems to be generally understood through tbe coun- try, that this institution is the most safe as well as the most economical place of resort in all difficult and dan- gerous cases, especially such as require operation: one of the consequences of this general sentiment in regard to the Hospital, is, that many diseases are presented there, which are in their nature mraral le — whence it has followed, that as the rcputa^^ of the Institution has increased, the number of cnlK reported incurable or not relieved has also increased. Tim patients under the daily care of skilful, intelligent, and eminent sur- geons and physicians, are watched over by faithful and attentive nurses, and in truth the minor officers and do- mestics, under the vigilant eye of Mr. and Mrs. Gurney, (the approved superintendant and matron) continue to give the sick poor, all the comfort and relief, with all the chances of restoration, which the kindness of friends, or the influence of money can command for those fa- voured with both.
MACLEAN ASYLUM.
This Asylum for the Insane, was opened to receive boarders, October 1, 1818, under the direction of the Trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital, it be-
108 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
ins;; a branch of that Institution. It is situated in Charlestown, about one mile from Boston, on a delight- ful eminence, and consists of an elegant house for the Superintendant, with a wing at each end, handsomely constructed of brick, for the accommodation of the in- mates. The name of McLean was given to this Hos- pital in respect of John McLean, Esq. a liberal bene- factor of the General Hospital. No private dwelling can command the attention, comfort, cleanliness, watch- fulness, warmth without danger, and many wholesome indulgences, and restraints, which a building construct- ed for the purpose, and attendants accustomed to the kind discharge of their trust, can afford.
UNITED STATES MARINE HOSPITAL.
This Hospital is sifl Bd in Chelsea about three miles from Boston, and wasnuilt in 1827. It is intended for the temporary relief of sick and disabled seamen ; into which all mariners who have paid Hospital money are admitted, except those who are afflicted with conta- geous or incurable diseases, or insane personsi It is constructed of grey granite, is elegant and capacious ; and beautifully situated, commanding a fine view of Boston harbor.
QUARANTINE HOSPITAL.
This Hospital is situated on Rainsford Island in Bos- ton Harbor, six miles from the city. This Island has been the only regular Quarantine ground, since our first settlement, and its early history, before it became the property of the Commonwealth is but little known.
HOSPITALS. 109
It is said • that Mr. Rainsford, from whom it derived its name, purchased it of the Indians, who afterwards ceded it to the colony of Massachusetts.' The harhor being more safe for vessels, at Rainsford's than at'any other island, — it is probable that this circumstance first induced merchants to fix upon it for that purpose. Be- fore the Colony had any settled laws, in relation to epi- demic, or imported malignant diseases, it was customary, from common consent, to send sickly crews to this isl- and. It contains about eleven acres and has a high bank on the north and north east, about 23 feet above his;h water. All the buildings here together with the whole island are devoted to quarantine purposes, and are under the controul of the city government.
There is one large two story dwelling house, which is a tavern licenced by the authorities, for the accom- modation of those who arrive fl&fc sea. The Island Keeper's family reside in it, iMJl ||horthern wing : in the south wing, between the_£?j|uTy apartments and the resident physician's office, is a>convenient dining room, and a well arranged reading room, which, by the liber- ality of the editors and publisher? of papers in the citj', is furnished during the Quarantine months, with all the principal newspapers in the United States. In the phy- sician's office, are kept the records of the island, the arrivals and Quarantine of vessels, and the medicines for the Hospital. All the second story is divided into sleeping rooms. To the east of the dwelling house stands the Small Pox Hospital recently put in excellent order, which though small, will accommodate a large number of patients. The Fever Hospital is elevated, and at a distance, has an air of elegance. It is a long one story building, with wide jutting eves, four feet in width, projecting; over the doors. A plank walk of the 10
110 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
same width, on a level with the thresh-hold, affords a
delightful promenade for convalescent patients, secure from the sun and rain. Each room is furnished with two, low, single beds, suitable crockery, linen, &c. so that it does away the necessity of carrying articles from one apartment to another. This building faces the west, the window's of which have green blinds. In front, is a fence, 10 feet high, 200 feet in length, to prevent the inmates of the hospital from seeing the burying yard, at the west. Facing the south, is what is denominated the old hospital, — having at the east end. a two story nurse house, in which all the cooking is usually done, when the wards are so full that it is inconvenient to carry food from the family residence at the other side of the island. All the furniture oi' the hospital, which is of good, but plain materials, is owned and replenish- < •!. from time to lii/i^ishv the city. On a level point of land, at the southern^Rtremity of the island, and to the south west of the hospital, are two large store houses, in which goods are secured, when landed. They are not very well made, though they answer the purpose.
Besides the buildings already enumerated, belonging to the establishment, there is a large workshop, for re- pairing boats and their rigging, a boat house, to secure the small boats in winter ; a smoke house, to fumigate infected clothing, or weaving apparel of persons who have died at sea; a barn and other necessary out houses.
The Quarantine laws of Massachusetts, as enforced in this port, are as nearly perfect as could be expected : the general opinion of experienced navigators gives the preference to our system and ordinances, over all others. Besides this flattering encomium, on the wisdom of our legislature, and the municipal authorities of the city, who have endeavored to raise an impassable barrier to
HOSPITALS. Ill
foreign contagion, we are sincerely thankful for the se- curity we enjoy from foreign pestilence, by means of these excellent regulations of health.
The officers, to whom is given the particular man- agement of the Quarantine on Rainsford Island, are, first, the Resident Physician, chosen by the concurrent vote of both branches of the city council, who has a salary of one thousand dollars a year. From the loth of June, till the 15th of September, he is obliged to re- side permanently on the Island. An island keeper, with a salary of $:350 from the city, and $40 dollars and 10 cords of wood, yearly from the Commonwealth, takes charge of all property which is landed. He is also chosen by the City Council, annually. During the particular Quarantine months, the police of the island, is entirely vested in the Resident Physician, who de- tains vessels no longer than is necessary for ventilation : and discharges them whenever, nrhis best judgment, he believes they can proceed to the city without danger to the inhabitants. A red flag is hoisted on an eminence, and all the inward bound pilots are instructed to bring all vessels, coming from ports, within the tropics, into the Quarantine roads, for the physician's examination and passport. When a vessel arrives, the physician and island keeper go onboard — giving the master a red fia«- to hoist at the main-mast ; after a careful inspec- tion of ciew and cargo, the health ordinances are left v>ith the captain, for the instruction of himself and crew.
Till 1824, the Quarantine months were from May to October; since that period the time is fixed from the 15th of June till the loth of September, though vessels, having contagious diseases on board, are obliged to go into Quarantine at all seasons, and the physician is also obliged to attend at the hospital.
112 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
A daily journal is kept of all occurrences on the isl- and, and the names of persons who have permits to land, from the city clerk, are carefully recorded. Dr. J. V. C. Smith has been the Quarantine Physician since 1826.
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
The merchants of Boston have been particularly dis- tinguished for their commercial enterprize ; and this gave an early importance to the place. At this time, however, there seems to be a decided predilection for manufactures, which require a large portion of that im- mense capital which was formerly exerting its influ- ence on navigation. There is no doubt that as much trade and commerce is carried on by our citizens as is safe and consistent with a steady and sure progress to prosperity. After all^the croakings of the discontented, and the frightful prognostications of the unfortunate, it is believed to be susceptible of proof, that as much bu- siness is done in Boston, in proportion to its number of inhabitants, as in any other city in the union.
WHARVES.
Nearly the whole peninsula of Boston is bounded by wharves and piers, which are near 200 in number, and many of them very extensive, being nearly three fur- longs in length. Those are provided with spacious stores and warehouses, with every convenience for the safe mooring and security of vessels.
LONG WHARF
Is the oldest and longest wharf in Boston. The stores are extensive and are built of brick. Near the centre of this wharf on the south side: is an excellent well of
WHARVES. 113
fresh water, which affords a great convenience for the supply of vessels.
I>"DIA WHARF.
The building of this wharf was commenced in 1805, while the improvements in Broad-street were making. India-street, extending from India Wharf to the head of Long Wharf, was the next improvement, and was fin- ished 1809.
CENTRAL WHARF
AYas completed in the year 1816. It extends into the harbor, from India-street about midway between Long and India wharves, and is 1240 feet in length, and 150 in width. There are 54 stores on this wharf, four stories high. There is a spacious hall in the centre, over which is erected an elegant observatory^' The stores are fifty feet in width, and stand in the middle of the wharf, so that there is, on either side, the best of accommodation for the landing and delivery oi merchandize. It has been remarked, that for extent, convenience, and ele- gance combined, Central-wharf is not exceeded by any in the commercial world.
THE MARINE TrXEGRAl'H. Central Whaif.
The present state of this interesting science in our country is yet in its infancy. Desirous of showing the importance it is to our prosperity, if carried to the ex- tent of which it is susceptible, we cannot but remark with surprize how few persons have turned their at- 10*
114 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
lention to its utility ; and to this circumstance we may impute the slow progress it lias obtained.
To a great commercial country, having such an ex- tent of coast as the United States of America, in contin- ual intercourse not only with each other, but with the whole commercial world, nothing can be more impor- tant and worthy of regard than the means of facilitating that intercourse, and promoting the safety and comfort of those who are engaged in carrying it on.
To enable vessels to communicate intelligence to each other with ease when they are at sea, and to the shore when they are approaching it, and to announce their arrival in our Bay, are objects of primary impor- tance. The marine telegraphic flags are six in number, arranged in the following order : Nos. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. G. In addition to these six, there is a single flag, fe% called the Conversation flag, which is used for no !"""" other purpose than to express a desire to make a com- munication from one vessel to another. They are to be of no other color than Blue and White, and they will, when hoisted singly, or in combination, express words and sentences; and are capable of 9830 changes, as con- tained in a numerical telegraphic Dictionary, combin- ing great comprehension, power and despatch, being applicable to naval, political and civil purposes. The many advantages derived from this mode of communi- nation, must be obvious to all who will give it their at- tention. It is instrumental to the introduction of a uni- versal language for conversation on the ocean, and it is not merely in a mercantile but a national point of view, that the Marine Telegraph should be regarded.
Upon the foregoing system, the Telegraph establish- ment at the Observatory on Central Wharf, is founded ; and it is said by those who are capable of judging, that
MARINE RAILWAY. 115
it is under better regulations and more extensively used than any other in the United States. Its operations ex- tend down the harbor to Long Island (the repeating station) thence to the Light House at the entrance of the outer harbor, and from thence to the Pilot boats in the Bay, a distance of 15 miles. Communications are made to and from the several stations with great celer- ity. The name of a vessel, her passage and the port from whence she came, are known in five minutes. Patrons to this establishment expecting vessels from foreign Ports, are furnished with designating numbers, which are displayed at the Observatory as soon as they make their appearance in the bay. Sets of flags, at a trifling expense, with a designating number and a sig- nal Book are supplied to vessels, whose names and numbers are transmitted to the respective agents in the several sea-ports throughout the union, and by them inserted in all the signal books extant, consequently when two vessels are in sight of each other at sea they can report themselves by displaying their designating numbers.
The above establishment was put in operation in 1323. its utility is very manifest, and the active^e'nterprising conductor is truly deserving of general patronage.
TUE MARINE RAILWAYS
Built near the North Battery Wharf, has been in suc- cessful operation since November 22, 1326, affording facilities for the repairs of large vessels ; and from which those interested in navigation experience consid- erable saving and accommodation. To give some idea
116 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
of the despatch here afforded, it is only necessary to .state the fact, that the ship Arabella of 404 tons register, was drawn on the ways in February, 1827, and copper- ed in sixteen working: hours.
ISLANDS IN BOSTON* HARBOR.
The islands in Boston harbor are delightful resorts for citizens and strangers during the hot summer weather. If there are natural beauties — romantic elevations, or silent and wild retreats, in the vicinity of Boston, worth the poet's and philosopher's attention, the}- are in the harbor; but to be admired they must be seen. These islands are gradually wearing away, and where large herds of cattle were pastured. 60 years ago, the ocean now rolls its angry billows, and lashes with an overwhelming surge the last remains of earth. From the appearance which the islands present at this period, these were once round, or in other word-, were nearly circular at the base, and rose above the water like a dome ; but the northern blasts, in connexion with the terrible force of the tides accompanying such storms, have completely washed away every one of them upon the north side, in such a manner that they actually ap- pear like half an island, — having had a vertical section, and hence there is a perpendicular bank facing the north, while the south and west gradually slope to the edge. To the east, the tide has made some destruction, but it bears no proportion to the north. This peculiari- ty is observable in all the islands which have soil. To- wards the outer light house, the islands are almost bar- ren ledges of rocks, — having been washed of the earth, from time immemorial. It is on the north eastern sides,
ISLANDS. 117
that the most danger is to be apprehended. Thompson's Island, lying between the Castle and Moon Head, is secured by natural barriers, as the former receives and re- sists the force of the tide before it reaches Thompson's ; but Long Island, although defended in a measure by Rainsford, Gallop, George's, and Lovel's Islands, has lost considerable soil. Spectacle Island, so called from its supposed resemblance to a pair of spectacles, is sift- ing away by slow degrees, and nothing will prevent it.
GEORGE'S ISLAND.
This Island is the hey to the harbor, — commanding the open sea, affording one of the best places for fortifi- cations of any among the number. There is an eleva- tion on the east and northeast, nearly 50 feet above high water mark, in some places, with an easy ascent to- wards the south and southwest to the channel. This is the property of the United States. Fifty thousand dol- lars have already been appropriated by Government for building a sea wall on the northeast. A trench was dug at the foot, below the low water mark, in which the foundation has been laid. This was made of split stone, of great weight, and bolted together with copper. We have never seen any masonry that would compare with it, in point of strength and workmanship. On this, a second wall is to be erected, equally formidable, on which the artillery is to be mounted. Under the su- perintendence of Capt. Smith, whose good judgment has been exercisertMn the beginning, we may expect to see a fort in the outer harbor that will bid defiance to all the ships of war that ever sailed.
118 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
CASTLE ISLAND,
On -which stands Fort Independence, was selected as the most suitable place for a fortress for the defence of the harbor, as early as 1633. It was built at first with mud Avails, which soon fell to decay, and was after- wards rebuilt with pine trees and earth. In a short time, this also become useless, and a small castle was built with brick walls, and had three rooms in it ; a dwelling room, a lodging room over it, and a gun room over that. The erection of this castle gave rise to the present name of the island.
GOVERNOR'S ISLAND,
Lies about one mile north of Castle Island, and was first called Conant's Island. It was demised to Gov. Winthrop in 1632, and for many years after, was called the Governor's garden. It is now in the possession of James Winthrop, Esq. a descendant of the first Governor, excepting a part conveyed by him to the United States, for the purpose of constructing a fortress now called Fort Warren. Its situation is very commanding, and in some respects superior to Castle Island.
DEER ISLAND
Is a delightful island, and is owned and leased by the city. It is a place of great resort in the summer season, for parties of pleasure. Here is a large and convenient house, with a spacious ball room and other convenien- ces, for the accommodation of visitors.
ISLANDS. 119
LIGHT-HOUSE ISLAND,
Was known for many year? by the name of Beacon Island. Tlie first light house was erected in 1715. Pilots are established at this place, provided with excel- lent boats, and a piece of artillery to answer signal guns.
NODDLE'S ISLAND
Was first occupied by Samuel Maverick. He was on it when the settlement of Boston commenced. He built a fort, in which he mounted four cannon, and af- terwards had a grant of it from the General Court. In 1314, a strong fortress was built on this island by the citizens, and called fort Strong, in honor of the Gov- ernor.
POINT SHIRLEY
Formerly had the name of Pulling Point. The name which ic now bears, was given it by the proprietors, as a mark of respect to the late Gov. Shirley.
NIX'S MATE
Is an irregular, barren and rocky base of an Island, between Gallop and Long Island head, almost entirely concealed at high water. There is a beacon, of split stone in the centre, nearly 4<) feet square, fastened to- gether by copper bolts, which perfectly secures it from the tremendous force of the waves, in times of north-
120 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
easterly gales. To speak more definitely, the shape is a parallelogram, the sides heing 12 feet high, and as- cended by stone steps on the south side. On the top of this, is a six sided pyramid of wood, 20 feet high, with one window to the south. This is the conspicuous part of the beacon, and serves as a prominent warning to seamen, to keep from the dangerous shoal on which it stands. At low tide, more than an acre of land is visi- ble, and at high tide, only small boats can sail to the monument. A very aged gentleman states, that he can remember when Nix's Mate was a verdant island, on which a large number of sheep were pastured. For- ty years ago, although the soil is now completely gone, there was pasturage for 50 head of sheep, entirely above high water mark.
Tradition says, that the master of a vessel whose name was Nix, was murdered by his mate, and buried on this island, some century and a half ago. The mate was executed for the horrid crime, but declared he was innocent of the murder, and prophesied that the island, as an evidence of his innocence, would be entirely washed away. He was executed nearly on the spot where the pyramid is erected. The total disappearance of the land, above water, has led many to believe the truth of his assertion — that he was unjustly put to death. The circumstance -was handed down from one genera- tion to another, till the erection of the beacon, when by general consent, among seamen, it took the name of Nix's Mate. It was the custom about a century ago to hang pirates in chains on this Island, to strike a terror to sailors as they came into port, that the influence might deter them from the commission of such wick- edness.
CHURCHES. 121
BOSTON CHURCHES.
The towering domes and lofty spires, which mark the numerous temples dedicated to public worship, consti- tute a pleasing variety in the view of the city, whether it is approached bj- land or water. They have been the scenes of many interesting events, and with their history are blended many tender associations and animating re- collections. "When religion shall become the glory of all lands, 'the glory of the children' of Boston, shall be ' their fathers.'
Our capital has not indeed been unmindful of the ad- vantages which she has in this respect possessed ; nor of her correspondent obligations. It would be difficult to point to any section of Christendom, where the min- isters of the gospel have been uniformly treated with greater attention, respect and affection. So notorious is the truth of this remark, that Boston has long been pro- verbially characterized as The Paradise of Clergymen. May this continue to be her glory : and may she bring forth in more and more copious harvests, the best fruits of religious institutions, inherited from our fathers, nur- tured with pious care, and blessed with the smiles of a benignant Providence !
FIRST CHURCH CHAU>"CY PLACE.
Constituted July SO, 1030.
Minxsttrs. |
Settlement. |
Exit. |
A^e. |
1 John Wilson, |
August 27,1630 |
August 7, 1667 |
73 |
2 John Cotton, |
Oct 10, 1633 |
Dec 15,1652 |
67 |
S John Noi ton, |
July 23, 1656 |
Apiil 5, 1663 |
57 |
4 John Davenpoif, |
Dec. 9, 16G8 |
MavcL 12, 1670 |
73 |
11
122 PICTURE OF BOSTON
Ministers. |
Settlement, |
Exit. |
Age. |
5 James Allen, |
Bee. 9, 1663 |
Sept. 22, 1710 |
78 |
G John Oxenbiidge, |
April 10, 1671 |
Dec. 28, 1674 |
65 |
7 Josliua Moody, |
May 3, 1684 |
J 692 |
—r |
8 John Bailey, |
July 7, 1693 |
Dec, 12, 1697 |
54 |
9 Benja. Wadsworth, |
Sept. 8, 1696 |
June 16, 1725* |
68 |
10 Thomas Biidge, |
May 10, 1705 |
Sept 26, 1715 |
58 |
11 Thomas Foxcroft, |
Nov. 20,1717 |
June 16, 1769 |
73 |
12 Ch. Chauncy,D. D. |
Oct. 25, 1727 |
Feb. 10, 1787 |
82 |
13 John Clarke, D. D. |
July 8, 1778 |
April 1, 1793 |
43 |
14 Wm. Emerson, |
Oct. 16,1799 |
May 12, 1811 |
42 |
15 John L. Abbott, |
July 14, 1313 |
Oct. 17, 1814 |
SI |
1G N. L. Frothinchain, March 15, 1815
The house now occupedby this Church, in Chauney Place, is their fourth place of worship. The first, which was built in 1632, stood on the south side of State-street, probably on the spot occupied by the Deuces' building so called, on the corner of Devonshire-street. That was sold 1640, and a new house erected on the plat which is now covered by the block of buildings, called Cornhill-square. This house was burnt in the Great Fire, Oct. 2, 1711. The next was a large brick edifice, erected on the same spot, which being the first regular church built of brick obtained in time the name of the Old Brick. It remained, a monument of the faithful labor of former generations, until the year 1S0S, the last service in it having been performed on the 17th, and the first in the present house, on the 21st of July, in that year.
The Church in Chauncy-place is so called, from the circumstance of its being built on a piece of ground once cultivated as a garden by the celebrated Dr.
* Dismissed to become President of Harvard Collegt : died Maich 12, 1737, JEt. 68.
CHURCHES. 123
Chauncy, formerly a pastor of the society. The build- ing is of brick. 70 by 75 feet, and is finished in an ele- gant style. It has a basement story which is occupied for school rooms, vestry, &c. Over the front door is a marble tablet with inscriptions relative to the history of the church. The present sentiments of the first church are Unitarian.
SECOND CHURCH.
Old Ncrth and Neva Brick Churches united.
Old North constituted, June 5, 1650. — New Brick constituted, May 23. 1722.— United June 27, 1779.
Ministers of Old North. Settlement. Exit. Ay.
1 John Mayo, Nov. 9, 1655 April 15, 1673
2 Incr. Mather, D D. May 27, 1664 Aug. 23, 1723 to S Cotton Mather. D.D. Mar 13, 1684 Feb. 13, 1723 65
4 Joshua Gee, Dec. 18, 1723 May 22, 1748 50
5 6aml.3Iath«r, D. D. June 21. 1732 Oct. 23, 1741 —
6 Sam!. Checkley,jr. Sept. 3, 17 17 March 19, 1768 44
7 John Lathrop, D. D. May 18, 1768 Jan. 4, 1816 77
New Brick
8 William "Waldron, May 23, 1722 Sept. 20, 1727 51
9 William Welsteed, March 27, 1723 Sept. 29, 1753 58 iO Ellis Gray, Sept. 27, 1733 Jan. 17, 1753 S7
11 EbenV. Pemberton, Match 6, 1754 Sept. 15, 1777 72
12 Henry Ware, jr. Jan. 1, 1817
* When tlie age is given or left blank in this column, it will be un- derstood that the minister died in office : when a dash is used, that he withdrew.
Previously to Mr. Mayo's induction, public services had been main- tained by Mr. Michael Powel, whom the church would have settled as their pastor, if the civil magistrates would have consented. Mr. Mayo withdrew in consequence of his age and infirmities, and temoved (o Yarmouth, wlieie he died, May , 1676.
Dr. Mather was dismissed to form another church. Tie died June 27, 1785, JEt 79.
124 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
The Old North was located at the head of the North Square. The first building, erected in 1649, was de- stroyed by fire, Nov. 27, 1676. It was rebuilt of wood the next year, and then stood for a century, till it was pulled down by order of Gen. Howe, for fuel for the refugees and tories, Jan. 16, 1776. The lot of land af- terwards became the property of Rev. Dr. Lathrop, who built upon it the house now occupied by Mr. Dick- inson.
The ~New Crick is the oldest Meeting-house in the city. It was dedicated May 10, 1721. The interior has recently been altered so as to assume more of a modern style, and has a very neat appearance. It stands on Hanover-street on a rising around, near the corner of Richmond-street. The founders of this branch of the Soeie'ty which was the seventh congre- gational, originally seceded from the fifth, or New North. Present sentiments of the church, Unitarian.
FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH.
Constituted May 23, 1665.
Age.
Ministers, |
Settlement. |
Exit. |
1 Thomas Gould, |
1665 |
Oct. 1675 |
2 John Miles, |
||
3 John Russell, |
July 28, 1679 |
Dec. 24, 1680 |
4 Isaac Hull, |
||
5 John Emblin, |
16C4 |
Dec. 9, 1702 |
6 Ellis Callender, |
1708 |
1728 ? |
7 Elisha Callender, |
May 21, 1718 |
March 31, 1738 |
8 Jeie. Condy, |
Feb 11, 1739 |
August, 1764 |
9 Saml. Slilluian,D.D. |
Jan. 9, 1765 |
Maich 12, 1S07 |
10 Joseph Clay, |
Aug. 19, 1807 |
Oct. 27. 1809 |
11 James M. Winchell, |
March 13,1814 |
Feb. 22. 1S20 |
12 Fia. Wayland,D.D. |
Aug. 22, 1821 |
Sept. 10, 1825 |
13 Cyrus P. Giosvenor, |
Jan. 24, 1827 |
70 28
J)rawn and Enararttl ujt Bourns JL/ure ot'Jiestori.
CHURCHES. 125
The history of this church is most intimately connec- ted with that of the progress of religious liberty in Massachusetts. When the little band first united, they were compelled to seek shelter in by-places for their worshipping assemblies. Sometimes they met at Nod- dle's Island — they gathered themselves together at Charlestown, and when they finally built a house in Boston, in 1678, they were obliged to do it clandestinely, as if for some other object — and after they had dared to meet in it, the doors were closed by the hand of the magistrate. Perseverimr. however, to maintain what thev asserted to be their rights, thev sraduallv felt the hand of power to lay less heavily upon them, and in 171S, when Mr. Elisha Callender was ordained, some of the most eminent pedobaptist ministers took part in the public services. From that time downward, the spirit of persecution has been banished from. Boston.
Their first house was located on the lot upon Salem and Stillman-streets, and close by the water of the Mill Pond. It served the church till 1771, when they erec- ted a new one, of wood, 57 ft. by 53, on the same spot. It was dedicated, Dec. 22, 1771 ; in 1791, it was enlar- ged by an addition of 24 feet to the west end, which was carried out over the water. In 1S2S, the Society has concluded to remove from the ancient spot, and will occupy the new brick edifice erected at the corner of Union and Hanover-streets.
