IC-NRLF

E77

Cambridge artfraeolojjttal anlr (Stfwolojjtcal

CAMEL BRANDS
USED IN KORDOFAN

The Cambridge Archaeological and Ethnological
Series is supervised by an Editorial Committee consisting
of A. C. H ADDON, Sc.D., F.R.S.) University Reader in
Ethnology, M. R. JAMES, Litt.D., F.B.A., Provost of
Kings College, WILLIAM RIDGEWAY, Sc.D., F.B.A.,
Disney Professor of Archaeology, and W. H. R. RIVERS,
M.A., F.R.S., University Lecturer in Physiology of the
Senses.

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

FETTER LANE, E.G.

C. F. CLAY, MANAGER

too, PRINCES STREET

Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO.

lUtpjtfl: F. A. BROCKHAUS

$efo lorfc: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

Bomfiag anto Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

BRANDS USED BY THE CHIEF

CAMEL-OWNING TRIBES OF

KORDOFAN

(A Supplement to The Tribes of Northern and Central Kordofan)

BY

H. A. MAcMICHAEL

SUDAN CIVIL SERVICE
LATE SCHOLAR OF MAGDALENE COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

Cambridge :
at the University Press

v

a 3

Cambrt&ge :

PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A.
-. AT; THE -UNIVERSITY PRESS

PRINTED IN- C-REAT BRITAIN

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

EXPLANATORY NOTES

PART I. Containing the names of brands arranged in alphabetical
order, with illustrations and with a note in each case
of the tribal sections which most commonly use the
brand as their distinctive mark

PART II. Containing a list of the chief camel-owning tribes of
Kordofan and the desert lying between it and Dongola,
naming, where possible, the different brands used by
each section or subsection

APPENDIX. A list of the more common words used by the nomad
Arabs to denote a camel at various ages

PAGE
vi

viii

1—15

16—38

39—40

PLATES I— XVII

at end

970771

INTRODUCTION

AS will at once be evident, a study of the brands used by camel-
JL\. owners is very confusing owing to the innumerable varieties and
exceptions that occur to almost any rule that may be formulated.

Practice alone can enable one to determine the tribe to which a
camel belongs by looking at its brands, and one will probably make
many mistakes however much practice one may have had. This is
especially so if one only sees one or two camels at a time, since it is
hard to tell which of the brands on it may mark its tribe or section, and
which be merely added by the owner to distinguish it from the animals
of another subsection. If one sees a whole herd of camels it is evident
that the brand (or brands) which are common to them all is the
important one and marks the tribe or section. Brands that are merely
caused by firing a sick camel on the part affected will cause little
confusion except at the first. In spite of these difficulties and reser-
vations, it may practically be taken for granted that

1. No camel branded on the left belongs to the KABABfsn (excepting
the BERARA section).

2. That wherever the KIL^ID UM HAGGAN are seen, that brand
was made by the HowAwfR.

3. That a long broad SAMI' with a long broad KILADA, both on the
left, were made by the KAWAHLA (DAR H^MID) or the MEGANfN
(A. FADALA).

4. That the KABAsfsH (NURAB) alone use the BA'AG and two
DHIRA'AT.

5. That a camel marked with one, two, or three KERABfc (sing.
KuRBAc) probably belongs to. the SHENABLA.

6. That only the ' AxAwf A section of the KABAsfsH use the SHA'IBA
on the right fore.

7. That only the GAWAMA'A use the RUAYKIB on the cheek.

INTRODUCTION Vll

8. That almost only the KAWAHLA ('AsABDA and GIHAYMAB) use
the BAB.

9. That only the KABAfifsn ('AwAiDA) use the SHABIT.

10. Almost only the KABABISH (SERAoAB and A. 'UKBA) use the
HADD.

11. Only the KABABfsn (UM MATU) use the 'ASABA.

12. Only the HowAwfR ('ABBASAB) use the peculiar large 'ERIK.
Certain other brands or combinations of brands will similarly become

familiar in time ; but the marks used by the sedentary population will
always be a source of confusion since any villager is liable to use any
brand haphazard.

Other animals besides camels are branded, but not to the same
extent, nor with the same consistency.

Originally each section of a nomad tribe, and probably each tribe,
had some distinctive brand which was properly the brand used by the
family of its particular ancestor. As the family increased and inter-
married, different branches of it, connected with it by direct lineage or
by marriage, added different distinguishing marks ("FERAZ," Ar. jj£) to
the original brand (WASM EL 'AsLi or WASM EL GEDD), and in many
cases the original brand itself has fallen into disuse : among the purer
nomads, however, e.g. among the KABAfifsH, KAWAHLA, and SHENABLA,
the original brands of the sections have generally survived and are
almost always used.

H. A. M.

i October, 1912.

EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. The illustrations are intended only to shew the shapes of the
brands and the part of the camel on which they are commonly placed.
The brands are therefore shewn in the illustrations on the right or on
the left indiscriminately. Part II should be consulted for information
as to the side on which the various brands are usually placed by the
respective sections using them.

2. In Part I names of brands that when transliterated into English
have an initial A or E will be found together as though all began
with A.

3. In the illustrations the normal position and form of the brand
is marked by a red line : various alternatives in position and form of
the brand that occur are, when a separate illustration is not given,
shewn by dotted red lines.

4. A few brands that are often met with in Kordofan, though not
belonging to Kordofan tribes, are illustrated and named.

5. Where it happens that a single brand is known by different
names to different tribes, I have, whenever mentioning it, given it the
name by which it is known to the tribe to which allusion is being made
at the time.

