LIBRARY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SOURC 8 THE British Bee Journal, AND BEE=KEEPERS' ADVISER. Edited by- THOS. WM. COWAN, F.G.S., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., &c. VOLUME XXXVIII. January-December, 1910. PUBLISHED BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, & CO., Limited, 23, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST, MASS. ! IS 6.3.B. OS" . „■-..-' j¥ London : Printed by L, U pcott Gill, at thh London and County- Printing Works, Bazaar Buildings, W.C. INDEX. Editorial, Notices, &c. :— Bee-Congress in Brussels, 243 Bee-Keeping in Russia, 23 Beneficial Results of New Zealand Apiaries Act, 493 British Bee-Keepers' Association, 3; Application to Treasury for Grant, 384; Appointment of Secretary, 35; Conversazione, 163, 173, 184, 193, 203, 385, 403, 413, 423, 433; Meeting of Dele- gates, 183; Monthly Council Meetings, 34, 73, 113, 155, 213, 243, 293, 383. 403, 463, 503; Report of Special Committee. 3, 223 Christmas, 503 Death of King Edward VII., 183 Draft of Bill for Prevention of Bee-Diseases, 273 Foul Brood in Switzerland, 13, 133 Foul Brood Legislation Com- mittee, 273 Irish Bee-Pest Act. 463 Notts B.K.A. Conference, 263 Proposed Bee-Association for Aberdeenshire, 213 Removal of "B.B.J." and "Re- cord " Offices, 183 Rooks and Bees, 483 " Royal " Show at Liverpool, 204 Scheme for Reorganisation of B.B.K.A., Mr. Garcke's, 3, 4, 14, 183, 223 The Care of Honey, 313 The New Year, 1 Two Years' Campaign Against Foul Brood, 133 W. B. Carr Memorial Fund, 5 Reviews (Editorial) :— A B C and X Y Z of Bee-Culture, 416 Anatomy of the Honey-Bee, The, 383 Annual Report of Royal Institute of Bee-Keepers, Erlangen, 393 Arrete du Conseil Federal, 83 Bees (Dr. Phillips), 383 Bees for Pleasure and Profit, 215 Cuidados del Colminar, 333 Die Faulbrut der Bienen, 73 Die Koniginzucht, 225 Diseases of Bees (Dr. Maiden), 323 Fertilisation of Fruit-Blossoms by Bees, 73 Fruit, 114 Garden Allotments, 283 Handbuch der Bienenkunde, 383, 483 Langstroth on the Honey Bee, 503 Le Cire (Wax-Craft), 383 Les TresoTS d'une Goutte de Miel, 393 Lift-Luck on Southern Roads, 215 Natural History of the Honey- Bee (Fleischmann), 83 One and All Gardening, 56 Pansies, 83 Race-Breeding by Swiss Bee- Keepers, 56 Report of Imperial Biological Institute, Dahlem (Dr. Maas- sen), 483 Roots, 83 Studies of the Honey-Bee (Dr. Zander), 333 Three Russian Bee-Books, 225 Prominent Bee-Keepers :— Mr. Camille P. Dadant. 353 Mr. G. M. Doolittle, 253 Mr. Wm. Herrod, 53 Mr. W. Z. Hutchinson, 33 Mr., Wm. McNally, 143 Mr, G. W. York, 473 Among the Bees. By D. M Mac- donald, Banff :— A Good Start, 416 A Model Apiary, 105. 507 A Model Syllabus, 104 After the Dark Comes the Dawn. 23 An Ideal Location, 324 Apicultural Stations, 24 Associated Effort, 105, 343 Avoid Drone-Comb, 325 Avoid Temptation, 284 Bait Sections, 283 Bee-Insurance, 156 " Bees Have Portions of Ethereal Thought," 5 Bible-Bees and Honey, 437, 495 Brace-Combs, '284 Brood-Combs, 304 Clipped Queens, 84 Colour of Wax, 325 Combination, 453 Conference on Reorganisation Scheme, 197 Drone-Comb in Sections, 494 Emergency Spring Feeding, 136 Energy of Bees, 5 English Heather Honey, 495 Entomology, 485 Facts Worth Knowing, 44 Forming Nuclei, 263 Foul Brood Legislation, 66, 324 Foundation, 394 Handling Frames, 284 Hints to Wax-Renderers, 157 Hive-Scraper, 66 Honey-Dew, 66 Honey-Dew a Secretion, 196 Increasing the Output. 104 Making Sport for the Philistines, 324 Making up Winter Losses, 215 Our Friend the Enemy, 66 Propolis, 283 Queen Introduction, 156 Queenland, From, 156 Recent Misprints, 495 Sections, 234, 365 The Currycomb, 453 Two Honey-Plants, 23 Using Old Frames, 416 Wax-Foundation, 474 Why Bees Die Out in Spring, 176 Reviews of Foreign Bee-Journals. By ,: Nemo " : — A Well-Merited Rebuke, 373 Bee-Hygiene, 123 Bees and Bad Odours, 123 Death of Count Cav. G. Barbo, 63 Disease in Bees, 303 Disinfecting Hives, 63 Drone-Breeding Queens, 93 Ducklings Killed by Bee-Stings, 43 Exhibiting at Shows, 43 Honey from a Scientific Point of View. 513 Individualism and Morality of Bees, 103 Influence of Odours on Bees, 63 Original Discoverer of the Bar and Frame, 373 Over-Production of Honey, 513 Preserving Fruit in Wax, 63 Prime and After Swarms, 303 Queen Introduction, 93 Radium in Honey, 303 Saphora Japonica, 43 Starting Queen-Cells, 123 Swiss Race of Bees, 63 The Late E. PTeu6S. 513 The Late Wilhelm Giinther, 274 Uncapped Brood, 123 Useful Swarming Data, 274 Using Drone-Comb in Supers, 233 Waste of Wax, 103 Wax Returns from Combs, 303 Weight of Bees, 93 Wintering Bees, 93 Cappings of Comb. By L. S. Craw- shaw, Norton, Malton, Yorks :— Additional Facts About Aphis, 109 Aerial Mating of Queens, 370 Are All Eggs Alike? 400, 500 Baits, 310 B. B.K.A. Offices, 50 Bees and Disinfectants, 460 Bees in Southern Spain, 238 Bee-Stings and Rheumatism, 350 Bee-Venom, 400 Best Bees, 440 Bisulphide of Carbon, 350 British Honey, 50 Buckwheat. 90 Calico on Roofs. 309 Candied Stores. 218 Candy-Making, 29 Can Foul Brood be Cured? 200 Chloride of Lime Treatment, 460 Cleaning Mouldy Combs, 22 Cleanliness and Stings, 179 Clipping Queens, 129 Coddled Bees, 440 Combination, 5C0 Compensation and Destruction, 421 County Associations, 90 Do Swarms Carry Disease? 309 Drone-Breeding Queens, 90, 130 Dry Locality, 69 Election of Council, 29 Ethereal Thought, 49 Examination in Bee-Driving, 481 Experiments with Bees in South Africa, 499 Experts as Teachers, 179 Fact or Fun? 400 Fertile Worker Cures, 11 Folding Sections, 278 Foul Brood Legislation, 180 Foundation Buckling, 110 " Free-Way " Excluder, 11 Fumigating Combs, 149, 179, 219 Garden of England, The, 179 Go Slowly, 238 Grose's Feeder, 11 Hawthorn Honey, 279 Heather Secretion, 480 Hive as Incubator, 400, 461 Honey-Dew, 109 Improvements in Hives, 370 Is Clipping Gruel? 149 " Isle of Wight Disease," 309, 349, 481 Izal and Foul Brood, 500 Levitation, 50 Liberty of the Subject, 70 Limnanthes Douglasii, 370 Lump-Sugar for Winter Food, 29 Market for Honey, 349 Mice, 219 Murmur from Kent, 481 Nosema Infection, 179 Old Foundation, 279 Opponents of Foul Brood Law, 129 Overstocking, 110 Parthenogenesis, 258, 349 Percentage of Comb-Builders, 460 Plea for Clarity, 421 Poor District, 70 Queen-Mating Weather, 29 Removing Supers, 278 Second-hand Frames. 461 Skeppists and Foul Brood, 180 Sour Honey, 219 South African Bees, 257 Spring is Coming, 130 Sting-Cure, 70 Supered in Winter, 279 Swarming Experiences, 258 Taper-Frame, 149 The Long Night in the Hive, 70 To-Xight (a Poem). 69 Travelling Expert, The. 500 Treatment of Parent Hive After Swarming, 239 Treatment of Swarms, 258 Upward Comb-Building, 400 Warm Section-Racks, 30 Weight of Bees, 149 "Wells" System, The, 500 What is Heather-Honey? 440 Winter Losses, 238 Wiring Frames. 149. 200, 219 Woodlev's Strain. 50 Young Bees a6 Stingers, 370 American and Colonial Papers, Ex- tracts and Comments. By D. M. M., Banff -.— ABC and X Y Z of Bee-Culture, 338 Absorbent Covers, 209 Acid in Beeswax. 39 Acquiring Knowledge, 170 Against Colour-Breeding, 80 Against Deeper Frames, 210 Baby Nuclei. 248 Bass wood. 430 Bee-Keepers' Associations, 210 Big Deal in Honey, 247 Blacks and Foul Brood, 170 Burr-Combs, 297 Chunk-Honey, 39, 80 IV INDEX TO VOLUME XXXVIII. Cleaning Extracted Combs, 338 Comb-Building in Super, 39 Co-operative Experiments, 209 Curing Foul Brood, 80, 338 Disinlecting Hives, 80, 117, 431, 516 Exit Box-Hives, 470 Exit 1910. 516 Farmer Bee-Keepers, 338 Feeding, 170, 390 Flouring Queens, 39, 430 Glass Quilts, 39 Heather in Germany, 248 Honey and Wax, 81 Honey as a Stimulant, 430 Honey Booklet, 210 Honey Exchange, 81 Injudicious Feeding, 296 Introducing Queens, 39, 169, 210, 338, 430 Italians versus Blacks, 470 Joining Associations, 169 Laying Workers, 169 Marking a New Location, 469 Model Foul Brood Bill, 40 Monster Apiary, 338 National Convention, 516 Nosema Apis in Australia, 80 Odour, 297 Painting Hives, 81, 297 Placing Empty Supers, 390 Pollen, 390 Bearing Queens, 39 Revolutionising Apiculture, 117 Safe Wintering, 470 Section Honey, 210 Selling Honey, 248, 389 Shaking Bees, 117 Short Summer Courses, 247 Six Useful Hints, 248 Stencilling Hive-Numbers, 470 Sting-Cure, 39, 389 Substitute for Wiring Frames, 117 Temper in Bees, 297 Thick and Thin Walls, 470 Willow Herb, 431 Wintering 169 Notes by the Way. By Wm. Woodley, Beedon, Newbury : — Bees in Spring, 96 Feeding for Winter, 438 Foul Brood Legislation, 137, 167, 225. 305, 335 Fumigating Combs, 190 Honey Prices, 376 Mice, 487, 504 Nosema Apis and Flowers, 190 Overstocking a District 96 Preparing for the Season, 167 Rapid-Feeders, 376 Section-Foundation, 487 Study Your District, 167 Sunshine and Shower, 190 The Weather, 96 Wasps, 335 Wax-rendering. 504 Work in Winter, 487 Working for Comb-Honey, 275 Annual Meetings of Bee-Keepers' Associations : — Anglesey, 214; Berwickshire, 196 British. 153; Cumberland, 43 Derbyshire, 83; Devon, 75 Glamorgan, 64; Gloucestershire 191; Hertford, Ware, and Dis trict, 94; Lancashire, 114; Lei cestershire and Rutland, 195, 453 Lincolnshire, 134; Northants, 94 North Norfolk, 124; Northum berland and Durham, 205; Notts 103; Somerset. 166: Staffs, 205 Surrey, 233; Warwickshire, 144 Worcestershire, 44 Ber and Honey Shows :— Aberdeenshire B.K.A., 375: Ayrshire Agricultural Society. 443: Cam- bridge Mammoth, 314; Cheviot and Tweertside Borders B.K.A., 364: Cumberland B.K.A., 385; Dairy Farmers' Association. 406; Derbyshire B.K.A., 303; Devon B.K.A., 323; Glamorgan B.K.A., 313; Grocery and Allied Trades, 373; Kent Honey Show. 343; Leics and Rutland B.K.A., 324; Northants R.K.A., 354; North Norfolk B.K.A., 393; Northumberland and Durham B.K.A., 453; Notts B.K.A., 293; Royal Agricultural Society, Liverpool, 254; Shropshire B.K.A., 363; Somerset B.K.A., 363; Somerset County, 357; St. Albans B.K.A., 463; Surrey B.K.A., 333; Worcs B.K.A., 333; Yorkshire B.K.A., 355 A B C and X Y Z of Bee-Culture, 338, 416 Aberdeenshire, New B.K.A. for, 139, 208, 213. 256 Abnormal Condition of Stock, 38 Absorbent Covers, 209 Advanced Bee-Keeping, 26 Adverse Season, The, 277 Advertising Extraordinary, 430 American Methods of Extracting, 461 Among the Bees in Italy, 244 Ancient Egyptian Bee-Keeping, 16, 37, 48 Antennae. How Bees Clean Their, 453, 464. 490, 511 Ants in Hives, 509 Aphis, Additional Facts About, 109 Apiary, Model. 105, 907 Apiary, Keeping Records of the, 403, 413 Apiary, What Constitutes a Sepa- rate, 369 Apiculture, Pioneering Work in, 476 Apis Mellifica, Genus of, 45 Apple-blossom. Honey from, 511 Appreciative Reader, From an, 229 Are All Eggs Alike? 400, 456 Aristotle, Tales From, 10, 18, 35, 87 Artificial Honey, A Deal in, 366 Artificial Increase, 280 Artificial Swarms, Making, 219, 240, 267 Associated Effort, 104, 343, 453 Associations and the B. B.K.A., 46 Associations, Joining, 72, 169, 210 Australia, Bush Fires in, 81 Australia, Nosema Apis in, 80, 144 Australian Honey Prices, 118 Australian Honey, Wintering on, 299 Avoid Drone-Comb, 325 Awards at " Royal " Show, 270 Ayrshire, Honey Harvest in, 388 Baby Nuclei, 248 Bacillus Gatoni, 220 Bad- Tempered Bees, 36 Bait Sections, 283, 310 Balled Queens, 46 Barbados Sugar, 151 Basswood. 430 Beckenham, Lecture at, 125 Bee-District, Overstocking a, 72, 78, 96, 110 Bee-Farming, Starting, 20. 32, 502 Bee-Hive as Incubator, 359, 400, 410 Bee-Hygiene, 123 Bee-Insurance, 156 Bee-Keepers' Associations, 72, 169, 210 Bee-Keeping, Advanced, 26; Ancient Egyptian, 16, 37, 48; and Kent County Council. 449 466. 479. 496, 497, 514; Beginning. 20, 32, 52, 61 6&. 281; Examinations in, 429, 440, 448, 465, 477, 481, 487, 509: Unsuccessful, 31. 52 Bee-Keeping in Argentina, 132; in Canada, 91, 105, 152, 207, 442; in Canary Islands, 390; in Chili, 132; in Cornwall, 277, 409; in Cuba, 132; in Derbyshire, 498; in India, 360, 476; in Italy, 244; in Minnesota, 38, 218; in Natal, 89; in New Zea- land, 243; in Russia, 23; in South Africa, 58; in South of Spain. 197 109. 238; in Transvaal, 446; in West Indies, 208 Bee-Notes from Worcestershire, 229 Bee-Pest Prevention Act (Ireland), 463. 468. 497 Bee-Plants, Good, 91, 141, 161, 357, 371. 378 Bee-Shows to Come : — 180. 191, 200. 211, 220, 229, 239, 249. 259, 268, 280, 290, 300. 310. 329, 339. 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 401,411 Bee-Stings and Remedies, 367 Bee-Stings and Rheumatism, 12, 308, 350, 357, 369, 378, 388 Bee-Stings, Effects of, 277, 286, 317, 327, 357 357 Bee-Stoir.ach, Mouth of the, 51 Bee, The South African, 216. 257, 294 Bee -Venom, 400. 456 Bees and Boy Scouts, 2.27 Bees and Disinfectants, 408, 450, Bees and Flowers, 59, 1C6, 371, 455, 472, 490 Bees and Wasps, 227 Bees, Best, 52, 440 Bees, Best Time for Driving, 301 Bees Building Drone-Comb, 22 Bees Cast Out of Hive, Dead, 92 Bees, Cheap, 63 Bees, Chilied, 201 Bees, Coddled or Starving, 386, 440 Bees Damaged in Transit, 127 Bees Dead in Hive, 181, 328 Bees Die out in Spring, Why, 176 Bees, Disease in, 303, 412 Bees, Driving, 45 Bees Dying, 52, 141, 251 Bees, Dysenteric, 62, 71, 72, 92, 181 Bees, Energy of, 5, 49 Bees Entering Supers, 309 Bees, Epidemic Among, 108 Bees, Feeding, 10, 321 Bees Fighting After Removal, 100, 172 Bees, Flesh as Food for, 96, 148 Bees Flying in December, 512 Bees, Good Locality for, 52 Bees in a Portmanteau, 220 Bees in House, Keeping, 119, 151 Bees in Observatory-Hive, 250 Bees, Influence of Odours Upon, 63, 123 Bees, Legal Right to Keep, 181 Bees, Mortality of, in Winter, 62 Bees, Moving, 42. 61, 62, 92, 171, 321, 358, 391 Bees Near London, Keeping, 27, 306 Bees, New Distemper of, 376, 428 Bees Not Sealing Stores, 401 Bees Perforating Beans, 264 Bees Perforating Flowers, 235, 264 Bees Refusing Syrup, 191 Bees Refusing to Work in Supers, 280, 311. 340 Bees, Re-Queening, 110 Bees, Restless, 52 Bees Robbing, 260, 351 Bees Robbing by Agreement, 180 Bees, Shaking, 118 Bees, Smoking, 201 Bees, Starved, 22, 72, 92 Bees Stinging, 62 Bees, Swiss Race of, 63 Bees, Temper in, 297 Bees, Transferring. 71, 81. 101. 120. 127, 132. 172, 298, 328, 341 Bees, Uniting, 350 Bees Visiting Drains. 151 Bees, Weight of. 93, 149 Bees. Wild, 358. 360 Bees, Wintering. 93 Beeswax, Acid in. 39 Beeswax, Rendering, 157, 240, 497 Beginners, Advice to. 125 Beginner's Experience, 60 Beginner's Queries, 128, 132, 151, 170, 239 Beneficial Results of New Zealand \Diaries Act. 493 Bible Bees and Honey, 438, 468, 495 Bis- Honey " Takes." 410, 421, 423, 429 Bioscope. Bee-Life on the, 491 Bisulphide of Carbon, 350 Blacks and Foul Brnod, 170 Bombus Pratorum (Humble-Bee), 327 Border B.K.A.. The, 15°, Brace-Combs, 17. 284, 297 Breeding for Colour. Against, 80 Breeding the British Golden Queen, 20 " British Bee Journal " as an Adver- tising Medium, 140 British Bee-Keepers' Association, 19, 24. 58, 82 163 British B.K.A. and County Associa- tions, 46; and Honey Depots, 127; INDEX TO VOLUME XXXVIII. Annual Meeting, 153; Conversazione 163, 173. 184, 193, 203, 385, 403, 413, 423, 433; Council, The, 217; Ex- perts in California, 118; Insurance Scheme, 61; Library, 410, 450, 486, 495; Reorganisation of the, 8, 9, 10, 19, 24, 58, 79, 89, 116, 183, 197, 230 British Columbia for Bees, 442 Brood-Combs, 304; Renewing, 82 Brood Dead in Cells, 329 Brood Diseases, Cure of, 276, 378 Brood in Supers, 241 Brood Rearing, 8, 31 Brood. Uncapped, 123, 270 Buckwheat, 90 Buckwheat Honey, 23, 49, 90 Bush Fires in Australia, 81 Calico on Hive-Roof, Fixing, 250, 309 California, B.B.K.A. Experts in, 118 Canada, Lecturing in, 42; Prospects in, 105, 207, 315; Starting Bee- Keeping in, 91, 152 Candied Honey in Supers, 340 Candied Sections, 462 Candied Stores, 218 Candy, Hard, 12 Candv-Makiiig, 71, 72, 441 Candy, Twice-Boiled, 492 Cane and Beet Sugars, 241, 381 Carbolic-Cloth, 128 Care of Honey, The, 313 Cells, Several Eggs in, 201 Cement for Painting Hive-Roofs, 69 Certificates. Obtaining, 331 Changing from Blacks to Italians, 339 Charlock Honey Granulating, 402 Cheap Bees, 63 Cheap Hive-Level, A, 17 Chelifer on Bees, The, 330 Chilled Bees, Cause of, 201 Chloride of Lime and Foul Brood. 267. 316. 366, 389, 399, 460 Chunk-Honey, 39, 80 C'laustral System, The, 29 Cleaning Extracted Combs, 338; in Winter, 481 Cleaning Floorboards, 72 Cleaning Metal Dividers, 52 Cleaning Sections, 65 Cleanliness and Stings, 179 Clipping Queens, 84, 98, 109, 129, 149 Clover Honey. Colour of, 512 Coal-Oil, 112 Cockchafer, The, 452 Coddled or Starving Bees, 386. 440 Colony Producing no Honey, 251 Colour-Breeding, Against, 80 Colour of Wax, 325 Comb-Building, Curious, 367, 380, 400 Comb-Building in Super, 39 Comb-Foundation, 101, 394, 410, 457, 474 Comb-Foundation Made of Paraffin- Wax, 422 Combination Amongst Bee-Keepers, 453 Combs. Eisinfccting. 123. 149. 179, 190. 219. 271, 411. 472, 482 Combs. Irregular, 161 Combs. Mildewed, 462 Combs, Wax Returns from, 303 Compensation, Disease and, 184, 193, 426. 440 Confining Queen in Hive at Swarm- ing-Time, 361 Consanguinity 45 Consular Reports on Honey and Wax. 401, 436 Controversy and Foreign Matter, 220 Co-operative Experiments, 209 . Cornwall. Bee Keeping in. 277, 409 Creosote as Disinfectant, 172, 199 Croydon B.K.\., 104. 129 Cumberland. Bee-Culture in, 357, 416 Cure of Brood Diseases, 200. 276, 338 Curious Effect of Bee-Stings, 277, 286. 517 Current Topics. 17, 307 Currycomb, The. 454, 464 Dairv Show, The. 406 Damaged Queen Cell, 321 Dead Bees Cast Out, 492 Dead Bees Under Lime-Tree, 327 Dead Grubs Cast Out, 311 Dealers in Bees, Troubles with, 409, 420 Dealing with Transferred Bees, 291 Death of Count G. Barbo, 63; Rev. W. E. Burkitt, 494; King Edward VII., 183; Mr. R. Godson, 95; Herr Wilhelm Giinther, 274; Herr E. Preuss, 513; Mr. Ed. Saunders, 135; Mrs. W. Woo'dley, 84 Deep and Shallow Frames, 100, 210 Deposit System The, 432 Depots, Honey, 117, 127, 138 Derbyshire, Bee-Notes from, 498 Description of Foul Brood, 269 Deserted Nucleus, 231 Destroying Diseased Stock, 271 Destroying Wasps, 160, 169, 237 Disease and Compensation, 184, 193, 421, 426 Disease? Do Swarms Carry, 309 Disease, Isle of Wight, 88, 109, 126, 201. 265, 291, 295, 306, 309, 344, 348, 349, 356, 427. 439, 481, 498 504 Diseases of Bees, 2, 22, 503, 376, 428, 504 Disinfectants, 52. 199; and Bees, 408, 460 Disinfecting Combs, 123, 149, 179, 190, 219, 271, 411, 472, 482 Disinfecting Hives, 63, 117. 231,431, 516 Disturbing Bees During Winter, 1C6 Dividers, Cleaning Metal, 52 Do Bees Injure Fruit? 358 Do Bees Think? 5 Dr. Evans's Poem on Bees, 178 Draft of Proposed Foul Brood Bill, 273 Drains, Bees Visiting, 151 Driven Bees at the Heather, 69, 138 Driven Bees Dying, 340 Driven Bees, Feeding, 371 Driving Bees, 45, 301 Drone-Breeding Queens, 57, 90, 93, 99, 130, 172 Drone-Brood in Super, 279 Drone-Comb, Bees Building, 22, 325 Drone-Comb in Supers, Using, 233, 251, 457, 487, 494 Drone-Eggs, Will They Produce Queens? 29 Drone's Honey-Sac, The, 334 Drones Cast Out, Young, 261 Drones, Immature, 301, 321 Ducklings Killed by Bee-Stings, 43 Duplicate Eggs in Cells, 201, 371 Dwindling Colony, 101, 171 Dysenteric Bees, 62, 71, 92, 181 Early Brood-Rearing, 8 East African Bee-Hives, 6, 207 Eastwood, New Association for, 243 Echoes from the Hives, 100, 118, 128, 150, 161. 171, 180, 210, 237, 238, 247, 289 359 450 Effects of Bee-Stings, 277, 286, 317, 327, 337. 357, 367 Eggs, Are All Alike? 400, 456 Eggs, Fertilisation of, 51 Eggs in Cells, Several, 201, 371 Eke on Hive in Winter, Leaving, 341 Embedder. A Cheap. 45 Energy of Bees, 5, 49 English Heather Honey, 430, 449, 457. 495 English Honey at Scottish Shows, 490 English Methods in Germany, 369 Entomology 485 Epidemic Among Bees, 108 Epilobium as a Bee-Plant, 357, 378 Eucalyptus Honey. 409 Evolution of the Modern Hive, 120, 130 Examination of Hives, 71; in Win- ter, 70 Examinations in Bee-Keeping, 429, 440, 448. 465, 477. "81, 487 Excluder. No. 46. 67 Excluder, Right Way to Place, 181 Excluders, Using. 26, 46 67, 297, 462 Exhibiting at Shows, 43 Experiences in Kashmir, Bee. 476 ExDeriments "ith Bees in the Transvaal. 446 Experts and Foul Brood, 457, 465 experts as Teachers, 179 Experts in California, B.B.K.A., 113 Extracted Combs, Cleaning, 338 Extracted Honey, Storing, 112 Extracting, American Method of, 461 Extracting Honey, 270; in Spain, 236 Extractor, Cleaning Rusty, 51 Failure to Obtain Surplus, 271 Farmer Bee-Keepers, 338 Feeding all Summer, 10 Feeding and Re-Queening, 320 Feeding Bees, 170, 390 Feeding Driven Bees, 371 Feeding, Injudicious, 296 Feeding, Spring Emergency, 136 Feeding, Stimulative, 61, 112, 171 Feeding the Young Larvae, 505 Feeding, Winter, 492 Felt-Covering for Hive-Roofs, 89 Fermenting Honey, 32 Fertile Workers, 18, 169, 270, 275, 336 Fertilisation of Eggs, 51 Fighting, Bees, 110 Finding the Queen, 45, 340 Flesh as Food for Bees, 96, 148 Floorboards Cleaning, 72 Flouring Queens 39, 430 Flowers and Bees, 59, 106, 371, 455, 472, 490 Flowers, Bees Perforating, 235, 254 Folding Sections. 278 Food for Bees, Honey as, 250 Formaldehyde, Solution of, 101 Formaldehyde, Use of. 102 Formalin, Using, 122, 301 Forming Nuclei, 263 Foul Brood Bill, A Model, 40 Foul Brood, Blacks and, 170 Foul Brood, Chloride of Lime and, 267, 316, 366, 388, 399, 460 Foul Brood, Dealing with, 244, 269, 311, 319 Foul Brood, Experts and, 457, 465 Foul Brood in America, 80 Foul Brood in Switzerland, 13, 133, 184 Foul Brood Law, Opponents of, 129, 378 Foul Brood Legislation, 7, 27, 37, 46, 66, 78, 85, 86, 98, 99, 109, 114, 116, 137, 139, 145, 146, 147, 157, 158, 159, 167, 168, 178, 180, 188, 189, 194, 198, 225. 226, 237, 273, 291, 305, 324. 325, 335, 355, 360, 378, 396, 398. 488; in Germany, 257; in New Zealand, 188, 493 Foul Brood, Skeppists and, 180, 457 Foul Brood. Treating, 200, 230, 311, 319, 3.38 Foundation, 101, 394, 410, 457, 474 Foundation Buckling. 110 Foundation for Sections, 394, 410, 457, 487. 494 Foundation Thick v. Thin, 219 Foundation, Using Old, 279 Frame-Hive, Inventor of, 177 Frames, Deep v. Shallow, 100, 210 Frames, Giving Additional, 162 Frames, Handling, 284 Frames in Hive, Position of. 150 Frames of Bees. Transferring. 191 Frames, Second-hand, 416, 461 Frames. Taper. 68. 88, 149. 307 Frames, Transferring to New. 161 Frames. Wiring. 67, 106, 148, 149. 190, 200. 219 Fruit? Do Bees Injure, 358 Fuel for Stroker. 45 Fumigating Combs, 123, 149, 179. 190. 219. 411 Future of the B.B.K.A., 230 Gamasre's Apiary. Messrs., 501 Garcke's Method of Keeping Re cords in the Apiary. 403 Germany, Foul Brood Legislation in, 257 Germany Heather in. 248 Germany. I pgal Protection of Honey in 459 Chains: Pollen out of Combs. 450 Gibraltar Bees and Flowers in, 1CS Glass Quilts. 39. 206 Godson, Death of Mr. R.. 95 INDEX TO VOLUME XXXVIII. Good Honey Plants, 91, 141, 161, 357, 371. 422 Good Resolutions, 118 Grading Sections, 365 Granulated Honey, 411; Removing from Combs, 12 Grub, Name of, 452 Grubs in Hive, 401 Gum for Labels, 45 Handling Frames, 284 Harvesting in January, 30 Hawthorn Honey, 284, 288 Hayes, Geo., on Nectar-Producing Plants and their Pollen, 444, 483 Heather as Bee-Forage, 502 Heather - District, Two - Queen System for, 55, 64, 75 Heather, Driven Bees at the, 69, 138 Heather Honey, 141 Heather Honey, English, 430, 449, 457, 495 Heather Honey? What is, 395, 440 Heather in Germany, 248 Heather Methods, 396 Heather Secretion, 417, 480 Hive, Evolution of the Modern, 120, 130 Hive, Inventor of the Frame-, 177 Hive-Roofs, Cement for Painting, 69 Hive-Roofs, Covering for, 89, 250 Hive, The Long Night in the, 40, 70, 77 Hive Tools, Useful, 17, 57, 66 Hive, Using Infected, 140 Hives, Disinfecting, 63, 117, 231, 431, 516 Hives, East African, 7, 207 Hives, Examination of, 70, 71 Hives, Improvements in, 336, 369, 370 Hives. Large, 492 Hives, Moving, 72 Hives near High Road, Keeping, 330 Hives, Nucleus, 111 Hives, Painting, 52, 81, 132, 297 # Hives, Painting Insides of, 299 * Hives, Spring-Cleaning, 120 Hives, Using Old. 181 Homes of the Honey-Bee, 28, 47, 107, 119, 287, 346, 347. 397, 407, 467, 515 Honey, A Deal in Artificial, 366 Honey and Wax, 81 Honey as a Stimulant, 430 Honey as Food for Bees, 250 Honey, Big Deal in, 247 Honey, Buckwheat, 23, 49 Honey, Care of, 313 Honev-Comb Designs, 220 Honey, Chunk, 39, 80 Honey Depots, 117, 127, 138 Honey-Dew 66, 109. 163. 173, 196, 286 Honey Exchange, A, 81 Honey Extracting, 270 Honey Fermenting, 32 Honey from Diseased Stocks, Using, 92, 220. 351 Honey Gathering, Remarkable, 427 Honey. Granulated, 411 Honey, Granulated, in Comb, 12. 361 Honey Imports : December, 1909, 16; January, 64; February, 96 March. 149; April. 187; May, 234 June, 275; July. 327: August, 366 September, 406; October, 460 November. 499 Honey Imnorts for 1909, 177 Honey in Preserves, 45 Honey Labels. Protective, 330 Honey. Place to Keep, 45 Honey Plants, 23, 91, 141, 161, 357, 371, 422 Honey Press versus Extractor, 128 Honey Prices, 376 Honey Production in Switzerland, 59, 513 Honey, Pure, 430 Honey, Radium in, 303 Honey, Removing Ripe, 270 Honey Ripening, 261 Honey-Sac, The Drone's, 334 Honey Samples. 431 Honey, Scientific View of. 513 Honey, Selling, 117, 248, 289, 320,337, 349 Honey, Sour. 219 Honey, Source of, 32 Honey-" Takes," Big, 410, 421, 427, 428, 429, 479 Honey Trade in South America, 131 Honey, Unsaleable, 52 Hop-Clover, 151 How Bees Clean their Antennae, 453, 464, 490, 511 Humble-Bee (Bombus Pratorum), 327 Immature Drones Cast Out, 301, 321 Imported Queen, Keeping an, 361 Improvements in Hives, 336, 369 In Council, 217 Increase, Artificial, 280 Increasing the Output 104 Incubator, Bee-Hive as, 359, 400, 410 India, Bee-Keeping in, 360, 476 Individualism and Morality of Bees, 103 Inducing Bees to Work in Supers, 264 Infected Combs, 329 Infected Hive, Using, 140 Infected Honey and Legislation, 379, 489 Infected Honey as Bee-Food, 361 Infection. Spreading, 169 Influence of Odours on Bees, 63, 123 Injudicious Feeding. 296 Insect, Injurious, 502 Insurance of Bees, 156 Insurance Scheme, The B.B.K.A..61 Introduction, Queen, 93, 156, 169, 210, 285, 338 Inventor of the Frame-Hive, 177 Ireland, How the Bee-Pest Act Works in, 463. 468. 497 Irregular Combs. 161 " Isle of Wight Disease," 88, 109, 126, 201, 265. 291. 295. 306. 309, 344, 348. 349, 356. 427, 439. 481. 498; and Legislation, 448, 478. 510 Italians versus Natives, 355. 470 Japan - British Exhibition, Api- culture and. 115 Joining Bee-Associations, 72, 169 Judges Damaging Sections, 452 Judging Honey, Points in, 462 •Judging Sections, 321 Kashmir, Experiences with Bees in, 476 Keeping Bees in a House, 119, 151 Keeping Hives near High Road, 330 Keeping of Records in the Apiary, 403. 413 Keeping Queens Until Wanted, 328, 361 Kent, A Murmur from. 420, 481 Kent Bee-Keepers and the Associa- tion, 505 Kent County Council and Bee Keeping, 449. 466. 479, 496, 497, 514 Kent, Season in, 336 Labels. A Gum for, 45 Late Queen-Mating. 57. 411 Lectures on Bees, 125, 492 Lecturing in Canada. 42 Legal Protection of Honey in Ger- many. 459 Legal Right to Keep Bees, 181 Legislation and Infected Honey, 379. 488 Legislation and " Isle of Wight Dis- ease." 448, 478 Legislation. Foul Brood, 7, 26, 37, 49. 78. 85. 86, 98, 99, 109, 114, 116, 137, 139. 145, 146, 147, 157, 158, 159, 167, 168, 178, 180, 188, 189, 194, 198, 225, 226, 237, 291, 305, 324, 325, 335, 356, 360. 378, 396, 398, 426. 488 Legislation in Germany, 257 Legislation in New Zealand, Foul Brood, 188, 243, 493 Leicester, Annual Conference at, 453 Levelling Hives. 66 Library, The B.B.K.A., 410, 450, 486, 495 Limnanthes Douglasii for Bees, 317, 326, 327, 349, 370 Literature, Bee, 2 Localities. Dry, 69 Locality for Bees, Suitable, 32, 167, 324 Long Night in the Hive, The, 40, 70, 77 Loss of Stock, 42, 71 Making, Candy-, 12 71, 72, 441, 492 Making Comb-Foundation, 474 Making up Winter Losses, 215 Mason-Bee, The, 250 Matrimony and Bee-Men, 478, 498 Mead, 191 Medicago Lupulina, 230, 250 Metamorphoses, 45 Mexico, Wax-Moth in, 387 Mice Entering Hives, 140, 219, 409, 487, 501, 504 Mid Pike and Fell, 266, 295, 318 Miller Replies, Dr., 115 Minnesota Bee-Keeping in, 38, 218 Model Apiary, A, 105, 507 Model Syllabus, A, 104 Monmouthshire, New B.K.A. for, 125 Morality of Bees, Individualism and, 103 Mortality of Bees in Winter, 62 Moth, Winter, 502 Mouldy Combs, 22, 270, 462 Moving Bees, 42, 61, 62, 72, 92, 171 321, 358, 391 Murmur from Kent, A, 420 Mysterious Intruder, A, 501 Natal B.K.A., 89 Natives versus Italians, 355, 470 Natural Swarming. 151 Nature Study for Boys, 458 Nectar-Producing Plants and their Pollen, 444, 483 Neglected Stocks, Dealing with, 451 New Bee-Associations, for Aber- deenshire, 139, 208, 213, 256; Eastwood, 243; Monmouthshire, 125; South Bedfordshire, 204; Spey Valley, 256 New Distemper of Bees, 376, 428 New Location, Marking a, 469 New Zealand, Foul Brood Legis- lation in. 188. 243, 493 Night Work for the Bees. 45 Non-Swarming Chamber, Using Sec- tions in, 152 Nosema Apis. 127, 179; and Flowers, 190; in Australia, 80, 144 Notes and Queries, 206 Notes from North Herts, by G. Bullamore, 275, 284, 344, 367, 408, 456 Notts B.K.A. Summer Conference. 263 Novelty for 1910 :— Watt's Patent Queen-Cage, 150 Nuclei, Several in Hive, 432 Nucleus, Deserted, 231 Nucleus, Forming. 263 Nucleus Hives, 111 Obituary : Rev. W. E. Burkitt, 494; Mr. R. Godson, 95; King Edward VII., 183; Mr. Ed. Saunders, 135; Mrs. W. Woodley, 84 Observatory Hive, Bees in, 250, 482 Obtaining Experts' Certificates, 331 Odessa, Consular Report from, 401, 431 Odour, 297 Odours on Bees, Influence of, 63,123 Oil of Wintergreen, 92 Old Bee-Book, Value of, 452 Old Combs, Using, 402 Opponents of Foul Brood Law, 129, 378 Original Discoverer of Bar and Frame. 373 Overproduction of Honey. 513 Overstocking a Bee-District, 72, 78, 96, 110 Ownership of Swarms, 240, 298 Packing Sections, 365 Painting Hives, 52, 69, 81, 132, 297 Painting Inside of Hive, 299 Paraffin-Wax, Foundation Made of, 422 Parasites on Queen, 402 Parthenogenesis, 235. 258, 275, 284 Pea-Flour Candy. 472 Perforation of Flowers by Bees, 235, 264 Persistent Robbing, 111, 277 Pessimism, 24 Pioneering Work in Apiculture (India) 476 INDEX TO VOLUME XXXVIII. vu Placing Excluder Rightly, 181 Planting Trees, 423 Plants for Bees. 23, 91, 141, 161, 381 Plants for Shade, 42 Poem on Bees, Dr. Evans's, 178 Pollen, 45, 390, 454 Pollen in Combs, Mouldy, 270 Pollen. Nectar-Producing Plants and their, 444, 454, 483 Pollen, Removing, from Combs, 450 Position of Frames in Hive, 150 Preparing Bees for Winter. 411, 423, 433, 441 Preserves, Honey in, 45 Preserving Fruit in Wax, 63 Preserving Sections, 44 Press-Cuttings, 30 Preventing Stings. 51, 62 Preventing Swarming. 21, 31, 250, 267. 471, 509 Prime and After Swarms, 303 Prominent Bee-Keepers, 33, 53, 143, 253, 353. 473 Propagating Disease, 22 Propolis, 283, 307 Prosecutions in Ireland under Bee- Pest Act. 463, 468 Prospects in Canada. 105, 207, 315 Protective Honey Labels, 330 Quantity of Food Required for Winter, 369, 371 Queen-Cage, Watts's " Simplex," 150 Queen-Cell, Damaged, 321 Queen-Cells above Excluder, 261 Queen-Cells Starting, 123 Queen, Confining, at Swarming- Time, 361 Queen, Curious Hiding-Place of, 246 Queen. Drone-Breeding, 57, 90, 93, 99, 130. 172 Queen Dying in Travelling-Cage, 358 Queen Entering Wrong Hive, 391 Queen, Finding the. 45, 340 Queen Laying in Super, 471 Queen-Mating, Aerial, 370 Queen-Mating, Late, 57, 411 Queen Not Laying, 310, 391 Queen's Sting, The, 358 Queen Taking Wing, 401 Queen Twice Mated, 235 Queenless Colonies. Uniting, 101 Queenlessness, Suspected, 301 Queens, Balled. 46 Queens, Clipping. S4. 98, 109, 129 Queens, Do They Leave the Hive to Die? 285 Queens, Flouring. 39. 430 Queens in One Hive, Two, 55, 64, 75, 87 Queens. Introducing. 39, 93, 156, 169, 171, 210 285, 411, 430 Queens, Keeping, until Wanted, 328, 361 Queens, Rearing. 39 Queens with a Swarm. Three, 247, 279 Question of Compensation, The. 426 440 Quilt's, Glass. 39. 206 Quilts, Material for. 191 Radium in Honey. 303 Railway Embankments, Sowing Clover on, 160 Railway Porters. Bees and, 278 Rainfall. 60. 121. 140, 201, 248, 291, 359. 410. 451. 502 Rainfall for 1909. Total, 30 Rapid-Feeders, 376 Refining Wax. 240 Remarkable Honey-Gathering, 427 Remarkable Swarm. A, 289 Removal of " B.B.J." and " Record " Offices, 183 Removing Bees from Wall of House. 172, 181 Removing Sections. 365 Removing Supers, 278 Removing Swarm from Thatched Roof. 260 Rendering Wax. Hints on. 157, 371 Renewing Brood-Combs 82 Reorganising the B.B.K.A., 3 8. 9, 10. 19, 24, 58, 79, 89, 116, 183. 197. 223 Reprinting Articles, 490 Re-queening. 280, 299, 320 Re-queening Bees in Spring, 110 Re-queening During Honey-Flow, 482 Re-queening, Time for. 300 Resolutions, Good. 118 Results of Chloride of Lime Treat- ment, 389 Revolutionising Apiculture, 117 Rheumatism, Bee-Sting Cure for, 12, 308, 350, 357, 369, 378, 388 Ripe Honey, Removing, 270 Ripening Honey, 261 Robbing, 351, 411 Robbing by Agreement. Bees, 180 Robbing, Persistent, 111. 277 Robbing Skep, Bees, 260 Robbing, Starting. 161 Rooks and Bees. 483 Ross-shire Notes, by J. M. Ellis, 25. 87, 178. 265, 285, 376, 478 " Royal " Show at Liverpool, 254 Russia, Bee-Keeping in. 23 Rusty Extractor, Cleaning. 51 Scientific View of Honey, 513 Scottish Shows. English Honey at, 490 Scraper, Useful Hive, 57, 66 Season in Kent, The, 336 Secondhand Frames, 4j6, 461 Section Honey. Working for, 234, 240, 258, 275. 285 Sections, 210, 234. 275 Sections, Bait, 283 Sections, Best Foundation for, 394, 410. 457, 487, 494 Sections, Folding, 278 Sections, Grading, Cleaning, and Packing, 365 Sections in Non-Swarming Chamber, Using, 152 Sections, Judging, 321. 452 Sections, Preserving, 44 Securing Honey from Apple-Blo6- som, 511 Selecting Hives, 101 Selling Honey, 117, 240, 248, 320, 389. 502 Shaking Bees, 118 Shows, Exhibiting at, 45 Skep Damaged in Transit, 127 Skeps for Driving, 514 SkepDists and Foul Brood, 180 Smoking Bees, 45, 201 Sophora .Taponiea, 43 Sour Brood 300 Sour Honey, 219 Source of Honey, 32 South Africa. Bee-Keeping in, 58 South African Bee. The, 216. 257, 294, I '345 South America. Honey Trade in. 131 Southern Snatches, 57, 216, 345 Sowing Clover on Embankments, 160 Spain. Bee-Keeping in, 197, 209, 236, 238 Spain, Extracting Honey in, 236 Spanish Bee Journals, 62 Spey Valley B.K.A., 256 Spraying Fruit Trees, 230 Spreading Brood. 112 Spreading Infection, 169 Spring-Cleaning Hives 120 Spring Feeding, Emergency, 136 Spring, The Coming of. 130, 138 Spring, Why Bees Die in, 176. 181 Standard Frame, Dimensions of, 45 Starting Bee-Keeping, 20. 24, 32, 52, 58, 61, 62. 82; in Alberta. 91; in India. 360; in West Indies, 208 Starting Robbing, 161 Starved Bees. 22 Stencilling Hive Numbers, 470 Stimulative Feeding. 61, 112, 171 Sting Cures, 39, 70, 389 Sting of the Queen-Bee, 358 Stings, Cleanliness and, 179 Stings, Effects of, 277, 286, 317, 327. 337 Stings. Preventing, 51, 52 Stocks, Dwindling. 171 Stocks Dying in Winter. 141 Stomach-Mouth of the Bee, 51 Stores, Candied. 218 Storifying for Surplus, 221, 281, 328, 391 Storing Extracted Honey, 112 Substitute for Wiring Frames, 117 Sugar-Boiling, 111, 512 Sugar, Cane and Beet, 151, 241, 381 Sugar. How to Test, 360 Suitable Locality for Bees, 32, 167, 324 Sulphur as a Remedy for Bee- Disease, 348, 376, 428 Sunrise and the Early Bird, 388 Super-Clearers, 102 Super, Comb-Building in, 39 Super-Honey from Diseased Hives, 220 Super on in Winter, Leaving, 246, 278, 279, 288, 422. 431, 478 Super. Queen Laying in, 241, 271, 471 Super. Weight of, 270 Supering, 261, 265 Supering a Skep, 151 Supers. Bees Refusing to Work in, 280, 311. 340 Supers, Candied Honey in, 340. 462 Simers, Inducing Bees to Work in, 264, 309 Supers, Placing Empty, 390 Supers, Removing, 278, 431 Surplus Brood over Section-Super, 478 Surplus, Failure to Obtain, 271 Suspected Combs, Using, 141 Swarm, A Remarkable, 289 Swarm-Catchers, Using. 151 Swarm Returning to Parent Hive, 298 Swarm, Three Queens with a, 247, 279 Swarming and "W.B.C." Hive, 261 Swarming Data, Useful. 274 Swarming Experiences, 209, 228, 258 Swarming, Natural. 151 Swarming, Preventing, 21, 31, 250, 267, 471 Swarming Vagaries, 268, 280, 294, 319, 326 Swarms Carrying Disease, 309 Swarms, Dealing with, 258 Swarms, Making Artificial. 219, 240 267 Swarms, Ownership of, 240, 298, 452 Swarms, Prime and After, 303 Swarms versus Stocks, 18 Sweet Clover, 199 Swiss Race of Bees. 63 Switzerland, Foul Brood in, 13, 133, 184; Honey Production in, 59 Syrup. Bees Refusing, 191 Syrup-Feeding, 10. 170 Tales from Aristotle, 10, 18, 35, S7 Talk with an Old Skeppist, 161 Taper-Frame. The. 68. 88, 149, 307 Teachers, Experts as, 179 Temper in Bees, 297 Terminological Inaccuracies, 380. 440 The Long Night in the Hive, 40, 70, 77 Thick and Thin Foundation, 219 Thick and Thin Walls, 470 Three Queens with a Swarm, 247, 279 Time for Removing Surplus. 431 Total Honev Imrjorts for 1909, 177 Total Rainfall for 1909, 30 Trade Catalogues Received, 31. 71, 91. 100, 110. Ill, 141, 171, 219. 230 Trade in Honey and Wax. 131, 401, 431 Transferred Bees. Dealing with, 291 Transferring Bees, 71, 101, 120, 127, 298 Transferrins Bees from Skeps, 81, 132. 172. 328, 341 Transferring Frames of Bees, 161, 191 Transferring Stock from Barrel. 127 Transvaal, Experiments with Bees in. 446 Transvaal, Foul Brood Act in the, 506 Trees. Planting. 428 Troubles with Dealers in Bees, 409, 420. 439 Two-Queen System. A, 55, 64, 75. 87 Two Years' Campaign Against Foul Brood, 133 Uncapped Brood. 123, 270 Uniting Bees, 310, 350 Vlll INDEX TO VOLUME XXXVIII. Uniting Queenless Colonies, 101 Uniting, Tricks of the Trade in, 443 Unsuccessful Bee-Keeping, 31, 52 Upward Comb-Building, 367, 380, 400 Useful Hints, Six, 248 Useful Hive-Tools, 17, 57, 66 Useful Swarming Data, 274 Vagaries of Swarms, 268, 280, 326 Value of Old Bee-Book, 452 Ventilation in Winter, 424 Warm Water for Bees, 288 Wasps. 11, 160, 169, 237, 277, 335 Wasps in South Africa, 227 Wasp-Sting, Results of, 368 Watts's " Simplex " Queen-Cage, 150 Wax, Colour of, 325 Wax-Foundation, 474 Wax-Moth, 472; in Australia, 339; in Mexico, 387; Small, 160 Wax, Preserving Fruit in, 63 Wax. Refining, 240 Wax-Rendering, 157. 303, 497, 504 Wax, Waste of, 103 Weather Report for December, 1909, 30; January, 60; February, 121; March, 140, 150; April, 201; May, 249; June, 291; July, 322, 359; August, 410; September, 432, 471; October, 451, 471; November, 502 Weather Report for 1909, 30 Weed-Killer, Using, 71, 101 Weight of Bees, 93, 149 Weights and Measures, 45 Well-Merited Rebuke, A, 373 " Wells " System, The, 464, 500, 517 West Indies, Bee-Keeping in, 248 What Constitutes a Separate Apiary? 369 WThat is Heather-Honey? 395, 440 Why Not? 117, 138 Wild Bees, 358, 360 Will Drone Eggs Produce Queens? 29 Willow as a Bee-Plant, 492 Willow Herb, 357, 431. 461 Winter, Cleaning Combs in, 481 Winter, Examining Bees in, 70, 106 Winter Losses, Making up, 215, 238 Winter, Preparing Bees for, 411, 423, 433 441 Winter Stores, 369, 371, 424, 438, 492 Wintering Bees, 93, 169, 218, 470 Wintering Bees in Observatory Hive, 482 Wintering on Australian Honey, 299 Wintering Stock with Super in Posi- tion, 246, 278, 279, 288, 422, 431, 478 Wiring Frames, 67, 106, 117, 148, 149. 190, 200, 219; Substitute for, 117 Woodley, Death of Mrs. W., 84 Woodlice, Protection Against, 101 Worcestershire, Bee Notes from, 229 Workers, Laying, 169, 270, 275, 336 Working for Sections, 234, 258, 275 Working Surplus Brood over Section Supers, 478 Young Bees Cast Out, 261, 452 Young Larvae, Feeding the. 505 Young Queen Twice Mated, 235 Zander, Dr., on Nosema Apis, 127, 144 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Ashworth, C. J., Wilts, 257, 316, 399 Avery, G W., Heads Nook, Carlisle, 7, 86, 114, 145, 157, 189, 325 Betts. Annie D., Camberley, 456 Birch, Mrs., Okehampton, Devon, 6, 207 Breach, F. W., Chinipas, Mexico, 387 Brierlev, J. L., Worcester, 319, 327, 458 Bullamore, O. W., Albury, Herts, 275. 284. 344, 367, 409, 466 504 Coates, W. G., Chelsea, 19. 1C5, 197, 236 Couper. W. L.. Saskatchewan, Canada, 207 Crawshaw, L. S.. Norton, Malton, 11. 29. 49. 69, 90, 109, 129 149, 179, 184, 2:3, 218, 238, 257, 278, 309, 349, 370, 400. 421, 440. 460, 480, 499, 500 Downes-Shaw. Rev. A. D., 14, 46. 505 Edwardes, Tickner, Arundel, -Sussex, 40, 77. 120. 130 Edwards, H., Reading 376 Ellis, J. M., Ussie Valley, 25, £7, 178, 265. 285. 396 478 Ellison. Rev. H. R., Hothfield Rec- tory, Kent. 505 Ewell E.. Minnesota, U.S.A.. 38, 218 Garcke. E., 403, 423 Gordon, F., Bassingbourne, 378 Green. A., Tangley Vale, 10, 27, 37 146 Grose R., Bodmin, 17 Harri>. A., Wavendon, 1C6. 190 Hayes, Geo.. Beeston, Notts. 288, 326, 444, 483 Herrod, J. S'utton-on-Trent, 464, 490 Hopkins, I.. New Zealand, 1S8, 409, 4^3 Horaley T. J., Douglas, Isle of Man, 37. 116 Howard, C. Colorado, U.S.A., 177 Hunter, C. B.. Sharcot, 488 Johnston, Mary W., Roodekop, Transvaal, 294 Judge, G. W., 401, 448. 488 Kidd J. N., Stocksfield-on-Tyne. 78. 118, 138, 161, 388 Linde, R., Germany, 369 Lockwood, J., Hunstanton, Norfolk. 168 Macdonald, D. M., Morinsh, Banff, 5. 23, 39, 44. 66, £0. 84 104, 117, 136. 156, 169, 176, 196, 208, 109, 215, 234, 247, 263, 283, '/■% 304, 324, 338 343, 365, 389. 394 416. 430 437, 453, 469, 474. 485, 490, 507, 516 Mace. H. G., Buckhurst Hill 78, 264 Martin, II., Danhauser, Natal, 56. 216, 345 Medicus, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 55, 64, 75, 98, 395, 417 449 Miller, Dr., Marengo, U.S.A., 115 Moir. J. W., Edinburgh. 160, 199 Muir and Sons, A., Kirkcowan. 427 Munro. W.. Mapperley. Notts, 25 Nash. E., Smarden, Kent, 449, 514 Neve, E. F., Kashmir. North India, 476 Oettle. Geo., Johannesburg. 446 Pearman, J.. Derby. 430 Phillips, J. P., Spetchley, Worcester, 138. 140 Price, J., Old Hill. Staffs, 10, 158 Quinton, H., Co. Sligo, 396 Reader, Harold, Cheshire, 429, 448, 466. 477, 487 Salmon, A. W., Ballards Lane, Finchley, 386 Samways, H., Maesybont, Wales, 8, 378 S'chroeder. A.. Trieste, 245 Shaw, V. E., North Finchley. 150, 451 Simpson, A.. Chalfont St. Giles, 88, 109, 348, 355, 510 Sitwell, F. Wooler. Northumber- land, 49. 84 147. 159. 168 Sladen, F. W. L., Ripple Court, near Dover, 2Q. 327 Smallwood. J.. Finchley Lane, Lon- don, 18, 35. 79, 87 99, 148, 198, 266, 295. 318, 380 Seal S. P.. Old Rectory, Rochford, 17, 26, 67. 276, 307 Spencer. R., Military Hospital, Jamaica, 208 S'worder, F., Johannesburg, 58 Till, E. D., Eynsford, Kent. 479, 496 Vicars, Dr., Campden Hill, 308 Vogt, F., Levtonstone, 459 Wakerell, A., Croydon, 90. 148, 169 Walker. Lieut-Colonel H. J. O.. Budleigh Salterton. 16, 48, 96, 163, 334. 366. 426. 440. 495 Woodley W., Beedon. Newbury, 96, 137, 167, 190, 225, 275, 305, 335, 376. 438, 487. 504 Zander, Dr.. Erlangen. 127 144 Zehetmayr, W. E., Twickenham, 36. 257, 288. 509 Apiary on House-Roof in Rome, 245 Bees on the Bioscope, 491 " Brice " Swarm-Catcher, 31 Chart Showing Weight of Colony, 419 Cheap Hive-Level, A, 37 Comb Built Upwards, 367 " D. M. M." Among the Bee- at Luton, 5r;7 Easl African Bee-Hive, 207 Bast African Honey-Drum Hanging in Tree, 7 Franco-British Conference, Visitors at " YV'.B.C." Apiary, E'09 Hive Adapted for Chloride of Lime Treatment 317 Improved Hive, 337 Ladling out Bees with a Teacup, 491 Learning to Handle the Frame-Hive. 458 ILLUSTRATIONS. Messrs. Gamage's Apiary, 501 Model Apiary, A, 507 Mr. Brierley's Apiary, 459 Mr. Edward Saunders, 135 Mr. Richard Godson, 95 Nosema Apis, 145 Novel Home for a Swarm, 491 Pollen-Grains, 485 Section of Apple-Blossom, 445 Section of Pollen-Grain, 446 Student's Apiary in Italy, 247 Swarm in a Barrel, 491 Taper Frame, 68 Turkish Bee-Keeper, A, 131 Two-Queen System, 64, 65, 66 Useful Hive Tool, 57 \\ ;itls\ " Simplex " Queen-Ca^e, 150 Wax Foundation Machine, 475 Homes of the Roney-Bee :— Apiary of Mr. A. G. Gambrill, Bagshot Road, Ascot, 287 Mr. W. Gee, Ware Road. Hertford. 47 Mr. J. Henry, Egremont, Cum- berland. 467 Mr. J. Lambert, Huby. Leeds, 407 Mr. J. E. Lockwood Hunstanton North, Norfolk, 397 Mr. A. Pollard, Silsdcn, Keighlev, 28 Mr. P. Ralph, Settle, Yorks, 107 Mr. L. State, St. Marv',=, Ram- sey, Hunts, 119 Mr. T. Smith, Smith, Yorks, 515 346, 347 Mr. II. Stanley, Ampthill, Beds, Prominent Bee-Keepers :— Mr. C. P. Dadant, 353 Mr. G. M. Doolittle, 253 Mr. W. Herrod, 53 Mr. W. Z. Hutchinson, 33 Mr. W. McNally, 143 Mr. G. W. York, 473 THE British Bee Journal No. 1437. Vol. XXXVIII. N.S. 1045.] JANUARY 6, 1910. [Published Weekly. THE NEW YEAR. The beginning of the year and the com- mencement of a new volume give us the opportunity of wishing all our readers a Happy New Year, and it enables us to thank our many friends who have favoured us with their patronage and as- sistance. It also allows us to acknow- ledge the numerous testimonials we are constantly receiving of appreciation and approval of the Journal, as well as testi- mony as to its usefulness. With this num- ber we begin Volume XXXVIII., and we have every cause for satisfaction wuu the progress made, and that, notwithstanding a bad season, the Journal has steadily extended its circulation. A comparison with the first volume shows that whereas this contained 200 pages, the last has in- creased to over 500 ; and although so much larger, the cost has been decreased. It is the only Weekly dee-journal in the world, and also the only one that keeps its readers informed of the progress made throughout the world in regard to both the science and practice of bee-keeping. All the leading British bee-keepers are contributors to our columns. Nor is the circulation restricted to Britain, for tho Journal goes into every part of the world, and contributions of the leading men of other countries are found in its pages. Hardly a week passes but we receive numerous appreciative letters, and we could only publish them by occupying space which is more usefully employed in giving information of service to bee- keepers. The writers of these will there- fore excuse us if their letters do not appear in print, and receive the assurance that we are grateful to them all the same. Al- though appearing weekly, this has at times scarcely permitted us to keep abreast with the many contributions which have been forwarded to us, and we fear we have trespassed on the patience of our friends by the postponement of the ap- pearance of their letters. The extent and variety of our work will be gleaned from a perusal of the index of the last volume, and this work we hope to continue during the coming year. As an instance of the extent to which our advice is sought we may say that upwards of 900 queries on matters connected with bee-keeping were replied to during last year. We hope we may be favoured by a continuance of the assistance hitherto given to us, so that the Journal may retain the position it now occupies. No expense will be spared to make it the most useful of its kind, and we ask our readers to use their best endeavours to further increase its circula- tion. A RETROSPECT. The year 1909 will be remembered by bee-keepers as having been remarkable for the amount of honey-dew prevalent all over the country, and in this respect it has been one of the worst they have ever ex- perienced. Out of over 300 samples of honey sent us for examination 75 per cent, were spoilt by honey-dew. Although the season opened with good prospects, it sub- sequently became a complete failure owing to adverse weather conditions, and the hopes of bee-keepers, which for a short time were bright, were not realised. In this climate we seldom have excessive sunshine, but last year the summer was confined to the first fortnight in August. During this short period the temperature exceeded 80 deg. on four days, and on the warmest of them reached 86 deg. with bright sunshine; but afterwards we had a succession of damp weather and dull days, so that in many cases bees were not able to store sufficient for their winter supply, and the bee-keeper, besides being deprived of his expected harvest, has been obliged to invest largely to provide the necessary food to enable the bees to tide over the winter in safety. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. The past year has been one of anxiety for the B.B.K.A. The Association has now been in existence for thirty-six years, and during that time has adhered firmly to the object for which it wTas instituted, viz., to uphold the industry of bee-keep- ing, and to instruct the agricultural and labouring classes of Great Britain in the most humane and profitable methods of bee-keeping'. This it has done by the establishment of county associations affiliated to it in every county where tne inhabitants were disposed to take suffi- cient interest in the pursuit. The task was arduous, but the Association has steadfastly kept to the work assigned to it, and it has reason for congratulation on the success that has resulted. With time the educational work of the Associa- tion has increased, but the income has not done so, and is now quite inadequate to its requirements. It is felt that some THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jan. 6, 1910. measure of reform is necessary in order to bring the county associations into closer relationship with the central Asso- ciation, and this has been considered by the Council and a scheme formulated with that object in view. County representa- tives discussed the matter at a Council meeting on December 16 last, and the question will be further considered at an adjourned meeting to be held in May next, when it is hoped every association will be properly represented, and such measures decided upon as will put the Association on a firm basis and enable it properly to fulfil its function. In order that the industry may occupy its proper place in our land there must be cohesion among the associations, with an influen- tial "central governing body at the head of all. No industry can prosper without a strong central association, and bee- keeping is no exception, so that the sooner bee-keepers realise this and act upon it the better will it be for the in- dustry. The work of the Association is not yet achieved. There is still a great deal before the central and the affiliated associations. Let both be mutually as- sistant and forbearing, and the work, however difficult, will, we are assured, be satisfactorily accomplished. Unfortu- nately, the Association has been hampered by the illness of its secretary, Mr. E. H. Young, who has been obliged to resign his position, and Mr. W. Herrod, who has been for a long time chief expert of the Association, has been appointed secre- tary pro tern., an appointment which has given general satisfaction. With a new secretary and a strong Council there is every reason to expect a bright future of usefulness for the Association. CONVERSAZIONES. During the year two Conversaziones were held by the B.B.K.A., at which papers were read and discussions fol- lowed, those at the spring meeting being on "Feeding Bees," by Mr. F. W. L. Sladen; "Working for Increase," by Mr. T. Bevan; and the "Production of Comb Honey," by Mr. W. Herrod. At the autumn meeting the subjects for discus- sion, introduced by the Chairman, were on "Beneficial Results from the Fertilisa- tion of Fruit-Blossoms by Bees " and " Some Recent Investigations in connec- tion with Diseases of Bees." This was probably the largest meeting ever held by a bee-keepers' association, and showed that the bee-keeping industry was not on the decline, and that bee-keepers were quite as enthusiastic as they used to be. A ROLL CALL. Each year our industry is deprived of some of its best representatives, and occa- sionally, whpn a great worker passes away, we wonder whether the gap will be ade- quately filled. The names of some who have gone from us during the past year are not ephemeral, and will find a perma- nent place in the history of bee-keeping. Happily, we do not lack new blood, but such men as Mr. W. H. Harris and Mr. W. Broughton Carr are hard to replace. Besides these, we have lost the Rev. E. Davenport, one of the first to pass his examination, in 1881 ; Mr. G. Wells, who originated working with two queens in a hive; and Mr. Wren. Abroad the most notable losses are those of Mr. E. L. Pratt and M. Z willing. LITERATURE. The principal additions to the litera- ture of bee-keeping during the year have been "The Children's Story of the Bee," by S. L. Bensusan, and " A Year's Work in an Out-Apiary," by G. M. Doolittle ; whilst "Mendel's Principles of Heredity," by Professor W. Bateson, is a most im- portant work, which summarises the present state of our knowledge on this im- portant subject. Of articles in the B.B.J, we would mention as some of the most important those on " The Discovery of the Origin of Beeswax," by Colonel H. J. O. Walker; "Heather Honey Secre- tion," by " Medicus" ; while the subject of Parthenogenesis has again been thor- oughly discussed, and the contention of Dr. Kuckuck that " There is No Partheno- genesis" has been shown to be without foundation. Much space has also been devoted to " Bee-Stings and Rheuma- tism," and an important article appeared in our pages from the pen of Dr. Terc, the originator of the treatment, to whose perseverance is due the fact that the remedy is now coming into general use, although his name is frequently for- gotten in connection with it. Mr, F. W. L. Sladen has also contributed a series of articles on " Breeding the British Golden Bee in Ripple Court Apiary," in which he shows how mating is controlled, and the systematic work that is being done by him for the im- provement of bees suitable to this country. DISEASES. Important progress has been made in the investigation of bee-diseases, and we have had Dr. Maiden's report respecting the disease which caused such mortality amongst bees in the Isle of Wight, and although he suggests no remedy, it is to be hoped one may shortly be found, espe- cially as the disease seems to have spread to the mainland and has appeared in several counties. It is curious to notice that a similar mortality among bees has been prevalent not only on the con- tinent of Europe, but also in America Jan. 6, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOTjRNAL. and Australia. With respect to foul brood, Dr. Maassen's further researches have confirmed his previous findings, as well as those of Dr. Burri, which show that, so far as Europe is concerned, there are two forms of the disease, produced by different bacilli. Dr. Zander has also fully corroborated these findings. We would like in this connection to mention that our American friends have main- tained that black brood — a disease quite new in this country — was European foul brood, and that Bacillus alvei was present in it; now we have it from Dr. Phillips, who promulgated this statement, that "the cause of European foul brood is not known." Fortunately, black brood is not very prevalent in this country, and no doubt if it becomes as destructive a pest as foul brood, it will receive the same attention as that disease has had. Dr. Zander's investigations have also thrown new light on dysentery, which will doubt- less be of great use to bee-keepers in future. While we have done nothing in this country in the way of legislation against disease, one country after another is passing Acts for the protection of the industry, the latest being legislation in Cape Colony and the Transvaal. NOVELTIES. There have been few novelties produced during the past season, the chief being Simmins's multiple uncapping knife, the "Carver" section-glazing machine, Wilkes's "Free-way " excluder, " Seadon " hive, Watts's queen-cage, JNuttall's queen- excluder and bee-escape, and Gray's wax- capping melter. Most of these were ex- hibited at the Conversaziones of the B.B.K.A., and criticised by those present. OURSELVES. We intend to continue the short bio- graphies, with portraits, of prominent bee- keepers who have taken so important a part in raising bee-keeping to the posi- tion it occupies at the present time. It has also been suggested that as there are so many new bee-keepers some of the articles in the earlier volumes of the B.B.J, should be reprinted. We have so much that is new to record that there is little room for reprints, but we will try to make a suitable selection as far as space will permit. We are also hoping to make arrangements by which our staff will be strengthened, which we hope will be of benefit to our reauers and have their approval. We have taken a cursory glance at some of the events of the past year, and we trust that all bee-keepers, forgetting the things which are oehind, will press forward to those which are before, and strive, with renewed zeal and increased energy, to redeem the past, so that their labours may be crowned with a great and abundant measure of success during the present year. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION The following is the report discussed at the meeting on December 16 last, and which, in accordance with a resolution passed at that meeting, is to be brought on for consideration at the council of re- presentatives in May next. REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE of the council of the British B.K. Associa- tion appointed on October 7, 1909, " to con- sider generally the present position of the B.B.K.A. and to report what measures should be taken to improve the same." Received by the council on November 18, 1909, and referred to the meeting of the council to be held on December 16, 1909, for consideration : — The special committee have held several meetings and have considered, in all its bearings, the matter referred to them. In the opinion of the committee it is desirable, for the general advancement of apiculture in its various aspects through- out Great Britain, to establish complete identity of interests between the B.B.K.A. and the affiliated county associations, and to secure more efficient organisation (a) for the assistance of individual bee- keepers on the general lines followed by the county associations, and (b) for the re- presentation of the collective interests of the county associations. The committee believe that these ob- jects can be best attained by the present B.B.K.A. and the county associations be- coming parts of one united association, embracing the whole of Great Britain. With this view, the committee unani- mously recommend for adoption by the council and the county associations the undermentioned scheme of reorganisation. They suggest that if the council approve the scheme in principle a special meeting of the council should be convened for its consideration ; that every member of the council, and particularly the representa- tives of the county associations on the council, should be asked to make a special effort to attend ; and that printed copies of this report should be circulated among the members of the council of the B.B.K.A. and the members of the councils and committees of the county associations, so as to enable full consideration to be given to the scheme by all parties before the date of such meeting. The adoption of this scheme, however. can be regarded only as the first 6tep towards the attainment of the objects in view. The proposed reorganisation will only create the machinery to enable the THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL [Jan. 6, 1910. necessary steps to be taken for the im- provement of the position. It will be for the new council, working hand in hand with the county associations (or branches of the B.B.K.A., as it is proposed to call them), to legislate for the best develop- • ment of apiculture and for the welfare of bee-keepers. In order to indicate some of the important questions which should en- gage the attention of the new association, the committee append a few supple- mentary recommendations, which, how- ever, cannot be acted on until the pro- posed scheme of reorganisation has been adopted . SCHEME ABOVE REFERRED TO. 1.— (a) The present members of the B.B.K.A. shall be formed into a central branch, and the present council of the B.B.K.A. shall be the first council of the central branch. Any bee-keeper residing in a county in which there is no affiliated association, or any bee-keeper not wishing to join an affiliated association, shall be eligible to join the central branch. (b) The present county associations shall become branches of the B.B.K.A., and shall adopt the title of B.B.K.A. with the county name of the branch affixed. 2. — A general council of the B.B.K.A. shall be constituted as follows : — Every branch of the B.B.K.A. having not more than 200 members shall appoint one re- presentative on th© council, and every branch having more than 200 members shall have one representative on the council in respect of every 200 members. The general council shall have power to co-opt 15 additional members of council from among the general body of members of the B.B.K.A.* The members of the council appointed by the branches shall retire annually, but shall be eligible for re-election. One-third of the co-opted members of the council shall also retire annually. A retiring member shall be eligible for re-election, provided he has attended at least one meeting of the council during the year immediately pre- ceding his retirement. 3. — The central branch shall pay over to the other respective branches the annual subscriptions received from mem- bers resident within the areas of such branches. The central branch shall con- tribute to the funds of the general council £1 Is. per annum and 5 per cent, of the annual subscriptions not handed over to other branches. The central branch shall retain, undiminished, any subscrip- tions or donations received from whatever source for special purposes. 4. — Each branch shall contribute to the funds of the general council : — (a) A fixed sum of £1 Is. per annum, and * This will make, including th© co-opted mem- bers, about 55 members of council. (&) A sum equal to 5 per cent, of the total annual subscriptions received from members and from the central branch, other than contributions received from county councils, or from members or others for special purposes. But such 5 per cent, contribution shall not be payable until an increase in the income from annual subscriptions, as compared with the year 1909, shall enable the branch to pay such contribution, or part thereof. 5.— The general council shall appoint local hon. secretaries in counties where there are no branches, and shall take all other steps in their power, with a view to branches being formed in such counties. 6. — The B.B.K.A. shall, in addition to a general council as herein before pro- vided, elect a president, one or more vice- presidents, an hon. solicitor, an hon. treasurer, and an hon. auditor, all of whom, except the auditor, shall be ex officio members of the general council. The president, the hon. solicitor, treasurer, and auditor shall be elected annually by the members in general meeting. The general council shall have power to appoint an expert analyst and one or more hon. or salaried secretaries. 7. — The general council shall hold a meeting at least once every three months, at such place in London or elsewhere in Great Britain as the council may from time to time decide. The quorum neces- sary for the transaction of business shall be five members. 8. — The general council shall have power to delegate any of their powers to com- mittees consisting of such member or members of their body as they may think fit, 9. — The annual general meeting of the members of the B.B.K.A. shall be held at such time and place as the general council may appoint. Not less than fourteen days', nor more than twenty -one days', notice shall be given of such meeting. Such notice shall be accompanied by a report and a statement of accounts for the pre- ceding year, and by the agenda of the business to be done at such meeting.* 10. — A guarantee fund shall be formed of not less than £300, to secure that the income of the general council, in respect of contributions from the branches, shall be not less than an average of £100 per annum for the first three years after the constitution of the general council. SUPPLEMENTARY RECOMMENDATIONS, conditional on the adoption (with agreed modifications, if any) of the above scheme. That it be an instruction to the general council to give their consideration to the following among other matters : — • (a) The definition of the spheres and * ^e Supplementary Recommendation (e). Jan. 6, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 5) duties of the general council and the branches respectively. (6) The enactment of rules and regula- tions of the B.B.K.A. and of standard rules for the branches. (c) The questions of classifying the sub- scribers to the branches, and of gradua- ting the amounts of their annual subscrip- tions, according to associates, members, fellows, or otherwise, and of making such or other classification (if any) and gradua- tion (if any) uniform throughout all the branches, also of the adoption by all the branches of a standard form of applica- tion for membership, also of the ex- pediency of conferring on a subscriber to one branch some limited privileges in re- gard to all other branches. (d) The conditions under which the general council should be empowered to offer hon. membership of the B.B.K.A. (including all branches) to distinguished bee-keepers. (e) The practicability and advisability of holding the annual general meeting of the B.B.K.A. in a different county each year. (f) The conditions under which the general council, in conjunction with the branches, should hold examinations, and the terms and conditions on which the general council should grant certificates of proficiency in bee-keeping. (g) The question whether, and, if so, what, steps should be taken to provide for a- monthly or other periodic publication of the proceedings of the general council and branches for the general information of the members of the B.B.K.A. (h) The expediency (funds permitting) of paying the travelling expenses of mem- bers of the general council in attending meetings of the council. (i) The advisability of restricting the privileges of the B.B.K.A. insurance scheme to members of the association. (j) Generally, the best means to be adopted for advancing apiculture in Great Britain, and increasing the member- ship and revenues of the branches. W. F. Reid, Chairman. C. L. M. Eales. E. Garcke. J. B. Lamb. A. Richards. E. D. Till. E. Walker. November 10, 1909. W. B. CARR MEMORIAL FUND. Since the above fund was closed we have received from W. B. Booth 5s. and from G. Chandler 2s, 6d., making the total amount £63 7s. 6d. AMONG THE BEES. BY D. M. M., BANFF. " BEES HAVE PORTIONS OF ETHEREAL THOUGHT." Bees possess the important gift of ' energy in a large measure, but frequently we find them failing woefully to respond to some call on this trait, which is mainly a question of will-power. They at times turn lazy. Can a keeper energise his bees? Can he act in such a way as will give them motive power ? At a school picnic re- cently a juvenile team at a tug-of-war allowed themselves to be pulled by the other side with scarcely an effort to resist. At the second pull they were roused to action by some scoffing remarks, by the shouts of spectators, and by encourage- ment from their teacher, and they exerted their full powers ; winning easily. One little fellow at high leap seemed to put his whole heart and soul into each effort. Near the final he even spat on his hands and gripped his fists with close tension, exerting his full energy, with the result that he cleared inches above boys years older than himself. Sheer will-power did it. Now (although the analogy is, per- haps, imperfect), bees possess this vim in no small measure, and can be made to re- spond to some stimulating influence. A Texas bee-keeper wrote lately : Kick a hive troubled by robbers, and you convey energy to the attacked force which enables them to defend their citadel. Another American says: Shake bees up from their lethargy and you give them a new lease of active life. One bee-keeper advises : Extract frequently, and you give bees a distinct incentive to work to refill their empty combs. Another maintains that you can rouse them by shifting, perhaps to a new hive or a new locality, when you work some magic change, imparting a de- sire on the part of the bees to be up and doing. We all know bees, after a trek, labour with the utmost assiduity until; they have founded their new city and built its houses, streets, and walls. The subject is a fascinating one, so I should like to follow it out further. Give a bee a motive and you call up its latent energy. A dead drone somehow got into a unicomb observatory-hive at a show. A bee — I really think the same bee — made countless, but fruitless, efforts to dislodge and evict the dead body. What energy it, displayed, keeping it up for hours! I hung some threads from the top bar of a frame. The bees, quiescent during my examination of the interior, were roused to action by this desecration of their THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jan. 6, 1910. hearth and home, and a few made almost frantic efforts to eject this foreign matter, and never rested until their self-imposed task was accomplished. A breakdown from faulty foundation was carried to a strong stock, which apparently were lead- ing a semi-somnolent existence, as the weather at the time was inclement. A certain number of workers were detailed off to repair the shaky comb, which I had taped in, and in an hour they had not only buttressed the unstable fabric, but also cleared off the now unnecessary tapes by nibbling each at one point, and ultimately dislodging them. Now, I claim that in all the three cases new energy was imparted to these bees, and I think what was done on a small scale here might be done in many cases on a large scale. Might I also, without being sat upon by somebody, claim that not only instinct, but reasoning powers guided these bees when they righted what was wrong ? I am as ready as anyone to admire the wonderful instinct which guides the bees in the construction of their exquisite comb, and which enables them to carry out suc- cessfully the wonderfully prescient pro- ceedings "before swarming, and I highly appreciate the almost intellectual after- procedure. These are, let us say, the re- sults of the inborn instincts implanted in the bees. But many features of the in- ternal economy of the hive are out of the beaten track, and require plans and opera- tions such as never before came under the cognisance of bees — instances where mere instinct would be at fault. The whole commonwealth assembles in solemn con- clave and discusses every point in this new and undreamt-of marvel of the hive. Opinions must be enunciated as to the best mode of procedure ; perhaps many and diverse plans may be suggested, but, some- how, with a unanimity that is marvellous, the 60,000 inhabitants, or such a force as is necessary, proceed to business, and carry out what I have no doubt has been the final finding of every bee in the com- munity. This appears to me to be a step in advance of mere instinct. " Ethereal thought" has materialised by the reason- ing powers of the whole bee-nation coming to the conclusion that such-and-such must be done. The point I wish to bring out is that instinct teaches every bee to carry out what is the regular work of every hive, but that at times circumstances may, and do, arise which evolve problems mere in- stinct was never meant to solve. We cannot reasonably suppose insects gifted with instincts adapted for occasions that are never likely to happen. The famous Huber observed that his bees deviated from their original plan of comb-building when they discovered that it would come in contact with glass, and they adopted the variation before necessity would compel them to use this unsuitable surface. From this he deduces that they added reason to instinct to guide them. In Kirby and Spence's work on " Ento- mology " the latter insists that " although instinct is the chief guide of insects, they are endowed also with no inconsiderable portion of reason," and he supplies several authorities to prove that it may play a part in producing certain actions per- formed by bees at times. Most modern philosophers — take Biichner's "Mind in Animals" as a speci- men— allow that it would be unreasonable to deny some share of reason to the larger animals ; and if to them, why not to in- sects with so high a degree of intelligence as ants and bees? Most undoubtedly bees can communi- cate intelligence from outside sources, and the bees in the hive can receive this in- formation. Every bee-keeper knows this to be a fact, and can supply corroborative evidence on this head. Granting them the other gift will not add much to the already marvellous "intellectual" powers possessed by the hive-bee. In this the first contribution to a new volume it may be appropriate to wish all readers a happy New Year. May the season about to dawn be one of the most prosperous on record is my fervent wish to the bee-keeping fraternity. EAST AFRICAN BEE-HIVES. Mrs. Ei. A. Birch, whose "Interesting Extracts" are a pleasant feature of oYir monthly Bee-keepers' Becord, sends us the accompanying photograph illustrating the curious hives used by natives in the East African Protectorate. A letter written to Mrs. Birch by one of the Government officials there says : " In looking through my old negatives, I came across the one of the honey-drum that I was looking for some time ago. I now enclose a print for you. This one is hanging in an acacia tree. Note the type of foliage, naturally adapted for protec- tion against drought and hot winds. The leaves are small and pointed — almost 'spines.' This reduces the surface from which evaporation can take p!ace. Then the whole of the foliage is arranged, and the leaves themselves lie, edgeways on to the wind, very cunning. " A cyclist riding round Lake Naivasha — altitude about 6,000 ft., more or less — was attacked by a swarm. He left his machine and bolted, waving his hat — an operation which provided the bees with Jan. 6, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. an opportunity for stinging his head, which they took. " Cases of car.avans being scattered by bees are common in almost all parts of the country, except far to the north, where desert conditions prevail. " The Wakikuya have told me that twenty stings at once may prove fatal. This is, however, not the case, I should imagine. " Before British occupation, an owner of honey-drums finding a stranger tam- pering with them in the trees where they hung might kill him. " In the Tana Valley a very large black bee is met with. "It is customary for householders (European) to boil native honey thrice, The natives take three or four feet of a soft-wooded tree, hollow it out, and then fit a piece of split board at each end. These hives are very common. Sometimes two or three will be seen in one large tree, and tied as high as 50 ft. or more from the ground. The bees are not put into these hives, but they go in of them- selves. These hives are of exactly simi- lar appearance. When a swarm leaves one of these hives and finds another of exactly similar appearance, it naturally makes its home there. This system of bee-keeping saves a great deal of trouble, and the yield of honey from these hives is large. Practically all the bees of the country live in this state of .semi- domestication." ^"\ *»!*&*** ~Z^ ' EAST AFRICAN HONEY-DRUM HANGING FROM AN ACACIA TREE. and skim off the impurities that rise to the surface." D. E. Hutchins, in his "Report on the Forests of British East Africa," gives an interesting description of the bee-hives used there : "Bees (Apis melJifera var. Adamsoni) represent a considerable source of forest wealth. At present the honey is eaten, and forms a dearly-loved article of food; the wax is usually thrown away. Bees are so abundant in the forest that it seems likely that beeswax, in the future, will become an important source of forest revenue. There are regions in equatorial Africa where milk and honey form the chief diet of the natives. All through the Kikuyu country bee-hives are common. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. FOUL BEOOD LEGISLATION. [7711.] Now that the scheme of recon- struction for the B.B.K.A. has been re- ferred to the county associations, it might be well to have it thoroughly discussed in the pages of the B.B.J. There will be plenty of time for this, as the next 8 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jan, 6, 1910. meeting to consider it does not take place till May. Why this is so I do not know, but five months seems a ridiculously long time to take for the consideration of this scheme, which evidently received hardly any siipport at the Last meeting on the 16th ult. There is, however, another question which I need make no apology for again bringing up at the present time. I refer to foul brood legislation. It is quite evi- dent that the great majority of bee- keepers are not content that no active steps are being taken ultimately to secure compulsory powers to deal with foul brood, and it is certain that the Council of the B.B.K.A. will shortly be asked to again move in the matter. Whichever political party is returned to power will probably not make a deal of difference as regards the passage of such a Bill through Parlia- ment, but the present is the time for securing promises of support from would- be M.P.s. In Cumberland all candidates will be asked, within the next few days, to state their attitude towards such a measure, and their replies, if possible, will be published in the local papers. If this were done in every county, M.P.s on both sides of the House would have their attention directed to the question, and would be ready to consider it when the Bill came up. Might I suggest that the B.B.K.A. also give their support to some such movement, which I am sure would be entered into with zest by the present secretary ? County and district secre- taries might also give notice of any pro- mises of support given by candidates to the secretary of the B.B.K.A. As the elections will be over by the end of January no time should be lost, and can- didates should be approached at once. I have no fear but that a Bill of this kind will ultimately be passed, how soon en- tirely depends on the exertions of bee- keepers themselves. — G. W. Avery, Hon. Secretary Cumberland B.K.A., Heads Nook, Carlisle. EARLY BROOD-REARING. [7712.] I think the following experience may interest some of the readers of the Journal. On December 22 last I was at my brother's, in Waresley, Huntingdon- shire, who has several stocks of bees. He was told in the spring that he had foul brood in on© of them, so he was very anxious for me to have a look at the hive. About mid-day, when the sun was shining and it was very mild indeed, the bees fly- ing as in April, I opened the suspicious hive and found no signs of foul brood, but instead a patch of new brood four to five inches in diameter, with sealed cells, larvte, and eggs, and to all appearances the queen was laying quite freely. Don't you think this very rare for December? [It is early breeding, but occure fre- quently.— Ed.] I uncovered several other hives and found plenty of stores, and to all appear- ances the colonies were in the same condi- tion as the one I first examined. At the same time I was having letters from my home (Grimsby) saying they were snowed up, and there were severe frosts on Sunday and Monday. We did not have any snow here, only a little sharp clean frost. The distance from Grimsby to Waresley is about 110 miles. — David Seamer, Expert to the Lines. B.K.A. THE B.B.K.A. OF THE FUTURE. [7713.] From the account of the Nov. meeting of the council of the B.B.K.A. (page 461), as well as from letters that have lately appeared in the B.B.J. , readers must conclude that the B.B.K.A. has fallen upon troublous times. To myself it appears that "the hour and the man " have arrived, and that the future success or failure of the B.B.K.A. is in the balance. If the future is to be one of golden opportunities and real helpfulness, the Association must do something more than it has done in the past to justify its existence, and must begin at once to open out into newer and more productive fields of usefulness. If the council still mean to cling to the old paths, or " run the show" by one or two of its members, they may as well shut up their new offices at 11, Chandos Street at once. It is idle for them to sit down and say they can do nothing for lack of funds. The way to get the funds must be found, and it is incredible that there are so many thousands of interested bee-keepers in this country who cannot be got at. Not until we get a really representative council, each member of which is person- ally known to his electorate, and some tangible benefits from membership of the association, will the funds of the B.B.K.A. increase and multiply. When the writer sees the first faint hope of these becoming realised, he, with, no doubt, many others who have in former years paid their subscriptions, entrance fees to expert examinations, &c, and then dropped away from the "old ship" through deriving no benefit, will once more re-embark and sail away under the old flag (B.B.K.A.), with its captain of old, but with a new pilot, in hopes of making more profitable voyages than on former occasions. As your columns appear to be opened to the free expression of opinions, and as I have at times made use of them in the past, I should very much like to give my views as to the way (1) the funds might be put on a substantial footing; Jan. G, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 9 and (2) the council might be made up of members really representative and per- sonally specially qualified for the office. 1. The Funds. — The present fee of 5s. and county affiliation fee should be done away with altogether. The funds must come from each individual member of a local association, through its hon. secre- tary. There should be several associa- tions in each county throughout England, Scotland, and Wales. County associa- tions may still be allowed to exist simply to promote the county show, and receive a small fee from each member of the local associations in the county through the honorary secretaries for secretarial expenses. All county council and depart- mental grants should go direct to the B.B.K.A., who should yearly present proper balance-sheets to each county, showing clearly how their grants had been used for the benefit of apiculture in their own county. Expert examination fees should be con- siderably increased ; say, third class, one guinea ; second class, two guineas ; first class, three guineas, or even five guineas (inter-B.A.fee). The B.B.K.A. apiary ought to show a substantial profit, or, for the sake of the prestige of the B.B.K.A. and its expert, it should be given up. A balance on the wrong side is neither edu- cative nor inspiring to would-be bee- keepers. The fee for membership might be made up as follows: B.B.K.A., 2s. 6d. ; local association, 3d. ; county association, 3d. ; total, 3s. An average of only 100 mem- bers to each county in England and Wales alone (5,200) will bring in an in- come of £650 yearly to the B.B.K.A. Double that number, £1,300. Scotland's thirty-three counties, 3,300 ; or another £412 10s. The B.B.K.A. library, of which we have heard, but with which I have failed, after many attempts, to get into touch, ought to be made to add its share to the funds. The B.B.K.A. should have a newspaper or periodical of its own if arrangements could not be made with the B.B.J, to become the official organ of the B.B.K.A. 2. The Council. — The country should be divided into nine districts — England, four; Scotland, three; Wales, two. Each district to elect two members (lady or gentleman). Thus England would have eight, Scotland six, and Wales four mem- bers. The chairman to vacate the chair each year, and the vice-chairman to take his place. Each member of the council to be a first- or second-class certificated expert. Travelling expenses to and from the meetings to be paid. Editor of B.B.J, to be an ex-officio member of the council. The members of the council should be the judges at the county shows of their own district, and should act as superintendent experts for it. Meetings of council to be held monthly in each district in turn throughout the year, or quarterly meetings could be held in Lon- don. The secretary should have a salary of £200 a year, and should give most of his time for the first year or two to depu- tation work and the forming of the local associations. With a council of this sort and an energetic and whole-hearted secretary, funds would soon flow in, culminating in a really national association of bee- keepers.— Herbert Samways, Second-class Expert, Maisybont, Llandebie, Carmar- thenshire. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION [7714.] In your valued Journal during the past weeks a quantity of corre- spondence has appeared relating to the B.B.K.A. in respect to its finance, also to its sphere of work, and whether that work is done worthily as representing the opinion of the body of bee-keepers in the affiliated county associations. Personally, no one would be more will- ing than myself to become a member of the B.B.K.A., but one must consider whether membership is an advantage. At present I am subscribing to two county associations, and one feels, after reading the correspondence lately, some doubt as to whether the affiliated associa- tions are robbing the parent society, or whether the parent society is in competi- tion with the counties. After reading Mr. Avery's letters on this subject I think he has hit the mark. He evidently has felt, " along with others who happen to reside outside the Home Counties," that the B.B.K.A. has certainly lost its place so far as representing British bee-keeping is concerned. No matter how keen and capable an apiarist a man may be, if he resides away from London he naturally has no interest in the work of the B.B.K.A., because he sees very little of the work it is doing. It has been my duty for the last four seasons to visit annually the bee-keepers of the greater part of Cumberland, and I can assure you that, as a body, they hold the same views as Mr. Avery in respect to the parent association, so that it is not surprising that the B.B.K.A. lacks sup- port from counties outside its sphere of influence. No one would question the capabilities of the Chairman and the secre- tary, but to learn that a man with the experience of Mr. Her rod has not a vote on the Council is surprising, as one naturally feels that the members of the Council should be the cream of apicul- turists, and it should be entirely repre- sentative. It appears from the Editor's footnote on page 467 that there is a difficulty in 10 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jan. 6, 1910. getting representatives from a distance to attend. Could not this difficulty be over- come by arranging voting papers to be sent through the post on all important matters, such as the recent Foul Brood Bill, after they have been discussed at the Council meeting? It is not fair for part of a representative body to decide on matters such as the B.B.K.A. deals with, and put aside the opinions of other representatives who are handicapped by distance or fail to attend. I agree with the suggestion for meet- ings to be movable, but think that fair representation would be made possible by allotting votes according to the number of members of county associations, viz., one vote' to represent, say, fifty members; that means that a membership of 400 would be entitled to eight votes. I conclude by say- ing that if the B.B.K.A. will work amicably with the counties, the question of finance will be a thing of the past.— Joseph Peice, Hadenhill, Old Hill, Staffs. [7715.] I should like to bring forward a matter in connection with the B.B.K.A. which, in my opinion, should be given very serious attention. With regard to office accommodation it seems to me three of the special com- mittee want to have palatial offices for the B.B.K.A. and make a great outside show when the funds will not admit it, and when the affairs of the Association are in a very unsatisfactory condition. Our Chairman has for the second time made the generous offer of temporary office accommodation free of charge to the Association, also a room in which the Council meetings could be held, yet this kindness was almost slighted. It appears he has always been so willing to help the Association that anything he does is taken for granted without the least sign of gratitude on our part ; not only so, but some of the members of the Council seem to act as if they would ignore him. I question whether there were any in- structions given to any member or com- mittee to seek out new office accommoda- tion, and should like to know whether there is a minute to that effect. I am under the impression that the three gentlemen I have referred to took the matter entirely into their own hands, and that it has been rushed through without due consideration. I trust Mr. Cowan's generous offer will be accepted, at least until a new secre- tary is appointed. It is unwise to bind the Association to expense in their pre- sent financial condition, at any rate till matters are more settled. When a permanent secretary is ap- pointed he may be someone able to offer office accommodation, and a room can easily be found for the annual and other meetings afterwards. The Association can only recover by the strictest economy and saving in every possible direction. — One or the Council. FEEDING BEES ALL THE SUMMER. [7716.] I have been intending to write to you for some time past about a matter that came to my notice last autumn. I call it a conundrum, and think that the riddle may be interesting to all honest bee- keepers who read the B.B.J. I went into a chemist's, shop in this neighbourhood, and saw some section honey standing in glass dishes in a glass case, and noticed that some of them stood upside down. On calling the chemist's attention to the fact, he said he did not know that there was a right and wrong way of placing them, so I showed him which was right, and while he was arranging them he remarked that it had been a bad season for bees. I agreed, and he said he was in Cambridge- shire recently and a bee-keeper told him that he had been feeding his bees all the summer up to August Bank Holiday, and had given them two tons of sugar. He also told me the man had fifty stocks. Pointing to his sections, I said he had got some of the sugar there. He said he did not get these from this bee-keeper, and added that a friend had told him if he wanted pure honey he must go to someone who knew little about bees. Now, Sir, if the two tons of sugar were made up into syrup, according to recipe No. 6 of the " Guide Book," he would have given his bees three tons of syrup. Assuming that this gentleman's bees did as well as my own six stocks last summer,* which aver- aged 32 lb. each, they would have gathered very nearly three-quarters of a ton of honey, making the total 3f tons. Now, my conundrum is : What did the bees do with it, and how can an honest bee-keeper com- pete with such a man ? . I hope that some of our craft will try to solve the problem, and let us know the result through the medium of the B.B.J.— W. H. Browne, Harrow. TALES FROM ARISTOTLE. [7717.] Mr. Smallwood says, on page 494, that 300 years B.C. bee-keeping was in absolute darkness, but he makes a mis- take in going to Aristotle for this state- ment, as it is quite clear that this philoso- pher was not a bee-keeper himself, or he would have found out at least some of the errors into which Greeks had fallen re- garding bees. Aristotle wrote on wax leaves or slabs the ideas of the Greeks, and the Romans learnt what little they knew about bees from the Greek writers. Absurd as it may seem now, it is also Jan. 6, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 11 easy to see how the mistake was made re- garding bees being the product of flesh maggots (gentles), as chilled brood thrown out by bees is something like the meat-fly at about fourteen days old, and once the notion got a start it would live as mis- takes live in our own day. However, it is not to Greece or to Rome we have to go for ancient bee-keeping, but to the seat of learning — Egypt. It is clear that about 100 B.C. Egyptian bee-masters were not far behind Mr. Smallwood himself, for they had observatory-hives, and could also ex- pand or contract their hives, and we can do no more. They may not have had a standard frame and Bee Journal, but they must have used either frames or boxes, and as we are but mere babies com- pared with them in the designing and making of furniture, it is probable that their hives were far superior to our own, and bee-keeping amongst the ancient Egyptians must have reached a high state of perfection. I have searched for signs of apiculture in the world's greatest pro- cession in honour of Ptolemy II. at his coronation, but in vain. Aviculture was represented, but bees, being considered dangerous, would no doubt be kept away. — A. Green, Notts. QUEEN-WASP FLYING ON NEW YEAR'S DAY. [7718.] As showing the mildness of the season in the West of England, a queen- wasp was caught flying here on New Year's morning, which has been shown to many people here. Is not this early enough to be a record ? [It is unusual, but this is exceptionally mild weather. — Ed.] Bees are on the wing daily. Wishing continued success to the Bee Journal. — J. Coates, Twerton-on-Avon. CAPPINGS OF COMB. BY L. S. CRAWSHAW, NORTON, MALTON. Grose's Feeder (page 455). — Is there not a danger of this feeder sagging at the extreme rear sufficiently to give an en- trance to robbers ? Would not this mischief be averted if the supporting straps were lowered, extended, and inverted, so as to be supported by a nail close to the feeder, and to engage underneath a second nail somewhat nearer the front of the floor- board? The alignment of the feeder would then be independent of the strain- ing pull on the hook nail. A Bee-canard (page 468). — "How igno- rant some people are," &c. Shade of Virgil, doth not thy right ear burn, even to-day? But there may be more in his story than we can now fathom. " Locality " may be the qualifying factor ! Who can say that Virgil did not use this means to dispose of a neighbour's dangerous bull? He was no fool, though a trifle credulous! Anyhow, if he really believed in the charm, it but goes to show that he did not put it to the proof. How many of us, I wonder, also put hasty and unbridled pen to merciless paper? Of course we get found out, like poor Virgil. Kipling is particularly unkind to him, and quite openly ranks his bees as so many blow- flies, Whose offspring, supping where they supt. Consume corruption twice corrupt. It is enough to make the historically sacred bull turn in his grave. As to the Samson story under discussion, I may perhaps quote some little-known lines, evi- dently based on the parable : Out of the eater came forth meat, Out of the strong came sweetness. Hear ye the cycle of life complete, Naked in all its completeness : Life out of death, and death out of life; Strength out of death's own corruption ; Order from chaos, though worlds be at strife; Peace out of stress and disruption. The "Free-way" Excluder (page 468).— Was T. Card using full-depth frames in the brood-nest when the bees trespassed above? It is quite possible to induce super- sedure by getting the queen above the excluder, and this may happen acciden- tally. In the second case which he gives it is certain that the use of the excluder prevented brood-rearing in the super. And shallow-frames are not quite "spoilt " for extracting purposes by the presence of pollen. When extracted, they should be thoroughly cleaned up by the bees, and then filled with water overnight and syringed clean in the morning. Density and Granulation (page 469). — I have no data at hand, but I am inclined to think that it is a mistake to speak of heather-honey in this fashion as really dense. It is undoubtedly gelatinous, but this quality is not necessarily due to den- sity. Perhaps if "D. M. M." has any particulars available, he will elaborate his comment for us, and correct me if necessary ? "Jumping" Frames (page 469). — In the spring the young (bee)man's fancy Lightly turns to thoughts of spreading brood as likely as not. Let me add my gentle persuasion to that of the fathers, and in the word of the " immortal hunchback " say : Don't. Love is all very well in its way, but this is licence, and some bee-keepers never learn, but every year is to them a leap-year. Up they jump the frames, and out they go into the cold. Some are so prone to the practice that they expect half-dormant bees to take the discipline lying down. Is it any wonder that the bees get the jumps? — for surely this, in unskilled hands, is the "spring" of their discontent. 12 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jan. G, 1910. Supersedwre and Deposition (page 4,69). — Now see how that man "D. M. M." setteth a snare for my valuable time. He mentions my criticism of him on this sub- ject "early this season," and so, of course, I hunt it up, beginning with the first B.B.J, of the year. And lo, it is Septem- ber before I run it to earth! But the case on page 302, line 25, is dissimilar. This refers to queenlessness without any attempt at supersedure. And I doubted if the old queen could have been " de- posed." I still doubt whether deposition ever takes place without prospect of a suc- cessor. But how can we prove tne case? Population Beturns (page 470). — Yes, of course the most popular colonies give the best returns. This is rather like say- ing that brown horses eat more than white because there are more of them ! Work- ing qualities are, however, of more impor- tance than long tongues, even in the bee- world. Otherwise, the long-tongued bumble-bees might be expected to store the most honey. But cries of " Humbug! " do not quite dispose of the statement of the Roots, whose sincerity is above sus- picion, that a hive of long-tongued bees did show a real difference. Bees and Lucky Days (page 470). — Clearly all these Chinese marriages would consequently take place in the summer, which rule, however arrived at, might be for the great benefit of the race. It is probable that a long time ago — oh, quite before our time — this definite observance of season was as much part of our economy as it is that of the denizens of the wood- land and the field. Fertile Worker Cures (page 473). — Plan 1. Probably they are no longer fed as queens, and therefore become impotent to develop the egg-germs. 2. This plan loses young bees, and the fertile workers may return. I believe they do not occur singly. .4. A small bee-way through the dummy would probably obviate any further manipulation. Yes; this is the best plan of the lot. Queen Leading Swarm (page 489).— -I think this idea is quite disposed of, but it is the queen who settles the ultimate posi- tion of the swarm. I have heard tales from old bee-keepers which, if reliable, would go to prove that the queen remem- bered her flight of the previous year. B.B.K.A. (page 495).— The present Council are far -more capable than the average member imagines, but their ver- satile powers are of little avail in the direction of reorganisation, whatever their intentions or their scheme, without the ii Liht kind of secretary. I cannot help thinking that Mr. Smallwood's suggestion is sound, and that Mr. Herrod, with his well-known business-like ability, should be given a chance to put the parent asso- ciation into better couch with its children. Notices to Correspondents. Beginner (Hindhead). — Dead Bees. — The bees sent are too decomposed to recog- nise disease. It is only possible to do so in live or quite fresh specimens. It is probable that they may have died of old age, as it is not unusual to find such bees on floorboard at this time of the year. There was no worm in the tin, but it is probably a larva of wax-moth. If the colony is very weak and infested with wax-moth your best plan would be to destroy it. R. C. M. (Lincoln). — Getting Honey out of Combs. — A honey-press would get it out more rapidly, but for the small quantity you have it would hardly be worth your while to get one. As the honey is granulating heat only will bring it to a liquid condition. Cut up the combs into pieces and put them into a pan, which must be placed in water kept at a temperature of about 150 deg. Fahr. This will liquefy the honey and melt the wax, which will float on the top, and can be removed in a solid cake when cold. S. S. R. (Rowsley).— Hard Candy.— You cannot soften the candy without making it all over again. The condensed mois- ture will enable the bees to use some of it, and what they cannot use you will find in crystals on the floorboard. Dr. Terc (Austria). — Bee-stings and .Rheumatism. — We are obliged to you for your communication, which will appear in due course, and we will try to obtain what you require. Different doctors use different appliances, and as many of them are not bee-keepers they have not tne courage to apply the stings in the way you do, so have to use what they call " vaccinators." H. B. P. (Hailsham). — Honey Samples. — No. 1 is normal light-coloured honey from mixed sources, rather coarse in granulation. No. 2 is remarkable for the unusual amount and variety of pollen it contains, which gives it an opaque appearance and peculiar flavour.. No. 3, on the other hand, is remarkable for the few pollen-grains it contains. It is extremely thin, of very poor quality, with an acid syrupy flavour," which may be derived from proximity to a sweet-shop. *£* Several important letters, &e., are in type, but held over from pressure on our space. Jan. 13, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOTjENAL. 13 Editorial, Notices, &c. FOUL BROOD IN SWITZERLAND. We have from time to time kept our readers informed of the progress made in Switzerland by the investigations of Dr. Burri on foul brood. The Swiss Bee- keepers' Association has endeavoured to stamp out the disease by the destruction of affected colonies and a scheme of com- pulsory insurance against loss by the sufferers. The scheme was formulated in 1906; it was then submitted to the different sections for approval, and finally adopted by them in 1907. There was considerable difficulty in getting all the affiliated associations to agree, and suitable methods of operation had also to be devised. These difficulties, however, were ultimately overcome, and the reports of what has been done have been pub- lished in the Schiceitzerische Bienen- zeitung. The report for 1908, the first year of compulsory insurance, states that the society consisted of 108 sections, num- bering 7,035 members, and it was neces- sary to enumerate all their colonies, which were found to number 88,741 hives. The practical work began by courses of instruction to those who were to become inspectors, twenty of whom were selected for the appointments. .Their duty was to clear the whole district under their charge of foul brood. It was found that in 138 apiaries 347 colonies were affected with the disease, and of these 254 were de- stroyed, the bees were united into strong lots, placed in clean hives, and fed liberally. Special stress was laid on the necessity for the destruction of the spores. Therefore the inspectors were instructed to disinfect thoroughly hives and appli- ances. For this purpose they were sup- plied with benzine blow-lamps, as also with lusol, lysoform, chloride of lime, and other chemical disinfectants. They were taught that there were four symp- toms of brood-diseases: — (1) Odourless foul brood ; (2) strong-smelling foul brood ; (3) sour brood; (4) dead brood free from bacteria. This last frequently puzzles even the expert, as it resembles foul brood, and can only be determined by a bacteriological examination. Generally it is harmless, and frequently disappears after lasting three or four weeks. It, however, sometimes develops into foul brood. The bacteriological work was car- ried out by Dr. Burri and Dr. Kiirsteiner, of the Biological Institute near Bern. The financial part of the scheme was some anxiety to the committee of the society. Every member had to pay a compulsory insurance of ^d. for each colony he pos- sessed, and the total thus raised in pre- miums for the 88,741 hives amounted to 4,437 f r. The expenses, on the other hand, came to 7,500 fr., showing a loss of 3,000 fr. for the year's operations. The Federal Government came to its aid and made the society a grant of this sum, so that it was able to meet all its engagements. The members received thesumof 5,581 fr. as compensation, and forty-two non- members who allowed their apiaries to be inspected and diseased colonies destroyed received 1,080 fr. The beneficial results are said to be — ■ first, that the unfortunate bee-keepers re- ceived some indemnity for their losses: second, general security was increased by reason of the diminution of foul-brood centres; third, the disease being known and declared, it was easier to fight it; and fourth, bee-keepers, being warned, were on the look-out for the first out- break of disease, and gave information to the proper authorities. A further report of M. Leuenberger, who had charge of this department of the society's work, up to October, 1909, shows what was done since the previous one was issued. It states that there is a pleasant and an unpleasant side to the question. The foul-brood insurance scheme has during the two years it has been in operation done all that has been expected of it. The scheme has worked well in every respect, the premiums have been regularly and willingly paid by most, and the discontented could be numbered on the fingers of one hand. Instead of compulsory insurance adversely affecting membership, as some predicted it would do, this has increased by 135. and 2,500 more colonies were insured. The work of the inspectors went on without any hitch, and there have been no complaints about them or their effi- ciency. Over 200 foul-brood centres have been destroyed at a cost of -8,000 fr., the financial deficit in this case being also borne by the Federal Government. It has been definitely proved that by careful and intelligent proceeding it is possible to cure foul brood. Now for the other side. It might have been expected that the destruction of 140 foul-brood centres in 1908 would have reduced the disease considerably, even if it had not entirely exterminated it. Un- fortunately, during the lasc year there were many cases of disease — in quite 1 per cent, of the apiaries. It is noted that colonies cured the previous season had remained free from disease, and in every case of outbreak it was in fresh colonies that the disease had appeared. The reason for this is clear. Most of the foul brood was traced to having been caused through ignorance, negligence, in- difference, thoughtlessness, or unscrupu- 14 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL [Jan. 13, 1910. lousness. Although the contagious nature of the disease is fully described in books, and bee-journals are constantly making allusion to it, there are many bee-keepers (if such they can be called) who never read either a book or the journals, and do not even attend a meeting of bee- keepers, and consequently their colonies suffer from foul brood through ignorance. One of the chief objects of the society was to find out such and instruct them. For this purpose a pamphlet was pre- pared entitled "Foul Brood of Bees," which enabled those who took the trouble to read it to understand the nature of the disease. The society has even found it much more difficult to deal with the other cases. There are bee-keepers who do not trouble themselves about the health of their colonies, never examine them, and only discover that there is anything amiss when they notice the bees to be weak or dead, and the hives invaded by robbers. Others will not admit that they have foul brooJ in their apiaries, endeavour to hide the fact, and try all sortsi of remedies until they are overwhelmed by the disease getting the master of them. The un- scrupulous sell their infected appliances, and even put out the combs from dis1- eased hives in order that their neigh- bours' bees may clean them out. It is evident that nothing can be done in such cases without full legal powers for the inspection of the apiaries. Bee- keepers are powerless, for when an apiary is cleared of foul brood it can easily be- come infected through any of the causes mentioned above. In view of the fact that the society was powerless to stamp out foul brood without legislation, it has united with the Societe Romande d' Api- culture in petitioning the Agricultural Department of the Federal Government, and the societies have asked to have foul brood included among contagious diseases of animals. The insurance scheme which the Government had been helping con- vinced them of the necessity of taking action, and we now hear that legislation is an accomplished fact, and Switzerland is added to those countries which have pro- tected the industry by legislation. The work is to be carried out on the same lines of compulsory insurance and inspection; only now every bee-keeper will have to pay the premiums and conform to the law. We congratulate our Swiss friends on their success, for now they realise that their efforts to stamp out disease will no longer be nullified by the ignorance or obstinacy of non-members, who will hence- forth be obliged under heavy penalties to announce the appearance of disease in their apiaries, and to submit to the re- gulations prescribed by the authorities. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION The following is a verbatim report of the paper read by the Rev. A. D. Downes- Shaw, the representative of Norfolk at the Council meeting held on December- 16. The report of the meeting, which lasted four and a half hours, was necessarily much condensed, but as this paper contains several valuable suggestions, we print it so that they may be considered when the time comes for the further discussion of the reorganisation of the Association. Mr. Downes-Shaw said : — ■ The importance of this gathering cannot be exaggerated; the practical issue before us appears to be not so much whether the central association should be adequately supported by the county associations as whether the central association should con- tinue to exist. We may regard ourselves to-day either as sympathetic children who have gathered round the bed of a de- parting parent, prepared to gently close the eyes and give a decent burial, or as medical consultants met with a determina- tion to restore to health and usefulness a valuable member of society whose life is essential to the well-being of the com- munity. When journeying about the country I sometimes seek out the secretary of the local bee-association in order to exchange ideas about our hobby. To my astonish- ment, the tone adopted by some secre- taries of the associations has often been one of depreciation of the central body rather thaai one of approbation and kindly regard. Briefly put, expressions of opinions were much like this : " We do not see that we get value for the money we pay. The B.B.K.A. does us very little good, and we could get on almost, if not quite, as well without it." This is an astonishing state of affairs. The fact is that the parent association has, after much trouble, given birth to children who are now scattered over the country. These have in many cases, grown into sturdy youngsters who, beginning to feel a firm pair of legs beneath them, are, in their youthful, thoughtless ecstasy, too often ready to bid farewell to their parent and start out entirely on the^r own, for- getting that they cannot flourish alone. They feel perhaps somewhat irked by a mild restraint, and, not being free from the taint of human selfishness, they dislike helping to maintain the one who gave them birth and nurtured them in years of helplessness and ignorance. Now, whdst the resolute and plucky struggle for ex- istence on the part of these thriving youngsters wins our admiration, and though the kindly parent is only too ready Jan. 13, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 15 to cut off all her own luxury and is almost prepared to starve to death rather than impede the growth and prosperity of the well-beloved offspring, still there are reasons why this lust for independence, this ambition to be free from restraint, this dislike of a just liability, is not wise, and should be fought shy of by the county branches themselves, and there is just cause why the parent society should endeavour to restrain them from cutting themselves adrift to their own detriment and loss. It is my desire to point out that the de- cease or the crippling, through want of funds, of the central association would be an irreparable loss to the county associations, and mature con- sideration will convince bee-keepers at large this is so. Now, we- can- not overlook the fact, admitted by all sorts and conditions of workers, that a central authority is essential to the well- being of all trades, guilds, clubs, indus- tries, and sciences. There is not one flourishing industry or profession but is represented by a central committee or body. " Whitaker's Almanack " gives a list of about 500 societies, most of which are merely the headquarters of branches operating all over the country. And what divergent works these represent! Musicians, geologists, botanists, entomolo- gists, artists, agriculturists, doctors, lawyers, architects (to mention but a few), all have their central office or society. Sports, arts, religious sects, professions, trades, learned societies, all have their central governing bodies, and they could do little without them. The great armies of workers, too — artisans, traders, school teachers, ministers, shop assistants — although all possessing their local asso- ciations and clubs, yet they support and value their governing centres, which act like the brain or nervous system of the various organisations. It is a truism to state that the more efficient and powerful the central associa- tion the more prosperous will be the guilds or clubs scattered over the country. We all know that this is so, and yet, strange to say, we hear bee-keepers talking as if that which is essential to all other indus- tries and crafts is a negligible quantity with them — as if that which all other bodies of workers cannot prosper without, bee-keepers can be superior to and can disregard. Surely we bee-keepers are u Dtder similar commercial and social conditions to those of other workers : what affects them affects us, what aids them will bene- fit us. Our county associations, it is true, exist, and indeed flourish, with a central association which is in danger of becoming moribund, but that does not show that we can prosper without one, were it to die; rather it suggests how we should waltz along if we had a tip-top, double- barrelled, go-ahead centre, thoroughly up- to-date, efficient, powerful, and influen- tial. I am full of hope that this associa- tion will rise to greater usefulness and power than ever before, and that it will exist, not (as some seem to' think) to suck the life-blood from the struggling daughter associations, but to guide, ener- gise, and encourage these branches, so that apiculture shall not be what it is now — a languishing industry, disregarded by the multitude, despised by many, and sup- ported by few, but one of the staple in- dustries of our rural districts, a real boon to the cottager, a useful, and indeed neces- sary, addition to the small-holder, and a recognised part of the curriculum of secondary schools. Apiculture should be the honoured hand- maid of horticulture, and to that position it may easily be brought under the wise guidance of a strong central society. The function of the ceutral body is not restric- tive; it is scientific, advisory, and social. It should be the repository of all the lore of the honey-bee to which the county asso- ciations could turn for information on any point of doubt. It should be the authority to which could be referred all questions of dispute, legal matters, valuations, questions of policy, commercial detail, &c. It should be the recognised authority for dealing with the Government as to legislation f also for intercourse with foreign societies. It should be the college able to issue diplomas to competent bee- workers. It should also be the central club where bee-keepers from all parts of the Empire would find, in addition to suitable appliances— i.e., literature, lan- tern slides, microscopic slides, charts, models, &c. — a meeting-house, a welcome, sympathy, and brotherly interest. And here may I venture to suggest to the Council that, at this critical stage in our history, this moment of transition (I trust) to a higher and better state of things, now is the time to make a great effort to put apiculture in its right position in the Em- pire. I Venture to affirm that we do not take a sufficiently high estimate of our position, nor do we place our work at its true level. The very title of ffir society suggests this to the world and places us in the second grade -vmong learned societies. This body si ^uld not, in my opinion, be called the British Bee-keepers' Association : it ought to be the Royal Apicultural Society of Great Britain. We are not an association of traders, but a scientific society. Why should not the organisation be now remodelled? Why not take for this society a new title, such as the one suggested, which should adequately proclaim to Ihe world its status? Yes, 16 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jan. 13, 1910. why not "Royal" as much as many other societies, far less useful, far less essential to the nation than this is? Is it impossible to get Royalty to take an in- terest in this great industry ? I think not. We are blessed with a Ruler who is wise and kind, one whose goodwill is always with those who labour for the well- being of the nation. Why should not his gracious Majesty consent to be our Patron? The probability is that he would if he were approached wisely; at any rate, why not try? Then, again, think of the long list -of good men of title and influence who are always willing to help worthy causes by being vice-presidents, &c. Cer- tainly, if we get Royalty to patronise our efforts, and have the names of titled men as backing us up, then our central society will no longer have to go round hat in hand begging for 5 per cent, of local pro- fits. It will gain its right position, and local associations will feel it an honour to be affiliated, and as for money — well, once get Royalty and a good sprinkling of nobility, and money-bags will not be lack- ing. There is generallj- a good stream of gold ready to flow in the channel marked out by a Crown and decorated with coronets. Money difficulties will fade away when we get the ship into the right course. Most assuredly we have a good start : our cause is an ancient and honoured craft; it is an essential industry in our land; we have in our Chairman a man learned, courteous, and in every way fitted to guide the scientific and practical de- partments; in our acting secretary we have a man thoroughly capable of making this society a success ; in our members we have keen and enthusiastic workers; in our local associations we have branches of which any society or guild might well be proud. Let us, the whole body of British bee-keepers, then, rise to our opportu- nities, let us unite hand to hand as a band of brothers, and we will soon show the world that apiculture is not merely a pas- time but a national necessity; that we are not .a sect of feeble visionaries, but a band of capable and practical men; and that, even if the little busy bee has a sting in her tail1 for meddlesome folk, she has also in her honey-sac a gulden store of wealth for all who will handle her kindly, wisely, and persoveri.ngly. We Mall show that our aim is a high and worthy one ; that we intend to uphold in ourselves the splendid traditions of the great learned societies of our land (amongst whom we proudly take our place) by promoting knowledge, assisting in the strenuous struggle to win from Nature the food of the nation, and doing our part to make our land a verit- able modern Canaan, " a land flowing with wax and honey." HONEY IMPORTS. The value of honey imported into the United Kingdom during the month of December, 1909, was £1,558. — From a re- turn furnished to the British Bee Journal by the Statistical Office, H.M. Customs. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BEE-KEEPING. [7719.] Will Mr. A. Green, Notts (7717), be so kind as to inform the readers of the B.B.J, on what authority he makes this statement in last week's issue, page 11 : "It is clear that about 100 B.C. Egyptian bee-masters . . . had observatory-hives, and could also expand or contract their hives. . . . They must have used either frames or boxes." I have devoted much time to this particular matter, without finding anything to make me believe that the ancient Egyptians were advanced bee- keepers. There is ample evidence that for various purposes honey and wax were used in Egypt from very ancient times, and probably in large quantities; but much of this may have been collected by wild bees. The only instance known to me of a hive being depicted on an ancient monument is related by Sir Gardner Wilkinson in " The Manners, and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians," vol. ii., chap. 11 (new edition, London, 1878), as follows : — " ... To the garden depart- ment belonged the care of the bees, which were kept in hives similar to our own (I remember to have seen them so represented in a tomb at Thebes)." As this passage was written in 1837, it is almost certain that the author believed the vessel de- picted to be a bee-hive in the nature of a. .straw skep. He gives no illustration to enable us to judge for ourselves. No one can doubt that by such a highly civilised people as the ancient Egyptians bees were kept in a state of domasticity, nor will any bee-keeper fail to recognise the ruler of the hive in the conventional symbol of governance that occurs so fre- quently in their hieroglyphic inscriptions. y There is nothing in this, however, to warrant our crediting them with observa- tory-hives, or anything more than ele- mentary bee-keeping, and it seems to me very unlikely that any hives were com- monly employed but the roughly-made cylindrical hives of clay or clay and ashes, Jan. .13, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 17 such as have been noticed by travellers, and described in various books and jour- nals during the last fifty years as being still in use in Egypt and Palestine. It is only in the hope of obtaining further information that I raise a doubt as to the correctness of Mr. Green's de- ductions. I shall be delighted to learn that another bee-keeper has been more fortunate tban myself in his researches. — H. J. 0. Walker (Lieut.-Colonel), Bud- leigh Salterton. Devon. A CHEAP HIVE-LEVEL. [7720.] I see that the masters of the craft are raising the dust over the level- ling of hives. A really good spirit-level is rather costly for ordinary bee-men, so here is a device for effecting the same end. The sketch will almost explain itself. It shows a simple lead plummet hung upon a nail soldered to a tinned drones from his own apiary with black queens from an apiary fully five miles away . Thousands of Italian queens have, I sup- pose, been imported since that time, each safely-introduced unit of which formed a cross-mating centre for the neighbour- hood. Where, then, shall we hope to find the "Old English" bee in its purity? And remember the same thing is going on all the time. There is nothing whatever to prevent Mr. Woodley's queens from mating with drones from surrounding apiaries, and the queens of these will in turn mate with drones from still farther afield. Mr. Woodley has told us more than once that he is glad to use queens raised by swarming stocks — in fact, he prefers such to any other — but this looks much more like breeding for swarms than for honey-production. Mr. Sladen's is the best attempt to pro- duce a strain of bees with which I am acquainted, yet even he can only select A CHEAP HIVE-LEVEL. iron base-plate. The "tin" is bent at right angles along the upper edge, and a centre line is squared down its face, the line passing through the nail. Side lines may be added to give an equal amount of forward tilt to the hives if desired. The sketch shows the device in use, and also an enlarged section. — R. Grose, Bodmin. CURRENT TOPICS. [7721.] Breeding a Strain of Bees. — I note that Mr. Woodley says (page 486) that the driven lot of bees he mentioned were originally a swarm from his own apiary, but this scarcely entitles them to be called a strain. Mr. Woodley's bees are, I take it, as English as English bees are or can be at the present time, and that is not saying a great deal. For it is practically impossible to avoid contami- nation with the yellow races. Many years ago the "Renfrewshire Bee-keeper" gave an instance of cross-mating- by Italian his queens individually — his drones are selected "in the lump" or collectively. One can imagine him saying to his fifty or hundred young queens : " Now, my beauties, here are some twenty to fifty thousand prospective husbands on the wing, and I do hope that most of you will choose the handsomest and yellowest drones you can find." And the result? Well, it is quite as good as we can reason- ably hope for, albeit only a little more than half of his queens mate exactly as he desires. Brace-combs. — These, says Mr. Craw- shaw (page 499), cannot be said to "brace" when they are only attached' to the separators. I quite agree. What, then, shall we call such? I suggest " freak "-combs. He further suggests that the narrower, no-bee-way sections will probably be more free from brace-combs than the ordinary 2-in. sections. This is a "curious instance of the same idea striking; two minds at about the same 18 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jam. 13, 1910. time; for I have thought the same thing, reasoning that the cluster in, say, a lf-in. section would be necessarily more com- pact and' less liable to off-shoots. I hope to have an opportunity of testing this matter next season, having ordered a thousand 5-in. by 4-in. by lf-in. sections. I propose using these in the " Danzen- baker" pivoted frames (without top-bar) and with pivoted slatted dividers. Queen-excluders. — Will those interested kindly note the experiment of " G. S. N." (7703), wherein, by omitting the excluder, he lost, say, 8s. worth of sections, and gained nothing? " T "-girders. — " G. S. N." says that these have been stupidly used wrong way up, but it was probably necessary (in the first instance) that they should be used in the orthodox way, as the projections formed supports for the plain separators then used, so as to allow a bee-way at the bot- tom. His plan of gluing a strip of baize round the bottom edges of section-rack is a good one so far as making it more snug is concerned; but what about cleaning the propolis off it? The late Mr. W. B. Carr used to wedge in slips of folded newspaper for the same purpose. Swarms versus Stocks. — Mr. Craw- shaw thinks that the difference in honey-production between stocks worked for extracted honey with excluders, and swarms worked for sections also with excluders, was chiefly due to the use of the latter. But my idea is that the dif- ference was due, first, to the freer storage in ready-built combs (for extracting), and, secondly, to the difference in honey-storing power between stocks and swarms. Fertile Workers. — It is nearly thirty years since I got my first stock of bees (in a skep) and made my first frame-hive, and during that time I can say that fer- tile workers have never (to my know- ledge) given me any trouble. As for drone-breeding queens in the spring, I question whether I have had more than half a dozen altogether, and during the whole of my bee-keeping J do not think that I have had a dozen stocks die right out during the winter. I do not attempt to account for these things, but merely give them as facts. Wishing all bee- keepers a prosperous season in 1910. — Same. P. Soal, The Old Rectory, Roch- ford, Essex. TALES FROM ARISTOTLE. [7722.] It is possible that some of the readers of the Bee Journal have not had an opportunity of making the acquaint- ance of Aristotle. As perhaps the earliest writer on apiculture, he must be of in- terest to all members of our cult, and a short sketch of his career may not be out of place. Born at Stageira, a Greek colony of Thrace, in 384 B.C., the son of a physi- cian, he received an education to fit him for the family profession, but his inclina- tions did not tend that way. At the age of eighteen he left Stageira for Athens, to become a student under, and a disciple of, the great philosopher Plato. Needless to say, he was a very apt pupil. He de- voted himself to scientific study. In zoology he excelled, for his early training had prepared him for anatomical dissec- tion, and he wrote many treatises on that subject ; but he was also pre-eminent in his age as a philosopher, a rhetorician, and a poet. He was the tutor of Alex- ander the Great. He died in his sixty- seventh year. His writings about bees and other insects are interwoven in his treatise " Of the History of Animals," with dissertations as to the habits of all kinds of creatures that "live and move and have their being/' and he has a habit of repeating himself. Therefore it is at times somewhat difficult to pick up the thread of his discourse. In the absence of a more accurate classification, he divides the bee-family into comb-makers and those who do not make combs. The latter do not interest us, but of the former he says " there are six kinds' who are gregarious," which he enumerates — bees, king-bees, drones, the yearly wasp, the hornet, and the tenthiadon (a kind of wasp), and in all his treatises he assumes that the three first-named are of quite distinct species, but inhabit the same hive. It is necessary to remember that what he calls "king-bees" we call "queens." It would have been derogatory to Grecian pride to think that a female could rule the re- public of a hive. Suffragettes in those days would have had very curt treatment. The social position of woman was inferior to that of man. Society was waiting for the advent of Christianity to elevate the wife to her right place as the companion and helpmate of the husband, and to make the consideration shown to woman the hall-mark of civilisation. But to return to our subject. The generation of the bee is a mighty mystery to him. He cannot fathom how they are created. We know how they are hatched from eggs, but in no part of his writings does he allude to them. "A very small brood is seen in the cells having the nature of a worm," he remarks. He seems to have a hazy idea that they "growed," like Topsy in "Uncle Tom's Cabin": Topsy never was born; Topsy had no mother. 'Specs she growed like other nigger brats, Without any father or mother. How that worm got there — " Ay, there's Jan. 13, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 19 the rub." As to the generation of bees there is much diversity of opinion. Again, he writes : " Some think they generate without intercourse of sexes, as do fishes. [Evidently these animals had not been studied much in those days, nor the pro- gression of salmon up the rivers been ob- served.] Some think they carry the young of bees from another place, where they are spontaneously generated, or are generated by some other animal ; and, again, others think that it is only the drones who are brought from afar. And, again, others think that drones breed drones, kings breed kings, and bees create bees; and yet others say that the drones are females and the bees males." But the arguments pro and con of this subject I will give in my next. — J. Smallwood, BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION [7723.] My letter on page 446 of the B.B.J, appears to have been unsatisfac- tory to two prominent bee-keepers. May I be allowed to answer the questions raised concerning it? First: Mr. Avery (page 466) estimates the weight of im- ported honey to be 800 tons, and "D. M. M." increases it to 1,500 tons. I took a low estimate on purpose, be- cause British people take a long time before they begin doing anything, and it is as much as can be hoped that an extra 400 tons will be raised this year. When that has been done, it will then be time to arrange about raising the other 1,100 tons. In reply to "D. M. M.'s" state- ment (page 493) about Scotch honey, this was certainly a mistake on my part. "English" should have read "British," as there is as great a demand for " Scotch heather " as for " English clover" honey, and I did not leave our friends north of the Border out of my calculations. Second: With reference to Mr. Avery's third paragraph — (a) If he is not sure of the correctness of my figures, he can work them out for himself. I got mine from the B.B.J, for 1908 ard 1909. (6) In answer to his question, " Would the money now sent abroad be kept at home?" I say "Yes, if British bee-keepers are determined that the public shall buy their honey in prefer- ence to the imported article." The ma- jority of people who have sampled both British and foreign honey infinitely prefer the former. But they buy the latter because it is always to be had, and is much cheaper. Colonial and foreign honey can be had from 6d. to lOd. a lb., while 9d. to Is. 3d. is asked for British. If more honey were pro- duced the price would be decreased a little, but the demand would enlarge in proportion. Third : In conclusion, I should like to refer to Mr. Avery's next paragraph deal- ing with my "Socialistic proposal," &c. I say that what is wanted now, if we are to raise the extra 400, or 1,500, tons of honey per year, is a quantity of fresh bee-keepers, all belonging to either their county or the parent association; and the only way that this can be done is to have a low and uniform subscription. Also that the people who now pay a 5s. or 10s. annual subscription might, and probably would, pay 2s. 6d. subscription and give a 2s. 6d. or 5s. donation. The associations would not then have less money than they have now; the list of subscribers would be longer. By " pooling their revenue with the B.B.K.A." the prosperous counties would not be in the least hampered, and those not so for- tunate would receive assistance. The B.B.K.A. would also have sufficient money in hand to be able to devote its attention to any matters affecting the interests of bee-keepers generally, and would come more into contact with its offspring, the county associations. My illustration of this, by a "hive and its bees," has been dubbed sentimental, but I chose it because the facts are so well known to all bee men. Mr. Avery illus- trated the same idea by colonies sprung from a parent hive. Here we have two pictures. In the first, all work for a common object ; the object is accom- plished, and everything is satisfactory. In the second, we have a reproduction of what is happening at the present time. The county associations or colonies separate from the B.B.K.A., or parent hive, and become independent. All the members, or bees, work for the county association or colony, becoming, as time goes on, more self-centred and out of touch with the parent hive and the other county associations, or colonies. It is for us bee-keepers to decide which of these two pictures we prefer. I, person- ally, vote for the first, The B.B.K.A. has an excellent and practical secretary, and I hope before long that both it and the county associations will be grafted into each other. To do this we must have a common cause, and all work for it. Bee-keepers have the cause already, namely, to get a bigger market for our British honey by inducing people to spend the money which now goes to the foreigner with us instead. If this cause is to be a prosperous one, individualism must cease, and unionism take its place. Mr. Smallwood reminds us, on page 494 in B.B.J, of December 16, of ^Esop's fable about the bundle of sticks. Let us put it into practice, and remember that "united we stand, divided we fall." I conclude by wishing all bee-keepers a prosperous New Year. — W. G. Coates, Chelsea. 20 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jan. 13, 1910. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON BREEDING THE BRITISH GOLDEN BEE IN RIPPLE COURT APIARY.* By F. W. L. Sladen, F.E.S. [Copyright reserved by the Author.] Like ordinary English black bees, British Goldens are easily shaken from their combs and are inclined to run about the hive when disturbed. In these particulars they differ and may be distinguished from American Goldens and from Italians. Tbe objection may be raised that, con- sidering the impossibility of knowing which drone out of thousands a queen may meet, the breeding by selection on the male side cannot be properly accomplished. But if we look at the work of plant breeders we see that a similar uncertainty often exists as to which flower will supply the pollen by which the seed is fertilised. Further, in cases where characters that do not show themselves in the flowers, such as the size, shape, or other qualities of seeds or fruits, are bred for, the selection of flowers is useless. It is only essential that no flower shall be employed that is not of the selected parentage or strain. THE BRITISH GOLDEN BEE. THE GOLDEN-COLOURED QUEEN ANH WORKER. I think that even were it possible to select single drones for breeding from, it would not be advisable, for we may be sure that the honey-bee depends partly upon the natural selection of drones for its vigour and usefulness. It is not asserted that one drone transmits exactly the same characters as another, but this uncontrolled element of variation is re- duced to a negligible quantity by the em- ployment of pure stock and continuous careful selection. Of late years much progress has been made in the general science of breeding, and one of the valuable points that have been brought to the front is the import- ance of breeding from specimens that have been proved to be best able to transmit their desirable qualities to their offspring. In the work carried on in Ripple Court Apiary every queen bred from has, of course, been proved to produce industrious and vigorous workers; but it is desirable * See the series of articles, " Breeding the British Golden Bee in Ripple Court Apiary," in the last four December issues of the B.B.J. to go further, and to breed from queens that have been proved to be best able to transmit to their queen-daughters the power to produce such workers and any other qualities bred for. For example, the colonies produced by the daughters of the "V" queen (all of which were golden- coloured), when tested for utility and vigour in 1909, did much better, on the average, than the colonies : produced by the golden-coloured daughters of the "C" queen ; consequently, a great number of queens were bred from the "V" queen and her daughters in 1909, but none were bred either from the "C" queen or from any of her daughters. It is true that this method of breeding increases in-breed- ing, but its value for fixing, maintaining, and improving any particular type is un- deniable, and breeders of other animals have found that the danger of deteriora- tion resulting from close in-breeding is not so great as has been supposed, provided the breeding stock is vigorous and healthy. So far no sign of any ill-effect of in-breed- ing has been detected in the British Golden breeding stock. Up to the present the working of this method of breeding has been somewhat hampered by the work of quickly develop- ing a distinctly British variety, this having involved selecting a fresh generation each year ; but now that British Goldens have become established as a separate breed, the work of selection may well be spread over two years if it can be accomplished more thoroughly. All the breeding queens selected in 1909, also a number of the daughters of each of them, are being win- tered. The testing of these daughters for utility and vigour in 1910, together with the re-testing of the breeding queens them- selves, will probably show very clearly which are the best of the breeding queens, and from these best queens I hope to breed largely. Queries and Replies. [3984.] Starting Bee-farming. — I shall be very glad of a little advice from you, as I wish to take up bee-keeping in earnest under the following circumstances. I have, owing to -chest trouble, given up my situation in London, acting under .strong advice from doctors, &c., and have now settled in Cornwall. I am quite able to do a fair amount of work, providing it is not of a " navvy " nature, and have been going very seriously into the question of bees with a view of making a profit from them. I am quite without experi- ence other than that of reading the " Guide Book " several times, and of being a subscriber to the Journal for some months, but I have the advantage of having the whole of my time available for Jan. 13, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 21 anything I undertake, and as I used to bear the reputation of being a pretty good business man, and held a responsible posi- tion in one of the largest London com- panies, I do not think I am a bigger fool than the majority of mankind, and there- fore see no reason why I should not eventually make a success of it. I might say that as a winter business I am en- deavouring to work up a connection in oysters, this being one of the dredging centres, so that one ought to work well in with the other and neither clash. I am aware, of course, that the rule is for a novice to start very slow with per- haps a couple of hives, and learn the man- agement gradually, but I do> not want, if possible, to waste another season ; at the same time, I do not want to invest in too many hives, and perhaps make a muddle of things in consequence. My garden is 120 ft. by 20 ft., lying north and south, rather exposed, especially to the south-west, overlooking Falmouth Bay, field on north and west, gardens east, and half a dozen houses south . I propose having two or three hives here for close observa- tion and, so to speak, to practise on, and I have obtained permission to place hives on a farm a couple of miles inland, where there are about three acres of orchard ; they can be placed in the orchard, and will be completely sheltered from north, east, and west winds, and fairly well from the south. I have also the use of a room for storing appliances, &c, adjoining the orchard. 1. Shall I have a fair prospect of success, providing I use my wits and keep my eyes open? 2. What is a fair average yield per hive in a fair honey year ? 3. Which is better to work for, comb or extracted honey? 4. To take advan- tage of earliest honey-flow it is, I presume, necessary to purchase stocks in hives? 5. If so, what is the earliest date they should be purchased ? 6. And if of private people or of tradesmen ? 7. If of the former, is a guarantee of freedom from disease of very much value, as I should think it would be only throwing good money after bad trying to enforce it if disease were found ? 8. Is gorse bloom of any value for honey, as there are acres of it in this district in February and March, and we get many warm days even then here ? 9. Buying stocks now of course means hives as well ; but for extensions, swarms, &c., I should, being a fair ama- teur carpenter, make my own hives. You give details of one pattern in " Guide Book " to work from ; can this be im- proved upon, and is it not advisable and economical to use as large hives as pos- sible ? 10. Seeing one can always contract to any space, but not expand beyond the limit of the hive, what is the largest hive advisable to be used? 11. What is the best race of bees for my purpose? 12. I do not quite understand what the "eke" of a hive is for ; will you please explain ? 13. Can insurance against damage to cattle, &c, byi bees be effected? I have seen this mentioned in the Journal, but can trace nothing definite. 14. Is there a Cornwall Bee-keepers' Association? If so, will you please give address of secretary? Please accept my apologies for length of this, and my thanks in anticipation,.- — Back to the Land, Cornwall. Reply. — Bee-keeping, like any other business, must be learned, and we would therefore strongly advise you not to start on a large scale. You must learn to keep bees before depending on them to keep you, and, if possible, it would be worth your while to gain a little practical experience in an apiary where bees are worked with profit to their owner. If you are not able to do this, start with a few hives and in- crease as you gain knowledge. Your dis- trict is a good one for bees, but you will have to shelter the hives from south-west winds which prevail. 1. Yes, if you have the ability for it. 2. Thirty to fifty pounds, or even more. 3. This depends on which you have the best sale for. Ex- tracted is less trouble, and the honey can be kept in tins for a long time. Sections deteriorate by keeping, and if you had no ready sale for them would entail a loss. 4. Strong colonies are absolutely necessary, but we would recommend you to start with swarms, and not purchase stocks. 5. In March, as soon as you are able to examine their condition. 6. If you are not able to examine the bees yourself, purchase of re- putable dealers who advertise in our columns. 7. If unable to examine them you should have an expert's certificate as to their condition. 8. It has explosive flowers, and is only of use to bees for the pollen, which is abundant. 9. The general principles on which a hive should be made are given, and so long as you stick to' the standard frame you can make your hive to hold as many frames as you like. 10. From ten to fifteen frames would be large enough, depending on the system of work- ing. 11. British bees. 12. An "eke" is shown on left-hand side of Fig. 24, page 44 of " Guide Book." It is used for placing below body-box in wintering bees, thus giving the cluster room to hang without touching floorboard. 13. Yes, you can get particulars from the secretary of the B.B.K.A. Insurance commences in March of each year. 14. No. [3985.] Prevention of Swarming. — I should like to know if you have had any experience personally of the " Brice " appliance for preventing the loss of swarms, and whether you think the honey crop would be greatly lessened by using it. This year I have had, for the 99 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jan, 13, 1910. third year in succession, a splendid honey crop, averaging, in clover and heather together, 50 lb. of comb-honey per hive. I have also had my first experience of swarming, all my hives sending out prime swarms. No doubt this ex- cessive swarming was due to the age of my queens. I had no swarming either in 1907 or 1908, and got a very good surplus in both years. I have read your articles on queen-rearing and artificial nucleus swarm- ing, &c. ; but the trouble with us here in this part is that even by feeding we cannot get drones flying until the end of May. It would then be about three weeks later before we could get a queen fit for fertilisation, and by that time a number of the hives will have swarmed. In fact, I saw one prime swarm, the first in the district, with hardly a drone present, so that it just seems to me to be like carry- ing coals to Newcastle to force on queen- cells out of season. What is the earliest date at which I can purchase young fer- tilised queens from English bee-keepers? I have now ten hives, and do* not object to swarming; but I certainly object to losing swarms, and I dislike having to hunt about other people's gardens for them. I have read about clipping the queen's wings, but I would rather go to the expense of putting the "Brice" appliances on all my hives than be bothered with hunting for the queen and disorganising the whole colony. 1 fail to see, if good crops can be secured by stocks with queen-excluders, why they should be a failure when using swarm- catchers. Of course they can now be had with wire-excluding metal. Hoping to have your opinion in an early issue of B.B.J. — Interested, Kirriemuir. Reply. — We have no use for the "Brice" appliance, as we are generally able to prevent swarming without it, but it is very useful to those who are not able to do so, and the illustration on page 23 of " Guide Book," taken when a swarm was actually being caught by means of such an appliance, is sufficient evidence of its usefulness. It should not greatly lessen the crop, as bees can get through the excluder-zinc in front as easily as they can when it is placed above the frames. You can generally get young fertile queens by the middle of June — some breeders even advertise them in May. Notices to Correspondents. D. K. (East Lothian). — Race of Bees. — From the completely flattened and crushed bee, it appears to be of the common black race. If the colonies are backward arid weak either the race has degenerated through weakly queens or there may be something amiss with the management, which may be unsuited to the district. Hardy British bees should do well in your locality. S. C. S. (Motcombe). — Mouldy Combs. — If not too badly affected, spray them with a 10 per cent, solution of formalin, and afterwai'ds thoroughly syringe them with water until quite clean. If there is mouldy pollen, this is best removed by scraping the comb away to the mid- rib. A Constant Reader (Cheltenham). — Pro- pagating Disease and Bees Building Drone-comb. — 1. Undoubtedly contami- nated water would be injurious to bees, although possibly not to the same ex- tent asi to man. 2. Yes; disease germs have been found associated with pollen. 3. Yes; a good honey-flow is favourable. 4. You cannot ensure all worker-comb with starters only, and your using these and putting them in the centre of brood-nest for the purpose of spreading brood was an inducement for the bees to build drone-comb and to rear drone- brood. Bees headed by a young queen are less inclined to build drone-comb, but in any case the safest way to pro- ceed is to use full sheets of worker-comb foundation. J. A. H. (Gerrard® Cross). — Starved Bees. — 1. It is evident that the bees took to the three frames on one side of the division-board because they found this part more comfortable than the larger space on the six frames, the cluster being too small properly to fill it. They consumed what stores they found in these combs, and, being prevented by the cold from passing beyond the divi- sion-board, have died of starvation. 2. There does not appear to be any- thing the matter wich the comb sent, so the combs containing syrup can be kept in a warm, dry place, and could then be used in the spring to assist the bees. 3. It is always advisable to disinfect hives after use. Honey Samples. W. P. R. (Penmachrw). — 'Sample has been a honey of fairly good quality, with no distinctive flavour; but it has granu- lated very coarsely, and is beginning to ferment. When honey is granulating it should be stirred occasionally, as this tends to- produce a smoother and more even grain. Sample is not suitable for show purposes. T W. W. (Broomliills).— The aroma of your honey is rather peculiar, but the flavour is fairly good, though it has granulated very coarsely (see reply to "W. P. R."). It has been gathered from mixed sources, and the strong smell is due to one of these, but it has not affected the flavour at all. Jan. 20, 1910] THE BRITISH BEE JOTjRNAL. 23 Editorial, Notices, &c. BEE-KEEPING IN RUSSIA. There is probably no country in Europe where bee-keeping has been carried on so extensively as in Russia. There the peasants use honey instead of sugar, and the churches make a heavy demand for wax tapers. It is said that in the Government of Ekaterinoslav, in South Russia, there are nearly four hives to every inhabitant. There is a long and interesting article in the Revue Francaise d' Apiculture by J. Patouillet, who says bee-keeping has been known and practised in Russia from, time immemorial. A traveller named Gall, who visited that country in the eleventh century, said that all parts of Russia — -the steppes and forests— abounded in hives, honey, and wax. Folk-lore, chronicles, and many surviving evidences testify to the import- ance of this industry from an economic, domestic, and religious point of view. Formerly Russian princes levied on their conquered enemies tributes of honey and wax, their own subjects paying taxes in the same manner. In Little Russia, be- fore its union with Russia proper, there existed a tithe in bees, which consisted in carrying to the seignior a tenth part of all the honey produced in the hives. At the beginning of the eighteenth century a single forest-domain of the Government of Kiev paid the seignior annually as much as 200 barrels of honey, each barrel weighing 10 pouds (361 lb.). One under- stands from this why the Russian legisla- ture (Bousskaya pravdar) endeavoured to protect the interests of bee-keepers by passing stringent laws against anyone in- juring their industry or stealing bees. From the earliest times Russia exported honey and wax to Greece, then in the Middle Ages it supplied the Danubian towns, and later there were exports to Western Europe via Novgorod, Pskow, Moscow, Kholmogory, Vologda, and the White Sea. There was also a guild of "wax merchants" in Novgorod in the Middle Ages. During the sixteenth cen- tury, under Ivan the Terrible, the Eng- lish living in Russia sent out of the country 800 tons of wax via the White Sea, and this caused a temporary stop to be put to such exportation, but in the seventeenth century 560 tons of wax were sent to Italy. The production of wax was principally confined to the south- western Governments. Honey entered largely into the preparation of favourite national dishes, and also for the innumer- able varieties of prianiki (gingerbread cakes) so extensively used. It was also used as a medicine in many ailments until scientific medicines replaced it. Hydro- mel was the ancient Russian beverage, and of this there must have been many varieties, if one may judge- from about twenty different names which one comes across. There were a great many breweries making hydromel, and some of them are even in operation to this day, for it is still a favourite drink with many Russians. AMONG THE BEES. BY D. M. MACDONALD, BANFF. AFTER THE DARK COMES THE DAWN. The year 1909 was persistently bad, the last three months being particularly stormy. During all October, November, and December my bees never had even a partial cleansing flight. With the dawn of the New Year came a pleasant change, doubly welcome to many of our high-lying farmers, who only then finished harvesting their much-bedraggled grain crops. Com- pared with losses like theirs our wail for want of surplus or complaints of small " takes " seem puny. With the delightfully mild, dry, and pleasant weather during the first week of 1910 the bees had a romping time of it, and the marked evidences on and around every hive showed that the relief to them was timely. Now, starting fresh, with all their stores rearranged, and the winter cluster ready to contract again with the threatened approach of cold, they should be in the very best form for standing a siege from what part of winter still lies before us; for, of course, we are not out of the wood yet. Examine all quilts and coverings, removing any that are damp and mouldy. Give atten- tion to any hive-roofs which have admitted even a gentle percolation. A two or three pound cake of candy placed over the tops of frames of any stocks suspected to be short of stores may preserve the life of the starving colony. Any necessary manipulations must be done gently to keep the bees as quiet as possible. Happy are those who have to give no attention to the bees until spring is well forward. Two Eoney Plan ts.— Buckwheat is very extensively grown in America, but, so far as I know, little of it is cultivated in this country. Coming in as it does after white clover has ceased to bloom, it would, how- ever, considerably extend the honey season if it proved successful here. I am informed that it has been experimented with by Mr. Taylor, Welwyn. If so, and if it has turned out worth cultivating, he would greatly oblige many bee-keepers by supplying them with some useful information on its value as a bee-forage plant and its success- ful cultivation. Another late bloomer is Bokhara clover. Bees work on it all through October, and at times it flowers right on to the end of November. Here is another source worth tapping. Perhaps 24 THE BEITISH BEE JOURNAL [Jan. 20, 1910. somebody can give us some reliable in- formation in regard to its value as a late honey-yielder. While buckwheat requires almost continuous dry weather to make it yield well in autumn — which our variable climate does not always supply — I think melilot might not suffer if good daysi could be ensured for its profitable working. But, then, it is not a good forage plant. Buckwheat, while a splendid bearer in parts of America, does not always yield nectar well in other parts. While I am thus searching for some late honey plants, I am not certain if they are generally desirable. Perhaps bees in October and November are better indoors. Apicultural Stations. — Two at least of our self-governing colonies have instituted, under the aegis of the Government, one of these bee-farms paid by the State. In Ontario, Canada has an apiculturist and staff of apiarians in connection with the Agricultural College, whose duties are to lecture on bee-keeping to the college classes, to conduct experiments in the fer- tilisation of blossoms by bees, and to carry on apicultural experiments and investiga- tions. This must tend to foster bee-keep- ing and extend its prosecution all over the Dominion. Mr. Pettit, Chief Apiarist, is a bee-keeper by heredity. The New Zealand Department of Agriculture has for some time had a model apiary in existence under the charge of Mr. Isaac Hopkins, the grand old man of apiculture in those far-away islands. The apiaries are open during working hours to all per- sons desiring tuition, and cadets are re- ceived at the State apiaries to undergo a regular course of instruction, followed by the issue of a certificate to the deserv- ing ones. They have a model Apiaries Act for the suppression of foul brood, and issue bulletins on the subject, showing the best way to start, and the most up-to-date means of carrying on the industry to a paying issue. Mr. Hopkins has now retired from the service of the Depart- ment, but his works will long live, and I doubt not bear good fruit. The high posi- tion attained by bee-keeping in New Zealand deserves early attention and fuller treatment. Pessimism. — Recently, being in the com- pany of one of our prominent bee-keepers and contributors, I, Cassandra-like, dis- coursed a good deal on the past bad season, lamenting that many bee-keepers would be so much discouraged that they would fall out of our ranks. I, indeed, I am afraid, adopted the " Distressed Cottager " vein. My friend listened patiently, or im- patiently, until I had said my say, and then, brushing aside my pessimistic sophis- tries, he launched forth in the brightest and most inspiriting strain on the future prospects of the industry. In a few minutes he showed me clearly that even an average of two or three pounds surplus would cover actual expenditure; that the bees were always there for the bumper crop of the future ; that the man who goes under for one bad season is less than a man ; that success frequently follows failure ; and that history shows that a very good season generally follows a bad one. His reasoning was so convincing that I really felt it was good for me that I had been afflicted. After the lapse of nearly five months I am convinced his optimistic out- look is the true one, for everywhere I learn the fraternity is on the increase. The Report. — Just a word! If every- body would sensibly consider on how many points all agree, and heartily seek for mutual terms of agreement on the few points of cleavage, a scheme worthy of British bee-keepers should not only be within the region of practical politics, but might be an accomplished fact by the dawn of the active bee-season. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and. give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. THE B.B.K.A. OP THE FUTURE. [7724.] The hearty thanks of all the associations are undoubtedly due to the gentlemen who have bestowed so much thought and care on the preparation of a project for uniting and strengthening the bee-keeping fraternity. But our grati- tude— well deserved though it be — cannot counteract the misgivings with which many of us regard a scheme overloaded with unpractical suggestions. It does not look as if it could have emanated from anyone familiar with the working of local associations : it is clogged with " pro- polis" and " brace-comb. " When these hindrances are cleared away we may be able to get to work. But at the outset we are faced with the drawback that the secretary has no vote on the Council. As Mr. Samways remarks (7713), "the hour and the man have arrived, and . . . the future success or failure of the B.B.K.A. is in the balance." We want a National Union of Bee-keepers (call it B.B.K.A., Royal Apicultural Society, or what you like), with a strong general secretary in touch with all local associa- tions and alive to their needs, and it seems strange that the one who should know most about local peculiarities, prejudices, and requirements, and who, I dare say, Jan. 20, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 25 would have the confidence of British bee- keepers, should have no vote on the Council ! The position in the new Union of the proposed ''Central Branch" appearssome- what anomalous. Why "Central"? Is there any reason for a special title sug- gesting, and probably intended to suggest, a special position? If Metropolitan mem- bers wish to unite let them form a " London County Branch," to be placed on exactly the same footing as any other county branch, while the financial business pro- posed to be placed in their hands is rele- gated, where it of right belongs, to the General Council and its financial officers. It seems to me most unpractical to suggest the formation of two separate and distinct corporations (viz., the "General Council" and the "Central Branch"), each having to conduct financial business with the local associations. The supplementary recommendation (c) bears strong evidence of its framers' lack of experience of local organisation. To anyone who knows the conditions under which new members are procured, and who realises the folly of inventing difficul- ties, the "standard form of application for membership" will supply "argument for a week, laughter for a month, and a good jest for ever." No one, Sir, would wish to seem want- ing in appreciation of any efforts under- taken for the good of the craft. Still, those who try to do expert work (such as projecting the architecture of a national society), without the necessary expert qualifications, cannot be surprised if their plans are criticised as faulty and in- adequate. The suggestion of Mr. Arthur Schofield (7701) that the annual general meeting be held at the same time and place as the Royal Agricultural Show can- not be too highly praised. Everything declares in favour of its adoption. The desirability of bee-keeping asserting its rightful place as an important agricul- tural pursuit, the practical advantage to be gained by bringing it prominently 'be- fore the great yearly concourse of agri- culturists, and, lastly, the railway facili- ties granted in connection therewith — a'l proclaim the intensely practical nature of his proposal. — William Munro, Map- perley, Nottingham. [It is not usual for a salaried secretary to have a vote on the Council, and we do not 6ee clearly what advantage it would be if he had one. A secretary can be of more use to an association without a vote than with one. It is proposed that the B.B.K.A. should give up all its pre- sent members and transfer them to a central branch which would be the branch of the B.B.K.A. for London and for all other counties not having branches. One duty of the central branch would be to secure as members all bee-keepers who do not reside within the area of any county association. The General Council would be composed of delegates from the county associations, and would, as we understand it, form the central branch, and we do not think the scneme proposes " the forma- tion of two separate and distinct cor- porations." The supplementary recom- mendations are simply suggestions of the committee for the consideration of a General Council, and as it is proposed to be formed by representatives of the dif- ferent branches they would no doubt on getting together adopt that which they considered workable and reject what was not so. — Ed.] ROSS-SHIRE NOTES. [7725.] The New Year opened auspici- ously here, the sun shining and bees hum- ming while the bee-man hastily reviewed his battalions. As anticipated, the clusters bulked smaller than usual, while a couple of nuclei had perished, leaving ample stores. However, there are a few strong colonies, recognised as such by the warmth of the quilting, and later these will be useful in building up the weaklings to working strength. Nothing has been done as yet beyond giving extra packing and seeing that stores are ample to last until March is well on the way. The strong stocks can then be reduced to just the number of frames they cover, and a weakling placed alongside with a thin dummy between. The plan of putting weak lots over a strong colony with excluder between has not been invariably successful. Seem- ingly, this works best with the sectional hive, or a small stock on shallow frames placed above a populous full-depth colony with a sheet of wire-cloth between, which is replaced by queen-excluder after both lots have acquired the same scent. In clover-heather districts the dual- queen hive can be run as above until clover blooms, then the bee-keeper can remove the shallow story and put on section-racks. This is equivalent to uniting the working force of two colonies, and ensures an immense population of gatherers for the first crop, while the large brood-nest helps to discourage swarming. The removed portion is so de- pleted of bees that it can neither swarm nor store much surplus, and this allows the queen to rear a large family for the moors. Just as the precious nectar comes in, super the shallow-frame colony, and unite with it the working force from the parent hive, as this gives a large population of gatherers and little room for brood-nest 26 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jan. 20, 1910. storage. It is to be hoped, that those who have been working sectional hives at the heather will now let us hear all about their experience through the B.B.J. I have had some correspondence with " Medicus " re his improved methods, and think them excellent. — J. M. Ellis, Ussie Valley. EXCLUDER-ZINC AND ADVANCED BEE-KEEPING. [7726.] Alas, poor Truth! for thou art too old at twenty, decrepit at forty, and doubtless dead as last year's drones at sixty. "D. M. M." (B.B.J. j December 16) is inclined to de- preciate Mr. Pringle's views on queen-ex- cluders because they happen to have been written some twenty years ago, and con- trasts the said Mr. Pringle's opinions with those of " advanced " American bee- keepers of to-day. But Mr. Pr ingle was an advanced bee-keeper, and had practi- cally all the methods and appliances necessary to skilled honey-production that we have at the present time. '■■" D. M. M." quotes our Editor's opinion in the "Guide Book" on the use of excluders, or, rather, I should say, he quotes a part of that opinion. I will, therefore, give an even more " up-to-date " quotation from the same author. It oc- curs on page 460 of B.B.J, for Novem- ber 18, 1909, and is as follows : " Any- thing placed between brood^nest and supers impedes work to a certain extent, but the advantages of using excluder ex- ceed the disadvantages. You were for- tunate in that the queen did not go up into your sections, but you cannot make sure of her not doing so unless you use an excluder." (Italics mine.) That is just what I say. Personally, I do not want a single cell of brood in my supers (comb or extracted), and consider it distinctly bad bee-keeping to allow such, when there is an effectual means of keeping the queen below, in her own proper domain. Ex- cluders below extracting supers are, in my opinion, something more than " a great convenience." They are a means to an end, and that end is the production of the largest quantity of honey of the best quality. It is not merely the contamina- tion of the honey which may be stored in cells which have been occupied by brood, but it is the fact that every slab of brood raised in an upper story in the height of the honey-flow means so much less honey for the bee-keeper. For the brood not only occupies cells to the exclusion of honey for the time being, but we cannot afford to lose sight of the fact that a large amount of honey is consumed in its pro- duction. I repeat, the proper place for the queen is the brood-chamber; and the most advanced bee-keeper »will take the best of care to keep her there. As regards "advanced" American bee- keepers, let us look at just a few of their "up-to-date" methods, and see whether the term "progressive" or " retrogres- . sive" better describes them. "D. M. M." mentions Dr. Miller, so I will give a couple of the "Doctor's" advanced ideas. 1. We are told that the Doctor never puts an ounce of paint on his hives from first to last. Now, I can imagine how in a very short time those hives will go into grey-black mourning for their owner's negligence; how every board that can warp will warp ; and how the end-grain of the wood will "check" and split. 2. In the current issue of Gleanings in Bee-* Culture the Doctor gives his method of "fighting" black brood, in which he not only dispenses with the disinfection of the hives, but — incredible as it may appear— actually places a diseased comb for several days in the hives containing the "turned- , out " lots. Now take one of Mr. Doolittle's little wa}rs. He puts a couple of boards on the ground in the apiary and piles thereon his "reserve" supers of honey, with no other protection than a hive-cover on top ; and there they remain from October to the middle of the following June. Mr. Doolittle himself admits that for six months in the year the roads in his neigh- bourhood are impassable for motor-cars, being either from 3 in. to 1 ft. deep in mud and water, or from 1 ft. to 10 ft. deep in drifted snow. Here, in South-East Essex (the driest corner in England), the roads are available for motors practi- cally all the year round ; yet I know well the condition in which I should find combs of honey if exposed in a similar manner. The honey in the unsealed cells would have absorbed so much moisture that it would be running down the combs from top to bottom of the pile, and would probably be fermenting, the pollen would be all mouldy, and the combs generally in an "unfit" condition. Is this " advanced " or "rough (very rough) and ready" bee- keeping? Now consider the late E. L. Pratt's method of increase, which, briefly, con- sists of shaking the bees from four or five combs of brood on to empty (broodless) combs in a new hive, and giving a young queen as soon as practicable. " Up-to- date," by an "advanced" bee-keeper, you say? Well, between thirty and forty years ago — to wit, in the B.B.J, for March 1, 1876 — that very able American lady bee- keeper, Mrs1. Tupper, in her admirable "Essay on Bee-keeping," gave a method [of increase which was not merely equal (to the above, but considerably in advance \of it,, and will undoubtedly produce a [stronger stock in less time, and is there- fore a. more reliable one for wintering or for Jan. 20, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 27 a late harvest. By the way, it is not, 1 think, generally known that it is to Mrs. Tupper that we are indebted for our only classic saying in bee-culture : " Bees do nothing invariably." — Saml. P. Soal, Rochford, Essex. [We should like to point out that the climate may make all the difference. The driest corner of England is damp owing to our insular position and a warm Gulf Stream ; but it is different on the Con- tinent when one leaves the sea-coast. Even in the mountains of Switzerland bright steel does not rust unless it comes in actual contact with water, and it would be quite possible to keep supers in that country in the manner described without the honey absorbing moisture. Mr. Doo- little's home at Borodino is ' far enough from the coast to be unaffected by damp. Nor must our roads be compared with those in the States, which are not mac- adamised like ours, and are simply of earth. They may be described as fre- quently bottomless mud in winter and bottomless dust in summer, — Ed.] FOUL BROOD LEGISLATION. [7727.] On page 474 of B.B.J. for December 2 last Mr. G. Thomas says, " Before long bee-keepers will be urging another attempt at a. Foul Brood Bill," and this is given as a reason why the B.B.K.A. should be reconstructed, and a very good reason, too, if the B.B.K.A. is going to annihilate this notion. Let us see what such a proposal amounts to. Before you can make a man legally responsible for a- thing the man must have power to prevent that for which he is to be held responsible. For instance, a man is responsible for being drunk because he can prevent it by drinking water instead of wine. But where is the man who can prevent foul brood, when there is not a per- son who knows how it is caused ? Imagine a respectable bee-keeper, with a few hives as a scientific hobby and to get honey for his own table, while away on his daily employment, having the privacy of his home, his garden, his apiary invaded by a bombastic well-paid Govern- ment official, who ransacks every hive and every comb in search of something he him- self does not understand. A comb is sus- pected, it has not been reported, a sum- mons follows ; the bee-keeper is so dis- gusted he does not appear. Next comes the policeman with a warrant, drags him like a felon from his children, and throws him into a prison-cell to await his trial. If there is one thing belonging to modern bee-keeping which ought to be cried down more than another it is over-manipula- tion, and yet to satisfy a Foul Brood Bill every frame would have to be hauled out of the hive once a fortnight, or, perhaps, weekly, and even then the bee-keeper's mind would never be at rest, for he would be uncertain whether he had missed a speck or not. What a pity these people cannot, find something better for bee-keeping than tjie fussy parade of foul brood before the public and House of Commons with a view to placing every bee-keeper 'under police supervision. I agree with Mr. G. Thomas ; it is time for the B.B.K.A. to get into harness, not so much for constructive as for de-structive work. — A. Green, Notts. [It is needless to say that we do not fear the dire results anticipated by our correspondent. Legislation has been adopted by most progressive countries where the bee-keeping industry is of com- mercial importance, and although it has been in force in many countries now for a good many years, we have yet to hear of a single case -of trial and imprisonment. Nor have we heard of a single instance of an endeavour to repeal such laws owing to their pressing heavily on bee-keepers ; on the contrary, they have enabled bee- keeping to be carried on where formerly it was impossible to do so. — Ed.] BEES NEAR LONDON. [7728.] In one of my hives I notice a larger collection at the entrance of dead bees tlian in the other three. It may be that they are all brought forward and left there. I cleared them away with a bent wire, and sent a few out of a batch removed this morning. They have plenty of food, as I fed them up> in September last at the proper time. I notice from time to time in your columns varying reports of last season's honey-yield. From two hives I obtained 48 lb. each of run honey, and another hive gave 23 lb. This was an early swarm, and unex- pectedly it swarmed again in July, so I had to put the swarm on the original stand, and removed the old stock to a different location. As you know, the honey -season was of only short duration ; in fact, the main source of supply was from the limes, which were in full flower close to my apiary, and the weather held good. I am told by an expert that the honey is of excellent quality. Strangely enough, the 23 lb. was of a paler colour than the other two lots, and does not granulate so quickly. My home is very close to London, being within a quarter of a mile of Hammersmith Bridge. I used the new queen-excluders (''Wilkes") this year, and found the bees came through immediately. They seem superior to the old zinc type.