The records do not enable us to supply the dates which are left blank. Rev. Mr. Condy after his re- signation resided in Boston, as bookseller, till his death, Aug. 28, 1768, JEt 59. Rev. Mr. Clay died in Boston on the 11th of Januaiy, lSll,inthe 47th j-earof his age. Rev. Dr. Wayland is now President of Browrn Univer- sity. The sentiments of this church are calvinistic. II*
123 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
OLD SOUTH CHURCH. Const i. May 12, 1669.
ministers. Settlement. Exit. Jge
1 Thomas Thachcr, Feb. 16, 1G70 Oct. 15, 1678 55
2 Samuel Willaid, April 10, 1678 Sep!. 12, 1707 66 S Eben'r. Pembeiton, Aug. 23,1700 Feb. q3, 1717 45
4 Jos. Sewall, D.D. Sept. 16, 1713 Jnne 27, 1769 CO
5 Thomas Prince, Oct. I, 1710 Oct. 22, 1753 72
6 Alexaud. dimming, Feb. 25, 1761 Aug. 25, 17C3 S7
7 Samuc-I El-iir, D.D. Nov. 19, 1766 Oct. 10, 17C9* — 6 John Bacon, Sept. 25, 1771 Feb. 8, 1775* — 9 John Hunt, Sept. 25, 1771 Dec. 20. 1775 SI
10 Jose. Eckley, D.D. Oct. 27, 1779 April 20, 1811 61
11 Joshua Huntington, May 18, 1808 Sept. 11,1819 S4
12 B. B.Wisnei,D.D. Feb. 21, 1821.
It is somewhat remarkable that the Old South as well as the First and the first Baptist Churches were all or- ganized, at their outset, in Charlestown. Although the founders of the Old South were congregationalists, there was sufficient informality in their gathering, to cause a public proclamation against them when the.}' undertook to set up their house. No decisive measures were ta- ken to prevent them, and they therefore went forward with their building. It was of wood, on the spot now occupied by the Society, at the corner of Milk and Washington-streets. That house was taken down, March 3, 1729, and on April 26, 1730, the new house, which is the present building, was opened for public worship. The inside of it was entirely destroj-ed by the British dragoons, who took possession of it, Oct. 27,
* Rev. Mr. Bacon died, Nov. , 1820, iEt. 83. Rev. Dr. Blair re- tired to Pennsylvania.
CHURCHES. 127
1775, for the purpose of a riding school. After the siege was raised, the Old South people improved the Stone Chapel till their house was put into repair. It is probably the most capacious house in the city, and is the one selected for the celebration of religious services on the anniversary of the General Election and Inde- pendence.
Sentiments of Old South Church. Calvinistic.
king's chapel.
Episcopal Society formed. June 15, 1686.
Ministers. |
Settlement. |
Exit. |
1 Jlobcil Ralclifle, |
1686 |
|
2 Robert Claike, |
16£6 |
|
3 Sam'l. Myles, |
June 29, 1689 |
March 1, 1728 |
4 GeoigeHatton, |
1693 |
July, 169G |
5 Christophei Bridge, |
March 5, 1699 |
Oct. 1, 1706 |
6 Henrv Hairii. |
April, 1709 |
Oct. 6, 1729 |
7 Rogei Trice, |
June 25, 1729 |
Nov. 21, 1746 |
8 Tho5. Harward, |
April, 1731 |
April 15, 1736 |
9 Adding!. Davenport, |
Apiil 15, 1737 |
May 8, 1740 |
10 Stephen Roe, |
1741 |
1744 |
11 Henry Canei, D.D. |
April 11, 1747 |
March 17, 1776 |
12 Charles Biockwell, |
1747 |
Aug. 20, 1755 |
13 John Troulbeck, |
1755 |
Novembei, 1755 |
After the revolution, the remaining proprietors of the Chapel adopted a Unitarian Liturgy, which they con- tinue to use, while they retain also some of the forms of the Church of England. They have had three Rec- tors, namely,
14 James Freeman, D.D. Oct. 20, 1782
15 Samuel Cary, Jan. 1, 1809 Oct. 22, 1815 50
16 Fr. W. P. Greenvrooil, Aug. 29, 1824
12S PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Rev. Dr." Freeman is the oldest surviving clergyman in] the city. He commenced Reader on the day above named and received ordination as Rector, Nov. 18, 1787. The first Chapel, founded in 16S8, was a wood- en building:, of much smaller dimensions than the pre- sent, which was opened for divine service, Aug. 21, 1754.
The exterior of this edifice is extremely plain, being entirely of unhammered stone. The tower is support- ed by a colonnade of large wooden pillars, and the whole presents the appearance of massy grandeur suit- ed to distinguish in former days the place of worship for the public functionaries. In the interior, the Gov- ernor's pew is still distinguished above the rest. The style of architecture is of the Corinthian order. There are several monumental marbles, which add to the in- terest with which the church is visited. It is now the onljr house in which the old fashion of square pews is retained.
QUAKERS' MEETING.
From the year 1664 to 1808, the society of Friends held regular meetings in Boston. They built the first brick meeting-house in the town, in Brattle street, and another of similar materials, in Congress street. The former was sold in 1708, the latter was erected prior to 1717, and stood till April, 1825, when the building was sold and demolished. Connected with this house was a burial ground, in which the dead of the society were interred. Their remains were removed to Lynn in the summer of 1826. The land was sold in 1827 ; it lies unoccupied at present, and is the only remaining ves- tige of a once flourishing society. Even less than that remains of the French Protestant church.
CHURCHES. 129
FRENCH PROTESTANT CHURCH
which originated here in 16S6 ; "built a brick church in School street, on land adjoining the Universal meeting- house on the east; had two pastors — Rev. Paul Daille, who died May 20, 1715, set 66, and Rev. Andrew Le Mercier. The society was discontinued in 1T4S, and sold their house to a new congregation. Mr. LeMer- cier lived till March 31. 1764, and attained to the 72d year of his age.
BRATTLE STREET CHURCH. Constituted Dec. 12, 1693.
Ministers. |
Settlement. |
Exit. |
Age |
1 Benjamin Cclman, D.D. |
Aug. 4, 1699 |
Aug. 29. 1747 |
73 |
2 William Cooper, |
May 23, 171G |
Dec. 13, 1743 |
50 |
S Samuel Cooper, D.D. |
May 22, 1746 |
Dec. 20, 1783 |
68 |
4 Peter Thncher, D.D. |
Jan. 12, 1785 |
Dec. 16, 1802 |
51 |
5 J. S. Buckminster, |
Jan. 30, 1G05 |
June 9,1812 |
28 |
6 Edward Evei ett, |
Feb. 9, 1814 |
March 5, 1815 |
* |
7 John G. Palfiey, |
June 17, 1818. |
This society originated in a desire, on the part of its founders, to extend the privilege of voting in the choice of a minister to every baptized adult, who contributed to the maintenance of worship, instead of limiting it, as it had hitherto been in other churches, to the commu- nicants alone. They adopted some other customs, at variance with general'usage, and published a manifesto or declaration of their principles and designs, which gained them the name of the mamfesto church. Their 'pleasant new-built church' was erected onBrattle's close, and opened for worship Dec. 24, 1699. It was a wooden
130 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
building, with window frames of iron. It was taken down in May, and the corner stone of the present build- ing laid in June, 1772, and the house opened July 25, 1773.
Governors Hancock and Bowdoin were liberal bene- factors of this society. The name of the former was in- scribed on one of the rustic quoins at the south-west corner of the building. The British soldiery defaced it, and the stone remains in the condition in which they left it. A similar inscription, unmutilated, appears on one of the rustic quoins at the south-west corner of the tower ; and on one in the north-west corner, the name of Dr John Greenleaf appears, who, with Gov Bowdoin, advanced the money for refitting the church, it having been improved as a barrack, during the seige. A shot, which was sent from the American army, at Cambridge, struck the tower on the night preceding the evacuation of the town. It was picked up and preserved, and is now fastened in the spot where it struck. Gen. Gage's head quarters were in the house opposite.
Brattle-street church adopts the Unitarian senti- ments.
NEW NORTH CHURCH* |
|||
Consli. May 5, 171-SL |
|||
Minis ten. |
Settlement* |
Exih |
Jge. |
1 John Webb, |
Oct. 20, 1714 |
April 1G, 1750 |
62 |
2 Peter Thacher, |
Jan. 28, 1720 |
Feb. 26, 1739 |
61 |
3 Andrew Eliot, D.D |
April 14. 1742 |
Sept. 13, 1773 |
53 |
4 John Eliot, D.D. |
Nov, 3, 1779 |
Feb. 14, 1813 |
59 |
5 Francis Parkman, |
Dec, 8, 1813, |
The project of forming a new society at the north part of the town originated with seventeen substantial mechanics, in the winter of 1712. By the 5th of May,
CHURCHES. 131
1714, they had erected a convenient meeting house on the lot at the corner of Clark and Hanover-streets, where their present place of worship stands. This last was dedicated May 2, 1S04. It is the second (the Ro- man Catholic being the first) of the modern built churches. Its exterior is in a bold and commanding style. The front is decorated with stone pilasters of a compos â– ite order ; a series of attic pilasters over them ; a tow- er and cupola, terminated with a handsome vane, above 100 feet from the foundation. The inside is a square of 72 feet : two ranges of Doric columns under the gal- leries and Corinthian above them, support the ceiling, which rises in an arch of moderate elevation in the cen- tre : the whole well adapted for sight and sound.
This church is considered to be Unitarian in senti- ment.
NEW SOUTH CHURCH. Consti. Apiil 15.1719.
Ministers. |
Settlement. |
Exit. |
Age. |
1 Samuel Cheekley, |
April 15, 1719, |
Dec. 1, 1769 |
73 |
2 PenuelBowen,* |
April 28, 1766 |
May 12,1772 |
— |
3 Joseph Howe, |
May J 9, 1773 |
Aug. 25, 1775 |
23 |
4 Oliver Everett, |
Jan. 2, 1782 |
May 26, 1792 |
— |
5 J. T.Kirkland, D.D. |
Feb. 5, 1794 |
Nov. 1810 |
— |
6 Samuel C. Thacher, |
15 May, 1811 |
2 Jin. 1818 |
S2 |
7 F. W. P. Greenwood, |
Oct. 21, 1818 |
Dec. 1820 |
— |
8 Alexander Young, |
Jan. 19, 1825 |
The first meeting on the subject of forming this So- ciety was held in 1715, at the Bull Tavern, then a pub- lic house of note, and now remaining, one of the last
* Rev. President Kirkhnd, and Messrs. Bowen, Everett &. Green- wood resigned.
132 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
relics of ancient architecture, at the bottom of Sum- mer-street. The place they selected for their meeting- house was the lot on the angle between Summer and Bedford-streets. It seems to have been a town lot which our forefathers intended for that purpose, from their having given it the name of Church Green. The town granted it to the subscribers for erecting the house, which they finished and dedicated, Jan. 8, 1717.
The present church occupies the same spot : it was dedicated, Dec. 29, 1814. It was built of the best Chelmsford Granite and of the following dimensions. — The bod\r of the building is octagonal, formed in a square of seventy-six feet diameter, four sides being forty -seven feet, and four smaller sides twenty feet each, three large windows are in two of the principal sides, and one in each of the angles, and in the rear. The height is thirty-four feet, and finished with a Doric cornice of bold projection. The porch is of equal ex- tent with one of the sides, and is projected sixteen feet in front of which is a portico of four fluted columns of Grecian Doric : this portico is crowned with a pedi- ment, surmounted by a plain attic.
A tower rises from the centre of the attic, which in- cludes the belfry. The first story of the steeple is an octagon, surrounded by eight columns and a circular pedestal and entablature ; an attic, above this, gradual- ly diminishing by three steps or gradins, supports a sec- ond range of Corinthian columns, with an entablature and balustrade ; from this, the ascent in a gradual dim- inution, forms the base of the spire, which is crowned with a ball and vane. The entire height is one hun- dred and ninety feet.
Inside the house, the ceiling is supported by four Ionic columns connected above their entablature by
CHURCHES. 133
four arches of moderate elevation ; in the angles, pen- dants, or fans rising from a circular horizontal ceiling, decorated with a centre flower. Between the arches and walls are grains springing from the cornice, sup- ported by Ionic pilasters between the windows. The galleries rest upon small columns, and aTe finished in the front with balustrades. The pulpit is richly built of mahogany, supported by Ionic and Corinthian col- umns. The floor of the house contains one hundred and eighteen pews, and the galleries thirty-two, be- sides the organ loft, and seats for the orphan children of the Female Asylum.
In constructing this house, an attempt has been made to unite the massive simplicity of the Grecian temple with the conveniences of the christian church. The bold proportions of the portico, cornices and windows, and the simplicity of the attic, give the impression of classical antiquity ; while the tower and steeple are in- ventions, comparatively, of a modern date. It is the first in which the modern style of long windows was introduced.
The Unitarian sentiments are maintained by this church.
CHRIST CHURCH. Episcopal Society formed, Sept. 5, 1722.
Ministers. Settlement. Exit. -Age.
1 Timothy Cutler, D.D. Dec. 29, 1793 Aug. 17, 1765
2 James Gieaton, 1759 Aug. 31,1767 — S Mather Byles, jr. D.D. April 22, 1768 Apiil, 1775 —
4 Stephen Lewis, August, 1778 1785 —
5 William Montague, April, 1786 May, 1792 —
6 Win. Waller, D.D. May 19, 1792 Dec. 5, 1800 64
7 Samuel Haskell, May, 1801 Sept. 1803 —
8 Asa Eaton, D-D. Oct. 23, 1 803
12
134 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
This church is situated in Salem-street, near Copp's Hill. Its elevation makes it the most conspicuous ob- ject in North Boston. The corner stone was laid with religious ceremonies by Rev. Mr. Myles, April 22, 1723, and the house was dedicated on the 29th of De- cember, the same year.
Christ Church is 70 ft. long, 50 wide and 35 high ; the walls are two feet and a half thick, the steeple's area is 24 feet square* The brick tower is 78 feet high; the spire above is 97 feet ; in all 175 feet. Under the church is the Cemetery containing 33 tombs.
The interior was greatly improved by alterations made a few years since. Formerly there was a centre aisle, which is now closed, and the space converted into pews. The large altar window is closed, and the chan- cel is enriched by an altar piece. The paintings con- taining the Lord's prayer, select texts of scripture, and the last supper, are from the pencil of an artist of this city, and are deservedly admired. The flues of the stoves are inclosed by pilasters, supporting an entabla- ture and cornice over the chancel, on the frieze of which is inscribed "This is none other than the house of God, and this is the Gate of Heaven." Above this is a paint- ing, the Descent of the Holy Spirit, finely executed. — At the east end of the church, on the side of the chan- cel, is a monument to the memory of Washington, (the first ever erected to his memory in this country) with a bust well executed by an Italian artist. The old stee- ple, which was considered one of the most elegant in the Union, had suffered for the want of timely repairs, and was overthrown by the violent October gale of 1804. The liberality of the citizens furnished four thousand dollars for the erection of a new one, which was com- pleted according to a model furnished by Charles Bui-
CHURCHES, 135
finch. Esq. in which the proportions and symmetry of the old one are carefully preserved.
This church is furnished with the only peal of bells in the city. It was a custom in former days to chime them several nights previous to Christmas, and to ring the old year out and the new year in, most merrily up- on them. They are inscribed with the following
M 'ottos and Devices.
1st Bell.— "This peal cf S Bells is the gift of a number of generous persons to Christ Church, in Boston, N. E. anno 1744. A. R."
2d Bell.— -This church was founded in the year 1723, Timothy Cutler, D. D. the first Rector,* A. R. 1744."
3d Bell. — "We are the first ring of Bells cast for the British Empire in North America, A. R. 1744."
4th Bell. — "God preserre the Church of England. 1744."
5th Bell.— "'William Shirley, Esq. Governor of the Massachusetts Bay, in New-England, anno 1744."
6th Bell. — "The subscription for these Bells was begun by John Hammock and Robert Temple, church wardens, anno 1743; completed by Robert Jenkins and John Gould, church wardens, anno 1744."
7th Bell. — "Since Generosity has opened our mouths, our tongues shall ring aloud its praise." 1744.
8th Bell. — ".^bel Rudhall, of Gloucester, cast us all, anno 1744."
* A chair, which this Rev. Divine brought from England, and which the veneiated Dear. Berkley (at the sale of whose effects it was purchas- ed by Dr.C'utlei) said was modelled after the form of the Cuiule JEdilis, in Rome, is now in the possession of a gentleman in this city. It is 100 years since Dr. G. bought it.
136 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Connected with this church is a Sabbath-school, which was the first institution of the kind in New-England. — It was commenced in June, 1815. Its founders have had the satisfaction of seeing their example followed by most other churches in the city. The average attend- ance of children is from 75 to 100.
The doctrines of the church of England are advocat- ed in this church without alteration.
FEDERAL STREET CHURCH.
Irish Presbvteiian, 1727. — Congiegalional, 1787
Ministers.
1 John Morehead,
2 Robert Anmn,
3 Jer. Belknap, D.D.
4 J. S. Popkin, D.D.
5 Win. E. dimming, D.D. June I, 1803
6 Ezra Stiles Gannett, June 30, 1824.
This society was originally composed of a number of Presbyterian families from the north of Ireland. They purchased a convenient lot at the corner of Bury-St. (now corrupted to Berry,) and Long-lane (now called Federal street,) and altered a barn, which stood there, into a house of worship, which sufficed the wants of the society till their means enabled them to raise a new and convenient edifice, in 1744. At that time they were in a flourishing condition; but after Mr. Moorhead's de- cease, they probably declined, and eventually embrac- ed the practice of our Congregational order, in 1787. — Their first pastor under the new regime was as conspi- cuous for his learning and talents, as the original found- er, Mr. Morehead, had been for his eccentricities.
h'tttlancnt. |
Exit. |
Agz. |
Maich SO, 1730 |
Dec. 2, 1773 |
70 |
17 S3 |
17S3 |
— |
April 4, 1787 |
June 20, 1798 |
5-1 |
July 10, 1799 |
Nov. 28, 1 802 |
— |
CHURCHES. 137
This church was the place of meeting for the Massa- chusetts Convention, when they decided on the adop- tion of the United States Constitution. It is from this circumstance that the street derives its name. The present edifice is a fine specimen of Saxon Gothic, de- signed bv Charles Bulfinch Esq. who has since held the station of principal architect over the publick buildings at Washington. It was dedicated Nov. 23, 1S09. The architecture is admirable for its uniformity and the sym- metry of its proportions. It is the only pure specimen of that style of building in this metropolis.
The ministers of this church are decided advocates of the Unitarian system.
HOLEIS STREET CHURCH. Consti. November 14, 1732.
Ministers. Settlement. Exit. Age.
1 Mather Bjles, D.D. Dec. 20, 1732 1777 —
2 Ebenezer Wight, Feb. 25, 1773 Sept. 1783
3 Saml. West, D.D. March 12, 1789 Apiil 10, 1808 70
4 Horace Holley, D.D. March 9, 1809 Aug. 24, 1818 —
5 John Pierpont, April 14, 1819.
His excellency Jonathan Belcher, Governor of Mas- sachusetts, in 1730, conveyed the land on which this house of worship stands, to Wm. Paine, Esq. and others, on condition that they should build thereon. Accord- ingly they erected a meeting-house 40 feet by 30, with a steeple — it was finished and dedicated, June IS, 1732. Beino- entirely of wood, it was destroyed in the great fire of April 20, 1TS7. In 1793 it was rebuilt, also of wood, and taken down in 1810, to make way for the present edifice, which is of brick, and was dedicated Jan. 31, 1811. It is 79 1-2 feet by 76, exclusive of the 12*
138 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
tower. It contains 130 pews on the lower floor, and 38 in the gallery, besides the seats for the choir — the stee- ple is 19G feet high. The materials of the old house were sold to a society in "Weymouth, where it was put up anew almost in its original form. It was very ele- gant for a wooden building, and a drawing of it is pre- served in the Massachusetts Magazine for 1793." Hollis- street church is Unitarian in sentiment.
TRINITY CHURCH.
Society commenced, April, 1723.
Ministers. Settlement. Exit. Age.
1 Addington Davenport, May 8, 1740 Sept. S, 1746
2 William Hooper, Aug. 28, 1747 Apiil 14, 17G7
3 William Walter, D.D. July 22, 1764 Mai ch 17, 1776 —
4 Samuel Parker, D.D. May 19, 1774 Dec. 6, 1301 CO
5 John S. J. Gardiner, D.D. Api il 12, 1792
6 Geo. W. Doane, 1828
The number of adherents to the doctrines and forms of the church of England seems to have increased rap- idly, after the introduction of the royal government into the colony, under the charter of 1691. The reason as- signed for the erection of Christ church, was, that the chapel was not large enough to contain all that would come to it; and the first step towards the formation of Trinity church were taken by reason that the chapel was full, and no pews to be bought by new comers — this was in 1728. The subscription succeeding, after some delay, a church was erected, and consecrated Aug.
* Rev. Dr. Byles died July 5, 1733. Rev. Mr Wight, Sept. 1821.— Rev. President Iiolley, July 81, 1S27.
5>3iS.2S ssamssK
,:i„iL.:-? SISmE'EIC
CHURCHES. 139
15, 1735. It was the building; of which a drawing- is
J OCT
given in our plates, and which stood till 1S28. Though its exterior was less imposing, being of wood, it was more highly ornamented within than almost any other church in the cit}r. The Trinitarian doctrines have always been preached here.
The corner stone of the new edifice (which occupies the site of the ancient building at the corner of Hawley and Summer streets) was laid Aug. 15, 1828, by the Rev. Dr. Gardiner, the rector of the church, with appropri- ate ceremonies. A silver plate, bearing the following inscription, (with a number of the Episcopal Watchman and a Centinel, of April 12, 1828, containing the most important chronological memoranda of the parish, and several pieces of the current silver coin of the United States) was enclosed in a glass case, with envelopes of tin and of lead, and deposited under the stone :
TRINITY CHURCH.
Built A. D. 1734. Rebuilt A. D. 1828.
Rt. Rev. Alexander Viets Griswold, D. D. Bishop of
the Eastern Diocese. Rev. John Sylvester John Gardiner, D. D. Rector.
Rev. George Washington Doane, A. M. Assistant Min- ister.
Edward Hutchinson Robbins, jun. Esq. and George Brinley, Esq. JVardens.
John Trecothick Apthorp, Esq. George Brinley, Esq. John Hubbard, Esq. William Dehon, Esq. Joseph Head, jun. Esq. William Davis Sohier, Esq. and Ed- ward Hutchinson Robbins, jun. Esq. Building Com- mittee.
140 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
The plan of the Church was designed by George Wat- son Brimmer, Esq. The Corner Stone was laid September loth, 1S28.
Aefftj to* Qea.
The materials, which are of the Quincy granite, far surpass any which we have ever seen ; and the founda- tion and upper walls, for beauty, strength, and solidity, we are bold to say, are not equalled in this country.
WEST CHURCH.
Constituted January 3, 1737.
Ministers. Settlement. Exit. -Ag*'
1 Win. Hooper, May 18,1737 Nov. 19, 1746 —
2 Jona. Mayliew, D.D. June 17, 1747 July 8, 1766 46
3 Simeon Howarc!,D.D. May 6, 1767 Aug. 13, 1804 72
4 CharJes Lowell, D.D. Jan. 1, 1806.
The formation of this church, it is said, was owing to a desire on the part of its founders, to enjoy the ministe- rial services of the Rev. Mr. Hooper, who became their first pastor ; although he probably had not given any positive assurance that he would accept the office, for the New Brick church invited him to become colleague with Mr. Welsteed as late as Dec. 22, 17S6. Mr. H. was a native of Scotland, a man of more than ordinary powers of mind, of a noble aspect, an eloquent and pop- ular preacher. The frame of their meeting-house, with the tower thereof, was erected early in September, 1736. Mr. Hooper was unanimously chosen to the pastoral of- fice, on the day when the church was constituted, and ordained on the 18th of May, 1737. He continued in the office a little over nine years, when he left this society,
CHURCHES 141
and became rector of Trinity church after receiving E- piscopal ordination. His successor, Dr. Mayhew, was one of the brightest luminaries of the church, and fore- most among the boldest friends of civil and religious lib- erty. It is doubtful whether even the ardent devoted- ness of James Otis did more to kindle the lire of the A- merican Revolution, tban did the zeal and arguments of Dr. Mayhew. Ke died a few weeks after delivering his discourse on the repeal of the stamp act.
In 1806, immediately after the ordination of Dr. Low- ell, measures were taken towards erecting a new meet- ing-house. In April, the old one was taken down, and the present one completed, and dedicated Nov. 27th of the same year. This building unites neatness with el- egance. It is seventy-five feet long and seventy-four feet wide — the walls are thirty-four feet high, the porch is seventeen by thirty-six feet, the walls of which are seventy-three feet high and finished after the Doric or- der. On the porch is erected a cupola twenty-nine feet high, which is finished in the Ionic order. The pulpit and front of the gallery are finished in the modern Com- posite order. The ceiling has a dome in its centre, for- ty-two feet in its greatest diameter. The horizontal part of the ceiling is ornamented with pannels, fans, &.c. The lower floor is spacious and convenient, and contains 112 pews. To its architectural embellishments an ele- gant clock is added, the donation of the late John Der- by, Esq. This church is counted among those which adopt the Unitarian sentiments.
SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH. Constituted July 27, 1743. Ministers. Settlement. Exit. Age.
1 Ephraim Bownd, Sept. 7, 1743 June 18. 17G5 46
2 John Davis, Sept. 9, 1770 July 19, 1772 —
112 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Ministers. Settlement. Exit. Age
3 Isaac Skillruan, D.D. Oct. S, 1773 Oct. 7, 1787
4 Thomas Gair, April 23, 1788 Apiil 27, 1790 35
5 Thomas Baldwin, D.D. Nov. 11, 1700 Aug. 29, 1825 72
6 James D. KnuwJes, Dec. 28, 1825.
The second baptist church was originally formed, July 27, 1743, by three brethren of the first baptist church, who seceded in consequence of their disapprobation of the sentiments of the Rev. Mr. Condy, then their pastor. These brethren for a while assumed the name of the first baptist church, but the causes of discontent having sub- sided, their successors have long borne the numerical ti- tle which the order of time assigned to them. This so- ciety held their Lord?s-day meetings for publick wor- ship, at the dwelling-house of Mr. James Bownd, in Sheaf street, near Copp's hill, from Oct. 3, 1742, until June 3, 1745, when they removed to Mr. Proctor's school-house, and there metuntil Lord's-day, March 15, 1746, when the first sermon was preached in their new meeting-house, which stood on the spot now occupied by the church. It was a wooden building of 45 by 33 feet, finished in a plain, but decent style. Near the head of the broad aisle Avas prepared a font or cistern, in which their candidates were immersed — it continued in use for more than forty years, having been enlarged in 1738 and ap-ain in 1797. In 1810 that building was removed to make room for the present edifice, which is of brick, 80 feet by 75, exclusive of a tower 38 feet by 18. The dedication took place Jan. 1, 1811. The sen- timents of this church have always been Trinitarian.
REV. SAMUEL MATHER?S CHURCH
Was composed of a number of the members of the Old North, at which he was an associate minister with Mr.
CHURCHES. 143
Gee. It commenced in 1741, and continued in exist- ence, under his care, till his death, which occurred June 27, 1785.* After that the society was broken up, and their meeting-house was sold to the
riRST UNIVERSE LIST CHURCH. Organized in 1785.
Ministers. Settlement. Exit. Age.
