■■'■*'■

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Field Museum of Natural History.

Publication 157.

Anthropological Series. Vol. XI, No. 2

BRIEF MISCELLANEOUS
HOPI PAPERS

BY
H. R. VOTII

The Stanley McCormick Hopi Expedition

George A. Dorsev
Curator, Department of Anthropology

45100

Chicago, U. S. A.

February, 191 2

BRIEF MISCELLANEOUS HOPI PAPERS

BY

H. R. Voth.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Paper Page

I. Notes on Modern Burial Customs - 99

II. Notes on the Eagle Cult of the Hopi 105

III. The Oraibi New Year Ceremony in

IV. Tawa Baholawu of the Oraibi Flute Societies 121

V. Four Hopi Tales 137

VI. Hopi Marriage Rites on the Wedding Morning 145

Plats.

XXXIV.

XXXV

XXXVI.

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

XXXIX.

XL.

XLI.

XI. II.

XLIII.

XLIV.

XLV.

XLVI.

XLVII.

XLVIII.

XLIX.

L.

LI.

LII.

LIII.

LIV.

LV.

LVI.

LVII.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Opposite Paob

A children's burial place, top view 99

A children's burial place, side view 100

General graveyard near Second Mesa 100

General graveyard near Oraibi i°'

Children's graves, top and side views 101

Man taking prayer offerings to the grave 102

Hopi depositing offerings on the grave of his children - - - 103

Eagle burial ground i°7

The eagle in captivity "'7

A. An eagle on the roof.

B. A kiva (ceremonial chamber).

Dolls representing the Eagle Katcina 107

Catching and killing the eagle 108

Plucking the eagle and assorting the feathers - - - - 108

Taking the body to the eagle graveyard 108

The burying of the eagles 108

Priests with sun symbols 109

Eagle racks io9

Pots for watering eagles 109

Altar of the New Year ceremony - 116

The Kwan kiva and natsi "7

Xaashashtiwa, chief Kwan Priest "8

Priests and partial New Year altar 119

Diagram of Drab Flute Baholawu 126

Various prayer offerings 129

Artificial corn-stalks '.V»

I. NOTES ON MODERN BURIAL CUSTOMS

BY
H. R. VOTH.

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

ANTHROPOLOGY, PL. XXXIV.

Photo by G. W. James. Courtesy of the Pass. Dept. of the A. T. & S. Fe. Ry.

PL. XXXIV.
Children's burial places, top view. The piles of the smaller stones at the edge
of the mesa, on some of which sticks and food bowls may be seen, indicate the crevice
graves.

NOTES ON MODERN BURIAL CUSTOMS OF THE
HOPI1 OF ARIZONA

i. Introduction.

The belief in a future state and in a continued existence after death
is well defined in the religious conception and in many rites and cere-
monies of the Hopi. That part of man which they believe to be im-
mortal they call hikvsi. The fundamental meaning of this term seems
to coincide with that expressed by the Hebrew "ruach," the German
"Hauch" or the Greek "pneuma." In its practical application the
hikvsi is to the Hopi what to us is the soul in its ethical sense. At
death the hikvsi leaves the body. When asked whether it is this
hikvsi or the deceased person that continues to live in the skeleton
house, the average Hopi may get confused. He knows that the body
of the dead decays, and believes that it is by virtue or through the
part that escapes from the body through the mouth at death, that the
dead continue their existence in the future world. The details, with
regard to this fact, are more or less vague in the mind of the Hopi, and
vary considerably in the different traditions, clans and villages.

This belief in a future state is not only manifested again and again
in the different ceremonies of the Hopi, but it also plays a conspicuous
part in their burial customs, as will be seen in the following pages.

2. The Death Chamber.

While with civilized nations illness and impending death usually
draws sympathy and helping hands to the place of affliction it is,
as a rule, not so with the Hopi. To be sure, families visited by severe
sickness or death will usually not be left entirely to themselves, but it
is, generally, only either father or mother or some other of the older
relatives of the bereaved that manifest sympathy or renders assistance.
As a rule the sick, for whom little hope of recovery exists, and the
dying are deserted by most of the relatives and friends. A few cases out
of very many that came to the notice of the author, may be cited to
illustrate this fact. Case i : Coming into a room one day I found two
young women whom I was well acquainted with, sitting close together,
silently weeping. They were sisters. Before them lay a beautiful

1 While these customs are essentially the same on the three mesas, these brief observations refer
more particularly to the village of Oraibi.

99

ioo Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. XI.

little child, dying. Upon my inquiry where the father of the child
was, they told me, in one of the kivas (underground rooms). I im-
mediately went there and found him at work. When I asked him wheth-
er he knew that his only child was dying, he at first would not answer,
but finally began to abuse his wife and accuse her of being the cause
of the child's illness and death. I reasoned with him, but could not
persuade him to go home and to share the bereavement with his broken-
hearted wife. Case 2. A young woman, who had been confined, be-
came very ill, as far as I could learn, with puerperal fever. Her husband
did not seem to show any interest in her whatsoever and when he was
told one day, that she had died and been buried, he seemed to be utterly
unconcerned about the matter and afterward completely ignored the
little child his wife had left him. Even when this child died, two years
later, he did not seem to show any interest in it whatsoever. The aged
grandparents, who had taken care of the little orphan, prepared the
little corpse all alone and put it into a large rock crevice, pushing aside
the bones of its little brother who had been buried there four years
previously. Case 3: One day I went through the village and was
looking among others, after an old grandmother to whose wants we had
administered since my wife had, one cold December morning, found her
nearly frozen near a spring not far from our house. When I looked into
her little room I found her unconscious on her sleeping place on the
floor. It was in the afternoon and none of her numerous relatives had
concerned themselves about the sick, aged woman. Soon I found
one of her sons, a man about 53 years old, in one of the kivas where he
was eating. He said he knew that his mother had seemed to be very
sick in the morning; that he had placed a morsel of food and a cup of
water by her side and had then gone to herd sheep; but instead of
hurrying to his dying mother first of all, upon his return, of whom he
knew that she had been left all to herself, he had first gone to his house,
gotten some food for himself and was eating it apparently with utter
unconcern. Case 4: A little girl, that had been sick with consumption
for quite a while, died during the night. As far as I could learn only
the immediate family had been present at her death. As soon as the
usual preparations of the body could be made, the father wrapped it
into blankets and carried it In the dark night, not accompanied by any
one, on his back along a narrow, lonely trail over hills, through gulches,
between boulders, up a mesa and there, on a ledge, he removed the
stones that had been piled over a large crevice and placed the remains
of his dead child with those of several others that had been "put away"
there; replaced the stones and thrust a new stick between them as a
sign of the new inhabitant of that dreary family burial place. When

PL. XXXV. Children's Burial Places. Side View.

A. Graves under rocks, showing food bowls.

B. Graves in large crevice, showing sticks in stone piles.

PL. XXXVI.

General graveyard near Second Mesa.

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m;'vM<> Mi:'

mmmmm.

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PL. XXXVII.

General graveyard near Oraibi.

Pl. XXXVIII. Children's Graves.

A. Graves, showing large bowls.

B. Grave, showing side view.

Feb., 1912. Miscellaneous Hopi Papers — Voth. ioi

he carried the usual prayer offerings and food to the grave on the third
day I followed him over the same trail. Case 5: A man had died of
gangrene in a broken leg. As the unfortunate man had had several
peculiar attacks during his life it was extremely difficult to get any one
to render any assistance while he was ill. One night, while we had left
the patient to the care of his aged father a part of the time, the man
had died towards morning and when we got to the house after breakfast
we found that the man had died and the father, with the assistance of
one relative had wrapped the body into blankets, taken it on his back,
the relative supporting the legs, and the two men had thus dragged the
very heavy corpse to a graveyard and buried him. Other similar
cases could be cited, showing that death, or even approaching death,
strikes such terror to the Hopi heart, that he shuns and flees the sick-
bed and death-chamber as much as possible. For this reason he does
not like to speak or hear others speak about the dead, however much he
may have loved them and he prefers to say, "they are gone" or "they
have gone to sleep" to saying, "they have died."

When death has taken place those that are present cry and mourn
but do not lament and scream, as I have had occasion to observe among
other tribes. Occasionally a few relatives will assemble in the death-
chamber and weep, but those are exceptions. The remains are at once
prepared for burial. A nakwakwosi is tied to the hair in front. The
face is covered with a layer of cotton, with openings for the eyes and
for the nose, which is tied by a string around the forehead "to hide
themselves in." To this string are fastened a number of nakwakwosis
which they are supposed to wear in the other world. Black marks
are made under the eyes on the lips, forehead, cheeks (I think), the
palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.1 Some nakwakwosis2
and sometimes a little food and a small vessel with drinking water is
placed on the chest. The body is then wrapped into several blankets
around which ropes are wound, and it is then carried on the back of the
father or some relative, or on a horse or burrow to its last resting place.

3. The Burial Places.

If the deceased be a child, which has not yet been initiated into
any of the religious societies, the little body is placed into one of the
many crevices along the edge of the mesa, on which the village is situ-
ated (see Plates XXXIV and XXXV).

In various ceremonies nakwakwosis arc prepared for the dead and
deposited in shrines and other places where the dead come and get
those prepared for them; and those who find none are said to be very

1 The faces of small children are sometimes only daubed with corn-meal.
1 Turkey or eagle feathers are used.

102 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. XI.

sorry and to cry. In one of the traditions the dead in the other world
are said to complain to a visitor from this world, that their nakwakwosis
before their faces are old and worn and that their friends forget to pre-
pare new ones for them.1 If the burial place already contains the
remains or bones of other children, that have died in that particular
family, the stones, covering them, are removed, the new bundle placed
into the crevice and the stones replaced. For every child thus burie
a stick, from one to two feet long, is thrust between the rocks. After
the covering of the buried remains has rotted away, the scull or bones
may sometimes be seen in the crevice grave (see Plate XXXV).