-— B. [The bees appear to have died from natural causes, as we could detect nothing wrong with them. — Ed.] 28 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jan. 20, 1910. HOMES OF THE HONEY-BEE. THE APIARIES OF OCR READERS. Mr. Arthur Pollard, 'whose apiary wo illustrate this week, is the type of bee- keeper who always makes a success of the craft. No misfortunes at the outset could damp his enthusiasm, and eventually he has be- come a successful bee-keeper, in spite of being located in a poor honey -district. It is a distinct advantage when the apiarist can rear his own queens, make hives and appliances, and find a market for his produce at a remunerative price, and Mr. Pollard is able to accomplish all these things. have eight hives, which I hope will come out in the spring stronger than ever I have had them before. They are all headed by 1909 queens, and did some excel- lent work during last season. "Only once has foul brood visited my apiary, and I treated it by following instructions given in the ' Guide Book/ and succeeded in stamping out the disease. Indeed, my only instructors have been the 'Guide Book,' the B.B.J. , and Becord, and by adapting the experiences of others to my own requirements I get along very well. I have had several visits from the writer of 'Cappings of Comb,' Mr. L. S. Crawshaw, and consider him one of the first bee-men of the day. "I breed my own queens from my best stocks, and never allow one to live more AFIARY OF MR. A. POLLARD, SILSDEN, NEAR KEIGHLEY, YORKS. His irrepressible spirit of hopeful- ness should stand him in good stead after the rather depressing result of the last season's work; but no doubt he will prove equal to the occasion, and spring will find our friend ready to take advan- tage of the good harvest which we all hope will be the reward of our patience during the past two adverse seasons. Mr. Pollard says : — ■ " I started bee-keeping in the year 1902, having no previous knowledge of bees, with a stock bought in January, which, unfortunately, did not survive the spring. Having got the bee-fever, however, I was not discouraged, and in May I bought another stock, which threw off a 5-lb. swarm in June. I have had many difficul- ties since then and many disappointments, but have succeeded1 pretty well, as I now than two seasons. During the winter months I make all my own hives and ap- pliances, and, as will be seen in the illus- tration, I use the ' claustral ' chamber, and find that it answers well in this district, as such hives are quickly fastened up ready for taking to the moors. I think I have been the cause of spreading bee- keeping, being always ready to help others with their bees, and I have started a good many in the craft. This district is a very poor one for honey, as there is practically no forage but heather. I average about 30 lb. per hive (the largest 'take' from one hive was 40 lb. in 1906), finding a ready sale for it at Is. per pound. The boy in the picture is my nephew, who J hope will be a good bee-man some day. Wishing all bee-keepers, and the B.B.J. as well, a record year in 1910." Jan. 20, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 29 Queries and Replies. [3986.] Will Drone -eggs Produce Queens? — The other night at a lecture the lecturer said he had taken drone- eggs and placed them in queen-cells, and the bees had reared queens from them. I doubted the point, as " The Honey-Bee" says an egg never fertilised must become a drone, but he stuck to the point, " Bees can rear a queen from a drone-egg." Is every egg in drone-comb a drone-egg ? I shall be very glad to see in B.B.J, what you say on the matter, and so subscribe myself, with thanks in antici- pation— Wilts C.C. Reply. — The lecturer has certainly made a mistake, as a drone-egg, %.e., an egg that has not been fertilised, cannot pro- duce a queen, consequently bees cannot rear queens from drone-eggs placed in queen-cells. On the other .hand, if a queen has no worker-comb, and only drone- comb in which to lay, she will, if driven to it, lay worker-eggs in such comb, and they will produce workers. Such cases are rare, but we have seen a colony having only drone-comb in which the queen laid worker-eggs. In this case a swarm ■ was. placed on drone-comb, with which every frame was provided, and as there was no worker-comb, the queen after a time began to lay worker-eggs, which produced ordi- nary workers. [3987.] The "Claustral" System.-^I am thinking of going in for the "claustral" system of bee-keeping, and should be very grateful to any reader who would kindly give me full particulars as to its success and advantages. — Courtney Page, Enfield. Reply.— An illustrated article on this by Colonel Walker appeared in B.B.J, for 1905, page 71, and a discussion at a meeting of the B.B.K.A., at which the subject was introduced by the Chairman, was reported on pages 121 and 131 of B.B.J, for the same year. Fuller par- ticulars may be obtained in the book by Abbe Gouttefangeas entitled '' Ruche Claustrante et Methode Claustrale," pub- lished by C. Amat, 11, Rue Casette, Paris, VI. (price 3 fr. 50). CAPPINGS OF COMB. BY L. 8. CRAWSHAW, NORTON, MALTON. Candy-making (page 495, vol. 37).— I cannot understand the common difficulty in this matter. Years ago I made some experi- ments, and published the results. If a mixture of sugar and water be boiled to 238 deg. Fahr. and then cooled in the usual way, good candy will result. Just give an excess of water, and allow it to boil away to the desired temperature, and there you are ! Lump Sugar for Winter (page 495). — Without actual trial, I should imagine that this method would be more rather than less trouble than the candy method. Presumably the hive would require periodic opening to moisten the sugar, and one might easily water the bees below. At any rate, would it not be better to use the sugar thus in the form of loaf rather than cube? I do not find candy-making disagreeable, and if a thermometer be used the result should not be uncertain. Mr. Reid's candy-box with perforated bottom would, of course, admit the bees through the perforations, al- though this might not be essential with cubes of sugar. Probably such a cover would be necessary to confine the bees when watering the sugar. Election of Council (page 496, vol. 37). — If the method of election is in any way unsatisfactory • to pro- vincial members, it would be well to know it now, and it is to be hoped that whilst the matter is under discussion those who have anything to say will say it. with due regard to brevity, for all our sakes, as well as to save our Editor from the never-to-be-forgiven sin of boil- ing down ! For myself, I see no sense in electing members who cannot attend meetings; and as for taking the mountain to Mahomet,, that is, to say the least, an unbusinesslike removal. Put into Eng- lish, it means that a number of members must travel to save the few a journey. I may not have got Mahomet's address correctly, but I believe that he lives in the provinces, and I do not see how a monthly business meeting could go tour- ing. But, in any case, is there any ob- stacle to determination of election, or any other important issue, by postal ballot? The cost would be less than the railway expenditure and the representation far greater . Queen's Weather (page 498, vol. 37).— Mr. Sladen makes some striking deductions in favour of restricted-mating weather. Would it be> practicable to produce this effect by confinement? That is to say, delay the flights, "claustral" fashion, until the parties were eager to face the hour or the conditions. I believe that something of the kind has been attempted by "cellaring" the hives, but with what definite result I do not remember to have seen stated. The deduction as to drone maturity is interesting. Does this mean that, in Mr. Sladen's opinion, the period of immaturity is longer than usually sup- posed, or that the first of his drones were only hatched late in June? Warm Section-racks (page 505, vol. 37). — " G. S. N." appears to have devoted some thought to the construction of these. I believe that his double-walled rack is sound, and that the extra expense is jus- 30 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jan. 20, 1910. tified. I do not think that the pseudo- economy of light hive-furniture is more than apparent at the time of purchase, but that afterwards the heavier fixtures have a decided advantage. There is no economy in paying for thin hives, year after year, in a reduced honey-yield and unfinished sections, due to the need of a larger force of enveloping bees. Plurality of Queens (page 511, vol. 37). —This does not quite coincide with the ■Alexander conclusions, described by Mr. Cowan (page 311, 1908), although it cdnr firms the latter's opinion as to separate clusters. But two queens in a large or double hive is a very different proposi- tion from Mr. Alexander's accomplish- ment of half a dozen. queens in an ordi- nary hive. In this case it is difficult to realise separate brood-nests, consisting of perhaps one much-travelled comb apiece. Granulation of Honey-dew (page 513, vol. 37). — I can confirm this, and the specimens I have are, I believe, quite, quite pure. PRESS CUTTINGS. " A BEE IN HIS BONNET." "D. M. M." sends the following amus- ing cutting from a Scottish paper, which is very appropriate at the present time: — A heckler questioning Mr. Macdonald- Henderson, M.P. for West Aberdeenshire, suggested a tax on honey. Mr. Smythe said : Why not put a tax on honey ?. Bee-keepers pay no rent for their bee-hives and bees, which stole from the farmer's clover — (laughter) — and the land- lord's heather in the hills. (Loud laughter.) Some of these bee-hives pro- duced a nice amount of income ; and, what is more, honey is a- luxury. (Laughter and applause.) Mr. Henderson : I confess I have never thought of such a thing. (Laughter.) I did not know that bees were the awful thieves that you make them out to be. (Laughter.) Mr. Smythe : If the honey were left on trees where they all could get the honey if they desired it, matters would be dif- ferent. (Laughter.) Mr. Henderson : I would not care to go up a tree after the bees for honey. (Loud laughter.) I will mention the matter, however, to the Chancellor of the Ex- chequer, who, very likely, will think I have a bee in my bonnet. (Loud laughter.) HARVESTING IN JANUARY IN ABERDEENSHIRE. We have received the following from Mr. D. Hunter, of Abington, as an in- teresting item for bee-keepers in . the South: — Mr. John Shand, Easter Mosshead, Garthy, Aberdeenshire, on Tuesday, Jan. 11, took a full race of supers off a bar- frame hive of bees. Further down the parish, on one farm four scythes were reap- ing oats, and three carts were leading. On another farm in the Glenfondland district, Drumblade, reaping of oats was being pro- secuted yesterday. The weather was re- markably fine, and the conditions better than for the most part towards the close of the year, but the crop is greatly de- teriorated as a rule, although reported in one case to be fair. — Scotsman. WEATHER REPORT. Westbourne, Sussex. December, 1909. Minimum tempera- ture, 20° on 21st. Minimum on grass, 15° on 21st. Frosty nights, 15. Mean maximum, 45T. Mean minimum, 34. Mean temperature, 396. Above average, *4. Maximum barometer, 30389 on 30th. Minimum barometer, 29-704 on 4th. L. B. BlRKETT. Rainfall, 508 in. Above average, 2 26 in. Heaviest fall, 1*27 in. on 21st. Ram fell on 25 days. Sunshine, 54'4 hours. Below average, 2T hours. Brightest day, 29th, 5 8 hours. Sunless days, 12. . Maximum tempera- ture, 53° on 2nd. DECEMBER RAINFALL. Total fall, 6.60 in. Above average, 2.72 in. Heaviest fall in 24 hours, 1.04 in. on 21st from snow. Rain fell on 27 days. W. Head, Brilley, Herefordshire. WEATHER REPORT for the year 1909. Westbourne, Sussex. Rainfall, 36 90 in. Above average,7-68in. Heaviest fall, 167 in. on Oct. 28. Rain fell on 1 88 days. Above average, 12 days. Sunshine, 1,851-9 hours. Above average, 17 "4 hours. Brightest days, May 19 and 30, 14;3 hours. Sunless days, 54. Below average, 6 days. Maximum tempera- ture, 82° on Aug. 12 and 13. Minimum tempera- ture, 11° on March 3. Minimum on grass, 7° on March 3. Frosty nights, 83. Above average, 12. Mean temperature. 476. Below average, 1"3. Maximum barometer, 30-706 on Jan. 4. Minimum barometer, 28704 on Dec. 4. L. B. BlRKETT. 1909. RAINFALL FOR Total fall, 32.44 in. Below average, 1.42 in. Rain fell on 193 days. W. Head, Brilley, Herefordshire. Jan. 20, 1910.] THE BRITISH SEE JOURNAL. 31 TRADE CATALOGUES RECEIVED. Mrs. Seadon (The S. J. Baldwin Apiary, Bromley). — Detailed catalogue of - bee-hives and appliances supplied by the old-established firm of S. J. Baldwin, whose successor is Mrs. Seadon. It in- cludes the " New Pattern Hive," with re- versible floorboard, which may be had separately with stand, making it adapt- able to any hive. The catalogue is greatly improved on previous issues by having a full list of up-to-date appliances included in it. Catalogue free on application. Arthur H. Wilkes (Four Oaks, Bir- mingham).— This is a list of novelties, the outcome of thought and patient experi- menting. They consist of the " ' Free-way ' Queen-Excluder " and several other ap- pliances made on the same principle. Amongst these is a frame-divider for en- suring a flat surface to combs in shallow frames, a queen and drone excluder sieve for driving, section separator, &c, all of which will no doubt be tried during the coming season. List on application. A. W. Gamage, Ltd. (Holborn, London, E.G.). — This is a new firm entering the lists, and the catalogue before us contains a full list of appliances for amateur and professional bee-keepers. The latest in- ventions are illustrated and described. Catalogue free by post. Notices to Correspondents. Jack (Cardiff). — Unsuccessful Bee-keep- ing.— It is possible that the want of success is due to improper management, for there is no reason why your father should not succeed with wooden hives, just as* hundreds of others have done. You do not say what wooden hives he uses, but from the fact that he has been advised to burn them we conclude that they are old, insalutary ones. If such be the case, it would account for the bees showing signs of deterioration and ultimately dying. Cleanliness and sanitary hives, together with proper management, are of the greatest im- portance. If you will state what sort of hives are used, and describe their condition, we may be able to advise you further, and there need be no occasion to return to straw hives if instructions in "Guide Book" are carefully carried out. C. W. (Shepperton). — Prevention of Swarming. — 1. The " Brice " appliance is fitted to the front of the hive, as shown in illustration, and also on pages 22 and 23 of "Guide Book." On the inside and at a level terminating the slope of excluder-zinc a floor is fixed, above which is a chamber the length of the hive-front, fitted with three frames with foundation. In the floor a passage is cut, to allow entrance of swarm into upper chamber (see "Guide Book," Fig. 9, page 22). When the swarm issues, then returns, and is retained, together with queen, in the receptacle prepared for it, the swarm should be removed and hived. On the other hand, if the swarm is not wanted, the hive is opened, queen-cells removed, and the swarm with the old queen aUowed to re-enter the hive. The main point in the appliance is securing the queen, and thus preventing the loss of swarm in the absence of the owner. 2. If the bees are in a healthy condition, there is no reason why they should not be strong enough to return to their hives. It may be that they are suffering from dysentery, or one of the other diseases "brice" swaem-catcher in use. described in " Guide Book," and which are usually attributable to bad food and fermentation caused by it. G. E. B. (Manchester).— Brood-rearing.-- 1. Your driven bees have evidently been rearing brood for some time, and are doing so now. The nymph thrown out has probably become chilled owing to contraction of the cluster during a cold spell. You should not have given the bees flour-candy at this time of the year, as it is too stimulating for them. They could get sufficient pollen for their requirements in the autumn, and should have had enough stored to. start breed- ing. 2. The reason why the bees go to the scullery drain for water is because it is warm. If you supply them with clean warm water they will take it. A 32 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jan. 20, 1910. suitable water-heater is illustrated on page- 137 of B.B.J, for 1909. Beginner (Nelson). — Dead Bees. — 1. The bees sent are mostly old ones, and ap- pear to have died of hunger. Probably the colony was not strong enough when you prepared it for winter, otherwise there is no reason why the bees should not have done well. 2. The best time to start is by the purchase of a swarm, as early in May as possible, from a hive which was known to have swarmed the previous season. 3. British bees will suit your district, and can be obtained from advertisers in the B.B.J, at the proper time. G. S. L. (Romford). — Beginning Bee- keeping.— 1. You should first get the " Guide Book " a-nd study it. In it you will find all that is required to enable you to manage bees and to become a suc- cessful bee-keeper. 2. The two hives of bees you have had given you should have been properly fed up in the autumn, and ought not to require feeding now. If there is any doubt about supply of pro- visions they should have a cake of candy placed over the frames on a fine day, disturbing the bees as little as possible. 3. It is quite right for bees to come out on a fine day in winter. A. B. (Herts).— Dead Bees.— Tim dead bees sent were wet and in a putrid con- dition, so it is impossible to diagnose them. If you can send a few live bees that you find crawling on the hives, we might be able to detect if anything is wrong with them. B. B. (Minster). — Making Thin Syrup. — If this is made according to instructions in " Guide Book," put into bottles, and well corked, it will keep until wanted. I. W. E, (Cobham).— Dead Bees.— The bees are clustered in the middle of the empty comb with their heads in the cells, showing that they have died from starva- tion. E. A. C. (Boscombe). — Honey Ferment- ing. — 1. Fermenting honey is not fit for use, and should not be given to bees. It may be improved by boiling, but the acidity cannot be eliminated. It can, however, be used for making vinegar. 2. The " Guide Book " will give all the information necessary for successful bee- keeping. 3. The district between Pen- zance and Land's End is very ex- posed, but if you can get shelter for the hives from the prevailing winds, there is no reason why bees should not succeed there. C. C; C. G. R.; J. E. S. (Cheltenham). — Source of Honey. — The honey you send has been gathered principally from clover, although there are other pollens present, such as lucerne, cucumber <*r melon, and malvastrum. All these may occur in English honey, and there is no distinctive pollen that would enable one to pronounce with certainty that the honey was foreign. It is frequently quite easy to distinguish foreign honey when it contains pollen in abundance from plants not grown in this country. The presumption, however, is that the sample is foreign, as the flavour differs from English clover honey, which also cannot be supplied at a profit at the price quoted, especially during such a season as the last. Prosecution would be useless, unless you can find out where the honey comes from, and can show it is not what it is represented to be. J. G. (Barnt Green). — Black and Yellow Bees in Same Hive. — We would suggest either that there may be two queens, or that a black queen had mated witb a yellow drone. There was time for the bees to rear a new queen, and for her to be fertilised after you had killed the old one. G. T. (Clitheroe). — Uncapping Combs. — They would be more satisfactory if cut level, otherwise you would have to put the frames in the position and order in which they were before. H. L. (Clyffe).— Bees Found Dead.— The bees appear to have died of starvation, but we should know something of the circumstances and condition of the stock to properly diagnose the case. A. Shaw (Lanes). — Suitable Locality for Bees.— Both Lancashire and Cheshire are good counties for bee-keeping, taking them as a whole; but the hon. secretary of the Lanes B.K.A., Mr. J. Bold, Almonds Green, West Derby, or Mr. R. Linnell, hon. secretary Cheshire B.K.A., Grosvenor Chambers, Chester, could inform you of the most suitable districts in their respective counties, if applied to. W. H. S. (Essex). — Board of Agriculture Appointment, — No appointment has, to our knowledge, been made by the Board of Agriculture for such a purpose. Your informant must have been mis- taken; we know the gentleman in question is studying the subject un- officially. Honey Sample. H. H. (Tunbridge Wells).— Sample is honey of very inferior quality. We should consider it not saleable, the flavour and aroma being very rank and unpleasant. Suspected Comb. Beedom (Peterboro'). — The comb is affected with black brood, and you did right in advising destruction of the combs, frames,^&c, and disinfection of hive. Thank you for your good wishes. Jan. 27, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOTjENAL. .31 Editorial, Notices, &c. PROMINENT BEE-KEEPERS. MR. W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Amongst bee-keepers who stand in the front rank in America is Mr. W. Z. Hutchinson, of Flint, Michigan, whose portrait we have much pleasure in pre- senting to our readers. Mr. Hutchinson was born in Orleans County, N.Y.', on February 17, 1851, and migrated with his family to Michigan. His natural bent was towards machinery, soon became interested in bees, read all he could about them, and visited bee- keepers to get more information. The introduction of woollen factories caused him to give up the spinning-wheel trade, and one day, when he had sold his last lot to a farmer sixteen miles away from home, he asked to be allowed to stay the night, as he saw a long row of brightly- painted hives with which he wished to become better acquainted. Mr. Clark Simpson, his host on this occasion, had an only daughter, who subsequently be- came the wife of Mr. Hutchinson. In 1877 he began bee-keeping with four colo- MR. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, EDITOR " BEE-KEEPER s' REVIEW.' and this he put to practical use by making a turning-lathe and beginning the manufacture of spinning wheels and reels, and peddling them out in the sur- rounding country. At eighteen years of age lie began teaching in school during the winter, and while doing so came across King's "Text Book," which opened his eyes respecting bee-keeping. He found the owner of the book had about fifty colonies of bees, which he asked to see, and for the first time made the acquaint- ance of a movable-comb hive. He very nies and a good theoretical knowledge of the business. By diligence and perse- verance he has been able to make a com- fortable living by the sale of comb honey. In 1887 he moved from Rogersville to Flint in Michigan, and in 1888 he started the Bee-keepers' Review, a journal edited with considerable ability, and which fills a place not previously occupied. Its distinctive features were, those of reviewing current apicultural litera- ture, and gathering together from every source the best that Avas known upon any 34 THE BEITISH BEE JOURNAL [Jan. 27, 1910. given apiculture,! subject, and endeavour- ing to advance bee-culture by increasing the prosperity of existing bee-keepers rather than by adding to their number. In 1887 Mr. Hutchinson published a small book on "The Production of Comb Honey," and in 1891 he brought out "Ad- vanced Bee-Culture," which has since then passed through several editions, and has been enlarged to 230 pages. When writing to him some time ago, we asked Mr. Hutchinson for a- few particulars about his life, and his reply is so charac- teristic that we give it as written. He says : — " Fifty-eight years ago I opened my eyes upon this world in Western New York. Four years later father, mother, and I migrated to Michigan, then mostly covered with magnificent forests. Father had to cut a road some distance through the woods to reach the log cabin that he had built. It was here that I grew to manhood, saw the forests recede and give place to cultivated fields, log-houses give place to> more comfortable modern homes, ox- teams supplanted by horses, and, still later, the iron horse was given a warm welcome. " Those were happy days — hunting, fish- ing, trapping, gathering wild nuts and berries, and attending district school. I think that the one thing lacking was reading matter; I often think if I could only have had a tithe of the flood of lite- rature that now pours into my doors what a blessing it. would have been. It was my ambition to at least graduate from a high school, but the district school, with a few months at the Flint high school, was the extent of my book education. Poor health, lack of means, and the need for my services at home prevented fur- ther schooling. It is possible that this lack of a liberal education has not les- sened my usefulness, but it has always been a matter of regret that I could not, by study at school, have perfected myself to a greater extent in the use of language. "As I approached manhood the choice of a profession or business caused much anxious thought. So many different things. — music, literature, and mechanics — all appealed to me that it was difficult to decide. I think now that it was the poetical or romantic side of bee-keeping that was the final factor in deciding me to adopt the profession that I have followed and loved nearly all my life. Thirty- eight years ago I decided that apiculture should be my life work ; and, while it is a profession in which few become wealthy, it has furnished me with a com- fortable living, and satisfied my hopes, desires, and ambitions. " As you perhaps know, more than half of my apicultural life has been spent as editor of the Ree-liee,per&' Review, in the publication of which my greatest de- sire is to be of real help, to bee-keepers, to aid them in making of bee-keeping a more safe, pleasant, and profitable pur- suit. As I understand it, bee-keeping in this country is conducted somewhat differently from what it is in yours. Here there is a tendency to make a speciality of the business, even to give up everything else, and engage in it exclusively. With the con- ditions that we have here it is possible to make a much greater financial success by engaging in the business exclusively, branching out and establishing out- apiaries, and even employing help in the busy season. A leading feature of the Review is to encourage and bring about the adoption of this style of bee-keeping. As you may know, a brother and myself have for several years been engaged in this kind of bee-keeping, one inducement for my taking it up being that we could thereby show by actual ex- ample what could be done in that line. " For all who are working for the good of bee-keepers I have the warmest feel- ings of friendship, and if you, brother Cowan, every cross this continent again, try to come my way and alloiv me the pleasure of grasping your hand. — Fra- ternally yours, W. Z. Hutchinson." Mr. Hutchinson has recently built him- self a pretty home, where he hopes to spend the evening of his life, and where we trust, surrounded by his family, he may long enjoy health and prosperity. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION The monthly meeting of the Council was held on Thursday, January 20, 1910, at 8, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, when Mr. W. F. Reid (Vice-Chairman) pre- sided. There were also present Miss M. Gay ton, Miss K. M. Hall, Mr. J. B. Lamb, Mr. C. L. M. Eales, Mr. T. Be van, Mr. A. G. Pugh, Mr. E. Walker, Mr. E. D. Till, Mr. G. H. Skevington, Mr. H. Jonas, Mr. O. R. Frankenstein. County representatives : Mrs. E. Chapman (Essex), Miss E. Scott-Walker (Bucks), Major A. W. Fair (Middlesex), Mr. F. B. White. Mr. W. E. Hamlin (Surrey), Mr. E. R. Stoneham, Mr. V. Eric Shaw (Crayford), Mr. G. Hayes (Notts), Mr. A. W. Salmon (Suffolk), and Mr. W. Herrod (acting secre- tary). Letters expressing regret at inability to attend were received from Mr. T. W. Cowan, Mr. R. T. Andrews, Colonel H. J. 0. Walker, Mr. A. Richards, Rev. H. R. N. Ellison, Mr. T. E. Hancox, Mr. J. P. Phillips. Dr. Elliott, Mr. F. H. Taylor, Mr. J. N. . Bold, and Mr. H. Edwards. Jan. 27, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 6b The minutes of the Council meeting held December 16, 1909, were read and con- firmed. The following new members were elected : Mr. A. Easton, Bankwood, Char- ing, Kent; Mr. Henry Brice, 88, .Brig- stock Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey; Mr. D. M. Macdonald, Schoolhouse, Morinsh, Ballindalloch, N.B. ; Mrs. Lawrence, Copyltborn House, Cadnam, Southamp- ton ; Mr. L. E. Snelgrove, " Rockville," Albert Quadrant, Weston-super-Mare. The report of the Finance Committee was presented by Mr. J. B. Lamb, who stated that owing to lack of books yet to be obtained it was impossible to check the accounts, and proposed that the Finance Committee hold a special meeting later to put the accounts in proper order, so that Mr. Herrod may have a clear start. This was agreed to. Cheques were drawn for £4 14s. 6d. for rent of 12, Hanover Square to December 31, 1909, and £20 for Mr. Herrod on account of expenses. The report of the sub-committee on office accommodation was presented by Mr. Eales. It was proposed by Mr. Hayes, seconded by Mr. Eales, and carried, that the Chairman's generous offer of temporary office accommodation at 8, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, be accepted, and that Council meetings and Conversaziones only be held at 11, Chandos Street, Caven- dish Square, W. It was moved by Mr. Lamb, seconded by Mr. Reid, that the Council desire to assure Mr. Cowan that they appreciate fully the innumerable acts of kindness which he has shown to the British Bee-keepers' Associa- tion, in the welfare of which he is known to be so deeply interested. Mr. W. Herrod having retired, the Coun- cil discussed the question of the appoint- ment of a Secretary in the place of Mr. E. H. Young, resigned. After letters had been read from Mr. Cowan, Dr. Elliott, Messrs. T. Ei, Hancox and J. Phillips, and the Honorary Treasurer and Secretary of the Lancashire Bee-keepers' Association, all advocating the appointment of Mr. W. Herrod, it was moved by Mr. J. B. Lamb, seconded by Mr. C. L. M. Eales, and re- solved unanimously : " That Mr. Wm. Herrod be appointed Secretary of the British tee-Keepers' Asso- ciation in place of Mr. E. H. Young, re- signed, at a salary of £60 a year, subject to the usual rule of three months' notice on either side, his present position of Ex- pert to the Association to be retained." Mr. Eales and Mr. Lamb were appointed a sub-committee to prepare the agreement to be signed by Mr. Herrod. Mr. Herrod attended the meeting, and was congratulated by the Chairman on his appointment as Secretary. In thank- ing the Council, Mr. Herrod assured them that he would do his very best for the Association, and that their confidence in him would not prove to have been mis- placed. Owing to the large amount of work in hand, it was resolved to leave the arrange- ment of the Insurance Scheme for 1910 to the next meeting. The question of sending out a leaflet, entitled " A Simple Explanation of the Proposal to Reorganise the British Bee- keepers' Association," and voting cards to individual bee-keepers was then fully dis- cussed, and it was resolved : " That whilst this Council appreciates Mr. Garcke's generous offer to send out a further circu- lar, we are of opinion that the resolution passed at our last meeting should be adhered to, and no fresh circular be dis- tributed at present." It was resolved to ask the Chairman to communicate with the bank, informing them that Mr. Herrod had been appointed Secretary to the Association. A letter was read from the Secretary of the Shire Horse Society agreeing to re- lieve the Association of all further liability for rent upon payment of same up to December 31, 1909. The next meeting of the Council will be held on February 17. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible tor the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. TALES FROM ARISTOTLE. [7729.] My acknowledgments to Mr. Green for the courteous references he makes to my last letter, and for his in- timation as to where I may find traces of a generation advanced in bee-culture. But no one expects instruction from the tales retold of the era When Music, heavenly maid, was young, While yet in early Greece she sung. They ante-date by 200 years the reign of Ptolemy and are only a record of the craft as it was at that particular period. I thought it might interest to turn back the pages of history for 2,000 years in order to peruse the " Grecian bee-keepers' guide book" of those days. Personally, too, I have experienced much pleasure in renew- ing my school-day acquaintance with my old Greek Lexicon. As to the fiction that the larvse bred in decaying flesh turn into bees, which Mr. Green alludes to, this is none of Aristotle's 36 THE BEITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jan. 27, 1910. yarns. Wise men of those days knew not how to account for the generation of bees. The correct solution of the enigma was impossible to them, because in their pride they had cut the ground from beneath their feet. Those large bees, they said, which we see the other bees follow, must be males. Who ever heard of a female capable of government ? Wherefore they called them " reges et duces," kings and leaders, PacriAot, and one complica- tion led to another. First, it is only too evident that the bee has a sting, and so has the " king," although seldom used. Now, as Aristotle quaintly words it : "Weapons for the exercise of bravery are given to no females" — proof positive that the bees and kings were males. He might have added that females were quite able to take care of themselves. Secondly, a further proof that both bees and drones were of the same sex was that, seeing the great number of both in one hive, the act of intercourse must have been frequently noticed, as in flies, if the contrary had been the case. Yet, arguing from the same premises, the drones, having no stings, might be females. But this, too, could not be, because the drones Were never noticed to feed the young and attend to them, which is the province of females. They collected no honey and were idle. 1 quote again from Aristotle : " The drones are lazy, and have no weapon by which they can struggle for food," and yet, having given the kings governing power, they add to it a parental power, for he goes on to say : " It is agreed among all bees to follow their king (for, unless it were so, they would lose all claim to be governed), and as they concede that k;ngs as parents' do no work, they chastise the drones as sons, for it is most just that sons should be chastised if they do no work." Now, having got into this delightful quandary, and having almost established the fact that the home exists without a mother, how is the difficulty to be sur- mounted ? For it is patent that there is brood in the hive in due season. Well, one theory is that of the fishes. Repeat- ing my previous remark that the fertilisa- tion and generation of fishes had never been studied sufficiently by the ancients, it was seriously propounded that fishes gene- rated within themselves their progeny, and they confirmed the possibility by re- ference to the vegetable kingdom, where male and female, they maintained, were; to be found in the same plant. But Aris- totle seems to have had his "doots," for be says if this is possible in bees, why not in other animals P They had also another theory, that the brood was brought from plants and flowers, especially the olives — "An abundance of olives is simultaneous with an abundance of swarms " are his words — but here again he is an agnostic. "If they are brought from there," he asks, " who put them there ? " But as I think I have trespassed enough on the Journal for the present, I must postpone the reply to this query until my next letter. — J. Smallwood, Hendon. THE SEASON OF 1909. BAD-TEMPERED BEES. [7730.] Owing to my being called away from England suddenly in September, I was unable to- finish the winter feeding of my hives. Two stocks developed dysen- tery. One I have cured by feeding on candy, and it is strong and healthy again ; the- other was too far gone. There are eight combs in this hive, partly full of sealed honey and partly of unsealed stores. I propose extracting to clear this latter out, spraying with No. 8 solution (page 197 of "Guide Book"), and using them in the spring when bees commence to fly freely. Is this safe, or would it be better to extract completely? I can find nothing! in "Guide Book," so seek your advice or page in book if I have over- looked it. [It would be quite safe if it is ordinary dysentery, but if of the virulent type it would be best to extract all the honey and disinfect the combs the way you suggest. — Ed.] The year 1909, as everywhere else, was not good in Twickenham, but I got some twenty sections from each of five hives. It was good, clear blossom honey. 1 ceased supering in July owing to bad weather. The bees have plenty of stores. I do not, however, trust to the quality after above experience with dysentery, and am feeding with soft candy. I am the son of your old correspondent Mr. Zehetmayr, and was his assistant in bee- keeping; from my tenth year, and my present hives are descendants of his original stocks. One has a half-bred queen (Italian-English), two are Italian queens, one an English black queen. The half-breeds are by far the best of my honey-gatherers, but brutes for stinging. The stock has been in existence for eight years, having been re-queened every second year from itself , the progeny of one queen being slightly more-yellow, and the next perhaps blacker, according, I sup- pose, to the drone. One thing is certain, the temper of the- hive has been bad from the time it was started1 with the half- breed. I am sure the drone was from a certain hive. This seems to be conclu- sive evidence of the temper of the bees coming from the queen, which was origin- ally black. Another curious fact is that it has from the beginning, and in spite of the changes of queens, shown a decided Jan. 27, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. tendency against swarming, although I treat all hives alike, and so long as they are not diseased I take the same measures against swarming with all of them. This hive has only swarmed twice in eight years, while the other hives have gene- rally managed to swarm once a year. I have had one bout with foul brood, and have been able to get rid of it; but I shall be very careful this spring, so that it may i.ot appear through my overlook- ing some piece of apparatus which may have escaped the boiling water and soda and the Calvert's No. 5, and where the germs may be lurking. — Walter Ed. Zehetmayr, Twickenham. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BEE-KEEPING. [7731.] In reply to Colonel Walker (page 16), I may say that the evidence regarding Egyptian apiculture is somewhat fragmentary, and no work on ancient Egypt deals largely with the subject. However,, it seems clear that the Egyptians were large con- sumers of honey, and that wax was much used. Egypt, not being a well-wooded coun- try, and its woods chiefly hard, would not be favourable for wild bees on a large scale. To show our methods are not modern, Varro, in the last century before Christ, advised that hives should be made cf wood, basket-work, &c, and that they should be eontractible to suit size of the swarm. He also recommends a pane of glass (la pes speculares), transparent stone, to enable the bee-keeper to see his bees at work. Now, if our worthy Editor could have found Varro's original writing and put it in B.B.J. . would anyone have detected that it was any- thing but a modern production? I ask. How far have we got beyond Varro r Practically we are beginning where he left off. How is it possible for a man to be writing about just the very things we are using ourselves, 2,000 years later, without bee-keeping at that time being in an advanced state if we ourselves are in that condition? Sallust recommends cork for hives. Why, if Sallust lived to- day he would probably be the best hive- maker in the world. (See "American Mechanics," by Knight.) If Colonel Walker will trace the observatory-hive to it® origin and then back again, he will find that every time it is seen in a new country, or even district, it is looked upon as being something new. Pepys. in his "Diary," refers in 1665 to a glass hive thus: "After dinner to Mr. Evelyn's, he being abroad, Ave walked in his garden, and a lovely noble ground he hath indeed, and among other rarities a hive of bees so as being hived in glass you may see the bees making their honey and combs mighty pleasantly." I am sorry I cannot remember names of books in which refer- ences have been made to ancient bee- keeping but the one alluded to by Knight. However, Varro's advice shows that our present methods are 2,000 years old — I mean our best methods, for no Egyptian would be silly enough to use the sulphur pit. — A. Green, Notts. [The hive described by Varro was a round or square horizontal one in which the front and back walls could slide in- side in such a way that they could be pushed forwards or backwards according to requirements. It was round if made of osiers, pottery, or cork, and square when made of fennel stalks. Similar hives are used to this day, and we have in this office a cork hive and one made of fennel stems, which we brought with us from Africa some years ago. These, however, are not observatory-hives, and could not be called such even if they had a pane of glass in them, as they do not carry out the principle of an observatory- hive such as we understand it. With our movable-comb hives, and observatory- hives where both sides of every comb can be seen, we have advanced con- siderably since the time of Varro. who wrote his " Rerum Rusticum Libri " in his eightieth year (37 b-c). The hive described by Pepys, and which was given to Evelyn by Dr. Wilkins, of Wadham College, was called by him a "trans- parent" apiary. From the description it is evident that such hives were simply boxes with glass in the sides, just such as were used until Hiiber introduced his leaf observatory-hive in 1789. There is no evidence in Varro's writings to show that he knew anything about our modern methods of bee-keeping, which have nothing in common with those of his time. — Ed.] FOUL-BROOD LEGISLATION. TO BE OR MOT TO BE'e? [7732.] From time to time we hear a buzz from those who desire official inter- ference with our industry by means of foul-brood legislation. After keeping bees all my life, I should consider the question of giving them up if it came about. I am quite aware of all the arguments set forth, and I also know from experience that too much is made of them. Sometime ago a vote was taken, with the result that the weight of the craft was strongly against these protectionists. It is true that the majority of bee-keepers voted for it, but the minority had by far the larger number of stocks. I have noted that bee-keepers with one or two stocks, and perhaps only one season's bee-keeping experience, tried to dictate to those with large apiaries, who were experienced 38 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jan. 27, 1910. hands; in thei craft. Let them seriously consider •what they wish to do. I strongly advocate the liberty of the subject, and will not be told how I am to keep my bees. I hear privately from Canada, where they have legislation, that foul brood is as rampant as ever. Ireland is also giving it a trial, and South Africa is arming herself with the powers to in- flict severe penalties on poor erring bee- keepers; therefore let us see if they can keep clear of disease. As a lover of bees. I would do anything for their welfare. I have, and intend, to go out of my way to help bee-keepers, therefore I again appeal to them to consider well before wo encumber ourselves with what we may regret. Like politics, there are two sides to this question, and our worthy Editor is always ready to allow free expression of the opinions of B.B.J, readers. I would suggest the strengthening of the B.B.K.A., which could do all we require without any outside interference. I have stocks here, and have lately again become interested in an apiary in England, so have been tempted to write this in what I consider to be the best interests of the craft, and wish all a right good season. — Thos. J. Horsley, Merridale, Douglas. ABNORMAL CONDITION OF STOCK. [7733.] Last October I was asked to go to a house in this neighbourhood to examine the bees, take surplus honey, and put them right for the winter. The very first hive I opened presented what seemed to me a problem. It had been super ed, but the supers were untouched ; when I had removed these and the excluder and ex- amined the frames below, I found the bees very strong and very healthy, but they had not stored one atom of honey. The bees were far too strong for any sug- gestion of robbing; they had a young queen, and were apparently in perfectly good order in every respect. The weather was at the time very fine for the season of year, which perhaps accounted for their being alive but without apparent means of subsistence. I may add that the other five hives were in every way normal. This stock had been in its pre- sent position some eighteen months cr two years, and, like its neighbours, con- sists of a well-known strain of hybrids. — H. G. Stanley, Cardiff. BEE-KEEPING IN MINNESOTA. [7734.] Bee-keeping in the United States generally is both a business and a pastime. While a few apiarists give great - attention to their bees, there are many who almost leave them to take care of themselves. In the Northern States nearly all the stocks are wintered in cellars, though a few bee-keepers use chaff and double-walled hives. Minnesota has long cold winters and usually a short working season; but still there are some' three thousand bee-keepers in the State. White clover, basswood, maple, fruit bushes and trees, and some buckwheat are the chief sources of honey- supply, while alfalfa is being introduced in some parts, which will greatly enlarge the pasturage for bees. The Minnesota State Bee-keeping Society holds an annual meeting, at which papers are read and questions asked and answered. It is intended to be especially helpful to the younger bee- keepers. The last meeting of this society was held in Minneapolis on Decem- ber 8 and 9 last, when 6ome sixty mem- bers were present. Mr. H. V. Poor, State Inspector of Apiaries, gave an ad- dress upon " The Curse and Cure of Foul Brood." This was followed by many questions and an earnest discussion. Some time was also spent considering the best methods of wintering bees, with the general consensus of opinion that for this latitude a cellar that is dry, well ventilated, and kept at a temperature of 40' deg. to 45 deg. Fahr. is the Best place to winter them in. Closely allied to this discussion was the subject of winter stores or the best method of autumn feeding. From the opinions expressed, granulated cane sugar — two parts to one part water — seems to produce a satisfactory food, to be fed rapidly before the weather becomes very cold. Mr. C. F. Greening, of Grand Meadow, Minn., told how he had practically eliminated natural swarming, and how he secured over 1,200 lb. of extracted honey from nine colonies. He> illustrated his address with a miniature hive. He uses a brood-chamber similar in size to that used in the ten-frame "Langstroth" hive. The frames in supers are about half as deep. He is careful to send his colonies into winter quarters in strong condition, and in the spring he stimulates brood- raising by giving frames of honey un- capped, so that by the time of the honey- flow he will have a very strong colony ready to gather it. If there' is any sign of swarming he adds more supers, and keeps the bees gathering honey. Besides this meeting there is an annual exhibit and demonstration of bee- keepers' supplies, honey, and bees at the Minnesota State Fair. This affords the manufacturers an opportunity to exhibit their goods, and the bee-keeper his bees and the finished product, honey. Many thousand people see these ex- hibits, and become more interested, so that they return home either to begin bee-keeping or to take better care of the few colonies they already have. Exhibits of bees are also shown at some Jan. 27, 1910] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. ■39 of the county fairs in different parts of Minnesota. Last September I made the first exhibit in this county, which took the form of a one-frame observatory-hire, and many people saw a queen-bee for the first time. I also exhibited a modern bar- frame hive. Many questions were asked, and I secured the names of a great many people in this county who keep bees. Thus those who are interested try to help each other and to interest others, and there grows up a very fraternal spirit among bee-keepers. — E. Ewell, Waseca, Minn., U.S.A. AMERICAN AND COLONIAL PAPERS. EXTRACTS AND C0MMENT8. By T). M, Macdonald, Banff. Glass Quilts. — " Sheets of glass just the size of the top of the hive are embedded in putty to make an hermetic sealing. Over this is placed a tray of planer shavings. Moisture is never seen directly over the cluster, if it can be seen at all. Bees are always nice, warm, and dry." This seems to run counter to one's preconceived notions. A good deal was written in our Journal some years ago on this subject, and all the opinions coincided with the above. Flouring Queens. — Messrs. Root's opera- tor gives the following in Gleanings: — "I took the virgins one by one, put them in a tin half full of flour, and shut tnem in. Being active, they flew around, and in less than a minute they were so com- pletely covered with flour that they could not fly. While in this condition I picked them up on the end of a small twig, and ran them in at the entrance. Forty vir- gins were thus treated, and about 75 per cent, of them successfully introduced. At the same time three laying queens were introduced safely to full colonies by the same plan." Comb-building in Super. — Recently I advised a trial of this plan, and stated that fine combs could be thus obtained. I notice another contributor says: — "' Full sheets should never be drawn out in the brood-chamber under any circum- stances, as the super is the place for comb- building, and the only time to build comb is during a full honey-flow." Bearing Queens. — In the Bcvieir Mr. M. A. Gill, a 1,200-hive man, votes for buying, and not rearing, queens. " I am convinced when I did so that I lost both honey and money, and I have concluded, after years of experience with btiying queens in a wholesale way, that it pays me to buy queens liberally to replace superannuated ones." Mistakes. — Mr. Hutchinson in review- ing his past concludes that amongst his only mistakes were : Going into queen- rearing instead of honey-production, not beginning early enough to keep more bees, and losing bees in winter through ignor- ance and neglect. He gives as a frontis- piece an illustration of a new house he has built from his bee-profits. Bulk Comb-honey. — This form of sur- plus, known in the States as " chunk "- honey, seems to be making considerable headway. Lotiis Scholl, Texas, advocates its use strenuously, and prophesies that over a wide area it will be the favourite form ere long. " It is the simplest, most satisfactory, surest, and most economical way to produce comb-honey." Mr. Root advises a modified form of this output in the shape of "individual services of comb- honey for use in hotels, dining-cars, and restaurants." Both forms will receive further attention at an early date. No Acid. — At the Ontario Convention ''different speakers called attention to the fact that they were supplying firms with wax for use in the arts, and that the special proviso was that it must be guar- anteed that no sulphuric acid had been used in rendering it." One bee-keeper condemned the use of nitric acid, " be- cause, although it made the wax look beautiful, yet it was impossible to make it into foundation after the treatment." Its use is recommended in this country when rendering very old combs, but J have in the past dissuaded bee-keepers from the practice, unless when absolutely necessary. A Sting Cure. — "A few drops of coal oil applied to the part of the body stung will, in most cases, completely cure and remove all bad feelings in a short time, and also the swelling." Improper Winter Protection. — Pro- fessor Surface in Canadian B.J. gives the following causes for winter losses: — "If the hives be poor and loose, or too large for the number of bees they contain, or if the walls be thin so that the heat will readily escape and the cold penetrate, or if the hives stand in exposed places, or foolishly be opened after the bees become quiet, or if the bees be improperly protected from cold, or if they are not prepared for wintering at the* proper time and season, they are liable to suffer considerably, or even die out." The National.— The last balloting for officers has had a strange result. Every single officer — president, vice-president, secretary, and directors — is new but one, General Manager France alone being re- tained. By the way, could not the B.B.K.A. take a hint from the following? These officers reside in parts of the United States so far apart as Texas, Chicago, New York, Dakota, &c. If this can be done with such immense distances be- 40 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jan. 27, 1910. tween, why should not even Scotland have representatives on the Council of the British B.K.A.? A "Model" Foul Brood Bdl.—I feel -confident that one of the very first acts of the rejuvenated Central Association will be to work. strenuously, with a united national body of bee-keepers behind it, for the suppression of bee-diseases all over our island, Glcaninys (on pages 782-3-4) publishes a model Bill drawn up by Dr. Phillips, which was to be presented at the various State General Assemblies con- vened during this month. More will be heard of this draft Bill, and perhaps our Editor will print it in extenso when it passes through the winnowing and sifting of the Assemblies. THE LONG NIGHT IN THE HIVE. BY TICKNER EDWAEDES. There are few things more mystifying to the student of bee-life than the way in which winter is passed in the hive. Prob- ably nineteen out of every twenty people who take a merely theoretical interest in the subject entertain no doubt on the matter. Bees hibernate, they will tell you — pass the winter in a state of torpor, just as many other insects, reptiles, and animals have been proved to do. And, though the truth forces itself upon scien- tific investigators that there is no such thing as hibernation, in the accepted sense of the word, among hive-bees, the per- plexing part of the whole question is that, as far as modern observers understand it, the honey-bee ought to hibernate, even if, as a matter of fact, she does not. For consider what a world of trouble would be saved if, at the coming of winter, the worker-bees merely got together in a compact cluster in their warm nook, with the queen in their midst ; and thencefor- ward slept the long cold months away, until the hot March sun struck into them with- the tidings that the willows — first caterers for the year's winged myriads — were in golden flower once more ; and there was nothing to do but rouse, and take their fill. It would revolutionise the whole aspect of bee-life, and, to all ap- pearances, vastly for the better. There would be no more need to labour through the summer days, laying up winter stores. Life could become for the honey-bee what it is to most other insects- — merry and lei- surely. There would be time for dancing in the sunbeams, and long siestas under rose- leaves ; and it would be enough if each little worker took home an occasional full honey-sac or two for the babies, in- stead of wearing out nerve and body in all that desperate toiling to and fro. Yet, for some inscrutable reason, the honey-bee elects to keep awake — uselessly awake, it seems — throughout the four months or so during which outdoor work is impossible; and to this apparently un- desirable, unprofitable end she sacrifices all that makes such a life as hers worth the living from a human point of view. You can, however, seldom look at wild Nature's ways from the human stand- point without danger of postulating too much, or, worse still, leaving some vital, thoitgh invisible, thing out of the argu- ment. And this latter, on a little farther consideration, proves to be what "we are now doing. Prolonged study of hive-life in winter will reveal one hitherto unsus- pected fact. At thjs time, far from set- tling down into a lire of sleepy inactivity, the queen-bee seems to develop a restless- ness and impatience not to be observed in her at any other season. It is clear that the workers would lie quiet enough if they had only themselves to consider. They collect in a dense mass between the central combs of the hive, the outer members of the company just keeping in touch with the nearest honey-cells. These cells are broached by the furthermost bees, and the food is distributed from tongue to tongue. As the nearest store-cells are emptied, the whole concourse moves on, the compacted crowd of bees thus journey- ing over the comb at a pace which is steady yet inconceivably slow. But this policy seems in no way to com- mend itself to the queen. Whenever you look into the hive, even on the coldest winter's day, she is generally alert and stirring, keeping the worker-bees about her in a constant state of wakefulness and care. Though she has long since ceased to lay, she is always prying about the comb, looking apparently for empty cells wherein to lay eggs, after her summer habit. Night or day, she seems always in this unresting state of mind, and the work of getting their queen through the winter season is evidently a continual source of worry to the members of the colony. Alto- gether, the most logical inference to be drawn from any prolonged and careful investigation of hive-life in winter is that the queen-bee herself is the main obstacle to any system of hibernation being adopted in the hive. This lying-by for the cold weather, however desirable and practicable it may be for the great army of workers, is obviously dead against the natural instincts of the queen. And since, being awake, she must be incessantly watched and fed and cared for, it follows that the whole colony must Make with her, or at least as many as are necessary to keep her nourished and preserved from Jan. 27, 1910'.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 41 harnl. Those, however, who are familiar with the resourceful nature of the honey-bee might expect her to effect an ingenious compromise in these as in all other cir- cumstances; and the facts seem to point to such a compromise. It is not easy to be sure of anything when watching the winter cluster in a hive, for the bees lie so close that inspection becomes at times almost futile. But one thing at least is certain. The brood-combs between which the cluster forms are not merely covered by bees. Into every cell in the comb some "bee has crept, head first, and lies there quite motionless. This attitude is also common at other times of the year, and there is little doubt that the tired worker- bees do rest, and probably sleep, thus, whenever an empty cell is available. But now. almost the entire range of brood-cells is filled with resting bees, like sailors asleep in the bunks of a forecastle; and it is not unreasonable to suppose that each unit in the cluster alternately watches with the queen, or takes her "watch below" in the comb-cells. That there should be in this matter of wintering so sharp a divergence between the instincts of the queen- mother and her children is in no way surprising when we recollect how entirely they differ on almost all other points. How this fundamental difference has come about in the course of ages of bee-life is too long a story for these columns ; but the fact is pretty generally admitted that, while the little worker-bee is a creature specially evolved to suit a unique environ- ment, the mother-bee remains practically identical with the mother-bees of untold ages back. She retains many of the instincts of the race as it existed under tropic conditions, when there was no alternation of hot and cold seasons; and hence her complete inability to under- stand, and consequent rebellion against, the needs of modern times. Whether the worker-bees will ever teach her to conform to the changed conditions is an interesting problem. We know how they have "improved" life in the hive — how a matriarchal system of government has been established there, the duty of motherhood relegated to one in the thirty thousand or so, and how the males are suffered to live only so long as their pro- creative powers are useful to the com- munity, 'it is little likely that the omni- potent worker-bee will stop here. Fail- ing the eventual production of a queen- bee who can be put to sleep for the win- ter, they may devise means of getting rid of her in the same way as they disburden themselves of the drones. In some future age the mother-bee may be ruthlessly slaughtered at the end of each season, another queen being raised when breed- ing-time again comes round. Then, no doubt, honey-bees would hibernate, as do so many other creatures of the wilds; and the necessity for all that frantic labour throughout the summer days be obviated. This is by no means so fantastic a notion as it appears. Ingenious as is the worker-bee, there is one thing that the mere man-scientist of to-day could teach her. At present, her system of queen- production is to construct a very large cell, four or five times as large as that in which the common worker is raised. Into this cell, at an early stage in its construc- tion, the old queen is induced to deposit an egg; or the workers themselves may furnish it with an egg previously laid elsewhere ; or again — as sometimes hap- pens— the large cell may be erected over the site of an ordinary worker-cell already containing a fertile ovum. This egg in no way differs from that producing the common, undersized, sex - atrophied worker-bee; but by dint of super-feeding on a specially rich diet, and unlimited space wherein to develop, the young grub eventually grows into a queen-bee, with all the queen's extraordinary attributes. A queen may be, and often is, raised by the workers from a grub instead of an egg. The grub is enclosed in, or possibly in some cases transferred to, the queen- cell; and, providing it is not more than three days old, this grub will also become a fully-developed queen-bee. But, thus far in the history of bee-life, it has been impossible for a hive to re- queen itself unless a newly-laid egg, or very young larva, has been available for the purpose. Hibernation without a queen is, therefore, in the present stage of honey-bee wisdom, unattainable, be- cause there would be neither egg nor grub to work from in the spring, when another queen-mother was needed, and the stock must inevitably perish. Here, however, the scientific bee-master could give his colonies an invaluable hint, though greatly to his own disadvantage. In the ordinary heat of the brood^chamber an egg takes about three clays to hatch, but it has been ascertained that a sudden fall in temperature will often delay this pro- cess. The germ of life in all eggs is notoriously hardy; and it is conceivable that by a system of cold storage, as care- fully studied and ingeniously regulated as are most other affairs of the hive, the bees might succeed in preserving eggs throughout the winter in a state of sus- pended, but not irresuscitablo, life. And if ever the honey-bee, in some future age, discovers this possibility, she will infalli- bly become a true hibernating insect, and join the ranks of the summer loiterers and merry-makers. But the bee-master will get no more honey.— Pall Mall Gazette1. 42 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Jan. 27, 1910. Queries and Replies. [3988.] Lecturing in Canada. — I am an old English country bee-keeper, and have settled out here in British Columbia. I find the American sys- tem of bee-keeping is the only one practised, and having learnt all there is to be known about it, I keep my opinion that it is not to be compared with our British method of manipulation. We enjoy very long summers here andi the climate is favourable for bees, but there does not seem to be anyone except novices in the bee-business, and some have' been very successful, so I have no fear of my results. I am an all-Britisher if possible, and shall push the old country appliances as soon as I can fix up my depot and get a good home firm to represent. By pro- fession I am a watchmaker, but out here things are not so finely defined, and it is not unusual to change one's trade. What books would1 you recommend to one who intends to make bees a leading line as a lecturer, for instance?— E. C. Appleby, Victoria, B.C. Reply. — As you already have the "Guide Book," other suitable works for study would be " The ABC and X Y Z of Bee-Culture," published by A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio; "The Honey- Bee," 2s. 6d., by T. W. Cowan; and '*Wax Craft," by T. W. Cowan, 2s. Write to Messrs. Root for list of Ameri- can works if you intend to lecture on American and British bee-keeping. Notices to Correspondents. W. F. T. (Rugby).— Moving Skep.—l. If you move your skep in a pony trap you will not require the carrier shown on page 117 of "Guide Book," and the bees may be simply secured in hive by means of the coarse net or cheese-cloth, and the skep carried in an inverted position. You can move it now on a fine day when the bees are able to have a flight on their release. 2. Yes. 3. , Yes, if you place them so that the skep is steady. 4. The only way, if you want to keep the skep as a stock, is to allow it to swarm. As you do not wish to do this you should transfer in the way shown on page 150, and as you are a novice at bee-keeping we would advise you to adopt this plan. You cannot transfer the bees and keep the stock as well with advantage. 5. The foundation with oell-basesi shaped as you show them is faulty, and the bees could not construct normal worker-comb from it. It is pos- sible that the foundation had stretched and lengthened the impressions. 6. No; paint gives a better body, and dries quicker and harder. J. C. A. (Grangemouth). — Dead Bees. — The bees were much too decomposed to show if they had died from disease. In order to detect disease living specimens should be sent. G. M. A. (Bardon Mill). — Plants for Shade. — As a shrub the snowberry (Sym- phoricarpus racemosus) would be useful for bees. The following perennials will also do in the shade : Anchusa, cam- panulas, Gorydalis lutea, myosotis, Ne- peta mussinii, primroses; and of bulbs the crocus would be the most useful. All these can be obtained of nursery- men or from Messrs. Barr and Sons, King Street, Covent Garden, London. M. G. B. (Maybury). — Loss of Stock. — 1. There seem to have been too few bees to keep up the warmth of the hive, and they have consequently died of cold and starvation. The combs show that the hive has been invaded by robbers. 2. No doubt the queen was doing her oest to increase the population, and the stimulation of the candy had induced her to do so. 3. Mr. F. B. White, Mar- den House, Redhill, is the secretary of the Surrey B.K.A. 4. Burn the frames and melt the combs and thoroughly dis- infect hives (see page 429 of B.B.J, for October 28, 1909). , 5. Your Wyandottes seem very discriminating if they are able to pick out the healthy from the diseased bees. A. B. W. (Worth).— Loss of. Stock.— Then® is nothing the matter with the bees to account for their dying, and the prob- ability is that there were not enough of them to keep up the heat of the cluster. The candy is in a very liquid and messy condition from the damp, and the bees seem saturated with the liquid. You do not say how it is that the bees, wax particles, and cork dust are all mixed up with the candy. The comb contains • a little sealed honey at the top and a small cluster of bees, some being head downwards, which shows that they have died from starvation, not being able to reach their food. The bees have also gnawed away the comb in the hope of getting at some stores. There is no reason why the combs should not be used again, except those containing dead brood, which should be destroyed. P. O. (Lanarkshire). — The comb is badly affected with virulent foul brood. You would most likely infect your other hives if you used the honey for feeding the bees, as it is very difficult to destroy the germs even by boiling, which would have to be for three hours to make sure of killing them. In doing this the honey may be burned, and would also in this way become injurious. Feb. 3, 1910.] THE BEITISH BEE JOTjENAL. 43 Editorial, Notices, &c. REVIEWS OF FOREIGN BEE- JOURNALS. By "Nemo." Exhibiting at Shows. — M. U. Gubler, the president of the Societe Romande d' Api- culture, gives good advice in the society's journal in recommending bee-keepers to exhibit at the Swiss Agricultural Show to be held in Lausanne in September next, when he hopes the bee-society will be well represented. He says the juries have frequently been ashamed at the poor show made by bee-keepers, in contrast with the fine exhibits of other industries. He says : '"One hears it frequently said, 'What is the good of showing? It brings in nothing, and there is all the trouble and the expense,' and it is generally these who afterwards complain that they cannot sell their honey. But he who nowadays wishes to sell must do some advertising, and the best advertisement is showing the public th« beauty and goodness of our products. Moreover, we are not simply ' grocers ' seeking profit : the ideal bee- keeper aspires to something more noble, for he has the credit of his society at heart, and will do his best to have it properly represented." Sophora Japonica. — E. van Hay, in re- commending this tree in Bucher Beige, says he prefers it to all others for bees. It is a magnificent tree, and can attain a height of from 40 ft. to 50 ft. It belongs to the order Leguminosse, and produces Avhitish or cream-coloured terminal panicles1 of flowers in August and Sep- tember. As a nectar-producing plant it is much visited by bees, the honey being yellow and of a particular flavour. It should be planted! along the sides of roads, and yields an abundant harvest at a time when honey-plants are becoming scarce. This tree is not fastidious as to soil, and will grow in damp places as well as in very dry ones, but it is difficult to transplant and is sometimes several years before it recovers from the shock, and does so only then after losing many of its branches, which die off. In moving, it should be well pruned and few of the branches left. Once established, it grows vigorously and makes strong shoots. It can also be grown as a shrub, but does not produce so many flowers when grown in this way. The variety pendula is very fine, and quickly forms a large head. In this country it is known as the Chinese or Japanese pagoda-tree, and is perfectly hardy. Fatal Bee-stings. — Dr. Zander mentions in Miinchencr Bienenzeitung a fatal case resulting from bee-stings. He says re- cently a gardener at Erlangen brought him in the course of a few days half a dozen ducldings that had< died five minutes after being stung on their bills. In examining them he found, in fact, that there was a sting in the bill of each duck- ling. Notwithstanding this evidence, Dr. Zander did not like to impute their death to this cause, therefore asked the man to sell him one of his geese for experiment, so that he could study the effect of the poison in his laboratory. The residt was astonishing, for immediately after being stung on the bill the goose dropped back as if paralysed and breathed with diffi- culty, and in ten minutes could no longer stand, but stretched out on its side and finally expired in four hours. It is thus evident that these birds are very sen- sitive to the stings of bees, and care should be taken to keep them away from the proximity of hives. CUMBERLAND B.K.A. The annual meeting of the above asso- ciation was held at the Courts, Carlisle, on Saturday, January 29. Unfortunately, the county was practically snowed up, and consequently a large number of mem- bers were prevented from attending. There were present the Rev. B. G. R. Hale (in the chair), Mrs. Avery, Messrs. Thomas Aird, Carlisle; Douglas Bouch, Aspatria; J. J. Grieve, Blackford; Geo. Ismay, Flefcchertown ; James Lunnin, The Abbey ; A. W. Rollo, Blackford; John Steel, Blackford; T. Redpath, Brayton; and G. W. Avery, lion, secretary and treasurer. Apologies for absence were read from the Rev. Canon Rawnsley, the Rev. Geo. Jones, the Rev. D. R. Jones, Messrs. Joseph Bewley, James Thompson, John Hetherington, A. J. Hutchinson, and John Vicars. The minutes of the last annual meeting were read and confirmed. The report and balance-sheet for 1909 were presented by. the Hon. Secretary. The report stated that the season of 1909 had been disas- trous, and the worst since the association began its work in 1901. As a result the expenditure had exceeded the income by £48. Mr. Avery announced that he had received a cheque before coming to the meeting for £10 towards paying off this deficit. The report and balance-sheet Ave re passed. Lord Muncaster was again re-elected president. The vice-presidents were also re-elected as in 1909. Mr. G. W. Avery was again appointed hon. secretary and treasurer. Mr. A. B. Bell having resigned on leaving Carlisle, his place was filled by. the election of Mr. John B. Millican,, Car- lisle and Cumberland Bank, to the office of 44 THE BEITISH BEE JOURNAL [Feb. 3, 1910. hon. auditor, a hearty vote of thanks being passed to Mr. Bell on his retire- ment. The local hon. secretaries were re- inforced by the addition to the list of the Rev. Sydney Swann, Miss M. Bird, Messrs. J. W. Nelson, Alfred Sutton, W. A. Bennet, James Lunnin, John Steel, and William Thompson. The execu- tive council had the following new members elected: Miss M. Bird, Messrs. Alfred Sutton, William Thompson, John Steel, and James Lunnin. The annual meeting in 1911 was fixed to take place at Egremont. One of the items on the agenda was the scheme for the reconstruction of the B.B.K.A., a copy of which had been sent to each member with the notice convening the meeting. Great interest in this was taken by those present, and after the scheme had been read over by the secre- tary a prolonged discussion took place, and ultimately Mr. Steel proposed the fol- lowing resolution, which was unanimously carried : " That this annual, meeting of the C.B.K.A. considers the proposed scheme for the reconstruction of the parent asso- ciation to be unworkable, and its provi- sions for the representation of a county so far from London as Cumberland in- adequate; also that the financial part of the scheme would entail a greater drain on the income of the association than we are prepared to risk, having due regard to the problematic nature of the advantages to be derived from its adoption." The meeting afterwards discussedi the question of foul-brood legislation, and the Hon. Secretary stated that nearly 600 bee-keepers in Cumberland and West- morland had sent in their names in favour of compulsory powers. Both county councils had also sent a request to the Board of Agriculture for the introduction of a Foul Brood Bill, and twelve out of fifteen local Parliamentary candidates had declared themselves in favour of a Bill being passed. After discussion it was resolved that the following resolution be forwarded to the B.B.K.A., proposed by Mr. Aird and seconded by Mr. Steel: "That this meet- ing of members of the Cumberland Bee- keepers' Association is unanimously in favour of the provisions of the Foul Brood Act now in force in Ireland being, with suitable modifications, extended to this country, and respectfully requests tne Council of the B.B.K.A. to approach the Board of Agriculture, urging them to in- troduce the legislation required at the earliest possible moment." Votes of thanks to Mr. C. C. Hodgson, for kindly allowing the use of one of the committee-rooms at the Courts, and to the chairman, brought a successful three hours' meeting to a close. — G. W. Avery, Hon. Secretary and Treasurer. WORCESTERSHIRE B.K.A. ANNUAL MEETING. The annual general meeting was held in the Trinity Hall, Church House, Worces- ter, on Saturday, January 22. Mr. G. F. Hooper was in the chair, and there were nearly forty members present, including a good many ladies. The report of the committee stated' that the past season was a disappointing one in most apiaries. Rainy weather reduced the quantity, and honey-dew damaged tne quality of much of the honey. There were now 230 members on the rolls, more than in any year since 1885. The asso- ciation library, which has been enlarged since the last meeting, had been much used by the members. The Treasurer's statement of accounts, showing a greater expenditure than in- come, gave rise to a good deal of discus- sion. The Rev. Canon Coventry was re-elected president, and the vice-presidents were re- appointed, with the addition of Mr. Stanley Baldwin, M.P. The officers were all re-elected, and Mr. Knight Coutts's name was added to the committee. At this point the president entered, and stated that he had just left a meeting of a committee of the county council, which had decided to grant the association £60 for the purposes of instruction in bee- keeping. This announcement was received with great applause. Mr. Coutts expressed his views on the report of the special committee of the B.B.K.A. ; but there was no time left for discussion. After an adjournment for tea in the Guesten Hall, Mr. W. Herrod gave a very instructive lecture on the difficulties met in bee-keeping. The audience had now in- creased to about sixty, and included' the Mayor and Mayoress of Worcester. Hardly any difficulty was left untouched by the lecturer, excepting those connected with diseases, into which there was not time to go. The excellent photographic slides illustrated his remedies and methods so clearly that the most experienced bee- keepers present must have learnt much that was new and useful. On the motion of the Rev. P. S. Ward, a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Herrod was passed. — John P. Phillips, Hon. Secretary. AMONG THE BEES. BY D. M. MACDONALD, BANFF. FACTS WORTH KNOWING. Preserving Sections. — Place sections in an ordinary biscuit-tin as soon as they are taken from the hive. Gum a strip of paper round the lid- to exclude the air, Feb. 3,1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 45 and the honey will keep good for over a year without showing any signs of granu- lation. Keep the tin in a kitchen cup- board near the fire. A Cheap Embedder.- — Take an ordinary bradawl of a fair size, file away a V-cut groove in the point, or take a large pack- ing needle bent slightly at the point and cut a groove at the bent part, and you have a cheap but effective embedder. If heated slightly before being run along the wire it works effectively. Night-work for the Bees. — In the early days of June, earlier South, bees are eager to do some comb-building, and this is an excellent opportunity for getting faulty or mutilated combs repaired. With a slight flow on, bees seem to have a desire for work of this kind after their day's labours in the fields have been concluded. A Gum for Labels. — Take the white of an egg and beat it into a froth, allow this to settle, and with a camel-hair brush apply the gum to the back of the label, then press it on the glass with a clean cloth. It sticks on the glass well, and re- sists damp. Curing Foxd Brood.— The disease was known to, and described by, Schirach as long ago as 1769. his system of cure reads very like one of the most modern plans for getting rid of the pest. He shook the bees off the combs, gave them a clean hive, and made them build new combs. Driving Bees. — When turning up the skep, after giving a few puffs of smoke at the entrance and one or two smart raps on the hive sides, cover the mouth with a cloth on which have been sprinkled a few drops of carbolic acid. Leave this on until both skeps have been put in oroer for driving, and then uncover part of the combs next to the junction, when the bees will at once begin to ascend, and con- tinue to do so with very little driving. Fuel for Smokers. — Take any ordinary brown paper, cut it up into rolls to suit your smoker. Dissolve about a teaspoon- ful of saltpetre in a pint of water, steep the paper in this, and dry it in the sun on a fine day. If it burns too quickly, roll up alternate layers of this and com- mon paper, and it will prove all right. No fear of the smoker going out at a critical moment. Preserves. — Honey can be used in the making of these, and the substitute greatly improves the quality of the pre- serves, and adds to their keeping powers. As a substitute for sugar in tea, coffee, &c, honey is very strongly recommended. Place to Keep Honey. — Where salt will keep without absorbing moisture from the air and getting damper, there comb-honey will keep without showing signs of dete- rioration. Weeping honey soon turns sour and unpalatable. Weights and Measures. — In dealing with apicultural matters all weights are avoir- dupois, 16 oz. to the lb. ; and liquids are the ordinary fluid measure, 20 oz. to one pint. Naphthol beta can be purchased in marked bottles showing the quantity re- quired to be used. The Standard Frame. — The dimensions are as follows : Total length of top bar 17 in., bottom bar 14 in.; thickness of top bar § in. ; outside depth 8| in. Comb space: length 13i in., depth 8 in. (say 7| in.). This gives \ in. at sides, and \ in. below frames to floor. The shallow frame for extracting is similar in dimen- sions but that the depth is 3 in. less. Consanguinity . — Drone and worker eggs are laid by the same queen during May. Their relationship is only half brother and sister. The drone matured from the one egg is the son of the queen only, and has no father. The worker reared from the other egg is the product not only of the queen, but also of her drone consort. Apis Mellifica. — The position of our hive-bee in the animal kingdom is as fol- lows : Class, Insecta ; order, Hymenop- tera ; family, Apidse ; genus, Apis ; spe- cies, Mellifica ; and the most common varieties are blacks, Italians, and Car- niolans. Three minor varieties are Cyprians, Holy Landers, and Caucasians. Metamorphoses. — The queen's egg takes three days to hatch; the larvae are fed five days for workers and queens, and six days for drones. The larval queen spins her cocoon in one day, the worker takes two, and the drone three. The period of rest is in each case two, three, and four days, while the change into a nymph is accomplished in all cases in one day. The queen spends only three days as a nymph, workers and drones take seven days. Counting up these separate periods, the queen issues after fifteen days, the workers take twenty-one, and the drones twenty-four. Finding a Queen? — A young virgin is at times very difficult to spot in a crowded hive, as she is small, quick, and very elu- sive in her movements. Failing to see her, note if a central frame has a part of the cells near the middle cleared of honey and polished clean and bright. If so, close your hive, confident that you have a mated queen present. Pollen. — When breeding starts in spring a supply of this — indispensable to the manufacturing of young bees — is neces- sary. As a substitute, in early spring supply them with oatmeal, common wheat- flour, or pea or lentil meal. Give it in- 46 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Feb. 3, 1910. side in a division of the overhead feeder, or in an old skep or box outside. Place near it a small piece of honey-comb to attract the flying bees. Foul Brood. — If you have doubts about any of your combs when examining during April, just open your "Guide Book" at page 173. Facing that page is an un- touched photo from Nature. After com- paring carefully there should be no doubts even in the mind of a novice. " Balled " Queens. — Do not begin pulling the brood -nest apart at too early a date, as this distressing event is almost certain to follow. The bees in their love for the mother-bee, and fearing danger, hug her to death, thus killing hetr with kindness! No Excluder. — A bee-keeper may work a lifetime for section-honey without using excluder-zinc, and never see signs of a queen having been aloft, unless he has done something to tempt her there. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible lor the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. THE BRITISH B.K.A. AND COUNTY ASSOCIATIONS. [7735.] The British Bee-keepers' Asso- ciation has taken in hand its own re- organisation, and without doubt much good will follow to apiculture in Great Britain. Would it not be well if the county associations faced the same task and put their houses in order? Certainly, if there is need ; but you ask : " What is wrong?" Would it not be voicing the thoughts of many if the reply is that the organisation of many of the associations is utterly inadequate to meet the needs of bee-keepers, and also that by far the greater number of British bee-keepers are not touched by the association of their own county? The fraternity (speaking of bee-keepers as a whole, not of the members of the associations) is at present a rope of sand, with little cohesion. It lacks a definite purpose, a common aim, as a brotherhood, and it seems to be somewhat like a bee whose head has been recently severed from the body — there is life, pos- session of faculties, a continuance of most of the functions of the body, and yet it is a very poor creature for any practical purpose. The county associations were formed to rectify this; but do they? Probably about one-tenth of the bee-keepers are members of their particu- lar county association. Many know nothing of it, they have not been invited to join, and, even if they were, the in- ducements to membership are so small and uncertain that the majority of them would not be enrolled if asked. With the en- rolled members the state of affairs is not satisfactory. A lack of enthusiasm is evi- dent. There seems very little esprit de corps, the subscription is often grudgingly paid, and many remove their names after a short membership, dissatisfied. This may not be true of some associations. If so, "more power to the elbow" of the secre- tary and committee — they are evidently on a good track; but alas! it is true of several associations, as will be readily ad- mitted. Where does the fault lie? Clearly in organisation. And under present circum- stances the wonder is that things are as well managed as they are. The chief worker is the hon. secretary, often a hard- working, keen man, a practical bee- keeper, and one worthy of confidence. But in most cases he is a business man with his hands full without the work re- quired of him as secretary. He is not paid for his duty ; it brings him in per- haps nothing — on the contrary, he is out of pocket to a considerable extent. What he does he does cheerfully and well; but he cannot doi the work of a county asso- ciation as at present constituted. How can he keep in touch with bee-keepers all over his county or half-county, correi- spond, visit those needing advice, keep the accounts, attend to local shows, can- vass for fresh members, assist members with sales, and do the scores of small odd jobs which should be done if the associa- tion is to flourish? He succeeds somehow in doing most of it ; but with very limited time and without public funds to pay for travelling, &c, his influence can only be felt in his immediate neighbourhood, and vast numbers of bee-keepers outside, say, a ten-mile radius must of necessity be left almost without a shepherd. The difficulty could be met if each asso- ciation set itself to encourage and or- ganise the formation of local branches or lodges all over the district or county. The county association to which the writer belongs is supposed to take in eight or ten good-sized country towns; eacn of these might have its branch, every branch having its own secretary and committee and taking in the country round for a radius of eight miles or so. Every mem- ber of committee should be responsible for a district, so that no bee-keeper, however humble, would be overlooked. Soon (Correspondence continued on page 48.) Feb. 3, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 47 HOMES OF THE HONEY-BEE. THE APIARIES OF OUR READERS. Mr. Wm. Gee, whose picturesque apiary we illustrate this week, is well known at the British Bee-keepers' Association quarterly meetings, which he never fails to attend. His success in building up a prosperous bee and honey trade should prove interesting reading to novices Avho aspire to do likewise. Mr. Gee says : — " About sixteen years ago I was working at a house where bees were kept, and several times during the week the bees swarmed. A lad whose father kept bees happened to be working with me, and of -course he began to tell us all he knew about them. I became very much in- terested, and made up my mind to own a stock of bees as soon as possible, and within a week or two I heard of a neigh- bour who had some to dispose of. I bought one stock at the end of July, for which I gave 25s. In the autumn I pur- chased two more lots of bees, one being in a skep; but of course I did not get any honey from them that season. I have since wondered how the bees survived or why they did not decamp, as every time I went home I used to open the hives to see how they were getting on. During the winter those in the skep died; but next year I took about sixty sections from the two hives left. I might say here that as soon as I purchased the bees I inquired if there was any paper dealing with bee- keeping, and so heard of the B.B.J. , which I have taken in ever since. I also bought a copy of the ' British Bee-keeper's Guide Book.' I read in B.B.J, that it was pos- sible to get bees given to one for the trouble of driving them, and so I began to look round to see if I could get any, and being successful in my search, I soon by this means increased my apiary to about ten stocks. My garden being small and surrounded1 by houses, this number was as many as I could keep, so I thought I would start an out- npiary. This I did, taking the hives to a vil- lage about two miles from Hertford, and here I obtained some of the best crops of honey I have ever had, as in a good year I used to average about 60 lb. per hive. I might say the garden that they were in had had bees in it for forty years. But, unfortunately, I had to give up the place there, and have not been able to get another in the same part, but hope to do so some day. About this time I was asked to go and look at some bees belonging to my employer, as they did not seem to be doing very well. On examination I found they had foul brood, but he would not take my unsupported word, and had two other men in to see them. These new advisers told him I was wrong ; but I was confident from the de- scription in the 'Guide Book ' that I had diagnosed correctly. In the end we sent a sample of the comb to the B.B.J. 48 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Feb. 3, 1910. office, and in reply we were informed that it was a very bad case of the disease, so I had permission to destroy five stocks out of ten. My treatment was so success- ful that in the following year I took an average of forty sections each from the remaining hives, and this within 500 yards of Hertford Town Hall. " About six years ago I passed the exami- nation for third-class expert's certificate, and since that time I have gradually built up by purchase and artificial swarming an apiary numbering at the present time 200 stocks. ^The home apiary contains about one hundred, the others being in out-apiaries; but as we are always buying and selling, the number kept varies con- siderably. I propose forming several more out-apiaries this summer, as I have no difficulty in selling honey; in fact, I could sell double the quantity my own bees produce, and I buy all that is for sale around this district. After taking an ex- pert's certificate, I turned my attention to starting a bee-keeping association in Hertford. With the help of other en- thusiastic bee-men this was formed, and the association numbers at the present time between sixty and seventy members. Several of our members secured an aver- age 'take' last season of 50 lb. or 60 lb. of good honey, one lady taking 100 sec- tions from one hive. " The photos of my two children were taken in May last. They are not a bit afraid of the bees, and will soon be able to help me with my bee-work, I hope." ("The British B.K.A. and County Associa- tions," continued from page 46.) matters would improve, a brotherhood would spring up in the centre so formed, and a lot of good would be done. These branches would be part of the county asso- ciation, which would be affiliated to the central society, and so the work of the county associations would be done thoroughly. But how are we to start these branches? Well, this brings me to my story. Some time ago an invitation reached me to give a lecture on the honey-bee to a literary society in the Midlands. The lecture was to be held at 3 p.m. This left the evening free for another meeting. An enthusiastic lady bee-keeper undertook to collect the local owners of hives, so that they could also have a lecture. It so happened that on the same evening a large political meeting was being held, and we feared that few would come. The bee-man, however, is not like other men. When he takes to bees his love is whole- hearted, and lesser loves stand a poor chance with him. Politics, therefore, did not interfere. The room was full, the audience keen and appreciative. That day two surprising things were revealed. In the afternoon it became evident that even well-read men and women may understand nothing of the subject. The work of pol- lination, the natural history of the bee, the nature of honey, the origin of wax — of these one seemed to be introducing to them new realms of knowledge. The en- couraging feature was that those who listened wanted to hear more, and asked for another lecture. The second surprise came in the evening: it was the evident need to teach bee-men their work, and their pleasure in learning. First there was a practical demonstration with a hive, then a lantern lecture, then questions. But after that came the reward for the lecturer. It was proposed and carried that there and then a local branch of the B. B.K.A. should be formed. A secretary was appointed, plans briefly discussed, and the affair was started as a living, vital organisation. The suggestions were a local meeting-place, with a nucleus lending library of bee-books, the possibility of one of their members becoming a third- class expert, the advisability of having a bee-tent at the local summer show, &c. These things they will carry through and succeed with. Here is an object-lesson. A need in that town has been met. The same need exists in hundreds of towns. If the secre^- taries of the county associations would in conference draw up rules and suggestions for forming local branches, and organise a series of lectures in the chief towns in their counties, they would set the ball rolling, and surely it would meet a very real need. These small branches would get hold of hundreds of bee-men at present neglected, they would create a great in- terest and enthusiasm, and soon apicul- turists by their union would be a power in the land. The system is a recognised one among other guilds and crafts — the head society,, the county association, the local branches all working together. The central society without the county association will be merely academic, the county association without the central society but a headless trunk, and these without the local branches like an unfortunate insect be- reft of its legs and wings. United they make a complete and perfect organism, full of life, vigour, and' crowned with success. — D. S. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BEE-KEEPING. [7736.] While thanking Mr. Green for his reply (7731), I must confess myself dis- appointed to find on what a very slender Feb. 3, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 49 foundation his assertions as to the " high state of perfection " of ancient Egyptian bee-keeping, authoritative as they seemed, were really based. Facts are dull dogs ; fancies much better company. The trouble is that many readers of our Journal are not in a position to draw for themselves a dividing line between the two. — H. J. 0. Walker (Lieut. -Colonel), Budleigh Salterton. FOUL-BROOD LEGISLATION. [7737.] Mr. Horsley in his letter (7732) admits that, when the vote was taken on this subject, ' " the majority of bee- keepers voted for it," and his plea against this majority having their way is, "the minority had by far the larger number of stocks." This points to the fact that the minority are mostly experienced bee- keepers with large apiaries, who know how to tackle foul brood should it unfortu- nately appear among their stocks ; but Is this an airgiunent against such an Act? They have the knowledge and the means to take care of their own stocks, but the majority, composed of poorer and, perhaps, more ignoran4-. (though this is by no mea:is always the case) bee-keepers, should be helped, and protected from themselves in the case of the ignorant. One never hears of " the liberty of the subject " being interfered with when the sanitary inspectors or swine-fever inspec- tors make adverse reports ; why should it be so in the case of bee-keepers ? He would be but a poor and tactless inspector who fell foul of known masters of the craft ; but can anyone deny the good he might, and would, do amongst those who have less knowledge, or are not in the position to do what is needful ? Surely, for the good of the mediocre majority, the expert minority need not take up such a, "hands off" attitude. That those who have knowledge and experience are always willing and ready "to go out of their way to help other bee-keepers " is one of the strongest bonds that bind all lovers of»the bee-people together, and it would be a bad day for our little friends if this spirit of helpfulness died out. But, after all, the kindliest of us can help only our immediate neighbours as a rule, and there are scores, if not hundreds, of small bee- keepers living in out-of-the-way districts — I am thinking more especially of hill shepherds in this district, and all along "the Border" and among the dales — who have not the good fortune to have such kindly and expert help within reach ; are they to be shut out from any chance of assistance ? In Canada foul brood may be rampant in spite of legislation, but how much worse it would be without Govern- ment help is proved, I think, by the thousands of cases cured by Mr. McEvoy yearly. I agree with Mr. Horsley that there are two sides to every question, and he and Mr. Green (7727) seem afraid of dire re- sults and infringement of the liberty of the subject, the latter going as far as to fear being "dragged like a felon from his children," and being "thrown into a prison-cell to await his trial." That is one side ; the other, I am glad to see, is taken by our Editor, who does not fear the dire results anticipated, and, I should hope, by all unprejudiced bee-keepers. — - F. Sitwell, Wooler. BUCKWHEAT HONEY. [7738.] I was interested in reading Mr. D. M. Macdonald's suggestion (page 23) with reference to growing buckwheat for honey. I once had some honey sent me by one of my customers for sale which was en- tirely different from anything else we had tasted, and was said to be from buckwheat. It was very dark, and to my mind it had a very unpleasant flavour, although I must say that we found one customer who bought a quantity of it in successive lots. I cannot say that his testimony will have much to recommend it to the ordinary honey-lover, as his reason for buying it was that he was a- victim to chronic con- stipation, and found that this particular honey was a very good medicine for him. However, coming late, as Mr. Macdonald says it does, it may be very useful for building up stocks, even though the honey is not particularly saleable. — George Rose, Liverpool. CAPPINGS OF COMB. BY L. S. CRAWSHAW, NORTON, MALTON, YORKS. Stimulating Ideas (page 5). — No doubt that American would rouse the bees from any kind of lethargy except death with his vigorous greeting. Shake, stranger! And that grave working bee at the show was, of corse, obliged to be energetic, though mute in its " undertaking." Prob- ably it knew that the public was looking on! Ethereal Thought (page 6). — I am glad that "D. M. M." champions the reasoning of the bee. Why should we deny reason to, the lower creatures, and label all their acts of intelligence — Instinct? The as- sumption must 6eem arrogant to those who have lived with and loved intelligent dogs. Even the critics sometimes use arguments which really go to prove a difference of rea- soning power, and, ergo, the possession of it. It is no doubt difficult to draw a line between instinct and reason, and some 50 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. fFeb. 3, 1910. striking exhibition of reason might per- haps be construed into an expression of a dormant instinct. In comb-building the bees must be guided somewhat in their plans by the comfort of their position, for they must first hang up those oven folds of clustered drapery which are to contain the hot new cakes of comb. Levitation (page 7). — Mrs. Birch's fas- cinating letters are full of interesting in>- formation, and I for one hope that there will be room for more of the same, even at the expense of the B.B.K.A. discussion ! I am, however, quite deterred from wish- ing to go to South Africa by some of the terrors she quotes so unconcernedly. Thus, the removal of a man's hat " provided the bees with an opportunity for stinging his head, which they took." But, w-what did they w-want it for? A hive? And what a remarkable instance of their lifting power and ethereal reasoning. Again : " In the Tana valley a very large black bee is met with." I presume, as no more is said, that the gentleman's diary was found to end there when he was discovered. But how horrible ! Have we no St. George amongst us? B.B.K.A. Offices (page 10).— Some cen- tral bodies are expected to fill every office under the sun ! I do not know who is the "memb2r of Council," but I think that the answer to his question will be found on page 502, in the appointment of com- mittee, and of course in the minute-book of the Council. As this writer has imme- diate access, it seems to me, if I may say so without offence to him, that his ques- tion might have been put direct to the secretary quite as well as through the pages of the B.B.J. Foul Brood in Switzerland (page 13). — This report is very cheering, as it shows that others have the same difficulties to meet, and that our own are not peculiarly insular. Why should we not go and do likewise? We have the trained experts, subscriptions are forthcoming, and mem- bers are willing to allow destruction with- out compensation. The difficulty is the apathetic or obstinate outsider, and the one thing to do appears to be to get the Government sufficiently interested and convinced of the importance of the sub- ject, and then — ■ — ! What, however, are we doing in the meantime? Are we con- tinually preaching the sanitary gospel? Woodley's Strain (page 17). — I do not quite understand Mr. Soal's objection to term these bees a "strain." Mr. Woodley has, I take it, bred and increased these excellent bees by selection for years, and such treatment must have its result. Kven the accidental introduction of new blood, unless on an overwhelming scale, would not really interfere with, but rather strengthen, the continued process. By the way, I should like to state my belief that the yellow bee would gradually and entirely disappear from this country, un- less definitely upheld. So that, in dis- tricts where there has been no recent in- troduction of these undoubtedly beautiful bees, it must be often impossible for the eye to detect the immigration. Stocks v. Swarms (page 18). — I do not think that I understood the problem to be complicated in this fashion, and that the shallow frames were already full of comb. It does not seem, under these cir- cumstances, possible to make any useful comparison at all, particularly if we in- volve the question still further by throw- ing excluder into one side of the sum! Topsy-turvy (page 18). — Mr. Smallwood may be right about the Suffragettes, but surely a perusal of the history and mytho- logy of the ancient Greeks does not war- rant the idea that women were despised by them. Nor would it seem quite true that Christianity was necessary to teach, them the spirit of chivalry. Are we not some- what prone to assume that we have, at last, reached civilisation for the nrst time? And is it not possible that an un- fortunate decline in chivalry may be re- sponsible for the Suffragettes? Are we then "progressing" towards the hival economy, when "chivalrye" shall find its expression in the destruction of tne crop of males? British Honey (page 19). — I think that Mr. Coates is right in estimating that 400 tons is the maximum increase to be hoped for in one year from our slow-going people. (Also, I hope we may not see it until they have made a market for it.) But to be really moderate, as he evidently wishes to be, he should have only taken 200 tons in the first instance, and then, as I take him, working with the Import Sta- tistics on his system, the price of this quantity would be Is. 8d. per lb. ! That would show a good profit even in a bad year, and induce more people to become bee-keepers, and then we might hope for the 400 tons the following year! Then, ay ! then, we could deal with figures snow- ing so many bee-keepers paying so much apiece, and the B.B.K.A. presenting the Government with a couple of " Dread^ noughts." Really, it is wonderful what can be done with a few figures if an in- spired organiser knows how to manipulate them to the best advantage of the com- munity, having regard to the increased demand for British honey on Polar expedi- tions, and making due allowance for lee- way and the swing of the pendulum. (N.B.— tt = 3.14159.) Cappings of Comb (page 49). — I feel that some apology is due for the serious Feb. 3, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 51 nature of this column, but I am just ex- tricating myself from La Grippe, and I have found, to my sorrow, that it has the power to squeeze most of the nonsense out of one! Queries and Replies. [3989.] The Stomach-mouth of the Bee.— 1. In the 1905 edition of "ABC of Bee- Culture" Dr. Miller says, in note 313, re- ferring to page 12, that the stomach-mouth is disconnected at the will of the bee from the honey-sac, and connected up to the oesophagus direct when die bee wishes to feed chyle from chyle-stomach, and so avoids returning chyle through honey-sac. This would mean that the chyle-stomach would have to pass through the thorax. Does this, in your opinion, actually occur ? Your book," The Honey-Bee," does not seem to support it. It is, however, important to clear this up, as it is, if so, a thing of great curiosity. 2. Again, E. R. Root says, on page 12, this same valve is fringed with hairs for holding back honey in honey-sac And passing on pollen to chyle- stomach, i.e., filtering a solid through, and holding back a liquid. This sounds impro- bable, but will you please pass your view before I reject it? — H. O. Morgan, Bristol. Reply. — 1. You have evidently mis- understood Dr. Miller's statement, as his words are, " The stomach-mouth solves the problem by moving up and joining itself to the oesophagus, leaving the honey-sac shut out entirely." Exactly how this is done is shown on page 122 of "The Honey- Bee," where you will find a diagram of stomach-mouth, and it is the prolongation attached to it which enables the mouth to be extended to the oesophagus without moving the chyle-stomach, which therefore need not pass through the thorax as you suggest. 2. The down-pointing hairs pre- vent the pollen from returning when the lips are closed, and have nothing to do with holding back the honey. This is held back by the closing of the lips of valve, and the contraction of the muscular layer of the honey-stomach forces the liquid through the oesophagus out of the mouth. [3990.] Protection against Stings. — 1. I should be greatly obliged if you would tell me if there is any device by which the hands may be perfectly protected from stings while manipulating bees. I keep a few hives in Natal, and actual stings, or the fear of them, often make me "scamp" my work. It also militates against one's interest in an occupation which is other- wise very fascinating. Are india-rubber gloves practicableand are they sting-proof ? 2. I should also be glad if you would in- form me where I could purchase honey for export to Natal. Is it possible to obtain any from the bee-keepers' association ?■ — ■ E. C. Hawkins, Birmingham. Reply. — 1. Hands can be protected by means of india-rubber gloves, which are sting-proof. Some use " Apifuge " or a few drops of methyl salicylate, and real oil of winter-green (Oleum Gaultheriae Procum- bentis) is a good preventive of stings. 2. The associations do not, as a rule, deal in honey, although some of them dispose of it for members. If you require English honey in any quantity your best plan is to advertise for it in the B.B.J., and no doubt some of the large bee-keepers would be able te supply you with it. [3991.] Busty Extractor, &c. — I should be obliged if you would answer the follow- ing questions : 1. The tin of my extractor in some places is eaten away ; would this have a detrimental effect on the honey ? 2. Can shallow frames which have been used over a foul-broody hive be used again with safety after having been exposed to the frost? 3. What kind of solder do you use for the inside of honey-ripener ? — J. Anden, Hendon. Reply. — 1. Rust in contact with honey will make the latter black. Clean the rust off, warm the tin, put on some beeswax, and rub it in with a rag. 2. No, they should on no accoimt be used until thoroughly dis- infected. A low temperature retards the growth of the spores, but does not destroy them. 3. Ordinary tin solder. [3992.] Fertilisation of Eggs.— Will you please advise me respecting the following reply to a query on page 29 of B.B.J, for January 20 ? " If a queen has no worker- comb, only drone-comb in which to lay, she will, if driven to it, lay worker-eggs in such comb, and they will produce workers." I was under the impression that the queen- bee only laid one egg, or I might say two eggs, which produced males or females. I thought all the eggs were alike, and that the difference was owing to the cell they were laid in, and the special feeding and nursing. If the queen does lay one egg for a drone, another for a worker, and a special egg for a queen in a particular cell, how does she know she is laying that par- ticular egg if she lays at the rate of one or two thousand eggs per day ? Thanking you for the pleasure I get from your in- teresting paper every week.— J. Garside, Manchester. Reply. — There is no inconsistency in the statement, for the eggs are all alike, and are only differentiated by the fact of the queen fertilising those she intends to pro- duce workers, and laying those she intends for drones without such fertilisation. Usually she lays a worker-egg, i.e., one that is fertilised, in a worker-cell, and at will lays a drone-egg, i.e., an unfertilised egg, in a drone-cell. The only difference between a 1 worker and a queen is in the feeding and 52 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Feb. 3, 1910. nursing of the grub, the eggs being alike fertilised. The queen knows quite well what egg she wishes to lay, and can ferti- lise it or not at will. Notices to Correspondents. H. H. (Tunbridge Wells).— Unsaleable Honey. — As you haAre only 6 lb. of the honey you had better feed the bees with it in spring, first liquefying it, of course, and give it to them like syrup. We are always pleased to give advice to readers. Bouenville (Birmingham). — Bestless Bees. — The bees sent are quite normal, and there is nothing to show why those in this particular hive should fly out in all weathers. It is possible that they may be restless through the loss of their queen. E. A. (Newport). — Disinfectants. — If you refer to page 178 of the " Guide Book " you will see "Izal" mentioned among other antiseptics which eva- porate at the ordinary temperature of the hive, and whose vapours arrest the increase and growth of the bacilli, but they do not kill them, and as germicides they have been found practically useless. " Izal," phenyle, creo- lin, and lysol are analogous, and of about equal value. Formalin and naphthol beta are far more reliable. By referring to page 178 of B.B.J, for 1899, you will find a table of the values of the different disinfectants and their germicidal pro- perties. Jack (Cardiff).— Unsuccessful Bee-keeping. • — 1. In any case, whether there is disease or not, hives should be disin- fected before they are used again. AH old frames and combs should be burned, and hives steamed or scrubbed Math boiling water and soap, then painted with a solution of carbolic acid (see " Guide Book," page 180, and recipe No. 10, page 198). 2. Yes, they require at- tention because the bees are not de- stroyed as they are in straw hives. In these the bees are constantly renewing their combs, and receive clean hives. Bees in frame-hives require them also to be cleaned out occasionally, and .must have the opportunity given them to make new combs. If left to them- selves year after year they are sure to deteriorate, the combs may become choked with pollen, and thus reduce the breeding room, and may also breed wax- moth. 3. As you now have the " Guide Book " you will see what management is required for success. H. B. (Kent). — Cleaning Metal Dividers. - — The easiest way to clean these is to put them in boiling water, and you will find the wax and propolis will easily dissolve. You can also clean them by scraping with a scraper, but the boiling- water method is in every way prefer- able. J. W. G. (Huddersfield). — Starting Bee- keeping.— YoU could very well keep a couple of hives in your garden of ten square yards, without detriment to any- one, if you manage them properly and place them in such a position that there is no traffic in front of their entrances. If damage is caused by your bees sting- ing persons or property, such as live stock, you would be liable for compensa- tion, but you can insure against such risk for Id. per hive, minimum premium 9d., if a member of a bee-keepers' asso- ciation, or 6d. extra for a non-member. F. W. T. (Broadwater). — Good Locality for Bees. — If you can get a suitable place, either Heathfield or Burgess Hill would do very well, both being very suitable localities. The capabilities of the two places would depend entirely on the bee-keeper and the efficiency with which he carried on his business. E. N. (Herts). — Bees Dying. — The bees on the comb appear to have died of starva- tion, but as you say they had plenty of stores, the cluster of bees had probably dwindled until it has become too small to keep warm. Without fuller particu- lars we should suspect disease as the cause of all your colonies going off in this manner. If this is so, it would not be safe to use the combs, and we would advise you to destroy them and to disinfect thoroughly the hives and all appliances before you use them again. L. M. D. (York). — Painting Hives. — You must on no account disturb the bees by painting their hives in winter, as you would cause them to have dysentery. Hives should not be painted at any time when the bees are inside, and the only way to do it is to have a spare hive in which to place the frames while the hive is being painted. There should always be a spare hive or two in every apiary, as the bees should be put into clean hives every spring and autumn. Aefon (Carnarvon). — Best Bees for Be- ginner.— 1. We would advise you to be- gin with British bees, as they are much more gentle than hybrids. 2. Start with a swarm as recommended' on page 145 of "Guide Book." J. B. (Surrey). — Dead Stock. — The bees are too decomposed to examine for dis- ease, and must have been dead some time. There is no brood in frame, which appears normal, and it is quite possible that the bees have died from being too few. In any case, as you say there is disease in your neighbourhood, you should take the precaution to destroy the combs and disinfect the hive before you use it again. Feb. 10, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 53 Editorial, Notices, &c. PROMINENT BEE-KEEPERS. MR. WM. HERROD, F.E.S. It will have been seen that at the last meeting of the Council of the B.B.K.A. Mr. Wm. Herrod was appointed secre- tary, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Mr. E. H. Young, and we who was a joiner and builder, and' there he continued until 1894, when he went to the late Mr. J. H. Howard, of Holme, near Peterborough. Here he learned all the work connected with the appliance trade, from grooving and splitting sec- tions to making foundation. During this time he had the management of Mr. Howard's apiary of over a hundred colonies, and he thus gained a thorough in- sight into bee-keeping in all its branches. As a youth he was always fond of living MB. WM. HERROD, P. E.g., SECRETARY, BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS ASSOCIATION. have now the pleasure of presenting his portrait to our readers. The new secretary was born in 1873 at Sutton-on-Trent. He was educated at the Board School, and was intended for the teaching profession, which for a short time he followed, but circumstances in- tervened which prevented him from con- tinuing to teach. He then became a garden boy, and, being ambitious, and anxious to get on in the world, he worked for any farmer from whom he could earn a few shillings. Later, he was employed in the workshop belonging to his father, creatures, and as near the school there was an old-fashioned skep apiary, it was with envy that he used to watch the taking of swarms and suffocation of the bees by sulphuring at the end of the sea- son. He had a longing desire to keep bees, and when about fifteen years of age got hold of Nutt's "Management of Bees," and commenced to make one of Nutt's collateral hives. He had completed the central box when his old friend and tutor Mr. R. Mackender — who now lives at Newark— came into the shop. Seeing him at work, he asked what he was doing, and upon being told said, "That is not 54 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL [Feb. 10, 1910. the way, my boy, to keep bees. Come down and look at mine, and I will show you." The invitation was accepted with alacrity, and Mr. Mackender showed him his apiary, and also lent him the "British Bee-keeper's Guide Book." Nutt's hive was1 consequently discarded, and with the help of his brother (who is now well known as the late expert to Essex, and the present expert to the Lan- cashire Bee-keepers' Association), who also became interested, Mr. Herrod com- menced to make a proper movable-comb hive. The two brothers had by this time saved sufficient money to buy a stock of bees, and were allowed to do so on pro- mising to look after them well, and not treat them es they had done other pets, which after the novelty had worn off would have fared badly but for the at- tention given them by their parents. The first stock did not. survive long, being the victim of over-manipulation ; so keen were the brothers that they used to examine the colony two or three times a day to see how the bees were getting on, with the natural result that they, died. Their funds now being exhausted, they were not able to purchase another lot. The village flower show was held about this time, and at it the expert of the Notts B.K.A. gave a lecture and demonstration of bee-driving. They then decided that they would obtain bees by driving, and persuaded a couple of old bee-keepers to let them drive their bees instead of sulphuring them. Having in this way obtained the bees and a few empty combs, they made a couple more hives, and were able to winter three colonies. One old man whose skeps they drove was so pleased at the lives of the bees being saved that he insisted upon them taking a full skep of bees for their trouble, as well as the driven ones. During the winter more hives were made, and so they went on until a very nice apiary was established from driven bees, for never after that did they spend a penny in the purchase of any. They were also very successful at ex- hibiting, and took in a couple of seasons over three hundred prizes at local and other shows for bees, honey, and produce, also beating in the Trophy Class at Moor Green in 1896 the late Lord St. Vincent, who for a number of years had carried off the first prize in this class. In 1892 Mr. W. Herrod made his first attempt to ob- tain the third-class expert certificate, and wias unsuccessful, as he had no idea of what was required and his knowledge at that time was not sufficient to allow him to pass. By work and perseverance he succeeded the next year, and duly ob- tained his certificate. After finishing with Mr. J. H. Howard, he returned home and undertook the expert work for the Notts B.K.A. The following year he was appointed ex- pert for the Lancashire and Cheshire B.K.A., and spent two seasons in those counties, where he made many friends, who remain staunch and true to this day. In the Jubilee Year (1897), at the County Trophy Competition of the " Royal " Show held in Manchester, he staged the Lanes, trophy, and also assisted in staging the winning trophy from his native county of Notts. Here he at- tracted the attention of the late Mr. W. Broughton Carr and Mr. H. W. Brice, and was asked to come South and take the appointment of expert to the B. B.K.A., to lecture at Swanley Horti- cultural College and .at the "Royal" Show, also to establish the experimental apiary of the B. B.K.A., manage the college apiary, and be touring expert to the Kent and Sussex B.K.A. So well did this scheme work that shortly afterwards he was asked to reside in the college as staff instructor in bee-keeping and wood- working, where he remained till the year 1893, when the establishment was turned into a women's college only. In that year he married, and went to live at Luton, where with his partner, Mr. Stewart, the "W.B.C." Apiary and School of Bee-keeping was established, from which students have been sent to every part of the world. Mr. Herrod still retains his post at Swanley, travelling down each week.' He also took up poultry-keeping and lectur- ing, and holds an honours certificate from University College, Reading, where he studied. He also holds a permanent post as poultry instructor under the Beds C.C., and various other appointments as lee-, turer on apiculture. He obtained his second-class expert certificate B. B.K.A. in 1896, and the first in 1903. Mr. Herrod is a Freemason and life total abstainer. His time has been too fully occupied in work and study to allow of his taking part in municipal or parochial affairs. He attributes his success in the first place to his parents, who always en- couraged both their sons in all those pur- suits which were interesting and profit- able, rather than allowing them to spend their time in the streets or in places of doubtful reputation ; to the fatherly in- terest iand advice of the late Mr. W. Brougliton Carr, whose death was a severe blow to him ; and to being able to get through a great deal of work by living a sober, persevering, and methodical life. During the time that Mr. Herrod has been expert to the B. B.K.A. he has car- ried out his duties in a thoroughly effi- cient manner, and we have no doubt that the decision of the Council to appoint him as their secretary will meet with the ap- proval of the members of the B. B.K.A. and give all-round satisfaction. Feb. 10, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. oo A TAVO-QUEEX SYSTEM. SOME REMARKS ON ITS ADAPTABILITY FOR A HEATHER DISTRICT. BY "mEDICUS," NEWCASTLE-OX-TYNE . There have been from time to time references in the B.B.J, and the American bee-papers to a two or multiple queen system of apiculture. The discussion of its practicability has in this country never been at all exhaus- tive, and where reference has been made to the subject there has nearly always been misunderstanding as to what is meant by a two-queen system, owing to its confusion with the system advocated by the late Mr. George Wells. Mr. Wells did not advocate working a colony with two (or more) queens, but ad- vocated giving to two stocks a super, or supers, to which both colonies had access. He profited by the mutual warmth which two colonies in such close proximity must de- rive from each other, and this enabled them to build up more rapidly in the spring. This advantage was increased during the honey-flow, when, by having a super common to the two colonies, a larger proportion of nectar-gatherers were able to be liberated from home duties. The method has somewhat fallen into disuse owing to a " swarming " and a •• wintering " difficulty. In such a hive, when swarming occurs, a swarm almost in- variably comes off from each colony at the same time, and the two unite, although only one side may have made preparations to swarm. Further, if the two parent stocks are left to re-queen, it is not an uncommon experience for the bee-keeper to find that the young queen on one or other side disappears. This is due to one or other returning to the wrong side after a mating flight, and thus one side becomes queenless. When two colonies are wintered in a single hive in which the entrances are next to each other and facing in the same direc- tion, as in a ''Wells" hive, if there is a dispro port ion in the strengths of the colonies the bees often drift over on the flying days to the stronger side, until finally none are left. This drifting of bees into other colonies is very much more uni- versal than is commonly appreciated by bee-keepers who keep their colonies close together. For instance, this occurs when a large number of hives are wintered in a row, for the strong hives gain at the expense of the weaker. This is often because the younger bees in their cleansing and play flight do not localise carefully, but join in with the greater number. The same drifting happens if the prevailing wind blows along the front of an apiary, the hives at the lee-side profiting at the expense of those to windward. This mixing of bees is well seen in an apiary where there are many black colonies kept and only one yellow colony (or vice versa)- In a short time almost every black colony will have a few yellow bees, the number varying with the nearness or distance of the yellow hive from any other hive. In a "Wells " hive, as all the bees have a common scent, it is very easy for 3roung and old to unite in one colony. The " Wells " hive has the further disadvantage, for those who culti- vate a heather harvest and have to send their bees long distances to the moors, that it is large, heavy, and cumber- some. A true double or multiple queen system is one in which a single colony with a single entrance has two or more queens laying at the same time, and the workers of which have access to every part of the hive. The queens may be either loose in a common brood-chamber, or kept apart from each other by queen-excluders. (For convenience and certain practical reasons the latter method is preferable.) Such a. system differs fundamentally from the " Wells " system. The most common criticism made by the clover man against the system of keeping two queens in a colony is that the diffi- culty is not in getting a queen to lay in the spring and early summer, but in having sufficient bees to cover the eggs that she lays. The average queen, he says, can work well ahead of her bees right up to the harvest. Yet bee-books and expe- rience tell us that young queens build up quicker in the spring than older ones, and it is a common experience that in the spring Italian colonies often have five or six combs of brood at a time, when blacks have brood on not more than one or two. Be that as it may, there is no doubt that during the latter part of June and during July two average queens in one colony can, and do, produce more brood than any single queen, and as by the time heather blooms all swarming is over, no heather man need be afraid that his colonies will be too strong for the moors. Having come to this conclusion, I have during the last two seasons been carrying out experiments to test the practicability of such a system. My results tend to suggest that — (a) Worker-bees will always accept a second queen and her attendants, provided that she has a brood-nest, and that they all have the common scent of the hive to which they are to be united ; but it is essential that both the new queen and the queen-mother are actively laying when the union takes place. (b) If two such queens, once safely in- troduced, are kept apart by an excluder, both will continue to live and lay in the one colony until the autumn. Then, as breeding slackens down, sooner or later one or other will be found missing. 56 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Feb. 10, 1910. (c) Two or more laying queens with a common scent can be kept loose in a colony (without the aid of excluder-zinc) as long as they continue to lay, but the queen which first ceases to lay will destroy the other, or others. Consequently, two virgins cannot be kept together, or a virgin with any fertile queen other than a queen about to be superseded. (There have been exceptions reported to this as to every other bee-law.) This, perhaps, sug- gests a reason for only one queen surviv- ing after two swarms have united and been hived, though the worker-bees themselves will accept any queen, or queens, at this time. Queens coming off with a swarm are either virgin or fertile queens which have been lessening their egg output for some days, so that they may be light enough to take flight with the swarm. If this deduction is correct, it explains why, in Nature, two queens are so rarely, if ever, found in one colony (excepting in superseding), but why it is possible under the bee-keeper's management for such to exist contentedly together. I have successfully worked two queens in tiered-up English hives, with two stan- dard ten-frame brood-chambers separated "by excluder, in the seasons of 1907 and 1908, but find that, for the practical work- ing of this system and for the heather harvest, a divisional brood-chamber hive is much more suitable. I use a "Root" ten- frame hive of close-ended frames 17 in. by 5| in., giving a comb area equal to 1\ English standard frames in each division; two such divisions form the normal brood- nest when used with a single queen. Although this may appear a large brood- nest, it is not too large, as the drawbacks of a large brood-nest can be obviated by the reversal of the two halves at the time of supering. In this way the brood is brought next to the supers, and the stor- ing of honey above the brood, except in the super, is prevented by this manipida- tion. A hive of this size has this further advantage, that a second queen confined in a single division is not too cramped. With an eight-frame hive there is that difficulty. I have briefly described this hive so that my subsequent remarks may be more easily understood. Any bee-keeper can work out much the same system if he uses for his brood-nest two sets of English shallow frames in an English hive with inter- cbangeable parts, such as the "W. B. C." hive. Mr. J. M. Ellis, of Essie Valley (whose references on page 26 of the B.B.J, to some correspondence I have had with him occa- sioned this communication), uses a hive with close-ended frames of very similar depth to the one I use, and has found it most satisfactory for his purposes. (Continued nesct week.) REVIEWS. Die Bassenzucht dcr Schweitzer Imker. By Dr. TJ. Kramer (published by Paul Waetzel, Ereiburg i. B., Germany. Price 3s. 2d., post free). — This is the fourth edition of "Race-Breeding by the Swiss Bee-keepers," which has been revised and brought up to date by the author, who is the well-known President of the Swiss Bee-keepers' Society and the leader of the movement for the improvement of the native race of bees. In this book we have the experience of a number of men who have for some year® worked with a de- finite object in view, and have by mutual interchange of ideas achieved considerable success in producing a hardy race of bees little inclined to swarm, consequently yielding a large harvest of honey. The author gives the reasons for the de- generacy of native races, and shows how by proper feeding and selection of breed- ing stock the race can be improved in every way. The work is crammed full of useful information, and is profusely illus- trated, and we recommend those who know the German language to add it to their libraries. One & All Gardening, 1910. Edited by E. 0. Greening (London : Agricultural and Horticultural Association. Price 2d.). — This interesting annual has now reached a fifteenth issue, and its popu- larity remains unabated, a first edition of 100,000 copies1 being called for. The 128 pages are full of valuable matter by writers of eminence in the horticultural world. The editor gives an illustrated article on garden homes in connection with profit-sharing co-partnerships of in- dustry at home and abroad. Other notable articles are on " American School Gardens," "Walking-stick Insects," "Gar- dening without Soil," "The Outdoor School," "Legends of Plants," and the much-discussed subject of " Nitro-Cul- ture." There are also numerous short cultural articles on many garden plants. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible lor the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. SOUTHERN SNATCHES. [7739.] In B.B.J., vol. xxxvii., p. 254, "D. M. M." described a useful scraper, and at the same time threw out the sug- gestion that there might be others who could also furnish descriptions of tools or appliances they found useful in the apiary. Feb. 10, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 57 There is no doubt that a good scraper is essential at certain seasons, but what the average . bee-keeper wants ^ is a tool with a combination of useful purposes, and I think most of these will be served by the tool a rough sketch of which is siren below. It can be made at a trifling cost by any local smith (an old file furnishing the necessary material), one end being flattened out the necessary width to act as a scraper, which is curved as shown in the sketch. This end will also be found a useful lever and will not scratch or injure the wood; it can also be used as a hammer to drive tacks or for other purposes. ' The narrow end is made into a screw- driver, which is an indispensable tool to every bee-keeper. The curve at the other end will give the necessary grip for using the tool with force. This screw-driver end can also be made to act as a spacing-tool for those who do not use metal ends on frames, and if shouldered as shown it can be made to give any of the spacings re- quired. This feature should commend it to those who aim at accurate spacing. As this tool is not intended to take the place of "D. M. M.'s," but rather to be used as a general-purpose tool, it will be found handier not to have the scraper end too wide — say 1 in. to H in. In a subsequent contribution (page 304) Mr. S. Soal suggests the use of a taper frame, which he considers would offer facili- ties for quicker manipulation. I hope this suggestion will never be adopted to the extent that I, for one, will not be able to secure the old "standard." Here is a little tip I have found valuable for speedy manipulation and reducing to a minimum the chances of killing bees. Before nailing my frames together 1 provide myself with a quantity of fine wire staples (the finer the better) | in. long, a piece of flat iron T'^ in. thick, with a hole drilled in one end that will fit easily over the staples. On the out- side of end bars, about f in. from the bottom bar, I insert a staple running slightly out of line with the grain of the wood. The hole in the piece of iron is dropped over the staple, which is driven home as far as the iron guide will allow. As most bees are crushed between the sides of the hive and the end bars, it will be seen that the above simple arrange- ment prevents this, as the contact with the sides of the hive is only at the staple, which is a very small point indeed. Every frame in my apiary, whether shallow or standard, I have fitted thus, and I con- sider that for speed in manipulation, con- fidence in handling, and protection to bee- life the extra trouble is repaid the first time the frames are moved. Another staple can be inserted half-way up the bar also, to prevent the frame from coming in contact with the hive near the top, but this is not necessary with ordinary care. Late Mating.— On page 347 Mr. L. S. Crawshaw, on this question, suggests the possibility of a drone-laying queen proving fertile after all, and asks for data in support of his supposition. I am glad to be in a position to give him the very information he seeks for, if he will accept my word for it. The two instances given below I am prepared to vouch for as being under my closest observation twice daily, sometimes oftener. In the beginning of the vseason of 1907 (September), a short time after settling in my present abode, I was the possessor of one solitary hive (not my first ac- quaintance with the "busy little folk" by any means : we had sworn life-long friend- ship in the Emerald Isle twenty-five years previously). This hive was preparing to swarm, and in order to prevent their ab- sconding I clipped the queen's wing. They swarmed, however, perhaps more than once, in my absence, with the common re- sult that they killed the old queen because SCRAPER Ite" WIDE A USEFUL HIVE-TOOL. she could not accompany them. Having three queen-cells still left in the hive, I concluded things would go on all right, but they did not. As soon as the first queen hatched out the swarm and queen absconded. In order to make assurance doubly sure, I made up a nucleus of two frames, and gave them one of the two re- maining queen-cells. In a very short time both queens hatched, and duly commenced to lay ; but judge of my surprise and dis- appointment when I found the first brood capped in the stock-hive were drones in worker-cells. And daily as I opened my hive I found a fresh batch of drones capped over. The very same thing hap- pened in a much smaller degree in the nucleus, and I considered the case hope- less, but had no means of re- queening either. If ever bees were watched and studied with an eagerness bordering on despair those two hives were. Not until a week had passed, on the seventh day after the first drones were capped, did I find a single worker- brood on any of the frames, though the stock had three or four frames of nearly solid capped drone-brood by this time. In the nucleus, although the queen did not lay very rapidly, the brood was all drones also till the seventh day, when she, 58 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Feb. 10, 1910. too, started laying worker-eggs, and built up in a very short time one of the finest stocks that could be imagined. Although I have reared a good many queens of the same strain since that time I have had no recurrence of drone-breeding, but I have reason to believe from what I have seen in manipulating hives for my acquaintances that such is not uncommon in my part of Natal. There is not a shadow of suspicion that fertile workers were responsible for the drones in the above instances. — Harry Martin, Dann- hauser, Natal. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION [7740.] Why are Englishmen so slow in giving a decision on any great matter? I think it is part of our principle or habit, the strong stubborn nature which ha® brought England to her greatness. Has not this discussion gone on long enough to thrash the matter out ? Is the Association necessary? As a working man, I think the reports of the Council meet- ings in the B.B.J, are as good reading and as instructive as, if not more so than, much of the correspondence; and if the Association meetings were held in the pro- vinces (unless at an agricultural show), and I had the privilege of attending, I do not think I would waste a day and expenses for what little benefit I should get, beyond what the B.B.J, publishes. But how can we alter things for the bene- fit of our craft? The first thing I would do would be to get a Foul Brood Bill passed and powers for the Association to insure bee-keepers against foul brood and Isle of Wight disease. Yearly premium, say Id. per hive, minimum 6d. ; maximum compensation : 5s. per hive, or bees 2s. 6d. (or half-value, say 6d. per lb.), 2s. 6d. brood-nest. No insurance to be taken or compensation paid on outer covers, either of straw or wood, wnich may be ordered to be destroyed. All cottagers should pay a minimum sum of 6d. to the county associa- tion (exclusive of insurance) ; farmers, &c. double the amount ; for which they should receive one v^sit from an expert sent by the association to give adA'ice, and who would be entitled to give a certificate of health or report any disease ; any further advice to be given on receipt of stamped addressed envelope and paper. All ex- perts and honorary members should also be members' of the central association. The minimum subscription) should be, for cottagers 2s. 6d., others 5s., giving privi- lege of attending Association meetings or visiting the Association's apiary, ad- mittance to the library, &c. If we could get Royal patronage? I do not think there are many who could afford it, and they would grumble at the higher fees. With regard to the Council holding meetings in the provinces, do we not often get our leading men at almost all .the larger agricultural shows ? And if the lesser ones with longer tongues cannot afford to go to London, any more than I can, surely a meeting could be arranged at these shows. There is much to be said about disease . I know bee-keepers who always keep the old stocks uncared for, a home for hundreds of moths, wood- lice, &c, and sometimes even invaded by mice. Such hives are left to breed from, unopened and uncleaned from year to year, and any swarms that issue are smothered (perhaps the best thing for them), if heavy, after the harvest; the wax,, being new, is then of little trouble to melt. For my part, I think I would rather put up with a bombastic official of the law than have foul brood or Isle of Wight disease. — A Regular Reader. Birstwith. BEE-KEEPING IN SOUTH AFRICA. [7741.] Having seen an article on " Bee- keeping in South Africa" in the B.B.J, of December 30, 1909, it occurred to me that the opinion of Mr. Frederic Sworder, ex- pert to the South African Bee-keepers' Association, would prove interesting to some of your readers. I might say that I wrote asking whether it was possible to make a living from bee-keeping alone, or combined with fruit-growing and poultry- keeping. When answering my queries he kindly gave me permission to use his letter as I deemed fit. I therefore send you a copy, believing that it may prove useful and interesting to your readers. — B. Blackbourn, Ramsgate. 8 and 9, Raine's. Buildings, Eloff Street, Government Square, Johannesburg. Dear Sir, — In reply to your letter of September 13 just to hand, as far as the Witwatersrand district is concerned it cannot be termed a good district for bee- keeping, although some localities in it are giving good returns; for instance, in spite of last year being an inferior one. a bee-keeper of only two years' experience from nine hives made £30, while another novice from four British hives made £18, whereas just a few miles distant bees were scarcely able to support themselves. Zeerust, on the railway due west of Pre- toria, is known to be a good district, j Rustenburg, on another branch line west ', of Pretoria, is also quite good ; in fact, almost anywhere north of the Magalies- burg Range (pronounced " Mabolisburg ") is considered good, and in all cases with a honey-flow of good quality extending from July to December. Where gum planta- tions with trees of over ten years' growth Feb. 10, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 59 are in existence, dark honey can be secured from their blossoms in mid-winter and spring in fair quantities, although it is not so saleable as the light honey, which latter is obtained from the veldt flowers and the bush. We have in South Africa a bee in- digenous to the country, undoubtedly pos- sessing a strain of Italian blood. Besides this race there is another bee, a little black one with only one yellow band, which is quite pugnacious and an inferior honey producer. This race it is advisable to leave alone, as better characteristics regarding temper and working qualities are met with in the former mentioned race. In good districts, and there are numbers more than I have mentioned, bees have brought home a surplus of 40 lb. to over 100 lb. per hive with only ordinary man- agement, but with care and attention much better results might be secured. Prices range from Is. to 2s. 6d. per lb. section or 1-lb. bottle at the S.A.B.Iv. Association's depots, several of which are opened in the principal centres. Owing to the comparatively mild and short (three months) winters bee-keeping is made easy, for very little feeding is re- quired, and the most important item is that there is ''no foul brood 'in South Africa." Having handled thousands of stocks and undertaken much work of an ever-varying description with bees during the last seven years, I can truthfully say that on the whole I do not wish to handle a better bee ; but that it is still capable of improvement by selection there is no doubt. Where food is plentiful it builds up very quickly, as many a novice knows to his cost, and, like most races in semi-tropical countries, is given to swarming. Although the prices of the best British appliances in South Africa are naturally dearer than in England, for they have to travel 7,000 miles by sea and land, still there is unquestionably a larger margin of profit than in any other continent, and that with an increasing demand. Should the price of honey fall to an average of Is. per lb., bee-keeping on a fairly large scale would even then pay. At present the industry is just emerging into being, and very few are carrying it out on extensive lines, yet there are great possibilities ahead. A British hive completely furnished for bees costs about 50s., and usually in good districts, where bees abound, the latter can be had for the getting. If you could combine fruit-growing with poultry and bees in one of the warmer dis- tricts, and not too far from rail, with careful management you should be able to get a living. With the first you would have to wait three years for a return, with incidental expenses accruing ; in the mean- time much could be derived from poultry and bees, preferably the latter for the quickest return; but you niust bear in mind that South Africa, like every other country, is not alone in its set-backs. Piet Retief, on the Natal border, is good for bees; Cape Colony also possesses some good districts ; but you will observe that my experience is principally in the Trans- vaal.— Yours faithfully, Frederic Sworder. HONEY PRODUCTION IN SWITZER- LAND. [7742.] Enclosed is a cutting from the Gazette ' de Lausanne of January 10, giving some account of last season's honey-harvest in Switzerland, with a few other details, which I thought might interest your readers if you have room for it in B.B.J. — G. Hulbert, Worcester. The following is a translation: — "Bee-keepers consider the honey-harvest of 1909 as generally satisfactory, although, as a matter of fact, bees were only able to store surplus in the months of July and August. Swiss bee-keepers have organised a plan of collecting statistics of returns, which is in operation in sixteen cantons, and which has furnished the following re- sults : 46,171 hives have produced 833,644 kilos of honey, or 18 kilos (39^ lb.) per hive. There are 240,000 colonies in Switzerland, and if one reckons according to the poor returns of Western Switzer- land, which showed an average of 15 kilos (33 lb.) per hive, this would make 3.6 millions of kilos. At 2 francs a kilo the re- turns amount to 7,200,000 francs, or £288,000. Deducting about 2,000,000 francs for the cost of upkeep of these 240,000 hives, there remains a profit of 5,000,000 francs, or £200,000. The best returns in 1909 were from the canton of Lucerne, where 7,873 colonies produced 193,020 kilos of honey, an average of 24.5 kilos (55 lb.) per hive. In the canton of Bern 9,308 colonies produced 175,265 kilos of honey, 'an average of 18.8 kilos (40 lb.). The poorest returns come from Schaff- hausen, and show an average of only 5 kilos (11 lb.)." PRESS CUTTING. BRITISH BEES AND EXOTIC ELOWERS. Sir, — One of the most remarkable facts-. which confront the student of our native bees is the way in which they take to. flowers introduced from foreign countries, for it might surely 'be a priori expected that, having been used for countless generations to native flowers, a know- ledge of these would become hereditary, and that British bees would distrust foreign species. And still less would we expect to find them taking readily to 60 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Feb. 10, 1910. •exotics if we held the view generally re- ceived by naturalists that flowers visited by bees are in form and colour the out- come of their selective action. Yet it is a fact that bees visit freely a number of in- troduced plants in our gardens, tand •apparently find them as satisfactory as those which they are supposed to have themselves evolved. I have before me at the present moment an interesting example. Flower- ing in my garden for the first time is a species of linaria (L. dalmatica), a showy plant with numerous tall spikes of yellow flowers. I have never seen the species before, and feel quite sure it is not grown in any of the gardens in the neighbour- hood. Yet the bees have found it out, and this morning a worker of some species of humble-bee was diligently working the yellow blossoms. Another year I had a similar experi- ence with certain annural species (Linaria bipcurtita and L. marocanna). These have pretty flowers of various shades of purple and white. To them, quite new, I be- lieve, to the neighbourhood, a very in- teresting species of wild bee used to come daily. This bee has no common name, but is known to science as Anthidium inani- catum. It is easy to recognise, for it is tlie only one of our wild bees in which the male is conspicuously bigger than the female. He comes and takes possession, so to speak, of a clump of linaria, ready to keep off all rivals, and waits for the female. Flashing about with almost in- conceivable rapidity, he occasionally just touches a flower, and presumably wets his tongue with nectar. The smaller female rapidly works the linaria flowers, unheeding his presence. So quick are the movements of these bees, especially of the male, that other bees seem slow in com- parison. Now, if it were true that this species of bee had been sufficiently constant to any species of flower to be the agent in evolv- ing it, how can we account for it thus taking readily to a different species evolved elsewhere and under different con- ditions? And if it be urged that these linarias are more or less like our native species, we may point to other garden flowers eagerly visited by bees, and totally unlike any of our native plants. Notable among these may be mentioned the nasturtium, canary creeper, Himalayan balsam, lilac, laburnum, fuchsia, single dahlia, and others. — G. W. Bulman, M.A., B.Sc, in the Field. JANUARY RAINFALL. Total fall, 3.26 in. Above average, .80 in. Heaviest fall in 24 hours, .47 in. on 18th. Rain fell oh 22 days. W. Head, Brilley, Herefordshire. WEATHER REPORT. Westbourne, Sussex. Rainfall, 346 in. Above average, 1 01 in. Heaviest fall, 0*61 in. on 23rd. Rain fell on 18 days. Sunshine, 57'4 hours. Below average, 114 hours. Brightest day, 30th, 5 6 hours. Sunless days, 12. Maximum tempera- ture, 52° on 10th, 14th, and 16th. January, 1910. Minimum tempera- ture, 17° on 27th. Minimum on grass, 13° on 27th. Frosty nights, 10. Mean maximum, 44"5. Mean minimum, 34*8. Mean temperature, 396. Above average, 2T. Maximum barometer, 30567 on 7th. Minimum barometer, 28714 on 24th. L. B. BlRKETT. Queries and Replies. [3993.] Beginner's Experience and Queries. — Allow me to thank you for the feast of good things so liberally bestowed on all through the B.B.J, and Bccord during 1909. I am sure if the year was the worst on record for obtaining honey it was not due to a lack, of tuition, for with such a strong arm at the helm and so sturdy a crew, it is clear that we must look for other causes if progress has not been made. With this in mind I would ask your advice. I began with one stock last February, and, being afraid of losing the swarm when it came off, I made an artificial one, and thus have two stocks at present in Abbott's " W. B. C." hives. I only got 6 lb. of honey, and had to use half a hundredweight of sugar to feed them up, as I have to rely principally upon heather, which failed completely last season. This was certainly discouraging to a beginner, but to show how I am stick- ing to it I have read up all my back numbers of B.B.J, and have studied the " Guide Book " during this winter. I should like to say that there is no better time to read and reflect on the articles, which then appear at their best, rather than when they are written, for in the busy season one hardly has time to read and , take them in properly, and to do them the justice to which the authors are entitled. I have also bought two more new hives of the same make, and wish to try the plan recommended by Colonel H. J. O. Walker on page 224 of B.B.J, for June 10, 1909. 1. Would this be a good plan to follow considering that heather is my principal honey source? We have also whinberries, wild gooseberries, and such like, but no clover or apple blossoms, as we are on the side of the hills. 2. I spread the combs by mistake, putting alternately a wide and a narrow end before feeding Feb. 10, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 61 up last October, so the bees lengthened out the cells instead of taking the syrup down. When I noticed it I closed up the combs, and should like to know if there is likely to be any difficulty in the queen laying in the longest cells? 3. Would I be right in cutting them down ? 4. I understand that it is not easy to get bees to build out combs in the fall of the year, and as I have only heather to depend upon what would be the best plan to have combs built in readiness for it ? Thanking you in anticipation. — H. F., Monmouth. Reply. — 1. This plan should answer your purpose very well. 2. The queen will not lay in the lengthened cells, but the bees will cut them down if the combs have been closed up, as they generally keep a clear passage between them, sometimes leaving brace-pieces attached. 3. Yes, you should cut them down to the level of the frames. 4. You can get your bees to build out combs in summer by giving them frames of comb-foundation in place of some of the old combs. Notices to Correspondents. A Novice (Upper Norwood). — Moving Bees. — If you confined the bees with per- forated zinc over entrance for three days after moving them it is not sur- prising that you have found about fifty dead ones. Bees should be allowed free flight immediately after removal, for this agitates them, causing them to fill themselves with honey, and they require a cleansing flight. The bees would re- turn to the spot from which you moved them, unless you took proper precautions to make them mark their location. Bees appear quite normal. F. H. F. (Gloucester). — Stimulative Feed- ing.— 1. In most places March is quite soon enough to overhaul stocks, although with care and taking proper precau- tions, as stated on page 213 of " Guide Book," it can be done in February. If your apiary is situated in an exposed position leave the overhauling until March, and stimulative feeding by un- capping cells may be commenced then, bearing in mind that it takes about six weeks to build up a colony to sufficient strength to take advantage of the honey- flow. 2. May is the best month for re- moving winter packing in most districts, as it is in the spring months that bees suffer most from the cold ; therefore they should be well protected at this time. The recommendation you refer to is for replacing frames removed in the autumn ; this can be done in March or April. Transferring to clean hives will not interfere with bees storing from fruit blossoms, as it only takes a few minutes to do. 3. Naphthaline if pure will do no harm if used in the propor- tions mentioned in " Guide Book." There is no doubt that a great deal of impure stuff is used, which is not only injurious to bees but also affects the flavour of the honey. 4. Yes, bees often are rest- less if short of food, but when they have plenty of stores there must be other reasons for their being so. o. We thank you for offering to send us weather notes from your district, and we should be glad to have them. The humidity re- turns deduced from dry and wet bulb thermometers might be ttseful as show- ing some connection with the secretion of nectar. There is much to learn in this respect, and systematic observation would be very useful. F. W. (Mellor). — Honey Sample. — The honey is of inferior quality, gathered from mixed sources, including fruit- blossoms. It lias no distinctive flavour, and contains neither heather nor clover. It is tainted with a small quantity of honey-dew, but is quite wholesome for food, though not sufficiently good to be classed as a table honey. Rtjstictts (Hackney). — Commencing Bee- keeping.— Unless you can get help to look after your bees, it would be very little use your starting with any ex- pectation of making a profit, if you can only give them attention once a month. During the honey season bees require frequent attention as regards not only swarming,- but also giving and remov- ing supers at the proper time, and many other manipulations, without which suc- cess is impossible. If you will consult the ''Guide Book" you will see what is required to enable you to succeed. Lex (Wrexham). — B.B.K.A. Insurance Scheme. — The insurance is Id. per hive on the maximum number of hives kept ; minimum premium, 9d. Non-members of B.B.K.A. or affiliated associations have to pay a registration fee of 6d. You have made a mistake in supposing that there was a Is. hive insurance and that there is only compensation of Id. per hive. The compensation is accord- ing to value, not exceeding £30 in the aggregate, and in one case £28 18s. lid. was paid for the value of a horse killed by the stings of bees. You can obtain particulars by applying to the secretarv of the B.B.K.A., 8, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. R. F. S. (Colchester). — Clover Districts in Essex. — The secretary of the Essex B.K.A. is Mr. G. R. Alder, Rawreth, who could give you the information you require. Mr. A. W. Salmon, Cashfield, Chingford. Essex, is the secretarv of the Suffolk B.K.A. J. C. A. (Grangemouth). — Diseased Bees. — The bees sent are badly affected with dysentery. 62 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Feb. 10, 1910. H. B. (Brentford). — Dysenteric Bees. — Your bees are suffering from dysentery, probably caused by bad food. You have done right in changing the hive, but you should have reduced the number of frames and closed up with division- board, so as to reduce the space to enable the cluster of bees to keep warm. You should also have given the bees candy or a comb of sealed stores con- sisting of good honey. Much of the honey last season contained honey-dew, which is not good food for winter. R. B. R. (Rochdale). — Bees Stinging. — There are many reasons why bees sting some persons and not others. They are very sensitive to odours, and some — ■ such as bad breath caused by alcoholic drinks or otherwise, perspiration, and smell from stables — are obnoxious to them. Wearing gloves irritates bees, and at best with them it is a clumsy way of manipulating frames. The odour from one sting on the gloves causes a good many bees to sting also. We would recommend you to discard gloves and rub a few drops of oil of wintergreen on your hands before manipulating. Also use the smoker judiciously, keeping in mind that a little smoke is more efficacious than a large amount, and before taking off the quilt give the bees time to fill them- selves with honey. Back to the Land (Cornwall). — Starting Bee-keeping. — 1. Beginners are recom- mended to commence with swarm® so as to enable them to start from the begin- ning, and also because until they be- come expert at recognising diseases they run the risk of introducing them into the neighbourhood. 2. For the reason that with all their good qualities the native race is more suited to its country and is the one employed by all the large honey-producers. 3. You will find some- thing of use in every book, and no doubt also in the one you mention. 4. There is no need for a swarm-pre- venting chamber, and very few use it now. 5. The " Combination " hive was so named because when it was first intro- duced it was intended to work frames of sections at the back of brood-nest as well as racks of sections on the top. This plan has long since been given up, but such hives are now used for queen- rearing (see "Guide Book," page . 130, for illustration). 6. Very few "Wells" hives are now employed, and most honey-producers use a ten to twelve frame hive of the "W. B. C." type. Novice (Leicester). — Mortalitrj of Bees in Winter. — 1. This depends upon what sort of bees went into winter quarters. If they were young and bred in the autumn they should live through the winter and begin work in spring. Old bees will be dying off all through the winter months, and seldom survive until spring. The proportion of dying bees will be regulated by the number of each sort in the hive. 2. During winter bees do not fly far from home, and do so generally during sunshine for cleansing purposes. Your hive facing south in- duces them to come out when the sun shines. 3. You must on no account lift out the frames now, and the bees should not be disturbed from the time they are prepared for winter until the end of February (see "Guide Book," page 192). 4. If the candy is given without dis- turbing the bees it will not cause trouble. The amount consumed will de- pend on the strength of the colony and on their requirements. Lift the quilt when the candy is all consumed and give another cake until they are able to get nectar outside. A. R. P. (Taunton). — Queen-excluder. — There is no necessity to frame the ex- cluder to give a bee-space between frames and racks. Place the excluder direct on the frames with the slots running at right angles to them. F. W. and S. J, A. (Coleford).— Moving Bees. — If you will refer to page 120 of "Guide Book " you will find it stated that in such a case as yours stocks "should not be moved more than 2 ft. or 3 ft. each day, not reckoning those on which bees are not flying." It is a pity you took the advice of the old bee- keeper and did not carry out instruc- tions in "Guide Book." Ch. J. (Beckenham). — Perished Bees. — Comb sent only contains one cell of brood which has the appearance of in- cipient foul brood. The rest of the comb contains honey and pollen. Bees seem normal, and appear to have died from starvation. W. G. C. (Chelsea). — Spanish Journals. — 1. There are two Spanish' bee-papers — - La Gaceta Apicola de Espana and La Apicultora Espaiia. You can obtain par- ticulars from some of the foreign pub- lishers. Try Asher and Co., 13, Bedford Street, Strand, W.C. 2. Of manuals there are " Guia del Apicultor Britanico," a translation of the "Guide Book" by E. de Mercader Bellock, and " Guia del Apicultor Espafiol," by F. F. Andreu, either of which could be ordered through above publishers. 3. Rhodo- dendron maximum, Kalmia hirsuta, Kalmia latifolia, Azalea nudiflora, An- dromeda mariana, and yellow jasmine yield poisonous honey. Rhus and cornel are harmful to bees, and honey from the above-named plants, if plentiful, is injurious to young bees. Feb. 17, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 63 Editorial, Notices, &c. REVIEWS OF FOREIGN BEE- JOURNALS. By "Nemo." Influence of Odours on Bees. — M. Philo- mel, writing on this subject in L'Abeille de I'Aisne, says that bees smell the odour of honey at a distance which would make it quite imperceptible to vis. It is owing to this highly-developed sense of smell that they are able to distinguish rapidly if a certain flower contains only a few drops of nectar. Certain other odours attract them, such as, for instance, balm, and for this reason some bee-keepers soak a pad of cotton-wool with essence of balm, which they fix on a shrub, to attract swarms to settle on it. On the other hand, there are strong odours, such, for instance, as smoke, which repel bees. For this reason the bee-keeper uses smoke to subdue his colonies. There are other odours which are extremely disagreeable to bees and irritate them. Thus there are persons whose breath and perspiration are insupportable to these insects, and who may not approach a hive without running the risk of being stung. Others, on the contrary, can pass among hives without the slightest danger. Disinfecting Hives. — Dr. A. Maassen recommends that wooden hives which have contained bees affected with foul brood be scoured with a boiling solution of 1 lb. of soda to one gallon of water. The hive should be scraped with a knife and scrubbed with a stiff brush. After doing this thoroughly, the sides must be slightly charred with the flame of a benzine lamp, taking care that the flame gets well into the angles. He says this plan is much more effective than that of using the usual disinfectants, such as chloride of lime, carbolic acid, lysol, or formalin. Veils, gloves, &c, should be boiled in the soda solution for half an hour. Count Cav. G. Barbo. — The death of this noted bee-keeper and agriculturist is recorded in L'Apicoltore of Milan. Although nearly seventy years of age he was full of vigour, but a severe illness brought on the end sooner than was ex- pected. Count Barbo was in 1867 one of the founders of the Italian Central Asso- ciation for the encouragement of bee- culture, and of its official journal V Api- coltore. He was for many years, first vice-president, and then president of the association, and on the death of Count Resta he took an active part in editing the journal and in advocating the rational culture of bees, which up to that time was unknown in Italy. When, owing to his other occupations, he gave up this work, he was made honorary president of the society. He was not only a noted bee-keeper, but also an enthusiastic agri- culturist, and although a wealthy man he himself superintended the work of a large domain, where on a model farm the country people were taught the most modern methods. He wrote " L'Apicoltura in Italia," a book for bee-keepers, and " Operazioni Apistiche Mensili o Prome- moria ai Novizi Apieoltori." In 1872 he published his experiences respecting par- thenogenesis, and he was also able to con- firm the fact of there being laying workers, and in watching them lay he observed some with pollen on their legs. On dissection eggs were found in the ovaries. As a keen microscopist he studied the anatomy of the bee, and in 1875 "L'Ape, sua Anatomia — suoi Nemici " was produced, this consisting of litho- graph pictures of Count Barbo's studies drawn by F. Clerici. In 1901 this work was revised and brought out under the title of "Atlanti di Apicoltura," the de- scriptive text being written by A. de Rauschenfels, the octogenarian editor of L' Apicoltore. The same journal announces the death of another of the founders of the Central Association, Count Emilio Boromeo, who died a few days after Count Barbo. Cheap Bees. — In the Badische Biene it is stated that a certain wood on the Rhine has long been favourably known from the fact that every year many ab- sconding swarms settle there as they come from Sehwarzwald, and are not able to cross the Rhine. The bee-keepers in the neighbourhood, being very enterpris- ing, place their empty hives in this wood, and are generally able to remove them in the autumn tenanted by good stocks. Preserving Fruit in Wax. — We find the following instructions for preserving fruit in wax in Practischer Wegweiser: — Gather the fruit with its stalk just before it is quite ripe, taking care not to bruise it in any way. Then, holding it by the stalk, dip it into molten wax, being care- ful that this is not too hot. Lift it out quickly, and hold it for a few seconds until the wax cools, when it can be stored in a cool, dry place until wanted. It is stated that fruit preserved in this way will be found quite good for six months. This method may be employed for choice pears, the thin layer of wax preventing germs from decomposing the fruit. Siviss Pace of Bees.— Bees of this race, improved as we have on several occasions mentioned by selection, through the per- severing efforts of Dr. Kramer, are begin- ning to be appreciated in other countries. We read in the Bulletin de la Socie.be Pomande d? Apiculture that the Bee- 64 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Feb. 17, 1910. Society of Wiesbaden has decided to con- tinue the. rearing of these bees in view of the good results obtained. GLAMORGAN B.K.A. ANNUAL MEETING. The annual general meeting of the above took place at the Occidental Cafe, Cardiff, on Saturday, February 5. The weather was not good, and, in the absence of General Lee, Mr. J. Jenkins was voted to the chair. The minutes and correspondence having been dealt with, the chairman moved the adoption of the report and balance-sheet. The report showed, he said, how un- favourable the past season had been to bee-keepers, whose crops in many in- stances were either small or worthless. There had been forty-one new members enrolled. Through the liberality of the County Council, two tours had been made by the Rev. H. Morgan and twenty lec- tures given by Mr. Wm. Richards. The percentage of foul-brood cases was re- ported to be small. The balance-sheet was a creditable one, in the chairman's opinion, as it showed a revenue of £176 2s. 7d. and a credit balance of £9 17s. 6d. The report and financial statement were passed nem. con. Votes of thanks were unanimously passed to the Glamorgan County Council for their grant of £100, to the Cardiff and County Horticultural Society, and to the retiring officers. The following appointments were made : — President, the Earl of Plymouth; vice^ presidents, as last year; auditor, Mr. John Jenkins ; chartered accountant and treasurer, Mr. F. A. Hibbert. Mr. Richards was urged by several speakers to reconsider his intention to resign the secretaryship, the chairman re- marking that it was not too much to say that the association owed its present im- portant position to his caTe, work, and zeal. Ultimately, Mr. W. J. Wiltshire was unanimously elected hon. secretary. An executive committee of twelve was then formed. A discussion on the proposed re- organisation of the B. B.K.A. was entered into, few speakers being in favour of the scheme submitted. The matter was left to be dealt with by the committee. Refreshments were provided through the kindness of General Lee. — W. J. Wiltshire, Hon. Sec, Maindy Schools, Cardiff, February 11. HONEY IMPORTS. The value of honey imported into the United Kingdom during the month of January, 1910, was £1,076. — From a re- turn furnished to the British Bee Journal by the Statistical Office, H.M. Customs. A TWO-QUEEN SYSTEM. SOME REMARKS ON ITS ADAPTABILITY FOR A. HEATHER DISTRICT. BY "MEDICUS,'' NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE . (Continued from page 56.) The simplest and safest method of in- troducing a second queen to a colony was pointed out to me by " Cruadh," whose name used to be known to bee-keepers, to- whom I am greatly indebted. Having a spare queen, go in the morning to the colony to which this second queen is to be introduced, and remove from it two or three combs of sealed and hatching brood, and place them in a spare brood-chamber di vision, in the front of which a ^-in. hole has previously been bored. Cage the new queen on one of the combs, and shake in enough bees to care for the brood, but care must be taken that the original queen is left in the original brood-chamber. Having filled up the empty spaces in the- original colony with foundation or drawn combs, place over it a frame of wire gauze, and on this stand the nucleus just formed with its new queen. If this manipulation is performed in flying weather the new queen can be liberated with safety on the- following morning, as all the older bees will have escaped by the upper entrance and have returned to their old queen below, and only young queenless bees will 3 Queen 2 O 2 7 Queen 1 • i 1. Original brood-chamber. 2. Drawn combs. 3. Spare brood-chamber or nucleus; O J-in. hole, W wire gauze. be left. The combs, however, should be separated on opening the hive, and a few minutes allowed for any of the older bees still left to take flight. Within twelve hours the newly-liberated queen will gene- rally have begun laying. In a few days the wire screen can be removed, its place being taken by a queen- excluder, and the upper entrance can be closed. As an additional precaution this change can be made towards evening, and a sheet of paper placed over the queen-excluder when it is put in position. The bees take some hours to gnaw through and remove the paper, and the mixing of the bees, therefore, takes place more slowly. When the nucleus is lifted from its position on the top of the main part of the colony it should be disturbed as little as possible. Feb. 17, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 65 As it only contains young bees no subjuga- tor is necessary. When the second queen is once safely introduced, I have never found any mani- pulation of the colony, however extreme, re- sult in "balling" or injury to either queen. Ex Queen 2 2 fBrood\ 1 \QueenJ 1 i i Ex. Excluder in place of wire gauze. The circle shows position of brood. (The two queens need not be of the same breed. A British queen and an Italian queen unite as easily as two British or two Italian queens.) The following method of management seems worthy of further trial by heather- honey producers. It can, of course, be carried out in a much simpler form, although the full benefit of two queens will not be obtained. I find that by purchasing a queen at the end of May (the cost of which an extra 3 lb. or 4 lb. of heather honey will cover) a colony can be sent to the moors much stronger in bees than any single-queened colony, and at the same time one of the queens can be left at home with enough brood to build up into a good wintering colony. At the end of May a queen is purchased and is introduced to a colony which already has a queen in the way described above. (If a queen is purchased from Italy, one of the current year can often be obtained.) As the upper queen has plenty of room, and as her brood-nest has the full benefit of the warmth from below, she extends it very rapidly. If the colony is examined in two or three weeks it will be found that most of the honey is being stored in the upper brood-nest, and the pollen in the lower. To equalise matters, and to obtain the maximum result, it is an advantage to alter the relative positions of the two brood-nests every two or three weeks, placing the upper below the excluder, and the lower above. Whether it is due to the opening up of the hive (and at the pre- sent time there is much discussion on the advantages of shaking), or to the brood- nest with most pollen now having honey stored in it, and to the brood-nest with honey receiving a fresh supply' of pollen, it is difficult to say ; but about the result there is no doubt. In my own district the honey-flow is very slight and intermittent until clover yields, and such a change of position is essential for good results, as a stoppage of supplies owing to bad weatherT if it lasts a few days, causes breeding in the lower brood-nest to be much curtailed. This rearranging of the brood-nests sounds a much more formidable and lengthy proceeding than it is. It takes a much shorter time to do than it does to describe, if a hive adapted to the purpose is used. As bee-keepers have complained to me that they find it difficult to do this without causing an uproar, and at the expense of many stings, it may be as well in a few words to describe my method. A spare bottom-board is placed near the hive to be manipulated. The bee-keeper with a screw-driver gently loosens the upper brood-nest from the queen-excluder, which is mounted in a wood frame, with- out disturbing the occupants (the lower brood-nest can be liberated from the bot- tom-board at the same time). The upper brood-nest is now lifted gently off from the queen-excluder and placed on the new bottom-board without the use of any smoke or other subjugator. A carbolic cloth which is in readiness, and is large enough to cover the whole of the frames, is placed quietly over the exposed queen- excluder, and the hive, picked up by its bottom-board, is lifted to one side with- out jarring. The hive on the new bottom- board is next lifted into its place. The queen-excluder is now removed, and the top of what was the lower part of the colony is covered over with a piece of calico or enamel cloth, according to the preference of the bee-keeper. The cover of the hive is now removed to its new position, and after a momentary applica- tion of the carbolic cloth the excluder is placed in position on what is now to be the lower brood-nest. The carbolic cloth being removed, what is now to be the upper brood-nest is gently lifted into posi- tion without trouble. If smoke is used, or the colony is jarred before the two brood-nests are separated, the bees are on the defensive, and the bee-keeper is aware of it as soon as ever he lifts the upper division off the queen-excluder. The rest of the manipulation then be- comes a bee-smashing performance. When the two parts are separated with- out previous disturbance, no bee takes wing for nearly a minute, and thus there is time enough allowed to put the part lifted off into position and to apply the carbolic cloth. A carbolic cloth prepares the way for placing one division on another much better than smoke, and acts over the whole area. \ When the clover-flow begins the upper brood-nest is lifted off the queen-excluder and a super, or supers, put in its place. It is next covered with calico or enamel cloth, and the upper brood-nest is re- '66 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Feb. 17, 1910. placed on the top of all, and an entrance provided in the front. AH the flying bees from the upper brood-nest will, on their next flight, return to the old en- trance and augment the honey-gatherers below. At the end of a few days, if the flow continues good, and it is desired to cfivert more bees from the upper colony, the top colony can be placed on a floor- board by the side of the main colony. The flying bees will return to the position of the upper entrance, and, finding that there is no inlet, will track down to the 3 Queen 2 O f 4 1 V Brood J 2 fQ.ueen\i Ex 1 and 2. Position of brood. 3. Upper brood-nest, with entrance O. 4 and 5. Supers. Ex Excluder. lower entrance. Towards the end of the clover-flow the upper brood-nest can be returned to the top again, and when the supers are removed the upper entrance can be closed, and the hive will thus re- turn to its former two-queen state. The result of these manipulations is to throw all the older flying bees from the upper brood-nest into the supered part, where they are most wanted. By the removal of the majority of the honey-gatherers it prevents the upper queen from having her brood-nest choked with honey, and at the same time sufficient honey comes in to stimulate brood-production. (Concluded next week.) AMONG THE BEES. OUE FRIEND THE ENEMY. BY D. M. MACDONALD, BANFF. Bee-keepers should now keep their eyes wide open and watch closely on bush, shrub, and tree for signs of the develop- ment of the aphides. The eggs laid in autumn have survived the winter, and will shortly hatch out. Those now pro- duced have the power of laying eggs, but Nature has provided a much surer and more expeditious way whereby these pests can multiply and increase, for they later in the season propagate by "budding,-' the insects being viviparous. Males almost entirely disappear during the summer, so that all the mischief done us is produced by females. I have not worked out the following figures, but simply quote them from Bonnet, sup- ported by other observers : — ■" A single female produced 90 young lice, these 90 produced 8,100, and these in the third generation gave 729,000. Carrying on the computation, the eighth generation from a single aphis produces the astound- ing total of 441,461,000,000,000." Fortunately, Nature likes to strike a balance, and therefore these pests have many enemies, which last considerably limit the output. Man, where he can get at them, wages constant warfare on them and destroys many billions, but his efforts are futile when it comes to an in- fested wood or forest. The remedies gar- deners apply to bushes and trees are quassia and soft soap, soft soap alone, soft soap and sulphide of potassium, paraffin emulsion, naphthaline, and spraying with Paris green or arsenite of soda. A Bough-and-Beady Hive-Level. — When the suitable tool is not at hand a most efficient substitute will be found in a common soup plate. Lay it on the floor- board and fill up with water.. If inclined to one side, prise up the stand until you judge the water stands level with the rim all round, and there you are! A Hive-Scraper. — Friends have been kind enough to send me six different kinds of these appliances. One is similar to that used by painters for scraping old paper off walls, and resembles the spatula generally pictured in appliance catalogues; another is the triangular one illustrated in the Journal, a third is an oblong plate of steel with no handle, while yet another is the three-faced " Soal " scraper. My draw hoe has been tried with one and three faces, with the result that I prefer the original single-faced one I found so handy last spring, and I place it first in the list. Foul-Brood Acts. — Ireland possesses one of these. Happy Erin! Canada is blessed with a little army of fourteen inspectors, and they cry for more. New Zealand is in the proud position of having one of the most drastic and effective Acts in existence. In America the following States and Terri- tories can boast of more or less efficient laws dealing with the disease : — California. Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wash- ington, and Wisconsin. Begarding Becent Comments. — Mr. Crawshaw (page 499, vol. 37) queries me in regard to my belief in varieties of honey- dew. I said (page 436, near top of first Feb. 17, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. I:;; ■column) that there were two kinds. The aphides are borers as well as suckers and sippers of the exuded saccharine juice. They have a pro- boscis (haustelluni) by which they pierce and suck the sap from the leaf and even the tender stem. Honey varies in specific gravity from 1.350 to (perhaps) 1.700, but this is not exactly what I meant when speaking of the density of heather honey. If Mr. Crawshaw (page 11) objects to the use of the word density, I, in like manner, dislike the term " gelati- nous " applied to heather honey — it has a smack of glucose about it. But perhaps in both cases we mean simply consistency, i.e., spissitude, or the denseness or com- pactness which belongs to substances not perfectly liquid or perfectly solid. Mr. A. Green (7727) and Mr. Horsley (7732) seem deeply grieved over the idea that there is likely soon to be a resuscita- tion of the crusade against foul brood, and both gentlemen sound the old bogey "liberty of the subject," oblivious of the fact apparently that that is the very point a well-considered Bill would aim at securing. The well-doer then would do better — the ill-doer only would suffer, and he deserves it. When we find 95 per cent, of one of the largest and best-managed county associations in England favouring a renewed attempt to secure legislation, it shows that the subject is maturing, if, indeed, it is not fully ripe, and; I for one* believe the movement will not be sup- pressed this time until it reaches a trium- phant issue. Rickety Reasoning (page 26). — Truth dead ? Nay, verily ! Truth is imperish- able, indestructible, immutable. Man's narrow and imperfect vision of it varies, that is all. I smiled a smile on reading column 1, and as I read on and began to appreciate the full force of the sup- posed argument the smile broadened, albeit at the time I was in the grip of the influenza fiend. Just think of it, dear reader! Because the •Queries and Replies" Editor gave a definite answer to a specific and limited question, therefore all questions regarding excluder-zinc must be bound down and regulated by that answer. An ounce in the one scale should downweigh a whole ton in the other ! The reply on page 460, I doubt not, is correct as an answer to this one question, but £>laeed against this we find that while the general use of excluder below shallow frames has been consistently advised, yet the whole tradi- tion of our Journal has been in favour of perfect freedom of thought and practice in regard to its use below sections. " I have no use for excluder beneath my sec- tions." writes Mr. Woodley. "Excluder zinc is not net£S8&,ry." How now, my masters! Would you believe these itali- cised words actually form a part of the very answer Mr. Soal so triumphantly flaunts in my face? But they were care- fully suppressed in his version of the answer. I do not believe in everything Dr. Miller writes (see next issue), but he is "an up- to-date and advanced bee-keeper." I join with our Editor in assigning him a promi- nent position in the apicultural arena, and with Editor York in classifying him as a prince among the world's bee-keepers. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. WIRING FRAMES. [7743.] The usual horizontal or oblique method of wiring frames has, unfor- tunately, been imposed on British bee- keepers owing chiefly to the fact that the frame formulated by the B.B.K.A. is too weak both in top and bottom bars to per- mit of vertical wiring. It is, of course, feasible to use thicker bars, but this will somewhat curtail the comb-area, which seems scarcely advisable. Horizontal or oblique wiring, even when well done, is incompetent to prevent buckling of the usual eight-sheet foundation between the wires, especially in those frames which occupy a central position in the hive, and are consequently exposed to the greatest weight and heat of the swarm. On page 68 of "Guide Book" is given an illustration of a breakdown of comb- foundation 6aid. to be made from adul- terated wax, but a glance at the wiring will show that the wires have sagged from | in. to ^ in., the oblique wire on the right having sagged at least the depth of two cells! It would be absurd to suppose that wiring such as this will prevent un- even stretching and buckling of the foundation, even when the latter is made of pure beeswax. When horizontal wiring is well done there will always be a certain amount of sagging of the wire, founda- tion and wire moving together until the limit of the wire's movement is reached, when the foundation continuing to stretch, buckling is inevitable. Vertical wiring, on the contrary, cannot sag, and offers an equal resistance to stretching from top to bottom, allowing the founda- tion to stretch evenlv downwards. 08 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Feb. 17, 1910. The only real remedy, therefore, is the adoption of a frame having top and bot- tom bars of such thickness as will stand the strain of vertical wiring; and, while we are about it, let us adopt that other great improvement — namely, a " taper^' frame. I give a drawing herewith of such a frame, and have no hesitation in saying that it is superior in every respect to the frame known as the Association standard. The dimensions are: 15 in. by 14 in. by 9 in. Top bar, 18 in. long by fin. wide by f in. deep ; end bars, | in. by f in. ; bottom bar, 14 in. by | in. by Jin., with a strengthening rib in middle. It will be seen that when this frame is lifted' half out of hive the clearance between end bars and hive-walls is \ in., or just double the usual amount; when near the top it is about f in. each side. For ease of manipulation there is no frame that can deep frames where the foundation had slipped down, so as to stretch the cells to- nearly double their length, which is not difficult- to understand, for when the wax is softened by the heat of the cluster of bees the weight alone is sufficient to draw it down. Our correspondent admits that vertical wiring allows the foundation to stretch evenly downwards. For this, reason even bee-keepers who use frames with thick bars adopt horizontal wiring. and vertical wiring has almost entirely gone out of use. Oblique wiring is even an improvement on the horizontal plan, and if properly done is by far the best. If • the wire is tightly stretched there would be no sagging, and we have seen hundreds of frames containing combs per- fect in every respect. One of the advan- tages of oblique wiring is that if the wires by chance are not stretched tight enough ^V^\\\V\\\\\\\\\\\^^ TAPER. FKAME. approach it, and I feel certain that no bee-keeper who adopts it will ever want to change it for any other. Its comb- capacity is about 3 sq. in. more than that of the standard. It is not only important that the comb should be straight, but that it should fill the frame all round ; many combs that you see have a ^-in. gap next the bottom rail. I therefore advise fixing a f-in. strip of foundation in contact with the bottom bar, leaving a ^-in. space be- tween this strip and the large sheet. — Saml. P. Soal, The Old Rectory, near Rochford, Essex. [As we have had experience with dif- ferent sorts of wiring, we have no hesita- tion in saying that horizontal or oblique wiring, if properly done, is the only sure way of securing comb-foundation in frames. We have seen vertical-wired there is no sagging, as suggested by our correspondent ; this we know from having carried out experiments for the purpose of determining the best way to wire frames. We use ten-sheet foundation, and have never found it to buckle or sag when made of pure beeswax. The only vertical wiring that is in any way satis- factory is when the wire is embedded in the foundation during the process of manufacture, such as in the "Van Deusen " foundation; but this is flat- bottomed, and is not taken to by bees so* readily as natural-base foundation. To adopt a taper frame, as proposed by our correspondent, would be retrograding to the days before the B.B.K.A. was founded, for as early as 1873 Mr. C. N. Abbott was a strong advocate for its use (see B.B.J, for 1873, page 84). Then about that time there was the " Carr- Feb. IT, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 69 Stewarton" (B.B.J., 1874, page, 85), the •'Sherrington" (B.B.J., 1874, page 111), the "Slindon" (B. B.J. , 1874; page 150), and several other hives with taper frames. We have had and worked with iall these hives, and have no hesitation in saying that bee-keeping has been simplified and rendered possible of being carried on at a profit by the adoption in this country of the " Standard " frame. Although Mr. Abbott introduced a taper frame, he was one of the committee who recommended the "Standard," and, seeing its great advantage, he was always an advocate for its use. In our early days we had some- thing like twenty taper-frame hives, but we discarded them all in favour of the "Standard," and from the results we have obtained have never had cause to regret it. The inconveniences of hives with tapering sides are obvious, and more than counterbalance any hypothetical ad- vantages of a taper frame. — -Ed.] DRIVEN BEES AT THE HEATHER. [7744.] As this is the bee-keeper's quiet season, perhaps some of your corre- spondents who have, had experience in uti- lising driven bees at the heather would give us the method they have found most successful. I intend giving driven bees a trial nest August. The plan I propose to adopt, if the critics think it feasible, would be to get early in the month 8 lb. or 9 lb. of healthy driven bees with queen, and run them into a hive arranged on the following plan: — Two full frames of combs and stores, one at each side of body-box. Next each frame of stores would be placed two frames with full sheets of foundation (in all four), and in centre one frame of empty worked-out comb. Above all would be placed a rack of sections with full sheets of foundation, and over that again a Tack of sections fully worked out left over from the clover harvest. In running in the bees I would kill the queen and give a young fertile one, mated in July, in order that she might fill the contracted body-box with brood. My excuse for troubling you with above is that I think your suggestions and criticisms, and perhaps one or two reports from others of experience, would be of great interest and profit to many of the readers of your valuable paper. — J. N., Portobello. CEMENT FOR PAINTING HIVE- ROOFS. [7745.] I have been painting hive-roofs with Portland cement and linseed oil. They look all right now, but I have my doubts as to how .they will stand the ex- posure to sun and rain. Would Mr. Mac- donald kindly give his experience of using cement for hive-roofs? Is there any objection to covering roofs with "Stoniflex" felt, giving a coat of paint to the felt? — A. P., Sussex. [We have no knowledge of this mate- rial.— Ed.] CAPPINGS OF COMB. BY L. S. CEAWSHAW, NORTON, M ALTON, YORK S. Among the Bees (page 23, line 34).— "Happy are those," &c. TO-NIGHT. ^ We know the dark precedes the dawn; The night, the day, When shadowed slumber shall be gone Its silent way : And yet, I would not wake too soon — If rest I may— Whilst I can steal to-morrow's sun To light to-day. The cloud-rack and the burdened gale Abroad may fling; No winter's night can ever pale My dream of spring. Its fragrant joy shall never stale, Whilst it can bring The cuckoo and the nightingale On conjured wing. Sleep on then, happy bees, and dream Tonr dream — and ours; We wait with you — nor wasted deem These work-won hours — Who know of old, Dame Nature's scheme To save her powers; To-morrow's sun shall surely gleam And wake — the flowers. Dual-queen System (page 25). — What does "J. M. E." mean when he speaks of the "large brood-nest," seeing that this is contained in an ordinary set of stan- dard frames? Locality Again (page 27). — Yes; the driest corner of England is wringing wet beside, the really dry places of the world. At the moment of writing I can confirm all that Mr. Cowan says of the Swiss mountains. Here in the Engadine, some 6,000 ft. above sea-level, with the ground blanketed by two or three feet of snow, there is no wheeled traffic, and the country sleighs jingle along, often trail- ing chains as bright as though they had just left the rattle-box. The other day, with the temperature near the thaw point, I had a fireworky spill into a deep bank of snow when essaying a too ambitious feat on my ski, those long wooden runners strapped to the boots. My im- petus buried me so thoroughly that I was fain to think of the gentleman in the "Excelsior" ballad. A large St. Bernard dog belonging to the hotel, which had at the outset affectionately hampered my movements (only to abandon me later when progress became more difficult for him), was of course nowhere to be seen when wanted, which shows how overrated 0 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Feb. 17, 1910. is the breed! Yet, although. I got fairly wet in the process of recovery from the moist snow, I was shortly quite dry again in the thirsty atmosphere. To-day, after some 40 deg. Fahr. of frost, every vestige of moisture has disappeared. Writing dries quickly, as witness the fact that the hotel kitten has just walked from my shoulder across my copy without editing it, in spite of an evident intention to in- sert some clause. Possibly "Cappings" are a shade drier than usual ! Liberty of the Subject (page 27). — The loss of this is one of the necessary penal- ties of civilisation ! We do not know what may come, but, to-day at least, man is not held criminally responsible for the contraction of, say, bubonic plague. So, although he becomes subject to restric- tions, he is not shot on diagnosis. Even shooting might find advocates, as tending to increase the immunity of the race. Similarly, rabies and other animal diseases have been more or less satisfac- torily dealt with officially. So, too, foul brood may very well be treated legisla- tively, when we may hope to get it stamped out or diminished, and the risk to the "respectable bee-keeper" corre- spondingly reduced. I think Mr. Green drew his picture in a light which has in- duced him to over-colour it a little! A Poor District (page 28). — Practically no forage but heather! Think of that, some of you more fortunate bee-men, and be encouraged in spite of an occasional bad season. I have lived in this particu- lar district, and it is quite true that, ex- cept for' a few sycamore trees, there is only the ling to rely upon, and that, as most men of the moors know, is not always reliable! But this little bee-association in Airedale is one of the most enthusiastic that I have had the pleasure of meeting, and I remember to have heard the' Rev. Sidney Smith, who helped to promote it, say that he was more proud of it than any other of his foster-children. A Sting Cure (page 39). — An applica- tion of "coal oil" will "remove all bad feelings." Yes; but where is the coal oil when wanted ? I remember, when a small boy, being "phut into the coal 'oil," as it is termed in some parts of Yorkshire, and bad feeling was distinctly generated ! The Long Night (page 40).— If this ex- planation of the cluster restlessness be true, we have here an argument in favour of artificial winter stores, for the neces- sary consumption of honey containing pollen stimulates and excites, and conse- quently increases the consumption of un- assimilable matter. Premature brood- rearing would undoubtedly be prevented by the absence of pollen. But is it established beyond question that the queen is so restless in a normal cluster, or may not the condition of observation conduce to the conclusion? Perhaps Mr. Edwardes could tell us whether the worker-bees, tucked away in the comb, are fed in that position. It seems un- likely, though within possibility. Has anyone made observations of the occu- pants of these sleeping-berths and their movements? There seems to be a field for experiment, too, in the matter of "hibernated" eggs. Eggs might be stored at various temperatures for extended periods, when the possibilities of this in- teresting theory might conceivably be de- monstrated. So far, I believe, eggs have not been safely kept for anything like the necessary probation. But failure is in- conclusive, for the bees themselves might overcome our difficulties. Only I would utter a solemn' warning that the stock so precociously informed as a result of the successful experiment should be de- stroyed, lest the news spread in the hive world, and our profit, like that of the Ephesians, be taken away, and we be without honour in our own country. In the happy meantime let us be thank- ful for the imperfections of our over- thrifty bees! My own "strain" of bees (if Mr. Soal will allow the term) are of a very progressive type, and last summer I remember to have noticed a bee inves- tigating a crock containing water-glass. I wonder, now, if ! Queries and Replies. [3994.] Examining Hives in Wlnter. — Whilst in my apiary on February 6 I had occasion to notice four of my stocks taking their cleansing-flights after being unfortunately kept indoors by severe weather for more than three and a half weeks. I noticed, in one of my hives several bees on the alignting- board trying to fly, and then dropping on to the grass never to rise again. I sus- pected dysentery, and raised the hive from the floorboard, but was surprised to find everything on floorboard all right. Not being satisfied, I commenced to lift out the frames to search for excrement on the combs, but found the bees in excellent condition. As the weather was very mild, I did not think any harm would ensue. I operated about 4.30 p.m., when the other stocks had finished, flying. 1. Did I do any injury? The queen had not commenced to lay, and the bees had plenty of sealed stores in all the five frames. I am anxious as a beginner to know whether there is any immediate danger in disturbing bees in mild weather. All my stocks have camphor on toil of frames (a wrinkle I obtained from your valued journal) to prevent disease. Feb. 17, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 71 2. Could you please tell me how and when to induce the queen to commence laying? 3. After the operation the bees became very excitable, and commenced their cleansing- flight immediately after exposure. Hoping all interested in the craft will have a more successful season than 1909.— G. E. B., Manchester. Reply. — 1. It is a bad plan to interfere with bees during the winter months, for then they should be allowed to be per- fectly quiet. As you say it was very mild when you lifted out the frames it is to be hoped that not much harm has been done. Rousing bees to activity in this way causes them to fill themselves with honey, and if they are prevented from having cleansing-flights by reason of cold weather it results in abdominal distension or dysentery. 2. By stimulative feeding (see page 109 of "Guide Book"); next month will be soon enough. 3. The cleansing-flight was induced by disturb- ance of the bees. TRADE CATALOGUES RECEIVED. E. H. Taylor (Welwyn, Herts.). — Illus- trated list of bee-keepers' supplies by this well-known maker, and1 everything that a bee-keeper may require will be found mentioned in it. It also contains ''Hints on Successful Bee-Management. " There is included an illustrated price list of incubators and other poultry appli- ances. Catalogue of eighty pages free on application. R. Steele and Brodie (Wormit, Dundee). — Full list of hives and appli- ances, including all the latest novelties. Sole agent in Britain for C. Dadant and Sons' comb-foundation. Poultry-houses and appliances of all kinds. Seventy-two- page catalogue free by post. Notices to Correspondents. A. J. H. (Wallingford). — Dysenteric Bees. — The bees sent are suffering from dysentery, no doubt caused by the weak- ness of the colony, which may be due to foul brood or other causes. As your combs are built across the frames and you cannot contract the space, this is a detriment to the colony, and is likely to cause the bees to dwindle. The only thing you can do now is to keep them warmly covered up, and when suitable weather comes unite them with another lot, but before doing so make sure that they are free from foul brood or other disease. F. V. W. (Gloucester). — Examination of Hives. — 1. About the end of March is quite soon enough to make a thorough examination of hives (see " Guide Book," page 198), but as you say you have left too many frames, and wish to remove some of them, you could do it on a fine warm day, when there is no wind and the bees are flying freely. Do not uncover all the frames, but only turn tip the quilt over those you wish to remove. 2. In March (see " Guide Book," page 110). Simple One (Wigton). — Loss of Stock- - The bees are too decomposed to judge if they have died from disease, but from ■ your description we should judge that the colony has dwindled through lack of young bees to keep up heat of cluster and replace the old dying ones. As there is so much disease among bees in different localities, we should certainly hesitate to use honey for feeding from a colony that had died, unless we were certain that it was free from infection. J. D. T. (Scarborough). — Transferring to Neiv Hive. — 1. You can, as you propose, place the new hive on the top, and when the bees have started making combs you can drive the queen up from the lower hive with most of the bees, and put excluder-zinc between the two. Examine to make sure you have the queen in top hive ; then change its posi- tion, placing it at the bottom with ex- cluder between the two. The old hive can be removed when all the brood has hatched out. 2. Warm them, or put the combs in the sun for a short time, when they will lose their brittleness and be quite fit for use again. J. M. L. (Northumberland). — Giving Candy. — As your quilt has a feed-hole you can place the candy over it as you suggest, and cover with a larger quilt, placing warm covering over this. B. H. (Bath).— Weed-killer.— Any of the weed-killers sold could be used for destroying grass, but they would also destroy your bees unless the latter were confined to their hives during the operation and for some time after. A useful weedkiller is made by mixing 1 oz. of carbolic acid with 2 oz. of glycerine, then adding two quarts of water, and shaking well to- gether. To be applied through a fine rose. Be careful to wash out thoroughly the water-can and rose after using. A. W. (Bartlestone). — Suspected Comb. — Bees have died head downwards in cells and have probably become chilled through the moving of the cluster. There was a little pollen but no honey in the comb. S. H. (Sawbridgeworth). — Making Candy. — 1. The candy is under-boiled, as some of the sugar crystals are undissolved. 2. Yes, the candy stimulation would start the queen laying. The yellowish par- THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Feb. 17, 1910. tides are probably the refuse that the bees are removing from the hive, as your colony seems strong and active. 3. The leaf sent looks like that of an Artemisia, but when in' flower if you will send one we will endeavour to name it. It is impossible to do so from only a leaf. 4. Yes, the whole county is good. P. and Mel. (Blairgowrie). — Overstocking District. — 1. It is quite possible to overstock a district, although there are some places where a hundred . colonies can be kept, but the best results are obtained in smaller apiaries of about forty to fifty colonies, placed at some distance apart. As you already have seventy bives in one place, and wish to increase the number, we would advise you to select some otber quarter for anotber apiary. 2. You can get printed particulars respecting examinations by applying to tbe Secretary, B.B.K.A., 8, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. 3. There is a ready sale for good Scotch honey in the English market, and advertising in the B.B.J, would enable you to dispose of it. A New Hand (Cowes). — Cleaning Floor- boards. — -The proper way is to have a spare floorboard, which place on the stand, removing bive with floorboard to one side (see "Guide Book,"' page 200). Give a few puffs of smoke, and lift the hive from the old floorboard and place it on the new one. You can then clean the board, and it will be ready for the next bive. A few puffs of smoke would not be detrimental, and the operation Mill only take a few seconds, and can be completed with hardly any disturbance of the bees. If there are a few active bees on the floorboard they will return to the hive, especially if you help them by brush- ing them on to the alighting-board. During winter, when bees are not able to get out, they cannot clear the dead bees and rubbish which accumulate, although they keep the floor scrupu- lously clean in summer, and carry out their dead at that season. J. H. (Boxmoor). — Dysenteric Bees. — 1. The honey has a nice fine granulation, and is of very good flavour. It has no dis- tinctive aroma, and is quite suitable for eating. 2. Your bees seem to be suffer- ing from virulent dysentery, described on pages 421-4 of B.B.J, for October 28 last, to which please refer. A good many stocks have been lost from the same disease, and we would recommend you to destroy the combs and disinfect the hives before using them again. M. V. E. (Cobham).— Dead Bees.— It is not at all an uncommon thing for bees to die of starvation with plenty of candy. If the cluster of bees is small they cannot keep up sufficient heat to move from one part of the hive to an- other in very cold weather, and thus they frequently die. When bees die with their heads in the cells it is usually a sign that they have succumbed to star- vation. W. H. (Longsdon).— Staffs B. K. A. —The secretary of this association is the Be v. G. C. Bruton, Great Haywood Vicarage, Stafford. Sussex. — Joining a Bee-association. — You will find membership of a bee-iassocia- tion of great advantage to you. Write for particulars to the hon. sec. of the Sussex B.K.A., Mr. E. Powell, Clayton Nurseries, Hassocks, as there is no county B.K.A. in Kent at present. Abeille (Durham). — Making Candy. — 1. The candy is not sufficiently boiled, and is not made from the right sugar, which should be "white lump" or "white crystals." Raw sugars, such as Bar- bados, Demerara, or Trinidad, are likely to cause dysentery. 2. Your queen from Italy evidently arrived too late in the season to build up the colony, and as she ceased laying in August the hive became depleted when the drones were slaughtered. The bees have suffered from dysentery, and the mouldiness shows want of ventilation and a sufficient number of bees to keep the space they occupy warm enough. The glass quilt should only be used with strong colonies, and even then it should be well covered over, otherwise moisture is liable to condense on it and keep the hive damp. A. M. G. (Haddenham). — Moving Hives. — 1. The colonies should be moved not more than two or three feet a day, not reckoning those on which hoes are not flying (see " Guide Book," page 120). If this is impossible, move them two miles, and after a few weeks bring them back to where you want them to stand (see page 116). 2. You will find full instructions in " Guide Book." 3. You can transfer the bees to clean hives at the end of March. 4. We woidd advise you to use excluder under sections. 5. To obtain expert's certificate you would have first to pass an examination in practical work. We have sent you particulars of examina- tions. Honey Sam pit . F. W. (Mellor).— Thank you for your letter. The sample is of fairly good quality, gathered from mixed sources. The small quantity of honey-dew it con- tains has evidently effaced any distinc- tive flavour, but it is quite a palatable honey. Feb. 24, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 73 Editorial, Notices, &c. REVIEWS. Beneficial 'Results from the Fertilisation of Fruit-Blossoms by Bees. By Thomas Wil- liam Cowan, F.L.S., &c. (London: British Bee Journal Office. Price 3d.) — This is an address which was given by the Chair- man at a meeting of the British Bee- keepers' Association in October last, and has been reprinted by request. It is illus- trated, and lists of varieties, known to be self-sterile and self-fertile, of pears, apples, and plums have been added. Die Faulbrut der Bienen. By Fritz Leuenberger. (Published by F. Leuen- berger,Bern, Switzerland.) — The author of this pamphlet is at the head of the foul brood insurance department of the Swiss Bee-keepers' Association. It is written in simple language in order that it may in- struct those who do not read bee-papers or attend meetings of bee-keepers, and are consequently suffering foul brood to exist through ignorance. It is the work of the association to find out such, and to supply them with the pamphlet. It de- scribes how to recognise mild and virulent foul brood, or, as it is called in Switzer- land, " strong^smelling " and. "odourless" foul brood. Sour brood is described, as is also dead brood free from bacteria. The reasons of the danger of foul brood are explained, and we learn that so rapidly do the germs multiply that from a single bacillus sixteen millions are produced in twelve hours. From this it will be seen how important it is to attack the disease in its earliest stages. The wonderful vitality of the spores is explained, and it is stated that they have been known to germinate after being dormant for twenty years. It is recommended to destroy all combs and frames and disinfect hives by scrubbing thoroughly with a boiling 10 per cent, solution of soda. The hives should afterwards be scorched with the flame of a benzine lamp. As a preventive of foul brood it is recommended that every bee- keeper should see that his colonies are strong and that no weak ones are kept, as the Latter are the first to become affected. Also care should be taken to prevent brood from becoming chilled at any time; stocks should be kept well protected, especially in spring. Improperly-nourished brood is very liable to get the disease. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION The monthly meeting of the Council was held on Thursday, February 17, at 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, when Mr. T. W. Cowan presided. There were also present Mr. W. F. Reid, Mr. C. L. M. Eales, Mr. J. B. Lamb, Mr. E. D. Till, Mr. T. Bevan, Mr. E. Walker, Mr. A. Richards, and Mr. G. H. Skeving- ton; county representatives: Mr. A. W. Salmon (Suffolk) and Mr. W. E. Hamlin (Surrey) ; and Mr. W. Herrod, Secre- tary. Letters expressing regret at inability to attend were received from Miss Gay- ton, Mr. R. T. Andrews, Mr. A. G. Pugh, Mr. O. R. Frankenstein, Mr. E. R. Stoneham, General Sir Stanley Edwardes, Dr. Elliott, and Colonel H. J. O. Walker. The minutes of the Council meeting held January 20 were read and confirmed. The Chairman said he wished to thank the Council very sincerely for the pro- position with regard to himself. He had worked for the Association, not with the idea of being thanked for his services, but because he was anxious to help forward the craft as much as he possibly could, and was gratified to find that those ser- vices were appreciated. He had acted as their Chairman for thirty-six years, and he begged them to release him from those duties, as he now felt that the work should be undertaken by someone younger. At the same time, his services as adviser would still be at their disposal. When abroad some years ago he tendered his resignation, but in consideration of the pressure brought to bear on him, and a statement by the late Baroness Burdett- Coutts that his resignation would mean hers also, he consented to continue while she lived, on condition that the Council relieved him of as much work as possible. Her death took place several years ago, and yet he was still, in deference to their wishes, occupying the position ; also, through the unfortunate position of the Association during the past year, the work and responsibility had been very great. Fortunately, his health had re- mained very good; and he had been able to get through it all right, though he con- fessed it was a great tax upon his strength and time. They would also have observed by recent letters in the Bee Journal that some people imagined the Association had suffered by being fostered too much by that paper. He was very sorry if this were the case, but he assured them his desire had always been to help them as much as he possibly could. He would also like to mention another matter. He was making alterations in connection with the Bee Journal and Becord. While he still remained the Editor, the business part would now be taken up by Mr. W. Herrod, who would also be his pupil in the editorial work, with a view to his eventually taking that position when he was no longer able to carry on the work of Editor, and he was sure the Council would render all the help in their power to Mr. Herrod. The rela- 74 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Feb. 24, 1910. tion between the Association and the paper would also have to undergo a slight change. Hitherto he had never charged them anything for the advertisements which had appeared on their behalf, but under the new conditions it would be but right for the Association to pay for their advertisements in the future. With regard to office accommodation, he had that day inspected a suite of offices which were excellently situated and very suitable for the work of the Associa- tion. One room could be placed entirely at their disposal for the secretary and his work ; the library could be installed in it, also Council and Committee meet- ings could be held there, which would be a great advantage, as all the books and papers would be at hand for reference during meetings. There were so many books that it was impossible for the secre- tary to carry the lot any distance, and the absence of them very often hampered the work of the Council. This room might also be used as a kind of club-room for members of the Association, where they could make appointments with friends or business people, or read the library books and publications on apiculture from other countries which would be placed on the table. The other rooms would be used for the work of the papers, and if the Council thought it would be an advantage he was willing to make a move, and, for a very nominal rent for the present, place this room at their disposal. Mr. Reid said he was quite sure they would all agree with him that the resigna- tion of Mr. Cowan would be nothing short of a calamity. They were all aware of the yeoman service rendered them by the Chairman in the past, and they all realised the great strain put upon him during the past twelve months. By the appointment of a business secretary, who had already shown his capacity and energy in dealing with the work of the Association, and also by the new arrange- ment Mr. Cowan had made whereby Mr. Herrod would relieve him of a great deal of labour in connection with the papers, the duties in future would be very light. As a Council they should also promise to help as much as possible, and so make the work of their Chairman more easy. Taking all this into account, he begged the Chairman, for the sake of the well- being of the Association and for bee- keeping generally, to reconsider his de- cision and consent to remain with them. Mr. Lamb very strongly supported all Mr. Reid had said. No one appreciated more than himself the great amount of labour Mr. Cowan had done, and per- sonally he would promise to help all he possibly could. All present agreed with the remarks of Mr. Reid and Mr. Lamb, and eventually Mr. Cowan consented to think the matter over. The following new members were elected: — Miss L. H. Ketteridge, East Sheen, Turners Road, Round Green, Luton; Mrs. W. Herrod, Luton; T. B. Fletcher, Esq., R.N., Agricultural Re- search Institute, Pusa, Bengal, India ; Mr. W. R. Butter, Eastgate Cottage, Brockhampton, Havant; Mr. J. Herrod, Trentside Apiary, Sutton - on - Trent, Newark; Mr. F. W. Arrow, Foots Cray, Kent; Mr. A. H. Wilkes, Harpsford, Lichfield Road, Four Oaks; Hy. Corner, Esq., M.D., Brook House, Southgate, N. ; Mr. R. Mossop, 8, Fowkes' Buildings, Great Tower Street, E.C.; Mr. C. J. N. Twill, Onslow Gardens, Wallington, Surrey; Rev. Bro. Columban, O.S.B., St. Mary's Abbey, Buckfast, Devon; Mr. R. V. B. Best, Abbotswood House, Cin- derford, Glos. ; Mr. A. R. Moreton, Hallow, Worcester; Mr. F. P. Chees- man, Sutton Valence, Kent; and Lieut. - Colonel C. B. Hunter, Sharcot House, Pewsey, Wilts. The report of the Finance Committee for the current month was presented by Mr. Eales, showing an available balance in the bank of £60 15s. 6d. The report of special meetings of the Finance Committee was presented by Mr. Eales as follows: — "The Committee met at 8, Henrietta Street, on Wednesday, February 9, and sat from 5 to 7.45 p.m., with Mr. W. F. Reid as chairman and Messrs. Bevan, Eales, and Skevington as members. First they went through the accounts not fully examined at last month's meetings. Next they went through the payments for 1909, and provisionally drew up the expendi- ture side of the annual statement of ac- count. They adjourned till 4 p.m. on Monday, February 14, when the following members attended : Messrs. Eales, Lamb, and Skevington, the first-named acting as chairman. The Committee sat from 4 to 7 p.m. The balance as shown in Decem- ber's manuscript statement is correct ac- cording to the pass-book, and is as fol- lows:— £ s. re sending out lists of goods, and appliances will cost a little more than last year. There seems to be a general hopefulness for a good season, and many indications are favourable. — E. Ewell, Waseca, Minn., U.S.A. Queries and Replies. [3998.] Bees Fighting after Removal. — As an interested reader of the B.B.J. I am seeking your explanation and ad- vice with regard to the conduct of a stock of "British Golden" bees after re' moval from one position to another. The 6tock in question were originally hybrids, but in August last I re-queened them with one of Sladen's Golden Prolific fertile queens, and by the middle of October — the last time I examined them — there were eight frames well covered with bees, principally goldens. About five weeks ago I removed the stock to a new location about a quarter of a mile away, which I did during a frosty spell of weather, on a wheelbarrow, taking the greatest care to avoid jarring as much as possible. Up to the time of removal the hive had a south-west aspect, had March 10, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 101 plenty of stores, and was in every respect normal. Since the stock has occupied its present position, "facing east," on days when the weather is favourable for flight the former peaceful condition is changed to one of excitement and bitter hostility, blacks versus goldens, the ground in front of the hive being strewn with dead and dying bees, mostly blacks, which number, I should say, almost ten to one. I esti- mate the loss of between 400 and 500 bees from this hive since removal. Being only a novice in the craft, it has naturally caused me some anxiety as to the probable reason for this unusual state of things. Wishing continued success to your valuable Journal, through which we in search of advice receive it at such small cost. — Novice, Mitcham. Reply. — The black bees are robbers which have attacked the stock. Close the entrance of the hive to about a bee-space, and the mischief will probably cease. Notices to Correspondents. W. J. B. (Croesyceiliog). — Transferring Bees to Clean Hives. — You have simply to place the two clean hives on the stands of two stocks, and after sub- duing the bees with a little smoke lift the frames out of the old hives, and place them in clean ones in the same order as they were in the hives from which you took them. You can then clean and disinfect the old hives, and use them for transferring two more. Bees should be transferred to clean hives at least every spring. We prefer to do it also in autumn, as it gives a good oppor- tunity for examining the condition of the colony before packing it up for wintering. Bee-keeper (Montgomeryshire). — Comb- foundation. — 1. If the frames are well wired you can use the foundation, but it is not so strong when placed the wrong way. 2. The "A B C" book covers the whole ground of bee-keeping, and is an encyclopaedia on the subject. This, as well as every other book sold at this office, has been reviewed, and there would be no practical use in re- peating such reviews. Mrs. B. (Beckenham). — Dwindling Colony. — From your description it is evident that the colony has dwindled owing to the old bees dying off and there being no young ones to keep up the heat of the cluster. The only thing you can do in future is to encourage brood-rearing by stimulative feeding at the close of the honey harvest, so as to have the colonies strong and hives crowded with bees. G. (Royston). — Dying Bees. — The only two bees which were not dried up and were fit for diagnosis were suffering from a bad attack of dysentery. J. N. (Cumberland).— Solution of For- maldehyde.— 1. The solution has evi- dently evaporated and precipitated the white sediment, most likely from the bottle not having been properly corked. Your best plan is to get a fresh supply, as you cannot make a solution of the proper strength by guesswork. 2. Yes; if of full strength, double the quantity is very likely to injure the bees, as 1^ oz. is the most that can be put in a hive safely. Rev. (Coverack). — Protection against Woodlice. — 1. If you use the iron shoe for hive-legs, shown on page 168 of "Guide Book," and keep the receptacle filled with paraffin or other oil, it will effectually prevent the woodlice from entering hives. 2. No. 1, very good heather honey; No. 2, good heather- mixture; both granulated. W. J. W. (Plymouth). — Autumn Syrup.— 1. To every 5 pints of autumn syrup add 2 pints of warm water. This wall make the syrup of proper consistency for spring feeding. 2. You should have no difficulty in starting and keeping a smoker alight. We use either rags torn into strips and rolled up, which when once alight will keep so for several hours, or corrugated paper such as is used for packing. This does not burn long, but one charge is usually enough for manipulating a hive. In a pro- perly-constructed smoker, if it is kept in an upright position, it will keep alight until all the fuel has burned out. When laid horizontally it very soon goes out. W. E. Z. (London). — Selecting Hives. — 1. There is not sufficient advantage in having chambers underneath brood- chamber to make it worth the extra trouble in working. 2. They prevent swarming if frames are constantly re- moved. 3. Yes. 4. The queen will lay in them if she has no room above, un- less the frames are removed as they are drawn out. 5. We would recommend you to get the ordinary "W. B. C." hive as the simplest and most suited for general work. M. G. (Hythe).— Colony Dead.— The colony was evidently too weak to winter, and the small cluster was unable to reach the stores in severe weather. If the full combs are in good condition they can be given to the other colonies. X. Y. Z. (Bungay). — Uniting Queenless Colonies — Using Weed-killer. — 1. Either plan you propose would answer if done with as little disturbance as possible, using smoke sparingly, otherwise at this time of the year robbing is easily started. Another way is quietly to re- move the cover of the queenless colony, 102 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [March 10, 1910. place a sheet of brown paper on it, piercing one or two small holes hear the centre; then go to one of your light colonies with a queen, and carry it without the bottom board, and set it on the top of the queenless colony. The bees should not be disturbed for four days, when the lower hive can be removed. 2. At certain times it is quite safe to use weed-killer, but gar- deners who use it do not always study the convenience of the bee-keeper in the matter. There are certain times, especially in the spring, when bees seek eagerly for water, and are out when- ever the sun shines for the purpose of getting it. At such times, unless the bees are confined to their hives, they run the risk of being destroyed. We saw such a case last season where the path had been treated with weed-killer - during a bright day. All along this path there were thousands of dead bees, clearly showing that they had died in 1 their endeavour to get the moisture from the sun-warmed gravel. At other times bees do not take any notice of it. In recommending, it is always better to be on the safe side, so that is why we advise bees to be confined when weed-killer is used, or to use it on a warm evening after the bees have ceased flying, so that it may be dry before the next morning. J. H. (Cambridge).— Use of Formalde- hyde.— This should not be used in bee- food, it being merely a disinfectant. Naphthol beta is the safest and most efficacious medicant for spring food. J. M. (West Norwood). — Super-clear ers. — The "Porter" bee-escape is one of the greatest boons to bee-keepers ever introduced, and as a super-clearer it lessens labour and risk when removing surplus honey. Most decidedly it is better to use one than adopting the method you suggest. G. Mittis (Cambridge).— Dead Queen. — The queen is a fertilised one, but has evidently ceased to lay early, resulting in a diminished number of bees. The stock has dwindled during the winter, and the other colonies, discovering the inability of the bees to protect them- selves, have completed the destruction by robbing out the hive. Suspected Combs. F. L. (Crosby) and J. Spurge (Stratford). — There is no foul brood in comb. The bees have evidently died from starvation, in spite of the fact , that the combs contained food. The explanation of this is that the cluster diminished rapidly in early winter, owing to the preponderance of old bees in the stock when first going into winter quarters. The bees were thus disinclined to move on to other combs containing stores when the food on the one on which they were clustered was exhausted. Anxious (Hants). — There is no foul brood in comb, which contains hard, mouldy pollen only. If many of the combs are pollen-clogged in a similar way, it will be best to remove them. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows : — Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee- keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of hive manufacturers and dealers in bee-goods not available for " Prepaid " column are inserted immediately below the " Pre- paid " advertisements at a minimum charge of Zs. per half inch, or 5s. per inch. COPYING PRESS FOR SALE, complete with table, £1.— MANAGER, B.B.J., 8, Henrietta- street, Covent Garden, W.C. WANTED, Extractor and Ripener. Exchange Black or Buff Orpingtons, bred from Chal- lenge Cup winners, or eggs from above, or Black "Wyandottes, value 5s. dozen.— RIGG, East Bank, Scaithwaiterigg, Westmorland. x 55 LIMNANTHES DOUGLASII, strong plants, bloom 1910, 50 Is. 6d.; Michaelmas Daisies, 3d. each, 2s. 6d. dozen; Clematis montana, lovely quick climber, strong transplanted seedlings, 4d. each, 4 Is., free— MISS F. B. MERCER, Sidmouth. X 54 I TOR SALE, straw Skeps of Bees. Price 12s — J. WAYMAN, Cottenham, Cambridge. x 52 3 STRONG HEALTHY STOCKS, in well-made Bar-frame Hives, 25s. each; 1909 Queens. — TOWNSEND, Lawnfield, Maidenhead. x 51 TO CLEAR SURPLUS STOCK. — " W.B.C." Hives, complete, three coats lead paint, calico- covered roof 17s. 6d.; 20 "W.B.C." Body Boxes, Is. 6d.; 40 Supers, Is.; all new goods.— Particulars, THOS. E. ATKINS, Leire, Lutterworth. x 50 WANTED, Bee-keepers' Literature, in English,' secondhand. Send lists and prices.— EDWIN EWELL, 704, Elm-street, Waseca, Minn. x 49 STOCK OF BEES, five good Hives (three " W.B.C"), with crates, &c, £2.—" N.," 29, Evelyn-road, Richmond, Surrey. x 48 FINEST LIGHT ENGLISH HONEY.-Few 28-lb. tins for disposal. Samples 2d.— WAIN, Thorpe Bank, Wainfleet. x 61 jt LH LIGHT SHADE OF MEDIUM- O COLOURED HONEY, good quality, 22s — HEATON, Methwold, Norfolk. x 60 STRONG STOCKS, on 10 Combs, 1909 Queen, 20s., healthy, safe arrival guaranteed. — TAYLOR, Hollyhurst, Boldmere-road, Wylde Green, Birmingham. x 59 1 /A SKEPS BEES, healthy, strong, 10s. 6d. and XU 12s. 6d. each— POSTMASTER, Haconby, Bourne. x 5^ TREADLE CIRCULAR SAW FOR SALE, splen- did tool for Hive-making; also new "W.B.C." Hives.— Particulars from BOWDEN, Broomhill, Witley, Surrey. x 57 March IT, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. lUo Editorial, Notices, &c. REVIEWS OF FOREIGN BEE- JOURNALS. By "Nemo." Individualism and Morality of Bees. — P. Haeberlin writes on this subject in Busier Nachrichten. Referring to Maeter- linck, lie says that in a hive the indi- vidual bee does not count; her existence is only a conditional one, and she is simply a winged organ of the species. All her life is a complete sacrifice for the in- numerable company of which she forms only a part. It is curious to notice that this has not always been so. Even now we find among melliferous hymenoptera all the stages of progressive civilisation up to our domestic bee. At the foot of the ladder we find bees working alone and carrying on a miserable existence, often not even living to see their progeny {Prosopis, Colletes, &c.) ; sometimes they live amidst the small family circle which they produce (Bombus). Then we find them forming temporary companies (Panurgus, Dasypoda, Hallictus, &c), in the end arriving by degrees to the almost perfect but pitiless society of our hives, where the individual is entirely absorbed by the republic, and where in turn the republic is regularly sacrificed for the abstract city of the future. This is the ideal which the writer points to with re- gard to man. Does not humanity, he says, owe its progress in all domains to division of labour, the absorption of the individual by the society? He thinks that without doubt we approach this ideal of the hive, and can show that, like it, an important part of the community does not labour for the purpose of realising this object. Waste of Wax. — M. Fritz has an article in Le Ruchev Beige on the saving of wax. in which he mentions the great waste that usually takes place with regard to it. He says it may be questioned whether there really is a serious waste. He does not hesitate to answer the question in the affirmative, and to prove it he alludes to what takes place in most apiaries. Bees make their first flights in February or March, and the bee-keeper takes advan- tage of these to clean the floorboards of the hives. This is all right, but unfor- tunately, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, all that is scraped off the boards is allowed to fall on the ground. Among this rubbish there is a considerable quan- tity of wax. He mentions an instance of a bee-keeper who took the trouble to melt the refuse from a dozen hives, and ob- tained 300 grammes (lOh oz.) of pure beeswax. This is not much, but is more than the weight of five sheets of our comb-foundation, and is certainly worth saving. Later comes the complete inspec- tion of the colonies. Drone-comb is found, also portions of comb that are mouldy from damp, while others may be soiled by dysentery. All this has to be got rid of, and is quickly done, the pieces of comb cut out, thrown into an empty hive in some corner of the apiary, and for- gotten. Later they are found infested with wax-moth, nothing but the webs re- main, and the bee-keeper has lost the wax, and throws the lot away. Besides this, in a frame-hive bees construct brace- combs, put them in all sorts of places, and as these interfere with free manipu- lation of the frames they have to be re- moved ; and how frequently they are reck- lessly thrown away. The wax is, how- ever, almost pure, and is in this way wasted. M. Fritz recommends that all wax be collected and melted, and if this is done the bee-keeper will be astonished at the amount he will be able to save. NOTTS B.K.A. ANNUAL MEETING. A satisfactory and encouraging record of work was submitted at the annual general meeting of the Notts Bee-keepers' Associa- tion, which was held at the People's Hall, Nottingham, on Saturday, March 5. Mr. J. F. Blaekskaw (principal of the Agricul- tural College, Kingston) presided, and he was supported by Captain J. A. Morrison. M.P., Mr. W. S. Ellis, Mr. A. G. Pugh, and Mr. G. Hayes (secretary). The annual report stated that the asso- ciation started the year with a total mem- bership of 233. Fifty new members were enrolled, but thirty-three had resigned or left from other causes. The financial state- ment was satisfactory, as the association began the year with a balance in hand of £14 14s. 5d.j and finished up with one of £16 5s. 6d. The past season had not been one of the best for bee-keeping, and those who started bee-keeping this year would, it was feared, fail to make their venture pro- fitable. Bee-keeping must not be judged by one, two, or three years' experience, as generally one good year would make up for a number of bad seasons. Nine experts visited amongst them 214 apiaries, con- taining 809 stocks of bees, 715 of which were examined, and advice and assistance generally given. About 4 per cent, of the stocks were found diseased ; some were destroyed, or, if only slightly affected, re- medial measures were taken to put them in a healthy state. In the discussion on the report Mr. Harrison commented on the great number of bee-keepers in the county who were not members of the association. One of the failings of the association, he thought, was that it did not advertise itself sufficiently. 104 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [March 17, 1910. Mr. A. G. Pugh, on the other hand, spoke favourably of the progress which the association was making, the membership being steadily augmented. The committee elected were as follows : — Messrs. W. Adams, J. Bickley, H. Dick- man, Dr. Elliot, T. N. Harrison, A. G. Pugh, G. E. Puttergill, G. Sinithurst, G. E. Skelhorn, F. G. Vessey, G. White, and J. C. Wadsworth. Mr. G. Hayes was re-elected secretary and treasurer, Mr. W. Darrington auditor, and Messrs. Hayes and Pugh delegates to the B.B.K.A. The Duchess of Portland was re-elected president for the ensuing year. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Blackshaw for having presided so ably over the meeting, and in reply he said he was very glad to be able to be present and to learn what he had of the working of the association. He was much struck by the amount of work that had been done at such a small cost, and he was sure the associa- tion deserved the help of those who could give it, and should be joined by every bee- keeper in the county. Bee-keeping was a small industry, but a very important one, as in addition to the profit arising from the production of honey, the fruit-grower and farmer were benefited by the fertilisa- tion of the flowers, which greatly increased their crop. He also believed that bee-keep- ing was one of the side lines that would assist in making small holdings pay. About ninety members and friends were at the afternoon meeting, and partook of tea at 4.30. The evening meeting com- menced at 6 p.m. with the distribution of medals, certificates, &c, followed by a most instructive address on "The Produc- tion of Comb-honey," by Mr. W. Herrod, secretary of the B.B.K.A. The next item was to consider the pro- posed scheme for the reorganisation of the B.B.K.A. The matter was well discussed in all its bearings, and eventually it was resolved "That the members of the Notts Bee-keepers' Association, having con- sidered and discussed the- suggested scheme for reorganisation of the B.B.K.A., desire to express their emphatic disap- proval of same, believing the present asso- ciation possesses all the necessary machinery, rules, and regulations for carrying out any of the suggestions which have recently appeared in the B.B.J, for its improvement." This was carried with only one dissentient. The usual prize drawing brought the meeting to a close. — Geo. Hayes, Secretary. LECTURES ON BEE-KEEPING NEAR LONDON. Readers residing in Kent and Middle- sex will be interested to hear that Mr. W. Herrod will give two lantern lectures on " Practical Bee-keeping " — one on March 23, under the auspices of the Becken- ham, Bromley, and District B.K.A., at the Lea Wilson Room, High Street, Beckenham ; and the other on March 30 at Holy Trinity Parish Room, East End Road, East Finchley. The latter is or- ganised by the Middlesex B.K.A. Admis- sion is free to both lectures, and all interested in bee-keeping are cordially invited to attend. AMONG THE BEES. INCREASING THE OUTPUT. BY D. M. MACDONALD, BANFF. Over 100 years ago a Scotch author wrote a book entitled "A New Plan for Increasing the Number of Bee-hives in Scotland, England, and Ireland." The other day a writer put in a plea for in- creasing our output of honey. It is a fact that we have far too few hives all over the' country. Travel where we may, by railr road, or river, how few apiaries of any size catch the eye. Lately I covered over 200 miles of a famous bee-county by train, road, and bicycle without seeing a single bee-hive! It may have been partly my own fault, because I know they were on my route somewhere ; but the fact remains that the only " bee-hive " I saw was an ale-house bearing that name in the side- street of a city ! Now, there were miles and miles of hedgerows, every here and there were nooks of blossom, and on every hand were flowery pastures and verdant woodlands. It struck me that tons of nec- tar were everywhere wasting away, because no bees were there to garner it up and change it into luscious honey. Everywhere I turned there were small orchards, fair stretches of fruit-bloom, and smiling cot- tage gardens, gay with all sorts and con- ditions of flowers. What a mine of wealth if only it were turned into honey ! On the far horizon stretched, not very distant, a low chain of hills, clad in purple bloom, yielding an almost illimitable stretch of heather, where bees could banquet un^ checked as long as weather favoured their keen ardour. Mr. Coates's estimate of a 400 tons increase seems to me a modest one as my mind multiplies that corner of a county by at least a thousand others. .4 Model Syllabus. — The Secretary of the Croydon and District Bee- keepers' Association sent me a neat, handy syllabus of their programme for 1910. On the inside of the cover is pasted a printed copy of the rules, number- ing twelve. Then there is a neat inset containing the list of office-bearers, the advantages of membership, and the pro- gramme of business for the year, which shows a monthly (meeting of some kind right through the twelve. Wisely, I think, a new man takes the chair at each successive meeting, and a nice variety is. March 17, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 105 noticeable in the bill of fare. Of course, there is an annual meeting, but there are also an annual show, an annual outing, and an annual visit to a model apiary — in this case Mrs. Seadon's, at Bromley. Papers are read at other meetings, and at one there is a question-bos, where written queries are invited from all members. But, in my opinion, perhaps the most commend- able feature is the fact that at certain meetings a bee-book is selected for special consideration, when extracts are read by some member, and this is followed by a general discussion. Thus one evening we have "Wax Craft " forming the "feast of reason," another meeting deals with Cheshire, while, to show how cosmopolitan the members are, Langstroth "On the Honey-bee " or Roots' "A B C of Bee-cul- ture " forms the mental pabulum at other gatherings. It is pleasing to add that not only do the gentle sex figure in the list of members, but they take their fair share in working out the programme. I am highly delighted with the syllabus as a whole. A Model Apiary. — The secretary of another association has forwarded me some particulars of a model apiary they have founded in connection with their society. I think highly of this idea, and trust others may follow such a laudable example. It has been established on a plot of vacant ground some miles from the city, but it is easily accessible, as the tram-cars pass in close proximity to the site. The situation is described as an ideal one, being in the centre of a good fruit- producing district, having a pleasant southern exposure, and thoroughly pro- tected from the northern blasts. Within easy reach of the bees are extensive reaches of white clover, while surround- ing them are stretches of fruit, flower, and vegetable gardens, forming excellent forag- ing ground. It is the intention of the committee in charge to give a number of open demonstrations on the best methods of manipulating stocks, with an occasional lecture, thus making the apiary to a cer- tain extent a school of modern bee-keep- ing, where beginners will be afforded op- portunities of acquiring a competent knowledge of the best methods of manag- ing stocks in health and curing them when infected with disease. It will be open to the public on Saturday afternoons with the intention of fostering and en- couraging a taste for bee-keeping. This, too, is an excellent and commendable fea- ture in bee-keepers' associations, which I should like to learn is imitated by others. Associated Effort. — While on the sub- ject of associations, I may notice several points where united effort may, and does, work much good to the craft. Every association might do its utmost endeavour, individually and collec- tively, to secure some planting for bees. Many municipalities plant large numbers of shade-trees in their streets and suburbs.. Limes, planes, and other polliniferous and. nectar-producing trees are as umbrageous as any that could be chosen, and, moreover,, they are handsome and elegant in growth and appearance. Members of associations might preserve and distribute seeds of various well-known honey-plants amongst their poorer neighbours. Borage, " ' Chap- man'honey-plant," and many others could be passed round at the season of planting, and remnants of seed-packets could be ad- vantageously disposed of through the dis- trict secretary or at first hand. Instead of the petty jealousy too frequently made manifest during the disposal of the honey-crop, aid should be given to neigh- bours to help them to sell at a paying price. Each association should be an in- formal bureau whereby buyers and sellers could be brought into contact. Members with libraries might more liberally circu- late the knowledge contained in bee-books not easily within the reach of the rank-and- file. Associations' libraries, I fear, are too frequently locked away in some forgotten cupboard — food for worms. This was as- suredly not the purpose of the donors, and it certainly is not the proper use to make of good books. They should be ever- circulators. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side 12 per cent., while Tessin shows 16 per cent, and Grisons 9.2 per cent. In the 137 apiaries there were 1,585 colonies, of which 402 had foul brood. In thirteen of these apiaries the disease had been prevalent the year before, but the cases were fresh ones in colonies not previously treated, and it was evident that they were either already infected last year or the disease had been intro- duced through infected materials. In the swarms made from diseased colonies in 1908 the disease reappeared in four cases. It is supposed that in these cases the infection had been reintroduced, but it is recommended that in future more obser- vations should be made to settle this point. It is, however, in any case not owing to a defect in the cure, but in not carrying out the disinfection recom- mended by the inspectors in an efficient manner. The two years' work has served to enlighten them on many points, and has been the means of exploding several common fallacies. The fact that in Southern Switzerland, just where the Italian bee is indigenous, foul brood is most extensively found throws a peculiar light on the statement in American papers, and that of some of the German ones, that bees of the Italian race are less subject to foul brood. The statistics have shown just the reverse. It is in the canton Tessin, where the Italian bee is ex- clusively cultivated, and whence queens are largely exported, that the highest per- centage of cases was found, namely, 16 per cent. The American statement about the immunity of the Italian bee to foul brood receives an additional severe blow, for, as a matter of fact, the disease in canton Tessin is not only more extensive but also more virulent. As an example, it is stated1 that in the spring of 1909 foul brood was discovered in the apiary of a dealer. In July there were remain- ing only thirteen healthy colonies, thirty- six doubtful, and fifty-four diseased. In Valais, where 12 per cent, of the colonies were diseased, Italian bees as well as those of the native race are culti- vated, the latter being in the minority. The inspector reports that of the diseased 134 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 7, 1910. colonies four-fifths were Italians or hybrids, and that consequently the native race had resisted the disease much better. Another American fallacy has been ex- ploded^— namely, that respecting the use- lessness of the disinfection of hives. The Swiss inspectors have also carried out ex- periments, land they have proved just the contrary. An instance is given of an apiary of twenty colonies, the bees of which had died out, in the Bernese Ober- land. The proprietor sold the hives to several bee-keepers in the neighbourhood, and in every case where they were used the disease broke out. The association had to thank this careless bee-keeper for nine cases of foul brood, which cost 250 francs to get rid of. The report therefore rightly lays great stress on the absolute necessity of thoroughly disinfecting every hive. With regard to the financial part of the scheme, the insurance compulsory for all members of the association did not pay for the cost entailed, but that was not the primary object of it, which was at all cost to exterminate the disease. The Government, however, came to the assistance of the society and made up the deficit. So convinced was the Agricul- tural Department of the utility of the work, and realising the powerlessness of the society to enforce the examination of the colonies without police powers, that the Federal Government has now granted them such powers under the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act, so that it is hoped before long to rid the country of the scourge that has hindered the in- dustry for so long. LINCOLNSHIRE B.K.A. ANNUAL MEETING. There was a large attendance of bee- keepers from various parts of the county at the annual meeting of the Lincolnshire Bee-keepers' Association at the Co-opera- tive Hall, Spalding, on March 19. Mr. G. Massey occupied the chair, and con- gratulated the association on the very representative gathering of members from all parts who were present. The annual report and finance sheet for 1909 were presented. Therein it was stated that the year commenced with a balance in hand of £23 lis. 8d. The total receipts (including balance for 1908) amounted to £183 2s. lid., and the ex- penditure to £166 9s., thus leaving a balance of £16 13s. lid. to be carried for- ward. In addition to this balance there was due from the Lindsey County Council a sum of £15, which was not paid until .'ifter the accounts were audited. Thus the amount now in hand amounted to the satisfactory sum of £31 13s. lid. The in- come included a £28 grant from the Lin- colnshire Agricultural Show and a £10' grant from the Holland County Council. The past year ranked among the very worst, both with regard to the small amount of surplus honey stored and the quality of the same. Honey-dew was, un- fortunately, very prevalent, and much of the honey-crop was spoilt by it. On ac- count of the scarcity of honey fit for ex- hibition, several classes in shows in the county were abandoned. No complaints had been received, although nearly 80,000 official labels had been issued — a striking testimony to the excellence of Lincolnshire honey. Special mention was made of the county show to be held' at Spalding this year, when it was stated that the management of the honey department had again been placed in the hands of the committee. It was proposed to hold the next examination for expert certificates at Spalding during the show. The report -and the financial statement, which were considered! very satisfactory, were adopted. The chairman paid an acknowledgment to the association for its generosity in offering prizes for competition at the Spalding Horticultural and other shows in the county. The election of officers1 resulted as follows : President, Lord. Willoughby de Eresby, M.P. ; hon. secretary, Mr. J. H. Hadfield, Alford; hon. treasurer, Mr. H. C. Bentley, Lincoln and Lindsey Bank, Louth; hon. auditor, Mr. G. Booth Walker, Wainfleet ; hon. librarian, Mr. B. Macleod, Heckington. The committee were re-elected en bloc, with the addi- tion of Mr. W. J. Mouncy, of Spalding. Mr. Hadfield, in returning thanks for his re-election, said the association boasted of over 700 members, and was the largest association of its kind in the country, but he could not do the work so satisfactorily if it were not for the support and help of the local secretaries. Mr. H. K. Fisher paid a striking tribute to the late Mr. Richard Godson, who had carried on the secretarial duties of the- association for nearly twenty years. From being in a very low way he had brought the society to its present very successful position. He proposed that a vote of condolence be sent to the surviving sister. His loss would long be felt by all members, to whom, by his courtesy, zeal, and splen- did qualities, he had endeared himself. Mr. Mouncy also spoke of the gooctwork of the late secretary, and the vote was carried, all present standing. After the meeting, a lantern lecture on bee-keeping was given by Mr. Fisher, of Ewer by. It was decided to hold the next annual; meeting at Grantham. — J. Hadfield,. Hon. Sec. April 7, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 135 ©bituar^. ME. EDWARD SAUNDERS. Mr. Edward Saunders, F.R.S., passed away on February 6 at Bognor, having almost completed his sixty-second year. Although he never kept bees, he was the leading authority on the classi- fication of the British wild bees, wasps, and ants, and he added greatly to our knowledge of the details of structure and cokrar by which the different species can specialised on the Bupestridae, hie work on these, published in 1871, being now a, classic. Later he attacked a third Order of insects, the Hemiptera-Heteroptera, popularly known as "bugs," and his well- known book on these was published in 1892. In 1890 he published in the Journal of the Linnean Society — of which he became -a Fellow — "a most careful and interesting paper on the tongues of the bees, with beautiful illustrations drawn by his brother, Mr. G. S. Saitnders, from microscopical preparations made by Mr. Reproduced by courtesy of the Editor of the "Entomological Monthly Magazine." be distinguished from one another, as well as of their distribution. No up-to-date collector of bees or wasps attempts to name his captures without the aid of Saunders's great work " Tbe Hymeno- ptera-Aculeata of the British Isles," which was published in 1896. His "Wild Bees, Wasps, and Ants" appeared only about three years ago, and is a popular discourse, full of accurate information pleasantly given. His studies were not confined to the Hymenoptera. His first reputation was made with the Beetles, in which Order he Enock." He was five times vice-presi- dent of the Entomological Society, and in 1902 was elected to a fellowship of the Royal Society, one of the highest distinc- tions conferred for scientific merit in this country. Mr. Saunders was the son of W. Wilson Saunders, who was also a naturalist of note and acquainted with most of the men of science of his day. Since 1887 Mr. Saunders lived at Woking, and travelled daily to London, where he carried on an insurance busi- ness at Lloyd's in the Royal Exchange, 136 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 7, 1910. so that he had hardly any time for col- lecting insects except in the early morn- ings and during his short annual holiday, which was spent with his family, usually at some place on the South Coast, where he always succeeded in discovering rare and interesting specimens. Although his life was exceedingly busy, he found time to correspond freely with collectors all over the country, often writing his letters in the train, and to name the specimens they sent him for identification — a service which was highly appreciated and which gave him much pleasure, especially when, as occasionally happened, great rarities and even novelties turned up from un- expected places. No trouble seemed too great for him to take in helping and en- couraging a beginner and smoothing out his difficulties. He was the essence of kindness and patience, and won the esteem of all who knew him. He leaves a widow and a large family ; one of his sons succeeds him at Lloyd's. His home-life was one of the happiest that the writer has been privileged to witness. " In the evening he was sur- rounded by his young family, tand ready at a moment's notice to turn frorn^ his books and boxes to join in a game or conversation, or welcome a visitor, or dis- cuss a domestic problem. He had no 'sanctum' and no 'close time' for study. It was really only by utilising all his odds and ends of time, by the perfect method of his arrangements — so that he knew exactly where to look for any book or other article which he wanted — and by his phenomenal power of concentrating attention on a subject or allowing it to be diverted for tan interval exactly as he pleased, that he was able gradually to build up hie materials for a book or paper of any length — brick by brick, as it were — until the whole was completed." For much of the information given in this notice, and for the two quotations, the writer has drawn from the excellent memoir which appeared over the initial "M." in the March issue of the Entomologist' s Monthly Magazine, a journal of which Edward Saunders was for many years an editor, and to which he was a frequent and valued contributor ever since its first appearance in 1864. F. W. L. S. AMONG THE BEES. EMERGENCY SPRING FEEDING. BY D. M. MACDONALD, BANFF. The memory of last "black" season will linger long, and its effects will only begin to tell fully during this and next month. I would therefore advise bee- keepers all over the country to take ad- vantage of the first mild day to make a partial examination of every hive in the apiary. There should be no pulling asunder of the brood-body, and frames may remain quite, undisturbed in the in- spection I plead for. Simply peel off the under-quilt gently, and in most cases only partially, and note the seams of bees, the frames showing brood, and especially the amount of sealed stores. This last is the primary object of opening the hive; the others are only secondary. If your esti- mate shows stores equal to a drain of even a few weeks, close up all without any jar- ring or further disturbance. If, however, frames show dry and honeyless, as I fear a good percentage will, take timely steps immediately to right the wrong. Re- member the strongest colonies will suffer most and quickest from any shortage of stores, because there are more mouths to feed, and presumably more brood to nourish and cherish. Candy may be given as emergency rations to tide over the few days or weeks which intervene before mild weather sets in, even semi-perma- nently. But do not trust too much or too long to this species of stores. At the earliest possible moment supply liquid food. My favourite food in the opening days of April (in this locality) would be a full, fat comb of natural stores from, any re- serve supply, or from any overstocked hive which can afford the withdrawal of one frame. Simply scratch the face of this comb, which you place in the poorly- supplied hive next to the cluster. With the honey "bleeding" from the open cells, and the aroma scenting the air of the brood-nest, the bees will eagerly pass the life-giving food along to the extreme verge of the cluster, with little or no disturb- ance of the component parts. The little rake illustrated last spring (page 69, vol. xxxvii.) does the scratching effec- tively, but a knife run gently over the cell-cappings will serve as a substitute. If it is desired to encourage rapid storing of the emergency food the frame can be scratched on both sides and laid over the tops of frames, allowing a free bee-way to every part of the lower face comb, and if deemed necessary to the upper surface also. The dripping honey, the larger area opened over the cluster, and the position of the supply do some- thing to rouse the entire body of workers, and so in a very short time the supply will be consigned in and all around the brood-nest. If done on a fine day, there- fore, there is really a minimum of agita- tion, at least as regards time, for the bees will very quickly settle down, and all ex- citement will subside, until before next day they will have again rearranged them- selves in their oval ball. With a fine day a. variation of this plan may be better, as there is less commotion April 7, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOTJBNAL. 13T in placing and withdrawing the comb. Supply it below the frames. The aroma of the honey from the open cells is a tele- phonic message to the entire body that a rich mine of wealth and health is all but placed at their very lips, and they eagerly take advantage of its tempting nearness, most expeditiously consigning it to the store cupboard. This plan is somewhat analogous to our forefathers' method of spring feeding, when they consigned the food to a soup-plate, covered it with short lengths of straw or rushes, and placed it on the floorboard. Two other systems of frame feeding may be appropriately given here. Fill an empty frame with syrup. It takes a little art to do this, because the cells are already full of air, and this has to be driven out before the syrup can be forced in. Hold it at an angle, and let the syrup flow from some height. Place the full side of the frame next the cluster, as advised for combs above, and the bees will quickly discover the life-giving sweet. A special frame-feeder is on the market, which allows of feeding in spring without much disturbance of the bees. It is an English adaptation of what is known as the "Doolittle" feeder. For early feed- ing its chief advantage is that it can be refilled without removing wrappings, and it is a saver of internal heat. Dry sugar feeding is advised by some, and, rightly carried out, it should prove a success later on, but at this early period it would tempt the bees out too much in search of water to thin it down. Any liquid food should be given warm, and, if possible, it should be kept at least with the chill off to do most good. Xow take an extreme case of utter des- titution when the spring examination takes place. Only drastic measures will be effective here, and in earlier issues the following has been recommended : Take the hive bodily into some room or out- house where the temperature has been raised to a high degree. Place food in any ,of the above forms within reach of the bees. Leave the stock there to utilise it, when, as the temperature lowers, they will settle down and recluster loosely. Next morning replace the hive on its stand, and if the day is anything like mild they will take a cleansing flight. After, trust all will be well. This advice only holds good in extreme cases of utter exhaustion owing to an entire lack of stores placing the colony in extremis. Feeders are listed by some supply -dealers with accommodation for pollen as well as the apartment for syrup. This may work out all right in an emergency case where a colony may be suffering from a pollen famine. While bees are confined, however, the less bee-bread they consume the better. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsiblt for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, - and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. NOTES BY THE WAY. [7781 .] The month of March went out with a cold wind, somewhat tempered by sun- shine, not, however, warm enough to coun- teract the effects of the north-easter. The continued dry weather has provided a fine seed-time for the farmers, and a warm rain would now be welcomed, especially by the keepers of bees. We are not blessed just now with many flowers. The palm or withies are past, and the wrnt flower has not come into bloom yet. I have been giving artificial pollen, and shall continue to do so for a few more days till the dandelion comes into bloom. I would advise everyone to examine each stock, if not already attended to, to see the condition of the stores, and where there is a shortage give additional food at once — frames of honey, if on hand, or a supply of syrup (not too thick). If inconvenient to feed every day in small quantities, a 3-lb. jar may be given, and the bees will either take it as required or store it in the combs till wanted. The old bogey of foul-brood legislation has come to the front again. While ad- mitting that there is much to be said for legislation, I contend that there is something in the arguments against in- voking the aid of the law to deal with this matter. Take swine fever, as an in- stance, and the results of the Act. The restrictions are so great that, although the disease has not been eradicated, the keeping of pigs, at least in this district, is practically a thing of the past. Then we have an illustration of a Foul Brood Act in Canada, and the high hopes which were raised on its introduction have been disappointed by many years of practice. The disease, I gather from the American bee-papers, is still rampant in the land, while inspectors have been increased ten- fold. Then there is the straw skep, still in existence in this country ; this, I con- tend, is practically a sealed book to the inspector. He may be able to see if the disease is in an advanced stage and the brood is near the bottoms of the combs, but if the brood is near the crown of the skep it will be impossible for the most lynx-eyed inspector to certify that the colony is diseased. Then another great objection to inspectors is the probability of carrying the germs of the disease to the healthy stocks they handle afterwards 138 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 7, 1910. on the same journey. No one would in- vite an inspector into his home to take refreshment if he knew that he had just before been overhauling a domicile in- fected with smallpox ; and I myself should feel the same antipathy towards an in- spector who had overhauled a foul-broody apiary and then visited my premises, inter- fering with my healthy stocks. Again, we are threatened with a disease far more fatal to bees than foul brood — viz., Nosema apis. In "Association News," in Record for April, I notice the hon. secre- tary of the Hartley Wintney Bee-keepers' Society gives an account of the effects of this scourge in that district, and adds : " I think there is little doubt that the in- fection can be carried in the clothing, because I was in Herefordshire last Sep- tember and inspected two hives there, having taken no bee-appliances of any sort from Hampshire. Within ten days the familiar signs appeared, and both stocks died. As there were no bees within several miles, it is almost certain that I imported the disease." Here we have an authentic case of infection being carried many miles. I hope bee-keepers who do not believe that a Foul Brood Act would benefit bee-keeping generally will speak out. I feel sure the Editor, with his well-known love of truth and fairness, will allow both sides of the question full ex- pression in the pages of the B.B.J. — • W. Woodley, Beedon, Newbury. WHY NOT? BEE-ASSOCIATIONS AND HONEY DEPOTS. [7782.] Co-operation in the disposal of honey is a subject of great importance to bee-keepers, and one in which I have taken much interest and trouble. We have repeatedly started honey depots for the members of our county association, and, though these have succeeded fpr a time only, we are still hopeful of getting permanent benefit in this way. The difficulty we have always found is the bee-keeper who, like Mr. White (page 117, March 24), will not join a local' asso- ciation, although "several times asked." His waiting until the B.K.A. raises the price, while outsiders like himself make this impossible by accepting the ridiculous prices they do, reminds one of the boy who' would not get into the water until he could swim. It is encouraging to hear of people like his friend who would rather give lip bee-keeping than undersell others. Another difficulty in the disposal of honey is the fact that there is not a gene- ral demand1 for it, as in the case of eggs, which Mr. White quotes. Honey has to be "pushed" and the public educated to make more regular use of it. Again, when some progress has been made, there comes a year of shortage, or of honey- dew, and much of the way made is lost.. When, however, the great majority of bee-keepers are members of associations, which it is not unreasonable to hope for, co-operation will be more practicable, and. fair prices for honey not so difficult to- obtain. — John P. Phillips, Hon. Sec. Worcs. B.K.A. DRIVEN BEES AT THE HEATHER. [7783.] I have been hoping to see some response to the invitation to criticise the- plan of your correspondent, "J. N., Portobello" (7/44, February 17). The- object in putting so large a lot as 8 lb. or 9 lb. of bees into a hive at the heather season is to get honey stored in the sur- plus-chambers, since it is proposed to provide' forty-two 1-lb. sections for the- bees to fill. Seven frames (the proposed number) in the brood-nest afford a maxi- mum storage of 42 lb., and, making allow- ance for the activity of the queen and deducting 6 lb. for the two "full" combs, leaves storage room of about 30 lb. It is easy to imagine this large driven lot securing 72 lb. of heather-honey if the- flow comes early, thus leaving no cause for inquiry about methods; but for prac- tical purposes let it be agreed that the bees will get 50 lb. of heather-honey. I should1 in that case expect 30 lb. of sealed heather-honey in the brood-chamber, with the balance (20 lb.) sealed and unsealed in the surplus-chamber, i.e., if worked on the suggested plan. I cannot see the reason why so much room (five empty combs) is to be provided for the queen to lay. Assuming that the- bees are received on August 12, if the flow begins immediately afterwards, the- queen would be crowded out in a few days; and if the flow does not begin until the end of August the same adverse- weather conditions that caused the scarcity of nectar would' probably put a stop to breeding during the period prior to the flow. The details of the plan are- similar to methods now practised at the- moors, and show the bee-keeper modestly "holding his cap " for the surplus, if any. Placing the sections with worked-out combs above the rack of sections with full: sheets shows optimism unwarranted by the experiences of bee-keepers generally. A few days of ordinary moorland conditions (wind north-west) would cause the bees to have a tendency to store in the brood- combs all the honey they got. It is better practice to place the combed sections next to the top bars as a counter-attraction to- brood-chamber storage. In nearly all seasons 4-lb. or 5-lb. lots of driven bees placed on the moors in the way suggested would give little or no surplus. I have no experience of 8-lb. or 9-lb. lots, and if your correspondent carries out his experi- April 7, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 139 ment it would be very interesting to hear how much honey the bees gathered and where they stored it. Bee-keepers in heather districts derive satisfaction from the thought that the brood-combs are well filled with heather-honey after the season is over, and they do not see anything wrong in the practice of wintering bees on honey that readily sells at Is. 3d. to 2s. per lb. I would give driven lots notning but well-stored brood-combs not less than three parts filled with clover-honey, if using the standard comb-hive, in order to compel the bees to store all or nearly all heather-honey in the super. Every pound of heather-honey stored in the brood-nest is a loss of at least Is. to the bee-keeper, and knowing well how frequently bar- frame hives are brought back from the moors with brood-combs filled often to the bottom bars with this precious product, with nothing in the supers above, I can readily understand the complaint so often heard: "There is no profit in bees." — J. N. Kidd, Stocksfield-on-Tvne. PROPOSED B.K.A. FOR ABERDEEN- SHIRE. [7784.] In view of the interest taken in the discussion in recent numbers of the B.B.J, re the reorganisation of the British Bee-keepers' Association, I think it is a suitable time for bee-keepers in the county of Aberdeen to start lan association. I believe there are many who would be willing to join if once it were set going, and1 I think a large amount of good could be done by it, such as helping bee-keepers to get rid of the foul-brood pest, which is still too common in some parts of the county; then fixing a fair price for honey, and preventing a glut in the market when it is plentiful. No doubt other things would suggest themselves tas time went on, but in the above instances there is much need for reform. In my opinion, if bee-keepers would enter into the scheme with enthusiasm there would1 be little fear of the associa- tion not being a success; and now, when the season is just beginning, everyone is full of interest in the bees, and it might be started before the rush of work comes on. As I find your pages are always open to further the interests of bee-keeping, I hope you will insert this letter, and if those who are favourably inclined towards the idea will write to me saying if they are willing to become members and get others to join also, we might arrange through your columns to have a pre- liminary meeting soon, either in Aber- deen, Dyce, or other suitable centre. — Aim: Low, Swailend, Newmachar, Aber- deen . [We hope Mr. Low will have a hearty response to his appeal for organisation among the bee-men of Aberdeenshire. Let them remember "Unity is strength," and mutual help makes many things pos- sible.] FOUL-BROOD LEGISLATION. [7786.] Referring to Mr. T. J. Hors- ley's letter in your valued paper (7777, B.B.J., March 24) respecting the above subject, with your kind permission I should like to make a few remarks thereon from a somewhat opposite point of view. Has Mr. Horsley ever heard of the Swine Fever Act? I presume he has, and prob- ably knowsjnore about it than I do. But can he gainsay the fact that the Act I have just referred to has done a great deal of good in the country? Further, if that Act has been so beneficial, why should not a Foul Brood Act be equally good, if based on the same principles and worked in the same manner? It would most cer- tainly make the county associations more powerful than they are at present, inas- much as all bee-keepers would seek the cheapest expert advice they could get by paying a small annual subscription to a county association, and thus obtain the help of the county expert. The result would be that everyone who intended to do any bee-keeping worth the name would join his association, if only for the pur- pose of keeping clear of the police and the probability of having to face the magis- terial bench, with the consequent loss of £ s. d. In addition to this, the members of our craft who have striven to become experts, and, up to now, have received no- benefit therefrom outside their own apiaries, would probably be required to act as His Majesty's inspectors at times for the purpose of assisting the police — this at the expense of the Government. Then, again, many bee-keepers have a false impression. They think some bump- tions Government official would pounce upon their apiaries when and where he chose. It stand? to reason that the Government officials would have to be taken from the ranks of existing associa- tion experts, and we all know that they are anything but bumptious. To put the whole thing in a nutshell, the passing of a Foul Brood Act would establish the bee-keeping industry as a national asset, and give it the finest advertisement it could possibly have. The passing of such an Act would be practically acknowledging the great value of honey as a foodstuff. And, again, why should not the Govern- ment assist us as well as our friends who prefer to keep pigs? The man who keeps sheep or goats is taken tinder the Govern- ment's parental wing; why not the bee- keeper? Horses are protected from the cruelty of their drivers or keepers ; why not also protect the much more indus- 140 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 7, 1910. trious bee from lazy proprietors? The wild bird is protected from erring humanity ; and what a small amount of good a little bird does compared with bees! Only in the past few day® I have been trying to strike a balance in this respect. The birds are clearing the insects off the fruit trees, while in a few days, given fine weather, the bees will be busy polli- nating the blossom on the self-same trees. Is it not apparent that the bees will be doing just as much good as the finches and sparrows are to-day? If so, why not give them just as much protection? I am not by any means a veteran bee-keeper, so am not in a position to dilate on the condition of bees or hives when attacked by the malady. But, all the same, I fail to grasp the point of the letter I have referred to. Perhaps Mr. Horsley would not mind giving his reasons a little more fully, and if they seem good I shall be most pleased to back him. — J. J. L., Bere Alston. THE "B.B.J." AS AN ADVERTISING MEDIUM. [7786.] Of course, you and your adver- tisers are aware of the very wide circula- tion of the B.B.J., but I doubt whether readers generally realise how much the paper is re'ad in the more distant parts of the world. In response to my advertisement in your columns I have lately had orders for plants and seed from California, New Zealand, South Africa, France, and many other countries. I am hoping to gather later the particu- lars of the usefulness of the plants in various climates, and if these are of suffi- cient interest will send them to you. — John P. Phillips, Spetchley, Worcester. [We shall be pleased to hear the results of your notes on the usefulness of the plants in foreign climates; they will form an interesting addition to what has al- ready appeared on the same subject. — Ed.] WEATHER REPORT. Westbourne, Sussex. March, 1910. Rainfall, 134 in. Below average, "79 in. Heaviest fall, "64 in. on 7tb. Rain fell on 9 days. Sunshine, 1344 hours. Above average, 43 hours. Brightest day, 29th, 10 8 hours. Sunless days, 3. Maximum tempera- ture, 55° on 28th. Minimum tempera- ture, 28° on 14th. Minimum on grass, 23° on 1st. Frosty nights, 11. Mean maximum, 49*3. Mean minimum, 35'6. Mean temperature, 42-4, Above average, *5. Maximum barometer, 30-534 on 29th. Minimum barometer, 29754 on 8th. L. B. Birkett. MARCH RAINFALL. Total fall, .80 in. Below average, 2 in. Heaviest fall in 24 hours, .21 in. on 1st. Rain fell on 8 days. W. Head, Brilley, Herefordshire. Queries and Replies. [4008.] Mice Entering Hives. — 1. Would you be good enough to tell me in an early issue of your valu- able paper the proper method to adopt when an apiary is visited by mice? Un- fortunately, these pests entered one or two 'of my hives and destroyed some combs, but when I discovered the presence of the mice I removed the damaged combs and did not disturb the cluster. 2. Would I be right in giving the bees the frames as they are (they contain a good quantity of honey), or should the honey be ex- tracted and the comb melted? 3. A neigh- bour was also troubled with these j)ests during the winter, which damaged the combs more than in my case, and he over- hauled all the frames. Do you think this overhauling would have any effect on the queen or on the stock? I told him the bees might "ball" the queen, or they might take a violent attack of dysentery through being disturbed. Was I right? Your reply will be much esteemed. — W. F. I., Ballindalloch. Reply. — 1. Reduce the entrance in width, and the height of the opening should not exceed § in. 2. It would be better to extract the honey and melt the combs, and allow the bees to build new ones on comb-foundation. 3. It depends on the time the overhauling was done, but untimely disturbance frequently leads to "balling," and also dysentery if bees are not able to fly freely to discharge their excrements. [4009.] Using Infected Hive. — I should be glad if you would tell me in the B.B.J, whether it is quite safe to use a hive that had a slight attack of foul brood last April. I destroyed the bees, combs, and frames, and thoroughly scrubbed the hive out with strong soda and boiling water. Afterwards I brushed it all over with carbolic acid and water, and have since left it standing out in all weathers. Last week I painted it all over again (during the summer I had painted it afresh on the outside). I should like, if possible, to use the hive again now either for transferring bees out of a pre- sent hive or for a swarm, if I have one. Do you think it advisable to use it yet? In transferring bees,, if I want to put the hive (for permanency) about a yard away from the bees' present home, can I do this in one move? How soon may bees April 7, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 141 be put into a hive after it has been painted? I have painted the floorboard all over, and the hive still smells strongly, though it was done nearly a week ago and has been left open since. Hoping I am not troubling you too much, and thank- ing you in anticipation. — Warwickshire Reader. Reply.— If we understand you aright, the hive has been painted inside as well as out, and it can be used again with safety. If not, then scorch it thoroughly, letting the flame pass over every part, and taking especial care with the joints and cracks in the inside. A hive should stand at least a fortnight after painting before being used for bees. Only one move is necessary for a yard. [4010.] Using Suspected Combs. — I had an outbreak of foul brood last summer in my apiary of five stocks, but, being ignorant of bee-diseases, I did not know that anything was the matter, and conse- quently the shallow frames from three stocks (only one of which was affected) were put away together. When feeding up for the winter a neighbour of mine (an expert) inspected them, and told me that one stock was badly affected with foul brood. Acting on his advice, I smothered the few bees left, burnt the combs, and thoroughly disinfected the- hive. The diseased stock had been supered with one box of shallow frames and two other stocks with two boxes each of the same. Now that they have got mixed the ex- pert's advice is to melt them down or burn all the shallow frames and on no account use them again. Another old bee- man, who is not an expert, but who has had a life-long experience with bees, says it would be a great pity to destroy the combs, and that it is unnecessary, as if I put them into a big box and burn 6ome sulphur the spores will be destroyed, and I can use them again with safety. I should like to save them, if possible, and should be glad of your opinion. Also would the sulphur fumes affect the flavour of honey subsequently stored in them?— W. H., Bristol. Reply. — It will be wise not to run any risk in using the combs, but melt them down and disinfect the boxes by scorching with a painter's blow-lamp. Burn the frames and start again with new ones and full sheets of foundation. The loss will be insignificant compared with the possibility of introducing disease into your healthy colonies by using the combs again. Sulphur is a good disinfectant, and formalin is a better, but neither will kill spores. Nothing short of burning or boiling for some time will do this. Sul- phur will not affect the honey if the combs are exposed to the air after being fumigated. TRADE, CATALOGUE RECEIVED. E. J. Burtt (24, Stroud Road, Gloucester) sends out a well-got-up twenty- page illustrated price-list of hives and appliances. Mr. Burtt makes a speciality of supplying bee-houses, and well-seasoned boards cut and planed by machinery to sizes ready to make up into bee-hives. Catalogue free by post. Notices to Correspondents. Letters or queries asking for addresses of manu- facturers or correspondents, or where appliances can be purchased, or replies giving such informa- tion, can only be inserted as advertisements. The space devoted to letters, Queries, and replies is meant for the general good of bee-keepers, and not for advertisements. We wish our correspondents to bear in mind that, as it is necessary for us to go to press in advance of the date of issue, queries cannot always be replied to in the issue imme- diately following the receipt of their communica- tions. C. A. H. (Lenzie, N.B.).— Heather Honey. — This is not imported into this country. On the Continent heather honey is classed as an inferior product, and is- only used for making ginger- bread or in some of the manufactures. C. G. (Welshpool).— Planting Drive- Suitable evergreen shrubs would be box, Bhamnus alaternus, Escallonia, and laurels. Any of these can be cut back and grown to the height you require. For smaller shrubs you could use Bcr- beris aquifolium and B. Darwinii, both good for bees. There are few ever- green trees growing to 25 ft. that are of any use to bees, except that they gather pollen from some of the conifers. Stamford Bridge (York). — Beeswax. — Both samples of wax are good, and are suitable for making into foundation, either super or brood. H. O. M. (Bristol). — Moving Bees.— It will be best to move the stocks at once. F. V. W. (Gloucester). — Bee-parasite. — We cannot say definitely without seeing a specimen, but most probably the para- sites are Braula coeca, or blind louse. They do no actual harm to the bees, but are objectionable and irritate them. Thanks for your suggestion, which shall have consideration. G. D. (Glasgow).— Stoc k Dying in Winter. — The stock being a second swarm, and last season a bad one for bees, they did not work up into a strong enough colony to stand the winter, and dwindled away. It would have been best to have united them to another colony. You can use the combs stored with honey for food for other stocks. X. (Eastbourne). — Dead Bees. — One of the bee® showed signs of dysentery. All the 142 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 7, 1910. others must have been dead for some time, as they were dried up. They are probably bees that have died during the winter, and are being carried out of the hives now that the bees are cleaning up their dwellings. S. H. R. (Surrey). — Honey Sample. — Honey contains very little pollen, that predominating being from Prosopis juliflora. There are also a few grains of pollen of leguminous type, and one or two which appear to be honeysuckle, but are ruptured, so that it is impos- sible to determine them with certainty. The honey is remarkable for the un- usually small quantity of pollen it con- tains. Bee (Lewes). — Casing Old Combs. — It will be best to melt the combs down for wax. If you cut out the pollen, the bees will no doubt fill the gaps made with drone-comb. River Lea (Cheshunt) . ■ — Bees Building Comb in Candy-box. — The procedure you suggest is quite correct; be careful to put the frame containing foundation on the outside of brood-nest. We are pleased to hear that the directions given in the " Guide Book" enabled you to move your bees successfully. Suspected Combs. ■ LEY, Easton, Stamford. y 34 3 FOR SALE, Bar-Framed Hives, with Bees. Price 25s. each.— J. WAYMAN, Cottenham, Cam- bridge, y 35 1CWT. PRIME HAMPSHIRE HONEY FOR SALE, at reasonable offer— MR. FOSTER, Chilbolton, Stockbridge. y 32 OVERSTOCKED— A few more Hives, 20s. to 25s. each— Send for particulars, THOS. EVANS, Bee-keeper, Waddesdon, Bucks. y 31 HONEY-RIPENER, with Strainer and Tap, in good condition, 7s.— 11, Havelock-road, Birch- fields, Birmingham. y 30 April 14,1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 143 Editorial, Notices, &c. PROMINENT BEE-KEEPERS. MB. WM. MC NALLY. The subject of our notice was born on May 17, 1855, and with the exception of two years spent in Glasgow has resided all his lifetime in his native parish of Glen- luce, Wigtownshire. Of a family of seven sons and one daughter, Mr. W. McNally n's the third oldest. During the 'eighties the McNally brothers were well known as set out to bring home their first swarm in a skep, tied up in a sheet and suspended from a stout stick between them, and which they carried home a dis- tance of four miles. The disastrous honey-year of 1879 found him with six hives, but these in 1880 dwindled down to two stocks to begin the season. From this small beginning the apiary rapidly grew until, in 1887, he owned 153 hives. During these years he exhibited exten- sively, and, besides numerous other prizes, he carried- off five yea'rs in succession the silver medal offered by the Highland and MR. WM. MC NALLY. formidable opponents on the show-bench. William, when leaving school at fifteen, was apprenticed to the trade of joiner and builder, and at twenty-two started on his own account, when by diligence he soon built up a thriving business. He also factors a very considerable property in the district, and is clerk to the Old- Age Pensions Committee. For a number of years he was a member of the Parish Council. Mr. McNally is best known as an ex- tensive bee-keeper, however, for the last thirty years, having been first attracted to this industry in 1876, when he and his brother John, a lad of fourteen years, Agricultural Society of* Scotland, at the old " Caledonian " Show, for the best and largest display of honey and honey -comb. Pressure oi work since 1890 has pre- vented him from engaging in honey com- petitions, and his time is now largely taken up with judging at shows. His apiaries — for he believes in working a few out- apiaries at convenient centres from the home apiary — number about 130' stocks during summer, and he winters from 100 to 110. Mr. McNally's ambition has been to run 200 stocks, but from various causes, chiefly want of room, he has never been able to" reach this number. As he has recently acquired additional ground, 144 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 14, 1910. his aspirations may yet be fulfilled. He has found his trade of use to him, as he has been able to make most of the appliances he required for use. All the most up-to-date methods of running a large apiary profitably have been adopted by him, so that large quantities of honey and wax can be handled and prepared for market with the least possible working expense, on similar lines to those bee-men in America and elsewhere who count their stocks by the hundreds. He always finds a ready market for his honey crop. One season he took three tons of honey from his own apiary, and had the whole dis- posed of by the middle of October of the same year. For a number of years his contributed articles have appeared regu- larly in the Bee-keepers' Record, and the practical and sound advice contained in them is much appreciated by readers. Some eight years ago he took up fruit- growing, and has already built up a large local trade in this business. His fruit commands a much better price than that quoted1 in wholesale districts, for he finds that customers prefer to pay more for freshly-gathered fruit than for that brought from a distance or from doubtful sources of cleanliness. Bees and fruit, though both begun by him as a hobby, have now developed into a large part of his business, all of which tends to show what can be accomplished by patience and perseverance. Mr. McNally's extensive bee-keeping experience has brought him into touch with all the prominent bee-keepers of the last thirty years, and he admits that if he had to live his life over again there would be a considerable blank without the bees. WAEWIOKSHIRE B.K.A. ANNUAL MEETING. The annual meeting of this association was1 held on April 7 at the Grand Hotel, Colmore Row, Birmingham, Major Deakin presiding. The annual report stated that there had been a large increase of members, not- withstanding a very poor, wet season. The accounts showed the income for tlie year amounted to £125 14s. 7d. and the expenditure to £139 6s. 9d., leaving a de- ficiency on the year's working of £13 12s. 2d. The report of the experts — Messrs. G. and E. Franklin — on the spring tour of 1909 stated that fruit blossom being abundant and1 the weather very fine, the bees made rapid progress. By the middle of May swarming was very general, and by the end of the month supers were filling rapidly. June set in wet and cold, and for a week work in the apiary was at a standstill. Foul brood was discovered in twenty-two apiaries. Reporting on the autumn tour, the ex- perts said it was carried out under the most trying conditions experienced in fifteen years. Early in the course of in- spection they found breeding had ceased. Bees generally were short of stores, and much feeding became necessary. To chronicle a third successive bad season was very impleasant, but 1909 must rank as the worst of the three. Both the yield of honey and the quality were most disappointing. Honey-dew was prevalent, and most of the honey was of a dark colour. In spite of bad seasons, however, it was pleasant to note the increasing interest taken in bees. Moving the adoption of the report and statement of accounts, Major Deakin pointed out that the association started thirty years ago, and now had a member- ship of 500. We imported into this country every year about £60,000 worth of honey. That was not the place to talk about Tariff Reform. Still, if a small duty were placed on imported honey the output of this country would be larger, and there would be an increase in the number of bee-keepers. The motion was seconded and agreed to. Mr. R. S. Walters moved- the re-election of the Mar- quis of Hertford as president, and the vice-presidents, with the exception of Lady Leigh, deceased; and a vote of thanks was passed to them for their patronage and support of the association. The committee and officers were- re-elected. A resolution was passed affirming that the association was unanimously in favour of foul-brood' legislation, and requesting the Council of the British Bee-keepers' Asso- ciation to urge the Board of Agriculture to introduce such legislation. A lecture on "Difficulties in Bee-keep- ing, and How to Overcome Them" was then given by Mr. W. Herrod, secre- tary to the British Bee-keepers' Asso- ciation. The lecture was illustrated by a number of interesting lantern pictures. — (Communicated.) Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible lor the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. NOSEMA APIS IN AUSTRALIA. [7787.] My statement at Weisenfels that I thought that the bee-disease Nosema apis would be found to be of world-wide prevalence has very soon been found to be correct. I recently received April 14, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 145 from Mr. W. Percy Wilkinson (Common- wealth Analyst in the Department**^ Trade and Customs). Melbourne, the fol- lowing important information : " In the investigation of a disease which has this year broken out virulently in Australia, and which has caused much havoc in many districts of Victoria, the microscope has revealed organisms which in every respect resembled your Nosema spores which you described in the Miinchener Bienenzeitung for September, 1909. As I wish to have my findings confirmed by you, I am sending you two flasks contain- ing bees which have succumbed to Nosema . ' ' These bees reached me a few days later, and I at once made an examination of them. As a matter of fact, closer inves- tigation showed that all the bees were virulently infected with Xosema, as seen NOSEMA APIS IN AUSTRALIA. in the photograph. The abdomen in some of the bees was much swollen owing to the lower intestine being filled with excreta of a light colour and watery nature, while this characteristic was absent in some of the others. The connection be- tween the presence of the large masses of the parasite in the intestine and the mortality of the bees has also been de- monstrated in Australia by experiment. According to what Mr. Wilkinson wrote me, healthy bees, fed on food infected with material containing Nosema, died in from two to six days. The devasta- tion which the parasite has caused in the infected districts appears to be very extensive. In the British Bee Journal for February 24, page 80, it is mentioned that in one case out of 1,783 colonies no fewer than 996 have been destroyed by tins Nosema disease. — Dr. E. Zander, Er- langen. FOUL-BROOD LEGISLATION. [7788.] In "Notes by the Way " (page 137 in the issue for April 7) Mr. Woodley gives the legislation question a large share of attention. After reading his article I laid down my Journal with a sigh of relief to think that Mr. Woodley was almost persuaded to be a legislationist at last. I note his words are quite clear on this, as he writes that he admits that there is much to be said for legislation, while there is only an indefinite something in the arguments against invoking the aid of the law. Mr. Woodley's opinions must always command respect from readers> of the Journal, but that he honestly holds the opinion that evil and not good would result from the passing of a Foul Brood Bill most readers will be slow to believe. The article under notice clearly indicates that he is in sympathy with many of the views held by those who desire legislation, yet clings to some prejudice which impels him to put forward1 a few feeble argu- ments against compulsory suppression of foul brood. The result of swine-fever restrictions is given, and it is alleged against the Act that the disease has not been eradicated, while the keeping of pigs has almost be- come a thing of the past. One answer to this is that the restrictions are not to blame for the decline in the keeping of pigs, but the disease which made the re- strictions necessary. Can Mr. Woodley or anyone else who uses such arguments give us any convincing evidence that the state of things would not have been a disgrace to any farming community if the Board of Agriculture had not in their wisdom stepped in and restricted the (in too many cases) ignorant and almost wilful propagation of a loathsome disease amongst animals? Then take the illustration of the Foul Brood Act in Canada. What were the high hopes which we're raised on its introduction, and which, according to Mr. Woodley, have been disappointed by many years of practice? We do not deny that there is plenty of foul brood in Canada, and will be for some time yet, in spite of inspectors, but after the many years of practice can any fair-minded critic deny that "the passing of the Act there has been abundantly justified by the results; or can we accurately picture what the state of things would have been in Canada at the present time, if the thousands of cases treated by the inspectors had been left alone as hotbeds where foul brood would be propagated and its germs wafted broadcast in unrestricted freedom over the land? Smallpox and other dis- eases amongst the human race, glanders, pleuro-pneumonia, sheep-scab, rabies, swine-fever, &c, amongst animals, all still 146 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 14, 1910. exist, but is that any argument against restrictions \vhich have proved beneficial in every case in reducing the number of outbreaks, and in the case of some dis- eases mentioned have been the means of almost stamping them out? The skep — still in existence in this country — Mr. Woodley cites as a stum- bling-block, to successful inspection. This argument might easily be put aside as too feeble to need comment, and, while we admit there are difficulties in the way of examining a skep not present in the case of a bar-frame hive, no expert or inspector should be considered worthy of the position if unable by a little common sense and ingenuity to certify whether a skep is healthy or diseased. Skeps in the hands of a novice, especially in an in- fected district, are dangerous as domi- ciles for bees. Happily5 like the anti- foul-brood legislationist, they are in a hopeless and insignificant minority in counties where up-to-date methods have been extensively taught. Every bee- keeper has a perfect right to keep his bees in whatever suits his fancy, so long as he keeps them clean and free from disease likely to hurt his neighbours' bees. The difficulty in examining their interior should not, and I feel convinced never will, be admitted insurmountable by any competent expert. Mr. Woodley gives next as a great objection to inspectors the probability of their carrying the germs of disease to healthy stocks they handle afterwards on the same journey. If smallpox came to Mr. Woodley 's native place, would he, as a guardian and dis- trict councillor, object to the inspector visiting the infected domicile for the pur- pose of compulsory disinfection because of the chance of someone being foolish enough to invite him into his home before he had taken reasonable precau- tions to rid his person of infection? Is it not a stretch of the imagination to sug- gest that anyone occupying such a post as inspector would be so ignorant and care- less of his duty as to accept in such circumstances an invitation of this kind? Again, we might ask, are bee-keepers, and especially certified experts, not as cleanly in their habits as doctors and others who have to go from a germ-laden atmosphere to a healthy home? Mr. Woodley in this argument shows his belief in the terribly contagious nature of the disease, and I feel sure if it broke out anywhere near his apiary he would accept the risk and go hiniiself to eradicate it, or send some equally reliable substitute to undertake the task. His fear of the risk of infec- tion by the person would be less than the fear of infection carried by the bees them- selves. An elaborate system of inspection has been carried on in Cumberland with great success, which is shown by the re- dtoetion of cases of disease' from 50 per- cent, or more in some districts, to 7 per cent, for the whole county. Can anyone dispute that if we had compulsory power of inspection the result would be more satisfactory still? Does this show any support to the argument that experts spread the disease? That the opinion of the majority of the bee-keepers in the county and adjoining districts has been favourably influenced by the work of ex- perts is abundantly proved by the large majority in favour of legislation. The Editor can bear me out in this. Mr. Woodley's reference to Nosema apis is another strong argument in favour of legislation. Here is an authentic case of a person actually handling stocks of bees known to be diseased, who then, without any precautions as to disinfec- tion, travelled into another county, and actually introduced the disease into healthy hives, with the dire results stated. Can any evidence be stronger in support of some restraint being put upon such loss through wholesale spreading of infec- tious disease ? In conclusion, may I re- echo Mr. Woodley's desire for fair play for both sides of the question? The time has come for action, and if parti of the battle is to be fought in the pages of the Journal, I am sure the Editor will act impartially in the matter. Let us have fresh evidence, if any, and let all bee- keepers who favour the stamping-out of foul brood support the movement to secure legislation. — G. W. Avery, Heads- Nook. [7789.] As I have been rather severely criticised1 in the B.B.J, by several writers, I should like to say a word in reply, my chief object being to offer an alternative to a Foiil Brood Bill. It seems incredible that correspondents in favour of foul-brood legislation persist in quoting the Swine Fever Act, when at the present time pig-keepers are pray- ing to be relieved of that intolerable burden. -^Onhy hast week a strongly- worded petition was sent to the Govern- ment asking for its abolition or amend- ment before it utterly destroyed the pigrraising industry in this country. Bee-keepers are now asking for legislation. What a reward for those who have given their time, their energies, and their talents for years for the benefit of bee- keepers! What a eulogium on thirty years' circulation of the B.B.J. ! What a consolation to those who have helped to make that journal what it is to-day ! What a pleasure to those who have em- ployed their eloquence in lectures and those who have given financial help now to be told that British bee-keepers are April 14, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 147 unfit to be entrusted with the care of bees! Mr. Smallwood attempts to unite science with oppressive law. It is the re- verse, for barbarians in all ages have used legal restraint as a substitute for science. A mania has set in for legis- lating upon every insignificant trifle. Man never reaches the height of his folly until he makes laws for himself, when he becomes himself a more complete slave than the world's greatest tyrant would ever have thought of making him. This craze for excessive legislation has reached bee- keepers, and man's most fascinating hobby is to be invaded, and probably de- stroyed. What is the alternative? In- stead of the police, I would give county associations something of a practical and useful nature to do. If there is one thing these associations ought to do, it is to keep their respective areas free from foul brood. Associations being spread all over the country, if each one kept its own area clean where could foul brood exist? For evidence showing what county asso- ciations could do, let me refer readers to page 86, where Mr. Avery, innocently enough, destroys all his arguments in favour of legislation by stating that the Cumberland B.K.A. reduced foul brood from 60 per cent, to 7 per cent., and did this without law, police, or magistrate. — A. Green, Notts. [There would probably have been no pigs left in this country had the Swine Fever Act not been passed in time to prevent their extermination. The asso- ciations are doing their best and can get at most of their own members, but they have no power to inspect or deal with the bees of the ignorant and obstinate or those who are not members, arid who constitute the real danger. Legislation is not asked for with a view to oppres- sion, and is only needed to deal with those who will not act as they should without it. No reduction of foul brood is any use if a neighbour keeps diseased colonies in his yard, and so spreads the disease. In this way the work of the asso- ciations is nullified. — En.] [7790.] Being a regular reader of "Notes by the Way," in which one gene- rally finds much sound advice and many useful hints, I was as delighted as surprised — (7781) re foul-brood legislation — to read the clause " while admitting that there is much to be said for legislation " coming from the pen of Mr. Woodley. He cer- tainly went on to " contend that there is something in the arguments against in- voking the aid of the law to deal with this matter," but that he admits anything at all in favour is a decided change from his attitude during the controversy in 1904. The most ardent advocate for an Act does not deny the many difficulties that lie in the way of eradicating the disease, and Mr. Woodley goes on to point out one of them, but I quite fail to see that he has made a point against an Act. In fact, it is the other way about. He says : " We are threatened with a disease far more fatal to bees than foul brood — viz., Nosema apis." Quite true, unfor- tunately, but, I take it, all the more reason that there should be an Act to deal with all diseases. Sanitary authorities have power to deal with cases of smallpox, they exercise greater powers should there be an epi- demic, while yet further authority is vested in them should bubonic plague, spotted fever, or any other terrible visita- tion be threatened. To take care of our bees and protect bee-keepers we should have an Act giving power in the same way. In simple oases, only what is need- ful would be done, but drastic powers should be invoked in severe cases, and always in suspected cases of Nosema apis, which to foul brood is as the plague com- pared to smallpox. — F. Sitwell, Yearle House, Wooler. [7791.] I haATe read with great interest the letters in the B.B.J, on foul brood and legislation, and should like to give a few experiences of my own regarding this im- portant question. I have been a bee-keeper for over thirty years, and hundreds of stocks have passed through my hands. I have also driven bees for friends for miles around my home, and in my opinion foul brood does not exist among skeppists. Every year the old skeps are destroyed, and only the swarms retained. Why not try gentler means instead of forcing an entrance into a bee-keeper's garden (which will be the case if the Foul Brood Bill becomes law)? For instance, where there is only one member of an association in a village, and the expert pays him a visit, he might make a friendly call on any other bee-keeper in the place, give him a little advice, and explain how to deal with a disease such as foul brood, should he ever have it, and incidentally point out the benefit he would derive by joining the association. I am the largest bee-keeper in this dis- trict, and depend almost solely on my bees for a living. It is therefore not likely that I should oppose any measure that would protect my interests. No one knows the exact state of the apiary so well as the bee-keeper himself. Many bee-keepers besides myself to my knowledge believe that the measure will not find acceptance among the majority of bee-keepers, and I hope that this matter will be thoroughly discussed. — Flos, near Salisbury. 148 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 14, 1910. THE COMING OF SPRING. The bee buzzed up in the heat, " I am faint for your honey, my sweet." The flower said, " Take it, my dear, For now is the spring of the year, So come, come." Hum, hum. And the bee buzzed down from the heat. [7792.] If Tennyson had written the above this Anno Domini 1910, instead of many years ago, how admirably it would have described the present almost perfect weather. Frosty nights, just the last touch of Winter lingering in the lap of spring, arc. followed by warm, sunshiny days, so mild and so gentle. Crocus, arabis, and catkin, all are waiting, listening for the music of the bee. Here she comes, sing- ing and bright, just awakened fresh from her long winter sleep. Head thrust into blossom, and blossom lovingly embracing bee, each to each whispers the joyful tale of the bright summer days now coming : Merrily, merrily, shall I live now, Under the blossom that hangs on the bough. Ariel's Song, " Tempest." But all seasons are beautiful. There is poetry equally in the grey mist of winter or in the golden sheen of autumn. Yet we look forward more to spring than to her sister seasons. It is the maidenhood of the year. In the dark and dull Decem- ber we parted with the Old Year, hoary and agecl. Even then we cast a fervent thought into the future, but now "the winter is past, the rain is over and gone ; the flowers appear on the earth ; the time of the singing of birds is come, and the voice of the turtle is heard in the land. . . . Arise, my love, my fair one, and come away." Always, when I 'hear the soft coo-oo in the high tree-tops, do these beauti- ful words of the Song of Solomon occur to me, and as I watch the grip of winter relax, the sun mount higher and higher, and the snows melt, again comes into my memory as a note of music, " The flowers appear on the earth. . . . Arise, my love, my fair one, and come away." As I walk in the garden I note the bees come to the upturned soil in search of moisture, and where I have placed water, and at the pond-side where the trailing grasses give foothold to the bees, I hear their sweet hum, and I know that inside the hive the nursing bees are busy. Care>- fully I lift the quilt, and am gladdened. Well spread over the frames^ are those beautiful cinnamon-brown patches, the re- gularity and clean capping of which tell me that all is healthy. Oh, but it is a sight to see, the perfect, frame solid on both sides with capped cells, and to know that in each of those little hexagons an in- sect is gradually transforming from the grub-like larva to the winged thing of beauty now buzzing around : When spring unlocks the flowers, to paint the laughing soil, The good wife ope'd the window wide, The good man spanned the plough. 'Tis time to run, 'tis time to ride, The spring is with us now.— Leland. And the good apiarian too — his busy time has come. The floorboards must be cleared of the accumulated debris of the winter, and there are a thousand and one pre- parations to make for possible increase. Even now thought must be given as to building up stocks for the harvest. Every- thing should be made ready in advance. But why, in a letter written to amuse, should I trespass on the "Guide Book"? All can be found there. I have only one point to make. The harvest may be great, but if the labourers are few they cannot gather it in. Therefore, by wise stimula- tion (not too rapidly at first), gather together your hosts. I think it was Napoleon who said: "The God of Battles always fights on the side of the big bat- talions," and this is very true of bee- keeping also. Flesh as Food for Bees (7760, March 10). —May I mention another ancient writer, Pliny, who refers to this? I do not give the extract that follows in extenso — it would be too long. It occurs in his twenty-first book : " When bees are short of food it is convenient to place dried grapes or figs at the entrances, also drawn-out wool mixed with grape-juice or honey and wine, also the raw flesh of hens." Have we quite ceased giving intoxicating liquor to bees? On my ex- pert tours I have heard of bees fed during the winter on sugar and beer, and I be- lieve my own grandfather adopted this plan. Flesh of hens to eat and wine to drink. Not such a bad menu, is it? And grapes and figs as dessert. — J. Small- avood, Bend on. WIRING FRAMES. [7793.] As bee-keepers will shortly be busy with wiring frames for foundation may I be allowed to explain the method adopted by myself with great success? It is found in practice that a wire pulled up tight in the frame will soon become loose on account of the wire cutting the frames where the holes are pierced. To overcome this difficulty I take the sides of the frames, and pierce, with a stout bradawl, a hole at about 1 in. from each end, and drive in a brass eyelet as used by bootmakers. The operation takes but a few seconds, and makes a neat job at little expense. — A. Wakereli^ Croydon. April 14, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 149 HONEY IMPORTS. The value of honey imported into me t nited Kingdom during the month of March, 1910, was £3,975.— From a re- turn furnished to the British Bee Journal hy the Statistical Office, H.M. Customs. CAPPINGS OF OOMB. BY L. S. CHAW SHAW, NORTON, MALTON, YORKS. Weight of Bees (page 93). — If a swarm of 2 kilogrammes carries 600 grammes of honey, or 30 per cent, of the total, this would represent the maximum of wastage in travel. In other words, a 5-lb. swarm might weigh 3^ lb. on arrival! If such a reduction ever took place, there would almost certainly be evidence, of previous repletion, in the shape of a fair-sized piece of new comb, containing honey in reasonable inverse proportion to the length of the journey. Driven bees are never, I think, despatched in such gorged condition, and 10 per cent, depreciation would seem to be a reasonable maximum. A Taper Frame (page 100). — The main advantage is principally appurtenant to the first frame removed. Afterwards there is space to show a square frame across, and to remove it in the extra room of the diagonal. The use *of a dummy is for the very purpose of provid- ing this space, as far more damage can be done between comb-faces than against the hive-side. But the disadvantages, of a taper-frame outweigh its advantages, and indeed the possibilities of finding the queen outside the end-bar of the outside* honey- comb must be very remote. When in- serting the final frame without spare room advantage may be taken of the hive-side to slide the end-bar adown it. This gives increased steadiness, and double bee-way at the other end-bar. Wiring Frames (page 106). — If two wires are satisfactory, why not four, and keep the corners on the sheets? I think with Mr. Harris that No. 60 wire is too light. I sometimes break this, for I string it up quite taut, until it sinks deeply into the end-bars. But four wires will not break with the weight of a comb, and I cannot believe that they sag if they are originally as tight as they should be. Bottom-bars (page 106). — If the |-in. bar will sag, why not the f-in. bar? Prob- ably this is thicker, perhaps square, but Mr. Harris does not give its thickness. The cause of its sagging is probably the '"dulcimer tight" wires which he uses. Is Clipping Cruel? (page 109). — A. E. Boulton does not give grounds for the faith that is in him in this matter, and it is difficult to see wherein the cruelty lies. Is his contention based on a sup- position that the so-called nervures are organs of sensation, or is it that the cruelty lies in fright? For my part, if I had a hen which would fly across the river to lay, I should, whether cruel or kind, clip it to save it from a worse fate. Indeed, if necessary, every bird should be -so treated, save only the little white hen that never lays away. The cruelty to a queen is at least of short duration ; but has Mr. Boulton ever considered the cruelty of Nature, which slowly, slowly clips the wings of a worker, until iz is unable to reach the hive with its last uselessly-gathered load of toilfully-won nectar ? The Fable of the Frogs (page 115). — It is a shame to spoil a good story, and Mr. Avery must forgive me for weighing it in the balances. But, like the darkey and the story of Jonah, " I kain' belieb' da.t fish story." Now, would a frog drown or wouldn't he calmly go to sleep rocked in the cradle of the deep ? Anyhow, they have covers to the cans on that road, for I have seen them ! Dear me, it is a mate- rialistic world, my brothers, but perhaps the frogs were put in with the water during the blending process. A Miller's White Hat (page 115).— The good doctor doffs it very courteously to his two critics, but apparently it is only so that he may bonnet them. Fee, fi, fo, fum, he seems to say, as he gaily places our good friend " D. M. M." with Mr. Soal between the upper and the netner stones. Evidently an endeavour to ex- tract some Scotch spirit from the com- bination in the press ! The B.B.K.A. (page 116).— Mr. Penny's contribution is a good one. What is wanted is not criticism alone, but a sound constructive policy. After all, it is so easy to criticise. I myself am never guilty, but I have occasionally thought that there was danger lest others might be tempted. Good Besolutions (page 118). — Shake hands, brother Canadian, for we too have made most of those mistakes, and have resolved never — no, never — to do it again. The best-laid schemes of men (through mice) gang aft agley. But don't sulphur those combs (No. 7); try bisulphide of carbon. Fumigating Combs (page 123). — I often see references such as this one in the Practischcr Wegioeiser, advising fumiga- tion with brimstone as a means of destroy- ing wax-moth. I have never obtained any satisfaction with the method. I have burned brimstone until the sulphurous vapour has blanketed the windows, and fought its throat-catching way through the chinks of the carefully-plugged door, until the locks and catches and any other 150 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 14, 1910. overlooked ironwork have been, deeply coated with rust, and until the house itself has conjured up memories of the inhospitality meted out to departing measle microbes. But when I have gone, with mask and stiletto and cloak, to gloat over the bodies of my victims, I have found them, disinfected perhaps, but otherwise little the worse. Digging up their silken tunnels, I have found the sur- prised larvse doing their usual express journeys, travelling at will, headJight or tender foremost. I have swung the censer of formalin under their nostrils, until in their tantalised and incensed state they must have called down curses on the shade of some maternal ant. x\nd I have found nothing so satisfactory as bisulphide of carbon, which gets right home to them where they live, and move, and cease to have their being. NOVELTIES FOR 1910. WATTS'S PATENT " SIMPLEX " QUEEN-CAGE. This new queen-cage was shown by the inventor, Mr. F. W. Watts, at the B.B.K.A. Conversazione in October last, and is described by him as follows : "Its construction is quite simple. There is a lower compartment, with a movable glass lid, which ensures the safety of the captive insect. Not only is all danger obviated by the use of the ' Simplex,' but the operation of moving the queen is ren- dered quite easy and simple, although carried out by the use of one hand only. The lower portion of the cage is first pressed into the comb, after which it re- quires no further handling. The lid is then held in the palm of the hand, thus leaving the fingers quite free to take up the queen and place her in the opening of the cage, already fixed. The lid is then put in position, effectually securing the bee, whose movements can be plainly ob- served through the glass. Another ad- vantage of the cage is that the bee- keeper is able to attach it to a piece of spare honey-comb, catch a few bees, and take them indoors for minute exami- nation, which, by the aid of a magnifying glass, would make the insects appear very large and easy to inspect. It may also be used for various other observations, such as upon wasps and the humble-bees." The price1 of this useful appliance is only Is. Echoes from the Hives. The bright weather at Easter gave me the opportunity of changing my stocks to clean hives, and in my experience I do not recollect ever having had my bees in such an advanced state for the time of the year, the colonies having come through in first-class condition, all having nice patches of brood, so that with careful at- tention I should secure sections from early fruit blossom, of which there is plenty each spring near my apiary. There is a cer- tain amount of foul brood in this dis- trict, and local bee-keepers should watch their stocks most carefully for any signs of it, and if found at once take the neces- sary steps for a cure. I took an average of 50 lb., extracted and sections, from my hives last season. — V. E. S., North Finch- ley, N. WEATHER REPORT. Baenwood, Gloucester. March, 1910. Coldest night, 29th, 24. Number of nights with frost in the air, 14 ; on the grass, 25. Relative humidity, or percentage of moisture in the air, 72%. Percentage of cloud, 51. Percentage of wind, 17. Rainfall, "65 in. Below average, *79 in. Heaviest fall, -21 on 9th. Rain fell on 9 days. Mean maximum tem- perature, 51*3 ; 3-3 above average. Mean minimum tem- perature, 32 4 ; 4 6 below average. Warmest day, 30th. 58-7. F. H. Fowler (F.R.Met. Soc). Queries and Replies. [4011.] Position of Frames in Hive. — 1. I am enclosing three bees, and should be obliged if you would tell me what variety they are. 2. I am a be- ginner, having bought a stock last Octo- ber, and, having caught the bee-fever, I intend to extend my holding, and there- fore propose to make another hive. I have a copy of the "Note-book" contain- ing instructions for making a hive, but (should be glad of advice on the relative advantages or otherwise of having the frames hung (a) parallel with the en- trance, or (b) from back to front. I notice every illustration shows them run- ning from back to front, whilst my hive is made with the frames parallel with en- trance. It has occurred to me that the latter plan makes it more easy to handle the frames when working at the back of April 14, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 151 the hive, and it is also more simple to make as regards double sides. 3. My hive will hold as many as fourteen frames. Would it be any advantage to fill it with so many ? I shall be glad of replies to my queries through the B.B.J. — R. R. B., Brentford. Reply. — 1. The bees enclosed are Italians. 2. If you construct a " W. B. C." hive, as shown in "Note- book," you can have the frames either parallel or at right angles to entrance, as you desire ; it is really immaterial which way, as the advantages and disadvan- tages of the two positions about balance. Most of the appliance manufacturers make the frames at right angles. 3. All things considered and in the majority of districts, ten frames are enough. You can confine the bees on to this number in the brood-chamber by means of the division-board. The empty space behind will give you ample room for manipu- lating. Notices to Correspondents. S. M. (Surbiton). — Hop-clover. — This is Medicago lupulina, sometimes called hop-trefoil. It is an excellent plant for bees, quite equal to white clover in yield. It is grown on chalk soils, and yields an abundance of light>coloured honey. J. Mc. (Glenooe). — Allowing Bees to Swarm Naturally. — Unless you are going in for queen-rearing you need not trouble about giving your hives drone^combs, as there are sure to be plenty of drones flying by the time your bees swarm. Your neighbour's drones would be quite within reach of your apiary even if you had none your- self, which is improbable, as bees gene- rally rear drone-brood preparatory to swarming. Essex Calf (Romford). — Novice's Queries. — 1. Take out the first comb, which will give room for removing the uneven one. Then brush off any bees that may be adhering to it, cut the comb down to the level of the frames, and replace it. 2. Empty comb or foundation should not be placed in the middle of the brood, but next to it on either side, after pushing back the division-boards. It can be given when required and as the cluster grows. 3. You can tell when a hive has swarmed by the dimi- nution of the population and by ex- amining the combs. 4. The frames must be spaced l-g in. from centre to centre during the working season. 5. Artificial siwarming is not risky if the instructions in "Guide Book" are strictly followed. L. C. M. (Tulse Hill).— Barbados Brown Sugar. — 1. Syrup made from this can be used as spring food. If you are not certain that you have added naphthol beta you had better leave it out, as a double dose would make the syrup ob- jectionable to the bees. 2. The secretary of the Surrey B.K.A. is Mr. F. B. White, Marden House, Redhill, but as you are living practically in London you might join the B. B.K.A. 3. Yes, a good many of the plants now flower- ing secrete nectar. E. A. B. (Buntingford). — Using Swarm- catchers. — These do away with the necessity of clipping the queen's wings, as, when properly worked, they catch the swarm with the queen as she leaves the hive. We presume the above is what you mean by " self-hivers." We have had no experience with the one you mention. Monkey (Lewis). — Best Flowers. — You will find a list of the best flowers and plants on page 159 of "Guide Book." If you send to Messrs. Sutton and Sons, Reading, they will send you a very complete list of bee-flowers, the seeds of which they supply. All those of most value, however, are mentioned in the "Guide Book." J. S. W. (Suffolk).— Bees in House.— You do not say in what part of the house the bees are situated or the means you would have for getting at them. It would be necessary to have full par- ticulars before we could advise. Under some conditions it is quite possible to remove bees without smothering them. There is a long account of how this has been done, with illustrations, in this month's Becord, which can be obtained from this office for 2^d. Anxious (Sheffield). — Bees Visiting Brains. — You can attract your bees to the drinking-fountain if you put a little honey into the water, place the foun- tain in a warm, sunny place, and pro- tect it from the wind. The bees proba- bly find the liquid from; the drains warmer than the water you are pro- viding them with or that in the stream. If you are able to give the water warm the bees would prefer it. B. B. J. (Sittingbourne). — Obtaining Comb-honey on Skep. — 1. The surplus arrangement for skeps can be placed on any skep provided it has a hole in the top. If there is no hole one must be cut out. There is no necessity to drive the bees into a new skep, unless the one they are in is too old, and you want to get rid of it. 2. Yes, you would in- crease the population with two queens, and if all goes well you would get a larger quantity of honey. The swarm could only issue with the queen from lower brood-chamber, as the one above would be prevented from doing so by 152 THE BRITISH BEE JOUKNAL. [April 14, 1910. the excluder. 3. For examinations for third-class expert certificates, apply for particulars to the Secretary of the B.B.K.A., Mr. W. Her rod. 8, Hen- rietta Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. H. H. D. (Somerset).— Bee-keeping %n Canada.—!. There is an Ontario Bee- keepers' Association in Canada. The secretary is P. W. Hodgetts, Depart- ment of' Agriculture, Parliament Build- ing, Toronto, who would give all in- formation. No association in Canada is affiliated with the B.B.K.A. 2. Lysol and soluble phenyle are analogous, and can be used in the proportions recommended on page 198 of the "Guide Book," recipe No. 9. It is quite equal to car- bolic acid, but is entirely non-corrosive and non-poisonous as regards human beings and animals. L. W. (Bradford-on-Avon). — Using Sec- tions in Non-swarming Chamber.-— The usual method is to get combs built in shallow frames below brood-chamber in non-swarming hives. If you try to get sections built you will find the combs •become rather dirty, which spoils their appearance as comb-honey. Non-swarm- ing hives have not been found very prac- tical, and few bee-keepers now use them. Room in advance of require- ments and plenty of ventilation will usually prevent swarming. Thanks for your suggestion, which shall have con- sideration. E, T. (Maldon).— Syrup for Bees.— The sample is quite right, except that it is rather too thin. Inquirer (Eccles). — Utilising Old Candy. — 1. There is no need to destroy the candy, and if you store it, it will either get sticky and run or will become too dry. Make it into syrup for present use. 2. Yes. Suspected Combs. T. P. (Dunmow). — The comb is too old and dried up for us to diagnose whether foul brood is present or not; but the stock was evidently queenless, and, not being able to raise a queen, has died out from natural causes. We should advise melting down the combs for wax ; it should afterwards be sterilised be- fore using, or else burn combs, frames, quilts, itc, and scrub out the hive with soda and boiling water, using the usual precautions against disease. W. Macdonald (Inverness). — No. 1 sample is affected with foul brood in the ad- vanced stage. No. 2. A fertile worker has been present, as shown by the elon- gated cells containing drone-brood. If you have the latest edition of the "Guide Book" you will find instruc- tions lor dealing with both cases. G. H. (St. Davids).— The brood in comb is chilled; there is no disease. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows : — Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee- keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees, Queens, and Bee goods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as " Business " An- nouncements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive-manufac- turers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per J in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. SEVERAL STRONG HEALTHY STOCKS, on Frames, 1909 Queens, 22s. 6d. each.— C. TOWN- SEND, Lawnfield, Maidenhead. y 64 I SHALL HAVE A FEW NATURAL SWARMS OF HEALTHY ENGLISH BEES TO SELL, and invite offers for them; also to sell, a few dozen 16 oz. jars of Pure White Clover Honey, from sea- son 1908— COLLINS, Ebor House, North-road, Stamford. y 77 WANTED, copy of " Pollen," by M. Pakenham- Edgworth, F.L.S., published 1877. — " BOOKS," B.B.J. Office, 8, Henrietta-street, Covent Garden, W.C. PUPIL-ASSISTANT WANTED in an Apiary — APIARIST, " Sevenoaks," Clapper-lane, Staplehurst, Kent. y 80 FOR SALE, four slightly used double-cased Hives, with Swarm-preventing Chambers, with two 6 in. Lifts, fitted Frames and Supers, com- plete—Particulars, A. C. THOMPSON, Wood- street, Higham Ferrers. y 81 SEVERAL STRONG STOCKS, in Skeps, 1909 Queens.— C. TOWNSEND, Lawnfield, Maiden- head, y 71 GOOD HEALTHY STOCKS, on 10 Frames, two in Rose's " W. B. C." Hives, 25s. each; one ordinary, 20s.; one strong Hive, no bees, takes 16 Frames, 2 Lifts, roof newly painted, 9s.; two make- shift Hives, 4s. each; bargain. Late owner dead.— MASON, Bryn Eglwys, Rhiw-road, Colwyn Bay. y_72 WILL EXCHANGE FOR BEES AND APPLI- ANCES, Double-barrelled Breech-loader, in leather leg-of-mutton case, Singer sewing machine, incubator and rearer, all perfect.— Address, BRID- LINGTON, " Bee Journal." y 73 WANTED, Stocks of Bees, on Standard Frames and in straw Skeps— POSTMASTER, Breach- wood Green. y 69 FINEST LIGHT ENGLISH HONEY, 28 lb. tins, 8d. lb. Samples, 3d— WAIN, Thorpe Bank, Wainfleet. y 70 LIMNANTHES DOUGLASII, strong plants, not seedlings, 4s. 100, 200 7s. 6d. — The Elms, Hatton, Middlesex. y 68 REE GRATIS TO A GOOD HOME, young Terrier Bitch— CRAWSHAW, Norton, Mai- F ton. ENGLISH HONEY, three 14 lb. tins, medium colour, best quality, 6s. per tin.— HEATON. Methwold, Norfolk. y 67 WANTED. Ripener, complete, must be good — BROWN, Stone House, Great Ormesby, Nor- folk, y 54 BEST WINTER-LAYING WHITE LEGHORNS AND WHITE WYANDOTTE EGGS, 3s. sit- ting; also two nearly new Hives of Bees, strong Stocks, 25s. each.— METCALFE, Crimple Junction, Spofforth, Harrogate. y 56 April 21, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 153 Editorial, Notices, &c. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION ANNUAL MEETING. The annual general meeting of mem- bers was held at 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, on Thursday, April 14, Mr. T. W. Cowan, F.L.S., in the chair. There were also present Miss E. Scott- Walker, Mrs. E. Chapman, Mrs. E. E. Ford, Miss E. F. Kettle well, Mrs. E. Illingworth, Miss W. M. Baizley, Miss Barnes, Mrs. W. Herrod, Miss L. M. Carr, Miss La Mothe, Mrs. Mason, Dr. T. S. Elliot, Colonel H. J. O.Walker, Messrs. C. L. M. Eales, W. F. Reid, J. B. Lamb, A. G. Pugh, G. H. Skeving- ton. W. W. Falkner, L. Goffin, T. Bevan, O. R. Frankenstein, G. W. Avery, C. H. Bocock, R. T. Andrews, R. Lee, L. McX. Stewart, E. Watson, F. B. White, G. H. Sander, H. Edwards, G. W. Judge, L. Illingworth, A. W. Salmon, H. Briee, R. W. Furse, C. Weaver Price, J. C. Mason, V. E. Shaw, J. Smallwood, F. Sit well, A. Wilmott, W. E. Hamlin, E. Walker, and W. Herrod (secretary). Apologies for enforced absence were read from the following : Miss Gayton, Miss K. M. Hall, Messrs. G. Hayes, W. Gee. E. R. Stoneham, F. W. L. SLaden, General Sir Stanley Edwardes, and Rev. G. C. Brut on. The minutes of the previous annual general meeting were read and confirmed. The Chairman, in opening the proceed- ings, apologised for the lateness of the annual meeting, and explained that it arose from unprecedented circumstances, owing to the illness and breakdown of their late secretary, and also of his brother, who had undertaken to do Mr. E. H. Young's work during his disable- ment. The Council, after repeated en- deavours, had only quite recently been able to obtain possession of the books, and had been obliged to get the accounts for the previous year made up by a ledger clerk. Their thanks were due to Mr. Herrod, who voluntarily offered his as- sistance and had been of invaluable ser- vice during a very trying time, and they were glad to have him now as their secre- t a ry . In moving the adoption of the report and balance-sheet, the Chairman alluded to the loss the Association had sustained by the death of Mr. G. Wells, whose name was so well known in connection with the system of working two queens in a hive : and1 also that of Mr. R. Godson, who was nn ardent worker and secretary of the Lincolnshire B.K.A. He next alluded to the consideration the Council had given to the reorganisa- tion of the Association by appointing a special committee, who drew up a scheme with this object in view. This had been circulated amongst the members of all associations, and May 19 was fixed for its consideration by the delegates of the dif- ferent associations. The Council hoped that careful thought would be given to the proposals, and, if they were not satis- factory to any of the associations, that they would' state what they consider should be done to unite them. He was quite certain that the time had arrived when something should be done to enable the associations to combine, for if all were working independently the industry would make very little progress, and could never take that position in the country which it should do. They could do little with the Government until they were strengthened by combining. It wa6 not sufficient to condemn, the scheme without suggesting something better. He there- fore hoped that those representatives who attend the meeting will be prepared to make practical suggestions of what they want and what they think should be done to bring them into closer touch with one another and with the B. B.K.A. Alluding to the finances, the Chairman congratulated the members on their im- provement. The receipts for the year had been £336 12s. as against £222 12s. 4d. the previous year — an in- crease of £114; but as the Horticultural College, Swanley, paid two years' fees in the year, it made the true increase on the previous year £94. which must be gratifying to all. There had been a slight increase in the expenditure, but for all that the general fund showed an increase of £59 15s. The balance showed an excess of assets over liabilities of £152 4s. All the liabilities had since been paid, and he was pleased to say that upwards of fifty new members had joined the Asso- ciation . The report showed that good work had been done by Mr. Herrod at the Apiary and at the exhibitions, of which he had sole charge. During the year in the examinations which had been held three candidates obtained first-class, thirteen second-class, and eighty third- class certificates. The insurance also showed progress, as there were 11,281 hives insured as against 9,706 the pre- vious year. Of the insurers, 597 were members and 204 non-members of associa- tions. Without going into further de- tail, he moved that the report and balance-sheet be received and adopted. The motion was seconded by Colonel Walker, supported by Mr. A. *G. Pugh, and carried unanimously. Mr. Watson proposed, and Mr. Falkner seconded, a very hearty vote of thanks to the retiring Council and officers, Mr. Watson remarking that thev were to be 154 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 21, 1910. congratulated on doing a tremendous amount of work and coming through a very critical time so well. The motion was carried with acclamation. Mr. Re id proposed the re-election of vice-presidents, hon. members, hon. corre- sponding members, hon. treasurer, audi- tor, and analyst for the year 1910, in accordance with Rules 5 and 9. This was seconded by Mr. Eales, and carried unanimously. It was resolved, uponthesuggestionof Mr. Reid, that the Council increase the num- ber of hon. members, and that to this end the Council obtain and consider the names of eminent scientists and others, and sub- mit them to the next annual meeting for election. Mr. Watson strongly supported what Mr. Reid had said, and maintained that this was exactly what was wanted to broaden the basis of the Association, which should be their object, and would be far preferable to the new scheme, with which he was not in sympathy and upon which he would have more to say at the meeting in May. Mr. Reid moved and Mr. Eales seconded, and it was carried, that Dr. L. A. Dixey, President of the Entomo- logical Society, be elected an hon. member. Mr. Bevan gave notice that he would move at the next annual meeting that Rule 5 be altered, the first and second lines to read as follow : " The Associa- tion shall have power to elect honorary members. Also," &c. The Chairman said, with regard to the election of the Council, they had heard a great deal lately about strengthening it, and although there had been an oppor- tunity of doing so, a notice having been put in the Bee Journal stating that nominations would be received up to a certain date, only one nomination had been sent in. Mr. G. H. Sander then proposed the re-election of the Council for 1910, with Captain Sitwell in the place of Mr. Till, who, he was sorry to see, had resigned ; the reason, he supposed, was on account of ill-health. He was pleased so little change had had to be made, for a change in government at such a critical period of the Association would have been un- satisfactory. Having embarked upon the new scheme, they should remain in office until its fate was decided. Mr. H. Edwards seconded the proposal, which was carried. The Chairman said it was impossible to pass over the resignation of Mr. Till with- out passing a very hearty vote of thanks to him for all he had done for the Asso- ciation for a great number of years. Mr. Till had served upon that Council, and had rendered valuable help to the Asso- ciation both in time and financially, which probably members did not realise. Age and ill-health (the causes of Mr. Till's resignation) would assert themselves in time, and his resignation was only antici- pating that of one or two others for the same reasons. Mr. Reid seconded, and said no one regretted the resignation of Mr. Till more than himself. He was open and fearless in manner, always ready to give his reasons for pressing his views, whether considered good or bad by hi® colleagues. He also was ever ready to give his time and money to help on the cause of the Association. This resolution was carried with acclamation. Mr. Salmon then rose to move his resolution : " That all experts touring for affiliated associations shall hold B.B.K.A. certificates. " He understood from con- versations he had had with Mr. Young and the late Mr. Broughton Carr in the past that all experts working officially for asso- ciations and paid a salary must be cer- tificated, yet he found that there was at least one association employing a touring expert who did not hold a certificate from the B.B.K.A. This he did not think ad- visable. He would also suggest that all experts who lectured should hold at least the second-class certificate of the Associa- tion. He was quite sure from reports he had had of local men lecturing that many of them were not capable of doing their work in a satisfactory manner, and no doubt this would be prejudicial both to the county and parent associations. Mr. Frankenstein seconded. Dr. Elliot considered the idea a good one, but did not see what power the Association had in the matter. He thought it would help matters if the Association kept a register of experts and the experts paid a registration fee. Associations or county councils could then apply to the Associa- tion for names of qualified persons will- ing to serve. This would benefit both the experts and the Association, and would also give the Association a hold over those to whom they granted certificates. If they were found to be incompetent or neglectful their names could be removed from the register. Mr. Pugh thought it would be a difficult matter to carry out. He agreed that it would be very nice if it could be done. At the same time, having been secretary to a county association, he knew how difficult it was to obtain experts to do the work. The matter could be met if the secretary were instructed1 to write to secretaries of associations asking them, as far as possible, to appoint only qualified men. . • Mr. Andrews knew of a number of men in the smaller associations who went amongst the bee-keepers and gave advice, and thought it a pity to debar these, al- April 21, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 155 though, they did not hold certificates. Even those who held a certificate did not always make a legitimate use of it. He knew that they sometimes used their posi- tion for business purposes only, and did not keep abreast of the times with their knowledge. He would suggest that a limit of, say, five years be put upon the certificate, the holder at the end of that time to present himself for examination again. Mr. Watson considered it was the ideal to work towards, but the present was not the time to press the matter. It was difficult to get people who could talk bees. He himself, though not holding a cer- tificate, had recently given a talk on bees, the result being the commencement of an association. Miss La Mothe considered the idea an excellent one, especially for touring ex- perts. She knew cases where both the local and parent associations had suffered through incompetent people undertaking the work. Mr. White considered it very undesir- able for the Council to interfere. The associations were the people best qualified to judge who should do their work, and he should oppose the proposition. Mr. Falkner stated that in Leicestershire they had copied the Xotts Association, and had local experts, and in doing this they found it was not always possible to get certificated men, though he had no doubt that those employed were quite capable of passing if they presented them- selves. It would be a pity to debar these, though he quite agreed that where pos- sible qualified men should be employed. Mr. Lamb, to save time, moved as an amendment that the matter be left to the Council to deal with as they think fit. Mr. Pugh seconded. Upon being put to the meeting, the amendment was carried. Upon the proposition of the secretary, seconded by Mr. Edwards, Mr. R. Mossop was elected hon. solicitor to the Associa- tion. Mr. Skevington : " I should like to know how it is there is no reporter here. Why have not the daily papers sent a reporter? We want publicity." Mr. Lamb said had it been a meeting where a prominent man such as Lord Rosebery had been speaking there would have been plenty of reporters there, but the London papers would not trouble about such small meetings as this. To employ a reporter would be an expensive matter. The Secretary, in reply to Mr. Skeving- ton, said a reporter had never been pre- sent, at the annual meeting. He had tried to get the papers to send one, but had failed for the reason given by Mr. Lamb. The Conversazione had been re- ported for a number of years (as it would be that evening) by the British Bee Journal, the Association taking advan- tage of the work done for their minutes without contributing to the cost. Mr. Falkner then brought forward a matter re delegates to Council meetings. The Chairman thought it would be best to leave the matter to the meeting in May, w?hen it could be fully discussed with the scheme. Mr. Edwards was very pleased to hear the Chairman's remarks re discussion. He quite understood, and he was sure others were of the same opinion, that the scheme was to be brought forward at that meet- ing for their acceptance or rejection, and that if any suggestions for amendment were made they would be ruled out. The Chairman said he was sorry if that idea had been prevalent. What they wanted at that meeting was a full dis- cussion and suggestions as to the con- stitution of the B.B.K.A., and he hoped that a full attendance of delegates would be obtained, and that they would come pre- pared with suggestions for those parts of the scheme with which they did not agree. An adjournment was then made, and, after light refreshments had been par- taken of, the members reassembled for the Conversazione, which will be reported in our next issue. After the annual meeting a meeting of the new Council was held for the purpose of electing officers and committees, those present being Messrs. T. W. Cowan, W. F. Reid, A. G. Pugh, O. R. Franken- stein, C. L. M. Eales, Thos. Bevan, G. H. Skevington, R. T. Andrews, J. B. Lamb, H. Jonas. E. Walker, Captain Sitwell, Dr. T. S. Elliot, Colonel H. J. O.Walker; county representatives: Messrs. F. B. White, W. Hamlin (Surrey), V. E. Shaw (Crayford), W. W. Falkner (Leicester), G. W. Avery (Cumberland) ; and W. Herrod (secretary). Mr. Lamb proposed, and Mr. Skeving- ton seconded, that Mr. T. W. Cowan be elected chairman and Mr. W. F. Reid vice-chairman, and thanked for their past services. This was carried unanimously. Mr. Cowan remarked that he would much rather have retired, but as it was their wish that he should remain, he would do so for a little while longer on the distinct understanding that he was relieved of a lot of the work and respon- sibility. It was impossible for him to continue doing the amount of work that had fallen to him during the past twelve months. The following were elected as Finance Committee: Messrs. J. B. Lamb, Thos. Bevan, C. L. M. Eales, A. Richards, J. Grimwood, E. Garcke, and G. H. Skevington. Exhibition Committee : Messrs. C. L. M. Eales, E. Walker, A. G. Pugh, Thos. 156 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 21, 1910. Be van, O. R. Frankenstein. Emergency Committee: Mr. W. F. Reid, with power to add. Cheques were passed for settlement of account with Mr. E. H. Young, salaries, petty cash, printing, &c, amounting to £70 18s. lid. The matter of a reporter being engaged for the annual meeting was brought for- ward, .and eventually Messrs. W. F. Reid, J. B. Lamb, and Thos. Bevan were elected a Publication Committee to deal with this matter in the future. The following were elected members of the Association : The Hon. Mrs. Denman, 9. Swan Walk, Chelsea, S.W. ; Miss A. M. McEwan, Croft Cottage, Haddenham, Bucks; Mr. C. Weaver-Price, Ashgrove, Brecon, S. Wales; Mr. A. E. Palmer, Bergnet, St. James's Road, Harpenden ; Mr. F. P. Howard, 91, New Road, Ware, Herts; Mr. T. Chater, 46, Hinton Road, Wallington; Hareharn Singh, 38, riighbury Place, Highbury, JN.; Mr. C. Kennington, Hillside, Goring, Oxon ; Mr. G. D. Lake, Brookfield House, Mortimer, Berks; Mr. C. Whitbread Graham, Hale End, Woking; Mr. T. Newell, Radwell, near Baldoek, Herts; Mr. F. Newman, Erith Lodge, Bexley Heatb, Kent; Mr. J. C. Harker, Danehurst, Champion Hill, S.E. Owing to lack of time several matters were held over till the next meeting. The next meeting was arranged for May 19. Finance Committee, 3 p.m. ; Council, 3.30 p.m.; special meeting re scheme, 4.30 p.m. AMONG THE BEES. BEE-INSURANCE. BY D. M. MACDONALD, BANFF. For the small sum of one penny Per hive any bee-keeper in the British Isles may insure his bees for a whole year — from the end of March, 1910, to the end of March, 1911 — against their liability to third parties for damages to persons or property occasioned by bees from the in- surer's apiary. One would think that every owner of bees would rush to par- ticipate in this safeguard, but not one in a hundred does so. Perhaps many apiaries are kept apart from public high- ways and dwellings, and many more are in retired situations where there will be little or no likelihood of loss or injury by vicious bees. Their owners therefore ignore this boon which is placed at their disposal, but if they could appreciate the full benefit, even these might be led to insure against contingencies which may happen. The great majority of apiaries, however, are situated in close proximity to dwelling-houses, near public roads or side-paths, and in the centre of towns, villages, or hamlets, where every day in summer and at all times of the day per- sons, dogs, cattle, horses, and other animals are passing to and fro. While no accident has happened in the past, still one may occur at any time from some cause over which the owner has no con- trol. Here, then, is a case where insur- ance is a simple duty. This might be brought home to bee-keepers by the visit- ing expert, who should he provided with a number of proposal forms, sent by the B.B.K.A. to him or to his association. The general secretary might circularise or write oounty secretaries on the subject, and thus, I think, easily double the num- ber of last year's insurances. Bee- keepers might themselves communicate with Mr. Her rod and get all particulars. A post-card will do it all. From " Queen-Land." — Three points in Mr. Simmins's circular strike me as worthy of note and comment. While he is inclined to advise that ordinary queens may be given to a de-queened hive in twenty-four hours, or in less than half that time when his plan of direct intro- duction is followed' (from noon to dusk), yet under his "guarantee" system he in- sists that the new queen should not be inserted before the third evening after removal of old queen. We may take it that this rule is deduced from this veteran's forty years' experience in bee- culture, and nearly that period as a queen- rearer. But my "point" is that he advises us to avoid the second day. While the introduction may take place the first or third day, "there is some natural enmity fostered by the bees to- wards any queen offered during the second day of queenlessness." I am not certain that I have ever seen the matter put just in that way before, but the spirit of un- rest generated by the knowledge that they have no queen, followed by the prepara- tions for replacing her, may create this feeling of enmity towards an alien queen, and cause her destruction. We hear a good deal of the value of young bees in securing safe wintering and preventing spring dwindling, and I have repeatedly used the usual formula, just because I believed I was advising the best specific "cure" for both these ills; but I think there should have been added an addendum pointing out that bees may be too young, and this leads me to my second point. Mr. Simmins insists that late-bred workers are "soft," and I agree with him. Quite recently, when asking about late honey-plants, I added a rider ques- tioning if bees were not better inside late in autumn than out foraging for pollen or honey, which would keep up untimely breeding. Reasoning from natural laws, these late-bred bees, confined to the high temperature of the hive-interior, and pre- April 21, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 15" vented from taking a natural flight to exercise their organs, must be pampered and tender. As gardeners say of their bedding-out plants, they require to be hardened off. Therefore too late breeding should be avoided ; in other words, there should be no stimulative feeding late in autumn. I have time and again advised against the too free use of candy. While it is a good enough food in an emergency, it rouses the bees unseasonably, and tempts them out on untimely flights. A well- stocked larder containing healthy food, either good honey or well-made syrup, supplied to a stock by the end of Septem- ber, is the best possible guarantee that health, strength, and energy will attend their first spring flight, and abide with them until fresh nectar can be gathered from the new season's flowers. I quote a sentence or two from " Queen-Land " on this head : " The well-housed colony re- quires no pampering. Did anyone ever know a well-found stock fly at unseason- able hours during autumn and winter? And in spring it is only those stocks which have been needlessly stirred up by feeding too early in the season that at- tempt undesirable flights, followed by spring dwindling." I think these are wise words. Hints to Wax-renderers. — As many will be trying their hand at this pastime, it may be seasonable to give a few hints on the subject. I expect quite, a few will have empty hives on hand after last sea- son's semi-failure, and if the combs are not perfectly formed, or if there is any hint of suspicion about them, then the best advice is to run them down into wax. Crumble the combs down into small par- ticles, and further crush the mass in order that the cocoons may not retain the residue of wax in their folds. Steep the combs or the crushed mass in soft water until they are thoroughly soaked. Then put them into your smelter in boiling water; rain-water suits best. Do not over-boil, as by doing so you will spoil the quality of your wax. For the same reason use as little acid as possible, as this is in general overdone, and use none at all ex- cept for old combs. Cappings and virgin wax require no acid, and, by the way, melt down any such separate from brood-combs. If you have no "Gerster " or similar wax- extractor, avoid any pan where the comb will come in contact with iron, as this . blackens the wax. An enamel pan is suit- able. If done at the kitchen fire, damp the space all round, as then any drops can be lifted in small cakes without caus- ing a mess. Cool your cake slowly, and, if possible, scrape the sediment off the lower side before the mass quite cools, as then it is easily done. If you have not yet seen " Wax Craft," purchase a copy. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsiblt for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. FOUL-BROOD LEGISLATION. [7794.] Your correspondent A. Green, Notts, writes in last issue of the Jourxal (7789, page 146) against legislation, and offers an alternative to a Foul Brood Bill. What is the alternative? "Instead of the police, I would give county associa- tions something of a practical and useful nature to do. If there is one thing these associations ought to do, it is to keep their respective areas free from foul brood,'' &c. Here is Mr. Green's alternative ; but surely, Mr. Editor, your correspon- dent must be a sort of modern Rip Van Winkle, judging by his scant knowledge of the doings of bee-keepers' associations. " All these things have we tried to' do from our youth up," might be the reply of the associations. Their efforts, however, are nullified by the selfishness of a few, who are ever, in a spirit of self-glorification, flaunting their own ability to deal with foul brood as an argument why we should not invoke the aid of the law to help others who wish to participate in " man's most fascinating hobby," but have not the ability to cope with the disease. " Police. law, and magistrate," names which can always be used with telling force to con- vince the ignorant, are being freely used by the opposition, but few indeed among those who are agitating for a Foul Brood Bill anticipate the necessity for the inter- ference of either police or magistrate, ex- cept on rare occasions. If the reduction of foul brood from 60 per cent, to 7 per cent, is not doing " something of a practical and useful nature," what is it? Can Mr. Green realise the anxiety, the self-deniah and strenuous labour, to say nothing of the amount of money which has been expended in order to effect this reduction of foul brood, all of which is being nullified by the action of a few, whose best argument in defence of their position is, " Can I not do what I like with mine own?" "Inas- much as ye have done all these things without 'the aid of law, police, or magis- trate.' we will not suffer you to obtain the only means by which you can accom- plish the complete" fulfilment of your good work" — this is the substance of the op- position argument. Is further comment necessarvr 158 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 21, 1910. In reply to "Flos" (7791, page 147), I remember the first case of disease I ever saw, more than twenty years ago now, was in a. skep that had been taken up in the usual way by brimstoning the bees. Since then I have seen more cases of disease in skeps than I can remember. A few years ago I purchased four skeps, guaranteed free from disease, from a bee-keeper in a distant county. They were intended for use in an examination of candidates for third-class certificates. On inspection of some of the combs, which were broken down in the journey, foul brood was dis- covered on arrival. Mr. Crawshaw will remember the incident. To say that disease does not exist in skeps because the combs are destroyed before they become old is erroneous. I have seen it in skeps and also in bar-frame hives before the combs, were six weeks old, and I know of both skeps and bar-frame hives which contain at the present time combs at least twenty-five years old where no trace of disease exists. The gentler means suggested by " Flos " have been tried. Experts have been sent out into the high- ways and byways to plead with the stub- born and advise the ignorant. Men of tact and knowledge have been giving their whole time to this, and more than once gentlemen of means have given our ex- perts money to replace bees and combs which poor bee-keepers in their locality have consented to destroy because of disease. Sometimes even this generosity has been refused, and diseased stocks re- tained in preference' to> having them re- placed by healthy bees. Compulsion is an ugly word. Persuasion is infinitely to be preferred. To be com- pelled to keep a clean apiary evidently does seem very distasteful to some. Even to be asked by a polite inspector if their stocks are clean, they declare, will at once and for ever quench their love of the craft. There is another side to the question. Is not the tyrannical kind of compulsion exercised by the wilful owner of diseased stocks over his bee-keeping neighbours more detestable even than tihe visit of a friendly expert or inspector ? Which is interfering most with another's freedom ? — G. W. Avery, Heads Nook. about 112 stocks of bees under my manage- ment, which are scattered about within a six-mile radius of my own apiary. As for foul brood, I haA^e only seen one. case in this district during the last twenty years, which makes me incline to the opinion that many who quote foul brood know very little about it. I am led to believe that much of the mischief is caused by bee-keepers themselves, who are always disturbing the bees, instead of letting them be at rest. Past experience has taught me the less bees are disturbed the better. When I give them a spring cleaning they are left unmolested until I put on the supers. I do not think legis- lation is necessary, and it seems to me that there are too many Government officials already in this country. No matter where you. go you come across them. I should like to know where the £ s. d. is coming from to pay the inspeo tors appointed to look after us poor noodles. I trust you will find room for these few remarks in the B.B.J. — E. J. Thompson, Gowdall, Yorks. [7795.] I have been a reader of the B.B.J, now for twenty-six years, and I never remember missing a copy. During that time I have read a good deal of correspondence relating to the foul-brood question, and I especially note the few remarks in last week's B.B.J. (7791, page 147), which, to my mind, are very sensible, and quite hit the mark. I my- self am fixed very much like your corre- spondent, being the largest bee-keeper in this district. At the present tame I have [7796.] Judging by the correspondence which has Lately appeared in your valuable journal, it appears to me that the fight for legislation re bee-disease is not likely to be one-sided. I cannot myself imagine good bee-keepers opposing anything that tends to their own benefit and which clears the way for progress in eradicating bee- diseases, especially our old enemy foul brood. I suppose we must have an opposition, but I have yet to meet a real lover of bees who would knowingly tolerate foul brood in his apiary, and it is only fair that honest bee-keepers should be protected from careless and indifferent neighbours who happen to have bees in their posses- sion very often diseased. Every touring expert knows quite well that the chief trouble in eradicating foul brood from a district is not with members of associa- tions, but through a careless few, who absolutely refuse to allow an inspection or own up that anything is wrong with their bees, and who frequently boast of having the largest knowledge on the subject and the biggest " takes " of honey in the district. Every expert knows such people, and from experience I am convinced that these are neither readers of the B.B.J, nor members of an association. I think most of the arguments againsit legislation are simply stretches of the imagination which emanate from people having very little experience outside their own apiary or immediate district, much less the knowledge of the difficulty associations have in dealing with non- members. — Joseph Price, Old Hill, Staffs. April 21, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 159 FOUL-BROOD LEGISLATION. [7797.] Having read in the B.B.J, the different letters regarding foul-brood legis- lation, I must say I quite agree with the opinion of Mr. Woodley (page 137, April 7) that there is no need to bind up the bee- industry with red tape. What is the use of trying to cure foul brood while people are allowed to import it wholesale by biiying queens and stocks from the hot- beds of disease? This is not done by the poor cottage bee-keeper; but still he will have to suffer. As to the good, results of a Foul Brood Act, I fail to see how the cottager will benefit. The Government takes the industry under its wing, and the next thing is a small tax per hive, which we can ill afford, for the Government cannot pay experts on nothing. I see the question has been put to the vote> by one of the county associations. Now, if this Act is wanted, I say let it be by the vote of every British bee- keeper, not merely the members of the bee-keepers' associations, who form but a small portion of those engaged in the industry. I should not care for any inspector to examine my bees unless he and every- thing connected with him were thoroughly disinfected, especially after reading in Api-il Record the incident of last Septem- ber in Herefordshire. — E. Woollaed, New Catton. , [7798.] Bee-keeping is increasing with rapid strides owing to the excellent ser- vice rendered by the B.B.J, and Record, the daily Press, associations, and by numerous bee-keepers who have carefully followed the instructions of the invalu- able " Guide Book." This being granted, it is imperative that every precau- tion should be taken to guard those commencing against the risk in purchasing stocks or swarms from some bee-keeper who offers to dispose of stocks he has grown tired of overhauling, which I have found in ten years' dealings generally suffer from foul brood or kindred diseases. The novice in bee-keeping addresses his inquiry to the dealer who offers healthy stocks, &c, at market prices, but one of these tired bee-keepers offers at a few shillings less to clear. The novice, in many instances, accepts, without seeking advice, soon to find out his mistake, as he learns to his cost. Nothing is so un- pleasant and disheartening to the keen be- ginner as to listen to the verdict of an old hand who explains the mistake he has made and the trouble and expense he has now before him to eradicate the disease. Compulsory legislation would ensure pro- per attention to the brood-chamibers of stocks . In the course of my perambulations I visited a so-called apiary where th© brood-chambers had not been examined for years, and imagine, if you can, the con- dition of stocks of bees in this hopeless state; and when one is a near neighbour to the owner of these neglected stocks, and is endeavouring by paying every attention to them to run successfully a fairly large apiary, what remedy can one hope for but compulsory legislation ? Are we to muddle on and allow every other nation to show us our errors ? I would suggest that steps be taken to gauge the feeling of bee- keepers in the matter by attaching in each issue of the B.B.J., Record, and kindred journals a perforated form asking readers to reply, agreeing to compulsion or stat- ing why they object to it. Also, forms to be addressed to all associations of bee- keepers in England, Wales, and Scotland, and the Channel Islands, and suggestions for clauses to be inserted in the proposed Bill, to be forwarded to the committee of the B.B.K.A. for their assistance in framing a satisfactory measure, which shall again be voted upon before seeking legislative powers. Success must ensue if all will unite against the common foe. — T. D. Sixfield, Luton. THE BORDER B.K.A. [7799.] I think you will be pleased to hear that we have now got " The Border B.K.A." fairly started. The committee of the Wooler and District B.K.A. were de- lighted when I informed them that it was proposed we should expand from a purely local to a wider sphere of work, and they one and all canvassed their own neigh- bourhood, with the result that at a general meeting held in Wooler on the oth inst. the change of name was unanimously agreed to, and, better still, we got our first members on the Scotch side ; so now we are in fact, as in name, "The Border " B.K.A. I have been invited both sides of the Tweed to give lantern lectures as soon as possible, which is very encourag- ing as showing the interest aroused. There was a long discussion on foul brood, and it was unanimously agreed to petition the Board of Agriculture for an Act giving power to competent inspectors to deal with bee-diseases. Also arrangements were made for hold- ing a show in connection with the Horti- cultural Show in August, for which numerous classes and a large prize list were drawn up, the B.B.K.A. silver and bronze medals being considered a strong inducement for a large entry. The secretaries were instructed to make the usual application for affiliation with the B.B.K.A., and though at present the youngest, we trust it will not be long before we are one of the sturdiest off- spring of that body. — F. Sitwell, Yearle House, Wooler. 160 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 21, 1910. SOWING CLOVER ON RAILWAY EMBANKMENTS. [7800.] Our railway embankments should provide far more bee-forage than they do, and it occurred to me that it would not cost a great deal to plant clover on miles of railway cuttings. Last year I wrote to the secretary of one of our Scot- tish railways, and readily got permission to sow clover on their embankments, or, more accurately, they suggested my hand- ing the seed over to an inspector ; but I got one of the unemployed, and, giving him a short, strong rake, told him to rake over the land here and there and sow the seed as thinly as possible. In this way 9| lb. of seed was used. Some of it came away when it was planted, but more seems coming up this year. A bee-keeping friend of mine carries some seed in his pocket all spring, and keeps sowing a little anywhere and everywhere. Messrs. Sutton and Sons quote 70s. per cwt. (about 8d. per lb.) for "screenings" — that is, Trifolium repens perenne, white or Dutch clover, without the weed seeds extracted, which, I suppose, would be quite suitable for sowing on railway em- bankments. I have> been quite unable to hear anything in this country, either from the- Board of Agriculture or from seeds- men, of the white clover (not white Dutch) referred to on page 88 of Messrs. Root's "A B C and X Y Z of Bee-Culture," of which the seed cannot be saved. Per- haps it is an indigenous American plant. But Messrs. Lawson and Son (Limited), Edinburgh, have supplied me, through wholesale friends, with a sample of wild white clover, costing Is. 6d. per lb. whole- sale. I have obtained from my old friends, Vilmorin, Andrieux, and Co., of Paris, 4 lb. of white sweet clover, or white melilot or Siberian melilot (Melilotus alba), at lOd. per lb., but costing, with charges, Is. 3d. per lb. (79s. per cwt.), and 2 lb. of yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis), costing respectively Is. 6d. and 2s. per lb. I have sown nearly half of these along a mile and a quarter or more of railway embankment, broad-casting it in rainy weather, when no birds were about, and just before an afternoon of heavy rain. (I shall be glad to send 3 oz. of seed of white and 1^ oz. of yellow for (id. to any bee-keeper who will plant it, so far as it goes.) Messrs. Root say (page 92) it is "spreading itself from one end of the country to the other," and that the bloom 'is "fairly covered with bees," and also that it seeds most readily, and sows itself along the rail- ways. I would be obliged if anyone can tell me how the hawthorn should be treated to make it bloom well, and how it is planted. Will it grow readily from cuttings, and when should these be put in the ground ? Further suggestions as to the increase of bee-forage in townships would be valuable. Our muncipal Superintendent of Parks and Gardens has proved quite ready to help bee-keepers where possible. I write in the hope that we may all be encouraged to do more to supply our little friends more liberally with the nectar they need to make us honey. — John W. Moik, 30, Shandon Crescent, Edinburgh. DESTROYING WASPS. [7801.] The time is rapidly approach- ing when our old1 friend (enemy, some would call it) the wasp will be appearing again. Towards the end of this month and early in May we may expect to see the queen-wasps creeping from crannies and unthought-of places where they have been hibernating since October, flying hither and thither seeking a suitable place to build a nest, and at that time they are generally easily caught and killed. Most bee-keepers would like to see some- thing done to keep down their numbers, as wasps are a great nuisance in Septem- ber, when bees are being fed up tor tu« winter. A plan I have tried with success is to give the local schoolmaster, especially if he is a bee-keeper, a few shillings' to be divided amongst the children — say, a penny for every two or three wasps in May, as all wasps are queens during that month. Now this may be easily done by getting up a small subscription of about 5s. amongst the various bee-keepers in any district, and handing it to the school- master to distribute; and if the children got, say, a halfpenny for each wasp they brought, the 5s. would be equal to the destruction of 120 wasp-nests; or even if half that number were destroyed it would be quite worth the 5s. paid to the children. If this is tried^ the subscribers will be astonished, as I was, at the num- ber of queen-wasps the children can pick up. — J. T., Cumberland. Queries and Replies. [4012.] Small Wax-moth.— I found a small maggot on one of the bars of my hive, and, being only a young hand at bee-keeping, I enclose it to' know if it is a grub of the wax-moth. I hardly think it is, as I have examined the hive, and find everything in good con- dition. It may, perhaps, be the grub of the earwig, as I was troubled very much with these pests last fall owing to iso much rain. I shall be very pleased if you April 21, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 161 can tell me which it is, and what would be the best steps to take if it really is a wax-moth. The hive has been rather inclined to damp this winter. Would that be the cause of breeding such as this? — W. J. Peescott. Reply. — The grub sent is that of the small wax-moth. It does very little harm, living principally upon the debris at the bottom of the hive. Kill all you see when manipulating, also keep naphthaline in the hive, and a little dusted in amongst the quilts will help to keep the moths away. If the hive is damp you should be careful to remedy the failing as soon as possible ; damp is most injurious to the bees. Is the roof ventilated? If not, bore a |-in. hole at each end of the gable, and cover with perforated zinc. If the roof leaks, cover with calico, and paint it well. Remove the damp quilts and replace with warm, dry ones as soon as possible. Echoes from the Hives. A TALK WITH AN OLD SKEPPIST. " So we stand under the two old syca- mores where, in the month of May sixty years ago, you bought your first swami. Did these two grand old trees, whose tall branches are interlaced above, look as old and big as now ? Look straight up ; how the warm April sun is shining on the bursting buds; there are myriads of them. It was blind John Nicholson you bought the swarm from, wasn't it?" "Yes," my old friend replied) ; " he was quite blind, but had) not always been so. The swarm was in a new skep ; when John made a skep it would not budge if you stood on it with all your weight. It just seams like yesterday. He used to sit by the hives listening to the bees flying, like the sound of wa\Tes, he would say, on the sea-shore. In June he would take me along the row of hives and say, ' This is a good one,' or ' This one will soon come off ' ; and there never were such bees to swarm. Every May-time, when I hear the bees humming in the two old sycamores, I think of blind John Nicholson." — J. N. K., Stocksfiekl-on-Tyne. Notices to Correspondents. *#* A reader of the Bee Jouenal, who is in poor health, having just recovered from a serious illness, w-ould be glad to hear of a situation, as he is in .straitened circumstances. He states that he holds a third-class certificate and has a good knowledge of bee-keeping, and would assist in the garden or with poultry; he also understands hive-making and car- pentry, and is willing to make himself generally useful. Should any reader like to communicate with our correspondent, we will gladly post any replies sent to this office on to him. T. H. B. (Uckfield).— Best Honey-pro- ducing Plants. — The few flowers that one is able to plant in a garden will not make any appreciable difference in the honey harvest, as it requires large masses of bloom to do so. Every little helps, however, and sowing suitable flower-seeds should be encouraged. You will find a great part of your inquiry answered in our reply to "B. W. D. (Sheffield)," page 162. A good deal of information such as you ask for has been given in the B.B.J, from time to time, and we shall hope to give more as opportunity occurs. A. M. (Ridgeway). — Dealing with Irregu- lar Gornbs. — -Yes, cut them down very carefully, using a warm knife to avoid tearing the combs. If there is honey in the cells, choose a time in the evening when bees have ceased flying (on a warm day), to prevent robbing. J. L. (Fradley Junction). — Position of Frames in Hive. — See reply to "R. R. B.," page 150, in last week's Bee Jouenal. Bee-maid (Northants). — Bobbing Started. — 1. It is not surprising that you started the bees robbing by uncapping cells and letting cappings and scrapings fall on paper beside the hive. You will find on page 162 of the "Guide Book" that when honey is scarce any exposure of ■ sweets to bees will cause robbing. 2. You further induced robbing by remov- ing the uncapped comb from No. 1 hive and putting it into No. 2. as it carried with it the scent from No. 1, whose bees naturally followed it. Follow out the instructions in the -" Guide Book " by placing a piece of window-glass in front of flight-hole. 3. You should either have uncapped the comb away from the hive, or removed the cappings immediately on taking them off. 4. It was certainly wrong to open both hn^es at the same time, as at this time of the year the greatest care should be taken to prevent robbing being started. W. M. (Bearsted). — Using Extracted Sec- tions.— 1. If the combs are clean the bees will repair them, and they would be quite fit for use. 2. Yes, the propor- tion will do at this time of year. Cera (Scalby). — Fermented Syrup. — 1. This is no use, and would be injurious to bees. 2. You should have your queens ready to replace the ones you take away, as it is not advisable to leave colonies queenless. 3. In uniting you should remove one of the queens or take> the risk of losing the better of the two. E. W. D. (Ilford).— Transferring Bees to New Frames. — Remove all frames that 1G2 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 21, 1910. contain no brood, place those with brood together at one end of hive, and put in a queen-excluder division-board. Fill the other part of hive with frames, of foundation, taking care to place the queen with some of the bees on this side. The thickened combs can be re- moved when the brood is hatched out. W. J. H. (St. Blazey).— Giving Addi- tional Frames. — As soon as the bees crowd the frames in the hive give addi- tional ones, putting them on either side. Heather (Wolsingham). — "Divisible" Heather-hive. — We know of no agent who deals in such hives, and you would have to import them from America. B. W. D. (Sheffield).— White Clover Seed. — This, as well as Bokhara clover, can be obtained of horticultural seedsmen. Messrs. Sutton and Sons, of Reading, or Mr. G. Rose, 50, Great Charlotte Street, Liverpool, could supply you with the seed. J. C. H. (Northumberland). — Theology and Bees. — Thank you for letter, but the subject is not suitable for the columns of the B.B.J., and would be sure to provoke controversy. Suspected Combs. Axxiotrs (Jersey). — The comb is affected with foul brood. Burn dead bees, combs, frames, quilts, and all debris, and disinfect the hive, according to in- structions in " Guide Book " ; also spray the ground on which the hive stood with a solution of carbolic acid and water. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows ;— Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee- keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees, Queens, and Bee goods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as " Business " An- nouncements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive-manufac- turers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per \ in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. NEW " W.B.C." HIVES, 12s. 6d. Will exchange for Bees, Honey, or Comb Foundation— WIL- LETT, JUN., Bee-keeper, New Maiden, Surrey, y 83 GREAT BARGAIN— 3 Stocks of English Bees. 1909 Queens, guaranteed healthy, new Hives, 3 spare Hives, Honey and Wax Extractors. Drawn- out Brood and Shallow Combs, 6 Super Crates, 6 Excluders, quantity of Foundation, Frames. Sec- tions. Metal Ends, Ac, all perfect. £4 12s. 6d. lot. —HOOD, 46, Church-street, Horwich, Lanes. z 12 Special Prepaid Advertisements.— Con tinned. FOR SALE, 20 Stocks of Bees, on five Frames, 12s. each; also a few Skeps, cash. — THOS. ROUSE, Rochford, Tenbury. z 11 BEES FOR SALE, several strong Stocks, in Stan- dard-frame Hives.— T. HILL, Scotlands, Can- nock-road, Wolverhampton. z 14 LIGHT Sections bought, 7s. to 8s. per doz.— Send or write to the HONIELADE CO., 23, Moorfields, E.C. z 13 FOR SALE, several strong, healthy Stocks of Bees, in straw Skeps, 12s. 6d. each.— C. SMITH, Valley-terrace, Leiston. z 10 HONEY, 5 doz. Screw-cap Bottles extra clear Clover; sample 3d. Offers— WATTS, Chicker- ell, Weymouth. z 9 t)OA EGG STRAIN White Wyandotte Chicks, vOU 12 10s. 6d.; with hen, 13s. 6d.; exchange for Bees or Hives. Fertile Eggs, 3s. 6d. per sit- ting—J. S. WATSON, Mildenhall. z 8 WHAT OFFERS? 20 Racks Drawn-out Shallow Frames, used once— SOUTHCOTT, Gittis- ham, Honiton. z 7 TWO good Bar-frame Hives and fine Goat (in milk) for sale, or exchange for Bees. Inspec- tion invited.— W. ISAAC, Lynton, Green-road, Bournemouth. z 5 WANTED, Swarm; earliest delivery in May. State price— J. A. SMITH, 6, East Path- way, Harborne. z 4 FOR SALE, two strong healthy Stocks, in good Hives, 15s. each; Cowan Extractor, 18s.; also Fittings and Appliances.— Particulars, BRAME, Harborne, Birmingham. z 3 WB.C." HIVES, complete, 14s. 6d.; " Cot- • tagers," lis. 6d. Wanted, Honey, Wax.— BOWDEN, Broomhill, Witley. z 2 1 OAQ healthy prolific Hybrid Queens, 5s. \_*J\JiJ each. Safe arrival guaranteed. — BRO. COLUMBAN, Abbey, Buckfast, Devon, z 1 EXCHANGE good Stock Bees and Frame Hive for Secretary Bookcase.— Particulars, C. DRAKE, Sutton, Ely. y 99 EXCHANGE Silver English Lever Watch, good time-keeper, for Skeps of Bees. Cash, £1 5s. Approval— CRAWSHAW, Epworth, Doncaster. y 98 SALE, Bees, 10 Stocks, on Frames, 10s. Stock, healthy; Hives, &c, if required— KEATS, Fenn, Rochester. y 96 FOR SALE, two really good Stocks of Bees, with 1909 Queens, in new Hives.— W. MOTHER- SELE, 4, East View-terrace, Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts. y 92 MOLESKINS Wanted, square dried, all the vear round— MARSHALL, B.J., Worcester, Park, Surrey. y 93 FOR SALE, 6 Stocks of Bees, each on 8 Bar Frames, strong and healthy, 3 1908 and 3 1909, £1 each, carriage paid; also Booking Swarms in Rotation, May Swarms 15s. each. June 12s. 6d.— G. A. GILLETT, Bee Apiary, Moreton-in-Marsh, Gios. y 9i STRONG, healthy Stocks, on Wired Frames. 25s. each, on rail; cases, 5s., returnable.— A. LUFF AND SONS, Coombe Court Nurseries, Maiden, Surrey. y 89 OVERSTOCKED— Hives with Italian Hybrids, 15s. to 25s. each— RECTOR, Stocklinch, II- minster. FOR SALE, small black Pug Bitch (beauty). 9 months, 15s.; or exchange Bees.— HASTIE, Auchenheath, by Hamilton, Scotland. y >90 April 28, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 163 Editorial, Notices, &c. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION CONVERSAZIONE. At the conclusion of the Council meet- ing, reported on page 153 of last week's B.B.J., a short adjournment was made for light refreshments, the members as- sembling at sis o'clock for the Conver- sazione, over which Mr. T. W. Cowan presided. Amongst those present were Mrs. E. E. Ford, Mrs. J. Garner, Mrs. W. Herrod, Mrs. E. F. Kettlewell, Mrs. Ulingworth, Mrs. Stuart Russell, Mrs. Mason, Miss Bunes, Miss L. M. Carr, Miss Baizley, Miss Garner, Miss Scott-Walker, Miss Smiles, Colonel H. J. O. Walker, Captain F. Sitwell, Dr. T. S. Elliot, Messrs. W. Boxwell, C. L. M. Erales, J. B. Lamb, L. Goffin, H. Jonas, E. Walker, W. F. Reid, A. G. Pugh, G. H. Skevington, W. A. Simkins, T. D. Sin- field, T. Bevan, T. W. White, G. Hep- burn, W. E. Hamlin, F. B. White, J. Smallwood, A. Richards, H. Edwards, A. Willmot, C. H. Bocock, O. R. Franken- stein, C. Dunn-Gardner, J. Turner, N. S. Toms, L. Mc'N. Stewart, R. Lee, J. E. Smiles, G. W. Judge, J. C, Mason, H. Brice, L. Ulingworth, A. W. Salmon, R. W. Furse, G. H. Sander, V. E, Shaw, E. Watson, H. P. Perkins, L. S. Craw- shaw, G. W. Avery, F. W. Watts, E. B. Barlonis, and W. Herrod (secretary). Mr. Cowan, speaking from the chair, said that he welcomed all those pre- sent that evening, and he was glad to see so many before him. They had two sub- jects for consideration, both very interest- ing ones, and several inventions and articles of interest would be brought be- fore them. Without further remarks at present, he would call upon Colonel Walker to introduce the subject of " Honey-dew." Colonel Walker, in introducing the subject, said : I ought perhaps to begin with an apology for bringing forward the topic of honey- dew so soon after last year's disastrous season. It may seem unkind, at a time when so many of my fellow bee-keepers, not only in our islands but in the United States and all over the Continent, have hardly yet ceased from troubling their consciences and the editors of their respec- tive bee-journals, to tell them how best to dispose of mud-coloured extracted honey and undesirable sections. Still, as the sick man seldom shrinks from a discussion of his ailments, I trust that in this instance the interest aroused may be in fair propor- tion to the universality of the trouble. The ultimate origin of honey-dew is beyond all question vegetable juice or sap. As to what happens to this juice before it is gathered by the honey-bee there is some dispute. Some naturalists believe that under certain conditions, which cannot be termed healthy, there is a partly saccha- rine exudation from the leaves of a limited number of trees and plants. Again, all entomologists are aware that aphides, or, in plain English, plant-lice, feed copiously on the sap of the subjects infested by them, and that they eject or otherwise get rid of the superfluous fluid in various ways. Optimistic bee-keepers persuade themselves that the hive-bee collects saccharine matter from the leaves without an intermediary, or at the worst that what they gather may be in part a secretion of the aphis. Pessi- mists— amongst whom the evidence com- pels me to rank myself — assert that prac- tically all the honey-dew brought in by our bees has passed through the body of plant-lice or other minute sap-sucking insects. Last November there appeared in the British Bee Journal, an article on honey- dew by " D. M. M.," a fluent writer on every "branch of bee-keeping, who has the enviable quality of being always bright and interesting. And if this time he has not been quite accurate, it must be that for once his optimism has led him astray. Mr. Macdonald maintains that aphides suck up already-exuded leaf-juice; but the evidence is against him. These insects are essen- tially leaf-borers. They have no tongue; only three lancets in a three-jointed sheath. Observation has shown that as soon as the young aphis is born it plunges its Lancets into the leaf as surely as the young bee just emerged makes for a neighbouring honey-cell. Plant-lice do not attack diseased vegetation; they bring disease where all was healthy. Remove them skil- fully and the plant," if not too far gone, resumes its healthy condition. Every winter millions of eggs in which the embryo insect awaits the tender leaf are hidden in the sheaths of rose-buds and in the cre- vices of the buds and bark of many trees. As soon as a marvellously speedy increase has made the colonies too crowded, and especially when the leaves, having lost their sap, curl up and become distasteful, the next offspring produced passes into the pupal state. Not till emergence has been effected can a winged mother fly off in search of fresh trees and pastures new. Leaves with a clammy sur- face will have no attraction for her. She will drop her brood upon fresh, healthy foliage, where, if wingless, the young plant- lice will remain, and be found mainly upon the under-surface of the leaves on which they feed. The beautiful coloured plates and anato- mical drawings in Mr. Buckton's four- volume monograph on the British Aphides, from which much of my information is derived, show nearly 150 varieties. Some 164 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 28, 1910. of these feed on leaves, some on the bark of trees, some, again, on their roots. All plant-lice possess lancets, and, as far as is known to science, feed themselves exclu- sively by means of them. The aphis possesses nothing in the nature of a honey-sac. Its narrow gullet widens into one rather long stomach, usually charged with a pulpy mass. From this proceeds, in the ordinary way, an alimen- tary tube leading by a rather broader rectum to the anus. The effete matter arising from the sap copiously consumed passes off in the form of ,a clear liquid, which has been found to consist principally of cane sugar. How far this must be con- sidered excremental and how far a seere*- tion from the alimentary canal is still un- settled. But according to the latest scientific opinion it is the sole source of aphidian honey -dew. The fluid collects at the point of the .anus in drops. These, should no ant be in waiting to remove them, the insect projects to some distance by a kind of jerk, so that they naturally fall upon the surface of the adjacent foliage below. The discharge can be pro- duced artificially by gently stroking the abdomen of a well-fed aphis with a bristle. By means of a- peculiar pair of organs called cornicles, siphuncles, i.e., little siphons, or nectaries, another discharge of fluid matter, partly, I believe, saccharine, is effected. These are horny, irregularly- shaped tubes projecting externally from the fifth or sixth ring — opinions here differ — of the abdomen, their base nearly corresponding with the upper part of the rectum. They open directly into the body cavity, but have no direct communication with the stomach or intestines. The liquid that may be seen passing through them is largely charged with oily globules, which have the quality of crystallising in a manner suggestive of some fatty acid. Usually the drops that form are got rid of in the same way as those from the anus. Should the oily globules accumulate and crystallisation take place within the cornicles the insect dies, and its whole body, says Buckton, passes into a semi- crystalline condition, partly fatty and partly saccharine. Mr. Macdonald's pronouncement that the presence of aphides is the result of honey-dew, and not it of them, strikes me as fantastic, and I cannot find any scien- tific evidence or opinion in support of it. Mr. Buckton and, as far as I can learn, the great majority of entomologists be- lieve that the honey-dew gathered by bees from the surface of leaves is of aphidian origin. There are, undoubtedly, what may be termed voluntary secretions produced by certain plants and shrubs, and possibly by .trees, although I am not aware of such, in order to protect their blossoms and reproductive organs from the assaults of ants and other small marauders. But when, for no conceivable advantage to itself and, on the contrary, at a loss of much precious sap, a tree is said to cover its leaves promiscuously with a glutinous secretion, choking the pores by which they breathe, we have before us a state of disease — a phenomenon that our sense, fortified by experience, assures us must be quite exceptional. Wherever honey-dew is found, the presumption in favour of direct insect agency — and, in this country, that of aphides — is so strong that anyone objecting to it may fairly be called upon in every instance to prove his case. From top to bottom the tree should be free from plant-lice or the trace of their former presence there. When the winged mothers leave their colonies some perhaps travel but a little way. Others, wafted upwards on a light breeze, are conveyed to a great dis- tance. Clouds of them have been observed in the air. Reaching a new district, they may at once attract attention, or, alight- ing on the tops of trees, remain unseen, when the only hint of their presence will be the shine upon the surface of the lower foliage, and perhaps the contented hum of gathering bees amongst the boughs above. In fine weather, even above the new colonies, the topmost leaves are sometimes sticky with the fluid voided by these insects while on the wing. Thus ejected, it has been caught upon sheets of glass and analysed. Nearly every fruit and forest tree has its particular aphis ; some have several kinds. The currant has three ; the elm four ; the oak at least six. The birch, the willow, and the fir are each of them infested by at least eight different varieties. The exact nature of the fluids discharged by aphides, or their manner of discharg- ing them, although of great physiological interest, is not of much moment to the bee-keeper. That honey-dew should have passed through the body of so small an insect does not, to my mind, make it par- ticularly distasteful. Buckton's crystal- lised aphis might well be reckoned a dainty. It is after the leaf-juice has left the insect that trouble begins. Pliny, who, like his contemporaries, drew no dis- tinction between honey and honey-dew, passionately exclaims : " Oh, that we had it so pure, so clear, and so natural as when it descended first, whether it be from sky, f rora star, or from the air ! " And the modern bee-keeper murmurs : " If my bees must bring in honey-dew, oh that it had occurred to them to tap it straight from the aphis as the ants do ! " Observers agree that when first ejected the fluid is limpid, and to the taste sweet and not dis- agreeable. How, then, are we to account for the extraordinary variations that it presents to us when harvested, ranging in April 28, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 165 colour from a dull yellowish-brown to almost black, and in flavour from sickly sweet to depths of nauseousness that only those who have conscientiously judged the dark extracted honey at a big country show in a bad season can realise ? A black fungoid growth, as Mr. Mac- donald points out, spreads itself over leaves that are coated with honey-dew, and to that he attributes the dark colour. It may be so ; I have my doubts. On our lawn grows a great Turkey oak, the leaves of which are in most summers clammy with honey-dew. So freely is it shed from above that we are often unable to take ad- vantage of the tree's welcome shade. No chairs can be placed within the zone of aphis fire. As the summer goes on the leaves become blackened, presumably from the fungus. Bees, coming, as I suppose, from my apiary, work upon the oak, yet when extracting from honey-dewed combs I have never seen a colour that could pos- sibly, without some chemical or other pecu- liar change, be derived from the sooty fungus. My honey may be muddy, but never really dark. Bees will not always reject an attractive fluid on account of its having been artificially coloured, but we do not know how far their power extends of rejecting the added colouring matter while imbibing. They may be able to avoid imbibing the sooty fungus. In the course of a few hours the exposed surface of a sticky leaf collects from the air a considerable deposit of the mis- cellaneous minute debris with which even in the country it is laden. A few chim- neys will discharge an amazing number of carbonised particles, and these may travel in suspension for miles. I imagine that the darkest honey-dewed honey comes from the neighbourhood of towns. I should like to hear opinions on that. Also, if anyone present possesses an apiary in an open and treeless situation, so that he is probably not inconvenienced by honey-dew, I should like to know whether the honey harvested last season was darker than usual. I have been told that this was so in some instances without the agency of honey-dew. If so, it would be very interesting to ascertain the cause. Little is known of the reasons for colour variation in honey. I suggest that some bee-keeper who practises micro-photo- graphy should prepare slides showing films of various honey-dews ; of the fungus- loaded product of a leaf ; and of pure honey, of which some drops have been ex- posed on glass slides for a few hours in fine weather and reasonably protected. The comparisons afforded might be in- structive. Variations both in colour and flavour may be due to the fact that the aphis family feeds on many kinds of trees and plants, and, again, on various portions of these, as, for instance, on the bark of the willow and the oak. Salicine has been detected in the juices of an aphis that feeds on willow-bark, and in the same way tannin from the oak and other strongly- tasting substances, well known to chemists as obtainable from vegetation, may even- tually be found lurking in the honey-jar. This branch of my subject, however, I must leave to those better qualified to deal with it. So far, on account of their being un- doubtedly the chief source of honey-dew in this country, I have discussed only aphides. There are other minute leaf- piercing insects which produce it in much the same way ; notably the Psyllidce, called " springing plant-lice " from their habit of jumping, and the Coccidce, scale-insects, or mealy-bugs. The first of these, in North America I believe, produces an astound- ing amount of honey-clew. The writer of the section on insects in the " Cambridge Natural History," Dr. Sharp, states that he observed Bombi gathering from a variety of these plant-lice established on a blackthorn in the New Forest. I do not know whether Coccidce produce honey-dew in this country. The manna mentioned in the Book of Exodus, says Dr. Sharp, is probably that honey-dew secreted by a coccus now called Gossyparia manifera, which lives on the tamarisk in many places in the Mediterranean basin. It is known locally as the " manna of Sinai," and is so plentifully secreted that the Arabs are able to pick it up from the ground to eat with their bread. Some species infest the spruce fir. Dr. Burton Gates, of the Bureau of Entomology in Washington, writing to the Journal of Economic En- tomology in December last, records having observed bees gathering a liberal supply of honey-dew from a European species of scale-insect on these trees in Massa- chusetts. Our bees work freely on fir- trees, and possibly gather honey from this source, which may or may not have a peculiar flavour. The only way to avoid harvesting honey- dew is to remove the uncontaminated combs as soon as its arrival is detected. I have generally seen it brought in dense and glutinous. This year, the worst I have known for honey-dew, I shook from some shallow frames a newly-stored liquid that had the appearance of dirty water, and, indeed, tasted like it. Something can be done at extracting-time by reject- ing combs much affected. There is no remedy for sections. In either case, unless the honey-dew is rank only a fastidious consumer would object to a slight blend of it. I have friends who really seem to like honey-dew, and, if the colour is not offen- sive, I see no reason why their simple taste should be discouraged, so long as they know exactly what they are buying. Selling to the trade is another matter. 166 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 28, 1910. That this product should be a dangerous winter food for bees has always appeared to me a hard saying. Notwithstanding that with us poor humans what to eat, what to drink, and what to avoid has long been a proverbial difficulty, it is generally ad- mitted that in the lower scale of creation instinct solves the problem. Amongst such animals Apis mellifica ranks as supremely intelligent. Why, then, does she crowd the oombs with a dangerous food, even when flower-honey is fairly plentiful ? Systematic inquiry in the United States has shown that the danger exists only in the colder regions of North America, and I believe that in most parts of Great Britain ordinary honey-dew may be quite safely left in the hive or fed to the bees for winter use. I never trouble myself about its being there, nor would I scruple to give it as food, knowing that my bees are seldom for many days without the chance of flying. Mr. Maodonald's advice that honey-dew should be used to produce bees and wax in spring or summer is excellent. Brown sugar produces remarkably white comb, and the same may be expected from dark honey-dew. On no account should this dis- gusting product be sold to a consumer, or to anyone who is likely to offer it for sale as table honey. In most of the North American States a Pure Food Law, happily for the people, now exists. What percent- age of honey-dew constitutes an impure food is as yet unsettled. Twenty per cent, has been mentioned as the limit ; but in view of the varying character of honey-dew I do not see how a limit of this kind can be fixed. Since we have no such law the British bee-keeper must settle the matter for himself. Let him remember this : In spite of much foreign competition our honey still holds its own by reason of two notable merits — its natural excellence, and the care and cleanliness with which it is put upon the market. To jeopardise this supremacy for the sake of a passing advan- tage would be selfish folly. (Continued next week.) SOMERSETSHIRE B.K.A. ANNUAL MEETING. The annual general meeting of the S. B.K.A. was held at Stuckey's Restaurant, Bristol, on March 31, at 4 p.m. There was a capital attendance, about fifty members from different parts of the county being present. In opening the proceedings, Lieut. -Colonel Jolly, the. chairman, voiced the regret of all present that Mr. Cowan had found it impossible to attend owing to a prior engagement. The minutes and balance-sheet having been read and confirmed, the secretary (Mr. L. E. Snelgrove) presented the re- port for 1909, which stated that marked progress had been made during the year. The balance-sheet showed that a total of £64 6s. 7d. had passed through the hands of the treasurer, and there remained a cash balance in hand of £2 19s. lOd. These amounts would have been increased by more than £2 had one of the branch accounts been received in time to be in- corporated in the general account. A noteworthy feature of the expenditure was that the amounts spent on practical expert work had risen from £20 15s. 5d. to £27 16s. 4d. Almost, all the local branches showed an increase of member- ship, in spite of the very discouraging honey-season. In addition to this, four new branches were at present being formed. It was estimated, therefore, that the membership for 1910 would be about 320, as compared with 250 for last year. At Wells the association had secured the services of Mr. L. Bigg- Wither, a first-class expert. He had undertaken to become local secretary and expert, and has already enrolled a num- ber of new members. At Wrington the Rev. Ambrose Veevers had established what promises to become a strong branch of the association. He had been seconded by Mr. S. Jordan, whose recent lantern lectures on behalf of the Somerset County Council were widely appreciated. At Castle Cary M,r. R. Litman was en- rolling members for the new branch, of which he would be the local secretary and expert. The secretary was in negotia- tion with regard to the formation of a new branch at Chard, with Mr. W. H. Wyatt as local secretary. References were also made to the successful efforts of other local secretaries during the year. The experts had paid 370 visits, and had examined about 1,000 hives. Of these 102, or about 10 per cent., were reported as diseased. From all the districts the season was reported as poor. In spite of the drawbacks of the season, however, a large amount of excellent honey was ex- hibited at the annual show, which was held at Brislington, in conjunction with that of the North-East Somerset Farmers' Club. The reports from the local associa- tions showed that foreign honey is sold to a limited extent in the small towns, but that a considerable amount was still sold in Bristol. It was desirable that every local branch should have its president, who should 'be a vice-president of the county association. It was hoped that more local branch meetings would be held during the coming year, and that, as far as possible, the secretaries would arrange the local programmes for the year. Seven candidates entered for the third-class ex- pert's certificate of the B. B.K.A. The April 28, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 16T following were successful : Messrs. H. Grist, W. G. Kemp, W. Randall, and H. Litman. After expressing approval of the re- port, the members adjourned for tea. On the resumption of business the usual votes of thanks were passed, and the officers re-elected en bloc with the fol- lowing additions: — Vice-presidents: Sur- geon-General Sir John Woodfryes, Colonel H. Blagrove, and Major Steward; assistant hon. secretary, Mr. L. Bigg- Wither; treasurer, Mr. W. Withyeombe. A long discussion then ensued on the reorganisation scheme of the B.B.K.A., with the result that the meeting finally voted unanimously in favour of it. The arrangements for the annual honey show were left to the Finance Committee. A motion in favour of foul-brood legis- lation was carried. A vote of thanks to the chairman for presiding brought a successful meeting to a close. — L. F. Snelgeove, Hon. Sec. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible lor the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but a* a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. NOTES BY THE WAY. [7802.] The weather is not of the kind which rejoices the heart of the bee-keeper. We have had a succession of sunless days, interspersed with cold storms of rain and hail, which has kept the bees within their hives, but every hour when the sun has deigned to shine there has- been a big exodus to the woods in quest of the need- ful pollen and honey. With enlarging brood-nests extra food is required, and if the weather will not allow of this being gathered in in the natural way feeding should be continued till more settled, warmer weather prevails. Do not forget to order needful bee- goods in good time ; another week, and we shall have passed May Day, and in early districts where fruit-blossom abounds supers should be on the hives ready to take advantage of the early honey-flow. As the season advances, a frame with a full sheet of wired foundation may be placed in the centre of the brood-nest and a bottle of syrup given at the same time; this only applies to strong stocks. ~By this plan the brood-combs are gradu- ally renewed. I generally give two such frames to each stock every season, mark- ing the old combs that I intend to replace when I go through the spring-cleaning process. These new combs are generally filled with brood, and increase the pro- ductiveness of the stocks if you insert them so -as to give time for the young bees to hatch out a few days before your honey-flow is due. Another point which I would impress upon bee-keepers is to study your district. Know when your honey-flow is to be ex- pected, and get your apiary into the pink of condition to take advantage of it. Each district varies, and the cultivation of the land makes a considerable differ- ence in the time of the honey-flow. 1 do not think present-day farming is. as favourable for bee-keepers as the methods in vogue some twenty-five years ago. Crops of grass for hay are of a vastly different nature from those planted by our fathers. In their day white clover was grown largely with ryegrass ; now it is the broad or red clover in nearly every instance. Very little trifolium is grown now, which makes one regret the good patches of crimson blossoms which pro- vided early forage for our bees. Foul-brood Legislation (page 145, B.B.J., April 14). — Mr. Avery knows that it is impossible to show both sides of the point regarding the necessity for a Foul Brood Act. He must admit that bee-keeping is a very old industry ; at least we read of Jacob sending a present of honey to the Egyptian king — from which it would appear that the old Patriarch kept bees. But at any rate it has been left to the present generation of bee-keepers to spread bee-diseases broadcast throughout the world, I think I may say with truth, as by the side of Mr. Avery's letter is Dr. Zander's show- ing that the new disease, Noscmo- apis, has reached the Antipodes; and also it is the present generation of bee-keepers (shall I say interested members of the craft?) who are praying to the Govern- ment for powers to endeavour to undo the mischief that has been done in the past. For "the high hopes of the Cana- dian Act" I must refer interested bee- keepers to the Canadian and American bee-journals. Even Mr. Avery does not deny that there is still plenty of foul brood in Canada. If my memory serves me right, I believe the estimate is some three or four times what Mr. Avery 6ays is the average in Cumberland ; and if so much has been accomplished by the Cum- berland Association during the past few years, why ask for arbitrary powers? I trust the Hon. Sec. of the Hartley Wintney Bee-keepers' Association, if a reader of our Journal, will give us fuller information, i.e., how long afterwards were the bees in Herefordshire manipu- lated, and if the same clothes were worn. From the context I should not expect it 168 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 28, 1910. was on the same day. I shall expect a spread of the new disease (Nosema apis) if "experts" are allowed to go from apiary to apiary. Also, as regards the cure of foul brood, will Mr. Avery or any- one else give a radical cure for this dis- ease short of the fire? — W. Woodley, Bee- don, Newbury. FOUL-BROOD LEGISLATION. [7803.] Mr. Green seems to think that he has been rather severely criticised in the B.B.J. , and replies in the issue for April 14 (7789). There is small wonder he is criticised, considering the extraordi- nary light in which he sees things. That old bogey, the infringement of the liberty of the subject, cast such a shadow that he feared the gloom of a prison-cell. Now he would have us believe that utter darkness is falling on the land. The time, the energies, the talents of those who have laboured for the good of bee-keepers, the fruit of thirty years' circulation of the B.B.J. , the eloquence of lecturers, the financial help given — all are wasted and blotted out, for he says (Avhat no one else ever has said or ever would say) that "British bee-keepers are unfit to be en- trusted with the care of bees." Where, or how, he has got hold of such an idea, or .what warrant he has for such a sweeping assertion, it is hard to imagine. The cloud that prematurely darkened his prison-cell must have grown in density. Then, having quite missed the point of Mr. Smallwood's letter, he proceeds to give us his alternative and tell us Iioav associa- tions ought to work. " If there is one thing," he says, "these associations ought to do, it is to keeji their respective areas free from foul brood." Is not this the very thing progressive associations are trying to do? Finally, Mr. Green seems to think he lias scored off Mr. Avery, and refers his readers to page 86. There Mr. Avery stated that the Cumberland B.K.A. had reduced foul brood from 60 per cent, to 7 per cent., "and did this without law, police, or magistrate," concludes Mr. Green. It suits Mr. Green only to quote as far as this, but if readers will kindly read a little further on, they will also find on page 86 : " Early in the career of the Cumberland B.K.A. it was recognised that compulsory power of inspection would be the only means of reaching a certain sec- tion of the bee-keepers, and each season convinces us more and more of the neces- sity for this in order to protect our pur- suit from the ignorance and stupidity of those who will not be persuaded, both in the county and further afield." This 7 per cent, represents the rocks we want to remove, and which we never can remove till we have the law behind us. It represents the obstinate, selfish (not always ignorant) bee-keeper who, year after year, not only prevents a perfectly clean bill of health being reported by any assooijattion, but, far worse, wastes the time and money of his unfortunate neighbours in replacing bees and ap- pliances and spoiling their profits. If ever an association was justified in asking for legislation to give it the power to complete the good work begun by voluntary effort, but brought to a full stop by wilfulness, I think the Cumberland B.K.A. is. Mr. Green, far from justify- ing the action of anti-legislators, has brought out very clearly how absolutely necessary and urgent is the need for legis- lation. Voluntary effort has done its best, and in this particular case has done better than in most counties ; but now voluntary effort can do no more, and it is time the law came to its aid. Why, oh why can some bee-keepers not see beyond their own hives, or realise what loss and discouragement, one might add discredit; they bring to the brotherhood of bee- keepers?— F. Sitwell, Yearle, Wooler. [7804.] I have been much interested in the many letters appearing on the subject of foul-brood legislation, and should like, through your Journal, to express my views on the same. I may say I am greatly in favour of a Foul Brood Bill, and hope, before many months have gone by, that it will have become law. Mr. Green (page 146, B.B.J., April 14) seems to think that county associations can practically stamp out the disease, but what about the bee-keeper who refuses to join an association ? In my opinion this rs where the danger lies. In another letter, on page 147 of the same issue, " Flos, Salisbury," says even if there is only one member of an association in a village and the expert pays him a visit, he might also make a friendly call on any neighbouring bee-keeper. This probably would do good to a certain extent, but I myself know several bee-keepers who> would dare any- body to examine their hives, and the law is the only thing which can deal with such people. I was told of the following case the other day, an example of what harm can be done by foul brood, by a bee-keeper who used to keep a dozen hives. A neigh- bour kept several skeps, and did not take the trouble to look after them, the result being a very bad attack of foul brood among his bees. Instead of destroying them or trying to cure them he left them alone, and in a week or two all were dead. My informant, whose apiary was close by, also caught the disease, and in a short tirne all his stocks were dead also. This shows, I think, that some law should be made to compel bee-keepers to keep their April 28, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 169 hives in a proper state. In "Notes by the Way" (page 137, April 7) Mr. Woodley seems to think the skep will be a stum- bling-block to the expert, but I agree with Mr. Avery (page 145), who says that no expert can be considered worthy of his position unless he can tell whether a skep is in a healthy or unhealthy condition. I have been fortunate enough to have never had disease of any description in my apiary through all my ten years' expe- rience of bee-keeping, but all the same, if disease did break out, I am sure that I should be only too glad to welcome any Government expert and have his advice on the same. — Julian E. Lockwood, Hun- stanton. SPREADING INFECTION. [7805.] With regard to Mr. G. W. Avery's remarks (B.B.J. , April 14, page 145) upon spreading infection, I quite agree that anyone who goes habitually amongst bees cannot be too careful to dis- infect his clothing. In the case to which he refers, however, of " a person actually handling stocks of bees known to be dis- eased, who then without any precautions travelled into another county and intro- duced the disease/' may I say that pre- cautions were, and are, always taken by that person? All smokers, spatulas, &c, are put into a carbolic bath, washing overalls are worn, and the garment be- neath is sprinkled with a solution of car- bolic acid and water ; but in this climate it is not always possible to wear entirely clothing which can be boiled or burnt— the only certain methods of destroying germs. — M. Millard, Hartley Wintney. tributors whom we only know through the Journal, and the friendly feeling among the craft would be increased by personal knowledge, and undoubtedly would tend to help bee-keeping on in many ways. — A. Wakerbll, 21, Mansfield Road, Croydon. BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATIONS. A SUGGESTION. [7806.] Since my letter appeared in the B.B.J. (7758, March 3, page 89), I have been deluged with letters from all parts inquiring for particulars of the syllabus, rules, &c, sent out by the Croydon B.K.A. We have done our best to supply each inquirer with a copy and any other information required. This leads me to believe that an annual conference of secretaries and officials is more than ever a necessity. Many bee-keepers' associa- tions have, I fear, become stereotyped in their methods, judging from the tone of some of my correspondents, and such a conference, held, say, in London, each year would greatly assist the officials of the various associations in obtaining new ideas, and would increase the interest and enthusiasm of the members. If such a meeting could be arranged, I suggest each association bear part of any expenses in- curred. We should then have an oppor- tunity of meeting some of your able con- DESTROYING WASPS. [7807.] In reply to "J. T." (7801), I should like to ask first, who gave us the wasps? The coloured bee-keepers of Zulu- land regard it as a good omen if wasps or hornets consent to build near the bees. I am only young in bee-keeping, but I hope to find a better remedy than killing. "From the mouths of babes," &c. — T. A. Baker, jun., Kingsley House, Tarvin, Cheshire. AMERICAN AND COLONIAL PAPERS. EXTRACTS AND COMMENTS. By D. M. Macdonald, Banff. Laying Workers. — Mr. York says: "If you find a queen-cell with more than a single egg in it you may be certain it is the work of laying workers. Sometimes you will find half a dozen or a dozen eggs in a queen-cell, some of them generally looking not plump, but withered. Yon may be sure no fertile queen was ever guilty of such work." Joining Associations. — "One dollar pays the annual fee not only of the State Bee- keepers' Society but also of the National Association for a period of one year. That is cheap. Members also receive a cloth-bound copy of the annual report, including the reports of three conven- tions." The National is also ready to stand by its members if trouble starts, and in this way acts somewhat as an in- surance company. By the way, the annual convention peregrinates, and changes to a new centre at each suc- cessive meeting. Moreover, the officials go on propagandist tours, and the presi- dent and general manager deliver ad- dresses at various State gatherings. Introducing Queens. — " What is a simple and reasonably safe method of introducing queens?" was asked at a recent convention, and President York reported success in nearly all cases by "drowning" the queen, or holding her under water, and then dropping her into the hive, having removed the old queen the day before. Wintering. — Reports in Gleanings are, on the whole, rather favourable, although indications are here and there shown that the mortality will be very heavy where the bees were wintered mainly on honey- dew. Where, however, the colonies were fed with sugar-syrup, and the honey-dew was not tapped at too early a date, matters are progressing favourably. The 170 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 28, 1910. interest shown in this subject of honey- dew is very marked, but the last word has not yet been written. A shield has two sides. Syrup. — " Sugar-syrup fed thick, even though late in the season, has again de- monstrated its ability to bring bees through safely to spring. It is clearly proved that a thick sugar-syrup is better than a thin one for winter feeding. Slow feeding in the fall exhausts the bees; feeding thick syrup practically in one dose doe® not exhaust the vitality of a colony, nor unduly excite it like repeated doses." The editor considers syrup two and a half to one the best for autumn feeding. Sealed and absorbent covers got a trial side by side at Medina, and the finding is : " There was very little differ- ence to be noticed between colonies packed under sealed covers and those under ab- sorbents." One for Blacks. — The editor of the Se- iner records that at the New York con- vention inspectors stated with emphasis that it was simply impossible to cure black brood with black bees, and then follows the inevitable advice, " Get Italians." Alongside of this I am pleased to place the experience of Swiss bee- keepers. The fact is that it is in Southern Switzerland, where the Italian bee is indigenous, that foul brood is most extensively found. Not only is the disease more prevalent among Italians, but it is more virulent. The native race resists the disease much better than the much- belauded Ligurians. A Smart Act. — Mr. N. K. Morrison, writing from California, says: "Glucose comes here by the car-load from Chicago — a distance of 2,500 miles. Calif ornians send their splendid honey east, and, after paying the freight both ways, get the price of glucose for their honey. And yet they say the people here are smart." It looks like a silly act if they really ex- change splendid honey for such deleterious trash. At home some of our people buy the most inferior foreign mixtures at the price of good home-produced honey of the best and purest. Silly ! Queen-rearing. — Mr. Doolittle's queens are all reared in strong colonies in upper stories over a queen-excluder, with the exception of those started in early spring and in late autumn. Acquiring Knotvledge. — A prominent American writer has this to say of how he has acquired his bee-wisdom: "I have picked up little things here and there for many years, and by saving every little item that proved to be in advance of what I already had, and applying them together with what I could study out my- self, eventually gave me success. Indeed, there has hardly been a writer in the past for our bee-papers from whom I have not gained some light. It is the 'littles' of the past, coming from the thousands who have engaged in the pursuit, that have made the ' mickle ' of the present." These are words of great wisdom. I think I never yet read a bee-book or a single issue of a bee-newspaper which did not contain some small hint, idea, or information well worth the price of the paper. Only the bee-keeper who is ever learning is ad- vancing in the craft; the man who thinks he is already all-wise is a fossil. Queries and Replies. [4013.] A Beginner's Queries. — When in the North a year ago I happened to pick up a copy of the " British Bee-keepers'. Guide Book," which interested me so much that I determined to start bee-keep- ing. This spring I purchased three stocks in frame-hives from a local bee-keeper, but after hearing that the bees of the late owner had died off, I came to the conclusion that the hives were infected with fold brood. The combs were a dark colour, with rotted dead brood in odd cells, the appearance of the combs being exactly like the photograph given in the " Guide Book." I followed out the treatment de- tailed scrupulously, destroying bees, &c, as directed, and then stocked two of the hives with bees which I purchased in skeps, one lot being very strong and one rather weak. A fortnight ago I placed them over hives as instructed for trans-- f erring. The weaker lot are showing no signs of breeding, except a few odd cells, so I am afraid I shall lose them also. I should like to get them down into the hives, so that I can take away from the strong lot some brood to help the weaker stock. I am feeding on medicated candy and syrup as directed, and should like to know : 1. Will it be possible to keep bees healthy in the hives by continually feed- ing on medicated food ? 2. Is it possible for one having no experience to drive bees into hives — I am not frightened of them ? 3. I should like to start a new hive of " bright Goldens," only suppose I had better gee that mine, which I take to be dark Britjsh, do well first ? Or I could keep them lh miles from others. 4. Can you tell me of anyone within a few miles who might advise me in starting with bees, as I have read in the Journal that there is a good feeling among bee-keepers generally, and that it is to the benefit of all to keep stocks healthy? — C. F. K., God aiming. Reply. — 1. It is quite possible to keep bees healthy by proper attention, i.e., cleanliness and proper food when required ; in your case it will be well to medicate April 28, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 171 all food used. You should have waited a little longer before putting the skeps over the frame-hives. The weather is hardly warm enough for that at present, and the colonies will not, as a rule, be strong enough to go down straight away, which they will do if you wait until the step is quite full of bees before placing in posi- tion over frames. It would also be advis- able to scorch the inside of the frame-hives with a- painter's spirit lamp before using again for bees. 2. It is possible, but it would be much better if you saw the opera- tion performed by someone else first. 3. It will be much better if you stick to the native bee. 4. We do not know of anyone in your neighbourhood, but any time you are in London we shall be pleased to have a chat with you, or you might join the Surrey B.K.A. The secretary (Mr. F. B. White, Marden House, Redhill) would be able, no doubt, to put you in touch with a local expert. [4014. j Dwindling Stocks. — At Easter I bought two stocks in wooden hives. The bees covered about two frames in each hive. A book of instruc- tions was sent with them, and as they looked weak and a great quantity were dead 1 made them some syrup, according to book, and they clustered. I fed them with about 2 lb. or 2\ lb. of syrup, but I now find they are still weak, and many more are dying. I should like to know : 1. Am I giving them sufficient food? 2. Will the bees go out in search of food if I keep the feeder on? 3. Do you know anyone in our district who might give me a call? 4. I have no empty frame ; how can I prevent the bees moving away from the cluster? 5. How shall I know if they have a fertile queen? — H. B., Birmingham. Reply. — 1. Yes. 2. Yes, when the weather is favourable. 3. Your best plan will be to join the Warwickshire B.K.A. (hon. sec, Mr. J. Noble-Bower, Knowle, Warwickshire), who will send the expert to call on you if applied to. 4. You should contract the frames with a division-board. 5. By the presence of brood in the hive. If none is seen, the stock may need re- queening. It is difficult to say exactly what is wrong; the bees may be diseased. If you send us a piece of comb containing brood (enclosed in a tin box) we shall be able to advise you on this point. Echoes from the Hives. You will be pleased to hear that bees are flying very strong, and covering eight frames already. Should the weather continue good, swarms should be early. There is a splendid supply of spring blossom, and my garden is a veritable nest of bees. — M. S., Hunts. TRADE CATALOGUE RECEIVED. W. P. Meadows (System, near Leicester) sends an illustrated catalogue of bee- appliances and tin ware. Amongst the novelties are four-, six-, and eight-frame "Cowan" honey-extractors, Gray'6 un- capping-tray, and a new wax-extractor. The catalogue also contains particulars of frames and lights suitable for use in French gardening. Notices to Correspondents. *#* Can any reader inform "J. L." where he can get post-cards printed with picture of his apiary, and paper bags with bee-hive and name and address, at a cheap rate per 1,000? B. B. (Ramsgate). — Stimulative Feeding. — 1. If your bees have two or three frames of sealed stores they do not re- quire feeding, and would probably store the syrup you give them in cells which could be more profitably used in rearing brood. 2. As your locality is a windy one, you should leave on the lift as shown on page 103 of the " Guide Book." You can then turn up the quilt sufficiently for the purpose of uncap- ping some of the cells without fear of chilling the brood. You can also ascer- tain if the bees are short of stores in the same way. There is no necessity for opening hives and exposing the brood in windy weather, as you can do all that is required at this time of the year in the way mentioned. C. D. (Arran).— Moving Bees. — 1. One side of angle-plate should overlap eke and project above, so that the body-box placed on the eke can be screwed down securely. A piece of hoop-iron answers the purpose very well; but such angle- plates are easily procurable at any iron- monger's. 2. If you have frames with metal ends and use the eke, you will not require the rack. The one used is shown on page 41 of the " Guide Book," and is placed on floorboard reversed to prevent the frames from moving. 3. There is no difficulty in securing "W. B. C." hives on ekes. The outer case is put on, and the- space between it and body-box can be stuffed with paper for better security. The bees are packed and hives corded for transit as shown on pages 118 and 119 of the nineteenth edition of the "Guide Book." 4. The frames with perforated zinc are not sufficient with- out securing the hives so that they do not shift on the journey. 5. The proper way is to have lower story, shallow lift, and roof ; this just gives sufficient space for packing. 6. We know of no insurance company taking risk to hired horses and men involved in the re- 172 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [April 28, 1910. moval, but probably some of tbe com- panies who take insurances under tbe Employers' Liability Act migbt enter- tain such a proposal. If bees are pro- perly packed there is really no risk. Radnokian (Presteign). — Bees Fighting. — 1. No doubt the fighting was caused, through your operating in the middle of the day and failing to reduce the en- trance, by robber-bees attacking the weak colony. 2. There does not appear to be anything the matter with the dead bees, and it would be better to unite what remain with another colony already in a frame-hive. 3. As you do not know the age of either queen, you must keep the one which appears to be the better and more prolific. 4. Syrup will keep from one season to another if properly made and put into well-corked bottles, and candy can be kept in a dry place. 5. The usual charge is Is. per hive for the season. H. L. (New Forest). — Transferring Bees from Skcps. — If bees are expected to transfer themselves to frame-hives from skeps, these should be put on early in the season, generally in April if weather is warm. Late in the summer the bees will not build combs, as their numbers are diminishing instead of increasing, and they do not require the extra room. If the frame-hives are not damp you can leave the skeps on, and if there are plenty of bees they will in due time take possession of the lower hive. Glen (Glenlivet). — Drone-breeding Queen. — 1 . It is evident that the Italian queen has become a drone-breeder, either through age or from her incapacity to fertilise the 'eggs through injury or other cause. 2. Yes, such drones are quite able to fertilise. W. H. (Warwick). — Introducing Queen. — 1. By introducing a new queen you would save much time, but you should only do so if there are plenty of workers in the hive. 2. You can also, if you like, rear a queen from brood ■ from one of your other hives, but it would be three weeks before you could expect the queen to commence laving. J. K. (Huntly) .—Dead Bees Thrown Out. — We cannot see anything wrong with the bees. Probably it is the usual spring clearing out of those which have died during the winter. It might be that they died a little while ago from starvation, and it would be ad- visable to see to the food-supply. New Beginner (Anglesey). — Creosote as a Disinfectant. — You can use creosote on the legs and under side of floorboard, but it must not be used inside the hive, as the strong odour is very objection- able to bees, and might cause them to forsake the hive. W. J. (Forfar). — Quality of Honey. — The sample labelled " Asquith" is a heather- mixture. Sample " Balfour" has been burnt when reliquefying, but we should say it is clover honey. A. W. R. (Poole).— Making Artificial Swarm. — It is too early yet for this. Put a frame filled with full sheets of foundation on outside of brood-nest to keep the bees going, and wait at least another fortnight or three weeks before making an artificial swarm. J. L. (Hunstanton). — Removing Bees from Wall of House.— We could only advise you fully on seeing the place where the bees are located, and knowing all the circumstances. It is too diffi- cult an operation for a novice to under- take without help from someone ex- perienced with bees, but any advice we can give is at your service, if you will send particulars. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows :— Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee- keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees, Queens, and Bee goods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as " Business " An- nouncements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive-manufac- turers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per J in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. 4 EMPTY HIVES, with 9 Supers, Frames, &c, 30s— E. BENNETT, Heacham, Norfolk, z 34 QUEENS.— Two more for sale at 3s. 6d.— ARNOLD KING, Silverhill, St. Leonard's- on-Sea. z 35 STRONG STOCKS, on 8 Combs, wired, 1909 Queens, written guarantee that they are free from Foul Brood or any other disease, 25s.; cases, 4s., returnable— W. ROBERTS, Bee-keeper, Win- field, Battle. z 29 WANTED, Stocks of Bees, in Skeps; Swarms May and June.— POSTMASTER, Breach- wood Green. z 30 FOR SALE, several slightly used " Cowan " pattern Hives, as illustrated in " Guide Book."— Particulars, A. C. THOMPSON, Higham Ferrers. z 31 FOR SALE, 3 1909 choice English Queen Bees, will exchange for good Swarms in May; two or three really good " W. B. C." Hives, nearly new, 2 lifts— H. CROWE, York House, Central- avenue, Wigston, Leicester. z 32 PRIME NATURAL SWARMS, May 12s., June lis., or 3s. lb.; no artificial Swarms made. Cash or Deposit B.B.J. Swarm boxes returnable. — W. LEWIN, Molesworth, Hunts. z 33 FOR SALE, few surplus Stocks of Bees, in good Hives— F. S. GLOVER, South Leverton, Lincoln. z 15 "VTEW BAR-FRAME HIVE FOR SALE, 12s. 6d., iA or exchange Bees or Honey.— ISAAC LYN- TON, Gran-road, Bournemouth. z 20 May 5, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. Editorial, Notices, &c. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION CONVERSAZIONE. (Continued from page 166.) The Chairman. (Mr. Cowan), in in- viting discussion, said he was sure they were all indebted to Colonel Walker for his very interesting paper, and he hoped that there would be a good discussion, as there was a good deal which might be said on both sides of the question. Mr. E. Walker said the darkest honey- dew he ever saw came from Highgate, which could be considered near London. It was gathered about twelve years ago, in one of the worst years that was ex- perienced in that neighbourhood. Mr. Sander said he saw some last year that was nearly black, not quite as black as coal-tar, but very dark green, so that it appeared almost black. It came from an apiary in his own district of Bexley. Mr. J. B. Lamb wished to compliment and thank Colonel Walker for his able paper, and expressed the hope that the reading of it and the discussion that would follow would stimulate bee-keepers to make careful observations, and — what was very important — to record those ob- servations on paper. One of the points to be specially noted was whether this honey-dew was brought in by any par- ticular race of bee. Simmins had found that Italian bees brought in light honey whilst other bees were bringing home honey-dew. One such statement does not establish a fact : but if a number of bee-keepers were to find that Italian bees brought home light honey and other bees darker honey, it would lead us to sup- pose that Italian bees had a cultivated taste. Then he thought the weather should be noticed when this honey-dew is most prevalent. Suppose we see a lime- tree with honey-dew on the leaves, the ground being dark from the drops falling, we might ask ourselves what was the weather the day or night before, and re- cord the fact. He suggested this because the opinion was growing that honey-dew was an exudation from the leaves of trees. He admitted that he had to rank himself on the opposite side to Colonel Walker, for he thought that when there was an excessive flow of honey-dew, like that of last year and of 1898, it was not due to the existence of the aphis. Professor Pfeffer, a well-known authority on plant-structure, states definitely that the leaves of trees will give off honey- dew, this pathological phenomenon being caused when cool nights follow hot, dry days. Bonnier says that such weather interferes with transpiration, thus caus- ing an exudation, and that there are two kinds of honey-dew — that produced by the aphis, and the true honey-dew produced by the leaves. Mr. Buckton's book on this subject was old, and know- ledge thereon had advanced since it was written. In those days it was almost universally believed that the honey-dew came from two tubes on the aphis, but that idea had been quite disproved. All modern entomologists believe that the ex- udation from the tubes is not of a sac- charine nature, which view is supported by the "Cambridge Natural History" and Sedgwick's '-'Text-book of Zoology." Biisgen and other well-known authorities state definitely that there is no sugar in. the secretion from the honey-tubes, the honey-dew coming from the alimentary canal. He would like to mention that Mr. Cowan said in 1898 that he had seen trees producing honey-dew which were free from insects. This shows that honey- dew can exist without the agency of plant-lice. He (the speaker) had also seen leaves gathered with honey-dew on them, and had not found any aphides present. If this honey-dew were caused by plant-lice, why is it that we have an abnormal production at such rare inter- vals? He leaned to Professor Pfeffer 's view that the exudation was from the leaves, caused bv the weather— hot, dry days followed by cold nights; and he doubted if we should find evidence that aphides were responsible for the abnormal production of honey-dew. Mr. Reid said Colonel Walker had been so thorough that it was rather difficult to add anvthing to what he had said. He had watched the subject closely for many years, and admitted that his own experi- ence had been exactly opposite to that of Mr. Lamb. He had never been able to trace, either with the naked eye or by the aid of the microscope, honey-dew from the exudation oi the leaves of the tree3 themselves. The ordinary cherry laurel secretes at the base of its leaves a sweet liquid in two little orifices that the bees and wasps are very fond of. The Jeru- salem artichoke has similar orifices. These were the only instances where from personal knowledge he had found a sweet juice secreted by the leaves. He did not think it ever came from the gLands on the leaves, and would like to know m what way it exudes, and what these organs are, because as a rule leaves do not exude liquids. With regard to the colour of honey-dew, he would give the facts within his own personal experience. He lived about twenty-one miles from London, and there was a certain amount of smoke, but not much. Honey-dew on the lime-trees is dark-coloured, but he must admit that he had never noticed 174 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May 5, 1910. anything in the honey approaching the dark colour mentioned. He got the bulk of his honey from mixed sources, and chiefly lime-trees. With regard to the actual composition of honey-dew we are at a slight disadvantage, because much honey which is called honey-dew at shows cannot wholly consist of that sub- stance. He had never been able to identify. any honey as the sole produce of honey- dew. No doubt if you see your bees fly- ing off to trees having no flowers, they may be gathering honey-dew. Many times he had caught bees and extracted the honey, but it was an extremely difficult thing to make an analysis with so small a quantity of liquid. It would be very useful if the Association could in some way make a col- lection of honeys that are supposed to be honey-dew. Nothing could be done in the way of research until we could get some- thing to work upon, and he thought it would prove difficult to identify any honey as pure honey-dew. When we have a bad season it might be possible to pre- serve some honey for analysis, which would throw the light on the subject which we so much need. He had not seen honey-dew on lime-trees without the black appearance on the leaves. When rain washed off the honey-dew, the black material was not washed off unless we had a very heavy shower; therefore the black matter was not easily soluble. Mr. Orawshaw said at Ilkley he had as black a sample of honey-dew as it was possible to get. Ilkley was about thirteen miles from Bradford, and was compara- tively smokeless, although smoke from manufacturing towns undoubtedly drives over sometimes. When judging at a show in the North of England he saw there a sample that was even blacker than his. They (the judges) were very reluc- tantly obliged to disqualify it, but they were quite able to judge it as being honey-dew without subjecting it to tasting. It occurred to him that the days to which Mr. Lamb had referred were those which stop the secretion of nectar in flowers. He thought that honey- dew at the beginning was not so dark as at the end of its flow, and he imagined that the change was due to fungoid growth. The honey-dew to which he had referred just now at the show came from a country district, a village, away from the towns, and near the sea. Honey which is derived from pine-trees is on analysis very like honey-dew. It is easy to mistake it, except that it is not so black. He did not regret the flow of honey-dew, and, so far as he was concerned, he had welcomed it. Bees were no. worse for it, and were quite as energetic as those bred on the best honey, and he has been very pleased to see the flow ; but he did not like to see it in the honey. If it were possible to make any advance in the use of honey-dew for bee-breeding purposes, we might turn our attention to breed- ing the aphis on a larger scale. He had one question he would like to ask, and he asked it in the interest of bee-keepers : " Will Colonel Walker give them the names of those friends who like it?" Mr. Reid said there was one suggestion he would like to make. Colouring matter was of very great importance in analysis. He thought if we could really get some authentic specimen of honey-dew honey it would be possible to get out that colour- ing matter and have it analysed and de- tected by some of those who are experts in the matter. That seemed to him the only way of actually identifying honey- dew. The analyst cannot identify it un- less he has something to go upon. Our difficulty is the fact that you cannot get analytical evidence upon which that in- vestigation can take place until you have data for the analysis. Mr. Crawshaw asked if it was possible that the colouring was due to the fungus spores which were thrown off? Mr. Lamb wished to quote the evidence of a friend of his, who wrote to say that he had lost a good many stocks last winter from dysentery, and he attributed the disease to honey-dew alone. He says that another winter he would rather ex- tract the honey from the combs and feed with cane sugar. Mr. Cowan said it was possible to re- move the colouring from the honey. Some ten or twelve years ago he demon- strated this before a meeting of the Asso- ciation in the rooms at Jermyn Street. He showed them how dark honey that had been sent to him had been clarified and made perfectly clear. In the first place, it was diluted with water, then it had mixed into it animal charcoal, and it was then filtered. The product was perfectly clear and transparent diluted honey, which, by evaporation, was brought back to its original density. Dr. Elliot thought that in those cases > .. where honey-dew was not due to aphis it might be due to bacteria. It seemed cer- tain that it was not always due to aphis, and it can hardly be a beneficial secretion to the plant, because it does so much damage to it. He thought that it had been noticed that after cold north-east winds in May aphis was very abundant in the summer. Last year it was very bad, the elder-trees being especially covered with it, and many of them were killed in consequence. Mr. Richards said there was one point Mr. Lamb had touched upon which had not been followed up. Last year his strongest stock was an Italian one, which should have gathered most honey, but stored very little honey at all. No honey- May 5, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 175 dew whatever was gathered by it, and what honey there was, was absolutely as clear as water. He just gave this one instance, as there may be others with similar experiences which bear out some of the remarks which have been made. He did see some honey-dew produced from a rather smoky neighbourhood, and it was as black as coal-tar. Mr. Avery asked if Colonel Walker had noticed if honeys impregnated with honey- dew granulated in the same way as pure honey, and if the colour after granula- tion was dark. The dark-coloured bottles alluded to by Mr. Crawshaw had subse- quently granulated in the usual way, and resembled very fair clover honey in colour. Mr. Cowan, in summing up the discus- sion, said that both sides were right, be- cause there was honey-dew produced by plant-lice and honey-dew produced by exudation of the leaves. You will always find a strong flow of honey-dew after hot and dry days, followed by cold and damp nights. If the night is dry, you do not get honey-dew ; if it is a damp night, you are sure to have honey-dew. There are two causes which produce honey-dew. First, insects, which attack the leaves, and digest only part of the liquid they suck up, discharging the greater part in sticky drops, which we all know. Then, in the absence of insects, there was the exudation of the leaves. The exudation forms in small drops on the under-side of the leaves, and drops from one leaf to another. This has been verified by ex- periment, and anyone can test the experi- ment. If you take a branch of a tree and put it in water, allowing the leaves to be in an atmosphere saturated with moisture, after carefully examining the leaves to see that they were free from insects, you will find in time the drops of honey-dew form on these leaves. There are certain trees which produce it much more readily than others, as, for in- stance, the ash. He had intended to bring some ash-leaves with him to show them that night with the honey-dew crystallised on them. The two honey-dews differed in many respects, that produced by the leaves being formed at night — just the reverse to the other ; that pro- duced by insects being formed during the day, and the hotter the weather the more of it was produced, the greatest production being in the middle of the day; that was because the aphides were feeding during the day. During the night they do not feed on the leaves, so that the produc- tion ceases. On the other hand, the leaves exude honey-dew during the night, when the atmosphere is moist. There was also a distinction in their composi- tion. We all know that flower nectar is composed of saccharose and glucose, but the composition of honey-dew produced by insects contains a large quantity of dex- trine, gums, and other sugars, such as mannite. Mannite is abundant in the ash, and is found in white scales on the leaves. Now, the honey-dew that is pro- duced by the exudation of the leaves is identical with the nectar that is collected from the flowers. We .know that the polariscope helps us very much in dis- covering these things. All flower-honey polarises to the left, and honey-dew, on the other hand, polarises to the right, like glucose, and it was supposed at one time that all honey that did not polarise to the left was adulterated. It is now known that some of this honey that polarises to the right is not adulterated at all, but is due to honey-dew. There is another important matter. The exuda- tion of the leaves also polarises to the right, and we have to find out how to differentiate the one from the other, and devise a method of diagnosing it. He had demonstrated some years ago that insect honey-dew polarised to the right; but as the honey-dew produced by the exu- dation of the leaves polarised to the right also, after dialysing it for twenty-four hours, according to Dr. Haenle's method, it would go back to zero, whereas the other would not do so. It therefore showed that there was a difference be- tween the insect honey-dew and the exuda- tion of the leaves. This was a very im- portant point to bear in mind. In some districts in France bee-keepers value this honey-dew so much that they take their bees to those parts where honey-dew is prevalent. When he (Mr. Cowan) stayed at Hohwald, in the Vosges mountains, he investigated the matter carefully. He examined the fir-trees that were being cut down which were visited by the bees. He had also brought over and exhibited some of the conifer honey to the members of the Association. That honey was a long time in granulating. He showed that it polarised to the right something like 40 deg., but on dialys- ing it went back to zero. That is the only honey-dew honey that goes back to zero — the honey that exudes from the leaves. Mention had been made about black mould on the leaves. This is due to a fungus called metiola. The mycelium forms a black, compact membrane on the upper surface of leaves. The fungus is not parasitic, but feeds on the honey-dew secreted by the aphides, which it follows. There are different species of it in dif- ferent countries and on different trees. The orange-tree is very subject to it, and we often get oranges covered with black ; it is the same fungus, only a different species. As mention has been made of some plants exuding nectar, he could add the vetch, from which the bees collected as much from the petioles as they did 176 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May 5, 1910. from the flowers. As to the colour- ing matter, it was very difficult to say where it comes from. We find honey of different colours, but we did not know the cause. Heather honey was dark, and clover honey light. Why it was so they could not say. Probably there was a good deal of black sediment in honey-dew that came from soot and other impurities, which very likely had much to do with its darkness. He had touched upon all the points, and he would like to express the thanks of the Association and of himself for the very able paper that had been brought before them that evening by Colonel Walker, and for the light that he had thrown upon the subject. Colonel Walker said he would like to personally thank those members present for taking part in this discussion, and everybody for the kind way in which they had listened to his paper. He would simply say, in regard to Mr. Lamb's ob- servation, that Buckton's book, though old, remains a standard work; but still, everybody must be guided by his own personal observations, and it is every- body's duty, before he declares that the exudation is not honey-dew, to satisfy himself that there are no aphides, be- cause a very few can do a great deal of mischief, and those that had done it may have left the tree. The honey-dew remains stuck on the leaves, and a little moisture makes it look quite fresh again. It is to be hoped that somebody will prose- cute the idea of trying the effect of micro-photography on collected deposits, because that would enlighten us. It was suggested that he should make private revelations in regard to his friends preferring honey-dew to honey, but he would say that his friends were very par- ticular, and he would not like to do so. (Continued next week.) BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION NOTICE. The meeting arranged to take place on May 19 at 11, Chandos Street, Caven- dish Square, London, to discuss the reorganisation scheme will be held on Wednesday, the 18th inst., in consequence of the room not being available on the date originally agreed upon. AMONG THE BEES. WHY BEES DIE OUT IN SPRING. BY D. M. MACDONALD, BANFF. If I place on record twenty separate causes for colonies of bees dwindling or dying quite out in late spring or early summer I may do something to put a few bee-keepers on their guard. Many of these causes, taken in the bud, can be prevented from developing, just as a noxious seed, even if it germinates, may be checked from growing into a plant by curbing its growth or checking it in its early stages. Queenlessness causes the loss of thous- ands of colonies yearly. Timely measures taken in late autumn, or even in spring, whereby a mother is supplied, prevents the extinction of the stock, and may mean the securing of a large surplus. An unfertile queen — reared, it may be, too late in the season to enable her to take her nuptial flight — as surely results in the dwindling or ultimate death of the community. The cure is the same — timely re-queening. An aged queen means early cessation of laying in autumn, and a consequent shortage of young bees in winter, with the almost inevitable bad "springing" of the colony. Weak in autumn, they are weaker in winter, and weakest in spring. How can they be expected to survive? Weak lots of driven bees, small nuclei, hives which have been drained of brood, stores, or frames of bees, mean too few bees to ensure safe wintering, because the very best packing for bees is bees. The Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals should have a look-in here. Robbing causes the death of many lots of bees. Like many other troubles, it is not so much a disease as an index of weakness. Generally, if you eliminate the weakness you suppress the robbing boom in its infancy. Dysentery weakens even a strong stock very rapidly. Prevention here is more potent than cure. Avoid the cause for this ill and you sterilise the germ from which it springs, and therefore have no dysentery. Brood diseases wipe out stocks as nothing else can. Here many an excel- lent bee-keeper finds his best efforts im- potent. Here, if anywhere in apiculture, we find " No man liveth unto himself alone," because, however clean a bill of health he may claim to-day, he knows not but that on the morrow his bees may carry home the germs of death from some hatchery over the hedge. Why? Round the question of stores centres a large number of death-producing causes. A shortage of stores, as a matter of course, means extinction. As nothing puts such energy into bees as ample stores, so nothing takes the heart out of them as underfeeding while living in a beleaguered condition. An utter lack of stores means annihilation. Candied stores are almost as bad as no stores. In the first place, they are an improper and unwholesome food, and are almost certain to bring about disease, with weakness and debility following in May 5, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 177 its train. Such a stock cannot thrive. In the second, place, they generate ex- citement, untimely flights, and consequent destruction. Sour honey cannot be a healthy food. It is immature, thin, rancid. Sometimes this is a result of the season, sometimes of inferior nectar gathered late in autumn, and sometimes it arises from the bees for some cause failing to evaporate the superfluous moisture. Honey-deiv this season must be assigned a place in the twenty (or more) causes which will bring death to many a bee- commonwealth. I have already sounded a warning note in regard to this danger. Syrup badly made, supplied either too thick or too thin, not well boiled, made of inferior sugar, or with no acid to aid the bees in its inversion, or if it has been fed too late for the bees to seal, will prove a death-trap. Zmprope?-£i/-arranged stores may be, at certain times of the winter, about as bad as no stores. With zero weather it boots not that abundance of even prime stores should be somewhere in the hives if it is not within the range of the cluster. This shows the folly of too late a preparation for wintering. Candy is at times an excellent winter food, and, indeed, it is the only emer- gency ration allowable during winter and early spring. But it too often entices bees outside, to their own undoing; and by rousing them to untimely exertions may cause the death of thousands of bees even in strong hives. Improper protection is highly detri- mental and wastes bee-tissue, while it causes them to make undue inroads on their stores. Give ample supplies of heat- conserving coverings over frame-tops, and see that all hives are wind-tight, thus shutting out all cold draughts. Damp is a deadly cause of trQuble. Even a gentle percolation at some small crack may mean disaster for a powerful colony. Damp quilts are among the bees' worst foes, and should never be allowed to remain on a hive. Ventilation is a very important factor in securing the winter comfort of bees, and the want of it is highly detrimental. Plenty of fresh air is an indispensable requisite to sound health, and the bees require a regular supply. A too large entrance, however, during winter rushes to the opposite extreme, and produces chill, discomfort, and disease. To keep up the temperature bees consume too much honey, causing, it may be, dysentery and other ills. Jarring of the hives during the season of repose rouses the bees unduly, breaks up the cluster, and sends the bees in a body to the open cells, or even forces them outside when climatic conditions demand close clustering. Mice prove destructive to bee-life. They damage the combs, raise a foul odour in the interior, and make the true inhabitants discontented with their home. At present I can only say guard as well as you can against each or all of these ills in the weeks lying immediately in front of us. TOTAL HONEY IMPORTS FOR THE TEAR 1909. January ... February March . . . April May June July August . . . September October ... November December value £1.899 1.767 3,135 6,850 5,719 5,886 5,587 4,459 1,726 1,809 1,983 1,558 Total ... £42,378 Honey imports for 1908 were £31,769. The total for 1909 shows an increase of £10,609 — due, no> doubt; to the scarcity of native honey, owing to the adverse bee-season. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible \ot the. opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. INVENTOR OF THE FRAME-HIVE. [7808.] If I am not very much mis- taken, the first practical movable frame for a bee-hive was invented by Major Munn. Is he still alive? I have a book written by A. J. King, and the "Munn" frame is illustrated in it. It is very like the frame now in use in the United States. I want to know about the Major, as I think great injustice has been done him by some bee-keepers. I was much in- terested in the bees and hives exhibited at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, and have kept bees on and off ever since. I only came to Colorado two years ago last July, and though my bee-keeping has been in a small way till lately, now I have nearly 150 colonies. That is small for Colorado, where quite a number of 178 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May 5, 1910. bee-keepers have from 500 to 1,000 colonies. We are hoping for a good crop of honey this year. Both last year and the year before very little honey was secured. The pear and peach bloom is over, and the apple and plum trees white with blossom, but we are likely to have killing frosts, as this frequently happens in spring here. In April, 1909, we had snow fall eleven days, and on the 30th the mer- cury fell to 22 deg. No spring like the present was ever known before. — C. H. Howabd, Boulder, Colorado. [Major Munn died on October 28, 1873. He was the first to put bar-frames into a box in 1834. After testing and im- proving his hive he took out a patent in Paris for it in 1838. The frame was not, however, like that pictured in King's book, but was deeper than it was long. The end-bars also projected above the top-bar, and the bottoms ran in grooves on the sloping floorboard on one side and the floor on the other. He published his pamphlet first in 1844, and brought out another edition in 1851, when his hives were exhibited at the Great Exhibition. The hive was clumsy with its sliding bar- frames and zinc slips, not practical, and never came into use. Dzierzon invented a hive having top and side bars, and at the suggestion of Berlepsh a bottom-bar was; subsequently added, making it into a square frame. About the same time Langstroth, quite unknown to Dzier- zon, invented the improved frame-hive such as we have in use now. This was the first really practical hive, so that although Langstroth was not the origina- tor of the idea of employing a frame, Huber being much more entitled to this honour, he was the first to construct a frame-hive on correct principles, and certainly deserves the title of " father " of modern bee-keeping. — Ed.] ROSS-SHIRE NOTES. [7809.] Following on the disastrous season of 1909, winter losses and spring dwindling have played havoc in many apiaries. The zero frost in January wiped out the weaklings, the bees being frozen while huddled on their patches of brood. In some cases strong stocks winter- packed with young queens and ample stores were, when opened up in March, found reduced to mere handfuls. An overhaul during the closing days of the month displayed stocks boasting one, two, and at most three patches of brood, and April being wintry to the end, little or no pollen was carried in to induce rapid increase. May Day has revived our hopes with the pleasing sight of the little workers bustling in and out of the en- trances, their trouser-pockets bulging with bright pollen from the gorse. Bee- men being proverbially optimistic, we confidently expect a good honey-season in this summer of 1910. Early Swarms. — Here in the North July is our swarming month, although I once had a swarm on May 28. An early May swarm, with six weeks to build up for the July honey-flow, would provide an interesting experiment, and I do not mind paying a fair price to anyone, who can supply me with a really good swarm at an early date. F.B. Hint.— The B.B.J, has been so " foul broody " of late that it would seem advisable for the readers to disinfect themselves and their raiment in the in- terval between perusal and bee-handling. —J. M. Ellis, Ussie Valley. DR. EVANS'S POEM ON BEES. [7810.] Could you or any brother bee- keeper tell me where I can get a copy of Dr. Evans's poem, "The Bees," from which Dr. Bevan quotes so copiously in his " Honey-Bee : Its Natural History, Physiology, and Management" (1838)? Dr. Bevan alluded to it as an " un- finished poem," and says that its author " was for many years an eminent phy- sician in Shrewsbury, but has now retired into Wales, where I hope he will find sufficient leisure and encouragement to resume the truly classical theme he has so nearly completed." Three parts of the poem appear to have been published, and I am anxious to get them if I can. — Sussex East. [Dr. J. Evans's poem, "The Bees," was to have been completed in four books, but only three were published — Book I., 1806; Book II., 1808; Book III., in 1813. The publishers were Messrs. Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, Paternoster Row, London (price 7s. each volume). The book has long been out of print, and only occasionally can a secondhand copy be picked up. Books I. and II. were re- printed in the B.B.J, in vol. iv. (1876-7). There is a copy of the original in the library of the British Bee-keepers' Asso- ciation available for the inspection of members. — Ed.] FOUL-BROOD LEGISLATION. [7811.] I have read with interest the letters on the above subject appearing in the B.B.J. , and it seems to me the chief objection to legislation is the dislike of bee-keepers to inspectors interfering with their bees. Some writers have mentioned the Swine Fever Act, quoting it as an example both for and against legislation. One point in that Act has not been men- May 5, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 179 ticmed — namely, that it is no part of an in- spector's duty to examine everyone's pigs ; but it rests with, the owner to give notice of any suspicious cases either to him or to the nearest police, and I have no doubt there would be a clause to the same effect in the Foul Brood Bill, which would re- move the chief objection. I should like to suggest that there be. a clause in the Bill giving power to bee- keepers to manipulate their own bees in the presence of the inspector instead of allowing him to handle them ; this should do away with objection No. 2 — that is, the fear of infection. At one time I was numbered amongst the objectors to legis- lation, but have altered my opinion since then. The change in my views was partly owing to a case that occurred about five miles from here of a young bee-keeper being obliged to give up bee-keeping through having a stubborn neighbour whose hives were badly affected with foul brood, and although healthy stocks were offered in place of the diseased ones, he refused to have them touched. I hope to have the pleasure shortly of seeing the text of the proposed Bill in the B.B.J., when we may hope to have a large majority in favour of it. — W. Patchett, Cabourne, Caistor. [7812.] A® a reader of the B.B.J. I hope you will allow me a small space in which to express my opinion on the foul- brood question at present under discus- sion. As Mr. Avery says (page 157), compulsion is a very ugly word, and I think a few Government inspectors will not improve its appearance very much. Why not wait a year or two longer and see if such an Act is going to rid Ireland of foul brood? I have followed the B.B.J, closely for comments from that country, but up to the present I have been unable to learn whether the Act has done any good or not. — J. G. E., Cumberland. CAPPINGS OF OOMB. BY L. S. CRAW SHAW, NORTON, MALTON, YORKS. Fumigating Combs (page 123). — In reply to S. Moon and W. Randell, I have a gas-tight box of about 11 cubic feet capacity, in which is placed a rack for several tiers of combs. The lid of the box is bolted down against a rubber band. On the top of the rack I place a saucer containing a table-spoonful of bisulphide of carbon. This fluid is volatile, and soon pervades the interior. I have made no experiments to accurately determine the minimum duration of treatment, but I have kept combs in the gas for a week at a time, and have also stored them safely during the winter. I cannot say that there is no ill-effect, but I have never noticed any, and should not expect it, owing to the very nature of the substance, which must soon be dissipated after the removal of the combs. If this is insufficiently clear, ov if it would be of general interest, I shall be pleased to illustrate the whole apparatus. My box was made by Mr. G. M. Saunders (one of his many ingenious devices) for the purpose of formaldehyde experiments. Satisfactory results could no doubt be obtained by lining and painting a suitable box. Cleanliness and Stings (page 124). — I should like to see the face of, let us say, a lightning operator like Mr. W. L. Coggshall, U.S.A., whilst this article on bee-hygiene was read to him. Indeed, I doubt his patience to listen unless held down. I cannot imagine his hand-wash- ing between each manipulation. Or, to be more true to life, his wiping of boots between each pedipulation of the hive- supers! Yet, for those of us who work in more leisurely fashion, there is still truth to be found in the old maxim of " More haste, less speed." And if ever there i were a good argument for the use of rubber gloves surely it is here. Experts as Teachers (page 124). — The Eev. A. R. Downes Shaw takes, I am sure, the right view of this matter in his report. I think that if experts vreie to have on their printed advice-cards a re- quest that the member should jot down beforehand any questions he wished to ask, the expert's time would be saved^ and occasional regret might be avoided. Members should not be passive resisters or merely apathetic owners. It is un- reasonable, for instance, having supers in place, giving the expert an assurance of health, and having no questions to ask, to afterwards complain that he was only five minutes in the place. Of course, if the expert was worth his salt, he was off to somebody who needed him more than you happened to do at the moment. Nosema Infection (page 127). — As the majority of bee-flowers seem to be specially constructed to prevent con- tamination of their nectar by chance dropping of infected matter, it is not easy to see, with Dr. Zander, how disease should so readily spread by this means. Nor does there seem to be, at first sight, any connection between this method of communication and the prevalence of the disease in the month of May. Are the flowers that bloom in the spring so deadly? At the same time, it may be that the faeces are the means of dissemina- tion, and that the spring watering-places get contaminated either by this means or by the drowning of over-adventurous bees. "The Garden of England" (page 128). — Mr. Bailey thus refers to the beautiful Vale of Evesham, but it is possible that 180 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May 5, 1910. men of Kent may have somewhat to say in the matter of Worcestershire sauce. Evesham is a wonderful gardening centre, but the title of "The Garden of France" may soon be more appropriate, if bell- glasses and hand-lights pursue their tri- umphant way. The very name of Evesham is reminiscent of gardening, being, no doubt, a corruption of Eve's home (ham, or hamlet), so that its title may well go back to' the earliest days of toil and tilth. After all, there is still that about a garden which lifts us above ourselves and puts us in touch with eternal time. It is for the garden that seasons come and go, the sun rises and sets, and showers which distress the town- dweller rejoice our heart. It is here that we carelessly appropriate ancestral toil, whilst we in turn add to it for those who may follow. But in our little hour it is in the gar/len that we truly find the peace which stays us against the time when the garden itself shall know us no more. Aih. Moon of my Delight, who know'st no wane, The Moon of Heav'n is rising once again; How oft hereafter rising- shall she look Through this same Garden after me — in vain ! Honey as Food (page 131). — In view of the fact that honey is cheaper than butter, or, considering its spreading capacity, at least as cheap, whilst it will keep much longer and is of exceptional nutritive and medicinal value, it is sur- prising that mothers do not place it con- stantly upon the table ; for, in the words of a well-known advertisement, children like it. Foul Brood Act (page 138). — I hope that bee-keepers who think with Mr. Woodley will respond to his appeal and speak out. Let us know who these gentle- men are, and what exactly are their ob- jections to legislation. Then we shall know" where we stand, and it may be that we shall make converts of some of the ob- jectors. I am very hopeful that we shall get a satisfactory Bill this time; but we ought to hear the other side, and consider carefully all that can be said for it. That legislation can stamp out a disease is shown in the case of rabies, but regula- tions must be efficiently and generally carried out. What has been done in the case of F.B. is very fairly shown in the Swiss report appearing in the same num- ber as Mr. Woodley 's letter. Swine fever, to which he refers, will only be stamped out by co-operative measures, and these can only be ensured by legisla- tion, which seems likely to become even more stringent. Are these Things So? (page 147). — "Flos" says that the old skeps are de- stroyed every year, and the swarms re- tained by the cottagers. But this is ex- ceedingly bad bee-keeping, and quite opposed to the practice of skeppists in more Northern districts. "Flos" might perhaps advise these bee-keepers to their own benefit when he is driving their bees. As to the gentler means of persuasion in the matter of disease, have not these been tried continually by the associations r And, one must admit, with some measure of success. They are, however, of no use with a bee-keeper who, for his own reasons, refuses all help whilst remaining a source of danger to those around him. I am informed of a gross case where healthy bees were continually re-infected from such a source. Echoes from the Hives. My apiary of sixteen hives has wintered well, but some stocks required feeding in March, and all require regular sup- plies now, as we have only had two or three good warm days. Last season I took 500 lb. light honey and had twenty- eight swarms. It is a splendid clover district, and I have never had any honey- dew in the fourteen years since I started with one hive. — St. Osyth, Essex. Bee=Shows to Come. June 21 to 25, at Liverpool (Royal Agricul- tural Society's Show). — Be© and Honey Section under the management of the B.B.K.A. Prizes arranged in groups of counties for Associations affiliated to the B.B.K.A. Schedules from W. Herrod, Secretary B.B.K.A., 8, Henrietta Street, Govent Garden, London. Entries close May 31. July 26 to 28, at Leeds.— Show of Honey, &c, in connection with the Royal Yorkshire Agricul- tural Society. Schedules and form of entry from John Maughan, Secretary. Blake Street, York. Entries close June 25. Notices to Correspondents. *#* Mr. J. Moir wishes to inform readers that his supply of clover-seed is finished, and hopes that no more applica- tions will be sent to him. E. H. S. (Bushey).— Bees Dying.— The bees sent are too dry for diagnosing, but appear to have succumbed to viru- lent dysentery. M. L. (Sunbury Common). — Ailing Bees. —The contents of stomach do hot show any disease, and it is quite likely that making the syrup in a copper vessel has had a deleterious effect. The honey- sacs were well filled with a clear liquid, which the bees had recently imbibed. H. E. B. (Kettering). — Bees Bobbing by A'greement. — Your colony is being robbed by agreement amongst the bees themselves, and shows that it is weak and without energy, or is lodged under unsuitable conditions. Instead of offer- ing any resistance, the bees of the hive appear to fraternise with, and even aid, the intruders in their robbery. All May 5, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 181 this goes on quietly and without any uproar. The cause is either queenless- ness, or a feeble and discouraged colony with little brood and a decrepit queen. As you say it was a last year's swarm with a queen in her third year, this is probably the reason for their behaviour. The best way is to at once remove the hive attacked into a cellar or other . place where bees cannot get at it. The colony can then be united in the even- ing, when peace has been re-established, with a strong colony capable of resist- ing the attack. Of course, the queen should, be removed. J. S. W. (Suffolk).— Bees in House.— 1. It would be impossible to remove the bees without damaging the walls. As the bees are heard, in the bedroom, probably the best plan would be to make an opening through the plaster, and if the combs are between the battens ex- pose them sufficiently to enable you to manipulate. By smoking the bees you can cut out the combs containing brood and tie them into frames. The re- maining combs can be removed and the bees brushed off into the hive. Put all brood together, and fill out with frames of comb-foundation, reducing the space with a division-board. You cannot drive bees out in any other way. 2. For removing the bees in the roof, you must take off the slates, which can easily be replaced without doing any damage to the roof. 3. As the bees are building comb in candy-box, it shows that they are strong and ready for supers. Rex (Sudbury). — Legal Right to Keep Bees. — You have a perfect right to keep bees, provided, they are not a nuisance to anyone and do no harm. Should they, however, 'become a nuisance to your neighbours by stinging them, they would obtain an injunction to restrain you from keeping bees in such a way as to cause nuisance and injury to them. Anxious (Berwick-on-Tweed). — Placing Excluder-zinc. — The proper way of placing excluder-zinc on top of bars is that described on page 63 of the " Guide Book," with the slots running at right angles. This ensures a larger number of openings, and enables the bees to pass up between every frame. If placed the other way the bees would be prevented from passing up between many of the frames, owing to the open- ings being reduced by their overlapping the frames or be entirely closed by them. The catalogues are certainly wrong, and you have done quite right in placing the excluders as explained in the "Guide Book." T. A. B. (Chester). — Molasses as Bee-food. — The "black syrup" would most prob- ably be unwholesome food, and. we should not advise you to use it for your bees. Make some syrup yourself from cane sugar, and you can be sure what you are giving them. Ripeners made of tin are so cheap that it is not worth while to risk spoiling the honey by using the barrel for this purpose. R. F. V. (Slingsby).— Bees Found Dead in Spring. — The beesi have evidently died from starvation. There is no sign of disease in combs. When a number of bees are found dead, head downwards in the cells it is a sure sign that they have died from want of food. In the case of the second stock it is possible that the candy has become too hard, or perhaps it was not close enough to the cluster for the bees to reach it during the cold weather. A. P. (Sussex). — Using Cresylic Acid as a Bee-subjugator. — No harm will result if you are careful to use a weak solution, but in future we should advise you to order Calvert's No. 5 carbolic acid only. Suffolk (Leicester). — Queen Cast Out. — Queens will die from natural causes sometimes, and this is the case with yours most probably. The queen is one of last year's raising. Beginner (Hants). — Using Old Hives. — Complete the new hives as soon as you can, and transfer the bees into them. The old ones can be destroyed, as they are evidently worthless. As you are a cabinet-maker, it will be easy for you to cut down if too large, or make a temporary arrangement to hang those frames which are not of standard size in the new hives. The non- standard frames should be removed as soon as all brood has hatched out, and with this end in view only put those actually containing brood in the new hives. The others can be discarded and the comb melted down. A. B. C. (Llandudno). — Dysenteric Bees. —1. When bees have died of dysentery it is not advisable to use the honey from the soiled combs. 2. The syrup is too thin for autumn food, and if not made from pure cane sugar has prob- ably caused the mischief. 3. Carbolic acid (see "Guide Book," page 198) is the best disinfectant for washing out the hive. Suspected Combs. CusHAG (Isle of Man).— The comb is affected with incipient foul brood. In this early stage at the time of the year a cure should be effected by following instructions given in "Guide Book." Amateur (E. Yorks).— The sample of comb contains one chilled bee only. No disease. A number of letters, reports of annual meetings, &c, are held over till next issue owing to pressure upon our space. 182 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May 5, 1910. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows :— Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee- keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees, Queens, and Bee goods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as " Business " An- nouncements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive-manufac- turers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per \ in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. 8 FRAMES, with Bees and Hives, packed and put on rail, 20s. and 22s. 6d.— Further particu- lars, THOMAS EVANS, Bee-keeper, Waddesdon, Bucks. z 58 FOR SALE, 10 new " W.B.C." Hives, 10s.; also 12 new " W.B.C." Section Racks, with Sec- tion Hangers, £1— A. C. THOMPSON, Wood- street, Higham Ferrers. z 56 BARGAIN.— New Bee-tight Section-built Ex- tracting Shed, boards, 1 in. flooring, sides J in., roof | in. (all tongued and grooved), with stiff roof and flooring joists, raised extracting plat- form, size 12 ft. square; larger required. Will sell cheap.— THOMAS, Coedmelyn, Stackpole, Pem- broke, z 55 W.B.C." HIVES FOR SALE, nearly new, in splendid condition, 10s. each; Racks of Shallow Combs, wide ends, 3s. each.— FREEMAN, 17, Highfield-road, Saltley, Birmingham. z 49 FOR SALE, 4 30-lb. tins Medium-coloured Honey, price 6Jd. lb. Sample, 2d— J. WAKE- FIELD, Papcastle, Cockermouth. z 48 WHAT OFFERS? 20 Racks Drawn-out Shal- low Frames, used once, also 200 Brood Combs, cheap to clear, guaranteed healthy. — SOUTHCOTT, Gittisham, Honiton. z 39 FOR SALE, 3 Crates, with 8 Shallow Frames, Comb drawn out, and 4 ditto, with 10 Frames, and Foundation, reducing stock on ac- count of illness. Cash, what offers?— R. EVANS, Four Elms, Edenbridge, Kent. z 40 WANTED, Honey Extractor. State particulars and price— STAFFORD ALLEN, Long Mel- ford, Suffolk. z 41 FOR SALE, Lloyd Motor Cycle, 3 h.p., in good condition, just been thoroughly overhauled, tyres almost new, easy starter, very fast, will climb anything; a great sacrifice, £12 10s. — H. DRAYTON, New Bolingbroke, Boston. z 42 BOOK SWARMS NOW, 2s. 6d. lb., English Bees— WENT, Riverside, St. Osyth, Colches- ter, z 43 WANTED, Geared Extractor and " Rymer " Press— W. J. WARREN, 121, Glendower- road, Plymouth. z 47 FOR SALE, 8 Section Racks, 5 are Lee's No. 48, fitted Foundation, Separators, &c. ; Racks used one year, taken off Hives, guaranteed healthy, Is. 6d. each, lis. the lot.— D., c/o B.B.J. z 53 STRONG TRANSPLANTED TOMATO PLANTS, Up-to-Date. Holmes' Supreme, Laxton's Open Air, is. dozen.— GELDER, Sturton, Lincoln. z 61 FOR SALE, few surplus Stocks of Bees, in good Hives— F. S. GLOVER, South Leverton, Lincoln. z 15 Special Prepaid Advertisements.— Continued. WANTED, rent small Farm, or purchase small holding, Bee district, Midlands— SOCKET, 4, High-street, Newport Pagnell. z 22 MOLESKINS Wanted, square dried, all the year round— MARSHALL, B.J., Worcester Park, Surrey. y 93 FOR SALE, 14 Stocks, guaranteed healthy, in " W.B.C." Hives, mostly new last season; sac- rifice 36s. each.— T. RULE, Summervale, Annan, Dumfriesshire. y 97 WANTED, copy of " Pollen," by M. Pakenham- Edgworth, F.L.S., published 1877. — "BOOKS," B.B.J. Office, 8, Henrietta-street, Covent Garden, W.C. SEVERAL GOOD SOUND SECONDHAND HIVES, " Combination " and " Cottager" pat- terns, repainted three coats, fitted with ten new Standard Frames, and dummy, 6s. each.— F. E. MATTHEWS, Cofton Apiary, Northfield, Birming- ham, y 82 "1\7HITE ORPINGTON AND BLACK MI- » T NORCA, good typical birds, bred for laying and exhibition, especially fed to produce strong, healthy chicks; eggs, 15 3s. 6d., 50 10s.; day old chicks, 6s. doz., 50 £1; very carefully packed. — J. HOUSEHAM, M.U.P.C, Huttoft, Alford, Lines. x 27 BUSINESS ANNOUNCEMENTS. BEES ALL SOLD FOR MAY AND MOST FOR JUNE— HAMBROOK, Church Farm, New- ington, near Sittingbourne. z 45 NATURAL HEALTHY SWARMS, in June, 2s. lb— HAMBROOK, Church Farm, Newing- ton, Sittingbourne. y 88 BEES, prolific strain, nealthy, Nuclei or Stocks, 2s. 6d. per bar.— T., 2, Springfield- cottages, Saffron Walden. z 50 LIGHT SECTIONS BOUGHT, 7s. to 8s. per dozen— Send or write to HONIELADE CO., 23, Moorfields, E.C. z 52 FOR BAR FRAME HIVES, Section Racks, Shallow Supers, &c, at lowest possible prices, apply to G. F. HICKMAN, Shelley-street, Kings- ley, Northampton. PRIME NATURAL SWARMS, 1909 Queens, from 4 lb. to 7 lb., 3s. lb. till June 15th; 16th till 30th, 2s. 9d. lb.; July, 2s. 6d. lb.; healthy, safe arrival guaranteed, cash with order; empty boxes to be returned.— S. BAILEY, Two Mile Ash, near Horsham (late Itchingfield). z 57 Q oED YEAR.— Imported Italian Queens, 7s. 6d.; fiJtJ Home-raised British and Hybrid, 1909, 5s. 6d.; also Nuclei. Orders booked for Swarms. — E. WOODHAM, Clavering, Newport, Essex. z 60 GOOD HARDY AND VIGOROUS QUEENS, 1909 Hybrids, from amongst the Cumbrian Hills, 5s. each. — DOUGLAS BOUCH, Aspatria, Cumberland. z 59 WB.C." HIVES, complete, 14s. 6d.; " Cot- • tagers," lis. 6d. Wanted, Honey, Wax.— BOWDEN, Broomhill, Witley. z 2 Q /t TH YEAR— Three-Frame Nuclei, Queen, O'i Bees, Brood, and Stores, 12s. 6d.; 4 Frames, 15s— ALSFORD, Haydon, Sherborne. z 18 [T/\ HIVES AND QUANTITY APPLIANCES, tjVJ secondhand, cheap. List on application. —CHARTER, Tattingstone, Ipswich. z 23 BROOD COMBS, 1909, 8s. dozen; secondhand appliances. List.— CHARTER, Tattingstone, Ipswich. z 25 May 12, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 183 Editorial, Notices, &c. THE DEATH OF KING EDWARD VII. With overwhelming suddenness and only a few hours' notice of the illness of King Edward, the Empire has been plunged in grief, and now mourns the loss of a good Sovereign. Millions of English- speaking people awoke on Saturday morn- ing to a sorrow so profound that it only has a parallel to that of the death of Queen Victoria nine years ago. Not only do we all feel the loss, but deep and sin- cere regret will be felt throughout the world, where the dead monarch was so well known and loved, and where he earned the title of "Peacemaker." It is by this grand and glorious title that he will be known to future generations — a title which will go down to posterity un- sullied by any unworthy act during his reign of only nine years, one of the shortest in our national history, but also one of the noblest, for there have been few monarchs who so thoroughly under- stood the people, who won their confi- dence and sympathy, and whose popu- larity was so universal. His greatness and sagacity came out pronouncedly in a great crisis, and it is a sad loss to the country that he should have been re- moved at the present moment when his wisdom was so much needed. No King in passing away has ever been more re gretted by a sorrowing people, and. he will always be regarded as a ruler who sought the welfare of his subjects, and whose personal characteristics were those of a noble-hearted gentleman. All will feel deep sympathy with Queen Alexandra and the Royal family, and give their loyal allegiance to King George. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION We desire to call the attention of mem- bers of the B.B.K.A. and delegates of the county associations to the special meeting which is to be held on May 18, for the pur- pose of taking into consideration the re- organising of the British B.K.A., with the special view of bringing all the county associations into closer union with each other and with the parent association. We have arrived at a. period when it is obvious that the bee-keeping industry cannot prosper or advance without the co-opera- tion of all the bee-keepers' associations. This cohesion does not at present exist, as I every association is working by itself for its own purposes, instead of for the general good of the industry. It is therefore de- sirable, and we would express the hope, that full consideration be given to the I scheme which has been suggested by the special committee appointed for the pur- pose. It is quite natural that differences of opinion should make themselves mani- fest, but it is not sufficient to condemn the scheme without suggesting in what way it can be improved, so as to make it work- able and more acceptable. Every associa- tion that desires progress must see that it would be to the advantage of the in- dustry to have a strong central body, such as all other industries have found so neces- sary, and without which bee-keeping can never attain the same position that it does in other countries where combination is the rule. It has been suggested that the Briton does not like to be " bossed," and that bee-keepers in the country did not wish to have their affairs ruled by " gentle- men in London." This is a very narrow view of the matter, for there is not the slightest intention of the Council interfer- ing in the local management of any of the associations, who would still attend to and manage their own business in their own way. There are, however, many questions which affect all associations and individual bee-keepers which only a strong central association can manage, and as an instance we might mention the relation of the Government to the industry. It is hope- less to expect the Government to do any- thing so long as there is this independent action by individuals and associations. On the other hand, if the British B.K.A. could approach them with the support of all the associations it would have the in- fluence which it now lacks, and for want of which the industry can never expand. We would therefore urge that at this meet- ing on May 18 suggestions should be made which will strengthen the associations, and that in the discussion which will take place all should be mutually forbearing and assistant, and the work, we feel sure, will be satisfactorily accomplished. We trust that the meeting will be a large and thoroughly representative one. IMPORTANT NOTICE. REMOVAL OF "B.B.J." AND " RECORD " OFFICES. Owing to the change in management of the B.B.J, and Record, through which Mr. Herrod now combines the duties of lanager of the papers and secretary of the B.B.K.A., the accommodation at our present offices has been found inadequate for the increased work of the Association and the journals. We have, however, secured excellent premises a few hundred yards away at 23, Bedford Street, Strand, W.C.. where members of the Association and B.B.J and Record readers wishing to 184 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May 12, 1910. call will find us established after the 14th inst. All communications from that date should be addressed to the new offices. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION CONVERSAZIONE. (Continued from page 176). Mr. Crawshaw, in introducing the sub- ject of "Disease and Compensation," said that under this somewhat general title he did not intend to include a dissertation on "Disease: Its Advantages and Disadvan- tages," although much of interest might be said on those points. He did not, for instance, purpose an inquiry into the origin of disease, highly interesting though that speculation might be. A well-known writer has said in one edition of his work that we have the dis- ease with us, and that it is unprofitable to inquire into the origin of it. Speaking for himself, he did not quite agree, ex- cept that this was not the time for the inquiry. Nor did he intend greatly to speculate upon the natural compensations, tempted though he was to suggest the existence of these to bee-keepers who held only one view — and that a strong one — on the subject. That the pain which warned us not to hurt ourselves was a friend and not a foe, and that disease which preyed upon the weakling was re- sponsible for the selection of the strong, might be true, but we unreasonable humans liked to find our friends a little less thoroughly disguised. It might be that disease had come to earth from heaven, but in that case there was yet a third place for it to visit, and he greatly feared that some thoughtless bee-keeper had sometimes wished in the stress of the moment that it would quickly arrive at its destination. (Laughter.) The subject then with which he was to trespass upon their time was, they would no doubt be glad to hear, more limited than these. It was the practical ques- tion of insurance, with some regard to legislation, and with particular reference to what was being done in the matter in Switzerland. Last winter he had the pleasure of a talk with Dr. Kramer, who was known to those present as the head of the Swiss B.K.A., and who was indeed one of the prominent men of the bee-world. Dr. Kramer had told him, amongst other things, of the great fight which they were making against disease. They had got a Foul Brood Bill, at once simple and satisfactory, under the wing of the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act. And they had a contributory scheme for compensation of losses which were due to the exercise of their powers. He could not do better than give them at once the gist of the statutes which had been ob- tained by their Swiss friends. THE SWISS FOUL BROOD LAW. Resolutions concerning the inclusion of Foul Brood of Bees in the Cattle Plague Laws. In consideration that Foul Brood is an infectious disease, which threatens the trade of breeding bees in various districts of our land, and that it is of a dangerous character, In the application of the Laws against Cattle Plague, and on the representations of the Manufacturing, Industrial, and Agricultural Departments, It is resolved, 1. That Foul Brood of Bees be, as a contagious disease of infectious nature, and of dangerous character, classed under (No. 12, Art. 24) the executive ordinances concerning the measures against Cattle P] ague . 2. That the Cantons appoint expert officials, who shall inspect and arrange for disinfection of infected stocks, and, above all things, for the examination of suspected stands. These functions can be assigned by the Canton to the associated bodies of the Swiss Foul Brood Insurance Society and the Romande Bee-keepers' Association. 3. Every owner of diseased stocks must immediately give notice to the authorities. He is bound to follow out minutely the instructions of the inspectors, to help in the work of disinfection and purification of the apiary, and also to supply further help if necessary. 4. In infected apiaries, no bees, combs, hives, or utensils may be sold, lent, or given away. Infected hives may not be used, but must be locked up in a bee-proof place. 5. The campaign against foul brood in infected apiaries confines itself essentially to the destruction of the germ, by pro- cesses of cleansing, disinfecting, burning, and burying. (Here follow instructions for cleansing.) 6. The inspector has the right of acting in suspected districts as though the dis- ease existed. 7. Opposition to the directions (in accord with Art. 36, &c.) shall be punished by fines from 10 fr. to 500 fr. Wilful spread- ing of disease will be punished at discre- tion. (Signed) Deucher, President of the Union. Schatzmann, Vice-Chancellor. Bern, December 3, 1909. THE INSURANCE LAW. Articles of the Foul Brood Insurance Scheme of the Swiss Bee-keepers' Asso- ciation : — - 1. Foul brood includes all brood-dis- May 12, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 185 eases. Contribution is obligatory upon all members of all the affiliated societies. 2. Organisation. — The president is elected by the members through their organ. He is to be responsible for the carrying out of the work. 3. Under him each Canton has an in- spector. Several Cantons two inspectors. 4. These inspectors are instructed by the president. 5. District associations elect a delegate and a substitute to carry out the work and assist the inspector. 6. Notices are sent to the chief of the branch, or to the Cantonal inspector, and through them to the chief, and also to the concerned local associations and delegates. 7. The Cantonal inspector undertakes the work and personally directs the offi- cials in the work of disinfection, appeals, cure, and compensation. 8 The Cantonal inspector works with the branches, and takes upon himself the power to inspect non-members. 9. The Cantonal inspector makes a re- port to the branch association of the cause, course, and result of an outbreak. 10. The central society publishes details of the obligatory duties of all bodies. 11. The necessary funds are raised by means of a premium of only id. per hive and subscriptions from the Canton con- cerned. The premium can only be modi- fied by the decision of the assembled delegates. 12. The numbering of the colonies and the amount of the premium is arranged by the local association. Premiums are sent direct to the central fund. 13. To the charge of the central fund fall the cost of instruction, provision of disinfectants, wages and expenses of agents, and compensation for destroyed colonies. 14. The owner bears one-fourth of the expense. 15. Intentional concealment of disease, false report, negligence, or delay is punished by reduction of compensation. 16. Cure experiments are only to be tried when a good result can be expected. 17. Non-members can only receive 50 per cent, of the compensation. 18. Insurance claims are paid direct from the central fund after notification by the insurance director. 19. The director's decision is final in disputes concerning claims, remuneration of delegates, &c. 20. The cashier of the Swiss B.K.A. keeps the accounts. (Signed) U. Kramer, President. W. C. Freyenmuth, Secretary. (For purposes of comparison it may be noted that the Swiss Cantons approximate to our counties. The largest is almost exactly the size of Devonshire, whilst the average size is that of Hertfordshire. The smallest Canton is 14 square miles in area. — L. S. C.) RULES CONCERNING THE ORGANISATION AND INSPECTION OP THE FOUL BROOD INSUR- ANCE OF THE SWISS BEE-KEEPERS' ASSO- CIATION. The director of the Swiss Bee-keepers' Association, in putting into practice the statutes of the Foul Brood Insurance (from September 23, 1907), Resolved, I. ORGANISATION. 1. The statutes of Foul Brood In- surance come into force January 1, 1908. 2. The election of the Canton inspectors and their substitutes, in those Cantons which comprise several local associations, will be taken by a general electoral as- sembly, to which each local association of fifty members sends a delegate. The local association bears the travel- ling expenses of the delegates. The Canton inspectors and their dele- gates are elected for three years. 3. For the purpose of instruction and uniform working of the Foul Brood In- surance the Canton inspectors, under the direction of the Insurance heads, meet in a general conference. 4. The collection of the Insurance con- tributions is done by the local associa- tions. Each association keeps a Foul Brood Insurance register in duplicate. This re- gister contains the names of all the mem- bers, their wintered stock, and the sub- scriptions to be paid for the Insurance. The duplicate register is to be sent to the central cashier every year before May 1. The Insurance subscription must be sent up before May 1. Arrears to be made good by the local association. If a bee-keeping member belongs to two associations he is entered on the register of both associa- tions, but pays only the association to which he lives' nearest. The other asso- ciation endorses his name accordingly. 5. Contributions from Cantons, rural associations, &c, in case of loss within, their district, go into the General In- surance Fund. II. DUTIES OF THE OFFICIALS. 6. The director attends to the instruc- tion of the Canton inspectors, the control of their arrangements, the inspection and arrangement of claims. For the Swiss Bee-keepers' Association and the local association and allied authorities he makes a yearly report on the state of the Foul Brood Insurance and the activity of their work. 7. The Canton inspectors look after the infected bees, disinfect them, and, if necessary, destroy them. They work in connection with the local association, 186 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May 12, 1910. which has for this purpose the necessary police control and financial assistance. 8. As soon as a Canton inspector is noti- fied of disease, he orders as quickly as possible, in agreement with the delegates and the owner, an examination and treat- ment. He decides in cases of disease (or suspected disease) whether the bees are to be submitted to a cure or destroyed. He also values the bees. 9. The inspector makes out a detailed record of the epidemic, and sends a du- plicate to the Insurance Director. 10. The association delegate obtains all information for the inspector of the sus- pected stocks. He accompanies and assists him in his district, in particular attending to the treatment or destruction of bees and combs and the thorough dis- infection of the hives and utensils. He continues to visit the hives after treat- ment (vide Art. 19) and reports to the Canton inspector re the health of the bees. 11. The owner of suspected stocks is bound to follow out the instructions of the Canton inspector and the delegate, to assist during the treatment, and to sup- ply, if necessary, means for treatment or destruction. If he does not, the Canton inspector or delegate is authorised to do so at the owner's cost. III. EXAMINATION, VALUATION, AND TREAT- MENT OF FOUL BROOD. 12. If foul brood is discovered or sus- pected in- a hive, the owner is bound to report to the director of the association of which he is a member, or in whose dis- trict his apiary is, when the delegate of this association undertakes an immediate and thorough examination. ; If foul brood is discovered, the inspec- tor is to be immediately informed. If the case is doubtful a piece of comb with the diseased brood is to be sent to the Bacteriological Laboratory to be diag- nosed. (This work is done by Dr. Burri, and the cost of diagnosis is 1 fr. — L. S. C.) 13. To assist the control, every hive is to be supplied with a number before ex- amination and valuation; the numbers to be clear and indelible. 14. The valuation is to be made by the inspector before destruction. The valua- tion is to be without regard to the con- dition of the disease, but according to the strength of the bees and the number and quality of the combs. As a foundation for the value of the bees, the price of a similarly strong natural swarm must be taken, the weight of the bees being ascer- tained approximately. The comb will be valued according to the condition and quality, per square decimeter, 5-15 rp. (about 4 square inches, from ^d. to ljd.). The sum claimed for loss may not ex- ceed 35 fr. per colony, including wax. Compensation is only paid for destroyed bees and comb. Those colonies which have been united to others are to be included in the valua- tion at 50 per cent, of their worth. Wax to be melted is reckoned at 30 per cent, of its value. For honey, store combs, hives, and ap- paratus no compensation will be paid. Compensation will not be paid for bees which died before valuation. 15. Cure experiments shall only be ap- plied during the period of development of bees (mid-April to mid- June), and only with bees which are suspected or slightly diseased. (Here follow directions for treatment.) Treatment I. — This deals with attempted cure, and the special point of interest is the vaporisation in the hive of a solu- tion of formic acid (formic acid 40 per cent., alcohol 20 per cent., water 40 per cent.). Treatment II. — Deals with starvation and uniting, disinfection of hives, &c. The ground near the hives is to be sprinkled with chloride of lime, and the shoe soles are to be disinfected. IV. SPECIAL CONDITIONS. 19. Apiaries in which foul brood has broken out may not, either through pur- chase of bees or through artificial swarm- ing, be enlarged. These conditions are to be enforced for the first twelve months after treatment and disinfection of the apiary by the officials of the Foul Brood Insurance. Artificial increase and sale of bees are allowed after the space of a year, if after examination by the Cantonal inspector or delegate the apiary is declared free from disease. Bee-breeders whose whole apiary is de- stroyed through foul brood may not after disinfection reintroduce bees in the same year. Disobedience of the above loses the B right to compensation in case of reap- pearance of foul brood. 20. Insurance compensation will only be paid in those districts in which sub- scriptions are paid up and statutes and regulations observed. Likewise a breeder who suffers loss by foul brood only has the right to compen- sation if he has followed out the treat- ment in every particular. COMPENSATION OF THE OFFICIALS. The Canton inspector receives from 10 fr. daily allowance and third-class travelling expenses. The delegate receives for work done under the inspector from 6 fr. daily, witli third-class fare. Other costs of the delegate fall to the local asso- ciation. Loss of time, if of less than five May 12, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 18T hours, is reckoned only as half a day's wage. (Signed) U. Kramer, President. W. C. Freyenmuth, Secretary. Mr. Crawshaw said that he had occu- pied much of his time with the perusal of these documents; but he had done so because they had seemed to him so com- plete and telling that argument of his own would be comparatively ineloquent. It might, however, be reasonably asked what had been the result of all this legis- lation, and for answer he would refer them to the B.B.J, for April 7, where they would find a translation of Herr Leuen- berger's report on the two years' working. He might, however, quote the concluding paragraph of this, in the hope that those who had not read the report itself would take the trouble to do so, as it would well repay and encourage them. With regard to the financial part of the scheme, the insurance compulsory for all members of the association did not pay for the cost entailed, but that was not the primary object of it, which was at all costs to exterminate the disease. The Government, however, came to the assistance of the society and made up the deficit. So con- vinced was the Agricultural Department of the utility of the work, and realising the powerless- ness of the society to enforce the examination of the colonies without police powers, that the Federal Government has now granted them such powers under the Contagious Diseases of Animals Act, so that it is hoped before long to rid the country of the scourge that has hindered the in- dustry for so long. It might be asked : How did all this affect us? How did we stand with re- gard to it? Can we not do as our Swiss friends have done, and that soon? We are often counselled to go slowly — and he was a firm believer in that principle — but we had already gone slowly sufficiently long to justify us in taking these next important steps. It was a law of Nature — if such things existed — that progress should be slow : First the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the ear. First the clean-cutting surgical blade — not the devastating sword of vengeance ; but jet, if it were a choice between pes- tilence and the sword, he would counsel acceptance of the sword. It was on re- cord that the offer was made to an old- time king, who chose pestilence, with the result that there fell of his people 70,000 men. Would not these soldiers, had the choice been theirs, rather have fallen in battle than have wasted into a dishonoured grave ? Our people — our bees — - had wasted at noonday and at night too long, and their defiled bodies had been buried, only to produce perhaps a recrudescence of the plague when the careless spade should desecrate their tomb. Then the ear, turned at present so deafly, charmed we never so wisely — we should perhaps gain his willing ear and ready acqui- escence if we could show our obdurate friend the blade fitted to our hand. And the full corn in the ear, should we not sow to reap this? The full harvest of bees and wax and honey, undepreciated by the scourge we all deplored — disease, which would one day find us also united in our plan of campaign against it. For we must be united. If we were to obtain the Governmental powers which we needed we must first be agreed amongst ourselves. God was said to help those who help them- selves, and, whatever might be said to the contrary, Governments were very like God in this respect. But we must, he thought, make some kind of noise, even if it be only to breathe hard, whilst we were self- helping. (Laughter.) He hoped the shade of Samuel Smiles was not listening. The uses of advertisement had perhaps in- creased somewhat since his day. But we must rely upon ourselves. First we must, he thought, unite in ob- taining a Foul Brood Act, and then we must inaugurate our insurance scheme. The sequence was not essential, though the experience of our Swiss friends showed its advisability. The two things should really go hand in hand. We could not have a complete insurance scheme with- out means of controlling the disease, although he could not help thinking that a probability of compensation would have removed most of the objections which were urged against a Bill at the time of the recent ill-fated attempt to obtain it. Now was the time — now whilst fresh in- terest was being aroused in the matter — for us to unite. We should not deliber- ately walk in darkness. We had the light for so short a time that we should make the best use of it, if it were only for our- selves and our advantage, and not at least equally for the benefit of those who are to follow us. In the words of Helen Keller, that wonderful blind girl : " Out of the uncharted, unthinkable dark wo came, And in a little while we shall return again Into the vast, unanswering dark." (Continued next week.) HONEY IMPORTS. The value of honey imported into the United Kingdom during the month of April, 1910, was £7,371.— From a re- turn furnished to the British Bee Journal by the Statistical Office, H.M. Customs. 188 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May 12, 1910. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible tor the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one tide of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but a% a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. FOUL-BROOD LEGISLATION. MR. ISAAC HOPKINS'S EXPERIENCES. [7813.] I was much surprised on read- ing my copy of the B.B.J, of January 27, which has just come to hand, to find one of your correspondents, Mr. Thos. J. Horsley (7732), express himself as being very antagonistic to legislation in connec- tion with bee-diseases. Had he been a novice at bee-keeping one might have thought his antagonism the result of want of knowledge, but " after keeping bees all his life," which suggests an intimate know- ledge of the business, I cannot account for his opposition. Possibly Mr. Horsley is not aware that bee-disease legislation has now been adopted in twenty-three States and Terri- tories in America, in Canada, Gape Colony, the Transvaal, Australia and New Zealand, and in some countries on the Continent of Europe, and where in the countries mentioned no legislation at pre- sent exists the bee-keepers are agitating for it. It may interest Mr. Horsley and others of your readers to give briefly the results of such legislation in New Zealand. Modern bee-culture was introduced into this country in 1878, and during the first few subsequent years it was taken up all over the Dominion in a most remarkable manner, promising to develop into an im- portant industry, as the climate and flora were so suitable. In 1885 foul brood had spread to an alarming extent, so much so that in 1888 it had become so serious that the best of our bee-keepers became dis- heartened by the uphill fight they had against it, and asked for legislation to compel the careless and in many cases wilfully careless bee-keepers (chiefly box- hive men) to either destroy their bees and boxes, or take steps to cure their bees. This legislation did not eventuate, and the consequence was that commercial bee- keeping died down to almost zero, and re- mained in that condition till 1905, when the Department of Agriculture gave the industry its support. I had the honour of being asked to take the first steps to place bee-culture on a sound commercial basis, if possible, and in January, 1905, I commenced the work by forming bee-keepers' associations in dif- ferent parts of the country. I may say that my appointment was the signal for renewed energy among the old bee-keepers, for they knew legislation would soon follow. Late in the following year every- thing was ripe for legislation, and an Act was passed, but as it was a kind of com- promise with box-hive bee-keepers it lay in abeyance till the 1907 session of Parlia- ment. Nothing less than the compulsory use of frame-hives was satisfactory, and that, thank goodness, forms the spirit of our Act. Now as to the result. Some districts that were absolutely rotten with foul brood less than three years ago are now clean ; box-hives, together with the careless bee- keepers, are fast disappearing ; the indus- try is expanding at an enormous rate, and satisfaction is expressed generally. We have practically had no bother or trouble in carrying out the provisions of the Act, although in some districts we have been compelled to burn 25 per cent, of the bees and hives. No compensation is allowed, and rightly so, I think ; for why should a person be compensated for being compelled' to give up being a nuisance and a danger to his neighbour ? It is estimated that the output of honey and beeswax has more than doubled in four years; this means, if correct — and there can be little room for doubt — that we now produce about 900 tons of honey and 28 tons of beeswax. The reason, I believe, that Canada and the United States have not made more headway against disease is that they still allow the box-hive to exist. — I. Hopkins, late Chief Government Apiarist for New Zealand. [7814.] May I refer again to Mr. Woodley's criticisms (page 167, 7802) ? I agree bee-keeping is a very old industry, "the oldest under the sun" we are told, and I like to believe this. My thoughts of bees often take me in fancy away back to long before the days of the Patriarch referred to by Mr. Woodley — to the hal- cyon days of the Garden of Eden itself, wherever that may have been, when Adam and Eve roamed in blissful innocence, where " God made to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food." We do not read of bees being there, but we have reason to believe that they were on the earth before man, and I never doubt that one of the sweetest sounds in Eden was the humming of bees as they took toll from the blossoms of the trees and the flowers, and in return per- formed the part they were created to accomplish — the fertilising of the blos- soms, so that seed might form to " in- crease and multiply " their kind upon the earth. May 12, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 189 When bee-keeping became a " craft " we do not know ; neither do we know when foul brood first appeared, but there is reason to believe that it was known long before it was named foul brood by Schirach in 1769. If Mr. Woodley be correct in blaming the present generation — and his words seem to imply that — for the wholesale spreading of bee-diseases, then by all means let us in this country stop, and hand down the industry to our sons and daughters free from this re- proach cast upon the present generation by Mr. Woodley. The present generation has done more for bee-keeping the world over than was ever done before, and is steadily advancing in the science and practice of the craft, but in this country we lag behind even our sister-isle in united effort to stamp out disease. I confess I am at a loss to understand the opposition in this matter. Mr. Woodley expects a spread of the new disease, Nosema apis, if experts are allowed to go from apiary to apiary. All the evidence that can be collected from any part of the world shows that where experts have been most active the greater the reduc- tion in the number of cases of disease. A letter written some years ago by Mr. E. R. Root to the late Hon. Sec. of the Cumberland Bee-keepers' Association contained this forcible sentence : " Had it not been for the legislation in some of the States bee-keeping would have been wiped out entirely." The contention that experts as a body are sowers of disease is too grotesque to be taken seriously : their works disprove it. Mr. Woodley asks : "If so much has been accomplished by the C.B.K.A. dur- ing the past few years, why ask for arbitrary powers?" Because we object to go on spending money year after year simply to satisfy the whims of a few who wilfully propagate the disease and spread it about, regardless of the disappointment and loss to their unfortunate neighbours. We have taught bee-keeping to scores of people, and made bee-keeping possible where it was impossiDle before. Now we want to give confidence to those who are engaged in the craft by making it im- possible for anyone to introduce disease unhindered, or to keep it alive in districts where we know it exists at present. We have proved that the disease can be con- trolled, and we are justified in asking for power to control it. I have to thank Miss Millard for her correction (page 169) of my mistake with reference to her not having disinfected after handling bees suffering from Nosema apis. Her ideas and my own seem to coincide as to the necessity for disinfec- tion, and I can only say that if there exists a disease amongst bees so conta- gious that proper disinfection of the per- son, clothing, tools, &c, after handling is of no avail in preventing the spread of that disease, unless we get compulsory power of destruction our bees are all doomed. — G. W. Avery, Heads Nook. [7815.] As a bee-keeper of ten or twelve years' experience, I should like to say that I think legislation against foul brood is likely to do far more harm than good, and it would hamper the industry far more than the present trouble with foul brood. Any bee-keeper who is also a pig-keeper will know how hardly the Swine Fever Act often presses, and I think that the present scarcity of pigs, resulting in high prices for pork and bacon, is very largely due to the restrictions of the Act. There must, I think, be many bee-keepers in the same position as myself. Foul brood attacked my apiary years ago, and I have it with me still, but with care I am able to keep it from doing much harm. Our county expert examined all my hives one year, and said, "Well, if I had no more foul brood than that I should have no fear." Still, it is there, and I suppose with legislation all these hives would be condemned and only part of the value paid in compensation. I depend partly for my living on my apiary, and under present management it gives a good return, in spite of a certain amount of disease. In my case legislation would do me a very great deal of harm and cause great loss. — A Cambs Bee-keeper. [7816.] I have taken the B.B.J, ever since I commenced bee-keeping. I have only seven hives, but I enjoy my Journal ; and I love my bees, and try to take care of them. I must, however, say I am dead against legislation for foul brood, as I think we are far too much legislated for, and I am quite certain should the State interfere in the bee-industry it will drive out all small bee-keepers, myself among the number; and I quite agree with Mr. Woollard and Mr. Thompson (see B.B.J. of April 21). I do not for a moment sup- pose that legislation will rid the country of foul brood, and I think it would be far more to the purpose if we could have an association in every county, with one or two experts, who would help and ad- vise us in times of trouble. I cannot imagine anyone so ignorant as to prefer sick bees to sound ones. I know there are associations — one in this county — but it is all of no use unless one can have a visit now and then from an expert. I belong to this association, but last year I had no end of correspondence before I got the expert to pay me a visit in May. I found it impossible to get a visit from 190 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May 12, 1910. him in the autumn up to November, and as I had packed up my bees in October for the winter, I did not see what good opening them up again so late would do. A friend of mine, who also belonged to the association, has withdrawn, she told me, because, after fruitless endeavours to get the expert, as she was leaving home for a month she wrote him not to come, as she would be away. He came and opened out all her hives in her absence. The visit, needless to remark, was of no use to her and of no use to the bees, so she has given up subscribing. If we could work up our associations, and get help when needed, it would be better than wrangling over legislation. — -A. Gai>e, Rayne. NOTES BY THE WAY. [7817.] I have no improvement in the weather to report. It continues much the same day after day — dull land stormy, with very little sunshine — and of the bees that venture forth for the needful food to sustain the growing population of the hives many never return home. The ap- proaches to the apiary have been strewn with laden bees, their pollen-baskets packed full. In seasons of sunshine and shower the warmth of the sun revives the unfortunates that the showers have beaten down, but this season we get so little sunshine that there is no chance of the bees recovering the use of their wings, and they perish by hundreds. A neigh- bouring bee-keeper told me his wife had picked up seventy bees in their garden path one afternoon. These were put in a cardboard box, with a piece of glass over the top, and placed near the fire, and they soon revived and were enabled to reach the hives. If the weather continues cold and un- settled, give some help to the bees when- ever you think it may be required. I give a little food in a shallow milk-pan when we get half an hour's sunshine, and in the feeders if it is wet. In open-air feeding the strongest stocks get the lion's share, as the weaker ones have not the large field-force ready to take advantage of the supply of food provided. The present time is the best for keep- ing down the number of wasps by destroy- ing every queen that is seen. I have killed a good many found inside the roofs of my hives, and by turning up the cover they can be easily killed in the evening, when in a dormant state. Thanks, Mr. Patchett (7811). I should resent having to overhaul my two apiaries in the presence of an inspector as much as I should the said inspector doing it himself. Who would pay me for the time spent in overhauling two large apiaries to please the whim of a stranger? Mr. Patchett must know that the majority of bee-keepers will not have a voice in de- ciding "Yes" or "No" in the matter of foul-brood legislation, as so many are not readers of bee-literature. Regarding the Irish Foul Brood Act, a new leaflet has just been issued by the Irish Agricultural Department. The Act was not sufficient for the inspectors. A friend' in the Emerald Isle has just sent me a copy of the Act and the leaflets issued with it, the latest of which confers greater powers on the inspectors. Mr. Crawshaw's comb-fumigation (page 179) is, I have no doubt, thorough, but I should think if a pile of the racks of Combs were raised on a box, and a sulphur candle burned underneath, care being taken that the fumes are not allowed to escape, the germs (if any) would be destroyed. Paper strips could be pasted over the joints and a piece over the top rack. This is a cheap method, and is considered efficient enough to destroy fever germs by sanitary authorities. Re Nosema apis and flowers, I remem- ber the late Mr. Frank Cheshire, in one of his lectures, stated that he thought it possible that a bee from a foul-broody hive may leave germs when visiting a flower, and another bee may carry the disease back to its hive on visiting the flower afterwards. This assertion, both then and now, requires a big grain of salt to swallow. There is no comparison between rabies and foul brood. The dog can be controlled, but not the bee. Swine fever will never be stamped out, for, if it were, the inspectors would, like Othello, "find their occupation gone." This is the opinion of one of the largest bacon-curers in the South of England. Be skeps. An old bee-keeper told me last week she always had good luck with her bees, as she took up the heaviest and the lightest hives every year, and always liked to leave as stocks to stand the winter those not more than two years old — i.e., swarms of the previous year that had swarmed. Then she had some good early swarms. This old lady had never read a bee-book or seen a bee-journal. — W. Woodley, Beedon, Newbury. WIRING FRAMES. [7818.] With reference to Mr. Craw- shaw's remarks (page 149), I would like to ask him, if two wires are enough, why use four? I write only from practical experience, having proved that, however many wires are used, they will sag, and the foundation at the lower angles buckles. I usually cut off a wedge J in. tapering to 1| in. long, and in this way get absolutely straight c07nbs. My bot- tom bars are f in. by |- in., and so nailed as to give them an upward bend; then, May 12, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 191 ■with a clear \ in. below them, combs are drawn down and attached to those bot- tom bars. I notice that with the usual ^-in. space between bottom bar and comb the bees round the angles of the -g-in. bar. I prefer to round them slightly before use with a bit of coarse sand-paper : bees seem to dislike sharp angles. FouL-brood Legislation. — I quite agree with Mr. Woodley on this point, but in case of any Bill passing there ought to be a clause or proviso such as this : " That any bee-keeper who is known to be an ex- pert, whether certificated or not, who shall give a guarantee that his bees are free from disease, his bees shall be exempt from inspection by inspectors." It would never do to put officials in the position of the wolf in the fable of the wolf and lamb. — A. Harris, Wavendon. GLOUCESTERSHIRE B.K.A. ANNUAL MEETING. The first annual meeting was held at the Wessex Hotel, Gloucester, on Thurs- day, April 7, at 7.30, where Mr. G. Walker presided over a good attendance. The report of the previous nine months was then read by the Secretary. The association was started at a meet- ing held in Gloucester on June 22, 1909, when Messrs. C. L. M. Eales, G. Pugh, and W. Herrod, the representatives of the B.B.K.A., and some twenty bee-keepers of the county met, and decided to start an association. A committee was formed, consisting of Messrs. E. J. Burtt, J. C. Calvert, Wm. Workman, and the Hon. Secretary, who subsequently invited Rev. F. H. Fowler to join them. During the remainder of the year the efforts of the committee were confined to making the existence of the Association known by holding meetings in various centres, be- sides sending particulars to all bee-keepers whose addresses could be obtained. The association has been fortunate in securing for its President Mr. Chas. Bathurst, M.P., of Lydney Park, a gentleman known throughout the county for his in- terest in rural pursuits. At present there is a membership of forty-five, and sixty or seventy others have promised to join. This result, following three very bad seasons, may be considered good, giving ground for believing the association will prove a success. The Treasurer's statement of accounts (the years 1909 and 1910 will be treated as one) showed a credit balance of £5 15s. 10±d. The President was re-elected, as were also the committee, with the addition of Messrs. W. F. Peck and H. T. Critchley. A discussion ensued on the ques- tion of forming local branches. Mr. E. J. Burtt and Rev. F. H. Fowler were appointed joint-secretaries for Gloucester; Mr. Calvert was suggested as Secretary for the Cheltenham, and Mr. H. T. Critchley for the Stroud district. Rev. F. H. Fowler proposed "That this meeting is in entire sympathy with the efforts made by the B. B.K.A. to pass an Act for the suppression of foul brood," which was carried unanimously. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to Mr. G. Walker for presiding and to the Hon. Secretary.- — (Communi- cated.) Bee=Shows to Come. June 21 to 25, at Liverpool (Royal Agricul- tural Society's Show). — Be© and Honey Section under the management of the B. B.K.A. Prizes arranged in groups of counties for Associations affiliated to the B. B.K.A. Schedules from, W. Herrod, Secretary B. B.K.A., 8, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London. Entries close May 31. July 26 to 28, at Leeds.— Show of Honey, &c, in connection with the Royal Yorkshire Agricul- tural Society. Schedules and form of entry from John Maughan, Secretary. Blake Street, York. Entries close June 25. Notices to Correspondents. G. (Midhurst). — Transferring Frames to New Hive. — If you refer to page 98 of "Guide Book" you will find full in- structions for handling frames. Move the old hive to one side, and put new one in its place. Then proceed to take out the frames, one at a time, and put them in the same position in the new hive. Any bees adhering to the hive can be brushed on to the alighting- board. Be careful to remove the queen and not injure her in the opera- tion. E. T. (Strand, W.C.).— Material for Quilts. — 1. Bees will eat through quilts sometimes, especially if made of dressed calico. 2. No, it is not porous; there- fore moisture condenses on the under- side. 3. Being an alcoholic beverage, a licence is required to sell mead. We can- not give you the address of a maker. You might make it yourself from direc- tions given in the Rev. G. Bancks's pamphlet, " Mead and How to Make It," price 2^d., post free, from this office. Novice (Swanage). — Loss of Queen. — You will not have to wiait three weeks, as one of the less advanced queens will be allowed to hatch out. V. E. S. (Finchley).— Quality of Mead.— Sample is an excellent mead for its age. It will certainly improve with keeping and will be of splendid quality when fully matured in about three years. B. W. D. (Sheffield).— Bees Bobbing.— When bees are short of stores robbing is 192 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May 12, 1910. likely to ensue. You do not say if the immature bees were cast out from one of the new hives or from one already there. If the former, the brood has been chilled in moving; if the latter, it has been caused by shortness of food. Novice (St. Ormesley). — Candy -making.— The candy is well made, but has gone a little hard on the outside. The moisture and warmth of the hive would probably do away with this defect when using. W. H. S. (Bushey).— Bees Refusing Syrup. — The syrup is rather thin, and contains too much acid, also bees will more readily take syrup made from re- fined cane sugar; but the probable cause of their not taking it down is because they do not need any. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows :— Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee- keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees, Queens, and Bee goods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as " Business " An- nouncements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive-manufac- turers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per J in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. XTEW BAR-FRAME HIVE FOR SALE, 12s. 6d., Ill or exchange Bees or Honey.— ISAAC, Lynton, Green-road, Bournemouth. z 20 ANTED, 2-Frame Extractor.— Particulars, BILL, Havering-Well, Romford. z 62 W SWARMS— Wanted, 20 Natural May Swarms, English Black Bees. State price.— W. BAILEY, Newlands, The Avenue, Watford. z 76 BEES FOR SALE, in Bar-framed Hives, with or without Hives. Price according to Hive selected— HOBBS, Camlot, Barnet. z 75 > SILVER WATCHES, £1 each, or exchange strong healthy Stocks.— KEY, Godalming. z 65 4) 4) A COPIES OF B.B.J., 1906 to 1910. The lot r££Vf sent carriage paid for 10s. — MULLIS, Egerton, Kent. z 65 STRONG NATURAL SWARMS, ready end of May, weather permitting, English Bees, selected, Honey gathering strain, 12s. 6d. and 15s. each.— NORTH, Cressing, Braintree, Essex. z 70 FOR SALE, Freehold Cottage, six rooms, half acre of land, with 30 Stocks of Bees, some empty Hives, and all appliances, cheap to quick buyer.— PRITCHARD, Micheldever-road, Andover. z 69 4 GOOD SECONDHAND 21s. EXTRACTORS, will accept 12s. 6d. each, worth much more; also 4 empty Double " Wells " Hives, good condi- tion, 9s. each.— HARRISON, Rosslyn House, West- gate, Pickering. z 68 BEES FOR SALE IN CHESHIRE— Choice of 20 Stocks, guaranteed healthy, 1909 Queens, good combs, 1 Doolittle, 6 Hybrid Carniolans (Baldwin's), rest Blacks (late Mr. Cottrill's strain), without Hives from 20s., with Hives from 27s. 6d. May be personally inspected. — BROOK, grocer, Bowdon. z 64 Special Prepaid Advertisements.— Continued. EXTRACTOR, takes 3 Standard or 3 Shallow Frames at once, 13s— HEATON, Methwold, Norfolk. z 67 1CWT. ONLY FINEST LIGHT EXTRACTED HONEY, in 28 lb. tins, carriage paid, 70s.; sample, 2d. Cash with order.— CHARLES H. BOCOCK, Ashley Apiaries, Newmarket. z 72 A BARGAIN.— 3 strong healthy Stocks of Bees, in new 12-Frame Hives, invertable lifts, weil Super, 2 Shallow Frame and 1 Section Crate, 1909 Queens, 28s. each, or with crate of 10 shallow combs, 30s— T. WOOD, 10, Park-street, Shipley, Yorks. z 73 WHAT OFFERS? 20 Racks Drawn-out Shal- low Frames, used once, also 200 Brood Combs, cheap to clear, guaranteed healthy.— SOUTHCOTT, Gittisham, Honiton. z 39 BOOK SWARMS NOW, 2s. 6d. lb., English Bees— WENT, Riverside, St. Osyth, Colches- ter, z 43 STRONG TRANSPLANTED TOMATO PLANTS, Up-to-Date, Holmes' Supreme, Laxton's Open Air, Is. dozen.— GELDER, Sturton, Lincoln. z 61 WANTED, rent small Farm, or purchase small holding, Bee district, Midlands— SOCKET, 4, High-street, Newport Pagnell. z 22 MOLESKINS Wanted, square dried, all the year round.— MARSHALL, B.J., Worcester Park, Surrey. y 93 FOR SALE, 14 Stocks, guaranteed healthy, in " W.B.C." Hives, mostly new last season; sac- rifice 36s. each.— T. RULE, Summervale, Annan, Dumfriesshire. y 97 EVERAL GOOD SOUND SECONDHAND HIVES, " Combination " and " Cottager" pat- terns, repainted three coats, fitted with ten new Standard Frames, and dummy, 6s. each.— F. E. MATTHEWS, Cofton Apiary, Northfield, Birming- ham, y 82 HITE ORPINGTON AND BLACK MI- NORCA, good typical birds, bred for laying and exhibition, especially fed to produce strong, healthy chicks; eggs, 15 3s. 6d., 50 10s.; day old chicks, 6s. doz., 50 £1; very carefully packed. — J. HOUSEHAM, M.U.P.C, Huttoft, Alford, Lines. x 27 BUSINESS ANNOUNCEMENTS. OORD YEAR.— Swarms, Nuclei, Queens as here- 0»0 tofore, imported Italians, 7s.; home raised, 5s. Particulars on application.— E. WOODHAM, Clavering, Newport, Essex. z 60 STRONG NATURAL SWARMS, guaranteed healthy, 12s. 6d., packed, safe delivery.— CAD- MAN, Codsall Wood. z 71 STRONG STOCKS, on 8 combs, wired, 1909 Queens, written guarantee that they are free from Foul Brood or any other disease, 25s.; cases 4s., returnable— W. ROBERTS, Bee-keeper, Win- field, Battle. z 29 ITALIAN QUEENS DIRECT FROM ITALY — Address, E. PENNA, Bologna, Italy. See ad- vertisement in " British Bee Journal," May 5. 6)|rrw SWARMS WANTED. — E. H. TAYLOR, S Welwyn, Herts. TRAW SKEPS.— Send Is. Id. for sample— H. SEAMARK, Willingham, Cambs. z 74 QUEENS.— Brice's reliable strain, in speciality introducing cage, 5s. 6d.— BRICE'S APIA- RIES, Otford, Kent. z 66 PRIME NATURAL SWARMS, 1909 Queens, from 4 lb. to 7 lb., 3s. lb. till June 15th; 16th till 30th, 2s. 9d. lb.; July, 2s. 6d. lb.; healthy, safe arrival guaranteed, cash with order; empty boxes to be returned.— S. BAILEY, Two Mile Ash, near Horsham (late Itchingfield). z 57 May 19, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 193 Editorial, Notices, &c. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION CONVERSAZIONE. (Continued from page 187.) Mr. Cowan said lie was sure all were very much indebted to Mr. Crawshaw for his able paper, which has dealt with the work done in Switzerland, from which country Mr. Crawshaw had just returned with all the latest information. ^The Swiss bee-keepers have set us an example of how they can do these things. They have an association of over 7,000 members, who are all united. He wondered whether, if a Foul Brood Act was passed in this country, all our county councils would take the matter up as readily as the Cantons had done in Switzerland. He invited those present to give their views on the subject. Colonel Walker said that the admirable scheme which Mr. Crawshaw had so clearly explained possessed very great attractions, but he did not feel certain how it could be applied in this country, because, as the Chairman had just said, it needs thorough combination. It is obvious that in Switzerland, as well as other Continental countries, bee-keepers join together with extreme readiness. They form a large association, they take a lot of trouble, and it seemed to him almost a matter of common agreement that all who keep bees should join an association. As things stand in this country, he could hardly see how such an Act could be carried out, be- cause there were so many who would stand aloof. This all shows the necessity of combination. Also, as far as he under- stood it, the Swiss scheme had an enor- mous advantage over the propositions that have been made before for similar Acts in this country. It is a very great ad- vantage that it is applied universally, though it may be administered by dif- ferent Cantons, and it is obvious that no scheme dealing with those possessing bees can actually be effective unless it deals with the whole country. With regard to compensation, the plan is an exceedingly good one. The idea that everybody whose hives were destroyed in the interests of the public must be compensated by Cover nment was, he thought, a totally mistaken one. The Swiss appear to avoid this by exacting a tribute from every bee- keeper, and the sum raised by these means would, as a rule, meet the general expenses. It appears to have fallen short this time ; but that is natural with the inauguration. It is obvious that the ex- pense would decrease after the first out- lay, consequently a small contribution on the part of every bee-keeper would meet everything that was required. The great thing to avoid, if such a scheme were started, was to expect the Government to provide compensation, because that would make them far more unwilling to pass an Act. If bee-keepers could get together first and agree to this small contribution they might then go to the Government, and no doubt the Agricultural Depart- ment would be ready to help in case of real need. Mr. Sander said what struck him in making comparison with Continental countries was the natural disinclination in this country to be "bossed" by officials. From his own observations he found that on the Continent they do not seem to mind it, and they find it works very smoothly. In this country the diffi- culty was that we objected to inspection, particularly if it was compulsory. That seemed to him to be the difficulty in in- augurating any compulsory scheme, as you had to get the people to be willing to agree to it first. Mr. Sinfield thought if we could not have compulsion there would be no re- medy for foul brood, because the inspector must have power to visit every apiary. In his own neighbourhood there were from forty to fifty fairly good-sized apiaries, and he thought that in several of these the owners did not even know what foul brood was. They get excellent stocks which appear to be overflowing with bees; in June they have dwindled right down. He had known several such instances, and had asked these bee-keepers what they were going to do. On inquiring if it was their intention to destroy the diseased stock, they replied by asking who was going to pay the expense. Yet his bees might go and rob that weak stock, and here was he, a bee-keeper with eighty stocks, suffer- ing because his neighbour was allowed to do just as he liked. The law did not allow him to have this diseased stock destroyed. There are many ignoramuses around who will not listen to reason, even if you go to them in a friendly spirit, and he thought it would be to the interest of bee-keepers to have compulsory measures where this was necessary. He thought the Swiss plan a good one to adopt. Mr. Lamb said the only thing he would like to say in regard to Mr. Crawshaw's paper was that it was the strongest pos- sible argument for having a strong asso- ciation, and he hoped that as many as possible would be present to consider the reorganisation scheme of the Council in a fair spirit. He would like to say that the Council were most anxious to have suggestions in regard to the scheme, and he hoped those present would not vote with the impression that they must not offer suggestions. No scheme is perfect with- out alteration, and he did hope that the 194 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May 19, 1910. members would realise that we must have a united scheme. We want, if possible, to go to the Government and speak in the name of 6,000 or 7,000 members, and not in the name of the British Bee-keepers' Association only. He would like again to emphasise the point that they would wel- come any suggestions for improving the scheme, which will come before the meet- ing next month. Mr. Salmon thought the great difficulty was the fear of the inspectors carrying the disease. At the last Conversazione he made the suggestion that inspection should be made under the Animal Dis- eases Act, which would perhaps be more workable than the other suggestion. He thought there would be no reason why the other plan of inspection should not be adopted. In many cases he thought bee- keepers would be glad to know whether disease existed among their bees or not, and if they knew that there was an in- spector who could be called in they would readily send for him. There were some people who would object, no doubt, but as they became educated in these mat- ters of disease he thought they would be quite prepared to adopt the regulations made, because they would find that dis- eased stocks were not only of no value to themselves, but were necessarily injurious to other people. Mr. Edwards thought there was no ques- tion about an Act being necessary in this country. It was somewhat singular that the opposition arose from some of the largest bee-keepers, and one of the fore- most was Mr. William Woodley, whose principal objection was that a foul-brood inspector might want to disturb the hives when they were supered. The idea was that the' inspector would come round and out of pure cussedness pull the hives about. This was a ridiculous argument, and he opposed it. Of course the first thing was to find out the general opinion upon the matter. Cumberland has already taken a census of its members, and in Bucks the same thing was being done. They were having an annual meeting on the following Saturday, and voting papers had been sent to every member asking them whether they were for or against a Foul Brood Act. He thought if a sug- gestion could come from that meeting they would have something upon which to go to the Board of Agriculture. As to people liking, or disliking, having their hives inspected, he found very little trouble himself. His work was paid for by the Bucks County Council, and in very few instances had he found the slightest objection to allowing him to do precisely as he liked with the hives. But tht're was generally one ugly person in the district who would stick out. Of course we liked to brag of our freedom, and we did not like to be coerced. He thought, however, it would depend a good bit upon the class of man appointed as a foul-brood inspector. Colonel Walker said, before Mr. Craw- shaw replied, as he would no doubt be kind enough to do, he would like to ask whether the Swiss authorities have taken any steps in regard to the dwellings of bees ; that is to say, how they deal with bees in skeps or boxes which are so ar- ranged that it is practically impossible to make inspection. Most of those present were aware that in New Zealand this point has been dealt with by making it illegal to keep bees in anything but movable-comb hives. He did not gather that anything had been done in that way in Switzer- land, and he would be glad to know. Mr. Avery said that many people who object to legislation form an opinion from a want of knowledge of the matter, and look at the question from the point of view of their own interests. He was quite sure that experts who had been in the habit of going about the country and examining small bee-keepers' apiaries would agree with him when he said that unless we have compulsory power it will be quite impossible to stamp out foul brood, or even to decrease it more than has been done at the present moment. Mention had been made of the census taken in Cumberland. Did not that census show that when bee-keepers are asked as a body to give an opinion on the question a great majority are in favour of legisla- tion? He thought that the Board of Agriculture, if he understood correctly, have partly promised that if a majority could be shown in favour of legislation they would proceed with the framing of a Bill. If all the counties would fol- low the example of Cumberland and can- vass their members so that the bee-keepers in each county could give their vote for or against legislation, we should arrive at some idea as to what the general feeling of the country was on the matter. He thought it ought to be put clearly before them, and each committee should be asked to undertake to canvass the members and get their votes. With regard to compen- sation he was inclined to agree with Colonel Walker that to go in strongly for this would be against securing compulsory power from the Government, who would be opposed to increasing the rates or taxes to pay for compensation towards the de- struction of diseased stocks of bees. The question may arise : "Is a diseased stock of bees really worth anything at all?" He was of the opinion that it was worth- less; in fact, it was a standing danger to the bees in the neighbourhood. He woiild like to ask all secretaries kindly to May 19, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 195 consider the question of taking the votes of their members, so that in that way some idea may be obtained of the opinion of the country on the matter. Mr. Furse said that the consensus of opinion in Devonshire was entirely in favour of legislation. A6 far as those he had come in contact with were concerned all would be most willing to have their hives examined and to carry out any in- structions. But of course the association was limited, and did not come into con- tact much with the large number of those ignorant bee-keepers who would object, and it was simply through ignorance that the disease was spread. When the last attempt was made to get a Foul Brood Act passed the Devon B.K.A. received a grant of £150 a year from the county council, which enabled them to have every bee-keeper visited, and much good was done in instructing bee-keepers respecting the nature of the disease . The County Coun- cil was in favour of the Bill, but when the effort failed the grant was withdrawn on the ground that it was useless to spend public money on such a small industry as bee-keeping. Since then a small grant had been obtained to give lectures, but the association had never resumed its former position, and they would be only too pleased to have legislation, which he was quite sure his council would welcome, and support any attempt that was made with that object in view. Captain Sitwell thought all who knew him would know which side he took and the arguments that he had used. Those who like can read them in the B.B.J. , but there was one letter written by the late Mr. Harris in September, 1904, that he would like to have reprinted, because in that letter Mr. Harris summed up the whole situation, and proved that the ar- guments against legislation were all bogeys. If you look at these arguments against legislation by the light of common sense they were nothing but bogeys. He had something to do in participating in the present state of affairs, because he was pleased to say that Sir Edward Grey was a member of his association and a personal friend. Sir E. Grey was a very busy man, and as he had not time to look after his own bees he (Captain Sitwell) looked after them for him. They had talked about foul brood many times, and on asking him whether something could not be done, Sir Edward introduced' him to Lord Carrington, who, knowing nothing about bees, had armed himself at the interview with all the papers relating to previous attempts to obtain legislation. The interview was rather embarrassing, and he determined next time to get their Chairman to go with him. When Mr. Cowan accompanied him the reception was a very different one. They were listened to very favourably indeed, and were asked to produce a majority in favour of legisla- tion, which would strengthen the hands of the Board of Agriculture in dealing with the matter. He thought the next meeting in May should be a strong representative one, when their duty should be to go into the whole matter and advise what steps should be taken in this direction. It depended en- tirely on the secretaries of the counties, who, in the meanwhile, should get to- gether such a consensus of opinion. At their association meeting he was glad to say they plumped solid in favour of legislation, but he was not content with that, and was sending out cards to get at outside bee-keepers who had not joined the association yet. (Concluded next week.) LEICESTERSHIRE AND RUTLAND B.K.A. ANNUAL MEETING. The annual general meeting of the Leicestershire and Rutland Bee-keepers' Association was held at the Highcross Coffee House, Leicester, on Saturday, April 9, Mr. E. J. Underwood, Chairman of the association, presiding over a good attendance, nearly a hundred members being present. The report stated that notwithstanding that last year was unfavourable, and a disappointing one as regards the honey crop, the association was still in a flourishing condition, and good work had been done to assist the cause of bee- keeping. The membership of the associa- tion totalled about 321, and considering the three successive poor seasons for bee- keeping, it must be considered very satis- factory. The financial position of the asso- ciation was again good, the balance in hand having increased to £7 12s. 8d. The demand for the county honey labels had been very satisfactory, 5,600 having left the secretary's hands. The Chairman, in moving the adoption of the report and balance-sheet, said they could congratulate themselves on the con- tinued increase in the membership. The secretary (Mr. John Waterfield) advo- cated the holding of conversaziones at Ash- by, Loughborough, and Melton Mowbray. Mr. A. E. Br iggs seconded the adoption of the report. This was unanimously agreed to. The retiring officers having been thanked for their past services, Mr. W. P. Meadows proposed the re-election of Lady Levy as President. The proposition was unanimously agreed to. Mrs. Perry Herrick, Mrs. Copus, the Misses Levy," the Marquis of Granby, Sir John Rolleston, M.P., Sir Humphrey de Trafford, Bart., Sir Maurice Levy, M.P., and Messrs. J. W. Bickley, E. H. Warner, 196 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May 19, 1910. C. E. de Trafford, L. T. Topliam, W. C. Burder, G. O. Nicholson, T. P. Jones, and R. H. Buckley were re-elected Vice- Presidents. Other officers were elected as follows : — Chairman, Mr. J. G. Payne; Vice-Chair- man, Mr. A. E. Briggs; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. W. K. Bedingfield; Auditor, Mr. E. J. Underwood; District Secretaries, Messrs. H. A. Wheatcroft, W. Dear, Hy. Bradbury, E. Varty, J. T. Lawrence, T. H. Geary, • J. Waterfield, F. Hubbard, A. Brown, J. G. Payne, W. W. Faulkner, J. W. Smith, E. Pickersgill, and W. P. Meadows ; Executive Council: Messrs. S. Clarke/- J. G, Cotton, G. W. Dunn, J. Fewkes,* J.; Haywood, E. A. Jesson, G. J. Levers^ -At1 J. Marriott", J. Thompson, A. Spencer, Tr H: "Wright, J. Halford, and W. H. Woods; representatives to the meetings:o£ the ^British^Bee-keepers' Asso- ciation in London ; Messrs. W. P. Meadows, W. W. Faulkner, and the Hon. Secretary. The Hon. Secretary, Mr. John Waterfield, was unanimously re-elected. The members neit discussed the pro- posed scheme for the reorganisation of the British Bee-keepers' Association. After several speakers had expressed their views on the matter, a resolution disapproving of the scheme was carried by an over- whelming majority. During the evening Dr. T. S. Elliott, of Southwell, Notts, delivered an interest- ing address dealing with the scientific side of apiculture; and Mr. Walter K. Bedingfield lectured on "The Romance of a Bee's Anatomy," illustrating his re- marks with lantern-slides. Prize drawings and honey competitions completed the evening's programme. — J. Waterfield, Hon. Sec. BERWICKSHIRE B.K.A. The twentieth annual meeting of the Berwickshire Bee-keepers' Association was held at Duns on April 16, Mr. R. Aikman, Vice-President, in the chair. Mr. R. Greig, secretary, submitted the annual report, from which it appeared that the honey returns for the county for last year showed the poorest result on record, a state of matters which was equally unfavourable in other honey dis- tricts of the British Isles and, it was be- lieved, also over the four continents. The stocks were reported to have come well through the winter and to be now in fairly good condition. AMONG THE BEES. HONEY-DEW ! A SECRETION. BY D. M. MACDONALD, BANFF. I am glad to be numbered with the optimists. I was aware our friend Colonel Walker did not agree with several of the statements in my original article, as we have had friendly inter-communica- tions on the subject. No other article I have ever written has given rise to a tithe of the correspondence, both pro and con, which has followed that on honey- dew. As I have already dealt with the subject elsewhere, I will at present con- fine myself to three points. Aphides do suck up already exuded juice. If they can, siphon-like, suck up moisture from -the internal pores of the leaves, why should they not be capable of imbibing the globules lying on the external part!'' That the cornicles have no direct com- .munication with anything in the nature of a honey-sac is no sufficient guarantee that a secretion does not pass on to them. Professor Surface compares the secretion to the milk of the cow. Does any direct canal, tube, or orifice connect the stomach and the, milk-glands? Yet the cow secretes milk. My pronouncement that the presence of aphides is due to. the secretion, of honey-dew is not. "fantas- tic," but follows as a natural corollary, if they come to feed on the sweet saccharine exudation of the leaves. That I still maintain. But as the word of a mere private soldier has not the force of a lead- ing officer, I will buttress my position by quoting such evidence. The Chairman of the British Bee- keepers' Association knows as much about bees and bee-keeping, all the world over, as any living man, and his conclusions on this subject are as follow : " Although per- fectly aware that opinions are divided on the subject, we believe with those who think it generally to be an exudation from the pores of leaves under certain atmospheric conditions, although it may sometimes be produced by aphides. At Howald, in Alsace, we watched bees col- lecting honey-dew, but found hardly any insects. This year we have seen lime- trees from which the sweet liquid was falling in drops, and yet very few insects were found. We have specimens of ex- cellent flavour quite free from any admix- ture of fsecal matter." On page 301, vol. xxvi., of the B.B.J. , in an editorial, I find the following state- ments : "To remove a false impression in regard to honey-dew, let us say it is not the excreta of the aphis, but, on the con- trary, is a saccharine substance which exudes from the surface of the leaves of trees and plants. Consequently, there is no real analogy between the two sub- stances. The sweet juice of the aphidse is ejected through two straight tubes, which no doubt gave rise to the entirely erroneous excreta notion." The president of the French Bee- keepers' Association has noticed and de- scribed the production of honey-dew without aphides on many herbaceous May 19, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 197 plants and. on the following trees and shrubs: Oak, ash, linden, sorb, barberry, raspberry, poplar, birch, maple, and hazel. In some parts of Europe this honey-dew is so plentiful that some apiarists transport their bees to the dis- tricts in which it is produced. He (M. Gaston-Bonnier) writes as follows in. " Les Nectaires": ''The presence of plant-lice on trees has no connection with this nectar [miellee]. The excremental liquid of aphides is not equally sweet in all the species, and the bees harvest only that which is very sweet. They generally prefer the true honey-dew which exudes from the leaves at certain times, and contains mannite and saccharine matter." " The true miellee of trees may fall in small drops, and some observers conclude from this fact that it is produced by aphides. I have, however, often seen some trees, and even all the trees of a wood, covered with an abundant miellee falling in small drops, although there was not a single louse on the higher limbs. We must not confound the true miellee produced on the surface of leaves with- out the action of aphides and the excre- tion, more or less sweet, containing very little sugar, produced by plant-lice." The Conference. — I hope the gathering will "find a way or make it." Visionary dreams should be left behind in Utopia, and only hard, bare facts exploited in London. All delegates should concentrate on the points on which they agree, and endeavour to find a via media on all points of severance. The main procedure should centre round the attainment of a British Bee-keepers' Association in fact as well as in name. All county societies should, financially and otherwise, en- deavour to raise the status of the central ; while it must become to them something more than a name — a living reality — the heart, as it were, of one united body. To secure this it must be- come representative of the whole island, and be, as it were, in telephonic or tele- graphic communication with every limb. The "operator" in London must be in active touch with every centre — north, south, east, and west. Every local association, while as independent as it need be, must feel it is not only a single unit, but an active, necessary limb of the whole body. Then no organ or part can say to another, "We have no need of thee," for each must play its part to secure success for the whole. The "chauffeur" (to change the simile) must be an active, intelligent, practical bee- keeper, and well paid. It were well if his whole time could be devoted to the Association, and not dissipated over half a dozen or more other offices. Only such an Association, backed up by the weight of numbers, can make its influence felt in dealing with a host of questions urgently demanding attention if apiculture is to be placed on a secure footing. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible lor the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. BEES IN THE SOUTH OF SPAIN. [7819.] After despatching my last letter from Gibraltar on March 8, I had still about an hour to wait before the ship sailed, so I thought I would get some samples of the honey sold here. After trying at several likely shops, but in vain, I at last came across a small fruit-shop, where honey could be had. It was sold in about 3-lb. and 4-lb. bottles, at Is. and Is. 6d. respectively. The honey was white, very thin, and fermenting badly, and as the tradesman refused to let me have a sample I did not buy any, as I did not want to carry a large bottle of fermenting honey about with me for the rest of the trip. I then tried a chemist's shop, and obtained a sample, which I en- close. This sells at Is. 6d. per lb., and is considered the best honey, there being a great demand for it. It came originally from Seville, there being no honey pro- duced in Gibraltar. From Gibraltar we went to Malaga, and then on to Linares, in the province of Jaen, arriving on March 22. I saw plenty of bees and flowers, but no hives. The bees were Apts mellifica, and five kinds of humble-bees, including Osmia, Bombns ter^estris, Melecta punctata., Podalirius nigrocincta. The flowers were iris, jonquils, rosemary, linaria, red ranunculus, candytuft, geranium (wild), poppy, fumitory, bryony, and beans. The hive-bees were working chiefly on the rose- mary and beans. From Linares we went on to the Cen- tenillo mine, about thirty miles further north and about 2,600' ft. above sea- level. Up there we saw a few humble- bees, plenty of hive-bees, one apiary, and the following flowers : Oistus, vetch, heather (red and white), Star of Bethle- hem, wild geranium, romulea, narcissus, anemone, and rosemary. The mountains are covered with this last-named, which seems very popular. The hills resound with the buzzing of the bees on this flower, and I do not think I came across a single shrub without seeing bees on it. If it could be grown in this country, it 198 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May 19, 1910. might be worth planting on this account, as the bees do not seem to touch any other flower while this is in bloom. I took a photo of one shrub, which shows the very stony nature of the ground' it flourishes in. Hero I was not fortunate enough to come across a bee-keeper, but met two people who were interested in bees and had seen the different manipula- tions carried out. First of all, I should say that my know- ledge of Spanish is very slight, and in getting information from these people, as I did not always understand them, 1 asked if I might read over my notes to them, so that I might be sure that I had got hold of the proper facts. In both cases they said that this method was the proper one. The honey season lasts from February to the end of May, when the heat causes nearly everything to be dried up. Honey is extracted twice a year — in May and in the autumn. The hives are made of cork, are about 3 ft. 6 in. high, and in the form of a cylinder, having the section in the form of a semi-circle, the base being the back. They rest on a stone for the floorboard, and have a stone placed) on the top as a roof. There are a couple of sticks pushed through the hive to support the combs. When taking off the honey the lid is first removed, smoke is then puffed in at the entrance, and the bees fly out of the top and around the hive. The bee-keeper then cuts out the top part of the combs and uncaps them, and places them in a bucket of hot water. The wax and honey separate; the wax, floating to the top, is then taken off, the honey being removed to another pail, where it is cleaned and then put in bottles, selling at 1 peseta a kilo — 5d. per 1.1 lb. The bees then build1 up fresh honey-comb above the brood-comb. The narrator's brother, so he informed me, makes £80 a year from an apiary of sixty hives by extracting honey in this way. I give his description for what it is worth in the hope that some other reader who has studied bee-keeping in Spain would be kind enough to give us th« true facts of the case, as I can hardly believe that the above is the general method of extracting in Spain. Unfor- tunately I was never at one place for more than two or three days, and, having business to se« to, I had very little time for gathering much information. From Linares we went back to Malaga. Here I saw some hive-bees and a few hives. The flowers in bloom were gladio- lus, cannas, streptosolon, bugloss, orchids, purple solanum, Anchusa italica, yellow oxalis, borage, cistus, vetch, poppy, carnation, blue pimpernel, marigolds, freesia, roses, stocks, geranium, helio- trope, valerian, violets, asphodel, colum- bine, jasmine, furze, and lavender. I obtained a sample of honey, which I enclose, selling at 5d. per 1.1 lb. I heard here that the Moorish bee, which is smaller than Apis mellifica, is in great demand, that it works much better than the ordinary bee, is more prolific, gathers larger quantities of honey, but makes a greater use of its sting. Do you know whether this bee has been tried in Eng- land, and with what success? To conclude, I will say that of the many flowers I have seen, rosemary, yellow oxalis, borage, valerian, and asphodel are liked best by the bees. They are grown in great quantities, and the only thing that remains to be known is what the honey obtained from them is like. The samples I send are: 1. From Seville, but bought in Gibraltar, at Is. 6d. per lb. 2. From Malaga, selling at 5d. per lb. 3. From Jaen, 5d. per lb. 4. From Huelva, at 5d. per lb. — W. G. Coates. [The Moorish bee is of no value in this country. It is a great propoliser and very vindictive. All the honey samples are of inferior quality, and would stand a poor chance of sale here. Rosemary honey, when obtained pure, lias generally a nice colour and pleasant flavour, but none of the samples appear to be pure rosemary honey. — Ed.] FOUL BROOD AND LEGISLATION. [7820.] I should like to have replied to several points made by "our friends the enemies" of legislation, but up to the moment time has been wanting. I have not seen the following challenged by other writers, yet they are so evident that I feel compelled not to let them pass. Take first Mr. Woodley (7781). His references to swirie-fever and Canadian legislation are sufficiently castigated by Mr. Avery; but I am much surprised that a bee-keeper of his experience should hold that skeps are a "sealed book." To the experienced there is always a suspi- cious dulness as to work, and even as to colour, in the inhabitants of a dis- eased hive. It is difficult to explain what it is — a je ne sais quoi appearance. But, passing this by, there is generally little difficulty in so separating the combs gently as to get some glance at the cappings, quite sufficient to tell the tale. Mr. Woodley also dreads that in- fection may be carried from one apiary to another by the inspectors. Sometimes in the slang dictionary one finds the word expressing the idea exactly — will you par- don me, Mr. Editor, if I say " What rot"? The argument, if applied to the medical profession and to nurses, would at once sweep them out of existence. If a doctor visits an infectious case he knows well the necessary steps to take before visiting his next patient ; and so do we, May 19, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 199 the bee-doctors, when we visit apiaries, know our business — or why are we sent? Because there are infectious diseases both in human kind and in other animals, are these for fear of spreading infection to be allowed to run riot and not to be con- trolled? Would any sane man advocate this? Wherefore are all our health laws? Again I repeat, I cannot understand the position assumed by non-legislators. Foul brood has been rife for many years, has had its own way and spread until it threatens to destroy our industry. Men of progress, advanced in science, recognise this, and would wish to battle with the destroyer; but no! non-legislators are fearful lest they should be compelled to defend themselves and put their houses in order. What was good enough for their grandfathers is good enough for them 1 Heaven help our cult if it is left to them ! And a word to Mr. Green (page 146, 7789). Not the barbarians have used legal restraint as against science, but rather those who with a modicum of knowledge were so narrow-minded and obstinate in their own opinion that they became persecutors. In the good old times, when the title-deed of possession was The good and simple plan That he should take who had the means, And he should keep who can, an appeal to the stone hatchet soon settled all quarrels; but as men emerged from ferocity their law spread its shelter over the weak, restraint inseparable, marching together with it in imison. We glory in the laws Edward the Confessor collected and compiled, and in the privi- leges the Barons wrested from John. We, the men of England, made laws for our- selves. Have we particularly among the nations reached the "height of folly"? There are certain things about which law must take concern, and health is one of them : Salus populi suprema lex. Surely, therefore, legislation for the producers of one of our sources of food is necessary and advisable ! For ways and means. Are not bee- keepers' associations at the moment phil- anthropically taxing themselves to do the work of checking this disease and spread- ing the knowledge of honey-producing? And even supposing that a small tax should be necessary, where is the true bee- keeper who would object to pay his con- tribution? Probably the hints he would get from the inspector would amply repay the average cottager for whose welfare Mr. Woollard (7797) is so solicitous.— J. Smallwood, Hendon. sanitary conditions; and, secondly, we do not want our bees examined by an in- spector when we know they are all right. Then how would it act, should the reso- lutions of the Council become law, to make it compulsory for all bee-keepers to undergo an oral examination re disease by a competent examiner, and if found efficient, and his stocks appear to be healthy, a certificate should be given exempting his hives from internal in- spection ? 1 would also suggest that all bee- keepers be under a penalty to report the number and state of their hives, by post or otherwise, say every three months. That would check the practice of allow- ing disease on the quiet, for should a stock of bees be missing, with no satis- factory explanation given, that would be a case to look up. The inspector should be able to count the hives to verify reports at any time. — T. Newman, Sturminster. [7821.] There are two outstanding positions in reference to foul-brood legis- lation. First, we want protection against disease generated by bees kept in in- CREOSOTE AS A DISINFECTANT. [7822.] With regard to the reply to "J. S. W. (Suffolk)3' on page 181 of B.B.J, for May 5, would not a mixture of creosote and water, which could be in- jected by means of a bent syringe, bring about a certain and speedy surrender of the citadel? 1 should like to hear of any experi- ence where creosote has been used, to- gether with the strength of the mixture. — W. R., Stoke Rivers. SWEET CLOVER. [7823.] My letter on sowing clover on railway embankments (7800, in B.B.J. of April 21) brought me so many appli- cations for the white and yellow sweet clover (Melilotus alba and M. officinalis) that I had to give only half-quantities to the first-comers and a mere "consolation " pinch to the rest. I sent particulars to Messrs. Jas. Lee and Son, London, and have heard from them to the effect that they have ordered from Paris a quantity of both seeds. Of course, they will not be able to sell at the prices I quoted, which were under cost price ; but those who were disap- pointed can now order from this firm. — John W. Moie, Edinburgh. Echoes from the Hives. England has suffered a great loss in the death of her King, and I want you to know that I feel it intensely, and that you all have my sympathy. It is a loss not only to your country, but to all nations, for Edward VII. constantly worked to improve the relations between the different Powers. What a misfortune 200 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May 19, 1910. that his death should have occurred during such a political crisis. — Ed. Bertrand, Nyon, Switzerland. Perhaps it may be of interest to you to know I had a natural swarm of bees on May 11, the queen of which was a hybrid bought of Mr. Simmins last year. I also had a swarm of natives on Saturday, May 14. Are these the first reported as yet? We are having splendid bee-weather here now. Honey is rolling in from the apple-blossom. My bees are very strong, although several of the stocks are slightly affected with foul brood, for which I have a neighbour to thank. I shall be pleased to see a Foul Brood Bill passed through Parliament. Then, and not until then, we shall be able to get at the slovenly bee-keepers, and there are many of them about whom the experts cannot get into touch with. — E. B., Badsey, Evesham. I hived a big swarm at The Mount, Southfleet, on Tuesday, the 10th inst., the first I have heard of round here. Season generally very backward, though I have seen some sections nearly finished and drones flying freely. — E. E. S., Southfleet, Kent. A swarm issued on May 3 at Grapham Vicarage, Surrey. Is not this remark- ably early for this year? I have a hive forming queen-cells about two miles away. — A. H. H., Bramley. Bee=Shows to Come. June 21 to 25, at Liverpool (Royal Agricul- tural Society's Show).— Bee and Honey Section under the management of the B.B.K.A. Prizes arranged in groups of counties for Associations affiliated to the B.B.K.A. Schedules from W. Herrod, Secretary B.B.K.A., 8, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London. Entries close May 31. July 14 and IS, at Spalding.— Honey Show in connection with the Lines. Agricultural Society's Exhibition. Department for honey, hives, &c, under the direction of Lines. B.K.A. Prizes value £30. Entry forms on application to J. H. Hadfield, Hon. Secretary, Alford, Lines. Entries close June 10. July 26 to 28, at Leeds.— Show of Honey, &c, in connection with the Royal Yorkshire Agricul- tural Society. Schedules and form of entry from John Maughan, Secretary. Blake Street, York. Entries close June 25. CAPPINGS OF OOMB. BYL. S. CRAWSHAW, NORTON, MALTON, YORKS. The Coming of Spring (page 148). — If Mr. Smallwood were younger or less seriously inclined than his articles and his expert work certify, one might suspect his fancy of " lightly turning to thoughts of love." Indeed, were the suspicion well grounded, he might be forgiven, for at this time all Nature is pulsing with the rhythmic poetry of life. Death and the end of things seem as far from our thouglTcs as no 'doubt they are from the mind of the old bees, who will hardly live to see the casting of the swarm which they and their efforts have made possible. Wiring Frames (page 148). — The gene- rally-used fine wire certainly cuts into the wood, but it does so most easily, im- mediately after insertion. This is because it attacks a sharp corner, which the awl has formed. During the sinking process this corner merges into an arc, and there comes a point where it ceases to sink under its strain. If, therefore, the wire be sufficiently strained and sunk when wiring, there should be no great trouble on this score. At the same time, this idea of Mr. Wakerell's seems excellent. The eyelet must remove the difficulty, and it should be an easy matter to re-wire a frame when necessary. By the way, it is quite possible to melt the old combs out of the frames, leaving the original wiring intact. My Brother's Keeper (page 158). — If Mr. Thompson infers that foul brood does not exist because his district is free from it, he may some day have a rude awaken- ing. His district is, I believe, a good one, and this very fact, coupled with the lack of necessity for the importation of bees, greatly accounts for the freedom. But natural freedom from disease ought not to blind us to the fact that others may need the doctor and that the work of the doctor may keep disease away from our own door. Can Foul Brood be Cured? (page 168). — Even if it were true, as Mr. Woodley seems to suggest, that only by fire can the disease be "cured," that is no argu- ment against curing by compulsion. Rather the reverse, for many bee-keepers are, at present, reluctant to destroy their stocks, whereas if the treatment were general, and recognised as the right and expected thing, they might adopt it more readily. But it is not true that all must be put through the fire at the first sign of disease. Much of value may be saved from the wreck by expert hands, and the process is well enough known to need no quotation. Destroying Wasps (page 169). — What in the world does Mr. Baker mean by "a better remedy than killing"? Does he' intend to capture the wasps and feed them on milk and honey? Or will he try "the gentle art of persuasion"? Or are "the babes" to breathe on them? Per- haps he will be able, with experience, to breed and supply the country with a re- formed wasp, which will respect all our little human desires to protect our arti- ficial crops. The sort of wasp, in fact, which was "given to us" when we lived in the Garden of Eden. May 19, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 201 63 WEATHER REPORTS. Westbotjrne, Sussex. April, 1910. Minimum tempera- ture, 26° on 3rd. Minimum on grass, 22° on 3rd. Frosty nights, 3. Mean maximum, 52T. Mean minimum, 39'4. Mean temperature, 45-7. Below average, '5. Maximum barometer, 30345 on 1st. Minimum barometer, 29161 on 13th. L. B. BlEKETT. Rainfall, 241 in. Above average, in. Heaviest fall, 1*10 in. on 6th. Ram fell on 17 days. Sunshine, 1516 hours. Below average, 37 9 hours. Brightest day, 27th, 11 "6 hours. Sunless days, 4. Maximum tempera- ture, 62° on 21st. Barnwood, Gloucester. Rainfall, 2 35 in. Above average, '5 in. Heaviest fall, '42 in. on 21st. Rain fell on 19 days. Total to date, 87 in., as compared with 621 in. for the cor- responding period of last year. Mean maximum tem- perature, 53*1 ; 3*9 below average. Mean minimum tem- perature, 382; 3-8 belo April, 1910. Warmest day, 21st, 637. Coldest night, 2nd, 235. Number of nights with frost in the air, 5 ; on the ground, 18. Relative humidity, or percentage of moisture in the air, 78. Percentage of cloud, 66. Percentage of wind, 90 w average. F. H. Fowler (F.R.Met. Soc). APRIL RAINFALL. Total fall, 2.79 in. Above average, .32 in. Heaviest fall in 24 hours, .36 in. on 21st. Rain fell on 22 days. W. Head, Brilley, Herefordshire. Notices to Correspondents. J. H. (Whitley Bay). — Various Queries. - — 1. You can tell fermented honey and syrup by the taste and by the gas bubbles that are formed. 2. No doubt the protracted cold weather has been the cause of your bees dwindling in the skep. 3. The queen is abnormally prolific, and if there are not sufficient bees to cover brood-nest she may de- posit more than one egg in a cell. 4. No; honey from diseased colonies should not be used for feeding bees. Bramley (Bramley). — Isle of Wight Disease. — Full particulars about this disease have appeared several times in the B.B.J., and we must refer you to Dr. Maiden's report on page 101 of the issue for March 18, 1909; also to Mr. Cowan's address on " Some Recent In- vestigations in connection with Diseases of Bees" on page 421 of the B.B.J, for October 28, 1909. These two articles will explain all that is known on the subject. As the disease is extremely contagious, it would only tend to its spreading by using combs from hives whose bees had all died. Such combs should certainly be destroyed and the hives thoroughly disinfected before using again. Elas (Sale). — Several Eggs in Cells. — 1. The eggs are probably laid by a fertile worker. Sometimes a queen becomes abnormally prolific and deposits several eggs in a cell. 2. All but one are usually removed. You should examine your colony and make sure that it has a fertile queen. T. F. N. (Bexley Heath). — Superseding Queen. — Yours is evidently a case of superseding, and as your colony is so small and hardly covering two frames, it is evident that the bees are en- deavouring to replace a defective or worn-out queen. . J. U. D. (Dulwich Village). — Name of Wtfd Bee. — The bee is Andrena fulva. H. W. (Wakefield).— Chilled Bees.— Pour- ing the syrup between the combs has caused the commotion. When a queen is "balled" she is attacked by workers and hugged to death. It is not sur- prising to find chilled bees during such weather as we have been having, and many bees leaving the hives are unable to return for this reason. The fact of their recovering in your hand is suffi- cient evidence of the cause. If bees have not enough stores in the hive, they leave in search of nectar, and in this way become chilled. There is no objec- tion to your having the hives in your window in the way shown in your sketch, but you must provide for re- ducing the entrance during winter, and especially the spring, when cold winds are so prevalent, and bees require extra protection. A Bee-keeper (Orange River Colony). — Smoking Bees. — No doubt smoking bees and stupefying them would stop their work until they had thoroughly re- covered, but no sane bee-keeper would do this, as a few puffs of smoke are all that is needed or recommended, and special stress is laid on the fact that "care should be taken not to stupefy the bees by giving too much" ("Guide Book," page 97). Smoking in the ordi- nary way does not stop the work of the bees at all. 202 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May 19, 1910. E. B. (Newbury). — Second Entrance to Super. — -There is no object in having this, and although the plan has fre- quently been tried, it has been dis- carded because of the amount of pollen bees store in the supers. W. W. (Shrewsbury).- — Moving Bees. — If the bees are packed carefully, with plenty of ventilation provided, you can move them safely in September. G. A. R. (Lindsay). — Be-queening. — As you desire to get as much honey as pos- sible your best plan will be to purchase three young queens from a reliable dealer. The methods you suggest would spoil your chance of a honey-harvest to a certain extent. Suspected Combs. W. H. W. (Somerset) and Dtjxford (Cambs). — Comb is affected with foul brood. R. Rees (Pembroke). — There is no disease in comb, the cells being quite empty. Comb which has been bred in is always of a dark colour. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows :— Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee- keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees, Queens, and Bee poods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as " Business " An- nouncements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive-manufac- turers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per i in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. VIRGIN GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS, vigorous, 2s. each; full-size Extractor, 12s. 6d.; or exchange Honey Press.— DICKINSON, The Homestead, St. Ives, Ringwood. z 91 ALE OR EXCHANGE, Natural Swarms Wanted, 6 new Hives, first-class material, practical workmanship, 3 coats white lead, 10s. 6d. each. Correspondence invited. — McEEY, York- place, Troon, Ayrshire. z 90 WILL EXCHANGE for Bees and Appliances, Good Double Breech-loader, Edison Phono- graph, aluminium horn, Guitar and case, Zither and case, Walking-stick Gun, also Traveller's Writing and Stationery Case. — Address, YORK, " British Bee Journal." z 89 WANTED, " Hymenoptera and Aculeata of British Isles." by Edward Saunders, with 51 illustrations; Curtis's " British Entomo- logy"; the Monograph of " Hymenoptera "; " Flowers, Fruit, and Leaves," by Lubbock. Nature Series. — Address, W. H., 23, Bedford-street, Strand, W.C. CHAPMAN HONEY PLANTS FOR SALE, 3d. per score, post free; second-hand Hive, 5s — STEVENS. Churchill, Oxfordshire. z_86 FINEST LIGHT HONEY, 28 lb. tins. 17s. 6d. Samples 2d— ABBOTT, Thorpe Bank, Wain- fleet. z_87 STANDARD FRAMES HONEY-COMB (selected) to sell, 10s. per dozen— DAVID HUNTER, Craighead, Abington, N.B. z_88 FOR SALE, Patent Guinea Extractor, only used twice. Take 10s. 6d— T. LOMAS, Councillor- lane, Cheadle Hulme. z 81 Special Prepaid Advertisements. — Continued. AN WANTS SITUATION, to look after Bees, Certificated, can make hives, assist gardener; abstainer.— SHORT, Downside Inn, Shepton Mal- let^ z_77 A A TH YEAR.— Fertile Queens, price 5s. each; rt^: have for sale about J acre Land, close to stream, good district for bee-keeping, within i mile Hitchin Great Northern Railway Station.— PRYOR, Breachwood Green. z 78 WANTED, Second-hand Honey Extractor— Full particulars and price to WILLIAM ROBB, Fifty, Fyvie, Aberdeenshire. z 79 TWO NEW " W.B.C." HIVES, fitted 10 frames, dummy frame, shallow frame crate, painted three coats, all % in. stuff; also £ gross Brood Frames, ready to make up, | in. and g in. stuff, machine planed and cut, 35s. the lot. — NICHOL- SON, 19, Pelham-road, Norwich. z 82 FRAMES (Standard), with metal ends, 7d. per doz., used once, good condition. — 42, James- street, Cambridge. z 83 EXCHANGE Bee Appliances and Shallow Combs for good modern Hand Camera. — GEARY, Enderby, Leicestershire. z 83 SELL STOCKS in Frame Hives, or Frames and Bees separate— HENRY, Smithfield, Egre- mont, Cumberland. z 85 SWARMS— Wanted, 20 Natural May Swarms, English Black Bees. State price.— W. BAILEY, Newlands, The Avenue, Watford. z 76 4 GOOD SECONDHAND 21s. EXTRACTORS, will accept 12s. 6d. each, worth much more; also 4 empty Double " Wells " Hives, good condi- tion, 9s. each.— HARRISON, Rosslyn House, West- gate, Pickering. z 68 WHAT OFFERS? 20 Racks Drawn-out Shal- low Frames, used once, also 200 Brood Combs, cheap to clear, guaranteed healthy. — SOUTHCOTT, Gittisham, Honiton. z_39 BOOK SWARMS NOW, 2s. 6d. lb., English Bees— WENT, Riverside, St. Osyth, Colches- ter, z 43 STRONG TRANSPLANTED TOMATO PLANTS, Up-to-Date, Holmes' Supreme, Laxton's Open Air, Is. dozen. — &ELDER, Sturton, Lincoln. z 61 WHITE ORPINGTON AND BLACK MI- NORCA, good typical birds, bred for laying and exhibition, especially fed to produce strong, healthy chicks; eggs, 15 3s. 6d., 50 10s.; day old chicks, 6s. doz., 50 £1; very carefully packed. — J. HOUSEHAM, M.U.P.C, Huttoft, Alford, Lines. x 27 BUSINESS ANNOUNCEMENTS. SWARMS, third and fourth week in May, 10s. each. Terms, cash with order.— Apply, WM. VOKINS, Arley, near Bewdley, Worcs. z 84 HEALTHY STOCKS, on 5 to 8 frames. Carniolans, 22s.; Italians, 32s.; Americans, 42s.; for immediate delivery. Cash with order. — VOGT, 38, Clementina-road, Leyton. z 92 NOW READY. — Austin and McAslan's complete List of Hives and General Bee Appliances, post free on application.— 89, Mitchell-street, Glas- gow, z 80 QQRD YEAR.— Swarms, Nuclei, Queens as here- tj*y tofore, imported Italians, 7s.; home raised, 5s. Particulars on application.— E. WOODHAM, Clavering, Newport, Essex. z 60 OKA SWARMS WANTED. — E. H. TAYLOR, /vO" Welwyn, Herts. PRIME NATURAL SWARMS, 1909 Queens, from 4 lb. to 7 lb., 3s. lb. till June 15th; 16th till 30th, 2s. 9d. lb.; July, 2s. 6d. lb.; healthy, safe arrival guaranteed, cash with order; empty boxes to be returned.— S. BAILEY, Two Mile Ash, near Horsham (late Itchingfield). z 57 May 26, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 203 Editorial, Notices, &c. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION CONVERSAZIONE. (Concluded from page 195.) The Chairman (Mr. Cowan) said that it had been decided to bring the matter before the Council at their next meeting. He did not think it necessary to keep them long, but there were one or two points which he would like to refer to. One was that in Switzerland it was necessary before the inspector was asked to visit an apiary that the bee-keeper should send a speci- men of the comb which he thought was diseased to Dr. Burri, of the Bacterio- logical Institute in Bern, for diagnosis. If, on examination, it showed that foul brood really existed, he was allowed the one franc paid for the examination; if, on the other hand, it was not foul brood, the bee-keeper has to pay the cost him- self. This prevents the inspector being called in uselessly, and makes bee-keepers more eager to learn how to diagnose the disease. Bee-keepers do combine much more readily on the Continent than they do in this country. In Switzerland they simply have to say that bee-keepers must pay a compulsory insurance of ^d. per hive, and every member pays that in- surance without demurring for a moment. Our system was very different, and it was difficult to get our bee-keepers to combine. Mr. Sander had said that we did not like to be "bossed," but he did not think it was bad to follow the example set by such a Republic as Switzerland, where every man was considered as good as an- other. There they respect the law, and carry it out without demur, and he thought it was an excellent example which might be followed in this country. With regard to Ireland, the Department of Agriculture had only issued their re- gulations last June or July, so that they had hardly come into operation, but he believed some of the counties had taken the matter up, and doubtless before long we may hear how the Act is working in that country. Allusion had been made to the voting census. He thought if the opinion of the majority of the bee-keepers could be obtained it would strengthen their hands in bringing the matter before the Board of Agriculture. He had touched on the salient points of the discussion, and would now ask Mr. Crawshaw to reply. Mr. Avery wished to point out that they were not asking for support for any particular Bill, but simply ask- ing the counties to support the principle of legislation. The Bill would be a matter for discussion afterwards, and the details could be settled by the committee of dele- gates appointed for the purpose. Mr. Crawshaw, in reply, 6aid that Mr. Sander had spoken of officialdom, but he would like to say that these dreaded officials were simply experts of the Bee- keepers' Association. They were men used to bees, and, as he had stated, in Swiss legislation the powers of the inspectors were conferred by the Cantons. Men- tion has been made of one bee-keeper who had been the cause of the destruction of his neighbour's bees. He had a similar unfortunate experience. He had gone into a new district, and took with him none but healthy bees and established a faiT-sized apiary. However, on investi- gation, he found that a man near him had foul brood but did not know it, and he (Mr. Crawshaw) showed it and. ex- plained it to him, proceeding to treat the stock in the usual manner. Feeling that it was hitting the bee-keeper rather hard, he explained that there was a lot of good honey in the combs which could be used. He afterwards regretted having explained this, for the result was that his own bees got some of this honey. Allusion had been mado to the possibility of the inspectors carrying the disease from place to place. That is provided for by our Swiss friends, whose instructions for dis- infection are very thorough. Colonel Walker alluded to skeps and boxes. He had not seen much of either skeps or boxes, and was bound to say that the Swiss had much more up-to-date apiaries. He supposed the inspector could get a skep open if he wanted, to, and could de- stroy or deal with it just as he liked. Mr. Avery spoke about compensation. He was sorry if he had in any way inferred that we should go to the Government for compensation, but he only meant that the Government should give bee-keepers the help they required. Mr. Avery mentioned foul-broody stocks as being valueless. He held a different opinion, and thought that they were worth keeping in spite of the fact that they were infected with foul brood, as he had known instances where it had been got under control. Sometimes it was worth doing to save some of the stock. He found that our Swiss friends were not very much enamoured with American pronouncements, and thought that the American is not so scientific as the Continental bee-keeper. Mr. Cowan said their thanks were due to Mr. Crawshaw for the interesting paper he had brought before them, and he would like to congratulate him upon it, and to say that he hoped it would not be the last. He therefore with plea- sure proposed that he be thanked for the paper, and after that he wished 204 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May26, 1910. them to examine some of the novelties and other objects sent for examination. Mr. Edwards exhibited a nucleus-hive which is arranged to accommodate two half-frame nuclei, one at either end, the frames Hanging across the hive, or one half- frame nucleus up to a nine-frame capa- city. When the frames are again joined the hive provides hanging capacity, length- wise, for five frames of standard size. The frame is divided by a simple pull, and is as readily joined together again, no metal work other than the ordinary "W-. B. C." ends being employed. In commenting upon this appliance Mr. Ctawshaw said he was afraid the frame would be likely to sag when in the hive. Mr. Edwards explained that this was ob- viated by a staple at the lower portion of end-bar which, by coming in contact with the hive-side, made it quite rigid when in use. A sample of honey from India was shown by Mr. Eales. The honey was rather thin, though the flavour was fairly good. An improved model of his device for wiring frames was sent by Mr. J. Holmes, and though this appliance was admitted to be very ingenious, the general opinion was that it would take too much time to wire the foundation in this way. Mr. Cowan, in closing the meeting, thanked those present for the attention they had given to the discussion, which had been very profitable and instructive. Colonel Walker moved a vote of thanks to the chairman, which Mr. Avery seconded. Mr. Cowan, in reply, thanked them, and said it was always a great pleasure for him to be amongst them, but admitted that he was a little bit tired, for he had been in the chair since four o'clock, the session having lasted for nearly six hours. The meeting of the council and mem- bers of the B.B.K.A. and delegates from county associations to discuss the proposed scheme for reorganising the parent Asso- ciation was held on Wednesday, the 18th inst. A full report of the proceedings will appear in our next issue. " ROYAL " SHOW AT LIVERPOOL. The cold weather experienced during the spring and until the last few days has no doubt prevented bee-keepers from making entries for the above show. May we urge upon exhibitors the necessity of keeping up the reputation of the honey department at the leading show of the country? Up to the present very few entries have been received. This should not be so, considering the fact that if it is impossible to send exhibits owing to ad- verse climatic conditions, the entry fees will be returned upon due notice being given (see schedule). We have seen supers in the South nearly completed, which is an indication that entries ought to be coming in. Also, our experience is that at Northern shows there is a good market for honey at remunera- tive prices. Those who have not already done so should apply to tne Secretaryj B.B.K.A., 23, Bedford Street, Strand, London, W.C., for schedules, and make their entries at once. NEW B.K.A. FOR SOUTH BEDS. A meeting was held on Saturday,. May 7, at the Franklin Restaurant, Luton, to consider the question of form- ing a bee-keepers' association for South Beds. Over forty bee-keepers were pre- sent from various parts of South Beds, with Mr. W. T. Lye, of Leagrave, in the chair. The chairman, in the course of his re- marks, said how glad he was to be able to do anything to foster bee-keeping amongst cottagers and artisans, to whom it should be of special value as a means of increasing their income, quite apart from the pleasure to be derived from the hobby. He hoped to see a strong asso- ciation formed in South Beds, which would before long be affiliated with the British Bee-keepers' Association. Mr. W. Herrod, F.E.S., Secretary to the British Bee-keepers' Association, spoke briefly of the advantages to be de- rived from the formation of an associa- tion in the district, and stated what a good location it was for bee-keeping. An association could do a great deal in the way of combating disease in their dis- trict, and the members could give advice and help to beginners with whom they came in contact at the meetings. It was hoped, as soon as the association was in a position to do so, to purchase appliances for the use of the members, and perhaps later on to procure the ser- vices of an expert. The chairman proposed, and Mr. W. Stanley seconded, that the association be formed, and this was carried unani- mously. Mr. R. M. Brown, proposed by Mr. T. D. Sinfield and seconded by Mr. W. Herrod, was elected hon. secretary and treasurer. The committee was elected as fol- lows: Mrs. Herrod, Mrs. W. Hartop, Messrs. W. Herrod, Stewart, C'ripps, Apthorpe, A. D. Sinfield, Fensome, Hutchins, Folds, W. Stanley, T. D. Sinfield, Burgess, F. Deveraux, and H.J. Sell. Mr. F. Crawley, of Stockwood, was mentioned as a possible president, and May 26, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 205 Mr. TT. T. Lye and Mr. C. Dillingham were elected as vice-presidents. Bee-keepers wishing to join the associa- tion are requested to communicate with the hon- 6ec., Mr. IL M. Brown, 42, Ash- burnham Road, Luton. STAFFORDSHIRE B.K.A. ANNUAL MEETING. Mr. A. H. Heath, M.P., President, occupied the chair at the annual meeting of the Staffordshire Bee-keepers' Associa- tion, which was held on April 16 in the County Education Buildings, Stafford. The annual report, which was presented by the Hon. Secretary, the Rev. G. C. Bruton, stated that the past year had not proved satisfactory, for neither in the number of subscribers nor in the amount of subscriptions did the year compare favourably with previous years. The number of subscribers was 150, and their subscriptions amounted to £27 lis. 6d. The year began with a balance in hand of £17 15s. 2d., but at the close it had been reduced to £3 4s. 7d. The total income was £48 3s. lid. A loss of £15 16s. 4d. was sustained on the County Show at Tarn- worth, and there was a loss of £4 5s. 6d. on the show at Stafford. The expert had visited 146 apiaries, and had inspected 851 stocks, of which only sixteen were in straw skeps, and there were thirteen colonies in which foul brood was found to exist. The report was adopted. Mr. J. Kendrick said the Committee had had under consideration a proposal that county associations should become branches of the British Bee-keepers' Asso- ciation, but they did not approve of the scheme, and on their behalf he moved that the scheme be not adopted. The motion was seconded by the Rev. G. C. Bruton, and eventually was carried. The Rev. A. R. Alsop moved that the association approve of a measure being introduced into Parliament for the pur- pose of enabling the authorities to combat foul brood in bees, it being a very con- tagious disease. Mr. Tinsley seconded the motion, which was carried. Mr. A. H. Heath, M.P., was re-elected President, the Rev. A. R. Alsop Vice- President, the Rev. G. C. Bruton Hon. Secretary, and Mr. W. Hay Auditor. The Committee was also re-elected. Mr. G. A. Lloyd, M.P.. in moving a vote of thanks to the Chairman, said he was not sure on broad lines that he should be quite ready to agree with the proposed scheme of legislation. He would rather reserve his judgment until he knew more about it, but he had been a Government official, and he had a horror of allowing any independent body to get into the hands of a Government Department. He thought that such associations as theirs did best when acting on independent lines/ and if it were found possible to promote the interests of bee-keepers' associa- tions so that they . might get sufficient success to obtain the funds with which to pay compensation, he thought it would be better than asking the State to do it. On the whole, he thought that they worked better and got more success locally than they would if they relied upon the State to provide compensation as suggested. — (Communicated.) NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM B.K.A. ANNUAL MEETING. The annual meeting of this association was held in Crosby's Cafe, Newcastle-on- Tyne, on April 16, Dr. W. E. Moore-Ede in the chair. The balance-sheet for the year ending December 31, 1909, showed a balance in hand of £11 15s. The following officers were elected :-^- President, Lord Barnard; Vice-Presi- dents, Lord Northbourne, H. F. Bulman, Esq., Mrs. H. G. Stobart, and Dr. W. E. Moore-Ede; Hon. Secretary, G. G. Rob- son, Oakleigh, Butterknowle, S.O., co. Durham; Hon. Treasurer, J. W. Wakin- shaw ; representatives for Council of B. B.K.A., Captain Sitwell and Mr. J. N. Kidd. Captain Sitwell was present, and the views of this association with reference to the reconstitution of the B. B.K.A. were placed before him, and he was asked to convey them to the Council. A resolution was unanimously passed advocating suitable legislation for the pre- vention of the spread of bee-diseases and their eradication. On the kind invitation of Mrs. H. G. Stobart, the association decided to hold its first excursion this year to Witton Tower, Witton-le-Wear. It was decided to hold the annual honey show in Newcastle next October. After the business of the meeting had concluded, a discussion took place as to the cause of the honey-dew in the heather sections last season. Many of the members were of the opinion that the cold July caused cessation of breeding, and that the brood-nest became choked with the honey- dew gathered during the strong " flow " of the secretion at the end of that month, and that the very hot weather for a few days immediately following the trans- ference of the hives to the moors caused the queen to re-start laying prolificacy, with the result that the honey -dew was carried up into the empty combs in the sections. On the other hand, bee-keepers of thirty years' standing maintained that they had never known clover honey 206 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [May 26, 1910. carried into supers at the moors, and that the honey-dew , found mixed with the heather honey — and which rendered the majority, of the sections unsaleable — was gathered from the oak-trees within flying, distance of the stands at the , moors. — '&. F. Robsom, Hon. Sec. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We da not undertake to return rejected communications. NOTES AND QUERIES. GLASS QUILTS [7824.] I trust you will find room for the following rambling notes and queries. I have successfully wintered four stocks — two Italian and two British. I use glass quilts; this is my third season's ex- perience with them, and, though I find great advantages in their use, I have discovered no serious drawbacks. I have them mad© to my own design : a sheet of 21-oz. glass with a circular feed-hole, 3 in. in diameter, in the centre, covered with a 4-in. square of glass; the whole in a frame 1 in. wide by £ in. deep, leaving approximately | in. below the glass. I tack felt, fVin. thick, on the lower side all round. This rests on the sides of the brood-chamber, and allows for slow but fairly complete ventilation, with a bee- space of about J in. over the frames. The glass quilt I cover with four thick- nesses of xVn- felt- and in winter a cushion filled with woollen rags over all. At any time, and almost at any tempera- ture, I can remove the felt quilts and glance at the condition of the bees, and gain a pretty fair idea of the quantity of stores, without disturbing the cluster in the least. In spring and autumn I slide off the centre glass, and put on either a slow or rapid feeder, as the case requires. In winter, and, indeed, through- out the year, there is little or no con- densation on the glass; such as there is is mostly at the extreme edges of the quilt. The bees occasionally build brace- comb between the tops of the frames and the glass, but this is never a serious matter. Frankly, I know of no other disadvantages. Why are glass quilts not more used? What are the drawbacks outweighing their manifest advantages? Or is it the innate, ineradicable conservatism of the Briton which prevents him adopting them? After all, which is the nearer to Nature — the combs covered with un- bleached calico and carpets, and sacking, and a bag of chaff, or a solid and more or less impervious material? The combs in a hollow tree are hung from the top of the hollow, the mass above being solid wood. I should really like to know whether those of your readers who have ever tried glass quilts have found it necessary to discard them, and to learn why. By means of the glass quilt I discovered that a nucleus I had on four frames had died early in January through cold, and that a strong colony had perished through dysentery. This last loss puzzles me. All the stocks were fed up with the same syrup in the autumn, and yet this par- ticular colony was the only one to be attacked. None of my colonies are as far ad- vanced now as they were at the same time last year. I think the cold weather this spring has something to do with this. 1 see by my note-book that one hive had eight frames full of brood on both sides on April 25 last year, and swarmed on May 22. This year it has only three frames (both sides) of brood. My strongest hive has only five frames (both sides). I have fed them exactly as I did last year. The "Guide Book" mentions the Amelanchier canadensis as a good spring forage plant. I planted two in close proximity to the hives three years ago, and though last year and this they bloomed abundantly, I never saw a bee on them either year. I had a curious experience of queen- " balling" a week or so ago. I opened one of my hives after smoking it, and when I came to the middle frame I saw a knot of bees about the size of half a walnut on one side. Thinking it might be a case of "balling," I touched the knot gently with my finger, and shifted the bees somewhat. The queen was right in the centre, and fell off on to the ground. I hurriedly put back the frame and picked up the queen, which walked on to my finger^ and let her slip on to the end frame and run down. I covered all up, and have not ventured to open the hive since. I think she is all right, and laying, judging from the pollen being carried into the hive. Last year, by this date, I had caught at least fifteen queen-wasps in bottles of sweetened1 beer hung on the fruit-trees. This year I have neither killed nor even seen one. There is a strange-looking bee I have noticed the last two seasons in the garden, about one-third larger than the hive-bee, but much the same shape, jet- black head and legs, and both thorax and abdomen of a solid, deep, rich reddish- May 26, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 207 orange. A sort of Bombus, I suppose; but I cannot ascertain its name, and should like to learn that and its habits. — DuLWICH. [Glass covers for frames have been fre- quently mentioned in our pages, and their use warmly advocated by some successful bee-keepers. The great objections to them are the expense and a habit the bees have of propolising them firmly down. When being removed they are liable to break. We have seen the tree you mention covered with bees. It is just possible there are not sufficient blossoms to induce the bees to leave better pas- turage. If you will send a specimen of the bee you mention we will endeavour to name it. — Ed.] inside of each longitudinal section is dug out, so that when tbe sections are fitted together they form a hollow cylin- der. In the bottom section a hole 6 in. by 4 in. is cut. The sections are put to- gether and bound by withies, the only holes left after the bive thus roughly fashioned has been made being a small orifice at the end for the entry and exit of the bees and the hole first mentioned in the bottom section, which is closed by a bundle of hemp until such time as the natives wish to rob the hive, when they get at the honey by putting their arms through this hole. "After the sections have been placed together, and before they are bound by the withies, they are rebarked. When li'tioto by Messrs. Lugg and Sons, Okehampton. AN EAST AFRICAN BEE-HIVE. EAST AFRICAN BEE-HIVE. [7825.] I have pleasure in sending you a photo of a curious and interesting hive which my son brougM me from British East Africa, as you may care to have it and account of the natives for the B.B.J. — (Mrs.) E. A. Birch, Devon. " This is the type of bee-hive in use among the Wanderobbo natives in British East Africa. The Wander- obbos are a wild tribe of elephant- hunters, who live entirely by the chase, and who set much store by honey. The hive which the photograph depicts is made as follows: A tree of about 12 in. diameter is cut down, barked and split up into two longitudinal sections, the total length of the tree-trunk shown in picture being some 5 ft. The wood completed the hive is placed in a tree. The bark projections to give protection to the bees from the sun are to be noticed at each end." BEE-KEEPING IN CANADA. [7826.] I was sorry to read the letter (page 105) signed "E. A., Victoria, B.C.," written to your paper and copied by the editor of the Canadian Bee Journal here, as it contains statements that are either untrue, misleading, or exaggerated. Might 1 suggest to "E. A." that abuse of a country in which one is making a living is exactly on a par with abuse of a man whose hospitality you are accept- ing? As an Englishman resident in Canada for seventeen years, perhaps I may be allowed to comment on parts of the letter. There is a grain of truth in 208 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL: [May 26, 1910. the statement that very few good houses are to be seen on the transcontinental trip. I have made the journey twice each way, and I have often wondered why this should be. Every settlement has good houses to show, but one does not see them from the line, and when your corre- spondent has travelled about a little more he will know better. " E. A." also gives a list of different kinds of Work he has tried in nine months, and says this shows the uncertainty of labour. It does not; it merely shows that he cannot hold his job. I have just returned from a trip to B.C., and while. there made many in- quiries as to the labour market. From early spring till late autumn there is more work than there are men to do it, and even in the comparatively short winter work can usually be obtained, though at a lower wage. As a general rule, wages are very high there. I do not believe there is any part of Canada where an efficient man cannot draw good wages practically all the year round. Again, "E. A." draws a harrowing pic- ture of a huge country in the hands of land companies. This is arrant nonsense. British Columbia is a large country, but an immense amount of its acreage is waste land — mountain, rock, &c. — and a great deal of valuable land is at present useless because there are no means of transport. This land may be had very cheaply, and a man who does not mind roughing it and waiting till the country can afford to build roads would make a good thing of it. Agricultural land with good transport facilities is very scarce, and the price is certainly not too low ; but the statement that no land in the province is open for homesteads is un- true. Before' leaving this subject I should like to point out that the ill-feeling be- tween Canadians and Englishmen is largely caused by exactly such letters as " E. A.'s." Canadians are justifiably proud of their country, and when a man, on the strength of a few months' ac- quaintance with it, proceeds to denounce it and its ways, they naturally resent it, and say so. Many Englishmen do not care for the country at first, because its ways are strange to them, but after a few years they get to like it. I have been keeping bees in this part for twelve years, and for the last six have made bee-keeping my main line. I keep about a hundred colonies. On the whole, it is a good business here, but I am think- ing of moving to British Columbia, to escape the long, cold winters. Perhaps I may be permitted to give my advice to intending emigrants, as it differs mate- rially from "E. A.'s." A man who is physically strong and likes outdoor work cannot do better than come to Canada. If he has no capital, I fancy he is likely to be more successful on the prairie than.' in British Columbia. If he has a little capital, and is anxious to take up bee-' keeping and fruit-growing in B.C., he should select a settlement he likes and get work there for a year. By that time' he will know all the land in the neigh- bourhood that is for sale, and will be able' to save money by. dealing with the oWnef direct. A man who does this is not likely1 to write to the English papers about the iniquities of the land system. — Wm. L. Coupee, Moose Mountain Apiary, Sask.,. Canada. ____nL_^ ' ' PROPOSED B.K.A. FOR ABERDEEN* SHIRE. n'i ■•.J"ATURAL SWARMS, 12s. each.— ILLIDGE, I Albrighton, Wolverhampton. a 29 NATURAL SWARMS, with young Queens, for delivery before June 2lst, 2s. 6d. lb.; after- wards, 2s.— MASON, Moorend, Yardley Gobion, Stony Stratford. z 96 ^VTOUNG QUEENS, 3s. 6d.; Virgins^s. 6d. Safe X arrival guaranteed— TOLL1NGTON, Wood- bine Apiary, Hathern, Loughboro'. a 38 Xf\ LOTS DRIVEN BEES WANTED EARLY •JU AUGUST— W. H. SIMS, Hall Green, Bir- mingham. a 34 H EALTHY JUNE SWARMS, lis. each, on 10 Frames, 15s.— COOK, Worlington, Soham. z 99 HEALTHY SWARMS, 14s. each, best strain, guaranteed safe arrival; inspection invited Wednesday afternoons.— P. HANSEN, Gardener and Bee Expert, 3, Gladstone-cottages, Norwood Green, Southall. z 98 STOCKS OF BEES, in prime condition, on 8 combs, £1 5s.; Virgin Queens, English Black, in introducing cage, Is. 6d. For sale, cash with order— T. D. SINFIELD, 26, Upper George-street, Luton. a 18 NOW READY.— Austin and McAslan's complete List of Hives and General Bee Appliances, post free on application.— 89, Mitchell-street, Glas- gow, z 80 O^A SWARMS WANTED. — E. H. TAYLOR, /Vt)U Welwyn, Herts. ITALIAN QUEENS DIRECT FROM ITALY — Address, E. PENNA, Bologna, Italy. See ad- vertisement in " British Bee Journal," May 5. QUEENS, Fertile.— Brice's reliable strain, in speciality introducing cage, 5s. 6d.— BRlCE'S APIARIES, Otford, Kent. z 66 GUARANTEED Prime Natural Swarms, from 170 Colonies, May 3s., June 2s. 3d.— SOUTH- COTT BROS., Gittisham, Honiton. z 6 WANTED, 100 Swarms.— Apply, stating price per lb., to HERROD AND STEWART, Apiary, Luton, Beds. B OOK FOR EXHIBITORS, TINSLEY, Stone, Staffs. 7d— JOSEPH y 25 COMFORTABLE APARTMENTS for Brother Bee-keepers visiting Douglas. Terms : Tea, bed, and breakfast, 3s. 6d.; or full board, 5s. per day— HORSLEY'S, Merridale House, top of. Castlo Drive, Douglas, Isle of Man. SECTION GLAZING— Best quality Lace Paper, mad© especially for Bee-keepers' use, not com- mon box edging, white, 100 6d., 300 Is. 4d., 500 2s 3d., 1,000 3s. 9d., post free; blue, green, or pink, 100 7d., 300 is. 6d.. 500 2s. 6d.; Lace Bands, 2g in., 3 in., and 3i in. wide, white. 100 Is. 2d., 200 2s. 3d., 500 4s.; a few in pink and blue. 100 Is. 4d., 200 2s. 6d.— W. WOODLEY, Beedon, Newbury. June 9, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 223 Editorial, Notices, &c. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION The special meeting to consider the re- organisation of the B.B.K.A. was held at 11. Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, on Wednesday, May 18. Mr. T. W. Cowan presided. There were also pre- sent Miss Gayton, Messrs. W. F. Reid, E. Walker, f. Bevan, C. L. M. Eales, J. B. Lamb, E. Garcke, A. G. Pugh, J. Grimwood, O. R. Frankenstein, R. T. Andrews, G. H. Skevington, Dr. Elliot, Captain Sitwell, General Sir Stanley Edwardes, A. W. Salmon, J. Turner, L. McNeill Stewart, J. Kachler, G. W. Judge, E. Kearney, W. Gee, J. C. Mason, R. V. B. Best, F. W. Watts, Colonel H. F. Jolly, S. Jordan (Somerset), D. W. Bishop-Ackerman and A. D. Woodlev (Berks), H. Edwards (Bucks), G. W. Avery (Cumberland), R. H. Coltman (Derby), R. W. Furse (Devon), Mrs. Chapman and T. W. White (Essex), W. E. Hamlin (Surrey), A. R. Moreton (Worcs), G. Hayes (Notts), Rev. A. D. Downes-Shaw (Norfolk), and the Secretary (W. Herrod). The resolutions of sympathy with the King and Queen-Mother, as agreed to at the Council meeting, were proposed by Mr. Cowan and seconded by Mr. Reid. Those present signified their approval by a silent upstanding vote. Mr. Cowan then said the scheme had been before them for some time, and they had had ample time to read and discuss it amongst the associations. Reports had been received from various associations, and he found the following objected to the scheme : Lines, Bucks, Cheshire, Cray- ford, Berks, North Norfolk, Lanes, Staffs, Leicester, Cumberland, Derbyshire, Cambs, Notts, and Tweedside Border, the only two agreeing being Somerset and Devon. It was now open for discussion, and he hoped all would give their views. Mr. Lamb suggested that the scheme be considered by sections instead of as a whole, and moved that Section 1, as under, be adopted, Mr. Garcke seconding the resolution : ■ " (a) The present members of the B.B.K.A. shall be formed into a central branch, and the present council of the B.B.K.A. shall be the first council of the central branch. Any bee-keeper residing in a county in which there is no affiliated association, or any bee-keeper not wishing to join an affiliated association, shall be eligible to join the central branch. "(b) The present county associations shall become branches of the B.B.K.A., and shall adopt the title of B.B.K.A. with the county name of the branch affixed." Mr. Pugh, in rising to move an amend- ment, said he considered the scheme a move in the wrong direction, considering the improvement shown in the condition of the Association during the past few months, both in finance and increase of membership. He considerd the Associa- tion had now turned the corner, and with a little alteration of rules they had all the machinery necessary to make a strong association. It would be a fatal mistake to change the name. He therefore moved, and Mr. Hayes seconded, "That, taking into consideration the improved position of this Association, as shown by the recently-issued report (page 3) and balance-sheet, this meeting of representa- tives of the various associations, together with Council here assembled, desire to express their opinion that the present machinery, rules, and regulations (with a few modifications and additions) are quite sufficient to carry on the work of this Association without going into a re- construction scheme as now suggested." Rev. A. D. Downes-Shaw was quite sure he was voicing the feelings of the meet- ing in saying how much they were in- debted to Mr. Garcke for drawing up the scheme, and he hoped the opposition to j it would not be considered personal. There was no doubt the matter was viewed from a very different point of view by a great number of bee-keepers throughout the country. The scheme was excellent in many points, but it was a mistake to bring it forward at the pre- sent time. The B.B.K.A. wanted strengthening, it wanted enlarging, and, above all, it wanted cash. The position of the B.B.K.A. should be very different from that of county associations: they had done splendid work, but the B.B.K.A. should stand out head and shoulders above the county associations, and should lead. It was high time the Association put itself into the position it ought to occupy. This could only be done by getting well-known people as presidents and vice- presidents, and also getting leading scien- tific men to come in with them. To summarise, we wanted brains, titles, and cash ; the first we have, and the two latter it is quite easy to get if we set about it in the right way. Mr. Garcke said his only object was to evolve a scheme to put the Association on a proper footing. Whether the scheme as presented was accepted or not was a matter of indifference to the committee, so long as something that would be bene- ficial was evolved. If it was dropped it might be a stumbling-block to future efforts. At present he estimated there were 60,000 bee-keepers in this country, only 6,500, or about a tenth part, of whom be- longed to associations. We had already influential members in the presidents of county associations, and yet they did not attract. With only 6.500 members, we had but little influence to attract Rovaltv. 224 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [June 9, 1910. We wanted a larger number of members to do this, and he thought Mr. Pugh ignored the fundamental position : County associations are in conflict with the parent Association for the obtaining of members. There was no doubt that the appointment of Mr. Herrod as the secre- tary had made an important difference in the Association. In commencing new county associations, which the parent had done, they weakened their own position, because people would not belong to both a county association and the B.B.K.A. General Sir Stanley Edwardes con- sidered they could raise the status of the Association by altering the name. There should be no competition between the counties and the parent, and this would not be the case if notable people gave their patronage, for then it would be an easy matter to obtain funds. Mr. Hayes understood Mr. Garcke to say that people would not join both county association and the B.B.K.A. He main- tained that the greater number of mem- bers of the B.B.K.A. also belonged to county associations. He appealed to the secretary to say if this was not the case. The Secretary : That is so. Captain Sitwell quite agreed with General Sir Stanley Edwardes and the Rev. A. D. Downes-Shaw that the name should be changed. Mr. Avery agreed with Captain Sit- well's remarks. Mr. Garcke had observed that there was competition between the counties and the parent ; also that out of 60.000 bee-keepers only about 6,500- are members of associations. Therefore it could not be said that the competition keeps the membership- of the B.B.K.A. low. There is plenty of scope to obtain members amongst the remaining 54,000. Mr. Grimwood wanted no misunder- standing with regard to the proposal, if carried. The effect would be that further alteration could be made and the scheme would stand as it was. He would rather retain the old name by which the Associa- tion was known. Mr. Pugh's amendment was then put and defeated. Captain Sitwell then moved as an amendment: " That the B.B.K.A. be re- constructed on the lines of a scientific society, to be recognised as the head centre of all apicultural interests by all affiliated associations; its position and functions towards such associations being scientific, advisory, and social." After discussion, in which Mr. Jordan, the Rev. A. D. Downes-Shaw, Mr. Pugh, and Mr. Re id took part, this was put and de- feated. Mr. Edwards then moved as an amend- ment : " That the constitution of the B.B.K.A, needs altering so that it may be' thoroughly representative of bee-keep- ing interests, and that a central body should be formed, to constitute a Federa- tion of the County Associations and of the B.B.K.A." Mr. Lamb, Mr. Reid, Mr. Pugh, and Mr. Garcke having expressed their willing- ness to accept the amendment, it was put to the vote and carried. It was then put as a substantive motion and carried. It was moved by Mr. J. B. Lamb, and seconded by Mr. C. L. M. Eales, re Clause 2 of the scheme : " That a General Council of the Federation shall be con- , stituted as follows: — Every bee-keeping association having not more than 200 members shall appoint one representative on the Council, and every bee-keeping association having more than 200 mem- bers shall have one representative on the Council in respect of every 200 members or part thereof, such representatives to have the power of voting by proxy, the person appointed a proxy to be a member of the Council entitled to vote. The General Council shall have power to elect fifteen additional members of Council from among the general body of members of the bee-keeping associations. The members of the Council appointed by the bee-keeping associations shall retire an- nually, but shall be eligible for re-elec- tion. One-third of the members elected by the General Council shall also retire annually, but shall be eligible for re- election. Provided that a retiring mem- ber shall not be eligible for re-election unless he has attended at least one meet- ing of the Council during the year imme- diately preceding his retirement." Mr. Edwards then moved, and Mr. Acker man seconded, as an amendment : " That for the purpose of securing repre- sentation of county associations upon the central body five groups of such county associations be formed, and that delegates from such group com- mittees form the Central Council, to- gether with an equal number elected by independent subscribers to the Federa- tion." After discussion, this amendment was defeated. Mr. Lamb's motion was then put and unanimously adopted. The meeting having expressed a wish -to take Section 4 of the scheme before Sec- tion 3, Mr. Lamb moved, and Mr. Eales seconded : " That Section 4 of the scheme be adopted, as follows: " Each braneh shall contribute to the funds of the General Council: — " (a) A fixed sum of £1 Is. per annum, and "(b) A sum equal to 5 per cent, of the total annual subscriptions received from members and from the central branch, other than contributions received from county councils, or from members or others for special purposes. But such June 9, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 225 5 per cent, contribution shall not be pay- able until an increase in the income from annual subscriptions, as compared with the year 1909, shall enable the branch to pay such contribution, or part thereof." Mr. C'oltman moved, and Mr. Edwards seconded, as an amendment, "That county associations pay annually a subscription of £1 Is. and Id. per member." This was carried. The amendment being about to be put as a substantive motion, a second amend- ment was moved by Mr. J. B. Lamb, and seconded by Mr. S. Jordan, as follows : " That the remaining clauses of the scheme — namely, Nos. 3 to 10 — be re- ferred back for further consideration to the special committee, who shall have the assistance of some of the delegates pre- sent at this meeting." After discussion, the amendment was put to the vote and carried, being subse- quently carried as a substantive motion. The following delegates were selected to assist the special committee in their de- liberations: Messrs. G. W. Avery, D. W. Bishop-Aekerman, B. H. Coltman, Bev. A. D. Downes-Shaw, H. Edwards, S. Jordan, A. G. Pugh, G. Skevington, and E. Watson, A cordial vote of thanks to the Chair- man brought the meeting to a close. REVIEWS. T>ie Kbniqinzucht. By Pastor A. Strauli (published by C. F. W. Fest, Leipzig. Price Mk. 1.20, or Is. 3d.).— This is a translation of " Queen-rearing in England," by F. W. L. Sladen, and the author tells us that it was the read- ing about Mr. Sladen's method of queen- rearing in the last edition of the " British Bee-keepers' Guide Book" that induced him to send for the book to acquaint him- self with the way queens were raised in England. The reading of the book not only pleased him, but showed that he was on the right road in the methods he was advocating, and he therefore recommends German bee-keepers to adopt the plan expounded in Mr. Sladen's book. We are pleased to find that this has been con- sidered worthy of being translated into German. We have received three Russian books by M. A. Dernoff, the editor of PtrheJorodnaya Gisn. Thev are entitled PtcheVt e ich Gisn ("The Life of Bees"), Oostroistro oolya Daclcma ("Construction of the 'Dadant' Hive"), and Glarnia pasetchnya raboti ("Principal Operations in an Apiary"). The first two are pub- lished at Viatka, at the office of the paper Ptehelocodnaya Gisn, and the last by A. F. Devrien, "St. Petersburg. The first is a compilation dealing with the natural history of the bee; the second, as its name implies, is a capital book giving; a detailed description, with working, drawings to scale, of the "Dadant " hive, so that anyone can make it. The last is- a useful guide-book, and deals with the- practical work. As there are only four.' illustrations, the descriptions are very minute, and fill 232 pages. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one nde of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. NOTES BY THE WAY. FOUL-BROOD LEGISLATION. [7834.] With the month of June we bee-keepers again hope to receive our share of the good things that Nature pro- vides, and again our hopes run high for a good honey season. The past month was certainly a great improvement on April, but far from being an ideal month of May. Swarms have been scarce and not very large, so I hear from those located in the woods and in sheltered valleys in which fruit trees abound and the swarms, come off early. Again I remind pur- chasers of swarms: Don't forget or omit to feed them on arrival, especially if they have come a long distance by rail. Feed- ing the swarm will put the bees in a good humour after the shaking-up on the jour- ney, and they will be more likely to settle down in their new home. See that the foundation is wired in the frames; also that the hive stands level. A bottle of food given as soon as the swarm is run into the hive gives the swarm a good start, and should be continued for a few nights if the weather is cool or wet. After che first start wraps should be put on over the quilt, while a super may be given in about a week if weather is good and forage abundant. Foul Brood, &C.—M.T. Edwards (page 194) thinks my principal objection to a compulsory Foul Brood Act is the ohance of an inspector wishing to inspect a supered apiary. This argument I remem- ber using some years ago, and it may still hold good if "we ever get an Act by which a neighbour may lay information that he has reason to believe one's bees are suffering from foul brood. Take fruit districts, where supers are put on early in the season. My principal objection to a compulsory Act "is the injury it will do 226 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [June 9, 1910. to bee-craft. I feel sure it will drive thousands of small bee-keepers out of the pursuit, to the great loss of the fruit- growers, farmers, and seedsmen, as we know how necessary the bee is in the fer- tilisation of plant life. Another writer wants an Act that will wipe out the box-hive and the straw skep, and in so doing wipe out the majority of bee-keepers of the British Isles. If I re- member aright, the main object of the B.B.K.A. was to help the cottage bee-keeper to a more humane and profitable system of bee-keeping, and after more than thirty years' teaching I am afraid with that particular class we have failed, and one of the principal causes of our failure (I believe) has been the lec- tures of experts with vans and tents ex- patiating on the methods of the cottager in straining his honey from his mashed-up combs, which in many cases spoiled the sale of his produce. This was often the case fifteen to twenty years ago, but as I do not attend shows and lectures now I do not say such is the case in 1910. Another correspondent (7820) is sur- prised at my attitude on foul-brood legis- lation. I still hold that the straw skep with incipient cases of foul brood is a sealed book, as are also the New Zealand cube butter-boxes and the deep lard-pails. As to the chances of inspectors carrying foul-brood germs from apiary to apiary, he may call it "Rot," but, I ask, where is the relevancy of comparing nurses in con- tagious diseases with the free and easy foul- brood inspector ? One is isolated with her patient for six or eight weeks, the ambu- lance takes the case away, and the home is disinfected. Will the inspector take the diseased stock away and isolate it and return it cured at the end of six weeks? There is no analogy between man and winged insects. — W. Woodley, Bee- don, Newbury. We have been asked to reprint the fol- lowing letter— which originally appeared in the B.B.J, for September 29, 1904 — as clearly disposing of all objec- tions that have been advanced. Now that the question of legislation has been referred to a committee, who will have to ascertain the views of bee-keepers, and it has been fully discussed in our pages, we hope our correspondents will allow the matter to rest for awhile. Unless there are any fresh arguments throwing new light on the subject, we feel we shall be consulting the wishes of our readers by devoting the space to other matters. — [Ed.] " After carefiilly thinking over the sub- ject, and with due regard to the corre- spondence which has been going on in the pages of the B.B.J. , I remain of the opinion which I held when I was one of a deputation of the B.B.K.A. in 1896 to the Board of Agriculture, viz., that legislation is called for. The reasons in favour of enactments to combat 'bee-pest' (foul brood) are so obvious as not to need re- capitulation. What is much more neces- sary is to meet with common-sense argu- ments in opposition to legislative inter- ference. The principal objections raised to such interference seem to be as follows : — "1. Infringement of Liberty of the Individual. — As this point has been swept aside in the case of infectious and con- tagious diseases in nuan and animals, it has no force when urged against licence to maintain and spread a malignant disease • in the animals in which bee-masters are interested. "2. Fear that Inspectors will Tamper with Supered Stocks. — This suggestion seems to me first to ignore that those who would be entrusted by County Councils with the duty of visiting apiaries would be men not only possessing common sense, but possessing also decided sympathies with bee-keepers, and therefore certain to show all consideration in the discharge of their functions as inspectors. Secondly, it would probably be arranged that, ex- cept in certain, or very suspicious, cases, examination of stocks, if deemed essen- tial, would take place either just before or after the supering season. " 3. Legislation is said to be, on the one hand unnecessary, and on the other im- practicable.— The answer to these two points is, first, that voluntary efforts have entirely failed to eradicate, or even greatly reduce the ravages of, the disease ; and, secondly, that to say that enactments dealing with it are impracticable begs the question altogether. "4. Legislation, where tried, has been a failure. — If this statement means that bee-pest still exists where enactments re- lating to it have been in force, there is, no doubt, some truth in the allegation: but the same thing may be said with re- gard to smallpox, diphtheria, and scarlet fever among human beings, and pleuro- pneumonia, swine-fever, and rabies among animals ; but the person who would deny a large effectiveness to the measures in force about all these diseases must possess a hardihood of obtuseness, or ' a faculty for ignorance,' or a power of reckless mis- statement, any of which would disentitle him to the slightest attention. — W. H. Harris, Hayes End. Middlesex." BEES AND WASPS. [7835.] In reply to Mr. Crawshaw (page 200), and to give a reason for my aversion to the wholesale destruction of wasps ad- vocated by some writers in B.B.J. , I ven- June 9, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 227 ture to send an extract from my diary written when in South Africa (I served as a Volunteer there during the war). Some day I hope to find out what the special work of the wasp is, and in the meantime I will protect my feed-holes, which ought not to be a difficult matter, and after the honey-flow contract all en- trances— the guards will look after the rest. Though I have seen wasps pounce on a wax-moth, I have never seen them attack ants, earwigs, or worms. — T. A. Baker, Chester. " Hanging from one of the branches was a barrel-shaped object supported by a sort of net made annual income. If we had this Bill passed, I think it would to a great extent put an end to these possible sources of infection. I suppose that the inspectors will probably be the county experts, with whom we are already familiar, and whose spring examination we always expect. 1 think the only difference will be that in future the expert, instead of telling us that certain stocks are badly diseased and ought to be done away with, will 6ee that we either do do away with them, or he will destroy them himself. I think that most of us look upon the expert as a friend and do not particularly object to liis examining our stocks now, even if we happen to be away from home, and I do not see any reason why we should object to his doing it in future. Also, in the case of people who are away from home for long periods of time, like myself, the experts will put us down on their black list, as people who should be under suspicion, and consequently he will visit us oftener, and prevent the chance of our harbouring diseases. Therefore, looking 4i t it from a selfish point of view, we should be decidedly better off ; and, look- ing at it from other people's point of view, they would be decidedly better off, if an Act was passed, as I hope it will be in the not very distant future. — W. G. Coates, Chelsea. [The illustrations in MM. Layens and Bonnier's book are copyright, so we can- not reproduce the photographs you kindly sent. — Ed.] DESTROYING WASPS. [7843.] I enclose cutting from the Daily Mail of June 9, although you may very probablv have seen it ; but I hope Mr. T. A. Baker (page 227) will not read it, as it might hurt his feelings — J. T., Brayton. TheMarden and District Fruit-Growers' Association, Kent, having offered a penny each for queen wasps, the scholars of the Marden National School have brought upwards of 600 to their head- master, who is one of a number of persons in the district deputed to receive them and give the reward. Echoes from the Hives. I have pleasure in sending a report of how the season promises in this dis- trict. In going through cleaning opera- tions in early spring I found the bees had wintered badly on the whole, while every bee-keeper in the village ex- cept myself had lost one or two stocks. Luckily, I had kept up a continuous sup- ply of syrup from the beginning of March, and out of fourteen colonies I had only to unite two. March being a fine month for the most part, swarms pro- mised to be early. But April put a stop to this, as we scarcely had a fine day. With May there has been an improve- ment, and the bees began to build up rapidly, though they are a little behind Last year, as they only just about covered ten frames by the end of May. I supered my hives about the fifth day in June, and I find to-day (June 10) that the bees have taken possession. I have two skeps, one of which threw off a fine swarm on June 9. I hived it at night on nine frames of drawn- out empty comb, and one frame of young brood and honey. I put a super on at the same time, and find that they went up into the sections the same night as when hived. If the weather keeps fine I believe we shall get a good deal of honey in this district, and I certainly hope we shall be repaid for the wretched season last year. I only took about 50 lb. per hive as compared with 140 lb. per hive in 1908.— J. E. L., Hunstanton North. The present bee -season promises to be the best we have had for several 238 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [June 16, 1910. years. Out of nine stocks I have six covering twelve to fourteen brood-frames, and. they are all filling supers fast, two stocks crowding two supers, the upper ones being nearly all sealed over. I examined all my stocks yesterday (the 7th inst.), and found in some cases eleven frames packed with brood. These stocks have been given two to four sheets1 of founda- tion in lieu of frames of brood to balance the other colonies. The bees have already worked out thirty-two sheets of brood- foundation this season, and in most in- stances these are now solid slabs of brood. I hope to have three supers on each colony by the time the clover blooms. The hawthorn is exceptionally full of blossom this spring, and with such fine, warm weather as we are having is yield- ing nectar copiously. I have just received two five- frame stocks of bees from Tenbury, which arrived here within twenty-four hours of the time they were despatched. One stock suffered through some ignorant official tying a newspaper over the top of the box to pre- vent a few bees escaping through the cheese-cloth, and thereby causing the death of nearly half the bees. However, this stock has now six combs of brood. The other stock packed in a box with zinc cover and bottom ventilator had only one dead bee on arrival. I am extremely pleased with this ex- periment, as I was afraid it would not be possible to get bees and brood from a distance without mishap. And it may be of interest to other bee-keepers who in- tend buying stocks, but fear the risks of transit. — J. J. M., Laxey, Isle of Man. CAPPINGS OF COMB. BYL. S. CEAWSHAW, NORTON, MALTON, YORKS. Go Slowly (page 189). — "I have only seven hives, but I enjoy my Journal"! The italics are mine. Mr. Gale probably did not intend any kind of converse to be understood as generally true, but it is possible that some sort of belief obtains that happiness increases with possession even of bee-hives. May I assure those en- thusiastic beginners this is by no means necessarily the case, but rather the re- verse. In the first ecstasy of bee-delight a beginner is apt to outrun his powers. More true enjoyment can be obtained from one or two hives than from a large apiary. There comes a time when the work detracts from the pure pleasure of the amateur and the unalloyed delight of study. There is even a reduction in the record harvests which may be obta:ned from a few thoroughly-understood and properly-tended hives. So that it is pos- sible to enjoy the subject and its appro- priate printed matter without being a large proprietor. This is not alone true of bee-keeping. Rest assured, dear young, friend, that far greater happiness lies within your capabilities than without. How many would willingly drop their responsibilities and become again as little children, or the willing servant of some other master mind ! Hence, if you can find your happiness in little things, why- scorch it out of existence by adding another to the many futile attempts to set the "temse" on fire? So I would once more commend, to your consideration that excellent counsel to "go slowly." Bees in Southern Spain (page 198). — There seems to be a great discrepancy in the price of honey as stated here. From 3d. or 4d. per lb. to Is. 6d. The first- named price would seem to be about right, judging from the consistency of the honey I And its state would seem to be justified, if the method of extracting be correctly reported. It is, however, almost incon- ceivable that the honey is diluted with hot water as described, and it is probable that the correspondent has misunderstood the description of process. Probably the vessel containing the honey is placed in hot water for the separation of honey and wax, or the description may simply have referred to the process of wax- rendering. Bee-keeping in the West Indies (page 209). — The education of Staff-Sergeant Spencer has been, whilst a trifle irregu- lar, such as to make, no doubt, a very practical bee-man of him. I think we should find the tale of the transfer to a regulation hive, via the milk-box and the kerosene-box, most interesting reading. ShacMeton at the Antipodes (page 211). — Would it not be better and simpler to kill the ants outright than to affix these iron cups to their legs? Or if the advice is based on the humanitarian principle of "live and let live," and the insects must be held by the leg, would it not be easier to waylay their feet with birdlime or fly- papers ? Winter Losses (page 215).— "D. M. M." has only too fairly summed up my spring count. A number of empties and a few weaklings, amongst the strong. Empties due to storms, mice, and starvation, I am ashamed to confess. I imagined all were packed up with provisions to last' until March (and1 left them with a peaceful mind), but events disproved this. I make penitential confession, as I believe there is a tendency in others also to provide the minimum of stores, or to rely upon experience and probability of a mild win- ter. But about the weaklings. One forced itself upon my notice by swarming out to a man ! Queenless, broodless, and foodless, they returned in ten minutes to June 16, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 239 face the inevitable end bravely. But brood and honey were forthcoming, and when later it was found that they had reared a queen (and. a very decent-looking queen too!), a further search was made -for a fertile mother. This was found in a skep which had used all its stores for the young generation, and where every bee deemed dead after the keen night frost. However, the moribund queen was found, warmed, revived, and fed, and up to the present all parties to the new arrange- ment seem perfectly satisfied. The weak- lings- are doing very well by themselves, and will be ready for the clover, whilst the strong have nearly filled a super apiece in this, the best spring I have experienced since I began to keep bees. Pass the wood, please ! Treatment of Parent Hive (page 216). — I see no reason for the usual rush to ex- amine hives after the issue of a prime swarm. If scrutiny takes place in three or four days, the indications will be much clearer, and the cells required for nuclei will be that much riper and better able to stand interference. And if the hive be already known, there is every reason to postpone the operation. Bee=Shows to Come. June 21 to 25, at Liverpool (Royal Agricul- tural Society's Show).— Bee and Honey Section under the management of the B B.E.A. July 14 and 15, at Spalding.— Honey Show in connection with the Lines Agricultural Society's Exhibition. Department for honey, hives, &c, under the direction of Lines B.K.A. July 20 and 21, at Cardiff.— Annual Show of the Glamorgan B.K.A., in connection with the Car- diff and County Horticultural Show. Separate tent for honey, wax, appliances, &c. July 21, at Southwell.— Annual Show of the Notts B.K.A., in connection with the Horticul- tural Spciety's Show. Open class for Single 1-lb. Jar. First prize, 20s. Schedules from Geo. Hayes, Mona Street, Beeston, Notts. July 21 and 22, at Leek.— Annual Show of the Staffs B.K.A., in connection with the Staffs Agricultural Society. Six open classes. Entry forms from Joseph Tinsley, 22, Granville Terrace, Stone, Staffs. Entries close June 25. July 26 to 28, at Leeds.— Show of Honey, &c, in connection with the Eoyal Yorkshire Agricul- tural Society. Schedules and form of entry from John Maughan, Secretary, Blake Street, York. Entries close June 25. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Cambridge.— Honey Show, in connection with the Cambridge Mammoth Show Society. All Open Classes. Four Special Hives to be competed for. This show also includes Dogs, Poultry, Pigeons. Cats, Rabbits, Cage Birds, Flowers, Fruit, and Vegetables. Also grand programme of Sports. The Band of the Royal Artillery has been specially engaged. Sche- dules from Hon. Sec, Mr. E. F. Dant. 52. Bridge Street, Cambridge. Entries close July 28. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Windsor.— Show of Honey and Bee-appliances, under the direction of the Windsor and District B.K.A., in conjunction with the Old Windsor Horticultural Society's show. Schedules from Mrs. W. S. Darby, Hon. Sec, 1, Consort Villas, Clewer, Berks. August 3, at Stoke Park.— Surrey B.K.A. Annual Exhibition of Bees, Hives, Wax, Appli- ances, &c, will be held in connection with the Guildford and West Surrey Agricultural Associa- tion. Twenty-four Classes (nine open to all). Many medals. Schedules from F. B. White, Hon. Secre- tary, Marden House, Redhill, Surrey. Entries close July 23. August 4, at Madresfield, Malvern.— Annual Show of the Worcestershire B.K.A. Open class for Honey Trophy. Schedules and entry forms on application to Mr. G. Richings, 2, Shrubbery Ter- race, Worcester. August 10, at Midsomer Norton, Bath.— In connection with the local Horticultural Show, Annual Show of the Somerset B.K.A. Increased prizes for honey, wax, and appliances. Several open and free classes. Challenge honey pot for greatest number of points in members' classes. For schedules and particulars apply to the Assistant Secretary, L. Bigg-Wither, Birdwood, Wells. Entries close July 5. August 17 and 18, at Shrewsbury.— Annual Show of the Shropshire B.K.A., in connection with the Shropshire Horticultural Society's Floral Fete. Ten Open Classes for Honey and Wax. Twelve silver and bronze medals, also cash prizes for same. Free entry for Single Bottle and Single Section. Schedules from S. Cartwright, Hon. Sec. Shawbury, Shrewsbury. Entries close August 5. August 24 and 25, at Leamington.— Annual Show of the Warwicks B.K.A., in connection with the Warwickshire Agricultural Society's Exhibi- tion. Section for Honey, Appliances, &c. Sche- dules from J. Noble-Bower, Knowle, Warwicks. August 31 and September 1, at Carlisle.— Second Annual Show of the Cumberland B.K.A. will be held in connection with Carlisle Horticul- tural Society's Show in the Market, Carlisle. Schedules from G. W. Avery, Heads Nook, Carlisle. Entries close August 20. September 7, at Croydon.— Show of Honey, Wax, and Appliances, in connection with the Croy- don and District B.K.A. Five open classes. Schedules and entry forms ready July 1, from A. Wakerell, 21, Mansfield Road, South Croydon. Entries close August 31. Queries and Replies. [4017.] A Beginner's Queries. — A reply in B.B.J, to the following queries will oblige: 1. What kind of a reputation has Worsley (eight miles from Manchester) for bee-keeping? 2. What is the reason of honey fermenting? 3. Will uncapped honey ferment whatever precautions are taken? 4. In extracting honey, ought I to extract twice — viz., first the uncapped honey and, second, the capped? Should these honeys be kept separate? 5. In clearing a super immediately above brood- frames, should the queen-excluder be re- moved before placing the super-clearer on? 6. How long should honey be kept in the ripener before being bottled? Thanking you in anticipation. — Beginner, Eccles. Reply.— 1. Fairly good, we believe, but the secretary of the Lanes B.K.A. will be better able to inform you. 2. An excessive amount of moisture. 3. Not always. Generally speaking, honey is not sealed over until ripe, but there are occa- sions when even ripe honey is not sealed over — for instance, when gathered late in the season. 4. Yes, it is advisable. 5. No. 6. For about a week or ten days. 240 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [June 16, 1910. Notices to Correspondents. G. J. H. (Paleham). — Securing the Greatest Amount of Section-honey. — 1. It is better to prevent swarming, if pos- sible, by giving racks of sections in good time. You can work three tiers, one above the other, and as fast as the top sections are completed remove them and place an empty rack below the other two. 2. Should the colony persist in swarming, hive the swarm and put it on the stand of the parent stock, put on excluder and supers, then take out the frames of brood and brush off all the bees at the entrance of the new hive, and give the brood to some other hive to hatch out. In this way you will have all the bees in the new hive, and work will go on in the supers with little interruption, while swarming will be checked. Lex (Gargunnock). — Making Artificial Swarm. — 1. When making artificial swarms, the bees are distributed in such a way as to equalise the swarm and stock, as explained in "Guide Book." It is not advisable to make a second swarm, although you may do so if your object is to increase. There need be no queen-cells when you make your first swarm, but removing the queen with the driven bees will cause queen-cells to be constructed. If you have no queen that you can introduce to the queenless part you will have to allow one of the queen- cells that the bees rear to hatch, and re- move the others. In this case you select the best and most forward cell. A good ripe queen-cell should be of good shape, large, and the wax thinned down by the bees, and should show small pits or depressions on it. Eight or nine days after the swarm is made is the proper time to remove queen-cells. The remaining cell will hatch in about twelve to fifteen days from the time the queen was removed. 2. With properly- wired frames and suitable hives there is no difficulty in transporting frame- hives to the heather. Many thousands of such hives are regularly transported every year. 3. We thank you for your appreciation of the B.B.J, and are pleased you find it so useful. E. R. H. H. (Barnard Castle).— Selling Sections. — 1. The 1 lb. sections would be worth 9d. to Is. each retail, and the price would depend on the supply and demand. 2. It would be better to get a local sale for them if possible, as there would be a saving in cost of car- riage. 3. We cannot recommend any firms, but if you will advertise in the B.B.J, you would no doubt find a cus- tomer, and in dealing with strangers we would advise in every case that you should adopt the deposit system. 4. During the season bee-shows to come are announced in the B.B.J, every week, and you should apply to the secretaries, whose names you will find, for particu- lars and entrance forms. The en- tries for the Royal Show closed on May 31. 5. The proper time to make an artificial swarm is in the spring, so that the bees may have time to fill their hives with a strong population before winter. As you are not anxious to divide your stock you had better pre- vent swarming, as with such weather as we are having a swarm would have to be fed. J. P. (Barnstaple). — Shallow-frame Supers on Section-racks. — There will be no need to put excluder between the racks and supers placed above if the sections are forward enough. S. E. R. (Ottery St. Mary). — Ownership of Swarm. — If the swarm was seen to issue from your hive and to settle in that of your neighbour, it still remained your property, and (according to Black- stone) the bees can be followed and claimed, but you would be liable for any damage you caused by trespass. If the neighbour's hive was empty and was ' used as a decoy you could reasonably claim your swarm. If, however, the hive was already occupied and your swarm joined the established stock you would have no' redress, as the bees would be so mixed up that the two lots could not be separated. D. L. J. (Cavendish). — Refining Wax. — Melt the wax in water at a low tem- perature, and the more frequent the meltings the cleaner the wax will be- come, the colour separating along with the impurities. You" can add 1^ oz. of sulphuric acid to every gallon of water when the wax is melted, and use a tinned copper vessel. The mass must be constantly stirred with a stick in order that the wax may be thoroughly blended with the water. Cool off very slowly, and some of the impurities will go to the bottom of the cake, the re- mainder being precipitated to the bottom. When the wax is cold the im- pure portion of the under side can be scraped off, after which the cake can be melted again. Dulwich (Dulwich Village). — Queen Thrown Out. — The bee you send is an imfertilised queen. F. A. (Crawley). — Dying Bees. — Your bees are evidently suffering from virulent dysentery similar to the Isle of Wight disease. We would advise destruction of badly-affected stocks and disinfection of hives and ground surrounding, as the disease is very contagious. In the other hives encourage comb-building. From your description of the tarry appear- ance of the inside of hives there is no June 16, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 241 doubt that your bees died from virulent dysentery. There is no known remedy for this, so that isolation would not help. St. M. (St. Mawes). — Cane and Beet Sugar. — 1. You must take your dealer's word for it being cane sugar, as it is impossible to tell from the sample sent without a chemical analysis. We should prefer that guaranteed as cane for bee- food. 2. You need not block up the entrance to space outside the dummy as the bees will only utilise main portion of hive. As soon as they are strong enough to need more room and crowd over, move the dummy and add frames. 3. Swarms are best fed slowly by using a bottle- feeder, allowing the bees to take the syrup through one hole only. 4. Specimen copy of Record sent as desired. H. A. H. (Eye, Suffolk). — Spare Queens. — No doubt a great many readers would be glad to have virgin queens free of cost, but if we inserted your kind offer you would be overwhelmed with appli- cations, only a few of which you would be able to fulfil. Anxious (Olton). — Comb-foundation. — You can only tell with certainty if it is genuine by having it analysed. The sample is a very fair one at the price, and may be pure, although of inferior beeswax. You will find a number of tests given on pages 95 to 97 of "Wax- craft," where the question of adultera- tion of beeswax is fully dealt with. F. V. W. (Gloucester). — Brood in Supers. — As you have found brood in every stage as well as eggs in top shallow super a week after putting on excluder, it is possible that the queen has found some means of getting through, or there may be a second queen laying. Some queens are small enough to get through the perforations. Bees do not usually tolerate a laying worker in the presence of a fertile queen, and if it were a worker that was laying, the brood would be readily recognised by its being scat- tered and not compact. Brood over a week old might have been produced be- fore you put in the excluder, and there is also the possibility of bees transport- ing eggs, although this is of rare occur- rence. Abbotswood fCinderford). — Storifying for Surplus. — We do not see why the plan you propose should not succeed provided you only allow one queen-cell in lower chamber to mature. E. D. (Great Yarmouth). — Instruction in Bee-keeping. — We do not know of any place near Yarmouth where bee-keeping is taught. You might write to the Horticultural College, Swanley, or the School of Bee-keeping, Messrs. Herrod and Stewart, The Apiary, Luton, Beds. At both these places instruction in bee- keeping is given. M. S. (Lympstone). — Clay Cells in Hive. — Evidently a mason-bee had taken up its residence in your hive. It could not do your stock any harm. R. V. B. B. (Gloucester).— Dark Honey. — The bad colour is due to the quan- tity of honey-dew it contains. S. G. S. (Shaftesbury). — The "yellow substance" is merely fresh pollen. Evidently the bees had gathered more than they had room for in the cells. D. J. T. (Ireland).— Name of Bees.— The large bee is the common honey-bee, and the smaller one is a wild bee of the genus Andrena. Suspected Combs. Mel-Aug. (Enfield).— Comb is affected with foul brood. We can understand your difficulty in keeping your bees healthy as neighbours are so often cul- pably careless in dealing with infected stocks, and it is because of this that legislation is advocated by so many bee- keepers. H. H. (Shrewsbury). — Sample of comb is affected with foul brood. W. D. (Notts).— Comb is infected with a form of sour brood. Gouk (Gordon, N.B.).— The stock has evi- dently died from foul brood, and the hive should be attended to without delay. L. E. S. (Ketton).— The comb is affected with foul brood. We do not make any charge for replying to queries. Rato3 (Leicester). — The brood is merely chilled; there is no disease. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows :— Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee- keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees, Queens, and Bee goods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as " Business " An- nouncements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive-manufac- turers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per J in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. HAT CASH OFFERS FOR 8 LB. OF BEES, on twelve Bar-frames, with half sheets Foun- dation, swarmed on 9th instant?— J. WAJMAN, Cot- tenham, Cambridge. a 71 BEES FOR SALE, five Swarms, one May 23, four June 3, also six Stocks, in Bar-frame Hives, large Extractor, and other things, owner going abroad.— COLEBROOKS, Watersfield, Pul- borough, Sussex. a 92 FOR SALE, 6 modern Bee-Hives, 30s.; Extractor, 10s. 6d.; all in good condition, and cost double; Shallow Crates, Is. each.— M. BROOKLEA, Exmouth, Devon. a 89 242 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [June 16, 1910. Special Prepaid Advertisements.— Continued. I Special Prepaid Advertisements.— Continued. O NEW SUPERIOR " W.B.C." HIVES, 10s. 6d. A each; large Bee-shed, 40s.— Bigg House, Arnold, Notts. a 72 BEE-APPLIANCES, including modern Frame Hives, good condition.— PARSONS, Manor View, Rusthall, Tunbridge Wells. a 87 WANTED, twelve 4-lb. Swarms, early, 2s. 6d. lb. given to June 29— NICHOLSON, Lang- wathby. a_77 SALE, remainder gentleman's Apiary.— Hives from 7s.; Box Shallow Frames, 5s.; other ap- pliances; also few Swarms and Stocks.— HILLS, Alton, Hants. a 79 BARGAIN.— 5 Secondhand Hives, fitted worked- out Brood Frames, all ready for Swarms. Stamps for particulars.— ANGUS, Dock View-road, Barry. a 81 FERTILE 1910 QUEENS, 3s. 6d. each— F. WIL- SON, 30, Burry-road, St. Leonards. a 82 2 FOR SALE, 10 Hives, in flat, with Standard Super, sloping roof, all one pattern, Queen Excluder, rubberoid for roof, 10s. each; also Stan- dard Frames, in flat, 5s. per 100; a few lb. of 7-sheet Brood Foundation, at 2s. 2d., post paid; all new.— R. HOLMAN, Southwood House, Irnham, Grantham. a 94 i) STRONG HEALTHY STOCKS, in Standard /v Hives, with one empty Hive, four Section Crates, two Excluders, four Feeders, Smoker, pair Birkett Gloves. The lot £3 15s.— NELMES, Cath- cart. a 83 BEE-TENT WANTED, new or secondhand. — Apply, with full particulars, to SECRETARY, S.B.K.A., Gippeswyk Hall, Ipswich. a 85 BEES FOR SALE— 3 good large Bar-framed Hives of Italian Bees, strong and true.— HOMEWOOD, Chartham, Canterbury, Kent, a 75 HONEY RIPENER, 34 by 13, equal to new. Price 7s. 6d.— ADAMS, Dunton, Biggles- wade, a 93 WANTED AT, ONCE, three strong Swarms, in non-returnable boxes or skeps. Deposit.— S. DAVID PAUL, Castletown, Isle of Man. a 95 HONEY, granulated, good flavour, rather dark, in 28-lb. tins, 6d. per lb. Sample, 2d.— C. FIELDER, North Mimms, Hatfield. a 96 It) DOZEN HOUDAN-BUFF ORPINGTON A CHICKS, 3 to 7 days old, Cooks' direct strain, 5s. dozen; reduction for the lot; and 3 dozen car- riage paid.— MASON, Moorend, Yardley Gobion, Stony Stratford. a 40 W ANTED, for dissection, old worn-out or other Queens, alive. Will friends please oblige? HERROD, Apiary, Luton. A DOZEN RACKS OF TEN DRAWN-OUT SHALLOW FRAMES, or eight, 2 in. ends, 5s. 6d. each; also few Drawn-out Standard Frames, two Extractors, Ripeners, and used Section Racks, 9d. each— HEWETT, Alton, Hants. a 50 IOT APPLIANCES, Hives, Drawn Combs — J MONTE FRANCIS, 32, Regent-road, Great Yarmouth. a 47 4 NEW " W.B.C." HIVES, complete, 14s. 6d. each— J. BOWDEN, Broomhill, Witley, Sur- rey, a 37 SELLING OFF.— Empty Hives, cheap, good con- dition, 5s., 7s. 6d.. 10s.— Write particulars, <;. II. HICK, Wayfield, Bathcaston, Bath. a 35 HOMES OF THE HONEY BEE."— Electros of Apiaries, for printing on picture post- cards or for advertising purposes, 2s. 6d.. post free. Ar.ply to MANAGER, B.B.J., 23, Bedford-street, \vr. WANTED, " Hymenoptera and Aculeata of British Isles." by Edward Saunders, with 51 illustrations; Curtis's " British Entomo- logy"; the Monograph of "Hymenoptera"; " Flowers, Fruit, and Leaves," by Lubbock. Nature Series.— Address, W. H., 23, Bedford-street, Strand, W.C. WHITE ORPINGTON AND BLACK MI- NORCA, good typical birds, bred for laying and exhibition, especially fed to produce strong, healthy chicks; eggs, 15 3s. 6d., 50 10s.; day old chicks, 6s. doz., 50 £1; very carefully packed. — J. HOUSEHAM, M.U.P.C, Huttoft, Alford, Lines. x 27 BUSINESS ANNOUNCEMENTS. GUARANTEED HEALTHY— Swarms (natural), from 30 Stocks, 4-frame Nuclei, with fertile Queen, 14s. 6d.; Virgin Oueens, 2s. 6d.; all from noted Cheshire Apiary— MERE FARM APIARY, Nether Alderley, Chelford. a 91 VIRGIN QUEENS, Is. 6d., safe arrival, intro- ducing cages— TOLLINGTON, Woodbine Apiary, Hathern, Leicestershire. a 73 and Stocks of Bees, on 10-frames, C. TOWNSEND, Lawnfield, Maidenhead, a 90 TRONG NATURAL SWARMS, healthy, 12s. 6d. —DENNIS, Brownsover, Rugby. a 86 3 -FRAME NUCLEI, Queen, Bees, Brood Stores, 12s. 6d S A STOCK FOR 8s.— I send post free in special box 1 quart of Bees (enough to build up into strong stock for winter), with carefully-reared imported young fertile Italian Queen, and book with full instructions, guaranteed healthy.— HILL- MAN, Stonehouse, Glos. a 74 ILFRACOMBE (DEVONSHIRE).— Florence Villa, board-residence, splendid position, close sea; moderate.— RICHARDS. a 76 GOOD SWARMS, lis. 6d.; boxes, 2s. each, or return; Fertile Queens, 3s. 6d.; Virgins, Is. 9d. —BAILEY, Swan-lane, Evesham. a 80 STRONG NATURAL SWARMS, guaranteed healthy, 12s. 6d., packed, safe delivery.— CAD- MAN, Codsall Wood. a 84 QUEENS, Doolittle strain, Virgins, Is. 6d., now ready; Fertiles, 5s. Book now for delivery in time. Letters of appreciation of their good quali- ties and repeat orders coming in daily. Don't leave it till too late— D. G. TAYLOR, Ilminster. a 88 WANTED, Swarms. Queens for sale, 2s.— KEATLEY, Gate-lane, Wylde Green, Bir- mingham, a 97 FURNISHED APARTMENTS ON A BEE- FARM, pretty Devonshire village. — W. SOUTHCOTT, Gittisham, Honiton. QQRD YEAR.— Imported Italian Queens, 6s.; *y*J British, 4s.; Swarms, Nuclei.— E. WOOD- HAM, Clavering, Newport, Essex. a 54 HEALTHY SWARMS, 14s. each, best strain, guaranteed safe arrival; inspection invited Wednesday afternoons.— P. HANSEN, Gardener and Bee Expert, 3, Gladstone-cottages, Norwood Green, Southall. z 98 SECTION GLAZING— Best quality Lace Paper, made especially for Bee-keepers' use, not com- mon box edging, white, 100 6d., 3O0 Is. 4d., 500 2s. 3d., 1,000 3s. 9d., post free; blue, green, or pink, 100 7d., 300 Is. 6d., 500 2s. 6d.; Lace Bands, 2g in., 3 in., and 3J in. wide, white, 100 Is. 2d., 200 2s. 3d., 500 4s.; a few in pink and blue, 100 Is. 4d., 200 2s. 6d.— W. WOODLEY, Beedon, Newbury. ■ COMFORTABLE APARTMENTS for Brother Bee-keepers visitiner Douglas. Terms : Tea, bed, and breakfast, 3s. 6d.; or full board, 5r. per day.— HORSLEY'S. Merridale House, top of Castle Drive, Douglas, Isle of Man. June 23, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 243 Editorial, Notices, &c. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION The monthly meeting of the Council was held on Thursday, June 16, at 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, when Mr. W. F. Reid presided. There were also present Miss Gayton, Miss K. M. Hall, Messrs. C. L. M. Eales, J. B. Lamb, O. R. Frankenstein, A. Richards, G. H. Skevington, and W. Herrod (Secretary). Letters expressing regret at inability to attend were received from Mr. T. W. Cowan, Mr. H. Jonas, Miss E. Scott- Walker, Mr. R. H. Coltman, Captain Sit- well, and Mr. R. T. Andrews. The minutes of Council meeting held May 18 were read and confirmed. The following new members were elected: Mr. A. J. Blakeman, Ashleigh, Peel Avenue, Bowdon; Mr. W. J. Golds- worthy, 113, Friern Road, East Dulwich, S.E. ; Miss L. Hughes- Jones, Thatcham Fruit and Flower Farm, Newbury; Mr. A. H. Margetson, Woodthorpe Avenue, Sherwood, Notts; Mr. W. Ball, 30, Wel- beck Road, Walkley, Sheffield; Mr. J. A. Haigh, Westfield, Coatham, Redcar; Mr. C. N. White, Union House, St. Neots; Mr. W. B. Tallent, Broomhall Street, Sheffield; Mr. E. A. Forster, Acton Villa, Shrewsbury Lane, Woolwich; Mr. J. Cooper, 45, Bunyan Road, Hitchin ; Mr. W. A. Simkins, Harsnetts, Chigwell, Essex; Mr. E. Aldridge, 30, High Street, Uxbridge; Mr. S. G. S. Leigh, The Nur- series, Broughton, Hants; Mr. B. Alex- ander, 135, T>essillian Road, Brocklev, S.E.; Mr. A. D. Tobler, Willaston School, Nantwich, Cheshire. The report of the Finance Committee was presented by Mr. Lamb, and it was resolved that payments be made amount- ing to £23 15s. The receipts for the month amounted to £41 8s. lid., and pay- ments to £51 2s. lid., leaving a balance in hand of £188 lis. 5d. The recommendations of the committee Mere accepted. The report of examina- tion for first-class certificates was re- ceived, and it was resolved to call upon those who had passed the paper test to come up for the lecture test at the next Council meeting. Mr. Lamb moved, and Mr. Skevington seconded, and it was carried : " That, in view of the information contained in a letter from Mr. E. D. Till of February 18, 1910, and in a letter from Mr. J. H. Haviland of March 25, 1910, the Apis Dorsata Fund of £20 be transferred to the general funds of the Association, and that the two letters referred to be copied upon the minutes of the Council." Examinations for third-class certificates were arranged at the following centres : Ely, Worcester, Derby, Swanley, Budleigh Salterton, Lancaster, Thatcham, and Car- lisle. The judge appointed by the Worcestershire B.K.A. at Madresfield was also approved. An application from the Gloucestershire B.K.A. for affiliation was accepted. The next meeting of the Council will be Thursday, July 21. FOURTH INTERNATIONAL BEE- CONGRESS. The fourth International Bee-Congress is to be held in Brussels in the Palais des Fetes on September 25 and 26 next, and is under the patronage of the Belgian Government. The subscription for members wishing to participate at the meetings is 5 francs. Members are entitled to free admission to the exhibition during the session of the Congress. Members wishing to submit questions for discussion at the Congress should make application before July 1 to M. Leon Tombu, Rue de la Motte, Huy (Liege). Subscriptions to be sent to the secretary of the Organisation Committee, M. Louis Genenceaux, 8, Rue Gregoire-Bodart, Huy (Liege). BEE-KEEPING IN NEW ZEALAND. A number of Otaki bee-keepers have just been fined by a magistrate, under the terms of the New Zealand Foul Brood Act, for refusing to adopt the frame-hive. These are the first cases of the kind in any land, and have a deep significance to bee-keepers all the world over. Foul brood is, of course, the bane of the bee-keeping industry, and it ap- pears that this compulsory method is the sole way of securing that those engaged in the industry will obtain hives that are so constructed that the first symptom of the disease may be detected. The Act has already proved that control of tins disease is converting a precarious business in the hands of the majority into a per- manently successful one. — Standard of Empire, May 27. NEW B.K.A. AT EASTWTOOD, ESSEX. A bee-keepers' society has been started in Eastwood to band together all those who take part in this most fascinat- ing craft. At the kind invitation of the Rev. and Mrs. T. R. Edwards, a meeting was held on Monday, the 6th inst., at their residence, White House, Eastwood, when -there was a good and enthusiastic attendance. Mr. Edwards explained that there was a feeling prevalent that a local association would be helpful to the bee- keepers in Eastwood, and might encourage 244 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [June 23, 1910. • the spread of the industry in the neigh- bourhood. Mr. Edwards consented to accept the position of president, and the following officers were also elected : Secretary-treasurer, Miss Kettelwell ; com- mittee, Mr. and Mrs. Boyle, Mrs. Ed- wards, Mr. Easlea and Mr. Hicks. It was decided that the meetings should be held monthly from March until October at different members' houses. All intending members are invited to send their names to the secretary, Miss Kettelwell. 2, Pleasant Villas, Eastwood Road, via Rochford. Correspondence, The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. A FOUL-BROOD EXPERIENCE. [7844.] This is my third year as a bee- keeper, and I now have ten stocks. About a week ago, when making an examination of the hives, I discovered that one was badly affected with foul -brood. My first instinct was to destroy bees, combs, and quilts; but, on thinking the matter over, I decided to call in the expert for the dis- trict to which I belong, and act upon his advice. He accordingly came, and on opening the affected hive said that the combs and quilts must be destroyed, but that the bees were worth saving. ■ He then moved the hive off its stand, and shook the bees in front of a skep placed on the stand recently occupied by the hive. Then as the bees were com- mencing to run up into the skep he picked out the queen and killed her. He left shortly afterwards, telling me to fasten the bees into the skep when they were all clustered. I then left the apiary, and busied myself with scrubbing the affected hive with No. 5 carbolic acid, mixed in equal parts with water. I was to shake the bees into the disinfected hive after forty-eight hours, having previously placed a frame containing eggs in the hive, to enable the bees to raise a queen. But on returning to the skep I found that there was not a bee within it, and from the agitated condition of the neighbour- ing hives I gathered that the bees from the affected hives had dispersed them- selves among the two or three healthy neighbouring hives. (One of these is an artificial swarm which I made three days ago, giving the bees eight combs of brood, one of which contained a queen-cell sealed over and one unsealed. The bees in this artificial swarm appear to be strong and are working well.) This state of affairs caused me much sad reflection. A swarm of foul-broody bees probably seeking entrance at all my strong, healthy, supered hives, and gain- ing it, too, for they had mostly disap- peared and there was scarcely a bee to be seen on or about the old stand. I came to the conclusion that the expert (third class) had made a great mistake in killing the queen, as if she had been allowed to go up into the skep the bees would have followed her, and I could have picked her out on shaking the bees into the disinfected hive. I also considered that my first instinct — which was to destroy everything — was the right one. Is there anything that can be done to prevent this pest getting hold of all the healthy hives? Does it necessarily follow that the bees from the affected hive will carry the disease with them into the hives which they have so unfortunately entered ? I am extremely grateful to you for all the advice which I am gathering in week by week from the B.B.J., although this is the first time that I have ventured to ask any questions. — Country Parson. [The mistake was in killing the queen, because the bees would not remain in an empty skep without her, unless shut in as soon as they had got into the hive and before they had realised their loss. Al- though it is possible, it does not neces- sarily follow that the bees will carry the infection, because most of the bees may consume the honey they carry away with them, and it is only if this is stored and used for feeding larvae that it becomes dangerous. It is to be hoped that with the abundant honey-flow at the present time little harm may be done ; but we would keep a strict watch on the hives, and when you remove the supers tho- roughly examine the brood-combs to ascer- tain how far they have escaped infection. — Ed.] AMONG THE BEES IN ITALY. [7845.] This spring my wife and I made a journey via Patras, Palermo, and Naples to Rome, partly by sea until we reached Naples, and then home by rail via Florence, Parma, Milan, and Venice. During our trip we had the pleasure of inspecting two interesting apiaries. The first one, in Rome, was the apiary of the director of the Royal Italian Observa- tory of Apiculture, in Viccolo Brunetti, No. 16, within the Roman walls. The house is six stories high, and, a little out of breath, we rang the bell at the Cava- liere Antonio Costantini's abode, and were received in the most friendly way. We first inspected the part of his dwell- June 23,1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 245 ing reserved for apiculture, where all sorts of implements, necessary and un- necessary, for bee-keeping were to be seen, as well as full and empty combs, mostly in Italian standard frames, and extracted honey in big tins. We tasted the honey, and discussed various points on our hobby with Cav. Costantini, who next showed us up to the house roof. Here we were much surprised to find some sheds and about sixty hives of bees, part of which were frame-hives, with pic- tures and glass-covered observatory-holes at various parts, which when uncovered allowed us to see the bees working. I remember in the year 1872 seeing some- thing of the same kind at the Crystal Palace Exhibition in London, but this was called an "Abbott" hive. Cav. Cos- tantini explained to us that he made settles down below on a tree in a garden of an old monastery, now called "con- vito," as the monasteries are abolished in Italy. The monks called by another name ("to smell as sweet?") gather to- gether in one household in a convito, and so the law is fulfilled " at majorem dei gloriam." Besides his show-hives — which, however, give him a surplus of honey up to 40 kilogrammes (about 90 lb. each), proving the excellent fertility of the country — he has always a large number of peasant hives. These are a kind of barrel with iron hoops, narrow at the top, widening to the base. These stocks are kept to supply the colonies for his clients, and a stock on six frames in a well-ventilated forwarding-box, with a good queen and a fair number of workers, APIARY ON A HOUSE-BOOF IN ROME. these hives with the object of showing the wonders of bee-life to his visitors, and he was satisfied that through the interest aroused he had gained a number of recruits to the craft. I enclose a photo of one of the sheds. In the middle of the roof is a large white board, with a queen- bee painted in black in the centre, under a royal crown, and below is the inscription, "II mio non sol, ma l'altrui ben pro- euro," which is the device of the "Italian Central Association of Promoters of Bee- keeping in Italy," and means nearly the same as the device of the U.S. Bee- keepers' Union — " Our toil sweetens others." The hives are put up in double rows, and are worked partly from the top and partly from the rear. Cav. Cos- tantini prevents swarming as much as he can, but sometimes a swarm issues and can be safely sent anywhere, even to Russia. Cav. Costantini supplies nearly all the Roman hotels with honey, and seems to succeed very well with his business. Be- sides this apiary on the roof of the house, he has another one about five miles from the town in the " agro romano," con- taining over sixty colonies in various kinds of frame and peasant hives. From Rome we went to Perugia, and thence to Caralina, where an old monas- tery had been changed into a practical rural school. The students of agriculture undergo three years' theoretical study at the university, and then one year on the "Rocca" di Casalina as practical farmers. There they learn on a large scale the working of a whole estate having sixty " poderi " (peasantries) — '246 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [June 23, 1910. say, farms — worked by coloni (peasants) on half part of the production. We had occasion to admire fine white cattle, the renovated Humbrian Long- horns. The bulls and cows are tall but elegant. The calves are of a brownish-pink colour, and get white when tbey are about one year old It is not a race of albinos, but a fixed white, fine race, and said to be good field workers, producing milk abun- dantly and being good in flesh. Besides the oattle there were large Yorkshire pigs, fine sheep, large quantities of turkeys, geese, and some very fine Leghorn poultry, and last, but not least, peasant hives fixed above the doors of the houses (cottages). In the "Rocca" itself large cellars are filled with the wine produce of the sixty " poderi " (farms), and all implements prove the rational treat- ment of the wine, beginning from the blooming vine to the mature bottled drink. Also the olive is cured on a large scale, and a very fine quality of oil finally produced by modern machinery. We had occasion to taste both wine and oil, and found them of excellent quality. Wheat, oats, and barley are grown, as well as maize, mostly for home consumption. There are plantations of young trees of various growths, and naturally there is a fine yard for the purpose of studying the culture of the Golden Italian bee (see illustration on opposite page). The hives are mostly on the American plan, standing in long rows on a sloping hill, so that every hive has its free out- look. Most of the hives are "Dadant- Blatt," but I saw also "Layens Gara- foli," and in a special shed there were some " Sartori," " Dzierzon," and " Fumagalli " hives, to satisfy all tastes. In a special little building I observed large deposits of combs and frames, and large-size extractors such as I had not seen since my visit to Temesvar, in Hun- gary. A special desk is prepared with a diary sheet, on which every day's work, observations, &c, have to be noted, and books are kept regularly to show the finan- cial results of each branch of agriculture taught in the school. In fact, so far as we could see, the whole agricultural in- stitution is arranged so as to do no end of good towards the progress of agri- culture in general and to all its branches in particular. The students are mostly recruited from among the sons of landowners, who can apply the knowledge they gain there to the working of the fields and stables of their parents. We were exceedingly pleased with all we saw, and especially with the kindly welcome we received in the absence of the director, to whom we were recommended, by a young student of Perugia, Signor Alessandro Morettini, who by chance had returned to the " Rocca " before the end of the Easter vacation. Certainly that land where milk and honey flow ought to be a happy one, and our hearty wishes are to that effect. — Alex. Schroder, Trieste. WINTERING STOCK V/iTH EMPTY SUPER IN POSITION. [7846.] Letters have appeared in the B.B.J, from time to time advocating the above system of wintering on the grounds that it gave a larger honey-harvest, but "the why and the wherefore " of this was not, I think, fully stated. Having tried the system these last two winters, I now send you the conclusions I have drawn from my experiences, if you think them worthy of publication. Compared with the orthodox plan, the main advantage derived from the super system is that it produces hardier and more robust stocks, and consequently there is no spring dwindling. Other advantages such as larger honey "takes" are, of course, incidental to this. Given ample stores, stocks with the supers are more advanced, and the system seems to be specially adapted to early districts. Against the foregoing must be set the important drawback of a largely-increased food consumption. Ten frames of food will only carry a strong stock to the end of March, after which time it is a question of feeding, with its attendant trouble and expense. There is also a great risk of starvation in the early spring. — W. H. W., Harlington. CURIOUS HIDING-PLACE OF A QUEEN. [7847.] On May 20 last I united a queenless stock of bees to a prosperous colony, its next-door neighbour. I tried to find the queen that headed this pros- perous stock, but failed, so went on with operations, hoping they would turn out all right. After successfully uniting both lots and leaving them^ I felt I had a bee inside my shirt. On going upstairs to remove the intruder, my wife found it was the queen which we had failed to dis- cover in the hive. I presume she had run up my sleeve during the operations. We opened the hive and popped her on the frames, and she was down amongst the bees in an instant, apparently none the worse for her adventure. I have five strong stocks, all working in the supers and doing well so far. It is grand bee-weather here, but we want a shower of rain badly, as all the thunder showers which fell in other places have missed us. I had one swarm ten days since, but unfortunately the queen was lost. I gave them a frame of brood out of another hive, and they have drawn June 23, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 24" three queen-cells out, so with good luck they will soon be all right. — C. M., Lin- coln. THREE QUEENS WITH A SWARM. [7848.] I had a swarm from one of my hives a few days ago, and on casting them on a sheet before the hive soon picked out the queen, then to my astonishment I saw and captured another queen, and, more wonderful still, after this a third. I have had swarms which united together in which two queens were present before, but have never heard of three queens accompanying a swarm from one hive. Another curious feature of this swarm was the way they balled the drones. All over the sheet were knots of bees, in the centre of each of which was one or more drones. I am pleased to see that the discussion on fertile hybrid queen, and two frames of brood and 4 lb. of driven bees with queen, I made two more stocks. The original stock I left with two frames of brood and four drawn-out combs for the flying bees, and I took care to feed liberally for the winter. This spring the " Goldens" only covered four frames in April ; the other two stocks six each. They are all now covering eleven frames, and there is a rack of supers on each, the " Goldens " working well in a rack of drawn-out combs, the other two stocks each just be- ginning to draw out a rack of sections. I naturally cannot expect big "takes" of first-class honey, as I am situated in the town at the corner of two main roads. We are having fine swarm weather, and, except for the lack of a few showers of rain, I should say it is perfect for the bees. Wishing your readers a record i i i ■u f. _jwjU*i . / Si .^•^►■^jti^wT; * ^ . H ■ gQs355 ipfc'0 BH THE STUDENTS' APIARY AT AN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE IN CARALINA, ITALY. foul brood is to be stopped for a while. We have had too much of it of late in your columns. Cannot we leave the foul brood business until the " winter of our discontent "■? — Rector, Suffolk. Echoes from the Hives. I started my career with bees in the autumn of 1908 with a driven lot, which unfortunately succumbed during the winter, but I determined to make another start in the spring, 1909. Accordingly, early in April of that year I purchased a six-framed colony of Sladen's " Golden Prolifics," and from this one stock I took 33 lb. of honey and two racks of built-out combs. I divided the stock, which covered eleven frames, after the honey-flow, and from the seven frames of brood and a young honey-season to make up for the poor one last year. — W. H. F., Leicester. AMERICAN AND COLONIAL PAPERS. EXTRACTS AND COMMENTS. By D. M. Macdonald, Banff. A Big Deal. — From the American Bee Journal we learn that the National Biscuit Company annually purchases 125 carloads of honey. As each car carries from thirteen to fifteen tons, that would mean about 3,600,000 lb. of honey. Every consignment is tested for purity by the company's chemist, and it is gratifying to find his labours are light. They will not use any adulterated; it must be absolutely pure, and they find that even the best honey-dew is quite inferior for their use. Short Summer Courses. — Dakota State College of Agriculture and the Massa- 248 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [June 23, 1910. chusetts Agricultural College give courses in practical field-work and demonstrations on the handling of bees, open to anyone who wishes to take advantage of the in- struction, no. fee being charged. No fewer than five learned doctors deal with such interesting subjects as handling bees, honey-crops, pollination, bee-supplies, and the evolution of the honey-bee. Old Foundation. — So capable a man as Mr. C. P. Dadant, even although a maker of comb-foundation on a large scale, says a good word for old foundation. " It is 6afe to say that old comb-foundation, which has been properly kept, will be worked by the bees as readily as the new goods as soon as it has been heated suffi- ciently." But, remember it must be kept carefully. Baby Nuclei. — These have been weighed in the balance and found wanting. Gleanings found them efficient during a short period in the very hottest part of the year, and even then there was often trouble. " At iany time they were liable to swarm out, or, worse still, be robbed out, and they had to be supplied with fresh bees ever so often." The "Lang- stroth " frame, too, makes a poor nucleus, being too large and too long. 'Over there and over here a frame about half the length of the standard is found the best, and a "twin''' hive, giving accom- modation to a pair of two-frame nuclei, is generally employed. The form of the hive is thus nearly a square, with a thin §-in. division-board, and two clusters of bees numbering each from 1,000 to 1,500. Sladen's' nuclei hives, and frames about half the standard size, approximate to these dimensions. The frames are in pairs, fixed on hinges, and when turned together can be placed in the centre of any hive in place of the regular standard. Non-swarmers. — Two devices to check or prevent swarming are illustrated in May 1 issue. The cure, to me, appears worse than the disease, and the same may be said of the barbarous plan advocated in the Review, whereby a Dr. Jones, of Minnesota, seeks to eliminate swarming by periodically cutting off the heads of hatching brood in all but two frames of the body-box. ■ Six Well-taken Points. — These extracts are from Gleanings: 1. When a little honey is coming in it is much easier to introduce a queen. 2. A queen in the height of egg-laying will be accepted far more readily than one four or five days in the mails. 3. Some colonies are more nervous than others. Opening one of these on an unfavourable day courts failure. 4. It is easier to introduce to- wards night or after dark than during the day. Bees are then not expecting trouble. 5. A fasting queen will usually ask for food, and hence will generally be treated more considerately. 6. The scent factor cannot be ignored. Selling Honey. — The Review says: " The indifference exhibited by some honey-producers in disposing of their crop is certainly exasperating. In other lines of business production is looked upon as only half the problem, but in bee-keeping there too often prevails a system of ' I'll- take-whatever-you'11-give-me.' Far too many of our home producers are content to dump down their honey on the grocer's counter and accept any offer he is pre- pared to make them. These are miserable business tactics. The offer is bound to be low, and unfortunately it reacts on others. Hearing that a neighbour has sold at a given figure, another seller follows the bad example, with the result that prices rule low all over." No Gloves. — As soon as the budding bee-keeper has "found his feet" he will discard gloves as useless encumbrances. A writer in the Canadian Bee Journal goes further, and wants his arms bare as well as his hands. " I recommend and practise rolling up the shirt-sleeves over the elbows when at work among the bees. By doing so the apiarist will not be stung so much about the wrists." He at- tributes the wrist-stinging to odour, whereas. 1 think it is caused mainly by the shirt-cuffs pressing on the bees and thus raising their ire. Heather in Germany. — Translated from a German bee-journal we have the follow- ing statement : " In the northern part of Germany many hundred thousand colonies of bees are every year moved to the large tracts of heather in Lunenburg. Accord- ing to the statement of the K. Railroad Director of Hanover, during the night of July 7 last year 250,000 colonies were transported on special trains, and during; the night of July 30 120,000 colonies passed the station of Uelzen. It is esti- mated that the Lunenburger heathers pastured about half a million colonies last year." This is exceedingly interesting, but I quote it mainly to query how they survived the winter fed solely on heather j honey, if heather honey is so deleterious as some would make us believe? Might I "guess" that the percentage of sur- vivals was a full average of that of bees wintered on any kind of food? MAY RAINFALL. Total fall, 2.07 in. Above average, .15 in. Heaviest fall in 24 hours, .27 in. on 16th. • Rain fell on 17 days. W. Head, Brilley, Herefordshire. June 23, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 249 Rainfall, 195 in. Exact average. Heaviest fall, *35 in. on 18th. Rain fell on 16 days. Sunshine,241*2 hours. Above average, 4 hours. Brightest day, 16th, 141 hours. Sunless days, 2. Maximum tempera- ture, 73° on 22nd and 23rd. WEATHER REPORT. Westbotjrne, Sussex. May, 1910. Minimum tempera- ture, 30° on 10th. Minimum on grass, 26° on 11th. Frosty nights, 3. Mean maximum, 60-6. Mean minimum, 44"9. Mean temperature, 54-7. Above average, 3-2. Maximum barometer, 30331 on 1st. Minimum barometer, 29520 on 6th. L. B. BlRKETT. Barnwood, Gloucester. May, 1910. Warmest days, 22nd and 23rd, 75. Coldest night, 8th, 26. Number of nights with frost in the air, 4 ; on the ground, 8. Relative humidity, or percentage of moisture in the air, 76. Number of days with sky completely overcast at 9 a.m., 14; do. cloudless, 2. Percentage of wind force, 16, Rainfall, 1"51 in. Below average, "23 in. Heaviest fall, "51 in. on 16th. Rain fell on 17 days. Total to date,10-21in., as compared with 721 in. for the cor- responding period of last year. Mean maximum tem- perature, 62*2 ; "8 of a degree below avei'age. Mean minimum tem- perature, 431 ; 2-9 below average. F. H. Fowler (F.R.Met. Soc. Bee=Shows to Come. July 13 and 14, at Osmaston Park, Derby. Honey Show of the Derbys. B.K.A., held in connec- tion with the Derbyshire Agricultural Society's Show. Several Open Classes for Honey.— Schedules from R. H. Coltman, 49, Station Street, Burton-on- Trent. Entries close July 7. July 14 and 15, at Spalding.— Honey Show in connection with the Lines Agricultural Society's Exhibition. Department for honey, hives, Ac, under the direction of Lines B.K.A. July 20 and 21, at Cardiff.— Annual Show of the Glamorgan B.K.A., in connection with the Car- diff and County Horticultural Show. Separate tent for honey, wax, appliances, Ac. July 21, at Southwell.— Annual Show of the Notts B.K.A., in connection with the Horticul- tural Society's Show. Open class for Single 1-lb. Jar. First prize, 20s. Schedules from Geo. Hayes, Mona Street, Beeston, Notts. July 21 and 22, at Leek.— Annual Show of the Staffs B.K.A., in connection with the Staffs Agricultural Society. Six open classes. Entry forms from Joseph Tinsley, 22, Granville Terrace, Stone, Staffs. Entries close July 9. July 26 to 28, at Leeds.— Show of Honey, Ac, in connection with the Royal Yorkshire Agricul- tural Society. Schedules and form of entry from John Maughan, Secretary, Blake Street, York. I Entries close June 25. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Cambridge.— Honey Show, in connection with the Cambridge Mammoth Show Society. All Open Classes. Eight special prizes, including five Special Hives to be competed for. This show also includes Dogs Poultry, Pigeons, Cats, Rabbits, Cage Birds, Flowers, Fruit, and Vegetables. Also grand pro- gramme of Sports. The splendid Band of the Royal Artillery will be in attendance, and a display of Fireworks will take place. Schedules from Hon Sec, Mr. E. F. Dant, 52, Bridge Street, Cambridge. Entries close July 28. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Windsor- Show of Honey and Bee-appliances, under the direction of the Windsor and District B.K.A., in conjunction with the Old Windsor Horticultural Society's show. Schedules from Mrs. W. S. Darby, Hon. Sec, 1, Consort Villas, Clewer, Berks. August 3, at Stoke Park.— Surrey B.K.A. Annual Exhibition of Bees, Hives, Wax, Appli- ances, Ac, will be held in connection with the Guildford and West Surrey Agricultural Associa- tion. Twenty-four Classes (nine open to all). Many medals. Schedules from F. B. White, Hon. Secre- tary, Marden House, Redhill, Surrey. Entries close July 23. August 4, at Madresfield, Malvern.— Annual Show of the Worcestershire B.K.A. Open class for Honey Trophy. Schedules and entry forms on application to Mr. G. Richings, 2, Shrubbery Ter- race, Worcester. August 10, at Midsomer Norton, Bath.— In connection with the local Horticultural Show, Annual Show of the Somerset B.K.A. Increased prizes for honey, wax, and appliances. Several open and free classes. Challenge honey pot for greatest number of points in members' classes. For schedules and particulars apply to the Assistant Secretary, L. Bigg-Wither, Birdwood, Wells. Entries close August 5. August 17, at Lancaster. Lancaster Agricul- tural Society, in conjunction with the Lancashire Bee-keepers' Association. Seventeen Classes for Honey and Bee Produce, also for Bee-Hives ; nume- rous specials, including two silver challenge cups, twelve silver and bronze medals, Ac In applying, state Honey Schedule required.— Thomas Armitstead and Son, Secretaries, Lancaster. Entry closes August 3. August 17 and 18, at Shrewsbury.— Annual Show of the Shropshire B.K.A., in connection with the Shropshire Horticultural Society's Floral Fete. Ten Open Classes for Honey and Wax. Twelve silver and bronze medals, also cash prizes for same. Free entry for Single Bottle and Single Section. Schedules from S. Cartwright, Hon. Sec, Shawbury, Shrewsbury. Entries close August 5. August 24 and 25, at Leamington.— Annual Show of the Warwicks B.K.A., in connection with the Warwickshire Agricultural Society's Exhibi- tion. Section for Honey, Appliances, Ac. Sche- dules from J. Noble-Bower, Knowle, Warwicks. August 31 and September 1, at Carlisle.— Second Annual Show of the Cumberland B.K.A. will be held in connection with Carlisle Horticul- tural Society's Show in the Market, Carlisle. Schedules from G. W. Avery, Heads Nook, Carlisle. Entries close August 20. September 7, at Croydon.— Show of Honey, Wax, and Appliances, in connection with the Croy- don and District B.K.A. Five open classes. Schedules and entry forms ready July 1, from A. Wakerell, 21, Mansfield Road, South Croydon. Entries close August 31. Notices to Correspondents. C. R. A. (Workington). — Queen-rearing. — We have not tried the plan your friend recommends, and usually take more care in transferring an. egg than drawing it up in a fountain-pen filler and squirt- ing it into an enlarged cell. No doubt the bees would rear a queen-cell on the enlarged cell if the egg is transferred to it without getting damaged. There is no necessity to add honey, as the bees 250 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [June 23, 1910. prepare proper royal jelly for feeding the larva when it emerges. Nemo (Bradford). — Drone-laying Queen. — The queen has become a drone-layer as the spermatheca is nearly exhausted. You have done right in giving a comb of brood with eggs and young grubs. J. O. (St. Petersburg). — International Bee-Congress. — The next International Bee-Congress is to be held in Brussels on September 25 and 26 next. Write for particulars to the secretary, M. Louis Genenceaux, 8, Rue Gregoire- Bodart, Huy (Liege). F. A. A. (Fowey).— Cells of Bee.—l. The earth cells you send are made by Osmia rufa, a mason-bee, which is not at all particular where it makes its nest, and will do so sometimes in a door lock. The yellow pellets are masses of pollen stored in the cells for the young. 2. Sorry to hear that you think the Isle of Wight disease has reached your neighbourhood, and hope you may find that it is some other less contagious disease showing similar symptoms. Weetley (Burley-in-Wharfdale). — Medi- cago lupulina. — This is a first-class bee- flower, and where sufficiently abundant yields an excellent honey. J. W. G. (Huddersfield). — Dark Honey from Skep. — 1. You do not say if the honey was stored last year, for if it was this would probably account for its dark colour, as there was so much honey-dew collected last season. If you will send a sample we should be able to say if it was fit for eating or feeding bees. Very much depends on the amount of honey-dew it contains. 2. The ripening process consists in allowing the honey to settle in a deep can. If kept in a warm place for a few days it can be drawn off from the bottom and put into jars. The liquid portion which floats on the top can be used for feeding bees, as it would be liable to ferment in the jars. B. B. (Ramsgate). — Fixing Calico on Roof. — 1. Put a layer of paint on the roof, and place the calico on this, smoothing it down on to the wood. The calico should be about 2 in. larger than the top of the roof, so that it can be turned under round the edges and tacked down with fine tin-tacks on the under side. When the paint is dry enough, put on another coat or two over the calico. 2. It will only do if it can be consumed and utilised at once, as it is likely to crystallise if stored. 3. Because it is too complicated, and there is too much sticking together of the different parts to make it easily workable. If the parts are close to- gether they get propolised, and in draw- ing out bees are liable to be crushed. If too far apart bees escape into outer space, and there is also too much draught. J. W. M. (Edinburgh). — Bees in Observa- tory-hive. — We should think the failure in getting the bees to re- main in your observatory-hive was caused by your putting in only part of the swarm and removing their own queen. They naturally wished to find her, and consequently left the hive. In such circumstances it is not surprising that they took no notice of the frames of brood you placed in the observatory, as they were too intent on searching for their queen. In giving brood, combs containing it in all stages should be selected ; but even this would not induce a swarm, whose queen was removed, to remain unless the bees were shut up as soon as hived. A. H. (Patcham). — Preventing Swarming. — 1. Cutting out queen-cells will not prevent first swarms from issuing, but if all cells but one are cut out after a first swarm has left it will prevent sub- sequent swarming. 2. Let the bees swarm, put them into a hive with frames of comb-foundation, put on ex- cluder and the supers from parent hive, and place the swarm on the old stand, removing the old hive to a new position. All the flying bees will join the swarm, and work will continue in the supers. If you do not want increase you can take out the combs from the old hive and brush all the bees off on to alighting-board of swarm, giving the frames of brood to other hives to hatch out. H. B. G (Pangbourne) — Honey as Food for Bees. — 1. You should mix enough warm water with the honey to make it of the same consistency as syrup. The quantity will depend on the density of the honey, but for spring feeding about a fifth part of water can be added and well stirred in. 2. For medicating this, to every gallon of liquid add \ oz. of naphthol beta solution No. 1 in "Guide Book," page 194. 3. The only way is to make it into Scholtz candy according to recipe No. 3 on page 196 ; but this should only be used in the spring, as it is too deliquescent for winter use. H. R. (Didsbury). — Scientific Articles. — The treatment of the egg is only of im- portance in the event of its adherence being caused by an obstruction and in- ability of the queen freeing herself from it in the usual way. 2. Such scientific articles as you suggest have already ap- peared from time to time in the Journal. A complete series of articles on microscopic investigation and mount- ing objects were published some years June 23, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 251 ago. Articles on breeding appeared so recently as last winter. We will keep your suggestions in mind and see how far they can be carried out during the winter months. Reader (Neath). — Common Black Bee. — This bee is equally common on the continent of Europe. You will see it advertised in B.B.J, of June 2, page iv., by A. Wilmer, of Lauterbach. F. H. P. (Polperro).— D ying Bees.— It is not possible to correctly diagnose dead bees such as those you send, but they appear to be quite normal. You must not assume that because there are dead and dying bees on the ground that they have Isle of Wight disease. There are many other causes for mortality amongst bees. A great many young bees are not able to fly owing to malnutrition from lack of pollen at the time it is •wanted for their nourishment. Then there is paralysis, and also May pest, both of which show similar symptoms. A great many bees are also lost through being poisoned, owing to the spraying of fruit-trees when in bloom, or killing weeds on paths. We have not heard of Isle of Wight disease being anywhere in your neighbourhood. E. P. (Newbury) — Colony Producing no Honey. — There is nothing the matter with the comb sent, and it only contains hard pollen. The queen also is quite normal. As you are in a good district, we can only attribute your failure to obtain honey during the last three years to the colonies not being strong enough at the right time. Hives should be crowded with bees when the honey- flow commences, and if supers are put on in time the bees would take advan- tage of them to store honey. Stimula- tive feeding to induce brood-rearing should be commenced in your district at the beginning of April. It is only pos- sible to obtain honey with strong colonies. W. H. K. (Cardiff). — Drone-brood in Super. — As you use drone base-founda- tion in your supers, it is only natural that as you did not prevent her from going up into them by using excluder, tne queen should utilise the combs for drone-brood. Your best plan now is to place excluder between hive and super, allow the drones to hatch out, and destroy them. This can be done by re- moving the super with excluder at- tached to it to a short distance, when the workers will pass through the ex- cluder and return to their hive, leaving the drones only in the super. These can be destroyed with sulphur fumes. Simplex (Hadleigh). — Bees Cast Out.- — These are immature drones, cast out by the bees probably because there are too many in the hive. The other insect is a wax-moth, which frequently infests weak or neglected hives. J. L. F. I. (Lichfield). — Honey Sample. — The honey is good in colour, though rather thin in consistency. It is gathered from clover mainly, and should be entered in class for light honey. C. M. P. (Yarmouth).— Bee-flower.— The flower is Medicago lupulina, commonly called melilot trefoil or yellow clover. It is a good bee-plant. (See reply to " Weetley.") A Beginner (Herts). — Dying Bees. — From j-our description we should say that your bees are dying from Isle of Wight disease, which is prevalent in your neighbourhood. Suspected Combs. J. M. (Essex) and C. R. F. (Herts) Comb is infected with black brood. H. (Cornwall). — There is no disease, but a fertile or "laying" worker is present in the hive. Enquirer (Lanes) — There is no foul "brood in comb. It appears to be chilled only. E. S. (Cornwall). — Foul brood in early stage of the disease. On no account use the shallow frames for any of your other stocks. It is probable that none of them will take the disease, as you were so prompt in your treatment and the conditions for bees are so good at pre- sent ; but keep a careful look-out when overhauling stocks in autumn before packing them up for the winter, in case any of them have also contracted disease. G. M. A. (Sussex). — Both the brood in comb and the larvae, sent separately, have been chilled. Probably in your anxiety to see if bees were all right you have examined the combs when weather was too cold. R. M. W. (Stirling). — The sample of comb shows that foul brood in the advanced stage is infecting the hive. W. G. (Northumberland). — There is no brood at all in the comb, and no trace of honey or pollen. From the appear- ance of the bees we should say they had died from starvation. P. B. (Woodford). — Comb is affected- with foul brood. It is always unsafe to unite a dwindling stock with a healthy one, unless you are certain that disease is not the cause of the weakness, and in the present case you can hardly hope that the two stocks will escape infec- tion. Take away the combs from diseased hive which you gave them, and hope for the best. The bee is not fully developed, and, having been dead for some time, has dried up. 252 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [June 23, 1910. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows :— Two Words One Fenny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee- keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees, Honey, Queens, and Bee goods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as " Busi- ness " Announcements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive- manufacturers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per \ in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. HONEY, new, full Sections, 10s. dozen; few Swarms.— MEPHAM, Orlestone, Ham Street, Kent. b 13 HIVES FOR SALE— One ready for Swarm, one double, one with frames; bagatelle board, garden hose.— Particulars, BATEMAN, Mellor, Marple Bridge. b 12 STRAW SKEPS FOR SALE, fair condition, been used, Is. each, carriage paid. — JOHN HONEYBEE, Charminster, Dorchester. b 14 HIVES FOR SALE.— "W. B. C." and "Cot- tager's " pattern, standard size, painted three coats, perfect condition, Racks of Shallow Frames, Combs drawn out.— HILL, Ashley, Stockbridge, Hants. b 15 NEW DOVETAIL " W. B. C." HIVES, lis. 6d! each; 8 S,upers, 2s. 6d. each.— GREEN, Bigg House, Arnold, Notts. CWT. NEW HONEY (PALE), in 28-lb. tins, 60s— COOK, Worlington, Soham. b 1 3 STRONG HEALTHY STOCKS, on 10 Frames, 30s. each.— NELMES, Cathcart. a 99 W.B.C." HIVES, cheap. Bees wanted. Will exchange— WILLETT, JUN., Bee-keeper, Maiden, Surrey. a 100 SUPERS.— Several boxes clean, straight, drawn- out shallow frames, 5s. 6d.; Crates, Sections, with starters, 2s. 9d.; "W.B.C." Section Racks, with Sections, 3s. 6d. — PIDDUCK, Grove House, Alsager, Cheshire. a 98 PURE CARNIOLAN STOCK, 7 frames, healthy, 30s.; without hive— NORTON, 21, Mansfield- road, Croydon. b 5 WANTED, Honey Ripener, good condition, or Honey Jars, in exchange for gentleman's silver watch.— SMITH, Bridge-street, Thrapston. b 6 MUST GO— 10 Stocks of Bees, healthy, supered, with everything for an apiary. 2 Super- clearers, 12 frames, wired B Foundation, spur em- bedder, 3J dozen Separators, Sections, Metal Ends (new), 2 empty Hives (1 " Wells "), 3 Nucleus Hives, a 21s. Extractor, Stocks, 18s. each, or £9 10s. the lot, put on rail; also books by Bonner, 1795, T. M. Howatson, J. De Gelim, what offer? No reason- able offer refused. — A. COOK, Gardener, Ratho, Midlothian, Scotland. b 7 6 STRONG WELL-MADE STANDARD FRAME HIVES, 11-in. lifts, nearly new, some never had Bees in, 5s. each.— W. PRINGLE, 2, Commer- cial-square, Winlaton, Blaydon-on-Tyne. b 10 1 DOZEN QUEEN EXCLUDERS, 18 in. square, border all round, 7s. 6d. — 119, Dunstall-road, Wolverhampton. b 11 BEE-TENT WANTED, new or secondhand. — Apply, with full particulars, to SECRETARY, S.B.K.A., Gippeswyk Hall, Ipswich. a 85 Special Prepaid Advertisements.— Continued. FOR SALE, " W. B. C." Hives, 6s.; large Hives, take 16 Frames, on " W. B. C." principle, 10s.; smaller Hives, 4s.; lot of other appliances, half price. Ob.iged to give up, cause selling so cheap. —J. GRATTAN, Expert, B.B.K.A., 54, Herbert- road, Plumstead, Kent. b 8 1710R SALE, 6 Stocks of Bees, Bar Frame Hives, 3-Frame " Observatory " Hive, new, 2-Frame " Cowan " Geared Extractor, 15 Crates Shallow Frames, a few built out, 6 Shallow Frame Show Cases, 3 Standard ditto. Will sell in lot or sepa- rately—Apply, T. W. RINGER, Tatsfield, Surrey. b 12 HONEY, granulated, good flavour, rather dark, in 28-lb. tins, 6d. per lb. Sample, 2d.— C. FIELDER, North Mimms, Hatfield. a 96 WANTED, for dissection, old worn-out or other Queens, alive. Will friends please oblige? — HERROD, Apiary, Luton. HOMES OF THE HONEY BEE."— Electros of Apiaries, for printing on picture post- cards or for advertising purposes, 2s. 6d., post free. —Apply to MANAGER, B.B.J., 23, Bedford-street, W.C. WANTED, " Hymenoptera and Aculeata of British Isles." by Edward Saunders, with 51 illustrations; Curtis's " British Entomo- logy"; the Monograph of "Hymenoptera"; " Flowers, Fruit, and Leaves," by Lubbock. Nature Series.— Address, W. H., 23, Bedford-street, Strand, W.C. WHITE ORPINGTON AND BLACK MI- NORCA, good typical birds, bred for laying and exhibition, especially fed to produce strong, healthy chicks; eggs, 15 3s. 6d., 50 10s.; day old chicks, 6s. doz., 50 £1; very carefully packed. — J. HOUSEHAM, M.U.P.C, Huttoft. Alford, Lines. x 27 BUSINESS ANNOUNCEMENTS. QUEENS, " Doolittle " Strain, Virgins, Is. 6d., now ready; book Fertiles for delivery in turn, 5s. each. A County Association expert writes : " Forward four more Queens at your earliest con- venience; very pleased with last lot." — D. G. TAY- LOR, Ilminster. b_9 FOR SALE, Prime Natural Swarms, 12s. 6d. each, carriage paid, cash with order. — G. A. GILLETT, Moreton-in-Marsh, Glos. b_2 ITALIAN QUEENS, direct from Italy— Address, E. PENNA, Bologna, Italy. See advertisement in " British Bee Journal," June 9. Abatement till countermanded. Prompt delivery. QUEENS, 1910— Special Hybrids, 5s.; Blacks, 4s. 6d.; Virgins, from 2s. 6d.; in introducing cage— BRICE'S APIARIES, Otford, Kent. b 16 WANTED, Healthy Stocks, on Frames and in Skeps, also Swarms— POSTMASTER, Breach- wood Green. b 15 GUARANTEED HEALTHY— Swarms (natural), from 30 Stocks, 4-frame Nuclei, with fertile Queen, 14s. 6d.; Virgin Queens, 2s. 6d.; all from noted Cheshire Apiary— MERE FARM APIARY, Nether Alderley, Chelford. a 91 A STOCK FOR 8s.— I send post free in special box 1 quart of Bees (enough to build up into strong stock for winter), with carefully-reared imported young fertile Italian Queen, and book with full instructions, guaranteed healthy.— HILL- MAN, Stonehouse, Glos. a 74 PURE IMPORTED ITALIAN QUEENS, by return of post, 4s.— HILLMAN, Stonehouse, Glos. b 4 COMFORTABLE APARTMENTS for Brother Bee-keepers visiting Douglas. Terms : Tea, bed, and breakfast, 3s. 6d.; or full board, 5s. per day.— HORSLEY'S, Merridale House, top of Castle Drive, Douglas, Isle of Man. June 30, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 253 Editorial, Notices, &c. PROMINENT BEE-KEEPERS. MR. G. M. DOOLITTLE. We have much, pleasure in presenting to our readers the portrait of Mr. G. M. Doolittle, the veteran American bee- keeper, who is so well known through his writings. Mr. Gilbert M. Doolittle was horn on April 14, 1846. His parents were among scourge known as "foul brood," and in two years not a bee was alive. But the bees were ever uppermost in his mind and formed a favourite topic of conversation. He was married on July 2, 1868, to Miss Frances R. Clark, who has been his part- ner in all his joys and sorrows, as well as a large factor toward the success attained with the bees. Mr. Doolittle was brought up- a farmer, but the general round of agriculture did not seem to . meet his highest ideal of farming, so in March, 1869, he purchased two colonies of bees, together with what was then considered DOOLITTLE. the pioneers who came to central New York when it was almost a wilderness of forests, consequently he had few advan- tages as to schooling, for in those days all the family were expected to do their full share at clearing up and providing for the general welfare of the " coming farm and home." His father procured a colony of bees when Gilbert was about eight years old, which increased by natural swarming to twenty or more five years later, providing honey not only for the family, but also enough to exchange for its necessaries. Then came that dreaded the necessary fixtures for a "start in bee- keeping," the whole outfit costing $35, and after this first outlay he did not spend a single penny on the bees above what they earned for him. These' two colonies were increased until during the latter seventies he numbered his colonies by the quarter of a thousand — ■ in some years he had a few more, and at times a few less. In 1879 his father be- came helpless through illness, so that dur- ing the next five years Mr. Doolittle had to devote much of his time to caring for him. His colonies became reduced to 254 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL; [June 30, 1910. about a hundred by the end of the honey- harvest of 1884, when his father died. After this he did not try to increase his apiary, but turned his attention to making each colony produce the largest yield possible by keeping them in a condi- tion which would put the maximum num- ber of bees into action just at the com-' mencement of the main harvest of white- clover honey and basswood bloom. By this means he has secured as much as 309 lb. of section-honey from a single colony, in one season, leaving the neces- sary amount for winter stores and food for the colony during the whole year ; and again 566 lb. of extracted honey was obtained in a single year from a single colony under the same management. He made a yearly average of nearly 100 lb. per colony of section honey from the whole apiary for fourteen consecutive years. One of Mr. Doolittle's pleasures with bees has been the raising of queens of the highest standard, and he has sent queens from this stock to almost every part of the globe where bees are kept. This branch of bee-keeping gave him so much pleasure that he published his methods in 1889, under the title of " Scientific Queen- Rearing." Previously to this, in 1879, he published a pamphlet, "Description of the Hive I Use." During the next fifteen years his hobby was the prevention of swarming, together with the securing of- the greatest possible amount of section- honey. This came very near baffling him, but the matter was finally worked out by means of a little manipulation, and that in a way which put every pound of honey in the sections which was not used by the bees in maintaining the colony in a most prosperous condition throughout the whole year. By this plan he secured an average of 114^ lb. of sec- tion-honey from the colonies at an out- apiary during the very poor season of 1895 without having a swarm. How this was done he described in Gleanings in Bee Culture during 1906. Later this was put into book-form by the publishers under the title of "A Year's Work in an Out-Apiary." Through failing health and the infirmities of old age creeping on, Mr. Doolittle was led in 1904 to take Mr. Pembroke G. Clark as a partner, and as Mr. Clark proved very efficient the larger part of the active work with the bees now falls on him. Mr. Doolittle is a prolific writer, and we have frequently repro- duced his writings for the benefit of our readers. He still keeps up his "Conversation" department in Glean- ings and his regular articles for the American Bee Journal. We trust that he may long be spared to give the bee-world the benefit of hi® long experience. "ROYAL" SHOW AT LIVERPOOL. The seventy-first annual exhibition of the Royal Agricultural Society of Eng- land was held in Wavertree Playground, Liverpool, from June 21 to 25. The ground was one of the best and most com- pact upon which the show has been held for a number of years. The weather was marred on Wednesday and Friday by, wet, but otherwise it was an ideal show. In a populous district like Liverpool, pos- sessing such good travelling facilities, the attendance was naturally large, though it did not quite reach that of Newcastle. Northerners are enthusiastic agricul- turists, and even bad weather does not prevent them from attending a good show in large numbers. Bee-keepers were very much in evi- dence, and many a group engaged in animated conversation could be observed on each day.' The duties of judging were carried out by Mr. W. F. Re id, Addle- stone, Surrey ; Mr. C. L. M. Eales, Wal- lington; and Mr. F. H. Taylor, Chorley, Lanes. Their duties were not onerous, as the entries in the honey classes were not large, although the appliance classes were very well filled. The secretary of the Lanes B.K.A., Mr. J. N. Bold, of West Dei-by, acted as steward, and fulfilled his duties in a most efficient manner. When the weather permitted their being held the bee-demonstrations were a centre of attraction, and large crowds listened to the lectures, and asked many questions of the B.B.K.A. expert, Mr. W. Herrod. Six capital exhibits were staged in the collection of appliances. Messrs. Jas. Lee and Son, London, obtained premier honours with a very neat and workman- like exhibit, Mr. E. H. Taylor was placed second with a very good collection, while Mr. Meadows, Syston, came third with one. which contained a large number of his well-known metal appliances. Mrs. Seadon, Bromley, also staged a very com- plete and well-arranged collection, and Mr. George Rose, Liverpool, showed two. In the class for best hive there were fifteen exhibits staged— an unusually large number, the first prize being carried off by a "W. B. C." hive made by hand by an amateur, Mr. Tunstall. It was a splendid piece of workmanship, but the price (four guineas) made it prohibitive for the ordinary bee-keeper, and one is in- clined to wonder whether it would not be wise for the judges to take price as well as workmanship into consideration when making their awards. Messrs. Abbott Bros, took second prize with a " W. B. C." pattern hive constructed in their best style, while Mr. E. H. Taylor was third with a very well-made hive. Five exhibits were shown in the cot- June 30, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 255 tager's hive class, Messrs. Jas. Lee and Sou being first with an excellent hive for the money, 10s. 6d., which is the limit in this class. The second-prize hive of Mr. Taylor and that shown by Mr. Meadows were both very good. In extractors Mr. Meadows was an easy first with his well-known " ' Cowan ' Re- versible," Mrs. Seadon taking second place and Mr. Taylor third. Observatory-hives were well repre- sented, no less than six being staged, and they proved a source of great attraction to visitors during the whole of the show. In the class for new appliances the first prize went to an exhibit of wire dividers and excluders. In this class Mr. Meadows staged a six-frame extractor driven by a petrol engine of unique de- sign, being minus valves, and with every working part easy of access, and manage- able by the veriest novice. Though a very ingenious and efficient appliance, there is no doubt that no apiaries are large enough in this country to warrant the purchase of such a large appliance, and probably this influenced the judges in making their awards, as it was placed second. Trophies, of which there were six, were a special feature of the show, all of them being admirably staged. That of Messrs. Brown and Son was entirely of this year's produce. The other classes were only moderately filled, and there was nothing unusual to note about them. The awards were as follows : — ■ HIVES AND APPLIANCES. Class 500. — Collection of Hives and Appliances, including Suitable Outfit for a Beginner in Bee-keeping. — 1st, Jas. Lee and Son, Martineau Road, Highbury, London; 2nd, E. H. Taylor, Welwyn, Herts; 3rd, W. P. Meadows, Syston, Leicester; r.n. and h.c, George Rose, 50, Great Charlotte Street, Liverpool; h.c, Mrs. Seadon, Bromley, Kent. Class 501. — Complete Frame-hive for General Use.— 1st, H. G. Tunstall; 2nd, Abbott Brothers, Southall, London; 3rd, E.H.Taylor; r.n. and h.c, George Rose; c, W. P. Meadows. Class 502. — Complete Frame-hive for Cottagef s Use, price not to exceedlOs. 6d. — 1st, James Lee and Son; 2nd, E. H. Taylor; 3rd, W. P. Meadows; c, G. Rose. Class 503. — Honey-extractor. — 1st, W. P. Meadows; 2nd, Mrs. Seadon; Certificate of Merit, E. H. Taylor. Class 504. — Observatory-hive with Bees and Queen.- — 1st, James Lee and Son ; 2nd, W. Dixon, Kirkgate, Leeds; 3rd, E. H. Taylor; r.n. and h.c, J. Pearman, Penny Long Lane, Derby. Class 505. — Any Appliance connected with Bee-keeping. — 1st, James Lee and Son; Certificate of Merit, W. P. Meadows. HONEY. Class 506, confined to members of the Lancashire Bee-keepers' Association. Class 506. — Twelve 1-lb. Jars of Granu- lated Honey. — No 1st prize awarded ; 2nd, A. S. Dell, Leigh, Lanes. Entries in Classes 507 to 510 can only be made by residents in Cheshire, Cum- berland, Derbyshire, Durham, Hereford- shire, Lancashire, Leicestershire, Lincoln- shire, Monmouthshire, Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Rutland, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Westmor- land, Worcestershire, Yorkshire, the Isle of Man, Ireland, Scotland, or Wales. Class 507.— Twelve 1-lb. Sections.— 1st, J. Pearman; 2nd, N. Grant Bailey, Wadenhoe, Hough Green, Chester; 3rd, H. C. Gibson, Ballygowan, Belfast. Class 508.— Twelve 1-lb. Jars of Ex- tracted Light-coloured Honey.— 1st, H. W. Seymour, West Street, Alford, Lines; 2nd, J. Pearman; 3rd, A. S. Dell; r.n. and h.c, R. Morgan, Cowbridge, Glam ; h.c, A. W. Weather hogg, Willoughton, Lincoln ; W. Lowe, Rainhill, Lanes. Class 509.— Twelve 1-lb. Jars of Ex- tracted Medium or Bark Coloured Honey. — 1st, J. Pearman ; 2nd, N. Grant Bailey ; 3rd, A. S. Dell. 'Class 510. — Twelve 1-lb. Jars of Granu- lated Honey. — 1st, A. W. Weatherhogg; 2nd, J. Woods, Nettleworth Manor, Mans- field ; 3rd, J. Pearman; r.n. and h.c, Neville W. Withew, Knocken, Oswestry; h.c':, A. S. Dell. Entries in Classes 511 to 514 can only be made by residents in Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Bucks, Cambridgeshire, Corn- wall, Devon, Dorset, Essex, Gloucester- shire, Hampshire, Herts, Hunts, Isle of Wight, Kent, Middlesex, Norfolk, North- amptonshire, Oxfordshire, Somerset, Suf- folk, Surrey, Sussex, or Wiltshire. Class 511.— Twelve 1-lb. Sections.— 1st, R. Brown and Son, Somersham, Hunts; 2nd, C. W. Dyer, Compton, Newbury; 3rd, Miss F. E. Barker, Albans Farm, Barnston, Dunmow ; r.n. and h.c, R. H. Baynes, Bridge Street, Cambridge. Clo^ss 512.— Twelve 1-lb. Jars of Ex- tracted IAght-coloured Honey. — 1st, R. Brown and Son; 2nd, R. H. Baynes; 3rd, S. G. S. Leigh, Boughton, Hants; r.n. and h.c, G. W. Kirby, Knowle, Bristol. Class 513.— Twelve 1-lb. Jars of Ex- tracted Medium or Dark Coloured Honey. —1st, O. E. Billson, Cranford, Kettering; 2nd, R. H. Baynes; 3rd, G. W. Kirby. Class 514.— Twelve 1-lb. Jars of Granu- lated Honey— 1st, R. Brown and Son; 256 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [June 30, 1910. 2nd, R. H. Bay nee; 3rd, Miss F. E. Barker. Class 515. — Three Shallow-frames of Comb Honey for Extracting. — No 1st prize awarded: 2nd. Miss F. E. Barker. Class 516. — Six 1-lb. Jars of Heather Honey. — 1st, J. Pearman; 2nd, M. J. Laniboll, Chiddingfold. Surrey ; 3rd, Burn and Bothani, Phoenix House, Whitby; r.n. and h.c., W. Dixon. Class 517. — Six Jars of Heather-mix- ture Extracted Honey. — 1st, J. Pear- man; 2nd. W. Dixon; 3rd, W. E. Brook- ing, Malborough, Kingsbridge. Devon ; r.n. and h.c, A. S. Dell. Class 518. — Honey Trophy. — 1st, A. S. Dell: 2nd, J. Pearman; 3rd. R. Brown and Son; r.n. and h.c., W. Dixon. MISCELLANEOUS. Class 519. — Beeswax (not less than 2 lb.). — 1st, J. Pearman; 2nd, Goodburn Brothers, Peterborough; 3rd, E. H. Smiles, Dartford ; r.n. and h.c, R. Brown and Son; h.c, J. Berrv. Llanrwst. North Wales; c, A. Willmott" Stanstead Abbott. Class 520. — Beesu-ax (not less than 3 lb., in Shape, Quality, and Package Suitable for the Petail Trade).— 1st, J. Pearman; 2nd, Goodburn Brothers; 3rd, J. Berry; r.n. and h.c, F. W. Frusher, Crowborough, Peterborough. Class 521. — Honey Vinegar (1 quart). — 1st, G. W. Kirbv; 2nd, J. Pearman; Certificate of Merit, A. S. Dell. Class 522. — Mead (1 quart). — 1st. Jones Brothers, Monks Acre, Andover, Hants': 2nd, R. Brown and Son: Certificate of Merit, J . Pearman. Class 523.— Exhibit of a Practical or Interesting Xature Connected with Bee- culture.— -1st, A. S. Dell: Certificate «of Merit. W. Dixon. Class 524. — Exhibit of a Scientific Xature. — 1st, George Rose; Certificate of Merit, W. Dixon. NEW BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATIONS IN SCOTLAND. MEETING AT ABERDEEN. A well-attended meeting of bee-keepers was held in the Agricultural Lecture Hall of Marischal College, Aberdeen, on June 4 for the purpose of forming a county B.K.A. The meeting was pre- sided over by Mr. D. M. Macdonald. who addressed the gathering on the benefits of associated effort. He pointed out that the county was a most favourable one for such an association, the natural features and configuration, with the facilities made by man, all lending themselves ad- mirably to successful management; while in the leading staple supplies of nectar few districts in our island can excel it. One of the aims of the society would be to educate the members on the subject of preparing their honey for sale, so that they might receive full value for the pro- duct, while it would also exist for the purpose of giving information regarding the proper management and manipulation of bees. In various centres bee-clubs could also be formed ; they would aim at securing a bee-library, and no doubt bee- lectures would be delivered at different points. It would be a chief aim to secure exhibitions of honey and bee-appliances not only at the central horticultural show in the city, but also at every agricultural and horticultural show in every local centre. These local centres should be planted down all over the county wherever ten or more members could be secured. A general discussion followed, in the course of which it tvas indicated that there was likely to be a fairly large mem- bership, as shown by the attendance, the names handed in of those ready to join, and the letters of approval already ad- dressed to Mr. A. Low. Mr. Alexander Manson, Lecturer Aberdeen and North of Scotland College of Agriculture, was appointed secretary, with assistance from Mr. Low and Mr. Thomson, Buchan. It was suggested that Lord Aberdeen be asked to accept the post of hon. president, and the following vice- presidents were proposed : The Right Hon. R. Farquharson, of Fingean, Lord Leith of Fyvie. Countess of Southesk, Lady Saltoun. Mr. Smith, of Pitt'ochie, and the M.P.s for city and county, with a number of others to be added later. The following members of committee were appointed, with powers to add to their number : Messrs. Low, Machar, Manson, Thomson, Milne, Galder, Calto, W. Kennedy, Moir. Mi's. Bigg, Miss Littlejohn, and Chief Constable George. Over forty members joined at the meet- ing, and fully tTiat number of names in addition were handed in of those willing to become members. FORMATION OF SPEY VALLEY BEE-KEEPER S' ASSOCIATION. The idea of associated effort amongst apiarians seems to be in the air at pre- sent. Following immediately after the successful launching of the Aberdeenshire Association on June 4, a meeting of bee- keepers, called by Mr. A. Keir, Craig- ellachie. was held in the Fleming Hall. Aberlour, when about forty gentlemen at- tended on very short notice. Dr. Sellar, Aberlour, presided, and Mr. D. M. Mac- donald, Schoolhouse, Morinsh, gave an address on apiculture and the benefits to be derived from an association of those interested in this fascinating pursuit. The heartiest interest was exhibited in the movement, and after several had spoken cordially in favour of the pro- posal it was unanimously agreed to form June 30, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 25" an association, to be called the Spey Valley Bee-keepers' Association. This name was adopted to prevent collision with the Banffshire B.K.A. already in existence and a Morayshire proposed to be formed, and also to cover as large an area as pos- sible. This it does, as Strathspey in- -cludes a very large tract of three counties. The office of hon. president was left over for future consideration, but several names of prominent residents in the dis- trict were proposed as patro.ns, &c. Mr. Macdonald was appointed hon. vice- president, Dr. Sellar was elected presi- dent, and Messrs. Grant and Duncan vice-presidents ; while a committee with powers to add to its number includes the names of Rev. Father Thomson, Rev. William Stuart, Messrs. Imlah, P. Cruick- shank, Littlejohn, Murison, R. G. Morri- son, Forsyth, A. Garrow, Keir, Dunbar, Fraser-Mackay, and Baillie Raffan. A proposal to do everything possible to aid the movement for securing legislation for the suppression of foul brood was unanimously carried. In launching the association, it was resolved to leave nothing to chance, and a propagandist campaign was agreed, on, whereby the various centres should be visited, to stir up the apiarian enthusiasm. The first of the series was held in Dufftown on Wednesday last, when, in the absence through illness of Provost Macpherson, Mr. Alex. Davidson took the chair. Mr. Macdonald again gave an address, after which a local centre was formed. Twenty new members joined in this centre. The newly-formed society has resolved to hold apiarian exhibitions at Craig- ellachie in connection with the cattle show, at Dufftown at the horticultural exhibition, and at Grantown Agricultural show, all during the month of August. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one *ide of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, hot necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. FOUL-BROOD LEGISLATION IN GERMANY. [7849.] The following is a translation of a notice in the Frankfurter Zeitung : "According to a notice sent by the Minister of Agriculture to the local Boards of Agriculture, it has been determined, as the result of some years of research, to introduce legislation applying to the whole Empire (i.e., Beichsgesetz) for the sup- pression of foul brood. "It is to contain the following clauses: "The compulsory notification and steps being taken with regard to suspected hives. " Methods of determining presence of the disease. " Methods of fighting it, i.e., destroying combs, brood, and honey, and, in cer- tain circumstances, the bees. " Disinfecting. " Time of observation. " Compensation for losses sustained, due to measures taken under the Act, the amount proposed being two-thirds of value of material destroyed. "Compulsory insurance. " Measures for preventing disease being brought in from other countries; proposed prohibition of importation of stocks on combs, and pressed honey. " The local Boards are asked for sug- gestions and an expression of opinion." I enclose cutting from the paper in question. I believe I am right in as- suming that the Editor knows German? [Yes.— Ed.] I may say that I thoroughly approve of legislation of the proper kind, and if you think it will be of interest I will re- port further as soon as more is made public. — Walter Ed. Zehetmayr, Twickenham. [We shall be glad to hear what pro- gress legislation is making in Germany. — Ed.] CAPPINGS OF COMB. BYL. S. CRAWSHAW, NORTON, M ALTON, YORK 8. South African Bees (page 217). — If a queen of this race can be successfully in- troduced to a stock of our native bees, I should be very glad to make arrange- ments with Mr. Martin to supply one, so that I might report as to their qualities and suitability to our climate (it may be that our atmosphere will be quite as suitable as that of South Africa for such a union of races). The description leads one to suppose that their tendency to concerted action is even greater than that of our bees, and that this might have dire result in the case of their vengeance. For these bees seem to have some, per- haps superficial, resemblance to Cyprians, whose temper is none of the best. If, however, their defence of the gateway finds a complete use for the propolis they gather, it might be possible, by the use of sufficiently large entrances, to com- mand a marketable supply of the aromatic gum. But if they treat the frames and sections to similar liberal treatment ! More About South African Bees (page 220). — Evidently they are an enterprising 258' THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [June 30, 1910. race, as shown by their determined at- tempts to adopt Lord Selborne as a master. Clearly they desired to travel with him whither he was going, although it may be that they merely mistook the label on his bag for the direction to a place which was once the happy home of a celebrated naturalist, and therefore pre- sumably a paradise for bees. Bees and Super-bees (page 220). — If super-honey could be shown to be free from disease, what a pity it is that we cannot breed a disease-free race from the particular bees that produce it ! Treatment of. Swarms (page 225). — Eminently sound advice from the ever- practical writer of "Notes by the Way." But how many, of those who happen to read it, will forget all about it and make the usual mistakes, as usual. Delay in giving a super is jsarticularly good, be- cause if this contains empty comb it is a tempting place for pollen and brood. Allow the swarm to establish itself, when the super from the parent colony may profitably be transferred, bees and all. Owr Friend the 'Enemy (page 227). — I feel quite repaid for my criticism of Mr. Baker's plea for the wasp, in that it has elicited this exceedingly interesting excerpt from his diary. The wasp does, no doubt, much useful work in the de- struction of other insect pests, but when wasps themselves exist in large numbers they do infinite damage to fruit. Unfor- tunately their faidts are much more ap- parent than their virtues, and until man reduces their armies to such an extent that he is forced to cry out for their help, he must pursue his course. And it was of the fruit-grower that I wrote more than of the bee-keeper, for he is, in the nature of things, comparatively defenceless. Boys and Bees (page 227) — Is it not terrible insubordination for a Boy Scout to criticise his leader's utterances in this fashion? But it is possible that the writer of "Scouting for Boys" is only acquainted with the safe side of a rela- tive's observatory-hive ! However that may be, is it the intention to provide the Scouts with formidable allies, to be used, in the fashion of an older time, to repel invaders? Surely for such purposes the skep will best serve, whence its de- piction on the badge ! Or is the apiary to be the rendezvous where jaded Scouts may refresh themselves? Well, well; all suc- cess to the newcomers on the show-bench, although a good many existing bee-keepers will agree with me that it is not so much the "problem of supply" which presses as the problem of demand ! Swarming Experiences (page 229). — What will happen (perhaps has already happened) to the hive at "Dulwich " when the virgin queens begin to hatch? If the swarming solution be correct, will not a large swarm be likely to remove itself to a far distance whilst it is attending to the matter of replacing the old queen which appears unable to fly? Speaking of experiences, I had a large swarm, a fortnight ago, from a stock supered by a skep. (The supering was done last autumn, to provide stores for an other- wise strong stock.) Exactly ten days later I proceeded to make nuclei. All the queen-cells were in more or less inacces- sible places in the skep, and this involved some manipulation. Some had evidently hatched; so, after obtaining half a dozen, an empty skep was just held over the other, when two or three raps sent the bees pell-mell upwards. Sorting them over, four virgin queens were discovered quite happily at large. Scooping up three small clusters, these were dumped down anywhere (in hive-roofs) until further nuclei could be made up. Then they were collected, quietly clustered, and the sur- plus bees divided. The point about this appeared to be the entire willingness of these bees to "stay put," and very few bees returned to the nucleus on the old stand, although uncoerced by temporary confinement. Parthenogenesis (page 236). — I quite see the force of "Humble-Bee's" contention, which is, I take it, that nothing but the confinement of a virgin queen under such conditions that no possible relation with a drone can take place, and the produc- tion by such queen of fertile eggs, can rank as positive proof of parthenogenesis. I quite agree that the mere production of eggs by an unmated queen does not add a "further proof," to quote Mr. Pratt, of the fertility of the eggs of a single parent, but merely proves the ability of the parent to produce eggs. At the same time, it should not be difficult to produce such proof as "Humble-Bee" requires. Referring to drone-breeding queens, a reader kindly sent me last autumn one of these. She did not, unfortunately, sur- vive the winter, but if he will send me his name and address I will forward him a young fertile 1910 queen to repay him for his kindness. Queries and Replies. [4018.] Working for Section -honey. — In the B.B.J, for June 16 (page 234) Mr. Macdonald advises putting the second rack of sections on the top of the first. Two days before I received my copy I had put my second rack under the June 30, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOUENAL. 259 first, thinking I was doing the right thing in the orthodox manner, as I had always been given to understand that the bees would almost invariably fill up the top' rack before commencing the lower one, and that the top one when completed could be taken away and a third put under the second if necessary. A casual look shows the bees have done little in my first rack, but that they are drawing out foundation and storing honey in the lower rack, which seems to show Mr. Macdonald is right. I shall be glad to see in the B.B.J, what you have to s«y on the matter, and where I am wrong. — Way- side, Salisbury. Reply. — There are a few bee-keepers who place their racks above, but the majority of section-honey producers usually raise the partly-filled section-rack and place the empty one between it and the hive. The reason for this is that in this way swarming is more readily pre- vented, as room is given for bees to con- tinue their work downwards. Bees gener- ally commence drawing out the founda- tion and storing honey in the centre and at the top, working downwards and on both sides, therefore the centre combs and those at the top are sealed over and completed first. If a second rack is placed underneath at the proper time — that is, when the sections in the first rack are about one-half to two-thirds com- pleted— the bees will take to the lower sections at once, and commence drawing out the foundation. If the honey-flow is good they do not stop working above, but continue storing and sealing the combs, working from the centre outwards. Some bee-keepers move the completed sections and place those not sealed over in the centre, and this, although giving extra work, assists in having the sections com- pleted more rapidly. During a good honey-flow with such treatment the top rack is generally completed first, and can be taken away ; and frequently it will be found that the centre sections of the lower one are also ready for removal. If a third rack has been placed beneath this, we remove all the finished sections and place the unfinished ones into racks, the most forward ones into the top one, as it is here that they are most likely to be finished. It is natural for bees to build comb downwards and gradually extend it laterally. Another reason why the racks are moved up is that when sections are finished in close proximity to the brood- nest they become soiled or " travel- stained " by the bees passing over them directly from the brood-nest, but when the racks are tiered the finished sections are so far from the brood-nest that they remain unsoiled until the whole rack can be removed. Bee=Shows to Come. July 13 and 14, at Osmaston Park, Derby. Honey Show of the Derbys. B.K.A., held in connec- tion with the Derbyshire Agricultural Society's Show. Several Open Classes for Honey.— Schedules from R. H. Coltman, 49, Station Street, Burton-on- Trent. Entries close July 7. July 14 and 15, at Spalding.— Honey Show in connection with the Lines Agricultural Society's Exhibition. Department for honey, hives, &c, under the direction of Lines B.K.A. July 20 and 21, at Cardiff.— Annual Show of the Glamorgan B.K.A., in connection with the Car- diff and County Horticultural Show. Separate tent for honey, wax, appliances, &c. July 21, at Southwell.— Annual Show of the Notts B.K.A., in connection with the Horticul- tural Society's Show. Open class for Single 1-lb. Jar. First prize, 20s. Schedules from Geo. Hayes, Mona Street, Beeston, Notts. July 21 and 22, at Leek.— Annual Show of the Staffs B.K.A., in connection with the Staffs Agricultural Society. Six open classes. Entry forms from Joseph Tinsley, 22, Granville Terrace, Stone, Staffs. Entries close July 9. July 26 to 28, at Leeds.— Show of Honey, &c, in connection with the Royal Yorkshire Agricul- tural Soc ety. Entries closed. July 28, at Middle Wallop, Hants.— In con- nection with the Horticultural Show. Open classes for Honey : Best 1-lb. Jar Extracted, Best 1-lb. Sec- tion. (Entry free.) Schedules from Pryce E. Roberts, Schoolhouse, Nether Wallop, Stockbridge. Entries close July 21. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Cambridge.— Honey Show, in connection with the Cambridge Mammoth Show Society. All Open Classes. Eight special prizes, including five Special Hives to be competed for. This show also includes Dogs, Poultry, Pigeons, Cats, Rabbits, Cage Birds, Flowers, Fruit, and Vegetables. Also grand pro- gramme of Sports. The splendid Band of the Royal Artillery will be in attendance, and a display of Fireworks will take place. Schedules from Hon. Sec, Mr. E. F. Dant, 52, Bridge Street, Cambridge. Entries close July 28. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Windsor.— Show of Honey and Bee-appliances, under the direction of the Windsor and District B.K.A., in conjunction with the Old Windsor Horticultural Society's show. Schedules from Mrs. W. S. Darby, Hon. Sec, 1, Consort Villas, Clewer, Berks. August 3, at Stoke Park.— Surrey B.K.A. Annual Exhibition of Bees, Hives, Wax, Appli- ances, &c, will be held in connection with the Guildford and West Surrey Agricultural Associa- tion. Twenty-four Classes (nine open to all). Many medals. Schedules from F. B. White, Hon. Secre- tary, Marden House, Redhill, Surrey. Entries close July 23. August 3 and 4, at Abingdon Park, North- ampton.—Honey Show of the Northants B.K.A. Special prizes for open classes, including one for single 1-lb. jar honey. (Entry free.) Judge, Mr. W. Herrod. Schedules from R. Hefford, Hon. Sec, Kingsthorpe, Northants. Entries close July 26. August 4, at Madresfield, Malvern. — Annual Show of the Worcestershire B.K.A. Open class for Honey Trophy. Schedules and entry forms on application to Mr. G. Richings, 2, Shrubbery Ter- race, Worcester. August 10, at Midsomer Norton, Bath. — In connection with the local Horticultural Show, Annual Show of the Somerset B.K.A. Increased prizes for honey, wax, and appliances. Several open and free classes. Challenge honey pot for greatest number of points in members' classes. For schedules and particulars apply to the Assistant Secretary, L. Bigg-Wither, Birdwood, Wells. Entries close August 5. August 17, at Lancaster. Lancaster Agricul- tural Society, in conjunction with the Lancashire Bee-keepers' Association. Seventeen Classes for Honey and Bee Produce, also for Bee-Hives; nume- rous specials, including two silver challenge cups, twelve silver and bronze medals. &c. In applying, state Honey Schedule required.— Thomas Armitstead 260 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [June 30, 1910. and Son, Secretaries, Lancaster. Entry closes August 3. August 17 and 18, at Shrewsbury.— Annual Show of the Shropshire B.K.A., in connection with the Shropshire Horticultural Society's Floral Fete. Ten Open Classes for Honey and Wax. Twelve silver and bronze medals, also cash prizes for same. Free entry for Single Bottle and Single Section. Schedules from S. Cartwright, Hon. Sec, Shawbury, Shrewsbury. Entries close August 5. August 20, at Elworth, Sandbach.— In con- nection with the Elworth Athletic Club and Horti- cultural Society's Show. Class for Honey open to the County of Chester, 15s. first, 7s. 6d. second, 5s. third, for 12 Jars Run or Extracted Honey; also Bronze Medal given by the Cheshire Bee-keepers' Association. Entry fee Is. Schedules from C. Salmon, Hon. Sec, Elworth, Sandbach. Entries close August 13. August 24 and 25, at Leamington.— Annual Show of the Warwicks B.K.A., in connection with the Warwickshire Agricultural Society's Exhibi- tion. Section for Honey, Appliances, &c Sche- dules from J. Noble-Bower, Knowle, Warwicks. August 31 and September 1, at Carlisle.— Second Annual Show of the Cumberland B.K.A. will be held in connection with Carlisle Horticul- tural Society's Show in the Market, Carlisle. Schedules from G. W. Avery, Heads Nook, Carlisle. Entries close August 20. September 7, at Croydon.— Show of Honey, Wax, and Appliances, in connection with the Croy- don and District B.K.A. Five open classes. Schedules and entry forms ready July 1, from A. Wakerell, 21, Mansfield Road, South Croydon. Entries close August 31. September 17 to 24, at the Agricultural Hall, London.— Honey Show in connection with the Eighteenth Annual Exhibition and Market of the Grocery and Kindred Trades. Liberal prizes. Open to all British Bee-keepers. Schedules from H. S. Rogers, Secretary, Exhibition Offices, Palmerston House, Old Broad Street, London, E.C. Notices to Correspondents. Adpar (Newcastle Emlyn). — Age of Queen. — The queen sent is an old one. A. C: (Rutland).— Queen Cast Out.— I. The queen is an old one. 2. You did right in putting the super below the nearly-completed rack of sections. G. M. (Haslemere). — Dysenteric Bees.— As your first swarm has recovered, it is possible the second one, which appears to be suffering from dysentery, may also recover during the present plenti- ful honey-flow. Amateur (Bridport). — Eerrioving Swarm from Roof of House. — As the bees are under the thatch you must get at the queen before you can expect them to leave their nest rapidly through a cone- escape. If you fix the box with the escape in such a way that the bees must go through it and cannot get back, you would depopulate the nest in course of time by starving out the bees and queen, but it would be a cruel proceeding. Your best . plan would be to remove the thatch, smoke the bees, and cut out the combs, brushing the bees off into a prepared hive. Look out for the queen and take care to put her with the swarm. Combs containing much brood could be tied into frames and given to the swarm, and when the brood has hatched out they can be removed. A. J. S. (Yeovil). — Beginner'' s Queries. — 1. The new queen has evidently been accepted, otherwise the drones would have been retained. The bees were not sufficiently numerous, and as there was plenty of room in the box they did not need to go below; this is the reason why they did not transfer themselves. 2. A bee that has lost her sting may live a few hours. 3. As the box is infested with wax-moth larvae, drive the bees out and put them and queen below excluder, and as soon as brood has hatched remove box, get the bees out, and melt combs. 4. The ex- planation is that the hive sent off the first swarm on the 8th, and on 19th had queens ready for coming out with casts. As the queens had returned to the hive the bees that had clustered were hived without queens, and consequently re- turned to their parent stock. It is not an unusual thing for bees to act in this way in stormy weather when swarming has been retarded. Sometimes several queens come out with a cast, and this splits up into several clusters. Some- times bees leave the hive with a queen when she goes for her wedding flight, and may cluster, but when they find the queen has returned they also go back to their hive. 5. They need not neces- sarily swarm again, because if bees are prevented for any reason from swarm- ing they usually kill all queens but one. Amateur (Pinner). — Swarm Leaving Hive. — 1. You probably did not secure the queen with the swarm, or she may have been lost, which would account for the bees leaving the hive. As you had a cast ten days later the old queen evi- dently did not return. 2. Young queens utter a shrill piping sound in their attempts to destroy rivals. W. P. (Carlisle). — Bees Bobbing Skep. — 1. There is no sign of disease, and the brood appears healthy and almost ready to hatch. The dead bees sent are all drones. The stock has probably lost its queen and is being robbed by the neighbouring colony. When hives be- come weak they rarely resist this sort of robbing, and frequently assist the robbers in carrying away the stores. 2. We would put the sections on to an- other strong hive. 3. There may not be any disease in the skep, but you must watch the behaviour of the bees. G. F. A. (Taunton). — Recognising Queens. — If you unite a first swarm with an established stock, not the parent, there is no means of recognising which of the queens has been killed, as both would most likely be old queens of a previous year. We can only say that the queen June 30, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 261 you send is a fertilised one, probably of last season's raising. H. E. W. (Sevenoaks). — Age of Queen. — ■ The queen sent appears to be a fertilised one, but she was so dry and hard that it was with difficulty that the sperma- theca could be examined. J. C. (Sturminster Newton). — Young Drones Cast Out. — 1. There may be two reasons for this, either shortness of stores, or no further need for drones, the bees having given up all intention of swarming. It is not unusual in bad weather for bees to act in this way, as they seem to realise that at such times drones consume food re- quired by brood. 2. The combs have probably been joined together owing to the foundation having given way. It can only be prevented by securely fixing and wiring foundation. 3. Blackmore Vale is a good honey-producing district. Reader (Sheffield) . — Ma k i n g A rtificia I Swarm. — You can make an artificial swarm by removing the queen and a certain number of bees and putting them into the hive fitted with drawn-out combs, which you can place on the stand of the stock and remove this to another place. Take care to leave enough bees in the old hive to care for the brood and raise another queen. F. H. F. (Gloucester). — Swarming and "W.B.C.'' Hive. — Your colony is evi- dently a very strong one and has worked well. Probably in an ordinary season the means you adopted would have suc- ceeded in preventing swarming, but the unusual close and thundery weather we have been having has caused many colonies to swarm which in ordinary seasons would have worked contentedly in the supers. There are not many dis- tricts in which the "W.B.C." hive is too small, but there is no reason why in such places hives with thirteen, or even fifteen, frames should not be used. The only other steps you could have taken to prevent the swarming would have been to have Temoved all the combs from the brood-box and to have given frames of comb-foundation. The iras- cibility of the parent stock is no doubt due to the weather. W. A. C. (Castle Cary).— Dwindling Stock.— 1. The comb contains only drone-brood, showing that the queen either is unfertilised or has become a drone-breeder. 2. The stock has dwindled on account of the failure of the queen to lay fertilised eggs and thus produce workers. 3. The drones are small because they are reared in worker- cells. 4. The queen cannot be fertile now or she woiild not lay all drone- eggs. 5. Drones. 6. If there are only enough bees to cover one frame, they can hardly properly attend to a frame of brood from a strong stock unless you give them more bees so> as to prevent the brood from getting chilled. J. O. J. (Ross). — Supering Hive. — 1. If your bees only covered five frames in May, they were evidently not strong enough to go into supers. The bees will not go up into sections until they are cramped for room below, and will do so when they find the need for more storage room. 2. The wax-moth you saw has probably laid eggs in some crevice, and you can do nothing until you find the larvae later on. It is not likely to do much harm just now. G. F. Y. (St. Davids). — Queen-cells above Excluder. — If you have driven the bees and have secured the queen in the hive below, you had better destroy the queen- cells above excluder, if the workers have not done so already. Should the queens hatch out they will probably be de- stroyed if the colony already has a fer- tile queen. W. H. P. (Carlisle). — 'Ripening Honey.- — 1. You need not keep fire going all night, as it will ripen with a lower tem- perature if allowed to stand longer. 2. You can draw it off from the bottom and must judge by the consistency. When the honey begins to come out too liquid, stop and put more honey into the ripener. You can leave the thin honey to draw off at the end of the season, as a good deal of what is too liquid at first becomes thicker as it ripens. 3. We are pleased that you find the B.B.J, so useful to you. Starter (Cilgerran, R.S.O.). — Beginning Bee-keeping. — You can transfer your skep in August if you wish, but the best plan would be to allow the bees to transfer themselves next spring. If you drive the bees this autumn you will have to unite other driven lots with them, if you wish them to establish themselves before winter. It certainly answers to drive bees and unite them. You will find full instructions for doing this in "Guide Book," which you should study before you start bee-keeping in this way. W. B. (Royston). — Diseased Bees. — Your bees are suffering from " Isle of Wight disease." Northants (Thrapston). — Section-racks Nailed Down — Name of Plant. — 1. Your best plan is to lever the rack off, or get out the screws. You will then see the condition of the frames and combs inside. 2. It is too late to ex- pect bees to transfer themselves now; the spring is the proper time for this. 3. The plant is orpine or Sedum tele- phium. 4. You will find full instruc- tions for making metheglin, which is 262 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [June 30, 1910. another name for mead, in " Mead, and How to Make It," which can be obtained at this office for 2^d., post free. L. H. (Cornwall). — Dead Bees.- — There is nothing to indicate that your bees have died of disease. To diagnose foul brood a specimen of the comb containing brood should be sent. The death of a few bees does not indicate disease, as a certain number die off every day, and are carried out of the hive by the workers. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows :— Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee- keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees, Honey, Queens, and Bee goods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as "Busi- ness " Announcements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive- manufacturers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per \ in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. LARGE NATURAL SWARM, on eight frames; 12s. 6d.— 9, Ashley Park, Montpelier, Bris- tol. c 52 EXTRACTOR (Guinea, Gearer) FOR SALE, good as new; 18s., or exchange for bees. — HALL, Post Office, Four Oaks. c 33 ANTED, good photographs of Bee-Life.— E. LLOYD, Suburban House, Winchmore Hill. c 17 W SECTIONS, Season 1910, wanted to purchase, must be a pale colour and best quality. — T. SMITH AND CO., Cambridge-street, Hyde Park. c 19 SECONDHAND GUINEA EXTRACTOR, 7s. 6d.; secondhand Doubie " Wells " Hive, 7s. 6d. — HARRISON, Rosslyn House, Westgate, Pickering. c_20 PURE CAMBRIDGESHIRE finest light-coloured Honey, 1910, chiefly Sainfoin and White Clover, f.o.r. 75s. per cwt. Sample 2d.— JOHN CUNNINGHAM, Stetchworth, near Newmarket, Cambs. c 21 3 HIVES, Redshaw's, perfect condition, 7s. 6d. each, or 21s. the lot— WALLACE, Bramhall, Cheshire. c 22 4) STRONG HEALTHY STOCKS ENGLISH /•w BEES, in Standard Hives, young fertile Queens, Smoker, Veil, Excluders, Wax Extractor, Super Clearer, Shallow Frames, &c. Lot complete, £3 3s— RISING, 112, Greenwood-road, N.E. c 24 8 BEE-HIVES AND SWARMS, also new Honey Separator, Ripener, and various Bee-appli- ances for sale— MRS. TRIMMER, Bentley, Hants. c 25 DEMONSTRATING BEE-TENT WANTED, Hire or Sale, cheap.— Apply, SECRETARY, Hailsham and District B.K. Club, The Mount, Hailsham, Sussex. c 27 PURE ENGLISH HONEY, in bulk or bottles. Wanted, uncapping knife and warmer.— MR. BANHAM, Lilac Cottage, Westmeon, Petersfield. c 30 2 NEW DOVETAIL " W. B. C." HIVES, lis. 6d. each; 8 S,upers, 2s. 6d. each.— GREEN, Bigg House, Arnold, Notts. / Special Prepaid Advertisements.— Continued. WANTED, Honey Extractor and Wax Extrac- tor, good condition and cheap. — Send illus- trations or full description to MISS ELLIOTT, Oundle, Northants. c 31 HIVES FOR SALE.— "W. B. C." and "Cot- tager's " pattern, standard size, painted three coats, perfect condition, Racks of Shallow Frames, Combs drawn out.— HILL, Ashley, Stockbridge, Hants. b 15 6 STRONG WELL-MADE STANDARD FRAME HIVES, 11-in. lifts, nearly new, some never had Bees in, 5s. each.— W. PR1NGLE, 2, Commer- cial-square, Winlaton, Blaydon-on-Tyne. b 10 HONEY, granulated, good flavour, rather dark, in 28-lb. tins, 6d. per lb. Sample, 2d.— C. FIELDER, North Mimms, Hatfield. a 96 WANTED, for dissection, old worn-out or other Queens, alive. Will friends please oblige? — HERROD, Apiary, Luton. HOMES OF THE HONEY BEE."— Electros of Apiaries, for printing on picture post- cards or for advertising purposes, 2s. 6d., post free. —Apply to MANAGER, B.B.J., 23, Bedford-street, W.C. WANTED, " Hymenoptera and Aculeata of British Isles." by Edward Saunders, with 51 illustrations; Curtis's .". British Entomo- logy "; the Monograph of "Hymenoptera"; " Flowers, Fruit, and Leaves," by Lubbock. Nature Series.— Address, W. H., 23, Bedford-street, Strand, W.C. WHITE ORPINGTON AND BLACK MI- NORCA, good typical birds, bred for laying and exhibition, especially fed to produce strong, healthy chicks; eggs, 15 3s. 6d., 50 10s. ; day old chicks, 6s. doz., 50 £1; very carefully packed. — J. HOUSEHAM, M.U.P.C, Huttoft. Alford, Lines. x 27 BUSINESS ANNOUNCEMENTS. SECTIONS RECEIVED ON COMMISSION OR BOUGHT FOR CASH— HONIEEADE CO., 23-5, Moorfields, E.C. c 18 PREPARATION OF HONEY AND WAX FOR SHOW BENCH, 7d— JOSEPH TINSLEY, Stone, Staffs. c 23 FINE SELECTED 1910 QUEENS, Virgins Is. 9d., fertiles 3s. 6d— WELBOURN, Cranswick, Beverley. c 26 SWARMS, guaranteed healthy, despatched per return on receipt of postal order, 14s. 4-lb. lots. — H. WILCOX, Breedon Apiary, Northwood, Olton. c 28 SWARMS— Pure Italians and Blacks, 4 lb., 10s. each; fertile 1910 Queens, 3s. 6d. Immediate despatch.— WILSON, 30, Burry-road, St. Leonards. c 29 1 Q 1 A PURE FERTILE QUEENS, Carnio- -Li/XU lans, Italians, 3s. 6d.; Americans, 4s. 6d.; Swiss, 5s.; Virgins, Is. 6d.; safe arrival gua- ranteed. Cash with order.— VOGT, 38, Clementina- road, Leyton, E. c 31 ITALIAN QUEENS, direct from Italy— Address, E. PENNA, Bologna, Italy. See advertisement in " British Bee Journal," June 9. Abatement till countermanded. Prompt delivery. QUEENS, 1910— Special Hybrids, 5s.; Blacks, 4s. 6d.; Virgins, from 2s. 6d.; in introducing cage— BRICE'S APIARIES, Otford, Kent. b 16 FURNISHED APARTMENTS ON A BEE- FARM, pretty Devonshire village. — W. SOUTHCOTT, Gittisham, Honiton. ILFRACOMBE (DEVONSHIRE).— Florence Villa, board-residence, splendid position, close sea; moderate.-RICHARDS. a 76 July 7, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 263 Editorial, Notices, &c. NOTTS BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. The summer conference of the above Association was held in People's Hall, Nottingham, on Saturday, July 25, when about sixty members and friends from districts pretty well covering the whole county were present. Up to the time appointed for tea the visitors spent an enjoyable hour examin- ing a large collection of mounted nectar- producing plants, drawings of pollen- grains of same, wire excluders, dummies and dividers, a simple slow-feeder, an ap- paratus for burning out odd diseased cells, &c. After tea an excellent paper was read by Dr. T. S. Elliot, of Southwell, on "The Scientific Aspect of Foul Brood," which was profusely illustrated by dia- grams, specimens of growths, &c, and lantern-slides. The lecturer pointed out how the organism was cultivated, mea- sured, and denned, and gave instruction as to various means of keeping the disease subdued and at bay, concluding with the hope that ere long the Government would be induced to pass a Bill for the suppres- sion of foul brood and other diseases of bees. Mr. Darrington, in proposing a vote of thanks to Dr. Elliot, said how very in- structive, lucid, and interesting his paper had been. The secretary (Mr. G. Hayes) gave a description of twenty-five nectar- producing plants and their pollens, illus- trated by photo-micrographic slides of the latter and photo slides of the plants. Mr. Hayes' extremely interesting paper was listened to with interest and pleasure by all present, a most successful meeting being brought to a close at about 9 p.m. AMONG THE BEES. BY D. M. MACDONALD, BANFF. FORMING NUCLEI. In answer to several urgent requests, I will deal more fully with the forma- tion of these small lots of bees. Rather than give a large selection of the various plans followed, I think it best to pick out a few of the very best, in order that readers may have a choice of some of the newest and most up-to-date plans. Mr. Doolittle's favourite plan, and one he recommends because there is no confin- ing of bees, is as follows : Make a colony queenless, and as soon as the cells are sealed over, or, better, when they are within a day or two of hatching, convey one to each frame by pushing the base of the cell into the comb. On the next day carry each frame with its queen-cell on it to a hive where you want a nucleus to be. Place a frame of honey alongside of it in the hive, contracting by dummies to suit the size of the colony. Now, from any other hive take a frame of brood without the bees and place it in the combless hive. This frame with brood and cell will be taken care of by the flying bees when they return from the fields. In this way from five to ten nuclei can be made from one colony. He maintains that, while the bees shifted into the new hives would not stay with a strange virgin queen, they will stay with one of their own cells. Dr. Miller takes his bees and combs from any colony which can afford it. Each nucleus is put upon a stand of its own, and the entrances are at once plugged up with leaves so that no bees can get out. The entrances may be left closed until the shrinking of the leaves allows the bees to make their way out ; but if he desires to liberate them after twenty-four hours he pounds on the hive to rouse the bees and make them mark their location upon emerging. Queenless bees are much better at staying where they are put, but he counts on very few bees returning after being confined twenty-four hours or longer — say forty-eight hours. It is not neces- sary, he says, to do anything more than to let a nucleus stand without any help in a fair season, if it can stand long enough. The Doctor also makes his increase by taking small lots of bees to his out-apiaries. His ten-frame hive is carried, each frame provided with a queen-cell, from the home- apiary, and the ten frames put into ten different hives. Of course, every bee will stay where it is put. He is not content with a single frame, however, because he carries with him a second hive rendered queenless, and from this gives a second frame containing bees, brood, and honey. These are all expected to work up into independent stocks. Mr. Sladen, of Dover, whose book on " Queen-Rearing in England " should be in the hands of every bee-keeper possessing a dozen stocks, has invented a small two- frame nucleus hive. Each frame is hinged in the centre in order that when required the two frames will make one full-sized ordinary standard frame. Each hive can be divided by a small dummy, and can take two nuclei separated by the divi- sion-board. He funnels the bees into each of these miniature hives, and sup- plies them with a ripe queen-cell or a newly-hatched virgin. For the beginner, rearing queens from cells or larva? from prepared cups or other- wise is not to be recommended ; but he can in general get sufficient queen-cells from swarmed hives, any queenless lots, or from colonies superseding their queens. In this way the nuclei formed can each be expedited by being supplied from one of these, instead of waiting until they them- selves build out cells and rear young 2G4 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 7,1910. virgins. If, through baby nuclei or other- wise, we can secure fertilised queens to head them, we advance them still further along the high road of success. A start should not be made at too early a date, and in bad weather provision should be made for giving a steady food supply. Nuclei should be started fairly strong in bees to make them a success. The following interesting procedure is followed at Messrs. Root's queen-rearing yard : From some of their out-apiaries they take home so many pounds of bees. They have small twin-nuclei boxes contain- ing four frames and a dummy. The opera- tor jars the receptacle containing the bees so that all fall to the bottom, and then wets them with a spray. He then scoops up about 4 oz. of bees (rather over 1000) and dumps them into one of the compart- ments, repeating the process in the other. An attendant drops down a virgin queen previously dipped in honey or syrup. Both divisions are now covered up with an enamel cloth, and, further, warmly wrapped up. They are retained in the operating-room for forty-eight hours, and then placed on their respective stands. The entrances are opened at night, a frame-feeder at the side. These small twin-nuclei serve the purpose only of mating. When the queens begin to lay they are taken out and given to other hives to replace effete or undesirable queens, or they are given to already estab- lished nuclei on standard combs. After taking out the young fertile queen it is preferred to give a new nearly ripe queen- cell instead of a young virgin. With a queen-cell the bees accept the new mother when she issues, but with a virgin they find the bees at times resent her introduc- tion. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. INDUCING BEES TO WORK IN SUPERS. BEES PERFORATING BEANS. [7850.] Last year I wrote you an ac- count of my experiences as a beginner at bee-keeping, and asked some questions, which you kindly answered. I did not know you had printed my letter until I received one from a gentleman who had seen it in the Becord, and Avith whom I have sustained a correspondence varied by occasional visits, and from whose ex- perience I have been generously allowed to draw upon to much advantage. Now that the honey-flow is on us again, perhaps it would interest you to hear of my further progress in the craft, and[ at the same time I may perhaps be allowed to have your opinion again upon some little items, although I must say the "Guide Book" is so comprehensive that one feels perhaps one is a little dull and has missed some of the point of the in- structions. My two stocks wintered excellently, the old one coming out most remarkably strong and with such an ample supply of stores that I stimulated by uncapping a few cells at a time. By the time the apples were in bloom there was an enor- mous population, and I put on a super. The blossom was somewhat of a failure, however, the crab-trees having not a tithe of the bloom they showed in 1909, two trees near me which last year were simply one mass of pink and white having not a solitary flower upon them. The bees did not go into the super until the fruit blossoms were over, and, notwith- standing the fact that there have been plenty of bees in it now for a month, there does not appear to be any honey stored. I have packed it up tight from the com- mencement, and I am quite sure no warmth escapes from it, and in fact at 4.30 one cool morning there were plenty of bees there. Now, sir, how do you account for this? Is it owing to the combs being wide-spaced and having a great depth of honey-cell? I am referring to the broods chamber now, of course. I have wondered whether, this being so, there is> still plenty of room below for storage; and if this is in your opinion the reason, perhaps you would kindly suggest a remedy for imme- diate use, as I have had to stand a good deal of chaff about these bees and the dearth of honey, and I do not want to see> empty supers at the end of the honey- flow. The other stock did not seem, to increase, much, so last Aveek I examined it and found a number of queen-cells (capped, in one instance), so I thought it wise to make a swarm. This I did by taking out a frame witli queen, a frame of honey and young brood, and with these and a spare comb started the new hiAre, Avhich, of course, I put, in the place of the old stock. Both stocks are busy draAving out the comb, the SAvarm being aided with a bottle-feeder. I notice a correspondent (No. 7840, page 235) mentions the holes in bean-flowers I noticed this last year, and made it my business to find out Avhat made them, and a little' watching soon settled the point. I saAV a species of Apathus go to the base of a A'irgin flower and Avith a quick tear- July 7,1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 265 ing motion of the jaws break the hole. It will occur to you that this genus does not rear its young, and it seems to me therefore a very satisfactory explanation of the reason for the hole being made, as of course pollen is not wanted. I intend to follow this point up as far as possible, but the beans are over now. So far 1 have not seen the larger bees (Bom bus) making a hole, although both they and the Apis take advantage of it. The clover is in full bloom here now, but so far I have not seen the bees at it. I fancy there is something very attractive in some gardens down the hill, as the line of flight is nearly alwaj's in that direction. The enclosed photo will give some idea of my apiary, which I have arranged under a kind of pergola. The top does not show in this print. I*p the sides I am training loganberries, and I think, as well as being very convenient, it will form an unusual decorative feature of the gar- den. With my best wishes to all fellow bee-keepers. May one andi all have a great meed of success. — H. G. Mace, Essex. [There are different reasons why bees do not go up to work in supers. There may not be sufficient bees, or there may be room in the lower story for storing all the honey that is coming in. If the queen does not keep the brood-nest well supplied with eggs the bees find room there for storage of honey, especially at a time when the honey-flow is not abun- dant. In a strong colony, where there are plenty of bees and a prolific queen, bees will begin working in supers as' soon as they can depend on a sufficient flow of nectar. Fruit-blossoms usually are only just sufficient to stimulate bees into ac- tivity, and, except in some districts, do not provide enough for storage in supers, the bulk being used in brood-rearing. The main flow usually comes later, when clover and sainfoin come into bloom, and if the colonies are not ready and anxious to work in supers at such a time the number of frames in brood-chamber can be re- duced by removing the outer ones, their place being taken by dummies. For this purpose the dummies are simply frames with thin boards tacked on each side. They hang in the hive, and occupy the same space as a comb. Colonies may some- times be contracted to five or six combs, but these should be well filled' with brood. In this way the bees, finding no room to store honey below, are forced to gO' into supers, though even this will not cause them to store there unless there is a good flow of nectar. The greatest attraction that can be placed in the supers is drawn- out comb, and this; frequently entices bees into them, even when they would not enter 1 a super fitted with foundation. We regret that the charming photograph you send is not clear enough for reproduction. —Ed.] ROSS-SHIRE NOTES. A GOOD START. [7851.] The months of May and June were very favourable for bees here, and although early forage is scarce in the North bees gathered sufficient for their own needs and stored some surplus as well. The strongest stocks were supered with combed sections on June 15, and on taking a peep into them last week I was surprised to findi the first racks filled and partly sealed- over. A second super was placed on top, and readily taken to in all cases. We seldom have sections filled so early. July is our best month for honey, and in our "record" season there was no surplus until the third week of the month. Things are quiet in the apiary just now, daily heavy rains putting a stop to honey- gathering. However, with clover now in full bloom there should be a heavy flow of nectar when the sunshine comes again. Supcring. — I note our Editor (page 259) does not agree with "D. M. M." re putting the empty rack on top always. Here in the North we want two crops from the July honey-flow, the one of finishedi clover sections, the other merely drawn combs for the heather. We some- times have strong stocks occupying five or six racks of sections. Now, supposing we always placed the empty super next the brood while extending, and, as fre- quently happens, a break in the weather cut the forage short, we should get few finished1 sections and have a lot of half- finished ones to run through the extrac- tor. Section-nuclei. — Has this system perished along with its originator? I find the baby-nucleus both interesting and useful. If confined in a warm place for a few days there is no desertion, and the queen mates all right from a couple of sections. — J. M. Ellis, Ussie Valley, July 2. ISLE OF WIGHT DISEASE. [7852.] Has it occurred to the Board of Agriculture to look for the cause of the Isle of Wight disease in a recently imported weed? Many features in the case point to poison. First, all efforts to reintroduce bees into the island seem to have failed. This points to some perma- nent cause connected with the place and of recent origin. Secondly, the disease seems to follow the course of valleys. Thirdly, it is more to be dreaded at cer- tain seasons of the year than at others. 266 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 7,1910. Might I venture to suggest that the ser- vices of a naturalist should be employed to discover whether or no a hitherto un- known plant has been introduced into the island, as the whitlow-pepperwort was in- troduced a hundred years ago in some straw and litter? — F. S., Hants. 'MID PIKE AND FELL. ■[7353.] "Eh! but it's bonnie weather noo. Happen a soop o' ram. Bees doin' gaily weel down in field-kale yon, wi' clover, gay likely, we shall have a cham- pion harvest." My southron ear scarcely notices now the rudeness of the North Country speech. Its manly robustness suits well the stalwart men and the buxom maids and matrons whose dialect it is. True-hearted women and 'brave, honest men. It is market day in any of the border towns. Come with me among the crowd. These sturdy yeomen, bronzed of face, clean built, and powerful of limb — are not they worthy sons of their sires of old, who, at the beacon's glare, were com- pelled by the tenure on which they held their land to assemble " properly equipped for forty days' service, nag or foot"? Right well did they repay the courtesies of their neighbours "o'er the border." It is interesting to read in the records of the Courts of the Lords Wardens of the Marches the curiously worded oaths ad- ministered to the jurors for " excusing the bill," for "fouling the bill," for so the indictments were called. History has it how Walter Scott, of Brankholme (in Scotland) sued in these Courts Willie Graham, of the Rosetrees, together with Richard Lowther and Alexander Hume, of Hulton Hall (in England), for "at- tempts committed on the Marches of Liddesdale." And the records of these Courts declare that the damages occa- sioned by the English • raiders were £31,900 in excess of the Scottish devasta- tions. But veritably the sword has turned into the ploughshare. Needless now are forti- fied farmhouses, with high-walled yards into which the cattle might be driven when "lifters" were about. Oxen and lambs browse peacefully in the rich meadows. The corn grows in the fields, tinting the browside and the landscape with its golden harvest brown. Teeming are the orchards, and hard by the home- stead long-throated chanticleer crows forth his defiance. In the old square towered Norman built churches are the monuments of those whose duty it was to keep watch and ward over the borders. Have those long years of strife and struggle, when each man knew not if he spoke to an enemy or a friend, left a stamp on the character of this people? Cautious to a fault, he needs must be an early riser who would outwit them in a bargain. Early in my visit a sale by auction, which included some hives of bees, attracted my attention. The auc- tioneer was a typical man of the county Westmorland, grey as to beard, and broad as to accent. Too wise to give a false description, everything he sold he de- clared "a first-class article of its kind." Therefore, chairs and tables, rheumatic and fractured in their joints, and blankets and sheets, of which you might count the warp and the weft, were all " first class of their kind." And the bees. One hive I knew to be tenanted by a fertile worker, and of another the queen was in the last stage of senile decay. Yet they were "first-class hives of bees of their kind." I thought them dear at half a crown, at which I started the bidding, and happily was not the purchaser. But the afternoon had not been without in- terest and amusement of its kind. Those days of my tour in early spring were fearful. Snow, snow, eternal snow, and winds piercing and bitter. Full many a stock succumbed during one fell fortnight. Saved during the winter months, and stimulated by the previous few days of fine weather, another cake of candy, another few pounds of syrup, would have brought them through. It is sad to open a hive to find its tenants in heaps on the floor. Work among the bees was out of the question. To have a chat on bee matters (in Westmorland dia- lect "a crack") Ash Fell had to be mounted, and it took an hour or more to ascend — you descend in ten minutes. Then it was that the awful majesty of a snowstorm in the mountains could be seen, hurtling over yonder western hills in the wind's eye, spreading its gigantic arms and limbs on either side, a fiend, as it were, escaped from imprisonment. See, it comes hissing, lashing in its pas- sage the early verdure of the trees. You crouch under the lee of a stone wall. Swiftly it envelopes you ; stinging hail and blinding snowflake. The distant hills in the path of the storm have vanished, the near ones are white. Yet still over- head, whirling and curling onwards, it scourges, until even its own fierceness causes its exhaustion. Oh! it is a mar- vellous sight to those who love Nature even in her most savage moods, grand and glorious. The verdure of spring, the more mature foliage of summer, the ripe- ness of autumn, all are beautiful. But in winter, when life is dormant, taking that long night's rest, which all created things must have, then Nature shows that she has still another aspect — stern and sevei'e, perhaps, but still beautiful. — J. Smallwood, Hendon. July 7,1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 26" CHLORIDE OF LIME AND FOUL BROOD. [7854.] In several issues of the B.B.J, last year there were references made to using chloride of lime as a remedy for foul brood. In some cases difficulties were found, and during last year, having a bad outbreak of foul brood in one of my hives, I made use of it with very satisfactory results. To use it and change it frequently in the usual way meant often opening the hives, and as this seemed to me to have its own objections, I devised a plan of making new floorboards and adapting my old ones in such a way that I can at any time of the day or night supply disinfectant without the bees knowing I am doing it. Should the amount used be too great, and disturb the bees, it can be immediately withdrawn. If you would care to have a short paper from me about it I shall be pleased to write one, as it is a practical method, and will prevent a great deal of over-manipulating and disturbance. — ChAS. J. ASHWORTH. [We shall be glad to have your experi- ence with chloride of lime, and the way you have used it explained. — Ed.] Queries and Replies. [4019. j Prevention of Swarming. — I should like the benefit of your advice in the following matters:- — 1. I have never yet been able to prevent swarming. My bees are kept in '' W. B. C" hives, and this spring a strong stock (last year's queen) was supered with a section-rack late in May. At the same time I propped up the body-box and outer case with small wedges so as to give free ventila- tion, but the bees swarmed on June 10. Another stock, treated similarly, swarmed on Saturday, the 25th ult. As I live some distance from my bee-garden it was only by good luck that the swarms were observed and hived. 1. Can you suggest any improvement on my method of manage- ment ? I do not desire increase of stocks, but honey ; and I thought I had given the bees plenty of room in advance of their requirements. They started work in sections, and almost filled one section only, leaving the other sections in rack practically untouched. 2. Drones are usually held up as examples of incorri- gible idleness. Am I right in assuming that it is not lack of inclination that pre- vents them from working, but the fact that they are not provided with the neces- sary organsi for gathering nectar? Will they (as I have seen it asserted) starve rather than feed themselves, or do they help themselves to honey in the hive? 3. What is the object of having the two thin strips of wood, 16^ in. by f in., in the body box of a "W. B. C." hive, and how thick ought they to be? Is it to space the end comb at the correct distance from hive-wall? — J. W. P., Whitehaven. Reply. — 1. The position in which the hives are placed also counts in the pre- vention of swarming; for instance, they should not stand under a south wall or where the sun shines fiercely down upon them. It is more difficult to prevent swarming when working for sections than when working with shallow frames. If the hives are much exposed to the sun, give tem- porary shade during hot weather by erect- ing a framework on which raffia matting can be laid. 2. Nature ordains that drones are brought into existence for the perpetuation of the race only, and this is their sole work. They can feed themselves if necessity arises, but are usually fed by the workers. 3. Yes; they should be about rS- in. thick. [4020.] Artificial Swarming. — I have one hive, in which the bees are working in a rack of sections and two supers of shallow frames, there being ten frames well filled with brood in the brood box. The sections and upper rack of frames are nearly ready to come off, and I am anxious to make some increase, although there is no sign of preparation for swarming. I propose to make an arti- ficial swarm, giving the swarm the old stand and the supers, and when the queen cells are ripe to divide the stock into two. I shall be very much obliged if you will tell me: 1. How late can I safely leave this for the stocks to build up before winter? 2. Should I give larvse in artificial queen cells, or can the bees be trusted to select larvse young enough when they are not swarming naturally? 3. Would it be advisable to make four nuclei and then unite as re- quired to allow for mishaps in fertilisa- tion? 4. What is the object of lugs LJin. long on frames? It seems to me that lugs J in. long would very much simplify hive construction, particularly with hives made on the "W. B. C." principle. — Medico, Notts. Reply. — 1. It should be done at once. 2. If after being queenless twenty-four hours you enlarge a few of the cells con- taining eggs and destroy all other queen cells made by the bees, there will be no risk of failure. 3. No ; this would be dividing up too much, and would only be safe in experienced hands. 4. The 1^ in. lug- is found most convenient to enable the frames to be manipulated with comfort. A 15 in. top bar was tried some years ago, but was discarded, as it did not give sufficient room to hold the frames. 268 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 7, 1910. [4021.] Swarming Vagaries. — I am a regular reader of your interesting paper, and have received a lot of valuable infor- mation from it. I started bee-keeping last summer with one1 hive, the stock wintered well, and on the 19th ult. I had a strong swarm from it. I got the bees into a skep, which I inverted on a sheet, and they settled down inside for about an hour ; then they all left and clustered on a tree near. They repeated this three times ; then I got them hived and put a feeder on, having given them eight frames of founda- tion. I left home on the 20th ult. about midday, and they seemed quite settled in the new hive, but I have since heard that on the 21st they all left the hive again and went back to the old one, where they have remained. I should) be. glad to know if you can tell me the reason of their doing this. I may say that when hiving them I saw there was a queen amongst them.— J. W. G., Tralee. Reply. — It isi rather unusual for bees to do this. Are you quite sure the swarm went back and did) not abscond? If they did go back, most probably it was caused by the queen being killed or lost during the last time they were hived. Occasionally a swarm will forsake the hive they are put into. This may be caused through their being hived during the heat of the day, or if the hive has been disinfected and1 the smell still remains. [4022.] A Beginner's Queries.— I shall be very grateful for answers to the fol- lowing : — 1. Does food made from No. 5 recipe in "Guide Book" keep indefinitely in corked bottles? 2. If the bees store this syrup, but do not seal it over, how should I remove it for the winter, having no extractor? 3. By what date should it be sealed over or removed? 4. On a reason- ably warm, sunny day, does lifting out the frames for examination risk chilling the brood? 5. What is a reasonable length of time for a frame to be kept out for examination? 6. Does examination upset the bees and throw back their work? 7. Is it a good or bad sign for numbers of bees to be in the air in front of the hive apparently doing nothing, many, of course, coming and going, others persist- ing in fanning at the entrance? 8. If the combs are heavy with either sealed honey or syrup how many should there be when the stock is packed up for the winter? Should I examine at intervals or leave them till spring? Will the bees starve if there are sealed stores anywhere in the hive? 9. What quantity of candy should be put in when bees are packed up for winter, and is it to be replenished? 10. Will a light shed built round the hives help wintering? 11. The tops of bives are ventilated, but the quilt stops . any connection between this ventilation | and the bees. How far open should the door be for wintering? 12. Six frames, thickly covered with bees, and containing a little honey or syrup and some brood, were put into one of my hives a week ago, June 25. I have since added two more frames at each end for the bees to draw out; a slight start has been made on one of these ; also they take down about half a pint of syrup daily. Given that these conditions are continued for three weeks, can they then be left unattended for a month in safety? 13. How should one hive bees (which I presume are driven) which are sent some distance by train in a box with several frames? I am expecting some more like this, and I ask because the last lot refused to go with the frames into the hive. How should I proceed in open- ing and transferring to the hive? 14. Do bees need artificial pollen at this time of year? 15. A friend and myself have several times seen much larger bees entering the hive with (apparently) pollen. I take them for drones ; but do drones ever do this work? 16. Is white or green paint best for hives, and does new paint harm the bees? Can a hive be painted with bees in it? — Beginner, Isle of Man. Reply. — 1. No. 5 is intended for imme- diate use and not for storing. 2. It can- not be removed without extracting. Your best plan would be to take away the combs containing the unsealed syrup, as it is not suitable for winter food, No. 6 recipe being the one recommended. 3. End of September. 4. No. 5. Four to five minutes. 6. To a certain extent. 7. It shows they want ventilation. 8. No. 5 recipe must not be used, No. 6 being the right one for winter food. Eight frames well filled would suffice. If in doubt as to the supply of food put on a box of candy with a glass top. You can then easily see when the food is exhausted, and replenish without disturbing the bees. Not if winter passages are given. 9. A 1-lb. or 2-lb. cake. 10. Not if hives are well made. 11. Porous material should be used for quilts. About six inches. 12. Yes. 13. Do it in the evening or early morning and give a frame of brood from one of the other colonies. 14. No. 15. No. 16. White paint is best, but the hives must not be painted when occupied by bees. Bee=Shows to Come. July 13 and 14. at Osmaston Park, Derby. Honey Show of the Derbys. B.K.A., held in connec- tion with the Derbyshire Agricultural Society's Show. Several Open Classes for Honey.— Schedules from R. H. Coltman, 49. Station Street, Burton-on- Trent. Entries closed. July 14 and 15, at Spalding.— Honey Show in connection with the Lines Agricultural Society's Exhibition. Department for honey, hives. «fec., under the direction of Lines. B.KA. Entries closed. July T, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 269 July 20 and 21, at Cardiff.— Annual Show of the Glamorgan B.K.A., in connection with the Car- diff and County Horticultural Show. Separate tent for honey, wax, appliances, &c. Hon. Sec, Mr. W. Wiltshire, Maindy Schools, Cardiff. July 21, at Southwell. — Annual Show of the Notts B.K.A., in connection with the Horticul- tural Society's Show. Open class for Single 1-lb. Jar. First prize, 20s. Schedules from Geo. Hayes, Mona Street, Beeston, Notts. July 21 and 22, at Leek.— Annual Show of the Staffs B.K.A., in connection with the Staffs Agricultural Society. Six open classes. Entry forms from Joseph Tinsley, 22, Granville Terrace, Stone, Staffs. Entries close July 9. July 26 to 28, at Leeds.— Show of Honey, &C, in connection with the Royal Yorkshire Agricul- tural Socety. Entries closed. July 28, at Middle Wallop, Hants.— In con- nection with the Horticultural Show. Open classes for Honey : Best 1-lb. Jar Extracted, Best 1-lb. Sec- tion. (Entry free.) Schedules from Pryce E. Roberts, Schoolhouse, Nether Wallop, Stockbridge. Entries close July 21. July 28, at Tiverton.— Devon B.K.A. Show of Honey, Bees, Wax, and Appliances, held in connection with the Annual Exhibition of Tiverton and District Agricultural Society. Open Classes, Special Prizes. Schedules from R, W. Furze, Wood- bury, R.S.O., Devon. Entries close July 19. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Cambridge.— Honey Show, in connection with the Cambridge Mammoth Show Society. All Open Classes. Eight special prizes, including five Special Hives to be competed for. This show also includes Dogs, Poultry, Pigeons, Cats, Rabbits, Cage Birds, Flowers, Fruit, and Vegetables. Also grand pro- gramme of Sports. The splendid Band of the Royal Artillery will be in attendance, and a display of Fireworks will take place. Schedules from Hon. Sec, Mr. E. F. Dant, 52, Bridge Street, Cambridge. Entries close July 28. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Melton Park, Melton Constable.— Annual Show of the North Norfolk B.K.A. Four Open Classes, including one for Single 1-lb. Section and one for Single 1-lb. Jar of Honey. Schedules from Miss Leaven, Letheringsett, Holt, Norfolk. Entries close July 23. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Windsor.— Show of Honey and Bee-appliances, under the direction of the Windsor and District B.K.A., in conjunction with the Old Windsor Horticultural Society's show. Schedules from Mrs. W. S. Darby, Hon. Sec, 1, Consort Villas. Clewer, Berks. August 3, at Stoke Park.— Surrey B.K.A. Annual Exhibition of Bees, Hives, Wax, Appli- ances, &c, will be held in connection with the Guildford and West Surrey Agricultural Associa- tion. Twenty-four Classes (nine open to all). Many medals. Schedules from F. B. White, Hon. Secre- tary, Marden House, Redhill, Surrey. Entries close July 23. August 3 and 4, at Abingdon Park, North- ampton.—Honey Show of the Northants B.K.A, Special prizes for open classes, including one for single 1-lb. jar honey. (Entry free.) Judge, Mr. W. Herrod. Schedules from R. Hefford, Hon. Sec, Kingsthorpe. Northants. Entries close July 26. August 4, at Madresfield, Malvern.— Annual Show of the Worcestershire B.K.A. Open class for Honey Trophy. Schedules and entry forms on application to Mr. G. Richings, 2, Shrubbery Ter- race, Worcester. August 10, at Midsomer Norton, Bath.— In connection with the local Horticultural Show, Annual Show of the Somerset B.K.A. Increased prizes for honey, wax, and appliances. Several open and free classes. Challenge honey pot for greatest number of points in members' classes. For schedules and particulars apply to the Assistant Secretary, L. Bigg-Wither, Birdwood, Wells. Entries close August 5. August 10, at Wye, Kent.— Kent Honey Show. Four open classes, fifteen open to Kent. Trophy, cup value 3 guineas, two Challenge cups value 6 guineas each, one Challenge cup value 5 guineas, numerous other Special and money prizes. Special classes for Cottagers, also class for JVIembers of Ashford and District Bee-keepers' Association. Schedules from H. C. Chapelow. Hon. Sec, Wye, Kent. Entries close August 1. August 17, at Lancaster. Lancaster Agricul- tural Society, in conjunction with the Lancashire Bee-keepers' Association. Seventeen Classes for Honey and Bee Produce, also for Bee-Hives ; nume- rous specials, including two silver challenge cups, twelve silver and bronze medals, &c. In applying, state Honey Schedule required.— Thomas Armitstead and Son, Secretaries, Lancaster. Entry closes August 3. August 17 and 18, at Shrewsbury.— Annual Show of the Shropshire B.K.A., in connection with the Shropshire Horticultural Society's Floral Fete. Ten Open Classes for Honey and Wax. Twelve silver and bronze medals, also cash prizes for same. Free entry for Single Bottle and Single Section. Schedules from S. Cartwright, Hon. Sec, Shawbury, Shrewsbury. Entries close August 5. August 20, at Elworth, Sandbach.— In con- nection with the Elworth Athletic Club and Horti- cultural Society's Show. Class for Honey open to the County of Chester, 15s. first, 7s. 6d. second, 5s. third, for 12 Jars Run or Extracted Honey; also Bronze Medal given by the Cheshire Bee-keepers' Association. Entry fee Is. Schedules from C. Salmon, Hon. Sec, Elworth, Sandbach. Entries close August 13. August 24 and 25, at Leamington.— Annual Show of the Warwicks B.K.A., in connection with the Warwickshire Agricultural Society's Exhibi- tion. Section for Honey, Appliances, &c Sche- dules from J. Noble-Bower, Knowle, Warwicks. August 31 and September 1, at Carlisle. — Second Annual Show of the Cumberland B.K.A. will be held in connection with Carlisle Horticul- tural Society's Show in the Market, Carlisle. Schedules from G. W. Avery, Heads Nook, Carlisle. Entries close August 20. September 7, at Croydon. — Show of Honey, Wax, and Appliances, in connection with the Croy- don and District B.K.A. Five open classes. Schedules and entry forms ready July 1, from A. Wakerell, 21, Mansfield Road, South Croydon. Entries close August 31. September 17 to 24. at the Agricultural Hall, London.— Honey Show in connection with the Eighteenth Annual Exhibition and Market of the Grocery and Kindred Trades. Liberal prizes. Open to all British Bee-keepers. Schedules from H. S. Rogers, Secretary, Exhibition Offices, Palmerston House, Old Broad Street, London, E.C. Notices to Correspondents. Letters or queries asking for addresses of manu- facturers or correspondents, or where appliances can be purchased, or replies giving such informa- tion, can only be inserted as advertisements. The space devoted to letters, Queries, and replies is meant for the general good of bee-keepers, and not for advertisements. We wish our correspondents to bear in mind that, as it is necessary for us to go to press in advance of the date of issue, queries cannot always be replied to in the issue imme- diately following the receipt of their communica- tions. G. J. (Coleford). — Description of Foul Brood. — 1. The earliest symptoms of foul brood are so minutely described in the "Guide Book" that we are unable to add much more. You can only tell by the appearance of the larva?, and not by the position of the eggs. The egg when first laid stands parallel to the sides of the cell, and this position it retains the first day. On the second it is inclined at an angle of 45 deg. ; and on the third it assumes a horizontal 2T0 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 7,1910. position, resting perfectly flat on the base of the cell. 2. The two or three unhatched cells need not necessarily be diseased, and the hatching may have been retarded. Uncap one of the cells and examine contents, and if you find them rotten you may suspect foul brood. 3. We should certainly remove such combs and melt them up, but as you do not wish to destroy them wash out the cells with a tuft of cotton-wool dipped in carbolic acid solution No. 10 in "Guide Book"; afterwards remove the acid with plenty of clean water. 4. When you first discover foul brood follow the instructions on page 179 of "Guide Book." W. S. H. (West Wratting) .—Extracting Shallow Frames. — 1. If there are eight frames to a super, each should contain from 3^ lb. to 4 lb. of honey when full. If you turned for half an hour and only obtained 1 lb. of honey from two frames and it seemed too thick to run, it must have been too cold, or you do not get sufficient speed in your extractor. The combs should be uncapped and honey extracted as soon as taken from the hive, unless you keep them in a heated room, as cold has a tendency to make honey more dense, and consequently more difficult to extract. 2. If the honey is strained through butter-cloth and allowed to settle and ripen in a deep vessel the cloudiness will disappear in time, unless, the honey is con- taminated, with honey-dew. J. W. G. (Huddersfield).— Dark Honey from Skep. — The honey is from mixed sources, with a small trace of honey- dew, which was probably stored in the skep last season, and has become mixed with the honey obtained this year. The honey is quite fit for either eating or feeding bees. C. E. B. (Cranford). — Mouldy Pollen in Combs. — 1. Pollen turns mouldy in win- ter owing to damp and the colonies not being strong enough to keep it covered. Combs containing such in spring should be removed and melted, but if you do not wish to do this the cells containing the pollen can be scraped down to the midrib. 2. As the queen and bees were without food, it is not surprising that they should have preferred to return to the main b'rood-nest in front. J. J. ( Wrexham). —Uncapped Brood-cells. — This is frequently caused by the wax- moth, and the nearly-matured bees are generally removed by the workers. It is not an indication of foul brood. Twenty Years' Exhibitor (Derby). — Awards at Liverpool. — 1. If what you say about coloured water being staged for honey is correct, you should have made the protest in the usual way at the show, where no doubt the matter would have been investigated by the judges. As you did not do so, it is hardly right to bring such an accusation in the way you have done. F. V. W. (Hartpury). — Weight of Super. — The weight of a well-filled shallow frame, if provided with wide endsi, is from 3h lb. to 4 lb. If you wish to know how much honey you obtain, weigh the super when you remove it, and when all the combs have been ex- tracted and returned weigh it again, The difference will give you the net weight of honey obtained. C. J. A. (Heytesbury).- — Removing Ripe Honey, &c. — 1. Honey can be removed from the hive as soon as all the cells are capped over. It need not be left on the hive to ripen. This applies to supers and also the brood-chamber. 2. Sections for show must be glazed, and for commercial purposes it depends on the demand. Some dealers require them glazed ; others take them in crates un- glazed. 3. There is no objection to the use of "Izal," but there are other re- medies quite as efficient. 4. Much will depend on thei judgment of the bee- keeper, and from 40 deg. to 50 deg. would be safe with one, while another might cause brood to become chilled at even a higher temperature by injudi- cious manipulation. If only one or two frames are uncovered and the lifts kept on and providing protection, a frame of foundation can be safely inserted at a lower temperature, in a few seconds, but you must bear in mind that when bees are disturbed, unless they are able to fly freely, they are likely to have dysentery. A. H. (Patcham). — Treating Swarms. — If you give the swarm the frames of brood you put it in the same condition as it was in before it swarmed, and the bees would swarm again for the same reason. Carry out the instructions given on page 250. G. M. 0. (Hanwell). — -Bees Deserting Hive. ■ — Are you sure that the queen was fer- tilised? If not, it is possible that she left the swarm for fertilisation, and the other bees followed her, or that she had been injured in some way. Find- ing her on the ground running towards the hive would lead us to the latter conclusion. A. W. B. (Poole).— Fertile Workers.— A fertile worker frequently lays several eggs in single cells here and there, whilst most adjoining ones are empty and unused. A prolific fertile queen will sometimes deposit several eggs in cells in regular compact patches which can readily be distinguished from those laid by a fertile worker. When a fer- July 7, 1910. THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 271 tile queen is present in the hive the bees rarely tolerate a fertile worker. G. M. A. (Bardon Mill) .— Failure to Obtain Surplus. — 1. As your colony is weak, you would do well to strengthen it by the addition of a swarm, and re- moving the old queen. 2. You can only get swarms from strong colonies at the proper time, but last year was a bad one for swarms, and the weather pre- vented many hives even in good condi- tion from swarming. 3. We do not think the hexagon hives have anything to do with the non^swarniing, but you will find the movable frame-hive more easily managed. 4. We have not heard before of sugar being soaked in tea as winter food for bees, but should think the syrup made in tne way recom- mended in "Guide Book" best, it being the nearest approach to honey in com- position. 5. We note that you are in favour of foul-brood legislation. G. R. (St. Albans).— Ailing Bees.— The bees sent appear to be suffering from dysentery, the bowel being congested and filled with undigested pollen, caused by malnutrition. W. H. W. (Harlington). — Dealing with Foul Brood. — We shall be pleased to have your experience of how you ex- tirpated the disease. Theodosia (South Wales). — Supposed Loss of Queen. — 1. The bee you send is a drone, not a queen ; therefore all is well with the stock. 2. Lift up the deal box and put the shallow-frame super under- neath, as this will give you more room near the brood-nest and prevent swarm- ing. 3. The only way to deal with a vicious stock is to re-queen it in the autumn with a queen from a strain with a good disposition, such as Car- niolans. Our advertisement pages will inform you where you can obtain a queen. Corntjbia (Cornwall). — Exhibiting at Shows. — Under the circumstances only one exhibit in each class can be made, as obviously both exhibits would be from the same apiary, which means the place where the bees are kept. Infected (North Devon). — Disinfecting Combs. — 1. The infected cells should be cut out and the combs disinfected with formalin. 2. Formalin is the better, but you might use both it and soluble phe- nyle to make quite sure. 3. Soak the metal ends in methylated spirit to re- move the propolis. They should then be washed in formalin. 4. If properly treated you should not find disease in September. When removing supers ex- amine the hive carefully for traces of disease, and if found to be still present treat again without delay. A. M. M. H. (Berwick). — The insect sent is a virgin queen. Beginner (Wellington). — Queen Cast Out. The queen is a very old one, and has been deposed by the bees for this reason. H. N. (Essex). — Suspected Disease. — The bees have evidently died of starvation, and the stock should be provided with food at once. G. M. R. (Ilfracombe). — Queen Found Dead. — The queen is a fertile one, and we should say she has been balled, prob- ably through manipulating. Her wings are ragged, and she has the appearance of being an old queen which has been superseded by the bees. H. F. (Walsall). — Queen Lost in Transit. — 1. The queen was evidently lost in transit, and the bees are re-queening themselves. 2. There is no need to do this, as the queen-cells in the hive will furnish a new queen. 3. Yes; feeding with syrup will help them. Honey Samples. Vadis (Derby). — The honey is commencing to granulate. It is of fairly good flavour, though rather thin in consist- ency. Gathered mainly from charlock. S. C. (Crewe). — Sample is a nice flavoured granulated honey, its chief defect being the coarse granulation. E. A. B. (Petersfield).— The honey is a very nice sample from clover, colour and flavour being particularly good. Suspected Combs. G. G. (Foots Cray). — There are no larvse in piece of comb, the brood in cells being almost ready to hatch. There appears to be no disease so far as we can judge, and the sample sent has no bad smell such as you describe. Send a piece conr- taining young brood if possible. V. D. (Ipswich). — Comb is affected with foul brood. The stock, being so weak, together with combs, quilts, &c, should be promptly destroyed and the hive dis- infected. Smoker (Chesterfield). — The piece of comb shows virulent foul brood, and should be attended to without delay. Be care- ful to avoid robbing by bees from other hives. Operate in the evening when bees have ceased flying, and if the stock is not worth saving you had better suffo- cate the bees in this way: — Dig a hole, in which place some burning sulphur, lift the diseased stock from the floorboard, and put it over the hole, and the bees will drop from the frames. The combs, quilt.6, dead bees, and other debris can be burnt, and the hive thoroughly dis- infected. The ground also on which the diseased stock was located should be disinfected. 272 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 7, 1910. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows :— Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee- keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees, Honey, Queens, and Bee goods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as " Busi- ness " Announcements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive- manufacturers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per \ in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. HIVE. Taylor's dovetailed, new, painted four coats, roof covered oilcloth, painted, 10s. 6d. — F. .B. MERCER, Sidmouth. c 41 HONEJT EXTRACTOR, takes one Standard or Shallow Frame, good as new. Price 5s. 6d. — F. C. HOLMES, Red Lane, Welshpool, Wales, c 45 1|T/\ LB. GRANULATED 1909 HONEY, in *J\J tins, cheap, slightly tainted with Honey- dew. What offers?— A. HUMPHREYS-OWEN, Glansevern, Berriew, Montgomeryshire. c 48 RUN HONEY WANTED, in bulk. Send sample and price.— BLAKE, 5, St. Luke's-road, Maidenhead. c 46 MAN WANTS SITUATION TO LOOK AFTER BEES, certificated, can make Hives, assist gardener; abstainer.— SHORT, Downside Inn, Shepton Mallet. c 47 FOR SALE, Apiary, six strong Stocks (not swarms), three empty Hives, Section Racks, Sections, Frames, Honey Press, Comb (Taylor's make), and other articles too numerous for print, guaranteed healthy. Inspection invited by ap- pointment. Hives can remain until September, and will receive best attention.— J. ELLWOOD, Row Foot, Arnstable, Armathwaite, Cumberland. c 42 WANTED, Sections and Extracted Honey. — State quantity and best price. — HUTCHI- SON, Lowood, Lenzie. c 43 WANTED, Extractor and Ripener. Cash, or exchange Martini .22 rifle, in splendid condi- tion, very accurate aperture sights.— FREEMAN, Otford, Kent. c 42 DRAWN-OUT SHALLOW FRAMES, 3s. 9d. per doz.; Racks, Is. each.— HEWETT'S APIARY, Alton, Hants. c 36 OOD EXTRACTOR, takes 3 Combs at- once, 13s.— HEATON, Methwold, Norfolk. c 34 G COLUMBIA GRAPHOPHONE, with recorder and reproducer, and 40 records, in good con dition. Will take in exchange six good Swarms.— J. W. AVERY, Longbridge, Deverill, Warminster. • c 35 NEW PAINTED "W.B.C." HIVE, fitted Ex- cluder, lift, ten full brood foundations, and full Section Rack. Half price, 15s— LEICESTER, Idridgehay, Derby. c 37 4 DOZEN SAINFOIN SECTIONS, clean, well filled, 9s. dozen; 23 lb. Extracted, 16s — NORTH, Cressing, Braintree, Essex. c 38 4 SECTION RACKS, Sections fitted with Foun- dation, 2s. each, lot 6s.— BURT, Long Rock, Cornwall. c 51 8 BEE-HIVES AND SWARMS, also new Honey Separator, Ripener, and various Bee-appli- ances for sale— MRS. TRIMMER, Bentley, Hants. c 25 W Special Prepaid Advertisements- Continued. EXTRACTOR (Guinea, Gearer) FOR SALE, good as new; 18s., or exchange for bees.— HALL, Post Office, Four Oaks. c33 3 HIVES, Redshaw's, perfect condition, 7s. 6d. each, or 21s. the lot— WALLACE, Bramhalf, Cheshire. c 22 MART FOX TERRIER DOG, 3£ months, sell 15s., or exchange good Extractor. — WIL- LIAMS, Hemel Hempstead. c 50 6 STRONG WELL-MADE STANDARD FBAME HIVES, 11-in. lifts, nearly new, some never had Bees in, 5s. each.— W. PRINGLE, 2, Commer- cial-square, Winlaton, Blaydon-on-Tyne. b 10 ANTED, for dissection, old worn-out or other Queens, alive. Will friends please oblige? — HERROD, Apiary, Luton. HOMES OF THE HONEY BEE."— Electros of Apiaries, for printing on picture post- cards or for advertising purposes, 2s. 6d., post free. —Apply to MANAGER, B.B.J., 23, Bedford-street, w.C. WANTED, " Hymenoptera and Aculeata of British Isles." by Edward Saunders, with 51 illustrations; Curtis's " British Entomo- logy"; the Monograph of "Hymenoptera"; " Flowers, Fruit, and Leaves," by Lubbock. Nature Series. — Address, W. H., 23, Bedford-street, Strand, W.C. WHITE ORPINGTON AND BLACK MI- NORCA, good typical birds, bred for laying and exhibition, especially fed to produce strong, healthy chicks; eggs, 15 3s. 6d., 50 10s.; day old chicks, 6s. doz., 50 £1: very carefully packed. — J. HOUSEHAM, M.U.P.C, Huttoft, Alford, Lines. x 27 BUSINESS ANNOUNCEMENTS. MY SWARMS IN JULY DO BETTER THAN THOSE SOLD BY SOME IN JUNE. Strung, healthy Swarm, travelling box, free for 9s. lid.— MULLIS, Egerton, Kent. c 45 DOOLITTLE " STRAIN OF QUEENS — Virgins, Is. 6d., ready; book fertiles, 5s., for delivery in turn. One of the many satisfied customers writes : " In past years I have had a few from you, both Virgins and fertiles, and they invariably did well."— D. G. TAYLOR, Ilmin- ster. c 40 GUARANTEED HEALTHY, 4-frame Nuclei, fertile Queen (strong), 14s. 6d.; Virgin Queens, 2s.; fertile Queens, 4s. 6d.; order eajly; all from noted Cheshire Apiary— MERE FARM APIARY, Nether Alderley, Chelford. c 49 SECTIONS RECEIVED ON COMMISSION OR BOUGHT FOR CASH— HONIELADE CO., 23-5, Moorfields, E.C. c 51 PREPARATION OF HONEY AND WAX FOR SHOW BENCH, 7d.-JOSEPH TINSLEY, Stone, Staffs. c 23 FINE SELECTED 1910 QUEENS, Virgins Is. 9d., fertiles 3s. 6d— WELBOURN, Cranswick, Beverley. c 26 ITALIAN QUEENS, direct from Italy— Address, E. PENNA, Bologna, Italy. See advertisement in " British Bee Journal," June 9. Abatement till countermanded. Prompt delivery. QUEENS, 1910— Special Hybrids, 5s.; Blacks, 4s. 6d.; Virgins, from 2s. 6d.; in introducing cage— BRICE'S APIARIES, Otford, Kent. b 16 FURNISHED APARTMENTS ON A BEE- FARM, pretty Devonshire village. — W. SOUTHCOTT, Gittisham, Honiton. ILFRACOMBE (DEVONSHIRE).— Florence Villa, board-residence, splendid position, close sea; moderate— RICHARDS. a 76 July 14,1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 97O Editorial, Notices, &c. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION FOUL-BROOD LEGISLATION COMMITTEE. The first meeting of the Foul-Brood Legis- lation Committee was held at the Royal Show Ground, Liverpool, on June 23. Cap- tain F. Sitwell (Northumberland) presided. Members present : Miss Scott-Walker (Bucks), Messrs. James N. Bold (Lanes), George Hayes (Notts), J. H. Hadfield (Lines), Joseph Price (Staffs), H. Edwards (Berks), W. Herrod (Beds), Dr. T. S. Elliot (Notts), with the joint lion, secre- taries, G. W. Avery (Cumberland) and L. S. Crawshaw (Yorkshire). Letters of apology were read from General Sir Stanley Edwardes (Kent), Colonel H. J. O. Walker (Devon), Rev. A. D. Downes-Shaw (Norfolk), Messrs. L. Bigg- Wither (Somerset), D. M. Mac- donald (Banff), J. Noble-Bower (Warwick), John P. Phillips (Worcester), Ernest Watson (St. Albans), and R. H. Coltman (Derby). It was decided that a postal ballot should be taken of the bee-keepers in the country, in order to arrive at an estimate of the opinion of the majority of bee-keepers with regard to legislation, 'and that local asso- ciations should be asked to undertake the work of their districts in connection with the committee. To provide funds for the working ex- penses of the committee in their efforts to secure legislation, it was decided to ask county and other associations to guarantee such sums els they might be able, and also to ask for private subscriptions to forward the work. After considerable discussion the draft of a Bill proposed in 1904 was taken as a working basis, and this was discussed clause by clause, alterations being made to include all bee-diseases in the proposed Bill, and to make it compulsory for all counties in England, Scotland, and Wales to put the Bill into force. Appended is a copy of the proposed Bill. It was left- to the hon. secretaries to con- vene the next meeting of the committee. A vote of thanks to the chairman brought a successful meeting to a close. G. W. Avery ) L. S. Crawshaw f Joint Bon. Sees. DRAFT OF A BILL FOR THE BETTER PREVENTION OF BEE-DISEASES. Be it enacted by the King's most Excel- lent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Tem- poral, and Commons, in this present Par- liament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows: — 1. In and for the purposes of this Act, the word "infected" means infected with any disease known to affect bees or brood of bees ; the . word " premises " includes lands and buildings, and the word " hive " includes any receptacle for bees. 2. — (1) Every Local Authority, in Eng- land, Scotland, and Wales, empowered to execute the "Diseases of Animals Act, 1894," shall execute and enforce the pro- visions of this Act within the area of that Authority, and the expression " Local Authority" shall be construed accordingly. (2) A Local Authority may (without pre- judice to their powers of delegation under any other Act) resolve that the provisions of the Fourth Schedule to the " Diseases of Animals Act, 1894," relating to Com- mittees of Local Authorities, shall apply for the purposes of this Act, and there- upon the said provisions shall apply ac- cordingly. (3) Any expenses incurred by a Local Authority in the execution of this Act shall be defrayed in the same manner as the ex- penses of such Local Authority under the " Diseases of Animals Act." 3 — (1) For the purpose of executing and enforcing the provisions of this Act, a Local Authority shall authorise a qualified person or qualified persons to exercise the powers exercisable by authorised certifi- cated bee-experts or instructors in bee- keeping under this Act. (2) Any such authorisation shall be suffi- cient if made by warrant in the form in the schedule to this Act or in a form to the like effect purporting to be signed by the Clerk of the Local Authority, without being sealed, and shall not be subject to any stamp duty. (3) Any such warrant shall extend to the whole or to such part as shall be therein specified of the area of the Local Authority, and shall continue in force for the period (not exceeding fire years) therein limited, but may at any time be revoked by the Local Authority. 4. — (1) An authorised bee-expert or in- structor in bee-keeping under this Act shall have the following powers and duties : — (a) He may enter any premises whereon he may have reasonable grounds for supposing that disease exists, or has within fourteen days existed, and may examine any stock or colony of bees, or product of bees, or any hive or ap- pliance for bees which he may find thereon ; (b) He shall exercise and perform such powers and duties as may be pre- scribed by bye-laws of the Local Authority. (2) Any person who obstructs any authorised bee-expert or instructor in bee- keeping in the exercise of his powers shall 274 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 14, 1910. be liable to a fine not exceeding two pounds. 5 — (1) A Local Authority shall make bye- laws— (a) For prescribing the mode of notifica- tion of the existence of bee-disease to be given to the Local Authority ; (b) For prescribing and enforcing the isolation and treatment of infected stocks or products of bees; (c) For prescribing and regulating the destruction of any infected stock or colony or any infected product of bees, and of any infected hive or appliance for bees, and the payment by the Local Authority of compensation for such destruction, the compensation for any stock or colony of bees not to ex- ceed ten shillings; (d) For prescribing and enforcing the cleanliness and disinfection of hives or other appliances for bees ; (e) Generally for the better prevention of bee-diseases. (2) Such bye-laws may impose penalties not exceeding, in any case, five pounds for any breach of them, and shall be of no effect unless and until confirmed in Eng- land, Scotland, and Wales by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, but shall not require confirmation by any other authority. (3) Any bye-law of a Local Authority may be proved by the production of a copy of the bye-law purporting to be certified by the Clerk of the Local Authority as a true copy, and a bye-law so proved shall be taken to have been duly made unless and until the contrary is proved. 6. Where a person having in his charge any bees, hive, or hives has become aware that such bees, hive, or hives are or is in- fected, he shall forthwith give notice in writing thereof to the Local Authority; and if he fails to give such notice he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding, for the first offence, two pounds; and, for the second or any subsequent offence, five pounds. 7. Any person who knowingly removes from his premises, or sells or disposes of to any other person, any infected bees, or any infected product of bees, or any in- fected hive or appliance for bees, shall be liable to a fine not exceeding, for the first offence, two pounds; and, for the second or any subsequent offence, five pounds. 8. All offences under this Act, or any bye-law made under this Act, may be pro- secuted, and fines may be recovered by the Local Authority, or any bee-expert or in- structor in bee-keeping appointed under this Act, in a summary manner as pro- vided by the Summary Jurisdiction Acts. 9. This Act may be cited as " The Bee- Diseases Prevention Act, 1910." REVIEWS OF FOREIGN BEE- JOURNALS. By "Nemo." Useful Swarming Data. — M. A. Bour- geois gives some useful information in L' Apiculture Nouvelle in connection with swarming. He says: — ■ In the first swarm : Days The first workers leave the cell in 22 The new workers commence gathering in.. 37 In the first swarm the newly hatched workers will leave their cells on the twenty-second day, and will become foragers towards the thirty-seventh day from the time the swarm was hived. In the second swarm : Days Fertilisation of young queen in 6 First eggs laid 8 Sealing of the brood cells 17 Emerging of first "workers 29 Young workers leaving hive 44 In the second swarm young workers will appear towards the twenty-ninth day, and will become foragers from the forty-fourth day after hiving the swarm. In the parent hive : Days The most forward queen cell 9 to 10 Queen will emerge in 6 Wedding flight will take place 13 Queen commences laying 15 Sealing over of first cells 24 Emerging of first workers 35 Flight of first foragers 50 In the parent stock egg-laying is sus- pended for fifteen days, the hatching of new workers will commence on the thirty- fifth day, and these will become foragers on the fiftieth day from the time the swarm left. The Late Wilhelm Giinther. — The death of this eminent bee-keeper is announced, in the German bee papers. W. Giinther was born on October 18, 1833, at Mulver- stedt, attended the village school, and in 1848 entered the service of Baron von Berlepsch in Seebach as gardener. At first he did not come in contact with bees, but in 1850, when the Baron's bees were removed to the Castle gardens, he began to look after the swarms, and showed such an interest in them that he soon took over the whole management of the apiary. Ber- lepsch, who soon found him to be more than oridnarily intelligent, made use of him in connection with the great re- searches that were to play so important a part in the bee-keeping of the future. It was he who supplied all the materials from the Seebach apiary for the investigations of Dr. Leuckart and Dr. v. Siebold which led to the confirmation of the Dzierzon theory of parthenogenesis. In 1855 he first attended the meeting of bee-keepers at Diisseldorf, and after that usually at- tended Baron v. Berlepsch in all his api- July 14, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 275 cultural excursions, and accompanied him to all meetings. In 1858 he took a lease of the Castle gardens, together with the apiary, which he from that time managed on his own account. After doing his turn of military service he bought a property in Gippersleben, and removed the Ber- lepsch apiary to this place. Here, up to the time of his death, he went in for honey production. He made a considerable in- come from transporting his bees to other pastures, and has moved as many as 400 colonies for this purpose. He only pub- lished one work, in 1880, " Practischer Ratgeber zum betreibe eintraglichen Bienenzucht," which, however, has passed through several editions. He was a fre- quent contributor to the bee papers, and quite recently had written a series of articles in Deutsche Illustrierte Bienen- zeitung on "Reminiscences of Baron v. Berlepsch in the years 1848 to 1855 in Seebach." HONEY IMPORTS. The value of honey imported into the United Kingdom during the month of June, 1910, was £5,970. — From a re- turn furnished to the British Bee Journal by the Statistical Office, H.M. Customs. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. NOTES BY THE WAY. [7855.] What of the season? Is it to be another 1888, or will the clerk of the weather send us some sunshine? It is three weeks to-morrow since we had a good bee-day (Tuesday, June 21). On the following day it was stormy, and up to the present time we have experienced most dismal weather for the middle of summer, with only three half-days, in- cluding this afternoon, on which the merry hum of the bees has been heard. I can- not say how other bee-keepers' stocks are doing in their respective districts, but I know it will mean to me about half a crop of honey, even with good weather to finish up the season. There is a good show of white clover and vetches, and the limes are just coming into bloom, rather later than usual this year, owing to the absence of sunshine. Working for Comb Honey. — In my own apiaries, which are almost solely run for comb-honey, I have always placed the second rack of sections under the first one, and this plan has worked well with me year after year. One of the advan- tages of this method is that it makes the removal of the first rack when filled and sealed such an easy matter with very little disturbance of the bees — a very important point when surrounded by neighbours. Another point is that bees dislike a vacuum, and the empty super being placed just above the brood-nest acts as an incentive to them to fill the empty sec- tions more rapidly than if placed above the first rack. The second rack should not be put on too quickly, i.e., before the sections in the first are sufficiently filled. 1 prefer them quite two-thirds filled before the second super is put underneath with a strong colony. Other points to be considered in working for sections are the honey- flow and the state of the weather, and everyone must exercise his own judg- ment in deciding how to act. But as I have said in previous articles, make a point of knowing your district and the extent of the forage, study your surround- ing crops (they will be practically the same year after year), then work to get your bees into the best condition for the honey- flow when it comes. In a poor neighbourhood for honey D. M. M.'s method (page 234) may be the best for securing one rack of finished sec- tions rather than two racks of partly- filled ones. Solar wax-extractors have been of very little use this year so far. I have had two in operation, but I shall have to rig up my thermo solar extractor, which J. described in B.B.J, last year. I found it most efficient in extracting all the wax from the oldest of combs. — W. Woodley, Beedon, Newbury. NOTES FROM NORTH HERTS. PARTHENOGENESIS . [7856.] Parthenogenesis (page 236) is a necessity for the bee-keeper, because no other theory will fit the facts of bee-life in our present state of knowledge. In the evidence, however, there are spill some points, on which further information is wanted. The extreme supporters of the theory only concern themselves with the facts that are favourable, and ignore all others. With regard to the fertile worker, Leuckart, who dissected a couple, stated that the ovaries were partly developed, and that the spermatheca was entirely absent. On the other hand, Siebold states that in all workers there exists, in addition to the undeveloped ovaries, an appendage which represents the seminal receptacle of the 2T6 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 14, 1910. queen, and on which he was able to trace " the seminal duct, the seminal capsule, and the two appendicular glands with their common efferent duct." That these are present in the sterile worker and absent in the fertile worker is rather difficult of belief. Instances have also been recorded of drones having mated with worker-bees, but I do. not remember any details of the anatomy of the said workers. Again, what proportion of drone-breed- ing queens &re unfertilised ? My own ex- perience is that a queen known to be un- fertilised seldom lays at all. My only drone-breeder this spring had been mated. When will a virgin queen lay freely, and when will she prove a non-breeder ? Although the drones may normally arise from a parthenogenetic egg, this would not preclude the possibility of their occasional development from fertilised eggs. We know that hermaphrodite bees are some- times produced, and it requires no great strain on one's credulity to suppose that an egg that produces an hermaphrodite will, under slightly different conditions, produce a male or .a female. It is interest- ing to note that some experiments of Von Siebold on the eggs of a species of wasp showed that fertilised eggs brought forth male and female, and that parthenogenetic eggs, whilst chiefly producing males, pro- duced a small percentage of females when nutrition and temperature were highly favourable. Those who prefer it can adapt this rule to the honey-bee. I think, however, that the orthodox view will prove satisfactory enough for most bee-keepers. Wasps (page 227). — During this last winter and spring I killed about fifty queen wasps, yet I have no doubt that, as usual, there will be a dozen or more nests within a quarter of a mile of my apiary. I am further persuaded that, notwithstanding the work put in at fly-catching, the wasps will find time to cause considerable annoy- ance to myself and the bees. The truth is that we keep bees by warring against their enemies, just as we are able to garden by warring against weeds. Wasps are no exception to other pests. Their natural diet may be flies, but they have a habit, like sparrows, of taking what lies most convenient. If we leave matters to Nature they would cease to be a nuisance in the garden and apiary, because the garden and apiary would dis- appear. Mr. Baker's illustration of the " daddy-long-legs " that seized a wasp when on the look-out for a bee is paralleled at Albury by the sparrows who are per- sistently looking out for drones, but do . not hesitate to snap up a queen-bee when the opportunity arises. — G. W. Bullamore, Albury, Herts. [Leuckart overlooked this appendage in the first place, but admitted subsequently, after further investigation, the presence of a rudimentary seminal receptacle, which exists both in the sterile and fertile worker. Siebold also states, in addition to that quoted above, " but all these sepa- rate parts of the seminal receptacle were in a very undeveloped state." It is, how- ever, because they exist, although in a rudimentary form, that workers are classed as "undeveloped females." The relative development of the ovaries of queen, worker and fertile worker are shown on page 135 of " The Honey-Bee." We know of only one authenticated case of a drone pairing with a worker, but this was an abnormal case, and was probably an act of violence. We have had several cases under observation in our own experience of late-bred unfertilised queens becoming drone-breedfars. We had one rearjed in the autumn of 1908, and kept her for the purpose of settling this question. In the spring of 1909 she laid eggs which pro- duced only drones until the colony gradu- ally dwindled. — Ed.] THE CURE OF BROOD DISEASES AND OTHER MATTERS. [7857.] Further experience with dis- eased stocks only confirms the views I expressed in my article on " Disinfecting Hives" (B.B.J. , July 15, 1909, page 274) re swarms taking the disease with them and re-developing it in their new homes. The following facts tend to show — and that very strongly — that not only do swarms convey brood diseases, but that shaken bees quarantined for three days will develop disease in the very first batch of brood raised by them. A few weeks ago I shook the bees of a stock into a well ventilated quarantine- box, keeping them confined in a cool, dark place for three days, feeding them before hiving on the last day (to prevent actual starvation), then hiving them in a per- fectly cleansed hive on new frames of foundation. Now, the queen of this lot, after laying a batch of eggs on three combs, died or was lost in some way, no more eggs being laid afterwards. On ex- amining the hive some time after hiving, diseased cells were found on each of the three combs. The larvae had died soon after being sealed over, the colour varied from a dirty yellow to dark brown, the skin mostly intact, the contents rotten with very little ropiness, and the smell sour. The larva? in the queen-cells which the bees had raised were dead just like those in worker-cells. Now, I should like to point out that the differences between a natural swarm and this "turned-out" lot are all in favour of the latter. In the first place, it is almost certain that the swarm July 14, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 277 — gorging their own stores at their own sweet will — would take considerably more honey with them than the shaken lot ; also the swarm is generally hived without any quarantine unless sent a long distance, and even then the quar- antine would seldom exceed the three days, so that, if xhe above-mentioned lot of bees carried the disease, a swarm would be even more likely to do so under the supposition that the infection is in the honey. Now, after an experience such as this, I cannot be expected to have much faith in the turning-out-cum-starvation-cum-disin- fecting method. The job was thoroughly done from first to last. The bees were not, as in the McEvoy method, thrown back into the infected hive, and they were entirely isolated for three whole days ; not merely for thirty-six to forty-eight hours, as is usually thought sufficient. Another important matter about which we do not get the exact truth is " rob- bing." I notice ("Gleanings in Bee-Cul- ture," January 15, 1910, page 38) that Mr. Doolittle says, "if there are enough hees to ward off robbers let it (the stock) entirely alone for three weeks to a month." But close observation shows that, at any rate in such seasons as we have had for the past four years, rob- bing, or attempts at robbing, are practic- ally chronic throughout the season. I am not certain if even during a good flow of honey all robbers are diverted from their nefarious ways. Robber-bees are as per- sistent as wasps, and one can always, by watching long enough, see wasps enter any stock. They may be challenged again and again ; but their indefatigable persist- ence, as is usually the case, whether it be directed to good or bad ends, wins the day. Odd robber-bees gain entrance in just the same way, so there can be no certainty, no guarantee, as Mr. Doolittle wishes his readers to infer, that none of the honey from the diseased stock will be stolen by the bees of other hives. The Adverse Season. — I say the season, but ought I not rather to write seasons, as the present (to date) is the fourth bad one running? During 1907, 1908, and 1909 my bees have barely paid out-of- pocket expenses, and 1910 so far is, 1 think, the worst of the lot. In this dis- trict we only had four consecutive good bee-days in June, to wit, the 18th to 21st, since which time the weather has been very consistent in one respect — it steadily gets worse ! Since 1906, therefore, my labour in the apiary — and it amounts to a good deal in that time — has been thrown away. How now, you praters about £2 profit per hive? I very much question whether some of you (after reck- oning winter losses, &c.) have made even 2s. average profit per hive for the past three seasons. And, unless the weather alters very soon, many of us will not get one shilling per hive clear this year as an insulting apology for payment for a lot of hard work. An odd bad season one can put up with, but when four such follow one another in Indian file it makes one feel inclined to kick the whole apiary into the moat (which runs near my bees), and, then chop the hives up for firewood ; the propolis and brace-combs would make them burn all the better, and the foul-brood germs would cause no anxiety whatever — they could not infect the coals ! Shall we ever get a real summer again, or has our late mysterious visitor from the depths of space flown off with the last of them? Time alone can tell. — Saml. P. Soal, Rochford, Essex. BEE-KEEPING IN CORNWALL. CUKIOTJS EFFECT OF BEE-STINGS. [7858.] The last two or three times that I have been stung by a bee I have de- veloped a violent attack of sneezing, run- ning at the nose and wheeziness, and pain in the lungs. The attack lasts about an hour and leaves me in a state of semi- collapse. Have you in your vast experi- ence heard of a similar effect of a sting, and could you suggest anything I could do to counteract it, for with the most careful netting and gloves one is liable to get a sting at times? We have had a most trying week of wet and wind, violent showers and bright in- tervals. There are more clover and bee- flowers than I have ever seen, but the bees cannot get out (without risk of being drowned or blown away) to bring in their harvest. Out of twenty-three strong hives I have only been able to get sixteen completed sections so far. Two prime swarms issued last week, and they joined together and made such a bulk that if I had not had one of your old thirteen frame body-boxes by me, I should have had to put two tens on top of one another. I wish I could resuscitate the Association here ; if I attempt it might I rely on some help from you? — F. A. A., Fowey. [We have known such cases to occur sometimes, and bee-keepers who were quite immune at one time got to a period when they suffered just in the way you describe, although such cases are rare. The Rev. Dr. Langstroth had to give up bees for a similar reason, and Mr. Heddon, an extensive American bee-keeper, suffered in the same way, although for many years he felt no effects from stings. Cases have been known where change in the constitu- tion has enabled bee-keepers to work com- fortably amongst bees again. In any case, anyone suffering in the way described should be well protected against stings. You 278 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 14, 1910. should consult a medical man as to the best treatment. We hope you may suc- ceed in re-starting the Cornwall Associa- tion, and will give what help we are able. —Ed.] BEES AND RAILWAY PORTERS. [7859.] I enclose a cutting from the Daily Mirror, which may be of interest to any reader living at Surbiton. It seems to me a great pity that no bee-keeper was at hand to take charge of the bees, for the burning of the stock seems unnecessarily cruel and wasteful. — J. L., Leeds. " Passengers waiting on the platforms and the railway staff at Surbiton yester- day were besieged by a winged army of bees. " Six hives had been dispatched from Guildford, and when the porters went to the luggage van to remove them they found it defended by a host of bees which had managed to escape. The first hive they touched fell to pieces, and they were attacked by a stinging army. " The luggage van was detached and sent to Waterloo, but as the bees had to be delivered at their destination the van was returned to Surbiton. The porters dragged the hives on the platform and im- mediately the station was in a state of siege, passengers scattering in all direc- tions from their winged assailants. Several porters and a railway inspector were stung before the fight ended by the burning of the broken hive." I found another advantage of this plan was that one could more readily examine in winter or spring without disturbing the bees ; also it was much easier to give a fresh cake of candy if required, as the bees easily come up over the frames. I cer- tainly think it is much better to winter in this way, instead of packing everything down so warmly as some do. When kept so warm, they are likely to consume more stores than if kept cooler. Some of our big bee-men might with advantage try this, plan on a stock or two this coming winter, and give us their opinion in the spring. — R. L., Castle Gary. WINTERING WITH EMPTY SUPER IN POSITION. [7860.] Be " W. H. W." in B.B.J. , June 23, on wintering with empty rack of shal- low-frames on the hive. I tried this plan about four or five years ago, and my results were just like your correspondent's, viz., hardier and more robust bees, a much earlier brood-nest, and consequently earlier swarms. Contrary to " W. H. W.'s" experience, I did not find that the bees consumed more stores, or at least not suf- ficient to compel feeding earlier than if wintered in the orthodox way, of course, provided they had plenty to start to winter on. My plan was, after extract- ing and clearing up the combs, to examine the stocks, and feed liberally if necessary, and at the end of October remove the feeder. Should any syrup be left, pour it into one of the centre combs of rack of shallow frames, remove the quilts, put on the shallow-frame super, and then cover down snugly on top. The larger air- space keeps the bees healthy, and gives them better access to the stores than even winter passages can do, and I found them clustering right on top of the frames in the body-box in many cases. HOLIDAY AMONGST BEE-KEEPERS. [7861.] Would one of your readers let me know through the BiB.J. of any apiaries near Galloway or other part of Scotland, as I am going for a holiday in ' August, and I should like to spend it amongst bee-keepers if possible? I see in the Isle of Man there is one who adver- tises apartments for brother bee-keepers, but I prefer the neighbourhood of Gallo- way or some other place in Scotland or Ireland. — Gardener, Renfrew, N.B. CAPPINGS OF COMB. RY L. S. CRAWSHAW, NORTON, MALTON, YORKS. Folding Sections (page 234). — To obtain these perfectly square I have found it of great assistance to depress each end — the dovetailed part — in towards the centre of the section for a slight distance, about ^in., before uniting the ends. This, closing of the first and third corners to excess reduces their tendency to open, and prevents their united force from overcom- ing the middle or second corner. Try this, method. The advantage of having the section square at once is that the founda- tion will then hang truly, and free of the sides, even though it may be nearly the full width, and the section does not after- wards rely upon the rack to ensure its truth. If the rack be ever so slightly large, be sure the untrue section will claim elbow-room. Bemoving Supers (page 235). — It is, of course, imperative to use some subjugator when removing supers, whatever may be done when giving them ; but the bees should not be allowed to remain in the sections, even though subdued, for a moment longer than is absolutely neces- sary. Recently I was suddenly called away in the middle of this operation, so re- placed the full super above the new one, only to find on my return that what would have been show sections now contained many blemishes. Blessings of Bee-keeping (page 237). — I wonder if it is true, as Mr. Coates sug- gests, that the optimism of the bees is July 14, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 2T9 contagious. It is a stimulating thought, and may account for the invariable hope of the bee-keeper that next season will be better. Or is it that the optimistic type of man is the one whose thoughts more readily turn to our enchanting occupa- tion? Hawthorn Honey (page 238). — In view of conflicting opinion as to the existence of this, perhaps J. J. M., Laxey, will tell us exactly how he knows that this tree was yielding nectar copiously. I have had a sample sent to me by Mr. A. S. Dell, chemist, Leigh, Lanes, which certainly has the scent of the "may," and which he assures me was gathered at the time it was in bloom. This seems convincing enough ; but has any observer actually taken bees at work upon the tree, gather- ing honey? "Even to Bussia" (page 245). — But surely Russia is not such a far cry from Rome that it should be referred to thus as the ends of the earth, although senti- mentally it may seem much farther off than the doorstep. Nor is it such a bad country for bee-keeping that the sending of bees should cause surprise. "Even" Siberia produces great quantities of honey and wax, and as to the parent country, one would almost expect it to be the home of le rucher et ses ruches! Supered in Winter (page 246). — The question arises whether it is profitable to leave the super in place. If it results in a much more forward stock at the expense of the stores, and with consequent feed- ing, the plan can only be of use to the small producer, and the labour and cost of honey and feed should be weighed against the increased spring yield. But is it not possible to have stocks sufficiently forward without this plan, which has other objections? The early honey which can be obtained is of an inferior grade, and whilst most useful in advancing a stock, is only, in my humble opinion, a stepping-stone to the summer harvest of fine honeys, for which there is time to prepare sound, well-queened stocks with- out undue stimulation. Three Queens with a Swarm (page 247). — Probably this was a delayed, or a second, swarm, and the queens were virgin, al- though in this case one would not expect balling of the drones with vicious intent. "Foul Brood Business'''' (page 247). — Surely this is "the winter of our discon- tent" which we desire to be "made glorious summer " ! But you can never trust the weather in England. Old Foundation (page 248). — I think it is sound business policy on the part of the makers to assure the bee-keeper that his foundation will not waste with keeping. He will buy more charily if he contem- plates loss of this nature. I have used very old and brittle super foundation, holding each frame of section to the fire for a few moments before placing finally in the rack, and the results were as though the freshest sheets had been used. No Gloves (page 248). — "As soon as the budding bee-keeper has found his feet he will discard gloves as useless encum- brances." Just why he should use gloves for the purpose is not clear. Surely, if it were for protection against bees, and such like, Hessian boots would be more satis- factory and less encumbering. Of course, if they are only required to help him in his quest for his feet, I have no criticism to offer, except to wonder whether the ob- jects of his search are already beneath his notice. Queries and Replies. [4023.] Drone-brood in Super. — I had some colonies very strong during May this year, with ten standard frames of brood, and as at the time there was no surplus to be stored in supers I tried giving one of the queens a rack of ten shallow frames with worker foundation, which was soon filled with brood. When the clover bloomed I put the excluder above this super, and then the section-racks above that. Last week I removed this super to the top of the hive, and put an empty section-rack in its place, with ex- cluder below it. The brood is decreasing in the super, and it is being filled with honey. I have found this plan answer very well, and the only difficulty which presents itself is that a considerable quantity of drones have been raised in the super in spite of the full sheets of founda- tion given. These drones are hatching and are imprisoned by excluder in the supers. Can you tell me how to prevent drones being raised ? I see in the " Guide Book" the narrow spacing of combs is advised to ensure worker-cells being built when starters are used, and it says when the combs are built they must be placed at the usual distance apart. So this plan, it appears, would not pre- vent the production of drones, as when the frames were placed at their ordinary spacing the bees might elongate the worker-cells and rear drones if not already occupied by worker eggs. A reply through your very valuable paper, the B.B.J. , would much oblige.— J. H. T., Hedon. Reply. — If you keep the shallow frames closely spaced until you wish to use the rack as a super, you will obtain workers only. When placed in the hive as a super, the queen not being allowed access to 280 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 14, 1910. them, they can be spaced the proper dis- tance. Workers can emerge with the close spacing. It is not a case of elongating the cells to produce drones, but the base must be made larger. In order to obtain drones bees often tear down a portion of worker-comb and build drone-cells. Worker-cells are one-fifth of an inch in diameter, drone-cells one-quarter. [4024.] Sioarming Vagaries: Bees Re- fusing to Work in Supers. — As a beginner in bee-keeping I shall be glad of your ad- vice in the following difficulty : I started with a hive of bees in the middle of May last. They swarmed on June 11, and the swarm was driven into another hive. The original stock swarmed again on June 21, and the swarm was returned, but came off again on the 23rd, and were again re- turned to the same hive. Before return- ing them the second time I destroyed all the queen-cells, leaving a queen in the hive and killing the other queen as I did not wish them to swarm, being anxious to get honey from this hive if possible. The fourth day after returning they began to throw out dead drones, and this continued for about three days. From July 1 to 9, on the days whenever there was any sunshine, the bees have been very restless from about twelve o'clock to three, the workers coming out on to the alighting board in companies of about twenty. The drones keep flying very ex- citedly around, the workers apparently objecting to their returning to the hive. 1. Can you say what is the cause of this? To-day I have examined both the super and brood-chamber. I find very little honey in the super. I found two queen- cells in the brood-chamber which I de- stroyed. 2. Is there anything I can do to encourage them to work in the super? The swarm hived on June 11 I am told is a good strong one, and was advised to put on supers with combs drawn out on June 23; but on looking at them to-day I see no signs of their working in the super at all. 3. Is it desirable to give food in either of the hives? — A Reader, Cheshire. Reply. — 1. The bees have evidently given up all idea of swarming, and this accounts for their killing the drones. The excitement and actions of the bees are usual when the drones are being killed off. 2. No doubt if the weather becomes warmer the bees will go into the supers, as the past three weeks have been so cold and wet as to render it impossible for them to work. 3. The bees need not be fed if the weather allows them to forage for themselves. [4025.] Artificial Increase. — I have nine stocks of bees in bar-frame hives and wish to increase. 1. Would it be wise to divide a fairly large stock now or leave it till the spring? 2. One stock appears to have a drone-breeding queen. Should she be destroyed now-, or should this also be done in the spring? — Essex. Reply. — 1. You can divide now, and to get the best results a young queen should be obtained to put in the queenless por- tion. 2. The drone-breeding queen should be removed and a young one introduced, or the colony may be united to another. [4026.] Re-queening. — Will you kindly reply in "Queries and Replies" to the fol- lowing?— Will it be too late for bees to re-queen themselves if I remove present queens, say, on August 6? Of course, that is providing they have young brood in hive. — C. N'. W., Stoke-on-Trent. Reply. — Yes; it will be much too late. The better plan will be to buy young queens, or if you can get some skeps to drive, select the queens from those which have swarmed, so getting the young queens. Bee=Shows to Come. July 20 and 21, at Cardiff.— Annual Show of the Glamorgan B.K.A., in connection with the Car- diff and County Horticultural Show. Separate tent for honey, wax, appliances, &c. Hon. Sec, Mr. W. Wiltshire, Maindy Schools, Cardiff. July 21, at Southwell.— Annual Show of the Notts B.K.A., in connection with the Horticul- tural Society's Show. Open class for Single 1-lb. Jar. First prize, 20s. July 21 and 22, at Leek.— Annual Show of the Staffs B.K.A., in connection with the Staffs Agricultural Society. Six open classes. Entries closed. July 26 to 28, at Leeds.— Show of Honey, Ac, in connection with the Royal Yorkshire Agricul- tural Socety. Entries closed. July 28, at Middle Wallop, Hants.— In con- nection with the Horticultural Show. Open classes for Honey : Best 1-lb. Jar Extracted, Best 1-lb. Sec- tion. (Entry free.) Schedules from Pryce E. Roberts, Schoolhouse, Nether Wallop, Stockbridge. Entries close July 21. July 28, at Tiverton.— Devon B.K.A. Show of Honey, Bees, Wax, and Appliances, held in connection with the Annual Exhibition of Tiverton and District Agricultural Society. Open Classes, Special Prizes. Schedules from R, W. Furze, Wood- bury, R.S.O., Devon. Entries close July 19. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Cambridge.— Honey Show, in connection with the Cambridge Mammoth Show Society. All Open Classes. Eight special prizes, including five Special Hives to be competed for. This show also includes Dogs, Poultry, Pigeons, Cats, Rabbits, Cage Birds, Flowers, Fruit, and Vegetables. Also grand pro- gramme of Sports. The splendid Band of the Royal Artillery will be in attendance, and a display of Fireworks will take place. Schedules from Hon. Sec, Mr. E. F. Dant, 52, Bridge Street, Cambridge. Entries close July 28. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Melton Park, Melton Constable.— Annual Show of the North Norfolk B.K.A. Four Open Classes, including one for Single 1-lb. Section and one for Single 1-lb. Jar of Honey. Schedules from Miss Leaven, Letheringsett, Holt, Norfolk. Entries close July 23. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Windsor.— Show of Honey and Bee-appliances, under the direction of the Windsor and District B.K.A., in conjunction with the Old Windsor Horticultural Society's show. Schedules from Mrs. W. S. Darby, Hon. Sec, 1, Consort Villas. Clewer, Berks. July 14,1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 281 August 3, at Stoke Park.— Surrey B.K.A. Annual Exhibition of Bees, Hives, Wax, Appli- ances, &c, will be held in connection with the Guildford and "West Surrey Agricultural Associa- tion. Twenty-four Classes (nine open to all). Many medals. Schedules from F. B. White, Hon. Secre- tary, Harden House, Eedhill, Surrey. Entries close July 23. August 3 and 4, at Abingdon Park, North- ampton.—Honey Show of the Northants B.K.A. Special prizes for open classes, including one for single 1-lb. jar honey. (Entry free.) Judge, Mr. W. Herrod. Schedules from R. Hefford, Hon. Sec, Kingsthorpe, Northants. Entries close July 26. August 4, at Madresfield, Malvern.— Annual Show of the Worcestershire B.K.A. Open class for Honey Trophy. Schedules and entry forms on application to Mr. G. Richings, 2, Shrubbery Ter- race, Worcester. August 10, at Midsomer Norton, Bath.— In connection with the local Horticultural Show, Annual Show of the Somerset B.K.A. Increased prizes for honey, wax, and appliances. Several open and free classes. Challenge honey pot for greatest number of points in members' classes. For schedules and particulars apply to the Assistant Secretary, L. Bigg-Wither, Birdwood, Wells. Entries close August 5. August 10, at Wye, Kent.— Kent Honey Show. Four open classes, fifteen open to Kent. Trophy, cup value 3 guineas, two Challenge cups value 6 guineas each, one Challenge cup value 5 guineas, numerous other Special and money prizes. Special classes for Cottagers, also class for Members of Ashford and District Bee-keepers' Association. Schedules from H. C. Chapelow, Hon. Sec, Wye, Kent. Entries close August 1. August 17, at Lancaster. Lancaster Agricul- tural Society, in conjunction with the Lancashire Bee-keepers' Association. Seventeen Classes for Honey and Bee Produce, also for Bee-Hives ; nume- rous specials, including two silver challenge cups, twelve silver and bronze medals, &c. In applying, state Honey Schedule required.— Thomas Armitstead and Son, Secretaries, Lancaster. Entry closes August 3. August 17 and 18, at Shrewsbury.— Annual Show of the Shropshire B.K.A., in connection with the Shropshire Horticultural Society's Floral Fete. Ten Open Classes for Honey and Wax. Twelve silver and bronze medals, also cash prizes for same. Free entry for Single Bottle and Single Section. Schedules from S. Cartwright, Hon. Sec, Shawbury, Shrewsbury. Entries close August 5. August 20, at Elworth, Sandbach.— In con- nection with the Elworth Athletic Club and Horti- cultural Society's Show. Class for Honey open to the County of Chester, 15s. first, 7s. 6d. second, 5s. third, for 12 Jars Run or Extracted Honey; also Bronze Medal given by the Cheshire Bee-keepers' Association. Entry fee Is. Schedules from C. Salmon, Hon. Sec, Elworth, Sandbach. Entries close August 13. August 24 and 25, at Leamington.— Annual Show of the Warwicks B.K.A., in connection with the Warwickshire Agricultural Society's Exhibi- t'on. Section for Honey, Appliances, &c. Sche- dules from J. Noble-Bower, Knowle, Warwicks. August 31 and September 1, at Carlisle. — Second Annual Show of the Cumberland B.K.A. will be held in connection with Carlisle Horticul- tural Society's Show in the Market, Carlisle. Schedules from G. W. Avery, Heads Nook, Carlisle. Entries close August 20. September 7, at Croydon.— Show of Honey, Wax, and Appliances, in connection with the Croy- don and District B.K.A. Five open classes. Schedules and entry forms ready July 1, from A. Wakerell, 21, Mansfield Road, South Croydon. Entries close August 31. September 17 to 24. at the Agricultural Hall, London. — Honey Show in connection with the Eighteenth Annual Exhibition and Market of the Grocery and Kindred Trades. Liberal prizes. Open to all British Bee-keepers. Schedules from H. S. Rogers, Secretary, Exhibition Offices, Palmerston House, Old Broad Street, London, E.C. Notices to Correspondents. Letters or queries asking for addresses of manu- facturers or correspondents, or where appliances can be- purchased, or replies giving such informa- tion, can only be inserted as advertisements. The space devoted to letters, Queries, and replies is meant for the general good of bee-keepers, and not for advertisements. We wish our correspondents to bear in mind that, as it is necessary for us to go to press in advance of the date of issue, queries cannot always be replied to in the issue imme- diately following the receipt of their communica- tions. J. H. (Devon). — The bees sent are all queens. They are virgins, and have evi- dently been turned out of a hive which has swarmed, one or two of them being immature. R. S. Kendall (San Antonia, U.S.A.). — Bee-keeping in England.— I. The best counties for bee-keeping in this country are Hants, Berks, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire. 2. A good colony of bees in a hive will cost from 40s. to 50s., according to season. 3. The average yield per hive of honey in this country is from 601b. to 701b. in a good district. Extracted honey and lib. sections sell retail at from lOd. to Is. per lb. When sold in bulk 1 lb. sections fetch 8s. to 10s. per doz., according to quality, and extracted honey realises about 56s. per cwt. 4. We always advise those starting to commence with swarms of bees which are not so expensive, costing from 10s. to 20s. each. B. B. (Ramsgate).— Storifying for Sur- plus,— 1. The best method, if several supers are on the hive, is to raise the whole by a block at each corner, thus keeping them level. If plenty of super room is given, the bees are not likely to get in between outer case and brood- chamber. 2. The American climate, flora, and methods are so different to ours that the information, though in- teresting, would be of little service to British bee-keepers. Mr. Doolittle's books explain the system practised in his apiary. Suspected Combs. Asaph. — Comb is affected with foul brood. J. V. (Snaith). — Comb is affected with sour brood. The best treatment will be to re-queen the stock, and use " Api- cure " in the hive. Thank you for the old queens. C. M. (Oldham). — The stock is suffering from foul brood, as shown by the comb you send. If the bees have dwindled to such a small number, it is not worth while trying to cure it. C. S. (Weybridge). — There is no disease in the comb you send. You are doing right to use medicated syrup for feed- ing, and as the two other stocks are 282 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 14, 1910. healthy, destruction of the infected one was the wisest course to take. Honey Samples. H. B. (Kidderminster). — Sample is a very nice clover honey, colour, riavour, and consistency all being good. Quite good enough for showing in light honey class. H. F. H. (Saffron Walden).— A very good honey, mainly from charlock, rloney from this source, though of excellent quality, is apt to granulate very quickly, and you should sell your sections as soon as you can, as it is certain they will granulate also if they are kept on hand. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows :— Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or myje consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The bee- keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees, Honey, Queens, and Bee goods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as " Busi- ness " Announcements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive- manufacturers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per \ in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. 1QAQ CLOVER HONEY, Candied, screw- J-wUJ capped bottles. Price 8s. per dozen. —Apply, HERBERT DIVALL, Ringmer, Lewes. C 52 4 STRONG, Healthy Stocks Bees, Bar Framed Hives, also 4 spare Hives, complete, as new. Offers.— Further particulars, NICHOLAS, 36, St. John's-road, Sparkhill, Birmingham. c 53 WILL EXCHANGE EDISON GEM PHONO- GRAPH FOR EXTRACTOR. — Address, RICHMOND, " Bee Journal." c 63 ABOUT 500 LB. OF SPLENDID RUN CLOVER HONEY— Particulars from NIGHTINGALE, Castlefields, Shrewsbury. c 57 A LATHE, 20 in. bed, heavy fly-wheel, and crank, carries small circular saw, 4 turning tools, no bench, worth 30s.; will take healthy Bees, or 3 months' old chickens; each pay their carriage. —GUY, St. Margaret's Station, G.E.Ry. c 58 FOR SALE, 5 Hives (Taylor's), with Bees, and 2 Skeps. — Apply, PHIPPIN, Norris Farm, Stow Maries, Essex. c 56 STRONG SOUND 10-FRAME HIVES, zinc roofs, 5s.— LIDBETTER, Lidham Farm, Guestling, Hastings. c 55 HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES, commencing August 1, 4s. per lot, with Queens; boxes to be returned. Orders in rotation. Cash with order. — T. PULLEN, Ramsbury, Hungerford. c 71 GEARED EXTRACTOR, good condition, takes Standard Frames or Sections.— ADAMS, Dun- ton, Biggleswade. c 73 CARNIOLAN NUCLEI, Hive, 4 Standard Frames, 15S.-BEECROFT, Abbott's-road, King's Heath. c 72 SEVERAL NEW " W.B.C." HIVES, cheap. Will exchange lor driven Bees, early.— WILLETT, JUN., Bee-keeper, New Maiden, Surrey. c 68 WANTED, Geared Extractor. State lowest price, or would exchange strong healthy Skep of Bees— APIARY, Elm View, Hedon, Hull, c 62 Special Prepaid Advertisements.— Continued. HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES, young Queens, Orders rotation; August 1, 3s. 6d.— BATES, Aston C.inton, Tring. c 61 GUARANTEED PURE ENGLISH HONEY, 1910, finest quality, in 28 lb. tins, 16s. 6d. each; cash or deposit; tins free. Sample, 3d.— A. GREEN, Tangley, Andover. c 69 W ANTED, First Grade Sections. State quan- tity.—GIBSON, chemist, West Hartlepool. c 60 W ANTED, 2,000 best filled Sections, also fine Extracted.— DELL'S, Leigh, Lanes. c 70 EXCHANGE "W.B.C." HIVE, value 12s., for 3-Frame Nuclei or 2 1910 Fertile Queens.— ±J. WHITFIELD, 7, Elizabeth-street, Houghton-le- Spring, Durham. c 59 HIVE. Taylor's dovetailed, new, painted four coats, roof covered oilcloth, painted, 10s. 6d. — F. B. MERCER, Sidmouth. c 41 1PA LB. GRANULATED 1909 HONEY, in JL?>" tins, cheap, slightly tainted with Honey- dew. What offers?— A. HUMPHREYS-OWEN, Glansevern, Berriew, Montgomeryshire. c 48 WANTED, Sections and Extracted Honey. — State quantity and best price. — HUTCHI- SON, Lowood, Lenzie. c 43 DRAWN-OUT SHALLOW FRAMES, 3s. 9d. per doz.; Racks, Is. each— HEWETT'S APIARY, Alton, Hants. c 36 8 BEE-HIVES AND SWARMS, also new Honey Separator, Ripener, and various Bee-appli- ances for sale— MRS. TRIMMER, Bentley, Hants. c 25 ANTED, for dissection, old worn-out or other Queens, alive. Will friends please oblige? HERROD, Apiary, Luton. W HOMES OF THE HONEY BEE."— Electros of Apiaries, for printing on picture post- cards or for advertising purposes, 2s. 6d., post free. —Apply to MANAGER, B.B.J., 23, Bedford-street, W.C. WANTED, " Hymenoptera and Aculeata of British Isles," by Edward Saunders, with 51 illustrations; Curtis's " British Entomo- logy "; the Monograph of " Hymenoptera "; " Flowers, Fruit, and Leaves," by Lubbock. Nature Series.— Address, W. H., 23, Bedford-street, Strand, W.C. WHITE ORPINGTON AND BLACK MI NORCA, good typical birds, bred for laying and exhibition, especially fed to produce strow?, healthy chicks; eggs, 15 3s. 6d., 50 10s.; day old chicks, 6s. doz., 50 £1; very carefully packed. — J. HOUSEHAM, M.U.P.C., Huttoft. Alford, Lines. x 27 BUSINESS ANNOUNCEMENTS. CLEARANCE SALE. — Hives from 5s.; Super Clearer and Board, Is.; Skeps, hole in flat top, Is. 3d.; "W.B.C." ends, Is. 6d. gross; Wax Mould, Is.: Excluders, 6d.; Section Crates, Is. 6d. and 2s.; Tin Dividers, Feeders, Travelling Crates, &c, all reduced. Enquire for anything wanted — F. KENT, Bee Appliance Works, Dorchester, c 64 STRONG 4-FRAME NUCLEI, with Queen, free travelling boxes.— BARLOW, Bee-keeper, Stoke-on-Trent. c 67 GOOD LIGHT-COLOURED SECTIONS WANTED— SMITH AND CO., 17, Cam- bridge-street, Hyde Park, W. c 54 ini A QUEENS, 3s. 6d.; Virgins, Is. 6d.; safe ±*J±\J arrival guaranteed— TOLLINGTON. Woodbine Apiary, Hathern, Leicestershire. c 65 July 21, 1910. THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 283 Editorial, Notices, &c. REVIEW. Garden Allotments, by J. Wright, V.M.H., F.R.H.S. London: Agricultural and Horticultural Association. One penny. This is No. 27 of the series edited by Ed- ward Owen Greening, who gives in a " few forewords" the following explanation of the interesting circumstances under which it has been prepared :—" One of the moist earnest and devoted philanthropists of our time, Dr. J. B. Paton, of Nottingham, con- ceived the idea of establishing gardens for our soldiers, who live in barracks where there is generally too little of human in- terest and variety for their lives, in spite of some excellent recent improvements and developments. This idea he com- municated to me, requesting me to co- operate in the good movement, for which he hoped to gain the effective help of Mr. Haldane, M.P. One set of such gardens has been successfully established at Mill Hill Barracks by the active efforts of Major Pemberton. For these gardens the One and All Association furnished seeds and other supplies, and organised a course of lectures to the soldiers on garden-cul- ture bent. The results have fully justified Dr. Paton's anticipations as regards their educational and recreative effects. It can clearly be seen that a general develop- ment of gardens of the kind would be a work of national importance. Dr. Paton's idea was to condense, if possible, in a very brief space all the lessons of prime import- ance necessary for an amateur to learn in order to manage to advantage a garden- allotment. Mr. Wright has had probably more experience of this kind of teaching than any other living Englishman. He has given infinite pains to carry out Dr. Paton's idea. The ' lectures ' prepared for the benefit of soldier-gardeners are so good, so clear, so comparatively complete that I confidently anticipate for them a wide welcome by amateurs of all classes and conditions. Special care has been taken to illustrate fully Mr. Wright's in- structions, and to make them easily under- standable by anyone." We may add that the book, which is fully illustrated, condenses in a very brief space the lessons of prime importance for an amateur to learn, and will be found useful to anyone possessing a garden. AMONG THE BEES. BAITS. By D. M. Macdonald, Banff. It is generally advised that all partly built-out sections of the previous season should be carefully preserved, and one or more inserted as baits in the centre or at the corners of the first rack supplied to each colony. They are an undoubted attraction to the bees, and tempt them up into supers at an earlier date than if they were not used. Lately, several bee-keepers have advised that supers should have frames of drawn-out combs at each side in the rack of sections, and they contend that these are the best possible baits. I think, however, we might go one better than that. Wherever brood is, there will the bees follow. Now, if we can get one or two shallow frames with brood and some honey in our supers the workers will not fail to ascend and nurse the young unsealed larva?. Care must be taken, however, to withdraw the brood from aloft before the bees be- gin to cap the sections. Herein lies the principal, or perhaps the single, draw- back to the use of this plan. With care- ful management it should prove quite suc- cessful. Sometimes another plan is fol- lowed. A rack of sections is placed im- mediately over the frame tops, and a shallow super above this, with, if pos- sible, some brood in it, although that is not altogether necessary. When bees are actively engaged in building in the rack the supers can be reversed. A really strong stock requires no tempting up if weather is good and a honey-flow is on. Propolis. — Owing to having received swarms and driven bees from many sources every season for the past twenty years, I have been enabled to pay some little attention to the point of propolis- gathering, and I find a very considerable variation in different strains of bees. Some of them use very little bee-glue, others daub every point in the hive, while there is every degree of modification be- tween the two extremes. The very worst varieties are the Caucasians and the so- called Punics, although I make the latter undoubted statement of fact very largely on hearsay evidence. Running them very closely are certain strains of Italians, and more especially Carniolans, and their hybrid crosses. Blacks very rarely over- do the application of this resinous gum to any part of the hive. In a bad case the colony should be re-queened. Locality undoubtedly has a good deal to do with a lavish gathering and use of this sub- stance. Where it is exceptionally plenti- ful and easily procured bees collect more of it than when they have to go far and frequently afield for its gathering. A free use of vaseline about parts of the hive coming in close contact prevents the seal- ing down of these parts. When bees are too free in its application it becomes a perfect nuisance in handling frames, scraping sections, and withdrawing supers. Paraffin, spirits of wine, and concentrated lye help in removing it. If dividers and other loose parts are boiled in %oapy water the propolis disappears. 