1 John Murray, Oct.24,1773 Sept. 3, 1815 74
2 Edwaid Mitchell, Sept. 12, 1810 Oct.6,1811
3 Paul Dean, Aug. 19, 1813 Apiil 6. 1823 —
4 Sebastian Streeter, May 13, 1824.
Mr. Murray, the first minister of this society, is sup- posed to have been the first preacher of the doctrine of Universal Salvation, unreservedly, in America. He commenced in the vicinity of New- York, in the year 1770, and preached for the first time in Boston on the 26th of October, 1773. It was not, however, till 1785, that his followers acquired numbers sufficient to induce them to provide themselves with a separate house for publick worship. The dissolution of Dr. Mather's soci- ety afforded them a good opportunity, which they em- braced, and purchased the house which he had occupi- ed, at the corner of Bennet and Hanover streets. The same building still remains, having been, however, sev- eral times altered and enlarged, so that it will now ac- commodate a numerous congregation. It is the last of
* For an account of this and of the Rev. Andrew Croswell's church which existed from 1748 to 1785, occupying the Old French Church, aad for a notice of the Sanden.auin Society, which commenced in 1764, and continued its meetings till 1823, we refer to the History of Boston p. 229, 231, 2c6.
144 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
the ancient wooden churches. The society is reckoned in that class of universalists which adopts the Unitarian sentiments.
ROMAN CATHOLIC FHURCH. Mass fust perfonned, November 22, 17G8.
Agt.
Ministers. |
Settlement. |
Exit. |
|
Mr. La Poteiie, |
1784 |
||
Louis de Rousselet, |
|||
John Thayei, |
June 10, 1790 |
||
F. A. Malignon, D. |
D. |
AuS. 20, 1792 |
Sept. 19, 1318 |
John L. deCheverus, |
Oct. 3, 1776 |
Sept. 26, 1823 |
|
Pliilip Laiisey, |
May. 1818 |
July, 1821 |
|
Patrick Byrne, |
March 18,1820 |
||
William Taylor, D. |
D. |
Apiil, 1821 |
Dec. 17, 1825 |
Benedict Femvick, |
May 10,1825 |
||
James Fellon, |
Bee. 23, 1827 |
||
William Wiley, |
Dec. 23, 1827 |
The first Roman Catholic congregation was assembled in 17S4, from among the few French and Irish then res- ident here, by the Abbe La Poterie, a chaplain in the French navy. In the year 1788, they obtained posses- sion of the old French church, in School street — mass was first performed in it, Nov. 2, 1788. M. La Poterie was succeeded by M. Rousselet and Mr. John Thayer, who was a native of Boston, and had taken orders as Catholic missionary. Mr. T. began his mission here June 10, 1790. In 1792, the Rev. Dr. Francis Anthony Matignon arrived in Boston, and was joined by the Rev. Bishop Cheverus, in 1796. Under the two last named clergymen, the congregation increased in numbers and respectability, and with some aid from Protestant friends, erected the church in Franklin place. It was dedicated
J)nuni .jn./ A'/it/miY<2 -for \BotrtHlt I'itliirYoflSostt-'H.
CHURCHES. 145
by the name of The Church of the Holy Cross, on the 29th of September, IS03. Bishop Cheverus was recall- ed to France by the King, and is now the archbishop of Bordeaux. The Rt. Rev. Bp.Fenwick succeeded to his place, as Bishop of Boston, arid together with the Rev. Mr. Byrne and Messrs. Felton and Wile}-, has now the charge of the church here and at South Boston, where a neat Gothic building is erected for the members of this communion, under the name of
st. augustise's chapel.
An inscription upon a tablet wrought into the front of the building, reads thus :
Erected
by the Catholic congregation
of Boston,
with the approbation
and assistance of
Right Reverend Bishop Cheverus,
A. D. 1819.
In connection with these churches, it is proper to
mention, that the Rev. Mr. Thayer made provision in
his will for the establishment of a Convent. Four Ur-
suline nuns arrived in Boston, in June, 1820, where they
were engaged in the instruction of children till July,
1826, when they removed, to constitute the
URSUtlKE COMMUNITY,
Mount Benedict, in Charlestown.
This beautiful and extensive establishment is about
two and a half miles from the city, delightfully located,
and commanding one of the most rich and variegated
prospects in the United States. The plan of education
13
146 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
pursued here is very extensive, embracing all those at- tainments which are considered necessary, useful or or- namental in society. The first and leading object with the ladies who have the charge of instruction, is to im- press upon the minds of their pupils the importance of the great and sublime truths of religion ; the other pur- suits are such useful and elegant studies as are intro- duced in our best conducted and most popular female seminaries.
Adjoining the establishment, is a garden, beautifully laid out, to which the young ladies alwa}-s have access. Besides this they are allowed, on days of recreation, to extend their walks over the whole farm, attended how- ever by one or more of their instructors. One of the regulations of the establishment is, that each j'oung la- dy, who applies for admission, bring with her a bed and bedding, six napkins, six towels, and table furniture, consisting of a silver table and tea spoon, knife, fork, and tumbler, all v.hich are returned at her departure. The uniform of the 3'oung ladies, consists, on week days, of a grey bcmbazett dress, and white on Sundays.
terms. — For Board and Tuition per annum, payable quarterly in advance, <3tl25,00. — For ink, quills, and paper, $4,00.
Extra charges are made for each of the languages, except the English, and also for tuition in music and oth- er extra branches.
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
The societies of this persuasion being all intimately connected, we shall notice them all under this one head. As early as the year 1768, when the British regiments were quartered in Eoston. there were some of the sol-
CHURCHES. 147
diers who were methodists, and soon gathered meetings. But the Rev. Wm. Black is the first regular preacher who appeared in any of our pulpits under this denomin- ation, unless Mr. "Whitfield be considered so. Mr. B. arrived here in 1784. From that time the sentiments gradually gained friends, until they formed a regular so- ciety, in August. 1792, which now bears the name of the
riRST METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHUKCH.
This society met in various places until 1796, when they had erected for themselves a convenient chapel in Methodist Alley, at North Boston ; it was dedicated May 15th. This building was of wood, 46 by 36 feet The church at that time numbered 50 communicants. Reg- ular and occasional meetings were constantly maintain- ed in this house till September IS, 1S28, when the new chapel in North Bennet street was dedicated. This is a handsome brick edifice, combining simplicity and neat- ness with the requisite grandeur and ornament.
It was at the laving of the corner stone of this church that the most awful occurrence ever witnessed among us occurred. The exterior walls of the cellar having been completed, the frame work of the floor perfectly laid, and the first layer of floor-boards closely jointed and nailed down, the 30th of April, 1828, was appointed for the religious ceremonies. The day was uncommonly favorable for an assembly in the open air; there was a deep stillness in the atmosphere, and the sun was suffi- ciently covered with (he clouds from the east to prevent the glare and heat of its rays. The preliminary servi- ces being performed, the Rev.Mr.Maffitt commenced the usual address. His position not being favourable to ac- commodate all the audience, he moved towards the cor-
143 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
ner of the western wall of the building, near the street. From this place the address was re-commenced. Tho agitation of the crowd subsided to a breathless stillness, and the voice of the speaker reverberated from the dwel- lings which stood around the site of the church like the walls of an amphitheatre. Towards the close of the ad- dress, after the delivery of a passage almost prophetic, which alluded to the time when the material walls of the edifice should have crumbled into dust, nearly one fifth of the whole extent of the flooring, wtth probably more than two hundred people, of all ages, sexes and variety of condition, were precipitated, without the least warn- ing, into the cellar, a depth of about eleven feet.
The scene that now ensued exceeds the powers of de- scription. It was like one of the terrible scenes of Avar or earthquake, and is remembered by those who fell in- to the chasm, and those who could look into it, as a con- fused, horrible and bloody dream. The length of the floor beam which broke and fell into the cellar was a- bout thirty-four feet, it broke near the middle, the cen- tre of the floor falling first, which precipitated all who stood on it towards that point, where they fell six or eight deep, crowded almost to suffocation; and when the op- posite ends of the beams and the falling floor struck the ground, there was a terrible rebound of the timbers in the centre, under which human flesh and bones were crushed like the tender herbs of the field.
Providentially, of the vast number that were exposed, not one person was instantly killed. Many suffered se- vere bruises, and many limbs were broken ; all but three, we understand, survive the injuries they received.
SECOND METHODIST CHURCH.
In the year 180G, the Methodist society, on the 3d of March, 'resolved that it was expedient to build another
CHURCHES. 149
chapel for the worship of -Almighty God.' On the 15th of April, the corner stone of the house in Bromfield's lane was laid 03' Rev. Peter Jayne, and it was complet- ed and dedicated on the 19th of November following. — Rev. Samuel Merwin preached on the occasion. This chapel is built of brick, its dimensions are S4 by 54 feet. Near the N. E. corner, in the middle course of hammer- ed stone, in the foundation, is a block taken from the celebrated rock on which our forefathers landed at Ply- mouth.
SOUTH BOSTON METHODIST CHURCH.
This society was incorporated Feb. 15, 1825. They had previously erected a house of worship, which was dedicated Jan. 22, 1S25.
THE AFRICAN METHODIST
Episcopal society is under the pastoral care of the Rev. Samuel Snowden, an ordained elder of the Methodist connexion, a man of color, born at the South, but having spent most of the last twenty years in the New-England states. He became a preacher in 1815, and removed to Boston in 1S18, soon after this church was gathered. Its number at the first organization was twentjr-three ; it reported to the annual conference, (in June, 1827) eighty-four members, all colored persons. Previous to the year 1824, they met at a private house in May street. In that year, "by the combined liberality of the citi- zens and christians of different denominations," they were provided with a chapel, which was '-'dedicated to 13*
150 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
the worship of the Most High God," on Sunday, the 24th of October. This building is of brick, 40 feet by 25; the lower story accommodates a family and a pri- mary school for colored children; the meetings of the society are held in the upper room, which is usually filled with hearers.
Bjr the regulations of this denomination, their clergy- men preach interchangeably at the several chapels, and have been usually stationed in Boston only for two successive years, To this rule there have been but a few exceptions.
List of Methodist Ministers who have officiated in the
Boston station.
Jesse Lee, 1790. D. Webb, EI. Rullei, 1808.
Daniel Smith, 1791. Elijah R. Sabin, Philip Munger, 1809.
Jeremiah Cosdei), 1792. Elijah R. Sabin, Gieenlief Nonis, 1810.
Amos G. Thompson, 1793. Elijah Iledding, Eiastns Olis, 1811.
Christnpliei Spry, 1794. Wm. Stephens, Wm. Hinman, I 812,
Evan Rogers, 1795. Daniel Webb, Elijah Iledding, 1813.
John Harper, 1795. Geo. Pickering, Joseph A. Meirill, 1814.
Joshua Hale, 1796. Elijah Hedding, Daniel Filmoie, 1815.
Geoige Pickeiing, 1796. Elijah Iledding, Daniel Filmoie, 1816.
Elias Hull, 1797. Timothy Merrill, Enoch Mudge, 1817.
Daniel Ostander, 1797. Timothy Meiritt, Enoch Mudge, 1818.
Wm. Bfauchamp, 1798. Benja. R. Hoyt, V. R. Osborn, 1819.
Joshua "Wells, 1799. D. Kilburn, B. R. Hoyt, 1820.
Thomas F. Sargenl, 1800. S. W. Wilson, Eph. Wiley, 1821.
George Tickering, 1801. Elijah Hedding, E. Wiley, 1822.
Thomas Lyall, 1802. Elijah Hedding, John Lindsey, 1823.
T. Lyall, E. Kihby, 1803. Solomon Sias, Isaac Bonny, 1824.
Epaphras Kibby, 1 804. T. Merrill, I. Bonny, A. D. Sargent, 1 825.
P. Jayne, R. Hubbard, 1805. T. Men ill, J. A. Merrill,.!. Fosler, 1826.
P. Jayne, S. Merwin, 180G. J. A.Merrill, J.N.Maffitt, D.Webb, 1827.
G. Pickering, D.Webb, 1807. Stephen Martindale, E. Wiley, 1828.
CHURCHES. 151
SEA ETEEET CHUECH. Commenced in 1803.
In the year 1803. a religious society was commenced, of the denomination of Freewill Baptists. It was at first composed of persons who seceded from the other Bap- tist churches in town, and adhered to the doctrines at that time promulgated by Messrs. Thomas Jones and Elias Smith. They have since been known under the distinctive appellation of Christians. Their first meet- ings were held in a large wooden building in Friend street, then adjoining the Mill-pond. They have since occupied the hall in Bedford-street, and Dec. 29, 1825, dedicated the brick meeting-house at the corner of Summer and Sea streets. They have had a number of preachers, who have continued with them a short time. When they have no elders to preach, they often ex- hort each other, both male and female. The same priv- ilege is granted to all pious people, when assembled with them, of whatever denomination they may be.
The tenets of this society have been recently devel- oped very fully, in a letter from elder Clough to an English gentleman, from which it appears that they are Unitarians, practicing baptism by immersion, and deny- ing the doctrine of Universal salvation.
AFRICAN BAPTIST CHURCH. Constituted 1205.
Minister. Settlement. Exit. Are.
Thomas Paul, Dec. 4, 1C06
A church was gathered from among the coloured peo- peple, in the year 1805, which, when formed, was de- nominated the African Baptist Church. The year after,
152 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
they began to make exertions towards building them- selves a place of worship. A committee was chosen to make collections for the purpose, among whom was Ca- to Gardner, a native of Africa, who had long been a re- spectable member of Dr. Stillman's church. At his im- portunity a subscription paper was prepared, which Ca- to circulated in different places, and obtained about SjplSOO. Others of the church made collections to a con- siderable amount; and finding sufficient encourage- ment, the church chose a committee of white men to superintend the building of a house, in a court in the rear of Belknap street. It was completed, and dedicat- ed Dec. 4, 1806 ; Mr. Paul was installed at the same time. The house is of brick, 40 feet by 48, three sto- ries high. The lower story is fitted up for a school- room for African children, and has been occupied as such from the time it was finished. The two upper sto- ries are well furnished with pews, pulpit and galleries. The lot is small, and with the house cost about <$SO0O. The memory of Cato is perpetuated in an inscription on a marble slab on the north front of the building, Mr. Paul is a Calvinistic Baptist.
THIRD BAPTIST CHURCH. Consti. Aug. 5, 1807.
Ministers. Settlement. Exit. -ige.
1 Rtv. Caleb Blood, Oct. 5, 1307 June 5, 1810
2 Rev. Daniel Sharp, April 29, 1812.
Proposals for building another Baptist meeting-house were issued in Aug. 1806. A lot of land had been pre- viously procured on Charles-street, part of which was given by the Mount Vernon Company, and the greater
irjs'jr a aw via* . xj&le. Sff&aBffa
!>niuri uiui A'minitfif rl>r 3i>hyii'S /'utiirv ofJBoSton
CHURCHES. 153
part purchased by the subscribers to the undertaking. Five members from the First, and 19 from the Second Baptist church, united on the 5th of Aug. 1S07, and were regularly constituted « as a separate church of Christ, by the name of the Third Baptist Church in Boston.' On the same day the house was dedicated. Piev. Br. Baldwin preached on the occasion. The sen- timents of this church are Trinitarian : the congregation is large.
The land on which this edifice is erected, and indeed the whole of Charles-street, was formerly covered with water at the flood of the tide in Charles river, and was formed of earth carried from the hill on its easterly side. The house is handsomely constructed of brick, 75 feet square, exclusive of the tower, on which is a cupola with a bell, the first used by a Baptist Society in Boston.
PARK STREET CHURCH. Consti. Feb. 27, 1809.
Ministers. Settlement. Exit. Agt.
1 Edw. D. Giiffin,D.D. July 31, 1811 April 27, 1815 —
2 Sereno E. Dwigbt, Sept. 3, 1817 April 10, 1826 —
3 Edw. Beecher, Dec. 27, 1826.
The number of persons who first associated to form this church was 26, of whom 21 were dismissed from other churches, and 5 received by the council on profession of faith. The corner stone of their meeting-house was laid on the first of May. A plate, bearing the following inscription, was deposited in the south-east corner : so* "Jesus Christ the chief corner stone, in whom all the building, fitly framed together, groiceth unto an holy
154 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
temple in the Lord. This church formed February 21th, and this foundation laid May 1st, 1809." The house was dedicated to the service of God, Jan. 10, 1S10.
This edifice is delightfully situated at the bottom of Park street, with the front on Common street, and com- mands an entire view of the Common and the scenery southwesterly beyond Cambridge bay. The tower is 72 feet in height, and 27 by 31 in breadth, of the Doric order. On each side of the tower is a circular vestibule of two stones, containing stairs to the galleries. This and the tower ornamented with four columns of 35 feet, and the vestibule, is crowned by an elegant pediment and balustrade, and the windows and doors are enriched by sixteen columns of the same order. The tower sup- ports a square story for a bell, 8 feet high, and 20 feet square, with four large circular windows, eight col- umns on pedestals of the Ionic order, with correspond- ing pilasters, crowned by four pediments and cornices. On this stands an octagon, 25 feet high, and 16 from side to side, with four circular windows, ornamented with 8 Corinthian columns, with appropriate embellishments. This supports another octagon of 20 feet, 12 feet 6 inch- es from side to side, with the same number of columns and windows of the Composite order. On this stands a base for the spire 11 ft. from side to side and 9 in height, with 8 oval windows. From this rises an octagonal spire of 50 feet with a collar midway, 9 feet 6 inches at its base, and diminishing gradual!}'' to IS inches at the top, crowned by a ball 6 feet above, with a vane repre- senting a blazing star. The height of the A"ane from the street is 217 feet 9 inches, which is obout 10 feet higher than the top of the State-House.
This was the first new Consreffational church formed since 1748. It professes a "decided attachment to that
CHURCHES. 155
system of the Christian religion which is distinguishing- ly denominated Evangelical, more particularly to those doctrines which in a proper sense are styled the doc- trines of grace," and adopts the Congregational form of government, as contained in the Cambridge Platform, framed by the synod of 1G48.
hav.es place church.
First meetings, miO.
Minister. Settlement. Exit. Agt.
Lemuel Capen, Oct. 31, 1S27
The Unitarian society in South Boston originated in the desire of a few individuals, mostly members of the Rev. Dr. Harris' society, in Dorchester, to be accom- modated with a nearer place of worship. They were regularly organized as the first Congregational society at South Boston, in the year 1310. They obtained an act of incorporation, with the style of the Hawes place Congregational society, Feb. ISth, 1818.
Mr. Thomas Pierce, of the Methodist denomination, preached to them about two years. The society not be- ing able to give him a compensation adequate to his sup- port, he returned to the Methodists. Soon after this they engaged Mr. Zephaniah Wood, the master of the public grammar school, to preach to them. He contin- ued with them till his decease, in October, 1822.
A church was regularly organized in this society, Oct. 27tb, 1319. With the approbation of the church, Mr. Wood was ordained as an evangelist, by an ecclesi- astical council convened at Weymouth, Nov. 14th, 1821. After his ordination, he statedly administered the ordi-
156 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
nance of the Supper, but sustained no pastoral relation to the church and society by virtue of it.
After the deatli of Mr. Wood, the Rev. Mr. Capen was requested by the society to preach and administer the ordinances to them, and was regularly installed as their first minister, Oct. 31st, 1S27. This society is yet very small, and has only a temporary place for worship. It has found a generous benefactor in the venerable Mr. John Hawes, one of its earliest members, in honour of whom it takes its name.
5T. Matthew's church.
First Meeting, March 31, 1816.
Minister. Settlement. Exit. -^g<-
John L. Blake, June, 1824
The services of the Protestant Episcopal church were celebrated for the first time, in that part of the town call- ed South Boston, on Sunday, March 31, 1816. For more than two years the congregation met in a school-house, and services were conducted by different clergymen and lay-readers. St. Matthew' 's church was consecrated on the 24th of June, 1S18, by the Right Rev. Dr. Griswold, Bishop of the Eastern Diocese. It is situated on Broad- way, and is a neat and commodious brick building. The expenses of its erection were chiefly defrayed by be- nevolent members of Trinity and Christ churches, with a view to the future wants of that section of the city. A service of plate for the use of the altar was presented by the ladies of Christ church, and the pulpit, desk, and chancel, were furnished with appropriate dressings, by the ladies of Trinity church. The late Mrs. Elizabeth Bowdoin Winthrop was a most liberal benefactor. Re-
CHURCHES. 157
ligious services were maintained in this church, by oc- casional supplies, but it was not till June, 1824, that the parish enjoyed the stated labours of a minister in full or- ders, when the Rev. John L. Blake became rector. It is hardly necessary to add, that this society is Tiinitarian.
SECOND CMVERSALIST CHURCH.
Incorporated Dec. 13, 1T16.
Minister. Settlement. Exit. Age.
Hosea Ballou, Dec. 25, 1C17
The erection of a meeting-house for the Second Soci- ety of Universcdists was proposed "at a meeting of a number of members of the First Universal Society/' holden on Thursday, Nov. 14, 1S16. Preparatory mea- sures were adopted, and they were incorporated Dec. 13, 1316, "by the name of the Second Society of Uni- versalis in the town of Boston." On Monday morning, May 19, 1S17, the corner stone of the new meeting- house, in School street, was laid, and a silver plate de- posited, being the gift of Dr. David Townsend, bearing the following inscription: "T7te Second Universal church, devoted to the worship of the true God, Jesus Christ being the chief corner stone, May 19th, 1817." This house is a plain building of brick, without a steeple, 75 feet long, and 67 broad. The dedication took place on Thursday, Oct. 16th; Rev. Thomas Jones, of Glou- cester, preached on the occasion. Oct. 21st, Rev. Ho- sea Ballou was unanimously invited to the ministry over this society, and his installation took place on Christmas day, Dec. 25th, 1817. The Unitarian doctrines are ad- vocated by the pastor of this society. 14
158 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH. Organized August 15. 1813.
Minisfr. Settlement. Exit. Agt*
Thomas Wcncesler, Aug 17, 1823
The Boston Society of the New Jerusalem was or- ganized 15th August, 1S18. The members of this So- ciety are believers in the doctrines of the New Jeru- salem as revealed in the writings of Emmanuel Sweden- borg. The three following are the principal doctrines of this Church. Firstly, that God is One in Essence and in Person, and that he is the Lord Jesus Christ. — Secondly, that the Word or Sacred Scripture is Divine Truth, that it contains internal senses within the literal, by means of which it is adapted to all the various states of angels and men. Thirdly, man is regenera- ted and thus prepared for heaven by living according to the Ten Commandments and by acknowledging that his power to will and to do them is of the Lord alone.
The meetings of this Society for public worship were held first in Boylston Hall \ afterwards in the Pantheon, and now are at the Lecture Room of the Athenaeum. Rev. Thomas Worcester was ordained as pastor of this Society, August 17, 1828,
PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.
Coramenred in 1818.
Minister. Settlement. Exit. Age.
James Sabine, Jan. 27, 1819
Under the preaching of Mr. Sabine, (who came to Bos- ton in July, ISIS, from St. Johns, Newfoundland, to- gether with several members of a society over which he
CHURCHES. 159
had been settled there,) a church was gathered and or- ganized, Jan. 27, 1S19, by the name of the Essex street church. Mr. Sabine was at the same time recognized as its pastor. Their first meetings had been held in Boylston Hall, but the congregation increasing, arrange- ments were made for building a church in Essex street.
In the course of two years, some difficulties arose, which resulted in a vote, March 6, 1822, "that this church think it necessary to withdraw from the house of wor- ship in Essex street, and that after this date they do meet for worship and communion in Boylston hall." Accordingly on the following sabbath they assembled there.
This body retained the name of Essex street church until Nov. 26, 1S23, when they were acknowledged and received by the Londonderry Presbytery, and organiz- ed into their body. Thus they became the second Pres- byterian church in Boston, (Mr. Moorhead's having been the first) but they are "known by the name of the First Presbyterian church in the city of Boston."
On the morning of the 4th of July, 1827, the corner stone of their new house, on Cedar and Piedmont streets, was laid with much solemnity, in the name of the Holy Trinity. It was dedicated on the 31st of January, 1S28.
UKION CHURCH.
Commenced in 1313.
Minister. Scttlcvitvt. Exit. J^t.
Samuel Green, Maich 2G, 1823
After the Essex street church, first so called, remov- ed to Boylston hall, a minority of that body continued to maintain worship in the Essex street house. On tha
160 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
22d of March, 1822, they requested a "regular dismis- sion from the majority," for the purpose of being formed into a regular church. This they received on the 5th of April, and on the 10th of June following, ten of their number, with two members of another church, were embodied according to the custom of Congregational churches. Having received an accession of members from the Old South and Park street churches, and one from Braintree, this body adopted the name by which it is now known, of Union Church, on the 26th of Au- gust, 1822, and on the 26th of March, 1S23, the Rev. Samuel Green was installed as their pastor.
This church owns and occupies the house in Essex street, of which the corner stone was laid June 26, and the dedication took place, Dec. 1-5, 1819. The property in this building is vested in the communicants, by a trustdeed, which guarantees to them the right of choos- ing their own pastor, without the interference of any other body. This church is Trinitarian.
st. paul's church.
Oiiginated in 1S19.
Ministers, Settlement. Exit. Age.
Samuel F. Jarvis, D.D. July 7, 1820 Aug. 22, 1S25 —
Alonzo Potler, Aug. 29, 1326
St. Paul's church was proposed to be erected by a subscription which was commenced in March, 1S19. — The corner stone was laid Sept. 4th, with appropriate solemnities. The church was consecrated June 30, 1S20, by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Alexander Yiets Gris- wold, bishop of the Eastern diocese, assisted by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Thos. C. Brownell, of Connecticut, with
CHURCHES. 161
many of the clergy. Dr. Samuel Farfnar Jarvis wa£ in- stituted rector, Friday, July 7, 1820.
This edirice is situated on Common street, between Winter and West streets, and fronts towards the Com- mon. It is built of fine grey granite, and is an imita- tion, so far as respects the architecture, of a Grecian model of the Ionick order. The body of the church is about 112 feet long by 72 feet wide, and 40 feet high from the platform to the top of the cornice. The porti- co projects about 14 feet, and has six Ionick columns, 3 feet 5 inches diameter, and 32 feet high, of Potomac sand-stone, laid in courses. The base of the building rises four feet, and there is a flight of steps to the porti- co, extending the whole width of the front. The. inte- rior is lighted bv ten lonsr windows, and has a chancel and organ gallery. The ceiling is a cylindrical vault, with pannels which span the whole width of the church. Beneath the principal floor, there are commodious and well constructed tombs, secured in a manner to obviate any objection which fear, or experience, or observation may have suggested.