6. For the sake of consistency and accuracy several names of
brands which are commonly pronounced as though beginning with a G,
but which are spelt with a £ (e.g. KILADA or GIL^DA) will be found
spelt with a K and not with a G.

7. Names of brands and of tribes, sections, and subsections, are
printed in capitals.

8. Names of sections of tribes are placed in brackets after the name
of the tribe. Names of subsections of sections are preceded by § and
placed after the name of the section.

9. The following abbreviations are used :

B = Beni
A = Awlad
G = Gebel
§ = Subsection

Fig. = Figure
pi. = plural
sing. = singular
Ar. = Arabic

PART I

'AMUD (Ar. .y^c; pi. 'UMUD, j^ = an upright; a , support),' , ;»»

Fig. i. Used chiefly by KABAsfsH

A.

TERAYF, and HAMMADAB). „• ' ' ^ ;

'ERIK (Ar. Jj^; pi. 'URUK, Jfjj* = a vein; 'a creeper).
Fig. 2. Used by HowAwfR ('ABBAsAB) only.
Fig. 3. Used by KABAsfsH (TowAL), some BEDAYR|A, and the

SHABERGO of KAcA. The last-named sometimes place it on

the neck instead of upon the quarter.
Fig. 4. Used by ZENARHA, and sometimes called UM HAGGAN

ERWI.

Fig. 5. Used by KABAsfsn (SERAcAB). Cf. USHBUR and SHELKA.

'ASABA (Ar. 4~kfr; pi. 'AsAfiAx, Olj-o* = a sinew).

Fig. 6. Used by KABABISH (UM MATU). Some of them, viz. the
BALULAB, place it behind instead of on the front of the leg ;
the greater number place it on the outer side of the leg.

For the alternative form, which is used by the KABAB/SH
(GUNGONAB), cf. HASHASHA or HAD/DI.
BA'AG (Ar. £** = np in the belly).

Fig. 7. Used only by KABAsfsn (NuRAs, KIBBAYSHAB, RIBAYKAT
and some HowARAs), and generally with a DHIRA'A or
DHIRA'AT.

The BA'AG EL MEHANI is a BA'AG turned down at the fore-
end, used by the KABAsfsn (KIBBAYSHAB § MEsA'fo).
BAB (Ar. wAj ; pi. Bf BAN, ,^1^ = a door).

Fig. 8. Used by KAWAHLA ('AsABDA and some BEDARIIN).
Fig. 9. Used by KAWAHLA (GiHAYMAs and some \
Each of the horizontals is sometimes called a
M. c. B.

2 CAMEL BRANDS [PT.

Fig. 10. Used by KAW!HLA ('ABABDA § NAs UM HAMMURI).
For BAs MAKHLUF vide sub LAM ALIF.
The people of G. MfDOB sometimes use a BAs (Fig. 8) on
the neck.
BAKKAI (from Ar. ^& = to weep; i.e. a brand on' the place where

tears trickle down).
Fig. ii. A name occasionally used to denote a DAMi' under the

eye.

BAYT EL NUKKARA (Ar. SjULJI CXJ=the house of the drum).
Fig. 12. Used by the chief family of NUBA (BUKKERA) of G. EL

Tfiis braVld represents a war-drum and stick. Cf. HALAKA

BERSHAM ( Ar. ^ifj = the iron cross-hilt of a sword).

J^^-. 13. Used by the SowApAB under the right eye, by the
DucAcA of G. EL HARAZA on the neck, and by the KABAsfsn
(RiBAYKAx § AHAYMERAB) on the quarter.
DAI6KA.

Fig. 14. Used by the KABAsfsn ('ATAwfA § SHIGAYAB).
DAK.

Fig. 15. Was the brand of the Khalifa 'Abdullahi. It was put on
the quarter of a horse and on the right side of a camel's neck.
The GA'ALifN sometimes use it thus O>
DAKHIL (Ar. J-Uj; pi. DAWAKHIL, J*.l^ = trTe inner part).

Fig. 1 6. Not often used, except by the MA'ALIA, who put one or
two, not on the foreleg as pictured, but on the inside of the
left hind leg.

Two, in the form of a SHA'IBA (i.e. y) are sometimes used.

. When seen on the foreleg it is usually a mere private brand.
DAMI' (from Ar. **> = to weep ; pi. DAwAMi').

The DAMi' proper should always be under or slightly in front of
the eye, as in Fig. 1 7 ; but in practice a similar brand farther
back, as in Fig. 18, which should more correctly be called a
SAMi' or a SnAHiD, is very frequently called DAMi'. The
DAMI' proper is never called SAMI'.

Two DAWAMI', as in Figs. 19 and 20, are used by many SHENABLA.
A long broad DAMI' behind the left eye, accompanied by a
broad KILADA on the left of the neck, is distinctive of

I] CAMEL BRANDS 3

practically all the very numerous KAWAHLA (DAR II AMID)

camels, and of the MEGAN* N (A. FADALA) : the latter however

call it SAMI'.
The DAMI', whether behind or under the eye, is one of the

commonest brands in use in every tribe.
DEBAYBA (Ar. 4**^, from ^^u^ = a snake).

A line like the track of a snake, thus s-^*, used by the HAMAR

('ASAKIR § B. BADR) on the right cheek.

DHIFRA (Ar. Sy5; pi. DHIFARI, ^Ui = bone at the back of the

ear).