In the case of grown persons or in fact, anyone that is already a
wimkya (member) of some fraternity, the body is buried in a graveyard
which is usually on a slope of the mesa or of a hill near the mesa (see
Plate XXXVI). A hole from five to seven feet deep is dug and the
body placed into it in a sitting posture with the face towards the east.
The hole is filled up with the earth or sand and usually a lot of stones
placed on it (see Plate XXXVII).

These burial grounds are scattered around the mesas ; they are not
marked or enclosed, nor taken care of in any way whatsoever. It not
infrequently happens, that either the windstorms blow away the sand
exposing the bones or currents of water from the high mesas break their
way through a burial place and carry them away.

Tombstones or similar signs or monuments, marking the last resting
place of particular individuals, are unknown; but certain insignia,
indicating the order to which the deceased belonged, are occasionally
placed on the graves, such as the so-called Marau-vahos (see my paper
on the Marau ceremony), which are placed on the graves of women
having belonged to the Marau society, or mungkohos which may be found
on graves of members of the Kwan (Agave) or Ahl (Horn) or other
societies. (See Plate LV in my paper, "The Oraibi Powamu
Ceremony.")

4. Post-Mortem Rites.

On the third day, after the body has been buried, the last meal and
the last prayer offerings are prepared. The first consists of piki (a
thin wafer bread baked on large polished stone slabs), cooked beans,
(oongawa), and sometimes a stew of corn, meat, herbs, etc., (noekwiwi),
is prepared by the woman, mother, wife, aunt or other near relative.
This food is put into a bowl which is placed on the grave on the third
day where it remains (see Plates XXXV and XXXVII). The father,
brother or uncle of the deceased, that has prepared the remains for
burial, now makes one double green baho (prayer stick, with black

1 See the author's "Traditions of the Hopi Indians." page 119.

PL. XXXIX.

A. Man taking prayer offerings to the grave.

B. Man arranging prayer offerings at the grave.

PL. XL.

A. Man, praying over the offerings to be deposited on the grave of his children.

B. Depositing the prayer offerings.

Feb., 1912. Miscellaneous Hopi Papers — Voth. 103

points), one single black baho, called chochokpi (seat), a puhu (road),
consisting of an eagle breath feather. To this are tied two cotton
strings, a shorter one, twisted several times, the other a single thread,
but somewhat longer. Besides this he makes about six nakwakwosis.
All this the one who makes the prayer offerings takes to the grave
(see Plate XXXIX) towards evening and places the two prayer
sticks, the nakwakwosis, some corn-meal and the bowl with food on
the grave (see Plate XL), the road he places on the ground west
of the grave, the thin string pointing westward. From this road
he sprinkles a meal line westward denoting the continuation of the
road. According to a belief of the Hopi the hikvsi (breath or soul)
of the deceased ascends early the next morning from the grave, par-
takes of the hikvsi of the food, mounts the hikvsi of the seat and
then travels along the road to the masski (skeleton house) taking the
hikvsi of the double baho along as an offering. (Comp. Voth: "Tra-
ditions of the Hopi," pages 109 and 114.) In the case of the death
of a small child, that has not yet been initiated into any societies,
the road is made from the grave towards the home of the child.
because it is believed that the soul of that child returns to the house
of its parents and is reincarnated in the next child that is born in
that family. Until that time the little soul is believed to hover
over the house. It is said, that when an unusual noise is heard in the
house, for instance a crackling in the roof, they think the little soul is
moving about and the mother then often secretly deposits a pinch of
food on the floor in some part of the house for her departed child . When
I asked one time what became of that child-soul in case no further birth
took place in the family, I was told, that in such a case the soul remained
near the house until its mother died, who then took the little soul with
her to the other world.

Later the dead are sometimes remembered by prayer offerings and
food in such ceremonies as the Soyal, Marau, etc. (See the "Oraibi
Soyal Ceremony" by Dorsey and Voth, page 57, and my paper on
the "Oraibi Marau Ceremony," page 30.)

II. NOTES ON THE EAGLE CULT OF THE HOPI

BY
H. R. VOTH.

PL. XLI.

Eagle burial ground.

PL. XLII.

A. An eagle in captivity on the roof of a house.

B. One of the Irivas, or ceremonial chambers, in which most of the eagle feathers
are used for ceremonial purposes.

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. ANTHROPOLOGY. PL. XLIII.

jtftfA

PL. XLIII.

Dolls, representing the Eagle Katcina.

NOTES ON THE EAGLE CULT AMONG THE HOPI

INDIANS.

As among other uncivilized people, the eagle plays a very conspicuous
part in the conception of the traditions of the Hopi, especially in their
religious rites and ceremonies. There are Eagle clans, Eagle Katcinas,
special prayer offerings for the eagles, eagle burying grounds (see
Plate XLI), etc.

The territory around the Hopi villages where eagles may be found
is, and has been from time immemorial, divided into portions or allot-
ments, which are controlled by certain clans and families. These terri-
tories extend as far as 50 and 60 miles from the villages. The informa-
tion, regarding this apportionment, is somewhat vague, but I am led
to believe that originally the Eagle clan, and later also clans related to
the Eagle clan, were the only ones that "owned" the eagles, while it
appears that at present families of other clans also share that privilege.1
It is said that at present, the Bear, Spider, Reed, Young corn, Burrow-
ing Owl, Blue Bird, Bow, Lizard, Badger and Eagle clan of Oraibi
control eagle territory.

Every spring hunting expeditions set out to procure young eagles.
These, when captured in their roosts, are usually tied to racks (see
Plate XLIX) and canied to the villages where they aic kept on the
flat house tops, tied by one leg to some beam, rock or peg to prevent
their escape (see Plate XLII). Here they are fed with rabbits, field
mice, etc., until about July, when they have grown to full size. The
number of birds, thus captured, varies very much in different years.
One year there were thirty-five in the village of Oiaibi alone. Among
these are usually also various kinds of hawks, especially a certain
large kind, which the Hopi call palakwahu "red-eagle," the feathers
of which arc used very extensively for prayer offerings, masks, eagle
shafts etc.

In nearly all the principal ceremonies the eagles are remembered
by prayer offerings, prepared for them by the priests. These consist
usually of small eagle or hawk feathers, tied to a twisted cotton string,
about four inches long, and are called nakwakwosis. These nakwakwosis
are handed to those priests who arc part owners in an eagle allotment,

'Compare "Property-Right in Eagles among the Hopi" by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes. American
Anthropologist. Vol. II. No. 4.

IO7

108 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. XI.

and who deposit them with some sacred meal in shrines, devoted to the
eagles.1

During the winter and spring months, when the Katcina cult flour-
ishes in all the villages, and Katcinas of the greatest variety may be
seen in the different ceremonies and dances, Eagle Katcinas, i. e.,
masked Hopi representing eagles, or more properly speaking an Eagle
deity, may occasionally be seen. The typical features of this person-
age are a mask with an artificial eagle beak and otherwise representing
the head of an eagle; sometimes large eagle feathers are fastened to
the arms and to the back part of the costume representing the wings
and tail of the eagle (see Plate XLIII). These Katcinas receive
prayer offerings at the dances, which they deposit at Katcina shrines
"that the eagles may not fail to lay eggs and hatch them again the
next year."

On the day after the great Niman (Farewell) Katcina ceremony in
July all the eagles in the village, except here and there one that is not
fully grown, are killed. This killing is done at about eight or nine
o'clock in the morning. While one person holds the rope, another
throws a blanket over the eagle and carries him down from the roof,
choking him while he descends (see Plate XLIV). No eagle is killed
by any other method. When life is extinct the feathers are plucked
and carefully assorted (see Plate XLV). When the larger feathers
have all been pulled the body of the eagle is flayed and the skin with
the remaining feathers also carefully dried and preserved on account of
the feathers. Nakwakwosis are then tied to the wings and legs of the
carcass "that the eagles should not be angry but hatch young eagles
again the next year." During this time a small tray, a small flat doll
and a few rolls of blue piki (the thin, typical Hopi bread), about four
inches long and about one inch thick, are prepared. When these
preparations are completed the carcass, the prayer offerings and a
pointed stick are taken to one of the grave-yards especially devoted
to eagles (see Plate XLI). Here a hole is dug in the ground with
the pointed stick, and the eagle body, with the food, placed into it
(see Plate XLVII). These grave-yards are usually located from
half to three-quarters of a mile from the village.

The feathers, thus obtained from the eagles, are used for many
different purposes, mostly, however, ceremonial. The smaller ones
mostly for nakwakwosis, that have only one twisted string and for
puhus, that have one twisted and one single string attached to them.
Of these two kinds thousands are made on many different occasions

1 Mr. C. L. Owen, who just returned from the Hopi-land says: "Small vessels are often placed
near rocks where eagles are supposed to hatch and to roost, which are from time to time filled with
water and also a pinch of meal sprinkled on it. (See PI. L).

PL. XLIV. Catching and killing the Eagle.

A. The capture on the roof of the house.

B. Choking the bird.

PL. XLV.

A. Plucking the eagle.

B. Assorting the feathers.

PL. -LXVI

tfvi

A. Leaving the village with the eagle bodies.

B. Arriving at the burial ground.

PL. kXVII.

Burying the eagles.

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

ANTHROPOLOGY. PL. XLVII.

pl. xlvmi.

Priests with sun symbols on their backs, in which eagle tail feathers represent
the rays of the sun.

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

ANTHROPOLOGY, PL. XLIX.

PL. XLIX.

Racks on which the young eagles are fastened and carried to the villages after
their capture.

PL. L.

Pots in which water is kept for the eagles near their roosts.

Feb., 191 2. Miscellaneous Hopi Papers — Voth. 109

during the year. The larger feathers are used on masks, standards,
altars, arrow shafts, and for many other purposes. The typical Hopi
sun symbol is profusely decorated with eagle tail feathers which, in
this case, represent the rays of the sun. In the great Flute ceremony
every Flute player wears such a sun symbol on his back as a part of his
ceremonial costume. He also wears on the head a ring of corn-husks,
into which are thrust eagle breath feathers, while other participants
in this, and in fact in most Hopi ceremonies, have a smaller eagle
feather fastened to their scalp lock (see Plate XLVIII).