The interior of St. Paul's is remarkable for its simpli- city and beauty, and the materials of which the building has been constructed, give it an intrinsick value and an effect, which have not been produced by any imitations of the classick models, that have been attempted of bricks and plaster in other cities. The erection of this church may be considered the commencement of an era in the art, in Boston; and although from its situation it is some- what obscured, the beauties it displays have already had a sensible influence on taste in architecture : and thoso who are aware of the importance of this art, in giving form to our city, will consider themselves under the highest obligations to the disinterested and high-minded 14*
162 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
individuals of the committee, by whom this church has been designed and erected, and will not withhold the meed of praise from the architect and artists, who super- intended the construction of it.
CENTRAL UNIVER5ALIST CHURCH.
Sociely foimed, 1822.
Minister. Settlement. Exit. Age.
Taul Dean, Mav 7, IS23
The corner stone of the third Universal meeting-house was laid Oct. 7, 1822. A silver plate was as usual de- posited beneath it, on which the following was the prin- cipal inscription: — "He that built and sustahis all things is Jehovah — This house devoted to the worship of Almighty God, and to the promulgation of his great salvation through Jesus Christ, the chief corner stone, was commenced and this stone laid, Oct. 7th, in the year of our Lord, 1822, of the Independence of the United States, the 46th, and of the Institution of the city of Bos- ton, the first." The house was dedicated in the foi enoon of the 7th of May, 1823, and in the afternoon, the Rev. Paul Dean, having recently dissolved his connection with the First Universal church, was installed as pastor of the new society. This edifice is situated at the cor- ner of Bulfinch street and Bulfinch place. Its dimen- sions are 74 by 70 feet, and 35 high above the base. It is a brick building and has two towers, one for the ac- commodation of the bell, and the other for symmetry.
The interior of this church is finished in a very nice manner. The pews are of the settee form, with mahog- any rails and arms. It has three galleries trussed from the antaes in the corners, which support a vaulted dome
CHURCHES. 163
ceiling; from the centre of -which is suspended an ele- gant cut glass chandelier. The pulpit is of variegated maple, elevated on a pedestal of black and white mar- ble. The whole was designed and arranged by Mr. Solomon Willard, architect.
EVANGELICAL CHURCH,
South Boston.
Constituted December 10, 1823.
Ministers. Settlement. Exit. -Age.
Piii.ce Flawe*, Apiil 28, 1824 April 1?, 1827 —
Joy H. Fail child, Nov. 22, 1827
Tn February, lS23fthe Rev. Prince Hawes commenc- ed preaching to a small congregation at South Boston. In the spring of that year, one of the members at his own expense erected a hall for their accommodation. On the 10th of December a church was organized, by the name of the Evangelical Congregational Church, consisting of 13 members. Mr. Hawes was installed pastor of this church, April 28, 1S24. The hall in which this society assembled became so crowded that it was desirable they should be provided with a more conven- ient place for publick worship. Benevolent individuals subscribed for the purpose, and they have built a house of brick, 70 feet by 50, every way commodious, but without galleries, except at one of the ends. The house was dedicated on the 9th of March, 1S25. This church maintains the doctrine of the Trinity.
164 PICTURE OF BOSTON
GREEN STREET CHURCH.
Constituted Dec. 30, 1&23.
Minister. Settlement* Exit. Agt.
William Jenks, D. D. Oct. 25, 1826
Under the patronage and influence of benevolent in- dividuals associated as a society for the moral and reli- gious instruction of the poor, a meeting was established at Parkman's market, Jan. 31, 1819. Publick worship was regularly maintained half a day; and besides the particular classes, for which the meetings were institut- ed, it was found that a considerable number of persons assembled, whose circumstances rendered their attend- ance at the more frequented houses of worship incon- venient. Further exertions were therefore made for their accommodation, and a hou?e was then erected on the west side of Butolph street, known by the name of the Mission House. It was dedicated July 5, 1821, and a church, consisting of 17 members, was constitut- ed, Dec. 30,1823.
In that house, Rev. Dr. Jenks officiated as their min- ister, until he had gathered around him a body of friends who determined on the erection of a new church in Green street. The corner stone of this edifice was laid April 8, 1S26. In the progress of the building, a seri- ous accident occurred. While the roof was raising, (June 13) the fastenings gave way, the roof fell and knocked down part of the front wall and staging. Two persons lost their lives, and several others were severe- ly wounded. The building was completed and dedicat- ed on Wednesday, Oct. 25, 1S26, and Dr. Jenks' instal- lation took place at the same time.
CHURCHES. 165
This edifice being in several respects different in its construction from any of ourchuiches, and the prefer- ence to this style having been given by one whose ac- curacy of taste might be almost proverbial, we insert at length the architectural description of it, as drawn up by Mr. R. Bond the architect, premising only that in ether churches the pulpit faces the door.
Exterior. The form is a parallelogram, 70 feet front, and 76 feet 6 inches from front to rear ; the walls rise from a basement of hammered granite 7 feet high, to the height of 23 feet, under the horizontal cornice of the pediment. Its leading features present 3 arched recesses 10 feet wide and 25 feet high to the crown of the arch. In each of these recesses, 9 feet from the basement, is a freestone pannel, supported by pilasters at each end, 12 by 16 inches, with plain moulded free- stone capitals. Over the pannels in each recess stands a circular head window, 4 feet 6 inches by 9 feet 6 in- ches. Under the pannels in the outer recesses is a flight of 9 steps to a platform of stone 6 by 10 feet. The steps are almost wholly within the front wall, reach- ing, with the platforms, to the partition wall, which ex- tends the whole width of the house, separating the stairways and vestibule from the main body of the house. At each end, and to the right and left of the platforms are doors leading to the stairways and vesti- bule. Under the pannel in the middle recess is a win- dow to light the vestibule. The cornice is the Greek Ionic, with the exception of the cymatium under the cimarecta. On the middle stone pannel is the inscrip- tion, A. D. MDCCCXXVI.
The vertical angle of the pediment is 153°. The tympanum of the pediment recedes 4 inches, in the centre of which is a circular window 4 feet diameter.
166 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
From the roof, on a line with the front wall, rises a pe- destal 2 feet 6 inches above the apex of the roof. It is on this that the cupola is reared, 13 by 14 feet, and 16 feet high, exclusive of the roof and spindle, and finished with pilasters at the angles, supporting a plain entabla- ture after the manner of the Greek antae, taken from the choragic monument of Thrasyllus.
There are 3 windows in each of the side walls, con- taining 60 panes of glass, 12 by IS inches, with circu- lar heads of 18 panes each.
Interior. The principal floor is elevated 7 feet, and rises from the front to the rear of the house about 14 in- ches. The ascent to it is by a flight of steps in each of the outer recesses already described. The outer doors open into a vestibule 9£ by 26 feet. The main body of the house is 63 feet 6 inches by 67 feet, containing 1*20 pews on the principal floor. The entrances from the vestibule are on each side of the pulpit, leading to the aisles of the house. The pulpit occupies a space of 7 ft. square, and the ascent to it from the vestibule is by a flight of 8 steps. It is supported by two columns of the Grecian Doric, 12 inches diameter, surmounted by a full entablature copied from the Parthenon. Directly over each of the columns at the angles stands a pedes- tal supporting a Grecian lamp. The spaces between are filled with pannels.
The galleries are 9 feet wide, continued all round the house, and contain 32 pews. The visible support is by two columns at the right angles of the back and side galleries. The singer's gallery is in the front of the house, and over the vestibule. The ascent to the gal- leries is bv a flight of stairs in each of the front angles of the building ; over which, on each side is a lobby for colored people. The front of the galleries are finished
CHURCHES. 167
with one continued bead and flush pannel round the whole, and capt with a plain moulded cornice corres- ponding with the ants.
The ceiling is level to the distance of 9 feet from the walls, with a plain moulded cornice in the angles. It then recedes 4 inches, in which are sunken moulded pannels. Within these pannels is another recess of 6 inches, surrounded with an architrave 2 feet wide, con- taining 7 sunken frets. Lastly, within this is a centre piece, containing 7 plain water leaves, surrounded with a reeded architrave. The ceiling is whited and the walls colored.
The roof is framed with straight beams and trussed in a manner to support itself. The house is warmed by a furnace in the basement at the N. W. angle.
The building is of brick, and has a vestry or chapel adjoining it, and opening into the body of the house ; although its main entrance is from Staniford-street.
CHAMBER STREET CHURCH. Constituted Jan. 28, 1825.
Minister. Settlement. Exit. Age.
Samuel Ban ett, Feh. 9, 1S25.
In the year 1S23, several gentlemen conferred to- gether on the apparent want of a new house of worship for the accommodation of the increasing population of the western section of the city. It was ascertained that the Rev. Dr. Lowell's, the only Congregational society in that part of the city, comprised at that time about 350 families, and that many in the neighborhood could not obtain suitable accommodations within a convenient
163 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
distance. In view of these circumstances, a plan wa,s originated for the erection of a new church, and in the course of a few weeks, 230 shares were subscribed by ninety persons. In January, 1S24, an act of incorpo- ration was obtained under the title of ' The Twelfth Congregational Society in the City of Boston.'"
The corner stone of the new house was laid on the 10th of May. The dedication took place October 13th : Rev. Jno. G. Palfrey preached on the occasion from Matt. xvi. 3. On the 19th December, Mr. Samuel Barrett, from the Theological School at Cambridge, was invited by the Society to become their pastor. Janua- ry 23, 1825, a church was constituted from the mem- bers of the society, and on the 9th of February, Mr. Barrett was ordained. The society is Unitarian, and is considered flourishing.
HANOVER CHURCH.
Con?ti. July 13, 1825.
Minister. Settlement. Exit. Age,
Ljnian Beecher, D, D. Match 22, 1826.
The Trinitarian Church in Hanover-street was brought forward by members of the Old South, Park- street and Union churches. The corner stone of their edifice was laid June 20, 1825, in the presence of nu- merous spectators. A church was organized, July ISth, consisting of thirty-three members, part from each of the above named churches. They were formally re-
* This Society is in fact the 18th Congregational Chinch formed reg- ularly in Boston, and is the 15th of those now in existence : we know not why it is called the twelfth.
CHURCHES. 169
cognized by the name of Hanover Church at a public meeting in Park-street on the succeeding day.
On the first of March, 1S26, the Hanover church dedicated their house of worship. The general style of this building, externally, is after the Primitive Goth- ic. The walls are of rough granite, 70 feet on the street, by 71 in depth, and about 40 feet high : lower 23 feet square and about 6S high. The interior is on a plan somewhat new. The floor of the house is on an inclined plane, making 18 inches slope. There are 166 pews, besides seats for the singers ; the pulpit, which is uncommonly low, stands partly in an alcove, and projects about three feet in front of the lateral wall. — The cost of the land and building amounted to 42,000 dollars. The property in the same is held by (he church, exclusively of the proprietors of pews, who purchase their lights with the distinct understanding, that the choice of pastor and other ecclesiastical affairs be- long solely to the body of church-members in full communion.
The Missionary Rooms of the American Board, and the Tract Depository, occupy the front part of the base- ment story, and the vestry of the church is in the rear.
PURCHASE STREET CHURCH. Sociely fouiied, 1S25.
Minuter. Stlthmcnt. Exit. Age.
George Ripley, Kov. 8, 1821.
The success which attended the erection of Cham- ber-street church encouraged the friends of Unitarian- ism to proceed and build another in Purchase-street, tho 15
370 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
next year. The corner stone was laid, September 7, 1825, with appropriate services, in the presence of about 300 spectators. An account of the origin of the undertaking was read by the Rev. Mr. Young, and an address by the Rev. Mr. Ware. The dedication took place on Thursday, August 24th, 1S26. The pulpit was subsequently supplied by Rev. George Ripley, who became pastor of the society, by ordination, on the 8th of November, 1826. A church had been gathered previously to the ordination.
The whole plan of this edifice is neat, simple and convenient ; and reflects great credit upon the taste and judgment of Mr. Willard, the Architect. It is built of rough hewn granite, and covers a space of 81 by 74 feet. It stands near the edge of the water, at the head of the wharf where the famous Tea Vessels lay? on the memorable night of December, 16, 1773.
EBEXEZER CHURCH. Insfi. Jan. 18, 1826.
This church was instituted under the rules and reg- ulations adopted by the colored community of New- York, entitled the Asbury Connection, \>y Avhich we un- derstand an Independent African Methodist Episcopa- cy, distinct from the General Methodist Conference. — Rev. James Lee, their first minister, was ordained March 18, 1826, by Bishop William Miller of New- York. He relinquished the charge in 1S28, and is suc- ceeded by Rev. Stephen Dutton. They have erected a commodious house of worship on the east side of Cen- tre-street, West Boston, which is well attended.
CHURCHES. 171
SECOND CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Gathered Sept. 9, 1826.
This body was regularly constituted on the 9th of September. 1826, by members who had left attendance at Sea-street church, in consequence of their dissatis- faction with the restraints laid upon private members, when desirous to take part in the public exhortations. Elder Elias Smith was one of the number (twenty) and was at the same time requested to take the oversight of this little band. If we rightly understand., one of their principal articles of faith is, that the book called the New Testament contains all needful for us to know, believe and do ; and they wish to be known as christ- ians according to the New Testament, or New Testa- ment Christians, to the exclusion of all other sectari- an names, laws, rules or doctrines. They have had some accession to their numbers, and hold their Lord's day meetings in Julicn Hall,
FEDERAL STREET BAPTIST CHURCH*
Recognized July 18. 1S27.
Minister. Settlement. Exit. Age.
Howard Malcom, Jan. 9, 1828.
The Federal-street Baptist meeting-house was open- ed for religious worship, July IS, 1S27. It is a neat and spacious edifice, built of brick, 74 feet wide and S6 long including the porch. It has a basement story, containing a large and convenient vestry, two rooms for candidates to prepare for baptism, and three other
172 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
large rooms. In front of the pulpit is a font or baptist- ery for the immersion of persons becoming members of the church. There are 117 pews on the lower floor and 34 in the gallery. The house has a cupola, and a bell weighing 1635 lbs. The corner stone was laid Sept. 25, 1826. The land, on which the building stands, formed part of the estate of the late Hon. R. T. Paine. March 22, 1S27, steps were taken preparatory to the formation of a church, and 65 persons, the piincipal part being members of ihe Baptist churches in the city, were organized and publicly recognized, on the day of the dedicalion. On the 9ih of January, 1C2S, Rev. Howard Malcom was installed. His sentiments and those of the church are tj initarian.
The Massachusetts Sabbath School Union Deposito- ry occupies one of the front rooms of the basement sto- ry of this church.
PINE STREET CHURCH. Consti. Sept. 1, 1827.
Minister. Settlement. Exit. Age.
Thomas H. Skinner, D.D. Apiil 10, 1 CSS Aug. 27, J 328 —
The corner stone of a new Trinitarian church was laid, on the morning of June 20, 1827. The site of the house is on the east side of Washington-street, at the corner of Fine street, directly opposite Warren-street. A church was constituted of 4.5 members to occupy this house, on Saturday, Sept. 1, 1827, and the dedication took place, on the following Christmas Day. Rev. Dr. Skinner, from Philadelphia, was installed, but the fee- ble state of his health compelled him soon to relinquish the station.
CHURCHES. 173
The Pine-street church is 71 feet in width, and 80 feet in length, with a pediment of 10 feet, with a tow- er and hell weighing 1400. The whole exterior is a classic form, taken from the Temple of Theseus at A- thens. The front is finished in the Grecian Doric style ; the pediment is supported by 6 Doric columns. On the south side is a pleasant green. The house contains 182 pews. In the basement is a Vestry, 46 by 40, and a Committee Room, 27 by 20. The inside work is done in a plain neat style ; and the interior presents on the whole, an appearance as beautiful as any house of wor- ship in the city. The front gallery is furnished with ?, handsome clock.
SALEM CHURCH.
Formed September 1, 1C27.
Minister. Setile77ient. Exit. Age.
Jujtin Edwards, D. D. Jan. 1, 1S28.
The ceremony of laying the corner stone of the Trinitarian Church at the corner of Salem and North Bennett-streets took place, July 17, 1827. Ninety- seven persons were formed into a church to occupy this house, at the same time that the Pine-street church was formed, Sept. 1, 1827. The dedication occurred on January 1, 1S28, and the installation of Rev. Dr. Ed- wards at the same time.
The body of the house is 74 by 71 feet. The ves- tibule projects in front about 12 feet, having circular flanks. The vestibule is finished in the centre with a pediment, corresponding in style to the covering of the house, which is simple Tuscan. The pediment is sur- 15*
174 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
mounted by a wooden lower 20 feet square, and rising about 2 feet above tbe apex of tbe main roof, and sus- taining an octagon bell-tower, or cupola of tbe simplest Ionic, crowned with a plain hemispheric dome. The interior contains on tbe lower floor 134 pews, and in the gallery 46, making in all ISO. Tbe ceiling is a simple arch fiom side to side, spiinging from a projecting belt of stucco, which extends around the entire building. — The arch is indented with recesses or block pannels in the simplest style. The desk is of mahogany, resting upon 6 Tonic pillars with antique capitals, and appropri- ate entablature, and is ascended by ciicular stairs on either hand. The entire finish must be regarded as plain ; yet in good keeping, and the several parts so dispo- sed as on the whole to render it imposing, neat and ele- gant. The house was erected under the supei intend* ence of Joseph Jenkins, Esq., who also was the archi- tect. The house is furnished with a fine toned bell, weighing about 1500 lbs.
SOUTH CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. Society foiined, 1£27.
Minister. Settlement. Exit. Jgc,
Mellish I. Molte, May 21, 1823.
Soon after the commencement of Pine- street church, measures were taken to establish an additional unitari- an society at the south part of the cit}\ The site se- lected for their intended house of worship was on the east side of Washington-street, a short distance south of the trinitarian church. The corner stone was laid, Aug. 7th, 1S27, and the dedication took place, Jan. 30, 182S. Rev. Mr. Ware preached on this occasion, from John xvii, 17, the same text which Rev. Mr. Knowles
CHURCHES. 175
had taken at Mr. Malcom's installation, a few days be- fore. On the 21st of May, Rev. Mellish Irving Motte was installed as pastor of the society. Rev. Dr. Chan- ning preached on the occasion.
It is a large and commodious house, containing 124 pews on the floor, and 42 in the galleries. Its appear- ance is neat ; the ceiling is flat, and is brought lower than in most of our churches ; the pulpit probably Unites more excellencies in its construction than any other in Boston. Neither so high as in the old church- es, nor so open as in some modern ones, it presents a front of good proportions, and affords ample room for all the clergymen who may be called to officiate on public oc- casions. It is situated in a recess, the wall of which is covered by drapery arranged with much taste, and through a door in which the minister may descend to the Vestry. This is admirably planned, consisting of two large rooms connected by folding doors.
In addition to the foregoing, in which it has been our design to include all the regularly established churches of (he city, there are also stated meetings of worshipping assemblies, in the Mission house, in Buttolph street; a tScamcii's meeting, at the hall over the arch on Central wharf; and another Mariners'' church in the old Meth- odist chapel, North Boston, and there has recently been erected a neat and attractive Chapel in Friend street, on the Mill-pond land, where the Rev. Dr. Tuckerman officiates. The Methodist society also maintain a meet- ing occasionally at the extreme south part of the city, and there is a branch of the Second Baptist Society established at South Boston.
All these being enumerated, the total of worshipping assemblies simultaneously engaged in devotional exer- cises, within the limits of Boston, will be 49. Of this
176 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
number, 16 may be accounted Unitarian in sentiment, 2 doubtful, and tbe remaining 31 avowedly Trinitarian. Respecting the number of communicants at the several churches, and the usual number of stated hearers, we have not been able to come at any reasonable calcula- tions.
BURIAL GROUNDS AND CEMETERIES',
CHAPEL BURIAL GROUND.
This lies at the north of the Stone Chapel, facing that portion of Common-street, directly opposite the man- sion of the late Lt. Gov. Phillips, who, with several of his family and predecessors, are entombed in this ground. This is the oldest burying field in the city — and Mr. Johnson, whose biography may be found in the history of Boston, as one of its earliest benefactors, was the first person buried here. There are many delapidated stones, with curious, though indistinct mementos of a former race of inhabitants. The tomb of Gov. John Winthrop, who died at the age of 62, in the year 1649, is an interesting relic. Samuel Parkman, Esq. distin- guished as an eminent merchant, and the late Judge Thomas Dawes, who will long be remembered for wit and useful talents, among thousands of others, are en- tombed here.
The monumental marbles, to which we referred, (p. 12S) within the Chapel, are sacred to the memory of members of the families of Apthorp and Shirley, and Vassall. The former is surmounted by a sculptured urn ; the two latter by busts of excellent workmanship. The Inscription on the tomb of Vassall has some histori- cal allusions which particularly entitle it to a place in this wori\
BURIAL GROUNDS. 177
" Sacred to (he Memory of Samuel Vassall, Esq. of London, merchant, one of the original proprietors of the lands of this country; a steady and undaunted asserter of the liberties of England. In 1G2S, he was the first who boldly refused to submit to the tax of tonnage and poundage, an unconstitutional claim of the crown arbi- trarily imposed : for which (to the ruin of his family) his goods were seized and his person imprisoned by the Star Chamber Court. He was chosen to represent the city of London in two successive Parliaments which met Apii] 13 and Nov. 3, 1640. The Parliament in Ju- ly, 1841, voted him £10,-145 12 2 for his damages, and resolved that he should be further considered for his perconal suflfeiings; but the rage of the times and the neglect of proper applications, since, have lost to his family only the honour of that vote and resolution. He was one of the largest subscribers to raise money against the Rebels in Ireland; all these facts may be seen in the Journal of the House of Commons. He was the son of the gallant John Vassall, who in 15SS, at his own expense, fitted out and commanded two ships of war, with which he joined the Royal Navy to oppose the Spankh Armada. This monument was erected by his great grandson, Florentius Vassall. Esq. of Jamaica, now residing in England, May, 1T6G. W. Tyler, sculpsit, London."
COFF'S HILT. BURIAL GROUND.
The stranger will view the ancient burial ground, on the summit of an eminence at the north part of the city, with deep interest. Thousands of bodies are probably buried on this small piece of ground. An infinite va- riety of head stones, slabs, and decayed monuments, are
178 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
presented to the eye, in great apparent confusion. One circumstance is observable here, â– which shows more perfection in the art of sculpture, nearly two centuries ago, than at later periods. Heraldic devices, on some ancient family tomb stones are beautifully executed, and are still in fine preservation ; while the lettering and other operations of the chisel, on the grave stones, present the rudest specimens of the art. Among the modern monuments, one of white marble, erected over the remains of Dr. Charles Jarvis, who died 1S07, is worthy of notice. On one side is the following record :
'Charles Jarvis died Nov. 15, 1807, aged 57 vears : a Physician — i Statesman, and an honest man, whose dignified depoitment and sublime eloquence, unbounded philanthropy and other virtues, endear big memory to his fellow citizens.'
GRANARY BURYISG GKOVtib')
&6 denominated from' the circumstance of the towtt granary or public bread store house, having formerly stood within the inclosure. Many monuments of gran- ite, marble, &c. but principally of slate, are in a good state of preservation.
The Cenotaph erected to the memory of Dr. Franklin, stands over the tomb, in which repose the remains of both of his parents. This monument was erected by a few citizens of Boston, in 1827, and the ceremony of laying the first stone was witnessed by a number of cit- izens, among whom were the governor and lieutenant governor of the commonwealth, and other officers of the government, the officers and main' members of the Mechanic Association. An address was delivered by Gen. Henry A. S. Dearborn, which consisted princi
BURIAL GROUNDS. 179
pally of an interesting sketch of the life and character of Franklin. A piece of plate, with an appropriate in- scription, and the Franklin School Medals, were plac- ed under the stone. The monument is a pyramid, 25 feet high, and formed of blocks of granite of about six tons weight each, taken from the Bunker Hill Monument quarry. It was erected under the direction of Mr. AVillard, the architect.
A beautiful white marble monument, of superior work- manship, over the remains of Gov. Sumner, who died 1T99, is a prominent object. Gov. Bellingham, renowned in the history of the colony of Massachusetts, was entombed on the west side of this yard, Dec. 7, 1672. The family of Bellino-ham beino; extinct, at the death of Gov. James Sullivan, who died Dec. 10, 1808, the selectmen of the town of Boston presented it to his family, and a new monument, consisting of two marble slabs, the upper- most supported on pillars, was erected, on which the original obituary record of Gov. Bellingham was trans- cribed. The tombs of the celebrated Dr. John Jeflry ; Peter Faneuil, who presented the Market House to the town of Boston, — whose portrait may be seen in Fan- euil Hall ;-the Rev. Joseph Eckley, and Judge Sewall, all of whom were distinguished men, whose histories are intimately interwoven with the history of the city, may be recognised in the Granary.
COMMOK OR BOYLSTOX-5T. BTJRYTKG GKOUKD.
There is nothing remarkable in the general appear- ance of the monuments of this ground, to excite the an- tiquary. It may be found at the south border of the Common, facing Boylston-streot. The Catholic friends improved this ground considerably in former years.
ISO PICTURE OF BOSTON.
SOUTH END BURIAL GROUND.
Located on the south side of Washington street, at the south end of the cit}r, near Roxbury. This has un- dergone so many excellent improvements under the de- voted attentions of the superintendant of burial grounds, that it bids fair to become the Pere la Chaise of the city, Trees and shrubbery are planted, and such regularity ob- served in the construction of tombs, and in the ranges ot graves, as to meet the approbation of the citizen as well as stranger. There is one very large tomb near the centre of tbe yard, expressly for children.
At South Boston, there is the South Boston burial ground, belonging to the inhabitants, having eight tombs, and one at the house of Industry, having 6 tombs. A catholic burying ground also, connected with St. Au- gustine's chapel, South Boston.
CEMETERIES.
One under Christ Church, north end, having 33 tombs.
One under St. Paul's Church, Common street, having 65 tombs. There is an elegant monument in this, erect- ed to the memory of Gen. Joseph Warren, who was slain on Bunker Hill — his remains are entombed here.
One under Trinity Church, Summer street, having 25 tombs.
One under Park street church, having 30 tombs.
One under the stone chapel, Common street, having 21 tombs.
One under St. Matthew's chapel, South Boston, hav- ing 19 tombs.
Twenty-nine in the Common street yard.
One hundred ?.nd i-^enty-one, in Copp's Hill j'ard.
Sixty-six tombs in Copp's Hill new yard.
Thirty-four in Charter street, new ground.
STATUE OF WASHINGTON. 181
One hundred and forty-nine in Boylsfon street yard.
Two hundred and three in the Granary yard.
Six in the House of Industry yard, South Boston.
Eight in the South Boston burial ground.
Fifteen in another yard, South Boston.