Fig. 21. (Cf. 'AMUD.) Used chiefly by ZAvAofA, on the right.
Fig. 22. Used chiefly by KABAsfsH (RuwAnLA § DAR GIMI'A
[2 strokes] and some GHILAYAN [i stroke]), and by KA-
WAHLA (BEDARifN [2 strokes]), and by B. GERAR (GueARAT
[2 strokes]), and by SHENABLA (UM 'ABDULLA [2 strokes]).
A DHIFRA is sometimes called KHABIRI.

DHIRA'A (Ar. clji ; pi. DHIRA'AT, oU;3 = upper foreleg). Cf. Ku'

and SowAR.

Fig. 23. Two parallel DHIRA'AT mark all the camels of the
" nazir " and his family (NuRAs). The KABAsfsn
and subsections) nearly all use one, two, or three
DHIRA'AT. They are sometimes called FARAT (sing. FARA).
Fig. 24. The DHIRA'A MASHUK is used by a few KABAsfsH
(HowARAs).

DILA'A (Ar. stJU; pi. DULU', c^JU-a rib).

Fig. 25. Used chiefly by KAWAHLA (BEKAYRAB) on the left, and
occasionally by some HAMAR (GiHAYsAT) and KABABISH
('AwAfDA § NAs MAKBUL) and KAWAHLA (UM 'AMAR).

DOMA (Ar. 4x>j3 = sweat-glands at the back of the neck).
Fig. 26. Seldom used, and only as a private brand.

DUKKA (Ar. aS* ; pi. DUKKAT, Ol3> =a knock).

The word as used means only a spot or blob : one or two of these
spots may be found either on the cheek or the quarter or the
neck, the brand being a common one. Many of the KABAB/SH
(SERAGAB) use it in conjunction with the HADD. The best
known DUKKA is that accompanied by a TufiA'A and placed
by the GUHAYNA (non-Kordofan) on the left of the neck, as
in Fig. 27 : it will be seen that this DUKKA is more than a

1—2

4 CAMEL BRANDS [PT.

spot; it actually ranges from an inch to ij feet long. It is
occasionally seen as in Fig. 28.

FARA (Ar. Sjls; pi. FARAT, Ot;l3 = the muscle of the foreleg).

Fig. 29. The form shewn is not common, and is only used as a
private brand. The term FARA is also sometimes used as the
equivalent of DHIRA'A or Ku', q.v.

FERA'A (Ar. cy = top).

= SHEKKA, q.v.
FERAYKH (Ar. *->j» = a small sprout?).

Fig. 30. Used by some KABABfsH (RIBAYKAT § AYAYID) and
MEcANfN (A. RUMIA). The alternative position shewn is
uncommon.

Note. For various brands beginning with a hard G sound, but
spelt with a K (J), viz. "GILADA," "GONA'A" and "GUTFA,"
vide sub K.

GA'ABA (Ar. 4*x».; pi. GA'ABAT, Ol^to-^the buttocks).

The simplest and most usual form of the brand, which is common
to all tribes, is shewn in Fig. 31. Often one is used on each
side, and in this case the brand is called GA'ABA MAKRUNA.
DAR HAMID use the GA'ABA considerably. One on the right
is also distinctive of the SHENABLA (Un BRAYSH § EL GA'ABA).
Two GA'ABAT are used by the B. GERAR (GUBARAT). Of the
latter the NAs MANZUL place the GA'ABAT as in Fig. 32, and
others as in Fig. 33. Fig. 34 shews variants seen (a) among
the KABABfsH (KIBBAYSHAB) and (b) among the ZENARHA.

•F*& 35- The GA'ABA KHASHIM EL KELB is distinctive of the
ruling family of the DAR HAMID (HABAsfN) and of some
relatives among the 'ARfpfA.

GERAYA (from Ar. ^5>». = to run).

Fig. 36. Only seen on a ZAvAofA (MisAM/R) camel. Cf. HASH-
ASHA.

GIFAYN (Ar. o-o*^- — diminutive of GIFIN, q.v.).
GIFIN (Ar. O-*^; P1- GUFUN, O***f = eyelid).

Fig. 37. One or two GUFUN (i.e. short marks on the temple) are

used occasionally by all tribes. Cf. MA'AZIN.
GIM Ar.a* = the letter

*..
Fig. 38. Not used by Kordofan tribes.

I] CAMEL BRANDS 5

HADD(Ar. j^ = aline).

Fig. 39. Used only by KABABfsH (SERAcAs, A. 'UKBA, and some
RUWAHLA and MERAYSAB). The A. 'UKBA make it rather
longer than do the SERAoAB and place it rather higher. Quite
70 per cent, of camels seen branded with the HADD belong to
the SERAGAB.

HADIDI (Ar. Sjuj^». = an iron hoe).

Fig. 40. In appearance = HASHASHA (q.v.). Used by most KA-
BABfsH (A. SULAYMAN) — q.v. — on the right foreleg.

HAGIZ (Ar. j.»»l»» = a separator ; bounder).

Fig. 41. Used by the KABAsfsH (RuwAHLA § DAR ABU GINNA)
on females in conjunction with a RiKAL and three MAxARfK.

HALAKA (Ar. 4AJU. = a circle).

Figs. 42, 43, 44. Not used by Kordofan tribes, but chiefly by
BisnARiiV 'AsABDA, SHUKRIA, ZEBAD/A, &c., from whom
camels so branded are often bought. Vide sub SnAniD.

HANAK (Ar. Jl^. = the lower jaw).

Fig. 45. A thin line running along the edge of the lower jawbone.
Used chiefly by DAR HAMID ('ARIFIA). The alternative given
was seen used by some KAWAHLA ('AsABDA § NAs UM HAM-
MURI).