In all ceremonies of any importance whistles are used that arc often
made of eagle bones and the chief priest uses an eagle1 wing feather
when he discharms the participants in the ceremony from the charm,
peculiar to that order of ceremony. To the "tassels" on the corners
of the bridal costume eagle nakwakwosis are tied and an eagle feather
puhu (road) is placed to the west of the grave of departed Hopi
to show them the road to the skeleton house. Also certain prayer
offerings, which are placed on the grave, are made of an eagle feather.
Other eagle feather roads, with a longer string, are placed by the
Hopi doctors on the paths that lead from the village to show the evil
spirits of disease the road on which they are requested to leave their
victims whom the Medicine man has discharmed, and the village. The
natsi or society emblem of the Lagon and the Oaqol fraternity contain
two eagle tail feathers and certain standards and other ceremonial
objects of other societies are decorated with the same feather. The
whips which the Snake priests take with them on their Snake hunts and
use in the Snake dance consist of a handle with two large eagle wing
feathers fastened to it, and to the point of which is fastened a small
fuzzy eagle feather which is painted red. A number of similar, small
red feathers fastened to short twisted cotton strings form the prayer
offerings, which the Snake hunter, also takes with him and which he
throws with some sacred meal to the reptile which he intends to capture
for the ceremony.

1 Usually, however, a buzzard feather is used for this purpose.

III. THE ORAIBI NEW YEAR CEREMONY

BY

H. R. Voth.

INTRODUCTION.

The ceremony, of which a brief description is given in the following
pages, has been observed by the author, partly on September n, 1897,
partly on September 29, 1901, and could even then not be thoroughly
studied.1 He had hoped to have an opportunity to complete his obser-
vations at some future time, and for that reason has delayed to publish
these notes. But as he has thus far not had that opportunity, it was
thought best to place on record these brief notes with the hope, that
some one may make further studies of this ceremony and thus be enabled
to give a fuller report of it.

The rite, herewith described, is usually called Y asangwlawu — mean-
ing (to) make, create (the) year, as it introduces the new Hopi ceremonial
year, an event which would seem to justify a more pretentious ceremony.
It is possible, however, that in times past it may have been more elabo-
rate, like other ceremonies that have dwindled down to insignificant per-
formances since the Hopi have separated into several opposing factions
who have carried their strife with great bitterness even into the chambers
of their sacred shrines, altars and ceremonies, and into their religious
and every day life in general.

This strife between the factions has, since the time this ceremony
was studied, gone so far, that several portions of the inhabitants of
the old village of Oraibi have been driven out and have built two new
small villages a few miles away, so that the people are now not only
in sentiment but also locally separated into three factions, which will,
of course, very rapidly cause further deterioration of the complicated
and extremely interesting ceremonial cults of the Hopi Indians.2

1 As far as I know, this ceremony has never been witnessed by any other white man.

* A striking illustration of this fact is shown on PI. No. LIV of this paper, where the altar is shown
as it appeared at the performance of 1901. As the conservative faction of the society positively re-
fused to participate in the ceremony and to allow the part of the altar that was in their charge to be
1. a few members of the liberal faction assembled and put up the objects that were in their keeping,
and observed the ceremony as well as they were able to do. complaining very bitterly about the attitude
of the opposing members of the fraternity.

NEW YEAR CEREMONY.

(YASANGWLAWU.)

This ceremony is performed, as far as observed, in the month of
September, by the Kwakwantu fraternity in the Kwan or Agave kiva
(see Plate LI I), which is located at the south edge of the old village
of Oraibi. In the performance of 1897, which forms the basis for this
paper, the leaders were: Naashashtiwa, Talasswungwnima Chokioma,
Nasingyamtiwa, Nakwaheptiwa and Shakyeshtiwa. The last named
had gotten water from the springs in netted gourd vessels and Nak-
waheptiwa had also gotten the sand for the altar sand-ridge when I
came in.

Naashashtiwa soon commenced to make prayer offerings. He made
the following kinds:

One single black baho, with a turkey feather and chat nakwakwosi.

Two double black bahos, with the same kind of feathers.

Four eagle feather nakwakwosis.

Two eagle feather puhus (roads).

Talasswungwnima made just the same only his bahos had duck,
instead of chat feathers.

Chokioma made six nakwakwosis and two puhus, all of eagle
feathers.

All the bahos and nakwakwosis were laid on a tray.

Naashashtiwa placed one of his bahos and nakwakwosis with Tal-
asswungwnima's, the latter one of his with Naashashtiwa 's.

The latter then made a long puhu. The other men now also made
prayer offerings as follows:

Nakwaheptiwa four nakwakwosis and two puhus.

Shakyeshtiwa, eight of the same kind.

Nasinyamtiwa the same.

The two puhus, I was told, were one for the sun, one for the moon.
All then smoked over their prayer offerings, whereupon they were
)laced on a tray. Hereupon Naashashtiwa spurted honey on the
tray and also out of the hatch-way.

This done, Naashashtiwa (see Plate LI II) repainted a stick, about
twenty-eight inches long, and four crooks. To the stick he tied six old
eagle feathers at one end, and below that, at four different places, a
piece of corn-husk and a small feather to the crooks. One of the men

"5

n6 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol.' XI.

was sent after clay, of which he made five cone-shaped stands or pedestals
about 3x4 inches large. Naashashtiwa then made a semi-circular
sand-ridge, and put thirty-two black eagle wing feathers into the ridge
and then corn -meal and black lines on it. He then painted two black
lines (crossing each other) on the base of his tiponi and of each clay
stand. Talasswungwnima took out his tiponi, old nakwakwosis, etc.
from their old wrappings and placed them on the floor, to be used on the
altar. Naashashtiwa then put the long, black stick, described before
into one of the stands and placed it in the centre before the sand-ridge
He then placed his tiponi to the west end of the ridge each time, first
sprinkling meal first from six directions towards the centre, but instead
of from the south-west {yf) (for below) , as is done everywhere else, he
sprinkled from the north-west (^f-). This deviation from the univer-
sal rule I have observed several times in the ceremonies of this fraternity
in the Kwan kiva, and here only. A further variation consists in the
fact that tiponis of the Kwakwantu have tied to them what seems to be
a small tiponi. The two tiponis, used in this ceremony, were of that
kind (see Plate LI).

Talasswungwnima now put up his tiponi at the east end of the
ridge, and then placed the medicine bowl before the altar, and poured
water into it from three gourd vessels, also observing the directions
(as just explained) in the waving of the tiponi, bowl, sprinkling meal,
pouring water, etc. Wherever the six directions are observed in this
kiva, in whatever performance, north-west takes the place of south-west.
Naashashtiwa then strew a small quantity of either meal or corn-pollen
into the medicine bowl from the six directions and then sprinkled a
meal line in a south-east direction from the altar and put the four gourd
vessels and four crooks on the line (see Plate LI). He then took a
seat west, Talasswungwnima south-west of the altar; Nakwaheptiwa,
who had in the meanwhile lighted a pipe, handed it to Talaswungwnima,
who smoked, then handed the pipe to Naashashtiwa, who also smoked.

I now went out about ten minutes, and when I returned I found the
corn-ears lying around the medicine bowl, and the two old men were
singing, Naashashtiwa rattling a mosilili (cone shell rattle), and Talass-
wungwnima putting a little corn-pollen on each corn-ear at short inter-
vals. The corn-ears were placed around the bowl not before, but during
this song. Whether this was the second song, the first having been
chanted while I was not there, I do not know.

Other song: Talasswungwnima placed small pieces of stone or shell
near the corn-ears, first one north, then west, south, east, north-east
and north-west.

Other song: Talasswungwnima put an old makwanpi (aspergill)

PL. LI. ALTAR OF THE NEW YEAR CEREMONY.

In the sand-ridges are thirty-two eagle wing feathers. On each side stands a
tiponi (palladium of chief priests), which differ from all other Hopi tiponies in having
what resembles a small tiponi attached to them. They are used also in other
ceremonies in this kiva. In the centre stands a standard and in front of it the
medicine bowl with the ears of corn and their "husbands," the old aspergills. In
front of this are placed, in a slanting line, four netted gourd vessels and four crooks >
(symbols of life) . By the side of these objects are a cloud-blower, a boy with tobacco,
some pipes, bahos and a tray with meal, shell rattles and nakwakwosis.

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

ANTHROPOLOGY. PL. LI.

Drawing by C. L. Dalrymple.

PL. Lll.

A. The Kwan kiva in which the New Year ceremony is performed.

B. The same, showing the natsi or standard. To the short sticks are tied the
following kinds of feathers:

North:

West:

South:

East:

North-east:

South-west:

Oriole,

Bluebird,

Parrot,

Magpie,

Sparrow,

Warbler.

Feb., 1912. Miscellaneous Hopi Papers — Voth. 117

and old nakwakwosi near each corn-ear at short intervals. These
aspergills are called the husbands of the corn-ears.1

Other song: The rattles were moved backward and forward. Tal-
asswungwnima threw a pinch of corn-meal along the north corn-ear into
the medicine bowl, took up the corn-ear and its husband and wiped with
the latter the corn-pollen from the ear into the medicine bowl and re-
placed both. This he did with all six. Then he threw the six stones
(or pieces of shell) one after the other into the bowl, and then at another
round the old nakwakwosis. There not being any intervals between
these different acts in the singing, I could not conclusively determine
whether all this was done during one song or several; especially since
the apparent deficient knowledge of the (mostly archaic) songs on the
part of the priest caused considerable confusion. But from analogy
I believe that these different rites were performed, or were supposed
to be performed during different songs.

Nakwaheptiwa and Nasingyamtiwa were sitting near the fireplace
during this singing.