Forty in the new yard on the neck, and the construc- tion of new ones to be continued.
Total number of tombs, nine hundred and fifteen; which are capable of holding twenty-one thousand and forty-five bodies, by estimation. It is not supposed that any thing near that number is now contained within them.
STATl'E OF WASHINGTON.
The plan for erecting a monument to the memory of Washington, in Boston, first originated with gentlemen who had been associates with him in early life. A meet- ing was called, and a society organized, under the title of the Washington Monument Association, April 27, 1811. The measures, adopted to raise funds, were made with a view first to erect an equestrian statue; but find- ing the amount collected would be insufficient for that purpose, it was changed to a pedestrian statue. The â– whole amount raised by subscriptions was only $S,0SS,34; but by the good management of the board of trustees, this sum was increased by interest to $16,313,34, by the time the statue was finished. It cost, together with the pedestal and the temple in which it is placed, a little more than .$15,000. It is the work of Chantrey.
As the visitor enters the State-house at the south front,
he beholds the Statue, through the arched passage
way that leads from the Doric hall to the apartment
where it is placed. It is free to the public at all times,
18
182 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
with the exception of Sundays, Thanksgiving and Fast- days, on which the house is closed, \n obedie/uce to an order of the General Court.
It is said many who ha\'e often seen Washington at various periods from £ie commencement of the war of the Revolution, tr nis retirement from the Presidency, and whSS ha""e carefully examined the statue, are unan- imous Vn their opinion of its strong resemblance to the great original, particularly at the period of time which the statue is intended to commemorate. It was first un- covered for public inspection on the 26th of November, 1827, in presence of the Trustees of the x\ssociation, who held a special meeting on the occasion, at the State- house, in the Hall consecrated to the memory of the Father of his country.
At this meeting, it was Voted, That the Trustees of said Association, by virtue of the powers vested in them, do hereby confide, and trust, as well the said edifice, erected at their expense, as the noble statue, the work of the first artist in Europe, to the care and patriotism of the government of the State of Massachusetts, for the use and benefit of the citizens of said state, to all future generations, with the following provisos, that the said room shall never be appropriated to any other use, or the exhibition of any other monument, or work of art, than the Statue of Washington ; and that in case the ed- ifice, of which the hall of Washington forms a part, shall at any future time cease to be used for the purposes to which it is now devoted, the Trustees, or their success- ors, or on failure of them the Mayor and Aldermen of the city of Boston shall have a right to take possession of the statue aforesaid, and of its pedestal, and to remove the same to any other situation within the city of Boston, which they may deem appropriate.
MILITARY. 183
The Authorities of the state signified their acceptance of the statue on the Sth of January, 1S28. Resolved, that the Legislature of this Commonwealth accept the Statue of Washington upon the terms and conditions on which it is offered by the Trustees of the Washington Monument Association, and entertains a just sense of the patriotic feeling of those individuals, who have done honor to the State by placing in it a statue of the man, whose life was among the greatest of his country's bles- sings, and whose fame is her proudest inheritance.
MILITARY.
The Militia of Boston, which has always held a high rank in point of discipline and good order, consists of three Regiments, composing the 3d Brigade of the 1st Division of the Massachusetts Militia. By the laws of this state, persons are enrolled from the age of 18 to 45 years, and the annual inspection takes place on the 1st Tuesday in May, when the rules and articles are pub- licly read to the companies. Each captain is required to parade his company on two several days in addition to the annual inspection. Persons between the age of 35 and 45 are exempt from military duty by paying an- nually to the City Treasurer the sum of two dollars, and exhibiting his receipt to the captain previous to the May training. There are attached to this Brigade, three companies of Artillery, one company of Light Dragoons; u company of Sea Fencibles, seven companies of Lig;ht Infantry, and an excellent band of music, call-, ed the Brigade Band.
The Laboratory near the south west corner of the Common, supplied by the State, is well furnished with
184 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
artillery of different calibre, and every necessary appen- dage in complete readiness ; and, at three hours notice, Boston can bring into the field, a larger and better train of artillery, than could have been produced from the whole state, at the commencement of the revolutionary war.
The following companies by permission of the City Government, keep their Armories in Faneuil Hall, which are neatly fitted and arranged in the best of order.
THE AKTIEKT AND HONORABLE ARTILLERY COMPANY.
This Company, composed mostly of commissioned officers, was founded in 1637 and incorporated, 163S. Its two first and principal members were Capt. Robert Keayne and Maj. Gen. Robert Sedgwick, both of whom were, before their emigration, members of the Honor- able Artillery Company in London. Many of the ear- ly members were highly distinguished in office in the various towns of the Colony of Massachusetts. The Roll Book shows that it was extremely diffused and the list of officers from year to year confirms the fact that it was widely useful in those days in the Colony. Af- ter the accession of Cromwell, probably but few of the most distinguished Puritans came to this country, and therefore, the roll does not exhibit much annual acces- sion of members j but after the restoration it appears the members increased, and the company prospered un- til Sir Edward Andros' arrival, when it was temporari- ly dissolved, and revived again immediately on his de- position. Several of the early members were distin- guished men in England as well as here, and several
MILITARY. 185
on returning to England' were appointed to high offices in CromwelFs army.
From 1691 to 17T4, the compam' continued its opera- tions and was greatly beneficial in the diffusion of mili- tary knowledge. Its prosperity during that period was marked by alternate years of great success and severe depression. During this period they disposed of their lands in Rutland and Dunstable. The Village near the Nashua Factories is on the same premises, it is be- lieved. They sold those lands about 1730, having pre- viously leased them eleven years successively for a bar- rel of cider annually, but they never received the pay- ment until after our revolutionary war, during which their meetings were again suspended, and revived just before the Shays' rebellion.
Their numbers and prospects have, again, since that time varied. Their friends have augmented, their dis- cipline has uniformly incorporated the improvements of the age from time to time, and now stands highly re- spectable. They have borne on their roll officers of every grade from Governors, "L\. Governors, and Gen- erals, to Ensigns, and no small number of privates of every profession and occupation.
On the first Monday in June, according to charter, this company celebrate its anniversary by attending religious exercises at church, and by a public parade on the Common in presence of the Governor, Lt. Gov- ernor, and the members of the Legislature.
INDEPENDENT CADETS. Instituted 1786.
This company composes the Governor's Guard, and 3s not subject to any other duty than to attend his Ex- 16*
186 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
cellency. The Cadet Band is attached to this com- pany.
INDEPENDENT BOSTON FUSILIERS. Instituted May 11, 1787,
BOSTON EIGHT INFANTRY. Instituted 1798.
WINSLOW BLUES.
Instituted 1799.
WASHINGTON LIGHT INFANTRT.
Instituted 1803.
SOUL OF THE SOLDIERY. Instituted March, 1805.
This company is formed of non-commissioned officers belonging to the different companies in Boston, and con- sequently does not, as a body, constitute any part of our military force.
RANGERS.
Instituted 1812.
NEW ENGLAND GUARDS Inlituttd 1812.
CITY GUARDS. Instituted 1821.
PLACES OF AMUSEMENT.
The puritan spirit of our ancestors was transfused into the first and second generations which succeeded them : nothing like the fashionable amusements of our day found any countenance with them. The first at-
THEATRES. 187
tempt, in 1750 to establish a Theatre in Boston, was fol- lowed by a law of the Province, prohibiting theatrical exhibitions, under penalties. During the siege, the British entertained themselves with amusements of a theatrical sort in Faneuil Hall. From that time no traces are discovered of a theatre in Boston till 17S9, when tbe newspapers contain intimations of a design to establish one. An effort was made to repeal the prohib- itory laws, which proved unsuccessful, and the expe- dient of exhibiting plays under the title of Moral Lec- tures, was adopted in the fall of 1792. The patronage afforded to these exhibitions was so liberal, that the plan of erecting a commodious brick building, purpose* ly for a theatre, was easily carried into execution,— This was the commencement of the
EOSTOy THEATRE,
Situated on the corner of Federal and Franklin- streets. This building when first erected, was 140 feet long, 61 wide, and 40 feet in height. Jn 1825, an ad- dition was made to the west end of the Wilding, of a- bout 12 feet, with corresponding improvements in the interior. It was first opened Feb. 3, 1794, with the tragedy of Gustavus Vasa Erickson, the deliverer of Sweden, under the management of Mr. Charles Stuart Powell. In consequence of a misunderstanding be- tween Mr. P. and the proprietors, J. S. Tyler was ap- pointed to the management, but not succeeding, he re- linquished, and was succeeded by John Brown William- son. The following memoranda will show the various changes that have taken place in this house, and serve as reference for the lovers of the drama.
183 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Mr. Williamson having failed as Manager of the Fed- eral-street Theatre, it was taken by Messrs Barrett and Harper, in 1797. During the season this Theatre was destroyed by fire, on the afternoon of Feb. 2, 179S. — Messrs B. and H. applied for the use of the Hay mar- ket Theatre, and were refused."
The Theatre having been rebuilt, was opened under the management of Mr. Hodgkinson, Oct. 29, 1793. — The pieces performed were a Prelude, called ' The First Night's apology, or All in a Bustle,' ' Wives as they Were,' and the ' Purse.'
April 29, 1799, — Mr. Hodgkinson having failed in the Federal-street concern, removed the Company to the Haymarket Theatre, which he opened with the 'Stran- ger,5 and ' Plymouth Rock.' This was the last season Mr. Hodgkinson performed in Boston,
Oct. 1799. — Theatre opened under the management of Mr. G. L. Barrett, with the comedy of ' Laugh when you Can.' Mr. B. failed before the season expired.
Oct. 27, 1S00. — Theatre opened under the manage- ment of Mr. Whitlock, who, after experiencing a loss of about J&4000, relinquished the concern. This season introduced to a Boston audience the celebrated Mrs. Jones.
Nov. 30, 1801. — The Theatre was opened under the joint management of Messrs. Powell and Harper. 'The School for Scandal,' and ' Poor Soldier,' were the en- tertainments.
* The fritnJs of Mr Powell raised by mbsciiption, a ?um sufficient to build of wood the Huymarktt Theatre, which was said at that lima to have been " ihc tnost spacious and convenient ever erected in Amer- ica." It was located on Common-street near the lower end of th« Mall, and was opened Dec. 26, 1796. This Theatre was discontinued in the course of a few jears.
THEATRES. 189
Oct. 27, 1802. — The Theatre opened under the man- agement of Mr. Snelling Powell, with the ■Poor Gen- tleman,' and « Purse.' The Theatre continued under the sole management of Mr. S. Powell, until Oct. 1806, when it opened under the joint management of Messrs. Powell, Bernard, and Dickinson, (since Dickson,) who continued it till 1811, when Mr. Bernard relinquished his part, and Messrs. Powell and Dickson retained the management of it for 11 years. In 1816-17, Mr. D. retired from the stage, and has performed only twice since ; in April, 1S19, he appeared in the character of Hardy, in the ' Belle's Stratagem,' and Oglow, in ■Ti- mour the Tartar,' for Mrs. Powell's benefit : and in in May, 1821, he performed Sir Robert Bramble, in the ' Poor Gentleman,' Will Steady, in the ■Purse,' and Tag, in the « Spoil*-.! Child" : this was likewise for the benefit of Mrs. Powell, who was prevented from ap- pearing before her friends on that occasion, in conse- quence of the decease of Mr. Powell, which occurred the previous month.
Mr. Dickson, although he retired from the stage, con- tinued in the management. The season of 1817 com- menced under the joint direction of Messrs. Powell, Dickson, and Duff â– this connexion continued for three years, when Mr. Duff relinquished his share in the concern.
After the lamented decease of Mr. Powell, (April 8, 1821,) the management devolved upon Mr. D. (for Mrs. Powell, who was principally interested, and himself,) aided by Mr. Kilner, as Acting Manager; this contin- ued until the expiration of their lease from the pro- prietors, in May, 1824.
The next season, in Sept. 1S24, Messrs. Kilner and Finn undertook the management, for themselves and Mrs, Powell, on a lease of three years.
190 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
The Boston Theatre opened in 1828, under the man- agement of Mr. Charles Young for the Proprietors.
It is a fact, worthy of record, and highly creditable to the Managers, that, from the time of Mr. Powell's undertaking the management, until the present date, there never has been an instance known of a perform- er's salary, a tradesman's bill, or any other demand a- gainst the Theatre being refused payment. This punc- tuality has given a respectability and credit to the es- tablishment, that is not surpassed by any other in fhia country or in England.
WASHINGTON THEATRE,
In the "Washington Gardens on Common-street, was first called the Amjihitheatre and afterwards the City Theatre. At first the managers of the Boston Thea- tre were interested in the performances here, but in a short time the control over it passed into the hands of several amateurs, and the two institutions became in some sort rivals to each other. The house is construc- ted so as to answer for a Circus, and has several times been opened for Equestrian performances.
TREMONT THEATRE.
The project for establishing a third theatre in Boston, was set on foot by persons who believed the time had ar- rived when something should be done to raise the char- acter of the Boston stage ; and it would seem that no suf- ficient effort could be made on the part of the proprie- tors of the Boston Theatre to convince all concerned, that a new theatre, was not demanded by the public
THEATRES. 1S1
voice. Meetings were held, and a company formed, in February: proposals were advertised for a plan, on the first of March ; the work immediately commenced, and the corner stone of the "TremorU Theatre was laid on the morning of the 4th of July, 1827. The building rose with a rapidity almost unexampled ; the exteiior was nearly completed, and the interior was ready for the re- ception of company on the evening of Monday, Sept. 24, and was opened under the management of Mr. William Pelby. The entertainments selected, were the comedy of "Wives as they were, and Maids as they Are,'' con- cluding with the farce of "The Lady and the Devil,"— After a brilliant overture composed and arranged by Mr. Ostinelli, the curtain was drawn up, and displayed a most splendid scene, when Mr. Blake came forward and delivered the Prize Addrcs-.
The general form of this edifice is that of a parallelo- gram, fronting upon Common street, the extent of which front i3 79 feet, depth 133 feet. About 75 fret in the i ear, the stage part of the building is widened about 12 feet, making a jog upon each side. The front is of Quin- ey and Kallowell granite; the side walls are of brick, and IS inches in thickness. The front is in imitation of the Ionic order, with four pilasters and two ant?e, one
*In the selection of a title, the Tiustees gave general satisfaction, is (lie name of Trcmont had become neatly extinct through the vaiicm alterations in our city. It was the (hst EnglUh name given to Boston, and is of name origin. Shttwmnt ptesemed to the view of ihe emi- gi ants who fi:st located at Charlestown, the ajipearan«c^of three larga hills j one in the north, one far to the east, and another fotming-ihe whole western extremity of the peninsula. On ihe }a-t, which refer* to Beacon hill, were three lofty and majestic eminences in a contiguous rs:'ee. The combination of thece circumstances doubtless gave ri?8 to the name-,
192 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
on each angle supporting an entablature and pediment, and elevated on a basement of 17 feet. The height of the pilasters is 25 feet 4 inches, including their bases and caps; their width 3 feet 3 inches, projecting one foot from the wall. The height of the pediment is about 18 feet from the level cornice to the ridge. There are three wide arched doors in the basement, and two win- dows, one at each corner, to light the ticket offices. On entering the arched doors in front, there opens a wide hall, from which a flight of steps ascends to the dress circle boxes, and here are the lobbies for the promenade, and separate drawing rooms, communicating with an el- egant saloon in the centre.
At the close of the first theatrical season, Mr. Pelby withdrew from the management, and relinquished his interest in the lease of this house to an association of gen- tlemen, who opened it on the 1st of Sept. 1828, under the management of Mr. Booth, the Tragedian. During the summer, the interior of the edifice underwent very- extensive alterations, particularly that part of it design- ed for the accommodation of the auditory — effectually remedying every defect which experience and observa- tion had pointed out. For elegance, comfort, commo- diousness, and perfect adaptation to its proper object, this theatre may challenge comparison with any similar establishment in the Union. Mr. Isaiah Rogers was the architect.
MUSEUM.
We find that the first movement towards a Museum in Boston, commenced by exhibiting a few wax figures at the American Coffee House, in State-street, about the year 1791. Mr. Daniel Bowen was the proprietor, who moved his curiosities to a hall over a school house, in
Prawn aniJanancPti fbrHowen's2Sctitr4 of -Boston*.
MUSEUM. 193
Bromfield-st. till 1795, when it took the appellation of Columbian Museum. January 15, 1803, just as it had become profitable to the proprietor, the whole wag nearly destroyed by fire. Mr. Bowen began another collection at the corner of Milk and Oliver streets the following May, and in 1S06, Mr. ffm. M. S. Doyle, becoming connected with the original proprietor, erect- ed an edifice, five stories high, near the Stone Chapel, to which the Museum was removed and company re- ceived on Thanksgiving evening, Nov. 27, 1806. The whole fabric, together with its valuable contents, was destroyed by fire Jan. 16, 1807. Another building which is now called the Columbian Hall, was erected by the proprietors, on the same ground, and ready for visitors June 2, 1807. This collection was sold to the proprietors of the New England Museum, Jan. 1, 1825, for about $5000, and this closes the history of the first Museum in Boston. The only one now existing is the
KEW E.VGLAND MUSEUM, No. 76, Courl-St.
This extensiveTCollectionJwas first' opened on the 4th of Julv, 1S18, from which time it has been con- stantly accumulating. It is conducted under the pro- visions of a charter, granted by the Legislature in Feb. ISIS, and owned in shares. It commenced with the collection, formerly owned by the late Mr. Edward Savage, and called the JVew York Museum, for some time kept in Boylston Hall. The New Haven Museum, the Boston Museum, Market Museum, Columbian and City Museum, and also the collections of the late Lin- nean Society, have been successively purchased and 17
194 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
added to this establishment, together with the continual accession of such curiosities as could from time to time be obtained from all other sources. It is now very large, and occupies 11 spacious halls and apartments in the extensive block of buildings on Court-street, be- tween Market and Brattle Streets. The following out- line of its contents is all our limits will permit.
Lower Hall. — This room is 70 by 36 feet and 14 feet high. In the centre, stands the great elephant, Horatio, which weighed 656 wt. — and Vampyre of the ocean, a very wonderful non-descript, which weighed 5 tons. The south side of the hall is covered with large histori- cal Paintings, portraits of distinguished individuals, to- gether with many other valuable pictures. On the north, a case, the whole length, is filled with Wax Fig- ures, over which is a range of elegant Portraits. In front of the wax figures, stand 29 small figures, repre- senting the Incas of Peru and their wives. The ends of the hall are covered with various pictures and other curious productions of art, among which, the full length portraits of the late emperor (Alexander) and empress of Russia, painted at St. Petersburg. In this hall are also, the musical Androides, the mechanical Panorama, musical Clock, stone Sarcophagus, curious Mirrors, Sac. &c.
The Marine Room contains a great variety of fishes, monsters, and curiosities from the sea, collected from various parts of the world. There are also in this room a camel, buffaloe, moose, great white bear and other quadrupeds, and large serpents.
The Cosmorama Room is fitted up with alcoves and cases, and contains a great variety of Indian and Asiatic curiosities, antiquities, minerals, small pictures and mis- cellaneous articles. Aleo, the grand Cosmorama for
MUSEUM. 1S5
exhibiting views of cities, Sec. At present it contains a superb view of Constantinople.
The long Lobby (36 feet) contains about 40 cases of birds, some heathen gods, Indian implements, antiqui- ties, Sec. Sec.
The middle Chamber contains about 3000 reptiles, monsters, Sec. preserved in spirits : cases of minerals and articles from the South Seas and Eastern Islands are fitted to the sides of the room.
In the passage way, in a recess, stands the great or- gan ; at the other end the pondrometer, a curious ma- chine for weighing, so constructed, that when a person seats himself in an arm chair, a lady's arm and hand ap- pears and points at his weight in figures — walls covered with pictures, Sec.
The Insect and Shell room contains upwards of 4000 insects, neatly put up in cases, also large collections of beautiful shells, arranged in cases. On one side is a groupe of wax figures of Indian Chiefs, Sec. and numer- ous Indian weapons and utensils. A gallery extends round this room, the front of which is covered with por- traits and other pictures.
Upper hail (.^ize of lower hall) — the north side is fill- ed whole length with cases of birds, beautifully arrang- ed: south side with quadrupeds and birds; centre, cases of mineral?, Sec, Here stands the celebrated marble statue of Venus by Canova, also various other full length statues. A row of portraits extends quite round the hall at top — numerous curiosities disposed about the room. At the east end is a stage and side rooms, all filled with interesting articles; the great Asiatic lion in front. The grand militar)^ Androides perform in this hall.
Upper wax figure room. On two sides of this room are ranges and historical groupes of wax figures, appro-
6
190 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
priately'dressed. some cases of birds. Other curiosities, among which is the Mermaid, disposed about the room.
Monkey room — a great variety of the Simia tribe are neatly arranged in cases, in attitudes of action, working at various trades — very amusing. Two Ourang Outangs; Jubata or Asia Bear — Opossum, with ten young ones, Sec. &c. Collection of birds from France; collection of domestic fowls; collection of wild Ducks. On a lono- table in the centre is displayed the great Leviathan Tur- tle, testudo concentrica, which weighed upwards of 8 cwt. Chinese Punishments and other articles disposed about the room. In the passage, Birds, great Mada- gascar Bats, fee. Sec.
In the Shakspeare room are a great number of elegant Prints in frames, from the works of the great dramatic Poet — some very fine historical prints occupy the re- mainder of the walls. There is a large and splendid his- toric:.! painting, representing the Roman daughter giv- ing sustenance to her father in prison, in an elegant frame. It is so placed as to occupy part of two sto- ries-painted by Rembrandt Peale, Esq. of Philadelphia.
ANNIVERSARIES.
J\rew Year's Day is not observed by the inhabitants generally as a holiday, though to particular classes of people, it is. There is always a service at the Catho- lic church on this day, commemorative of the Circum- cision. The carriers of the newspapers, lamp-lighters, and watchmen present the citizens with poetical good-wishes, and receive some solid evidences of the esteem with which they are regarded.
Washington's Birth Day. — The discharge of heavy artillery, morning, noon and night, on the 22d of Feb-
ANNIVERSARIES. 197
ruary, by military companies, recalls to recollection the services of " the Father of his Country." Public and private entertainments, such as dinners, balls, ap- propriate exhibitions and theatrical amusements char- acterize this day.
Fast. — A Public Fast, generally in the month of A- pril, is observed throughout the state, in compliance with a proclamation of the Governor and Council. — This is a day of religious solemnities, strictly observed in Boston — shops and stores being closed and services held in all the churches.
April Election. — The choice of Governor and Sena- tors takes place on the first Monday of April annually.
May-Bay. — This awakens many youthful associa- tions, but is only retained in this place as a festival morning by the force of custom.
General Election. — The last Wednesday in May, when the legislature convenes, is called the General Election. After organizing the government, the Gen- eral Court march in procession from the Slate House, under escort of the Independent Cadets, to the Old South Church, where a sermon is delivered by one of the Clergy, appointed at the previous session.
Artillery Election is the anniversary of the Antient and Honorable Artillery Company, and occurs on the first Monday in June. The Governor, Lt. Governor, and the Members of the Legislature, after hearing the annual sermon pronounced, attend first the dinner and then the parade on the Common. The festivities of the day are finished by the Governor's conferring commis- sions on the officers elect, of the Antient and Honora- ble Artillery.
17*
199 PICTURE .OF BOSTON.
The 11th of June is observed as the anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill, by military parade on the memorable height.
Independence. — That which is most important in its object, in bringing annually into recollection, the strug- gle of our forefathers for the great charter of liberty, is the national anniversary, on the 4th of Jul}-. On the return of this day, which affords to millions of Freemen an opportunity to express with gratitude and with one voice, the numberless blessings Independence has brought in her train to this republic, the citizens relinquish their private employments to mingle in the wide ocean of national felicity. The day is ushered in by the ringing of bells, and the firing of cannon from our numerous hiils. At an early period the military corps parade — people arrive from all parts of the coun- try to partake in the festivities ; and when the day proves pleasant, the streets are thronged with citizens and strangers of all ages and sexes, arrayed in their best apparel, with joy animating their countenances. — Here processions are formed, orations delivered, politi- cal and religious, and such other demonstrations given of the love of country as become a free people.
The Abolition of Slavery in Massachusetts, is com- memorated by the people of color, on the 14th of Jul}', by an oration and a public dinner.
Squantum Feast. — This is a celebration in commem- oration of an Indian Treat}'. The entertainment is composed entirely of articles taken from the ocean, and is served up on a promontory called Squantum Rock, in Dorchester Bay, about five miles from the city. It usually occurs some time in August.
Commencement, Harvard College. This takes
place on the last Wednesday in August, at Cambridge
ANNIVERSARIES. 199
The Governor, Lt. Governor and Council, with distin- guished citizens and strangers, leave the city in pro- cession at an early hour, to attend the exercises of the Graduating Class, and witness the conferring of de- grees. The exercises of the Phi Beta Kappa Society take place the day following.
Brighton Fair\ — An interesting exhibition of cattle, agricultural improvements and domestic manufactures, held in Brighton, in October — the particular day fixed by the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural So- ciety.
General Training, usually occurs in October, in Boston, when there is a grand military displav and re- view of all the troops in the County of Suffolk.
Thanksgiving. — Agreeably to a good old custom of our forefathers, a day set a part by proclamation of the Governor, as a day of Public Thanksgiving. It com- monly occurs at the close of November, and is ob- served as a religious festival — services being held in the different churches, and the day being ended by an interchange of good feelings between families and re- latives, over tables which are loaded with the richest bounties of our country.
Christmas. — The celebration of the 25th of Decem- ber, is beginning to be more religiously observed by all denominations of christians.
HOTELS.
Although we may consider our city well supplied with hotels and private boarding houses, which may afford to the traveller and lone citizen an opportunity to select a temporary home adapted to his taste and his means, we have not, since the destruction of the old Exchange
200 PICTURE OF BOSTON
Coffee Kouse by fire, had any very extensive establish- ment of the kind. The want of this has been observed with regret by some of our citizens, and they have been induced to unite for the purpose of erecting a spacious and commodious edifice, which, .properly conducted, may perhaps prove more acceptable to the strangers vis- iting the city, by bringing together a greater number in one circle, than can be accommodated at our best more private houses, however well provided. Being situated on the corner of Beacon street, in the part of Common street formerly called Tremont street, this establishment bears the name of
TREMONT HOUSE.