HANAYK (Ar. &#>+.— diminutive of HANAK, q.v.).

Fig. 46. Some KABAsfsn ('AwAiDA) connect it with a RiALA, q.v.

HANIK (Ar. ^JL>U; pi. HAVVANIK, &\j*. = a. bridler).

Fig. 47. Used occasionally as a private brand; on the side of the
neck.

Fig. 48. Used by KAWAHLA ('ABABDA § NAs UM HAMMURI) and
some DAR HAMID (NAWAHIA). From the front these IlAwANiK
are indistinguishable from SHURAT (q.v.), but, unlike the latter,
they are prolonged and continue half across the side of the
neck. Some MA'ALIA use a single long HANIK across the
throat.

HASHASHA (Ar. A^U^-a hoe).

1. In appearance = HAofoi (q.v. in Fig. 40, alternative form).
Used by DAR HAMID (FERAHNA § TURSHA).

2. Fig. 49. Rarely seen and only as a private brand.

3. The HASHASHA is sometimes placed on the cheek.

6 CAMEL BRANDS [PT.

HIDAYD (Ar. juj^— diminutive of HADD, q.v.).

Fig. 50. Used by KABABI'SH (A. NuAi).
HILAL (Ar. J^Ub = a crescent moon).

Fig. 51. Used chiefly by DWAYH and KABABI'SH (DAR HAMID).
Fig. 52. Only seen as a private brand of GAMU'/A.

A HILAL is sometimes placed by KABABISH on the cheek
of a camel.
KADUNKA.

•&*£• 53- Used by DAR HAMID (A. 'AKOI § A. HAMMUD) in

juxtaposition to a KILADA as shewn.

<&£• 54» Used by MEGANfN (NAs TIBO' § NAs MUHAMMAD EL
ZURRUK). Some place it on the foreleg instead of, or as well
as, on the quarter. The MEGAN|N also name it TusA'A.
KALAMOIA.

In appearance = SHELKA (q.v.). Used by KABABfsn (A. TERAYF

§ MERAYKAT).
KALOMA.

Fig* 55- Uncommon. Used by some I!AMAR (HADAHDA, Du-
BUBA, &c.) on females; and sometimes as a private brand
among the MEGANIN.
KARKURA (from the Ar.j.^5 = to growl).

Fig. 56. Used by KABABISH (A. HowAL), mostly on females. It

is oftener seen as an Eastern KENANA brand.
KHABIRI.

The KHABfRi is literally the part of the neck where the brand so
called is placed. Two parallel ones are used by the KABABfsn
('ATAW/A), as shewn in Fig. 57, and are often called KILAID
(vide sub KILADA). A KHABfRi is also sometimes called
DHIFRA (q.v.).

1KHARATIM (Ar. »jl»>., KHARTUM; pi. ^>\j±, KHARATIM
— nose ; trunk).
KHITMAT (Ar.^llai*, KHUTAM ; pi. Ol0ki, KHITMAT = nose-
halter).

(The singular KHARTUM is practically never used.)
These two words are equivalent also to SALASIL (Ar. J-/}U» : the
singular SILSILA, Ar. AJLJLt, is not used). All three words
are interchangeable.

Fig. 58. Used, one on each side, by KAWAHLA (DAR BAHR), and
called by them

I] CAMEL BRANDS 7

Fig. 59. Some subsections of nearly all sections of KABAB/SH use
this brand (and call it KHUT^M) on the right. The SHENABLA
(ABU '!MAYR) use a long KHUTA"M on the left.

Fig. 60. Used (and called KHUT^M) on the left by

('AiAoU). Very similar, but shorter, is the TusA'A (q.v.).

Fig. 61. Occasionally seen as a variant; called KHARA"TIM.

KHARTUM^

KHITMAT I Vide sub KHARATIM.

KHUTAM j

KHUAYTIM (Ar.^jJx^*. — diminutive of KHUTAM, q.v.).

Fig. 62. A name used by the KABAsfsH (GHILAYAN) for the
SHURA (q.v.) which they use.

KILADA (Ar. i&3 ; pi. KILA~ID, j^WH = a necklace).

•!**&• 63- The commonest brand in use in every tribe. One, two,
or three are used, but not more. The KILADA that is used,
with accompanying brands, by the KAW^HLA (BERA"KNA) on
the right, and by the KAWA"HLA (DAR HA"MID) on the left, are
perhaps the most frequently seen and most easily recognizable.
(Vide KAWA"HLA in Part n.)

Two short KILA"ID on the right are used by the KABAsfsn
('AxAwfA). Vide sub KHAB/RI (Fig. 57).

Fig. 64. The KILADA MAKRUNA, used by nearly all the
HAMAR ('AsAKm), including GIHAYSAT, and many HAMAR
(GHARAYSIA and DEK^KIM), and by the KAW^HLA (BEoARifN
§ NAS WAD 'ARABI), and others. It extends round both sides
of the neck.

Fig. 65. KILAlD UM HAGGAN. Used only by HowAwfR
(q.v. in Part n). It is sometimes called LA'ABAYT. The
DAR HAMID (FERAHNA § 'AKARfs) use a single KILADA UM
HAGGAN on the neck thus r~. (See also UM HAGGAN.)

KOLfT (Arab)-KUMFALlT (Hadendoa).
Fig. 66. Not used by Kordofan tribes.