Other song: Talasswungwnima took up all six ears of corn, put
them, points downward, into the medicine bowl, and held them in that
manner; Nakwaheptiwa took the east and west old aspergill, and held
the first with the right hand against the east, the other with the left
hand against the west side of the medicine bowl.2 Naashashtiwa here-
upon whistled with a bone whistle six times. As he was the only one
who seemed to know the songs fairly well, the singing stopped while
he blew the whistle. The corn-ears were then replaced.

Other song: Talasswungwnima sprinkled six times. Quite a long
pause occurred because Naashashtiwa had also forgotten part of the
song. After singing for a little while longer they stopped ; Naashashtiwa
and Talasswungwnima sprinkled meal on the altar. Nakwaheptiwa
lighted a pipe and both smoked, which ended the ceremony in the
forenoon.

In the afternoon nothing was done except talking, smoking, etc.
More men came into the kiva, so that by evening about a dozen men
were present. It seems strange, that so few men took part in this
ceremony. Many members of the fraternity, who were supposed to be
there, were kept away by the existing animosity between the two con-
tending factions in the village, about which those present complained
bitterly. Others were deterred by work in their corn-fields; some of
them came into the kiva in the evening for the night ceremony.

At about one o'clock in the night (September 1 2, a. m.) Naashashtiwa

1 I could not determine whether what was sung until now was all one or several songs. I believe
the first to be the case.

* Exactly the same performance occurs in the ceremonies of the Piute fraternity.

n8 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. XI.

swept up the line of meal on which the four crooks and the four gourd
vessels were standing. Then he smoked and hereupon sprinkled some
meal into the medicine bowl, made a new meal line and placed the four
crooks and four gourd vessels on the line again, as before. He and
Talasswungwnima then sat down west and south-west of the altar
again, as in the forenoon. Old Chokioma now lighted a pipe, handed
it to Talasswungwnima and the two priests smoked again ; Lomalehtiwa
soon joined them. A number of new men had come in during the even-
ing so that there were about a dozen men present at that time.

At about 1:35 a. m. Naashashtiwa offered a short prayer, and then
the singing commenced again, several of the newcomers joining in.
Lomalehtiwa also rattled a mosilili. Nakwaheptiwa smoked and an-
other man, who acted as Fire chief, soon joined him. At 1 :45 a. m. there
was a pause in the singing; all rubbed their bodies with their hands and
blew into his hands and then into the air. But the singing was soon
resumed. Naashashtiwa, during this song, took his tiponi, Talasswungw-
nima the medicine bowl; the young man, who made the clay stands,
took Talasswungwnima 's tiponi, six of the others each took an ear of
corn and its husband and each one beat time with the object he held in
his hand. The song lasted about eight minutes. The objects were
then all replaced.

Other song: Naashashtiwa handed his mosilili to one of the other
men, I think, because his arm was tired.

Other song: At about 2:35 Naashashtiwa lighted the cloud blower
pipe, spurted honey over it and then blew smoke over the altar; the
smoke is supposed to represent clouds.

Other song: Several fell asleep; two of the mosililis stopped. Final-
ly old Naashashtiwa sang and rattled alone, and he seemed to be very
tired and sleepy too. Here and there he was assisted a little by Tal-
asswungwnima, who seemed to be unacquainted with the songs.

It was now 3:25 a. m.; I could not determine just how many songs
were sung, as the intervals, if any, were very brief. Most of the men
were sleeping by this time.

Another song was intoned which dragged along until about 3:45.
This was followed by several others, mostly sung by poor old Naashash-
tiwa alone, here and there one of the men assisting him a little either in
singing or rattling.

Ag 5:00 a. m. the singing stopped, the priests smoked, and I think
Naashashtiwa uttered a short prayer.

All were then silently sitting and waiting awhile, most of them being
awake by this time. At 5 =30 a. m. the two priests took their tiponis, sat
down north of the fireplace, and Naashashtiwa, waving his one slowly

PL. Llll.

Naashashtiwa, chief priest of the Kwan society.

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. ANTHROPOLOGY, PL. Llll.

PL. LIV. PRIESTS AND A PARTIAL NEW YEAR ALTAR.

The picture k an illustration of the havoc which the contentions among the
d.fferent factions m Oraibi works even in their ceremonies. The altar contains
only one tiponi instead of two, only two gourd vessels instead of four, no crooks
and shows a disturbed condition generally.

Feb., 1912. Miscellaneous Hopi Papers — Voth. iiq

up and down, sang slowly for awhile, whereupon they replaced them,
and the men then smoked a while.

This is as far as I was able to study this ceremony, but believe that
no further performances took place. The new ceremonial year, with
its cycle of secret and public ceremonies and dances, had been ushered
in. A few weeks later the Wuwuchim ceremony, probably the most
important in the entire ceremonial calender, is celebrated. The youths
and young men of the village are then initiated into the Wuwuchim
(men's) Agave, Horn and Singer fraternities, and right after it appears
the first Katcina — the Soyal, — announcing, as it were, the approaching
Katcina season. Still a few weeks later on the occasion of the great
Soyal celebration, the Qooqoqlom Katcinas make the round of the vil-
lages, "opening" the kivas for the coming Katcinas, whereupon a series
of Katcina performances of great variety of names, costumes and pur-
pose appear at shorter and longer intervals until the Katcina season
closes with the Niman, or Farewell Katcina ceremony in July.1 Mean-
time certain secret ceremonies by the different orders take place in the
different kivas, by the Flute, Snake, Marau, OaqSl and other societies,
especially during December, January and February, some lasting one
day others nine days. With the exception of the Powamu ceremony,
which is very closely related to the Katcina cult and during which the
Katcina imitations take place, these secret winter kiva performances
are less complicated and apparently of less importance than those per-
formed by these societies between the Niman (Farewell) and the next
New Year ceremony.

1 See the Author's paper on "The Oraibi Niman Ceremony," in preparation by The Field Museum.

IV. TAWA BAHOLAWU OF THE ORAIBI FLUTE

SOCIETIES

BY

H. R. Voth.

PREFACE.

The sun plays a very conspicuous part in the Hopi religion. There
is, as far as I know, no secret or altar ceremony where some prayer
offerings for the sun are not prepared and deposited. But in no other
society's ceremonial does the sun cult occupy such a large part as in
that of the two Flute orders, the Blue and the Drab. Not only are
many prayer offerings made for the sun, sun symbols used, etc., in the
regular Flute ceremonies (see Plate XLVIII), but these two societies
each celebrate a one day ceremony in winter and one in summer for the
special purpose of making prayer offerings for the sun. They call
these observances Tawa Baholawu, (Sun Prayer Offering making). This
paper gives brief descriptions of these sun ceremonies. None of them
is entirely complete, but as a good deal of similarity exists between them
they will give a fairly good idea of the general nature of this phase of
the Hopi sun cult, until more complete and detailed data can be ob-
tained. As the dissensions and quarrels among the Oraibi have already
very materially affected the completeness of the different ceremonies
in that village, it was thought best to publish the data which we have,
though they may be more or less fragmentary.

All the ceremonies of the Drab Flute society are more elaborate than
those of the Blue Flute order. This may be due to the fact that the
number of Blue Flute members belonging to the liberal faction, and who
do not participate in their ceremonies, is smaller than that of the Drab
Flute members who belong to the conservative faction and hence refuse
to take part in any ceremony of their — the Drab Flute — society. The
latter has usually a greater number of singers and players, and prepares
more prayer offerings than the Blue Flutes. The only instance where I
have ever seen these two societies cooperate is the nine day summer
ceremony. Here the two great observances interlink repeatedly, which
makes a cooperation imjjerative, as without it the great mutual cere-
mony would be incomplete and hence in the mind of the Hopi fail to
accomplish its purposes.

THE WINTER CEREMONY OF THE DRAB FLUTE

SOCIETY.

January 20, 1898.

This ceremony took place in the Hawiowi Kiwa (from ha wni, descend,
slope), in which all the winter ceremonies of the Masi-Lalcntu (Drab
Flute Society) take place. The following members were present:

I.

Lomahungwa1

Chief priest.

2.

Namitnyaoma

3-

Tangakyeshtiwa

4.

Chokioma

5-

Kwavaho

■ Singers.

6.

Shakwuna

7-

Qomahoiniwa

8.

Talasyamtiwa

9-

Towahoyniwa

10.

Sivilctstiwa

11.

Banumtiwa

■ Flute players

12.

Shakyamtiwa

13-

Masaveima

14.

Shakwaima

The men began to come into the kiva at about 10 a. m. Lomahung-
wa was, I believe, the first, then Talasyamtiwa, Towahoyniwa, Masa-
veima, etc. Every one smoked first before he commenced to make
prayer offerings. At first only an old short single baho stick was in
the hatch-way matting, serving as a natsi or society emblem. The
two long baho sticks for the regular natsi were lying on the floor.

While more men came in, those in the kiva were smoking, and Masa-
veima related old hunting yarns, while Lomahungwa was silently work-
ing at four double green bahos about four inches long and four single
black bahos about five inches long. Before he finished them he put a
large turkey feather, kufiya and maovi,2 and the usual corn-husk packet
with meal and honey to the two baho sticks that had been lying on the
floor and that were about twelve inches long, and tied this natsi to the
right pole of the ladder. After much smoking and talking all went to

1 The accents on the names will be given in this list only.
* Artemisia f rigida and Gutierrezia Euthamiae Ton- & Gray.

125

126 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. XI.

making nakwakwosis of different kinds and numbers, varying with the
different men. Shakwuna and Masaveima each made six nakwakwosis
and two puhtavis; Tangakyeshtiwa, six nakwakwosis and four piihtavis;
Qomaho, six puhtavis; Namitnyaoma, nine nakwakwosis and two
puhtavis; Siviletstiwa, a good many of both, etc. Each one, when
done, smoked and spurted honey over his bahos or nakwakwosis.
Lomahungwa also did the same with his bahos and nakwakwosis, and
then also walked up the ladder and spurted honey up the ladder and
through the hatch -way.

All bahos and nakwakwosis were then placed on a tray on the north,
west, south and east sides; on the north-east (above) and south-west
(below) only nakwakwosis.

Food was then brought to the kiva by women, and all partook of the
noon-day meal in the kiva.

After dinner Qomaho fixed the six direction altar (see Plate LV),
sprinkling first dry, fine sand on the floor. He then sprinkled meal
from six directions, placing the medicine bowl on the centre of these
lines. The six corn-ears and six old aspergills he placed around the
bowl in the usual ceremonial order. First, I think, he poured the water
into the medicine bowl. Then he put a green object, perhaps about two
and one-half by two inches in size, into the bowl. This piece of sherd
or stone had evidently been broken from a larger piece and seemed to
be very old. It was of a light green color, opaque, but had highly pol-
ished places, evidently from long usage. On one side it was smooth,
on the other it had raised decorations as if it had been either cast in a
mould or carved. It resembled stone objects found in the ruins of
Mexico. Qomaho furthermore placed six pieces of shell and stone and
six old nakwakwosis of six different feathers near the six corn-ears.
Reaching with a small stick into nine different small buckskin bags, he
put what little powder adhered to the stick into the medicine bowl.
He then rubbed onto each corn-ear a little paste which was said to have
been made of various kinds of seeds, and lastly he put a little honey into
the bowl. Towahoyniwa then brought in a small ball of snow (about
three inches in diameter), into which he thrust four oriole feathers.
He said that he did this "so that the snow should melt and make the
fields wet."

Lomahungwa had in the meanwhile filled the big cloud pipe, or
cloud blower, and put up the tiponi. The Flute players were now
getting ready their flutes. Qamoho put a little talasi (corn-pollen) on
a corn-husk to be used in the altar ceremony. All now took their
places and waited. (See diagram, Plate LV). Lomahungwa lighted
the cloud pipe and blew smoke over the altar. Singing then began.

PL. LV. DIAGRAM OF DRAB FLUTE BAHOLAWU.

I. Position of the chief priest Lomahungwa.

2-7. Position of the other leaders that participated in the singing, sprinkling,
etc.

8-14. Position of the Flute players.

15. Tiponi (palladium or badge of office of the chief priest).

16. Medicine bowl surrounded by six ears of corn, six old makwaupis, called
the "husbands" of the corn-ears, six small nakwakwosis, and six small stones of
various colors.

17. Fireplace.

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

ANTHROPOLOGY, PL. LV.

o

0

3

¥

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O

s.
o

1
o

i.
o

o

,3

o

If
o

iO

o

//

Drawing by C. L. Dalrymple.

Feb., 1912. Miscellaneous Hopi Papers — Voth. 127

First song: Old Chokioma stood up, held a long buzzard wing feather
in each hand, sprinkled a little meal on each, beat time with them,
circled them over the medicine bowl, and brushed the meal from each
with the other. I think he did this six times, and then sat down.

Other song: Old Chokioma made the four lines on the sides of the
kiva and between the north-east and east and the south-west and west
corn-ears. I did not notice whether he threw any meal to the ceiling.

I should have remarked that the priests number one, two and three
were beating time with mosililis (cone shell rattles); number four with
one of the long eagle feathers; numbers five and six also with such feath-
ers, and number seven, during the first part of the ceremony with noth-
ing, and during the last with the aspergill (see Plate LV.)

Other song: Qomaho picked up the north aspergill sprinkled a little
cornmeal and corn-pollen along it and into the bowl, then slid the piece
of shell along the aspergill and threw the shell in and replaced the
aspergill. He repeated this with the remaining five.

Other song: Qomaho did the same performance in the same way,
only now threw the old nakwakwosis, one after the other, into the
bowl and whistled with a bone whistle each time.

A short pause occurred here in the singing, during which Qomaho
whistled several times.

Other song: (During which all the players sat around the fireplace
and smoked.) Qomaho picked up each corn-ear and washed off the
"paste" into the bowl, and sprinkled each time with his aspergill.
He then, between this and the next song, put all the corn-ears into the
medicine bowl, points downward. Chokioma picked up the old asper-
gills from the south and west sides of the bowl, held them in his hand,
also holding the medicine bowl with each hand, and then

Another song was intoned. All the players fluted again. The
corn-ears were then replaced in their regular order.

Other song: Qomaho from now on beat time with his aspergill and
occasionally sprinkled on the baho tray and then over the altar. Loma-
hungwa sprinkled corn-meal along the six corn-ears into the medicine
bowl. Sprinkling by Qomaho.

Other song: Sprinkling by Qomaho.

Other song: Sprinkling by Qomaho.

I here left, but have reason to believe that very little of importance
took place after this.

None of the men wore any part of a ceremonial costume in this
entire performance. Some of the players kept their shirts on, but all
wore the hair loose, which is always the case in all Hopi ceremonies.

128 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. XI.

THE WINTER CEREMONY OF THE BLUE FLUTE

SOCIETY.

January 20, 1898.

This ceremony took place on January 20th, 1898, in the Sakwalanve
(Blue Flute) kiva, where all the -winter ceremonies of this fraternity
take place. Lomahungyoma was the leader of the ceremony.

Besides the ceremony Anga-Katcina masks, moccasins, etc., were
painted and costumes prepared in the kiva for a Katcina dance that
evening.

The men that came in always first smoked awhile near the fireplace.
Lomahungyoma, who alone wore a ceremonial kilt, made five double
green bahos. All the men who took part in the ceremony made a num-
ber of nakwakwosis which were placed on a tray with the bahos. When
all had finished their nakwakwosis the tray was placed on the floor in
the northern part of the kiva, and eleven men gathered around it and
sang, but I could not follow this ceremony as I wanted to get the Drab
Flute Ceremony complete. When I came in again they were smoking,
and each one took some honey which he spurted on the tray after he
had smoked. The bahos and nakwakwosis were then carried out and
deposited outside the village. As I followed the first man (to the north) ,
I could not ascertain how many men went, but I think five. The man
whom I accompanied put down the baho first, then the nakwakwosis
(a good many) in front of it, and in front of the nakwakwosis a puhtavi
and along that and towards the sun he sprinkled some sacred meal.

The noonday meal was then partaken of, after which a singing
ceremony took place in the north-east corner of the kiva, four of the
men sitting on the floor along the north and four along the east ban-
quette. Before them stood a tray with meal and I believe some more
prayer offerings, and also a long eagle wing feather.

The eight men had each a mossilili (cone shell rattle) except one who
had a long buzzard feather. On the west banquette stood seven Flute
players, three of whom were boys. A number of songs were sung, ac-
companied by playing. Lomahungyoma whistled at short intervals
with a short bone whistle. I do not think that anyone had a kilt or
any other ceremonial costume on except Lomahungyoma. I could not
see the termination of the ceremony, but from analogy I am sure, that
at the conclusion of the singing and playing smoking took place. It is
also my opinion, that some of the prayer offerings, made in this cere-
mony, were taken to some more distantly located sun shrines, especially
to those on a mesa a few miles east of Oraibi.

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

ANTHROPOLOGY, PL. LVI.

, %

'Z,

Drawing by C. L. Dalrymple.

Pl. LVI. Various Prayer Offerings.

i . White ear of corn with yellow dots.

2. White ear of corn with green dots.

3. White ear of corn with black dots.

4. White ear of corn with white dots.

5. Wooden hoe with green corn-ear painted on it; the hoe being painted white.

6. Meal cake.

7. Wooden cylinder-sliaped stick with a duck feather nakwakwosi attached to
it. Painted black, the ends green.

8. Ring made of cat-tail leaves with a duck feather nakwakwosi attached to it.
Painted black.

9 and 10. Boards called "fields." The dark part, painted green, the light part
yellow.

1 1 . The same, the light part painted green, the dark part red.

12. The same, painted white with black bird tracks.

Feb., 1912. Miscellaneous Hopi Papers — Voth. 129

THE SUMMER CEREMONY OF THE DRAB FLUTE

SOCIETY.

June 13, 1901.

Every summer, as far as observed, in the month of June, the Drab
Flute Society observes a one day ceremony for the special purjx>se of
making and depositing prayer offerings for the sun. For this purpose
they assemble in the ancestral houses of their respective societies where
they also celebrate about two months later the regular Flute ceremony,
which lasts nine days.

The participants on this occasion were: Lomahungwa, chief priest,
Shdkhungyoma, Tuwahoyniwa, Masaveima, Sivinomtiwa, Qomaho,
Siviletstiwa, Talasnomtiwa, and Nakwahoyoma, who are some of the
leading men of the Drab Flute Society. All, except Lomahungwa, wore
their usual clothes, but were barefooted and had their hair untied.
Lomahungwa1 wore nothing except a small breech cloth.

The following account states, as nearly as possible, who of the men,
present, prepared the different objects, though sometimes they assisted
one another, the one doing one part, another some other part of the
work.

Lomahungwa prepared the following objects:

1. Four round prayer sticks of cottonwood root, six inches long, one
and one quarter inches thick, which were said to represent corn-stalks
(see Plate LVI).

2. One wonawika of cottonwood root, four inches long and about
one and a half inches wide, representing an old weeding implement.
This had an old eagle breath feather and a butterfly wing from the medi-
cine bowl attached to it (see Plate LVI).

3. Two prayer sticks, about six inches long, one with a facet repre-
senting a female prayer stick. Both had a nodule in the middle.

4. Five single black bahos (chochokpi) six inches long.

5. Four short and one long puhus (roads), which he moistened with
honey and rolled in corn-pollen. Also three plain short roads.

6. Six double green bahos with black tips four and a half inches long.
All bahos had duck feather nakwakwosis tied to them. He smoked
over all and spurted honey over them. He also prepared the paint for
painting the bahos except the first named, for which Masaveima pre-
pared it. He put into a double mortar green and yellow, and into
another mortar some black paint, some honey, a pinch of some ngahu
(medicine), also some water and a butterfly wing; the latter he tied

1 The accents on these proper names will be given in this paragraph only.

PL. LVII. ARTIFICIAL CORN-STALKS.

i . Body yellow, dots black, root white.

2. Body green, dots black, root white.

3. Body red, dots white, root white.

4. Body white, dots red, root white.

The objects are all dressed with a turkey feather, a sprig of Artemisia frigida, one
of Gutierrezia Euthamiae Torr. and Gray, a corn-husk packet, containing meal and
a pinch of honey, and a duck feather nakwakwosi, as shown on No. 4.

t

»*

E

Feb., 1912. Miscellaneous Hopi Papers — Vote. 131

Sivinomtiwa made two puhus of eagle and warbler feathers for the
sun and Spider Woman, and also four nakwakwosis of eagle feathers
only, for the four cardinal points and four puhus of eagle feathers only
for the eagles. These last he handed to Shakhungyoma.

Xakwahoyoma. who had come in towards noon, prepared two Kal-
ehtaka or warrior bahos, consisting of a single stick about five inches
long to which was fastened one of the small wing feathers of a large
hawk and a nakwakwosi, I think of the same bird. On these bahos,
which were painted red, he rubbed some specular iron. Of these two
ingredients he also rubbed some on his face. Later he also prepared
the same puhus and nakwakwosis as Tuwahoyniwa (see above).

Shokhungyoma made one puhu each for the sun, moon, eagles and
Spider Woman, and four nakwakwosis for the four world quarters.

Talasnomtiwa made three puhus of eagle and warbler feathers one
each for the sun, moon and "God;"1 two for the eagles, but without the
yellow warbler feathers, and four for the four cardinal ixrints. When I
asked him why he had not made one for Spider Woman, he rxelaimcd:
"O my, I forgot that I" The prayer offerings to the eagles he handed to
Tuwahoyniwa.

I noticed a small quantity of food in a bowl, and was told that it
was to be deposited in some shrine as an offering to the sun.

Among the prayer offerings were also four artificial ears of corn,
about five inches long and about one and one quarter inches thick,
made of cottonwood root. But my notes do not state just when and
by whom they were made (see Plate LVI).

At about one o'clock they had finished the prayer offerings, placed
them on trays, swept the floor and partook of a meal. When they were
through Qomaho got a medicine bowl, six ears of corn, six makwanpis
(called husbands of the corn-ears),2 six old small nakwakwosis, and six
small stones, different herbs, etc. Of the herbs he placed some into the
bowl and rubbed some on the corn-cars which he arranged around the
bowl, and also poured some water into the bowl. He then put into the
bowl a peculiar green object which looked like a piece of jade probably
about two inches long and one and a half inches wide, but of irregular
shape. It had some carvings on one side. I had noticed this object
in other ceremonies of this society before. Lomahungwa also put

1 This man had been critically ill tome years previously. Missionaries had prayed with him and
told him to pray to God. He says he did so and got well, and after that I have found him on several
occasions, when he made prayer offerings for his deities, to also prepare some for "God" and for
"Jesus" because "they made him well." The same trend of thought, as among the Athenians who
built an altar ' 'to the unknown God."

* These objects consist of a hollow stick about six inches long, the ends of which are sometimes
open, sometimes covered with a piece of bucksin. To one end arc fastened a number of feathers by
twine which is wound all over the sticks.

132 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. XI.

what seemed to be an herb or powder into the bowl. He also got his
omawtapi, a large, cone-shaped pipe or cloud blower, ready, made a small
sand hill of the sand that Masaveima had previously gotten and placed
his tiponi into it. The corn-ear of this sacred object protruded pretty
well, the corn from it having disappeared; the feathers were also badly
moth-eaten.

When the altar was finished, the tray with the prayer offerings being
placed north of the tiponi, the men arranged themselves around the
altar. Lomahungwa first lit the cloud blower, blowing the smoke into
the medicine bowl, whereupon a number of songs were chanted; Loma-
hungwa and Siviletstiwa shook mosililis (shell rattles), the others
waved eagle feathers to the time of the singing.

First song: Tuwahoyniwa stands and waves two long buzzard wing
feathers up and down to the time of the singing, throwing a pinch of
ashes on them at intervals, dusting it off towards the door six times.

Second song: Tuwahoyniwa takes meal from the tray and rubs four
meal lines on the four walls of the house, first on the north, then on the
west, south and finally on the east wall, and also between the white and
black and blue and red corn-ears on the floor. He then takes a seat with
the others and also shakes a shell rattle.

Third song: Qomaho sprinkles some sacred meal and corn-pollen
along the old makwanpis into the bowl and then throws the small
stone lying by the side of the makwanpi into the bowl .

Fourth song: Qomaho picks up the old makwanpis again, sprinkles
meal and pollen along them and then throws the old small nakwakwosis,
that have been lying by the side of the makwanpis, into the bowl, each
time whistling into the bowl with an eagle bone whistle.

Fifth song: Qomaho wipes the chewed roots from the corn-ears, one
after another, into the medicine bowl. During a brief pause Qomaho
picks up all the ears of corn and holds them, points downward, into the
medicine bowl. Talasnomtiwa picks up two of the old makwanpis,
holds them horizontally on two sides of the corn-ears, grasping at the
same time the rim of the bowl with both hands, and then the

Sixth song is intoned, during which Qomaho asperges with each
corn-ear into the air, beginning with the yellow one which he replaces
to the north side of the bowl and then with the rest in the usual order.
Qomaho 's meal tray was placed towards Lomahungwa who sprinkled
meal towards the bowl. Qomaho asperges, and then the

Seventh song commences. Lomahungwa now sprinkles meal along
each corn-car into the medicine bowl. Qomaho asperges.

Eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh songs: Nothing occurred except
occasional asperging by old Qomaho with the usual aspergill, which

Feb., 1912. Miscellaneous Hopi Papers — Voth. 133

consists of a hollow stick about seven inches long with feathers at one
end and wound with twine. When the last song was ended all said
kwakwai, (thanks!), held a pinch of meal to their lips, whisjxred
a prayer, and sprinkled the meal into the bowl and on the tray with
the offerings. All then smoked, whereupon Lomahungwa uttered a
short prayer, to which the others responded by saying, kwakwai
(thanks!) which ends the ceremony.

This may perhaps be a proper place to state that most of the songs
of the Flute societies are chanted in a language which is no longer under-
stood by the Hopi. Some were in the Hopi language. On several
occasions the men had great difficulty to sing the songs, in fact had to
stop and repeat parts of the song several times. They complained
that their best singer was not there. These facts may account for the
uneven number of songs. In my opinion there should be either twelve
or sixteen.

The altar was now dismantled. Qomaho poured out the water
from the medicine bowl and took out the sand; Tuwahoyniwa tied up
the corn -ears, Lomahungwa made four small balls and one bigger one
of sweet -corn meal, into which he mixed the food for the sun already
mentioned, and wrapped them in a blanket. He also used some honey.
Whether he mixed this with the food balls or put it into a corn-husk,
to be used by the depositor of the balls, escaped my observation. These
balls, as well as all the bahos and other prayer offerings, were later
carried to different, more or less distant, shrines and springs, but most
of them to the Tawa-ki (Sun Shrine) on a mesa about four miles south-
east of Oraibi, where hundreds of prayer offerings in all stages of decay
may be seen. Lomahungwa reserved one baho and some corn -meal
for his field.

It might be of ^interest to state also to what clans the participants of
this brief ceremony belonged. As far as I have recorded it, this clan
relationship is as follows:

Batki (Water-house) clan: Lomahungwa (chief priest), Sivinomtiwa.
Siviletstiwa.

Honani (Badger) clan: Qomaho.

Piva (Tobacco) clan: Masaveima.

Kele (Sparrow Hawk) clan: Tuwahoyniwa, Talasnomtiwa.

Ishawuu (Coyote) clan: Nakwahoyoma.

Honawuu (Bear) clan: Shakhungoma.

All these clans belong, of course, to certain groups of clans with which
they are directly related. Thus the Batki (Water-house) Pihkash
(Young Corn) , Omawu (Cloud) and others belong to a group, or phratry .
The Kele is closely related to the Atoka (Crane), Batang (Squash) and

134 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. XI.

others. But there seems to be no word in the Hopi language to desig-
nate such a group, just as there is no name for family, society, etc. The
Hopi says "Nu Batki wungwa, Kel wungwa, etc." I am Water-house
(clan) member, Sparrow Hawk (clan) member; or Plural: Itam Hanan,
Hon nyamu. We are Badger, Bear (clan) members; or he will speak of
his wife and children (not family) ; or say, Nu Tcob wimkya l or Tcowuu,
I am an Antelope (fraternity) member, or Antelope (not I belong to
the Antelope society). Questions like: How many families, clans,
fraternities, etc., are in the village? could not be asked in a direct way.

A certain rather complicated relationship also exists between clans
belonging to different phratries. This, as well as the direct relationship,
is recognized and expressed in all ceremonies when two or more partici-
pants engage in smoking, and the pipe is passed from one to another.2
It then frequently occurs that an aged priest will say to a much younger
member: ''My father," "My uncle," or even "My grandfather," and
vice versa. This seems to be determined, at least partly, by the priority
or age of the different gentes. In this ceremony this exchange of re-
lationship was at a certain grouping for a "smoke" as follows:

Lomahungwa (Water-house) to Masaveima (Tobacco) : My younger
brother; ans: My elder brother.

Tuwahoyniwa (Sparrow Hawk) to Lomahungwa (Water-house):
My child; ans: My father.

Siviletstiwa (Water-house) to Tuwahoyniwa (Sparrow Hawk):
My younger brother; ans: My elder brother.

Talasnomtiwa (Sparrow Hawk) to Siviletstiwa (Water-house):
My younger brother; ans: My elder brother.

Nakwahoyoma (Coyote) to Talasnomtiwa (Sparrow Hawk): My
child; ans: My father.

Qomaho (Badger) to Nakwahoyoma (Coyote): My child; ans:
My father.