The corner stone of this hotel was laid on the -ith of July, 1S28, in presence of a large concourse of specta- tors. The Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Associa- tion assembled at the Exchange Coffee House at eight o'olock, and walked in procession to the site of the pro- posed edifice. When they arrived at the spot, by re- quest of the President of the Association, Major Russell read the inscription engraved on the silver plate to be deposited beneath the stone, and the names of the sub- scribers to the loan for the erection of the building, with the sums subscribed by each. This catalogue of names was inclosed in a glass case and sealed with Roman ce- ment. The whole were then placed by the President of the Association in the cavity prepared for their recep- tion in the foundation stone; a plate of lead was placed over it, and sealed with Roman cement; and the corner stone was then lowered by means of the usual machine- ry, and properly adjusted in its place. The President then addressed the assembly as follows:
HOTELS. 201
"At the rcquestof our enterprising and patriotic fel- low-citizens, the proprietors of these premises, the Mas- sachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association, by their Government, appear on this occasion to assist in laying the corner stone of Tremont House; and in performing this pleasing task, they would express their approbation of the generous effort which has been made to supply our wants and to ornament our city, and their ardent wishes for its entire success. Who doubts the need of such accommodations as are here to be provided? Who has not felt the want of them to be a reproach ? Here- after when the stranger shall come from afar to behold this city of the children of the Pilgrims, this birth place of Franklin, the Cradle of Liberty, and the Battle grounds of Lexington and Bunker Hill — Here shall the weary find repose, sheltered from the scorching heat by day, and the malignant blast by night. Here may temper- ance be an abiding guest, and health with happiness here be at home. We would indulge the hope, and we would express the wish, that its walls may stand while Independence is the glory of our country; while the names of Washington and of Warren dwell on our tongues, or live in our history. May a kind Providence watch over and protect those of our brethren by whose labours it shall rise; and when at last the efforts of the enterprising, the sacrifices of the patriotic, and the toils of the laborious are over, and when, not these bodies on- ly, but these rocks shall decay; when the lofty monu- ment, the solemn temple, and the gorgeous palace, alike shall totter, and fall and perish, may those who shall have shared in its erection, and those who shall have partaken of its hospitality, find admission into that house not made with hands, eternal in the Heavens."
202 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
William H. Elliot. Esq. the original projector, and one of the largest stockholders in the establishment, then made a short address.
By invitation of the proprietors, the subscribers to the loan, with other friends to the enterprize, assembled at 11 o'clock in the saloon of Tremont Theatre, to partake of a collation. During the entertainment, Mr. Eliot made a brief exposition of some of the difficulties -which the proprietors of the hotel had encountered and over- come. A great number of sentiments were given, from which we have selected the two following, as having eorae point of wit and local adaptation:
' The beautiful vicinity of Tremont street — The Bos- ton Common. The joint stock of a free company of all the citizens. May the directors of the Corporation nev- er be permitted to dispose of a single share of it, but may it forever remain undivided and unencumbered real estate.'
' The public places in Tremont street — A Hotel, a Theatre, two Churches, and a Burying-ground. May we live with temperance in the first, enjoy rational amusement in the second, and be devoutly prepared in the third for the repose which awaits us in the last,'
Inscription .on the plate deposited beneath the Corner Stone:
'The CornerStpne of Tremont House was laid by Samuel Turell Armstrong, President of the Massa- chusetts Charitable Mechanic Association, on the fourth day of July, A. D. 1828, and the fifty-second Anniver- sary of American Independence; Levi Lincoln being Governor of Massachusetts; and Josiah Qujncv, Mayor of Boston.
HOTELS. 203
' A desire to promote the welfare and to contribute to the embellishment of their native city, led the proprie- tors, Thomas Handasyde Perkins, James Perkins, Andrew Eliot Belknap, William Havard Eliot, and Samuel Atkins Eliot, to undertake this work. In its accomplishment, they were aided by the liberality of the persons whose names are enrolled on the parchment in the glass case beneath.
' ISAIAH ROGERS, ARCHITECT.'
Architectural description. — This structure will occu- py a front on Common-street of one hundred and sixty feet. Its height above the level of the area, which is to be excavated in front and on Beacon street, will be sixty-two feet.
Two wings extend from the principal building in front, the most northerly of which will front on Beacon street, and is eighty-four feet long by thirty-four wide. The southerly wing, one hundred and ten feet long by forty wide, will terminate in a second front, on the Court re- cently opened from Beacon street, from which there will be a private entrance to apartments intended for the accommodation of families, and individuals who oc- cupy suites of rooms.
The house will be three stories high in front, and four on the wings, exclusive of the basement story. The front and two circular ends facing Beacon street, and the open ground south of the building, are to be of Quincy granite, and to be surmounted by an entablature, copied in part from the Choragic Monument, supported by An- taes at each extremity.
The Portico, which is to be of the same material, will be thirty-seven feet six inches long by seven feet in width and twenty-five feet six inches high. Four fiut-
204 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
ed columns three feet four inches in diameter at the base, and six diameters high, will support the roof of the por- tico, the proportions of which are precisely copied from those of the Doric Portico at Athens, with the exception that the portico of Tremont House is to be di-triglyph, the intercolumniations being nearly equal.
The whole number of rooms will be one hundred and eighty. The south wing contains ten private parlors on the first and second floors, having one or more cham- bers attached to each. The dining room will be in the north wing and will finish about seventj' feet in length by thirty-one feet in width, the height being fourteen feet. Besides the private parlors in the south wing, there will be six large rooms in front which are intend- ed for the accommodation of clubs and parties. Every pair of these rooms are to be connected by sliding doors, one being intended for a drawing room, the other for a dining room. The length of each of these apartments will be thirty feet, the width twenty, and the height of those on the first floor fourteen. In addition to these, there will be a large reading-room and a general draw- ing-room and two small parlors in the front part. The principal entrance will be nearly opposite theTremont Theatre, and besides this and the entrance from the Court already spoken of, there will be a third privato entrance on the south side about thirty feet from Com- mon street, to which access will be had by means of a walk, which will extend the whole length of the south wing. From the Look-out above the roof of this struc- ture, an extensive and beautiful landscape comprising a view of the harbor and the amphitheatre of hills to the west, and of the towns of Charlestown and Chelsea ta the north, will present itself.
HOTELS. 205
ESCHAKGS COFFEE ITOCSE,
Kept by Col. James Hamilton, is situated in Congress Square, on the site of the Old Exchange, and in the ve- ry centre of business. The building is 5 stories high, and has a very handsome hall 75 feet by 30; a large dining hall, 13 parlors, 4 withdrawing rooms, SO sleeping chambers, and can accommodate about 130 persons. — The following regulations will give some further idea of this excellent establishment:
'•'Gentlemen on becoming boarders, enter their names at the bar. The establishment is accountable for all ar- ticles deposited in the bar, and put in express charge of the bar keeper, naming the articles to him, and for no other.
Terms of Board and Lodging per day, $ 1,50
« « " « week, 10
« »« " " year, 312
Board only, - • • " week, 5
Dinners, .......3
Gentlemen can be accommodated with one lodging room, and breakfast, at half the price of board. No gen- tleman will be considered an annual boarder, without an express agreement to that effect. Boarders for a less period, will be taken at the yearly rate, provided their terms of board include the winter months. Gentlemen who prefer drinking their own wine, will be expected to pay 50 cents per bottle. Payment from transient persons is expected weekly, and from all others, on the first day of every month, when bills will be rendered.
Breakfast from S to 10 ; Dinner at 2 o'clock, during
the week, and half past 1 on Sunday. Tea from 6 to 7,
and Supper from 9 to 11. All meals at other hours are
charged extra. The ringinor of the bell, at the usual
IS
206 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
hour, is the summons to the eating room ; and in the morning, a preparatorj- bell is rung half an hour before breakfast. The usual hour for retiring is 11 o'clock^but by ringing the bell, admittance may be obtained at any time thereafter.
A regular watch is kept during the night, to give ad- mission; to provide beds, if required, and protect the house.
When two or more gentlemen call for a private room, each individual of the party is chargeable, and liable for the payment of the whole bill, until it is settled.
Gentlemen, on sending their names or number to the bar, (naming the kind and the price) may be supplied with liquors of superior quality."'
marlbop.o' hotel,
Is an extensive establishment, kept by Mr. James Barker, 229, Washington street. The building is 4 sto- ries, has a neat and convenient hall, with suitable with- drawing rooms for parties, and accommodations for about 100 persons. Some of the Providence and hourly stages depart from this hotel.
earl's corrEE house,
No. 36, Hanover street, is one of the oldest public houses. It is extensively known in all the eastern states, having been established in 1S06, and kept by the present incumbent 21 years. It may be invidious to draw comparisons, but it is only an act of justice to say, that the assiduous attentions and amiable deportment of the proprietor, as well as the good order and domestic arrangements of the house, have secured for it a regu- lar set of customers, whose business may bring them at different periods to the city. The situation is central, in
HOTELS. 207
the vicinity of the principal commercial streets. The various lines of stages for the North, South, and West, leave this house daily. The accommodations are large, and sufficient for the reception of one hundred persons. An extensive liver}' stable is convenient to the house, where strangers, wishing to take a survejr of the beau- tiful scenery surrounding the city, can at all times be accommodated.
COMMERCIAL COFFEE HOUSE,
In Milk-street^ near Liberty-square, is a well known establishment, and has been under the management of the present occupant, Mr. Wm, Meriam, since 1817.
CITY TAVERN,
By Mr. Lucius Doolittle, is a convenient and com- modious house, formerly well known as the stand kept by Mr. Simeon Boj'den, in Brattle-street near Dock-Sq. The Sa]em, Gloucester, and other stages keep their books here.
MERCHANTS' HOTEL,
Kept by A. M. Brigham, No. 42, Hanover-street, has undergone recent improvements, and i9 calculated to accommodate from 60 to 70 persons. There are from 6 to 8 stages that leave this house daily — principally for Providence and the northward.
INDIAN QUEEN TAVERN,
By Preston Shepard in Bromfield-street, is a public house, advantageously known and of long standing.
LAFAYETTE HOTEL,
Kept by Messrs. Haskell and Davis, is a new house, built in 1824. It is situated opposite the Boylston
203 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Market, 392 Washington-street, near another tavern, now marked by the the sign of the Liberty Tree.
EASTERN STAGE HOUSE,
By Col. Ephraim Wildes, No. 84, Ann-street, is a well known stand. The books of the eastern stages, are kept at this house.
LAMB TAVERN.
A Public House has been kept, for more than 50 years at the Sigti of the Lamb, 369 Washington-street, and we believe the Sign of the Lion has been its con- stant neighbor, for nearly the same length of time.
WASHINGTON COFFEE HOUSE,
By Lewis Boutell, at No. 158, Washington-street One line of the Roxbury hourly's starts from this house.
HOLLAND'S COFFEE HOUSE
Is situated in Howard-street, — is central and has been kept a public house about 10 years. Attached to this establishment is an excellent Livery Stable, for the accommodation of strangers.
Concert Hall, No. 95, Court-street, corner of Hano- ver-street, by A. Eaton.
Ehn\Street Hotel, No. 9, Elm-street, by E. Thomp- son.
Patterson Hotel, No. 11, Elm-street, by Solomon Wildes.
Suffolk Hotel, Elm-street, by J. Hastings. Farmers' Hotel, Salem-street, (late Back-street.) Franklin Hotel, Merchants' Row, by Bcnja. Smith.
BOARDING HOUSES. 200
-Idams Hotel, near Bowdoin-square, by Nathaniel Barr.
Warren Hotel, comer of Merrimack and Friend- street.
J\Iansio7i Home Hotel, Milk-st. by Henry Holbrook.
Sun Tavern, Batterymarch-st. by Henry Goodrich.
Washington Hotel is in Washington-street near Roxbury.
Cornhill Coffee House, Cornhill Court, by William Fenno. Here persons can be accommodated with meals, at all hours of the day.
Restoratory, by J. P. Bradstreet, corner of Milk and Atkinson street.
Boston Coffee House, corner of Milk and Devon- shire-street, by Wm. Gallagher.
JBoylston Hotel, School-street, nest to the Latin School house.
Among the most fashionable and extensive Boarding Houses, are the following :
Julien House, by Miss Vose, No. 67, Gongress-st. and 48 Milk-street. This is an extensive establish- ment with every convenience to accommodate GO or 70 boarders.
Mrs. Trott's Boarding House is pleasantly situated in Pearl-street, No. 10, nearly opposite the Athenaeum.
Mrs. Delano's, in Beacon-st. near the State House.
Mrs. Scollay's, at No. 1, Bowdoin-street.
Miss Wentworth's, Somerset-street.
Mrs. Lakain's, No. 3, Pearl-street.
Mrs. Goldthwait's, No. 17, Pearl-street. 18*
210 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
6TAGES AND POST COACHES.
Alphabetically Arranged,
N. B. For new lines of Stages, and the variations of those here inserted, Ave would refer the reader to Messrs. Badger & Porters Stage Register, published every two months.
Albany, Troy, N. Y. Greenfield and Boston Union Centre Line, leave» Brigham's 42 Hanover-street, Boston, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Sat- urdays at 6 a. ra. and anives in Albany 3d day to dine— dist. 160 m. Fare 6 00.
Andover and Boston Union Line of Stages, leaves Wildes' No. 11 Elm ft. Boston, every day except Sunday, at half past 4 p. in. and arrivea in Andover at half past 7 p. m.
Boston and Albany Mail Stage, via Northampton, leaves Earl'« 36 Hanover st. Boston, Monday, Wednesday and Fiiday, at 2 a. m. and cnives in Albany next day at 7 p. m. — dist. 169 m.— fare to North- ampton 4 50, to Albany 2 75.
Boston and Albany Accomodation, via Greenfield, leaves BrighamV, 42 Hanover st. Boston, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, at 6 a. m. and anises in Troy at 3, and in Albany at 4 p. m. (he thud day- fare to Albany 7 00.
•Another leaves Earl's Coffee House 36 Hanover st. Boston, Monday, Wednesday and Fi iday, at 2 a. m. and arrives in Albarry the follow- ing days at 6 p. m. — fare 8 75.
Another, by Worcester, leaves Earl's Hanover st. Tuesday, Thurs- day and Saturday, at 2 a. m. and arrives at Albany at 8 p. m. second day — .fare 8 75.
Boston and Albany, via Springfield Mail and Accommodation Daily Line, leaves Boston every day except Sunday, at 2 a. m. and anivea in Albany second day at 7 p. m.— fare 8 75.
Boston and Albany Express Line, via Northampton^ leaves Earl's and Suffolk Hotel Elm st. Bo;ton, every day except Sunday, at 2 a. m. and arrives in Albany 2d day at 6 p. m.
Boston and Worcester Accommodation, leaves Earl's 36 Hanover st. Boston, Monday, Wednesday and Friday, at 10 a. m. and arrivea in Worcester at 4 p. ra — dist. 42 m.— fare 2 00.
STAGES. 211
Eoston and New York Mail Coach, leaves Earl's 36 Hanover st. Bos- ton, dailv at 1 p. m. arrives in Hartford next morning at 6, in New Haven at 2 p. m. and in New York at G second morning.
Boston, Hartford and N. Haven Middle Road, leaves Earl's Hanover et. Boston, Monday, Wednesday and Fiiday, at 5 a. n>. and arrives in Asbford at 5 p. m. — leaves Ashford Tuesday, Thursday and Sal- nrday, at 5 a. ni. and arrives in New Haven at 5 p. m. — dist. 136 a. Fare to Hartford 5 50, do. to New Haven 7 50.
Boston and Albany Mail St4ge, via Brattleboiough, leaves Biigham's 42 Hanover st. Boston, Monday, Wednesday and Friday, at 2 a. m" and arrives in Brattleborough same evenings — leaves B. Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 2 a. m. and arrives in Albany same eve- nings.
Boston and Duxbury Accommodation, leaves City Tavern, Boston, Wednesday and Satuidaj- at 10 a. m. — faie 2 00.
Boston, Concoid, Harvard, Fitchburg and Winchendon Accommoda- tion, leaves Biigham's 42 Hanover st. Boston, Tuesday and Thursday nt 3 a. id. and Saturday at 5 a. ni. — fare through 2 75.
Boston and Concord, N. H. via Londonderry, leaves J. Barnard's Stage Office, Elm st. Boston, every day at 7 a. m. and arrives at Concord at 6 p. m. — /are 3 00.
Boston, Keene and Charlestown N. H. leaves 1 Elmst. Boston, every morning at 4, and arrives in Keene same evening — leaves Ketne ior Charlestown next morning — fare to Iieene 250, to Charleetovvo
3 00.
Boston and New Bedford Mail, leaves City Tavern Monday, Wednes- day and Friday, at half past 7 a. m. and arrives in N. B. same p. m. dist. to N. B. 54 m.— fare 3 00.
Boston and New Ipswich, N. H. Accommodation, leaves No. 4 Elm st Boston, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 4 a. m. and arrives iu N. I. to dine. — fare 1 25.
Boston, Lancaster &nd Fitchburg Accommodation, leaves City Tarern, Boston, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 9 a.'m. and arrive* at F. Et 6, p. m.
Bosion and Plymouth Accommodation, leaves City Tavern, Monday, Wednesday and Friday, at 7 a. m.
Boston and Holden, leaves Suffolk Hotel, Tuesday, Thursday and Sat- urday, at 9 a. m.
213 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Boston, Amherst, Windsor and Burlington Mail, leaves City Tavern ev« ery morning at 7, and arrives in Burlington Sd day at 5 p. m.
Boston and Providence Citizen's Stages, leave Marlboro' Hotel, to meet the boats at Providence every morning at 5. Mail Stage leavtf same place every morning at 7. — faie 250.
Boston and Providence Citizens' Commercial Line, leaves Brigham't 42 Hanover si. every morning at 5, except Tuesday, and od that day at half past 7.— fare 2 50.
Boston, Haverhill and Concord, N. H. leaves J.Barnard's 9 Elm st Monday, "Wednesday and Friday, and arrives in Concoid at 6 p. ra. where it connects with the Pilot Line for Burlington and Mon- treal.— dist. to Concord 68 m. — fare 3 00.
Boston, Haverhill, Dover, N. H. and Portland, leaves Wildes' 45 Ann st Monday, Wednesday and Friday, at 3 a. m.— fare to Haverhill 1 50, to Exeter 2 25, to Dover 3 00, to Portland 6 00.
Boston. Westborough, Centre and Worcester Accommodation, leaves Wildes' 11 Elm st. Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 10 a.m. and arrives in Worcester at 4 p m. — fare 2 00.
Boston and Lowell Accommodation, leaves Wildes' Elmst. Mondav, Wc-dnesdaj- and Friday, at half past 9 a. m.
Boston, Newburyporl, Exeter and Dover, N. H. leaves Wildes' 45, Ann st. every morning except Sundays, at half past 7— arrives in Newburyport at 1 p. m. in Exeter at 4, and in Dover at 7 p. m. — leaves Dover next morning at 7, and arrives in Portland at 4 p. m.— fare to Dover 3 25, to Portland 6 00.
Boston, Newbury port and Atnesbury Accommodation, leaves Wildes', 45 Ann st. every day except Sundays, at 2 p. m. and arrives at New- buryporl at 7, and in Amesbury at 8.— fare 2 00 and 2 25.
Boston, Boltun, Lancaster, Steiling, Princeton, Barre, Sunderland and Bloody Brook Accommodation, leaves Brigham's 42 Hanover st. Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 6 a. m. and arrives at Eaxre at 6 p. m.— fare to Carre 2 62.
Boston, Portsmouth, N. H. and Portland Accommodation, leaves Wildes' 45 Ann st. Boston, every morning except Sunday at 8, and anives in Portsmouth at 5 p. m — leaves next morning at 8 (on lower road) and arrives in Portland at 5 p. m. — fare 3 00 and 6 00.
Boston, Plymouth and New Bedford Mail, leaves City Tavern Monday » Wednesday and FiiJiy, and arrives in N. B. same p. m. — fare to Plymouth 2 00, io N. B. 3 50.
u x n.\jrijO.
213
Boston and Newport Mail Stages, via Taunton, leave Shepard's, Broin- fitld s(. every de.y except Sundays, at 5 a. m. and arrive in .Newport
at 6 p. m. Boston and Concord N. H. Merrimack, daily leaves Marlboro' Hotel
Monday, Wednesday and Friday, at 7 a. in, and Suffolk Hotel Elm
st. Tuesday, Thursday and Satin day, at the same hour, and arrives
in Concord at 5 p. m. Boston, Lowell and Middlesex Village, leaves Barnard's Elmst. Mon-
d iy, Wednesday and Friday, at 10 a. in. arid arrive* in M. Village
at 2 p. m. Boston and Burlington Mail Pilot, leaves Barnard's 9 Elm at. erery
day at 7 a. rn. and arrives in Builington 3d day at 4 p. in. — dist. 220
miles — fare 8 50. Boston and Bristol Mail Stages, via Taun'.on, leave Shepard's Broru-
jield ?t. Monday, Wednesday and Friday, at 5 a, m. and arrives in
Bristol at 4 p. m. Brookline and Boston, leaves Marlboso' Hotel every day except 5m>
day,at 10 a. m. and at 2 and 5 p. m. Beverly and Boston, leaves City Tavern at 4 p. m. — fare 1 00. Bridge water, Randolph and Boston, leases Shepard's BrcmfielJ street,
Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 12 nooa — dist. 27 miles — fare
1 50. Cohassc-t, Hinghaui and Boston Accommodation, leaves City Tavern
Monday and Saturday, at 4 p. in. — dist. 20 m. — fare 1 00. Charlestowu and Boston Hourly Coaches, leave 45 Brattle st at C a. m.
and continue to leave every hour th: ough the day until 8 p. or.— •
every day, Sundays excepted. C^uton and Boston, leaves Riley's, Elm st. Monday, Tuesday, Thurs-
day and Saturday, at 4 p. m. — fare 75. Cambridgeport and Boston Hourly, leaves 45 Brattle st. at C, 9, 10, 11
and 12 a. m. and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 3 p. m. Cambridge and Boston Stage, leaves Brigham's 42 Hanover st. every
day except Sunday, at noon and at 6 p. ni. — fare 25 cents, Dorchester. Milton and Boston Stage, ltaves Wilde's Elm sL every
day except Sunday, at op. m. Dorchester, South Boston and City Coach, leaves Marlboro' Hotel at
12 noon, and at half past 4 p. m. Dc-dham and Boston, leaves No. 9 Elm â– {. every day except Sunday,
at 4 p. m.- fare 50 cents.
214 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Duxbury and Boston Stage, leaves City Tavern Wednesday and Satm- day at 10 8. m.
Dudley and Boston Accommodation, leaves City Tavern Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 7 a. m. — dist. 58 m fare 2 87.
Eastern Mail, leave* Wildes' 45 Ann st. every morning at 2, and ar- rives in Portsmouth at 10 a. m. and in Portland at 8 same evening— diet. 120 m. — faie through 8 00.
East Cambridge and Boston, leaves 4.5 Brattle st. at 8, 10 and 12 a. m. and 1,3, Sand 7 p. m.
Fitchburgh, Leominster, Lancaster and Boston Accommodation, leave* Bngham's, 42 Hanover st. Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, and arrives in Fifchburgat 3 p. m.
Francistown, Amherst, Nashua, N.H. and Boston, leaves Suffolk hotel Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday morning?, at 7, and arrives in Francistown same afternoon.
Gloucester and Boston mail, leaves City hotel every day except Sun- day, at half past 11 a. m. and arrives in Gloucester, at 5 p.m. fare 2 00.
Haverhill, Mass. and Boston Accommodation, leaves Wildes', Elm st Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, at 10, 3. m. and arrives in Hav- erhill, at 5 p. m. ; distance 30 miles — fare 1 50.
Hingham and Boston, leaveB No. 9 Elm it. every day except Sun- day, at 4 p. m.
Jamaica Plains (Roxbury) and Boston, leaves Marlboru' hotel, at 10 a.m. and 2 and 5 p. ra.
Lowell and Boston, leaves Wildes', Elm st. every day, Sunday except- ed, at 2 p. m. — fare 1 25.
Lexington, West Cambridge and Boston, leaves 45 Brattle st. Mondays Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays, at 4 p. m.
Marshfield and Boston mail, leaves City tavern, Wednesdays and Sat- urdays, at half past 9 a. m. and arrives in Marshfield st 4 p. m. ; dis- tance 33 miles — fare 1 75.
Marshfield, Scituate, Cohas«et, Hingham and Boston, leaves City tavern Mondays, at 3 p. m. Wednesdays and Saturdays, at 9 a- ni.
Llarblchead and Boston, leave* City tavern e.very day, except Sunday, at half past 4 p. m.
Mcdford and Boston, leaves Wildes', Elm st. every dny,exccpt Sunday, at 12 noon, and half past 5 p. id.
STAGES. 215
Northampton and Boston Accommodation, lesves Boston Monday
Wednesday and Friday, at 11 a. m. and arrives in Northampton next
day at 6 p. m. Newburyport and Boston, leaves Wildes' 45 Ann st. Tuesday,Thursday
and Saturday mornings at 8. New Bedford and Boston mail, leaves Shepard's, Bromfisld ;t. Tues- day, Thursday and Saturday, at 5 a. m. : dist. 60 miles— fare 3 00. Newton V. F. and Brighton's Manufacturers1 Line, leaves Suffolk ho- tel, Elm st. every day except Sunday, at 5 p. m. Plymouth, Falmouth, Barnstable and Boston mail, leaves City tavern,
Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 4 a. m. — fare through 4 00. Quincy and Boston, leaves No. 9 Elm st. every day except Sunday, at
half past 5 p. m. Roxbury and Boston Heurly Coaches, {old line) leaves Marlboro' hotel
every day except Sunday, al 8 a. m. and continue to leave every
half hour, until 8 p. m. Randolph and Boston, leaves Nn. 9 Elm st. Monday, Wednesday and
Satuiday, at 4 p. m. 6cituate and Boston Citizen's Stage, leaves Suffolk hotel, Elm'st. Tues- day and Satuiday, at 2 p. m. Salem and Boston Stage Coaches, leave City tavern every day Sunday
excepted, at 9 and half past 11 a. m, and 8, 4, 5 and 6 p. m. Bcuth Boston and Boston Coach, leaves Washington Coffee House
Washington st. at 9 and 11 a. m. and 1, 3, 4 and 5 p. m. Taunton and Boston Accommodation Stages, leave Shepard's, BrcmSeld
street, Monday, Wednesday and Friday, at 12 noon.
Another, new Line, leaves same place every day at 2 p. m. Uxbridge and Boston, leaves Wildes*, Elm st. Tuesday, Thursday and
Saturday at noon — fare 2 00. Accommodation Line, leaves Wildes', Elm si. Monday, Wednesday
and Friday, at 4 p. m, Woburn and Boston, leaves No. 9 Elm si. Monday, Wednesday end
Saturday, at half past 4 p. m. Weymouth and Boston, leares Wildes', 11 Elm st. Menday, Wednesday
and Saturday, fct 4 p. m. Waltham, Watertown and Boston mail, leaves Wihles',11 Elm sf. every
day except Sunday, at 4 p.m. Wakharn and Boston, leave Suffolk Hotel every day except Sunday, at
12, and 5 p. m. Watertonn and Boston Accommodation, leave Suffolk Hotel and Wildes1
erery day except Sunday, at 12, and 5 p nj.