KONA'A (Ar. **£ = crown of the head).
= SUNKUR (q.v.) and NAro' (q.v.).
Fig. 67. Used only as a private brand by Kordofdn tribes, and

generally farther back than in the illustration.
Fig. 68. Used by DWAYH (A. SALATI), KAWAHLA (UM

8 CAMEL BRANDS [PT.

and by some ZAYAD/A (NAFA'IA) as shewn in the dotted line
in Fig. 68.

The KONA'A proper is only the upper (red) half of the brand
shewn, the lower half being properly a SAMI' (q.v.). Thus
sometimes the whole brand is inaccurately called a SAMI',
and sometimes a KONA'A.
KU' (Ar. ^yb; pi. KI"AN, o^ = elbow).

Fig. 69. Very frequently to be seen on the right as the brand of

KABABfsH (A. HOWAL).
Fig. 70. Used by DAR HAMID (HABABIN) and occasionally by

others as a private brand. (See also FARA and SOWAR.)
KU'AZ (see 'UKAZ).
KUMFALIT (see KoLfr).

KURAYT.

Fig. 71. Not used by Kordofan tribes. Common on BISHARI

camels.
KURBAG (Ar. g-Wj^ ; pi. KERABIG, £*>\j£> = thong-whip).

Fig. 72. One, two, or three are used by nearly all SHENABLA
(q.v. for details and variations, in Part n), and by the HAMAR
(GiHAYsAT and others). It occurs, less often, as a brand
of the MEGAN/N (HAYADIRA) and DAR HAMID (FERAHNA
§ TURSHA).
KUTFA (Ar. AjJaS = clipping off).

Fig. 73. When the tip of the ear has been clipped off, this mark
is called KUTFA. It is often used by the KAWAHLA (Ni-

FAYDfA).

LA'ABAYT.

An alternative name for the KiLAiD UM HAGGAN of the HOWAWIR

(q.v.).
LAHID (Ar. j^.^ = a swerver).

Fig. 74. Used by the KABABfsn (BERARA § UM GHAYBISH) ; and

by B. GERAR (GuBARAx § NAs WAD MANZUL) on females.

The former refer to the whole of their brands, viz. the LAniD

with the DUKKAT on the cheek and the neck collectively as

* LAniD. The alternative form shewn behind the eye is used

by the 'ALAYKA section of MA'ALIA.
LAM ALIF (Ar. oUI X$, i.e. the letters •*).
Fig* 75- Used only by the HowAwfR

I] CAMEL BRANDS

LEGHAYD (Ar. ju«J— diminutive of j*J = lobe of the ear).

Fig. 76. Used only by HAMAR ('ASAKIR § TARADAT) — by the

"nazir's" family. It resembles a short SHAHMA (q.v.).
MA'AZIN-NApIR.

Fig. 77. Used occasionally by ZAYADfA (A. GIRBU), and as a
private brand among the MEGANIN and others. Cf. GIFIN ;
but the latter is always behind the eye.
MAIK (Ar. JI5U = inner corner of the eye).

Fig. 78. Seen once used as a private MEGANIN brand.
MAKBUD (Ar. ,»>*•«; pi- MEKABID, u**>UU).

Fig. 79. Used only by ZAGHAWA.
MELODI (in Sudan Arabic = a hoe).

Fig. 80. Used as a private brand among the KABABISH (UM

MATU).
MIHWAR (Ar. j^a^o; pi. MmAwfR, x*1*-0 = (literally) axis).

A term used to denote any brand.
MIKHAYLIF (Ar. w*JLa^o— diminutive of 4jjJU^o = a camel-

saddle).
Fig. 8 1. A brand used at GEBEL EL HARAZA is sometimes so

named. Cf. TEGADI.
MINKIB (Ar. ^Cu; pi. MANAKIB, ^^U^ shoulder).

Fig. 82. Used by KABABfsn (DAR BASHUT and some UM MATU).
MUGHAYZI.

An uncommon name for the 'UKAZ of the KAWAHLA (BER^KNA), q.v.
MUTRAK (Ar. JjJxo; pi. MATARIK, J;Ux« = long straight withe

used in building huts).

This term may be used for any straight brand, but is commonly
limited to one across or along the quarter, and especially
to the 'UKAZ (q.v.) of the KAWAHLA (BERA"KNA) and the
MATARIK on the quarters of some KABABfsH (A. SULAYM^N,
A. TERAYF, and RUWAHLA), q.v. in Part n.
NADIR (Ar.^U = pupil of the eye).

(Vide sub MA'AZIN.)
NAFO (Ar. yU = top).

= KONA'A (q.v. Fig. 68).
N AKKRA (Ar. 3j±J =tip of the nose).
Fig. 83. A slit in the nostril.
Fig. 84. Not common. A brand on the nostril. Cf. TUB^'A.

IO CAMEL BRANDS [PT.

NAKI (vide sub NUN).

NIHD (Ar. jc^i; pi. NAHUD, j>yJ = a girl's breast).

Fig. 85. Among the KAWAHLA used chiefly by the DAR HAMID
§ HASHUNA, and the BEDARI/N § A. RAHAL. Not often used
among the KABAB/SH. One is used on each side by the
B. GERAR (GuBARXx). It is common as a private brand in
all tribes.

NUKTA (Ar. aJbuu; pi. NUKUT, Jai5 = a dot).

Fig. 86. Cf. DUKKA. Commonly used as a tribal brand among
the KABABISH (A. 'ON). A dot on any part of the camel may
be so termed.

NUN (Ar. «jy, i.e. the letter ,j).

Fig. 87. Used only by BAZA'A (NOWAYKA), and sometimes by them
called NAKI. It is occasionally placed on the neck.