Lomahungwa (Water-house) to Qomaho (Badger): My child; ans:
My father.

Masaveima (Tobacco) to Tuwahoyniwa (Sparrow Hawk): My
father; ans: My child.

With the Hopi this clan relationship is of more importance than the
blood relationship. Usually, if one asks several Hopi how they are
related to one another, they will give their clan relationship, in the
same way as described in connection with ceremonial smoking, without,
however, mentioning the respective clans.

1 Wimkya, pi. Wiwimkya, refers to membership in a society or fraternity; wungwa. pi. nyamu,
to clan membership. It would be as erroneous to use nyamu to designate a group of clans or a phratry
as it would be to use wiwimkya for society or fraternity.

2 Such exchange of relationship is also frequently observed where one participant of a ceremony
hands prayer offerings or other religious and ceremonial objects to another

Feb., 191 2. Miscellaneous Hopi Papers — Voth. 135

THE SUMMER CEREMONY OF THE BLUE FLUTE

SOCIETY.

June 12, 1901.

This brief ceremony took place in the ancestral home of this society.
The following of the older members of the order took part in the cere-
mony:

Lomayeshtiwa, Mokahtiwa, Wungvnima, Naashashtiwa, Na6shi,
Qoyabuya and Talaswungvuuma. All had prepared a number of
prayer offerings of different kinds which were placed in three different
trays as follows:

1. Four artificial ears of corn, made of old cottonwood roots, each
about four and one-half inches long and about one and one-quarter
inches thick, rounded at one end and all painted white. The first
had yellow dots, the color of the north; the second green, the color of
the west; the third black, the color of above;1 the fourth white (a
slightly different shade than the body of the object), the color of the
east (sec Plate LVI).

2. Four flat slabs about five and one-quarter inches long, two inches
wide and about half, an inch thick (see Plate LVI). I have been
repeatedly told that these slabs which are also used in other ceremonies
represent fields. They are called tochkwa (land or field).

3. One so-called wonawika representing a wooden sickle or knife,
such as the Hopi are said to have used in olden times, four and one-
quarter inches long, one and one-half inches wide and one-half inch
thick (sec Plate LVI).

4. Four pikawikis, four by one by one-half inches. As far as I can
find out these represent food for the cloud deities. In other ceremonies
they arc sometimes made of gourd shells or even of corn-meal dough
(sec Plate LVI).

5. Five black prayer sticks (chochokpis) about six inches long,
pointed at the lower end. To each one was attached a turkey feather,
a sprig of kunya, and one of maovi,2 a small corn-husk pocket, contain-
ing corn-meal, honey and a small duck feather, which was suspended
by a cottonwood string.

6. A small ring made of wipo (cat-tail grass) about three inches in
diameter, to which was also fastened a small duck feather nakwakwosi
(see Plate LVI).

1 It seems that these spots should have been red. the color of the south, but I have frequently
observed such apparent inaccuracies in detail in the preparation of ceremonial objects, arrangement of
altars, etc.

'Artemisia frigida and Gutierrcxia Euthamiss Torr. & Gray.

136 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. XI.

7. A cylinder consisting of a stick of cottonwood root, two and one-
half inches long and about one inch thick, the body of which was
painted black, the ends green. To the centre of this was attached a
duck feather nakwakwosi (see Plate LVI).

8. Four double green sun bahos (prayer-sticks) about six inches
long, to each of which two eagle breath feather nakwakwosis were
attached.

9. Two single warrior bahos. They are about six inches long and
are painted red. To each one was attached, at the upper end, a short
eagle wing feather, instead of the usual turkey feather; to the lower
end an eagle breath feather nakwakwosi.

10. A lot of common nakwakwosis of turkey, eagle and hawk feathers
which were made by the different men, but just how many by each
one was not recorded, nor do my notes state just who participated and
to what extent in the preparation of all the above named objects.

Just what disposition was made of all these objects could not be
observed as the different shrines and springs, where they were deposited,
were much scattered and some of them several miles away. But from
other observations and information obtained the sun bahos and prob-
ably the war baho and some nakwakwosis were taken to some Tawa-ki
(Sun Shrine), some prayer offerings to Lanva (Flute Spring) west of
Oraibi, and probably to Achamali, a shrine north of the village; the
wooden objects to Sikakwu Baho-ki, an old shrine on the mesa about
four miles east of the village.

V. FOUR HOPI TALES

BY

H. R. VOTH.

1. THE GIRL THAT WAS SAVED BY THE WREN.1

In Oraibi (they) lived. At the place where now Kohtutwa (Found
Wood) lives, lived a man, his wife and their daughter. It was winter
and there was snow. The parents wanted to go and get wood, and said
to their daughter, that she should prepare food for them. But after
they had left, the girl played all day in a corner of the house and the steps
with sheep bones, which were people and for whom she built a house,
talking to them all day. So when her parents returned in the evening
they found nothing to eat and the mother had to get fire and prepare
a meal herself. She was tired and angry. The next morning they
went after wood again, and again told the girl to prepare food for them.
"But you must do it this time," the mother said, "because I shall be
tired." But when they returned in the evening they found their
daughter still playing at the same place. The mother was very angry.
When she had laid down the wood she grabbed the girl by the belt,
tore it off, tore off her dress and then threw her through a hatch-way
into a lower room, covering the hatch- way with the stone cover. When
they were eating late the father asked where their daughter was, since
she had not come in. "Why, she has gone somewhere," the mother
said "because she has not come in." The parents finally went to
sleep. The girl in her lower room hunted for a blanket and finally
found a small one in which she wrapped herself up and also went to
sleep. In the morning the parents again went after wood without
asking for their daughter. She staid in the room all day and slept
there again the next night, the parents going after wood "again the
following morning. Thus the girl remained in the room three days
and three nights. On the morning of the fourth day she was very
hungry, as she had not eaten anything for a long time. She was very
tired and was lying down. In the north wall was a small opening.
All at once she saw something sitting in the opening. It came in and
when the girl looked up she saw it jumping up and down on the floor,
leave the room, and come back again. It wasaTQchvo (Wren). Final-
ly the Wren came close to her and said "Alas! that you arc here that
way; but just continue here that way, I shall go and hunt something
for you." The Wren soon returned with a string of ears of sweet
corn. "Here, eat this," the bird said, "and then you must go out and

' Compare tale No. 15. page 71. in "The Traditions of the Hopi" by H. R. Voth. published by
The Field Museum.

139

140 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. XI.

come to the gap north-east of the village, where I shall be waiting
for you." The girl ate the corn and then removing the stone cover
from the hatch-way, climbed out. Her parents were eating their
morning meal near the fire-place. She was using the little blanket as
a loin cloth. She passed her parents and went out. "Where are you
going?" her father said. "Oh my, that you did not tell me about
yourself." The girl went down and around the east side of the village.
"Don't go away," her mother said. The girl proceeded, weeping as
follows :

Hao inguu!

Oh my mother!
Um nui mava, mava

You me refused, refused
Owata, kwawata,

Bridal robe, (and) belt.
Um nui mava, mava,
You me refused, refused.

The people on the housetops saw her, and some were angry. AH
at once they saw the Kokoshori Katcina meet' the girl, take her on his
back, and take her away. The Wren had sent the Katcina. In a
little while they came upon a batu-vota (water shield) which they
mounted. They were then carried away to Kishiwuu where they
arrived in a little while. They came to a spring which was the door
to their kiva. This door the Kokoshori opened and they entered.
The Hahaii Wuhti lived there with the Kokoshori, and beside her
very many Katcinas. It was winter, but they fed the girl water-
melons, muskmelons, roasting ears, etc. When they had eaten, all
the Katcinas danced all day and were very happy, because the Koko-
shori had now a child. They brought much sweet-corn and gave
it to the girl. Every evening they had a dance. At last the girl had
grown up to be a maiden.

The Kokoshori often went to Oraibi and saw that the girl's mother
was very homesick. She did not go anywhere, but was lying down
all the time. One time the Kokoshori said to the maiden "Your
mother is very lonely and is crying. We shall take you to her." The
girl cried and did not want to go. But the Katcinas said they would
pity her and visit her sometimes. One time all the Katcinas dressed
up and took the maiden to the village. When they arrived they
danced at the place where the Wikolapi kiva now is. While they
danced some of the women recognized the maiden and told her mother.
The latter would not believe it. "My daughter is gone," she said.

Feb., 1912. Miscellaneous Hopi Papers — Voth. 141

Her hair was all tangled up, as she had not combed it for a long time.
The Katcinas then danced north of the village. The father said,
"May be it is her. I shall go and see." He looked and saw that it
was their daughter. He was very happy. He at once made bahos
and nakwakwosis. When he was done he went down and gave them
to the Katcinas.

2. HOW A LITTLE TURTLE DECEIVED THE COYOTE.

At Sakwa-vayu (Blue Water), near Winslow, some people were
living. In the river lived many Turtles. Near by lived the Coyote.
He coveted the Turtles, and was wondering where they lived. He
hunted all around the village, but could find only some turtle shells.
He took some of them in his mouth and went away. Approaching
the river he heard some one cry. He came near and saw a short dis-
tance from the river, in the shade of some brush, a small Turtle which
drew itself into its shell when he approached.

The Coyote came close by, took the Turtle into his mouth, turned
it over and said: "So it was you that said something here." "Yes,"
the Turtle replied. "What did you say?" the Coyote asked. "I
cried," the Turtle answered. "Why?" the Coyote asked. "You sang
nicely. Sing for me again." "Oh no, I cried," the Turtle said. "But
you must sing again. You sang so nicely. If you don't, I shall devour
you." " But I do not want to. My mother has gone away, and there-
fore I cried. I shall not cry for you again." "Very well, I shall
devour you then." "All right, that will not hurt me." "I shall
throw you on the hot ground." "Very well, that will not hurt me."
"Well now, why do you not want to sing? If you refuse I shall throw
you into the water." "Paiu, (oh my), do not do that, for I shall then
die at once." The Coyote then rushed at the Turtle, grabbed it and
threw it into the water. When it reached the water the Turtle ex-
claimed, "Ali! (good)! This is my house," stretched its feet and head,
dived down, came up again, and swam away. "Oh my!" the Coyote
exclaimed, "Why did I not devour it?" And on that account the
turtles still live in the water.

3. THE LITTLE LOCUST HUNTER.

In all the villages the people were living: in Shongopavi, Oraibi,
Shupaulavi, Mishongnovi, Walpi, Sichcomovi, and Hano. The Hopi
relished locusts very much and hunted them in the fields. There was
some shiwahpi (Chrysothamnus Howardii Torry, Gray) at one place,

142 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. XL

and on top of one of the brushes sat a locust, and a boy wanted to
capture the locust. The locust was singing the following song:

Mahu, mahu, mahu, mahu,
Locust, locust, locust, locust.

Lalena, lalena, lalena, lalena,
Flutes, flutes, flutes, flutes.

Shiwap chokit, ovek chokiokango,

On (the) sage (?) he sits, on top he is sitting,

Lalena, lalena,
Flutes, flutes,

Aapiyo hongiomakang,
Off, being fleet.

Rup! (Imitation of the noise of the wings).

As he was singing the word "rup," he flew away. When he flew
away the boy, not being quick enough, was very sorry. "Aya!" he
said, because he had not caught him.

Told by Lomaventiwa.

4. TRADITION ABOUT SEVERAL MISHONGNOVI

CLANS.

The Batki clan and Sand clan come from Palatkwabi. The Sand
clan is also called Snake and Lizard clan, because the snakes and lizards
live in the sand. When traveling they sometimes halted, and the
Sand clan would spread sand on the ground and plant corn. The
Batki clan would sing and thereby cause it to thunder and to rain,
and the crop would grow in a day, and they would have something to
eat. At Homolovi (Winslow) they lived a long time. They brought
with them the Soyal Yunga, the Lagon Yunga, and the Soyal Katcina.
They then went to Aoatovi. Here the people did not want them, and
hence they moved on to Mishongnovi, where they found the Bear,
Pat rot, and Crow clans. They were asked what they knew to produce
rain and crops. They spread the sand and made corn grow, whereupon
they were welcomed and their leader was made the chief of the village.

The spring Toreva was then very small. But the Batki clan had
brought from the Little Colorado river mud, grass and water in mung-

Feb., 1912. Miscellaneous Hopi Papers — Voth. 143

wikurus (netted gourd vessels). This they put into the spring and
that increased the flow of the water. Formerly there was also much
grass around it when there were fewer burros than there are now. The
Bear clan had the Antelope altar, the Parrot and the Crow clans the
Blue Flute cult. The Crane and the Eagle clans had the position of
the Village crier and the Drab Flute cult. The Batki were admitted
to the Antelope and Blue Flute fraternities, and hence, the narrater
said, he makes the cloud symbols in the ceremony of the Blue Flute
society.

After that the Pihkash (Young Corn-Ear) or Kao (Corn-Ear)
clan came from the cast, from the Pueblos, Sikdnakpu thinks. Accord-
ing to him the earlier clans came to Mishongnovi as follows:

1. The Parrot and Crow clans who had the Blue Flute cult and
the village chief.

2. The Bear elan who brought the Antelope altar, now used in the
Snake ceremony.

3. The Crane and Eagle clans, who brought the Drab Flute and
Marau cult and had the Village crier.

4. The Katcina clan with the Katcinas.

5. The Sand clan with the Lagon, Soyal and Snake cult.

6. The Batki clan. These had no altar, but controlled the water
and helped to make it rain.

7. The Young Corn-Ear clan. These had no altar of their own,
but brought a better quality of corn and made the corn grow.

Before the Batki people came, the corn was very small. They
made it rain and so it grew large. The Pihkash clan brought better
and larger corn with them.

Told by Sikdnakpu.

VI. HOPI MARRIAGE RITES ON THE WEDDING

MORNING

BY
H. R. VOTH.

HOPI MARRIAGE RITES ON THE WEDDING
MORNING.

As the heading indicates this brief sketch does not intend to describe,
even briefly, an entire Hopi marriage ceremony, which includes different
preparations, rites, etc., iunning through several months.1 It simply
gives the proceedings and rites of the morning of the wedding day
proper, after which the contracting parties are considered married,
subsequent observances and customs (that still form a part of the
entire marriage ceremony) notwithstanding.

The author was well acquainted with the young people and all
that were present. The wedding took place in Oraibi in the home of
the groom's uncle and aunt, his parents having died long before. This
aunt was the sister of the village chief, and of the chief priest of the
Soyal fraternity, who at the same time was also a member of various
other societies. She is probably the most important woman of the
village, and I have seen her figure very conspicuously in different
secret religious ceremonies, especially in the Soyal and Marau. When
her sister, the mother of the groom, died years ago, she adopted
all the orphan children, I think seven in number, and was to them a
real mother. She had no children of her own. Her husband is also
one of the prominent men of the village and of the Soyal society.

The marriage took place on March i, 1904, and the following persons
were present:

Talaskwaptiwa, Tawa (Sun) clan, stepfather of the groom.

Pungnyanomsi, Honawu (Bear) clan, stepmother of the groom.

Sivanka, Ishawuu (Coyote) clan, mother of the bride.

Xukwamosi, Ishawuu (Coyote) clan, grandmother of bride on
mother's side.

Sakwmosi, Ishawuu (Coyote) clan.

Bayamka, Ishawuu (Coyote) clan.

Xuvavanka, Ishawuu (Coyote) clan.

Kiwanhoynom, Ishawuu (Coyote) clan.

Mosinomka, Tuwa (Sand) clan.

Nasingyaonom, Honani (Badger) clan, grandmother of bride on
father's side.

Honanmana, Ishawuu (Bear) clan.

•See the author's "Oraibi Marriage Customs." American Anthropologist. Vol. II. April-June. looo.

147

148 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. XL

Kiwanhongka, Ishawuu (Bear) clan, opened bride's hair.

Motooma, Ishawuu (Bear) clan, groom.

Tobangyamsi, Ishawuu (Coyote) clan, bride.

We proceeded to the house at four a. m. The mother and the
grandmother of the bride (the latter on the mother's side) just arrived.
The inhabitants of the house were still abed, but all said that they had
been waiting for us. The bride slept at the home of the parents (step-
parents in this case) of her future husband, where she had been taken
by her mother thiee days previously, and had ground corn during that
time. Pungnyanomsi, the groom's aunt (mother) at once got some
sticks of wood from outside and built a fire in the fire-place in one of
the corners of the room, another fire having already been built in
the stove. Both mothers then took their places near the fire-place
where they commenced to make suds in two large bowls of yucca
plant roots that were first mashed by stones, Nasingyaonom and
the sister of Pungnyanomsi taking a place beside them. Several of the
women were sitting on the west wall, near the stove. While the two
women were preparing the suds, Kiwanhongka opened the bride's
hair. At about half past four Motooma came in. The couple then
knelt on a pelt before the two bowls, the bride before the bowl of her
future mother-in-law, and the groom before that of his future mother-
in-law. The two women then commenced to wash the heads of the
couple, but in this all the women participated. Usually the hair
of the young couple is then washed thoroughly together in each bowl,
and this hair washing, and especially the washing of the two heads in
the same bowl, is said to be the "crucial moment" in which the two are
supposed to "become one." In this case, as also in others where the
groom's hair had been cut, this mutual washing was dispensed with,
which caused some remarks, teasing and laughter, and the suggestion
whether he could really be considered as having been married. After
they were through, another woman came in and the bridegroom had
to come forward and submit to another washing. He was in his usual
working clothes and the bride was robed in an atoe (white ceremonial
blanket with red and blue border).

When they were through the young man seated himself on the
west side of the room quite a little distance from the stove, while the
bride seated herself behind and close to the stove. Pungnyanomsi
got a bowl into which the suds were poured and carried it out later
on. There were present in all about eleven women, the husband
of Pungnyanomsi being the only man present. The father of the
bride usually does not come until later.

After the bowls had been emptied and fresh water poured into them

Feb., 1912. Miscellaneous Hopi Papers — Voth. 149

Pungnyanomsi took off the atoe of the bride and invited her to come to
the bowl again, where the upper part of her body was bathed, the
bride washing her arms herself. The bridegroom somewhat protested
saying the water was too cold. He seemed to be at first embar-
rassed to take off his shirt, and so the women suggested that he go
outside and take a bath there, which I have also observed in other
cases. Several women again assisted in the bathing of the bride, also
washing her feet after they had bathed the upper part of her body and
her arms. It took quite a while before the young man could make up
his mind to submit to the bathing. He protested, saying that the water
was too cold, he had taken a bath the previous evening, etc.; but
finally, after being encouraged on all sides, he cast off his shirt, knelt
down at his bowl, then all the women participated in rubbing his body
thoroughly. The delay was accompanied by a good deal of joking and
hilarity on the part of the women. While he was being bathed his
bride was again sitting behind the stove drying her hair. The second
addition of the water was again poured into the tin pail.

As soon as the bathing was over all the women left except the
mother of the bride and Kuktiwa's wife. At about five o'clock, as
soon as the hair of the young people was somewhat dry, Pungnyanomsi
handed them a pinch of corn-meal, whereupon they went outside and
sprinkled the corn-meal towards the dawn that was appearing in the
east. They did this standing on the edge of the house, instead of going
to the edge of the mesa as is usually the case. When they came in
Pungnyanomsi put some meal into a bowl which the young bride
commenced to knead. When she was through she made piki of this
dough, and then assisted in the preparing of the morning meal which
is really the wedding feast and for which other friends and relatives,
also the bride's father came in.

After this feast cotton was distributed to the friends and relatives
of the young couple as usual, who then prepare, during the following
six to eight weeks, the bridal costume which is used in another part of
the general marriage ceremony.