216 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
BOSTON AND LIVERPOOL PACKETS.
In the fall of 1827, a company was formed for estab- lishing a line of Packets between Boston and Liverpool. The first rate ships were provided, equal it is said, to any ever built, for strength, swiftness and accommoda- tion. These are commanded by experienced and skil- ful navigators. A Packet sails from Boston on the 1st, and another from Liverpool on the 20th of each month. The Amethyst, Jabez Howes, master, commenced the line b}r leaving Boston on the 1st of November, 1S27. The first Packet left Liverpool for Boston on the 20th of December. Mr. Geo. G. Jones, No. 41, India Wharf, is their agent, to whom application may be made for freight or passage.
A steam Boat runs during the summer season, be- tween this city and Portland, Me. three times a week ; fare $5.
A steam Boat also plies between Boston and Plymouth three times a week.
During the warm weather a steam Boat runs be- tween the city and Nahant, twice a day.
The Despatch Line of Packets between Boston and New York, are seven or eight in number. One of these vessels sail from the head of Long Wharf, every Wednesday and Saturday.
CANALS.
Boston is entitled to the credit of projecting the first canals in this country. As early as 1641, a Canal was opened leading through the city, from the harbor on the east, to Charles River on the west, separating North
CANALS, 217
Boston from the main peninsula. It is known by the name of Canal Creek, is substantially built with stone walls, and is of sufficient breadth to allow the Middle- sex Canal boats to pass each other. The conveniences it afforded in former times had been considerable ; but it has become of so little use, that the city has deter- mined on filling up the easterly end.
ROXBL'RY CANAL.
A navigable communication for small vessels, be- tween Boston harbor and Roxbury was formerly enjoy- ed, by means of a Canal, opened in 1796. It occupied in part, the shore where Lewis' Ropewalks now stand, and extended up to the Dorchester road. This Canal has been filled up for several years, above Northamp- ton-street.
MIDDLESEX CAXAL.
This Canal unites the water communication between Boston and the Merrimack River, at the bend in Chelms- ford. The first design of such a work, was originated by public spirited individuals of this city as early as 17S9. The company was incorporated in 1793, and the Canal constructed under the superintendance of Loammi Baldwin, Esq. The expense of the work has been about $520,000. The whole length of the Canal is 27 miles, 30 feet wide, and 4 feet deep. It commences at the tide water in Charlestown and ascends 107 feet by 13 locks to the level of Concord River, (in this state,) crosses its surface and descends 21 feet by 3 locks to the Merrimack, little above Pawtucket Falls. The locks are 90 feet long by 12 wide, and are constructed of hewn stone in the most permanent manner. Boats of 19
213 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
24 tons, 75 feet long and 11 wide, can navigate this Ca- nal. They are however generally smaller and are drawn frequently by two horses at the rate of three miles an hour, but in general, it takes 12 hours for the common boats to pass from Boston to the Merrimack, a distance of 30 miles. A raft one mile long, containing 800 tons of timber, has been drawn by two oxen, part the way at the rate of one mile an hour. There is an elegant passage boat for the accommodation of passen- gers, which runs to Chelmsford three times a week during the summer season ; fare 75 cents.
The Merrimack from Chelmsford is made boatable, a distance of 55 miles by canals and locks. Boats first pass the works at Wicassee Falls; then through the Union locks and canals, over several falls ; thence over Amoskeag Falls, 45 feet perpendicular heighth, 30 miles from the head of Middlesex Canal ; thence over Hook- sett Falls, 16 feet height, thence through Bow Canal,
25 feet height, to the upper landing in Concord, N, H, The expense of these canals and locks has been rising $110,000. .A vast quantity of timber, fuel, grain, &c. the produce of a great extent of very fertile country is annually brought through these canals to our market. The toll in some seasons has amounted to upwards of $25,000.
BANKS.
There are in the city 18 Banks, which employ a cap- ital of $14,150,0.00. Tbe oldest is the Massachusetts Bank, which was incorporated in 1785. Through all the vicissitudes of commerce, foreign spoliations, the embar- go, non-intercourse and war, and the more hazardous chances of speculation since the Peace, these banks have all maintained their credit; paying promptly, on demand, the specie tor their bills.
BANKS. 219
tJNITEC 6TATES BRANCH BANK. Stale 6t. cornet- of Wilson's Lane.
Commenced operations in Boston, Feb. 1817, and tha amount of capital employed here is $l,500/)00. Gardiner Greene, Pres. — Saml. Frothingham, Cashr.
The Loan and Pension offices are kept in the rear of the saine building.
STATE BANK. No. S3, Stat* itreet
Incorporated June 27, 1811.— Capital, $1,806,000. E. A. Bourne, President. George Homer, Cashier.
BOSTON BANK. iso. 46, State street.
Incorporated June 23, 1S12.— Capital, $900,000, John T. Apthorp, President. — Joseph Chapman, Cashr.
MASSACHUSETTS BANK. No. G4, State st.
Incorporated June 23, 1S12.— Capital, $S00,0OO. William Parsons, President. — Samuel Payson, Cashi&r.
ITNION BANK.
No. 40, 6tate street.
Incorporated June 28, 1S12.— Capital, $S00,000. Thos. L. Winthrop, President. — Chester Adams, Cashr.
KEW-ENGLAND BANK. No. C7, State $t.
Incorporated Oct. lSl3.—Capital, 1,000,000. Samuel Dorr, President Philip Marett, Cashier.
220 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
manufacturers' and mechanics' bank.
No. 41, State street.
Incorporated Feb. 18, 1814.— Capital, $750,000. Isaac Stearns, President. James Dalton, Cashier.
SUFFOLK BANK.
No. 65, State st.
Incorporated Feb. 11, 1818.— Capital, $750,000. Henry B. Stone, Prest. Matthew S. Parker, Cashr.
CITY BANK.
No, 63 State street.
Incorporated Feb. 23, 1822.— Capital, $750,000. Geo. Brinley, President. — EJiphalet Williams, Cashier.
EAGLE BANK.
No. 19, Stole street.
Incorporated Oct. 21, 1822.— Capital, $500,000. Titus Welles, President. J. J. Fisk, Cashier.
COLUMBIAN BANK.
No. 54, Slate st.
Incorporated Feb. 20, 1822. — Capital, $500,000. Joseph Tilden, President. William Coffin, Cashier.
AMERICAN BANK. No. 70, Slate st.
Incorporated in 1824.— Capital, 750,000. Ceo. Odiorne, President. John S. Wright, Cashier.
COMMONWEALTH BANK. No. 47, State st.
Incorporated Feb. 20, 1824.— Capital, $300,000. J. Buffinton, President. . Charles Hood, Cashier.
INSURANCE COMPANIES. 221
GLOBE BANE. No. 40, Slitt street.
Incorporated June, 1824. — Capital, $1,000,000. Isaac C. Pray, President. — Charles Sprague, Cashier.
NORTH BANK. No. 26, North Market street.
Incorporated June, 1S25 Capital, $750,000.
John Binney, President. Gurdon Steele, Cashier.
WASHINGTON BANK.
Washington ;t. corner of Beach st.
Incorporated in 1825.— Capital, $500,000. Aaron Baldwin, President. — D. A. Sigourney, Cashier.
ATLANTIC BANE. Stale sutet.
Incorporated in 1S28.— Capital, $500,000. John Pickens, President. Benj. Dodd, Cashier.
FRANKLIN BANK.
South BostoD.
Incorporated in 1823.—Capital, $100,000. Henry Gardner, President. — Marcus Whiting, Cashier.
INSURANCE COMPANIES.
There are eighteen Insurance Companies in this city, the aggregate capital amounting to Jive and a half mill- ions, which, for solidity and safety, is not surpassed by any stock of the same description in the "United States. Their capitals are generally entire and in many cases will command a premium; the mode of investment is restricted by the Legislature, and the amount which they are authorized to take on anyone risk, is limited to 1ft*
222 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
ten per cent, on each respective capital. These restric- tions have a tendency to give unbounded confidence in their security, and the liberality which has always char- acterized their business transactions, in the prompt pay- ment of claims, cannot fail to draw business from all quarters. There is one Insurance company not includ- ed in the number above stated, who do business only for the stockholders, on the principle of mutual loss and profit.
The following is a list of the several Insurance Com- panies, with the amount of capital annexed :
Massachusetts Mutual Fire Insurance Co. capital not limited.
I
Fire and Marine " $400,000
- Hospital Life " 500,000
American » 300,000
Atlas « 300,000
.Boston Marine " 300,000
Boston « 300,000
Boylston Fire and Marine " 300,000
Columbian « 300,000
Commonwealth « 300,000
Franklin " 300,000
Globe Fire and Marine " 300,000
Manufacturer's " 300,000
Mercantile Marine « 300,000
Merchants' « 300,000
New-England Marine " 300,000
Suffolk « 300,000
United States »« 200,000
Washington Fire and Marine " 200,000
$5,500,000
IMPROVEMENTS. 22$
RECENT AN'D PROJECTED IMPROVEMENTS.
In surveying the general appearance of Boston, many valuable changes are presented which show the pro- gressive mdustry of the municipal authorities since 1322. Although there are occasional murmurs concerniug tho expenditure of money, the great mass of citizens must approve of the plans which the City government have canied into operation. The new Market and the ele- gant edifices on either side, would do honor to any city in the world. When prejudice lias grown cool, and each individual contemplates this beautiful structure, and ful- ly realizes its growing utility, a feeling of proud satisfac- tion will pervade the city.
Within 10 years about 40 acres of made land has been added to the terra firm a of Boston, and such has been the advancement in the business of local improvements with- in the last six years, that strangers who were once fa- miliar with the city, scarcely recognize their former haunts.
Congress appropriated eighty-seven thousand dollars for a wall for the preservation of Deer island, in Boston harbor, in 1S28. The work has been commenced, un- der the immediate superintendance of Copt. Smith, the engineer who constructed the wall round George's island. It will probably require three years to complete the un- dertaking. The city have deeded the land on which the wall must stand to the General Government, and leased the whole island to the engineer, till the labor 19 finished.
Private wealth and individual enterprize appears to be extensively engaged in the general improvement of our city and vicinity. Buildings are continually going up in all parts, on a very extensive scale. Boston has long en- joyed the reputation of being a neat city, and it bids fair
224 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
to gain the additional reputation of being a handsome one. It is to be hoped that the spirit thus awakened will extend to the final completion of the projected Rail- ways, so essential to the future prosperity of the Me- tropolis of New-England.
Among the recent improvements, we take pleasure in mentioning those by the
BOSTON GAS-LIGHT COMPANf.
The erection of their works was commenced early in the spring of 1828, and so far advanced as to com- mence lighting in December following. The Gas House which is situated on the westerly side of Copp'a Hill near Charlestown Bridge, is constructed of brick, and measures 160 feet by 40, which by a judicious ar- rangement of the apparatus, is considered amply capa- cious. The necessary apparatus, consisting of retorts, with their various appendages, and a large gasometer, containing 20,000 cubic feet, which is surrounded by a strong curb or tank, of much larger capacity, is placed at one end of the buildng having sufficient space for another gasometer of the same size with the present, should the demand of our citizens for gas require it.
ANCIENT BUILDINGS.
After having surveyed the more modern production?, it may not be unacceptable to the visitor to take some notice of the remains of antiquity, yet among us.
The house at the corner of Richmond-street, next south of the New Brick church, is a specimen probably of the first style of architecture introduced here, so far as the shape of the roof is concerned. The building next north of the same church is a specimen of the succeeding fashion. It is shewn in plate, p. 124.
ANCIENT BUILDINGS.
225
There is probably only one building now standing which was in existence prior to the great fire of" 1673. That is the house in Moon-street, on the east side, about midway from Sun-court to Fleet-street. It is a well built wooden house, of three stories, of which the two upper project, in the fashion of those times, almost a foot and a half in front of the lower. It has been the residence of the Mathers in their day, and is the pro- perty of iheir descendants at the present time.
So far as we can discover, the next oldest building is that at the corner of Ann-street and Market-square, of which theie is some account in the History of Boston, p. 156*.
^/^FHvi^^rr^^i^^^vi,,,;;;- «=• "
It was built in 16S0, and though it bears the mark of its age on its front, should it stand a century longer, it
226 PICTUKE OF BOSTON.
would in all likelihood remain as firm as it is now, a monument of the fidelity with which our forefathers constructed their tenements for business and for habi- tation.
In the same neighborhood, opposite the Golden Key we find one or two more of the old fashioned structures with projecting upper stories. One of these was lat- terly occupied by Mr. William Homes, proverbially ** the honest silver-smith :" it was once the resort of Franklin, who was a relative of the family; and if the exterior should continue to appear less inviting than (hat of some buildings in the vicinity, the owner, tho occupant, and the observer may improve the considera- tion, by reflecting that no one of them ever gave shel- ter to a greater man than the latter, or a better than tho former.
Between the Draw-bridge and the North-square, we find, I think, but one of these ancient houses, and that stands on a corner of Ann and Richmond streets. Ann street, between those points, has been mostly destroyed by fire within 60 years, and the buildings now partake some what of the modern character.
Going north, we find four or five modern brick bouses erected since the fire, at the foot of North-Sq. in 1S07, and then come td the only neighborhood where a sufficient number of ancient houses are clustered to- gether to remind any one forcibly of the days of antiqui- ty : this vicinity is also honorable, for it may be truly said again,
u An honest silversmith Iivei here."
These old buildings, which are wooden, extend a little below Sun Court-street, till we come to Lewis' build- iugs, so called, which is a large four story brick block.
ANCIENT BUILDINGS.
227
in front of the hotel, which was formerly the mansion house of the late Col. John May.
At the period when the last mentioned house waa erected, the north end was a fashionable part of tho town, and the site on which it stands was elevated, and then afforded a commanding prospect. Its exterior now shows that it was a substantial and elegant mansion, and it is said to have been finished in a superior style, to rival the mansion of the Clark family in Garden- Court-street. The latter is also still remaining, and the good taste of the owner has preserved its exquisite beauties from the hatchet and brush of moderm im- provements,
HASCOCK HOT7SE.
At the southerly part of the city we have the Bull tavern at the bottom of Summer-street ; one or two old buildings in Essex-street, the elder Dr. Byles' estate in Common-street, and the Mansion Housjs of the late Gov. Hancock, in Beacon-street-
22S
PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Besides these, the scrutinizing eye occasionally de- tects some antique relic on buildings in several more re- tired corners of the city. The sign of the Blue Ball still marks the Franklin house, which disputes the honor of giving birth to our self-taught philosopher, at the corner of Union and Hanover streets. A small win- dow in Prince-street, midway from Hanover to Salem street, is worth a mile's walk, to one who never saw a window IS inches bjr 12, with 9 panes of glass in leaden sashes. The size of the bricks is to the connoiseur a good criterion of the age of several buildings. Those in the Old State House built in 1712, are smaller than the older ones, and larger than those used after the fire of 1T60.
CITY SEAL.
a BO STON1A lj! kS& COOTITAiD),, *?/'
ENVIRONS. 229
ENVIRONS OF BOSTON.
Probably there is no city in the United States that ean boast so many delightful villages, pleasant and commanding eminences an'd retired watering places a? Boston : villages and heights which present to the eye the most delightful and enchanting scenery, whose wholesome breeze enlivens and invigorates the frame and makes the man of business cheerful. Some of the towns are venerable for their age, and in-cresting, as the theatres of revolutionary exploits.
SOUTH BOSTON.
This section of the metropolis is so located as to seem to a stranger more like a part of the environs than like an integral portion of the city. He will find here several establishments in the manufacturing line which may be examined with interest, and two public buildings.
The House of Industry and House of Correction, which are two similar buildings, of rough dimension stone, 229 feet long, 45 feet wide, and 29 feethigh, have been mostly erected by the city government. The establishment of the House of Correction \ra= authoris- ed by a vote of ihe town on the 7th of May, 1321. It wa? designed '• for the restraint and employ mem! of the idle and viciou3 poor, for habitual drunkard-;, beggars, and those condemned for potty offences, in the inferio; courts -of justice. The House of Industry is destined for the comfort, support, ami relief, and a3 far as they are competent, for the employment of the viiluQuspoor, anJ of those alone, v h> are reduced to rceb thi; refuge,
230 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
from misfortune or age or infancy.' The Institution for the employment of Juvenile offenders is connected with these establishments.
QTJN'CY AND THE RAILWAY.
The town of Quincy lies about 10 miles from Boston, in a southerly direction ; bounded by Dorchester, Mil- ton, Randolph, Braintree and Boston Bay, and is S 1-2 miles long by 7 1-2 broad. The most settled part is to- wards the southeast, where there are two churches, sev- eral stoics, a tavern, and a number of respectable dwel- ling?. About half a mile from this village, north-west, is the mansion of the late John Adams, Esq. second President of the United States; and about one and a half miles further northerly, is the country seat and highly cultivated farm of the lion. Josiah Quincy. The south- vest part of the town, from the Common, forms, with a little exception, a general body of granite rocks, rising to a height of 610 feet above the sea. Here are inex- haustible quarries of granite, which furnish a durable and beautiful material for building. From two of the quarries a railway has been constructed through part of Milton to the navigable waters in the Neponset river, a distance of three miles, and is now in successful opera- tion. The first quarry is called the Railway quarry, and is about two miles from the river; the other is the Bunker Hill quarry, so called from the circumstance that the stone for the Bunker Hill Monument is taken
from this ledge.
The Quincy Railway, the first constructed in this country, was built in 1S26, by the Quincy Railway
ENVIRONS. 231
Company, under the direction and superintendance of Mr. Gridley Bryant; and cost, for the whole 3 miles, $33,155,95, exclusive of land, wharf and cars. The cars used here are constructed with a view to transport large masses of granite on a platform under the axle of the carriage, and in this manner some blocks have been con- veyed weighing from 8 to 9 tons. The wheels are 6 feet in diameter, shod with iron 1-2 an inch thick, with, a flange on the inner side of the rim, to keep the wheel on the rail The daily load for one horse is from 8 to 12 ton?, placed upon two cars attached to each other, and and the travel is at the rate of about 3 miles an hour. — Upwards of 16 tons on three cars, and about twenty workmen have been drawn, by way of experiment, the whole length of the railway by a single horse, and the empty cars, estimated to weigh nearly five tons, drawn back with ease. The descent on the railway, in two a half miles from the Bunker Hill quarry to where it strikes the level on the marsh, is S3 feet, or 1 1-2 inch- es to the rod^ but in some places the declivity is from 2 to 2 1-2 inches to the rod.
To the pedestrian or the inquiring stranger, visiting our city, it will be pleasant to walk on the railway, and follow its windings among the hills to the quarries, and there view the extensive works put in operation. Be- sides the satisfaction thus afforded, the romantic scene- ry in the vicinity and on the route from Boston, through Dorchester and Milton, will add much to the pleasure of a ride to the Railway.
DORCHESTER.
The settlement of this town was commenced early in June, 1630 : it was then called MaUapan by the In- dians. It lies about four miles from the city, and i*
232 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
bounded northerly by the Neponset river and Mother brook, which divides it from the towns of Quincy and Milton; southwesteily by Dedham, and northwesterly by Roxbury. The town is about 7A miles in length, and averages about 1 1-4 in breadth. At present it contains about 8000 acres, including Thompson and Moon islands. The soil is generally rich and highly cultivated. The loads are numeious and crooked, but mostly level and kept in good repair. Many fine countr}' seats and sub- stantial farm-houses are thickly arranged on their sides, surrounded with fruit and other trees, which give a ve- ry picturesque appearance to the face of the country, The population amounts to about 40G0, They have a (own house, three Congregational meeting-houses, and one for Methodists. Their first church was gathered Aug. 23, 1G36, and the Rev. Richard Mather chosen pastor. Ke officiated 83 years, and died April 22, 1669, aged 73. The Rev. Josiah Flint was ordained Dec. 27, 1871, and died Sept. 16, 1680, aged 35. Rev. John Dan- forth was ordained June 28, 1682, and died May 26, 1730, aged 78. The Rev. Jonathan Bowman was or- dained Nov. 5, 1729, and continued in the pastoral office till Dec. 14, 1773; he died March 30, 1775, aged 68. Rev. Moses Everett was ordained Sept. 28, 1774, and continued till Jon. 14, 1793; he died March 25, 1813, aged 63. Their present pastor, Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, was ordained Oct. 23, 1793. A second church was gathered Jan. 1, 1808, and on the 7th of Dec. fol- lowing, the Rev. John Codman was ordained pastor. — The third church was gathered June 25, 1817, and the Rev. Edward Richmond installed pastor. At the north- west part of Dorchester, near Roxbury, the land rises to the height of 385 feet above the sea, affording a delight-
ENVIRONS. 233
ful view of the city, and harbor. Savin Hill, which lies in the northeast corner of the town, is a place of consid- erable resort, during the summer season.
ROXBVRT.
This town was incorporated Sept. 28, 1630. The centre of the town is 2 1-2 miles from Boston market. It is connected with Boston by the neck, over which there is a confinued street, compactly built the whole distance.
In the south west part is Jamaica Plain, which is composed of a rich and productive soil, cultivated in a great degree as gardens and orchards, and producing vast quantities of vegetables and fruits of the first quali- ty. This plain is about two miles in length and one in breadth, on winch are a great number of country seats and pleasure grounds. Here is a pond which supplies the Boston aqueduct. The whole forms one of the most delightful retreats in the vicinity of Boston. The pouth east part of the town, including near one third of its surface, is considerably broken and rocky. Much of the town is compactly built, and nearly all the up- lands are thickly interspersed with plantations.
Dr. Joseph Warren, Maj. Gen. in the armies of the United States, and who was slain in the battle of Bunk- er Hill, was a native of this town, as was also Increase Sumner. Esq. late Governor of the Commonwealth. — Governor Shirley had a fine seat here, lately -owned and occupied by the late Gov. Eustis.
Here are at present three congregational societies ; Rev. E. Porter, D, D. Rev. John Flagg, and Rev. Thomas Gray,D. D. ministers; one baptist society, Rev. Wm. H. Leverett, minister; and a universalist society, Rev. Hosea Ballou 2d, minister. 20*
234 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
The Bank of Norfolk is located here, and an extensive Hotel known by the name of
NORFOLK HOUSE.
It is about two miles from Boston, is situated on an eminence surrounded by fruit trees and shrubbery, com- manding a fine view of the city. The establishment is large, has several parlors, about thirty lodging rooms, and a splendid Assembly room, called Highland Hall. A line of coaches runs from this place to Boston every half hour through the day.
BROOKLINE,
Next to Roxbury on the west, was formerly consider- ed part of Boston. This town contains about 4-100 acres of land. Several gentlemen of Boston have their coun- try seats here. The number of inhabitants by the last census was 900. This town lies on the west of the bay, and its hills and woodlands form a p'eaaing portion of the scenery in the view from Boston Common. In a di- rect line, Brookline is four miles from the city.
BRIGHTON
"\Va3 formerly part of the town of Cambridge and known by the name of Little Cambridge. It lies be- tween Cambridge and Brookline. A cattle fair was -commenced here during the revolutionary war and lias been increasing in importance ever since. Most of the cattle for the supply of Boston market are brought in droves to this place; often from 2 to S000 a week : eve- ry Monday is the Fair day, when the dealers in provis- ions resort thither to make their purchases. Once a year, in the month of October, the Mass. Agricultural pnoJfxfv encourao,e a Cattle Show and exhibition of Man-
ENVIRONS. 235
ufactures, by the offer and a^~rd of premium?, for the best animals, products or articles u! specified descnp- tions, produced in any part of this state. ,engfiton num- bers 702 inhabitants.
CAMBRIDGE
Is celebrated as the seat of Harvard College. This institution was founded in the year 1636, and received its name from the Rev. John Harvard of Charlestown, who made the first great donation to its funds. Since that the benefactors of this institution have been numer- ous and liberal. The College buildings are situated on a delightful plain, three miles from Boston. They are, University hall, which is built of granite. 140 by 50 feet, on the ground, and 42 feet high. Harvard, Massachu- setts, Hollis, Stoughton and Kolworthy halls, and Hol- den chapel are all of brick: these buildings all stand within the enclosure of the College fence. Besides these there are a new stone building lately erected and S College houses, occupied by students, the President's house, and those of several of the Professors, and the Medical College in Boston, all which belong to the Uni- versity. Divinity Hall, for a Theological school, was built in the vicinity of these buildings in 1826. Cambridge contains about 5090 inhabitants, it has a Court-house, Jail, State Arsenal, and 8 houses of publick worship. — There are three principal villages, Lechmere's point, Cambridgeport, and the neighborhood of the Colleges.
CHARLESTOWN.
This village, which contains about 7000 inhabitants, is built on a peninsula similar to that of Boston, and is so adjacent to North Boston, the stranger would be led to suppose it a part of the city. Charlestown was settled
236 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
in 1630 by Gov. Winfhrop's company. It has Mystic river on the east, over which Chelsea bridge, near one mile in length, connects it with the Salem turnpike, and with the town of Chelsea ; and Maiden bridge, o- pened Sept. 23, 17SS, 2420 feet in length, connects it with Maiden, and with the Newburyport turnpike. It has a bay of Charles river on the west, and is a penin- sula, connected with the main land by a narrow neck on the nortli, over which a fine road leads to Medford and Cambridge. This town has six houses for public worship, an elegant market house, a spacious alms house ; a bank, called the Bunker Hill Bank, and ma- ny other public edifices. One of the principal Navy Yards in the United States occupies near 60 acres, in the south east part of the town. It is enclosed on the north by a. wall of durable masonry, and surrounded on other sides by water. On this space are enclosed a large brick ware house, several arsenals, magazines of pub- lic stores, a large brick mansion house for the superin- tendant, and three immense buildings, each sufficiently capacious to contain a ship of 100 guns, with all the sta- ges and apparatus for its construction. A Dry Dock is in progress at this place. It is 335 feet 6 inches long ; and the chamber in which the vessels are to lie 201 feet long, by SO feet wide, and of the depth of from 16 to 20 feet. The head of the chamber, the whole of which is of hewn granite, is circular, and about 50 feet in width, where the bows of the vessel come. The entrance is Si feet in length, by 60 wide, built also of hewn granite. The gates open outward, (like those of a canal lock,) having an outer slide gate to break the motion of the sea. The outer gate which is to slide in crevices on either side, is made hollow so as to float when the water is kept out of it, or sink when let in.