RlALA (Ar. <0b; = slobber).

Fig. 88. Used only by KABAsfsn ('AwAfDA ZURRUK § NAs WAD
RAHMA).

RIGL EL GHORAB (Ar. ^,1^1 J^, = crow's foot).

Fig. 89. Used by the NUBA of the northern hills (BUKKERA and
some DERHAM). Cf. MIKHAYLIF.

RIKAB (Ar. v^ = a stirrup).

Fig. 90. Uncommon. Used only by some SHENABLA (AwAMiRA
§ NXs 'ABDULLA).

RIKAL (Ar. Jll,; pi. JtJIIj).

Fig. 91. Cf. TIFINA. Used on females in conjunction with three
MATARIK and a HAciz, as shewn, by KABAfifsn (RuwAnLA
§ DAR ABU GINNA). It is also used with three MATARIK but
without the HAciz by some KABAfifsn (A. TERAYF). Vide
sub BAB (Fig. 9).

Rf SHA (Ar. A^JJ = a tuft of hair).

Fig. 92. A slit in the hairy side of the ear.
RU AYKIB (Ar. ^k^— diminutive of RAKIB = a rider).

•&£• 93- Used only by GAWAMA'A and in the position shewn.

For variants of this brand vide sub GAWAMA'A in Part n.
Fig. 94. Used only by HAMAR (SHEGHAN, GUAYD, &c.). The
name probably applies literally only to the shorter of the two
strokes shewn.

I] CAMEL BRANDS II

SALASIL (vide sub KHARAffM). A word used chiefly by the
MEGAN/N.

' (Ar. «-*U = a hearer).

•fig- 95- Vide DAMi' for remarks on this brand. It is common
among the KAWAHLA, i.e. is used on the left of DAR HAM ID
camels and on the right of BERAKNA camels, but it is generally
miscalled DAMi'. It is one of the commonest brands in use,
especially among the MEoANfN, but is not often used by the
KABAefsH. See also SHAHID.

SARSUR.

Fig. 96. Uncommon. Used by MEGANfN (MEsA'fo § ABU
DIKAYNA).

SELUKAB (Sudan Ar. v^^ = a double-handled dibbling instru-

ment).

Fig. 97. Used only by NUBA of the northern hills (MATARA and
some DERHAM). Cf. UM HAGGAN.

SHABIT (Ar. JauU, = a striper).

Fig. 98. Used only by KABAB/SH ('AwAfDA). See also SOT.

SHAHID (Ar. jJbU, = a witness ; a seer).

Fig. 99. A name properly applied to a SAMi' (q.v.) only when it
is accompanied by a HALAKA under the eye as shewn in
Fig. 99 ; but the term SHAHID is used by the HowAwfR
(HAMAsfN) to denote the plain SAMi' (without a HALAKA)
which they employ. The GERAR/SH (not a Kordofan tribe)
call the short 'UxAz which they use on the right quarter a
SHAHID.

SHAHMA (Ar. £.»a> £ — lower part of the ear). Sometimes pro-

nounced SHAHN.

Fig. 100. Used by the HowAwfR ('AMRAfi, FAKAKIN, and SALHAB).

Fig. 101. Used by some MEGAwfN ('AiAofA § A. GiMfA). Cf.

SARSUR. Some MESELLAM/A (not a Kordofan tribe) put a

semicircular brand round the base of the ear at the back and

call this a SHAHMA.

The HIDAYD (q.v.) of the KABAsfsH (A. NuAi) is some-
times called SHAHMA.

SHA'IBA (or SHA'ABA)— (Ar. AU«£; pi. SHI'AB, *->(*£ = a branch;
fork).

12 CAMEL BRANDS [PT.

Fig. 102. Used only and always by the KABAfifsH ('ATAWIA) on

the right fore.
Fig. 103. Used only by DAR HAMID ('ARfriA § A. 'ATVVA) with

an 'UKAZ as shewn.

Fig. 104. Used by B. GERAR (A. RABI'A § NAs EL SHA'IBA) and
some MEGANfN (A. FADALA § UM HANDI). The alternative
shewn is used by the KABABISH (UM MATU § UM KELBA).
The SHA'IBA is very seldom used as a private brand.
The nomad GIMA'A (HULUF) use it on the right chest.
The GERARfsH (non-Kordofan) use a SHA'IBA in one or
other of the following shapes on the neck :

An USHBUR or a KALOMA (q.v.) is sometimes called a
SHA'IBA. Cf. Fig. 104, and vide sub G AW AM A' A (SERAYHAT)
and KABABfsH (TOWAL) in Part n.
SHEKKA = FERA'A (Ar. <u£ = a split).

Fig. 105. A split in the tip of the ear downwards. Common as

a private brand.
SHELKA (Ar. diU, = a split).

Fig. 1 06. Used by KABABfsH (A. TERAYF § MERAYKAT). Vide

KALAMOIA.

Fig. 107. Used by MEGANfN (NAS TIBO' § RAKUBA).
SHIDIK (Ar. Jj^ = pouch between the corner of the camel's mouth

and its cheek).

Fig. 1 08. Uncommon, and only used as a private brand.
SHILAYKH (Ar. JLi = a slit in the cheek; pi. OU*-JU>, SHILAY-

Fig. 109. Used by some KABAsfsH

Some of the GAMU'IA (NAFULAB) use a single horizontal
SHILAYKH under the right eye.

SHUBAK (vide sub 'UKALA).

SHURA (Ar. Sj^i; pi. SHURAT, O|;^i = an ornament).