284 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 21, 1910. Scraping when it is dry and hard removes it easily. Handling Frames. — I confine myself at present to the single point of withdrawing and returning frames in such a way as not to destroy bee-life unnecessarily. Some believe in putting a staple spacer on the frame-ends in order that they may be kept in a perfectly perpendicular posi- tion when withdrawing. The other day a tapering frame was illustrated, pre- sumably to secure humane handling. Irish-made hives have a space of fin. in- stead of our orthodox |in. between frame- ends and hive-sides. The staple spacing is a delusion and a snare, the taper frame is an old fad resurrected for the twentieth time, and the more roomy space is an unnecessary innovation. If combs are properly handled there should be no slaughter of bees in manipulating them. Mr. Crawshaw some time ago gave his plan for avoiding any such careless slaughter. If the frames are raised and lowered after examination of the combs, as he advises, there can be no loss of bees by crushing. Gentleness in manipulation is a prime necessity in securing successful bee-management. The gentle, gliding motion tells, and although it may take up a little more time the waste of minutes is more apparent than real. Bouncing, jerking movements annoy the bees and do not hasten the termination of a thorough examination. Steadiness of purpose and steadiness of nerves count in withdrawing and replacing frames as no additional space, tapering frame, or useless spur can do. Avoid Temptation. — In countless ways the bee-keeper can save the bees from engaging in useless labour : " How oft the sight of means to do ill deeds makes ill deeds done." Brace-combs left over from last season should be scraped clean from the tops of the frames before inserting supers. That is a simple truism. But don't leave even their outline, as the merest tracing will be a temptation to the bees to renew them in the coming season. The same holds true of any burrs found on the lower rests of section racks. Erase all trace of them. Now and again, for some reason, frames are braced to- gether, and require a fair degree of force to part them. No matter how frequently this separation is made the bees are all but certain to renew the connection un- less there is a complete erasure of the cause. At times during a heavy flow bees work outside the dummy-board. Re- peatedly I tested the matter of renewal by simply rubbing or breaking off the piece of comb built, to find that it was most certainly rebuilt the next season if opportunity offered. A hive I once used to visit had a faulty bridge piece, allow- ing the bees access to the open space be- tween the outer and inner front walls of a " W. B. C." hive. This space contained a nice, well-built comb. Although it was cut out, the bees renewed it for five suc- cessive years. On being planed clean off, however, they desisted, and, although very strong, made no attempt to renew it. As all this comb-building is a pure waste of time, don't tempt the bees to engage in it. Avoid supplying them with even the appearance of temptation. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. NOTES FROM NORTH HERTS. PARTHENOGENESIS. [7862.] Parthenogenesis (Editorial note, page 276). — My own view is that in every egg laid by the bee there are three potentialities of development, and that each of these react to a different stimulus. In the unfertilised egg the drone element becomes active, fertilisation causes the female element to develop, and the kind of food supplies the stimulus for the de- velopment of the worker or queen ele- ments. In abnormal cases the stimulus is insufficient, and we get intermediate types. In hermaphrodite bees there is no fixed type. We get the sexes combined in all proportion, and this leads me to suppose that, in the intermediate types between queen and worker, careful investigation would prove the occurrence of all possible combinations of queen and worker. Another explanation of the drone pairing with a worker is therefore that owing to some abnormal development the worker gave forth the odour of an unmated queen. According to Siebold, Leuckart con- vinced himself that the rudimentary seminal receptacle was present in worker- bees. Its presence is inferred in the egg- laying bees he had previously dissected, but the extent of its development is un- known. Siebold contents himself with the suggestion that it must have been smaller than in a perfect queen, other- wise it would not have been overlooked. In Cheshire's book the spermatheca of the fertile worker is given in the illus- tration as somewhat larger than the spermatheca of the normal worker. The presence or absence of this organ July 21, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 285 in the workers has had little to do with the decision that they are females. The early observers were probably satisfied when they discovered the rudimentary ovaries. A queen in my own apiary that took her mating nights unsuccessfully in February absolutely failed to breed. Pro- fessor Cook, of America, states than an un- mated queen proves sterile or a drone- breeder. Can either kind be produced at will? Do we know if external causes in any way influence the matter? Hawthorn Money (page 238). — In this district, although we have miles of hedge- row, the bees seldom visit the ''may" blossom. I have only seen them working it on one occasion, and that was two seasons ago. They were at it all day, and my scale hive increased 5 lb. in weight for the twenty-four hours. Several times last year 1 noticed the bees gathering pollen from buttercups. Brood-disease (page 276). — Is it not possible that the queen was diseased and that this caused her death shortly after the transfer? In that case the swarm would stand a better chance of being healthy, as it is improbable that a queen "on her last legs" would be sufficiently active to lead them. Mr. Soal's letter raises another interest- ing point. Was it correct to keep the bees cool for the three days they were confined? The resistance of the bee to disease-germs would probably be greatest at a temperature approaching blood-heat. Cold may possibly favour the germ as well as diminish the resistance of the bee. A few real summers would do good to both bees and bee-keepers. Do Queens Leave the Hive to Die? — This summer a very old queen crawled laboriously out of one of my hives. She was carefully attended by about a dozen workers, who arranged themselves with their heads towards her. The other bees ignored them. In about twenty minutes she had traversed the alighting-board, fallen over the edge, and was dead and alone. — G. W. Bullamore, Albury, Herts. ROSS-SHIRE NOTES. WORKING FOR SECTIONS QUEEN- INTRODUCTION. [7863.] I see there are complaints of an adverse season in this week's B.B.J., while Mr. S. P. Soal is ultra-pessimistic (page 277). Our Northern bees, however, are doing well considering the low tem- perature now prevailing. In my own apiary I have them occupying two and three racks of sections, while one forward colony has just gone up into the fourth super. All supers after the first were given on top and well in advance of re- quirements, d la "D. M. M." Abundance of super-room, with wide entrances, form our only precautions against the swarming fever. This has been an abnormal swarming season, even bar-frame hives throwing off two and three swarms. As yet, not one of my stocks has given any trouble in that way. English swarms, although late, are doing excellent work. One received on July 6 was treated in rather an unusual way. Swarms are usually put on starters or full sheets of foundation, and some- times on empty combs, but I hived this one on eleven "Reid" shallow frames, two of them containing unsealed brood, the other nine almost full of old honey. A rack of "tall" sections with drawn- out combs was given at once, and a second having foundation only was put on later — fifty-four sections in all. The upper rack, I find, is almost filled and partly sealed, so the first given will doubtless be fit for removal at any time. Of course, in this case the rapid filling of the sec- tions is accounted for by the bees shifting the stores above to make room for the queen. Doolittle, in America, has great success with artificial swarming on similar lines, and I am quite sure natural swarms worked in this way would give better re- sults with less trouble than usual. Heather Methods. — The purple heather failed us completely in 1909, but we hope to collect the arrears this season. Extra strong colonies are indispensable, and I think we shall have them this time. Some of my stocks were rather backward, having plenty of brood, but only a small force of gatherers when the clover began to yield. I made up a nucleus from each, taking away the queen and two or three frames of brood, and filled up the queenless por- tion with empty combs, threw in a Southern swarm, and put on sections. This plan worked well, the swarm equal- ling an established stock, while the nuclei are building-up strongly for the heather. In some cases I divided the nucleus into two portions, with a perforated divider between, to build up extra strong colonies by the dual-queen system. Queen-introduction. — The safest plan of all is to insert first in a broodless nucleus. On receipt of queen make up a nucleus with two combs of bees having honey and pollen, but not a particle of brood or eggs. Confine them indoors, and when in an uproar give a smart jolt to the box, thus throwing the bees on to the floor- board. Now remove the lid from the mail-cage, place the latter among the bees, and close the hive, with the assur- ance that her majesty is safely climbing on to the combs along with her newly- found subjects. 286 Give a frame of hatching brood next day, and when eggs are being laid de- queen the old stock and unite to nucleus same evening. This method discounts all risk and ob- viates the usual eggless interval. — J. M. Ellis, Ussie Valley. THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 21, 1910. HONEY-DEW. [7864.] Colonel Walker's paper on honey-dew, read at the B.B.K.A. Conver- sazione and reported in B.B.J, of April 28 last, was very interesting to me. as, having been a gardener nearly all my life, I can endorse his opinion as to its source. I take a great interest in bees and other insects, and through my business have an opportunity of study- ing their habits. This district is principally devoted to the growing of hops, fruit, and market-garden pro- duce. There are very few meadows ; con- sequently very little white clover, very little sainfoin, a few horse-chestnut and lime trees, and a large acreage of runner beans. If the weather is favourable and the bees strong, we get a good surplus from the plum, cherry, and apple blossom, though the honey is rather dark and strong-flavoured. Then comes the rasp- berry, the nectar from which is light in colour and excellent in flavour. After that we get a mixture of different sorts. If the weather should happen to set in dry, with a N.E. or E. wind, after the fruit-blossom is over, we get a plague of aphis on the plum trees and currant bushes. The result is, leaves dripping with honey-dew, and the bees finding this big source of income literally swarm on the trees. Again, the Flemish, English, red, and Morella cherry trees are often attacked by black aphis, and I have re- peatedly seen the bees working on them ; the same applies to the lime trees. The con- sequence is we get honey of various de- grees of colour and flavour, according to the amount of honey-dew it contains. I have never seen bees in this district col- lecting honey-dew excepting where aphis is present, though I know there are trees and shrubs that do exude sweet juices through glands. For instance, the pas- sion-flowers have from two to six glands on tbe petioles, and I have often seen the wasps working them, but never bees. I have also seen wasps working on oranges and lemons, but then there was always "scale" (coccida) present, which smothers the plants with honey-dew. I have always found the mixture of honey-dew and honey granulates as freely as pure honey, and is rather lighter in colour when granulated. Some years ago I had a hundredweight of very dark stuff not worth bottling, so 1 let it granulate, and offered it at 4d. per lb. It all sold in a week, and I believe I could have sold a ton. A few years later I had some not quite so dark, which I bottled in tie-over jars and sold at 6d. The Superintendent of Police, who was inspector under the Food and Drugs Act, hearing I was sell- ing honey cheap, thought he had made a capture ; but the county analyst certified it as pure honey, and I gained a cus- tomer, for he often sent for a jar of honey afterwards. I myself detest the flavour of honey-dew. We have a very large tree of abele, or white-leaved poplar, on the lawn, and during June there were numbers of queen- wasps working on the upper surface of the leaves (in fact, thirty were killed on this tree). I examined a number of leaves, but could find not the slightest trace of insect or honey-dew ; they seemed perfectly clean. A swarm of bees is located in a hollow limb of this tree, but not a single bee was working on the leaves, so what the wasps were after is a mystery. Last year we had very few wasps ; this year there is a plague of queens, and I have killed some dozens in the glasshouses myself. I venture to think that if Mr. Baker had a few houses of grapes under his care he would slaughter every wasp in creation if it were pos- sible. If the hoya (Mexican honey-plant) could only be grown out of doors in this country, what a harvest we should reap ! The flowers literally drip with honey. It appears to me that the more fruit there is planted, the more honey-dew we get. Twenty years ago I used to get splendid light honey fit for the show-bench, but now I rarely get a good sample. In answer to Mr. Crawshaw (page 279), our bees always work both the red and white hawthorns very freely. — Elvey E.. Smith, Southfleet, Kent. EFFECTS OF BEE-STINGS. [7865.] Your Cornish correspondent (page 277) seems to have suffered some- what like myself from bee-stings, though I think I fared worse than he did. I was getting a cast into the skep one hot day in June, and got stung on the temple. The pain was so great that I hurried at once indoors, and collapsed. I became burning hot all over, with a tremendous tingling sensation, chiefly in my hands and feet. I could only breathe with great difficulty, and a sickness came over me that caused me to vomit. I drank cold water and had cold water rags applied to my head and neck, and in about thirty minutes I recovered sufficiently to go out and pick up my skep and bring it in. I attributed the trouble to faintness through my being so much in the sun, as (Continued on page 288.) July 21, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 28" HOMES OF THE HONEY-BEE. THE APIARIES OF OUR READERS. Mr. Ganibrill's ably-written account of bis bee-keeping experiences needs no addi- tion from us to make it interesting to readers, who doubtless will find much to admire both in his perseverance and capability. He says : " My first introduction to the bees oc- curred when I was about ten years of age, and it happened in this wise. My father did not keep bees himself, but he sometimes hived swarms to assist the curate, who lived next door and kept a few stocks, which he himself attended to. Working as I do to-day without gloves or veil, my mind wanders to this time — back business. I bought my first' swarm in June, 1893, and began to keep bees in earnest. I started an out-apiary like ' Lordswood/ though, for good or evil, I had no ' Jack Biannell ' in charge (see B.B.J., vols. xxvi. and xxvii). I also had my ideal of a hive, and built one, but it was not so far advanced as ' Lordswood's.' Some readers may remember ' Lords- wood's ' hive, with a spout and a handle. When you wanted honey you put a pot under the spout and turned the handle. Poor ' Lordswood. ' How much one misses his racy contributions. "My out-apiary came to an end by wil- ful destruction and robbery. Going to it one day in winter, to see how the food- supply was getting on, I found hives and accessories scattered in all directions : bees MR. A. G. GAMBRILL S APIARY, BAGSHOT ROAD, ASCOT, BERKS. in the sixties — and I picture his rever- ence armed for the fray. Trousers tied at the bottom, large straw hat, an overall veil tied at the waist, with huge bishop's sleeves. Very thick leather gloves com- pleted the ' armour.' " Now, while the curate would hive his bees on a week-day, he would not do so on a Sunday, and if a swarm came off he would come for my father to hive them, and it was on one of these Sundays I got my bee baptism. The bees had settled in a rather difficult place, and my father on the ladder could barely reach the cluster, and in shaking he got a few bees in the skep, while the 'bunch' came down on my unveiled ten-year-old bare head. " I had an unsettled life until I came to live at Ascot, where I started a tailoring dead — perished with cold — and some hives stolen outright. The police discovered no clue to the marauders, but this occurrence extinguished my bee-fever ; at least, 1 thought so. It seems, however, to have only smouldered, for it broke out again in all its fury about four years ago, and I now have many beginners, including ladies, under instruction, as well as taking care of about thirty hives for different people. I hold a third-class certificate, and am a member of both the British and the Berkshire Bee-keepers' Associations. The lady in the picture takes a very great interest in bees. For eight years she lived in Russia, but they had then no charm for her. She regrets she took no notice of the methods practised by Russian bee-keepers. She was, however, much in- 288 THE BEITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 21, 1910. terested in the article which appeared in the Bee Journal of January 20, 1910, on bees in Russia. " It will be seen my hives are very mixed, ranging from 'W.B.C.s' to those of my own make and design. I am also a society entertainer, con- jurer, and raconteur, and have ful- filled many successful engagements in London and in Ararious parte of the country. I fill up my time in winter in this way and the summer with bees, and find both hobbies remunerative and full of interest." (" Effects of Bee-Stings," continued from page 286.) I had had many stings both on hands and legs, and never experienced a like sensation until Sunday last, when I un- fortunately got stung again on the edge of the eyelid. I experienced the same suffering and sensations, and a friend said I looked as though I had developed a violent cold in the head. Perhaps one of your medical readers will kindly give his opinion as to whether it is beneficial or otherwise to be stung when one feels the effects so much. I should also like to know if your corre- spondent suffers from any complaint, as I think that may perhaps have something to do with it. — EIltham, Kent. WINTERING WITH SUPER IN POSI- TION. WARM WATER FOR BEES. [7866.] I have read with much interest the correspondence about wintering bees with a rack of shallow frames in position. I do not see what is to be done when one has contracted the brood-nest to, say, seven or eight frames. I should like to winter one of my hives in this way, and would ask Mr. R. L., of Castle Gary (page 278), to be good enough to explain whether he tacks bat- tens under the super on those parts that extend beyond the contracted brood-nest. I may mention that my hives are the usual "W.B.C." pattern. By the way, the January number of the Deutsche lllustrierte Bienen-Zeitung describes a method of providing bees during the end of March and onwards through April with warm water by means of a tank, on the top of which a wooden grating floats, and which is placed above a closed box (having the necessary air- holes), in which an ordinary oil-lamp burns. The water is thus kept at a cer- tain (but not too high) temperature. The writer of the article (and the in- ventor) uses it in his apiary, and originally introduced it to supply a want in his own apiaries. Have you anything to commend in such a way of supplying water ? In my opinion, in the spring it would prevent loss of heat to • the water-carriers, and thus save much bee-life, and at the same time be at once ready for use in the hive. I am going to obtain one and try it, but would like to know whether there is such a thing on the British market be- fore sending abroad. The name of the inventor is E. Schroeder, Drochtersen, Prov. Hanover. — Wez, Twickenham. [The invention you allude to is that of M. G. Gendot, and was first described and illustrated in the Apiculteur, of Paris, for April, 1907. The illustration in the German paper mentioned is an exact copy of that described by M. Gen- dot. You will find a similar appliance illustrated on page 137 of B.B.J, for 1909, and anyone could make it from the de- scription there given. There is a great advantage in giving bees warm water in the spring. — Ed.] HAWTHORN HONEY. [7867.] In reply to Mr. Crawshaw's re- quest (page 279), I may state that when the hawthorn was in bloom this year, on three days especially it yielded nectar copiously. I got up into a hedge for the purpose of taking bees from the haw- thorn, and found they were very nume- rous and were without doubt gathering nectar from it, as could be seen both by their action and their distended abdomens. Last year, although there was an abun- dance of blossom, I do not think it yielded any nectar, for though I frequently searched the bushes in the hope of finding hive-bees, I failed to discover any during the whole time it was in bloom, while very few wild bees visited the flowers. I have had honey which had both the scent and taste of "may," but from ob- servation I am led to the conclusion that the climatic conditions must be very favourable for hawthorn to yield any appreciable amount of honey, and these conditions prevailed on the three days mentioned. — Geo. Hayes, Beeston. WINTERING WITH SUPER ON HIVE. [7868.] In 1909 I took from one of my hives about 30 lb. of section honey, and then prepared the stock for experiment at the heather by putting on a box of eight full-size standard frames and a rack of twenty-one 1-lb. sections. The stock was then taken to the Mendip Hills, 700 ft. above sea-level, to a very bleak and cold place called Burrington Combe. Owing to my being taken ill, it remained there all the winter with a 6-in. wide entrance. I did not expect that the bees would survive the winter. The only pro- tection on the hive in the way of quilts July 21, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 289 was a sack doubled up on top. The stock was brought back to me last March, as I thought dead. I took off the rack of sections, which contained no honey ; nor was there any in the super of frames, but to all appearance there was plenty of stores in the brood-chamber. The bees were all right, and out of my twelve stocks this is the best of all. The eight standard frames are at the present time full of honey, and the 21-lb. rack of sections is almost ready to be removed. I am only a bee-keeper of four years' standing, but shall always winter in this way, feeling sure by my experience that there is nothing gained by "coddling" bees. — A. Lucas, Bristol. BEES IN LANCS. A REMARKABLE SWARM. [7869.] The bee-season in this district has so far proved an exceptionally good one, and if all goes on well our average "take" from an ordinary hive will be from 60 lb. to 70 lb. of honey. My own apiary is only a small one of ten stocks, five of which have swarmed. One of these swarms was the most remarkable I have seen in the whole of my bee-keeping ex- perience. It came off on July 13 about noon, and when hived in a skep I found the bees alone weighed 10 lb. 5 oz. I had previously ascertained the weight of skep and floorboard, &c. It was not a case of two swarms joining together, and I consider such an abnormally large one worthy of note. I have tried many breeds of bees, but the parent stock from which the swarm came off is one of my favourites. They are English blacks, and I think I shall in future stick to this race as being the best of all. — J. Molynetjx, Ulverston. Echoes from the Hives. My bees have not been to the clover at all, although there are quantities about. They preferred the blackberries until yesterday (July 7), when they deserted everything for the limes, which are bloom- ing most extravagantly. The weather is most depressingly damp and cloudy. I think the following rain measurements here are about a record for July : 1st, .38 in. ; 2nd, .01 in. ; 3rd, .24 in. ; 4th, .53 in. ; 5th, 0 ; 6th, .64 in. ; 7th, .12 in. ; 8th, .10 in. Hope seems to be the only thing left for bee-keepers. The haymakers have doubt- less lost even that. — H. G. M., Buckhurst Hill. The keeping of bees is so entrancing, the problems of a scientific nature in con- nection with them are so varied and numerous that if there were no honey crop no one who has ever really caught "the spirit of the hive" would willingly give up bee-keeping. But in addition to above interests there are results of a practical nature, and as last season most of the honey in this district was as black as ink it is a pleasure to report that honey of good quality, in fairly large quantities, is being offered to us this year. I need hardly say that during the last few weeks the weather in Notts has not been all that the heart of a bee-keeper could desire ; but three weeks ago a mem- ber of our association, living like myself in the suburbs of our great city, removed twenty-one finished sections from her one hive. What a splendid addition to the store cupboard, and how welcome even to those who are well off in this world's goods! — Thos. N. Harrison, Carrington, Notts. Queries and Replies. [4027.] Obtaining a Market for Honey. — I am a beginner in bee-keeping, but I consider that I have been very successful with the bees generally, having started with one stock three years ago, which has increased to three very strong ones. They have done well this year in pro- ducing some very good clover-honey, but I find some difficulty in disposing of my surplus. One of the stores in London offers 7s. per dozen only for honey in the best condition delivered free. I should prefer to give honey away than to sell it at such a price. The local towns near here — including Harrogate — have their regular customers, who supply the demand fully. Can you with your knowledge and experience give in the Journal for the benefit of your readers generally, as well as for myself particularly, hints as to the best markets and the average prices which may be realised ? In regard to heather honey, the stores referred to state that they have no sale for it — a rather surprising statement in view of the high prices obtained by some of your contributors. If the markets are already overstocked it seems misleading to induce more people to take up bee-keep- ing as a paying industry. Any possible assistance will be much appreciated by — Inquirer, Ripon. Reply. — So long as we have to import honey to the value of over £30,000 a year it is clear that the market is not over- stocked with British honey. The diffi- culty has been in getting a regular sup- ply, and those bee-keepers who can fur- nish this have generally no difficulty in disposing of their surplus honey. There is always much more difficulty in selling a few sections, and a market for these should be found locally. Dealers do not 290 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 21, 1910. care to have small lots of different quali- ties, because customers expect to get the same sort of honey as they have pur- chased previously. It must also be re- membered that section-honey is a fancy article for which there will always be a smaller demand than for extracted, but we are not aware that at the present time the market for sections is over- stocked. A great deal of honey is sold through advertising in the B.B.J., and probably if you adopted this means you would be able to find a customer for yours at a better price than you mention. The retail value is from 9d. to Is. a lb. sec- tion, out of which the dealer must get his profit and allow a margin for waste and loss. There is a very limited sale 'n London for heather-honey, and you would do better with it in Glasgow or Edin- burgh, where they are more accustomed to the flavour. When we have a larger number of bee-keepers so that the produc- tion of honey can be largely increased and the supply become regular, we should then have a more staple market for the pro- duct. Bee=Shows to Come. July 20 and 21, at Cardiff.— Annual Show of the Glamorgan B.K.A., in connection with the Car- diff and County Horticultural Show. Separate tent for honey, wax, appliances, &c Hon. Sec, Mr. W. Wiltshire, Maindy Schools, Cardiff. July 21, at Southwell.— Annual Show of the Notts B.K.A., in connection with the Horticul- tural Society's Show. Open class for Single lib. Jar. First prize, 20s. July 21 and 22, at Leek.— Annual Show of the Staffs B.K.A., in connection with the Staffs Agricultural Society. Six open classes. Entries closed. July 26 to 28, at Iieeds.— Show of Honey, &c, in connection with the Royal Yorkshire Agricul- tural Society. Entries closed. July 28, at Middle Wallop, Hants.— In con- nection with the Horticultural Show. Open classes for Honey : Best 1-lb. Jar Extracted, Best 1-lb. Sec tion. (Entry free.) Schedules from Pryce E. Roberts, Schoolhouse, Nether Wallop, Stockbridge. Entries close Jvily 21. July 28, at Tiverton.— Devon B.K.A. Show of Honey, Bees, Wax, and Appliances, held in connection with the Annual Exhibition of Tiverton and District Agricultural Society. Open Classes, Special Prizes. Entries closed. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Bromley. Show of Honey in connection with the Bromley Flower Show. Four open classes. Two Special Hives offered. Schedules from Alex Gunner, Hon. Sec, 91. Park End, Bromley, Kent. Entries close July 30. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Cambridge.— Honey Show, in connection with the Cambridge Mammoth Show Society. All Open Classes. Eight special prizes, including five Special Hives to be competed for. This show also includes Dogs, Poultry, Pigeons, Cats, Rabbits, Cage Birds, Flowers, Fruit, and Vegetables. Also grand pro- gramme of Sports. The splendid Band of the Royal Artillery will be in attendance, and a display of Fireworks will take place. Schedules from Hon. Sec, Mr. E. F. Dant, 52, Bridge Street, Cambridge. Entries close July 28. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Melton Park, Melton Constable. — Annual Show of the North Norfolk B.K.A. Four Open Classes, including one for Single 1-lb. Section and one for Single 1-lb. Jar of Honey. Schedules from Miss Leaven, Letheringsett, Holt, Norfolk. Entries close July 23. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Windsor.— Show of Honey and Bee-appliances, under the direction of the Windsor and District B.K.A., in conjunction with the Old Windsor Horticultural Society's show. Schedules from Mrs. W. S. Darby, Hon. Sec, 1, Consort Villas. Clewer, Berks. August 3, at Stoke Park.— Surrey B.K.A. Annual Exhibition of Bees, Hives, Wax, Appli- ances, &c, will be held in connection with the Guildford and West Surrey Agricultural Associa- tion. Twenty-four Classes (nine open to all). Many medals. Schedules from F. B. White, Hon. Secre- tary, Marden House, Redhill, Surrey. Entries close July 23. August 3 and 4, at Abingdon Park, North- ampton.—Honey Show of the Northants B.K.A. Special prizes for open classes, including one for single 1-lb. jar honey. (Entry free.) Judge, Mr. W. Herrod. Schedules from R. Hefford, Hon. Sec, Kingsthorpe, Northants. Entries close July 26. August 4, at Madresfield, Malvern.— Annual Show of the Worcestershire B.K.A. Open class for Honey Trophy. Schedules and entry forms on application to Mr. G. Richings, 2, Shrubbery Ter- race, Worcester. August 10, at Llanerchymedd, Anglesey.— The County of Anglesey Beekeepers' Association offer the following prizes at their Annual^ Show. For the best six 1-lb. jars of 1910 Honey, 10s. 6d.; open to all. Entrance fee, non-members Is. 6d., members Is. For the hest and most attractive display of Honey and Honey Products, £1 Is.; open to North Wales; entrance fee, non-members 2s., members Is. 6d. N.B.— Only half the prize will be given unless there are three or more exhibi- tors. Schedules from Rev. O. Kyffin Williams, Coldana Vicarage, Llanerchymedd. Entries close July 29. August 10, at Midsomer Norton, Bath.— In connection with the local Horticultural Show, Annual Show of the Somerset B.K.A. Increased prizes for honey, wax, and appliances. Several open and free classes. Challenge honey pot for greatest number of points in members' classes. For schedules and particulars apply to the Assistant Secretary, L. Bigg-Wither, Birdwood, Wells. Entries close August 5. August 10, at Wye, Kent.— Kent Honey Show. Four open classes, fifteen open to Kent. Trophy, cup value 3 guineas, two Challenge cups value 6 guineas each, one Challenge cup value 5 guineas, numerous other Special and money prizes. Special classes for Cottagers, also class for Members of Ashford and District Bee-keepers' Association. Schedules from H. C. Chapelow, Hon. Sec, Wye, Kent. Entries close August 1. August 17, at Lancaster. Lancaster Agricul- tural Society, in conjunction with the Lancashire Bee-keepers' Association. Seventeen Classes for Honey and Bee Produce, also for Bee-Hives; nume- rous specials, including two silver challenge cups, twelve silver and bronze medals, &c. In applying, state Honey Schedule required. — Thomas Armitstead and Son, Secretaries, Lancaster. Entry closes August 3. August 17 and 18, at Shrewsbury.— Annual Show of the Shropshire B.K.A., in connection with the Shropshire Horticultural Society's Floral Fete. Ten Open Classes for Honey and Wax. Twelve silver and bronze medals, also cash prizes for same. Free entry for Single Bottle and Single Section. Schedules from S. Cartwright, Hon. Sec, Shawbury, Shrewsbury. Entries close August 5. August 20, at Elworth, Sandtaach.— In con- nection with the Elworth Athletic Club and Horti- cultural Society's Show. Class for Honey open to the County of Chester, 15s. first, 7s. 6d. second, 5s. third, for 12 Jars Run or Extracted Honey; also Bronze Medal given by the Cheshire Bee-keepers' Association. Entry fee Is. Schedules from C. Salmon, Hon. Sec, Elworth, Sandbach. Entries close August 13. August 24 and 25, at Leamington.— Annual Show of the Warwicks B.K.A., in connection with the Warwickshire Agricultural Society's Exhibi- i'on. Section for Honey, Appliances, &c. Sche- dules from J. Noble-Bower, Knowle, Warwicks. August 31 and September 1, at Carlisle.— Second Annual Show of the Cumberland B.K.A. July 21, 1910.] THE BK1TISH BEE JOURNAL. 291 will be held in connection with Carlisle Horticul- tural Society's Show in the Market, Carlisle. Schedules from G. W. Avery, Heads Nook, Carlisle. Entries close August 20. September 7, at Croydon.— Show of Honey, Wax, and Appliances, in connection with the Croy- don and District B.K.A. Five open classes. Schedules and entry forms ready July 1, from A. Wakerell, 21, Mansfield Road, South Croydon. Entries close August 31. September 13, at Conway, N. Wales.— Annual Honey Show, in connection with the Con- way Honey Fair. Open and Local Classes. Sche- dules from J. Hughes. Town Hall, Conway. Entries close September 6. September 17 to 24, at the Agricultural Hall, London. — Honey Show in connection with the Eighteenth Annual Exhibition and Market of the Grocery and Kindred Trades. Liberal prizes. Open to all British Bee-keepers. Schedules from H. S. Rogers, Secretary, Exhibition Offices, Palmerston House, Old Broad Street, London, E.C. WEATHER REPORTS. Westbourne, Sussex. June, 1910. Minimum tempera- ture, 40° on 4th. Minimum on grass, 39° on 4th. Frosty nights, 0. Mean maximum, 66. Mean minimum, 51 '%. Mean temperature, 58-6. Above average, 1*5. Maximum barometer, 30-371 on 18th. Minimum barometer, 29619 on 5th. Rainfall, 325 in. Above average, 116 in. Heaviest fall, 1*05 in. on 9th. Rain fell on 15 days. Suns hine , 2 1 7 ' 1 hours . Below average, 17'9 hours. Brightest day, 14th, 152 hours. Sunless days, 1. Maximum tempera- ture, 74° on 8th and 20th. L. B. BlRKETT. Barnwood, Gloucester. Rainfall, 2'68 in. Above average, '58 in. Heaviest fall, -54 in. on 7th and 9th. Rain fell on 15 days. Total to date,12-89in., as compared with 1049in. for the cor- responding period of last year. Mean maximum tem- perature, 67 "5 ; 1*5 degrees below average. Mean minimum tem- perature, 50 3 ; "7 of a degree below June, 1910. Warmest day, 20th, 79. Coldest night, 13th, 39. Relative humidity, or percentage of moisture in the air, 74. Number of days with sky completely overcast at 9 a.m., 8 ; do. cloudless, 2. Percentage of wind force, 20. Prevailing directions N.E. and S.W. average. F. H. Fowler (F.R.Met. Soc). JUNE RAINFALL. Total fall, 5.37 in. Above average, 2.87 in. Heaviest fall in 24 hours, 1.50 in. 5th. Rain fell on 18 days. Total fall from January 1, 18.61 in. W. Head, Brilley, Herefordshire. Notices to Correspondents. Beginner Aeron (Aberayron). — Dealing with Transferred Bees. — 1. As the bees have taken to the lower chamber in which there is now brood, your first object is to satisfy yourself that the queen is below. 2. If all the combs are occupied with brood and honey so that there is no room for the queen to lay, extract some of the honey to give her the necessary accommodation. 3. Re- move the skep and put excluder on the frames, then drive all the bees and make sure of getting the queen, and throw bees in front so that they may enter their hive. Then place the skep on excluder, when sufficient bees will go up to care for the brood, and in twenty-one days the skep can be re- moved. Cover up the space not occu- pied by the skep, give plenty of venti- lation, and remove any queen-cells you may find. 4. The bee sent is an imper- fect drone, the pigment .being wanting in the eyes, which gives them the white appearance. 5. If the bees are still clus- tering outside it is a sign that they re- quire more room and you might give them a set of shallow frames below brood-nest, placing this above when the skep is removed. R. W. (Rutherglen). —Foul-brood Legisla- tion.— The point you raise has been fully answered on page 226 of B.J. for June 9 last. No one expects foul brood to disappear entirely in a few years, but he must be a very obstinate person who supposes that "when once this Act has become an accomplished fact foul brood will not become less prevalent through- out Britain." It is contrary to the ex- perience of all those countries that have adopted legislation, and if foul brood has not been entirely exterminated it has been so reduced as to be an excep- tion, and not the rule. Why those who oppose legislation should think we can- not do in this country what has been satisfactorily accomplished in other countries we are at a loss to under- stand. The question as to whether there should be legislation is now in the hands of bee-keepers, and steps are being taken by the committee appointed for the purpose to ascertain their wishes on the subject. J. W. L. (Portinscale). — Dead Queen. — The queen sent is unfertilised. A. S. (Eastleigh).— Starving Bees.— The bees sent appear starved, as there is no food in their intestines, and only one had some pollen. C. L. R. (Rickmansworth). — Isle of Wight Disease .—There is no known remedy for this, and where there are other hives destruction of the affected colonies is 292 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 21, 1910. recommended, as the disease is said to be extremely contagious and spreads rapidly to other hives. Any dead bees on the ground should be picked up and burnt, and the ground disinfected with a solution of Calvert's No. 5 carbolic acid, 1 oz., to 2 quarts of water. For full particulars or the disease please refer to B.B.J, for March 18, 1909, page 101, where there is a summary of Dr. Maiden's investigations. A. E. P. (Hanwell).— Dead Bees.— The bees are evidently suffering from star- vation, as there is not a particle of food in their stomachs. With such un- favourable weather as we have had since you had your swarm lib. of syrup would not last long, especially if the swarm was a strong one. C. E. W. (Barnes).— Ailing Bees.— The bees are suffering from abdominal dis- tention, the bowels being filled with un- digested pollen. Probably with an im- provement in the weather they may get over the trouble. The shade of the trees would not affect them. J. C. K. (Asbford). — Suspected Isle of Wight Disease. — 1. Only one bee in No. 1 could be examined, and this was found to be suffering from abdominal distention judging from the amount of undigested pollen in the bowels. No spores could be detected, so cannot say if it is Isle of Wight disease, but from your description it may either be that disease, May pest, or bee-paralysis, as all these complaints have similar symptoms. 2. The bees were all drowned in the food, and in such a sticky mess that nothing in the way of examination could be done. It is best to send the bees without food. J. T. (Buckley).— Dead Queen Cast Out. — The queen is a virgin. Honey Samples. Amateur (Bridport). — Honey is a very dark sample gathered principally from beans. The flavour is fairly good and it is good in consistency, but the colour makes it only a second-grade article. About 45s. per cwt. Suspected Combs. Fossil (Leicester). — Tbe disease with which the comb is affected is sour brood, not foul brood. See "Guide Book" (chapter on diseases, page 183). M. C. C. (Bucks). — A bad case of sour brood and foul brood combined. F. S. (Herts). — 1. There is no disease in the comb, the brood has been chilled, and from the appearance of bees we should say they have died of starvation. 2. The queen is a virgin. Salopian (Shrewsbury). — The comb is affected with foul brood. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows : — Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee- keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees, Honey, Queens, and Bee goods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as " Busi- ness " Announcements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive- manufacturers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per \ in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. YOUNG MAN, 20, requires situation, could manage bees and poultry.— Address, " Bee Journal." c 85 ^ k> GRADUATED BOTTLE FEEDERS, 1 Rapid J-/W Feeder, " Woiblet " Spur Embedder, all in perfect condition, only used once: also Shallow Frame Super, complete with Frames and Metal Ends; the lot to clear for 10s. 6d.— LONG, Stan- bridge, Downend, Glos. c 83 WANTED, August 3, 12 lb. Driven Bees (Italian), with young Queen. State price per lb.— GILMAN, Stechford, Birmingham. c 82 SWARM OF BEES FOR SALE, 12s. 6d. — BERRESFORD, Spital, Chesterfield. c 81 A NEW LIGHT SCOTCH CLOVER HONEY, £3 cwt.; sample, 3d.— T. RULE, Summervale, Annan, Dumfriesshire. c 80 E XTRACTOR WANTED, secondhand, in good condition, cheap.— P., 24, Lynton-road, Acton. c 79 WANTED, Extracted Honey, tins provided; also Sections.— BEE-KEEPER, 33, Carfax, Horsham. c 76 FOR SALE, Steel's Honey Press, used once, 8s., or offer— TAYLOR, 22, Jardine-street, Winco- bank, Sheffield. c 77 WANTED, at once, or not later than last week July or first week August, 5 lots of Driven Bees, 4 lb. or 5 lb.— Apply, WM. SMALL, draper, Townhead-street, Hamilton, N.B. Deposit. c 78 HONEY.— 1 cwt. finest new, in 28-lb. tins, 56s.; packages, 4s., returnable. Sample, 3d. — OWEN BROWNING, Ashley, Kingsomborne, Hants. c 75 BOUT 500 LB. OF SPLENDID RUN CLOVER HONEY— Particulars from NIGHTINGALE, Castlefields, Shrewsbury. c 57 HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES, commencing August 1, 4s. per lot, with Queens; boxes to be returned. Orders in rotation. Cash with order. — T. PULLEN, Ramsbury, Hungerford. c 71 CARNIOLAN NUCLEI, Hive, 4 Standard Frames, 15s— BEECROFT, Abbott's-road, King's Heath. c 72 ANTED, 2,000 best filled Sections, also fine Extracted— DELL'S, Leigh, Lanes. c 70 HIVE. Taylor's dovetailed, new, painted four coats, roof covered oilcloth, painted, 10s. 6d. — F. B. MERCER, Sidmouth. c_41 WANTED, Sections and Extracted Honey. — State quantity and best price. — HUTCHI- SON, Lowood, Lenzie. c 43 W July 28, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 293 Editorial, Notices, &c. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION The monthly meeting of the Ccmncil was held on Thursday, July 21, at 11, ■Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, when Mr. W. F. Reid presided. There were also present Messrs. J. Grimwood, 0. R. Frankenstein, T. Bevan, G. H. iSkeving- ton, C. L. M. Eales, J. B. Lamb, R. Andrews A. Richards, E. Walker, R. H. Coltman (Derby), E. V. Shaw (Crayford), A. W. Salmon (Suffolk), F. W. Watts (Beekenliam and Broniley), and W. Herrod (secretary). Letters expressing regret at inability to attend were received from Mr. T. W. Cowan, Mr. A. G. Pugh, Rev. A. D. Downes Shaw, Mr. E. Garcke, Mr. G. W. Avery, Miss Gayton, and Mr. J. N. Bold. The minutes of the Council meeting held on June 10 were read and confirmed. The following new members were elected : Mr. W. Thorne, Babraham, Cambs; Rev. W. H. A. Walters, The Rec- torv, Treffgarn, Pembrokeshire ; Mr. J. Price, Haden Hill, Old Hill, Staffs; Mr. J. H. Hadfield, Hamilton Place, Alford, Lines ; Dr. W. Anderton, Mansion House, Ormskirk, Lanes; Mr. X. Grant Bailey, Wadenhoe, Hough Green, Chester ; Mr. C. J. Ashworth, Sehoolhouse, Heytesbury, Wilts; Mr. F. A. Ashworth, Sehoolhouse, Heytesbury, Wilts; Mr. A. W. Grant, Derby Road. Huyton, Lanes; Mr. J. T. Barber, Mere Farm Apiary, Nether Alder- ley, Chelford ; Mr. J. Vicars, Gillbank, Boot, Cumberland; Mr. H. C. Jones, Monks Acre Apiary, Andover, Hants ; Mr. E. L. Jones, Monks Acre Apiary, Andover, Hants; Mr. H. G. Tunstall, Ashfield, Rainhill. Lanes ; Mr. A. C. Jones, Union Workhouse, Ipswich ; Mr. G. W. Cobb, Woodside, Garston, Herts ; Mr. A. L. C. Fell, Longwall, Walton-on- Thames. The South Beds Bee-keepers' Association applied for affiliation and were accepted. The report of the Finance Committee was presented by Mr. Skevington, and it was resolved that payments be made amounting to £74 13s. 9d. The receipts for the month amounted to £43 16s. 6d., and payments to £23 15s., leaving a "balance in hand of £124 7s. 5d. Mr. Lamb proposed and Mr. Eales seconded that the Apis Dorsata Fund of £20 be paid into the Post Office Savings Bank to re- duce the debt of £50 on " Modern Bee-keep- ing " to £30. As a considerable saving could be effected on the purchase of medals in quantity, the committee recommended that this be done in future. The recommendations of the committee were accepted. The report of the judges at the " Royal " Show at Liverpool was pre- sented by Mr. Eales, and the secret a ry was instructed to send it to the Royal Agricultural Society. The examiners' reports on third-class examinations at Henwick, Liverpool, Ely, and Carlisle were submitted, and it was agreed to grant certificates to the follow- ing : Misses D. Prestige, E. Caskey, M. Henry, M. Blatchley, A. Foster, E. Clark, E. Prestige, M. Hfenry. F. Walker, J. Clark, I. Penny, H. M. Frost, Captain F. Sitwell, Dr. W. Anderton, Messrs. W. Miller, J. Lambert, A. J. Blakeman, J. T. Barber, H. Stubbs, F. Hatton, N. Grant Bailey, A. W. Grant, T. N. Harrison, J. E. Smiles, I. Farquharson, T. Hartley, J. Steel, J. J. Grien, S. Gordon, and F. P. Cheesman. One candidate presented himself to lec- ture for first-class examination, but failed to satisfy the Council. The date of second-class examination was fixed for November 12. The Rev. A. D. Downes-Shaw wrote com- plaining of the bad arrangements for the examination at Ely, suggesting that secre- taries of associations be circularised giving them instructions as to what should be done. The secretary was instructed to draw up a circular of such instructions to be submitted at the next meeting. Examinations for third-class certificates at the following centres were sanctioned : South of .Scotland B.K.A., Northampton, Melton Constable, Studley, and Luton. Judges were also approved for Stafford, Wooler, Melton Constable, and Northamp- ton. Acknowledgment and thanks for letters of sympathy on the death of King Ed- ward VII. were received from Queen Alexandra and King George V., and it was resolved to place the same on the minutes. The next meeting of the Council will be held on September 15. NOTTS B.K.A. AXXTJAL SHOW. The Notts B.K.A. annual show was held on the 21st inst. at Southwell, in connection with the Horticultural Society's show, under ideal weather con- ditions. This proved to be the largest show of honey, bees, and appliances ever held in the history of the association, the number of entries and of exhibits staged being a record one. The trophies and collections of appliances made a good display, and altogether the association may congratulate itself upon a distinctly suoc^sful exhibition. Dr. P. Sharp, Brant Broughton, and Dr. Elliot, Southwell, were the judges, their awards being as follow : — Collection of Bee-appliances. — 1st, Thos. W. Harrison and Sons, Notting- ham; 2nd, W. Mountney, Southwell. 294 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 28, 1910. Honey Trophy. — 1st, W. L. Betts, Mansfield- Woodhouse ; 2nd, Uriah Wood, Arnold, Notts. Twelve 1-76. Jars Light Extracted Honey. — 1st, Hy. Hill, Carlton-le-Moor- iand ; 2nd, J. T. Dnckmanton, Langwith ; 3rd, W. L. Betts; 4th, Geo. Marshall, Norwell; v.h.c, G. H. Pepper, Oxton, Southwell; h.c., B. C. Craven, Southwell; c. W. Doleman, Key worth. Twelve 1-lb. Jars Dark Extracted Honey.— 1st, W. L. Betts; 2nd, T. Gil- lott, Sherwood; 3rd, G. Marshall; 4th, W. Lee, Southwell; v.h.c, J. R. Almond, Gotham; h.c. J. Breward, Staythorpe. Twelve 1-lb. Sections.— 1st, G. H. Pepper; 2nd, J. T. Woods, Nettleworth, Mansfield; 3rd, Geo. Marshall. Twelve 1-lh. Jars Ghranulated Honey. — 1st, Geo. Marshall; 2nd, H. Merry- weather, Southwell ; 3rd, J. T. Woods ; h.c. W. L. Betts. Three 1-lb. Jars Extracted Honey and Three 1-lb. Sections (amateurs only). — 2nd, T. Gillott. Single Shallow-frame of Comb-honey. — 1st, B. Mackender, Newark; 2nd, W. L. Betts; 3rd, G. Marshall; v.h.c, Uriah Wood; h.c, H. Mackender. Observatory-hive. — 1st, G. Marshall; 2nd, R. Mackender; 3rd, E. G. Ive, Boughton; 4th, W. L. Betts. Beeswax. — 1st, A. H. Hill, Balderton; 2nd, Geo. Marshall; 3rd, John Bee, Southwell; v.h.c, Uriah Wood. Extracted Honey (local). — 1st, J. Breward; 2nd, G. Noton, Southwell; 3rd, W. Lee. Single 1-lb. Jar Honey (open to all). — 1st, H. W. Saunders, Thetford, Norfolk; 2nd, W. J. Cook, Binbrook, Market Rasen, Lines; v.h.c, R. W. Lloyd, Thetford, Norfolk; h.c, G. H. Pepper. Mr. Geo. Marshall, of Norwell, was awarded the " Herrod " Silver Challenge Vase for the highest number of points. — Geo. Hayes, Hon. Sec. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. THE SOUTH AFRICAN BEE. [7870.] I read the letter on the South African bee (7831) by Mr. Henry Martin in your issue dated June 2 with great in- terest, being a bee-keeper in, South Africa. The native bees here in the Transvaal, at least all I have handled, are decidedly quiet and of a good temper, also working- very well on the whole. I have noticed the peculiarity Mr. Martin mentions of their piling up quantities of propolis just inside the entrance of the hive, and in the- case of my apiary I think it is on account of the severe and strong winds prevalent here during the months of June, July, and August — and September, too, at times — ■ these being our winter months. With reference to the removing of dead bees from the entrances, I have not noticed this peculiarity ; in fact, my bees — wild ones from the veldt — seem to take no notice of their fellow-bees who may be lying dead around the entrance, for in the fall I often see quite a number of dead drones in front of each hive, and there they remain, unless carried away by in- sects or the wind. During one swarming season I. en- deavoured to unite a swarm with a queen- less stock, but they would have nothing to do with the newcomers, and killed great numbers of them when they tried to effect an entrance to their (the queenless stock's) hive. I gave up the attempt, fearing lest my swarm should be quite destroyed. The bees killed remained near and around the hive for days, until I cleared them away myself. Thus i/n this detail the native bees of the Transvaal differ from those found in Natal. The climate may have something to do with this, as in Natal the heat is at times very moist, while here the climate is drier. The bees left dead around the alighting-board are very often carried off by an insect not unlike a bee, only that it always flies in a very quick, excited manner, never rising and falling, but always horizontally, gradually de- scending to the earth. These insects drag the dead bees into small holes made in the earth near the hive. Hoping these remarks are not too lengthy, and trusting that this season may prove successful and good. — Mary W. Johnstone, Roodekop Station, Transvaal. STRANGE CONDUCT OF A SWARM. [7871.] I think you will agree that the following was rather a strange procedure for a second swarm. On Saturday, July 9, I was informed that a swarm of bees had been seen going in the direction of my garden, and on making a search I could not find them, but eventually discovered" them in a cluster in the next garden. A high hawthorn hedge divides the two gardens. They were a small lot — I should say about a quart of bees. I shook them into a skep, and raised it in front by means of a piece of wood, to enable the flying bees to enter, which they did in about half an hour. I then took them to another garden, where a modern frame-hive with eight drawn-out combs was prepared for their reception, and' July 28, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 295 shook them in front of this on to a cloth. I saw the queen, and tried to guide her to the entrance ; but she got on the wing, and was flying for five to ten minutes, part of the bees joining her, but even- tually she alighted and entered the hive. In the evening I fed them with a quart of warm syrup. On Sunday the weather was dull all day. The bees flew very little. On Monday, about twelve midday, they all swarmed out again, going back to the garden we fetched them from at first, and alighted in a hawthorn hedge. I shook them into the skep again, and placed it in position for flying bees to enter. In about an hour's time they all swarmed out again, and alighted in a bush apple-tree, where they stayed about an hour, when they again swarmed and alighted in another apple-tree, where they stayed some time. They swarmed from this tree and alighted in the hedge just where they had settled on the previous Saturday. Altogether they were in the air five times. I shook them in the skep and left them until about eight in the evening, when they were hived in the frame-hive ag^ain. This time I gave them a frame of brood, and they are now going on very nicely. Can you give me an explanation of above? I think myself the queen must have been on her mating flight. — T. H., Long Eaton. fit is not unusual for casts to behave as yours did. No doubt the scent of the queen on the first position occupied in- duced them to settle there again. Your surmise that the queen was on her wed- ding trip is correct. Had you placed un- sealed brood in the frame-hive in the first instance most probably the bees would have remained. It is a good plan to do this when hiving casts, or even swarms, to en- sure their remaining in the hive. — Ed.] "ISLE OF WIGHT BEE-DISEASE." [7872.] It may interest some of your readers to hear the result of certain ex- periments carried out in my apiary in the midst of colonies suffering from the " Isle of Wight disease." Earlv in July, 1909, I purchased from Mr. F. W. L. Sladen, of Ripple Court, a nine-comb colony of British Extra Golden bees and a three-comb nucleus, without a queen, of his British Golden bees. This nucleus was allowed to rear its own queen, and swarmed at the beginning of last August. Early in August a further nine-comb colony of British Extra Golden bees was purchased, and also placed in the apiary amidst the diseased colonies, and a comb containing eggs and young brood was in- serted into the first nucleus from which the swarm had issued. This nucleus raised a new queen, and went into winter quarters with frames full of brood. Two virgin queens (British Goldens) were also purchased from Mr. Sladen in July, 1909, and introduced into hives suffering badly from " Isle of Wight disease." Both of these queens mated and went into winter quarters strong with young bees. Two lots of driven bees were purchased and placed in hives upon combs taken from diseased stocks. The following are the results: — 1. Stock of British Extra Golden pur- chased early in July (queen in her third year), strong in bees, perfectly healthy, stock working in two supers. 2. Swarm from nucleus. This hive was artificially swarmed in May, both stocks doing splendidly. 3. The nine-comb colony purchased in August, 1909, swarmed June 26 last, send- ing off the largest swarm I have ever seen. The bees had been delayed from swarm- ing by unsettled weather. Hives and bees in perfect condition. Three nuclei were formed from parent hive after swarming. 4. The young queen hatched from the nucleus (after swarm had left) in August, 1909, produced a remarkably strong colony, and swarmed on June 6 last (two nuclei formed from the parent stock), all bees in perfect condition. This stock sent off another strong swarm on the 16th inst. 5. Of the two virgins mated from diseased hives, one stock perished from dysenterv (wintered upon unsealed stores), through being fed up too late in autumn. The other stock, when inspected in May last, was found to have wintered badly, was weak in bees, but otherwise healthy. This queen, with bees and frames, was inserted into the stock without a queen when the artificial swarm was made in Mav last. This stock is in perfect condi- tion, and so strong in bees that I have been compelled to raise the brood-box on blocks to give extra ventilation. 6. Driven Bees.— One stock perished (roof carried away by storm in February last). The other "stock has done exceed- ingly well, but cannot show the results obtained from Mr. Sladen's bees. The results obtained confirm my view that the "1816 of Wight bee-disease " is not contagious.— William M. Yetts, Woking. MID PIKE AND FELL. [7873.] I have seen— I cannot at the moment" remember where — a wonderful picture of the "Plains of Heaven.'' and doubtless it is familiar to many of your readers as an engraving reproduced from the original. My road to-day leads me where 'tis said the artist took his stand to create this masterpiece. It is typical 296 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 28, 1910. of many panoramas which are to be found in this comparatively little-known county. The Swiss lakes and mountains, the castles of the Rhine, the shores of .the Mediterranean Sea, even the waters of "Old Nile/' are familiar to the "tourists" manufactured by the organising companies of the day. "To know England, go abroad" is an axiom full of truth. He who has seen no country but his own must needs be lament- ably ignorant and insular. Yet it seems unkind to his native country — unpatriotic I could almost call it — that anyone who has the leisure' for "globe-trotting" should not be able to devote a little time to the beautiful scenery of his own land. Snort and puff and heavy throb. The engine would fain move its load. But snow is falling, and the rails are slippery. Whirl ! The wheels will not bite. Sprinkle sand in front. Now we start. Thump and thud ! Thump and thud ! The gradient is one yard in sixty. Our iron horse, though tireless, is hardly equal to the task. Yet on we creep. Slowly we mount the Pennine Hills. But we heed not the delay. We rather welcome it, and our wonder is that the line was ever made. Look how the landscape spreads ! Will not the train go even slower in order that we may dwell on it? One thousand three hundred and seventy-eight feet above sea-level ! — the highest point in England that railway touches. We cross Beulah Via- duct, and giddily crane our necks to see the abyss below. We are at B arras Sta- tion, where our call is to be made, so no further travel by rail this day. Yet if we were going further, as far as the York- shire border, we should find a country full of interest. Stainmore (stony moor) is " a wild and desolate desert," as Sir Daniel Fleming wrote in 1677, " crossed by coaches from Brough to Bowes twice weekly with danger of overturning and breaking." Yonder is Rerecross (rear cross) or, as the Scots called it, " Roy- cross," where William the Norman spread his barons over Saxon England, and that nothing might escape his greedy clutches caused clever "clerks" to make a record in his Domesday Book of every hide of land, of the holders, of how many were plough lands, and of how many swine were capable of being fed in the woods there. "Rerecross" was the boun- dary between England and Scotland, and here was the limit of his surveys. Cum- berland and Westmorland were too rest- less, and so he let the Scots have them " as tenants," and on condition that they should do no harm to England. How foolish of me to have been tempted by that gleam of sunshine to essay my work ! Scarce has yon bird, similarly tempted, commenced his song, and begun to consider where he may build his nest, when forthwith hailstones of the size of marbles cat his carol short, and send him scudding to the nearest cover. Another day of enforced idleness so far as bees are concerned. Let me make a virtue of necessity. I cannot work, so I will walk the six miles. I only got a passing view of the "Plains of Heaven" as the train struggled along the hillside; perhaps as I return I may get a more leisurely view. Down the steep hill (no wonder the coaches were in danger of being over- turned— how did they possibly climb it?), across the moor through Kaber (I have a story to tell of this village in my next unless I tire your readers) and Win- ton, above Hartley and its castle, and at last I am rewarded. Willingly I would reckon as nothing another similar march, if it had been needed, to obtain this glorious view. I am standing as if on a terrace on the mountain side. To my left sweep the long chain of the Pennines, whose sum- mits, just capped by the snowstorms pass- ing over, look now bright, now grim, as alternate sun and shadow of wind-driven clouds illuminate and darken. Below me (I can hear the old church clock strike the hourj is Kirkby Stephen. Southerly Ash Fell limits the view, but in the dis- tance, over Ravenstonedale, mountain source of the Lune, I catch a distant glimpse of Coniston. Shap Fell, the roughest and steepest stretch of seven miles 'twixt Scotland and London, carries the chain of encircling hills until, south- by-west, fifty miles away as the crow flies, Skiddaw and Scafell rear their pointed cliffs over Derwentwater. At my right Muckle Fell and Cross Fell, stretching northwards, complete the crescent. Pen- rith Beacon lies 'twixt the two horns, but over it, far away, I can see the level country stretching to Solway. And the valley ! The plains ! Swelling hills and verdant pastures. Eden winds its sinuous course, silvery here and there as the sun strikes it. Brough Castle, outpost of the Roman Empire, is at my feet, and 'neath yonder weather-beaten crags winds the road the Romans made. The blue smoke of Appleby lends another shade in the col- ouring. The low of the kine and the bleat of the lamb, upward rising, tell their tale of peace and happy grazing herds, and my sorrow is that the Muse who guides the painter's hand has not given to me also the power to limn this glorious scene "mid pike and fell." — J. Smallwood, Hendon. AMERICAN AND COLONIAL PAPERS. , EXTKACTS AND COMMENTS. By D. M. Macdonald, Banff. Injudicious Feeding. — One of Messrs. Root's managers, with a very wide expe- I rience, says. "I believe there are barrels July 28, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 297 and barrels of sugar fed to colonies and nuclei when the bees would have been better without it." That is so. Early feeding starts early breeding. Then if the weather chills the brood perishes from want of care and attention owing to the •contraction of the cluster. This is thrown out, and further supplies are given to be stored in the emptied cells. The bees pre- fer to go on storing in empty cells when a flow ensues, and it is most difficult to persuade them to take possession of supers. Per contra, Gleanings reports that many colonies strong and well provided with food in early spring went under later from sheer starvation. That is where very many err on this side. They think a stock which has survived the rigours of winter is all right in early summer, ignorant of the fact that its very strength and vigorous breeding prove its undoing even in June. Several excellent stocks went down rapidly to the verge of extinction this season. The splendid early spring and fine June were followed by a fortnight of inclement weather, when starvation was barely staved off by a fortunate change on July 8. Only after this date were supers well taken to. Excluder. — "The trouble is so little that I never think of using excluders," says Dr. Miller ; " but the sections must be filled with foundation, else drone-comb will bring brood and pollen to the supers." The Editor agrees. "We are quite pre- pared to admit that, when running for comb-honey, there is very little need of excluders." Burr-combs- — Somebody recently ex- pressed surprise that I should admit having any brace-combs above my frames. I rather like a few pieces to act as winter tracks in lieu of any patent device. I always scrape them off in spring, and the small triangular scraper does the work ex- peditiously and well. Some, it seems, re- tain them as a permanent adornment. Here is what the Editor of the Review says : " In all sincerity I would like to ask, Why scrape burr-combs off top bars ? It is something that I have never done, and if there is anything to be gained by it 1 would like to know it." I rather think the -advice here would be clean frame- tops every spring before supering, and ] think the advice is wise. Odour. — I again dissent from Mr. Hutchinson in his conclusion that odour is a negligible quantity in introductions. The following, I think, is an heretical doc- trine : " The only moral I can draw from (certain statements he makes) is that in introducing queens we can entirely disre- gard odour as a factor in the problem." It is always a prime factor, unless you give a quid pro quo. Painting Hives. — A writer in a recent issue of the B.B.J., breathing the spirit of some old Border ancestor, predicted that the genial Dr. Miller would crush me as if between the upper and nether millstone over this question. Just as I should have predicted, this prince of good fellows in the latest issue of the American Bee Journal comes up smiling, and actually signs a permit for me to go on painting my hives, admitting that they do look better and last longer. Altered circumstances alter the case, and he therefore pleads for permission to go on without painting. It is hereby granted with right goodwill. It is nice to agree ; but it is even nicer to agree by differing. Ohio Foul Brood Act. — This is the newest and most up-to-date Act for the suppres- sion of this bane of a bee-man's bliss, and it enacts that hives and appliances should be disinfected. I add no comment. "To paint the lily or adorn the rose is wasteful and ridiculous excess." "Chunk Honey." — This resurrection of the bulk honey produced by our forefathers from old bee-trees, old straw skeps, and box-hives inspires Mr. Louis Scholl to air his eloquence in rhyme, illustrated by some of these antediluvian homes of the bees. I trust the innovation will not find its way over here. Full Sheets.— The same writer goes strong in favour of full sheets of founda- tion all the time. '-Experience has taught me to use full sheets of foundation at all times, both in supers and brood-chamber. It pays, and pays big." An Old Frinid of Apiculture.— I have much pleasure in quoting the following from the Australian Bee-keeper: "His Ex- cellency Sir Thomas Gibson-Carmiehael has accorded his patronage to the Victorian Bee-keepers' Association. It had come to our knowledge that he had taken a very lively interest in bees and bee-keeping in Great Britain, and in reply to our request that he should become a patron he stated that he still maintained an interest in the subject, and hoped to be present at the Conference." Sir Thomas will be remem- bered by many as the moving spirit in in- augurating and carrying on the now de- funct Scottish Bee-keepers' Association. and he later held a seat on the Council of the British B.K.A. Temper in Bees. — In a recent article I commented on the vicious behaviour of cer- tain strains of Italians, and quoted Quinby a- to their "lightning thrusts." Mr. Holterman. Canada, rather commends this trait, and considers it shows " their strong, virile, and active character." -I cannot see it in that light. Ill-temper is a de- stroyer of force and energy- The choleric man is never a strong man. His excit- ability unnerves him, and although he van do smart, active deeds, he has not back- bone enough to do deeds of endurance. So 298 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 28, 1910. with the bee. The irascible bee wears itself out unnecessarily, spends its strength on what profits not, and lags far behind the one which acts coolly, deliberately, and rationally. Queries and Replies. [4028.] Ownership of Swarm. — Will you advise me on the following matter in B,B.J.? I have eight stocks of bees in bar-frame hives, one of these being a double hive, and too heavy for taking to the moors. I put the bees into single hives, and the double one (untenanted) outside the garden fence. On July 12 one of the stocks swarmed and entered this hive. My wife and I being away from the house when this happened, a neighbour who saw the swarm enter wants to claim it. Who is the rightful owner? — G. P., Hazlerigg. Reply. — If it was your neighbour's stock that swarmed and entered your empty hive, and he followed without losing sight of them, the swarm is his, and if you refuse to let him have it he can sue you in the county court for its value. If, however, as we gather from your letter, the swarm issued from one of your own hives, then, of course, it is your own property. [4029.] Swarm Returning to Parent Hive. — Will you kindly favour me with a reply to the following queries in your esteemed paper? 1. I had a very large swarm a few days ago, which settled on a bush quite near the parent hive. I put a straw skep over it, and flattered myself that all was going on well, when sud- denly, without the slightest cause so far as I could see, it (the swarm) rose in the air. For nearly half an hour the bees re- mained on the wing, spreading in all directions. I had given it up for lost when, just as suddenly as they had left, the bees came back to the same spot. 2. Again they began to cluster — probably half of them settled — -but even- tually they returned en masse to the parent hive. There remained only a handful of bees on the ground, and among these I found the queen in a moribund condition. The bees seemed to me to be engaged in "balling" her. I picked her up, but could find no trace of injury or crushing, or anything of that sort. I tried to make her re-enter the parent hive, but as I found she was unable even to crawl I destroyed her. 3. Do the bees ever "ball" a queen when swarming? My poor queen deserved a better fate. She was in her second season, and had been the mother of a splendid progeny. I have now three racks of sections on the hive, and they are crammed with bees. Two of them were half finished when the swarm came off. 4. On opening the brood- nest I found a splendid mass of brood and four queen-cells. I cut these all out but one. Ought I to have done this? As my aim is honey — the heather is now almost upon us — should I have given at once a fertile queen? 5. I started with one stock two summers ago. My hrst swarm came off on a beautifully mild day, but re- turned to the hive. I found the queen on a bunch of grass not a yard from the hive, and returned her. The swarm issued again the day following. The bees settled quite near at hand on the branch of a young tree — all but half a dozen at most, which I found on the ground about a yard away, gripping the queen by the legs and holding her down. Whenever she made an effort to fly these seized her and held her fast. I have heard of ants doing this. Is it usual among bees? I covered the queen with a skep, and in a few minutes the whole swarm had entered. Now this queen's daughter led off a second swarm in due time, and I found her pro- menading on the top of a wall, whilst the bees were spread out like a flock of sheep all over the cabbage-patch adjoining. I had the greatest difficulty in getting them together, and I saw only one queen. This queen is the unhappy heroine of the sad episode I have related in the first half of this letter. Rather a curious concatena- tion of circumstances. I have now a num- ber of stocks, and it may interest you to know that here in the highest village in Scotland — nearly 1,200 ft. above sea-level — the bees seem to flourish well, and even in a bad season like last year did as much as, or perhaps even a little more than, the bees of many who are situated in: more genial localities. — J. T., Tomintoul. Reply. — 1. The queen was not with the cluster when you hived it in the straw skep, and this was probably the reason why the bees left and endeavoured to cluster again on the same spot. 2. As they re- turned to the parent hive, and you found the queen on the ground, it is evident that there was something wrong with her and she was not able to accompany the swarm. 3. Bees do not usually "ball" a queen when swarming, but if two swarms join one of the queens may be attacked. 4. You did right in cutting out all queen- cells but one, but you would have done better had you given a fertile queen, as in that case brood-rearing would not have been stopped for so long a time. 5. From what you say it appears that the queen must have been a defective one, and was not able to cluster with the bees when they swarmed. [4030.] Transferring Bees. — In your issue of May 5, page 181, you kindly ad- vised me what to do with some bees I had taken over in very old hives. Unfortu- July 28, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 299 liately for the bees, I had a big rush of work at the time, and was unable to com- plete all my new hives for several weeks. 1. however, managed to get the occupants of the worst hive transferred, and the others have had to put up with their old quarters for the summer. May I now ask you kindly to help me again by replying to the following: — 1. How soon should I transfer the bees so that they may get established before winter? 2. Some of the old hives show traces of wax-moth. I wish to use entirely new frames and comb-foundation. Can I temporarily transfer the old combs which contain brood withoiit taking the moth into the new hives? 3. Ought I to begin feeding as soon as the transfer is made ? I may say that, notwithstanding the un- favourable conditions of housing and weather, the bees are doing fairly well, the stocks are strong, and I have taken off a number of very good sections. — Beginner, Hants. Reply. — 1. As soon as you possibly can, but not later than the middle of August. 2. Go carefully over the combs and remove any wax-moth larva? you may see. This is all you can do. 3. Yes, this will ensure success. Use a stimulative feeder. [4031.] Painting the Insides of Hives. — I shall be extremely obliged if you will kindly answer the following queries through the BiB.J. : — -1. I recently bought two new hives, and having more paint than was needed to paint them outside, I painted them inside as well. I now find that the heat of the bees causes moisture to be deposited on the inside of the hive, sometimes in such quantities as to make the quilt and other wrappings quite wet. I know, of course, it is not necessary to paint the insides of hives, but I should like to know whether you consider it detrimental to the welfare of the bees. 2. A week or two ago I had occasion to perform the operation of nucleus swarming, viz., augmenting the number of bees in the nucleus stock by moving same to the site of a strong stock, when the bees were flying freely. Acting upon instructions given in the ''Guide Book," I caged the queen of the nucleus stock in the orthodox way. When I opened the hive about twenty-four hours afterwards I found the caged queen absolutely dead. How do you account for this? No bees could possibly touch her, and she was caged without being injured in the slightest. Thanking you in anticipation of your kind replies to the above. — Stanbridge, Glos. Reply. — 1. If hives are painted inside, there is always the danger of condensation of moisture. If you tilt the hive slightly to the front the moisture will drain out, but you had better burn off the paint | inside with a painter's spirit lamp. 2. We cannot explain the cause of death of queen, unless you did not cage her on unsealed food, or neglected to provide attendant bees to feed her. [4032.] Wintering on Australian Honey. — I think I have read in your journal that Australian honey with eucalyptus flavour can be bought at about 4d. or od. per pound in bulk. If I could get it at a cheap rate I should like to try feed- ing-up some of my weaker stocks in the autumn with it as an experiment. I have noticed that invariably the stocks wintered on natural stores come out strongest in the spring. I shall be grate- ful if you will tell me what you think of the project and when is the best time to get this honey, where it is to be pro- cured, and at what price. — E. C. Gloucester. Reply. — You are quite right in think- ing that bees winter best on their own stores, but the plan you suggest is rather risky, as you have no means of ascertain- ing where the honey has come from and if it is perfectly free from infection. It is a very easy matter to contract disease by feeding on bought honey, and we would not recommend you to adopt the plan. [4033.] Re-queening. — Will you please, with your usual kindness, help me with some advice as to the most economical way to re-queen twenty or twenty-five colonies — half of my apiary — each year? I started with one skep five years ago, and have been working chiefly for in- crease since, and have now close on fifty stocks of bees. I get on fairly well with queen-rearing, but have no definite sys- tem of re-queening, and should like to know: 1. What is the best time of year to re-queen? 2. How many hives ought I to devote to (a) queens and (b) drones? 3. Would it be best — I am a carpenter and make my own hives — to provide twenty or twenty-five nucleus-hives, to be used solely for the fertilisation of queens? 4. How many stocks ought to be available for working for surplus — presuming they are in good condition — after allowing for queen and drone rearing, forming nuclei, etc.?— R. C. M., Lincoln. Reply. — 1. The best time to re-queen is immediately after the honey-flow. 2. If carried out properly, you could secure all your queens from one stock, which should be carefully selected for working quali- ties. Also one colony is quite sufficient for drones, again selecting carefully for working qualities, and especially for good disposition. 3. With ten nucleus-hives, or even less, you should be able to re-queen the number of colonies you name each year. It will be necessary to devote three hives to the making of nuclei, but if the 300 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 28, 1910. colonies are carefully nursed in the spring this number could be reduced by taking your nuclei from the very strongest stocks. If you follow out the instructions given in '"Guide Book" for queen-rearing you will have no difficulty. Bee=Shows to Come. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Bromley. —Show of Honey in connection with the Bromley Flower Show. Four open classes. Two Special Hives offered. Schedules from Alex Gunner, Hon. Sec, 91, Park End, Bromley, Kent. Entries close July 30. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Cambridge.— Honey Show, in connection with the Cambridge Mammoth Show Society. All Open Classes. Eight special prizes, including five Special Hives to be competed for. This show also includes Dogs, Poultry, Pigeons, Cats, Rabbits, Cage Birds, Flowers, Fruit, and Vegetables. Also grand pro- gramme of Sports. The splendid Band of the Royal Artillery will be in attendance, and a display of Fireworks will take place. Entries closed. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Melton Park, Melton Constable.— Annual Show of the North Norfolk B.K.A. Four Open Classes, including one for Single 1-lb. Section and one for Single 1-lb. Jar of Honey. Entries closed. August 1 (Bank Holiday), at Windsor.— Show of Honey and Bee-appliances, under the direction of the Windsor and District B.K.A., in conjunction with the Old Windsor Horticultural Society's show. Schedules from Mrs. W. S. Darby, Hon. Sec, 1, Consort Villas. Clewer, Berks. August 3, at Stoke Park.— Surrey B.K.A. Annual Exhibition of Bees, Hives, Wax, Appli- ances, &c, will be held in connection with the Guildford and West Surrey Agricultural Associa- tion. Twenty-four Classes (nine open to all). Many medals. Entries closed. August 3 and 4, at Abingdon Park, North- ampton.—Honey Show of the Northants B.K.A. Special prizes for open classes, including one for single 1-lb. jar honey. (Entry free.) Judge, Mr. W. Herrod. Entries closed. August 4, at Madresfield, Malvern.— Annual Show of the Worcestershire B.K.A. Open class for Honey Trophy. Schedules and entry forms on application to Mr. G. Richings, 2, Shrubbery Ter- race. Worcester. August 10, at Llanerchymedd, Anglesey.— The County of Anglesey Beekeepers' Association offer the following prizes at their Annual Show. For the best six 1-lb. jars of 1910 Honey, 10s. 6d.; open to all. Entrance fee, non-members Is. 6d., members Is. For the best and most attractive display of Honey and Honey Products, £1 Is.; open to North Wales; entrance fee, non-members 2s., members Is. 6d. N.B.— Only half the prize will be given unless there are three or more exhibi- tors. Schedules from Rev. 0. Kyffin Williams, Coldana Vicarage, Llanerchymedd. Entries close July 29. August 10, at Midsomer Norton, Bath.— In connection with the local Horticultural Show, Annual Show of the Somerset B.K.A. Increased prizes for honey, wax, and appliances. Several open and free classes. Challenge honey pot for greatest number of points in members' classes. For schedules and particulars apply to the Assistant Secretary, L. Bigg-Wither, Birdwood, Wells. Entries close August 5. August lO, at Wye, Kent.— Kent Honey Show. Four open classes, fifteen open to Kent. Trophy, cup value 3 guineas, two Challenge cups value 6 guineas each, one Challenge cup value 5 guineas, numerous other Special and money prizes. Special classes for Cottagers, also class for Members of Ashford and District Bee-keepers' Association. Schedules from H. C. Chapelow, Hon. Sec, Wye, Kent. Entries close August 1. August 17, at Lancaster. Lancaster Agricul- tural Society, in conjunction with the Lancashire Bee-keepers' Association. Seventeen Classes for Honey and Bee Produce, also for Bee-Hives; nume- rous specials, including two silver challenge cups, twelve silver and bronze medals, &c. In applying, state Honey Schedule required. — Thomas Armitstead and Son, Secretaries, Lancaster. Entry closes August 3. August 17 and 18, at Shrewsbury.— Annual Show of the Shropshire B.K.A., in connection with the Shropshire Horticultural Society's Floral Fete. Ten Open Classes for Honey and Wax. Twelve silver and bronze medals, also cash prizes for same. Free entry for Single Bottle and Single Section. Schedules from S. Cartwright, Hon. Sec, Shawbury, Shrewsbury. Entries close August 5. August 20, at Elworth, Sandbach.— In con- nection with the Elworth Athletic Club and Horti- cultural Society's Show. Class for Honey open to the County of Chester, 15s. first, 7s. 6d. second, 5s. third, for 12 Jars Run or Extracted Honey; also Bronze Medal given by the Cheshire Bee-keepers' Association. Entry fee Is. Schedules from C. Salmon, Hon. Sec, Elworth, Sandbach. Entries close August 13. August 24 and 25, at Leamington.— Annual Show of the Warwicks B.K.A., in connection with the Warwickshire Agricultural Society's Exhibi- tion. Section for Honey, Appliances, &c Sche- dules from J. Noble-Bower, Knowle, Warwicks. August 31 and September 1, at Carlisle.— Second Annual Show of the Cumberland B.K.A. will be held in connection with Carlisle Horticul- tural Society's Show in the Market, Carlisle. Schedules from G. W. Avery, Heads Nook, Carlisle. Entries close August 20. September 7, at Croydon.— Show of Honey, Wax, and Appliances, in connection with the Croy- don and District B.K.A. Five open classes. Schedules and entry forms ready July 1, from A. Wakerell, 21, Mansfield Road, South Croydon. Entries close August 31. September 13, at Conway, N. Wales.— Annual Honey Show, in connection with the Con- way Honey Fair. Open and Local Classes. Sche- dules from J. Hughes. Town Hall, Conway. Entries close September 6. September 17 to 24, at the Agricultural Hall, London.— Honey Show in connection with the Eighteenth Annual Exhibition and Market of the Grocery and Kindred Trades. Liberal prizes. Open to all British Bee-keepers. Schedules from H. S. Rogers, Secretary, Exhibition Offices, Palmerston House, Old Broad Street, London, E.C. Notices to Correspondents. H. F. (Salisbury).— Sour Brood.— I. The comb sent contains foul brood. 2. The characteristics of sour brood are suffi- ciently distinct to make it recognisable as different from foul brood, although it is often mistaken for it. Probably it is because it is so frequently associated with foul brood. 3. Although infectious to a limited extent, it is not so bad as foul brood, as the organism which pro- duces it does not form spores, and the microbe is killed by the acid product of decomposition before it dries up. 4. The only way to prevent it is to have strong and vigorous colonies in healthy dwellings, supplied with good food and proper ventilation. O. D. B. (Boughton). — Varieties of Heather. — The specimen that you send is Erica cinerea, or bell-heather. The honey from this source is thin, and of an inferior quality to that gathered from ling (Erica vulgaris). Cottager (Tonbridge). — Time for lie- queening. — 1. Unless the bees have done it themselves in the meantime, re-queen July 28, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 301 as soon as the honey flow is over. 2. The skep can be used for driven bees at the end of August, or you might put the driven bees on to frames fitted with foundation, squeeze all the honey from combs in the skep, and, after boiling it, use it to feed them, and so enable them to draw out combs. The unsealed stores should not be given without boiling, or harm to the bees may result. If kept too long unsealed honey will ferment, and if used as bee-food is likely to cause dysentery. F. W. V. (Gloucester).— Best Time to Drive Bees. — 1. To secure all the bees, it is best to drive as late in the evening as possible. To get the bees into the hive use a bicycle lantern, placing it so that the light is focused right on to . the entrance of the hive, gently stirring the bees with a stick if they form in clusters. We have hived scores of lots of bees in this way. 2. The young queen is usually victorious in combat with an old one, and no doubt this happened in your case. The old queen comes out with a first swarm ; casts contain a young queen or queens. In driving select the queen from those skeps that have swarmed, and you will get the youngest. M. W. (Esses). — Using Formalin for Dis- infecting Diseased Combs. — Formalin is sold by most chemists in liquid form. The best method is to use it in the tin trays or other appliances sold for the purpose, as it is not advisable to spray the combs when bees are in full summer work. E. P. (Radlett). — Suspected Disease. — The usual symptoms of "Isle of Wight disease" are absent, and the bees pro- bably need feeding with warm medi- cated syrup. J. J. (Ross-on-Wye). — Suspected Queen- lessness. — 1. If the bees are not able to gather sufficient stores (about 25 lb. to 30 lb.), you should feed them until they have this quantity. Supply the food by means of the hole in top of skep. Next spring transfer them to a frame-hive. 2. Examine the stock from which the swarm issued, as their unsettled state may be caused by queenlessness. The queen would no doubt hatch out, but there is always the danger of her being lost when on her mating flight. 3. There is yet plenty of time for the queen to commence laying. If drones are allowed to remain in the hive after about the second week in August, examine very carefully, and if you do not find a queen, introduce a fertile one. In a late season such as this bees will often allow drones to live until the end of August, although there is a fertile queen in the hive. Therefore, their presence at a late period is not always an indica- tion of queenlessness. A. M. (Markendale). — Queen Cast Out of Hive. — The queen is old, and the bees have evidently superseded her with a young one. S. H. (Edinburgh). — Immature Drones.— The bees, having given up all idea of swarming, are casting out the immature drones, which they remove from the cells. This is quite a usual occurrence, and there is no indication of disease, the white appearance being caused by their not being fully developed. The bees are reserving the food supply by not con- tinuing the rearing of useless drones. Disinfectant (Birmingham). — Syringing Combs with Carbolic Solution. — If the combs have been exposed to the air, it will be safe to use them again. If the bees accept them, it is a safe sign that they are all right. F. J. M. (Hants). — Number of Frames in Brood-box — Best Race of Bee. — 1. The secretary of the Hants B.K.A. (Mr. E. H. Bellairs, Bransgore, Christ- church, Hants) will be able to inform you of the best heather district near Alresford. 2. Experience and experi- ment have taught us that the standard frame for the brood-nest gives the best all-round results in the British Isles, taking them as a whole. 3. If selection in breeding is carried out, there is no bee that can beat the native race as honey-gatherers. Suspected Combs. J. J. (Newport).— 1. Comb is affected with sour brood. Re-queen the stock, and feed with medicated syrup. 2. Carbolic cloth from an infected hive should not be used on a healthy stock, but most probably no damage has been done. L. G. Watts (Sussex). — The bees have died of starvation. There is no disease in the comb. T. C. M. (Woking).— 1. The bees are suffering from "Isle of Wight disease," and if they continue to get worse de- struction of the stock is advisable. 2. No cure is known at present for this disease. 3. No doubt the attention and good food resulted in your stocks coming through the winter in good con- dition. ^ Crescent (Woking). — The bees are evi- dently suffering from "Isle of Wight disease," and your best plan will be to destroy the colony. Trefnant (Wales). — Your samples of comb are affected with sour brood. We re- gret to hear of your ill-luck with the bees. Honey Samples. G. F. (Hants). — Very nice honey from clover and lime. Colour, flavour, and aroma good, though it is a trifle thin. Quite suitable for the light-honey class. E. G. (Hereford). — Sample A from skep 302 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [July 28, 1910. is of fairly good flavour, though dark in colour. Sample B is completely spoiled by the odour of the previous contents of bottle. Colour is very good. C. F. P. (Bridgford).— A good honey for the show-bench. Nice light colour and flavour. Gathered mainly from white clover. Its only defect is that it is rather thin in consistency. H. W. C. (Llandudno).— 1. Honey is of medium colour, density fair. Unfortu- nately, the odour of the previous con- tents of the bottle so predominates as to destroy any distinctive flavour and aroma. "2. The flower is ragwort (Senecio Jacobcca), the honey from which is very rank. Fownhope. — Samples 1 and 2 are both beautiful clover honey of very good quality, though No. 1 is better in den- sity. No. 3 is of poor flavour, very thin in consistency, but of nice colour. A. B. (Tisbury). — Honey is good in colour, rather thin, and evidently contains a good deal of charlock. X. Y. Z. (Malvern). — A good sample of raspberry honey, and worth the price asked for it. E. L. (Herts). — Honey is from white clover and charlock. It is very thin, and, therefore, would not stand much chance on the show-bench. About 45s. per cwt. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows : — Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee- keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees, Honey, Queens, and Bee goods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as " Busi- ness " Announcements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive- manufacturers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per \ in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. SEVERAL HIVES OF BEES FOR SALE, in " W.B.C.," £1 10s.; others, £1; as new — THOS. DE VERE, Harbledown, Canterbury. c 2 WANTED, good business man, to take mush- rooms and brambles in season.— Apply, Z., B.B.J. Office. b 99 STRONG HEALTHY HIVE, 8s.; 10-frame Ob- servatory, almost new, painted, 18s.; new ditto, risers, &c, calico roof, painted, 25s. — L. HACK, Holmwood, Surrey. b 97 ROYAL SOVEREIGN STRAWBERRY RUN- NERS, 2s. 6d. per 100, paid— MARSH, Bay- tree Cottage, Polegate. c 11 GERSTER" WAX EXTRACTOR WANTED, good condition. — WYATT, Bishopswood, Chard. Somerset. c 10 SEVERAL NEW " W.B.C." HIVES, painted, 12s. 6d. each— WILLETT, JUN., Bee-keeper, Maiden, Surrey. c 3 Special Prepaid Advertisements - Continued. STRONG HEALTHY NUCLEI, this year's tested Queens, 1, 5 frames, 10s.; 2, with 3 frames, 6s. each— Address, HOLM LEA APIARY, Wenden, near Saffron Walden, Essex. b 95 EXCHANGE OR SELL, poultry, Buff Orping- tons and Black Wyandottes, for Chicken Brooder or healthy Driven Bees.— EDGELL, mana- ger, Farrington, Bristol. b 94 SALE OR EXCHANGE, 18 healthy Stocks of Bees, 8 headed by pure imported Italian Queens, 10 by English Queens, large Hives, full stores, not supered; Honey Extractor, several crates of Shallow Frames. — Offers to WATTS, Chickerell Farm, Weymouth. b 90 i) STRONG STOCKS OF BEES, in new Hives; /W. young Queens, plenty brood and stores, per- fectly healthy; £3 the two, or sell separately; would deliver personally to beginner reasonable distance. Photo sent.— BARKER, Bow Hill, Barwick, near Leeds. b_93 FOR SALE, Lincoln Elk Motor Cycle, 3| h.p., in good condition; also 3 h.p. Lloyd Motor Cycle, with new tyres, carrier, horn, tools, &c. — Apply, H. DRAYTON, New Bolingbroke, Boston. b 88 BEES FOR SALE. — Four Stocks, in Dundee Heather Hives, 1910 Queens, with full equip- ment and all necessary appliances. Lot for £7; single Stocks, 40s.; splendid chance for beginners. — GREIG, Bearsden, near Glasgow. c 6 HONEY, 1909, GRANULATED, 42 lb. screw-cap bottles, 8s. 6d. doz.; adjudged by Editor very good heather and good heather mixture.— FINCH, Coverack, Cornwall. c 7 SURPLUS COLONIES FOR SALE, very strong. Cash or deposit— BUGDEN, Staplehurst, Kent. c 12 NEW LIGHT SCOTCH CLOVER HONEY, £3 cwt.; sample, 3d.— T. RULE, Summervale, Annan, Dumfriesshire. c 80 CARNIOLAN NUCLEI, Hive, 4 Standard Frames, 15s— BEECROFT, Abbotfs-road, King's Heath. c 72 ANTED, 2,000 best filled Sections, also fine Extracted.— DELL'S, Leigh, Lanes. c 70 W WANTED, for dissection, old worn-out or other Queens, alive. Will friends please oblige? — HERROD, Apiary, Luton. HOMES OF THE HONEY BEE."— Electros of Apiaries, for printing on picture post- cards or for advertising purposes, 2s. 6d., post free. W Apply to MANAGER, B.B.J., 23, Bedford-street, WANTED, " Hymenoptera and Aculeata of British Isles." by Edward Saunders, with 51 illustrations; Curtis's " British Entomo- logy"; the Monograph of "Hymenoptera"; " Flowers, Fruit, and Leaves," by Lubbock. Nature Series.— Address, W. H., 23, Bedford-street, Strand, W.C. _- BUSINESS ANNOUNCEMENTS. HEALTHY 1910 Native Queens, from swarming cells, 2s. 6d. each— WOOLDRIDGE, Alder- ton, Tewkesbury. c 1 WANTED, Driven Bees. Queens for sale, 2s. — KEATLEY, Blackberry-lane, Four Oaks, Birmingham. b 89 STRONG HEALTHY STOCKS, in 10-frame " W.B.C." Hives, for sale, 25s. each — NELMES, Cathcart. b 98 DRIVEN BEES.— Booked delivery mid-August, is. 3d. lb.; strong Stock, on 10 frames, good Hive, fine for heather, 25s., on rail— HILLS, Alton, Hants. c 4 Aug. 4, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 303 Editorial, Notices, &c. REVIEWS OF FOREIGN BEE- JOURNALS. By "Nemo." Wax Beturns from Combs. — In the Luxemburg er Bienenzeitung it is stated that, when melted, combs which have not been used for rearing brood yield 80 per •cent, of pure wax; cappings give 85 per cent., whereas black combs in which a good many generations of bees have been bred produce only 48 per cent. A trial made of the residue from a solar wax- extractor which appeared to contain an insignificant amount of wax, when sub- mitted to pressure, was actually found to contain from 25 to 50 per cent, of pure wax. The thin cocoons left in the cells by the nymphs form a scum on the surface of the wax. Those who use a solar wax- extractor should take note of above ex- periments. Prime and After Swarms. — It is stated in Practischer Wegweiser that it is unin- telligible to the novice, but well under- stood by the expert bee-keeper, why it is difficult to unite a first swarm with a cast. It is due to the fact that the cast with an unfertilised queen has a, peculiar broody odour, which is unknown and probably obnoxious to the old queen. The members of two different groups, when, during the excitement of swarming, they unite to form a cluster, cannot settle down comfortably. If they are put into a hive or skep, they are almost certain to leave it, unless sprinkled with scented syrup, which would impart to all the same odour. It is therefore better to unite a first swarm with another first swarm, and a cast with a cast. Disease in Bees. — M. W. Bedell, writing in L' Apiculture Nouvelle, mentions the mortality amongst his bees, and describes the symptoms, which are very similar to those noticed during the epidemic in the Isle of Wight. He says all the apiaries round him have suffered, and the colonies which have survived are very weak. He managed to winter two colonies, but they turned out very weak, and he had to strengthen them before they were any good. He visited all those who kept bees in the district, and found the colonies attacked in the same way, for a distance of eight kilometres. In the first apiary of twenty-one colonies which he visited all were dead but one, and this one was in a bad condition. Another apiary of seven- teen colonies had all but four dead, and in three other apiaries of about thirty colonies, where the losses were not quite so great, he found the colonies so weak that they had to be removed to another infected district. Badium in Honey. — M. Alin Caillas, who has been analysing honey, states in V Apiculteur that certain honeys are radio-active. He has not found that all honey contains radium, which is compre- hensible, because all soils do not have it. A large number of samples analysed, however, contained radium, and he found traces of it in honey from the Department of Tarn and in that received from Austria and Russia. ' Radium is a body whose principal pro- perty is luminosity, and the power of' radiating an emanation which can make an impression on a photographic plate. It is an energy embodied in a very small volume, whose destructive action is very great, and it can cause serious injury to the organism. But, when very much diluted, the effects may be beneficial, and it can therefore be advantageously used therapeutically. It is used in medicaments for lupus and cancer, and as the results have been satisfactory the writer thinks that, instead of using a manufactured article, it would be better to resort to natural remedies. It is, therefore, probable that honey is an ideal medica- ment. It is not only in the case of lupus and cancer that radium is beneficial, but the weak, the neurasthenic, and con- valescent derive benefit from it. _ As honey contains radium, if this is indi- cated it is evident that to recommend the one is to recommend the other, for they are so united as to be inseparable. This is, therefore, another of the many reasons why honey should be freely consumed. DERBYSHIRE B.K.A. ANNUAL SHOW. The twenty-seventh annual show of hives, bees, honey, wax, and appliances, under the auspices of the Derbyshire Bee- keepers' Association, was held in connec- tion with the Derbyshire Agricultural Society's show on July 13 and 14 at Osmaston Park, Derby. In spite of the unfavourable honey sea- son in Derbyshire, some splendid exhibits were staged, and the bee and honey sec- tion attracted a considerable number of visitors. Mr. Geo. Hayes, the secretary of the Notts Bee-keepers' Association, was the judge, and he also conducted two ex- aminations for third-class certificates of the British Bee-keepers' Association. The awards are as follow : members' classes. Observatory-hive with Bees and Queen. —1st, S. Durose, Burton; 2nd, J. Pear- man, Derby; 3rd, J. Bakewell, Burton. Trophy of Honey in any Form. — 1st, J. Pearman; 2nd, S. Durose. Six 1-lb'. Sections.— 1st, J. Pearman; 2nd, S. Durose. Txoelve l-lb. Jars (Light) Extracted Honey.— 1st, J. Pearman; 2nd, S. Du- 304 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 4, 1910. rose; 3rd, E. Varty, Diseworth; v.h.c, A. Ancote, Coton-in-the-Elms. Twelve l-lb. Jars (Dark) Extracted Honey.— 1st, J. Pearman; 2nd, J. T. Willson, Shirebrook; 3rd, S. Durose; v.h.c, R. Giles, Eitwall. Six l-lb. Jars Extracted Honey.— 1st, E. Varty; 2nd, H. Smith, Marston-on- Dove; 3rd, A. Ancote. Beeswax. — 1st, J. Pearman; 2nd, E. Varty; 3rd, F. Howard, Sudbury. Six l-lb. Jars Granulated Honey.— 1st, F. Howard; 2nd, J. Pearman. OPEN CLASSES. Twelve l-lb. Sections.— -1st, C. W. Dyer, Compton, Newbury; 2nd, R. H. Baynes, Cambridge; 3rd, G. Nicholson, Lang- wathby. Twelve l-lb. Jars Extracted Honey. — 1st, R. W. Lloyd, Thetford; 2nd, H. W. Saunders, Thetford; 3rd, A. Jackson, Elvedon; 4th, R. H. Baynes. Collection of Bee-appliances. — 1st, "Seeds and Bees, Ltd.," Liverpool. A silver challenge cup to the exhibitor who gained the highest number of points was won by Mr. J. Pearman. — R. H. Coltman, Hon. Sec. AMONG THE BEES. BROOD-COMBS. By D. M. Macdonald, Banff. As brood-combs are a great part of our stock-in-trade, it behoves us to see that they are of the best. Defective combs, from whatever cause, are a hindrance to the bees, and periodically about the time of the spring-cleaning all showing serious faults should be weeded out and the worst at once run down into wax. Should, how- ever, the faults be trifling, the bees may be made to repair them and make the old combs almost as good as new. About the time of fruit-bloom bees are eager for some comb-building after their day's forag- ing is over, and this night work may well take the shape of repairing defects. Combs with hard, dry pollen in a good many cells may have these parts cut down close to the mid-rib, and the bees will at this season build out the foundation in such a way that no patching will be de- tected even by the observant eye. A comb containing too many drone-cells can have the part cut out and a piece of worker- foundation fitted into the vacancy, when the bees will renew the blank with cells better fitted to secure the well-being of the stock. A handier plan is the follow- ing : Take a circular tin lid or some simi- lar appliance, cut out the defective part, and from a reserve comb secure a similar round piece to fit into the part rejected. Place the frames so fitted in "a strong hive at night, and in the morning if you examine them you would scarcely see where the joining has taken place, so^ neat have the workers been in accom- plishing their art patchwork. The same can be done with parts of combs showing mildew, or those which have deteriorated from accidental dents, breaks, or cracks. This also holds true of combs all worker- cells of which are otherwise fresh and sweet. Really old combs, those with a doubtful history, and any patently defec- tive are not worth fussing over. While it is, perhaps, true that bees winter best in combs which have been bred in, not necessarily old combs, still they like new combs best when the active season opens, and with even a slight flow on they will very rapidly draw out any frames fitted with foundation which may be inserted in the brood-nest. It is really marvellous how energetically a healthy stock will labour night and day until every cell is fully drawn out and occupied. Then with what avidity the queen seizes on this fine new fabric to prosecute her calling. The chances are that in a day or two almost every available cell will be occu- pied with fresh-laid eggs, as if the choice cradles thus provided had given her a new lease of energetic ovipositing. If another and then another of these frames of foun- dation are supplied at an interval of three or four days to a week, the whole will pre- sent one solid slab of brood. I know of few fairer sights in the whole interior economy of the hive than is presented by these handsome combs. Full sheets of foundation fitted into frames and occupying the whole space secure for us slabs of all worker-cells, and if they are built between two other evenly- constructed combs occupied at the time with brood, the chances are all in favour of their being perfectly interchange- able. Later in the season this cer- tainty will not be so great, as then the upper inch or two of the older combs may be drawn out too far when occupied with sealed honey. As it is desirable to ensure that every frame shall be all worker-cells and perfectly interchangeable, these can, as a rule, be secured in rather weak hives. Reduce the area to, say, five frames, and place the frame with starter in the centre. Remove this comb when drawn out and supply another. Should there be any cessation of the honey-flow the colony should be fed for the time until a flow sets in. For the same purpose use a fairly strong nucleus. Give the bees a comb of brood, a comb with some honey in it, and between the two place a frame with starter. The queen proceeds to fill the empty cells, and the bees, having no desire for swarming, work energetically to build out the new comb. While on this subject I may say that second swarms or casts also build almost all worker-combs from starters, and, as a rule, they construes. Aug. 4, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 305 them of the " flat-as-a-board " order. In my early days I had some skeps, and the casts from these invariably gave me the finest combs I have ever possessed, and they were all drawn out from starters. These bees rarely, if ever, build any drone- comb the first season. Having obtained these "perfect" combs, great care should be taken to preserve them. I know of no better place to keep any extra combs than under the care of the bees, and I would deprecate the with- drawal of combs from the hive during the winter. Any withdrawn are best kept in a fairly warm, dry room if the honey is not to granulate, and they should be carefully preserved from mice or moths, both of which prove very destructive if they have free access to the receptacle. Extracted combs well dried should be placed in closed-in hives in the honey-house, or some garret near the slates, piling one above another, with a sheet or two of paper between each hive. If, unfortunately, the wax-moth finds a lodgment the combs should be fumigated. Pile them up above a box into which burn- ing sulphur has been inserted, and this will kill the moths and larvae ; but a second sulphuring should be given them after some time to destroy all which have been evolved from the eggs since the first fumigation. As formerly advised, a more powerful destructive force may be used in the shape of bisulphide of carbon. Here the fumes work down; therefore place the dish with the lighted substance above your pile of combs ; but great care must be taken in handling this powerful explosive. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. NOTES BY THE WAY. FOUL-BROOD LEGISLATION. [7874.] The weather for the past fort- night since my last notes were written has not been a great improvement on the previous three weeks, so that in South Berks our chance of even a moderate "take" of honey becomes very remote. During last week I reduced the number of racks on nearly every hive to one, securing those sections which are saleable and returning those not filled and sealed to the single rack left on. After well wrapping up with warm material, I left them, hoping to get some of the sections finished, if we should get a spell of summer weather. I am curious to know what my brethren in the craft of bee-keeping think of the proposed Bee-Diseases Bill as set forth on page 273 of B.B.J. Those who are ratepayers may notice that Clause 3 will add to their burdens — now almost in- tolerable. Clause 4, section 1, will require much more learned experts than we have at present if they can, by examining the product — i.e., honey and wax — decide off- hand that these products contain the germs of foul brood. Clause 5 says a local authority shall (not may) at their discretion make by- laws, but when these by-laws are con- firmed the "authority" may impose fines for their contravention up to £5. Clause 6 says the owner of diseased bees or hives shall give notice to the local authority, and for failing to do so he shall be fined £2 and be put on the black list, as it states for a second offence the penalty shall be £5. But these fines are small matters compared with the effect that Clause 7 will have on all bee-keepers who have produced any honey and have neg- lected to clear it all out before the man with authority arrives on the scene. It does not require any contention of mine to assert that honey taken from hives whose inmates are diseased must contain the germs of the disease, if there is any truth in the germ theory. Take, for in- stance, a bee-keeper with a score or more of hives, and, say, two of the score — or 10 per cent. — are diseased, perhaps in- cipient cases ; if this Bill becomes law the bee-keeper will not dare to sell any pro- duct of his apiary. This is a pretty state of affairs to propose to bee-keepers who have perhaps half a ton of honey to dis- pose of. Is it to place us producers of honey in such a dilemma that the rate- payers' money is to be voted to employ experts to go about the counties inducing people to take up bee-keeping, and these same experts are to have the power of prosecuting next year perhaps the same men and women for having a colony of diseased bees on their premises? If the experience of those countries that already have Foul Brood Acts gave even a mode- rate ground of hope that the diseases of bees were going to be stamped out it would modify somewhat the drastic remedy now proposed. Take the Province of Ontario, where an Act has been in force some ten years, and see the result. At first one inspector was appointed, Mr. McEvoy, and his reports led one to be- lieve that the disease was being cleared out by leaps and bounds; but, according to the Transatlantic bee-journals, the number of inspectors was increased last year to ten for the Province of Ontario. Shall we in the years to come fare any 306 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 4, 1910. Abetter than the " Canucks " ? I think not. If Mr. Avery can reduce the disease to the small dimensions of 5 per cent, by county B.K.A. work, why worry for an Act? I have written strongly against legisla- tion because I honestly believe that it will be detrimental to bee-keeping generally, and reduce rather than increase the num- ber of bee-keepers, with the consequence that the utility of the honey-bee in the economy of Nature will be restricted. Take the countryside and notice the scarcity of hives of bees compared with forty years ago. Ask the old men of the villages, and they will reckon up bee-keepers of the past by the score where now the num- ber is ofttimes only one or two in a village. — W. Woodley, Beedon, Newbury. [Our worthy correspondent takes a gloomy view of the effects of legislation which we cannot share, for the results he anticipates are diametrically opposed to established facts in places where such legislation has been adopted. His criti- cism of Clause 7 is hardly just, because it does not prevent any bee-keeper from sell- ing his produce from healthy colonies, but only from those infected, and if 10 per cent, are diseased it is quite right that the product of such diseased colonies should not be scattered over the country to contaminate others. The experience of other countries has shown that foul brood can be greatly reduced, and places where it was impossible to keep bees at all owing to the prevalence of the disease are now practically free from it. Moreover, where legislation has been adopted bee-keepers are not anxious to have the Acts re- pealed. Writing from Canada, in Glean- ings, Mr. Holtermann says : " How is it that the foul-brood question has stirred up so much bitterness in so many lands? In some cases the odour of the correspon- dence has been almost as unsavoury as that of the disease itself. The British Bee Journal has for some time had pages of such correspondence. One side is in favour of foul-brood legislation, while the other is opposed to legislation for the sup- pression of the disease. A bee-keeper in Canada opposed to foul-brood legislation would be a curiosity. I know of none." Does not our correspondent know that the results obtained by Mr. McEvoy in On- tario were so satisfactory that bee-keepers asked for more inspectors to be appointed ? The Province of Ontario is more than double the size of England, and surely it cannot be said that ten inspectors for so large an area are too many. The only wonder is that so few have been able to do so much. The favourable results are no doubt owing to the hearty co-operation of the bee-keepers themselves, who are alive to the advantages of such legisla- tion. In the same proportion it would mean only five inspectors for the whole of England, and they would not have much time to spare to interfere needlessly with anyone's bees. If our correspondent would follow the matter up he would find, an we have done, that it is owing to the extermination of bees by foul brood that there are not so many kept now. — Ed.] IS IT "ISiLE OF WIGHT DISEASE"? [7875.] Mr. Yetts's letter on "Isle of Wight bee-disease " (page 295) in the last number of the B.B.J. induces me to ask if he would oblige by describing the symp- toms of his diseased bees. Was he con- vinced that the complaint was " Isle of Wight disease " ? My difficulty is to find what really con- stitutes this disease. The fullest account of it that I am aware of is that given by Dr. W. Maiden in the Journal of the Board of Agriculture. The report there summarised states that the author was unable to determine by observation of the hives or by dissection whether an indi- vidual was suffering from the disease or not. He stated that it was only to be made out by the "general condition" of the stock. The bacteriological investiga- tion was attended with such difficulties as to make it appear at present incomplete, for the identification of the causal bacilli cannot be said to be absolute. Judging by similar human diseases, it would seem impossible absolutely to diagnose a specific disease by "general conditions" alone, for they are common to more than a single disease. Therefore, can we at present confidently assert that any speci- fied case must be " Isle of Wight disease " ? So far as I understand this term, it im- plies infectiousness, and no disease un- attended by that condition can be true "Isle of Wight disease." Hoping that the question may be of interest to bee- keepers as it is to me, and that your correspondents who may have the oppor- tunities of observing will record all facts about it that they can and send them to the Journal. — C. B. Hunter (Lieut. -Col., late Indian Medical Service). BEES IN CAMBERWELL. [7876.] I kept through the winter a very weak lot of bees scarcely covering half a frame. On April 27 I looked at them, and found no young brood, though there was a patch of sealed brood cover- ing about a sixth part of a frame. I put them then (perhaps foolishly) on seven frames of foundation, including the one they already inhabited and two others they had a little drawn out. On June 9 frame No. 1 was still undrawn, No. 2 almost without honey, Nos. 3 and 4 had brood, No. 5 was a little drawn, and Nos. 6 and 7 were blank foundation. I Aug. 4, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 307 had ceased feeding, and I then put on a 7-lb. super just for sport. My bees had paralysis rather badly, and had barely re- covered by the time the lime blossomed on June 25. On a busy day I was then able to count up to fifty, and sometimes sixty, bees entering the hive per minute. The weather was unfavourable during the lime harvest, and has not been good since, so I was wondering whether my bees were on the brink of starvation or over it. To- day (July 27) I have had a look at them, and find that the two back frames are crammed with honey from top to bottom. I can see no more without disturbing the super, which has not been touched, al- though the bees are now in it in some numbers. They still seem like a very feeble lot, and I was perfectly astounded to find that they had gathered during this bad weather something like 18 lb. of honey, allowing some 6 lb. or so for the five frames of which I have seen nothing. If this can be -done with a handful of bees at the end of May, what could not be done with a full hive at the opening of the lime blossom? — G. G. Desmond, July 27. COMMENTS ON CURRENT TOPICS. [7877.] The Taper Frame— This is not a "fad," but a perfectly legitimate and withal workmanlike means of ensuring ease of manipulation in handling frames. Few, I think, would venture to call the late Mr. C. N. Abbott a "faddist" ; most, on the contrary, will agree that he was one of the most capable and practical bee- keepers who ever lifted frame from hive, yet he used a good-sized taper frame largely, and he was not the man to use, and continue to use, a frame which he did not believe in. Any bee-keeper knows that it is pos- sible to lift a rectangular frame from a hive without hurting a bee. He also knows that the said frame must be lifted slowly and carefully to ensure this, and for those owning only a few hives, and willing to take all the time they require in the various manipulations, nothing more is needed. But what I say is that the taper frame facilitates manipulation, and manipulative facility is one of the things which must be studied and sought after by the large bee-keeper. Further, the idea of " humane handling " was quite a minor point with me. My chief thought was for the bee-keeper, not the bees. The bee-keeper is not "humane" to himself (and possibly his neighbours) if he is continually crushing bees. Per- sonally, I very seldom, if ever, crush a bee between the frame-ends and the wall of hive ; at the same time, I know that a taper frame is both more easily and quickly handled than a "square" one; consecmentlv that its one advantage is neither "hypothetical," as stated by our worthy Editor, nor a " fad," as " D. M. M." (page 284) is pleased to dub it. Propolising. — Is it not an astounding fact that manufacturers of hives have for the past forty years continued to make dummies close fitting, so that they are often as firmly fixed as though a cabinet-maker had glued them in? Space- making dummies should always hang clear, and should be wide enough to give plenty of room for frame-handling (here are two more points tending to ease and speed of manipulation). When it is desirable to divide the frames in a hive, a special thin, close-fitting division-board should be used. When the very great desirability of an efficient space-maker in a hive is con- sidered, it will seem almost incredible that a certain well-known hive — as originally designed — had no room for a dummy at all unless one of the frames was first re- moved. This was "compactness" carried to excess. Keeping Bees Cool. — Mr. Bullamore asks (page 285), with reference to quarantined bees : " Was it correct to keep the bees cool for the three days they were confined?" Perfectly correct, and I can only say that I am astonished that any practical bee-man should ask the question. Does Mr. Bullamore imagine that I put the bees in a refrigerator? They were simply placed in a nearly dark outhouse, that was all. "Gliding Motions" "In" and "Out" of the Apiary. — This seems quite a favourite term with one of your corre- spondents. Thus, in folding sections we use a "gliding motion," and the same is to be used when working with the bees ; but for a really typical case of gliding — the very poetry of motion — commend me to that of the man who is quietly plant- ing out (let us say) lettuces a rod or two away from the apiary, when all on a sudden some vicious miscreant of a bee comes prospecting round his head. He (the man) flings out a "right and left," but misses, of course; and the next thing you see is a pair of legs running, a pair of lips blowing, and a pair of arms whirl- ing like Avindmill sails, the bee all the while buzzing furiously in his hair, seek- ing to plant, not lettuces, but a sting ! I note that Mr. J. M. Ellis says I am "ultra-pessimistic" with regard to the season ; but my remarks thereon have at least this one inestimable quality, they are true, at any rate in this locality- — Saml. P. Soal, The Old Rectory, near Rochford, Essex. [We would again point out that Mr. Abbott was one of the committee who unanimously recommended the present standard frame, and there was no one who strove more earnestly to £et it 308 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 4, 1910. adopted, and although he had been favouring a tapering frame, he loyally gave it up for the standard, which he thereafter advocated and used. — Ed. J SOME EXPERIENCES OF BEE- STINGS AND RHEUMATISM. "A Comic Cure" — that is what the average person considers bee-stinging for rheumatism ! When I spoke of trying the cure as an experiment to several medical friends, I noted a peculiar look in their eyes that clearly meant : " Do his friends know?" Now that I have given up ex- periments doubtless my medical friends think more hopefully of me. There is abundant evidence (to say nothing of tradition) to prove that persons frequently stung by bees are free from rheumatism. One striking case which I contributed to Dr. Ainley Walker's report in the British Medical Journal on the subject is a good illustration. Mrs. P., near Salisbury, suffered severely from rheumatism for ten years. She then kept bees, and was frequently stung, since when she has been entirely free from rheumatism, i.e., for a period of twelve years. No medicine did her any good before, and her mode of life and place of living have been the same for twenty-two years. The Reverend M. O., having suffered from rheumatism for years, and having undergone all kinds of treatment in the way of baths at Homburg and Bex, with little or no benefit, began in 1896 to keep bees, and "was often stung." In 1909 he wrote to me that since 1896 he had never had any rheumatism, being free for a period of seven years. It is right to add that this sufferer, while believing in the beneficial effects of the bee-stings, partly attributes his immunity from rheumatism to the " great perspirations from the honey I handled, and looking after the bees in very hot weather." I am inclined to agree with him. Many things may help a cure. Mr. Cowan, the Editor of the British Bee Journal, tells me that an American friend of his never suffered from rheumatism so long as he kept bees, but that since giving up bee-keeping he suffers from the complaint. He gets rid of an attack, however, "by going among the hives and getting himself stung." There is no story of "sweating" in this case. Dr. E. J. Burton, of Birmingham, has had considerable experience of the "cure," both personal and otherwise. He wrote to me that he presumes "the man who first introduced leeching met with a violent death in the , primitive days of physic." This was apropos of the curious opposition to the cure by medical men. Last year I made an experiment upon, a man, aged sixty-seven, who had been, suffering severely from rheumatism for a year in his left hip and leg. On June 23 I applied five bees, and on the 25th eight bees. On the 26th he reported that he- had had a good night, and could turn over on his hip without pain. This was. the first time for a year. I applied seven more bees, and the next day (27th) he had "no pain whatever." He continued to improve, and slept well. On July 30 he- pronounced the result as "marvellous." Later I stung him at various intervals with more or less satisfactory results. Then each of us went for a holiday at the end of the summer, and on my return I found someone had persuaded him to try electrical treatment at the West London Hospital, which did him no good at all. He is rather worse now. If he wants more bee-stings he must live in the country and start a hive. I shall sting him no more. My impression is that he has adhesions between the nerve and sheath, and that something more drastic than even bee-stings will have to be done by surgery if he wishes for serious im- provement. The interesting fact remains that as long as he was under the stinging treatment he was much relieved. Dr. Terc, of Marburg, keeps up the stinging in some cases for over a thousand stings. In my case I only gave fifty-four stings. The process involves considerable time and trouble if direct application of bees is made. I got my bees from Staf- fordshire by post in specially-made boxes. It required some practice to catch the bees and apply them. At first I used Dr. Burton's bee-forceps, and then, later, de- vised an apparatus made with a test tube and glass slide, but, finally, I found the best way of all was with the gloved fingers. Bee-catching is entirely a matter of practice. I used to let the bees out upon the window panes in the room and catch them there. It is safer, but with practice they can be caught as they emerge from the exit door of the box. In dealing with bees the great point is to be silent and move leisurely. Bees object to sudden movements and noise. But bees are not cowards like wasps. The latter- will not attack a person who faces them. A wasp only stings a person who shows fear. Face a wasp who goes for you and* he will fly away. A wasp is a coward, but an intelligent one. In conclusion, T may express my opinion that the bee-poison does exercise a curative action over rheumatism, but I doubt if personally applying the bees is worth all the trouble entailed. The length of time necessary for a cure seems to be quite indefinite. The pain of being stung is a distinct objection, though this varies a good deal in different people. Rheu- Aug. 4, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 309 matic subjects usually do not suffer from swelling and induration afterwards. I, personally, am an exception. Making various experiments upon myself, I found the result decidedly unpleasant. The itching subsequently was very great. In my old patient, however, there was no reaction, all irritation disappearing by the next day. Formic acid is not the only ingredient of the bee-secretion. There is " an alkaloidal base akin to the venoms," according to the researches of Galmette and others. If the bee-sting cure appeals to any rheumatic person, I think the best thing for him or her to do is to keep bees, and by being stung occasionally the sufferer will' obtain relief, and at the same time have the advantage of the stock of honey made. — Fbedebic Vicabs, M.D., in Guy's Hospital Gazette. CAPPINGS OF COMB. RYL. S. CBAWSHAW, NORTON, MALTON, YOEKS. Calico on Boofs (page 250). — For some time I have used, and advocated, this method of proofing the roof. I have, however, glued my calico into place before painting. More extended experience con- vinces me that this is not so good as lay- ing it down on paint. I have had both styles in use for years, and the glued calico is all right if a coat of paint be given from time to time, but it will not bear neglect to the same extent as the other. I have some hives which I have neglected to paint when they needed it, and the old paint, perhaps inferior, is perishing, with the result that water can penetrate the calico and loosen it. The trouble is not very serious, except where the calico has been strained overtight in the obtaining of a neat finish, but it would not be so likely to occur with the more orthodox method. Power Extractors (page 255). — Now, isn't that discouraging? To find that no apiary in this country warrants the use of such a machine. Just as I was consider- ing the purchase of one or two of these. Bees Entering Supers (page 264). — H. G. Mace may find it next time an advantage to reduce the thickness of his wide-spaced extracting-combs to about 1 in. This will enable the bees to warm up the space more readily than if little more than bee-way exists between the combs, whilst it will obviate the necessity of depositing honey at the bottom of a long cell. Also he will increase his harvest of wax. A thoroughly hot knife, used slowly, will make a beautiful job of the work. Isle of Wight (page 265).— Is it true that " all efforts to re-introduce bees into the island have failed"? The last we heard was that stocks had come through the winter. What of the spring and the month of May? If he should see this, would Mr. Cooper kindly send us a state- ment of how things stand? The theory as to the introduction of a new weed is interesting, but if a plant be responsible there must be districts, its natural habi- tat, where the keeping of bees is equally impossible. Do such places exist, or is it part of the theory that such a plant is- periodically virulent? The theory that a plant is responsible is no new one, or merely wild suggestion. Such plants as Cannabis indica or Indian hemp, Oxy- acantha spinosa, and Centaur ea (the blue cornflower) have been indicted. Thus, W. K. Morrison, in Gleanings, 1907, quotes: "Mai de mai is a sort of frenzy; and, that being so, it is easy to see how Cannabis indica can be a contributing cause, because the people of the East have long used the resin or extract of cannabis as a powerful stimulant, producing frenzy, and quite frequently insanity, by habitual users of it. The East Indians, who use this largely, name the substance ganjah. Some good authorities now think that it was this substance which caused the downfall of King Solomon. Hamet at- tributed this (bee) disease to the charlock or wild mustard." Just whether King Solomon suffered from the Isle of Wight disease is not so clear ! Do Swarms Carry Disease? (page 277). — This is an old bone of contention, and Mr. Soal will no doubt welcome criticism of his conclusions. He argues, adversely to a natural swarm, from the data of a forced swarm. But the two things are by no means the same. In the case in point the queen was evidently decrepit, almost certainly diseased, in which case the whole thing is accountable. In a natural swarm the queen is at least vigorous enough to have produced the swarm, and the trip rations, taken by the bees, are from newly-gathered nectar, which is extremely unlikely to be contaminated. I presume that he fed the bees upon the third day with medicated syrup, so that I venture to think that had he re-queened when hiving the trouble would not have re- curred. Bees in the Van-guard (page 278). — It is no doubt well to cull or weed out your rotten hives and your vicious bees, but not by such Uriah-like means as these. But the occurrence is surprising in these days of cheap education. The bees were not properly (en)trained, whilst the porters must have been ignorant to a point of great bravery. Here is a fruit- ful field for our lecturers and prosely- tisers. Teach the whole of the servants of the "companies" to deal with bees in emergencies, and you will earn the good- 310 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 4, 1910. will of the community. I have no doubt that it has never occurred to the manage- ment to keep a tame expert and a bee- smoker at every station ! Baits (page 283). — Is there not a danger of getting pollen in the sections when in- serting shallow frames of brood in the super? In any case, the ordinary shallow frame is too deep to use with the 4|-in. section. I have a number of such worker- combs of the right depth, altered from the shallow "dovetailed" frame. To alter, the end bars are shortened to 4| in. and the dovetails removed from the bot- tom bar, when the bottom bar is nailed inside the end bars. I shall be glad to hear from anyone wanting a rack of these for experiment. Bee=Shows to Come. August 10, at Llanerchymedd, Anglesey.— The County of Anglesey Beekeepers' Association offer the following prizes at their Annual Show. For the best six 1-lb. jars of 1910 Honey, TOs. 6d.; open to all. Entrance fee, non-members Is. 6d., members Is. For the best and most attractive display of Honey and Honey Products, £1 Is.; open to North Wales; entrance fee, non-members 2s., members Is. 6d. N.B.— Only half the prize will be given unless there are three or more exhibi- tors. Entries closed. August 10, at Midsomer Norton, Bath.— In connection with the local Horticultural Show, Annual Show of the Somerset B.K.A. Increased prizes for honey, wax, and appliances. Several open and free classes. Challenge honey pot for greatest number of points in members' classes. For schedules and particulars apply to the Assistant Secretary, L. Bigg-Wither, Birdwood, Wells. Entries close August 5. August 10, at Wye, Kent.— Kent Honey Show. Four open classes, fifteen open to Kent. Trophy, cup value 3 guineas, two Challenge cups value 6 guineas each, one Challenge cup value 5 guineas, numerous other Special and money prizes. Special classes for Cottagers, also class for Members of Ashford and District Bee-keepers' Association. Schedules from H. C. Chapelow, Hon. Sec, Wye, Kent. Entries close August 6. August 17, at Lancaster. Lancaster Agricul- tural Society, in conjunction with the Lancashire Bee-keepers' Association. Seventeen Classes for Honey and Bee Produce, also for Bee-Hives ; nume- rous specials, including two silver challenge cups, twelve silver and bronze medals, :0,000 acres of fruit lands round Victoria await- ing settlers. I went to the land office to see where it was. They had none. No. it was in the hands of the gentry I have named. I wanted land for fruit and bees, and found good fruit land was $500 to $1,000 an acre. Land is far cheaper in the South of England than here. Home- steads, where are they in British Colum- bia— I mean 160 acres free to the settler? One Government official said that every man coming to Canada was worth £200 to the State; then it is worth while to see to the comfort and well-being of that in- dividual, and my suggestion is the country wants the agriculturist, and it is so vast that every man should have land free on condition of development, not to trade in it, but to live on it: and if unforeseen events caused the man to quit, the State should receive the same back at a fair valuation for the improvements he has made. The next suggestion is that the whole family should come, not the man alone ; then the man will fight his battle more manfully and have far greater op- portunity of success. I am in association with a society here whose business is to pick up the social wrecks and set them on their feet again, and my experience is that nine-tenths of the men who have wives in the Old Country cannot get them out; the uncertainty of labour, &c, drives many to despair, and they let things slide; and the result is the Old Country is keep- ing the family, and the man in the New keeps himself ! We have hundreds of single men here, most of them living in cabins, one room — wretched dens. What value are these men to the State? My contention is the single men cannot afford to get married, and the married cannot get the money to bring out their families. The land question is at the bottom of all the trouble. Wherever I dwell I take an interest in the well-being, and try to play the man in the uplifting, of the city or State, and should anyone ask my opinion on a subject, if I know anything that will help that individual I give it with all the love in the world. I am as much interested in the well-being of Canada as any man — for is it not a piece of the British Empire? — and as jealous of her glory and honour being untarnished as any patriot; but if there is a canker in the State a wise statesman would set himself to remedy it and not abuse the individual who points it out, pro bono publico. Bricklayers get $5 for eight-hours day, plas- terers $6 for eight-hours day, con- cretors $2f for nine-hours day, joiners $3^ for eight-hours day, longshore- men 40 cents per hour, gardeners $2i for eight-hours day. painters $3^ for eight- hours day, labourers (city waterworks) $2^ for eight-hours day, tram guards $1.80 for nine-hours day, shop assistants $12 to $15 per week. The principal person is the labourer, and no man need come here unless he is ready to use the pick and shovel. We have had men come to our waterworks begging for work at $2| per day — engineers, X'niversity men. archi- tects, joiners, bakers, and every class of man under the sun. The above list looks very rosy ; but let us examine it. The principal man in it is the labourer — all the others are insignificant compared with him. If he works full time he will average $2| per day or $60 per month. I am 316 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 11, 1910. quoting now a man whom I have had brought to my notice, a steady, reliable man. He pays grocery, per month, $30; rent, $16, his taxes being $1 ; gas costs, for illumination $2, for cooking (per 1,000 ft.) $1^; coal costs per ton $7£. You pay $20 to $30 for a suit of clothes ; boots (decent ones), $10 to $12 per pair; apples cost $2| to $3 per 40-lb. box; oranges 35 cents to 50 cents per dozen ; flour, per 50-lb. bag, costs $1.85. Then there is the wife to clothe. This man has no family. But another working man, who has had two children here, told me that the first cost him $80, the second $75. I ask you, what has this man left if he has full time all the year round? But he has not ; he can only average five months, and the rest is broken weeks. He is behind- hand at once and in debt. These prices are at Victoria, and I am speaking only of what I know, and the only object I have in view is to reply truthfully when I am asked what I know about a place in which I am living. If I might suggest a cure for this state of things, it is that the working man should have, say, three acres of land with his house — that is, outside the city — so that he could in his interval of enforced idleness grow his own foods, and thus make a strong, bold peasantry, the country's pride, and it is as true here as Goldsmith said in " The Deserted Vil- lage ' ' that : 111 fares the land, to hast'ning ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates and men decay. — E, A., Victoria, B.C. [With reference to above, we print an extract from the Daily Telegraph, which hardly bears out our correspondent's con- tention that work is scarce. We have also had information from private sources that the supply of labour does not equal the demand in many trades : — "a labour famine. " Western Canada's dominating problem is the scarcity of labour. With the ap- proach of the harvest season it is invari- ably a source of anxiety to the farmer, and as the area under crop steadily ex- pands the difficulty increases year by year. It is not, therefore, surprising that the question should have been the subject of anxious consideration at the annual con- vention of Associated Boards of Trade, held recently at Brandon. Some idea of the extent of the dearth will be gathered from the statement made at the confer- ence that in Manitoba alone, the smallest of the three prairie provinces, the pro- vincial Government had reported that no fewer than 35,000 farm labourers and nearly 5,000 domestic servants were needed. The area under crop in the West is 15 per cent, higher than last year, and reaches a total of not much short of 30,500,000 acres. Probably the partial failure caused by the drought will ease the situation, but nevertheless it must remain sufficiently serious to call for heroic mea- sures. The convention passed a resolution urging that the Dominion Government and the provincial authorities of Mani- toba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta should co-operate with the railways and the east- ern labour exchanges in an effort to secure workers for the harvest. It was also de- cided to ask each of the Governments to appoint one or more commissioners to col- lect reliable information as to the number of hands required, and to assist in their systematic and equitable distribution. Re- presentatives of the railway companies at the convention took a gloomy view of the prospects. They stated that there was a scarcity of men not only for the harvest field but for railway construction, for building operations, and even for the working of the railways. The tone of the whole discussion showed that the conven- tion were alive to the gravity of the problem, and the existence of a well- founded fear that with all possible efforts the supply could scarcely be adequate to the demand." —Ed.] USING CHLORIDE OF LIME FOR FOUL BROOD. [7879.] I herewith enclose sketches showing how chloride of lime can be used to prevent or to assist in the cure of foul brood without disturbing the bees. I trust the following description will be of assistance to brother bee-keepers who wish to use chloride of lime : In the drawing Figs. A, a shows two |-in. or ^-in. boards fastened to the old floorboard, leaving a 2-in. or 3-in. space between them. A piece of perforated zinc (b) is tacked over this well, so that the bees cannot get into it. This is cut in the drawing to show the construction. At c the space has a block of wood the same thick- ness to cut off the entrance from the well. D, D represents a slide or carrier (for the f disinfectant), which is made of very thin wood. The body-box is shown with frames running parallel to the entrance. A piece of the back plinth is cut out (e), so that the entrance to the well is exactly oppo- site. The loose dovetailed piece e should fit in, and have a screw or nail driven into it for handling. With the body-box in position the slide should pass in and out easily when loaded with disinfectant. When loaded, push it home, replace e, and watch the effect. If you have used so much chloride of lime that the bees are disturbed, withdraw the slide, thereby letting in fresh air, and replace with a smaller quantity. Three moderately well filled teaspoonfuls used in Aug. 11, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 91 " this way will not disturb the bees at all, while the same quantity dropped amongst them would cause considerable disturb- ance, if not absolute injury. For small hives use only two teaspoonfuls. Note. — The disinfectant runs directly under the centre of all the combs — a de- cided advantage. For hives with combs running from the entrance to the back the arrangement must be made to run from side to side. In case of foul brood having broken out, withdraw slide, scrape clean, and re- load, three times a week. For prevention, once a week or fortnight is sufficient. Last year I had four colonies attacked badly, owing to the importation of a diseased colony. I followed the above plan, and in addition I used medicated syrup. A really bad comb was withdrawn and burnt, together with the frame and "W.B.C." ends. A comb with but a few bad places would be placed near the dummy, and when what bees would hatch out had done so it would be withdrawn and thoroughly sprayed with disinfectant (see "Guide Book"). In all my operations I kept disinfectant handy, frequently to dip my hand, &c, in. The results are that this year I have four healthy stocks — no sign of foul brood in either — and my other stocks standing by them in good condition. I trust that other bee-keepers will try the above method and will benefit thereby. — Chas. J. Ashworth, Wilts. LIMNANTHES DOUGLASII FOR BEES. [7880.] Is Limnanthrs Douglasii of any value as a bee-flower? My observation leads me to think it is not. I have grown it for the last four years, and have rarely seen a bee approach it. This season I have planted it more extensively, in four dif- ferent positions in the garden, and within 2 ft. of the bee-colony, and have had a succession of bloom since April, but on no occasion have I seen a bee visit it. A relation in Hertfordshire, who has had it flowering in her garden for many seasons past, was surprised when I told her it was a bee-flower, as she had never observed that the bees were at all partial to it. An examination of the flower does not (to me) reveal any abnormal condition — that is, there does not appear to be a superabun- dance of nectar or of pollen. It will be interesting to know the opinion of others. Apart from its possible value to the apiarist, the plant is worthy of more extended cultivation ; it is not so well known as it deserves to be, and it is one of the most charming of our summer flowering annuals and very hardy. — W. BuEBHiDGE, Surrey. EFFECTS OF STINGS. [7881.] Although I cannot exactly lay claim to the title that your correspondent (7865, page 286) of last week asks for. I may perhaps by these few remarks be able to turn the thoughts of others more capable than myself in the right channel, the result of which may, I hope, be some- thing to benefit us all, or at least prove of special help to those who, through some cause or other, feel acutely the sting of a bee. Your correspondent says that he suf- fered most when stung during hot days. This, I think, has more to do with it than would at first appear; whilst his mention- ing the seat of injury, convinces me that it is more than likely I am right when stating the following facts. The first direct results of hot weather on a human being are : 1. His power to resist any drug or poison is greatly lessened. 2. His circulatory system is increased both in power and speed ; consequently it carries rapidly anything introduced into it. On the other hand, bees are decidedly more lively, and taking the chances of its being a young bee, full of dash and venom, not to mention ignorance, it is much more capable of causing greater injury. Then we have to remember the nature of the poison itself. It is rather a strong cardiac sedative, and powerfully influ- ences the motor centre ; whilst its mode of introduction into the body makes a small dose very powerful and swift in action. In medical practice, as a rule, the dose of a drug by hypodermic injection is equal to about 3 to 8 drops of water, and this is not concentrated, of course ; whilst the effect is most times produced in less than three minutes, the length of time depending on the spot where the injection is made, it being very quick if made on or near a blood-vessel, as was the case in the sting on the temple, also that on the eyelid. In both these cases the poison would reach its centre of action in a very' short time, and that without being very greatly diffused; so that the coupling of its maximum result with perhaps some idiosyncrasy on the part of the sufferer would easily account for his sudden collapse. 118 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 11, 1910. The chemical antidote is, as everyone knows, ammonia, which on meeting with the poison in the blood stream combines with it to form a new substance, hexamethylenetetramine, or urotropine, which is a urinary disinfectant only, and can be taken in fairly large doses without any untoward symptoms. But to run about among your bees with a hypo, of ammonia is impossible, so I should like your correspondent to obtain his doctor's permission to take (per month), say, 9 grains of ammonii carbonas, obtainable from manufacturing chemists in tabloid form, about ten minutes before he next manipulates, and let us know his experi- ences— that is, if he has the luck to be stung in the same places again. I think he will be pleased with the results of the experiment. I myself feel no effects of any short of a dozen at the time, so can- not give you the benefit of my knowledge of its claims to be called an "all-cure" or "cure-all." The idea is to have the ammonia in solution in the blood stream ready to react as soon as stung. I was very interested in the letter from Sgt. S. Spencer a few Aveeks back, and as a bee-keeper admire his pluck, whilst as a fellow soldier I long to make his per- sonal acquaintance, for I am sure anyone would benefit by the knowledge he gained in such a first-hand fashion. May I, please, just append this question? Is it absolutely necessary, is tb ere any physical reason, that compels a virgin to make a mating flight? I have never seen it stated that it is necessary, neither have I ever seen the suggestion that it may sometimes not take place, even though the queen gets fertilised. I have the doubt. — A. F. L., Chatham. [It is a well-established fact that mating takes place in the air, and if from any cause this is prevented, the queen remains a virgin, and is only capable of laying eggs which produce drones. — Ed.] MID PIKE AND FELL. [7882.] Wilberfell is one of the mighty buttresses of the Pennines, an advanced sentinel, pushed forward to guard Maller- stang, that rocky pass where Westmor- land is entered from York, and rising almost from the bank of the river flowing between is Morville's Seat, equally preci- pitous, but not so tall. A conspicuous landmark is the Fell. It may be seen from almost any standpoint in the Eden valley. You pass its foot as you travel north by the Midland, but so steep is the ascent that you needs must be lithe of limb and crane your neck to see its summit. Your matter-of-fact traveller of the present day, deeming sentiment almost a crime, little knows, as he watches the landscape from the windows of his luxurious saloon, that nearly every cliff and every mile has a. history — some indeed legendary, others, written in blood and steel in his country's annals. I narrate a few as specimens. In days of old — what time the chronicle sayeth not — there dwelt on Penrith's Beacon a mighty giant ; not one of the ferocious cannibals of the Jack-and-the Beanstalk race, but a "good old sport," mild of temper and amiable of disposition. He was a great hunter. In modern days, he would have taken passage to South Africa and emulated the great Theodore. Then he had to be contented with hunting of wolves and wild boars. It is related that he slew the last of the tusky monsters on this hill. Even now it is called Wildboarfell, contracted to Wilberfell. Full of years he died, and hard by the old church tower lies buried. His grave is green; It may be seen Twelve paces or more from the church door. Iwo rough blocks of old red granite mark where he lies, and the interval be- tween is 13 ft. Sir Walter Scott cherished his memory, for never did he visit Pen- rith (my informant is the white-haired old sexton), but he paid a visit to his. grave. Far distant may that day be when some infidel, some iconoclast, delighting to submit these tales to an X-ray scrutiny, may have sufficient influence to have his. bones disinterred and measured. I reck little what the finding may be. I would sooner hug the deceit. Dull and listless- will that time be when all romance, all glamour sifted away, life is reduced to the level of a proposition of Euclid. Hugh Morville's Seat is the other guar- dian of the defile. For good and also for bad, Westmorland men have left their mark in England's history. The time was 1170. The second Henry ruled England — a king so passionate that it is recorded he would have torn out the eyes of a page with his own hands who had presented to him an unpleasing letter, and so untruth- ful that he was believed by no person. "Better repent of words than facts" was his maxim. Thomas a Becket was his Chancellor ; first his favourite : then, for he could brook no contradiction, the object of his hate and almost fear. In a hasty moment he had demanded ''of the cowards who eat his bread was there not one to rid him of this turbulent priest." Hugh de Morville and three others mis- took passion for royal permission, and in Canterbury Cathedral did that murder which, crying to heaven for vengeance, nor king nor knights knew peace. Little remains of Morville's Castle on this hill. His lands were confiscated — King's Mea- burn they are called at the present day. Pleasant, well watered, and fertile, they lie not distant. Henry, the greater sinner, false even in the Aug. 11, 1910. j THE BEITISH BEE JOUENAL. 319 degrading penance he endured, had the meanness to draw advantage from the crime his servant had committed. Little wonder such a father was punished in his children. Let liter Pendragon do what he can, Eden will run, where Eden ran. (Westmorland saying.) Pendragon Castle is just in the neck of the pass, where it takes a turn north hy west. Vortigern has the reputation of building it, in that mythical time when Arthur and his knights made quest of Holy Grail. Certainly its architecture is of earlier date even tkan Saxon. Now this Uter Pendragon was a man of mar- vellous gifts, a beau, yet no carpet knight, of cultivated taste for the times in which he lived, but a roue, endowed, indeed, with each gift of nature, and of art, And wanting nothing but an honest heart. His passion, still to covet general power; His life, to forfeit it a thousand ways. And he had an idea that his castle would be much strengthened if he could per- suade the River Eden to alter its course some score of yards to run round and so to form a moat. But rivers, like facts, are "stubborn cbiels," and have a will of their own. They are coy to leave the channel in which they have travelled since the mountains divided and gave them pas- sage, at the bidding even of Uter Pen- dragon. Therefore, although he cut his moat, the spirit of the stream was not to be tempted. And there it remains even to this day a monument of Uter's folly. In the North Country, if a couplet is needed to emphasise obstinate perversity even to the impossible, or the utter folly of " banging one's head against a stone wall," it is at hand in the old rhyme; how true it is : The evil that men do lives after them; The good is oft interred with their bones. - — J. Smallwood, Hendon. DEALING WITH FOUL BROOD. [7883.] Like the monk in the play. " I've been seeing such lots of funny things lately " in connection with my bees and my friends' bees also. I have been troubled with that dreaded complaint foul brood. How it arrived I am at a loss to find out. After trying various cures with little apparent result, I fell back upon the starvation method with two lots, so far with success, as I can find no trace of the disease now. The third lot I was about to serve in the same way, when I noticed a new cure advertised, and at once procured a supply, and proceeded as directed to cure. Everything appeared satisfactory for a week or ten days, and I had a good look at them on July 27. After ex- amination I covered them up and went on with other work in my garden until 7.15 p.m. I first glanced at the hive in passing, and was debating in my mind whether to go on with the cure or starve them when, to my surprise, all the bees swarmed out and circled around as at midday for about twenty minutes, and then gradually came back and went into the hive. I did not disturb them again. The next morning there was nothing unusual about the hive^ but at noon I happened to pass the garden, and found they had left the hive again and clustered on the front of another hive. I got them into a small box, and I am starving them, and intend to put them into a small hive. What can be the reason for their be- haviour? It is only a small lot on four frames, with a young queen hatched the first week in June. The first time the bees came out the queen evidently did not come out, but the second time she did. I can only conclude that the bees had made up their minds it was no use spend- ing their time any longer feeding larva for a few days and then to see it die. Another strange thing happened to a friend of mine — a beginner unfortunately. I hived a swarm he had fetched from' a distance on a Saturday evening. After settling down they all came out again and clustered in front of the hive. He got them into the skep again, and they were all right on the Sunday and Monday morning. I went on the Monday evening to try to get them into his new hive, when to my surprise the lot had gone. We searched around for them, and even- tually found a small cluster about 500 yards away — evidently Avhere the main body had been some time previously, but we could find no further trace of them. I do not know what sort of a season my fellow bee-keepers have had, but my own has been very disappointing. In the early part of the season everything seemed promising, but the poor things have had no chance of doing anything on the clover or the limes ; they could not work more than a day or so at a time. — I J. L. Brierley, Worcester. [It is difficult to say why the bees left the hive. Had we not known our corre- spondent to be a careful bee-keeper, we might have suspected want of food as the cause. The only other reason we can sug- gest is that too large a quantity of the remedy was used for such a small lot. The other case was one of an absconding swarm. Swarms will occasionally come out again and fly away after being in a hive for a day or two, especially if no food is given. To prevent this it is well to give a frame of brood to newly-hived swarms. — Ed.] 320 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 11, 1910. Queries and Replies. [4034.] Feeding and He-queening. — 1. If you wished to have a stock extra strong (say) at the beginning of May, how would you treat its store ? When and how would you feed? Would you give artificial pol- len in spring? 2. Do bees degenerate rapidly? How many seasons would you allow a stock to run without introducing "new blood"? 3. What in your opinion is the best working, hardiest bee? 4. I have seen earwigs in hive. Do they do harm? How can I rid the hive of them? 5. In ordinary cases do seven stan- dard frames filled to brood-chamber suffice for winter store without feeding? 6. What does sainfoin and clover honey sell at per quarter stone? Sainfoin is unknown here. Do you think it would thrive? — MacEwan, Ardrishaig. Reply. — 1. If an abundance of stores, then bruise the cappings round the brood- nest. If food is short, then feed above the frames with a bottle-feeder giving about two holes. 2. Queens should not be allowed to remain more than two years. An exceptionally good one may occasion- ally be allowed a third year, but this is the limit. 3. The British bee is the best. Selection should be carried out in breed- ing. 4. They will /occasionally perforate the cappings of honey in supers, and also they should not be tolerated on account of their excreta. Powdered naphthaline in the rebates will generally check them. 5. There should be about eight frames well filled with stores, i.e., about 30 lb. for winter. 6. Sainfoin and clover honey will fetch from 7d. to 9d. per pound. Sain- foin will only grow where there is a chalk subsoil, and its cultivation is confined principally to the southern counties of England. [4035.] Supers and Selling Honey. — I shall be very glad if you will answer the enclosed in your journal. I am the pos- sessor of seven strong stocks of bees. One stock was queened last year with a pure- blooded Italian, for which I paid 8s. 6d. From this stock have come very large swarms indeed, both last year and this. I fed my bees with candy quite to the end of May this season, and when the supers were put on by an expert he saw every evidence of large stores of honey, as the bees were unusually strong. I filled up the non-swarming hives with shallow frames as well as supers. In all I have had three hives swarm. I took off my supers as follows : twenty-six sections filled and sealed over ; about sixteen partially filled and sealed ; and about twenty-four practically empty; just small patches of honey only. The shallow frames are untouched. I am both surprised and disappointed, as my apiary is well appointed and every- thing in good order, and this being my fifth year of bee-keeping I was hoping for a small return. Can you account for the honey-harvest in my case being such a failure ? A neigh- bour half a mile away or less has taken over 100 lb. of honey from eight hives, but none have swarmed. If I live till next year I shall try shallow frames altogether. Is this advisable? Another point I should like to touch on is the wretched price bee-keepers receive for honey, the highest offer about here from London buyers being 7s. per dozen. Now when you think each fully-filled sec- tion costs one penny, and that barely six coppers is the highest price for a perfectly filled, exquisitely finished section of honey, I say there is something wrong with the sellers that they do not combine to- gether and realise the price gained by the shopkeeper, namely. Is. per section. Why cannot we have a bee-keepers' union, and so prevent the shopkeepers getting the real profit? Lots of cottages in this dis- trict keep bees, but they all protest against the price given for honey, and several have said to me: "What is the good of lectures being given advising bee- keeping when such a poor price is offered for English honey? " — Freda. Reply. — The peculiarity of the season is as you state — in one district very little honey has been stored, while only a few miles away there is an abundance of honey in the supers. We must put it down to the vagaries of our climate. As a rule more honey is obtained by working with shallow frames than sec- tions, as the super is not split up by the dividers, but allows the bees to cluster in a compact mass and so keep up the temperature better. A combination of bee-keepers for selling has been tried and failed, for the reason that the bee-keeper sold all his best produce himself and sent on his inferior to the central depot. Many bee-keepers realise a good price for their honey, sell all they produce, and also buy from other bee-keepers to keep this cus- tomers going. It is a matter of business ability of the individual. Bee=Shows to Come. August 17, at Lancaster. Lancaster Agricul- tural Society, in conjunction with the Lancashire Bee-keepers' Association. Seventeen Classes for Honey and Bee Produce, also for Bee-Hives ; nume- rous specials, including two silver challenge cups, twelve silver and bronze medals, &c. Entries closed. August 17 and 18, at Shrewsbury.— Annual Show of the Shropshire B.K.A., in connection with the Shropshire Horticultural Society's Floral Fete. Ten Open Classes for Honey and Wax. Twelve silver and bronze medals, also cash prizes for same. Aug-. 11, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 321 Free entry for Single Bottle and Single Section. S. Cartwright, Hon. Sec., Shawbury, Shrewsbury. Entries closed. August 20, at Elworth, Sandbach.— In con- nection with the Elworth Athletic Club and Horti- cultural Society's Show. Class for Honey open to the County of Chester, 15s. first, 7s. 6d. second, 5s. third, for 12 Jars Bun or Extracted Honey; also Bronze Medal given by the Cheshire Bee-keepers' Association. Entry fee Is. Schedules from C. Salmon, Hon. Sec, Elworth, Sandbach. Entries close August 13. August 24 and 25, at Leamington.— Annual Show of the Warwicks B.K.A., in connection with the Warwickshire Agricultural Society's Exhibi- tion. Section for Honey, Appliances, &c. Sche- dules from J. Noble-Bower, Knowle. Warwicks. August 27, at Kettering.— In connection with the Wellington-street Working Men's Horticul- tural Society. Class for Honey (open) : One 1-lb. jar of honey, to be sold, proceeds to be given to the Convalescent Home. First prize, 7s. 6d.; second, 4s. Entries free. Schedules from Hon. Sec.,' W. Heritage, 114, King-street. Entries close August 25. August 30, at Cartmel, Lanes. — Bee and Honey Show, in connection with the Cartmel Agri- cultural Society's 38th Annual Show. Open Classes. Schedules from J. N. Parker, Cartmel, near Carn- forth. Entries close August 18. August 31 and September 1, at Carlisle.— Second Annual Show of the Cumberland B.K.A. will be held in connection with Carlisle Horticul- tural Society's Show in the Market, Carlisle, Schedules from G. W. Avery, Heads Nook, Carlisle. Entries close August 20. September 7, at Croydon.— Show of Honey, Wax, and Appliances, in connection with the Croy- don and District B.K.A. Five open classes. Schedules and entry forms ready July 1, from A. Wakerell, 21, Mansfield Eoad, South Croydon. Entries close August 31. September 13, at Conway, N. Wales.— Annual Honey Show, in connection with the Con- way Honey Fair. Open and Local Classes. Sche- dules from J. Hughes. Town Hall, Conway. Entries close September 6. September 2.4 and 15, =.t Cambridge.— Honey Show, in connection with the Cambridge and District Bed Cross Horticultural Society. Four open classes. To be held in the Corn Exchange, Cambridge. Schedules and particulars of Hon. Sec, E. F. Dant, 52, Bridge-street, Cambridge. Entries close September 10. September 17, at Dumfries.— Annual Show of South of Scotland Bee-keepers' Association. Five open classes : Three 1-lb. jars extracted, 20s., 10s., and 5s.; three sections, ditto. (Entry 2s.) 1-lb. jar, also one section, 5s., 3s., and 2s. (Entry free, and exhibits retained unless otherwise agreed upon.) Beeswax, 5s., 3s., and 2s. (Entry 6d.) Fourteen classes for members. Schedules from Q. Aird, Hardgate, Dalbeattie, N.B. Entries close September 10. September 17 to 24, at the Agricultural Hall, London.— Honey Show in connection with the Eighteenth Annual Exhibition and Market of the Grocery and Kindred Trades. Liberal prizes. Open to all British Bee-keepers. Schedules from H. S. Rogers, Secretary, Exhibition Offices, Palmerston House, Old Broad Street, London. E.C. Notices to Correspondents. S. J. F. (Coverack). — Moving Bees. — If the hives are prepared for moving in the way described in "Guide Book," and kept in a cool, dark place, you could safely leave them thus packed for a week. Give the bees plenty of room by placing an eke on the bottom. If you are not able to keep the bees cool and in darkness, it would be difficult to con- fine them for so long without exciting them too much, and, as they could not fly, dysentery would result. E. N. P. (Manchester). — Feeding Bees. — 1. When a swarm is hived it should be fed for about a fortnight. A colony for wintering should be fed till they have about 30 lb. of stores. 2. There is no reason for their having more food. Better re-queen with one reared from the good-tempered lot, but be sure and see that no drones hatch from the vicious lot. 3. That covering honey is pure wax, while that covering brood is a mixture of wax and pollen, and rather brown and mealy-looking. D. M. (Eversley). — Judging Sections. — It was a most reprehensible thing to do, and no judge who understands his work would deal with sections in this man- ner. That sections should be tasted is quite proper ; but it is only necessary to open a cell or two at the side with the "Reid" honey-taster, which is de- signed for this special purpose. J. S. (Midlothian). — Name of Swarm- Yes ; it is generally termed a virgin swarm. Worker (Twyford). — Examinations, &c. — 1. Apply to the secretary of the B.B.K.A., 23, Bedford Street, Strand. 2. Yes; we would strongly advise you to become a member of the B. B.K.A. 3. It is a very bad sample, and made by the old dipping process, and not good even at that. You did quite right in returning. T. H. (Medbourne). — Immature Drones Cast Out. — 1. The bees have given up all idea of swarming, and are casting out the drones in order to save the food they would consume if allowed to hatch. Casting out of brood is also a sign that stores are running short. 2. ICet the skep remain as it is until the honey is sealed over; it will then be ripe and can be used at once. 3. You can clear the skep by using the "Porter" bee-escape, but it will be quicker to drive the bees. We appreciate your kind remarks and good wishes for the Journal. E. B. (Swansea). — Bees Dying. — We can only find one bee showing signs of bowel trouble. The others are quite empty. Try feeding on warm medicated syrup. J. F. A. (Northam). — Damaged Queen- cell. — If it is only a slight indentation no harm will result, providing the cell was not jarred very much. If the dent is a large one and the cell has been jarred, then it will be best to destroy it. Honey Samples. D. C. (Darvel). — An excellent sample, mainly clover. J. C. D. (Wrexham).— No. 1, principally from lime, good in density and flavour, 322 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 11, 1910. rather dull in colour. No. 2 is a medium honey, but is quite spoilt with smoke. J. D. D. (Duires). — Both are splendid samples, and fit to show. No. 2 is slightly better in density. E. S. L. (Northumberland). — An excellent sample; is very light, but has a slight heather flavour. W. H. P. (Carlisle). — 1. Consistency good. 2. Yes. 3. It should be worth 60s. per cwt. R. M. W. B. (Bridge of Allan).— Bottle broken in transit, and all the honey had leaked away. E. K. (Wrexham). — A very nice sample, good in colour, flavour, and density, and is quite fit to show. J. P. (Bolton). — No. 1 is a very good honey, and is fit for show purposes. No. 2 is very unripe, and if bottled in its present condition will certainly fer- ment. WEATHER REPORT. Westbournb, Sussex. Rainfall, 322 in. Above average, '91 in. Heaviest fall, *65 in. on 24th. Rain fell on 15 days. Sunshine, 1579 hours. Below average, 76 hours. Brightest day, 4th, 12 8 hours. Sunless days, 1. Maximum tempera- ture, 70° on 15th. Minimum tempera- ture, 45° on 27th. July, 1910. Minimum on grass, 41° on 13th and 27th. Frosty nights, 0. Mean maximum, 63.4. Mean minimum, 51'8. Mean temperature, 576. Below average, 3*0. Maximum barometer, 30-140 on 13th. Minimum barometer, 29465 on 25th. L. B. BlRKETT. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows : — Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee- keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees, Honey, Queens, and Bee goods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as "Busi- ness " Announcements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive- manufacturers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per J in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES, with young Queen, 5s. 6d.; old Queen, 5s.; Boxes, Is., or return- able. Would exchange for honey ripener or tins without rust— WELBOURN, Cranswick, Bever- ley, c 23 Special Prepaid Advertisements— Continued. NEW LIGHT CLOVER-SAINFOIN HONEY, £3 cwt. Sample 3d— ANDREWS, Longthorpe, Peterborough. c 24 WANTED, 2,000 good light Sections; also good Extracted.— State price to DELL'S, Leigh, Lanes. c 26 BEES WANTED, in exchange for graphophone, 50 records— Offers to DAVID JOHN, Mwyndy Cottage, near Llantrisant. c 27 TEN HIVES, STANDARD FRAMES, BEES, whole season's contents, 7-lb., no room.— T. NEWMAN, Bee Expert, Hazelbury Bryan. c 29 TO SELL IN ONE LOT— Five Simmins's Double Conqueror Latest Pattern Hives, as new, with nine strong healthy Stocks of White Star Bees; Cowan's Geared Extractor, as new; Honey Ripener; " W.B.C." Uncapping Knives; and many spare Brood Frames, 30 Supers. Imme- diate offers, owner going abroad.— B., c/o " Bee Journal " Office. c 31 FINEST EXTRACTED ENGLISH HONEY WANTED, in bulk and 1-lb. screw-cap bottles. Send sample and lowest price. .— FISHER, 106, Brook-green, London, W. c 32. G OOD STOCKS, in 10 Frame Hives, 1910 Queens, £1 each.— COOK, Worlington, Soham. c 33 GRAND STOCK, on 8 Frames, with any amount of natural stores, and 1910 Queen, fit to take to the moors, 22s. 6d— W. KING, 14, Moy-road, Cardiff. c 34 "V^ANTED, Good Sections, also Light Ruh Y Y Honey— R. CARTER, Chartridge, Chesham, Bucks. c 35 D RIVEN BEES.— Wanted, 30-40 lots, early de- livery—ADAM, Hill Crest, Elgin. c 36 WANTED, driven lot Black English Bees, 1910 Queen— Price to D. VARTY, Etwall, Derby. c 37 WANTED, " W.B.C." Hives and healthy Black Bees (or Hives only), carriage paid, in ex- change for No. 3 F.P. Kodak Camera, new condi- tion, cost £3 12s. 6d— HEARD, Orchard Hill, Bide- ford. c 39 ANTED, Sections, first quality. Good price given. Prompt cash— CHILTON, South- TI giveu. irruuipi/ oasn. — down Apiary, Poiegate, Sussex. c 41 FOR SALE, 30 strong, healthy Stocks, in " W.B.C." and other hives, Cowan Extractor, Ripener, quantity Frames, Honey Tins, Founda- tion, &c, purchaser to remove; or exchange. — Par- ticulars, W. WILKES, Castle Foregate, Shrews- bury, c 18 FOR CASH, or exchange for Honey, 1 Wells, complete, 12s.; 1 "W.B.C." Heather Hive, 6s.; 1 Taylor's Non-swarming "W.B.C," 6s.; 1 "W.B.C," 6s.; 1 Leary Hive, 12s., takes two stocks; several Cottager Hives, take ten frames, 4s. each; 12 Simmins' 16-frame Hives, zinc-covered roofs, 10s. each.— J. GRATTAN, Expert, 54, Her- bert-road, Plumstead. c 13 FOUR NEW WELL-MADE "W.B.C." HIVES, painted white, 14s., or exchange for Driven Bees; also 12 good Skeps, 9d.— Particulars, T. ATKINS, Lei re, Lutterworth. c 9 FOR SALE, 4 strong Stocks, in bar-frame hives, guaranteed healthy, 25s. each.— SHAW, Bore- ham Wood, Herts. HOMES OF THE HONEY BEE."— Electros of Apiaries, for printing on picture post- cards or for advertising purposes, 2s. 6d., post free. —Apply to MANAGER, B.B.J., 23, Bedford-street, W.C Aug. 18,1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 323 Editorial, Notices, &c. REVIEW. Diseases of Bees. By Walter Maiden, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.P., of the Patho- logical Laboratory, Cambridge Univer- sity. This is a reprint from the Journal of Economic Biology, and is a summary and review of the recent investigations into diseases of bees. Dr. Maiden divides these into two groups — (1) those affecting the larvse and (2) those affecting the adult bees. In the first group he places foul brood of both forms known to us, and other diseases such as chilled brood, pickle brood, and black brood are casually alluded to. In the second division we have malignant dysentery, . simple dysen- tery, May sickness, paralysis, and " Isle of Wight disease." As Dr. Maiden has been specially at work on the investigation of this last disease, it is natural that he should deal fully with it. He tells us it is impossible to say how the complaint originated, but it has been noticed that it is most prevalent and spreads most rapidly in the early summer months, but no time of the year is exempt, many stocks perishing during the winter. In this disease only the adult bees are affected, the larvae and young bees re- main healthy, and drones rarely take the complaint. In nearly every case in which accurate observations have been made it has been found that the disease was intro- duced into a healthy hive by foragers who had entered infected hives for the purpose of robbing. After describing the organism which Dr. Maiden has found associated with the disease, and which he has named Bacillus pestiformis apis, he says that during the last two years it has spread to the mainland, and has been noticed in Hants, Sussex, Surrey, Dorset, Berks, Bucks, Herts, and Essex ; but there is some satisfaction m knowing that it does not appear to be quite so virulent as it was in the Isle of Wight, where every stock which existed before the outbreak had perished. Unfortunately, so far no means have been found to check the spread of the disease, and the only treat invent recommended is to destroy the stock as soon as it is proved to be infected. It is also satisfactory to learn that the in- fection does not appear to remain long after the bees are dead, and some cases have been recorded in which a swarm was allowed to take possession of a hive soon after the stock previously inhabiting it had died of the disease, without the bees being affected. Dr. Maiden says that since the disease has already spread not only to the counties which are near the Isle of Wight, but also to those more inland, there is little doubt that it will spread still further, and recommends that a care- ful watch be kept for the first appearance of the disease in an apiary, and \o promptly destroy any stock which shows signs of infection. By this means alone will it be possible to prevent the disease from spreading to all parts of the country. DEVON B.K.A. ANNUAL SHOW. The Devon Bee-keepers' Association held their twelfth annual exhibition of honey, &c, at Tiverton, on July 28, in conjunction with the Tiverton Agricul- tural Society. The exhibits were of splendid quality, but owing to the adverse weather the honey-flow has not been good. This was noticeable in the comb honey, a prize of one guinea for the two best sections only attracting two entries. In the class for confectionery were nine entries, all worthy of a prize, one of which was an excellent exhibit of honey toffee. During the afternoon Dr. Phill- potts and the hon. sec. gave a demonstra- tion of honey-extracting, the rain pre- venting demonstrations being given in the bee-tent. Dr. Phillpotts and E. E. Scholefield, Esq., judged the exhibits, and made the following awards : Best Six 1-lb. Sections. — 1st, W. E. Brooking, Marlborough, Kingsbridge; 2nd, W. F. Trineman, Saltash ; 3rd, J. Salt, Saltash. Shallow Frames. — 1st, R. W. Furse, Woodbury; 2nd, G. Liverton, Cadeleigh. Best Single Section. — 1st, W. E. Brook- ing; 2nd, Miss Burr, Ebford, Topsham; 3rd, G. Liverton. Six 1-lb. Bottles Light Honey. — 1st, J. Salt; 2nd, W. F. Trineman; 3rd, J. Trineman, Lostwithiel ; h.c, H. Patey, Chillington. Six 1-lb. Bottles Medium-coloured Honey. — 1st, C. Squire, Mortehoe; 2nd, W. F. Trineman. Six 1-lb. Bottles Dark Honey. — 1st, R. W. Furse. Six 1-lb. Bottles Granulated Honey. — 1st, C. Squire; 2nd, R. W. Furse. Wax. — 1st, J. Trineman; 2nd, U. Squire. Observatory-hive. — 1st, C. Low, Tiver- ton; 2nd, R. W. Furse. Mead. — 1st, W. Tucker, Bickington ; 2nd, C. Lowe. Natural History. — 1st, R. W. Furse. Confectionery. — 1st, Miss Richards, Knightleys, Exeter; 2nd, G. W. Thorns, Ebford, Topsham; 3rd, Mrs. Thorns. The silver medal was awarded to R. W. Furse, 13 points ; the bronze medal to C. Squire, 8 points : the certificate to W. F. Trineman. 6 points.— R. W. Furse, Hon. Sec. 324 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 18, 1910. LEICESTERSHIRE AND RUTLAND B.K.A. ANNUAL SHOW. At the annual show held in con- nection with the Abbey Park Flower Show, at Leicester, on August 2 and 3, the attendance exceeded 32,000. The honey on view was of excel- lent quality, and the number of en- tries was about up to the average. The bees to be seen at work in the observatory- hives were very interesting, as evidenced by the large number of visitors who con- stantly thronged around the exhibits. This class was well represented, and its usefulness cannot be over-estimated when the instruction gained of the habits of the honey-bee are taken into consideration. The displays of honey on the centre table were . also very attractive, and called for special mention. The light classes were well filled, and the general quality of the honey was excellent. Sections and comb honey were not numerous, but some nice specimens were staged. Mr. Brown, Somersham, Hunts, and Mr. W. W. Falkner, Market Harborough, officiated as judges. Lectures and practical demon- strations in bee-keeping were given at intervals in a special tent adjoining. These, as in years past, proved very at- tractive, and have been the means in many instances of inducing people to take up bee-keeping (if only as a hobby), thus benefiting the fruit-growing industry to a very large extent, by the action of natural fertilisation of the blossoms by the bees. Observatory-hive of Bees. — 1st, W. H. Fountain, Leicester; 2nd, J. Garratt, Willoughby Waterless; 3rd, S. Clark, Old Humberstone; 4th, W. H. Woods, Ayle- stone. Best Twelve Sections of Comb Honey. — 1st, J. Veasey, Wilbarston ; 2nd, J. Fewkes, Frisby-on-the-Wreake ; 3rd, Miss B. Dixon, Swithland. Best Twelve Bottles of Light-coloured Honey (open to North Leicestershire). — 1st, W. B. Tallent, Diseworth ; 2nd, F. H. Hubbard, Leicester; 3rd, J. Fewkes; 4th, Mrs. Gilbert, Seagrave. Best Twelve Bottles of Light-coloured Honey (open to South Leicestershire). — 1st, J. Water field, Kibworth ; 2nd, J. Kenney, Cosby; 3rd, H. Bradbury, Kirby Muxloe; 4th, G. Geary, Ratby. Best Twelve Bottles of Dark-coloured Honey. — 1st, J. Veasey ; 2nd, E. Varty, Diseworth; 3rd, A. E. Biggs, Cropstone. Best Three Shallow Frames of Comb Honey. 1st, F. H. Hubbard; 2nd, J. Waterfield; 3rd, A. E. Biggs. Best Twelve Bottles of Granulated Honey.— 2nd, S. Clark. Display of Honey. — 1st, J. Waterfield; 2nd, F. H. Hubbard. Best Six Sections of Comb Honey (novices). — 1st, J. Hunt, Botcheston ; 2nd,. H. Burditt, Desborough; h.c, Mrs. J. Garratt. Best Six Bottles of Light Honey (novices). — 1st, T. H. Wright, Coleorton; 2nd, W. Ward, Seagrave; 3rd, J. Hunt. Honey Beverage. — 1st, T. H. Geary,. Enderby; 2nd, S. Clark. Beeswax. — 1st, E. Varty; 2nd, S.. Clark. AMONG THE BEES. MAKING SPORT FOE THE PHILISTINES. By D. M. Macdonald, Banff. " A bee-keeper in Canada opposed to foul-brood legislation would be a curiosity. I know none." This was written the other day by one of the most prominent bee-keepers on the other side. In the States I cannot call to mind one single voice raised against legislation. Australian and New Zealand bee-keepers cry for legislative suppression ; no bee- keeper opposes it. On the Continent op- ponents are unknown. In Ireland the same tale holds good. I have never yet heard a Scottish bee-keeper express one antagonistic word. How, then, does it happen that a few prominent Englishmen clamorously object to steps being taken to secure an Act for the suppres- sion of bee-diseases. My opinion is that it arises from pure prejudice alone. This I will say : I have never yet, amid the mass of opposition verbiage written against legislation, found one single argu- ment worth a moment's consideration or the waste of printer's ink to confute its fallacy. If, in every other country in the world where it has been tried, legislation has been found beneficial, why should it fail to produce good fruit in England? The calmly dispassionate and sensibly reasoned arguments of the late Mr. Harris, reproduced on page 226, are irre- futable, and should be taken to heart by all opponents of legislation, whose so- called arguments are so much sport for the Philistines. .In Ideal Location. — I am more than ever convinced that location has a very great deal to do with success — more in- deed than is frequently accorded it. In the mind's eye I call up a nice, cosy, sheltered nook, well protected, especially from the north and east winds. The dis- trict is rich in early pollen sources, and there is an abundance of fruit bloom. At the very door of the hives almost is a vast stretch of white clover fields, all one mass of bloom, coloured one shade, as if it were a garden bed. Every blink of sun- shine, in even the broken bee-weather we have been experiencing all summer long, is eagerly seized upon by the bees, and honey rolls in until the rainfall compels the diligent workers to desist temporarily. Aug. 18,1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 325 Thus it goes on day after day, with an income keeping breeding well forward, yielding ample food supplies for the adults, and allowing a fair percentage for comb-building. When a good day comes, every grain of nectar is stored aloft, because the brood combs are full of eggs, larva?, and honey. With the close of July came the limes, some thousands of which were in full bloom within a radius of a quarter to half a mile. Even on showery days these flowers, with their pendant blossoms, yield abundantly, allowing comfortable foraging even during the fall of fairly heavy rain, while their nearness to the hives costs very little in the way of bee wear and tear. In these glorious days of August the heather is within working reach of this apiary, and the hills and moors are one rich expanse of purple bloom. Verily the location is an ideal one. Avoid Drone-comb. — This can in general be done in one of two ways. Give full sheets of foundation when hiving a swarm, or alternatively contract the number of frames to, say, six or seven. Last season was a poor one, so swarms took a long time to build out the full comple- ment of frames, and their appearance now provides an interesting object-lesson. Practically, the first ten days bees build only worker-cells from either starters or half-sheets, during the second period of ten days they build a fair percentage of drone-comb, and during a third ten-day period this may increase to almost half and half. It follows therefore that an endeavour should be made to secure the completion of all combs being built from starters in the first ten days. If the flow is broken, intermittent, or a poor one, it pays to feed in order to accom- plish this laudable purpose. When the comb-building drags on for a month or more, almost inevitably far too many drone-cells are constructed. Examining lately some last year's swarms forwarded then on half-sheets of foundation, it was discovered that while almost every cell in the upper half of the comb was worker size, the entire lower half consisted of pure drone-comb. Immediately after leaving the impressed base, the workers at once broke into transition cells, and then constructed large ones. It formed an unsightly comb, and — what is worse — it must prove a nuisance for all time by causing a very large and unnecessary rearing of useless consumers instead of remunerative worker-bees. Colour of TT'o.r. — I was once an in- terested listener at a show where a local bee-keeper, evidently of some standing amongst his fellows, was expounding to his auditors his ideas about the best colour for wax in general, and show-wax in particular. Apparently he had adopted a favourite shade of yellow as the one and only tint worthy of any considera- tion. It should be known that speci- mens of wax from different parts of the^ country will vary very considerably in hue and odour at least, if not in several other points. Thus a wax obtained from (a) fruit bloom, (b) pure clover flowers, and (c) heather will not only differ in colour but also in aroma. Then, most un- doubtedly, the species of pollen being gathered at the time the comb was under construction will affect the wax-cake. The vessel in which the comb is rendered, the water used in melting, and the amount of heat and length of time taken to carry out the process will all tell in producing different shades. In some cases the aroma is evaporated, while in others the texture of the cake is impaired. All of these points have to receive due consideration in determining the relative value of two or more cakes of wax side by side. While colour is the chief determining asset, a high or fancy colour would at once raise suspicion, and possibly kick the beam down on the wrong side as far as that speci- men was concerned. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one tide of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be draion on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. FOUL-BROOD LEGISLATION. [7884.] In '-Notes by the Way" (7874, page 305) Mr. Woodley writes mainly on foul-brood legislation, and one of his questions I desire to answer; the others are sufficiently noticed by the Editor in his foot-note. Mr. Woodley says: "If Mr. Avery can reduce the disease to the small dimensions of 5 per cent, by county B.K.A. work, why worry for an Act?" In reply to this, I must again repeat that if all counties would do as Cumber- land has done there would be small need for legislation. The pity is that they won't do it voluntarily, and it seems to me futile to keep pushing forward this little "if" as an argument against legis- lation. "If" all mankind would go for- ward on the difficult path of duty towards their neighbours and themselves there would be no need of the whip of the law to guide them. The fact that we have so reduced the disease in one county is an argument not against legislation, but in its favour, for it shows that it can be overcome, and as several counties are working hard to stamp it out, we claim 326 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 18, 1910. to have earned the right to seek for pro- tection and aid in controlling a filthy dis- ease which perhaps our neighbours are helping, not always in ignorance, to per- petuate. I have also to say here that this reduction in the cases of disease has been brought about by the work of ex- perts— men who are members of that honourable profession which is sometimes held up to unjust ridicule by certain writers in the B.B.J, and elsewhere. They are the persons who would become inspectors, and whose labours, I am well convinced, would not tend to " restrict the utility of the honey-bee in the economy of Nature." They would be welcome in the county where the above reduction of diseases has been accomplished. Will Mr. Woodley aid the efforts being made to stamp out foul brood by using his power to wield the pen in setting forth in the B.B.J, and elsewhere the desirability of voluntary action, backed up by a true picture of the ability of experts to cope with the bee-man's arch- enemy, and to advise the afflicted to seek their aid? This would be one step forward towards inducing some other counties to reduce the disease. The last paragraph in "Notes" is an indictment of a Foul-Bropd Bill, because the effect which Mr. Woodley predicts its adoption will have on bee-keeping is happening now. How can a prospective Foul Brood Bill be blamed for the present decay of the industry? Would it not rather put new life and vigour into the craft now dying out in districts where no organised effort is made to deliver it from the curse of foul brood? Wake up, bee-keepers and show that we are ready to accept the aid of the law without which it is impossible to stamp out foul brood. — G. W. Aatery, Heads Nook. SWARM VAGARIES. [7885.] On reading the B.B.J, of July 28 I saw a report of the singular behaviour of a swarm. Perhaps it would interest the readers of the B.B.J, to learn of the sin- gular behaviour of a swarm I had to deal with. I have a colony of six hives, and the swarm I refer to came over in the garden and swarmed in the potatoes — of course, a very easy matter to hive. Well, I got the skep and placed over them, and they all went up. About two hours after I went to see if they were all right. I found they had all gone. Upon search- ing the garden I found them clus- tered on a plum tree ; so I got the skep again, shook them in, letting them stay in it till evening, and then hived them, and they went up well. Next morn- ing I was close to the hive. Out thev came again, so I watched them, and finally, being about ten minutes in the air, they settled on an apple tree; so 1 got the skep, shook them in, after well spraying them with syringe before doing so, and hived them again. 1 stood looking at them a few minutes to see if they were all right, and everything seemed well, but I had not gone from the hive more than half an hour before they came out again and swarmed on a currant tree. I went through the same performance as before. This time I got a frame of brood and honey out of another hive. They have now remained, and appear to be going on all right. I gave them five frames of foundation — one with the brood — and upon looking under the quilts I see they cover four frames — not a very big lot, but before they came into my garden I hear they had swarmed in a neighbour's on some potatoes about 200 yards away. I should be glad to have some explanation as to their be- haviour. Trusting I have not encroached on too much valuable space in your paper. — J. H., Seaford. [As stated before, it is often difficult to say why bees behave in a certain peculiar manner. Want of ventilation or a young queen might be the cause. Casts very often behave in this manner, having a virgin queen with them. You did the right thing in putting in a frame of brood; this is generally effectual. — Ed.] L1MNANTHES DOUGLAS1I FOR BEES. [7886.] Limnanthes Douglasii (7880, page 317), I consider is valuable for bees, for under suitable weather influences it secretes an abundance of nectar, as any- one may see with the naked eye. If Mr. Burbridge on a suitable day will take up a flower he may see at the base of each petal in the corolla every nectary over- flowing. On a patch of two square yards I have seen forty or fifty bees at a time busy rifling the flowers of their contents, and this is a very large number for the area, as I do not think one would ever find so many on the same area in a clover field. That a good patch in early spring is helpful to the bees is to my mind without doubt, but of course if the whole garden were full of it, it would be of no avail for surplus, and I am very much afraid — although I have not proved it — that it would be unsuitable for a section or sur- plus comb. I can only surmise that in Mr. Bur- bridge's case and in that of his lady friend there is abundant supply in some other flower growing at the same time, for I have observed that bees will ignore the flowers in one's garden for any better source. Aug. 18,1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 32" I would mention fhat seed of L. Douglasii should be sown in the autumn to be available for bees in early spring, as evi- dently Mr. Burbridge's was, to be in bloom in April. — Geo. Hayes, Beeston, Notts. [7887.] My experience has been exactly the opposite to that of your correspondent (7880, page 317). About two years ago I paid a visit to Cardiff, and in the garden of a friend there was a bed com- posed of nothing else but Limnanthes, covered with bloom, and a bee in almost every flower. He sent me some seeds, which I planted in the spring of 1909. These flowered late in the summer, and in the autumn a fine crop sprang up from the seeds which fell. The plants stood the winter well, and this spring I had a border 30 yds. long by 1 ft. wide, covered with bloom, and on fine warm days there were scarcely enough blooms for the number of bees which flocked to them. They bloomed from the beginning of May until the beginning of July. This year I have removed the old plants, dug and manured the ground and replanted the seeds, and I hope to have a good show of bloom again next year. I am not sure, but I think the bees obtain more nectar than pollen from the flower — they cer- tainly get something, or they would not work it as they do. — J. L. Brierley, Worcester. DEAD BEES UNDER LIME-TREE. [7888.] I remember seeing an account in the B.B. J., some time ago, of bees being dead under white lime-trees, but 1 can- not come across it now. On July 31 and on August 1 under any lime-tree about here there were dozens of dead and dying humble bees, but no hive-bees, nor have I noticed any dead since that date, although there is a constant hum in the trees from bees of some description, appa- rently some of them being humble bees. This seems to be evidence that the plant theory of the "Isle of Wight" bee- disease (7852, page 265) possibly may be correct, for if there are trees that cause such calamity amongst bees of any de- scription, is it not probable that some vegetation is responsible for the " Isle of Wight" disease? — A. Harrison, Mason- gill, Kirkby Lonsdale. EFFECTS OF STINGS. [7889.] On page 317 of the B.B.J. " A. F. L." writes that a bee-sting " power- fully influences the motor centre." Does that mean the sense of movement ? In June, 1909, I had a sting in the cheek, the swelling went clown in three to four days. Six days after the sting I suddenly lost control of motion, and was quite unable to walk for four weeks. Since then I have got gradually better and can now walk about three miles an hour. The doctors have been quite un- able to find a cause for my weakness ; could it be due to the bee-sting? — Edwin J. Walker. HONEY IMPORTS. The value of honey imported into the United Kingdom during the month of July, 1910, was £5,704. — From a re- turn furnished to the British Bee Journal by the Statistical Office, H.M. Customs. Queries and Replies. [4036.] Bee Nomenclature. — Will you be good enough to name the species of the bee enclosed, informing me what is the average size of its colony, whether it is capable of domestica- tion, and, if so, whether this is worth while and how performed ? I would like also to know as much of its habits, honey- gathering powers, hibernating methods, comb architecture, metamorphoses, 4c, as you can find space for. The nest is in a shed, under a heavy stone slab, with an exit tunnelled under the earth for a dis- stance of about half a yard. On raising the slab there is disclosed a compact cellu- lar formation of a material thicker and much darker than ordinary beeswax, cir- cular in shape, about 10 in. in diameter, the cells larger than ordinary drone-cells, all apparently vertical and on a level with the ground beneath the slab. What has become of the displaced earth? Does this species sting ; if so, readily or otherwise ? — Harold Reader, Didsbury. Reply. — The bee sent is Bombus pra- torum, one of the sixteen species of humble-bee that inhabit Britain. Like the social wasps, the humble-bees live in . colonies only in summer ; in autumn the colony perishes, and the young queens hibernate solitarily in the ground or in moss. In spring the queen establishes her home in a deserted mouse's nest, and here she rears a brood of workers numbering from about fifty to 300, according to the species and circumstances. The drones and queens are produced after- wards. The workers take about three weeks to develop from the time that the egg is laid, passing through the stages of larva and pupa like the honey-bee, but the eggs are laid in specially-constructed cells of soft wax, each cell containing about four to ten eggs. The larvse are fed by the queen and workers with honey mixed with pollen through holes made temporarily in the wax covering; as they grow wax is added, and so they are kept 328 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 18, 1910. covered. When the larvee are full fed each one spins an oval cocoon of pale yel- low, tough, papery silk for itself, and the bees clear away the wax. The queens and drones develop in the same way, but the queen-larvse receive a larger amount of food. A little honey is stored each day in the cocoons from which the bees have emerged, and also in cells constructed of a soft, dark-coloured wax, but most of it is consumed during the night. B. pra- iorum is common throughout the country, and is a particularly hardy species, the first workers appearing about the middle of May — earlier than those of any other species. Your nest is evidently a thriv- ing one and at about the height of pros- perity. The earth was displaced by the mouse that made the nest. The workers and queens of the humble-bees can inflict a painful sting. When the nest is opened they will lie on their backs with their legs outstretched ready to seize and sting the intruder, but only one of the British species (B. terrestris) will readily fly to attack. The colony can be transferred to a box, and its working watched through a glass lid. [4037.] Keeping Queens. — Would you kindly tell me how I can keep fertile queens when received by post until wanted, without making nuclei? Having foul brood, I wish to try de-queening and keeping stocks without queen for three weeks. I have ordered four queens and should like to make sure of one before trying the other three. Would it do to cage each queen separately on a comb in a stock? I should have thought it would have been safe to keep them in the travelling-cage, but a dealer told me a short time ago, after having a queen from him, that she might not live more than two days in the cage, and ought to be in- troduced at once. This is a terrible dis- trict for foul brood ; every bee-keeper that I have met has it. I am trying several means of getting rid of it. The first stock which had it I cured by the McEvoy treatment in the middle of June, but this stock has not, of course, given me an ounce of honey, and what is there to pre- vent it again contracting the disease before winter? Can you tell me where I can obtain the seed of Melilotus alba at a reasonable price? Messrs. Sutton and Sons quoted me 2s. 6d. per lb., which I think exorbitant — much too expensive to use on a large scale. — B. B., Ramsgate. Reply.— You can keep the queens if you make a nursery frame, and keep this in a strong colony. It is better to keep them in nuclei, which can then be united to the colony you wish to re-queen. Why not order the queens to arrive at the time you wish to introduce them? Any dealer will undertake to do this. [4038.] Storifxjing for Surplus. — I had one colony particularly strong in the early spring on ten frames, to which, when these were filled with brood, I gave another ten standard frames for breeding. Later I gave them a shallow super, and the queen went through the excluder to the third story and laid eggs there. After half filling the top shallow super with eggs, she apparently did not go up again, and when I examined the second story last week I found there only a little- hatching brood in the centre, while all the rest was stored with honey. It occurred to me, seeing that excluder-zinc must be, to a certain extent at any rate, a honey- excluder, whether it would not be a good plan to allow the queen free access to the shallow supers above, continually giving room above in advance of requirements, trusting that she would go down lower and lower as the season advanced, while the enormous population would fill in be- hind her as the young bees hatched out. I was thinking of trying this next year with one or two lots, using only shallow supers fitted with worker-comb ; but before doing so I should like to know what objec- tions, if any, there are to the plan. I may say that, while my other stocks on ten frames will probably complete about one shallow super and a half each, the stock in question has filled a standard body-box, a shallow super, and will pos- sibly do a little more. — F. V. W., Glos. Reply. — The plan you propose is some- what similar to that recommended on page 62 of "Guide Book." In this way we have worked three, and even four, standard frame-hives one upon the top of the other. Where extracted honey is re- quired, and one is not particular as to its. appearance, it answers admirably, and certainly it produces a much larger yield. The objection, however, is the breeding in combs used for storing surplus, as the honey is likely to be clouded and more or less contaminated by the impurities left in the cells. The best quality of honey can only be obtained from pure combs that have not contained brood. [4039.] Bees Dead in Hive — Transfer- ring from Sleep to Frame-hive. — 1. On opening one of my hives I found about twenty dead bees on the top of the quilts, and on looking down at the sides and back of brood-chamber saw the floor-space was strewn with dead bees. I am enclosing four of the latter, and shall be glad if you can give me a reason for this dying off. The stock appears to be working well and is strong, filling frames and two racks of sections. I might add that on examining quilts I found one small wax-moth grub only. 2. A few weeks ago I had a swarm from another stock which I put in a skep until a hive Aug. 18,1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 329 came from the county expert. On re- ceiving the hive I put the skep on top of brood-frames as recommended by the maker, but, although the bees go out of the hive entrance, they still keep in the skep. I put two frames from another hive in as an inducement when the skep was put on. I shall be glad if you will also tell me what I had better do in the circumstances. — E. B. Reply. — 1. The cause of death is starva- tion. Either you were not careful enough in putting on quilts, or else the supers do not fit properly, leaving a small hole somewhere at which the bees get out one at a time ; not being able to find their way back on account of the opening being so small, they have perished. 2. You can hardly expect a swarm to fill a skep and also work down on to brood-frames in such an unfavourable season as this. That method is given for dealing with established stocks in skeps in the early spring. You should have taken out what little comb the bees had built in skep and hived them into frame-hive in the usual manner from the front. You nad better put the skep on a floor-board and allow it to stand until the spring, when it can be worked down. [4040.] Apparently Healthy Brood Dead in Cells. — I should be very glad if you could diagnose complaint in enclosed specimen of brood-comb. Several of my hives, while having large areas of healthy brood, have patches where the bees are as in enclosed specimen. One hive in this condition lost its queen, but it was suc- cessfully re-queened. The new brood, however, shows the same tendency. The hives are clean — most of them new — and they have been well protected. They have, however, suffered from wax-moth, and some bees have been lost through the grub working through the comb and dis- turbing the insects while in the transition state. Still, this will not account for the patches of dead bees which are to be found in the hives. A reply in the B.B.J. will be esteemed a great favour, and a suggested remedy would be eagerly tried. I might add that the season has been a very bad one here, although the district is one of the most prolific in honey-bear- ing flowers in England. Thousands of acres of plants are grown for seeds, yet, in spite of this fact, with eleven stocks I have not secured 50 lb. of honey. Do you think that the disease is the cause? I am inclined to blame the stocks rather than the season. — Essex, C'bggeshall. Reply. — This is a peculiarity sometimes found in hives, and may be from one of two causes. We have very often found it after a severe thunderstorm, or it may be caused through naphthaline being used a little too freely in the hive. The bees are not dead, as you suppose, and although never sealed they emerge from the cells all right at the proper time. No doubt it is the adverse season and not the bees that accounts for your non-success. [4041.] Infected Com Is.— 1. Will you please tell me through the B.B.J, what is the matter with comb sent? If diseased, what would you advise me to do? 2. Can combs and empty sections from a hive affected with" sour brood be used on a healthy stock without being affected? Hoping you will try to give me an early reply in your valuable paper. — M. A. S., Pontypool. Reply. — 1. The comb contains sour brood, with a very slight trace of foul brood. Treat as per instructions given in "Guide Book." 2. It is unwise to put supers that have been on diseased stocks on healthy ones without first disinfecting them. This can be done with formalin. Bee=Shows to Come. August 20, at Elworth, Sandbach.— In con- nection with the Elworth Athletic Club and Horti- cultural Society's Show. Class for Honey open to the County of Chester, 15s. first, 7s. 6d. second, 5s. third, for 12 Jars Run or Extracted Honey; also Bronze Medal given by the Cheshire Bee-keepers' Association. Entries closed. August 24 and 25, at Leamington.— Annual Show of the Warwicks B.K.A., in connection with the Warwickshire Agricultural Society's Exhibi- tion. Section for Honey, Appliances, &c. Sche- dules from J. Noble-Bower, Knowle, Warwicks. August 27, at Kettering.— In connection with the Wellington-street Working Men's Horticul- tural Society. Class for Honey (open) : One 1-lb. jar of honey, to be sold, proceeds to be given to the Convalescent Home. First prize, 7s. 6d.; second, 4s. Entries free. Schedules from Hon. Sec.,' W. Heritage, 114, King-street. Entries close August 25. August 30, at Cartmel, Lanes. — Bee and Honey Show, in connection with the Cartmel Agri- cultural Society's 38th Annual Show. Open Classes. Schedules from J. N. Parker, Cartmel, near Cam- forth. Entries close August 18. August 31 and September 1, at Carlisle.— Second Annual Show of the Cumberland B.K.A. will be held in connection with Carlisle Horticul- tural Society's Show in the Market, Carlisle, Schedules from G. W. Avery, Heads Nook, Carlisle. Entries close August 20. August 31, at Chester.— Annual Show of C.B.K.A., in conjunction with Cheshire Agricultu- ral Society. Liberal prizes for Hives, Bottles, and Sections. Schedules from Mr. T. A. Beckett, St. Werburgh's-chambers, Chester. Entries close August 22. September 7, at Croydon.— Show of Honey, Wax, and Appliances, in connection with the Croy- don and District B.K.A. Five open classes. Schedules and entry forms ready July 1, from A. Wakerell, 21, Mansfield Road, South Croydon. Entries close August 31. September 13, at Conway, N. Wales.— Annual Honey Show, in connection with the Con- way Honey Fair. Open and Local Classes. Sche- dules from J. Hughes. Town Hall, Conway. Entries close September 6. September 14 and 15, at Cambridge.— Honey Show, in connection with the Cambridge and District Red Cross Horticultural Society. Four open classes. To be held in the Corn Exchange, Cambridge. Schedules and particulars of Hon. Sec, E. F. Dant, 52, Bridge-street, Cambridge. Entries close September 10. 330 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 18, 1910. September 17, at Dumfries.— Annual Show of South of Scotland Bee-keepers' Association. Five open classes : Three 1-lb. jars extracted, 20s., 10s., and 5s.; three sections, ditto. (Entry 2s.) 1-lb. jar, also one section, 5s., 3s., and 2s. (Entry free, and exhibits retained unless otherwise agreed upon.) Beeswax, 5s., 3s., and 2s. (Entry 6d.) Fourteen classes for members. Schedules from Q. Aird, Hardgate, Dalbeattie, N.B. Entries close September 10. September 17 to 24, at the Agricultural Hall, London.— Honey Show in connection with the Eighteenth Annual Exhibition and Market of the Grocery and Kindred Trades. Liberal prizes. Open to all British Bee-keepers. Schedules from H. S. Rogers, Secretary, Exhibition Offices, Palmerston House, Old Broad Street, London, E.C. Notices to Correspondents. *£* Notice.- — George Kennedy, bee- keeper, of Odell, Beds, wishes to call the attention of bee-keepers and others to the fact that he is in no way connected with the person of same name charged with forgery at the North Lodon police-court, and referred to in several newspapers. Bee-keeper (Sussex). — Age of Queen. — We should say it is a 1909 queen. Quinton (Bearwood). — Bee Cast Out. — 1. The bee you send is a drone, and it is evident that the bees are now casting out their drones, as the season is prac- tically at an end. 2. If your bees have not worked in sections the colony was evidently not strong enough. You can take off the sections and feed your bees, so that they can build out the remain- ing frames. S. P. S. (Rochford).— Paras ite on Fly.— The parasite you send is called Chelifer canevoides, which is often found hang- ing on to the legs of flies and tipuloz. It belongs to the order of Arachnida, allied to the spiders, scorpions, mites, &c. They are occassionally found on bees, but as their food consists of mites and other small insect-like animals they do not inflict damage on bees, but may cause them annoyance. The creature has eight legs, besides a pair of crab- like claws. W. J. (Neath). — Keeping Fertile Queen in Travelling Cage. — Some two to three weeks, or even longer, if properly pro- vided for. An Old Reader (South Devon). — Syrup from Last Year.— If the syrup has been kept in properly-corked bottles and is in good condition you can certainly give it safely to the bees. E. B. (Birmingham). — Bees Dying in Hive. — 1. You had better examine the hive and see if there are sufficient stores and proper ventilation, and, should the bees require it, give them syrup. 2. You must not expect a swarm of this year to go down into frame-hive, for it is as much as they could do to fill the skep without going down. J. H. T. (Cornwall).— Utilising Con- demned Bees. — 1. You will have to drive the bees from the skeps into an empty skep. 2. Three or four lots can be united, and the bees would settle which queen they would prefer, or you can remove all but one, as the bees are driven. You would have to give them 20 lb. to 30 lb. of syrup, recipes for which you will find in " Guide Book," page 197. 4. As soon as possible now. A Beginner (London). — Beginning with Driven Bees. — 1. If you have drawn-out frames it would be an advantage if you hived the driven bees on them, but, failing these, give foundation. 2. Yes, the bees would draw them out if fed liberally (see page 152 of " Guide Book"). J. R. (Rockcliffe). — Hives near High, Boad. — 1. There is no regulation as to how far bees should be kept from a high road, but the bee-keeper would be responsible for any damage caused by their too near proximity to it. 2. You can insure against damage arising from injury done by bees. The insurance is Id. per hive, with a minimum premium of 9d. Apply for printed particulars to Mr. W. Herrod, Secretary B.B.K.A., 23, Bedford Street, Strand, London. E. E. H. (Chadwell Heath) .—Name of Plant. — Teucrium scorodonia or wood sage. L. H. B. (Beeston).— Dead Queen.— The queen is quite dried up, but appears to be an old one, and was probably a fer- tile one. G. W. K. (Odell).— Name of Plant.— Senecio Jacobcca or ragwort. W. D. G. (Briton Ferry). — Queen is an old fertile one. Honey-bee (Ayrshire). — You should send a piece of comb containing the brood. The larva was too dry and shrivelled for us to be able to say anything about it. Westaway (Whitchurch). — Getting Bees into Supers. — The honey season is now over ; therefore the bees will not gather surplus. The stocks were evidently so weak in the spring that they did not gain strength enough to go into supers. A Bee (Watling Street). — Dead Queen. — The queen is an immature pure Italian. F. H. (Wilts).— Value of Books.— John Keys, "The Ancient Bee-master," 1796, 2s. 6d. ; R. Huish, "A Treatise on Bees," 1817, 3s. ; Thomas Nutt, "Humanity to Honey-bees," 1845, 2s. J. E. ( Forest -Fach). — Protective Label. — Many associations do provide their members with labels to go over the screw caps so that if they are broken it shows that the jars have been tam- pered with. There would be no objec- tion to the labels being more substan- tial, except the difficulty of getting them to adhere properly. Uneca (Maldon). — Two Queens in Hive. — Aug-. 18,1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 331 1. It is quite possible to keep two queens in a hive under certain condi- tions. The excluder should extend to the floor and beyond entrance so as to divide this in two. 2. Certainly, if given in quantity, such syrup would be stored in the sections. We therefore do not approve of or recommend such feeders being used. 3. During an abundant flow of nectar a strong stock of bees sometimes gets rid of foul brood without the help of the bee-keeper. H. G. B. (Frome). — Obtaining Certifi- cates.— 1. If you will write to the secretary of the B.B.K.A., Mr. W. Herrod, 23, Bedford Street, Strand, London, he will send you full printed particulars of the requirements for passing examinations for certificates. 2. The possession of a certificate is of commercial value, seeing that experts appointed by associations and county councils are expected to have them. Many of those holding them have good appointments not only here but in the colonies. 3. You might probably ar- range for instriiction in your neigh- bourhood, and if you were to become a member of the Somersetshire B.K.A., the secretary, Mr. L. E. Snelgrove, Rockville, Albert Quadrant, Weston- super-Mare, would send you particu- lars. A. F. L. (Chatham). — Fertilisation of Queen. — If you found sealed worker and drone brood twenty-eight days after im- prisoning queen it would suggest the possibility of there being another fer- tile queen, but it is no evidence that she had not made a mating flight. Suspected Combs. Wondering (Andover). — The comb con- tains sour brood. When a colony gets weak and has a very prolific queen, she often deposits more than one egg in a cell. A. W. (Kent). — Slight foul brood in comb sent. It would be better to treat them on the starvation plan. A. McQ (Hanley). — It is a very bad case of foul brood, and you did quite right in destroying. Disinfect the hive by scorching with a painter's spirit-lamp before using again. R. B. (Tyrone). — Comb contains nothing worse than chilled brood. Enquirer (Birmingham). — The brood in comb sent is perfectly healthy. F. W. J. A. (Barry). — Comb contains nothing worse than chilled brood. Honey Samples. J. T. (Cumberland). — The honey is excel- lent in every respect. T. E. (Northwood). — Good in consistency, colour, and brightness; rather strong flavour ; principally from lime. May (Atherstone). — The honey is granu- lating, hence its dull appearance. It is slightly acid in taste. It is doubtful if it would win on the show-bench. Early granulation this year is caused by nectar from charlock. F. E. H. (Woodhouse).— Rather thin, good colour, flavour is not all that could be desired. R. W. (Hutton Cranswick). — No. 1 is a very good sample, chiefly from clover, and fit to exhibit. No. 2 is a better sample, being much more dense than i\o. 1; it should stand a very good chance of winning on the show-bench. J. A. H. (Redcar). — The honey is fer- menting badly, and blew the cap off the jar when we tried to open it. It is quite unsaleable, but can be used for food if well boiled and mixed with half its bulk of cane-sugar syrup. C. J. (Chester-le-Street). — No. 1 is very thin, dull in colour, flavour fair, mainly from lime. No. 2 is a good clover honey, its chief failure being density. D. L. S. (Bucks). — A good sample of sain- foin honey. S. H. G. (Disley). — From mixed sources. E. V. (Diseworth). — No. 2 is the most suitable for your purpose. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows : — Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees. Honey, Queens, and Bee goods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as " Busi- ness " Announcements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive- manufacturers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per \ in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. i\(\ STRONG COLONIES BEES FOR SALE, \J\J worked Shallow Frames and necessary ap- pliances. Offers invited for whole or cart — BUGDEN, Wye, Kent. ■ c 62 OR SALE, few lots Driven Bees, cash Is. lb ROUSE, Rochford, Tenbury. c 63 F EXCHANGE li LB. OF SECTION FOUNDA- TION FOR PROLIFIC THIS TEAR'S QUEEN; also 1 year's "Journal of Horticulture" for bulbs— W. DARRINGTON, Eastwood, Notts. c 64 FOR SALE, 2 strong Swarms of Italian Bees, 1 Stock of same, in bar-frame hive, and 3 empty bar-frame hives. Offers— GALE, Hinton, High-street, Farnborough, Hants. c 42 QUEENS.— Few surplus, best strains, 2 imported Italian, 3s. 6d. each; 1 Black, 1 Hybrid, 2s. 6d. each— APIARY, Burley-in-Wharfedale. c51 FOR SALE, Lincoln Elk Motor Cycle, 3J h.p., in good condition; also 3 h.p. Lloyd Motor Cycle, with new tyres, carrier, horn, tools, &c — Apply, H. DRAYTON, New Bolingbroke, Boston. b 88 332 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 18, 1910. Special Prepaid Advertisements.— Continued. HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES FOR SALE, 2s. 6d. per lot, box with order— WHITE, Fairstead Hall, Witham, Essex. c_44 IOR SALE, 7 Stocks Bees and Hives, owner dead.— LAKE, Luffenham, Stamford. c 61 F WANTED, Sections, good quality. State price per dozen, carriage paid (unglazed).— F. J. MILAM, Finchampstead, Wokingham, Berks, c 60 EVERAL NEW " W.B.C." HIVES, painted, 12s 6d. each. Will exchange for Driven Bees or Honey.— WILLETT, JUN., Bee-keeper, Maiden, Surrey. c 5^ CHANCE OF LIFETIME— Strong Doubling Box, with 12 Standard Frame, clean Comb, 9s • Nuclei Hive, 12 Shallow Frames, clean Comb, $s • "Conqueror" Hive, almost new, 17s. 6d.; Abbott's Hives, from 7s. 6d. each.— BAKER, Eden- holme, Longlevens, Gloucester. c 58 FINEST LIGHT HONEY, in 28-lb. tins, 70s. cwt. Samples, 3d— WAIN, Thorpe Bank, Wainfleet. c 56 WANTED, Situation a head or single handed gardener, Yorkshire preferred, by practical and experienced gardener, age 36; excellent refer- ences and with good knowledge of bee-keeping.— BRADFORD, "Bee Journal." c_55 FOR SALE, several cwt. good Light-coloured Honey, and 10 dozen Sections. Sample, 3d. —DAVID HANCOX, Deddington, Oxon. c 55a SEVERAL DOZEN LIGHT SECTIONS, at 9s. 6d. dozen, packed, and on rail free.— A. JENSEN, Kingston, Hornchurch. cJ53 HONEY, English Extracted and Sections, wanted for cash. Send sample and price. — W. H. SIMS, Hall Green, Birmingham. c 52 LIGHT CLOVER HONEY WANTED, any quan- tity, prompt cash— YORKS, c/o ' Bee Journal." c 50 SPLENDID OFFER— 3 grand Stocks of Bees and all appliances, £1 each; delivery end August— LINDSAY, Middleton, Kirkby Lonsdale. c 48 WANTED, 3-speed gear Bicycle, perfect condi- tion. Exchange for Hives of Bees.— 36, St. John's-road, Sparkhill, Birmingham. c46 m LB. TIN CLOVER-SAINFOIN, 6£d. lb., fine; OU sample, 2d.; geared Extractor, used twice, 25s. Exchange Driven Bees— NEWMAN, 117, Cold- harbour-lane, S.E. c 66 HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES, with young Queen, 5s. 6d.; old Queen, 5s.; Boxes, Is., or return- able. Would exchange for honey ripener or tins without rust— WELBOURN, Cranswick, Bever- ley^ cJ23 WANTED, 2,000 good light Sections; also good Extracted— State price to DELL'S, Leigh, Lanes. <^26 BEES WANTED, in exchange for graphophone, 50 records.— Offers to DAVID JOHN, Mwyndy Cottage, near Llantrisant. c 27 \~M7'ANTED, Good Sections, also Light Run ▼ T Honey— R. CARTER, Chartridge, Chesham, Bucks. c_35 WANTED, Sections, first quality. Good price given. Prompt cash— CHILTON, South- down Apiary, Pofegate, Sussex. c 41 FOR SALE, 30 strong, healthy Stocks, in " W.B.C." and other hives, Cowan Extractor, Ripener, quantity Frames, Honey Tins, Founda- tion, &c, purchaser to remove; or exchange.— Par- ticulars, W. WILKES, Castle Foregate, Shrews- bury. C 18 Special Prepaid Advertisements.— Continued. DRIVEN BEES— Wanted, 30-40 lots, early de- livery—ADAM, Hill Crest, Elgin. c 36 FOR CASH, or exchange for Honey, 1 Wells, complete, 12s.; 1 "W.B.C." Heather Hive, 6s.; 1 Taylor's Non-swarming "W.B.C," 6s.; 1 " W.B.C," 6s.; 1 Leary Hive, 12s., takes two stocks; several Cottager Hives, take ten frames, 4s. each; 12 Simmins' 16-frame Hives, zinc-covered roofs, 10s. each— J. GRATTAN, Expert, 54, Her- bert-road, Plumstead. c 13 FOUR NEW WELL-MADE "W.B.C" HIVES, painted white, 14s., or exchange for Driven Bees; also 12 good Skeps, 9d.— Particulars, T. ATKINS, Leire, Lutterworth. c 9 HOMES OF THE HONEY BEE."— Electros of Apiaries, for printing on picture post- cards or for advertising purposes, 2s. 6d., post free. —Apply to MANAGER, B.B.J., 23, Bedford-street, W.C WANTED, for dissection, old worn-out or other Queens, alive. Will friends please oblige? — HERROD, Apiary, Luton. WANTED, " Hymenoptera and Aculeata of British Isles," by Edward Saunders, with 51 illustrations; Curtis's " British Entomo- logy"; the Monograph of "Hymenoptera"; " Flowers, Fruit, and Leaves," by Lubbock. Nature Series.— Address, W. H., 23. Bedford-street, Strand, W.C. BUSINESS ANNOUNCEMENTS. DRIVEN BEES, healthy, Is. 6d. per lb., or 4s. 6d. per lot, with Queen; Queens, 2s.; boxes returnable.— BISHOP, Expert, Pickersleigh Apiary, Malvern. c 45 E XTRACTORS.-Send for lists— ADAMS, Dun- ton, Biggleswade. c 47 WANTED, Known, Is. 4d. per lb. given for pure Beeswax, Is. 6d. if value taken in goods; paid to Wormit.— STEELE AND BRODIE, Bee Goods Manufacturers, Wormit. c 49 ,)AA LOTS WARRANTED HEALTHY BEES, -»VF\J 5s. and 3s. 6d. per lot, with Queens. — DENNETT, Whitchurch, Hants. c 54 GOOD STOCKS, plenty of Stores, on 8 frames,- 18s.; also several dozen drawn-out Section Comb— MATTHEWS, Great Rollright, Oxon. c 57 MESSRS. STONE AND SON, Chemists, Exeter, are buyers of English Bees-wax, in large or small quantities. — Write, stating quantity and price required. t 40 PREPARATION OF HONEY AND WAX FOR SHOW BENCH, 7d— JOSEPH TINSLEY, Stone, Staffs. c 23 W ANTED, Swarms, Stocks. Queens for sale, 2s— KEATLEY, Four Oaks, Birmingham. c 65 1[~f\ LOTS OF HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES, 0\J with fertile Queens, 5s.; ditto, with 1910 tested Queens, 6s.; Queens only, in self-introducing cage, 2s. 9d. Orders in rotation. — SOLE, Expert, Whitchurch, Hants. c 67 HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES, with Queen, 5s. lot, packages free; Fertile Queen, post free, 2s. 2d— ROLLINS, Stourbridge. c 30 HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES, with Queen, 5s. per lot, boxes returnable; spare Queens, 2s. 6d. each.— MORETON, 2nd Class Expert, Hal- low, Worcester. c 8 OAAA PURE FERTILE 1910 QUEENS TO OUUU BE SOLD DURING SEASON. Blacks, Carniolans. Italians, 3s. 6d.: Americans, 4s. 6d.; Swiss, 5s.; Virgins, Is. 6d.— VOGT, 38, Cle- mentina-road, Leyton. b 74 Aug. 25, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 333 Editorial, iNotices, &c. REVIEWS. Studien iiber die Honigbiene {Apis mellifica). By Prof. Dr. Enoch Zander (published by W. Engehnann, Leipzig. Parts 1 and 2). This is a reprint from Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie -of— the - a uthor-B studies - ol— the~honey=.bee , and is a valuable addition to our know- ledge of its anatomy. Part 1 treats of the articulation and structure of the outer skeleton of the bee, and Part 2 is devoted to the structure and mechanism of the flying apparatus. Dr. Zander describes minutely the transformation that takes place from the larva to the perfect insect, and shows how the various segments of the body are evolved from previously existing parts. After reviewing what has been written by Marey, Amans, and others, Dr. Zander describes his own researches on the movement of the wings, the different positions of which he illustrates by photo- graphs very much enlarged. The me- chanism of the wings is given in great de- tail and the method of their movements is fully explained. The author found that pressure on the thorax would move the wings in a vertical or a horizontal direc- tion, and concludes that the motions are entirely controlled by the muscles. He says that all the parts of the flying ap- paratus are so wonderfully connected with each other that the muscle can produce either a vertical or horizontal movement, although it has only one attachment to the root of the wing. Cuidados del Colmenar. By Eduardo Bertrand. Translated by M. Pons Fabregues (Barcelona : Published by Gustova Gili. Price 4 pesetas = Is. 4d.). — We have been often asked to recommend a Spanish bee-book, but the " Guide Book," which was translated into Spanish 3, has long since been out of print, and there has been no similar work to take its place. We are therefore pleased to welcome this translation of M. Bert- rand's well-known Conduite du Rucher, which has been made from the tenth edition, and is consequently quite up to date, and should be of considerable service to bee-keepers in Spain. WORCESTERSHIRE B.K.A. The annual show of the above association was held in connection with the Worcestershire Agricultural Society's show on August 4 at Madres- field, Malvern. The number of en- tries was up to the average, and some veiT good exhibits were staged, there being- about 3 cwt. of honey, the quality Of which was all that could be desired. Mr. Herrod acted as judge, and also gave lectures and demonstrations in the bee-tent, which were much appreciated. The awards are as follow : — Display of Bee-products (Honey, Wax, Mead, Vinegar, dec.). — 1st, J". Toombs; 42nd, G. Richings. r Twelve 14b. Sections. — 1st, J. Toombs; 2nd, A. Firkins; 3rd, H. W. Taylor. Six l-lb. Sections.— 1st, Miss G. Wil- lan; 2nd, A. Firkins; 3rd, G. Cook. Twelve l-lb. Jars Extracted Honey.— 1st, J. Price; 2nd, A. R. More.ton; 3rd, .E. Corbett. Six l-lb. Jars Extracted Honey (open only to members who had never won a prize).— 3rd, H. King. Six l-lb. Jars Extracted Honey, Granu- lated.—1st, J. Price. Shallow Frames.— 1st, J. Toombs; 2nd, H. King; 3rd, E. A. Millward. Beeswax.— 1st, J. Price; 2nd, G. Rich- ings; 3rd, E. A. Millward.— George Richings, Assistant Secretary. SURREY B.K.A. ANNUAL SHOW. The annual exhibition of honey, wax, hives, appliances, &c, was held in connection with the Guildford and West Surrey Agricultural Association Show in Stoke Park, Guildford, on Wednesday, August 3. Unfortunately it has been a bacf year in the county for honey. The nights have been cold, and there has been a great deal too much ram in the day, and the bees, not being able to fly, have practically consumed all the honey they have gathered. This has been the case in the South of England, though in the North somewhat better times have been experienced. Having regard to the circumstances, the show must be con- sidered a successful one, there being over 120 entries, and the honey shown, though some of the shallow frames were not quite perfect in their sealing, was of good quality, both in the county and open classes. The exhibits, which also com- prised bee-keeping appliances, were staged in an attractive manner in a large marquee, and were inspected by large crowds during the day. The duties oi -judge were carried out by Mr. A. J. Carter, of Billingshurst, the list of awards being as follow : MEMBER S' CLASSES. Twelvel-lb. Sections.— -No first awarded; 2nd, Mrs. H. Trewby, Brixton Hill. Six l-lb. Sections.— 1st, Col. J. A C. Younger. Brabceuf Manor: 2nd, E. Car- penter, West Clandon; 3rd, W. E. Ham- lin, Surbiton; c, Mrs. Trewby. Six l-lb. Sections Heather Honey.— 1st, 334 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. JAug. 25, 1910. Archibald Setli-Smith, Cobham; 2nd, G. C. Bullen, Cobham. Two Shallow Frames of Comb Honey.— 1st, H. J. Snell, Worplesdon; 2nd, Archi- bald Seth-Smith; 3rd, Mrs. Marson, Fetcham. Single Shallow Frame Comb Honey. — 1st, W. E. Hamlin; 2nd, A. Seth-Smith; 3rd, F. B. White, Redhill. Twelve 14b. Jars Medium-coloured Ex- tracted Honey. — 1st, Miss Schloesser; Great Bookham; 2nd, A. H. Hamsher, Bramley; 3rd, A. E. C. Mumford, Red- hill. Six 1-lb. Jars Light-coloured Extracted Honey. — 1st, John Smith, Chilworth ; 2nd, W. Holmes, jun., Windlesham; 3rd, H. C. Gibbs, Redhill. Six 1-lb. Jars Extracted Heather Honey.— 1st, G. C. Bullen; 2nd, A Seth- Smith; 3rd, M. J. Lamball, Chiddingfold. Six 1-lb. Jars Extracted Honey (Heather Blend). — 1st, W. Holmes, jun.; 2nd, A. Seth-Smith; 3rd, G. C. Bullen. Six 1-lb. Jars Dark-coloured Extracted Honey. — 1st, Dr. Wakefield, Charlwood. Six 1-lb. Jars Granulated Honey. — 1st, Dr. Wakefield; 2nd, M. J. Lamball; 3rd, F. B. White. Six 1-lb. Jars Granulated Honey {Heather or Heather Blend). — 1st, G. C. Bullen; 2nd, A. Seth-Smith. Beeswax. — 1st, Dr. Wakefield; 2nd, W. Holmes, jun. ; 3rd, John Smith. Three 1-lb. Jars Extracted Honey. — 1st, A. H. Hamsher; 2nd, J. Bowden, Witley; c, J. T. Helby, Cobham. Three 1-lb. Sections. — 1st, Col. J. A. C. Younger; 2nd, J. Bowden; h.c, J. T. Helby; c, H. J. Snell and Miss Cooper. OPEN CLASSES. Six 1-lb. Sections. — 1st, C. W. Dyer, Newbury; 2nd, J. Fairall, jun., Hel- lingly. Six 1-lb. Jars Light-coloured Extracted Honey.— 1st, H. W. Saunders, Thetf ord ; 2nd, Dr. Elliott, Southwell; 3rd, R. W. Lloyd, Thetford; v.h.c, R. Morgan, Cow- bridge. Two Shalloio Frames Comb Honey. — 1st, F. B. White; 2nd, Mrs. Marson. Single Shallow Frame Comb Honey. — 1st, Mrs. Marson. Beeswax. — 1st, H. W. Saunders; 2nd, Messrs. Goodburn Bros., Peterborough; 3rd, R. Morgan; c, C. W. Dyer. Observatory-hive, with Bees and Queen. — 1st, Messrs. Overton and Sons, Crawley. HIVES AND APPLIANCES. Collection of Hives and Appliances. — 1st, Messrs. Overton and Sons. Complete Frame-hive. — 1st, J. Bowden ; 2nd, Messrs. Overton and Sons. Most Suitable Outfit for a Beginner in Bee-keeping (price not to exceed £1 10s.). — 1st, Messrs. Overton and Sons. A cleverly-arranged "trophy" of honey products by the Misses White was much admired. There were also educational and instructive exhibits staged, not for competition. — F. B. White, Hon. Sec. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No- notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. THE DRONE'S HONEY-SAC. [7890.] Ask any half-dozen of your bee- keeping friends to tell you whether or not the drone possesses a honey-sac, and they will probably be puzzled. To my own knowledge, many good bee-masters would answer incorrectly. It is a point on which our numerous treatises are curiously reticent, and on which, apart from micro- scopical examination, an inquirer has nothing to guide him. Granted that, unless good cause could be shown to the contrary, we should ex- pect to find the same alimentary arrange- ments in the drone bee as in the females of the race. On the other hand, the differentiation between the sexes is so notable externally — e.g., in the shape of the head and legs, and, as regards num- ber,' in the abdominal rings and in the joints of the antennae — that no moderate amount of it internally would be surpris- ing. Why should the drone require a honey-sac ? He needs no storing-vessel, for he collects no nectar. Seldom long absent from the hive, he is nourished mainly by the workers on a special food, and when this is withheld from him he soon becomes enfeebled and dies. He needs no stomach-mouth to strain out pollen or to assist him in passing on chyle food to the larvse. It would seem, then, that for the drone the simple passage from gullet to alimentary tube common in the insect world would suffice. Such thoughts as these may have some- times passed through my mind, but I must confess that many bee-keeping years went by before the question came up for settlement. It did not definitely occur to me that in respect of a honey-sac there might be any difference between drone and worker. This spring, however, while in Berlin, I went to the Zoological Museum, where on a previous visit I had seen an excellent collection of bees and wasps and specimens relating to the Aug. 25, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 335 economy of the hive. And now I noticed three little transparent bottles containing internal dissections of queen, worker, and drone of Apis mellifica preserved in fluid. The bodies were intact, but laid open so as to show the internal organs, and the alimentary tubes were partly detached. As, owing to the position of the glass case in which these were exhibited, it was not easy for the spectator to make out the smaller details, there had been attached in each instance a pen-and-ink sketch on which the names of the principal organs were duly written. In the queen and worker the sketches showed the speise- rbhre (gullet) leading to a honigblase (honey-sac). In the drone the honigblase was not specified, and the passage from gullet to main intestine, though somewhat enlarged, was by no means spherical. Absence, in fact, was suggested by omis- sion. My interest being now thoroughly aroused, I wrote privately to the senior Editor of our journal, and when recently on a visit to us he brought with him some drones for dissection. The honey-sac was soon disclosed, and a closer examination showed the brown cross-shaped slits which form the mouth of this vessel. So what- ever, in our humble opinion, may be the needs of the drone, there is no doubt that, like the females of his race, he is equipped with a honey-sac. I have already said that bee-treatises make no mention of this matter: with one exception only, the internal economy of the drone seems to have failed to in- terest all writers on the honey-bee. While looking through the volume of the Hamburgische vermischte Bibliothek for 1745 I came across an article by Johann F. Stieglitz, a German pastor, comment- ing on the article by Hornbostel in the previous volume, in which he had an- nounced his discovery of the origin of beeswax (see B.B.J., January 28, 1909). Stieglitz had also discovered the wax- scales in position about the same time as Hornbostel, but he did not agree with the latter as to how wax was deposited in the abdominal pockets, be"ing of opinion that it was gathered separately by the workers and stored there while in a fluid state by means of their tongues. His arguments (pp. 256-67) are very interesting. At the close of his article he says : " As regards the drones, you Avill find them in spring possessed of a big and well-filled honey- bladder, but bearing no wax, for they have no scale-pockets suitable for carry- ing it." It is remarkable that for help m this little question of anatomy we should have to go back more than 160 years to a German clergyman. — H. J. O. Walker (Lieut. -Col.), Leeford, Budleigh Salterton. NOTES BY THE WAY. [7891.] During the last few days we have had a little more sunshine and warmth, and the bees have been busy on what little forage is left. I have a field of mustard within a furlong of my home- apiary, which I hope will help with the accumulation of winter stores by the busy workers. We have no wasps in this neighbour- hood— at least I have not seen a single one — and wax-moth does not appear to be so numerous as in other years. A neigh- bour had a stock — a weakling of spring — spoilt by wax-moth early in July, but in my own apiaries I have seen only a few isolated cocoons under the wraps of the supers. When these are found they are promptly destroyed. Taking forethought and removing all sections as soon as sealed over, and putting back the partly-filled ones into one rack only, as mentioned in my last notes, has, I feel sure, increased my take by quite a number of saleable sections. I was visiting a friend who keeps about forty hives, and when he was showing me first one hive, then an- other, he was surprised to find that the bees had taken the honey out of many of his sections which ten days before were nearly sealed over, but when we looked at them there were many with no sealed cells in them, and he said, with a sigh : "Ah! I wish I had taken them off when I looked at them before." But that hope of a spell of summer weather which some- times does not come allures one to "bide a wee" — often to one's loss. I was very sorry for my friend, as he lives in a poor honey-district, and always has to feed liberally in the spring to get his bees to build up strong, and this year, to make matters worse, he only had one swarm from about forty stocks. Now, with but very little honey at the end of the season, and a prospect of having to feed for winter, it is most disheartening. _ With our fickle seasons one cannot advise any- one to take up bee-keeping as a means of livelihood. Foul-Brood Act.— Since my last notes on this subject appeared I have had several letters of thanks for voicing the feelings of other bee-keepers on the matter. One correspondent says he has half a ton of honey, and two or three hives which had foul brood in a mild form. If the Act was in force, can our advocates of foul- brood legislation tell him what he could do with his honey if he were not allowed bv law to sell it? Our Editor in a foot-note says it may be sold, but can it be so when Clause 7, after the visit of the inspector will close that apiary for trade in the products of the hives. If we are going to drive the pro- 336 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 25, 1910, verbial • coach - and - four through the Act as soon, as passed, nvhere will be the advantage, if any, of such an Act? As to Mr. Holterman's remarks on the opposition on this side of the Atlantic to an Act, will he explain on what authority lie bases his statement that bee-keepers in Ontario are unanimous in favour of legislation, if reports are correct of the futility '_ of their own Foul- Brood Act in suppressing the disease? I know it is a big province, but ten years ought to have cleared out foul ferood partially, if not completely. Again, little England has many more bee-keepers than Ontario, and as I read the American journals I gathered the percentage of foul-brood stocks was much higher than I should expect to find it in the worst- stricken districts of my native land. In my own district the reason of the re- duction in the number of bee-keepers lhas not been to my knowledge foul brood, but is the result of the old bee- keepers dying off and the sons not taking up the craft. The middle-aged men of twenty or more years ago are still bee- keepers, but when they pass away there are no young bee-men to fill their places. I trust others will give their views, and that those who are so anxious to obtain compulsory powers will revise the drafted Act so ' as to make it more reasonable and just to poor bee-keepers. Respecting the vote of bee-keepers on the Foul-Brood Act, do the promoters think they will get half the papers re- turned? Just the few who take an in- terest in the matter for or against will fill up and return them ; the many will not trouble to do so. Therefore it will not be the vox populi, vox Dei, but the voice of the interested few — and I think I may truthfully go further and say the organised few. — W. Woodley, Beedon, Newbury. [If our worthy correspondent will care- fully read Clause 7 to which he refers, he will see that only infected bees and pro- duce are prohibited from being sold. Any produce from healthy hives could cer- tainly be sold. — Ed.] THE SEASON IN KENT. FERTILE WORKER. [7892.] The season in this part of Kent has once more been a failure. My take from twenty-one hives is 80 lb. of ex- tracted and about twenty sections. All the stocks are in good condition at the pre- sent time — I have not seen them look better. They average from seven to nine frames of brood, and have plenty of stores, so they will not require much feed- ing. However, in the early part of June they were all on the verge of starvation, but as I did not think they were in such a state they were all supered, and I did not discover their condition until I noticed one fine day that the bees from one hive were in a very feeble state crawling about the front of the hive. On examining it I found the bees had no stores ; but a pint of warm syrup soon put them in better heart, though- -three or four frames of brood had already perished. This caused me to look round, and I found all were more or less short of stores. Our chief source here is from the limes, which come into bloom at the end of June ; but it was very wet the first six or seven days, so that the bees only had about three good days to work on them, but they pulled up in a remarkable manner, and my surplus, I believe, is from that source. Fertile Worker. — It may interest you to know that one of the stocks which 1 found short of stores had superseded its queen, as I found two sealed queen-cells. I cut out one of these, and on opening it found the grub was dead. This made me suspect the other one might also be dead, but I left it for a week longer. It did not hatch, so I cut it out also, and found the grub dead. While I had the comb in my hand I noticed two or three eggs in the cells here and there. I have not had any experience with fer- tile workers, but came to the conclusion that the bees tried to rear queens from drone larvae, which those I cut out turned out to be. Having some ripe queen-cells in another hive, I took one of these out, and as I did so the queen emerged from the cell. As I had the hives open and no cage at hand I simply dropped the young queen on the comb among the bees. They did not attempt to handle her roughly, but gave her a thorough ex- amination. I then closed up the hive and did not touch it until the next week, when I found the queen had com- menced to lay six days from the day she was hatched. To-day (August 13) she has three frames of solid brood. I should like to know if the fertile worker will give any more trouble, or will the bees destroy her now they have a fertile queen? When I examined them to-day there was a little drone-brood along the bottom of one comb. Thanking you for your kind advice. — John Chandler, Kid- brooke. [You will most likely not be troubled any more, for so long as a fertile queen is present in the hive bees will rarely tolerate a fertile worker. — Ed.] IMPROVEMENTS IN HIVES. [7893.] In reply to your letter, I have much pleasure in enclosing a line drawing of my hive for reproduction in the B.B.J., with a view to obtaining the criticism cf Aug. 25, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 337 your- readers, which I shall much appre- ciate. My idea has heen to design a hive to combine all the advantages possessed by existing types, and yet remain as simple, efficient, cheap, and easy of construction as any one of them. The brood-box I have made square, with plinths on all four sides, so that it can De turned at right angles for queen-rear- ing; it takes ten standard brood-frames and two dummies, making double walls on all sides. The lifts are shallow-frame racks, each holding nine wide-spaced frames ; they are interchangeable with the brood-box, so can be placed under it to induce the bees to commence work on the shallow frames. The upper lift is split so that the lower half of it can be used as an "eke" in winter, or to form an extra brood-box if placed under the solid lift. The floorboard is unusual in that it has two 3-in. entrances 6 in. apart, which I find most useful when splitting a stock into two nuclei separated by dummies. The alighting-board is divided by a board on edge (to which the porch is attached), and one half painted a dark colour, which prevents a queen entering the wrong nucleus. It may be mentioned that two nuclei can be built up to five frames each, and then treated on the "Wells" prin- ciple if desired. At the inner ends of the two sunk en- trances are perforated zinc runways, through which air can enter from a space under the floorboard, a sliding valve operated by a rod at the back of the hive controlling the supply. This ventilation is found of great value on hot days or when confining bees for a time. In conclusion, I may add that the lifts will, without alteration, take racks of twenty-one sections if desired, and that painted calico is used for covering the roof. Thanking you for the trouble you have taken and the helpful information we get in the B.B.J. — A. Norman Heard, Orchard Hill, Bideford. EFFECT OF STINGS. [7894.] In reply to Mr. Walker's query (7889), under above heading, I will ex- plain that I used the term " motor centre" not to describe the centre of motion, but as a term for the small mass of nerve matter or ganglia over which we have no voluntary control, and which, asleep of awake, maintains the heart's action, without any great variation throughout life, unless it be excited by drugs (strychnine) or depressed, as is the case in one or more stings in the cir- cumstances I named. Then its action is impaired in degrees that may vary in re- sult from "just a tired feeling" to com- plete collapse, or even death in the case of some animals. What actually happens is that the heart, failing to receive its usual stimulus with all its force, does not pump the blood so freely or so far. Amongst other organs, the brain suffers from ansemia, or loss of blood, fails partly in its functions, hence the feeling of faint- ness. I do not think the sting on the cheek could have had anything to do with the "lost control of motion," as all voluntary movement is brought about by influences carried from the brain along motor nerves to the muscles in the part it is desired to move. The inference that movement has taken place is returned to the brain by sensory nerves. Neither of these pass near the cheek, and, so far as I can see. they should not be the first to be affected, if at all, by a sting on the cheek. If, on the other hand, your correspondent had suddenly lost a bad attack of toothache I should not have been surprised. As it is, I think it only a coincidence that they happened close together. — A. F. L., Chatham. OBTAINING A MARKET FOR HONEY. [7895.] Your reply to "Inquirer" (4027, page 289) is not encouraging to beginners and small bee-keepers. You say " the difficulty is in getting a regular supply," and that "dealers do not care to have small lots of different qualities." Is not this a case where the county associations might step in and be a real help to the small bee-keeper by either purchasing small lots or selling on commission? My idea is that each branch of an association should have a receiving office where the honey would be sampled or graded. Local 338 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 25, 1910. demand would be supplied direct from them, and the surplus forwarded to the central office, where it would be sorted into large parcels. I am aware that some associations take orders and pass them on to their members, but that doesn't get over the difficulty of "small lots of dif- ferent qualities," and so doesn't help the small bee-keeper. The result of some such scheme as above outlined would, I am sure, be increased membership for the association, and the subject is worth further discussion. — W. A. C, Castle Cary, Somerset, August 8. AMERICAN AND COLONIAL PAPERS. EXTRACTS AND COMMENTS. By D. M. Macdojiald, Banff. A yovel Plan. — This is a new way of in- troducing queens — at least, as far as I am aware, it has not been given hitherto. " Take from the hive two combs with the adhering bees, and, by the use of a tin sugar-shaker, dust the bees thoroughly with powdered sugar; then sprinkle the queen well with the sugar, and allow her to run in between the two combs return- ing them to the hive." Mr. Hutchinson, in the Bee-keepers' Review, says that the inventor records that he has yet to fail with this mode of introducing. Curing Foul Brood. — This is another novel plan : " Establishing a new brood- nest in the same hive where the old brood- nest is allowed to remain until the old brood have all hatched " seems at first glance like a tempting of providence; but, as the editor remarks, the work is done at a time when new honey is coming in freely. No old honey is being used. When the brood have all hatched, the old body-box, which has been at the top as a super for some time, has the honey extracted, the combs run into wax, and the frames burned. A further precaution is taken at the end of the season, as every comb that had contained brood is melted up. "Keep More Bees." — Mr. Hutchinson is never tired of advocating this doctrine. Here is his latest : " One subscriber wrote, 1 No profit last year. Honey-dew. Twenty- three shillings from a like number of hives. Great ! Keep more bees ! ' Another records, ' Perhaps it may interest you to know that I am now running 450 colonies and that mv crop last vear was 49,000 lb.' " And he still preaches " Keep more bees! " " The ABC and X T Z."— Of the new edition just out the editor of Glean- ings writes : " Taking it all in all, we have endeavoured to make this latest edition an accurate exponent of everything relating to apiculture. It is probably the largest work — that is, containing the most actual matter — of any of its kind in any language. We- have spared neither pains nor expense in bringing it clear up to the times." As soon as I have digested the new edition, of this encyclopaedic work, I expect to have something more to say in its praises. At present it must suffice to assure readers of bee-literature in this country who wish to get something showing apiculture at its best outside the confined area of these- Islands that in this book they will obtain excellent value for their money. A Monster Apiary. — They do everything on a large scale in America. The latest idea is an apiary, or rather a series of apiaries, numbering fifty thousand colonies. The- company owning this giant concern has been incorporated in New York, and it has established agencies in this country and Germany. The first thousand colonies have been started at Kingston, Jamaica. Bee companies in the past have not been a success. It remains to be seen how this mammoth one will succeed. Farming Bee-keepers. — Mr. Morley Pettit, in Canadian Bee Journal, writes: " There is nothing on the farm which requires so little care in pro- portion to the returns as the bees. This is why they are so often kept at a loss, because the care they need is so small that it is utterly neglected. They require only a little attention, but that they must have" — and at the right time. When our small farmers waken up- to the idea that bees can be kept success- fully with little management, and that given when other labours on the farm are- over for the day, they will discover a new and highly productive adjunct to other- paying sources. A Good Example. — The same writer- says : " I have fed this week, June 10, to 400 colonies 1,400 lb. of sugar syrup, last week 1,700 lb., and previous to that about 2,000 lb. The corner has now been turned, and my bees are gathering clover- nectar very freely." How puny our stores, of sugar, or even our hundredweights, ap- pear beside these tons ! Unfortunately for me, I did not follow the above laudable- example, and bees are not as strong as I would like. Feeding, at the right time,, pays, and pays well. Cleaning Out Extracting Combs. — Mr. Greiner says that he stacks all his supers in his yard behind the bees, securely closing them. The first pleasant day, about three o'clock, he opens the whole outfit from top to bottom except the regu- lar entrance. In a few minutes the jubilee begins, and there is such a large surface to work on, by his sliding each alternate super to back and front, that the honey is cleared out as if by magic. There is no crowding, and hence no fight- ing. It is the jostling which causes ill- Aug. 25, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 339 temper. At dark everything is made bee- tight. Over There! — The Australasian Bee- keeper numbers the bee-moth as a friend of bee-keepers. " When a bush nest dies out the moth riddles the combs, and per- mits the action of light and air to destroy the germs, and prevents swarms occupying the same combs!" The editor eats his cold meat with a lick of honey as an ac- companiment, and — strange mixture, surely — vinegar. Try it, he says, " and you will continue it." Bees were reported by a correspondent to be coming home heavily laden with honey after dark. The editor adds : " Bees in a heavy flow have been known to work by moonlight. If anyone pos- sesses such a colony it might be advisable to try and perpetuate the strain." Several later reports corroborated the above peculiar fact. Nomenclature. — I am pleased to see that some Americans are beginning to realise that a mistake was made in naming foul brood otherwise than as "black" and "foul." In the Am eric an Bee Journal Mr. Byer says: "From now on, whenever I have occasion to refer to the brood diseases of bees' it will be foul brood and black brood." That is well! The editor says: "If we use the old name, 'black brood,' there is less danger of confusion" — which is true, and I have been for long pleading for a reversion to the old true terms. Feeding. — Dr. Miller, in an editorial, although the inventor of one of the most popular feeders in use, says: "If I could always have things to my liking, I would never use a feeder. Frames of sealed honev would have the preference every time." That man has a level head on his shoulders. Queries and Replies. [4042.] Changing from Blacks to Italians. — Will you kindly give me a little help through the columns of your valuable journal? I have twelve bar-frame hives, bees covering ten frames in each. I would like to change them all into Italians by buying fertilised Italian queens. What would be the best time to buy the queens, how long should their own queen be taken away before introducing the Italians, which way is the best to find the queen on the combs, and would I have pure Italians next year, as there is no apiary nearer than one and a half miles? I have only kept bees for three years, and am doing very well with them, taking twenty racks of sections off six stocks. I have taken your journal for a short time only, but feel that I cannot do without it. — W. H., Cork. Reply. — As you are doing well with your present strain of bee it will be very foolish for you to change for foreign bees. If you carefully select in breeding, the British bee is much to be preferred to foreigners. 1. The stock should be queen- less for at least twelve hours before intro- ducing another queen, which should be done as soon as the heney harvest is over. 2. By a careful examination of each comb you will be able to find the queen. 3. Your colony would be all Italians by the autumn. CUMBERLAND B.K.A. COMING SHOW AT CARLISLE. Owing to the present unfavourable weather making uncertain the amount of surplus from the heather, entries for the Carlisle show will be accepted up to Saturday, August 27. The show is to be opened at 1 p.m. on Wednesday, August 31, and a conversazione, to which all bee- keepers are invited, will be held in the evening of the same day. — G. W. Avert, Hon. Sec. Bee=Shows to Come. August 30, at Cartmel, Lanes. — Bee and Honey Show, in connection with the Cartmel Agri- cultural Society's 38th Annual Show. Entries closed. August 31 and September 1, at Carlisle.— Second Annual Show of the Cumberland B.K.A. will be held in connection with Carlisle Horticul- tural Society's Show in the Market, Carlisle. Schedules from G. W. Avery, Heads Nook, Carlisle. Entries close August 27. August 31, at Chester.— Annual Show of C. B.K.A., in conjunction with Cheshire Agricultu- ral Society. Entries closed. September 3, at Dalkeith, N.B.— Annual Show and Meeting of Midlothian B.K.A. in the Town Hall, Dalkeith. Members and prospective members earnestly urged to attend. Schedules from C. N. Craik (interim secretary), Dalkeith, X.B. September 7, at Croydon.— Show of Honey, Wax, and Appliances, in connection with the Croy- don and District B.K.A. Five open classes. Schedules and entry forms ready July 1, from A. Wakerell, 21, Mansfield Road, South Croydon. Entries close August 31. September 13, at Conway, N. Wales.— Annual Honey Show, in connection with the Con- way Honey Fair. Open and Local Classes. Sche- dules from J. Hughes. Town Hall, Conway. Entries close September 6. September 13, at Woodstock.— Annual Show of the Oxfords. B.K.A., in connection with the Woodstock Horticultural Society's Show at Blen- heim Park. Open classes for best 1 lb. jar Ex- tracted, and best 1 lb. Section (no entry fee). Prizes, 7s. 6d., 5s., 2s. 6d. Exhibits become pro- perty of Association. Schedules from H. M. Turner, The Turl, Oxford. September 14 and 15, at Cambridge.— Honey Show, in connection with the Cambridge and District Red Cross Horticultural Society. Four open classes. To be held in the Corn Exchange, Cambridge. Schedules and particulars of Hon. Sec, E. F. Dant, 52, Bridge-street, Cambridge. Entries close September 10. September 17, at Dumfries.— Annual Show of South of Scotland Bee-keepers' Association. Five open classes : Three 1-lb. jars extracted, 20s., 10s., and 5s.; three sections, ditto. (Entry 2s.) 1-lb. jar, 340 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 25, 1910. also one section, 5s., 3s., and 2s. _ (Entry free, and exhibits retained unless otherwise agreed upon.) Beeswax, 5s., 3s., and 2s. (Entry 6d.) Fourteen classes for members. Schedules from Q. Aird, Hardgate, Dalbeattie, N.B. Entries close September 10. September - 17 to 24, at the Agricultural Hall, London.— Honey Show in connection with the Eighteenth Annual Exhibition and Market of the Grocery and Kindred Trades. Liberal prizes. Open to all British Bee-keepers. Schedules from H. S. Rogers, Secretary, Exhibition Offices, Palmerston House, Old Broad Street, London, E.C. Notices to Correspondents. J. R. (Ware). — Examinations. — You can obtain all the information you require if you apply to W. Herrod, Secretary B.B.K.A., 23, Bedford Street, Strand, London, W.C. Puzzled (Bristol). — Beturning Sivarms. — The system is not new, but is one that is followed by many bee-keepers. The thing to remember is the extra supers when returning. If you try the method, no doubt you will find it successful. G. C. (Garston). — Breed of Bees. — If you examine carefully you will probably find there are two queens in the hive. N. S. (Worksop).— Bace of Bees.— They are all pure British bees. Bee-keeper (Penshurst). — Queen-mating in Hive. — 1. It is impossible for a drone to fertilise the queen in the hive. 2. Commence feeding as soon as possible. H. C. Taylor (Brecon). — Managing an Apiary. — The industry in this country is not carried on on a scale large enough for your purpose, and we can hold out little hope of your securing a position sufficiently remunerative. Species (Atherstone). — Bace of Bees. — The bees are not Carniolans, but ordi- nary English bees. Schoolboy (Dursley).^Dead Bees. — It is evidently a bad case of robbing and fighting. Reduce the entrance to one bee-space. E. E. G. (Woodham Ferris).— Bees Not in Supers. — It is too late now for you to obtain surplus. Yes ; if the colonies are short of stores, continue feeding. Allen Vale. — Bead Bees. — There is no trace of "Isle of Wight" disease. It may be paralysis or want of food. Try feeding, and let us know the result. River Axe (Bleadney). — Noise in Hive. — It may be piping, which generally occurs in stocks that are preparing for sending out a cast, or you may have trapped some of the bees underneath the quilt; also it may be caused by the bees fanning. W. H. S. (Chagford).— Driven Bees Dying. — The cause of death was suffoca- tion. The box in which they travelled was not sufficiently ventilated. This is indicated by the moist condition of the bees. When overheated they disgorge the food, which sticks the hairs down over the spiracles, and so causes suffoca- tion. Probably the box was also left standing out in the sun. H. S. (Cheshire). — Finding Queen.— If you cannot manage it by going care- fully over the combs, the best plan will be to put a piece of excluder-zinc over entrance and shake the bees from combs on a board in front, as you would a swarm. The queen will then be found when the bees have passed in, as she oannot get through. If you insert a frame of brood the bees will commence queen-cells if they are queenless. M. A. W. (Hartridge). — Bees not Enter- ing Supers. — The hive you mention is not a suitable one to work. You could have bought three "W.B.C." hives for the same price. Foreign bees are more liable to swarm than British, and the latter are the best to keep in this country. The hive that will effectually prevent swarming has yet to be made. Management goes a long way, together with the strain of bees. You cannot compel bees to go into supers until they are ready, and it is now too late in the season to obtain any surplus. The plan suggested would not work. We would strongly advise you to obtain simpler and cheaper hives. E. J. S. S. (Birmingham). — Candied Honey in Suj)ers.—1. Some honey candies very rapidly, and it is advisable when bees are storing that from mus- tard, rape, and such like plants to ex- tract the honey as soon as stored. Of course if the bees were weak and de- serted the supers the cooling would help to granulate the honey more quickly. 2. If the granulation is fine the bees would be able to use the honey; but if it is coarse it would be better to melt the combs. D. R. (Sennybridge). — Managing Bees. — 1. You had better examine the hive, and you will find full particulars for doing so on page 97 of "Guide Book," which you say you have. 2. It is too late to put on sections now, but you may have to feed the bees if they have insufficient provisions (see " Feeding Bees" in "Guide Book"). 3. There is no association in your county, but there is one in Glamorganshire, secre- tary, Mr. Wiltshire, Maindy Schools, Cardiff, and one in Monmouthshire, secretary, the Rev. H. G. Stanley, Marsh- field Vicarage, near Cardiff, who would send particulars on application. E. R. B. (Wye, Kent). — Examination in Australia. — We know of no examina- tion for certificates for proficiency in bee-keeping held in Australia. Beginner (Eccles). — Bees not Working Supers — "Balling" Queens. — 1. Bad weather preventing the bees from Aug. 25, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 341 gathering nectar is the cause. They will not work in supers unless they are able to gather more food than they - actually need. 2. We should say the insects are not bees, but flies. 3. The bees cluster round the queen in a ball so closely as to kill her. They do this sometimes during the first manipulation in spring, or if an alien queen is intro- duced without caging. H. B. R. (Congleton). — Leaving Eke on Hive During Winter. — The eke has been left too long on tbe hive. You can re- move it by passing a wire between the eke and body-box ; the wire will cut through the comb. You can then re- move the body-box and take away the eke, replacing the former on the floor- board. The comb in eke can then be cut out, the bees being brushed off in front of the hive. The operation should be carried out in the evening in order to avoid robbing. G. A. R. (Kirton Lindsey).— Bees and Objectionable Odours. — It is difficult to say why your bees gathered no surplus, but there is no doubt that the odour of paraffin would be very objectionable to them. G. E. D. (Camberwell). — Estimating Quantity of Stores. — 1. Five to six pounds. 2. Eight frames well filled with food will provide the colony with about 30 lb. of stores for winter. E. G. C. (Amersham). — Curious Behaviour of Bees. — 1. No doubt the bees were suf- fering from paralysis, and will recover with the improved weather. 2. The term should be "granulated" and not "grained." It is evidently a mistake on the part of the seller. Probably the honey is foreign, and has been bottled by someone who is not familiar with technical terms used in connection with bee-keeping. Roseavater (Essex). — Transferring from Sleep to Frame-hive. — 1. You can get the bees down by using a " Porter " bee- escape, and as you have never seen bees "driven" it will be the best plan for you to follow. 2. Let the skep remain ■ until next spring, when, given good weather, the bees will work down. Suspected Disease. C. A. W. (Barnes). — We regret to say that the bees are suffering from " Isle of Wight disease," and the stock had best be destroyed without delay. Honey Samples. C. J. M. (Lincoln). — A good sample of clover honey. It lacks a little in den- sity for show-bench. Quercus. — Sample A is from fruit, and does not contain honey-dew. It is thin ; otherwise a good table-honey. B is good in colour, very thin, and leaves a peculiar hot taste in the throat when swallowed. It has been gathered mainly from charlock. C. A. H. (Lenzie).— A fairly good sample, worth about 56s. per cwt. J. A. D. (Laurencekirk). — It is a de- licious honey of first quality. You ought not to take less than 10s. per dozen. By all means send to the show ; it should stand a very good chance of winning. S. M. (Dumfries). — Certainly show it. We shall be much surprised if it does not win a prize; it is a beautiful sample of pure clover honey. We are pleased to hear you have done so well. J. C. (Kidbrooke). — The light sample is devoid of flavour. The darker one is from fruit-blossom. E. G. (Blackburn). — Nos. 1 and 2 are very good quality clover honey. No. 3 is badly fermented, and before using for food should be well boiled and mixed with half its bulk of cane sugar syrup. E. C. R. (Baildon). — It is a medium- quality honey of a pungent, strong flavour, and we would not recommend you to exhibit it. S. E. H. (Edinburgh).— Rather thin, but good in other respects. Mainly from lime. J. C. P. (Swansea). — A very good honey, lacking just a little in density. It is quite good enough for the show-bench in light class. W. B. C. (Eccleshall).— Yes; quite good enough for showing. Novice (Stroud). — From white clover, and quite fit for the show-bench. 0. J. H. (Nether Wallop).— No. 2 is best in both flavour and density. Special Prepaid Advertisements. SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows : — Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees, Honey, Queens, and Bee goods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as " Busi- ness " Announcements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive- ■manufacturers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per J in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. BULBS.— For sale, 7,000 Double Incomparable, 10s. per 1,000— CARRETTE, Laurels, Wis- bech, c 68 4) YOUNG FERTILE CARNIOLAN QUEENS & FOR SALE, 3s. 6d. each— BAXANDALL, 84, Shooter's Hill-gardens, Eltham, S.E. c 92 342 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Aug. 25, 1910. Special Prepaid Advertisements.— Continued. Special Prepaid Advertisements.— Continued. H EALTHY STOCKS, " Cowan " Hive, 25s. — BEECKOFT, Abbott's-road, King's Heath. c 94 NEW HIVE (PAINTED), 10s. 6d., or exchange for Driven Bees.— WOOLNOUGH, Ashley, Ringwood. c 69 EXCHANGE FOR BEES OR SELL, Chambers's Encyclopaedia, ten volumes, morocco, excel- lent condition.— FOSTER, Chilbolton, Stockbridge. c 90 WANTED, Double Breech-loading Gun, 12 bore, left choke. Will give good value in stocks, on frames, for really good weapon. — MR. IVE. Boughton, Newark. c 91 FOR SALE, "W.B.C." Hive, Taylor's No. 10, cost 34s. 6d. in March, with all frames, and rack of sections, Queen Excluding zincs, containing a strong colony; also frame Hive, four frames, smoker and feeder. Accept £3.— J. CURRAN, Kel- field, York. c 93 FOR SALE, field glasses, 14s. 6d.; camera, 10s. 6d.; Harmsworth Encyclopaedia, 30s.; Harmsworth Educator, 12s. 6d.; take Bees or Honey in. exchange.— BO WDEN, Broomhill, Witley. c 70 WANTED, Drawn-out Shallow Frames, also " Bee Journal " for 1905-6-7— BEETHAM, Bishop Monkton, Leeds. c- 71 QUEENS, 2 or 3 spare 1910, fertile, Simmins' White Star Italian strain, 3s. 9d. each, in introducing cage.— J. JUSTICE, Alvaston Gardens, Nantwich. c 72 FOR SALE, in one lot, ten Stocks Bees, five of them British and five headed by Sladen's Goldens and daughters, seven 1910 and three 1909. Inspection invited August 29 to September 10. Only reasonable offers entertained.— HEAD TEACHER, Heytesbury, Wilts. c 74 DRIVEN BEES, 3s. 6d. lot, united lots, 5s.; boxes returnable; sent in non-returnable Skeps, 6d. extra; spare 1910 Queens, 2s. 3d. — ANDREWS, l F OR SALE, choice ripe Clover Honey, £3 cwt. — T. ATKINS, Leire, Lutterworth. c 87 PURE BRED BUFF ORPINGTON COCK- ERELS FOR SALE, March hatched, make show birds. Offers, or exchange. — ASTON, Powick, Worcester. c 82 WANTED, DRIVEN BEES. Exchange Eng- lish or Anglo-German Concertina.— W. H. WILLIAMS, St. Briavels, Glos. c 88 FOR SALE, several cwt. good Light-coloured Honey, and 10 dozen Sections. Sample, 3d. —DAVID HANCOX, Deddington, Oxon. c 55a HONEY, English Extracted and Sections, wanted for cash. Send sample and price. — W. H. SIMS, Hall Green, Birmingham. c 52 SPLENDID OFFER— 3 grand Stocks of Bees and all appliances, £1 each; delivery end August.— LINDSAY, Middleton, Kirkby Lonsdale. c 48 HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES, with young Queen, 5s. 6d.; old Queen, 5s.; Boxes, Is., or return- able. Would exchange for honey ripener or tins without rust.— WELBOURN, Cranswick, Bever- ley, c 23 WANTED, 2,000 good light Sections; also good Extracted.— State price to DELL'S, Leigh, Lanes. c 26 WANTED, Good Sections, also Light Run Honey— R. CARTER, Chartridge, Chesham, Bucks. c 35 WANTED, Sections, first quality. Good price given. Prompt cash— CHILTON, South- down Apiary, Polegate, Sussex. c 41 D RIVEN BEES.— Wanted, 30-40 lots, early de- livery—ADAM, Hill Crest, Elgin. c 36 HOMES OF THE HONEY BEE."— Electros of Apiaries, for printing on picture post- cards or for advertising purposes, 2s. 6d., post free. —Apply to MANAGER, B.B.J., 23, Bedford-street, W.C. W ANTED, for dissection, old worn-out or other Queens, alive. Will friends please oblige? — HERROD, Apiary, Luton. WANTED, " Hymenoptera and Aculeata of British Isles," by Edward Saunders, with 51 illustrations; Curtis's " British Entomo- logy"; the Monograph of "Hymenoptera"; " Flowers, Fruit, and Leaves," by Lubbock. Nature Series.— Address, W. H., 23, Bedford-street, Strand. W.C. BUSINESS ANNOUNCEMENTS. HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES, at once, 5s. per lot. — W. H. HIGLEY, 49, Franchise-street, Kid- derminster, c 89 HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES, with young Queen, is. 3d. .per lb— GARNER, Broom, Biggles- wade, c 73 D RIVEN BEES, 3s. per lot; Queens, Is. 6d. — GORDON, Bassingbourn, Royston. c75 DRIVEN BEES, free from disease, with good laying Queen, sent in well-ventilated unre- turnable swarm boxes, 6s. per lot; good laying Queens. 2s. 9d. each— THOMAS BRADFORD, Ex- pert, Worcester. c 9 6 STRONG HEALTHY STOCKS, in Skeps, with 1910 Queens and abundant stores, on rail 12s. 6d. each.— SOLE, Expert, Whitchurch, Hants. c 95 DRIVEN BEES, healthy, Is. 6d. per lb., or 4s. 6d. per lot. with Queen; Queens, 2s.; boxes returnable.— BISHOP, Expert, Pickersleigh Apiary, Malvern. c 45 Sept. 1, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 343 Editorial, Notices, &c. KENT HONEY SHOW AT WYE. .The ninth annual exhibition was held at Wye on August 10 under ideal weather conditions, such as would have gladdened the hearts of bee-keepers had it occurred during June and July. Notwithstanding the bad season, the number of entries was only slightly below the average, and the usual high standard of excellence was fully maintained. It is also very encouraging to welcome such a large and increasing attendance of visitors interested in bee- keeping, which proves that the industry is making steady progress throughout the county. Mr. W. Herrod, F.E.S., acted as judge, and also gave a most interesting lecture and demonstration during the afternoon. At the close of the show the prizes were distributed by Mrs. Dunstan. Subjoined is a list of the judge's awards: — OPEN TO KENT. Six 1-lb. Sections and Six 1-lb. Jars Extracted Honey. — 1st (Past-President's (1907) Silver Challenge Cup), E. R. Nash, Smarden; 2nd, Mrs. Seadon, Bromley; 3rd, Rev. H. R. N. Ellison, Hothfield. Six lib. Sections Comb Honey. — 1st (Past-President's (1908) Silver Challenge Cup), E. R. Nash; 2nd, A. Lepper, Wye; 3rd, Rev. H. R. N. Ellison; 4th, F. W. Arrow. Two Shalloiv Frames of Comb Honey. — 1st, W. J. Moody Smith, Pluckley ; 2nd, A. H. Briggs, Bilting; 3rd, R. Gray; 4th, T. Head, Canterbury. Six 1-lb. Jars Medium Extracted Honey. (Past-President the Right Hon. the Earl of Guilford's Silver Challenge Cup). — 1st, H. C.Chapelow, ,Wy^2ndT,W. J. Moedy^ Smith; B. J. F. White, Beckenham; 4th, Mrs. Seadon. Six 1-lb. Jars Medium Extracted Honey —1st, R. Dockeray ; 2nd, E. R. Nash; 3rd, J. Hamilton; 4th, W. J. Moody Smith. Six 1-lb. Jars Dark Extracted Honey. — 1st, E. R. Nash; 2nd, J. G. Hall, Wye; 3rd, Mrs. Seadon; 4th, H. C. Chapelow. Three 1-lb. Sections and Three 1-lb. Jars Extracted Honey. — 1st, A. H. Briggs; 3rd, A. Lepper. Beeswax.— 1st, W. J. Moody Smith; 2nd, A. E. Allchin; 3rd, Rev. H. R. N. Ellison. Mead. — 1st, A. Lepper; 2nd, Mrs. Hall, Wye. Bee-candy. — 1st, J. Trendell; 2nd, S. Burden. Single 1-lb. Jar Granulated Honey. — 1st, J. Mepham, Orleston ; 2nd, S. Dar- lington, Charing. Cake Sweetened with Honey. 1st, Miss Gettings; 2nd, A. E. Allchin; 3rd, A. Lepper. Display of Cut Flowers Visited by Bees. —1st, Mrs. Hall. Three. 1-lb. Sections (cottagers only). — 1st, J. Goodsell; 2nd, A. H. Briggs; 3rd, E. H. Philpot. Two 1-lb. . Jars Extracted Honey (cot- tagers only).— 1st, H. T. Hall; 2nd, J. Mepham; 3rd, W. Brown. OPEN TO KENT, SURREY, AND SUSSEX ONLY. ' Trophy of Bee-products. — 1st (champion silver cup, presented by Mrs. H. J. King), Mrs. Hall; 2nd, Mrs. Seadon. OPEN CLASSES. ' Single 1-lb. Jar Light Extracted Honey. —1st, R. W. Lloyd, Thetf ord ; 2nd, J. G. Nicholson, Langwathby; 3rd, Mrs. Seadon. Single 1-lb. Jar Medium or Dark Ex- tracted Honey. — 1st, H. O. Chapelow; 2nd, J. G. Hall; 3rd, E. R, Nash. Single 1-lb. Section. — 1st, A. W. Weatherhogg, Willoughton, Lines ; 2nd, R. H. Baynes, Cambridge. Beginner's Outfit. — 1st, Mrs. Seadon; 2nd, T. Head. Three Sections and . Three 1-lb. Jars Extracted Honey (members of Ashford and District Association). — 1st, Rev. H. R. N. Ellison, Hothfield.— H. C. Chapelow, Hon. Sec. AMONG THE BEES. ASSOCIATED EFFORT. By D. M. Macdonald, Banff. The old apt illustration of the bundle of sticks readily rises before the mind's eye. . Singly each twig could be easily snapped ; bound together they can with- stand the strength of a Sandow or a Samson. Apiculturally we in the British Isles are weak in this respect, but truth compels me to state that Scotland lags far in the rear when compared with the sister countries. We can boast of many en- lightened bee-keepers, yet each acts as a unit, widely severed and groping in the dark for , want of knowing what others are doing. Over vast areas we can boast of four of the finest staple sources of honey to be found in any land — viz., fruit-bloom, clover, limes, and the heather. Yet for want of a knowledge of the best methods of harvesting and placing the crop on the market in the most taking form it is often forwarded in a way that depreciates instead of appreciating its value. Then there is no combination as to selling. Each man is here a law unto himself, often greatly to the detriment of his fellow-apiarists. A few get full value for their surplus; the many, for as good an article, obtain unremunerative returns. The honey of the horny-handed man of toil is as pure and as valuable as that of any lord in the land when gathered by the bees. It should be the aim of associated 344 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Sept. 1, 1910. effort to make it so when placed on the dealer's counter, or when disposed of to the summer tourist or autumn sports- man. At present the proper management or hees is imperfectly understood, and then- manipulation is badly carried out. With perhaps no good text-book and no good model to work from, wrong methods and roundabout processes are followed, dis- turbing to the studied order and regular government of the hive interior. The ire of the bees is thus raised unnecessarily, greatly to the distress of their keeper, and possibly of neighbours. The psycho- logical moment is often missed when a rack or super should be placed on the hive, or some examination of the interior should have been made to determine the condition of the brood-nest. An associa- tion, by means of its experts, who have passed searching tests as to their abilities to manipulate a hive properly and right what is found to be wrong, should teach and disseminate a new and better order of things. It should be an important aim of such a society to place before its members all the latest and most up-to-date bee-litera- ture, in the shape of bee-books and bee- newspapers, and therefore a library is almost a necessity to the carrying out of the best work. Next to seeing many manipulations performed, it is well to ob- tain the how, when, and why they should be undertaken, as recorded in some good text-book written by a successful bee- keeper of the first rank. Bee-clubs could also be formed in every local centre, where bee-keepers might assemble periodically to discuss their hobby, listen to dissertations on some of the dark points of apiculture, and see the latest and best in bee-appli- ances. Such a club, too, could work on the co-operative principle, and by uniting should be able to purchase hives and ap- pliances at wholesale rates. Many appli- ance dealers would be glad to deal with them on this system. As a propagandist force nothing excels the influence of a really good lecturer, who can expound the mysteries of bee-keeping in a manner which makes them under- standable by the average layman as well as the initiated apiarist. A good power- ful lantern with a set of interesting slides vastly enhances the value of any discourse on bees. This holds good in autumn and winter, but in summer, throwing aside the superficialities and restraints of school- room or hall, and even the closely-reasoned and well-balanced sentences of a written dissertation, the lecturer will with first- hand illustrations from the hive interior contribute those bee-talks which at once go to the root of the matter. Example is far more potent than precept. Seeing the thing actually done by one who really knows how to do it is an invaluable boon to the budding bee-keeper, and may be worth reams of desultory reading or months of blundering along in the dark, without any light to guide the erring footsteps. For many members of our bee-keepers' associations the annual show is the great event of the apicultural year. Exhibitors from all parts of the country meet with their produce in friendly rivalry, each buoyed up with the hope and expectation that his or her exhibit is the cream of the collection. This central show, good in itself, should not content any association. It should be the aim of every committee to use their influence individually and collectively to have a show in every local centre. Wherever there is an agricul- tural or horticultural gathering there should be also an apicultural exhibition. What could be more appropriate at a flower show than the essence of the flowers in the shape of luscious honey. These ex- hibits direct the attention of the public to the value of this delicious sweet, and hence sales will follow. Then, of course,, non-members see and admire the tasteful display, and, carried forward by the spirit of emulation, resolve to join the association. Then there is the sentiment of friend- ship generated by associated effort, to which I would assign a very high place. All bee-keepers are brethren, and the spirit of camaraderie acts at a meeting of apiarians as does the mystic symbols of masonry at a gathering of the craft. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one fide of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. NOTES FROM NORTH HERTS. "isle of wight disease." [7896.] The communication from Lieut. - Col. Hunter (page 306) postulates infec- tiousness as an essential characteristic of the "Isle of Wight disease," and thus throws doubt on the correctness of diag- nosis regarding the complaint from which Mr. Yetts's bees are suffering (page 295). Having carefully thought out the matter, I can find no certain proof of the infectious nature of this disease. A con- clusive proof of its non-infectious char- acter is apparently supplied by the ex- periment of Mr. H. M. Cooper, the details of which were given in Dr. Maiden's Sept, 1,1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 345 article. Bees were placed in a hive where others had died, given combs from another diseased lot, and fed with syrup from a third diseased lot. For nine months these bees remained clear of disease. Against this we have the assumption that robbing just prior to an outbreak is the cause of that outbreak. Swarms are also stated to have died off in from twelve to eighteen days when they have taken possession of "diseased hives"; but against this we have the fact that an established stock has been known to die off in nine days. I am not convinced that B. pestiformis apis is the cause of the disease, although it may frequently be present. Many who keep bees must have noticed individual bees in spring-time that were unable to fly. Some of these have defective wings, but a certain percentage have the bowel distended, as in some Isle of Wight cases. A walk through my apiary (fifty stocks) on a fine morning in spring will probably result in the finding of half a dozen or more bees in this condition. In the early part of 1909 I examined a large number of these bees. Cultures from the chyle stomach on bullock-brain media fre- quently yielded a pestiform bacillus, but I do not think it was the cause of the con- stipation If it multiplies in the body of the bee it is probably able to do so owing to the lowered vitality of the insect, brought about by the constipation or its cause. Until further evidence is forth- coming I shall not be content to assume that the presence of B. pestiformis apis in 62 per cent, of the diseased Isle of Wight bees has a similar explanation. For a long time I doubted the existence of an "Isle of Wight disease." Stocks shown to me from time to time as suffer- ing from this trouble proved to be affected by starvation, suffocation, unfertile queen, or some similar cause to account for the dwindling. Through the courtesy of Mr. Cowan, however, I eventually ob- tained information of a case about fifteen miles from here. The bees were dying by thousands, but unfortunately the owner was a skeppist, and also was unwilling to have the hives examined. A case which has come to my notice since then shows some of the difficulties which crop up and which would be unnoticed by anyone un- familiar with bees. The Board of Agri- culture had expressed the opinion that two stocks in frame-hives were suffering from "Isle of Wight disease." The owner stated that feeders had been on all the summer, but when I visited this apiary one lot was starving and reduced to a mere handful of bees, apparently healthy, and the other lot had been robbed out. The combs of the latter stock showed signs of black brood or sour foul brood. According to Dr. Howard, who first in- vestigated this type of foul brood, starva- tion is a contributory cause, and the adults are also affected with the disease. Near these hives were hundreds of bees dead with the typical pollen-diste'nded colon, and but for this I should have doubted the occurrence of " Isle of Wight disease" in this apiary. Starvation or sour foul brood is enough for any stock to contend with, and must have accounted for many a loss attributed to the new disease. It is difficult to overlook the fact that skeps suffer more than frame-hives and that bees that have special attention usually escape. Mr. Yetts's nuclei headed by Sladen's queens were probably well looked after. The recorded cures have either been spontaneous during the honey- flow or after the giving of sugar syrup. Until we get a theory that will account for these facts we must consider the Isle of Wight problem unsolved. B. alvei. — When the " Isle of Wight disease " has been satisfactorily explained, it would be a good thing if we could standardise our information on other bee- diseases. Every expert knows that B. alvei is a cause of foul brood, but no one knows how many kinds of bacilli have been so named. Sternberg gives the thermal death-point of spores of B. alvei as 4 minutes at 100 deg. C. Professor Harrison gives it as 2 hours 45 minutes at 115 deg. C. Harrison's bacillus is gram-positive. I can find no statement in other writers on this point. My favourite is a gram- negative organism. Dr. G. F. White sug- gests that most workers have written their description from mixed cultures. When we have decided which is the genuine B. alvei, we might settle the question of its relationship to bee-disease. And then we might investigate the claims of some other organisms. (Note. — After staining in a particular manner, a gram- positive or gram-fast organism retains the stain when washed in alcohol ; a gram- negative organism loses it. The charac- teristic is fairly constant, and is used for purposes of identification.) — G. W. Bulla- more, Albury, Herts. SOUTHERN SNATCHES. MORE ABOUT SOUTH AFRICAN BEES. [7897. [ Replying to Mr. Crawshaw (page 257), I have no doubt whatever but that a South African native can be successfully introduced to any other race of bees that Mr. Crawshaw should wish to experiment with. I am not so san- guine, however, on the likelihood of get- ting a queen safely to England, especially in view of the fact that our seasons are directly opposite to the English. Our bees are inactive from April till August S46 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Sept. 1, 1910. '(more or less), although there is no month that a careful apiarist cannot open a hive on-most days. The journey seems very great for such a frail creature as a queen- bee with a few dozen workers to get through safely, considering the knocking about by rail and boat. I fancy a small stock in a specially-constructed travelling- box would be more likely to survive the journey. If Mr. Crawshaw thinks our race would be a desirable acquisition in England, I shall be very pleased to help him in carrying out his suggestion, if he will please write so that we can make arrangements. In regard to temper, I may say I have found them the most gentle and again the most vicious of bees. This I put down to the particular strain. The "aromatic gum" — which, by the way, Mr. Crawshaw proposes to turn to account — is not a serious drawback. It is only in evidence towards the end of the season, and then is used chiefly in re- ducing entrances and filling holes. There seems no limit to the size of a hole. these insects will not close up, and when one takes into consideration how often the necessity arises, this feature will be better understood. Shrinkage of wood is very great here in the winter months, even in well-made hives, so what must it be in old boxes and barrels and such receptacles where bees so often make their homes, more often than not of their own choosing. My first acquaintance with the South me. h. Stanley's "haven of rest" apiary, pulloxhill, ampthill, beds. They are usually consistent, and a quiet strain rarely gives any trouble. I have on two occasions met different hives simply impossible to work with, smoke having no effect whatever. A quick ap- preciation of the situation and a hasty retreat is the only way to avoid serious trouble in the neighbourhood. Such cases are the exception, however, and, provided the bees are a well-disposed strain, I do not think it is possible to find a race more pleasantly or quickly manipu- lated. They are easily shaken from the comb, are not generally excitable, and quickly respond to smoke ; indeed, a few puffs will sometimes clear them out of a hive entirely should the weather be warm and the apiarist not careful. - African bee was a stock in an old 5-gallon paraffin-tin. They had already made a good start, although the tin had an opening 9 in. square (the full width of the top), which listed slightly down- ward just enough to let the rain drip over. Mr. Crawshaw's surmise about their "concerted action" is quite correct; it is a strong feature, and is well borne out during a honey-flow. My best hive last season filled a super of thirteen shallow frames (fitted with sheets of foundation) in six days, a day being only about twelve hours ; but the bees can work from dawn till dark in our warm climate. The latest B.B.J, just to hand reports {"Southern Snatches" continued on page 348.) Sept. 1,1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 347 HOMES OF THE HONEY-BEE. THE APIARIES OP OUR READERS. What a person who has lived in a town for a number of years can do in the way of increasing his income when moved to more congenial surroundings in the country, and who is not afraid of work or too proud to learn from any and every available source, is illustrated very plainly by Mr. H. Stanley, who possesses not only an apiary at home but has also established an out-apiary. He writes as follows : " We constantly hear of the advantages of going ' back to the land,' but- coun- try life needs attractions both remunera- tive and salubrious to make it pleasant an inclement season, practically empty; and upon asking the operator if it was possible to get honey from the lower com- partment, a few frames were taken out from the hives and a little was shown as 'good for squeezing through the muslin,' while a mass of brood was noted as user less, and recommended to be given to the chickens. Things went on in this way until I became more enlightened, and with the aid of the 'Bee-keepers' Guide Book ' I was able to manage the bees suc- cessfully myself ; so much so that for many years the number of colonies has increased, and honey in proportion has been taken in goodly quantity. During the season of 1908, when the two hives were stationed on the roof of the Daily MR. STANLEY S MOUNT PLEASANT" APIARY, PULLOXHILL, AMPTHILL, BEDS. to some people. For many years I moved in the centre of London, but about eighteen years ago established a printing business in this district, the southern part of Bedfordshire, and found it most essential in this rural spot to ■choose a congenial hobby. Bee-keeping was decided upon, but absolute ignorance of the management of bees necessitated the assistance of someone who understood them, and for very many years an old bee- keeper for a small fee manipulated the hives, starting first with the skep, then {reluctantly) with the frame-hives. Years passed, and small was the quantity of honey taken ; sections were almost always found like the seaside restaurants during Mirror printing office in Bouverie Street, London, I watched their progress, and put down two hives of bees here in their proper environment. I took the honey about the same date as it was removed from those in London, when it was stated that theirs contained 19J? lb. of honey and 1 lb. of wax, while those here, after leaving some 20 lb. to 25 lb. in each hive for the winter's consumption, yielded no less than 128 lb. of surplus in sec- tions and extracted honey. Yet in this district there are some to be found who ' do not believe in these new-fangled ideas,' and to save themselves the trouble of 'stifling the bees' with sulphur at the end of the season are willing to hand over 348 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Sept. 1, 1910. their bees to anyone able to ' drive ' them and leave behind the honey. " From this brief description one can un- derstand the satisfaction it gives to learn from the columns of a previous issue of your valuable journal that a bee-keepers' association has been formed for South Bed- fordshire, as it will prove a boon to many bee-keepers in this county. In closing, I feel that it is impossible to speak too highly of the help rendered by the various County Councils in providing qualified lec- turers to educate the keepers of bees. Many can testify to this fact in this dis- trict, as most invaluable instruction was given during the last winter under the Bedfordshire County Council by Mr. Herrod, of Luton." (Correspondence continued from page 346.) the clover in bloom in England, the moment when all the bee-keepers' hopes are soaring high, and dreams of his golden harvest are near realisation. That they be realised to the fullest, and so in a measure compensate him for the disap- pointment of last season, is the earnest wish of a brother bee-keeper from the South. — Henry Martin, Dannhauser, Natal. "ISLE OF WIGHT BEE-DISEASE." SULPHUR AS A REMEDY. [7898.] I am hoping that we have found a cure for this disease or for the form in which we have it in this neighbourhood. Mr. Edwards, expert to the Bucks B.K.A., some time ago suggested that when I saw signs of it I should try dusting with flowers of sulphur. Shortly afterwards, a fortnight-old swarm was badly smitten, and for some days lost a few hundred bees daily. Late one evening I gave a dusting of sulphur to the bees and the nine combs they were on. Seven combs contained brood and honey, the other two honey only, none being sealed over. The result was that all unsealed brood was killed and the queen ceased laying. A fortnight afterwards no brood, dead or alive, nor an egg, and only a few hundred bees and queen were left. The parent stock, stand- ing some 6 feet away, began to show slight signs of disease ; these I drove out of their cheese-box and united to the remains of swarm, on the swarm's combs, after slightly dusting bees only with sulphur. This happened a fortnight ago, and the queen has only during the last day or two commenced to lay again, but it is a strong lot of bees still. In another apiary a fortnight-old swarm began to show signs (about fifty bees down one day), so I used sulphur as with the other lot, with a like result to brood and queen. A week later I took out three- frames containing mostly dead brood and honey. I killed the queen, and added a small lot of healthy bees with queen and two frames of brood. These are going, ahead now — brood on six frames. Within a foot of this lot was another fortnight- old swarm in a butter-box, which I turned up and dusted slightly, as I thought it possible a diseased bee or two might have- got in. Result, the same ; but they are- going ahead again, gathering honey, and queen is breeding well. The moral seems to be, dust the bees only. No sign cf disease has since been seen in either apiary. The sulphur most certainly kills, the disease and prevents it spreading to other colonies, which is a great point gained. Mr. Yetts states (B.B.J., page 295) that he concludes the disease is not infec- tious. I suppose he means it is not so through the food. This is the conclusion I have about come to as regards the food — honey — in diseased dead stocks in spring, for in several instances within my personal knowledge stocks dead of disease were robbed out last spring. The robbers have done amazingly well considering the adverse season, and have thrown off swarms, which are at the present time quite healthy (one skep especially has been a marvel). In autumn the case seems to be different, as healthy stocks which robbed some diseased — not dead — ones last autumn were shortly after at- tacked by disease, and died out, some quickly, others during early spring. Did the stolen honey contain disease germs, or did the robbers become infected by rub- bing shoulders with the diseased bees? And, again, does the honey at any time contain germs of this disease? I have some of last year's on hand, taken from stocks which died of disease, and will send a sample to anyone for microscopic ex- amination, and it will be an easy matter to get some of this year's. If honey of this year contains live germs and last year's does not, it will almost appear that immersion in honey for a time kills them (this is quite contrary to foul brood ex- perience). All the bees alive here are natives, with the exception of two hybrid Carniolans. Italians and those showing marked Italian cross are dead. How is that for natives? — A. Simpson, Norfolk Cottage, Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks. [From our correspondent's success with sulphur it seems to indicate that the disease is paralysis, which is known to yield to such treatment. In the Southern United States, where the disease is preva- lent, flowers of sulphur, sprinkled by means of a powder-bellows, has been found to effect a cure, but it kills all un- sealed brood and destroys the eggs. — Ed.} Sept. 1, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 349 LIMNANTBES DOUGLAS1I FOR BEES. [7899.] With reference to the para- graph (7880) in your issue of August 11, I first saw Limnanthes Douglasii two years ago in an hotel garden in Ashburton (Devonshire), where it was used as a border plant, and what particularly drew my attention to it was the circumstance that it was literally alive with bees. Taking a note of its " name and address,'' I made a point of growing it in my own garden last year, and was disappointed to find that the bees entirely ignored it. This year the flowers were visited, but not to anything like the extent I had witnessed in Ashburton. Is it a question of soil, or season, or perhaps both? — R. S, James, Mill Hill, N.W. [7900.] My experience of this plant is exactly the same as that of Mr. Bur- bridge. It has bloomed very freely close to my hives this year, and has been almost entirely neglected by the bees. I have never seen more than two bees on the whole bed of these flowers at a time. The experience of others is so contrary to this as to make me think there are dif- ferent varieties of the plant. — D. Taylor, Margate. ; [7901.] If one of your correspondents having a little seed of above to spare this autumn would oblige me with some, I should be happy to pay postage. — H. O. Morgan, Beecroft, Bath Road, Keynsham, Som. [We have also received letters from Messrs. F. H. Fowler, J. S. Watson, and several others, who write in glowing terms of Limnanthes. Our own experience has been that bees visit the plant in the early summer, especially when other forage is not abundant. — Ed.] CAPPINGS OF COMB. BY L. S. CRAWSHAW, NORTON, MALTON, YORK8. Parthenogenesis (page 284). — Mr. Bulla- more states that "his own view" is that in every egg laid by the bee (? queen) there are three potentialities of develop- ment. If this means, as, with its context, it implies, that he considers fertilisation to take place after the egg is laid, it is, whilst not new, a quite unsupported theory. If, however, he believes that fertilisation takes place before the egg is laid, it is difficult to detect any difference between his own view and the teaching of the text-books. At least, they appear to me to be the same. Queen-wasps WorJcing on Poplar (page 286). — Is it not most likely that the wasps were getting nest-building material from the leaves? They make use of a variety of vegetable fibre for this purpose. Market for Honey (page 290). — In order to capture any portion of the £30,000 a year which is paid for foreign honey, the price of our product would have to be abnormally low. Much of this foreign honey is quite inferior and terribly cheap. I may be over-pessimistic, but I cannot help thinking that the indiscriminate manufacture of bee-keepers, and the " in season and out of season" advocacy of bee-keeping as a profitable occupation, has for its main result the production of an increased quantity of inferior sections, which the local grocer is expected to sell, and which discourage the honey-buyer. I am at one with W. Z. Hutchinson in a desire for better methods and increased production on the part of those already in the business, but I look with disfavour on the no doubt well-meant efforts of those who increase the worst kind of competition by painting one side only of this particular picture. "I.O.W. Disease" and Sladen's Bees (page 295). — This is a very fine testi- monial to the qualities of these bees, and those who have suffered might do well to try the strain thoroughly. Mr. Yetts might also let us have a report from his hives next season. There are, however, one or two trifling criticisms which I would make. If the facts are as stated, and this actually was a case of " I.O.W. disease," then the hives to which the virgins were introduced could not, I think, have been suffering badly. "Badly " would preclude any queen from reviving a stock, even by super-apian efforts, unless she did nurse work like some of her less civilised cousins. Incidentally, the queen of No. 1 stock is not yet in her " third year," seeing that she was about eleven months old at the time of writing. Would not second year describe her more cor- rectly ? There has been at least one re- port of the disease being carried to a distance by the apiarist, and these tabu- lated results do not prove that the "I.O.W. disease" is not contagious, but only indicate that the Sladen strain pos- sesses disease-resisting qualities — perhaps an even more valuable conclusion. I should like to ask whether anyone in the Isle of Wight itself has tried these bees since the outbreak, and with what result? Chronicles of Anna (page 296). — Have mercy, Mr. Smallwood ! The weather, Domine ! is quite bad enough without your talking of snow in summer. Ad- mitting, however, that the weather is not what it used to be, these Ann. Dom. times, yet surely snow about the first of August is an anachronism even in Cum- berland. Probably these notes were written in the spring (save the mark!), and the old system of dating letters to the B.B.J, would remove our fears. But, 350 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Sept. 1, 1910. Mr. Smallwood, which of the nine daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne smiled upon the painter's art? Or was there a tenth, and was she known as Anna? Muse again, Mr. Smallwood, muse again. Bisulphide of Carbon — A Warning (page 305). — A word of caution is neces- sary here, as "D, M. M." in his notes has, by a clerical error, referred to this as a "lighted substance," as though it were ordinary sulphur. The fluid must by no means be brought in contact with a light. It is volatile', and the fumes are highly inflammable. The substance should be placed in a saucer in a closed chamber with the combs to be fumigated, when the fumes will do their work. "D. M. M." evidently recognises the danger, as he concludes with a warning. Bee-stings and Rheumatism, (page 308). —Most of the reported cases of cure seem to be those of slightly-affected patients. To test the matter thoroughly, I have ob- tained the "co-operation" of a local sufferer and his doctor. The victim is suffering from chronic rheumatism, I be- lieve, and is so bad that he can only hobble with the aid of two sticks, several of his joints having no movement what- ever. Since the spring I have applied twice a week from twenty to thirty stings in various parts of his anatomy, and there certainly seems to be a slight im- provement. I hope to report more fully later on, for, as the patient himself says, if it will cure him "it'll cure anybody." Bee=Shows to Come. September 3, at Dalkeith, N.B.— Annual Show and Meeting of Midlothian B.K.A. in the Corn Exchange, Dalkeith. Members and prospec- tive members earnestly urged to attend. Schedules from C. N. Craik (interim secretary), Dalkeith, N.B. September 7, at Croydon.— Show of Honey, Wax, and Appliances, in connection with the Croy- don and District B.K.A. Entries closed. September 13, at Conway, N. Wales.— Annual Honey Show, in connection with the Con- way Honey Fair. Open and Local Classes. Sche- dules from J. Hughes. Town Hall, Conway. Entries close September 6. September 13, at Woodstock.— Annual Show of the Oxfords. B.K.A., in connection with the Woodstock Horticultural Society's Show at Blen- heim Park. Open classes for best 1 lb. jar Ex- tracted, and best 1 lb. Section (no entry fee). Prizes, 7s. 6d., 5s., 2s. 6d. Exhibits become pro- perty of Association. Schedules from H. M. Turner, The Turl, Oxford. September 14 and 15, at Cambridge.— Honey Show, in connection with the Cambridge and District Red Cross Horticultural Society. Four open classes. To be held in the Corn Exchange, Cambridge. Schedules and particulars of Hon. Sec, E. F. Dant, 52, Bridge-street, Cambridge. Entries close September 10. September 17, at Dumfries.— Annual Show of South of Scotland Bee-keepers' Association. Five open classes : Three lib. jars extracted, 20s., 10s., and 5s.; three sections, ditto. (Entry 2s.) lib. jar, also one section, 5s., 3s., and 2s. (Entry free, and exhibits retained unless otherwise agreed upon.) Beeswax, 5s., 3s., and 2s. (Entry 6d.) Fourteen classes for members. Schedules from Q. Aird, Hardgate, Dalbeattie, N.B. Entries close September 10. September 17 to 24, at the Agricultural Hall, London.— Honey Show in connection with the Eighteenth Annual Exhibition and Market of the Grocery and Kindred Trades. Liberal prizes. Open to all British Bee-keepers. Schedules from H. S. Rogers, Secretary, Exhibition Offices, Palmerston House, Old Broad Street, London, E.C. October 4 to 7. at the Agricultural Hall, London. — Show of Honey and Bee Produce in con- nection with the British Dairy Farmers' Associa- tion. Numerous and liberal prizes for Honey, &c. Schedules from Mr. F. E. Hardcastle, 12, Hanover Square, London W. Entries close September 5. November 9 and 10, at St. Albans.— Honey Show, under the direction of the St. Albans and District Bee-keepers' Association, will be held in the Drill Hall. Open classes, Best 1 lb. Jar of Ex- tracted Honey and Best lib. Section (entry free). Schedules from E. Watson, Holywell Hill, St. Albans. Notices to Correspondents. *#* Notice. — In the review of the Spanish book on page 333 the price given of 4 pesetas should be 3s. 4d., not Is. 4d. J. H. (Wheathampstead). • — -Swarms in. Sleeps. — Your swarms were evidently . not strong enough to more than half fill the skeps. It would be advisable to unite them and make two out of the. four, and feed up. Chute (Andover). — Value of Honey. — We. have no means of ascertaining the weight of honey imported, but the' market price varies from 19s. to 30s. a hundredweight. Beginner (Wales). — United Hives. — 1. Re- move skep, put queen-excluder on frames, and cover temporarily with a quilt. Drive the bees from skep in order to secure the queen. You can do this at the entrance of the hive, and as soon as you see the queen enter the hive cease driving, remove quilt, and place skep on excluder. The queen will now be below, and as soon as the brood in skep hatches out you can remove it. 2. If the frames of No. 2 are only partly worked it would be better to let the skep remain on until the spring. If, however, there are plenty of bees, treat as recommended for the other hive. They should be driven now, and we do not think there would be two queens. 3. If there are so many drones and no brood, it is usually a sign of queenless- ness, and you should examine the combs to make sure that the colony has a queen, and if not you must give one. Driven (Brighton). — Uniting Driven Bees to Stock. — rllnless you have another hive to place by the stock you have to take the risk of the bees fighting. They will sometimes unite in the way you pro- pose, but more often the plan results in fighting. Adhere to the method recom- mended in "Guide Book" on page 107. Sept. 1,1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 351 H. M. L. (New Forest). — Prices of Books. — There is no price given with Dr. Zander's " Studien iiber die Honig- biene," reviewed in B.B.J. The price of the new edition of the "A B C and X Y Z " will be advertised in B.B.J, as soon as it is in the market, the B.B.J. office being the London publishing agents. Puzzled (Lancashire). — Bees Bobbing. — 1. You incur no liability by reason of youx bees making an attack on your neighbour's bees. 2. You can do nothing to prevent it except confining the bees in the hive and placing them in a cool place for a few days. It is the neighbour whose bees are attacked who should take preventive measures. 3. Italians and their hybrids are well known to be inveterate robbers of weak stocks, but strong colonies can usually hold their own. Albion (Lechlade). — Queenless Colony. — It is too late to unite in the way you propose. Your best plan is to drive the bees from the skep, then make an arti- ficial swarm of the queenless stock and unite the bees with the driven bees from the skep, dusting both lots with flour and allowing them to run into the frame-hive together (see " Guide Book," page 107). G. H. H. (Somerset). — Sugar for Bee- food. — We never advise feeding in autumn with unrefined sugar, such as Demerara, even if pure cane, as it is apt to cause dysentery. Pure cane re- fined sugar can be had, though that usually sold by grocers is made from beet. It was in order to supply the de- mand for the right kind that we arranged with a firm of West Indian importers to supply pure cane sugar through the B.B.J. , but many high- class grocery firms will guarantee sugar when sold as cane. Write to the hon. sec. of the Somerset B.K.A., Mr. L. Snelgrove, Rockville, Albert Quadrant. Weston-super-Mare, for particulars of membership. H. J. B. (Walthamstow). — Teucrium Scorodonia. — Bees visit this plant freely and produce honey, but we are unable to tell what the flavour is, as the plant is not sufficiently abundant for bees to store entirely from it. At any rate, it does not seem to affect what other honey they are storing at the same time. B. B. (Ramsgate).— Drones Cast Out.— The young queen has been accepted, and the drones are being cast out because the bees have no further use for them. G. T. (Clitheroe). — Sainfoin and Borage Seeds. — These may be obtained of most seedsmen. Try Mr. G. Rose, Liverpool, or Messrs. Sutton and Sons, Reading. Abbottswood (Gloucester). — Supposed Bee. — The insect is a drone-fly, which closely resembles the bee, but if ex- amined it will be seen that whereas the drone-fly possesses only two wings, the bee has four. J. S. W. (Mildenball).— Driven Bees.— You will find your question answered in several recent issues of the B.B.J., and also in "Guide Book" (see pages 151-153). T. W. A. (Shepshed). — Varieties of Heather. — The specimen sent is Cal- luna vulgaris, or common ling. Bee-maid (Northants). — Burnt Bee-food. — The small quantity of burnt sugar will do no harm, as it is so much diluted by the syrup. E. J. S. (Kew). — Food-supply for Winter. — 1. Candy should not be used as food until the final packing-down for winter. 2. After a season like the one just over there is no risk of the brood-nest being clogged with honey. 3. Your plan is impracticable ; in fact, it is impossible to get bees into a second chamber at this time of year. Enquirer (Colchester). — Driven Bees. — - 1. Not more than two lots should be driven into one skep ; this is a good way of uniting. 2. In any case, it is only honey in the supers of infected hives which is considered harmless to human beings, but if the hive is in such a bad condition it is hardly nice to think of eating it. No doubt the best plan would be to burn the lot, honey and all. J. C. E. (Kenilworth). — Bees Fighting. — It is a case of robbing, the attacking bees being from a neighbouring hive. At this time of the year bees are in- clined to rob, and you must guard against it by not opening the hives more than necessary. Only expose them for a very short time. A. Bee (Watling Street). — Dead Queen. — It is quite possible, or it may have been reared and cast out by the Italian nucleus. Suspected Combs. m J. G. B. (Guernsey).— The comb is affected with virulent foul brood. Naphthol beta should not be put in the hives ; it is only used to medicate the food. The bees have not left on account of your using "a little formalin," though an overdose of any strong-smelling disinfec- tant might cause them to vacate the hive. Keswick Coddling (Portinscale). — Nos. 1 and 3 very old comb containing pollen and honey. No. 2 dried larva. Honey Samples. J. B. N. — All are good samples of white clover honey. No. 1 is the best for your purpose, and should stand a very good chance on the show-bench ; it will re- quire reliquefying. 352 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Sept. 1, 1910. S. W. L. (Glos). — Sample is a dark honey of good flavour, though rather lacking in density. Gathered from mixed sources. We do not notice the peculiar flavour you mention. J. D. M. (Whalley). — From white clover. Flavour good, consistency fair, colour good. Worth about 56s. per cwt. G. M. D. (Wenden).— Would do well to show in light class at local shows. A little too thin to win in strong com- petition. F. J. M. (Hants). — The bees have had access to a jam or sweet factory, and carried home syrup, not honey. The flower is not heather, but, so far as we can judge in its dried-up condition, is the Sea Artimesia. J. M. (Measham). — A beautiful clover- honey, and will do for show purposes. Yenoh (Catford). — The honey is a very good sample from lime. The price you ask is reasonable. It would do to show locally, but would not stand much chance against clover or sainfoin lioney in a large show. G. L. (Oxford).- — No. 1 is nice bright honey of good flavour, rather thin, will do to show locally in light class. No. 2 is also rather thin, of medium colour, but bright and clear ; flavour not so good as No. 1. Special Prepaid Advertisements* SPECIAL NOTICE. The prices of advertisements in " Special Pre- paid " Column have been revised, and are now as follows .— Two Words One Penny, minimum Sixpence. Orders for three or more consecutive insertions entitle advertisers to one insertion in " The Bee keepers' Record " free of charge. Trade advertisements of Bees, Honey, Queens, and Bee goods are not admissible at above rate, but will be inserted at Id. per word as " Busi- ness " Announcements, immediately under the Private Advertisements. Advertisements of Hive- manufacturers can only be inserted at a minimum charge of 3s. per \ in., or 5s. per inch. PRIVATE ADVERTISEMENTS. m FOR SALE, 1 Skep of Bees, 12s.; 2 Stocks, on ten Frames, 15s. each; 1 Stock, on ten Frames, in '* W. B. C." Hive, new this spring, 22s. The above splendid Stocks, with young Queens, and guaranteed healthy. Cash or Deposit.— WARREN, JUN., Great Horwood, Winslow, Bucks. d 6 STRONG HEALTHY STOCKS ENGLISH BEES, 24s.; Italians, 32s.; Hives, nearly new, 12s., 18s.; Racks of Shallow Combs, drawn-out, 4s.; Section Racks, Quilts, <&c, allr new this year; Honey Ripener, 8s— R. W. BRIERLEY, Lustleigh, , Devon. c 83 w HAT OFFERS? Good Stocks, in Hives or on Frames.— COOK, Worlington, Soham. d 5 H broke on rrames.— i^uuis., wornngton, sonam. d 5 ONEY, 62s. per cwt.; tins free. Sample, 4d. —THOMAS, Coedmelyn, Stackpole, Pem- c C 96 <> STRONG, HEALTHY STOCKS. £5, or sepa- rate, £1 each.— READ, Farm, Wembley, c 81 Special Prepaid Advertisements.— Continued. BEST SCOTCH SECTIONS, 10s. 6d. per dozen. — C. GARFITT, Coupar Angus, Perthshire. c 99 5 VOLS. " FAMILY PHYSICIAN, " cost 37s. 6d., excellent binding, as new, will take £1, or exchange for good Honey Extractor. — BROWN, Myra Cottage, Torphins, Aberdeenshire. d 3 OAAA PURE FERTILE 1910 QUEENS TO 9J\J\J\J BE SOLD DURING SEASON, Swiss Brown Natives, 5s.; Blacks, Italians, Car- niolans, 3s.— FREDERICK VOGT, 38, Clementina- road, Leyton, Essex. FOR SALE, 3 Stocks of Bees, on ten Frames, in " Telescope " Hives, sufficient food for the winter, 30s. each— C. J. ELLERT, The Gardens, Chicksands Priory, Shefford, Beds. d 7 OBSERVATORY " ONE-FRAME HIVE, polished pine, as new, cost 35s.; also Wax Smelter, accept 12s. 6d.— F. J. NILAM, Finchamp- stead, Wokingham. d 8 1 P BY 12 CAMERA, with three good dark ly slides. Exchange Honey— COLLINGE, Leyland, Preston. c 80 FOR SALE, several cwt. good Light-coloured Honey, and 10 dozen Sections. Sample, 3d. —DAVID HANCOX, Deddington, Oxon. c 55a HONEY, English Extracted and Sections, wanted for cash. Send sample and price. — W. H. SIMS, Hall Green, Birmingham. c 52 WANTED, Sections, first quality. Good price given. Prompt cash— CHILTON, South- down Apiary, Polegate, Sussex. c 41 HOMES OF THE HONEY BEE."— Electros of Apiaries, for printing on picture post- cards or for advertising purposes, 2s. 6d., post free. —Apply to MANAGER, B.B.J., 23. Bedford-street, W.C. WANTED, for dissection, old worn-out or other Queens, alive. Will friends please oblige? — HERROD, Apiary, Luton. WANTED, " Hymenoptera and Aculeata of British Isles," by Edward Saunders, with 51 illustrations; Cuftis's " British Entomo- logy"; the Monograph of "Hymenoptera"; " Flowers, Fruit, and Leaves," by Lubbock. Nature Series.— Address, W. H., 23, Bedford-street, Strand, W.C. BUSINESS ANNOUNCEMENTS. 1 AA LOTS HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES FOR 1UU SALE, 4s. per lot, on rail— A. H. WITTS, London-road, Whitchurch, Hants. d 4 ALNWICK " BEE-FEEDER, price 6d. each. Postage of one costs 3d., two 4d., six 6d., dozen 10d.— J. BALMBRA, East-parade, Alnwick. d 2 HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES, Is. lb. Exchange anything useful.— WATSON, Kingsway, Mil- denhall. d 1 HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES FOR SALE, with young Queen, 5s. 6d.; old Queen. 5s.; carriage paid— G. A. GILLETT, Moreton-in-Marsh, Glos. HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES, young Queen, Is. 3d. per lb— GARNER, Broom, Biggles- wade, d 9 HEALTHY DRIVEN BEES, at once, 5s. per lot. — W. H. HIGLEY, 49, Franchise-street, Kid- derminster, c 89 4)AA LOTS WARRANTED HEALTHY BEES, av\I\J 5s. and 3s. 6d. per lot, with Queens. — DENNETT, Whitchurch, Hants. c 54 Sept. 8, 1910. THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 353 Editorial, Notices, &c. PROMINENT BEE-KEEPERS. ME. CAMILLE P. DADANT. For nearly half a century the name of Dadant has been associated with apicul- ture, and the founder of the firm, the late Charles Dadant, who left France, his native country, in 1863 to start grape- to chronicle that now L'Apiculteur, under the editorship of M. Sevalle, is as strong a supporter of movable-frame hives as formerly it was their opponent. Mr. Camille P. Dadant, the subject of the present sketch, is a son of the late Charles Dadant, and was born at Langres, in France, on April 6, 1851. He got the basis of his education in the college of that city, and in 1863 the family removed to the United States and settled at Hamil- ME. CAMILLE P. DADANT, OF HAMILTON, U.S.A. growing in the "United States of America, commenced bee-keeping in the following year. Seeing its advantages, he soon adopted the " Langstroth " hive, and en- deavoured to get his countrymen to try it, an attempt which provoked violent opposition from M. Hamet, the former editor of L'Apiculteur, who was a strenu- ous advocate of the straw skep and as strenuous an opponent of movable- comb hives. It is satisfactory to be able ton, where his education was completed, and where the family have lived ever since. He assisted his father in the apiary and was brought up to the busi- ness, which had already acquired consider- able dimensions, the first out-apiary having been started in 1871 and a large trade in importing queens from Italy having been established. In 1874 C. P. Dadant was taken into partnership, and a year later the number of out-apiaries was 354 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Sept. 8, 1910. increased, each one containing from sixty to 120 colonies. A large business in ex- tracted honey was built up, and the firm also took to the manufacture of comb- foundation. They are now among the largest manufacturers, a great deal of their produce finding its way to this country. In .November, 1875, Mr. C. P. Dadant was married, and his family consists of seven children, three of whom are married. He has three sons, who now assist him in the management of the eight apiaries and the manufacture of comb-foundation. Like his father, Mr. Dadant has been a regular contributor not only to the Ameri- can bee-papers, but also to the Swiss, French, and Italian journals. He was also associated with his father in revising Langstroth's book and translating it into French; new editions of both, revised by him, have recently been issued. Mr. Dadant takes an interest in the National Bee-keepers' Association, and has been its secretary, vice-president, and president, and is at the present time president of the Illinois State Association. Besides bee-keeping, which is his busi- ness, Mr. Dadant takes an interest in local affairs, and has been one of the active promoters of the big Mississippi River dam, now being constructed. It is the second largest in the world, will de- velop 200,000 electrical horse-power, and will be the largest single electrical plant in existence. The dam, which is between Keokuk and Hamilton, will create a lake twenty-five miles long and from one to three miles wide. It was in 1887 that we first made the personal acquaintance of Mr. Dadant and his family, and we will always have a pleasant reminiscence of the courtesy with which we were received and shown all over the works and apiary. Mr. Dadant has done much by his writings to im- prove apiculture not only in his adopted country, but also in Europe, and we hope he may live many years to continue the good work begun by his father and so ably carried on by him. NORTHAMPTON B.K.A. ANNUAL SHOW. The annual show of the Northampton B.K.A. was held in connection with the Municipal Horticultural Show at Abing- don Park on August 3 and 4. Notwith- standing the fact that the apiarist has been faced with an unfavourable honey season, the entries were more numerous than those of last year, and the quality of the exhibits all that could be desired. In the centre of the honey-tent Mr. His- cock, of Loddington, staged a trophy of honey which was awarded a special prize. Mr. W. Herrod judged the exhibits, and during the day conducted three examina- tions, the candidates coming from North- ampton, Peterborough, and Salisbury. A social tea was partaken of, after which Mr. Herrod gave a short address on some important bee-keeping questions — in par- ticular on the treatment of foul brood and its cure. The question of legislation for bee-diseases was also discussed, a strong feeling being shown in favour of a parliamentary Bill dealing with these diseases, especially foul brood. Demon- strations in the bee-tent were given during the show, and bee-keepers ex- changed their knowledge of bee-craft. The interest shown by the lookers-on was very marked. The following were the awards : Twelve. 1-lb. Sections. — 1st and silver medal, A. Hiscock, Loddington; 2nd, E. Palmer, Kettering; 3rd, C. J. BurnettT Northampton ; 4th, G. Mason, Yardley Gobion. Twelve 1-lb. Jars Light Extracted Honey. — 1st, J. R. Truss, Ufford; 2nd,, Goodburn Bros., Peterborough; 3rd, A. Hisoock ; 4th, Miss E. Adams, West Haddon; 5th, J. Adams, West Haddon ; v.h.c, L. Andrews, Peterborough; c, G. Mason. Twelve 1-lb. Jars Extracted Dark Honey. — 1st, A. Hiscock; 2nd, W. E. Hipworth, Peterborough; 3rd, C. J. Burnett. Twelve 1-lb. Jars Granulated Honey. — 1st, J. R. Truss; 2nd, W. E. Hipworth; 3rd, L. Andrews; c, J. Adams. Shallow Frames of Honey. — 1st, C. J. Burnett; 2nd, A. Hiscock ; 3rd, J. Adams; 4th, W. Snow, Yardley Hastings. Super in Glass or Wood. — 1st, G. Page ; 2nd, C. J. Burnett; 3rd, H. England, Moulton. Beeswax. — 1st, A. Hiscock; 2nd, C. Wells, Oxendon; 3rd, G. Palmer, Ketter- ing; 4th, O. J. Burnett. CLASSES FOR NON-FIRST PRIZE WINNERS. , Six Sections. — 1st, W. Cooke, Orton, Kettering; 2nd, C. J. Burnett; 3rd, J. H. Wilmot, Stanwick. Six Jars Extracted Light Honey. — 1st, L. Andrews; 2nd, W. Snow; 3rd, J. H. Wilmot. Six Jars Extracted Dark Honey. — 1st, W. E. Hipworth ; 2nd, Miss Bennett, Towcester; 3rd, W. H. Chambers, North- ampton. OPEN CLASSES. Single 1-lb. Jar Extracted Honey. — 1st, A. Hiscock; 2nd, W. Snow; 3rd, F. W. Hadfield, Grantham ; 4th, J. Adams. Special Class — Single 1-lb. Jar Ex- tracted Honey. 1st, H. E. Barlow, Stoke- on-Trent ; 2nd, A. J. Jackson, Thetf ord ; 3rd, A. Hiscock; 4th, L. Cox; 5th, E. Palmer. Honey-cake. — 1st, Mrs. Burnett; 2nd, Sept. 8, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 355 Mrs. Mason; 3rd, Mrs. Goodburn; 4th, Mrs. Cox. — R. Hefford, Hon. Sec., Northants B.K.A. YORKSHIRE B.K.A. ANNUAL SHOW. The Yorkshire Agricultural Show was held in Roundhay Park, Leeds, on July 26, 27, and 28, and, being favoured with good weather, large numbers of visitors passed the turnstiles each day. The bee and honey section contained the best dis- play shown for a long time at this show, and competition was keen in each class, very few exhibits entered not being staged. Honey-dew, which was so ram- pant last year, was conspicuous by its absence, and the colour of most of the honey exhibits all that could be desired. The Yorkshire Bee-keepers' Association held a meeting on the second day of the show, when a letter was read from the Rev. S. Smith regretting his absence and his being reluctantly obliged to resign the secretaryship owing to ill-health. Mr. W. EL Richardson, of Whitkirk, Leeds, was appointed in his stead. Demonstra- tions were given in the bee-tent each day, and the art of modern method in bee- keeping was explained by the Revs. R. S. Lamb and Hutchinson, assisted by Mr. W. Dixon, before large audiences. Mr. F. Boyes, of Beverley, acted as judge, and made the following awards : Complete Frame-hive. — 1st, E. H. Tay- lor, Welwyn, Herts ; 2nd and 3rd, W. Dixon, Kirkgate, Leeds; r. and h.c, Seeds and Bees, Ltd., Liverpool. Complete Frame-hive. — 1st, E. H. Taylor ; 2nd, W. Dixon. Ticelve Sections Heather Honey. — 1st, J. Pearman, Penny Long Lane, Derby; 2nd. W. Dixon. Twelve Sections Honey (other than Heather). — 1st, A. W. Weatherhogg, Willoughton, Lincoln; 2nd, J. G. Nichol- son, Langwathby, Cumberland; 3rd, E. W. Spink, Green Tree, Easingwold ; r., J. Pearman; h.c, W. Patchett, Cabourne, Caistor, Lines. Twelve 1-lb. Jars Heather Honey. — 1st, Burn and Botham, Phoenix House, Whitby; 2nd, J. Pearman; 3rd, W. Dixon; r., J. F. Stephenson, Temple Bank, Bradford; h.c, H. Waddington, Kirby Hill, Boroughbridge. Twelve 1-lb. Jars Extracted Honey.- — 1st, A. Jackson, Elveden, Thetf ord ; 2nd, R. W. Lloyd, Thetford, Norfolk; 3rd, W. E. Richardson, Whitkirk, Leeds; r., F. Harris, High Ferry, Sibsey, Boston; h.c, A. W. Weatherhogg. Twelve 1-lb. Jars Granulated Honey. — 1st, A. W. Weatherhogg; 2nd, W. Dixon; 3rd, J. Pearman. Beeswax. — 1st, J. Pearman; 2nd, W. Dixon; 3rd, F. Harris; r., Goodburn Bros., Peterborough; h.c, E. W. Spink. Six Sections. — 1st and special, G. Gar- butt, Ingleby Barwick, Thornaby-on- Tees; 2nd, E. W. Spink; 3rd, G. H. Whitehouse, Aberford, Leeds; r., J. C. Hall, California, Howden; h.c, H. Wad- dington. Six 1-lb. Jars Extracted. — 1st, W. E. Richardson; 2nd, R. Spaven, Sand Hutton, York; 3rd, E. W. Spink; r., G. Garbutt; h.c, F. A. Bean, Snaith. Six 1-lb. Jars Granulated Honey. — 1st, J. F. Stephenson; 2nd, G. Garbutt; 3rd, R. Spaven; r., F. A. Bean and J. C. Hall. — W. E. Richardson, Hon. Sec. Correspondence. The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents. No notice will be taken of anonymous communications, and correspondents are requested to write on one side of the paper only and give their real names and addresses, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Illustrations should be drawn on separate pieces of paper. We do not undertake to return rejected communications. NATIVES V. ITALIANS. [7902.] Mr. Yetts (page 295) is, I con- sider, very unfair to driven bees — natives ■ — in drawing comparisons between them and nine-comb colonies, or even three- frame nuclei of Italians. He should carry his experiment further and reverse the order by matching a driven lot of Italians against stocks of natives on frames. The result can easily by fore- told. I have been a keen champion of our native bee for a long time. I wrote to the B.B.J, over twenty years ago as "Robin Hood" that I had given about a dozen Italian stocks two seasons' trial and found them far behind a good strain of natives. There is not the slightest doubt that Mr. Sladen and one or two others have by selection during a number of years greatly improved the honey- gathering qualities of the Italians in this country, but no one can breed out of them their natural propensity for rob- bing. This I consider their Avorst fault, j for they will thieve, and, consequently, if there is any disease about they find it ; and then, granted that they may gather as much honey as natives, they do not finish their work so well. How many prizes for comb-honey at our leading shows are won by Italians' work? Not many, I think. What single bee-keeper in this country of any standing who goes in for honey-production exclusively but has tried and discarded them for natives? A good strain of the latter will breed nearly as well as the Italians and gather more honey in indifferent seasons— and, unfortunately, these predominate with us. 356 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Sept. 8, 1910. Such has been my experience, anyway, and it has not been a small one. Take the present season, for instance. The cry from all quarters is " A bad season," yet there are several small skeps of natives here which have not done at all badly — much better than Mr. Yetts's goldens ap- pear to have done. Within a few yards of where I am writing this is the small skep I mentioned in my communication on " Isle of Wight" disease. It threw off early in June a small swarm, certainly not 3 lb. weight, which was put into an empty butter box. This box it has filled, and it now weighs at least 50 lb. The cast came off fifteen days after the swarm, and was put on three frames of founda- tion, one of which was taken away for a few days, as it was bare of bees. When the young bees began to hatch, the three combs were barely covered by bees, yet they now well cover eight built-out combs, six of which oontam brood, and have sealed at least 15 lb. of honey. The old skep is heavy enough to stand a long winter. It has stood on the same spot since early 1908, and has never had an ounce of food given to it, nor have its swarms mentioned above. In March, 1909, it did not weigh 6 lb., nor did it in February of this year, but a fortnight after it had increased to above 20 lb. by robbing several stocks, dead of disease, which stood within 20 ft. of it. It was either a case of rob or die of starvation. The three colonies are to be seen now in a chicken-run, 8 yards by 5 yards, in which above fifty chickens have been reared. (There are over twenty half-grown ones in it now.) At one end of the run is a pigsty, which has contained all the summer two porkers. A happy family, truly, for there has been no sting- ing of either chicks, pigs, or humans, which speaks well for the temper of the bees. I am open to pit two stocks of natives next season against any two stocks of Italians that can be brought to compete with them ; they can be located within easy walking dis- tance of this place — honey result to be worked for, and loser's honey to go to B.B.K.A., I to manage the natives, and pay them two visits a week only. One stock of each to be worked for sections, the other for extracting. I am only a working man — poultryman at present — so cannot go far afield. — A. Simpson, Nor- folk Cottage, Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks. "ISLE OF WIGHT" BFE-DISEASE. [7903.] I was pleased to see in the B.B.J, of September 1 (page 348) that others are trying sulphur as a cure for this disease. When it first broke out in the Isle of Wight I had fourteen hives of bees all doing well ; they were smitten, and com- menced dying one after another. I tried all sorts of things — sulphur in syrup, also brandy, and I dusted the bees over with fresh-slaked lime — but lost them all, natives being the last to die. Then for two years I was without bees. Last year I got a swarm from Devonshire which did well and was very strong this spring. I put a super on early, which they filled quickly. I then put a second super on, which they had almost filled by July 1. They then sent off a large swarm, which I put into a new hive. Three or four days afterwards this swarm showed signs of disease. I then mixed sulphur with their syrup, and with a pair of bellows blew sulphur in at the entrance, but for some days they were very bad, the ground around the hive being thick with dying bees. I continued with the sulphur for about a week, when all seemed right again, and the bees at work. All went on well till Monday last (August 29), when the sickness appeared again, and four other hives near it appeared to be badly smitten. I have again blown sulphur into the hives and dusted the bees which cluster on the alighting-board. I was so hopeful in the early part of the season that I purchased more bees and increased my stocks to seven ; two appear to be quite healthy. — T. Parker, Ryde, Isle of Wight. FOULnBROOD LEGISLATION. [7904.] Looking back on the long period of time during which I have been engaged in bee-culture, principally for pleasure and the information to be derived from it, I ask permission through your columns to say how much I dislike the proposal of legal enactments for the pur- pose of regulating the keeping of bees, and more especially for trying to stamp out foul brood. My bitterest recollections during my bee-keeping career were the visit and interference of two so-called ex- perts, which resulted in one of the worst attacks of foul brood that I ever had to contend with, and I have for nearly fifty years rarely wintered fewer than thirty stocks. All of us are aware of the bad effects which have often resulted from the laws enacted for the purpose of regulating or preventing animal disease, and what discontent and ill-success has been too often the result of such measures. How often have we heard of late that those concerned in the production of milk and bacon have declared that they would give up keeping cows and pigs altogether. I make the assertion, very confident that it will not be contradicted by the result, that if, so far as this wide district of the South-West of Scotland is con- cerned, the Government can be induced by interested parties to pass such measures as they require, we shall have bee-keeping Sept. 8, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOTJKXAL. 35T reduced to its very lowest ebb. There is little doubt that a full -| per cent, of the stock of bees formerly kept has diminished, and I have direct evidence that in many cases any further interference with bee- keepers will result in the immediate sul- phuring of all the stocks. — R. See vice, Janefield, Maxwellton. THE SOMERSET COUNTY HONEY SHOW. [7905.] When visiting the above show, held in connection with the Midsorner Norton Horticultural Show, I was much surprised to see the conditions under which the exhibitors had to stage their honey, and it seemed to me that a county bee-keepers' association should be able to afford a tent to themselves, with proper benches and staging, instead of a rickety, unlevel concern along the low side of a horticultural tent, where those staging exhibits are pushed and buffeted by exhibitors in the other sections of the show. I do not wish to cast reflection upon those responsible for the carrying out of the arrangements, but I think there is room for a very great improve- ment. I am a member of the Somerset County Bee-association, and although not an exhibitor myself, I think every con- venience possible should be provided for those that are, thus ensuring the safety of the exhibits and assisting to make the success the show deserves. — P. J. D., Somerset. EPILOBIUM AS A BEE-PLANT. r7906.] I would very much like to know if any readers of the B.B.J, have noticed the value of Epilobium (willow herb) as a bee-plant. The' wild variety is known by everyone, as it grows freely by the sides of streams and in boggy places. There are, I believe, several varieties cultivated, although I have only come in contact with one. It is a hardy perennial, grows about 6ft. in height, and continues to bloom for a very long time. Its bright rose colour makes it an attractive plant for any garden, but it has one great drawback — it spreads very rapidly, not only by roots but by seeds, which commence to blow about long before it has finished flowering. I have noticed bees in large numbers ob- taining both honey and pollen from it even when the limes were at their best. The weather here has been very much against bees. The rainfall during July was 4.28 in. ; for August, up to the 29th, it was 3.17 in. — Northumberland Bee,. EFFECT OF BEE.STINGS. [7907.] I should like to give my experi- ence of above, as the subject is now under ■discussion in your pages. I happened to be hiving a swarm, and got stung on the back of the right ear. It swelled a great deal for about two days, but I had no pain. Two days after this happened I was standing at a distance of 10 yards from the hives when I got stung at the back of the left ear. I went direct to the house and applied ammonia; but while doing so I sickened. I started to vomit, and suffered great pain. The doctor sent for pronounced severe blood-poisoning. A few minutes after I came out in a rash over the whole body. I have had a good many stings, but have never had any pain or trouble with them except on this occa- sion. I think mine has been a case simi- lar to your Kent correspondent. — Lanarkshire, Motherwell. BEE-STINGS AND RHEUMATISM. [7908.] I hope I am not troubling you too much, but, having read in your columns of the bee-sting cure for rheumatism, I should like to relate my experience. I have been laid up with rheumatism in consequence of a bee-sting a month ago, I was under the impression that a sting would do me good ; but the doctor, who had kept bees, said I was to wear a veil and gloves to avoid another sting, if I did not want another attack. He also told me that he knew a bee-keeper who gene- rally had rheumatism after a sting. I thought I would mention this as a re- minder to those who, like myself, are sufferers not to get stung, or the results may be serious, as in my case. — F. Jarrett. BEE-CULTURE IN CUMBERLAND. At the opening of the Honey Exhibition at Carlisle on Aug. 31 Canon Rawnsley gave the results of the experi- ments made in different parts of Cumber- land by experts this year. These proved conclusively the vital necessity and useful- ness of bees to farmers and fruit-growers. In orchards not bearing well, hives were introduced, and certain trees were covered with muslin at the blossom-time. The results were that the trees to which bees had free access bore more fruit, while the trees from which the bees had been excluded were found to be without fruit. — Times. Queries and Replies. [4043.] Good Honei/-plant. — I have been a subscriber to the B.B.J, now for nearly thirty years, and am still as proud of it as ever. I have sold, bought, and exchanged all kinds of goods through its columns, and I find it as good an adver- tising medium as any paper going. Now 358 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. [Sept. 8, 1910. I am enclosing you a sprig of one of the best autumn bee-flowers that I ever saw. It does not matter what the weather is like; if the bees can get out at all, they will be found working on it. Only last Sunday (August 28) I was watching, and saw bees by the score on the plant at 6.30' p.m. in a drizzling rain, and I thought there must be plenty of honey to account for their enthusiasm. Would you please give me the name of the plant, as no one can name it for me round here? It will grow anywhere, and needs very little cultivation. It does not seed, but is raised from cuttings, and soon grows into a large .bushy plant, with spikes about 15in. in height; it dies down in winter and shoots up in the spring. You will notice by the leaves that it is very much like the cactus tribe. — E. P. Thomp- son, Gowdall. Reply. — The plant is Sedum telephium, orpine or stonecrop, a succulent belong- ing to the order Crassidacece. Like all the stonecrops, it is a valuable bee-plant, and is easily increased by division. The plant should be lifted, divided, and re- planted triennially. [4044.] Queen Dying in Travelling- cage. — 1. A short time ago I introduced a young queen to a stock. Upon first re- moving the old queen (second year) I put her in a travelling-cage with about a dozen workers, and some candy taken from three other cages in which queens had travelled, and put the cage in a dark cupboard. On examining the cage ten days later I found the queen and all the workers except two dead. Can you sug- gest any reason for this? 2. Please name the enclosed plant. I have a bush in the garden, and when flowering in the spring it is covered with bees. It has now a second lot of bloom, but the bees do not visit it. 3. What is the largest number of pieces of Apicure which can be put into a hive at one time with safety ?— P>. B., Kent. Reply. — 1. They may have died from want of food, or from becoming chilled, or from insufficient air through being overcrowded, or even from candy becom- ing sticky. 2. Coronilla emerus, or scor- pion senna. 3. Not'more than two. [4045.] Moving Bees. — I shall shortly have to move two stocks of bees to another garden about 200 yards away. Will you kindly advise me on the follow- ing points? 1. What is the best time to move them? I shall give up possession of my present garden on November 14, but possibly I could arrange with the new tenant to let the bees remain where they are till the spring, if necessary. 2. Is it best to move tbem by day or at night? 3. Are the bees likely to go back to their old location in the spring? 4. There are some pig-sties at the bottom of the new garden. Are the bees likely to be affected by the odour from them ? - F. S. E., Ipswich. Reply. — 1. You can move them at any- time after November 1 without injury. 2. The best time is at night. 3. No, not if moved at the time stated, as when they fly in spring they will note their new position. 4. No. [4046.] Do Bees Injure Fruit? — I shall be glad if you will tell me through your paper if it is at all usual for bees to at- tack fruit in the same manner as wasps, as two of my neighbours have complained that the bees have spoiled their peaches and plums. I am sending you a few beer? I took from a peach. I have five hives of English black bees, and my fruit has. not been touched by them, and therefore I do not think the enclosed bees are mine. Thanking you in anticipation. — W. W. G.,. Stroud. Reply. — It has been proved conclu- sively that it is physically impossible for bees to injure fruit by piercing the skins even of such thin-skinned fruit as grapes. It is true that if the skin has been per- forated by wasps or birds bees will gather the juice from the damaged fruit, often to their own detriment. So far as your neigh- bours are concerned, they ought to feel much indebted to you for keeping bees, as. both peach- and plum-blossom must be fer- tilised by insects if the trees are to bear- a good crop of fruit, and bees are the most active fertilisers known (see " The Fertilisation of Fruit-Blossom by Bees.'' by T. W. Cowan). [4047.] Name of Wild Bee- The Sting- of the Queens. — 1. I send herewith a few specimens of the insects which have been working my delphiniums in large num- bers. My own bees are black ones. 2. Do bees kill drones by stinging? If so, do they themselves not die, having lost the sting? 3. The "Guide Book'' says a queen-bee only uses her sting to- attack or kill a rival. Having stung her rival, why does she not perish from loss, of her sting? I am, of course, going by the information I have received that when a bee stings (a person) it leaves its sting behind, and dies itself shortly after losing the sting. Can you advise me on these' points? — Beginner, Moreton. Reply. — 1. The insects are known as Apathus campestris (female), a parasitic bee closely resembling the humble-bee. She makes her home in the nests of the- bombi, and lays her eggs there, thus securing food for her offspring without the trouble of storing it. 2. Not usually ; they generally maim by biting at the root of the wing. The drones are cast out o£ Sept. 8, 1910.] THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. 359 the hive, where they perish on the ground from cold and hunger. The bee would die if the sting was used for the purpose. 3. The barbs of the queen-bee's sting are only rudimentary ; therefore she can ex- tract it without injury to herself. WEATHER REPORT. Baenwood, Gloucester. Rainfall, 2T7 in. Above average, "01 in. Heaviest fall, '65 in. on 5th. Rain fell on 10 days. Total to date,1506in., as compared with 12'85in. for the cor- responding period of last year. Mean maximum tem- perature, 65 9 ; 7T degrees below average. Mean minimum tem- perature, 52-5 ; 2'5 degrees below July, 1910. Warmest day, 14th, 75. Coldest night, 3rd, 40. Relative humidity, or percentage of moisture in the air, 70. Number of days with sky completely overcast at 9 a.m., 10 ; do. cloudless, 0. Percentage of wind force, 33. Prevailing directions N.E. and S.W. average. F. H. Fowler (F.R.Met.Soc). JULY RAINFALL. Total, 2.36 in. Below average, .71 in. Heaviest fall in 24 hours, .65 in. on 5th. Rain fell on 15 days. Total fall from Jan. 1, 20.97 in. W. Head, Brilley, Herefordshire. Echoes from the Hives. Last April I asked you for advice as to transferring, my first stocks being housed respectively in an old pail and a skep. I now send you an extract from my log of the result of the past season. I drove the bees in April during the early fine spell, after destroying all old frames, quilts,