ENVIRONS. 237
The Massachusetts State Prison, erected in 1805, is situated in the west part of this town. It is built of granite, 200 feet long-, and 44 wide, and 5 stories high. The yard is 500 by 400, enclosed by a wall 15 feet high. There are usually about 200 convicts. The McLean Asylum for the Insane, is also in this town, delightfully situated on a beautiful eminence. Market Square is one of the handsomest public squares in New-England. June 17. 1775, the ever memorable battle of Bunker Hill, was fought in this town. This battle, most bloo- dy in its details, most important in its consequences, fought on our soil, has consecrated the heights of Charlestown to everlasting fame.
Bunker Hill is situated on the eastern part of the pen- insula; and is 113 feet above the level of high water. The redoubt and entrenchments which sheltered the heroes of that bloody day, are still visible ; and a monu- ment composed of the imperishable granite of our hills, is rising en the battle ground, to point out the spot to unborn generations.
BUNKER HILL MOM' ME NT.
The corner stone of this Obelisk was laid, by the hands of the illustrious Lafayette, on the 17th of June, 1825. On this occasion an immense concourse of citi- zens assembled from all parts of the United States, to witness the interesting ceremonies. The depth how- ever, at which it was hid, being insufficient to resist the action of the frost, it was taken up, the foundation sunk, the same relaid, and on the 21st of July, 1827, the base, 50 feet in diameter, was completed. From this base the monument is to rise 220 feet. This great work is advancing under the superintendance of Mr. Solomon V.'illard, the Architect.
233 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
CHELSEA
Is situated on the north side of Boston harbour and Mystic river, and on the west of Lynn bay ; much of the laud is low marsh or fen. The surface of the body of the town is broken into small eminences, the highest of which is Powder-Horn hill, 220 feet above the sea. The settlements are thinly^scattered over the town, and the number of inhabitants is about 700,
LVNK,
In the county of Essex, is one of the oldest towns in the State of Massachusetts. Its settlement was besrun in 1629. Its increase for the first j-ears was very rapid, and many towns in New-England are indebted to it for their origin. The first church was gathered in 1632, and the Rev. Stephen Batchelor was admitted pastor. He was dismissed in 1635, and in the following year the Rev. Samuel Whiting was installed, whose colleague for many years was the Rev. Thomas Cobbet. Mr. "Whiting died in 1679, and was succeeded by Rev. Jere- miah Shepard. Among the other early inhabitants who sustained public offices with dignity and respect, were, Hon. John Humfrey and Hon. Robert Bridges, Assist- ants, and the Hon. John Burrill and Hon. Ebenezer Burrill, Counsellors. In 1645, Iron Works were estab- lighed at Lynn, on the river Saugus, and for several years supplied most of the iron emplo}'ed by the colo- nies. The principal business of the inhabitants is the manufacture of Ladies' shoes, of which more than one million pair are annually made. The other manufac- tures are, sole leather, morocco, glue, and chocolate, of which last, more than 70 tons are made in a year. There is also a Dye House, a Calico Printing Estab-
ENVIRONS. 239
lishment. and a mill for sawing marble. A few of the inhabitants are employed in sawing and hammering stone, of which there are inexhaustible quarries ; and some in catching fish, of which great numbers are taken. Lynn is pleasantly situated on the northern shore of Massachusetts Bay, with the river Saugus on the west, and a range of hills on the north. It has a small and convenient harbor, with several wharves. It is nine miles from Boston and five from Salem, and contains about 6000 inhabitants. The public buildings are, an elegant hotel, a town house, a bank, a post office, eight school houses, and six houses for public worship — two Congregational, two Methodist, one Baptist, and one Quaker meeting house. There is a Printing Office in the town, from which a newspaper is issued, enti- tled the Lynn Mirror. A turnpike from Boston to Salem passes through the town, on which are two bridges — one a draw bridge over Saugus river, and the other a floating bridge across a pond in the eastern part of the town, which may be regarded as a curiosity. The town affords a great variety of pleasant prospects, and sources of romantic amusement. Several of the eminences are commanding — particularly High Rock, near the eastern end of the Common, which fur- nishes a beautiful view of the town, the harbor, and several of the neighboring towns. There is also a steep rock, of considerable elevation, partly surrounded by tall trees, about half a mile north of the Hotel, called Lover's Leap, which is consdered a romantic spot. A mineral Spring, in the eastern part of the town, furnishes waters which appear to be impregnated with iron, and are said to be aperient and antiscorbutic. A convenient Hotel, and a large pond adjacent, furnished with a boat, render it an agreeable retreat. It is near the turnpike,
240 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
about two miles east from the Lynn Hotel, and not far from the floating bridge. But the greatest curiosity in the town, and perhaps in the United States, is the Lynn Beach. It is a bar of sand, one mile and three fourths in length, and connects the main land, with the penin- sula of Nahant.
N AH ANT.
This place having become a fashionable resort during the summer season for strangers and the citizens of Bos- ton, it demands a particular description. It is a penin- sula running 3 or 4 miles into the sea, and is situated 14 miles northeasterly from Boston. By land it is approach- ed from the village of Lvnn over a beautiful beach of a mile and n half in length. At the extremity of this be.ich commences the peninsula, which is about two miles in length, and in some parts half a mile broad, although its shores are extremely irregular and indented with small bays worn into the rocks by the unceasing action of the waves. The surface is uneven, i ising in some places to the elevation of sixty or seventy feet above the level of the sea. The shore is very bold and presents, on all sides, a grand embankment of broken massy rocks. At several points these rocks are worn into fantastic shapes, and at the time of high tide, or a swell of the sea, the roar and foam, of the waters among them present a most interesting spectacle. On the southern side there is a curious grotto or cavern, called the swallow house, the entrance of which is about ten feet wide, five feet high, and seventy feet long, increasing after a few steps to fourteen feet in breadth, and eighte'en or twenty feet in height. Great numbers of swallows inhabit this cave, and hatch their young here; and it is a common opin- ion that they repose here in a toipid state during the winter. On the north shore U a -h-.ism, thirty feci hi
ENVIRONS. 241
depth, called the spouting horn, into which, at about half tide, the water rushes with tremendous violence. The whole expanse of the ocean spreads out towards the east, and, after a storm, the rolling waves come pouring in their immense burden upon these rocks with such a power, sublimity and uproar of contending elements as can hardly be conceived by any one who has not wit- nessed the scene. And again, when the sea is tranquil, it may be seen covered with shipping of all sizes, as far as the eye can extend, moving in different directions up and down the coast, and exhibiting an animating picture of the industry and activity of commerce. In short, for picturesque beauty and sublimity of scenery, as well as for the many advantages arising from its peculiar local situation, the place is not surpassed by any on the Amer- ican coast.
Nahant presents, besides a view of the ocean, a great variety of other interesting prospects. On one side is seen the village of Lynn, Swamscut, Phillips' Beach, Marblehead, Egg Rock and the north shore as far as the high land of Cape Ann — on the other, beautiful islands in the bay, the deeply indented coast, with towns, orch- ards, fields and forests, together with the dome and spires of Boston in the distance, forming together a panorama hardly to be equalled in beauty or variety.
Additional improvements are annually made to ac- commodate visitors, who have within a few years be- come very numerous, and those of the most fashionable class. A spacious and elegant stone edifice has been e- rected as a hotel, near the extremity of the peninsula, in a very commanding and pleasant situation. This building contains 70 chambers, constructed on a plan of peculiar convenience, both for families and single per- sons. The dining hall is sufficiently spacious to accom- 21
242 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
modate 150 persons at (able, besides which there are drawing rooms and private parlors. Large and commo- dious stables are appended to the hotel, and a bathing house for warm and cold baths, and floating baths for those who may prefer the bracing action of sea water, make a part of the establishment. The hotel is sur- rounded by piazzas, which afford a most delightful pros- pect in every direction, and receive the cool and refresh- ing breezes every part of the day. This establishment is owned by Dr. Edward II. Bobbins, of Boston.
In a small village a quarter of a mile from the hotel, are several private boarding houses, where every ac- commodation can be had for invalids, and for those who seek retirement.
Nahant has many amusements — angling with the rod may be enjoyed as a pleasant recreation, standing on the rocks, and those who would try their skill in taking larg- er prey, may go out in boats, which are always in read- iness, and furnished with suitable apparatus. Game too is abundant in the vicinity; but there are few amuse- ments or pleasures superior to that of riding, at suitable hours of the day, on the beach.
A beautiful building in imitation of a Grecian temple, stands on an eminence near the hotel, in which are two elegant billiard rooms. There are also convenient cov- ered bowling alleys, and such other means of amuse- ment as are usually connected with the most extensive and elegant establishments at watering places.
REVOLUTIONARY FORTS.
Foits aiound Boston which were erected during the War of Independence.
More than half a century has elapsed since these lines were erected, and it is desirable to have some re- cord by which posterity may know, how much they
REVOLUTIONARY FORTS. 243
have suffered, during- that period by the war of the el- ements, and by the hands ot men. The first cause of destruction has been trifling, but tbe storms of a thou- sand years would not have achieved the injury which ha3 been committed by the industrious farmers.
1. At Breed's Hill, that blood-stained field, the re- doubt thrown up by the Americans is nearly effaced ; (scarcely the slightest trace remains ; but the entrench- ment, which extended from the redoubt to the marsh, is still marked by a slight elevation of the ground. — The redoubt thrown up by the British on the summit of the hill, may be easily distinguished.
2. Bunker Hill. The remains of the British fort are visible, the works must have been very strong, and oc- cupied a large extent of ground — they are on the sum- mit and slope of the hill looking towards the peninsula.
3. Ploughed Hill. The works upon this hill were commenced by the Americans on the night of August 26th, 1775, and received more fire from the British than any of the other forts; in a few days, more than three hundred shells were fired at these fortifications. A small part of the rampart remains, but the whole hill is surrounded b}' the mounds and fosse of the ancient fort, which has been nearly obliterated.
4. Cobble or Barrell's Hill was fortified and occu- pied as a strong post, in the war of the revolution by Gen. Putnam, and, in consequence of its strength, was called Putnam's impregnable fortress.
5. Lechmere Point Redoubt, one hundred yards from Craigie's bridge, displays more science in its con- struction, and has a wider and deeper fosse than mo^t of the other fortifications. It was commenced on Dec. 1 1th, 1775, and it was several days before it was com- pleted, during which time it was much exposed to the
244 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
fire of the English in Boston. Two or three soldiers of the revolutionary army were killed at this redoubt, and the Prunus virginiana, with its red berries, marks the spot where they were probably interred.
A causeway made across the marsh, the covered way which crosses the brow of the hill, and the lines which flanked Willis' Creek, are still perfect, and may be traced with great facility.
6. Winter Hill Fort appears to have been the most extensive, and the entrenchments more numerous, than any of the other positions of the American Army. The fort on the hill is almost entirely destro}-ed: only a small part of the rampart still remains perfect.
A redoubt situated upon Ten Hill Farm, which com- manded the navigation of the Mystic river, is complete, as are also some slight entrenchments near.
A redoubt, situated between Winter and Prospect
Hill, has been completely carried a\va}r, and a quarry
ias been opened on the spot. Gen. Lee is said to
ave had his head quarters in a farm house knmsdiate-
y in the rear of this redoubt.
7. Prospect Hill has two eminences, both of which vere strongly fortified, and connected by a rampart and osse ; about two hundred yards are quite enth e.
8. Forts marked No. 3, on Marshall's map, near the >. W. of Prospect Hill have some of their bastions entire, iut the surface is cultivated, and part of the outline de- troyed.
9. The Cambridge Lines, situated upon Butler's Hill, ppear to have consisted of six regular forts, connected >y a strong entrenchment. The most northerly of these orts is pel -feet, with the exception of one of its angles estroyed by the road, it appears as if just quitted by the .rmy of America; its bastions are entire, the outline is lerfect, and it seems a chef d'oeuvre of the military art.
REVOLUTIONARY FORTS. 245
A square fort may be seen near the southern extrem- ity of these lines, in fine preservation: it is in a field within two hundred yards of the road to Cambridge.
10. The second Line of Defence may be traced on the College green at Cambridge, but its proximity to the Public Halls may have produced some inconven- ience, and it has been carefully destroyed.
11. A semicircular battery, with three embrasures, on the northern shore of Charles river, near its entrance into the Bay, is in a perfect state of preservation. It is rather above the level of the marsh, and those who would wish to see it, should pass on the road to Cambridge, un- til they arrive at a cross road, which leads to the bank of the river; by following the course of the stream, they may arrive at this battery, without crossing the marsh, which is its northern boundary and difficult to pass.
12. Broolrfine Fort, or, as it is called in the tnnalsof the Revolution, the Fort on SewalPs Point, was very extensive, and would be still perfect, were it not for the road which divides it into two nearly equal parts; with this exception, the ramparts, and an irregular bastion, which commanded the entrance of Charles river, are entire.
13. A Battery, on the southern shore of Muddy riv- er, with three embrasures, is only slightly injured.
14. A Redoubt placed by Marshall to the westward of this position, has not been discovered, nor three oth- ers, placed on the map between Stony brook and the forts at Roxbury ; perhaps the researches were not suf- ficiently accurate.
Two hundred yards north of the lower fort at Rcxbu- rv, near the spot on which the meeting-house now stands, was an entrenchment, which was levelled ma- ny years ago.
21*
246 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
15. Thefc rt at Roxbury, appears to have been the earli- est erected, and by its elevation commanded the avenue to Boston over the isthmus, and prevented the advance of the English troops in that direction. It is of the most irregular form ; the interior occupies about two acres of ground, and as the hill is bare of soil, the places may still be seen whence the earth was taken to form the ramparts. This fortification has not been at all injured, and the embrasures may still be noticed where the can- non were placed which fired upon the advanced lines of the enemy.
On a higher eminence of the same hill, is situated a quadrangular fort, built on the summit of the rock.
16. The Roxlniry lines, about three quarters of a mile in advance of the forts, and two hundred yards north of the town, are still to be seen on the eastern side of the peninsula, and may be distinguished by any person c-o- ing by the nearest road to Dorchester, over Lamb's dam.
17. At this period it may be proper to mention the British fortifications. The lines upon the Neck may be seen to great advantage on the western side of the is- thmus, about a quarter of a mile south of the Green Stores. There appear to have been two lines of en- trenchments carried quite across the peninsula, and the fosse, which was filled at high water, converted Boston into an island. The mounds, ramparts, and wide ditches which remain, attest the strength of the original works. The small battery on the common, erected by the Brit- ish, may perhaps remain for a long period of years, as a memorial of ancient times.
38. The Dorchester Lines. Of these, some very slight traces may be distinguished.
19. Forts on Dorchester Heights. We now hasten to the last forts, the erection of which terminated the
REVOLUTIONARY FORTS. 247
contest in this portion of the Eastern States of America. It is to be regretted that the entrenchments thrown up by the army of the revolution, on the Heights of Dor- chester, are almost entirely obliterated by the erection of two new forts in the late war. But some traces of the ancient works may be seen on both hills ; the old forts were constructed with more skill, and display more science than the recent works, the ramparts of which are even now falling down ; and we would gladly see them destroyed, if from their ruins the ancient works could re-appear.
20. A. noble octagonal fort, and two batteries, which may be seen, in perfect preservation, upon the promon- tory, were erected after the departure of the English from Boston. The fort is situated at the point: one battery in the rear of the House of Industry, whose inmates will probably soon destroy it, and the other upon a rising ground immediately below the Heights of Dorchester.
21. At JVooh Hill near the Boston Free Bridge, was the last breastwork thrown up by the forces of America, during this arduous contest. Its appearance on the morning of March 17, 1776, induced the departure of the British troops from Boston in a few hours, and thus placed the seal to the independence of the New-Eng- land States.
If these fortresses should be regarded with indiffer- ence, let us consider that the siege of Boston was one of the most prominent features in the war of the revo- lution. In a militarj7 point of view it presents conspic- uous features : an island, or rather a peninsula, besieged from the continent. Accomplished generals, and brave and disciplined troops on one side, and undisciplined, but numerous forces on the other. At the same time, the army of England did all that men, in such a condi-
248 PICTURE OF BOSTON.
tion. could attempt. If they had obtained possession of any part of the lines, by the sacrifice of an im- mense number of lives, still no advantage could have" been gained by advancing into a country where every man was a foe, and every stone wall a rampart, and ev-< cry hill a fortress. When we examine the extent of the lines, (more than twelve miles,) the numerous forts covering every hill, redoubts and batteries erected upon every rising ground, ramparts and entrenchments de- fending every valley, we are surprised at the immensi- ty of the works constructed, and the labor required to complete them.
Many centuries hence, if despotism without, or anar- chy within, should cause the republican institutions of America to fade, then these fortresses ought to be de- stroyed, because they would be a constant reproach to the people ; but until that period, they should be pre- served as the noblest monuments of liberty.
INDEX.
249
IxYDE X.
Abolition day 193
American academy 43 Amphilhealie 190 Amusements 1S6
Ancient buildings 224, cut 225
Aniiiversai ies 195
Apollo society 67
Apprentices' library 48
Ai mories 74
Anilkry, ancient k. Jion. 1C4
Ai-buiv connection 170
Assessors 27
Asylum, female orphan 54
Athenaeum 40, plate 192
Auditor, city 20
Avenue, western 98
Bant, United States 87
Banks, list of 21 S
Baptistery 142, 172
Bells, chime of 1S5
Bellingham, gov's, monunrt 179
Boarding houses 209
Boston li'.naty society
Bouiidaiies ol Boston
Boylston niai ket 85
Bridges 91
llii-htou 234
Fail 199
Biitish charitable society 59
Biookline 234
Buildings public 70
Burial tTf dead 3")
Bir.ial s;i ounds 176
Bunker" hill 237
Cadets, independent 1 C5
Gambiidge 235
Canals, Uox. &. Middlesex 21T
Canal creek 217
Canal bi idge 97
Capital of banks 21 8
Ca.Lle island US
45
13
Common burial ground 179 Cemeteiies 180 Cenotaph, Franklin 178 Cenliaf wharf 113 Centinel, Columbian 49 Charles river bridge 91 Chariest own 235 Chapel burial gtound 176 Charitable societies 52 Chauncy hall 90 Chelsea'238 Chris: mas day 199 Chuiches 121
1 Chauncy place 121 plate, 124
2 Second \23, plate 124
3 First baptist 124
4 Old south 12G, plate 153
5 Kings chapel 121. plate 124
6 Brattle street 129, plate 144
7 New noith 130
8 New south 131, plate 153
9 Chiist church 133, plate 133
10 Fedeialst.cong I36,pft. 153
11 Hollis st. 15~. plate 138
12 Tiinily 138.old house pit. 133
13 West church 140
14 Second baptist 1-il
15 First universalist 143
16 Roman catholic 144, pit. 144
17 St. Augustine's 145 13 Fiist methodist 146
19 Second methodist MS
20 So. Boston methodist 149
21 Afiican methodist 149
22 Sea s'icet church 151
23 Afiican baptist 151
24 Third baptist 152
25 Park street 153, plate 153
26 Hawes place 155
27 St. Matthew's 156
2c Second universalist 167
250
PICTURE OF BOSTON.
Churches, 158
29 New Jerusalem 158
30 Presbyterian 153 SI Union church 159
32 St. Paul's 160, plate 138
33 Central univer. 162, plate 144
34 Evangelical, So. Boston 163
35 Gieen street 164
36 Chamber street 167
37 Hanover 168, plate 144 33 Purchase street 169
39 African ehenezer 170
40 Second christian 171
41 Federal street baptist 171
42 Pine stieet 172, plate 124
43 Salem church 173
44 South Congregational 174
45 Mission house 175
46 Cential wharf 175
47 Mariners' church 175
48 Fiiend street 175
49 Southend methodist 175
50 So. Boston baptist 175 Croswell, Andiew's chuich 143 Oil dilating libraries 46 Circus, 190
City council 24
clerk 24
City tavern 207
Clc'ik of common council 25
Columbian libiaiy 46
College 236
Commencement day 193
Commercial coffee house 107
Common 20
Common council 24
Concert hall £9
Constables 31
Coiinlhian hall 89
Copp's hill huiial giound 177
Copp's hill 18
Correction, house of 81
Cotton, rev. John 13
Court, police 31
Courts, supreme 22
Court house, court square 59, 79
Court house, old 82
Craigie's biidge 97
Custom house 83, plate 84
Deer island 118, 223
Doi Chester 231
Dawes' family tomb 176
Debtors' prison £1
Deeds, icgister of 32
Debating society, Boston G4
Franklin 64
Descendants of Calvin, kc. 17
Dispensary, medical, 54
District officers 22
Domestic, female society 57
Earl's coffee house 206
Election days 197
Elli>, Joshua Esq.'s house 15
Emporium, literary 16
English high school 37
Environs 229
Exchange coffee house 205
Exhibitions, N. E. society 61
Fancuil hall 73, plate 84*
Fast days 197
Fire department 29
Fire society, charitable 52
Forts, warren k. lndepcn. 14 242
revolutionary 243
Foundation of the city 13 Fianklin monument 178
Free biidge So. Boston 100 French protestant chuich 128 Fusiliers, independent 186 Gage Gen. head quaiteis 130 Galieiy of fine arts 42 Ga* light company 224 George's island 117, 223 Government, city 22 Governors' island 113 Grammar school 35 Granaiy burial ground 178 Guards, New England 136
City 186
Hall boylston* 86 Halls various 89, 90 Handel & haydn society 65 CS Hancock house 72, cut 227 Hai bour described 14 Harvard college 236 Health department 23 Heait of the city 20 Hills in the city 13 Historical society 44 Hotels 199
INDEX. 231
H*>«pital, mass. sen. I04,cut 104 HJarlboro' hotel 206
J marine 108 May day 197
Hou=e of industry 23, 229 Mayor and aldermen 23
"forjuvenile'olVendeis29, 229 Mercantile library 48
0t coneclion 28, 223 Mechanic association, mass. 53
Howard benevolent society 54 Mechanics, Boston institution 02
Humane society 52 Medals, collection of 42
Hutchinson Lt. Gov's, house IE Medical society, mass. 57
Improvements 223 asso. Boston 53
Independence day 198 Medical college 103
India whaif 113 * Messenger, duties of 26
Indigent boys asylum 55 Merchants' hotel 207
Industry, house of 229 Meichants' hall S3, plate 84
Infirmary, eye k. ear 56 Methodist ministers, list of 150
Infant schools 40 Mill corporation b. &. r. 98
Infantrv.Boston light 1R6 Military affairs 133
In-ane asylum 107* Missionary rooms 169
Insurance" offices 221 Monument B. hill 237, p late 235
Islands, pi'mcipal ones 15,117 Moorhead rev. John 136
Jail, county SO Mozart society 63
Jaivis.dr. charles monument 173 Municipal comt 31, 81
Johnson isaac 80 Museum, Columbian 192
Judge, municipal, his salary 31 New England 193
Juli'en hall &9 Nahant hotel 24l,plote 234
Laboratory of arms 183 Names of the Schools 33
Land, made, proportion of 223 Navy Yard 237
Latitude of the city 13 New-England Society 60
Latin grammar school 38 News Letter, fiist paper 49
Lectures, mech. institute G3 Newspapers, list of 50
Lemerciei,andrew lev. 129 Xcw brick church 124
Libraries circulating 46 New testament chris. 171
Lihert)' tree hotel 208 Xew-year's day 193
Light house island 119 Nix'sMate 119
Livcipool, said to resem. Boston Noddle's island 119
Liverpool line 216 [16 Norfolk house 234, p/ore 233
Lodges, masonic meetings 79 Z<Torth Boston 17
Long wharf 112 Number of scholars 39
Lynn, town of 238 Number worshipping assemblies
Maclean asylum 107 Nuns, Uisuline 1-io [175
Magazines, 'list of 50 Old north church 124
Manifesto church 129 Old brick 122
Map of environs, plate 22? Overseers of poor 27
Market, Fan. hall 75. citv 87 of house of correc. 28
boylston 85, Packets 216
parkmaii's 87 Phipp's, Gov. house 18
Marine ho-pital 108 Physician, resident 30 Mother dr. samuel 123, 142 Prdice court 31 Masonic hall 79 Pond on the common 21 Marshal, city 25 Probate court 32 dis'tiict22 Public schools 33
252
INDEX.
Primary schools 34
Paintings, exhibition of 43
Periodicals 49
Phai macy, college of 53
Philharmonic society 67
Prison discipline society 67
Piisoners' fare 82
Post-Office 85
Pantheon hall 90
Prison point bridge 98
Presbyterian Iiish church 186
Pews, square 128
Paine's R. T. lesidence 172
Plan of the city, plate, 12
Quarantine department 30
hospital 103
laws 111 Quakers' meeting 128 Quincy 230
Russell, Benjamin, editor 49 Religious L moral society 55 Refuge, penitent females' 56 Reading room, TopliflT's 84 Rainsford island 109 Railways, marine 115 Rangers 186 Railway, Quincy 230 Roxburj 233 Revolutionary Forts 243 Streets, list of 9
Shawmul, Ind'n name Boston 13 Selectmen, foimer 16 South end, 19 South Boston, 19, 229 Suffolk county, 21 School Committee, 27 Solicitor, city 31 Streets, superintendan! of 32 Sabbath School?, 40 136 Sabbath School Depository 172 Savings Institution provident 55 Societies various, dates of 68 Slate-house new, 71 jylate J
old, 78 plat". 84
Sabine lev. M'.'s church, 8G South Bridge, Boston 96 Shirley Point 119 Sandemanian society 113 Sumner, (jov.'s monument 179
Sullivan, Gov.'s tomb 179
South end Burial ground 180
Soul of Soldiery 186
Shot in wall of Braille st. chh. 130
Smith, eldei Elias 171
Statue of Washington 181 pit. 192
Squanlum feast 198
Stages, list of 200
Steamboats 216
Seal of the city 228
State Prison 237
Tiimountain, 1st Eng. name of
the city 13 Trcasuiei, city 25 Thayei G. F. school 90 Trade &. commerce 112 Telegraph, marine 113 Tombs, number of 181 Theatie, Boston 1ST plate 192
Washington or city 190
Tremont Theatre, \90 plate 192
House 200 plate 238
Tract Depositoiy lti9 Thayei, Rev. John 145 Training days, 199 Thanksgiving days, 199 Taverns, list of 208 U. States Blanch Bank 87 Ursuline community 145 Unitarian Liturgy 127 Vassall's Monument I77j Win! hi op, Gov. anivej 13, his
tomb 176 West Boston 19 Ward officeis 28 Watch, captain of 32 Wiiting Schools, 35 Washington, port' ait of 7S
bij th day 196
bust 134
statue 1 81. plale,\ 92
Theatie 190
hall 90
Light Inf. co 186 West Boston Bridge 95 Wan en biidge itil Wharves 112 Winsiow Blues 186
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