Fig. no. Used by KABAsfsn (RuwAnLA § DAR ABU GINNA and
some TowAL) and KAWAHLA (GHAzAvA § 'OMARAT). Two
parallel SHURAT are used by some HAMAR (GniSHiMAx) and
some MA'ALIA.

Fig. in. Used largely in conjunction with the KiLAiD UM HAGGAN
by HowAwiR (q.v. Part n). Two parallel SHURAT are used
by the KABABISH (HAMMADAB § TERAYKAT).

I] CAMEL BRANDS 13

SHURABA (from Ar. vj^ = to drink).

Fig. 112. Not uncommon as a private brand among most tribes,
but very often seen used in conjunction with the DHIRA'AT
and BA'AG by the KABAsfsn "nazir's" family (NURAB), and
less often with the usual KAWAHLA (BERAKNA) brands by
the family of the Sheikh of that section (q.v. Part n).

j SOL AY' or SOLA' A.

(SOT (Ar. bj~*', pi. ASWAT, 1*^1= a whip).

Fig. 113. It is most commonly seen on both quarters of camels
imported from the Eastern Sudan tribes. When the SOLAY' is
lengthened it is usually called SOT, but neither form (long or
short) is very common in Kordofan : the chief exceptions are
the SHENABLA (HAMDfA) and I^AMAR (TARADAT), who use
the short form, and the MEGANIN (HAYADIRA) and ZAvAofA
(A. GIRBU) and DAR HAMID (A. 'AKOI) and HAMAR (WAiLfA)
who use the long form (Sox). The last named sometimes
place it on the foreleg like a SHABIT. The A. 'AKOI some-
times connect this SOT with a KURBAG below it.
Fig. 114. Used by MEGANfN (A. MApi). The variant shewn was
twice seen among the KABAfifsn.

SOWAR (Ar. jt^-^a bracelet).

Fig. 115. Cf. Ku' and DHIRA'A. Uncommon; used by some
HAMAR (HADAHDA, DUBUBA, &c.).

SUMANA (Ar. <oU^; pi. SAMAM/N, o^«U-- fleshy part).

Fig. 116. One is used by the KAWAHLA (HALAYIFA) and three by
the KABABfsH ('AwAfDA ZURRUK § NAs MAKBUL) and the
B. GERAR (A. RAB*' A § NAs KHALAFA). Practically no other
Kordofan tribe uses it, but it is often seen on GAMu'fA camels.

SUNKUR (Ar. jyU*>; pi. SONAK/R, j-3U^ - crown of the head).

= KONA'A (q.v.). When not connected with a SAMi' it is generally

used merely as a private brand.
TARA (Ar. SjU* = a hoop).

Fig. 117. Used by KAWAHLA (BEKAYRAB), especially on females.

TEGADI (Sudan Ar. ^j^3 = a reaping knife).

Fig. 118. Cf. MIKHAYLIF. It is used by some of the NUBA of
G. UM DURRAG.

THIFAYNA (Ar. AiJu— diminutive of THIFINA, q.v.). Used by
('AwA/DA ZURRUK § NAs WAD RABIH).

14 CAMEL BRANDS [PT.

THIFINA (Ar. <ujtf; pi. THIFINAT, oUtf = callosity on joint of

hind leg).
Fig, 119. Seldom used, except as a private brand.

TUBA' A (Ar. a*U* ; pi. TAWABI', jjt^-an impression). Cf.

NAKHRA and KHARATfM.

Fig. 120. Most commonly seen used on the left by the (non-
Kordofan) GUHAYNA and by the KABABfsn (RUWAHLA § DAR
ABU GINNA), but it is fairly common as a private brand in
most tribes.

A TUBARA or a KADUNKA is occasionally loosely named
TUBA'A.

TUBARA.

Fig. 121. Common only as a private brand; but some MEGANIN
(A. MApi) use one, some MEGANIN (MEsA'fo) two or one, and
some DAR HAMID (FERAHNA § TURSHA) use one over the
HASHASHA.

Fig. 122. Uncommon. Three are used by DAR HAMID (A. 'Aicoi
§ A. HAMMAYD).

TURKASH (Ar. uil%3; pi. TERAK/SH, Jt^&lp = quiver for spears

or arrows).

Fig. 123. Usually seen as the brand of KAWAHLA (DAR HAMID
§ HASHUNA NAs WAD 'OMARA) and of MEGANIN (A. FAI>ALA
§ NAs ABU RISHAYD), and sometimes it is used by MscANfN
(A. MApi and A. SA'io).

The KABABfsH (UM MATU § 'AzozAs) use a small TURKASH
on the front of the foreleg instead of on the outer side. DAR
HAMID (A. 'AKOI § EL 'UTUG) use two parallel TERAKfsH.

'UKALA (Ar. a)U*; pi. 'UKUL, Jift - hobble-rope).

Fig. 124. A very common brand among all tribes. The MEGANIN
(A. RUM i A) use three on the left, the B. GERAR (A. HILA)
three on the right, and the MA'AKLA two on the left. The
KABABfsH (KiBBAYSHAB § NAs WAD SHET'HAN) place three
on the inside of the foreleg. The MA'ALIA sometimes use one
or two inside the left foreleg, as well as using them outside in
other cases.

Fig. 125. 'UKAL BI SHUBAK. Used by some MEGANIN (HAM-
MAYDfA). The HAMAR (WAiLfA) also sometimes use this brand,
and call it 'UKAL MASHUK, and sometimes three ordinary
'UKAL.

CAMEL BRANDS

(or "Ku'Az")— (Ar. jl£*; pi. 'AKAKfz,j*£>bC* = a stick).
Fig. 126 = WITID. Most commonly used by the KAWAHLA
(BERAKNA) on the right, and often called MUTRAK. Also
used on the left by MA'AKLA and MEGANfN (MEsA'fo § A.
HARRAN). Vide sub SHA'IBA (Fig. 103) and SHAHID. A
few MA'ALIA use it on the left foreleg.

UM HAGGAN (cf. Ar. oW-* = a camel of pure breed).

(For KILAID UM HAGGAN vide sub KILADA.)
Fig. 127. Used by KABAufsn (RiBAYKAx § BATAB). The alter-
native form was once seen (and so called) on a GUHAYNA
camel.

The 'ERIK (q.v. Fig. 4) or HILAL (q.v. Fig. 52) used by the
ZEN^RHA is sometimes called UM HAGG^N.

USHBU R (Ar. j>$^t = spanners. A diminutive, viz. j***£t (Ushaybir)

is also used).

Sometimes called SHA'IBA (q.v.).
Figs. 128, 129. Used by most HAMAR (GHARAYSIA § HAD^HDA

and DUBUBA) on the left fore or quarter.
Fig. 130. Used by the KABAB/SH (TOWAL).
Fig. 131. Used by the BEDAYRfA. Cf. KALOMA.
Fig. 132. Used by the GAWAMA'A (SERAYHAT). Cf. ERVVI.
•Fig* J33- Used by the BEDAYRfA and NUBA (SERAR FAR) of

KAGA occasionally. Cf. MIKHAYLIF.
WITAYD (Ar. juoj— diminutive of WITID, q.v.).

Used by the HAMAR (TARAoAx).
WITID (Ar. jjj; pi. AwxAo, 3^3! = stake or peg).
See 'UKAz.

16 CAMEL BRANDS [PT.

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APPENDIX

A LIST OF THE MORE COMMON WORDS USED BY THE NOMAD ARABS
TO DENOTE A CAMEL AT VARIOUS AGES

(a) M ADM UN (pronounced MATHMUN— Ar. ^jj+*a*). The word
literally means that the foal has become sure of itself, i.e. can
run along with the herd. It is applied to the animal a few
months after birth (which is generally either in the rainy
season or the winter).

(b} MAFRUD (Ar. >$J&A = weaned). This name is applied a year
after birth, when the animal has been weaned from its mother.

(c) ABU LEBUN or WAD LEBUN (Ar. O#* &* or O#**j =

belonging to a "naga" which is in milk). The foal is now a

two-year old and its dam has foaled again and is therefore in

milk.
(d} HIKK (pronounced HIGG — Ar. JU.). A three-year old. The

foal has still only got milk teeth : no permanent teeth have

yet appeared.
(e) GEDHA'A (Ar. £***•)• A four-year old. The camel is now

beginning to lose its milk teeth. Signs of the first pair of

permanent teeth are apparent.
(/) THENI (pronounced TENNI, Ar. ^). A five-year old. The

milk teeth have now all gone. The first pair of permanent

teeth are grown.
(g) RABA'A (Ar. <pb)). A six-year old There are now four

permanent teeth.

(h) SADfS (Ar. i^ju*). A seven-year old. There are now six
permanent teeth. The canine teeth ("nawaib," sing, "naib")
appear in the upper jaw.

40 CAMEL BRANDS [APP.

(/) GAMA'I (x<\r. juolft.). An eight-year old. There are now eight
permanent teeth, and the canines are half grown. When the
camel is nine years old the canines are full grown and it has
" a full mouth."

(/) KALAS (Ar. uJ&). An old male camel.

HASHI and HOWAR (Ar. ^U. and jt^o*). These terms are not
technical and denote no exact age. They correspond to little
more than the English " foal." A HOWAR is smaller than a
HASHI but neither term would be applied to a camel over two
years old.

KA'UD (pronounced GA'UD, Ar. >>*$). An indefinite term applied
to a camel between the age of two and five. A KA'UD is
generally considered by the native as old enough to be ridden.
^t five years old the camel is reckoned as full grown for all
practical purposes.

BUKRA (Ar. SjX^). A young female camel that has not been covered.

NAKA (pronounced NAcA, Ar. i5U). A female camel that has been
covered or is of an age to bear.

IBIL (Ar. JjJ, sometime incorrectly pronounced ILBIL). Camels
collectively, or a herd of camels. The term is used to include
the males and females of a herd, and would not, for instance,
be applied to a convoy of male camels transporting goods.

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

PLATE I.

(Iamb -Univ. press

PLATE II

12

10

14

15

PLATE

18

20

21

Cajub.ilniv. Press.

PLATE IV.

:< i{ -

? \

26

27

29

Oamb.Univ.Prrse

PLATEV.

41

Camb.Univ Press

PLATE VI.

43

Camb Umv.Pre

PLATEVU.

54

PLATEVIII,

57

58

60

Gamb. Univ. Press

PLATE IX.

Camb Univ Press

PLATE X.

77

78

PLATEXI.

80

81

A<\

84

82

85

\f,

86

PLATEXM.

88

89

Camb Univ Press

PLATEXIH.

96

Y

97

98

99

:/ V ,100 V:*

Camb Univ.Presa

PLATEXIV.

? \

101

102

104

106

PL ATE XV.

us.

Camb. Univ. Press

PLATEXVI.

123

Camb Univ.Pr

PLATE XVH.

129

131

132

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Camb. Univ. Press.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
BERKELEY

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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY