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BRITISH BEETLES:
INTEODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF OUE
INDIGENOUS COLEOPTERA.
By E. C. rye,
MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF PRANCE AND STETTIN
AND EDITOR (POR COLEOPTERa) OF THE ' ENTOMOLOCtIST's
MONTHLY MAGAZINE.'
LONDON: LOVELL EEEVE & CO., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN
186G.
v%.
J. E. TATLOE ATTD CO., PEINTFES, LITTLE QUEEN STKEET, LINCOLN'S INN PIELDS.
If tlie practical spirit of the present age did not despise sucli empty compliments as dedica- tions, I would inscribe this little Volume to
EDWARD NEWMAN;
whose great and disinterested love for the Insect World is scarcely excelled by his un- wavering attachment to the Cause of Truth.
E. C. E.
PREFACE.
The large amount of subject matter and the compara- ively limited space at my disposal render it impossible that the present volume should assume the most useful form, viz. that of a complete Dictionary. Neither is it desirable that it should be a mere Grammar, consisting solely of dry rules. It must, therefore, be somewhat on the scheme of a Delectus ; combining extracts from the biographies of individual objects with principles of clas- sification and hints for obtaining further knowledge.
It is difficult, if not impossible, to introduce the " popular element " (so attractive a bait for study) into a book treating on Beetles. Unlike butterflies and moths, they are not familiar objects ; or, if so, are not considered friendly : nor is much known of their earlier stages, on account of the difficulty of rearing them in
Vm PREFACE.
confinement ; damp, darkness, and quiet being neces- sities for their development. Neither do they, like bees, ants, etc., exhibit any wonderful instincts in their per- fect state : so that little remains to notice beyond their actual structure ; which is, luckily, so varied and adapted to their numerous ways and means of life as to afford a never-ending subject for discovery, instruction, and de- light. Here, however, we are met by fresh difficulties in the path of investigation ; since the two points of size and colour, — usually of primary importance to be- ginners in any study of natural objects, — are of less help than usual in the Order Coleoptera, owing to their fre- quent instability ; and the detail of minute differences necessitates the use of peculiar terms, incapable of con- version into " plain English."
Nevertheless, the field for observation is so exten- sive,— the cost of implements so small, — the collection of material alike so easy and so conducive to health, — and the material itself so readily manipulated (owing to the hard integuments of most species of beetles), and affording scope for so many interesting observations, — that few who have commenced can abandon the pleasing labour.
The student desiring further acquaintance with the principles of classification, etc, (too generally neglected
PREFACE. IX
by English Coleopterists), will do well to consult the works of Lacordaire and Westwood mentioned in the present volume ; from which authors the majority of the characters in it are taken .
E. C. Rye.
284, King's Road, Chelsea, London, S. W., Fehruary, 1866.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
ON THE EELATIONS AND DIVISIONS OF THE CLASS INSECTA . 1
CHAPTER II.
EEMAEKS UPON THE STErCTUEE, METAMOEPHOSES, ETC., OF
COLEOPTERA 9
CHAPTER III. ON THE TEEMS USED IN DESCEIPTIONS OF COLEOPTEEA . 16
CHAPTER IV.
ON THE EXTEENAL ANATOMY OF THE COLEOPTEEA ... 21
CHAPTER V.
BOOKS USEFUL TO THE STUDENT OF BEITISH COLEOPTEEA . 29
CHAPTER VI.
INSTEUMENTS, ETC., EEQUIEED FOE COLLECTING, MOUNTING
AND PEESEEVING COLEOPTEEA 31
CHAPTER VII.
HINTS ON COLLECTING 38
CHAPTER VIII. ON THE SECTIONS AND FAMILIES OF THE COLEOPTEEA . . 41
CHAPTER IX.
THE GEODEPHAGA, OE LAND CAENIVOEOUS BEETLES ... 43
XU CONTENTS.
CHAPTER X.
THE HYDRADEPHAGA, OR AQUATIC CARNIVOROUS BEETLES . 60
CHAPTER XI.
THE BRACHELYTRA, OR " EOVE-BEETLES " 68
CHAPTER XII. THE NECROPHAaA, OR CLAVICORNES 92
CHAPTER XIII. THE LAMELLICORNES, OR " CHAFERS " 110
CHAPTER XIV.
THE STERNOXI, OR " SKIPJACKS " AND THEIR ALLIES . . 126
CHAPTER XV.
THE MALACODERMI 135
CHAPTER XVI.
THE HETEROMERA 152
CHAPTER XVII.
THE EHYNCHOPHORA, OR " WEEVILS " 174
CHAPTER XVIII. THE LONGICORNES 201
CHAPTER XIX.
THE EUPODA, OR PHYTOPHAGA 211
CHAPTER XX.
THE PSECJDOTRIMERA 226
CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH COLEOFTERA 241
INDEX 271
LIST OF PLATES.
Plate L
1. Cicindela sylvatica.
2. Lebia crux-minor.
3. Brachinus crepitans.
4. Clivina collaris.
5. Carabus nitens.
6. Licinus silphoides.
Plate II.
1. Callistus lunatus.
2. Anchomemis sexpuncta-
tus.
3. Pterostichus piciraanus.
4. Amara fulva.
5: Dichirotrichus obsoletus. 6. Bembidiura pallidipeiine.
Plate III.
1. Dytiscus punctulatus
(niale).
2. Agabus maculatus.
3. Hydroporus rivalis.
4. Kaliplus obliqiius.
5. Pelobius Hernianni.
6. Gyrinus bicolor.
Plate IV.
1. Atemeles emai^inatus.
2. Bolitobius atricapillus.
3. Quedius cruentus.
4. Creophilus maxillosus.
5. Xantholinus fulgidiis.
6. Psederus caligatus.
Plate V.
1. Dianous cserulescens.
2. Oxyporus rufus.
3. Horaalium planum.
4. Phlceobium clypeatum.
5. Prognatha quadricomis.
6. Micropeplus margaritae.
Plate VI. 1. Necrophorus mortuorum.
XIV
LIST OF PLATES.
3. Eiimicvus tarsatus.
3. Aiiisotoma cimiamomea.
4. Hister bimaculatiis.
5. Soronia punctatissima.
6. Cicones variegatus.
Plate VII.
1. Cvyptophagus scanicus.
2. Mycetophagus multipunc-
tatus.
3. Byrrhus fasciatus.
4. Helophorus rugosus.
5. Hydrobius fuscipes.
6. Trichius fasciatus.
Plate VIII.
1 . Pliyllopertha horticola.
2. Typhfeus vulgaris.
3. Apliodius inquinatiis.
4. Dovciis parallelopipedus,
5. Agrilus biguttatus.
6. Melasis buprestoides.
Plate IX.
1. Elater sanguiaolentus.
2. Dictyopterus Aurora.
3. Drilus flavesceua (male).
4. Telephorus clypeatus.
5. Clerus formicarius.
6. Hylecaetua dermestoides
(male).
Plate X. 1. Iledobia impcrialis.
2. Crypticus quisquilius.
3. Helops pallidas.
4. Orchesia undulala.
5. Notoxus monoceros.
6. Ehipiphorus paradoxus
(jnale).
Plate XL
1. Sitaris miu-alis.
2. (Edemera ca^rulea (male).
3. Ehinosimus viridipeunis.
4. Brachytarsus scabrosus.
5. Ehyncliites tequatus.
6. Phytonomus triliueatus.
Plate XII.
1. Otiorhynchus picipes.
2. Balaninus villosus.
3. Cryptorhynchus lapatiii.
4. Cleonus blattariEe.
5. Cossonus linearis.
6. Hylesinus vittatus.
Plate XIII.
1. Xyloterus lineatus.
2. Platypus cylindrus.
3. Callidium alni.
4. Acaiitliocinusa3(Iilis(/«6r^6').
5. Saperda scalaris.
6. Molorclms umbellatarum.
Plate XIV.
1. Strangalia armata (car.).
2. Heemonia Curtisii.
LIST OF PLATES.
XV
3. Crioceris asparagi.
4. Cryptocephalus bilineatus.
5. Chrysomela distinguenda.
6. Calomicrus circumfusus.
Plate XV.
1. Phyllotreta ochripes. &. Aptevopeda graminis.
3. Cassida sanguinolenta.
4. Tritoma bipustulata.
5. Coccinella 22-punctata.
6. Endomyclius cocciueus.
Plate XVT.
1. Corylophus cassidoides.
2. Ptenidium apicale.
3. Lathridius lardarius.
4. Pselaphu3 Heisii.
5. Euplectus nanus.
6. Claviger foveolatus.
BRITISH BEETLES.
[COLEOPTERA.)
CHAPTER I.
ON THE EELATIONS AND DIVISIONS OF THE CLASS INSECTA.
As this volume is intended solely for the use of beginners in entomology, and especially those who desire to be ac- quainted with the leading groups and peculiarities of structure, etc., of Beetles (or Coleoptera) , as exhibited by our British species, — it is perhaps advisable to com- mence with a brief statement of the relative position in the scale of creation held by the class Insecta, in which the Coleoptera are usually accorded the place of honour. To begin, then, at the very beginning. The Animal Kingdom is divided into two great sub-kingdoms : the Yertebrata, or animals with a spinal column (compris- ing Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, and Pisces; or Beasts, Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes) ; and the Invertebrata, wherein the spinal column is wanting. The separation is at once so decided, and apparently natural, tliat no
B
2 BRITISH BEETLES.
difficulty can well arise about it, except, perhaps, in the case of the Tortoises {CheJonia) among the Reptiles, which might puzzle a superficial observer; their shell, however, is merely an abnormal development of the ordinary ver- tebrse, ribs, and chest-bones.
The Invertebrata are again composed of three sec- tions,— the Mollusca, Articulata (to which insects be- long), and Radiafa, with which the animal kingdom terminates, as far as we know.
The Mollusca (whereof the Cuttle-fish, Nautilus, Snail, Whelk, Oyster, and Ship-Avorm are familiar examples) are comparatively mere lumps of muscular fibre, mostly contained in a shell, which is either single, bivalve, or tubular; they have no articulated limbs or solid lever points except their shells ; their blood is either devoid of colour, or slightly bluish, circulation being effected by a muscular heart, with a system of arteries and veins ; the nutritive organs occupy the greater part of the body, through which the nervous system is vaguely distributed ; and in habit they are both terrestrial and aquatic, the land species breathing air, and those that live in the water having branchise, or gills ; the latter are by far the most numerous portion, — some inhabiting salt water, others fresh.
The Articulata have the body and limbs composed of different segments or rings, to the inner side of which the muscles are attached, — in short, they may be said to carry their skeletons outside. Most of them have hard outer coverings; but in the lowest class the body is soft, formed of skin folded into many rings, and sometimes not possessing any distinct head or jaws, wherein they differ from the other articulated animals. It is remark- able, by the way, that the jaws of the Articulata open
RELATIONS AND DIVISIONS OF INSECTA. 6
from sid^ to side always, and not up and down, as in the Vertebrata.
There is no head-brain in this section, but a series of nervous ganglia (or "depots"), connected by thin double cords of nerves running along fhe abdominal surface, and giving off nervous radiations on each side. In the lowest conditions there is a separate ganglion to each segment (connected as above), so that there is a centre of vitality in every division of the body, — hence the mar- vellous tenacity of life in worms, etc., and the capability of reproducing limbs, when mutilated, in the other classes. From the circumstance of the nervous cords running along the ventral surface in the Articulata, they have been said to w-alk on their backs, as the spinal co- lumn is dorsal in all the Vertebrata. The classes of Articulata are the Crwitacea, Arachnida, Insecta, My- riapoda, and Annelid i.
The Crustacea have a distinct heart and white blood ; they breathe through branchise or branchial plates, ge- nerally situated at the base of the legs or lower jaws ; their body is covered with an integument, varying from an earthy hardness to a leathery texture, and in the for- mer case, composed chiefly of carbonate of lime; they have jointed limbs, and are invariably wingless ; and the head, nearly always merged in the thorax, has four an- tennse and two mandibles, with other jaws varying in number, often ten. Some have but one eye, the rest only two (which are frequently elevated on a retractile foot-stalk), and the legs are generally ten, but sometimes more ; finally, the sexes are distinct, in which they differ from some Mollusca. The Crab, Lobster, Cray-fish, Prawn, Shrimp, Wood-louse, and Brine-shrimp, are well-known members of this class, which has inhabitants of the sea, fresh water, and dry land. b 2
BHITISH BEETLES.
The members of the next class, Arachnida, have mostly eight legs, though some have ten ; their body is com- posed of two distinct parts, the head (or cephalo -thorax) and abdomen, in some cases even these being joined so closely as scarcely to admit of distinction. In others^ the Scorpions, etc., the abdomen is composed of many rings, and the palpi are developed so as to look like two additional legs. They are all without antennae, and wingless, and do not undergo the complete metamor- phoses of insects, being mostly hatched at once from the egg, and growing afterwards only in size ; they breathe either through internal air-gills (pulmonary sacs), or by radiated tracheae, varying from two to eight in number, and opening into spiracles (or breath-holes) on the lower part of the abdomen or sides of the head ; their covering is mostly leathery (but harder in the Scorpions), and their eyes vary from two to eight, being placed in dif- ferent positions on the head (or cephalo-tliorax) ; the heart is long and large, circulation taking place by means of arteries and veins, and the sexes are always distinct, as in insects ; they mostly possess the peculiar faculty of reproducing their limbs when mutilated, and they engender more than once during life, both which circumstances assist in separating them from the latter class. Spiders, Scorpions, and JNIites are well-known representatives of the Arachnida.
The Insecta, by far the most numerous in species of any corresponding group throughout the animal king- dom, have in their perfect state six legs only (although in these, as in other organs, some are often abnormal or undeveloped), two antennae, and two compound eyes, composed of many facets. They differ from the Crus- tacea in always breathing atmospheric air through late-
RELATIONS AND DIVISIONS OF INSECTA. 0
ral spiracles by ramified tracheai (or air-pipes); from the Arachnida in having the body divided into three distinct portions, — head, thorax, and abdomen, — and also for the reasons above given ; and from the Myriapoda by the typical number of the segments of the body being only thirteen ; these segments really exist, and are more easily seen in the larval state, but they are united to form the three distinct parts above mentioned in the perfect con- dition. Insects pass through different metamorphoses before arriving at the perfect state, and have mostly wings, four being the typical number, varied by the al- teration in structure or imperfect development of either the upper or under pair; and lastly, the sexes are always distinct.
The Myriapoda (called also Ametabola, on account of their not undergoing a perfect metamorphosis) have, as their name implies, many legs ; they are wingless, hav- ing mostly hard cases, and always two antennse; they merely cast their skins when growing, thereby acquiring an increased number of legs and segments, but of course they all originally come from eggs.
The Centipede and Millipede are the best known forms of this class, in which some naturalists place the Thysanura and Anoplura, both of which are only six- legged, the former containing the Spring-tails, Lepismi- midee and Poduridcn (of which the Sugar-louse is a well-known species), and the latter being composed of the Pediculida (Lice) and Nirmida (Bird-lice). Dif- ference of opinion, however, exists as to this arrange- ment.
The last class, Annelida (Worms, Leeches, etc.), com- prises species without hard coverings, but possessing cy- lindrical retractile bodies, folded into many rings. Some
6 BRITISH BEETLES.
of these have short feet armed with hooks ; others, merely rows of minute, bristling appendages, serving for foot- hold ; and in the remainder the extremities of the body- are furnished with suckers. The head is occasionally distinct, Mitli antennre and eyes; and they have mostly red blood, circulating by a double system of complicated vessels. They live in the ground (sometimes in calca- reous tubes), and in fresh or salt water, some being am- phibious; and the greater number lay eggs from which the young are hatched, but the leeches and earth-worms deposit sacs containing many of the young.
There remains one other great division, the Radiatn ; but, as none of its members can be mistaken for any of the Articulata, we can dismiss it without further notice than that it contains the very lowest of the animal king- dom,— such as the Sea-urchin, Star-fish, Sea-anemone, Polyps, and Infusoria. These may be shortly charac- terized as composed of similar parts radiating from a central nucleus; with circulation and nervous system either absent or at best very obscure ; and possessing no fixed standard as to sexes, growth, or organs of nutri- tion.
The word insect, meaning " divided," is applicable to all the Articulata, so far as a name extends, but it has, in all languages, been given to the class to which it now belongs; the Latin insecta, Greek entoma, French in- secte, and German Insecten, having all the same signifi- cation. At one time the Crustacea, AracJmida, and Myriapoda were included with the Insecta under the same name, as they possess characters in common, apart from their articulated bodies; both Insecta and Crus- tacea being oviparous, and the circulatory and respi- ratory systems nearly the same in the Insecta, Arach-
RELATIONS AND DIVISIONS OF INSECTA. 7
nida, and Myriapoda ; the complete metamorphosis un- dergone by the former is, however, a good distinguishing feature from the other classes. In no other animals do so many external changes take place ; first the egg, then the caterpillar, moulting its skin and changing appear- ance and size several times, next the pupa or chrysalis, and finally the imago or perfect insect.
It may be remarked that the great number of species of insects, their multiplicity of form, and the high de- velopment of parts in some, accompanied by the habitual exercise of the most profound instinct, would almost seem to warrant their holding a better rank than at pre- sent accorded to them ; but it must be remembered that the highest type of a group is often more developed than many of the lower examples of the next above it, for na- ture does not work in a continuous and even line.
Many divisions of the Insecta have from time to time been proposed, but perhaps the following orders are now most usually recognized, viz. — Coleoptera, Euplexoptera, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, NeuroiJtera, Trichoptera, Hy- menoptera, Strepsiptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera (sub- orders, Heteroptera and Homoptera) , Aphaniptera, and Diptera.
It will not be necessary to notice any of these but the first, except perhaps the Strepsiptera, which are by many now considered to belong to the Coleoptera. The insects composing this order are small in size (the largest not being a quarter of an inch long), and soft; with forked antennse ; large cellular eyes ; mouth with two rudimentary jaws, and a pair of two-jointed palpi ; the prothorax and mesothorax very small and collar- like, the latter having two narrow, curved appendages, variously considered as balancers or false elyira; the
8 BRITISH BEETLES.
metathorax much developed, and bearing two very large, fan-like wings ; and the tarsi having from two to four joints. Their worm-like, footless larvae are found in the bodies of various wild bees, upon which they are parasitic; and this habit is one of the chief .reasons for their being considered coleopterous, as there are certain species of the Meloida (with somewhat abnormal elytra) which are also parasitic upon bees, etc. The subject is one of great interest and difficulty, as these insects have been placed by various authors in the Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera, and even considered by some as allied to the Hemiptera, Orthoptei'ci, and Lepidoptera. Nevertheless, the extremely minute development of their prothorax seems to be much against the correctness of their location among Coleoptera, in which that part is always conspicuously large.
■ i
CHAPTER II.
EEMAEKS UPON THE STEUCTUEE, METAMOEPHOSES, ETC., OF COLEOPTEEA.
The Coleoptera, or Beetles^ have two horny or leathery- elytra (wing-cases), two membranous under-wings, and the mouth with transverse jaws. In their pupa state they are not covered by a uniform hard case, as in the Lepidopiera, nor active, as in the Hemiptera, but exhibit all the parts of the future insect in a rudimentary con- dition, covered by a continuous, tight-fitting outer skin, which renders them incapable of motion by means of the limbs. In the most perfect forms the elytra are hard, reaching to the end of the body, and, in repose, meeting straight down the back, with an evenly-joined suture, — the wings, which are very large, folding beneath them ; but in those of less development, the elytra are often shortened, lapped over each other and soft, or hard and soldered together, and tlie wings frequently absent. They pass through the ordinary metamorphoses of egg, larva, and pupa, before arriving at the perfect state. The eggs, which are usually oblong, or oval, and soft, are laid in places where the larva, when hatched, will be likely to obtain proper food, according to the habits of the different species. The larvse are mostly worm-like,
10
BRITISH BEETLES.
with a horny front and head, the latter having strong jaws, rudi-
,/' mentary eyes, antennae, and palpi ;
y they have mostly six hard front legs, and appendages on the upper side, with a fleshy tubercle on the under side, of the last segment. The legs are sometimes wanting entirely, or replaced by fleshy tu- bercles. The body is composed of the head, and, usually, twelve seg- ments, to the first three of Avhich the horny legs are attached, one on each side ; and there is usually a spiracle, or breathing-hole, on each side of all the segments, ex- . ,. cept the second, third, and last,
tiscus maTijinailS, a com- ^ ' '
mon Water Beetle (wai.s/rc). The number of tllCSC SCgmCUtS is
" ^"oiTeof t'heeyes™""^ reduced in the perfect insect, as
some of them are incorporated in
the generative organs, etc. In some larvae, also, only
eleven segments appear, owing to the non-development
of the apical one ; e. ff. in Dytiscus mar-
ginaVis the twelfth segment is formed into
two mere appendages. I have remarked,
moreover, in this larva, that the lateral
spiracles (which are not fully developed,
owing to respiration taking place at the
tail) are abnormally placed, there being
none on the first segment, two on the
second, on the under surface of the body,
^'S--- in front of the second pair of legs; none
Pupa of Z). «?«)•- , , . 1 1-1 o ^
ginaiis (nat.size). ou the third. One ou cach Side or the
Fig. 1. Full- grown larva of D//
STRUCTURE, ETC., OF COLEOPTERA. 11
fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth, and one on each side of the apex of the eleventh, near the anal opening. The pupa is generally soft, and formed underground; often in a cell or case ; but any peculia- rities in the early conditions of species vrill be noticed hereafter, when the families in which they occur are de- scribed. It may be here stated that the best way to rear either the larvpe or pupse of beetles is to endeavour to keep them in as nearly as possible the same condition, etc., as tliat in which tliey are found. They should not be kept in-doors, but exposed to the natural tempera- ture; and are best kept in large porous earthenware vessels, containing damp earth, etc., and covered either with glass or perforated zinc. Larvae, however, are hard to rear, as they live for so long a time, in some cases nearly three years.
Want of space prevents us from detailing the nume- rous interesting points of the internal anatomical struc- ture in the Coleoptera : it will perhaps be sufficient to say, that their nervous system is composed of a series of ner- vous ganglia, united by two cords of nerve, as in the other Articulata {vide p. 3) ; that their digestive or- gans consist of a gullet, pouch, gizzard, and stomach, formed by different divisions of one tube (of greater or lesser length) which commences at the mouth, and, after forming the stomach, assumes the usual convoluted in- testinal form, ending at an orifice in the last segment; that there is a circulation of a cold, clear fluid, by means of the alternate contraction and dilatation of se- veral reservoirs or " hearts,''^ joined by one canal; and that air is taken into the system through spiracles, or breath-holes, in the sides, which communicate with two tubes running along the bodj^, one on each side, and
12 BRITISH BEETLES.
having numerous branched, radiating vessels, extending internally.
The attachments and development of the muscles of the Cockchafer, a good type of the beetle tribe, are ad- mirably' described and figured iu Strauss-Diirckheim's " Considerations generales sur I'Anatomie comparee des Animaux articules ' (Paris, 1828).
Presuming that the student now has a general idea of what is signified by the word Coleoptera, we will, before entering more fully into the subdivisions of that order, proceed to make some observations upon certain points which it will be necessary for him to master, — such as the definition of a species, etc., the terms used iu descriptions, the names of external parts of the body, the best books of reference, and the instruments required, etc.
A " species," the most simple lasting alliance of spe- cimens that is usually recognized (commonly termed a "sort" or "kind"), may be defined as an imaginarj^ congregation of individuals, possessed, during all the stages of their existence, of an identity of habit and structure, and of which the sexes confine themselves to each other in breeding. These characters, nevertheless, cannot always be strictly relied upon; since, under diflfe rent circumstances, — such as the greater or less supply of their natural food or necessary temperature, — insects palpably identical as species will often exhibit slightly unusual habits, and (apart from mere sexual variation) minute deviations from their normal form in size, colour, out- line or sculpture. When presenting such accidental dif- ferences (which, by the way, are continuous when their causes remain) they are termed "races;" and a single specimen is called a " variety," when it has any unusual
STRUCTURE, ETC., OP COLEOPTERA. 13
marking or development. It is the evident possibility of a change, however slight, being effected, that gives so much support to the prevalent theories as to the '*^ origin of species," — discussions upon which most interesting subject are not in the scope of the present work, and would certainly not be of any use to a beginner, who will find work enough in determining for himself points upon which doctors do not disagree. One thing seems sure, viz., that if changes do commence, they require more than any man's lifetime to become permanent; and the chances of any great alteration in the tempe- rature or formation of our island are luckily too remote to cause any apprehension on this score. With regard to any departure from the natural laws of breeding, it may be observed tliat hybrids, even of species most closely allied, are of excessively rare occurrence, and are never perpetuated ; indeed, most, if not all, of the re- corded instances have occurred in confinement.
A "genus" consists of an assemblage of such species, usually somewhat alike in hal)its, as possess in common either one well-defined structural character, or several of a minor nature, unaccompanied by any radical points of separation.
In a similar way, subfamilies, families, tribes, sec- tions, orders, and classes are constituted ; the points of affinity in each become more and more remote as the groups are wider in extent, but all uniting in some par- ticular characters by which they may be known from other portions of the animal kingdom. It is true that all these relations and differences are purely artificial, and may be upset at any moment by the discovery of new combinations of forms, also that it is idle to expect to tabulate creation correctly ; nevertheless, the divisions
14 BRITISH BEETLES.
are of the greatest use for reference, and many of the characters detected by naturalists cannot fail to be very nearly approaching to the truth.
The beginner must in a great decree dismiss size and colour from his mind in investigating Beetles critically, and rather rely upon structure and sculpture, — as the former are bad guides, though good companions. An examination of the number and shape of the joints of all the tarsi, and the structure of the antennae and palpi, will usually aflPord a sufficient clue as to the sec- tion in which any individual species should be placed : further characters are to be sought in the relative length of the thorax and elytra, the development of the different limbs, the existence or non-existence of wings, and, above all, in the parts of the mouth. These latter vary so much in different genera even, as to re- quire the strictest examination. They may be dissected in a fresh specimen, or in an old one which has been first left for a day or two in laurel (as hereafter ex- plained) or soaked in cold water (or weak alcohol and water) for a day ; few instruments are needed, — a cou- ple of fine pins, hooked at the point, and mounted in thin holders (such as paint-brush sticks) will be enough for ordinary species ; but a dissecting knife, with a very fine point, will be found most useful. The head of the beetle may be removed from the thorax, and a fine pointed piece of wood thrust into the occipital hole, to act as a firm basis; the jaws can then readily be opened, and the smaller parts taken out and gummed on card. Both hands are needed for this, so that it is well to get accustomed to Avorking without a glass ; for small in- sects, however, a lens mounted on a stage, so as not to require to be held, is very useful; and, for the very
STRUCTURE, ETC., OF COLEOPTERA. 15
minute ones, the compound microscope is needed, — demanding, nevertheless, much practice and nicety of touch.
The compound microscope is often, also, indispens- able for the mere superficial examination of exceedingly small beetles ; and such points as the sexual characters, form and number of the joints of the tarsi and palpi, etc., are best seen under it when damped with clean water or benzine.
The scrutiny of specific characters is at once more general and more close than for any other purpose, and necessitates inspection and comparison of the form of many parts of the body ; the relative length and breadth of joints of the limbs, the degree of punctuation gene- rally, the amount of pubescence, the greater or less elevation, depression, angulation or rounding of the thorax and elytra, the structure of the surface, and the sexual characters, being the chief points to be noticed. Species, also, that resemble each other very much on the upper side frequently differ considerably on the under surface. Occasional differences, owing to want of maturity, accidental abrasion, or slight varieties, — the frequent want of similarity in sexes of the same species, — and the absolute difficulty of seeing minute specimens in the same light and level, do not tend to decrease the natural difficulties of this branch of the study.
16
CHAPTEK III.
ON THE TEEMS USED IN DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA.
Before acquiring a facility of noticing what are termed the salient diagnostic characters of a Beetle, it will be necessary, for the purposes of comparing notes with other observers, to know the usual meaning given to certain terms of description, and the parts of the ex- ternal anatomy of the perfect insect : we will there- fore now give a short list of such words as are either not usually met with in common parlance, or have a particular signification. These will be kept separate from the parts of the body, which will be sufficiently explained by the cuts. For a very full dictionary of the terms used in this branch the student can refer to Kirby and Spence's ' Introduction to Entomology ' (original edition), but the following will be enough for our present purpose.
Ah, in composition, means a departure from. Aciculate. As if scratched with a needle. Aculeate. Produced to a point.
Alutaceous. Covered with minute cracks; like mud, or mosaic.
TERMS USED IN DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA. 17
Anal. Relating to the extreme end of the abdomen.
Apex. The extremity.
Apical. Relating to the extremity.
Apterous. Wingless.
Articulation. Joint.
Base. The root or bottom. In the thorax, that part
next the elytra ; and vice versa. Basal. Appertaining to the base. Bi-, in composition, means a reduplication. Calcar. A spur, strong spine, or pointed process. Castaneous. Chestnut-coloured. Catenulate. Chain-like. Ciliate. Fringed with hairs ; as the eyelid. Clava. The club, knob, or apex of antennje, usually
more or less abrupt. Clavate. Clubbed. Concolorous, Uniform in colour ; used in comparison of
parts. Conic. Tapering, like a cone, from base to apex. Connate. Soldered together. Cordate. Heart-shaped. Coriaceous. Leathery. Costate. With elevated ridges. Crenate. Cut into segments of small circles. Crenulate. The diminutive of crenate. Cretaceous. Chalky. Cursorial. Adapted for running. Deflexed. Bent down. Dentate. Toothed.
Disc. The middle, most elevated part. Emarginate. Notched. Entire. Without notch or projection. Farinose. Mealy.
18 BRITISH BEETLES. *
Ferruginous. Brick-red ; rust-red.
Filiform. Thread-shaped.
Flabellute. Fan-shaped.
Fossorial. Adapted for digging.
Fovea. A large depression in the surface.
Funiculus. The joints between the base and club of the
antennae. Fuscous. Brown. Fusiform. Spindle-shaped. Geniculate. Elbowed, or kneed. Gibbous. Hump-backed.
Glabrous. Unpunctnred, smooth, and hairless. Granulate. With small rounded-off elevations. Gressorial. Adapted for walking. Hirsute. Set with thick long hairs. Hispid. Set with short bristles. Humerus. The shoulder. Humeral. Relating, or near to the shoulder. Hyaline. Glassy. Jncrassate. Thickened.
Interstices. The spaces between punctures or striae. Iridescent. Exhibiting prismatic colours. Laminate. Plated. Lateral. Appertaining to the side. Linear. Line-like ; narrow, elongate. Lineate. Striped longitudinally. Lobe. A lappet or division. Lumdate. Crescent-shaped.
Maculate. Spotted (not necessarily with round marks) . Margin. Outer edge. Monil/form. Bead-shaped. Natatorial. Adapted for swimming. Necrophagous. Feeding on dead animals.
TERMS USED IN DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA. 19
Normal. Usual or natural.
Ob-, in composition^ means reversed, the thickest part in front.
Obsolete. Indistinct.
Ocellus. An eye-like spot.
Ocelli. Small eyes, usually on the top of the head.
Ocellated. Marked with spots having a round centre and a lighter-coloured outer ring.
Ochraceous. Brownish-yellow.
Ovate. Egg-shaped.
Palmate. Widened and divided like the hand.
Patella. A little cup.
Pectinate. Toothed like a comb.
Phytophagous. Plant-feeding.
Pilose. Hairy.
Pitchy. Brown with a tinge of black.
Pubescent. Downy.
Punctate. Impressed with punctures.
Puncture [or Punctuation) . A small depression in the surface, often round.
Pygidium. The end of the body, containing the genera- tive organs, usually not covered by the wing-cases.
Quadrate. Square.
Raptoi'ial. Adapted for preying.
Reflexed. Bent up.
Reniform. Kidney-shaped.
Rufous. Red tinged with yellow.
Rugose. Wrinkled.
Rugulose. Slightly wrinkled.
Saltatorial. Adapted for leaping.
Scansorial. Adapted for climbing.
Scape. The long joint at the root of the antennae.
Scutellar. Appertaining, or near to the scutellum.
Securiform. Hatchet-shaped.
20 BRITISH BEETLES.
Serrate. With teeth like a saw.
Setaceous. Gradually diminishing to the tip.
Setose. Set with stiff bristles.
Simple. With no unvisual addition ; un-spined, un- notched, un-dilated, — as the case may be.
Sinuate. Slightly waved.
Spiracle. Breathing-hole.
Squamose. Scaly.
Stria. An impressed or elevated line, usually the former.
Striate. With thin longitudinal grooves : usually ap- plied to the elytra.
Strigose. Streaked or scratched.
Sub-, in composition, means almost.
Subulate. Suddenly pointed and lessened.
Sulcate. Furrowed.
Superfcies. Upper surface.
Suture. Junction of the wing-cases.
Testaceous. Yellow with a tinge of brown ; not a bright yellow.
Tomentose. Cottony.
Transverse. Broader than long, or across.
Truncate. Abruptly cut straight across.
Tubercle. A small abrupt elevation : usually like a blunt tooth.
Typical. That which presents the best abstract idea of any particular thing.
Unicolorous. Of one colour.
Versicolor ous. Variously coloured.
Very many of the above terms are used in conjunc- tion with each other, and then have a modified mean- ing, the predominating part of which rests with the last word used ; thus " pitchy-testaceous " means a yellow colour with a tinffc of dark-brown.
21
CHAPTER IV.
ON THE EXTEENAL ANATOMY OF THE COLEOPTEEA.
It will be necessary to enter somewhat fully into the position and names of the various parts of the external anatomy of Beetles^ as they are constantly referred to in all works, either of description or classification ; and the common Water-beetle [Dytiscus marginalis) , before alluded to, will act very well as a type, owing to its large size, and the well-defined outline of its component parts : it cannot, however, be taken as a perfect stan- dard, as its paraglossse and metathoracic epimera are obsolete, and its hinder coxse are enormously developed. The body is usually considered to be divided into three segments, with their respective appendages : viz. the head, with the eyes, antennae, and mouth-apparatus; the thorax, with the elytra, wings and legs; and the abdomen, with the organs of generation. These seg- ments are in reality composed of numerous separate parts, which we will now proceed to mention ; there is. however, no occasion to enter very fully into the details of external structure, for which the student can refer to the works of Burmeister, Kirby and Spence, etc. : but the principal parts of the body, with the names by which they are now usually known, must be enumerated, —
22
BRITISH BEETLES.
mastication, etc., is
Fig. 3.
Upper side of head of D. margi nalis {highly magiiijied).
it being absolutely necessary to understand tliera in working from descriptions.
The liead, bearing the eyes, antennae, and organs of the first to be considered. The accompanying cut of the head of a Water- beetle will show the chief points to be no- ticed on the upper side : here, a is the labrum or upper lip; h, the clypeus or shield of the mouth, often bearing tubercles or even horns ; c or d are the mandibles or upper jaws (these are dis- sected out in the figure, and d is reversed) ; e e, the eyes ; /, the base of the antennse; g, the vertex or crown, and h the occiput.
The mandibles are hard and sharp, often (as in the male of the Stag-beetle) very much developed. The eyes, which are composed of many facets,, situated on the side of the head, and usually large, are normally two in number, being however in some cases aberrant ; for instance, in Dorcus (the small Stag-beetle), each eye is almost divided into two, being interrupted by the lateral ridge of the head ; and in the Gyrini (the '' Whirlwigs^^), it is distinctly divided by a deep broad channel, containing the antenna, so that the insect is four-eyed, having two on the upper and two on the under surface, — an admirable structure for species that pass their lives on the top of the water, and need extra sharpness of vision, partly to save themselves from foes above, and partly to detect their own food below.
EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE COLEOPTERA.
23
There are also in some few beetles two ocelli, or addi- tional eyes, small, and not composed of facets, on the back of the head ; these are especially noticeable in Omalium, a genus of the Brachelytra. The antennae are long flexible instruments, through which the insect certainly receives a considerable amount of sensation, either by actual contact or atmospheric influence. They are nearly always composed of eleven joints, though some of them are often indistinct, being clubbed to- gether, and in a few species the absolute number varies ; for instance, in the male of Ischnomera melanura there are twelve joints, though the normal number is found in the female. They are inserted into a cup-like socket in the head, and have often the first or basal joint long, and the second short ; but their variations in structure are too numerous to be specified here. Fiff. 4 shows the
under head ;
side of the a, b, and c
forming the labium
or lower lip, where- of a is the menium
or chin, b the ligula
or tongue, and c c
the labial palpi or
lip feelers ; d d are
the maxilla or lower
jaws (which are dissected out, and show the upper and under sides), com- posed of the following pieces : — d^, the inner or palpiform lobe; d^, the maxillary palpus or jaw feeler; d^, the
Fig. 4.
TJiider side of head of D. marginalis, {JiigJily ■magnified).
24
BRITISH BEETLES.
Fig.
lacinia or blade ; #, the palpifer ; d^, the stipes or stalk, and d^, the cardo, base, hinge, or insertion, by which the lower jaw is attached to the inner side of the head.
There are two small organs, the paraglossce, which in Dytiscus are soldered to the sides of the ligula : these are very conspicuous in many Cohoptera, and will be seen in Fig. 5 (the labium, or lower lip, of Pterostichus nitjer, a very common black ground- beetle), in which a is the
Labium of Fterostichus niqer. , 17^1 7-7
mentum, and 0 the ligula ;
c c are the paraglossse, and d the labial palpi.
The next segment is the thorax, which is divided into
three parts, the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax.
The first of these, the prothorax, is considered to consist
of two portions, — the upper side, called jjronohim, and
the under side, or prosternum. The pronotum is that part to which the word thorax is exclusively applied in descrip- tions, and is much developed in the Coleoptera. In Fig. 6, a is the anterior, b the posterior, and c the lateral margin ; d, the medial line (of which the front extremity is called the apex, .and the hinder the base) ; e e
are the anterior, and / / the posterior angles, and g
the disc.
Both this and the following upper thoracic segment
are considered each to be normally composed of four
Fig. 6.
Pronotum of thorax of D. tnarglnalis.
EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE COLEOPTERA.
25
Fig. 7.
Prosternum of thorax of D. 7narginalis.
separate pieces^ — the prascutum, scutum, scutellum, and post-scutellum ; but these are all joined together, with no trace of suture in the prono- tum of the Coleoptera.
The prosternum bears the two front (or anterior) legs, and is divided into three parts, viz. (Fig. 7) a, the sternum; b b, the episterna, and c c, the epimera. The coxa, or hinge-plate of the leg, is seen oi d ; e is the trochanter ; f, the femur, or thigh; g, the tibia, or shank ; and h, the tarsus, or foot, of which the joints are separately num- bered. The first three joints in the male of Dytiscus mar- ginalis are widened into a round plate, provided with suckers beneath, as will be seen by Fig. 7 ; in which, with the other cuts of the thoracic segments, only one of the limbs is represented. All these figures are, of course, considerably mag- nified.
The mesothorax, which bears the wing-cases, or ely- tra, and the intermediate or middle pair of legs, is also divided into two por-
Fig. 8.
A. Mesothorax of D. marginalis,
seen .vertically.
B. Ditto, seen from above.
26
BRITISH BEETLES.
tions — the upper^ or mesonotum, and lower, or mesoster- num. In Fig. 8, b is the mesonotum, seen from above, a being the scutellum referred to in descriptions. Strictly speaking, there is a scutellum to each of the three seg- ments of the thorax ; but it is the scutellum of the mesonotum which is invariably meant by this word, when no other reference is made. The mesonotum is also seen sideways at /, in Fig. 8, a, with one of the elytra, of which g^ is the base, g~ the apex, y'^ the lateral margin, g^ the suture, and g^ the disc. On the other side is the alula, or winglct, h, Avhich is attached to the body and the under side of the base of the wing-case : it is a thin membrane, exposed in flight, and either covering, or a continuation of, the mesothoracic spiracle.
"The mesosternum, to which the middle pair of legs is attached, is composed of similar pieces to the proster- num, viz. (8, a), a, sternum ; b b, episterna ; and c c, epimera (the two last being the thin side-pieces of b in Fig. 8) ; d is the coxa, and e the trochanter of one of the legs.
The metathorax, likewise divided into upper [metano- tum) and lower [metasternuni) surfaces, carries the wings and hinder legs.
Fig. 9. — Metanotiim of thorax of J), marginalls.
The metanotum (Fig. 9) is composed of the usual four dorsal pieces, and bears one of the wings on each side ;
EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE COLEOPTERA.
27
these wings are membranaceous, often very large, aud lie in a small compass under the elytra when not required for flight, the membrane being thickened where contact takes place on the wing being folded.
The metasternimi (Fig. 10) is usually composed of the sternum (a), the episterna {b b) , and the epimera ; but in Dytiscus (and some Geocle- phaga) the latter are want- ing, being replaced by the largely developed cox(b [d d) of the hinder legs, of one of which e is the trochanter. The parapleura, or paraptera {c c), are side-pieces, which in some beetles are very con- spicuous.
The remaining part is the abdomen, the upper side of which, being covered by the elytra, is softer than the lower, or ventral surface ; the apical segments on the upper side, however, where not covered by the wing-cases, are much harder than the protected portion of the abdomen, and are called the pyyidiiim. The entire abdomen is divided into rings or segments, fitting like those of a telescope, and usually nine in number; in Fig. 11 only six are visible, the extreme apical one, comprising the generative organs, being re- tracted within the sixth (which, in the male, is usually notched, or otherwise altered in outline and surface), aud the remainder being only seen on the upper side. The
Fig. 10.
Metasterniun of tliorax of
D. marginalis.
28
BRITISH BEETLES.
abdomen also contains the greater number of spiracles,
or breathing-holes^ situated in a row on the upper surface of the sides ; these spiracles^ nine or ten in number, are placed as follows : — one, the largest, between the prothorax and mesothorax ; another between the mesothorax and metathorax, covered in repose by the wing- cases, but exposed in flight j a third between the metatho- rax and first segment of the abdomen, and the remainder
between every two of the other abdominal rings, with
the exception of the last pair.
Pig. 11.
Under side of abdomen of D. marffiiiaUs.
29
CHAPTER V.
BOOKS USEFUL TO THE STUDENT OF BEITISH COLEOPTEEA.
With regard to the books likely to be of real use to the student^ it is to be regretted that there are none on British Coleoptera exclusively, or in English, that can be recommended. There is, indeed, a ' Manual of British Coleoptera,' by J. F. Stephens (London, 1839, one vol.), purporting to describe all our species; but it is so full of error, and the nomenclature is so confused, as to be of little or no use. The 'Illustrations of British En- tomology : Mandibulata,' (1828,) by the same author, with plates, comes under the same heading; and there only remains the 'Genera of British Insects,' by Curtis, of which the letter-press is of little use, but the figures remain unrivalled for beauty of finish. There are, how- ever, many scattered papers by English authors, of great value; and these, with descriptions of limited groups by foreign writers, will be noticed hereafter.
For general information and reference, the ' Intro- duction to the Modern Classification of Insects,* by J. O. Westwood (London, 1839), is still unequalled, and must be consulted by all beginners; and Burmeister's ' Manual of Entomology,' translated by Mr. Shuckard (London, 1836), will be found of great service on struc-
30 BRITISH BEETLES.
tural points, uhilst descriptions of all the known genera of Beetles are being published in Lacordaire's ' Genera des Coleopteres' (in the 'Nouvelles Suites a BuflPon^), Paris, of which four volumes have been published as yet.
The standard works on the Coleoptera of the northern parts of the Continent must be consulted for descriptions both of the species recorded as British, and of those likely to occur here ; this course requires a knowledge of French, Latin, and German, but is, unfortunately, indispensable. The following are most useful : — ' Insecta Suecica : Coleoptera sive Eleuterata,' by L.
Gyllenhal, 1808-27, 4 vols. {Latin.) ' Die Kafer der Mark Brandenburg,' by W. !F. Erichson :
Berlin, 1837, 1 vol. [Latin and German^ This work
was never completed. ' Naturgeschichte derlnsectenDeutschlands: Coleoptera,'
by Dr. Erichson, Dr. Schaum, Dr. Kraatz, and H. von
Kiesenwetter : Berlin. Still in progress. {Latin and
German.) ' Skandinaviens Coleoptera,' by C. G. Thomson : Laind,
1850. Still in progress; 6 vols, published. [Latin
and Swedish.) ' Eauna Austriaca : Die Kafer,' by L. Redtenbacher :
Vienna, 1858, 1 vol., 2 plates. [Germaii.) ' Eaune Entomologique Eraufaise : Coleopteres,' by
MM. Eairmaire and Laboulbene : Paris, 1854. Not
completed ; 3 vols, published. [French.)
(N.B. — Most foreign publications can be obtained of Messrs. Williams and Norgate, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden.)
]\Iany descriptions occur also in the Berliner and Stettiner Entomologische Zeitschriften; the ' Annales' of the French, and Transactions of the English, Ento- mological Societies.
31
CHAPTER VI.
INSTEUMENTS, ETC., EEQUIEED FOE COLLECTING, MOUNTma, AND PEESEEVING COLEOPTEEA.
The instruments required by the Coleopterist for cap- turing his game are very few, and may be briefly summed up as follows : —
A stout folding "^ umbrella" net^ to fit in a glazed cover. This may be purchased at any of the dealers in objects of natural history^ — Cooke, of New Oxford Street, being, perhaps, the most trustworthy. A net of this kind is indispensable for beating into ; and, if the side- pieces are made of metal, instead of whalebone, will also serve for sweeping.
A small round sweeping-net should, however, be ob- tained also. Its frame may be of stout iron wire, and made to screw into a strong stick. As the screw is apt to become worn out before long, it is, perhaps, better to have the ends of the frame soldered together into a plug, which fits into a stout hollow ferule or tube fitted on the stick ; a hole can then be drilled through the ferule and plug, and the net secured by a piece of copper wire being passed through both, — the wire having one end twisted into a knob, and the other bent round a little after being passed through. By these means the net can be taken
32 BRITISH BEETLES.
out and carried in the pocket or bag. The net itself (and also the beating-net) should be made of stout " Irish," or sheeting, or the canvas-like material used for " crinoline," and be sufficiently long to avoid the un- pleasantness of turning inside out, with its contents^ when trailed along the ground.
A water net, larger than the sweeping- net, of much stouter wire, and with a flat front for scraping close along the bottoms and sides of ponds, etc. This may- be fastened to the stick as above described, and should be made of very strong " sampler canvas." The friction is so great, and decay is so much assisted by the water, that it is a good plan to sew, or otherwise fasten, the net to a thin wire of the same size as the stout frame, and attach it to the latter on its lower edge with rings of wire. The stick used should be both long and very strong.
A stick to beat with, which can be cut out of any hedge when the hunting-ground is reached.
A strong knife, with blade fixed to the handle, and carried in a sheath, for cutting tufts of grass, etc.
A very stout steel " pick ;" or, if that cannot be got, a long and strong chisel — for ripping off bark and pene- trating wood. If the collector really meditate doing any good with Avood-feeding beetles, no weapon of at- tack is too large or strong.
A sheet or two of stout brown paper, upon which tufts, etc., can be shaken.
A square piece of mackintosh or India-rubber cloth, to kneel upon when working in w'ct places.
A collecting bottle or two of stout clear glass, w'ith no internal bottom elevation, and wide-mouthed. If one side be pasted over with paper, it considerably
INSTRUMENTS, ETC., REQUIRED. 33
lessens the chance of fracture. It should have a good cork, which must be perforated by tAvo or three inches of a wide quill ; this quill may project slightly below the lower end of the cork, and of course very much on its upper side, and may be kept tight by sealing-wax round its insertion. Through the quill a soft wooden plug is passed, not reaching below the lower end, and having a knob ait the top, which can be seized in the teeth when both hands are occupied : specimens can then be bottled without the risk of losing those already captured ; and it is best to give the quill a tap before withdrawing the plug, so as to dislodge any would-be fugitives. The safest way in taking small insects is to touch them with a wet finger, transfer them to the back of the hand, and get the mouth of the quill (which may be cut obliquely) over them while they are drying their legs, etc. One bottle of the sort above mentioned should have blotting-paper or a piece of muslin put into it, so as to afford foot-hold and hiding places for the captives ; if this be done, they will seldom attack each other. Another and rather larger bottle should be also taken ; this should be half filled with the bruised and cut-up leaves of the young shoots of the laurel, which will almost instantly kill most of the larger and more rapacious species. Great caution must be taken in col- lecting, for any of the Geodephaga, or larger Brache- lytra, or Telephori, if put into the bottle w^ithout laurel, would maim or destroy all its other occupants. Both bottles are best secured by fastening one end of a long piece of string round their necks, and tying the other to the button-hole of the coat. Collectors usually also take with them one or two strong little test-tubes, with corks fitted, in which to place any very choice captures.
D
34 BRITISH BEETLES.
A depot of the above-mentioned laurel leaves should be kept in a wide-mouthed tightly corked bottle, or earthenware jar, or in a tin canister, into which the beetles are put, after being killed, on returning from an excursion. Those in the first-mentioned bottle can be turned into boiling water, taken out as soon as possi- ble with a wide camel's-hair brush, and laid to dry on blotting-paper. It is as well, also, to put the beetles out of the other bottle into the boiling water; as some of the larger species, and many of the weevils, etc., are not always effectually killed by the laurel, especially if it be not fresh. The more delicate specimens, and especially those with long pubescence, should be mounted at once ; the remainder can be placed in little muslin bags or screws of paper, and placed in tlie laurel depot or relaxing-jar, with a note of the localities, etc., of capture. The effect of the laurel is to preserve them from decay, and in a good condition for mounting, for a long period ; but, if left too long, they get discoloured, half rotten, and too weak to handle with safety. It should be re- marked that beetles killed in laurel become very stiff, and impossible to mount, until they have been kept for three or four days in laurel, when the rigidity of their muscles relaxes.
For mounting or setting out the specimens, the fol- lowing apparatus is necessary : —
A frame with canvas or perforated-zinc back and door for setting-boards, which are oblong pieces of wood covered with cork and fitting into grooves ; in the bottom may be a drawer for pins, etc.
A bottle of gum tragacanth (called also " gum dra- gon ") . The thin clear pieces are the best, and can be obtained at any chemist's. Two or three bits, of the
INSTRUMENTS, ETC., REQUIRED. 35
size of the thumb-nail, with a very few small pieces of clear gum-arabic to give consistency, if put into a wide- mouthed bottle and covered with cold water, will swell to a very large bulk ; more water can be added at dis- cretion, and the gum stirred until it appears melted ; it should be quite white, and too stiff to come out of the bottle readily. By making a little at a time, it keeps its colour, not having time to get dirty or sour before it is used.
Some camel's-hair brushes, fine-pointed but stiff.
" Setting-needles,^' made either of fine pins slightly hooked at the tip, or " bead " needles. These may be stuck into paint-brush sticks, or have a knob of sealing- wax at their upper end for a handle.
Small pins, and good white card of moderate stout- ness ; if too thin, it curls up with the gum, and should then be damped on the under side.
When setting out specimens, a glass of cold water and some clean blotting-paper should be kept handy, to be used in cleaning them. They should be placed on their backs, and their legs brushed out with a clean brush ; some gum is then to be put on the card (which can be either cut into long narrow strips of the required depth, or into straight-sided narrow pieces, one for each beetle) and the insect placed on it, when the legs, au- tennse, and palpi must be put into the desired position with a clean brush or the setting-needle. The body should not be touched with the gum brush, and care taken to get the head, thorax, and elytra straight on the card ; the limbs ought to be properly set out, but no part should be pulled to an unnatural extent. After being mounted, the specimens must be left on the setting- board for at least a fortnight ; thorough drying being
36 BRITISH BEETLES.
essential for their preservation. The larger insects can be pinned throngh the right wing-case, and their legs kept in position with smaller pins whilst drying. Some, such as the Oil-beetles, require stuffing ; and many others of the very large species dry all the better for having the contents of the abdomen removed, and the cavity dried with bits of blotting-paper and filled up with cotton wool. Each specimen should have a number written on the under side of the card or on a small label attached to the pin, by means of which a record can be kept in a journal of the date, place, and circum- stances of its capture.
Examples of both sexes of each species should, where practicable, be mounted on their backs, to show the un- der side ; it is, however, very easy to float off specimens set in the ordinary way, and reverse or recard them as desired.
When the insects are quite dry, they should, if mounted in a row, be separated, and all superfluous card cut away from each specimen, — care being taken, however, to leave ample room behind for the pocket- glass to go all round the body. Not more than one example should be allowed on one card, and the cards (which look best when those on which the specimens of any one species are mourited are all of the same size) should be oblong, with parallel ends and sides; and pinned in the middle of, and close to, the hinder margin. If elevated about three parts up the pin, they are more secure from dirt and mites, and easier to examine ; and No. 8 pin (Edelsten and Williams, Crown Court, Cheap- side) is perhaps the most useful size.
For examining specimens, a good pocket-glass of two or three powers is necessary, and a Stanhope or Codding-
INSTRUMENTS, ETC., REQUIRED. 37
ton lens will be required for the very minute species. A square bung to stick the pins into is very handy, and a pair of insect pliers almost indispensable.
Insects that have become dry, or old specimens, may be relaxed in a jar of damp sand ; they can then be set by gumming them on card, and as soon as the gum is dry, damping one side only, and putting the limbs out ; afterwards serving the other side in the same way. If required, the body or any of the limbs can be kept in position by small card-braces with pins through them.
" Benzine " is most useful in cleaning old beetles, restoring their colours, and removing grease; which latter is very apt to appear in imperfectly dried speci- mens, especially if they have been left for too long a time in laurel.
The collection should be arranged in corked store boxes (containing a little camphor to keep away mites), until sufficient material is acquired to render the pur- chase of a cabinet necessary ; and a catalogue of our British species, printed on one side for labelling, can be obtained of Mr. Waterhouse, at the British Museum,
38
CHAPTER VII.
HINTS ON COLLECTINa.
In the body of this work the most usual haunts of the different families will be pointed out ; but a few general remarks on collecting may also be of service.
The best time for beating is at the end of May and beginning of June, and the most productive trees are young oaks, hazels, poplars, and sallows. Sweeping commences when the beating-net is no longer useful, and continues all through the summer and autumn ; patches of wild flowers on the edges of woods and fields, damp meadows, and water plants, being ail good for this work. In early spring and summer many good things are to be found in sand-pits, especially if they have straight cut sides; the reason being that the in- sects fly in the evening wildly, hit against the steep banks and fall half-stupefied.
The very best times in the year for collecting are in the early warm days of spring up to the middle of June, and late in the autumn, at the cud of September : this is easily accounted for, as most insects come out of the pupa condition about the latter time, hybernate during the winter months, and come out again in the next spring. Hence there are absolutely more beetles to be
HliVTS ON COLLECTING. 39
had in December (though of course in a state of inac- tivity) than in July; during which, and the other hot months, the spring insects die away, and those coming to maturity are either in the pupa state or not yet suffi- ciently hardened.
In the winter, very many beetles can be obtained by cutting isolated tufts of grass, pulling moss, etc., and shaking them over brown paper ; the proceeds need not be examined on the spot, but can be taken home in a bag and carefully investigated indoors at leisure. In this way, by a judicious selection of likely-looking spots, a few hours' work out of doors will often furnish occupa- tion for several evenings.
In the autumn, examining fungi and puff-balls, and sweeping among dead leaves under trees are very pro- ductive ; and later still, the leaves (especially the black, damp, bottom layers) may be sifted or shaken over the lirown paper with great results. On the sea-shore, heaps of decaying seaweed harbour many species, and dead fish or birds become capital traps ; but a " keeper's tree " in a wood, with dead vermin nailed to it, is the luckiest thing to find. Many species come to the running sap of the stumps of felled trees, and a great number haunt the wet burrows of the caterpillar of the Goat Moth in the solid wood ; whilst ants' nests, both in woods, tree trunks, and sandy places, produce an enor- mous number both of specimens and species, many of them being very rare.
Tapping rotten twigs and sticks, and shaking the damp bottom layers of grass and rubbish heaps and hay-stacks, will produce many species in profusion.
It is, however, manifestly impossible to give full di- rections, in our limited space, for the pursuit of a race
40 BRITISH BEETLES.
SO numerous and varied in habit : the young collector will soon acquire the requisite "cunTiiug" by diligent observation, and the natural habitats of the different groups vpill be alluded to in their proper places.
Finally, with regard to localities, it may be remarked that a chalky or sandy soil is very productive, whilst a clay basis is usually quite the reverse ; that woods, marshes, mountains, and heaths are far better for col- lecting purposes than cultivated lands ; and that beetles are more plentiful in the extreme south, north, and coast-lines of our island, than in the midland counties.
41
CHAPTER VIII.
ox THE SECTIONS AND FAMILIES OF THE COLEOPTEEA.
As an order, the Coleoptera are generally placed at the head of the Insecta, owing to their highly developed organs, complete metamorphosis, and great number of species ; some idea of which may be obtained from the fact that in Great Britain alone there are about 3000, to which additions are steadily being made.
Many systems of classification have been propounded for them, based upon all imaginable points of structure, etc., but perhaps that most usually adopted, under various modifications, is founded on the number of joints of the tarsi ; thus many allied families, the most fully developed, possessing five joints to all the tarsi, have been termed the Pentamera ; those with five joints to the front and middle legs, and only four to the hinder, Heieromera ; those with apparently only four to all the tarsi, Tetramera ; and those with apparently only three to all the tarsi, Trimera.
This arrangement, although well marked, and in most cases apparently natural, cannot be strictly ad- hered to; as in the first section there are numerous species not possessing five joints to all the tarsi, and in the two last there is really a small joint at the articula-
42 BRITISH BEETLES.
tion of the apical joint of the tarsi, which escaped the notice of the original founders. Nevertheless, nearly every one of the species in the arrangement followed in this work, from Cicindela to Octotemnus, will be found to be pentamerous; the Heteromerous section is pre- served ; the species of the Rhynchophora, Longicornes, and Eupoda answer to the Tetramera, and the remainder constitute the Pseudotrimera of Westwood, equivalent to the three-jointed beetles above mentioned.
It will be seen, then, that our Coleoptera are divided into eleven great sections, viz. the Adephaga or Carni- vorous Beetles ; the Brachelytra, " Rove-Beetles " or "Devil's Coachhorses j" the Necropliaga, or Carrion- feeders (equivalent to the Clamcornes and Palpicornes of French authors) ; the Lamellicornes, or Chafers and their allies ; the Sternoxi ; the M alacodermi ; the Hete- romera ; the Rhynchophora ; the Longicornes ; the Eu- poda, and the Pseudotrimera. These again are divided into subsections, families, etc., whose characters will be given in due order.
43
CHAPTER IX.
THE GEODEPHAaA, OR LAND CAENIVOROUS BEETLES.
Section I. The ADEPHAGA possess an inner or palpiform lobe to the maxillse, in addition to the four- jointed maxillary palpi (Fig. 4, d^, p. 23), and are readily separated into two subsections; the first of which, the Geodephaga, contains terrestrial, and the second, the Hydradephaga, aquatic species.
Subsection 1. Geodephaga, M'Leay.
This subsection, although not employed in the most recent Continental systems of classification (wherein its families are not distinguished, as a group, from those of the H]idradej)haga, its aquatic representative), will be retained in the present work, being generally used in British catalogues, etc., and forming a natural division, of which the members are readily separated from other beetles.
It consists, as the name imports, of the predaceous ground-beetles, — recognizable by their hard well-deve- loped mandibles or jaws; their legs eminently con- structed for rapid movement combined with strength, and with all the tarsi five-jointed ; and by their antennae
44 BRITISH BEETLES.
being slender, nearly always lessened towards the tip, and rarely inclined to be moniliform {i.e. with the joints like beads) : they have, also, the mentum (or chin) more or less deeply notched (Fig. 5, a, p. 24) ; an inner or pal- piform lobe to the maxillae divided into two joints ; and the coxse of the hinder legs extended inwards, and be- coming transverse on approaching the middle legs. In the males, the basal joints of the front tarsi (i. e. those nearest to the tibiae) are nearly always widened.
Snperficially, the Geodephaga may be known by their active habits, slaughtering propensities, thin legs and antennae, and hard outer covering. They are the highest in development, and may be considered as the Carnivora of the beetle race ; passing their lives, both in the larval and perfect state, in the pursuit and destruction of their weaker insect brethren. Their chief haunts are wet marshy places, salt and fresh ; on the banks of streams and ponds; under stones, bark, and felled trees; in the cracks of mud-banks and chalky cliffs, and on sands and dry heaths.
The greater part, and the larger species, are nocturnal feeders, prowling about on the ground and up the trunks of trees in search of their victims and victual, and con- cealing themselves by day : some few, however, are pure lovers of sunshine, being most active in the greatest heat. They are usually provided with ample wings, which are readily used by those of diurnal habits; but several of the dark-loving species (especially the true Carabi) are apterous, and in that case often have the wing-cases soldered together. It may be remarked that this wingless condition does not always afford an indica- tion of the habits of the members of a genus ; since, of two species, closely allied, and found under similar con-
GEODEPHAGA. 45
ditions, one will often be apterous and the other winged : as a rule, the former may be known by the sloping shoulders and flattened upper surface of its wing-cases.
Such species as live under bark or in the cracks of dried mud or cliffs are very thin and flat; others fre- quenting plants (in pursuit of vegetable-feeding insects), have their tarsi widened and adapted for climbing; some, again, whose life is passed in wet sands, are nar- row, cylindrical and smooth, with strongly toothed and widened front legs for burrowing; — briefly, nature in all has fitted the instrument for the purpose in a degree more or less evident to our limited perceptions.
Most of the active day-feeding species are metallic, shining and brightly coloured, some also being prettily banded or spotted ; a few are clothed with scales or scanty hairs, but the majority have plain suits of ar- mour, more or less polished, and in some cases elegantly sculptured longitudinally : the prevailing tints are, how- ever, black, dark brown, obscure red and dull green, with occasional metallic reflections.
For detailed English descriptions of the species of this section found in our islands, the student must re- fer to Dawson's 'Geodephaga Britannica' (1854, Van Voorst), and notices of those added since that work will be found in the ' Entomologist's Anmials ' (Van Voorst) for the subsequent years.
There are descriptions (in Latin and German) of most of the North European species in Dr. Schaum's ' Cara- bici,' forming part of the ' lusecten Deutschlauds;' and also in the beginning portions of the other works al- luded to at p. 30.
The larvae of the Geodephaga are but little known; they are, however, mostly found in the same places as
46 BRITISH BEETLES.
the perfect insects, and are equally carnivorous and active. A singular exception is nevertheless afforded by Zabrus jAyer, the larvae of which have been stated to feed during the night upon young shoots of wheat, burying themselves by day. It is, however, somewhat doubtful whether their normal food may not be the grubs of a species of Cockchafer found at the roots of the wheat.
A Geodephagous larva is usually flat, elongate, pa- rallel-sided, fleshy, with the head and first segment hard ; the eyes are rudimentary, usually being compounded of six small ocelli grouped together ; the legs are horny, six in number, and situated on the first three segments ; there are short jointed antennae and palpi, and powerful sickle-shaped jaws, and the apex of the body has usually two horny or fleshy appendages on its upper surface, the lower part being lengthened into a membranous supple- mental leg.
The pupa is generally (if not always) formed in a cell imderground, and is rarely met with.
The Geodephaga are divided into two families, the Cicindelidce and Carabidce ; the former being represented by one English genus, and the latter separated into eight sub-families, to be noticed hereafter.
1. The CICINDELIDyE (commonly called "Tiger- beetles," on account of their rapacity) are distinguished, among other characters, by having their maxillae ending in a small moveable hook, the ligula very short, hidden beneath the mentum, with the labial palpi free, and the front tibiae not notched on the inner side. The sole English genus, Cicindela, may be known by its strongly arched and pointed jaws, prominent eyes, and very slender legs and antennae. All our species are mode-
GEODEPHAGA. 47
rately large, averaging half an inch in length, of rather flattened appearance, and more or less bright in colour, being green or olive-brown with metallic reflections ; their elytra are shagreened in texture, with white or cream-coloured spots, or interrupted bands, and their legs long and hairy.
The larva of the common green Tiger-beetle [C. cam- pestris) is found during the summer months in the same situation as the perfect insect, viz. hot sandy places. It is a whitish, soft-skinned grub, with a darker, horny, flat, broad head and first segment, the former being armed with strong sickle-shaped mandibles. The eighth segment of its body is larger than — and considerably elevated above — tlie rest ; with two curved, hook-like, spines, surrounded by stiff bristles on the top : this gives the entire larva a zigzag shape, and affords a strong support when it is on the look-out for prey in its cylin- drical burrow, which is a foot deep (or more) in the sand, and perpendicular at the entrance. The larva digs with its flat head ; and, as the work gets below the surface scrambles up the shaft, by its hooked segment, to eject the dirt : when the pit is completed, it takes a firm hold with the hooks inside, and fills up the mouth with its broad head and first segment, which are kept level with the surface, the sharp jaws ready to seize any passing insect. The victim, when captured, is immediately dragged to the bottom of the den and devoured, the larva finally closing the mouth of the burrow, and turning into a pupa.
The Cicindelce frequent hot sandy banks and shores, flying and running alternately with great rapidity.
One species only, C. germanica, the smallest and most elongate, is found in marshy places (especially at Black
48 BRITISH BEETLES.
Gang Chine^ Isle of Wight) ; it never takes to the wing, but runs with great rapidity over the wettest places, like an Elaphrus. The commonest is the above- mentioned C. campestris, plentiful round London, and indeed almost everywhere, in sandy places : it is half an inch long, with the head and thorax much narrower than the wing-cases ; bluish-green above, with six round white spots on each elytron. When handled, it often emits a smell of roses. The largest species, C. sylvutica (Plate I., fig. 1) is found on the " Bagshot sand," and at Bournemouth.
2. The CABABID^, distinguished from the Cicin- delidce by the maxillae not having any articulation at the tip, may be divided into the following subfamilies : — Lebiides, Scaritides, Carabides, Chlaniides, Feroniides, Harpalides, Ti'echides, and Bembidiides, which will now be noticed sernathn. INTany others are sometimes em- ployed, but these will be found sufficient for the classifi- cation of our species.
The Lebiides have a constant character in their wing- cases not reaching to the end of their abdomen, and being cut straight off at the apex. Their front tibise are notched on the inner side. In most of them the ligula and paraglossse are united, and the basal joints of the front tarsi are not widened in the male; and in some the first joint of the antennae is very elongate. The body is never very convex, but usually more or less depressed ; none are very large, and most of them small. Their chief habitats are in and under reeds, etc., in clay and mud-cracks, under bark, and beneath stones and shingle. The type, and most elegant of the family, Lebia crux-minor, is very rare; only occasional speci- mens having been found, in different parts of the country.
GEODEPHAGA. 49
until some numbers were taken in moss at Holme Bush, near the Devil's Dyke, Brighton. It is about a quarter of an inch long, with the thorax, legs, l)ase of antennae and the elytra (which are broad) orange-red, and the head and a broad cruciform mark on the wing-cases black (Plate I, Fig. 2).
Another allied species, L. chlorocephala, is not uncom- mon about the broom-plant at times ; it is rather smaller than crux-minor, and has brilliant blue or green elytra and head, the thorax and legs being red. The Dromii, small, elongate, flattened beetles, often ornamented with four white spots, are found mostly under — or in the chinks of — bark, where they subsist upon other sub- cortical insects.
Odacantha melanura, a narrow, cylindrical species, with head and thorax bluish-green, and reddish elytra and legs (the apex of the former, and joints and feet of the latter, being blue-black), is found in the stems of reeds in the Cambridgeshire fens and elsewhere ; Drypta dentata, occasionally taken in some numbers out of clay- banks at Alverstoke, Hants, is conspicuous for its lovely, silky, azure clothing, and the very long basal joint of its antennae ; and Lionychus quadrillum, an obscure little bronze-black insect, with two dull lighter-coloured spots on each wing-case, is noteworthy from its haunting wet shingle and stones on the coast, in Devonshire and at Southend.
The species most likely to have been seen by casual observers is the tiny Blechrus maurus, which may be noticed darting rapidly over sun-dried pathways, remind- ing one of an animated grain of gunpowder; and the one which has made most noise in the world is the ' Bombardier/ Brachinus crepitans, a moderately small
50 BRITISH BEETLES.
rusty-red fellow, Avith dull blue-black wing-cases, and a narrow head and thorax (Plate I, Fig. 3) . It is abun- dant on the south coast, especially under chalk, on the banks of the Thames below Gravesend ; Avhere, in the month of August, a dozen may be found under one stone, the explosion of whose 'stern-chase' guns sounds like a Lilliputian battery. The noise is caused by a peculiar acid secreted by the insect, which, being emit- ted from its lower extremity, volatilizes on coming into contact with the atmosphere. On being irritated, the Bombardiers will repeat their rear-volleys for some few times, but with diminishing noise.
The ScARiTiDES (represented in England by a few small species) may be distinguished by their elongate, cylindrical shape ; the separation of their thorax from the elytra by a neck; the enlargement and palmation of their front tibiaj, which are toothed on the outer edge ; the non-dilatation of the basal joints of the front tarsi in the male ; and the shortness, and comparatively bead- like joints, of their antennae. We possess only two genera of this family ; one, CUv'nia (Plate I, Fig. 4, C. collaris), the species of which frequent garden refuse; and the other, Dyschirius, consisting of minute, brassy, cylindrical, sand-burrowing beetles. None of these are either conspicuous, likely to be casually observed, or peculiar iu habits ; except, perhaps, that some of them live in large colonies on the seashore, and appear to be often found with Bledius (a genus of Brachehjtra), upon small species of which they are supposed to prey. An exhaustive monograph has been written by Mons. J. Putzeys (Mon. des Clivina, etc., 18 16) upon these insects.
The Carabides are known by their anterior tibiae not
GEODEPHAGA. 51
being notched on the inner side, — differing from the Cicindelidce, the only other family which exhibits a similar structure in this rsspect, in not having their maxillae terminated by a moveable hook. It is worthy of notice, also, that in both the Cicindelidce and Cara- bides the unnotched anterior tibiae are accompanied by the absence of the metathoracic epimera; whereas all the other Geodephaga, in which the anterior tibiae are notched, possess both episterua and epimera to the metathorax.
This family contains the giants of the section, some of them being very large and convex, and a few small and flat. Two or three of the species of the genus Cai'abus, often called " garden '^ or " ground " beetles, are well known, being abundant in gardens and cultivated grounds, where they should be encouraged (and not destroyed), as they devour all manner of insect pests, and never touch vegetable produce. On being handled they emit a pecu- liarly acrid black liquor, which is sometimes squirted for a considerable distance. Perhaps the most often noticed are C. violaceus, monilis, and nemoralis, all of which are about an inch in length, and of a long oval shape. Violaceus is nearly smooth, dull blue-black, with the sides of the thorax and elytra bright purple; monilis, coppery- green, with three series of slightly elevated and interrupted lines, separated by three elevated striae, on each wing-case ; and nemoralis (rather broader and shorter than the other two) has a purplish thorax and coppery or brassy elytra. All three of these may be seen dead on pathways in the suburbs early in the morning, having been trodden upon in the dark, in the course of their nocturnal roamings, seeking what they may devour. Another, and much rarer species, C. nitens,
52 BRITISH BEETLES.
found in mossy bogs, and on the Lancashire sands, is brilliant golden-copper on the head and thorax, with silky green wing-eases, each of which has three elevated ridges, and the margins reddish-copper. It is, perhaps, the most brilliant and effectively coloured beetle we possess (Plate I, Fig. 5).
Calosoma sycophanta, the largest Geodephagous insect taken in England, has blue-black or violet head and thorax (the latter with the margins greenish), and very broad, rich metallic green wing-cases, the green changing into gold and orange-red as the position of the beetle is altered. It is found on our shores occasionally, but can scarcely be considered a true British species, though one or two instances have occurred of its being found inland. In Silesia, and elsewhere on the Continent, it frequents pine forests, feeding on the caterpillars of various moths, and being especially attached to colonies of the " pro- cessionary " and " gipsy " moths, of which it devours both the larvae and pupse in the most gluttonous manner. It has ample wings ; and, being a robust insect, is thought to come across the Channel.
Tbe species of BletJiisa and Cychrus have both been observed to make a squeaking noise, caused probably by the friction of the tip of the abdomen against the under side of the elytra. Cychrus rostratus also, is remarkable on account of its elegant shape; having a slender stretched -oiit head (with the last joints of its palpi verv large and hatchet-shaped), delicate antennse, contracted waist, and convex, oval, finely granulated wing-cases. It is about three-quarters of an inch in length, dull- black in colour, relieved by its polished black legs, suture and margins; and is found under dead leaves, among stones, but not very commonly.
GEODEPHAGA. 53
The Elaphri exhibit a likeness in miniature to the Cicindelce, owing to their thin legs, large eyes, and general build ; they frequent very wet places, running daintily almost in the water, and are curiously marked with circular depressions ; and, lastly, the Noiiophili may be worthy of notice, as some of the species are likely to be seen running over dry hot paths, even in the metropolis; they are the smallest of this family, of obscure copper or bronze colours, with shining flattened bodies, very large eyes, and strongly wrinkled fore- heads.
The Chlceniides have usually three (sometimes only two) basal joints of the front tarsi in the male widened ; and these widened joints are almost square in shape, with slightly rounded corners (never heart-shaped or elongate), and densely spongy beneath. Many of the species are gaily coloured, being variegated with red and black markings ; some are clothed with short silky down, and all are more or less elegant either in shape or struc- ture. The majority live in wet places, under reeds, etc., but a few are to be found under chalk-stones in exposed situations.
The species of the typical genus Chlanius are very beautiful, presenting somewhat the appearance of oxi- dized metal ; reddish-copper or bluish-green being their prevailing tones about the head and thorax, and their elytra being more or less shagreened or granulated, generally rich green or brown, with thick golden pubes- cence, Avhich imparts a " shot-silk" like lustre. They are of moderate size, and ratlier robust in the body. The commonest, C. vestitus, has the sides and apex of the elytra, and the legs and antennae yellow; it is about five lines in length, and may be found abundantly in very
54i BRITISH BEETLES.
wet places, such as reedy spots on canal banks, etc., near London.
The palm of beauty must, however, be conceded to Callistus, — as its name implies, " the fairest of the fair." Our single species, C. lunatus, is about a quarter of an inch long ; its head metallic, bluish or greenish- black ; its thorax heart-shaped, orange-red; its elytra oval, oriange-yellow (when alive, rose-pink), with a shoulder spot and two transverse bands deep black ; its legs are yellow tipped with black, and the entire insect has a delicate velvety appearance (Plate II, Fig. 1). It frequents chalky districts, and may sometimes be found under stones on the downs near Croydon. Under simi- lar circumstances at Box Hill, and on the south-coast downs, the species of Licinus may be taken. One of them was, I believe, at first only known to be a Brit- ish species from a single specimen having been caught in Cheapside, whither it must have had a long flight from its chalky haunts. This insect, L. silphoides (Plate I, Fig. 6), superficially resembles certain members of the genus Silpha in the Necrojjhaga : from which the be- ginner may distinguish it by its long slender antennae, — those organs in Silpha being short, with an abrupt knob at the tip. It is about half an inch in length ; broad, flat, deep dull-black in hue, and distinctly wrinkled, punctured and striated. The two basal joints of the fi'ont tarsi in the male are very strongly and widely dilated.
Loricera, a small bronze-coloured insect, is remark- able for its antennse being adorned with long stiff" hairs ; the Panagm have red elytra, marked ^Aith a large black cross ; and the species of Badister, found usually in the cracks of wet mud or clay banks, are recognizable by the rounded front of their heads.
GEODEPHAGA, 55
The Feroniides have the elytra nearly always sinuate at the apex ; the paraglossee almost always free ; and the dilated basal joints of the front tarsi in the male almost heart-shaped or elongate, and set beneath with two rows of short bristles.
This family comprises several species, the most often seen (and the most puzzling to the young student) being the " Sunshiners," which are members of the genera Pterostichus (subgen. Pcecilus) and Amara (Plate II, Fig. 4; A. fulva, found in sandy places).
These insects may often be seen running rapidly over hot paths in the early summer, and are frequently to be met with on the wing, and even darting about the pave- ment in London, on the first really warm spring day ; ■when the sun's rays tempt them from their winter quarters, and incite them to search for food and their mates. The species of Amara (to kill one of which, ac- cording to childish superstitions, is to call into operation the drum and cone of the late Admiral Fitzroy) exude a peculiar acrid fluid when handled ; a strong-smelling habit, common (though in a less disagreeable degree) to most of the Geodephaga, and intended doubtless to be a weapon both of defence and offence : the secretion is probably owing, also, to the constantly carnivorous pro- pensities of the beetles in question.
To the Feroniides belong the " Cellar- beetles," — not the lazy, foul-smelling Blaps, which will be mentioned in the section Heteromera, — active, black insects of the genera Sphodrus and Pristonychus ; the former having its hind trochanters prolonged in the male into a spike. Pterosticlms . picimanus (Plate II, Fig. 3) is found in cracks of tanks, and under stones, near water.
The Pogoni, narrow, brassy species, delight in salt or
56 BRITISH BEETLES.
semi-saline marshes; and the Anchomeni — mostly gre- garious, small, and of elegant shape — frequent very wet spots, abounding at the roots of old willows, etc., near watercourses. One of them, A. sexpunctatus, is found in boggy places on heaths, sometimes being plentiful on Wimbledon Common ; it is about a quarter of an inch long, with its head and thorax very bright green, and wing- cases coppery-red with green margins (Plate II, Fig. 2). It is a most brilliant creature, and darts about in the hot sunshine over the wet peat, looking like a live coal. A great contrast to this elegant insect is afforded by the heavy hippopotamo'id Zabrus gibbus, whose broad, convex, black carcase may sometimes (especially near Brighton and Croydon) be found trodden on, in the paths of cornfields. It has been accused of devouring wheat, owing in all probal)ility to its having been seen on or near that plant, where its instinct leads it to pursue vegetable-feeding insects. Allied to this species is the giant Broscus, an opaque black, elongate monster ; with large head, and thorax contracted behind : it is found rarely inland, but abundantly on the coast, where it burrows under stones and tidal rubbish, devouring ruthlessly everything that comes in its way, even its own species. Lastly, Miscodera arctica, a near but small relation to the above savage, dwells on our highest moors and mountains, and is but rarely taken. It is very shining and entirely brassy, with its globose thorax and dilated elytra separated by a neck. The two last- mentioned genera have much the appearance of Dys- chirius in the Scaritida ; from which the dilatation of the basal joints of the front tarsi in the males, and the want of a tooth on the outer side of their anterior legs, will serve to separate them.
GEODEPHAGA. 57
The Harpalides have usually the four basal joints of the front and middle tarsi (but sometimes only those of the front tarsi) dilated in the male, and densely spinose. Their para2:loss8e are free at the apex, the first and second joints of the antennse quite smooth, and the mentum obsoletely toothed. Several of the species are slightly pubescent ; and in the genera Diachromus, Di- chirotrichus (Plate II, Fig. 5 ; D. obsoletus, a salt-marsh insect) and Anisodactylus the widened joints are densely hairy beneath, this hair being replaced in the others by slightly elevated transverse ridges.
Very few are likely to obtrude themselves upon the notice of the casual observer, on account of their hiding by day, and generally frequenting retired places, viz. bottoms of cliffs, sand-pits, stones on moors and sea- shores, etc. Harpalus ruficornis, the most abundant of the tribe, is, however, found commonly in gardens^ and may be seen when mould is dug up, etc. ; it is rather more than half an inch long, robust, dull black, with reddish legs and autenna3, and its wing-cases covered with a very short greyish-yellow down.
Visitors to Hastings should look about for the very rare Diachromus germanus, which is occasionally found running on paths in that part of the south coast. It is not quite half au inch long, ovate, with very short downy hairs; its head, legs, and antennpe are reddish-yellow, thorax dark-blue or green, and elytra reddish-yellow, with a large blue or green patch at the apex.
The Tkechides are closely allied to some of the smaller members of the preceding family, but have only two of the basal joints of the front tarsi in the male widened, and triangular in shape ; the ligula and para- glossse are ciliated, the latter being much longer than
OO BRITISH BEETLES.
the former, which is wide ; the last joint of their palpi also is conic, acute, and scarcely smaller than the pre- ceding, which is nearly conic.
This family contains only three British genera of small species; one, Trechus, not in any way remarkable; the next, jEjjys, being composed of two very minute, flat, yellowish insects, found absolutely under the tide- mark at mouths of rivers, under stones, and in salt- marshes, in Scotland, Ireland, Devon, Isle of Wight, etc. ; and the last, Blemus, represented by a single species, areolatus, another very small pitchy-black beetle, which is found rarely on sands at the mouths of rivers, in Wales, etc.
The last of the Geodephaga, the Bembtdiides, may readily be known by the end joint of their palpi being acute, needle-shaped, and extremely small, the preced- ing joint being large and club-shaped. The two first joints of the front tarsi are sometimes Avidcned in the male ; but often the front tarsi are simple in both sexes.
The members of this family are all very small, the largest not being a quarter of an inch in length, and one of them, Bembidium bistriatum, three-quarters of a line long, is the smallest British Geodephagous insect. They occur generally in very wet places, such as the seashore, banks of ponds, rivers and streams ; in reedy marshes, and under stones in bogs, etc. Their prevailing colour is brassy-green or bronze, many being black ; and there is a tendency in the majority to assume a pattern of four white or yellow spots on the wing-cases. Several species emit an acrid, nasty-smelling, milky fluid, on being captured.
jB. flammulatum, found commonly in marshes, is one
GEODEPHAGA. 59
of the prettiest in marking, being greenish-bronze, with variegated yellow transverse zigzag bands ; and B. palli- dipenne (Plate II, Fig. 6), which occurs in great numbers on the Lancashire coast, though not met with often else- where, is also worthy of observation ; having a metallic head and thorax, and straw-coloured wing-cases, with a transverse indented darker fascia, which varies in in- tensity of colour and extent in different specimens. The species placed last in our lists, B. paludosum, aud^ Tacky pus flavipes and pallipes, present a considerable likeness to the Elaphri and Cicindelce, at the beginning of the section; their large eyes, slender legs, elegant shape, and semi-aquatic habits, encouraging the notion of their relationship, which is, however, prevented by their structural differences, the needle-pointed apical joint of the palpi in Bembidiuni being sufficient for a diagnostic character.
60
CHAPTER X.
THE HYDEADEPHAGA, OE AQUATIC CAENIVOEOUS BEETLES.
Subsection 2. Hydradephaga, M'Leay.
The members of this subsection, the predaceous Water- beetles, are the aquatic representatives of the Geodephaga, exhibitini^, in many respects, a similarity of structure, with modifications adapted to the change of element. Their body is nearly always smooth, depressed or ovate, with a continuous outline ; the parts not being conspi- cuously separate, but for the most part fitting into each other closely. The eyes do not project; the antennae are mostly slender, and, Avith the front and middle legs (which are close to each other), pack securely against the body. The hinder legs are removed from the middle pair, so as to allow of an extended " fore and aft'' move- ment in rowing; they are, in nearly all, strong, broad, and shallow — their width being in a transverse direction, — and strongly fringed with hairs on the inner side. The hinder coxae are much enlarged, and soldered to the metasternum, thus allowing a greater internal surface for the attachment of the propelling muscles (Fig. 10, dd; p. 27).
The mentum is emarginate, and, in nearly all the
HYDRADEPHAGA. 6l
species, strongly toothed in the middle ; the ligula horny, quadrate, with the paraglossse soldered to its sides ; the palpi are mostly thread-like ; the maxillae are fringed on the inner side; the scutellum is either very small, or not visible : the basal joints of the front tarsi are widened in the males, and all the species have stout and large wings.
Their larvse are also aquatic, and very predaceous ; they are mostly elongate, somewhat cylindrical, and tapering to the tail, and with a broad head armed with two strong, pointed jaws. They generally construct hollow cells in banks of ponds, etc., and turn into pupae underground, near their native element.
Our species may be divided into two families, the Dytiscida and Gyrinidcs ; in the former of which the antennse are either thread-like or straight, and in the latter broad, short, and elbowed.
1. The DYTISCID^ are separated into four sub- families, the HalipUdes, Pelobiides, Hydroporides, and Dytiscides.
Of these, the Haltplides form a good connecting link with the Bembidiides in the Geodephaga, their legs not being widened, and formed for swimming, as in the othei Hydradephaga, but thin, slender, and adapted for walk- ing; indeed, the species — though of aquatic habits — swim but feebly, frequenting weeds, etc., and running readily, with an alternate motion of the legs. The basal joints of their front tarsi, also, are not dilated in the males, a character found in some of the Bembidiides, and very rare in the Hydradephaga, some members of which afford, perhaps, the greatest known development of this structure. Their head is not so sunk in the thorax as in the majority of their allies ; and, lastly, in the genus
62 BRITISH BEETLES.
Haliplus, the apical joint of the palpi is very small and needle-poiutedj as in Bembidium.
Their antenute are ten-jointed, and the coxse of the hinder legs not enlarged in front, but produced behind into a semicircular flat plate, which in Haliplus covers three (and in Cnemidotus six) segments of the abdomen.
They are all small, ovate, and convex ; mostly light- yellow in colour, varied with obscure darker patches. One species, H. elevatus, is more elongate and flatter than the rest, and is also more distinctly marked ; it has strong longitudinal ridges on its elytra, and long straggling legs, and may be found in running streams, clinging to stones and weeds. Another, //. obliquus (Plate III, Fig. 4), is prettily spotted; it occurs in stagnant water.
Descriptions of our species are to be seen in a paper by Dr. Power, published in an early number of the ' Zoologist.'
The Pelobiides, represented by one species, Pelobius Hermanni (Plate III. Fig. 5), have the antennae 11 -jointed, the hinder coxae not produced into a plate, but enlarged in front, the scutellum distinct, tarsi all five-jointed, the head stretched out, and the legs adapted more for walk- ing than swimming. This insect, commonly known as " the Squeaker " (about half an inch long, convex, dull black and red in colour) is found somewhat plenti- fully in stagnant ponds near London, clinging to weeds, and grovelling in mud ; it makes a sharp noise by rubbing the hard reflected margin of the last segment of its abdomen in a groove under each wing-case.
The Hydroporides are all small, with no visible scu- tellum, only four joints to the front and middle tarsi (often much widened) and the posterior coxaj enlarged in front. Some gaily-spotted species [Hyroporus rivalls,
HYDRADEPHAGA. 63
Plate III, Fig. 3) are found in running waters, but the ma- jority frequent ponds and lakes. Many have pubescent elytra ; and the surface is usually bright in the males and dull in the females, a character also found in many Geodephaga.
Hyphydrus ovatus, common near London, affords a good link to Pelobius, on account of its globose form, and the basal joints of its tarsi being very long, as well as wider than the • apical joints. I have noticed that fresh specimens of this insect have a smell something like that of honey.
The Dytiscides have the antennae eleven -jointed, and all the feet five-jointed, the basal joints of the front legs in the male being widened either simply or into round plates, and the coxse of the hinder legs very large in front and reaching sideways to the elytra. In the genera Dytiscus, Cybister, Hydaticm, and Acilius, the three basal joints of the front tarsi in the males assume the form of a round sucker, fringed with hairs, with little cups on the under side ; and in the first and last, also, the females have the wing-cases deeply furrowed longitudinally, the furrows reaching in Dytiscus half- way down, and in Acilius to the apex of the elytra. These two peculiarities of structure are evidently to assist the sexes in pairing. The females of Dytiscus are, however, sometimes found without these dorsal furrows ; and somewhat analogous instances of what is termed " sexual di-morphism " occur rather frequently in the genus Hydroporus, etc.
The true Dytisci are well known, being " the Water- beetles " of the aquarium. They are large, olive-brown, with a yellowish side-band, and very rapacious, attacking all that comes in their way. They swim rapidly, diving
64 BRITISH BEETLES.
with great quickness, and may be often seen at the snrface of the water, with their tail upwards, taking in air, which thus reaches the spiracles. D. punctulatus (Plate III, Fig. 1) is entirely black beneath.
When ponds, etc., are dried np in the summer, the Dyliscides take to the wing, flying by night or at the evening in search of fresh waters ; it is astonishing, how- ever, with what a small supply of damp they Avill exist, and the greatest " hauls ^' of specimens are often made out of the merest cupful of muddy water, tbe residue of some large pond, in which all the beetle occupants are congregated. They have been known, in flight, to dash against glass or lights, possibly mistaking them for water.
Water-beetles, as a rule, are fond of gathering round reeds and water-plants in the middle of ponds; and, in dragging for them, the net should be scraped along banks, round any projecting wood or stones, and through and under weeds. After doing so, it is a good plan to go over the same water again, in a reverse direction, as many specimens get dislodged, but not captured, by the first operation. Tn running streams, the beetles often congregate in little pools caused by eddies and back- waters, and shelter themselves on the quiet sides of arches. To show how readily they fly, it may be re- marked that holes in gravel pits, when converted into pools by heavy rain, are soon tenanted by the large Dytisci.
The species of Dytiscus exhibit a great family like- ness, but are separated chiefly through the greater or less width, length, and sharpness of the forked pro- cesses of the coxse at the base of the two hinder legs. They are mostly found in stagnant waters, but many of
HYDRADEPHAGA. 65
their allies delight in running streams, and these latter are usually more metallic and variegated with light spots [Agabus maculatus, Plate III, Fig. 2) .
The larva of the common D. marginalis (Fig. 1, p. 10) is, when full-grown, about two inches long, dirty brown in colour, and tapering to the tail, which is provided with two thin appendages fringed with hairs. The larva suspends itself in the water, head upv.ards, with these appendages at the surface, and thus obtains air ; for the ordinary breathing-holes on the sides are closed up, and the air-vessels are reached by means of two spiracles at the apex of the eleventh segment near the fringed extremity. Its head is large and oval, with com- posite eyes (Fig. 1 a, p. 10), rudimentary antennae, and very long, sickle-shaped, pointed jaws, which are chan- nelled so as to allow the larva to extract the juices of its prey, there being no opening at the mouth. It is very rapacious, and is often called "Fresh-water Shrimp."
Cybister, reputed British, has its wi^ig-cases widened behind, and not furrowed in the female. Acil'ms sul- catus, a moderately large, common, flat, grey species, has been observed to make a considerable humming- noise, apparently produced by the action of the air upon the alula or winglets, two small circular membraneous plates at the base of the elytra (Fig. 8 h, p. 25).
The genera Laccophilus and Noterus, which have no visible scutellum, appear to point towards the next family, their hind legs being much widened. Noterus, also, has the antennae short, and much thickened ; being, moreover, of a somewhat similar build to Gyrinus, and having similar "jerky^' habits. Species of both genera, also, occur in brackish water, a habitat of some of the Gyrini.
66 BUITISH BEETLES.
2. The GYRINID.E differ vastly in structure from all the above. They have four eyes ; two on each side, one above and one below (Plate III, Fig. 6*) ; the ordi- nary single eye being divided by the cup formed for the articulation of the antennse : the palpiform outer lobe of their maxillae is wanting, except in the genus Gyrinus, where it is extremely small, slender, and rudimentary ; their antennse are short, robust, and stiff, the second joint being very large and ear-like, with the third and remaining joints jammed together and inserted in its middle (Plate III, Fig. 6''). The anterior legs are long and slender, and the intermediate and hinder pair close together, removed from the front, and extremely com- pressed, with the femora, tibiae, and basal joint of the tarsi very broad and triangular (Plate III, Fig. 6'"). The Gyrini, commonly known as " water-fleas," " whirlwigs," or " whirligigs," may be seen in fine weather forming end- less " figures of 8 " on the surface of both running and still waters. Tiiey are small, metallic, shiniug black, elongate beetles, exceedingly wary and quick in their movements, and with a power of exuding a very nasty- smelling acrid milky fluid, from nearly all parts of the body apparently, when handled. This fluid is analogous to that secreted by some Geodephaga, which it resembles in evil odour. The female lays small cylindrical eggs, end to end, in level rows, on water-plants, the larvse proceeding from which are very peculiar, being narrow and flattened, with a long slender filament rising out of each side of all the segments except those bearing the legs. These filaments act as air-conductors, and give the animal the look of a Centipede. When full-grown, it ascends water-plants, and forms a small oval cocoon, of a substance like grey paper, in which it assumes the pupa state.
HYDRADEPHAGA. 67
Gyrinus bicolor (Plate III, Fig. 6), the narrowest and most elongate of our " whirlvvigs/^ is found plentifully in brackish water at Southend, and elsewhere on the coast.
Orectochilus villosus, one of this family, differs from the others in being hairy : it is supposed to be less gregarious than the true Gyrini, though instances occur when it is found in great numbers. Unlike the light- loving whirlwigs, it hides itself in banks by day, and mostly performs its evolutions on the water by dark. Its larva forms a white silky cocoon, which has been found under willow-bark, and in a freshwater shell.
Good Latin descriptions of most of our Hyclradephaga will be found in Erichson's ' Kafer der Mark Branden- burg' ; and M. Aube's ' Species Gen. des Hydrocan- thaires et des Gyriniens,' published at Paris in 1838, comprises all the then known species in this subsection.
68
CHAPTER XI.
THE BRACHELYTEA, OR "ROVE-BEETLES."
The Brachelytra, or Staphylini (of which perhaps only one species, the " Devil's Coach-horse/' Ocyjms olens, is known to casual observers) constitute a very large group, and are readily distinguished by their elongate abdomen, — of which usually six or seven entirely horny segments are exposed, — and their extremely short and straightly sutured wing-cases, beneath which the many folds of their ample wings are hidden. The least typical forms have, however, the wing-cases somewhat elongate, and present a considerable likeness to certain of the smaller Geodephaga ; from which, apart from other characters, the absence of a palpiform lobe to their maxillse will separate them.
Many of them, especially the larger species, are emi- nently predatorial ; and must on no account be placed in the collecting-bottle with other insects. A great number also (including some of those which attack living insects), are carrion feeders, abounding in the dead bodies of small animals, etc. ; very many habitually frequent the dung of our domestic quadrupeds ; others swarm in fungi, especially when rotten ; and the re- mainder may be briefly described as living in decaying
BRACHELYTRA. 69
vegetable matter, or haunting very wet places. Among the exceptions to these habitats, it may be remarked that a few species live under bark, in flowers, in sand or shingle, sometimes beneath the tide-mark, or as pa- rasites upon insects of the order Hymenoptera.
Many authors place this section at the extreme end of the Coleoptera, — either with the idea of a circular system, coming back to the Geodephaga at the begin- ning through Dro7nius and Omalium, or wishing to establish a link with the Dermapiera, or Earwigs. Such a position, however, if only by removing it from its close ally, the section of Necrophaga, seems directly opposed to the natural affinities of its members.
The Brachelytra are nearl)'' always of an elongate, linear, and flattened shape ; rarely convex ; moderate in size, the majority being very small, and some exceedingly minute ; dull, or slightly metallic in colour, occasionally ornamented with red or yellow spots on the elytra, and but rarely exhibiting bright tints. Some are very po- lished and destitute of hairs, but the greater part are clothed with a fine short pubescence, which is in a few instances long and thick.
Among the points to be noticed in discriminating be- tween closely allied forms, the following will be found most worthy of attention : — the relative length and •width of the joints of the antennae and tarsi, the degree of punctuation and pubescence, the length of the elytra, the markings (if any) on the thorax, and the sexual characters afforded by the sculpture, etc., of the under side of the terminal segments of the abdomen in the males of very many species.
This sculpture usually takes the form of a more or less angulated or deeply impressed notch in the hinder
70 BRITISH BEETLES.
margin of the last segment but one, which notch is in some families much increased, and armed with lateral teeth, etc., on the ante-penultimate segment ; the greater part of the lower surface of the abdomen being some- times affected by somewhat similar alterations of struc- ture, and in a few cases adorned with curls of hairs.
In some of the smaller species the penultimate seg- ment of the male exhibits a notch, or one or more tubercles or ridges (or both) on its upper side.
The tarsi of the BracKelytra are for the most part five- jointed, though there are many of them in which the Heteromerous character is reproduced and reversed, the posterior and intermediate tarsi having five joints, and the anterior only four; some also are entirely /o^<r-, and a few /Aree-jointed.
The coxse, especially of the anterior legs, are much increased in size, and capable of extension from the body ; thus allov.ing considerable freedom of action to those limbs.
Their antennae are nearly always composed of eleven joints, and filiform, sometimes a little thickened towards the tip, or even slightly clavate ; and in one genus, Micropepfus (a very aberrant form, which has been placed by some authors among the Clavicornes) , deci- dedly abruptly knobbed. The basal joint is occasionally elongate, the antennae then somewhat resembling those of the Rhynchophoi'ci.
The remark before made, as to the development of the eyes in such species of Geodephaga as frequent very wet places, applies also to Brachelytra of similar habits ; and in the OmaJidce, besides the ordinary compound la- teral eyes, there are two small simple eyes, or ocelli, on the back of the head (as in the Hymenoptera) ; but it is
BRACHELYTRA. 71
doubtful whether tliese are of any assistance to the sight. One of the Proteinidce [Pkloeobiwn) has a single ocellus in the same position.
The parts of the mouth are well developed, though not quite so highly as in the Adephaga ; the labrum very often has a membraneous margin, and is sometimes furnished with appendages, or fringed or clothed with hairs; the mandibles vary according to the habits of their possessors, but are often strong, curved, and sharp ; the maxillse have no outer palpiform lobe, and are not toothed at the apex, their palpi being four-jointed, with the apical joint often very small and subulate; the la- bium is well defined ; the ligula being distinct, narrow, and linear, often bifid at the extremity, and with its paraglossse frequently conspicuous.
The abdomen is often furnished at the apex with two fleshy papillse, from which a disagreeable odour is emitted when the insect is handled. It is, in nearly all, so long as to be capable of being bent forward and used in ar- ranging the folds of the wings under the elytra. There are usually seven segments distinctly visible on the lower surface, but there is also another, by which it is articu- lated to the metathorax, and which is only visible on the upper side, when the elytra and wings are removed. In Erichson's descriptions the sixth segment means the last but one, which is termed the seventh by Dr. Kraatz ; the latter being in reality correct, though the former seems to be right.
The larvse of the Brachelytra somewhat resemble the perfect insects, being of elongate, narrow shape ; and are found under similar circumstances. They differ but little in general structure among the different species, and may be distinguished from those of the Geodephaga
72 BRITISH BEETLES.
by their mandibles not being toothed on the inner side, their closed-up mouth, the sinyle claw at the apex of their tarsi, and their two double-jointed anal forks, which are beset with stiff hairs. The extremity of the body is also produced into a fleshy tubular support. They are very active and voracious, using their sharp jaws with great effect, and sucking the juices of their prey through them, after the same fashion as the larvae of the Hydradephaga.
Descriptions of the European species of Brachelytra are to be found in the works of Kraatz, Thomson, and Fairmaire above alluded to ; and an indispensable help to the student of this group is afforded by the ' Genera et Species Staphylinorum ' of Dr. G. F. Erichson (1839- 1840). This book contains descriptions, entirely in Latin, of all the then known Brachelytra ; and is con- spicuous for the way in which its lamented author seizes, as if by intuition, upon those characters most useful in comparison, and for the exact application of his varied terms for differences of structure and colour.
The beginner will find the insects of this group diffi- cult both to determine and to set out properly. Care must be taken in mounting them, not to rub off the pu- bescence, gum the upper side, or distort the parts, as a specimen thus maltreated is additionally hard to make out. They are best set out soon after being killed ; and must not be left in laurel, or else their limbs come to pieces very readily on being manipulated. It is neces- sary to have the abdomen displayed in its proper pro- portions ; and this is no easy matter, as the rings usually contract within each other at the instant of death : the best way to counteract this, is to gum only the head, thorax, and breast on the card at first, and, when these
BRACHELYTRA. 73
are securely dried (which may be in about a quarter of an hour, or less) to damp the abdomen slightly on its upper and under sides ; the setting needle may then be inserted into the opening at the extremity of the body, and the segments gradually and gently pulled out by its slightly hooked point. Another, and less secure way is to drag out all the segments by piercing the last one through its under surface after inserting the point of the needle; but this is apt to destroy or distort the end of the abdomen. In either case the abdomen must not be left with the articulating surfaces of the segments ex- posed, or unduly elongated ; and a good supply of thick gum on each side, after the first gum is dried, is neces- sary to retain it in its place. Sometimes even a small card brace is required to prevent it from again contract- ing, or losing its hold on the card.
A level position of the head and thorax is best ob- tained by placing the two front legs rather backwards than forwards, otherwise the great development of the anterior trochanters often gives trouble in setting.
A specimen of each sex should be mounted on its back, to show the abdominal characters beneath.
The British species of Brachelytra (nearly 700 in number) may be considered as divided into thirteen families, viz. the Aleockarid^e, Tachyporida, QuediideB, Staphylinid(S, XanthoUnida, Paderida, Stenida, Oxyte- lidce, Omalid(S, Proteinidce, Phlceocliarida, Piestidee, and MicropeplidcB. These families, the members of which (except perhaps in the Aleocharidce) preserve a certain family likeness amongst themselves, are chiefly sepa- rated by the place of insertion of their antennae, and by the hidden or conspicuous position of their first (or pro- thoracic) pair of stigmata or spiracles, which are situated
74 BllITlSII BEETLES.
on the under side of the " thorax/' behind the coxse of the front pair of legs.
The Aleocharid/i:, extensive in numbers and puzzling to determine, have the prothoracic spiracles eonspicuous^ and the antennae inserted in front, close to the inner an- terior margin of the eyes. The apieal joint of their maxillary palpi is very small and needle-pointed, and the labial palpi have mostly 3, though in some {Aleo- chara) 4, in others [Autalia, Gyrophcena, etc.) but 2, and in a few [Silusa, Myllmia, etc.) no joints.
Their front coxse are conic and prominent, being only joined to the prosternum at their upper extremity, and the posterior trochanters are somewhat elongate, run- ning along the base of the femur.
Their tarsi vary in the number of joints, having either 5 or 4 joints to all the feet, or 4 to the front pair and 5 to the intermediate and hinder; and the anterior tarsi are never dilated in the male, which may be known from the other sex generally by the penultimate segment of the abdomen on the upper side having a tubercle or ridge, or an assemblage of tubercles, or a thickened or notched hinder margin. There is, sometimes, in the male a tubercle on the anterior part of the abdomen, and the penultimate segment beneath is often produced in the middle : the antennse, also, are frequently more elongate and robust.
In habits they are very varied, mostly, however, fre- quenting decayed vegetable matter. Some species [Au- talia, Bolitochara, Gyrophana, etc.), are found in fungi; others {Ocyusa, Tachyusa, Myllana, etc.), haunt very wet places; many [Isdinoylossa, Phlmopora, etc.), occur under bark, and some in sandy localities ; members of the great genus Homahta are found in all these habitats.
BRACHELYTRA. 75
Tlie true Aleocha7'ce feed in animal matter (hence their name), or in the dung of animals or putrifying seaweed ; but perhaps the most curious habit of any of the family is that of parasitism ; Thiasophila, Homceusa, Dinarda, Lomechusa, Atemeles, Myrmedonia, and some OxypodcB and Homalotee, being constantly found in the nests of certain species of ants, and Haploglossa in those of the sand-martin.
These Myrmecophilous (or ant-loving) species occur not only in the " runs " and purlieus of the nests, but also in the most inner sanctuaries, where they appear perfectly at home, and are never molested by their mul- titudinous hosts. The terms of the agreement between these landlords and tenants have never yet been satisfac- torily determined ; nevertheless, it is certain that the ants must be much attached to the beetles. I have seen Atemeles emarginatus (not uncommon in nests of For- mica fusca) being carried about tenderly in the mouth of an ant much less than itself. This curious species (Plate IV, Fig. 1), like others of its allies, coils itself up almost into a ball; and one is much astonished to see the length of leg and antenna which it unfolds on en- deavouring to escape. Myrmedonia funesta, abundant in nests of F. fuliginosa, is strikingly like that ant in appearance ; and, with others of its genus, acquires a very pungent odour, from constantly living in an atmo- sphere impregnated with formic acid. It is possibly from this cause that these species so often stain with purple the card on which they are mounted.
The species of Ilyobates, Callicerus, etc., are specially remarkable for the development of their antennae, of which the terminal joint is often of great length in the male. They occur rarely in sand-pits, etc.
76 BRITISH BEETLES.
Tachyusa constricta, a slender, graceful insect, found in wet shingle on the banks of rivers (especially the Mole, near Leatherhead), has a peculiar appearance, owing to its very "pinched-in" waist; when alive, like the greater part of this family, it curls its abdomen up- wards and forwards, and runs with great quickness. Perhaps, however, the most curious instance of this curling propensity is afforded by Encephalus complicans, a small black species found in rotten fungi, etc., and about as unlike the insect last-mentioned as possible, being extremely " squab '' and flat : it is not very com- mon, and may be easily passed over by a novice, on ac- count of its turning its abdomen entirely over its back, and thus (when not in motion) looking more like a small black seed than a beetle. The species of Gj/ropfKena, minute bright-coloured insects, also occurring (gre- gariously) in fungi, and very closely allied to Encephalus, have a similar habit, though in a rather less degree : they are difficult to determine, but may generally be distinguished intei' se by the rows of punctures on the thorax. Full English descriptions of our species, by Mr. G. R. Waterhouse, are to be found in the Trans- actions of the Entomological Society of London, 3rd series, vol. i. (1861).
The genera Oxypoda and Homalota, comprising many small species, and very troublesome to beginners, exhibit a considerable likeness to each other : the former may, however, be known by all its tarsi being five-jointed (the front tarsi in Homalota having only four joints) ; the more elongate basal joint of its hind tarsi (except in the instance of Homalota yregaria, which has a similar for- mation in that respect) ; its usually more convex form and stouter antennaj; and the greater sinuation of the
BRACHELYTRA. Tt
outer hinder margin of its elytra. Lastly, Myllana and its allies, very much contracted behind, and clothed with a short, dense, silky pubescence, are noteworthy from the anomalous jointless structure of their labial palpi, before alluded to.
The Tachyporid.e (so named on account of their rapid movements) are composed of usually bright- coloured species, found principally in fungi, moss, or dung, and considerably contracted at both extremities, especially behind, the front being more obtuse. The ab- domen is usually elongate and pointed ; but, when the in- sects are dead, the segments run up frequently, as in a telescope, so that it is by no means easy to preserve the correct facies of the insect in a dried specimen. The best way in mounting them is to put gum arable (with which a little white sugar has been melted) under the tail ; and, as soon as that is dry, gum the entire last segment over with tragacanth, keeping the abdomen from contracting (if you can) with a card brace. They should not be dried quickly.
Their prothoracic spiracles are conspicuous, and their antennae inserted towards the hinder part of the side margin of the forehead, before the eyes. Their maxillary palpi have the apical joint subulate in some species ; and the antennae are filiform and eleven -jointed in most, but ten -jointed and thickened in one genus, Hypocyptus , comprised of very small shining globular insects, which have somewhat the appearance of the Agathidia, in the next section. The legs are usually spiny, and the tarsi have five joints in all except Hypocyptus, which has but four. The anterior tarsi are widened at the base in the male, and both sexes often exhibit very striking cha- racters at the apex of the abdomen, both on the upper and under sides.
78 BRITISH BEETLES.
Trichophya aud Habrocerus are conspicuous from their hair-like antennse, which are adorned with slender rings of hairs^ resembling microscopic Equisetum : the former is found plentifully in the corridors of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, wdiither it flies from its haunts among the fir-trees at Shirley, etc.
The Tachini, moderately large, flat, and stout-looking (but fragile), abound in rotten fungi and dung, being also often taken, at the fermenting sap of cut-down trees.
They present admirable characters for specific dia- gnosis in the very pronounced teeth and notchings of the upper and under sides of the sub-apical segment of the abdomen, which is dififerent in the two sexes. In order to obtain a clear outline of this structure, it is as well to remove the extreme apical segment of specimens showing the upper and under surface of each sex.
The species of Tachijporus, small, shining, flattish, and more or less yellow marked with black, exhibit some- what similar sexual characters. They are difficult to de- termine, owing to their want of punctuation, and are generally abundant in moss and wet places. The Boli- tobii, gaily coloured (Plate IV, Fig. 2, Bolitobius airica- pillus) and very active species, occur in profusion in fungi in the autumn. English descriptions of all our species will be found in the first volume of the ' Ento- mologist's Monthly Magazine,' by the present writA*. Lastly, the members of the genus Mycetoporus, smaller and narrower than the Bolitobii, are found sometimes in moss, but more usually in sand-pits, etc., during the early spring. The position and number of certain deep punctures on the elytra and sides and front of the thorax will assist in determining the species of this genus.
The Q.UEDIID.E (usually considered a subfamily of the
BRACHELYTRA. 79
Staphylinida) have the mandibles not very prominent ; the labial palpi filiform (with two exceptions) ; and all their tarsi five-jointed. They present a certain resem- blance to the Philonthi, in the next family, but have the sides of the thorax simple (with no marginal line), and more rounded; and their head is broader at the base. Their antennae are inserted at the front of the side mar- gin of the head, and their prothoracic spiracles conspi- cuous^ as in the former families.
Euryporus and Asti'apceus have the third joint of the labial palpi hatchet-shaped (the enlargement being more evident in the male) ; and the anterior tarsi are dilated in the latter, and simple in the former, in both sexes. They are both very rare, Astrapceus being, indeed, du- bious as British, and Euryporus (in which the head is small) occasionally occurring in moss.
Acylophorus, taken under cut reeds, etc., at Merton, by Dr. Power, is conspicuous as well from its rarity as the band of testaceous colour near the apex of its abdo- men, the elongate basal joint of its antennae, and its cylindrical anterior tarsi, of which the apical joint is as long as the four preceeding, and armed with strong claws; the posterior tarsi having the basal joint the longest, and the apical with small claws.
The species of iJeto'o^Aops closely resemble the smaller Quedii, from which they may be known by the subulate apical joint of their palpi. They are found at the bot- toms of haystacks, under seaweed, etc.
Qwe^^ms comprises several species, of varied habits and sizes, and is divided into two sections ; the first having the part of the presternum behind the anterior coxae horny, and the second having the same part membra- neous. The number of punctures in the dorsal rows
80 BRITISH BEETLES.
of the thorax (never exceeding three in each) also assists in separating these insects. Q. dilatatus, a very large, broad, black species, with slightly iridescent abdomen and serrated antennae, is found occasionally in hornets' nests, and also in the burrows of the larva of the goat- moth, being evidently parasitic in its habits. Another (and much smaller) species, Q. brevis, with red elytra, tail, antennae, and legs, is of similar social propensities, being found in ants' nests. Q. lateralis, next in size to Q. dilatatus, found in rotten fungi and dung in the autumn, is shining-black, with the reflexed side-margins of its elytra yellowish. Q. truncicola, cruentus (Plate IV, Fig. 3), scitus, and Icevigatus, are all subcortical species ; the latter, a flattened, polished insect, occurring under pine-bark in Scotland.
The remaining species (with the exception of the little Q. auricomus, conspicuous from its abdomen being striped with rows of fine golden or silvery pu- bescence, and which is found in wet moss, etc., near or in waterfalls) offer no peculiarity of structure or habit : they are mostly dull in colour, though sometimes having red elytra, and occur in moss, haystacks, dead leaves, dung, etc.
The StaphyliniD;E (the giants of the section) have the prothoracic spiracles conspicuous ; the antennae dis- tant at the base and inserted in front, within the base of the mandibles ; and the thorax w ith a lateral marginal line, both on the upper and under side. Their man- dibles are generally large, the maxillary palpi filiform, the ligula small and rounded, entire in Philonthus, but emarginate in the other genera, and with the paraglossse always long. The males are usually known by their larger heads and dilated anterior tarsi, and by the penul-
BRACHELYTllA, 81
timate segment of their alxlomen being slightly notched on the under side. The different species are found under stones, in dung, carrion, or decaying vegetable matter, or flying in the hot sunshine.
Oreophilus maxillosus, a common large carnivorous insect, may often be seen in dead animals. It runs rapidly and flies strongly, and is elegantly mottled with short grey pubescence ; the head and mandibles some- times attaining a very large size in the males (Plate IV, Fig. 4). A variety {cUiaris, Leach) with golden-brown hairs is found sometimes in Scotland.
The very rare Emus kirtus, so thickly clothed with long yellow hairs as to look somewhat like a humble- bee on the wing, flies in the hot sunshine, and has been captured in cow-droppings, where it is supposed to feed on dung-loving beetles.
The true Staphylini are (with the exception of S. cee- sareus, which may often be seen settling on hot path- ways in the spring) of rare occurrence, and have mostly red wing-cases, their abdomen being often adorned with golden spots. S. erythrnplerus , found in the north of England, closely resembles the above-mentioned ^. C(ssa- reus, from which it may be known by its golden-haired scutellum. Ocypus contains several large (and mostly black) species, one of which, 0. olens, is well known, being the " Devil's Coach-horse " par excellence. This rapacious monster, of fetid smell, with extended jaws, elevated head, and turned-up tail (from which two yel- lowish vesicles protrude), may often be seen in pathways or gardens ; its larva seems to be equally savage, having somewhat similar habits to that of Cicindela, and not sparing even its own species. The perfect insect is quite fearless, and will seize upon anything, however large,
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82 BRITISH BEETLES.
that is placed in its path. The pupa appears to have a fringe of long hairs on the front of its thorax.
Two species of this genus, morio and compressus, are distinguished hy the want of any inner tooth to their mandibles, which are simply sickle-shaped.
The great number of Phllonthi, black or brassy in- sects, with the elytra sometimes spotted or suffused with red, are divided into sections, characterized by the longitu- dinal I'ow of punctures on each side of the middle of the thoi'ax ; those of the first section having the disk smooth, and the others increasing from two rows of three punc- tures each, until the thorax is entirely thickly punc- tured, with the exception of a smooth middle line. Some little caution, however, is required in separating speci- mens by this character, as there are sometimes irregular punctures, interfering with the proper dorsal rows, and often not alike on both sides.
The Xantholinid.e have the prothoracic spiracles as in the Staphylinidce ; but their antennae are inserted be- fore the base of the mandibles, and are not more distant from each other than they are from the eyes. The species are mostly very long and narrow, with the basal joint of the antennae elongate {whereby the antennae become elbowed, as in the Bhr/ncophora), the middle legs rather longer than the others, and the elytra uneven and rather lapped over at the suture ; the genus Othius, however, has the antennae of the usual structure and the suture straight.
The members of this family are found in moss, decay- ing vegetable matter, sandpits, etc., — one species, Lepta- cinus formicetorum, occurring in ants' nests ; and they are not conspicuous for variety of colour, being at most black, slightly relieved by yellow or red.
BRACHELYTRA. 83
The species of Xantholinus have a peculiar habit of curling (or rather " doubling ") themselves up in repose, their linear shape and free joints allowing numerous angular bends ; their head is very elongate, not con- tracted at the base, with small eyes placed near the front, which is deeply furrowed and connected with the thorax by a small cylindrical neck, and they may generally be separated by the dorsal punctuation of the thorax, which varies considerably in amount and degree. A variety (with the thorax entirely reddish) of the pret- tiest species, X. tricolor, occurs not rarely at the seaside in the south ; and the type-form, — which is rufo-testa- ceous, with the head, base of the thorax, and the abdo- men pitchy, — has been taken under refuse in Scotland, where (and, indeed, all over the countrj^, also) Baptolinus alternans, a flat, broad-headed, gaily-coloured insect, is found under bai'k.
Xantholinus fulgidvs (Plate IV, Fig. 5), a shining black species, with bright red elytra, lives in hotbeds, vege- table refuse, dead wood, etc.
The P.EDERiD/E have the prothoracic spiracles hidden, and the antennae inserted under the apex of the lateral margin of the forehead ; the space behind the anterior coxse is membranous, and the posterior coxse are conic. Their maxillary palpi are more or less elongate, with the apical joint subulate or pointed and very small; the labrum and ligula both bilobed (the apex of the latter being tridentate in Scopaus), the apical joint of the labial palpi small and pointed, and the paraglossai linear and ciliated on the inner side. The mandibles are slender, sharp, and long ; the heaxl either attached to the thorax by a slender neck, or distinctly pedunculated; and the tarsi, which are all five-jointed, have the fourtli
G 2
84 BRITISH BEETLES.
joint simple, except in Pcederus and Sunius, where it is bilobed.
The species of Ptederus are all very brightly co- loured;— red, bluish- or greenish-black, and yellow, in sudden contrast, being their usual tints; and they are especially noteworthy for the very deep notching of the penultimate segment of the abdomen beneath iu the male.
P. caligatus (Plate IV, Fig. 6), hitherto exceedingly rare, has recently been found in profusion iu very wet mossy places on Wimbledon Common.
Laihrohium comprises certain elongate, fiattish, marsh- loving insects (some, also, occurring in sand-pits), of which the most gaily coloured have merely half the elytra stained with red, and which afford no subject of remark, except that good characters for their specific discrimi- nation are to be found in the notching, etc., of the under surface of the penultimate abdominal segment in the males.
Acheniwn, found in the cracks of mud-banks and under stones, has a wide, but very thin body, eminently adapted to its habitat ; and a departure from the normal form of antenna, in this family, is afforded by the light-footed Crypiobimn fructicorne (in which the basal joint is much elongated), found in thick wet moss.
The species of StUicus, living iu dead leaves and moss, present a considerable family-likeness to each other, on account of their slender long legs, and dull head and thorax, the former of which is wide and orbiculate, and separated by a neck from the latter, which is narrowed in front. The males in this genus exhibit strong diffe- rences, as in Luthrobium ; and the coloration of the apex of the elytra and legs assists materially in making
BRACHELYTRA. 85
out the species^ one of which only, the " reel-neck " {S . fragUis) , departs from a level obscurity of tone.
The Stenid^e have the prothoracic spiracles hidden, with the space behind the anterior coxse horny ; the an- tennae inserted between the eyes or at the anterior mar- gin of the forehead ; the anterior coxse minute, and the posterior conic; the basal joint of the maxillary palpi elongate, and the apical joint so small as to be scarcely perceptible; the paraglossse membraneous, soldered to the ligula in Evasthetus and Dianous, and free, with rounded endsin Stenus ; and the tarsi five-jointed, except in the former genus, wherein they are four-jointed.
They live in wet places for the most part, sometimes occurring in the water itself; Dianous carulescens (Plate V, Fig. 1) being taken under stones and in moss in waterfalls, etc.
The quadrate raentum, longer antennae, smaller eyes, and finer punctuation of this species, added to the vesi- cles at the extremity of its abdomen, at once distinguish it from any of the Steni, to some of which it bears con- siderable resemblance.
Stenus (in which the ligula with the paraglossfe and labial palpi are so slightly articulated to the mentum, which is triangular, that, when suddenly killed, they are often thrust out adhering to the end of the gullet, and form a kind of proboscis) comprises a great number of species, of great family-likeness, owing to their cylin- drical shape, strong punctuation, dull colour, and promi- nent eyes; in the latter point affording another instance of the remark before made as to a similar development in water-frequenting Colcoptera. They are divided into two sections, in which the fourth joint of the tarsi is re- spectively simple or bilobed ; and these are again formed
86 BRITISH BEETLES.
into subdivisions, having the abdomen (seven segments of wiiich are distinctly exposed) either with or without a lateral marginal ridge. Some of the species in both sections are also spotted on the elytra, and the males exhibit good distinctive characters in the notching, etc., of the terminal segments beneath ; — S. Rogeri having a strong row of curled yellow hairs turned inw^ards, on each side of the middle of the lower surface of the abdo- men, besides certain notches and elevations at the apex.
Those with bilobed tarsi are often found crawling slowly on plants, whilst many of the other section run quickly in dry places ; S. Guynemeri, found in the north and west of England, lives almost (if not entirely) in the water, especially in mountain streams.
English descriptions (by the present writer) of all our species will be found in the first volume of ' The Ento- mologist's Monthly Magazine.'
The OxYTELiD-i; have the prothoracic spiracles hid- den ; the antennae (which are more or less elbowed, on accoui:it of the elongation of the basal joint) inserted under the elevated lateral margin of the forehead ; the thorax beneath membraneous behind the anterior coxse, which are elongate, subconic, and prominent, the poste- rior pair being transverse ; the ligula membraneous, with the paraglossse either soldered to it or entirely absent {Oxyporus and Bledius) ; the apical joint of the maxillary and labial palpi generally subulate; the an- terior and intermediate tibige spinose in all except Tro- gophloeus ; and the tarsi with only three joints (of which the apical one is much the longest), except in Oxyporus, which has five.
This genus seems to be not satisfactorily placed in its present position ; its five-jointed tarsi, the bicuspid
BRACHELYTllA. 87
apex of its mentum^ the lunated apical joint of its labial palpi, and filiform maxillary palpi, absent paraglossse (in which, however, it resembles Bledius), porrect mandibles, one of which — the left — is toothed on the lower side, and the articulation of its middle legs to the sides of the mesothorax, appearing to remove it from any of the OxytelidiS.
Oxyporus riifus (Plate V, Fig. 2) is conspicuous for its robust build, bright colours, sharp elongate jaws, and the large size of the head in the male : it is found on fungi, eating transverse galleries through the " gills ^' on the lower side, and runs with great swiftness.
The species of Bledius are mostly gregarious, fre- quenting the sea-sands, banks of rivers, sandpits, etc. They are elongate and cylindrical in shape, as might be expected from their burrowing habits, and have the front tibise thickened and strongly spined. In the males of some, the head bears two erect horns, and the thorax also has one in the middle, pointing forwards : these horns are much developed in the large males ; but, in the smaller specimens, are of more feeble build. The Bledii pass all the stages of their existence in the sand, and are often preyed upon by some of the Dyschirii {Geode- phaga) ; they fly readily towards the evening, and have been observed to remain in their burrows beneath the tide for some time.
Platystethushas the apical joint of the labial palpi not subulate, and its members (all of which are small, black, and shining) live in dung or the cracks of mud-backs.
The true Oxyteli abound in dung, at the fermenting sap of felled trees, under rotten seaweed, etc. ; they are all more or less flat, dull-black, with the parts of the body somewhat loosely articulated ; the thorax with
88 BRITISH BEETLES.
three longitudinal furrows^ and the abdomen shining; the males have the apical segments of the abdomen be- neath sinuatedj. notched, and tuberculated ; the females, also, exhibiting a tendency to similar irregularities.
The species of TrogopliloBUs, — diminutive, cylindrical, dull-black, pubescent insects, with very short tarsi, — occur in mud-banks and wet places, and have usually a deep impression at the back of the thorax. Syntominm (Biieum, a small, metallic, " stumpy " beetle, very strongly punctured and slow of foot, and with three apical joints of its antennae suddenly thickened, may be found under dead leaves in sandpits. Lastly, the rare Acroynathus and Deleaster, larger, rufo-testaceous species, live in very wet places, in rotting leaves at the edges of ponds ; the former is very sluggish, and seems swollen with the water in which it soaks, but the latter flies readily, and runs with great swiftness.
The OmaliDjE have five-jointed tarsi; the protlio- racic spiracles hidden ; the thorax membraneous be- neath, behind the anterior coxse; the antennse inserted under the lateral margin of the forehead, which margin is not elevated ; the anterior coxse almost conic and ex- serted, and the posterior transverse ; the maxillse armed with a horny hook at the apex ; the elytra reaching be- yond the mctathorax, and rounded at the outer hinder corners ; and two ocelli on the middle of the head. They are mostly soinewhat depressed, 'with long, slender antennae ; and live in wet places, under seaweed, stones, and bark, and in flowers.
The species of AntJiopluigns, Geodromicus, and Lestevu, on account of their long slender legs, long elytra, and somewhat heart-shaped thorax, present considerable re- sembkmce to certain of the ^xw^Xev Lebiides in the Geode-
BRACHELYTKA. 89
phaga ; and one of the former genus, A. alpinus, has the head of the male (which sex is very rare) enlarged, with a spine on each side in front, and strong, curved, promi- nent mandibles.
Acidota, found under pine-bark and in moss, has very stoutly built legs, and spiny tibise; the species, also, are somewhat larger, linear and shining. Olophrum and Lathrimceum, on the contrary, are convex and short; and the little black Micralymma brevipenne, with very short elytra, is noteworthy from living far below high- water mark on the coast in all its stages. Eusphalerum and Anthobiwn sometimes abound in flowers, the latter occurring on UmbeUifer(e in woods, and the former in primroses.
The species of Omalium, in which the four basal joints of the tarsi are equal, and scarcely so long as the apical joint alone, are varied in habits ; many are found under bark, others in flowers, some at sap, or in marshy places, and one or two in profusion under decaying seaweed. 0. planum (Plate V, Fig. 3) is, perhaps, as good a type of a subcortical insect as could be seen.
The Proteinics have the prothoracic spiracles hidden; the antennae inserted under the lateral margin of the cly- peus ; the anterior coxse cylindrical, not prominent (some- what like those of the N'Uidalides), and the posterior transverse; the tarsi five-jointed; the thorax horny beneath, behind the anterior coxse ; the paragiossse dis- tinct, and in Megarthrus longer than the ligula.
The species of Froteinus, which are very small, flat- tish-oval, and black, are found in rotten fungi, etc., often in great numbers ; they may be distinguished inter se by their antennae, of which the basal portion varies in the number of its light-coloured joints.
90 BRITISH BEETLES.
The Megarthri, living iu fungi, under bark, and in vegetable refuse, have the thorax deeply channelled and notched at the sides and hinder angles ; the hinder and intermediate femora and tibife are also more or less curved, thickened or toothed in the males.
PhloBobium clypeatum (Plate V, Fig. 4), found in tufts of grass, etc., has similar sexual differences, and is worthy of remark on account of its possessing a single ocellus on the back of the head.
The Phlceocharid^ have the prothoracic spiracles hidden ; the antennae inserted under the lateral margin of the forehead ; no ocelli ; the anterior coxse conic and prominent, the posterior transverse and the tarsi five- jointed ; the thorax membraneous beneath, behind the anterior coxse ; and the abdomen widely margined.
We posses but two genera, each containing a single species. Phloeocharis sabiUissima, a very small dark- brown, dull-looking insect, with the maxillary palpi subu- late, found in dry dead sticks and wood ; and Pseu- dopsis sulcatus, occurring rarely in haystacks and vege- table refuse near London, and conspicuous on account of its elongate shape, dull black colour, and very strong longitudinal furrows and elevations.
The PiESTiD^, represented in England by one genus and species, Prognulha quadricornis, have the prothoracic spiracles hidden ; the thorax entirely horny below ; the anterior coxse globose, not prominent, and the posterior transverse ; the tarsi five-jointed ; and the apical seg- ment of the abdomen inconspicuous.
P. quadricornis (Plate Y, Fig. 5) is found under bark, sometimes in considerable numbers ; it is elongate, flat, and narrow, pitchy-black and shining, with the elytra, antennae, legs, and apex of abdomen reddish. In the
BKACHELYTRA. 91
male the head is much enlarged, the forehead hollowed, with a horn on each side stretching forwards, and the mandibles also armed each with another horn, larger than itself.
Occasionally specimens of the male occur in which these characters are developed to an inordinate extent.
Lastly, the MiCROPEPLiOiE, also represented by a single genus, have the spiracles hidden and thorax horny, as in the last family ; the anterior coxae not prominent, and the posterior globose ; the front and hind legs distant at the base ; the tarsi three-jointed ; and the antennae nine- jointed, knobbed, and fitting into grooves.
Their sculpture is very remarkable, the entire upper surface being strongly costated or divided by longitu- dinal ridges ; on account of which, added to their knobbed antennae and short compact form, they have often been classed among the NitiduUda, somewhat resembling also certain species of Onthophilus.
Micropeplus margarita (Plate V, Fig. 6), found — like its congeners — in vegetable refuse, is not uncommon ; and M. tesserula, the rarest species, taken in Scotland^ may be known by its polished appearance.
93
CHAPTEE XII.
THE NECEOPHAGA, OE CLATICOENES.
This section comprises groups of very different appeai'- ance and habits, answering for the most part to the genera Silpha, Dermestes, and Byrrhus of old authors, and including the PInlhydrida [Palpicornes of the French entomologists), the aquatic representatives of the Lamel- licornes. Its members (which feed principally upon de- caying animal or vegetable matter) have the antennse clubbed or incrassate at the apex, sometimes elbow^ed or with a longer basal joint, and inserted near the mandi- bles, which are usually strong ; the inner lobe of the maxilla is not palpiform ; the tarsi are mostly 5-jointed, and the tibise spurred; the scutellum large, and the elytra nearly always covering the sides of the abdomen (the apical segments of ^yhich are often exposed), and occasionally truncate. It may be considered as divided into eighteen families, the SilpJddce, ScydriKemda, Aniso- tomidce, Scaphidiidce, Hister'uke, Nitidididce, Troyositidce, Golydiidce, Cucnjidce, Crytophagida, Mycetophagidoe, Dermestidce, Byrrhidce, Heterocerid(B, PurnidcB, Georys- sidce, Hydrophi/idce, and Sph(eridiidcs ; but it must be acknowledged that there is considerable difference of opinion as to tlic affinities of these insects.
THE NECROPHAGA, OR CLAVICORNES. 93
The S1LPHID.E exhibit a considerable affinity to the Brachelytra ; having the elytra more or less truncate, with the apex of the abdomen exposed and the coxae free, the anterior pair being exserted. Their larvae, also, are much alike, differing principally in the posses- sion of a labrum by those of the Silphidce. They are divided into two subfamilies, the Silphides and Cholevides; having the mandibles strong and reaching beyond the labrum, which is distinct ; the antennae not elbowed ; the tarsi, with one exception, five-jointed, and mostly with the front pair widened at the base in the male ; and the posterior coxae approximated, with the trochan- ters projecting. The Silphides comprise the well- known " Sexton " or " Burying " beetles, found in dead animals ; which, if not too large, they contrive to drag beneath the ground, several individuals of both sexes often uniting in the work, and tli^e females laying their eggs in the buried carcase. Some of them are also occasionally found in fungi, or in decaying fish on the seashore. They belong to the genus Necrojihorus, the largest in size of all the section (except Hydrous), and have strongly-clubbed ten -jointed antennae, being often adorned with orange-coloured bands (Plate VI, Fig. 1, N. mortuorum). They fly strongly, smell somewhat of musk, and exude a fetid black fluid from the mouth. Their larvae, also carrion-feeders, have cylindrical fleshy bodies and weak legs.
The Silphce are smaller, flat, with less strongly clubbed eleven-jointed antennae, and broad, flat, horny, active, strong-legged larvae.
The Cholevides are all smaller and narrower insects, occurring gregariously in decaying animal or vegetable matter. Their tibiae are not armed with spines on the
94 BRITISH BEETLES.
outer side^ and their head is short and sunk in the tho- rax. Our species of Choleva (having the antennse but little clubbed, and with the eighth joint very small) are described in Murray's monograph of the genus Caf.ops (Annals and Magazine of Nat, Hist., July, 1856), and the members of the rarer, smaller, and closely allied genus Colon (in which the antennse have the eighth joint nearly as large as the ninth, and the hinder femora of the males are often very strongly and sharply toothed on the lower side) are described by Dr. Kraatz, in the Stettin Ent. Zeit., 1850, and also by M. Tournier in the French Annales, 1863 : in this genus tlie front tarsi are not always widened in the male. The little Adelops and Leptinus are conspicuous from their want of eyes ; the former, also, having but four joints to the anterior tarsi. Both of our single species of these genera are very rare, and live in rotten vegetable matter. The metallic, Hister-\\ke Sphcerites has the basal joint of the antennse long, and is found in the north of Scotland, in dead animals, etc.
The ScYDM.^NiD.E are all extremely small, and more or less pubescent, living in vegetable refuse and muck- heaps : the largest, Eumicrus tarsatus (Plate VI, Fig. 2) is common in cucumber frames, etc. They are ap- terous, Avith the elytra covering the abdomen (which has six segments) ; the tarsi five-jointed; the coxse conic; the hinder legs widely separated; the maxillary palpi long, and the eyes strongly granulated. Descriptions and figures of most of our species are to be found in Denny's ' Monographia Pselaphidarura et Scydmrenida- rum Britannise,' 1825, Norwich.
The Anisotomid.e differ from the Silp/iida chief!}'' in having the posterior trochanters small and not pro-
THE NECROPHAGA, OR CLAVICORNES. 95
jecting from the femora ; they are also more convex (some, indeedj being quite globular), with short legs and antennse, the posterior coxae close together, the tarsi variable in number of joints, and the mandibles with a blunt tooth at the base. They are never found in ani- mal matter, but chiefly in fungi and dead leaves and under rotten bark, being mostly commoner towards the north, and more readily found in the evening about autumn, especially near fir-trees. The males frequently have the hinder femora dilated and toothed, the hinder tibis elongated and curved, the basal joints of the front tarsi widened, or the left mandible elongated, hooked, or even bearing a horn ; in all these cases, however, individuals of smaller development often exhibit intermediate con- ditions, sometimes not even differing from the females in these particulars.
The number of joints in the tarsi is very variable : thus, in Hydnobius all the tarsi are five-jointed ; in Anisotoma and Cyrtvsa the two front pairs have each five joints, and the posterior only four ; Colenis has the four hinder pairs four-jointed and the anterior five-jointed ; and in Agaricophagus the front pair are four-jointed, whilst the two hinder pairs have only three joints. All the above genera have the same number of joints in both sexes, but in Liodes, Amphicyllis , and Agathidium, the males have five joints to the two front pairs and four to the hinder pair ; the females of Liodes and Agathidium having either four joints to all the tarsi, or five to the front pair and four to the two hinder pairs, — and of Amphi- cyllis, four joints to all the tarsi. The club of the an- tennae, also, varies from five to three joints.
Anisotoma cinnamomea (Plate VI, Fig. 3, male), the largest of the family, is found in truffles, and by sweeping
96 BRITISH BEETLES.
under trees among dead leaves; the species of Liodes arc not uncomraou in the black dust of old fungoid growth on trunks of trees^ etc., in the north of England ; and the Agatliidia are conspicuous from their habit of rolling themselves up into black shining balls.
The ScAPHiDiiD^ are represented in England by three species of two genera, Scaphidium and Scaphisoma, the former, found under logs of wood, in fungoid growth ; and the latter in agarics and decomposing wood. Botli are very agile, convex on the upper and under sides; rather boat-shaped ; hard, shining, with very long and slender legs, the intermediate and hinder pairs of which are far apart ; the antennae, also, are exceedingly delicate in the latter genus, the members of which are very small and black ; Scctphidium being larger, with four red spots.
The parts of the moutli are not conspicuously deve- loped, the palpi (especially the labial pair), mandibles, and labrum being small ; both lobes of the maxillae are membraneous ; the head is small and deflexed ; the thorax fitting close to the elytra, and in Scaphisoma en- larged behind in the middle so as to cover the scutellum ; the elytra truncated obliquely at the tip, leaving the apex of the abdomen exposed, having a sutural and lateral stria, and being covered with irregular scratches ; the anterior coxse exserted and approximated, the tarsi 5-jointed, and the first segment of the abdomen very large.
The HisTERiD.E are hard, polished insects, usually square and stout in build, thick, Ijut flat, or at most slightly convex ; never pubescent ; generallj' black, though sometimes spotted with red; and having the head re- tractile, and the antennae and legs capable of being closely packed to tbe body. The antennae have the basal joint
THE NECROPHAGA, OB CLAVICORNES. 97
very long, and are strongly clubbed ; the mandibles are very strong, and, with the labrum above, and mentum below, nearly close up the mouth ; the paraglossse long and divergent ; the elytra truncate at the apex, leaving two segments of the abdomen exposed ; and the legs wide and flat, the separate parts packing one upon another, and the tibise being strongly dentate or spinose exter- nally ; the middle and hinder pair, moreover, are widely apart^ and the tarsi in all (except Acritus, which has four- jointed posterior tarsi) are five-jointed. The abdomen has five segments, of which the first is usually much the widest, and the wings are ample. The true Histers, from Plafysoma to Paromalus inclusive^ have the proster- num produced into a chin-piece, for the protection and reception of the head, which is wanting in Saprinus and the rest of the family.
They are found chiefly in dung or decaying vegetable mattery some species, however, preferring dead animals, others frequenting ants' nests, and a few living under bark or in wood. They fly strongly^ and, when handled, often simulate death, from which habit their name Ulster [histrio, a mimic) is derived.
One of the prettiest species, Hister bimaculatus (Plate VI, Fig. 4), is not uncommon in cow-dung, under stones, etc.; and with it the rounded, deeply sculptured, Ontho- philus striatus may be found.
The larvae appear to be found in similar situations to the perfect insects; they are linear, depressed^ nearly smooth, soft, and dirty white in colour, except the head and first segment, which are harder and darker ; the legs, antennse, and palpi are short, and mandibles sickle- shaped and prominent ; there appear, also, to be various impressions and transverse rows of hairs on the ventral
H
98 BRITISH BEETLES.
segments^ with a fleshy tubercle on the uuder side of the apex.
M. de Marseul has published an admirable monograph of this family in the Annales of the French Ent. Soc. (ser. 3, i. p. 131 et seq.).
The NiTiDULiD^ have the head (except in Rhizo- phagus) much sunk in the thorax ; the antennae not elbowed ; composed of eleven (except in Rhizophagus, which has ten) joints, of which the two or three last form a knob ; the tarsi, with five joints (rarely with only four to the posterior in the male), of which the last but one is very small -, the elytra usually truncate behind, and the abdomen with five or six segments, free. The species are mostly small, flat, and rather wide, a few being convex, and one genus (Rhizophagus) linear. They chiefly frequent flowers, but, dead animals, sap of trees, fungi, decaying vegetable matter, and ants' nests are also haunted by many species. They may be divided into six sub-families, — the Bradiypterides, Curpoplulides, Nitidulides, Cychr amides, Phalacrides, and Ipides.
The BaACHYPTERiDEs have the two or three apical segments of the abdomen exposed, and two lobes to the maxillae. Our species occur in the flowers of Antirrhi- 7ium, Spiraea, etc., and are in no way remarkable, except that the male of Cercus pedicularius has the two basal joints of the antennse much enlarged.
The Carpophilides have the abdomen exposed, as in the last subfamily, but possess only one lobe to the maxillffi. One genus, Carpophilus, is found in Europe ; and we possess but two species ; one of which, hemipte- rus, an oblong, depressed insect, with very short elytra, which are spotted with yellow at the apex, is pro- bably imported, being cosmopolitan^ and mostly occur-
THE NECROPHAGA^ OR CLAVICORNES. 99
ring in houses; and the other rests on very slender grounds.
The NiTiDULiDEs have the pygidium (or apical seg- ment) alone exposed, and that sometimes only in part ; a single lobe to the maxillse ; and the base of the elytra not covered by the thorax. The genera from Epuraa to Omosita (inclusive) have no elongation of the proster- num between the anterior coxse, which prolongation is found in the remainder of this sub-family ; the furrows for reception of the antennae are also different in certain of the genera. The species of Epurcea, mostly yellowish in colour, chiefly frequent flowers and the exuding sap of trees, and also live under bark : whilst the Meligethes are exclusively to be found in flowers. The latter are very puzzling to determine, owing to their uniformity of size and build, and want of difference of colour and sculpture; they may, however, be separated by the varia- tion in pattern and degree of the toothing on the outer edge of the front tibiae, especially near the apex. Soronia punctatissima (Plate VI, Fig. 5) is found in and about the burrows of the larva of the goat-moth in willow-trees, feeding on the frass and exuding sap caused by the ravages of the latter in the solid wood. The larva of S. grisea, a commoner willow-bark species, is dirty white, nearly oval, narrowed behind and rather flat, with a small horny head, bearing three simple eyes on each side, two large horny prothoracic plates, and a transverse row of small plates on each of the remaining segments, which have also a lateral projection terminating in a bristle ; the last segment has two pairs of horny hooks on the upper side, and a cylindrical anal tube.
The (British) Cychramides have the prosternal elon- gation very short, the prothorax covering the base of the
100 BRITISH BEETLES.
elytra, and the three basal joints of all the tarsi widened. We possess one genus only, Cychramus ; the species of which, — brown, broad, and very pubescent, — abound in May-blossom and fungi.
The Phalacrides (by many authors entirely removed from the Nitidulidce) differ from the other sub-families in having their coxse approximated ; the anterior being globose instead of nearly oval and transverse, and the posterior transverse, semicylindric, and close together, instead of being separated by an elongation of the first ventral segment of the abdomen. Their tarsi, also, have the three basal joints velvety beneath ; their palpi are filiform, instead of short; they have two lobes to the maxillpe (as in the Brachypterides) ; and the elytra are convex, covering the whole of the abdomen. Our species are all small, shining, and found chiefly on flowers.
The Ipides have a single lobe to the maxillae; the front of the head produced so as to cover the labrum ; and the fourth joint of the tarsi very small ; the elj^tra (except in Cryptarcha) not entirely covering the abdo- men; the antenuffi (except in RMzophagus) eleven-jointed, and the tarsi five-jointed, except in the male of the last- named genus, of which the posterior tarsi have only four joints.
Cryptarcha (which very much resembles certain of the Nitidulides, and is found at the sap of trees, espe- cially if Cossus-mieciQOi) has its mesosternum covered by an elongation of the prosternum ; which elongation is not so' evident in other genera. Ips, flat, elongate, shining, and mostly black with red spots, frequents freshly- cut pine-trees, etc., beneath the bark of which its larvse are found. M. Perris ('Annales,' ser. 3, i. p. 598 et seq.) states that /. ferrugineus enters into the
THE NECROPHAGA, OR CLAVICORNES. 101
holes made in tlie wood of fir-trees by certain species of Xylophaga, and lays eggs in their galleries; its larvae feeding on those of the latter insects, and, being of slower development, taking more than a year to trans- form.
The females in this genus, as in Cryptarcha, have the elytra rather pointed at the apex.
The species of Rhizophagus appear from the differences above mentioned to be very aberrant from the others of this sub-family ; the cavities into which their coxae fit are, moreover, completely closed behind, and the male has a small additional segment to the abdomen. They are small, linear insects ; chiefly found under bark, though some occur in ants^ nests, and others in bones, etc. The larva appears to be like that of Soronia grisea above described, in miniature. M. Perris states that he has observed the larvse of R. depressus to have similar habits to those of Ips ferrugineus ; and that more than once he has seen two or three of the larvae with half their bodies plunged into the larvae or pupae of Hylesinus or Hylastes, devouring them. He has also taken home the larvae of both Rhizophagus and Hylesinus, and often not one of the latter escaped being eaten.
The Rhizophagus appeared to turn to pupa in the ground, and not under the bark.
The TrogositidvE have two lobes to the maxillae; the tarsi five-jointed, simple, and with the first joint veiy small ; and the elytra covering the abdomen. The apical joint of the tarsi is also very long, and has between its claws a small and slender styliform lobe, terminated by two diverging bristles. The tibiae are unspined on the outer side, but have a more or less hooked spur at the apex of the anterior pair. Nemosoma elongata, a
103 BRITISH BEETLES.
linear narrow species (with ten joints to the antennae), very rare in England, is found on the Continent, under bark, with Hylesinus varms and vitiatus; which, with their larv£e, it appears to destroy. Trogosita maurlta- nica, a flat, black insect, has evidently been imported in merchandise ; and Thymalus Umbatus, almost a Cassida in shape, found under bark in the New Forest, has a horny hook at the apex of its maxillse, and all its tibiae armed at the tip with very small simple spines.
The CoLYDiiD^ are composed of a somewhat hete- rogeneous alliance of species, with the parts of the mouth but little developed : their antennae have either ten or eleven joints, and are not elbowed, being either clavate or knobbed; the front and middle coxae are globose, and the hinder transverse and semicylindric; the tarsi four-jointed and simple, and the abdomen com- posed of five segments, of which only the last, or the last two, are free. They principally affect wood, but also occur in vegetable refuse, ants' nests, and sandy places. Cicones variegatus (Plate VI, Fig. 6) is found under bark of beech, but is very rare : it has been taken at Bromley, Mickleham, and elsewhere. Sarrotrium has strong spindle-shaped antennae; Colydium, found in burrows of Platypus in the New Forest, is very elongate ; Anommatus is eyeless ; Cerylon very much resembles a small Hister, and has the penultimate point of the palpi large, and the apical point needle-pointed ; and Mono- tonia, of which the species are mostly gregarious, and especially abound at the wet bottoms of haystacks, can scarcely be said to be certainly located in its correct position; avithors differing as to the number of joints in its tarsi. Its antennae, also, which are usually consi- dered to be ten-jointed, have only the last joint clubbed ;
THE NECROPHAGA, OR CLAVICORNES. 103
but this club appears to be a compound of two joints, so that the normal number of eleven is accounted for.
The CucujiD^ have five ventral segments to the ab- domen^ all of which are free ; the tarsi either all five- jointed in both sexes, or with four joints to the posterior in the male, and their antennse filiform or with a club at the apex. They mostly live under bark, and are ge- nerally rare ; the little spotted Psammcechus, however, occurs commonly in marshy places ; and Silvanus and Nausibius (both very like Monotonia) comprise species for the greater part introduced here from abroad. The diminutive LcEinophlcei (in which the maxillae are hooked) are found (often gregariously) in small twigs, and under bark.
The Cryptophagid^ have the antennse eleven-jointed and clubbed ; the legs far apart, with the anterior coxae globose, and the posterior cylindric; the tarsi either five-jointed in both sexes, or with those of the hinder legs four-jointed in the male ; the elytra entire; and the abdomen composed of five segments, all of which are free, the first being rather longer than the others.
The species are all small, mostly oblong or elliptic, and generally pubescent. The Crypio^jhugi (Plate VI, Fig. 1, Cryj)tophagus scanicus) are found in vegetable refuse, fungi, and flowers; they are difficult to determine, but good characters are to be found in the anterior angle of the thorax, and in the position and development of a tooth on the side between that angle and the base. The species of Atomaria are very small : they also occur in vegetable refuse, often harbouring in dry dung, and have been described by Mr. T. V. Wollaston in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (vol. iv. n. s., part iii. 1857).
104 BRITISH BEETLES.
The MycetophagidyE are either oblong or oblong- oval, moderately convex, and clothed with a depressed pubescence, being also mostly gaily coloured or prettily variegated. Their anterior coxae are subglobose and free, the posterior being subcylindric and transverse; they have no paraglossse to the ligula ; the segments of the abdomen (5) are all free, and the tarsi are four- jointed, the anterior pair in the males having only three joints.
The species are all found in fungi or fungoid growth, and are generally abundant when discovered. Mycetopha- gus multipunctatus (Plate VII, Fig. 2) is one of the pret- tiest, occurring in fungi on rotten oak, etc. The irregu- larly-punctured genus Triphyllus has the club of the antennse distinctly formed of three joints, and the little yellow delicately-striated Typhaa is found in profusion at the bottoms of haystacks.
The Dermestid.e have straight, short, clubbed an- tennse, inserted in front and sometimes fitting (in re- pose) into grooves in the sides of the prothorax ; the head small and retractile, and often received into a pro- longation of the prosternum ; the parts of the mouth little prominent ; the anterior coxse conic and exserted ; the tarsi five-jointed, and the elytra covering the abdo- men. All of them, except Dermestes, have a smooth eye-like spot on the forehead.
They are found in dry dead animals and skins for the most part, the " bacon beetle," Dermestes lardarius, being well known as a ravager ; some, however, occur in flowers. They partially retract the legs, and counterfeit death on being frightened. The larva of Deimestes is long, with leathery plates on the upper side, which is clothed with long scattered hairs ; and there is a pair of
THE NECROPHAGA, OR CLAVICORNES. 105
short spines on the last segment, which has also a fleshy protuberance on the under side. The dry cast skins of this larva may often be seen.
The Byrrhid^ are conspicuous from their faculty of packing up their limbs ; the head (except in Noso- dendron) being retractile, and immersed in the thorax, against the sides of which the antennae are placed ; the tarsi are received into the tibise, which, again, pack tight to the femora, the entire legs fitting into excavations on the lower side of the body. The antennae have eleven joints, except in Limnichus, which has only ten ; the parts of the mouth are not prominent, the ligula having no paraglossae, and the maxillae not being toothed. The species are usually oval and very convex, clothed with short silky pubescence, and sometimes apterous. The Byrrhi {B. fasciatus, Plate VIT, Fig. 3) are not uncom- mon in sandy places, etc., in the spring : the other genera are principally found in moss, and under stones on sandy banks.
They simulate death readily, and are hard to set, owing to their retractile limbs.
The Heterocerid^, comprising a single genus, Hete- rocerus, have the antennae short, the last seven joints forming a flattened club; the parts of the mouth not hidden, the ligula being very projecting; the legs adapted for digging, with four simple joints to the tarsi; and the elytra covering the abdomen, which has five segments, the apical one only being free. The species are all depressed, broad, and clothed with short thick silky pubescence, which probably keeps the water near which they live away from their body. Their head is very robust, and the prothorax capable of considerable freedom of motion. They live in mud-banks, etc., at the
106 BRITISH BEETLES.
sides of rivers and ponds, and will frequently come up out of the damp mud in great numbers on the collector treading about ; and if the sun be shining, will fly readily. Some species form galleries under stones, etc., near semi- saline waters, and most of them appear to be gregarious.
All those found in Britain have been described by Mr. G. R. Waterhouse, in the Trans. Ent. Soc, vol. v. n. s., part 4, 1859.
ThePARNiDiE are aquatic or sub-aquatic in their habits, and are divided into two sub-families, the Parnides and Elmides, both having the head received into a prolon- gation of the presternum, and the anterior segments of the abdomen soldered together; differing, however, in their anterior coxse, which are cylindrical and transverse in the first, and almost globular in the latter. In the Parnides the body is clothed thickly with short hairs, and the second joint of the antennie assumes a widened, ear-like form : the species are found near or in running water, on stones or water plants.
The Elmides (which are much smaller) have the antennse very little thickened at the apex, no tooth to the mandibles (which are, however, bifid) ; scarcely any pubescence on the body, which is often metallic and frequently caked with dirt ; and the last joint of the tarsi very long, with exceedingly strong claws. They cling to the rough undersides of large stones in strongly- running waters, especially delighting in such as are un- der or close to a fall of any kind ; and may be found at a considerable depth from the surface. They are grega- rious in habit, many examples of different species (or even genera) being sometimes found together.
The Georyssid.e (comprising one genus and species, which is very small, apterous, and almost globular)-
THE NECROPHAGA, OR CLAVICORNES. 107
have the antennse of nine joints, of which the three last form a club ; the prosternum membraneous ; the front and middle legs close to each other ; the anterior coxae projecting and approximated, the intermediate oval, and the posterior transverse, the two latter pairs being widely separated between themselves; and the tarsi slender and four-jointed.
Georyssus pygmceus is found in wet places, especially on the seacoast; it often burrows in the ground, and nearly always bears a little heap of dry mud or caked sand upon its back. When cleaned, the elytra exhibit very coarse punctuation for so small an insect.
In the Hydrophilid^ (often called Philhydrida) , — which, with the next family^ constitute the Palpi- comes of the French entomologists, — the palpi are as long as, or longer than, the antennae, which have from six to nine joints, the basal one being elongate and the apical (usually three) forming a club; the mentum is large and unnotched, the maxillae terminate in two un- toothed lobes, and the mandibles are very short. The tarsi are always five-jointed, and the hinder legs formed for swimming in some species : in short, the members of this family, which are all found either in or about water, and are not carnivorous in the perfect state, are the aquatic representatives of the Lamellicornes , and pro- bably of other families. They are fully described by Mulsant, Hist. Nat. des Col. de France; Palpicornes : Paris, 1844.
In Spercheus emarginatus, the inner lobe of the maxillae is coriaceous, and the outer horny, slender, and ending in a pencil of hairs ; the antennae are six-jointed ; the thorax is narrower than the elytra, and the hind lesrs arc not natatorial. The female makes a small bajr
108 BRITISH BEETLES.
containing eggs, which she carries attached to her ab- domen, and from which, in about ten days, the larvse are disclosed; in a few hours another sac being formed. This insect is now supposed to be extinct in England, formerly occurring at Whittlesea Mere. It appears to be rare on the Continent, in spite of the fertility of the female. It lives in stagnant water, at the roots of aquatic plants.
In Helophorus and its allies the tarsi are not natato- rial, and have the first joint very short and often scarcely distinct from the second. Some of them are slightly metallic, and most of the species live close to the water, among stones, etc. ; one or two, however, often occur in dry places [H. rugosus, Plate VII, Fig. 4) . The Hydranae and their allies, in which the last joint of the maxillary palpi is shorter than the penultimate, frequent stones half immersed in the water or the water-line of muddy banks; the species of the remaining genera living ab- solutely in the water. One of these. Hydrous piceus, often seen in aquaria, and known as the " harmless water- beetle," is perhaps the largest British beetle ; the female makes a paper-like, pear-shaped sac, containing eggs, which is fixed on some aquatic plants at the surface of the water. The larva is, when full grown, extremely long and stout, of a leathery texture, wrinkled transversely, and dirty-brown in colour ; the head is horny, flat on the upper side, and with strong projecting sharp mandibles; the legs are short, and the body con- tracts behind, having two openings at the extremity of the last segment, being the terminations of two great lateral tracheal tubes, through which the insect breathes. These larvse are very voracious, feeding on other insects, etc. ; they swim well, bending themselves into an arch.
THE NECROPHAGA, OR CLAVICORNES. 109
and often placing the head backwards on to the body : when handled, they become flaccid, and emit a fetid black fluid from the end of the abdomen. The papa is formed in a cell in the wet earth of the banks of ponds.
A smaller species, Hydrobius fuscipes (Plate VIT, Fig. 5), is very common in stagnant waters.
The SpHiERiDiiD^ are mostly terrestrial in their habits, though many frequent damp situations ; the ma- jority, however, are found in the dung of cattle.
Their tarsi are not natatorial, and have the first joint of the posterior pair much longer than the others ; their antennae have either eight or nine joints, and the second joint of their maxillary palpi is more or less inflated. The species are nearly all very small, black, and convex, being at most variegated with dull red spots. Cyclono- tum, the largest, is aquatic and very globose ; and the species of Cercyon abound in cow-droppings, etc. The allied Megasternum and Cryptopleurum are distinguished by their very large prosternum and metasternum ; and the former may be known from Cercyon by the notch at the apex of the outer edge of its front tibise.
110
CHAPTER XIII.
THE LAMELLICOENES, OR " CHAFERS."
The Lamellicornes, which (with the exception of the Trogidce) are exclusively vegetable or dung-feeders, are divided into ten families — the Cetoniidce, Rutelidee, Melolonthidce, Sericidce, Hoplida, Geotrupida, Cojjridcs, AphodiidiB, Trogida, and Lucanida. It should, how- ever, be remarked that these (and similar) divisions, and the characters given for them in the present volume, apply for the most part only to the British species.
They are chiefly distinguished by the club of their antennae, which is composed of transverse lamellated joints, varying from three to seven in number ; and, ex- cept in the Lucanida, moveable like the leaves of a book. Their antennse are short, usually nine or ten jointed (the Geotrupidce alone having eleven joints), with the basal joint enlarged or lengthened, and always inserted in front of and near the eyes, under a reflected margin of the head.
Their legs, and especially the anterior pair, are formed for digging ; with all the tarsi five-jointed, the posterior coxae moveable, and the front acetabula (or pits for the reception or articulation of the anterior coxee) enclosed by a rim on every side.
THE LAMELLTCORNES, OR " CHAFERS/^ 111
Internally, they appear to be distinguished by the peculiar disposition of their central nervous system; which, as far as has been yet observed, consists of a large ganglion (or depot) situated in the thorax, without any trace of abdominal ganglia; the Lucanidce, how- ever, possess these latter, as well as, and distinct from, the thoracic mass.
They exhibit, also, a difference in their respiratory organs from the other Coleoptera, in the possession of a multitude of vascular tracheae annexed to the main canals of the ordinary tracheal tubes. It is (as M. Lacordaire remarks) doubtless owing to these reserves of air that these insects, in spite of their heavy build, take so easily to the wing.
Their larvse, — which are found in dung, at the roots of plants, in decaying vegetable matter, or rotten mould in old trees, — are fleshy, cylindrical, recurved behind in an arch, with the last segment much enlarged ; so that, except when very young, they cannot extend themselves into a straight line, but lie on their sides. They are usually yellowish or bluish-white, with a transparent skin, through which the dark intestinal canal can often be seen, especially at the apex; and the segments ex- hibit very evident transverse folds, and have the anal orifice also transverse, except in the Lucanidce, wherein these folds are almost entirely absent, and the orifice is longitudinal.
Their head is brownish or yellow, horny, rounded, with the forehead directed forwards, and the mouth on the lower surface ; the mandibles are robust and arched ; the antennae five-jointed ; and the eyes entirely wanting, except in the instance of Trichius fasciatus, which (ac- cording to the observations of M. Ferris, a distinguished
113 BRITISH BEETLES.
French entomologist) possesses a smooth, spherical, red- dish eye a little behind each antenna. The legs are rather long, and composed normally of five joints, of which the coxa is much developed, and the apical, or tarsus, is sometimes wanting ; the hooks which it bears in that case being transferred to the fourth joint, though sometimes entirely wanting.
The pupse are formed in cocoons or cells, constructed (usually underground) of portions of the food of the larva, often mixed with particles of dirt ; and in which the perfect insect, after its exclusion, remains for some time until its integuments are hardened.
The Lamellicornes are divided into two sub-sections, founded on the position of the abdominal spiracles, which are always seven in number on each side; the first being at times easily seen (as in Copris and Geo- trupes), and at times hidden between the metathorax and abdomen, — and the remainder varying as follows : — in the Pleurosticti (including the Cetoniida, Rute- lid<B, Melolonthidce, SericidcB, and Hoplido!) some of them are placed in the membrane connecting the ventral and dorsal segments of the abdomen, but the greater number are situated on the upper side of the ventral segments themselves, with the last spiracle at least un- covered when the elytra are closed ; and in the Laparo- sticti (including the Geotrupidee, Copridee, Aphodiid<s, TrogidcB, and Lucanidce) they are all placed in the con- necting membrane, and consequently covered entirely by the closed elytra. There is this further difference, that in the Pleurosticti (with the exception of certain of the exotic Huplidce) the ligula is horny, and soldered to the mentum ; and in the larva the two lobes of the maxillae are soldered together; whilst in the Laparosticti the
THE LAMELLICORNES, OR " CHAFERS." 113
ligula is leathery or membraneous, and distinct from the mentum, and the lobes of the maxillse are not soldered in the larva. In the Pleurosticti, also, the Cetoniida and Rutelida have the three last pairs of abdominal spiracles diverging strongly outwards ; whilst in the Melolonthidce, Sericida, and Hoplid(S the diver- gence outwards is very slight.
The Cetoniid/E, of which the exotic species are nu- merous, large, and beautiful, are here represented by a very few (but not inconspicuous) insects. Their man- dibles and labrum are hidden under the clypeus, the former being composed of an outer horny and inner membraneous plate ; the antennae are short, with ten joints, the club being composed of three ; the elytra are somewhat depressed, not reflected at the sides, and leaving the pygidium exposed; the anterior coxse are ovate-conic and projecting ; and the hooks of the tarsi equal and simple.
In Gnorimus and Trichius the elytra are not sinuated near the shoulder, at the sides, and the mesothoracic epimera are not visible from the upper side. The species of the former occur in all their stages in the rotten mould of oak and cherry trees ; and one of the latter {T. fasciatus, Plate VII, Fig. 6), found in Perthshire, where it is called " bee-beetle," is conspicuous for its banded body, and long, bright-yellow hairs: it flies round thistle-tops, in the hot sunshine, like a Bombus.
In Cetonia the mesosternum is produced forwards into a rounded knob; the elytra are deeply sinuated externally, below the shoulder; the mesothoracic epi- mera are enlarged, carried upwards, and conspicuous between the hinder angles of the thorax and shoulders of the elytra : the metathoracic epimera, also, are en-
I
114 BRITISH BEETLES.
larged, visible from above, and joined to the outer margin of the laminated hinder coxae (of which the pos- terior angles are acute), which form a strong tooth about the middle of the sides of the elytra, and slightly turned outwards, when viewed from the upper side. This development of the mesothoracic epimera acts as a " skid " or " break " upon the base of the elytra, and is accompanied by a departure from the ordinary method of flight ; for, in Cetonia, the elytra are scarcely sepa- rated, and only elevated a little, so as to give room for the wings to expand : in flight, also, a humming noise is made. In Gnorhnus and Trichius the elytra are, as usual in Culeoptera, widely separated, and much elevated.
Cetonia aurata, the common " llose-beetle," is too well known to require description : besides being found in roses it occurs on elder-flowers and thistles, and at sap, or on rotten pear blossom; another species (C. (snea), duller in colour, is found in Perthshire, where its larva has been found in ants^ nests, feeding on the eggs; the perfect insect, also, has been seen burying itself in the nests.
The RuTELiD.E, apart from the greater divergence of the last abdominal spiracles, differ chiefly from the Melolonthida (to wliich they are allied) in always having the ligula horny and soldered to the mentum ; the mandibles horny; the labrum distinct, and free from the clypeus ; and the club of the antenna three-jointed, and alike in both sexes. Their tarsi are robust, rigid, prehensile, with the terminal hooks unequal, the outer one being often forked at the apex ; and the metatho- racic epimera always visible. In our species (belonging to the sub-family Anomalides) the antennae are nine- jointed ; the mesothoracic epimera do not ascend to the
THE LAMELLICORNES^ OR " CHAFERS." 115
anterior part of the elytra ; the clypeus has no projection in front;, and the prosteruura no elongation behind the coxae ; the elytra, also, are lined with membrane, which projects behind in the form of a thin rim,
Phyllopertha horticola, the small "June-bug" (Plate VIIT, Fig. 1), is often very destructive to plants.
The Melolonthid^ have the outer lobe of the maxillae strongly toothed ; the -mandibles robust, with no inner membraneous border ; the labrum very promi- nent, and deeply notched ; the anterior coxse transverse ; the scutellum rounded; the body cylindrical, and the ventral segments of the abdomen soldered together, with the points of junction effaced in the middle.
In Melolontha (the common "cockchafer") the ab- domen is produced behind into a strong point (this structure being, however, not constant in the genus) ; and the club of the antennae is composed of seven joints in the male, and six in the female. The habits of this species and its larvae are, unfortunately, too well known. The smaller Rhizotrogus solstitialis (belonging to the section of the genus which has but nine joints to its antennae, for which Latreille founded the now abandoned genns Amphimallns) , the "summer-chafer," has a three- jointed club : it is conspicuous for the long hairs in the front of its body, and for its habit of wheeling in flight towards evening round any solitary tree.
The Sericid.e have the labrum entirely confused with the clypeus ; the outer lobe of the maxillae toothed ; the scutellum triangular ; the posterior coxae very large and much widened outwards ; the metasternum obliquely truncated on each side behind; the segments of the ab- domen not soldered together ; and the tarsi long and slender.
I 2
116 BRITISH BEETLES.
In Serica the antennae are nine-jointed, but the club varies in number ; our British species, <S. brimnea, having three joints, which are very long and conspicuous in the male. This insect, cylindrical in shape, with long and slender (but stiff) legs, of a light testaceous-red colour with opaline or silky reflections, is nocturnal in its ha- bits; and may be found in spiders' webs, sand-pits, water-troughs, etc, frequently " coming to grief" on ac- count of its delicate structure. I have seen a red ant dragging a disabled but living specimen along the bot- tom of a sand-pit.
The little Homaloplia, shorter and darker in colour, is diurnal in its habits, and may be found (but rarely) settled in flowers near woods. It has shorter front tarsi, and is clothed with more decided pubescence.
The HoPLiDiE are here represented by a single ge- nus and species, Hoplia philanthus, a small, robust, dark-coloured insect, with scanty bluish-silvery scales, remarkable for its habit of flying for only a short time in the hottest part of the day, and then hiding in flowers, etc. This family is subject to considerable va- riations in form and structure, but has the labrum in- distinct ; the club of the anteuute three-jointed ; the anterior coxse projecting ; the hooks of the tarsi unequal ; and the ventral segments soldered together, the sixth being generally indistinct. The genus Hoplia has the hooks of the posterior tarsi simple ; and the males are generally narroAver than the females, with one tooth less in the anterior tibiae, which are more slender, and the hinder legs stronger, with more robust hooks to the tarsi. H. philanthus has ten joints to the antennae.
The Geotrupid/E have the antennae eleven- jointed (the club having three joints) the eyes entirely divided
THE LAMELLICORNES, OR " CHAFERS." 117
into two by the side margin of the head; the abdomen short, with six free ventral segments ; the mandibles and labrum not hidden by the clypeus ; the body convex, the thorax being very large ; the intermediate coxae ob- liqne and the anterior transverse ; and the pygidium not quite covered by the elytra. \
Geotrupes stercorarius, the well-known " shard-born beetle/' '^ Clock/' or " Dumble-dor" (the last possibly an inflection of the American " Tumble-dung/' a name given on account of certain of these insects rolling pel- lets of the excrement of cattle, in which they deposit the eggs), is common all over the country; flying strongly, though in a blundering sort of way, towards evening ; and often simulating death, by keeping motion- less and stretching out its legs like pieces of wire, when handled. Sometimes it is observed on the wing in the hot sunshine, suggesting the idea of an owl under similar circumstances. This insect is sometimes called '' Lousy Watchman " among the vulgar ; the qualifying epithet being deserved from its being frequently infested on the lower surface by several of a species of Gamasus ; though it is not easy to comprehend hoAV so delicately constructed a parasite can extract a meal through the stout armour of the beetle in question.
The strength of the Geotrupes is very great, so much so, that it is scarcely possible to retain one in the hand : this is caused by the great development of the thorax, containing the muscles of the anterior spinose digging legs. The female, usually in the autumn, digs a bur- row, about a foot deep, into the earth beneath patches of cow-dung, a portion of which is carried down as food for the larva to be hatched from the egg she deposits at the bottom.
118 BRITISH BEETLES.
The larvse afterwards ascend to the surfacCj having eaten the contents of tlie burrow.
Typhmis vulgaris (Plate VIII, Fig. 2), an allied insect, found in dung, or crawling about pathways, on sandy com- mons in early spring and autumn, has the thorax in the male armed with three strong horns, of which the outer pair are the longest ; the female having a rudimentary sketch of a similar structure, and small or feebly deve- Joped males exhibiting but a weak edition of the normal projections.
All these insects hum considerably in flight, and pos- sess the power of making a stridulating noise, which is caused by the friction of a transversely striated elevation on the posterior border of the hinder coxa against the hinder margin of the acetabulum into which it fits.
Although naturally feeders on animal excrement, some species (e. g. Geotrnpes vernalis) are often found in rotten fungi.
The CoPRiD^ (to which family the "sacred beetle^' of the Egyptians belongs) have the organs of the mouth invisible from above, being concealed by the clypeus, which is semicircular, enlarged, and notched. Their intermediate coxse are widely separated, those of the posterior legs (which are near the apex of the body) being approximated ; the four hinder legs have the tibiije dilated at the tip, and the posterior pair are armed with only one long terminal spur ; the tarsi usually diminish gradually in width from the base to the apex, the basal joint being always very long ; the eyes are half divided by tlie side of the head ; the scutellum is hidden, and the pygidium exposed.
They are of squarer outline and more "squab" shape than the Geotrupidce ; the thorax being convex and
THE LAMELLICORNES, OR " CHAFERS/^ 119
wide, — and, as usual in fossorial species, capable of great freedom of motion, — and the front tibise widened and strongly toothed on the outer side.
In Copris the basal joints of the labial palpi are dilated with the third joint distinct ; and the metasternum is large, flat, and in the shape of a parallelogram. C. lunaris, a large, shining, deep-black species, clothed with scanty reddish-brown hairs beneath and on the sides, has a long erect horn on the head in the male ; the thorax, also, in this sex is somewhat squarely truncated in front, and excavated and toothed externally on each side. The female exhibits a very slight tendency to a somewhat similar structure ; having, also, the thorax more closely punctured : and it is needless to repeat that the small males are intermediate between the two extremes of de- velopment.
This insect burrows a foot or more down into the hard ground beneath cow-dung, two specimens being often found at the bottom of the burrow. It flies but seldom, and produces a considerable noise by rubbing the ab- domen against the hinder margin of elytra. It occurs near Greenwich Park.
The species of Onthophagus have nine-jointed an- tennae, some of the joints of the club being concave j the last joint of the labial palpi scarcely visible j and slender tarsi. They are mostly small and flattened ; with the thorax greenish-black, and the elytra lurid - brown chequered with black ; and are found gregariously in dung, especially in sandy places and near the coast, but they never dig burrows deep below the surface. At times certain of them have been observed in dead animals.
The back of the head in the male is often armed with
120 BRITISH BEETLES.
a broad thin horn, bent backwards ; of Avbich there are, as usual, modifications in size.
The ApHODiiuiE are all small, oblong, and cylin- drical ; with the organs of the mouth (except the apex of the palpi) hidden by the clypeus ; the antennte nine- jointed ; the abdomen with six free ventral segments ; the scutellura visible ; the metasternum of ordinary size ; the intermediate coxse oblique, and approximated behind ; two spurs to the apex of the tibise ; and the club of the antennae flat. Their eyes are only slightly divided by the side of the head, and their elytra almost always entirely cover the apex of the body.
The males difier from the females in the greater de- velopment of certain tubercles on the clypeus ; in the greater bulk and lesser amount of punctuation of the thorax; in the longer spine at the apex of the front tibiffi ; or in the presence of a more decided channel in the middle of the metasternum.
The species of Aphodius are very abundant, especially in spring and autumn ; flying readily, and occurring in profusion in the droppings of our domestic animals. They are usually black and shining, but sometimes livid yellow or red, or spotted. A. hiquinatus (Plate VIII, Fig. 3), one of the prettiest, is found in profusion on the Lancashire sandhills. In this genus the anterior margin of the eyes is visible, when viewed from above,and the lobes of the maxillse are leathery or membraneous, and un- armed ; in Ammoecius (more globose behind) no part of the eye is to be seen from above in repose ; in Psammo- dius (of which the thorax is strongly transversely fur- rowed) the outer lobe of the maxillae is horny and hooked ; and in jEyialia (found in sandy places) the mandibles and labrum project slightly beyond the clypeus.
THE LAMELLICORNES, OR " CHAFERS." 121
Several genera have been founded by French entomo- logists at the expense of Aphodius ; but they are gene- rally abandoned^ as being dependent more upon facies than any structural differences.
The TROGiDiE have five ventral segments to the ab- domen (except in some species of Trox, where there is an indication of a sixth), but slightly moveable; the anterior legs are not fossorial, the tibite not being en- larged, or strongly toothed ; the antennae ten-jointed ; scutellum small; the coxse contiguous, those of the front and intermediate legs being very short (the latter almost globose, and scarcely at all oblique) ; the elytra entirely cover the abdomen; and the mandibles and labrum are uncovered by the clypeus.
We possess but one genus, T^'ox ; of which the species are rather rare. They are dull black, moderately large, oblong, of strong integuments, and usually with inter- rupted rows of short pencils of bristles on the elytra. When seized they make a squeaking noise by rubbing the abdomen against the elytra, and contract their limbs. They are found in sandy places, in half dry carcases, of which they consume the harder portions ; in rams' horns, etc. Some of them have imperfectly developed wings, the others appearing to fly only in the evening; and certain exotic species possess the faculty of contracting themselves into a ball, after the manner o^ Agathidium.
The LucANiD^ have the club of the antennae com- posed of lamellae or plates, which assume a pectinated form, and are not capable of being closed up together, or widely separated, as in the other families.
For this reason, added to the above-mentioned differ- ences of the nervous system and structure of the larvae, and the strong sexual characters afforded by the develop-
122 BRITISH BEETLES.
ment of the head and its appendages in most of its mem- bers, this family has been raised by M. Lacordaire to the rank of a section, equal in value to the Lamellicornes, under the name of Pectinicornes. It must remain, how- ever, for future observers to determine whether this elevation be warranted ; for, until all the known Lamel- licornes are dissected, it cannot be considered proved that there exists no species of them with a nervous system as in the Lucanidce; it is moreover known that there is a genus of the latter family [Passalus) wherein the appendages of the head are not developed as in the other Lucanida, and whose nervous system is inter- mediate between the two above-mentioned conditions; there being also some of their larvie, which, whilst they have no transverse folds, still have the anal orifice trans- verse; thus uniting the two forms of difference. lu Lucanus cervus, moreover, the larva exhibits traces of these folds on the front of its body. There is, also, another genus [Sinodendron) of the Lucanidte, which has an excess of development in the thorax of the male, as in many of the species of Lamellicornes.
The Lucanidoi have ten-jointed antennae, with a long basal joint ; the ligula membraneous or leathery, bilobed, ciliated, and situated on the inner side of the mentum, except in Sinodendron, where it is situated at the apex ; the mandibles exposed, and often attaining an enormous size in the male; the outer lobe of the maxillse not toothed, and ending in a pencil of hair ; the sides of the elytra covering the abdominal epipleura ; the prosternum large ; the intermediate coxie transverse ; and the abdo- men composed of five ventral segments, with an extra segment in the male.
Lucanus cervus, the '' stag-beetle/' is well known to
THE LAMELLICORNES, OR '^CHAFERS." 123
inost inhabitants of our southern counties; the male, with branching antlers or jaws, being often seen sailing in a ponderous way round oak-trees in its search for the female, or blundering in flight along country lanes about July, especially towards evening. The males have been noticed fighting for the possession of the other sex, whose mandibles are very small, and which may be sometimes observed upon pathways, on her back, sprawling out her legs in empty air, having dropped from her leafy perch. This species is not peculiar to the oak, but is found sometimes on willow ; the specimens reared from the latter tree being smaller than the oak-fed examples. It is, however, a well-known fact, that great differences in size are always found in species of which the larvse feed on wood; owing to the many variations to which they are subject, from the good or bad quality, or too great or too little moisture, of their food, and the long period during which they remain in the larval state.
Some of the males of this species are very large, and have the head very square and massive, with mandibles of great length and thickness and bearing strong teeth ; others, however, are smaller than the general run of the female, and possess narrow heads, with comparatively slight, simple jaws. It is supposed that the insect uses its powerful mandibles for abrading young twigs, etc., — applying its tufted ligula afterwards to the juice flow- ing from the bruise. I possess an old male who has evidently worn down the apex of his jaws evenly and gradually by some such habit. Instances have been recorded, nevertheless, of members of this family at- tacking other beetles, and also caterpillars. Mr. G. R. Waterhouse (Ent. Mag. vol. ii. 59) has recorded the fact of his having kept a stag-beetle alive for some time.
124 BRITISH BEETLES.
which became comparatively tame, and nipped rasp- berries, etc., with its mandibles, sucking the juice after- wards with its tongue. It also frequently cleaned the club of its antennae, by drawing it between the patch of yellow silky pubescence at the upper side of the base of the anterior femora and the fringe of similar hairs on the lower side of the coxae of the same legs. In Germany there is (or used to be) a superstition that this beetle carries hot coals in its jaws from place to place.
Tlie eyes in Lucanus are considerably encroached upon, both in front and behind, by the lateral margin of the head; and have their greatest bulk on the lower side.
The larva of the stag-beetle takes about four years before it assumes the pupa state : it is very large and fleshy, of a semi-transparent yellowish white colour, with a large reddish head. It is peculiar on account of the anterior part of its body exhibiting certain slight trans- verse folds, a character at variance with its allies. When mature, it forms a cocoon of chips, in which it under- goes its final metamorphoses ; the pupa exhibiting the parts of the future perfect insect, — which, when dis- closed, appears to remain quiet for some time before coming into outer air. The larva feeds in the solid wood, usually near the bark, and reduces it to a sort of tan : it has been considered to be the '' Cossus " of the Romans.
An allied but much smaller species, Dorcus parallelo- pipedus (Plate VIII, Fig. 4), has each eye almost divided into two by a similar structure. It is flat, parallel, and very stoutly built, looking as if a broad-wheeled waggon had gone over it without inflicting any particular damage beyond a slight compression. Its male and female have
THE LAMELLICORNES, OR '^CHAFERS." 125
been observed in company, digging holes in dead trees wiierein the latter might deposit her eggs.
Sinodendj'on, found in the rotten mould of old ash and birch trees, is more elongate and cylindrical, with its eyes entire. In the fully developed male there is a stout horn on the head, bent backwards, and hairy be- hind;, the thorax, also, is semicircularly truncated in front, with a rounded tooth in the middle, and the mar- gin of the truncation denticulated. In the female the head bears a tubercle, and the thorax, which is very coarsely punctured, has a slight depression in front.
126
CHAPTER XIV.
THE STERNOXI, OR "SKIPJACKS" AND THEIR ALLIES.
This Section, called also " Serricomes," is divided into three families, — the Buprestida, Eucnemidre, and Ela- terida ; in which the tarsi have five, and the antennse eleven (except in certain of the latter, where there are twelve) joints ; and the prosternura is elongated into a projection behind, fitting into a cavity between the middle legs.
In the two first families the prothorax fits tightly against the base of the elytra, and there is no power of jumping when the insect is placed on its back : whilst in the last the prothorax is not applied closely to the mesothorax, but loosely articulated, and there is nearly always great saltatorial power.
They are all wood or vegetable feeders, with serrated, flabellated, or filiform autennse ; mostly elongate and cylindrical, or a little depressed ; metallic in colour, and of hard integuments. They have no paraglossse to the ligula ; their posterior cox£e are immoveable, and trans- verse, receiving in repose the upper part of the hinder femora for their whole length ; the anterior coxaj are globose ; the tibire have no rows of spines ; the penulti- mate joint of the tarsi is often bilobed ; and the abdo- men is five-jointed.
THE "skipjacks" AND THEIR ALLIES. 127
The BupRESTiD^ have the antennse short, serrated, and inserted in cavities ; the head buried in the thorax up to the eyes, which are large, and vertically oblong ; the mouth on the lower side of the head ; the labrum small : the ligula often hidden behind the raentum ; two fringed, lamelliforra, toothless lobes to the maxillae; the mandibles short and strong; the thorax not produced into spines at the hinder angles ; the front and middle coxse globose, forming conspicuous cups for the trochan- ters^ and the posterior coxse laraelliform, with small tro- chanters ; the tibioe always armed with short spurs at the apex ; the four first joints of the tarsi with mem- braneous plates on the under side ; the two first ventral segments of the abdomen soldered together ; and the prosternum ending in a flat projection, received and fixed into a sternal cavity, which in Anthaxia and its allies is formed by the meso- and meta-sternum, and in Agrilus and Trachys almost entirely by the latter.
In certain species there are one or two more or less retractile additional segments to the abdomen, attached to the generative organs.
They are remarkable for their hard integuments, me- tallic colour, and rigidity of body ; and are usually cy- lindrical, elongate and somewhat depressed, — Trachys only being short and " dumpy."
The parts of the mouth are small, and present but little assistance in classification ; but the conspicuous development of certain pores in their antennse (first pointed out by Erichson, and considered by him as ol- factory channels) has been made use of by Lacordaire in separating the difierent tribes and groups of this (ex- otically) extensive family. These pores, which are not found on all the joints, appear to be invisible in the
128 BRITISH BEETLES.
majority of Coleoptera, being hidden by very fine velvety pubescence : but liere they are perfectly distinct, and are diffused over the upper and lower surface of the joints on which they are situated, or concentrated in a little depression situated either on the inner side, or on the anterior part of the lower side, or on the front edge of the joints.
In the BuprestidcB the scutellum is often absent or very small ; the elytra seldom cover more than the back, and often leave the sides of the abdomen projecting; and the antennae, which vary considerably as to their point of insertion, fit into cavities in the prosternum.
In tropical regions, and even in Southern Europe, they occur in great numbers, often of large size and splendid colours; but in England we possess not a dozen really indigenous species (all of small stature), although several have been from time to time introduced into our lists, on account of their frequently being captured alive in this country. This arises through their larva? being easily imported in foreign timber, etc. *; and through the long period during which they remain without changing to the perfect state, so that the beetle often makes its appearance at a considerable interval both of time and space from its introduction.
The larvse are usually smooth, slender, elongate, cy- lindrical or depressed, and very suddenly enlarged in front ; the head sunk in the thorax, distinctly divided into two portions, with two short hard mandibles and small antennae, but no eyes ; and the legs entirely want- ing, the end of the body being furnished with a projec- tion, which in Agr'dus is prolonged into two liorn\^ toothed lateral pieces. In the larva of Trac/iys, however, the head is not sunk in the thorax, and has a kidney-shaped
THE "skipjacks AND THEIR ALLIES. 129
eye on each side ; there are six widely separated two- jointed legs; and the body rapidly contracts behind, each of its segments being moreover separated from its neighbours by deep incisions, and furnished with an upper and lower horny shield, and two lateral fringed tubercles, *
They feed either in solid wood (especially of dead or decaying trees), or under or in the bark. Agrilus bigut- tatus, our largest indigenous species (Plate VIII, Fig. 5), may be taken in all its stages at Darenth Wood at the end of June : its larvae work sinuous galleries in the damp bark of large oak stumps in open cuttings, that have been left for about two years in the ground, and turn to pupse in cells between the outer and inner layers ; the perfect insect remaining quiescent therein for some time. This species, in common with all the Buprestidce, flies during the hot sunshine ; and, on the least alarm, packs its limbs tight to its body, simulates death, and rolls to the ground. The very rare and lovely emerald Anthaxia has a similar provoking habit of vanishing from its resting-place in the flowers of Hieracium in the New Forest, when approached by the collector.
The species of Trachys found on sallows, in moss, etc., are very small, triangular, thick, and wiry-legged.
The EucNEMiD^ possess many of the characters of the Buprestida, but have the eyes small and round ; the antennse inserted on the forehead, at the inner mar- gin of the eyes, and in the British species (with two exceptions) strongly flabellated ; the apical joint of the palpi clubbed ; the labrum obsolete ; the outer lobe of the maxillae sometimes (in certain foreign genera) ab- sent ; the spurs of the tibise very small, or wanting ; the hinder angles of the thorax produced ; and the projection
130 BRITISH BEETLES.
of the prosternum more or less received into a cavity of the mesosternum, which admits of free motion.
In this family the puzzling genus Throscus has been placed by some authors ; though by others it is sepa- rated, and (with the exotic Lissomus) located between the Buprestidce and Eucnemidce ; having been even con- sidered to be allied to Byrrhus and Dermestes, in spite of its globose coxse. It differs from the Eucnemida chiefly in the fixity of its prosternal projection in the sternal cavity ; the existence of an anterior projection to the prosternum (as in Hister) ; and tlie strong flat three- jointed club of its antennae, which are inserted near the eyes, and (excepting the club) received into furrows in the prosternum. The common little T. dermestoides is found in sand-pits and crawling on old palings ; it has been said to possess the power of jumping, as in the ElateridcB, but its structure appears to be opposed to such a habit : it certainly contracts its legs (of which the front pair are received into cavities) and falls in a jerky fashion when approached.
This is a most irritating insect to mount, and may be considered as a test object for proficiency in setting, owing to its tightly-packed legs and lop-sided pro- clivities.
Melasis and Microrhagus, our sole undoubted species in this family, are of considerable rarity. The latter, a small black elongate insect, with long antennai, which are strongly flabellated in the male, and received in repose into slight furrows on the sides, is occasionally taken in the New Forest ; and the former, which is larger, more cylindrical and robust (Plate 8, Fig. 6; Melasis biiprestoides, male), occurs sometimes close to Loudon, on palings, and in old trees. The males have
THE "skipjacks" AND THEIR ALLIES. 131
flabellated antennae^ and are usually smaller than the females ; and the larva closely resembles those of the Buprestidce, from which it chiefly differs in the structure of the organs of its mouth, and in not having its head divided into two portions : it eats galleries in recently dead wood, and forms a cell in which to undergo its metamorphosis ; the perfect insect (and especially the female) being frequently to be seen lurking at the mouth of the burrow.
The structure of the larva, the insertion and different cavities of the antennae, absence of a labrum, and more closely fitting prothorax, accompanied by the absence of saltatorial power, distinguish this family from the next, to which in many respects it is closely allied.
The Elaterid.e have long antennse, which are either serrated, pectinated, or filiform, inserted immediately in front of the eyes, and (except in the first sub-family) not received into prosternal grooves in repose ; the eyes large and round ; the head (except in the Camjjylides) sunk in the thorax, with the mouth very rarely on the lower side ; the labrum always distinct ; the mandibles normally short and somewhat semicircular, often bifid at the apex ; the apical joint of the palpi more or less securiform (except as above) ; the thorax produced into spines at the hinder angles, and sloped at the base to- wards the elytra, which are also sloped forwards ; the scutellum mostly situated in a depression ; the proster- num usually produced into a chin-piece in front, and always with a dagger-like elongation behind, which moves very freely in the mesosternal cavity ; and the tarsi often furnished with lamellae beneath.
They are nearly always of narrow, elongate, cylindrical shape, though sometimes flattened ; and are conspicuous
132 BRITISH BEETLES.
for their power of jumping when placed on the back, from wdiich their common names of " Skipjacks/' or " Click-beetles/' are derived.
An Elater, before jumping, arches its body strongly, depressing the head and thorax, and elevating the mid- dle, so as both to free the dagger-like projection of the prothorax from the sternal groove, and obtain a pur- chase for its rapid re-insertion, which is accompanied by a sharp clicking sound : the effect of this is to make the end of the abdomen and elytra act as a lever, whereby the insect is elevated to a considerable distance in the air, nearly always coming on its legs, which are too short, and too closely articulated to the body, to enable it to reach the ground in any other way. If unsuccess- ful in its first endeavour, it persists in skipping until it lands itself right side up.
The wings in this family are ample, and the flight strong ; many of its members flying in the hot sunshine, and basking in warm places ; though others are noctur- nal, or at least crepuscular, in their habits.
The British species are divided into three sub-families, the Ap'ypnides, Elaterides, and Camjnjlides ; of which the first is distinguished by its antennae being received into the furrows of the prosternum in repose. Our sole undoubted species, Lacon murinus, a broad, somewhat convex, and mottled-grey insect, is found in garden heaps and grassy places. The prosterual furrows are not open behind, and there are no lamellae to its tarsi beneath.
The Elaterides present no decided character beyond having the antennae free in repose : they comprise a great number both of genera and species, all possessing a certain family likeness, but whose divisions are com- paratively artificial. The typical genus Elater com-
THE "skipjacks AND THEIR ALLIES. 133
prises some flattish shining black insects with hlood-red elytra, and one species, E. sanguinolentus (Plate IX, Fig. 1) having also a black mark on the suture ; it oc- curs at the roots of heath on Wimbledon Common, where it has also been taken copiously on the blossom of the nettle.
They frequent grassy places, flowers, and the leaves of trees ; some also being found in rotten wood, or under stones on river banks.
Their larvse are very like the common " meal-worm," being horny, slender, and elongate ; usually almost cy- lindrical, but sometimes more or less depressed. They have no eyes or labrum ; the maxillae and mentum are elongate and soldered together, with palpi which have respectively three and two joints ; the antennae are four- Cointed and short ; the legs very short, robust, close toge- ther, and three-jointed ; and the apical segment usually larger and more horny than the rest, frequently with toothed projections, and possessing an anal prolongation. They are found at the roots of plants (the common " wire-worm " being only too well known), or in the black rotten wood -mould of old trees, under bark, etc. ; and have frequently been known to destroy other subcortical larvse, not even sparing those of their own species.
One of our most abundant "skipjacks" is Athous hamorrhoidalis, a long chestnut-brown beetle with a lighter-coloured abdomen, found in profusion on fern and young hazel in the spring. Ludius ferrugineus , a very rare, broad, flat, dull-red species (called " the rusty gun-barrel" by one of our best working collectors), is the largest we possess; the little Cryptohypni, found under stones on banks, being the smallest. The members of the latter genus appear to be gregarious : I have seen
134 BRITISH BEETLES.
a dozen of C. dermestoides (which is not superficially un- like the Throsms with a similar trivial appellation) skip- ping about, on removing a stone on the shore of Loch Rannoch.
The north of England seems to be more productive of the larger species than the south ; where, indeed, but few of the Elaterida can be said to abound. The males of some of the metallic species [Corymbites cupreus and pectimcornis) have the antennce very strongly flabel- lated ; and in Synaptus, Agriotes (the larvse of certain common species of which are known as the " wire- worm " above alluded to), S>ericosomus , Dolophis, and Adrastiis, the head is almost vertical instead of transverse.
The Campylides have the head exserted, with the eyes very prominent and freed from the thorax ; the la- brum deflexed ; no chin-piece to the prosternum ; the metasternum sharply narrowed in front, with the inter- mediate coxpe approximated ; the mandibles projecting, straight at the base and curved at the apex ; the last joint of the maxillary palpi often oval or subcylindric ; and the tarsi not lamellated beneath.
Our solitary species, Camjnjlus linearis, is chiefly noticeable from the great variation in colour often seen in the female.
Through this sub-family the passage is easy to the next section, by means of the Cebrionidce, and other families not found in Britain.
M. E. Candeze has monographed the Elaterida of the world in four vols. (Liege, 1857-63) ; and his work is indispensable to the student of the family.
135
CHAPTER XV.
THE MALACODERMI.
This section, as here employed, is of an essentially arti- ficial nature, comprising insects of very varied appear- ance and structure, which may be considered as divided into fifteen families : — the Aiopidce, Cijphonida, Eubri- ad<E, Lycidce, Lampyridce, Drilidce, Telephoridcs, Mely- rid(S, Byturida, Cleridte, Lymexylonidce, Ptinida, Bos- trichida, Lyctidte, and Cioidee. Of these, the first eight only (and perhaps not all of them) can be considered as strictly Malacodermi, wherein the integuments of the body are not horny, but soft and flexible, and usually clothed with short pubescence ; the antennae long, fili- form or serrate, with generally eleven joints, though sometimes this number varies to ten or twelve (the latter occurring in certain exotic LampyrldcE) ; the parts of the mouth nearly membraneous, the mentum being often indistinct, and the ligula with no paraglossse ; the front cox8e conic, exserted, and sometimes almost cylindrical, and the hinder pair transverse, often approximated, and reaching to the edge of the elytra ; the tibiae seldom spurred at the apex ; the tarsi five-jointed, though with only four joints to those of the front legs in tne males of certain species; the abdomen composed of six or
.136 BRITISH BEETLES.
seven free ventral segments ; and the elytra very seldom punctate-striate, and usually not covering the sides of the abdomen.
In the remainder there is great variation in the an- tennse, hardness of the body, etc. ; so that it is impos- sible to couple them with the true Malacodermi ; and yet they differ so much inter se as to require the forma- tion of many other sections for their reception if sepa- rated from that group, although none of their associa- tions are equivalent in extent or distinctness to it.
The AtopidtE are here represented by one genus and species, Bascillus cervimis, a large, oblong-oval, convex, hard, dull-grey, downy insect, not uncommon in flowers, especially in chalky districts. It has prominent man- dibles, straight and spurred tibiae, and each of the second, third, and fourth joints of the tarsi furnished with a bilobed lamella. Its short, flat, eyeless larva is set with rows of long hairs, and has four-jointed an- tennae, rather long legs, horny plates on the upper seg- ments, and no anal prolongation : it lives in the earth at the roots of plants.
The Cyphonid^ are all much smaller and less oblong, with softer integuments, and very fragile. They have sharp mandibles, which are not prominent; the pro- sternum linear and transverse ; the mesothoracic epimera elongate, and those of the metathorax not conspicuous; the femora hollowed on the under side ; the tibiae angu- lated; and no bilobed lamellaj to the tarsi.
Their larvae, which feed on water-plants, differ con- siderably from tbose of the Atopida (which somewhat resemble the Lamellicorn type), being more like those of the genus Silpha.
The perfect insects are obtained by sweeping in marshy
THE MALACODERMI. 137
places^ beating in sallows^ etc. ; and are extremely diffi- cult to obtain in good condition, on account of their slender and slightly articulated limbs, which often come to pieces on being touched with even a camePs-hair brush in mounting. They are mostly yellowish-brown in colour, with no sculpture, and short silky pubescence. The rare Prionocyphon has on two or three occasions been found in ants' nests ; though it is a mystery how or why it got there. Scirtes is conspicuous for the great development of its hinder femora, and the large curved outer spur at the apex of the tibiae of the same legs ; the inner spur being shorter. S. hemispheericus, a flat, black insect, is abundant in marshy places at Weybridge and elsewhere ; and jumps strongly, after the manner of the Halticidce, for a member of which family it might rea- dily be mistaken by a novice who failed to notice its five-jointed tarsi. It has a pleasing habit of dropping its hind legs entirely when handled ; and shares the fragility of its allies.
The EuBRiAD^ (consisting of a single genus and species, Eubria palustris, a small black insect with rather deeply furrowed elytra) differ from the Cyphonida chiefly in having the mesosternum level and square instead of concave, and the prosternal projection not narrow but wide and flat, gradually lessened behind, and uniting with the mesosternum. The front and inter- mediate coxse are transverse and sunken, with no tro- chantina; and the hinder pair are but very slightly enlarged on the inner side.
The Lycid^ have the antennae inserted on the upper side between or before the eyes, and very close together ; the mandibles very small, slender, and not toothed at the apex; the trochanters placed in the axis of the fe-
138 BRITISH BEETLES.
mora ; and the head produced into the form of a rostrum, and covered by the prothorax.
They are conspicuous for their flattened appearance ; long and ample elytra, with diminished head and thorax j bright colours, and peculiar reticulated sculpture,
Didyopterus Aurora (Plate TX, Fig. 2) is found, at Rannoch, in Perthshire, on the under sides of felled pine-trees, or among the half-rotten heaps of chips left by the woodman. It is a sluggish species, and is readily captured, not attempting to escape, though it flies hea- vily towards the evening : the sexes remain coupled for some time, the male being the smaller of the two, with longer antennse, and having a deep semicircular notch on the hinder margin of the last abdominal segment. The larva of an allied species has been found under bark of dead trees, where it feeds on other insects, etc. : it is black, Avith a red tail ; elongate, very flattened, leathery, with slender mandibles which are placed very close to- gether, and having two recurved hooks and a retractile prolongation at the apex of the body.
The Lampyrid^ are closely allied to the last family, from which they differ, however, considerably in outward appearance ; in the mostly apterous state of the female; and in the presence of the power of emitting phospho- rescent light. Their palpi, also, are of diff'ereut struc- ture ; the eyes more developed ; the head more entirely hidden by the rounded prothorax ; and the intermediate coxse more approximated. The " Glow-v>orra," Lampyris noctiluca, is the sole British exponent of this family. The males are sometimes very slightly luminous, and are considerably rarer than the female ; they may, however, be taken by sweeping at night in grassy places Avhere the other sex is found, — sometimes having been
THE MALACODERMI. 139
observed to fly to a lamp, after the fashion of moths. They are dingy in colour, with a rounded thorax hiding the head, ample wings under their elytra, and very large eyes, resembling those of certain dipterous insects. The female, on the contrary, has smaller eyes, and neither elytra nor wings ; her body is flat, soft, and broad ; and, in short, she considerably resembles the larva from which she sprang, from which she differs in having the ordinary femur, tibia, and five-jointed tarsi to the legs, eleven-jointed antennae, and a broad flat semicircular thorax : the larva, moreover, has distinct light-coloured corners to each segment. The pupa of the female exhi- bits but slight differences from the larva ; but that of the male shows the ordinary rudiments of the future members. The insect, both as an imago and larva, de- vours small Mollusca (snails, etc.) ; and, when in the latter condition, uses certain radii, protruded from the anus, for the purpose of freeing the front of the body from the dirt and slime caused by its habits of feeding.
The phosphorescent light has been observed in all the stages and both sexes of this species ; but is especially evident in the full-grown female, proceeding from the under side of the abdomen at the apex, where certain of the segments are lighter in colour than the rest. It appears to be subject to the will of the insect, and is brightest when the latter is found in damp places.
The DRiLiDiE have their antennse distant at the base, and serrated or flabellated ; the mandibles bifid, and armed Avith a sharp tooth in the middle of the inner side ; the head not covered by the prothorax, but in- serted in it up to the eyes ; the clypeus confoimded with the head (as in the Lycida, Lampyridce, and Teleplio-
140 BRITISH BKETLES.
ridee); the prothorax strongly transverse, and the claws of the tarsi toothed beneath.
Our solitary representative, Drilus flavescens (Plate IX, Fig, 3), is found at Dover, near Darenth Wood, etc., by sweeping in grassy places, especially where snails abound. The female, as in Lampyris, possesses neither wings nor elytra, and is of the greatest rarity in Eng- land.
The larva feeds upon snails [Helix nemoralis), closing up the orifice of the shell with its exuvise whilst preying upon its inhabitant. I once took at the base of Shake- speare's Cliff a full-grown female larva, running rapidly in the hot sunshine among snail shells. It was more than half an inch long ; flat, narrow, but rather widening behind ; with a flat head, armed with two sharp and rather widely separated mandibles, six moderately long anterior legs, two thin tubercles on each side of the fourth and following segments, gradually getting longer, and clothed with stout brown bristles ; and two longer elevated protuberances, also set with long hairs on the upper side, with an anal elongation beneath, on the last segment. It was nearly the colour of raw sienna; and had a widening row of black spots on each side, begin- ing on the thorax. The fig-ure given in Westwood's Introduction (vol. i. p. 247, f. 26, 18) is not correct; being too broad and not hairy enough .
The female preserves the appearance of the larvae to a great extent.
The TelephoriD/E (commonly known as " soldiers " or "sailors") have the head free and contracted behind; the clypeus more or less covering the mandibles; the labrum obsolete, instead of distinct, as in the preceding families; the antennae filiform; the elytra not reflected
THE MALACODERMI. 14-1
at the sides, flexible, liable to distortion, and rarely en- tirely covering the abdomen ; the palpi slender ; and the fourth joint of the tarsi bilobed.
Although their integuments, compared with those of the families of the preceding section, are as difterent as the canvas of a sculler's -boat from the plates of an iron- clad, these insects are "Warriors" a Voutrance ; and are living disproofs of Scott's well-known lines (Rokeby) : —
" Man only mars kind nature's plan, And tui'ns the fell pursuit on man :"
seeing that they not only prey on other beetles, but also ruthlessly attack those of their own species. Conse- quently the collector must remember to put them in a bottle containing laurel-leaves, or they will infallibly maim their fellow-captives.
Their larvse, equally carnivorous, feeding upon earth- Avorms, etc., live underground ; but are sometimes found on the surface in great numbers, even upon snow. They are elongate, somewhat parallel, black in colour, with white or reddish spots ; and resemble those of the Lampy- ridce in having a single eye on each side of the head, no labrura, and the clypeus confused with the head : they are, however, softer, and clothed with a fine velvety down; and have the head exposed, and the abdominal segments rounded. Mr. G. R. Waterhouse has de- scribed and figured the larvse of Telephorus rufus in the Transact, of the Ent. Soc. i. p. 31, pi. 3.
The perfect insects, which fly readily in the hot sun- shine, and have long loosely-articulated legs, which they use with great efi'ect, are mostly found on flowers (chiefly Umbclliferce) , and by sweeping in damp places : it is not easy to obtain a series in good preservation, owing to
143 BRITISH BEETLES.
their liability to distortion in drying ; the abdomen, es- pecially in the females, being very large and soft.
Telephorus clypeatus (Plate IX, Fig. 4) is one of the prettiest, owing to its spotted thorax ; unlike many of the members of its genus, it does not vary in colour or marking. Telephorus is divided into three sub-genera ; Ancystronycha, wherein the outer claw of the tarsi in the female has a very strong spine-like tooth ; Tele- jjhorus proper, wherein this tooth is less developed ; and Rhagonycha, in which both the claws are bifid, seeming to be split at the apex. In the latter the tibise, also, are straighter, more slender, and with only obsolete spurs.
The species of Malthinus and Malthodes have very long slender antennae, and short elytra, scarcely covering two-thirds of the abdomen. They are small, very fra- gile, and are most easily obtained by sweeping under fir- trees. In the former genus the elytra are longer, and the mandibles have a strong tooth near the apex, which is wanting in the latter.
The Melyrid^ have the clypeus separated by a suture from the forehead (a structure, however, not very evi- dent in the British species); the labrum distinct; the abdomen composed of six segments ; the spurs of the tibiae obsolete or absent ; and the tarsi not bilobed. In Malachius (wherein the antenuse, contrary to the pre- vailing structure of the family, are inserted in the front, instead of at the sides, of the head), Anthocomus, and Ebceus, there are certain retractile vesicles to the pro- thorax and abdomen ; w hicli in some of the small green metallic species of the former genus, assume the appear- ance of the wattles of a cock. Their larvae are carnivo- rous, living under bark, and in dry rotten wood, where they feed upon other larvae, etc. The remainder of the
THE MALACODERMI. 143
family have no vesicles ; they are also more elongate and hairy than the species of the above-mentioned genera.
The Byturid^ comprise two very puzzling genera, Byturus and Telmatophilus ; both of which have been shifted about to a considerable extent by authors. The former was originally placed by Latreille among the Nitidulidte ; then in the Melyrida by Erichson ; subse- quently, by Redtenbacher and Lacordaire in the Derme- stidce ; and, lastly, by Thomson, again returned to the Nitidulida, but associated with such heterogeneous neighbours as Thymalus and Micropeplus.
T'elmatophilus, also, has been alternately placed in the Melyridcs and Cryptophagidce ; it is, also, associated by Redtenbacher with Lyctus and Alexia, and included by Thomson with Tritoma and Mycetcea in the Fungicola.
Byturus has the tarsi five-jointed and velvety beneath ; the second and third joints produced into long side lappets, the first and fourth being very small (the latter hidden between the lobes of the third), and the fifth as long as all the rest together, with the apical hooks much curved, and furnished with a strong tooth at the base. The front coxae are ovate and not exserted, and the pos- terior approximated. The abdomen is composed of five equal free segments ; the mandibles have a stout tooth at the base, and are slightly toothed before the apex ; the eyes are large, round, and prominent ; the antennae eleven-jointed with a graduated three-jointed club; and the body is rather convex and pubescent.
The perfect insects are found in the flowers of the white-thorn, strawberry, etc. ; and are entirely unlike any Dermestes in their habits. The larvse, also, have similar propensities; they do not present the hairs so characteristic of the larvae of the latter.
144 BRITISH BEETLES.
Tehnatophilus, also, is found upon plants, especially near water : its tarsi are pentamerous, with the fourth joint almost obsolete ; the second and third being bi- lobed (the latter very strongly so), and the two first densely pilose beneath.
The prosternum has its hinder part projecting, and received into the anterior margin of the mesosternum, which is nearly square. The antennse are eleven-jointed, with a small three-jointed club ; the mandibles are finely denticulated before their extremity ; the eyes are round and large ; and the body slightly pubescent. The species are all small, and rather narrow.
The conflict between the facies, habits, and structure of the tarsi, etc., in these insects makes it difficult to locate them with any certainty.
The Clerid^ (which are mostly brightly coloured) have the antennae often clubbed ; the labrum distinct ; the tarsi provided with lamellae beneath and sometimes bilobed ; often only five abdominal segments ; the pos- terior coxae transverse, sunk, not approximated, and covered by the hind femora; the body oblong, usually cylindrical, rather hard, and hairy; the eyes kidney- shaped and notched ; and the head and thorax narrower than the elytra. They are remarkable, also, for usually having the labial larger than the maxillary palpi.
In Tillus, Clerus, Opilus, and Trichodes there are five joints to the tarsi, and the pronotum is confused with the prothoracic parapleurae, so that the thorax becomes cylindrical ; but in the sub-family Enopliides, to which the genus Corynetes belongs, there are only four joints (the normal fourth joint being imperfectly developed); and the upper part of the thorax is separated from the sides by a more or less conspicuous ridge.
THE MALACODERMI. 145
Tillus elongatus, a narrow black insect with red thorax (the male being rarely entirely black), perforates old wood, and is sometimes found in elder-blossom.
Clerus formic arius (Plate IX, Fig. 5), a regular Harle- quin, occurs beneath bark ; where its larva, dark pink and spotted in front (figured by Ratzeburg, Forstins. vol. i. p. 35, pi. 1, f, 7; and by ]M. Perris, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de Fr., 1854), preys upon other wood-feeding larvae. Opilus is found in old hedges and posts, its soft, pale pink, hairy larva living under the barks of willoAvs, and feeding on the larvse of Anobium, etc. ; and the species of Trichodes (of doubtful British origin), large, hairy, blue, red- banded insects, are parasitic in their earlier stages upon honey and mason-bees, whose larvse they devour, Corynetes and Necrobia, small, flattish, shining, and blue-black, with the thorax or legs red in some in- stances, frequent dry skins, dead carcases, etc. (having even been found in an Egyptian mummy) ; the latter is distinguished by the more elongate apical joint of its palpi, and the larger and flatter club to its antennae.
The Lymexylonid.e {XyJotrogi, Latr.) are very long, narrow, and cylindrical, with the head free from the prothorax, contracted behind, and having a neck ; the front and middle coxse close together, large, long, cylin- drical, and not exserted; the posterior pair being oblique; the presternum not produced into a point behind ; the spurs of the tibise imperfectly developed or absent; the legs long and thin, with slender five-jointed tarsi; the labrum small, but distinct ; and the palpi considerably developed in the males.
Their larvae, which bore neat round drills horizontally into solid timber, are elongate, cylindrical, recurved be- hind, smooth, but with numerous roughnesses on the
L
146 BRITISH BEETLES.
front of tlie body, and a projection on the back of the apical segment; their head is retractile into the first thoracic segment, which is enlarged and elevated, and they have no eyes. The pnpa is formed near the mouth of the burrow, which is enlarged by the larva ; and is thin and cylindrical, as in most wood-feeding insects.
Hi/lecckhis deniiestoides (Plate IX, Fig. 6, male), found at Rannoch, Sherwood, etc., difl'ers considerably in the size and colour of its sexes, and possesses an occllum on the vertex. The maxillary palpi of the male are of great size, assuming the appearance of a fan, on account of the third joint (which is much developed) having numerous branchial appendages. In tiiis genus there are six segments to the abdomen ; but in Lxjmexylon, which is of the greatest rarity here, though so common on the Continent as to commit great damage to timber, there are only five.
The PTiNiDiE are conspicuous for their habit of re- tracting their head beneath the prothorax (Plate X, Fig. 1 «), which forms a cowl; their legs, also, are con- tractile, with no spines on the outer edge of the tibiae, which have the terminal spurs absent or very small, and short five-jointed tarsi, of which the first and second joints are almost equal in length. They are usually small, of hard integuments, more or less cylindrical, and clothed with short pubescence. Of the two sub-families into which they are divided, the Ptinides have the antennae inserted in the front part of the head, and the upper part of the prothorax confused with its sides ; whilst the Anobiides have the antennae inserted close to the front margin of the eyes, a strong ridge separating the prouotum from the sides of the prothorax, and the anterior coxae rather more projecting.
THE MALACODERMl. 147
Tlieir larvse, which resemble those of the Lamellicornes ill miniature, feed chiefly upon dead wood ; though sometimes upon living trees, bones, seeds, etc. I have found the cocoons of Piinus germanus in an old post ; they were formed of a dirty silken fabric, mixed with pieces of wood ; and contained the perfect insects, which (as usual) do not appear to be active immediately after their exclusion from the pupa.
Hedobia imperialis (Plate X, Fig. 1) is the only species with any pretensions to beauty; it occurs in old white- thorn bushes. The Plini are found in houses and about old palings, often doing considerable damage to Natural- history collections ; they have the prothorax constricted behind, and the male usually more elongate, and with longer antennae than the female.
Gibbium and Me2'M<OT,boih liouse-feeders (and, perhaps, not tndy indigenous), have entirely smooth and shining elytra, looking much like certain small Arachnida ; the former especially so, on account of its thorax also being smooth, its continuous outline, slow gait, and long sprawling legs. The latter has no scutellum ; and both contract their legs and antennse in repose, assuming a globular form, which has been fancifully likened to a drop of blood.
Of the Anobiides, the cylindrical little RiHinus pec- tinicornis, — whose neat round drills may often be seen in great numbers in old willow, etc., looking as if a volley of small shot had been discharged very cleanly into the wood, — is noteworthy from the beautiful fan-like structure of its antenuiTe in tlie male. The I'eraales appear to remain in the galleries made by the larvae, and the male couples from the -outside.
Dorcatoma, — small, round, and convex, — found in old
L 2
148 BRITISH BEETLKS.
rotten wood or fmigi^ lias the antennae terminated by a three-jointed, flatjdcntated club; and the genus A no bium, wherein the three last joints of the antennae are enlarged or lengthened, comprises the well-known "Death-watch;" an appellation given to certain of its species [A. tessel- luium especially) found in old furniture, wainscoting, etc., on account of their habit of making an audible clicking with their mandibles against the hard wood, possibly as a call for their mates. This noise, distinct enough in the stillness of the night, and associated by superstition with the advent of death, has doubtless in olden times unstrung the weak nerves of many an in- valid. The wood-dust ejected from their burrows in beams, chairs, etc., may frequently be seen in country houses. Tliey retract the limbs aiul simulate death very readily and pertinaciously.
The members of this family, and the remainder of the section, are associated by Thomson with Cerylon, Coly- dium, Myrmecoxenus, Sphindus, etc., in the Xylophagi of Latrcille, which he places between the Ijamellicornes and an equivalent division, Fungicola, Latr., immediately preceding the Sternoxi.
The Fungicola are niade to include genera of such different structure as Monotonia, Lathridius, Crypto- phagus, TelmatopJiilus, Tritoma, Triplax, Endomychus, Tdratoina, Mycetophagus, DipJiylliis, etc.
The BosTRiciiiB/E present considerable resemblance to the Ariobiides, from which they differ especially in the structure of their tarsi, wherein the first joint is very small, and the second and apical much enlarged. The spurs to the tibise are also more developed, especially in the front legs; the anterior coxse are very large; the body is harder, and not so pubescent ; the head is not
THE MALACODERMI. 149
retractile, but hidden by the great bulk of the thorax in front ; and the elytra are often obliquely truncate at the apex ; in which last character (and in general facies) they are exceedingly like certain of the Scoly tides, wherein the number of joints in the tarsi is different.
Their larvae, also, appear to resemble those of the Piinidce, but to be less wrinkled transversely ; having, moreover, two four-jointed antennse and no eyes, whilst the latter have exceedingly small two-jointed antennse and very minute spherical eyes, situated in a depression near the base of the mandibles.
The large and very rare Bosirichus capucinus has re- cently been taken near Highgate on a felled oak ; and the little Rhizopertha pusilla, superficially very like a Tomicus, but in which the structure of the tarsi is exactly the same as in the Cioidce, occurs at Glasgow and else- Avhere, being probably imported.
The Lyctid^ are sometimes associated with both the next and the preceding family ; and have, also, been placed among the Colydiada and Cryptophayidce, to cer- tain of the former of which they present a considerable external resemblance. Their tarsi have five joints, the first being very small, and the last as long as the four preceding ; the first abdominal segment is longer than any of the rest ; the club of their antennse is two-jointed ; and their body flat and elongate, with punctate-striate elytra.
This assemblage of characters causes them to fit un- easily with any of their supposed allies ; and the diffi- culty of assigning them to their correct position has been increased by the discovery of the larva of one of the species, which is fleshy, arched, cylindrical, and with- out eyes or legs; — resembling, in short, those of the
150 BRITISH BEETLES.
tetramerous Scolytida and Curculionida : it appears to make straight burrows in the solid wood of felh d oaks.
Our common Lyctiis canaUculatus, wliich has a de- pression on the prothorax, is found on fresh oak palings.
The CioiD.E (described by M. ^Mcllie in the French ' Annales/ 1818, p. 205, et seg.) have four joints to the tarsi, of which the three first are not so long as the apical. Their head is mere or less retractile within the thorax, the front of which often projects; the antennse vary from eight to ten joints in the British genera, but have always a three-jointed club ; the organs of the mouth are but little developed, the mandibles only being robust, and the labrum distinct ; there are no apical spurs to the tibiae; and the first joint of the abdomen is longer than any of the others.
They are all small, cylindrical, feebly built insects ; varying from yellow to dark brown in colour; generally shining, but sometimes clothed with a very short silky down, which imparts a somewhat metallic reflection. Their punctuation is almost always irregular on the elytra ; and they occur gregariously in boleti, and other fungi, especially when the latter are attached to trees. The males are known either by the larger size of their mandibles, or by the presence of certain little horn-like tubercles on the head or anterior margin of the pro- thorax.
Their elongate, cylindrical, curved, fleshy larvae are slightly hairy, with two recurved hooks at the apex on the upper side, and appear to resemble those of Crypto- jthayus ; and the pupa has two slight spines at its lower extremity.
In Rhopalodontus and Cis the antenna; have ten joints; the former havinc; the tibite dilated at their outer ex-
THE MALACODERMT. ]51
treraity and distinctly toothed, the second joint of the antennae much longer than the third, the head toothed in the middle^ and the last joint of the maxillary palpi more ohlong. In Ennearthron there are (as its name imports) nine joints to the antennae, and in the equally suggestive Octotemnus but eight : the latter has no tubercles on the head or thorax in the male, and the tibiae are slightly toothed outside.
The largest and commonest of the family is Cis boleti, in which the thorax has several irregular depressions; it is found in damp fungoid wood, or the small greenish laminated boleti on the bark of rotten trees. As in all the rest, individuals of different degrees of maturity are often found associated. They are all difficult to set, owing to their small size, and the shortness, retractile structure, and weak articulation of their limbs^ and must not be kept long in laurel, otherwise their mem- bers part company.
152
CHAPTER XYI.
THE HETEROMERA.
This section comprises twenty families : — the Blajitidce, Coniontidce , Pedinidce, Opatridce, Trachyscelidae, Boli- topluKjidce, Diaperid(£, U/omidce, Tenebrionidce, Helopida, Cisielida, Lagriadce, Tetratomidce, Me/andri/idce, Pyro- diroidce, Anthicidce, Mordellida, Meldida, (Edemeridee, and Salpingidce, in all of which the front and middle tarsi have five joints, and the hinder pair only four. Some few aberrant species in other sections also exhibit this tarsal formula, either in one or both of their sexes; but they cannot easily be confounded with any of the Heteromera, on account of their own unmistakeable family likeness, and of wanting other characters which are nearly always found in this section, such as the kidney-shaped eyes, exserted and clavate maxillary palpi, moniliform im-elbowed antemife, and bifid mandibles. The missing joint in the Heteromera, moreover, is merged in the elongate basal joint; whereas in other heteromerous species it is usually the fourth joint that is wanting or undeveloped.
We possess but a meagre list of species belonging to this section, which is very extensively represented in tropical countries; and it is worthy of notice that only
THE HETEROMERA. 153
one known genus (an exotic one. Heterotorsus) departs from the standard with regard to the joints of the tarsi ; and in that the same proportions arc preserved (4, 4, 3), — the apparently missing joints being represented by a slight constriction.
Thomson has divided this section into two tribes, the Globicoxce and Conicoxce ; in the former of which (amongst other characters) the anterior coxae are globose or ovate, and the thorax is mostly margined, whilst in the latter, the anterior coxfe are long, conic and exserted, the thorax being very rarely raargitied. The GlohicooecB comprise all except the Pyrochroida, MeJo'idce, (Ede- 'merida, Anthicida, and the Rhipiphorides, a sub-family of the Mordel/idce.
The typical Heteromera [Melasoma, Latr.) are of darkling and sluggish habits, black or obscure in colour, hard and wingless. It has been ingeniously remarked that the fact of the eyes in these light-shunning species being but slightly elevated above the surface of their head affords an indication of their habits; and this is borne out^ to a certain extent, by the utter absence of eyes in certain cave-frequenting Coleoptera; and, j)€r contra, by the large size and extreme prominence of the same organs in many diurnal species ; but in this theory, as in many others equally good at first sight, exceptions occur so often that it is very difficult to turn it to any practical benefit.
Others of the section are eminently active, gaily coloured, soft, with ample wings, and frequent flowers : many occur in rotten wood, flour, or sandy places; and one or two species are parasitic in their habits. Per- haps the best know'n are the "cellar-beetle" [Blaps), " Mealworm" [Tenehrio), "Cardinal" [Pijrochroa] /' Q\\
154 BRITISH BEETLES.
beetle" [Meloe), and " Spanish- fly/' or " Blister-beetle" [Lytta) .
The Blaptid-E have the last joint of the maxillary palpi hatchet-shaped, the epipleura of the elytra uide, and the hind femora long ; they are represented here by one genus [Blaps) of three species, all of which are large, somewhat flat, dull black, with the elytra soldered together and pointed behind. They are found (some- times in great numbers) in kitchens, outbuildings, stables, churchyards, etc., and are very slow in their movements, sedately lifting one long leg at a time, and only crawling about at night. They have a peculiarly foul smell, which is difficult to get rid of, and are indiscriminately known as the "'churchyard beetle." Their larvae closely re- semble the common "meal-worm;" and instances have been recorded of their having been discharged (once in large numbers) from the human stomach.
Our commonest species is B. mucronata, formerly called mortisaga : the latter, however, is much rarer, only occurring in the north of England, and readily distinguished by the longer process at the apex of its elytra, and by its thorax being more evidently punctured and more contracted behind.
The Co-MONTiD/E are here represented solely by Crypticus quisqairms (Plate X, Fig. 2), a small, black, shining species found in some numbers on sandy baidis at Deal. It has slender legs and tarsi, the hinder femora not reaching far beyond the elytra, of which the epipleura are narrow. It is usually winged, but indi- viduals occur in which the wings are either imperfectly developed or absent. In this family there is a narrow projection between the anterior coxae.
The Pedimd.e have the eyes divided into two by the
THE HETEROMERA. 155
lateral margin of the head; they include a doubtful species of the typical genus Pedinus, and one other, Heliopatkes gibbus, abundant in hot sandy places by the sea. The latter is deep-black in colour, shining, oblong, of clumsy shape, with coarsely punctured elytra, the epipleura of which are conspicuously ridged at the shoulder, the anterior tibise are triangular, and the three basal joints of the front tarsi strongly widened in the male, in which sex the posterior femora are fringed be- neath.
The larva is filiform, cylindrical, whitish, with a brown head and thorax, and strong fossorial front legs : the head and tail are slightly hairy, and the apex of the abdomen is furnished with eight erect tubercles.
The Opatrid.e have the tarsi simple in both sexes, and present numerous other smaller differences from the Fedinidce, with which they are sometimes associated. Our two species have the eyes divided, and the clypeus deeply notched (as in Heliopaihes) ; but in Opatrum the maxillary palpi have the last joint hatchet- shaped, whilst in Microzoum. it is almost ovate. Both are dull black and somewhat depressed ; and occur in similar places to the PedinidcB. 0. sabulosum, much the lar- gest of the two, is common on the south coast.
The Trachyscelid.e never have the last joint of the maxillary palpi hatchet-shaped; their antennae are short, and the projection between their coxae is triangular. In Trachyscelis, a doubtful British genus, the antennse are shorter than the head and distinctly clubbed ; and the eyes sunk in the thorax, the sides of which, and the elytra, are fringed with long hairs. In Phaleria the antennaj are longer than the head, and not clubbed ; the eyes are more free, and there are no lateral fringes.
156 BRITISH BEETLES.
P. cadaverina, a clear yellowish convex insect, with a suffused black patch in the middle of each elytron, occurs in decaying animal matter, and at the roots of maritime plants, in sandy places on the coast ; being common at Shoeburyness, at the roots of Sedum.
The BoLiTOPHAGiD^, in company with several of the succeeding families, have their tarsi clothed on the under side with short hairs; a similar structure being only exhibited by the Pedhrlda among the preceding families of this section. Their antennae are partly re- ceived in repose into a transverse furrow of the head ; the labial palpi are widely separated at the base ; and the a])ical joint of the maxillary palpi is not hatchet- shaped.
They live entirely on boleti, and are apparently gre- garious.
Bolifophof/us crenatus, in which the eyes are divided, and the thorax crenulated at the sides, is dull black in colour, and has strong rows of punctures alternating witli linear elevations, on its elytra. It is found in the north of England, and is much larger than the com- moner Eledona cujaricola, a convex, oval, dull dirty brown insect, in which the eyes are of the normal struc- ture, and the thorax is not roughened at the sides. As in many fungus- and wood-feeders, individuals of both these species sometimes occur in Avhich the colour is much lighter than usual.
The DiAPKRiD.E present a considerable resemblance to certain of the Chrysomelidce, from which their five- jointed front and middle tarsi will at once distinguish them. They are metallic, smooth, and more or less briglit in colour, with their eyes not entire and their antennae gradually Avidened to the apex. In Dicqyens
THE HETEKOMERA. 157
the basal joint of the hind tarsi is short, whilst in the other genera it is much elongated. D. boleti, a very convex, shining, black species, with the apex of the ely- tra and the two transverse bands yellow, is one of our rarest species, no instance of its capture having been re- corded for many years. Its larva is blind, and feeds on boleti growing on the trunks of trees, enclosing itself in a cell with a silky lining before undergoing its final metamorphoses.
Scaphidema, smaller, more depressed, and brassy, has its intercoxal projection wide, quadrangular, and trun- cated in front. It occurs not uncommonly near London among dead leaves, and at the bottoius of hedges. Its larva, as in the genus next mentioned, has two minute spines at the apex of the abdomen, and lives in Boleti under bark, making no cell to change in. It has three ocelli on each side of its head. Platydema, the larva of which has four ocelli on each side, is exceedingly like a Chrysomela, and is found in the New Forest, but rarely.
The UlomidyE are here represented by a few incon- spicuous insects, of which the majority are doubtless im- ported, being found in flour, merchandise, etc. They have no trochantina to the intermediate femora ; and their eyes (which are in nearly all the species almost divided into two on each side) have their greater bulk on the lower surface, except in Hi/pophlosus. The perfect insect and larvae of Gnathocerus cornutus (the male of which has its head armed with conspicuous and sharp projections) are often found in bakers' shops, where also TrlboUinn ferrugmeum occurs : the latter, however, some- times exists in its larval state in neglected collections of insects, which are liul^le to attack from many other enc-
158 BIIITISII BEETLES,
mies, such as Anihrenns, Dermestes, Psocus, the larv?e of certain Tinece, and — worst of all — the lazy, footless, white, fat " mite/' which so often cleans ont all the ligaments of specimens, leaving the mere outer husk, ready to fall to pieces on being manipulated, and often pierced in more than one place by its voracious tenant. A single application of benzine to any insect supposed to be so infested will destroy the parasite, which usually signifies its presence hy dropping a little heap of fine yellow dust utiderneath the specimen on which it is feed- inir : nevertheless, a second or third dose should be ad- ministered on a future occasion, as the fluid has no effect upon any eggs which may happen to have been deposited in the body of the insect.
Both Gnathocerus and TriboUum are small, flat, yellow beetles ; but the species of Hypophlmis are very different, both in shape and habits, presenting a certain likeness to Rhizophagus, on account of their linear cylindrical form. They are found under bark, or in galleries, where tlieir larv?e (as in the last-mentioned genus) prey on the larvae of certain wood-feeding beetles. //. bicolor, a pretty little red species with the apical half of the elytra black, is found not uncommonly under elm bark, where its larvae feed on those of certain ScoJyti. The species of A/phitobius sometimes resemble certain of tbc Der- mestidfe ; they are black in colour, and are probably im- ported, being found in warehouses, etc., where their larvae feed in flour, etc.
The Tenebhionid.e here are represented by out; genus, Tcnebrio, the two species of which are known in their larval state as " the meal-worm," a favourite food for singing-birds. It has been remarked that meal- worms obtained from the cast end of London usually
THE HETEROMERA. 159
prorluce T. obscuras ; whilst those from the west end produce T. molitor. The two larvae appear to be super- ficially much alike, except that in T. obscurus the colour is darker, and the last segment is rather longer, with more diverging terminal projections ; the pupse are not enclosed in a cocoon, and have the six first segments of the abdomen furnished with flattened parallel, truncate appendages, the last segment being bifurcate. The larva of T. moliior is eyeless, elongate, nearly cylindrical, ra- ther attenuate behind, light yellow in colour, with fine thill hairs on the sides, and marked with partly con- fluent minute dark spots on the upper side; the apical segment is conical, and terminates in two slightly di- verging projections, having a minute black spine on each side.
The perfect insects are dull pitchy-brown, elongate, and rather flat, specimens often occurring of a light reddish-brown colour. The inner lobe of their maxillse is armed with a horny hook ; the apical point of their maxillary palpi hatchet-shaped ; the eyes largest on the under surface, and the anterior tibiae curved (especially in the male). They sometimes fly to lamps, etc.; at- tracted, like moths, by the light.
The Helopid^ are in England only represented by a single genus, Helops, in which the inner lobe of the maxillae has no hook, the antennae are slender, elongate, with their penultimate joints longer than their width, and the eyes transverse and narrow. Our species pre- sent a certain superficial resemblance in miniature to the form of Blaps, and this is most shown in H. ccerulevs, the largest of them, a slowly- moving beetle, dull blue in colour, sometimes found in clusters under the bark of old felled trees, where its larva (which considerably
160 BRITISH BEETLES.
resembles tliat of Teaebrio, and has spines on the apical segment) feeds ou rotten wood. H. striatus, by far the most common, is abundant in woods, etc., in tufts of grass at the roots of trees, under bark, in rotten wood, moss, etc. ; its larva is the only one of the genus which has been noticed to possess ocelli. Another species, H. pallidas, (Plate X, Fig. 3,) is found at the roots of grass, etc., in sandy places on the south coast (Southend, etc.), often much Ijelow the surface. In all these the males are not so robust as the females, with longer antennae, and the basal joints of the front and middle tarsi more dilated.
The CiSTELiDE have the claws of the tarsi pectinated on the under side ; the mentum suppbrted by a neck ; the apical point of the maxillary palpi very large ; the mandibles with a projection on the inside of the base ; the labrum distinct ; distinct intermediate trochantina ; long legs, slender tibise, which are evidently spurred at the apex ; and the penultimate joint of the tarsi often apparently bilobed. Their eyes are kidney-shaped, and always entirely free, not being encroached upon by the front angles of the thorax ; and are larger in the males than in the females ; in the former sex the antennae, also, being always the longest.
Their larvae are very slender, more or less cylindrical, and having the apical segment hollowed beneath and furnished with a kind of plate, directed backwards, and ending in two slender appendages : they are found in rotten wood.
Five of our seven species occur in flowers or on bushes, etc., in the hot sunshine; one of the others, Mycetochares bipuslulata, a small, very agile insect, black, with a yellow shoulder-spot to the elytra, lives
THE HETEROMERA. 161
in rotten cherry-wood, etc., and, when found (for it is of rare occurrence) is generally seen in some numbers. The remaining species, Eryx atra, is nocturnal in its habits, frequenting old willow- trees, on which it is more often seen by lepidopterists, — who hunt by night for moths, — than by coleopterists. It is a dull black, oval, convex insect; rather large, but, like all its allies, of very delicate texture. Its larva, preparatory to undergoing metamorphosis, forms a cell composed of w^oody fibres glued together, and is the only one of this family known to take any such precaution.
In Cteniopus and Omophlus, both found about mari- time plants, the males have the last abdominal segment considerably excavated ; and in Cistela the antennae are rather strongly serrated.
The Lagriad^ are here only represented by one genus and species, Lagria hirta, an insect utterly un- like any of its allies, being very hairy, with a narrow thorax, a neck to the head, long black antennae and legs, and somewhat inflated elytra, which are widest and shortest in the female. It is very soft and sluggish, black, with yellow elytra, and abounds towards the middle of summer in hedges, etc. Its elongate larva, flat and white beneath, convex and yellow above, spotted with black, and tufted with yellow hairs along the sides, has been found under dead leaves at the foot of old oak-trees ; but its food is not known, though it is sup- posed to be carnivorous.
The absence of any pectination to the under side of the claws of the tarsi distinguishes this species from any of the Cistelida ; its projecting, approximated, conic anterior coxae separate it from the Tenebrionidcn and their allies, and the structure of the cotyloid cavi-
M
163 BRITISH BEETLES.
ties into which these coxse fit is different from that of all the other Heteromera, as they are not open on any side.
The Tetratomidje^ also, are very unlike their neigh- bours, having the facies of certain species of Cis, and of some of the Dermestida. Their antennae are termi- nated by a distinct club of four joints; their head is much bent down, being scarcely visible from above ; their anterior coxae are cylindrical, transverse, separated by a projection of the prosternum, and with their coty- loid cavities widely open behind.
All the species are small, rather cylindrical, and strongly punctured, and are found in partly decayed wood. One [Tetratoma Desmarestii , occurring at Coombe Wood, and elsewhere) is blackish-green; another {T.fun- gorum) is blue-black, with a red thorax; and the remaining one (7^. ancora, recently taken in some num- bers in old stumps near Highgate) is testaceous, spotted and banded with brownish-black. All of them must be considered rare. T. fungorum superficially resembles certain species of Tri])lax in the Pseudoirimera, but the latter genus can be easily known by the three- pointed club to its antennae, and the lesser number of joints to its tarsi.
The position of this family is anything but firmly established, and it appears to have been placed in its present place chiefly faute de mieux.
The Melandryad.^ have the labial palpi very short, and the maxillary palpi much developed, often with the joints indented, and with the apical joint very large. The cotyloid cavities for their anterior coxai are open behind ; the claws of their tarsi arc simple ; and the upper part of the prothorax is not continued until it is
THE HETEROMERA. 163
confused with the sides, but is distinctly separated by a margin.
They have no neck to the head, which is bent down and sometimes not visible from above, though the eyes are never encroached upon by the thorax ; and the clypeus is never distinctly separated by a suture from the rest of the head.
They are somewhat elongate, narrow, usually hard, not clothed with much pubescence, and more or less convex.
In Orchesia [0. undulata, Plate X, Fig. 4; found in whitethorn flowers in the New Forest) the antennae are rather thickened at the apex, the spurs to the tibiae are very long ; the anterior coxae are not approximated ; and the penultimate joint of the hind tarsi is very long and entire, — the two latter characters being also shared by Hallomenus. The species of both of these genera are bred from the fungoid matter growing on old wood, and from boleti, in which their smooth fleshy larvae are found. Orchesia, wherein the hinder coxae are large, flat, square, and transverse, and the spurs to the hinder tibiae very long and pectinated beneath, possesses the power of skipping about in a ludicrous manner.
With the exception of Melandrya caraboides, — a spe- cies very variable in size (as in most wood-feeders), flat, hard, blue-black, shining, with the elytra rather widened behind, — none of this family can be considered com- mon, though many of them occur in some numbers when they are met with. M. caraboides lives in its earlier stages in old willow stumps ; and the perfect in- sect may be seen with its head projecting from the mouth of the burrow made by the larva, into which it rapidly backs on an attempt being made to capture it. It flies
M 3
164; BRITISH BEETLES.
readily, and witli a metallic sound, in the hot sunshine j alighting on felled trees, and readily tucking up its legs and falling to the ground on the approach of the collector.
The species of Abdera, — small, cylindrical, and banded with pale testaceous, — have the penultimate joint of the tarsi truncate, and very small spurs to the tibiae; they are found in dead boughs of trees, and in the short half- rotten stumps left on trees where boughs have been broken off. Hypulus quercinns, a narrow, elegantly spotted and banded insect, with robust antennse, occurs in old wood in some numbers ivhcn found, for it is very local; and the fragile Conopalpus may be taken under the same conditions as Abdera, though it has been also found in flowers, where it might readily be passed over for a pallid Telephorus by the incipient Coleopterist. In this genus the antennoe have only ten joints, and the apical joint of the maxillary palpi is very narrow and elongate.
Ospliya bipunctaia, exceedingly local, being only found in flowers, etc., at INIonk's Wood, has very much the ge- neral appearance of a Telephorus, but with the hinder femora in the male much inflated and arched, as in Q^demera ; the two sexes, also, differ considerably in size and colour ; the male being usually the largest and black, and the female testaceous. As in many instances before noticed, these marked sexual disparities exhibit several modifications ; undeveloped males occurring in which the inflation of the hinder femora disappears, the size is diminished, etc.
The family of Pyiioch roadie contains two genera which present but few points of resemblance, except in the larval condition; indeed, one of them [Pytho) has
THE HETEROMERA. 1G5
been joined to the Salpingidce in order to form another family, of which it is considered the type. In Pyrocliroa the head is very suddenly contracted into a neck, the antennae are pectinate, the mentum is pedunculated, and the anterior coxse are elongate, subcylindrical, and very projecting; whilst in Pytho the head is not contracted behind, the antennae are filiform, the mentum is not pedunculated, and the anterior coxse are globose-ovate, and but slightly projecting.
The species of Pyrochroa, commonly known as " Car- dinal beetles," are bright scarlet or brickdust-red in colour, moderately large, with acutely bifid mandibles, elytra not covering the sides of the abdomen, and long legs. They are very active and rapacious ; flying readily and strongly in the hot sunshine, and often simulating death when captured. The largest, P. coccinea, is dis- tinguished by its black head ; it is not uncommon in woods in the south. I have found it, in all its stages, in great numbers under the bark of a felled tree at Da- renth, in Kent.
Pytho depressus, hitherto found only in Perthshire under fir-bark (where I have taken the larva, which has two strong hook-like projections on the upper side of the last segment) is very depressed, metallic, usually blue or green, but sometimes nearly testaceous, and with two strong depressions on its thorax. Both the perfect in- sect and larva are carnivorous, feeding upon other sub- cortical species.
The Anthicid^ present a certain external resemblance to some of the smaller Geodephaga : they are delicately built, of slender shape; with thin legs and antennae, the penultimate joint of the tarsi bi-lobed, the head sud- denly contracted into a narrow neck, the eyes entire.
166 BRITISH BEETLES.
and the hinrlcr coxse separated by a projection of tlie abdomen.
Notoxus monoceros (Plate X, Fig. 5), an elegant, downy, little species, very variable in its markings, oc- curs plentifully in sandy places, both at the seaside and inland. Its thorax is produced in the middle into a stout horn, which projects over the head (Fig. 5 «).
The species of Anthiciis are all very small, and have been fancifully compared to ants, both on account of their colours, small size, shape, and activity. They are most abundant at the seaside, but are often common in- land in heaps of garden refuse, etc. One of them [A. iiistabiUs) has the hinder tibiae in the male suddenly en- larged into a rounded plate at the apex.
It has been considered that Xpluphllus and Euglenes do not belong to this family, on account of their notched eyes and the approximation of their posterior coxse; for which (and other) reasons they have (in company with Scraptia, a genus of small and fragile species, very rare, found in rotten wood, and hitherto associated with the Melandryadce) been removed into the PedUidce, a family containing no other British exponents. In Euglenes the male has very large eyes and long antennce; from which circumstance, added to general facies and habits, it some- what calls to mind certain of the smaller Ptinidce.
The MoRDELLiDiE are, perhaps, the most readily dis- tinguishable of any of the section, owing to their strong family likeness. They are mostly small, widest in front, contracted behind, with the pygidium exposed, and often ending in an absolute spine ; broadest and convex on the upper side, but shelving down to a comparative ridge on the lower surface (resembling nothing so much in shape as one of the small segments of a peeled and
THE HETEROMERA. 167
divided orange) ; with the thorax and head bent down, the latter so much so as to be often quite invisible ; the legs getting larger from front to rear, closely articulated, flattened, and with long spurs to the hinder tibise. They are found most frequently in the flowers of Umbelliferce. and are very active in their movements, having an es- pecially irritating habit of slipping away on an attempt being made to capture them. When caught, they are not the easiest beetles to mount on card, — as may readily be guessed from their structure.
They may be divided into two sub-families, the Mor- dellides and Rhipiphorides, to the former of which chiefly the above remarks apply : the latter containing here a single genus and species, Rhipiphorus paradoxus (Plate X, Fig. 6), a most remarkable insect, both on account of its form and habits; and in which (and its allies not found here) commences a certain degradation in the development of the parts of the mouth ; — the mentum being slender and confused with the ligula, the labial palpi apparently composed of only one joint, the lobes of the maxillae rudimentary, and the mandibles short and not toothed internally.
It differs from the Mordellides in having the lobes of its maxillae soldered together at the base, with the last joint of their palpi not hatchet- shaped, no membraneous plate to the inner side of the mandibles, and its antennae flabellated ; but otherwise presents numerous points of affinity, and great superficial resemblance. It is much larger than any other of the family ; the female being the largest, and usually having blue-black elytra (which are attenuated and gaping, allowing the wings to be seen) instead of reddish-testaceous. The thorax is very strongly arched* on each side of the hinder margin, and
168 BRITISH BEETLES.
produced in the middle ; the hooks of the tarsi are bifid ; and the third and foHowing joints of the antennse in the male are divided into double fan-like rays.
The perfect insect is found (according to Lacordaire) sometimes on flowers, or at the exuding sap of trees, and I possess a specimen taken under bark, in Scotland ; but its real home is in the nests of the common Wasps ( Vespa rufa and vulgaris), in which, also, it undergoes its transformations ; and it has been observed by Mr. S. Stone (who has for a long ])eriod accurately observed the economy of certain coleopterous parasites on Hy- meno'pterd) that the larger larvse (from which the females are produced) are found with, and feed on, the female wasp grubs, — the fact, but not the object of such asso- ciation having been long before known.
The MeloidtE have a very abrupt neck to the head, and each of the hooks of the tarsi divided into two, as if with an additional and slender hook on its lower surface.
In Meloe (the Oil-beetles) the metasternum is very short, with the intermediate coxa3 overlapping those of the posterior legs, the elytra strongly reflected at the sides, short, overlapping, and gaping at the apex, and no wings.
One or two of the species are well known, being often seen in very early spring on heaths, commons, and lanes, especially on the buttercup. They ai'c large, blue-black, heavy, bloated-bodied creatures, crawling slowly, and exuding a clear yellow oil from their joints when handled, which was formerly used for medicinal purposes. When dried, the normal distension of the body disappears, the abdomen shrinking up beneath the elytra in a wrinkled unsightly knot : specimens for the cabinet should, there-
THE HETEROMERA. 169
fore, be stuffed with wool, — an easy operation, if an in- cision be made in the lower side of the body, and its contents taken out. The males are often veiy small ; and, in some cases, have the sixth and seventh joints of the antennae enlarged and suddenly bent, so that the apex appears deformed.
The transformations of these insects are, perhaps, the most wonderful of any that are yet known to us ; and it is chiefly on account of somewhat similar habits in their earlier stages that the Stylopidce have been recently con- sidered as coleopterous.
The female of Melo'e deposits from two to four sepa- rate batches of minute yellow eggs, some thousands at a time, though the number diminishes with each laying. These eggs are glued together, and deposited in small holes in the ground, dug by the parent beetle. After an interval of from three to six weeks, according to the temperature, the young larvse are hatched, and are ex- tremely like minute pediculi, or bird-lice, being yellow, elongate, parallel, flattened, with rather long legs, and four long hairs at the apex of the last segment. They appear to remain torpid for some time; but, when once roused by sufficient warmth, exhibit extraordinary acti- vity in traversing low plants, chiefly Rammculacea or Chicoracece. From these they attach themselves, often in great numbers, to the hairy covering of bees as they settle on the flowers of their temporary lodgings ; and also, sometimes, to certain hairy Diptera, or two-winged flies, which closely resemble wild bees. In the latter case it is an unfortunate attachment for the larvae; as the Diptera make no nest or provision for their oflfspring, so that the would-be parasite necessarily perishes of starvation : and it is probably the chance of this, added
170 BRITISH BEETLES.
to the many fortunate contingencies required before tlie larvse can be safely landed Avithin reach of their food, that causes such an enormous number of eggs to be laid by the parent beetle. As it is, all the perfect insects of this genus, seen by one observer in his lifetime, would bear a ridiculously small proportion to the number of eggs laid by one specimen.
When carried by the unconscious bee to its nest, the Melo'e larva devours the egg therein contained, changes (without leaving the shell of the latter) into a second form, — not unlike the larva of a LameUicorn beetle in miniature, being arched, cylindrical, with toothed man- dibles and stout legs, — and then subsists on the food intended by the bee for its own young. After some time this second form of the larva changes its outer covering, which is not entirely shed, but remains wrinkled together at the hinder apex of its body : it is then arched, distinctly composed of 13 segments, attenuated at the extremities, and motionless. From this false pupa (and probably after passing the winter) a third form of the larva appears, similar to the second ; but from this point it is only by analogy with the trans- formations of Sitaris nmralis, an allied insect (Plate XI, Fig. 1), that we can form an idea of its final meta- morphosis.
The latter insect (which has large wings) is in its earlier ages, and indeed during all its life, a parasite upon certain mason bees of the genus Anthophora, com- mon in old walls near London (the Rev. A. Badger having taken the first British specimen of the beetle at Chelsea). In this species the larva undergoes less vicissitudes than in Melo'e, as the eggs (two or three thousand at a time) are deposited by the female at the
THE HETEROMERA. 171
entrance of the hole burrowed by the Anthophora ; and, after passing through the stages above mentioned, and taking no food in its third form, changes into a pupa of the ordinary Coleopterous type, from which, in about a month, the perfect insect appears, — the entire changes occupying nearly two years. In the case of Sitaris, of which the perfect beetle is always found in or about the burrows of the bee, the entire scheme of life is readily credible, even if it had not been accurately observed ; but in Melo'e there still remains an awkward gap for which an account is required, viz. the passage of a heavy, slow- going, large beetle from the nest of the bee to the common or meadow where it is always found.
Particulars of the discoveries as to this insect are to be found in Mr. Newport's paper in the * Linnean Transactions,' vol. xx. p. 297, and vol. xxi. p. 167 ; also in M. Fabre's " Memoire sur I'Hypermetamorphose et les moeui's des Meloides," ' Annales des Sciences Na- turelles,' ser. 4, vol. vii. 1857, p. 299; and in Lacor- daire, Col., vol. v. 2nd part, 651.
Our remaining species, the well-known " Blister- beetle" or " Spanish -fly " {Lijtia vesicatoria) , the old Cantharis, is very different in shape, etc., to the mem- bers of either of the preceding genera, — being elon- gate, cylindrical, with long legs and antennae, and bright metallic-green in colour. It is occasionally taken in the southern counties, but can scarcely be considered as truly indigenous.
The (EDEMERiDiE are elongate, slender, with thin legs and antennae, no abrupt neck to the head, simple hooks to the tarsi, the mandibles flattened and bifid at the apex, and the penultimate joint of the tarsi bi-lobed. Their larvse live in rotten wood, and resemble those of
173 BRITISH BEETLES.
the LongicornSj to members of which section the per- fect insects also present a certain likeness.
Ischnomera melanura, not nnlike a large Telephorus, is found at the seaside ; it is testaceous with the apex of the elytra black, and is especially noteworthy from the fact of its male possessing twelve joints to the an- tennae, though the female has the normal number. It flies strongly in the hot sunshine, and is often taken on old posts on the shore; the larvse even living in timber that is periodically covered by the tide.
Dryojjs femorata, the largest of the family, is a very graceful, slender insect, with very long and thin an- tennae. Its male is distinguished by the peculiar for- mation of the hinder legs, which have the femora much inflated and arched, and the tibiae angulated at the base. It is nocturnal in its habits, and occurs some- what freely at ivy blossom and sallow bloom, both in the autumnal and spring months.
In CEdeniera aerulea (Plate XI, Fig. 2), a small, me- tallic, bright blue or green species, found abundantly in flowers during the summer months, in the hot part of the day, the male exhibits a similar formation of the hinder legs to that of Dnjops.
Myderus ciircuUomdes, once taken in England (by Mr. T. V. AVollaston) , presents, in many characters, (such as its rostrum, intermediate coxae, scutellum, etc.) a great resemblance to the liJiynchophora ; and has been placed in the SaJpingida. It is found abroad on flowers (chiefly Umbellifera) ; and it has been remarked that, like certain of the Ciirculionidre, and in particular those of the genus Larinus (to which it has some resemblance in form), it is covered with a yellowish pubescence which is renewable during life, after having been rubbed off".
THE HETEROMERA. 173
The Salpingid^e, on account of some of their mem- bers possessing a rostrum, afford a passage to the next section, wherein such prolongation of the head is con- stant, and with which they have been associated by old authors.
Their antennse are thickened at the apex, the last joint of their maxillary palpi is not hatchet-shaped, their mandibles do not project beyond the labrum^ and their body is smooth.
They are all small and shining, and are found under bark, or by beating dead twigs.
Rhinosimus viridipennis (Plate XI, Fig. 3) is perhaps the most elegant of the family; it occurs not uncom- monly in old hedges near Darenih.
174
CHAPTER XVII.
THE KHYNCHOPHORA, OE WEEVILS.
With this section commences the large group of vege- table feeders formerly known by the name Tetramera, on account of their apparently possessing only four joints to the tarsi : this name has, however, been modified to that of " Paeudo-tetramera," or " Sub-tetramera,'' by Mr, Westwood, who pointed out that they have the normal five joints, although the fourth is so minute as usually to escape notice ; being, with the basal portion of the terminal joint, received between the lobes of the third joint, which is always more or less deeply notched at its extremity. The three basal joints are, also, always more or less deeply cushioned beneath. The other sec- tions possessing these characters are the Longicornes and Eupoda (or Phytophaga).
The Rhynchophora (often termed, as a group. CurcU' lionidce) are usually convex and hard ; they have the head elongated in front into a rostrum or beak, — some- times short and thick, and at others very long, thin, and arched, — bearing the organs of the mouth at its apex. Their antennae are inserted on the rostrum, generally short, and in far the greater number of species elbowed (having a long basal joint), and clubbed at the apex;
RHYNCHOPHORA. 175
they vary in the number of their joints from eight to twelve, and are inserted on the sides of the rostrum, in two cavities or scrobes, which assume the form of pits or furrows. These cavities often cause two side-pieces to appear on the upper side of the apex of the rostrum, called winglets, or pterygia, which are greatly developed in Otiorhynchus and its allies. With one exception, the parts of the mouth are, comparatively, of little assistance in classifying these insects, the ligula and palpi (which are small and short) exhibiting but little variation, and the maxillfe being usually single-lobed : the mentum, however, affords a great diversity of structure, being either abruptly truncate at its base, or provided with a neck, and in either case received into a more or less deep emargination of that part of the head that supports it. This neck is wide, but of very little depth, in the species with a sliort rostrum ; but in those that have a long rostrum it is elongate, and, in proportion to its elonga- tion, the mentum is reduced, so as to appear sometimes entirely absent. The mentum, varying thus in develop- ment, either wholly covers the maxillse (except sometimes at their base), or leaves them free; and it is upon this structure that Lacordaire has based his classification of the section, which he primarily divides into the Adelo- gnathes (in which the maxillae are entirely, or for the greater part, hidden by the mentum), and Phanero- gnathes (whei'cin they are completely uncovered).
As, however, the older system of Schonherr is generally used in this country, and (although more artificial) is perhaps easier of comprehension by a beginner, and sufficient for the mere arrangement of the British species, it will (though sure to be eventually displaced by the wider views of the gifted French author) be followed, for the most part, in the present work.
176 BRITISH BEETLES.
Of the remaining cliaracters in the Rhynchophora, it may suffice to say, that their mandibles (which are short and robust) vary considerably in shape ; their prothorax is very rarely margined at the sides, which are usually merged imperceptibly with the pronotura ; their tibise are very rarely toothed externally, and often spurless at the apex; and their abdomen is composed of five seg- ments, whereof the two first are very often soldered together, and the third and fourth usually shorter than the others.
By Schonherr (whose ' Genera et Species Curculio- uidum,' 8 vols., Paris, 1833-1845, has long been the text-book of Coleopterists devoted to this section), the Wtynchophora are divided into two sub-sections, the Orthoceri, in which the antennse are not elboAved, with the basal point slightly elongated ; and the rostrum has no distinct lateral grooves for the reception of the basal joints of the antennse; — and the Gonatoceri, wherein the antennae are more or less distinctly elbowed, the basal joint being usually elongated, and always received into a canal at the side of the rostrum. The latter sub- section is separated into two groups, the Brachyrhynchi, having the rostrum short, straight, and thick, with the antennae inserted near its extremity, and mostly twelve- jointed ; and the Mecorhynchi, in which the rostrum is cylindric or filiform, more or less elongated (being seldom sliorter than the thorax), and with the antennae inserted before or near the middle, never near the mouth orifice.
The late Mr. Walton has published many papers in tlie 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History ' (1844'), in which are descriptions of, and useful remarks upon, many of our species of Weevils.
As before remarked, all the Rhynchophora are vege-
RHYNCHOPHORA. 177
table feeders; and, although comparatively harmless in their perfect state, there is not one part of any tree or plant, or its product, that their larvae do not attack.
These larvse, of which the grub of the nut-weevil {Balaninus nucwn), so often found in filberts, etc., is a good type, — are fat, fleshy, and cylindrical ; slightly at- tenuated in front and recurved behind, with a round horny head, and no legs, which are represented by tu- bercles or callosities set with short bristles. Although usually adhering to one particular plant (whether at tacking its leaves, flowers, shoots, roots, bark, fruit, oi timber) , they are sometimes promiscuous feeders ; and many (as the nut-weevil), on becoming full-grown, drop to the earth, in which they undergo their final changes, whilst others remain attached to the plant, etc., on or in which they have hitherto existed, — usually forming a cocoon.
The aforesaid nut-weevil (but only in its larval stage), and the corn-weevil, Sitophi/us granariuft (most probably an imported insect), of the British species, — and the splendid exotic " Diamond Beetle," Entimus imperialis, so often employed as an object for the microscope, — are, perhaps, the most generally known members of this section.
Our Rhynchophora may be considered as divided into seventeen families; the Bruchida, Anthi'ibida, Attela- bidcB, Rhinomacerida, Apionidcs (forming the Orthoceri above-mentioned, the remainder being Gonatoceri) , Bra- chyderidcB, Cleonidce, Molytidce, Byrsopsidce, Otiorhyn- chidce (the group Brachyrhynchi) , Erirhinidce,Baridiad(B, CryptorhynchidfB, Cionidce, Calandrida, Cossonidce (the group Mecorhynchi), and Hylesinidts, which we will notice in their order.
The Bruchid^, apart from the above-mentioned divi-
N
178 BRITISH BEETLES.
sional characters, ai'e distinguislied by their antennae being eleven-jointed, slightly thickened towards the apex, serrated, or pectinated ; their emarginate eyes ; broad, short, flat, deflexed, scrobe-less rostrum, which has the labrum and palpi distinct; exposed pygidium, and thick- ened hinder legs ; and by the basal joint of their hind tarsi being long and curved. Our single genus, Bruchus, comprises some small, oblong beetles, usually leaden- black in colour, and variegated with grey or white pu- bescence, arranged in indistinct bands or spots. Their males are usually distinguished by the denticulation, etc., of the inner side of the middle tibiae. One species, B.pisi, found in peas, is in all probability imported from abroad ; but B. rufimanus, almost equally large, abounds in bean-fields, etc., in the south of England; all the members of the genus, indeed, being more or less attached to leguminous plants, and consequently noxious to man. Their larvae live in the seeds, consuming all the internal parts, and changing to pupa wdthin the skin ; the perfect insect escaping through a circular hole, previously bitten by the larva for that purpose.
The Anthribid^ have the antennae eleven-jointed, and terminated by a short, abrupt three-jointed club, the eyes not notched, short transverse scrobes to their wide, deflexed rostrum, the pygidium not exposed, and the second joint of the tarsi bi-lobed. The males are usually distinguished by the superior length of their antennae. These insects are all of considerable rarity, and of some beauty, though not peculiar for delicacy of outline. They frequent old wood, dead twigs, etc.^ and are usually found in the early part of summer.
Bracfiytarsus scabrosus (Plate XI, Fig. 4) is occasionally taken in May-blossom in the London district, also
THE RHYNCHOPHOKA, OR WEEVILS. 179
occurring sparingly in tlie north, where it is replaced by B. varlus, which is not so brightly coloured, and very rare in the south. The larvte of both of these species appear to be parasitic upon Cocci.
The species of Trop'ideres are of great rarity here; though sometimes beaten out of dry dead hedges, or taken from rotten wood ; they somewhat resemble the next-mentioned insect in miniature, but have the basal joint of the tarsi much longer in proportion.
Platyrhinus, a large, exceedingly broad, flat, strong, black-brown-and-white mottled insect, occurs rarely here, and chiefly in the western counties (being not un- common near Cheltenham) ; it lives upon Spharia, and other fungi growing on ash-trees, etc., burrowing also in the rotten wood, or lurking under loose bark, and having a particularly comical way of elevating itself by its front legs, though usually of sedate appearance.
The little Choragus Sheppardi is peculiar, on account of its power of jumping, although its hind femora are not widened. It is beaten out of dead hedge-sticks at Deal, Southend, Wickham, and elsewhere. Through its curious appearance this insect has been at different times con- sidered as allied to Cryptocephalus, Cis, and Anobium.
The Attelabid/E have the head elongated between the eyes, the rostrum more or less robust and enlarged in front ; the antennae straight and clubbed ; the pygi- dium exposed ; either the first two or four segments of the abdomen soldered together, and separated by fine straight sutures; the hooks of the tarsi soldered; and the tibiae armed at the apex (according to sex) with either one or two spurs.
We possess but two genera, Attelabus and Apoderus ; the single species of each of which is red, and common
N 2
180 BRITISH BEETLES.
in woods in early summer. Attelahus curculionides, the shorter, more convex and smooth of the two, infests young oaks; its female rolling up their leaves into a thimble-like mass, in which she deposits her eggs. Apo- derus coryli is found on hazel ; its larva, conspicuous in this section for the possession of large dorsal tubercles, living in cylindrically rolled-up leaves of that plant.
The RniNOMACERiDiE have the rostrum elongate, slender, and enlarged in front ; its scrobes linear, super- ficial, and reaching to the base ; the club of the antennae elongate, with the joints more or less loosely articulated ; the segments of the abdomen free ; the tibiae not spurred at the apex, and the hooks of the tarsi bifid or free.
Some of these insects are exceedingly beautiful, having the brightest metallic hues of blue, golden, green, red, or copper, and many are very pubescent.
Rhynchites betuleti, a very lovely species, found not uncommonly at Darcnth on the hazel, pierces the top shoots of that plant so as to arrest their growth, after having deposited an egg in them. Other species have been observed to lay an egg in the recently-formed fruit of wild trees, afterwards duly making an incision below, so as to impede its proper development, the larva finding sufficient nourishment before the fruit falls to the ground. R. dequatus (Plate XI, Fig. 5) is occa- sionally found in profusion in the flowers of the white- thorn.
Rh'momacer attelaboides somewhat resembles certain species of Salpingus in the Heteroiuera. M. Perris has observed that its female deposits her eggs in the catkins of the male flowers of the pine, of which the presence ol the larva prevents the expansion. This species is found not uncommonly in certain parts of Scotland ; it fre-
THE RHYNCHOPHORAj OR WEEVILS. 181
quents Conifers, and its male is remai'kable for possess- ing two little tufts of yellowish hairs on the second and third abdominal segments.
With these insects terminates the division Isotoma of Thomson, distinguished by the connate abdominal segments, of which the second and third are nearly equal, the antennae straight, etc. : his other division, Anisotoma, has the three apical segments free, the second being much longer than the third, the antennae usually elbowed, etc.
The Apionid.e have the rostrum long, arched, cylin- drical, and sometimes subulate [i. e. suddenly contracted before the apex), with its scrobes more or less distant from the mouth, and the antennae inserted towards its middle, or base ; the head more or less elongate behind the eyes ; the scutellum very small ; no wings ; the elytra covering the pygidium ; the tibiae not spined at the apex ; and the hooks of the tarsi free.
The species of Apion are very numerous, chiefly fre- quenting clover, trefoil, etc. Their larvae have varied habits, the majority living in the seeds of Leguminosa, some forming a kind of gall on the twigs or leaves of plants, others making galleries in their stems, and one even attacking their roots.
The antennae in this genus are composed of twelve joints, the club, which apparently has but three joints, exhibiting, under a high power, a minute fourth one at the apex. The rostrum has on the under side two deep autennal grooves, converging from the points of inser- tion of the antennae ; their use is to receive and protect the basal joints of the antennae.
Certain of the yellow-legged species are usually very troublesome to beginners, not only on account of their
182 BRITISH BEETLES.
minute specific differences, but because the sexes vary somewhat. INIr. Walton (p. 39 of his paper above mentioned) points out the assistance to be derived in this respect from the coloration of the coxae and tro- chanters, in which many species differ sexually. One of the most curious in tlie genus is called (and rightly so) difforme ; its male has the basal joints of the an- tennae much dilated, the basal joint of the front tarsi hooked, the middle legs elongate, the hinder legs bent, dilated, flattened, and generally distorted, and a spine to the epigastrium. It is found usually on furze. Poly- gonum, etc.
The BiiACHYDERiD.E havc the antennae elbowed, with the basal joint variable in length, the funiculus usually seven-jointed, the scrobes of the rostrum generally linear, and directed downwards, the rostrum being short and stout, and not received into any groove of the pro- sternum ; the mandibles are usually slender, the scutel- lum is absent or very small, and the elytra cover the pygidium.
There is nothing particularly noteworthy in this fa- mily, which consists of moderate-sized, mostly dull- coloured insects, many of which are apterous. The species of Strophoso7nus, globular in shape, with pro- minent eyes, usually abound on hazel and oak, some being also found on heaths ; one of these latter, C. lim- batus, has the appearance of being entirely denuded of scales.
The genus Sitones comprises many species, especially noxious to clovers and trefoils, many of them abounding at all times of the year. They are very troublesome to beginners, and have been fully described by the author in the ' Entomologists' Monthly Magazine,' vol, ii.
THE RHYNCHOPHORA, OR WEEVILS. 183
Some of the Polydrosi are beautifully clothed with bright-green metallic scales, and are often mistaken for Phyllobii, from which they differ in their longer and thinner legs and antennae, and the possession of long and distinct rostral grooves for the antennae.
The family of CLEONiDiE comprises some of our largest and most handsome species. In it the rostrum is rather long, stout, either suddenly or gradually bent down, usually somewhat cylindrical, sometimes slightly angulated, and very often thickened towards the front.
In Cleonus the rostrum is longer than the head, robust, slightly arched, angulated, and sculptured on the upper side, with the antennae inserted near its apex, and the scrobes moderately separated, but not joined on the under side ; the tarsi spongy beneath, more or less flat ; the tibiae with a dagger-like spine at the apex ; and the body oblong, cylindrical, and pubescent. Our species are large, variegated with grey or reddish scales, and found in waste places ; they feed in the stems of thistles, etc., some of them being of excessive rarity. As in all the other members of this family, their integuments are exceedingly hard.
Alophus iriguttatus, not uncommon near London, being often found basking in the sun on hot walls, is conspicuous for its white V-shaped mark behind.
The MolytidjE have the rostrum moderately long, de- flexed, sub-cylindrieal, rather arched, and mostly not very stout. With the exception of Phytonomus and Limobius, they have the tibiae armed at the apex on the inner side with a strong hook.
They are mostly of considerable bulk ; the smallest, Tanysphyrus lemnee, foimd in wet marshy places, exhi- biting a gre^t resemblance to the structure of its larger
184 BRITISH BEETLES.
rbrethren. Hylob'ms ahietis, large, black, with yellow interrupted band-like spots, is now abundant in the south of England, though formerly very rare ; it com- mits great ravages in pine woods, and has been trans- ported in building-timber from Scotland^ where it is exceedingly common.
In Molytes the elytra are very convex and rounded, the whole insect being black, shining, and smooth, or, at most, with a few patches of yellow or grey hairs. Jioth our species inhabit chalky districts.
Liosomus, a mere fraction of Molytes in size, repro- duces exactly its superficial characters, differing, how- ever, in the rostral scrobes, the structure of its anteimse, and the shortness of the spurs to its tibise. It abounds in wet places.
Plinthus, found in dry situations on chalk by the coast (Dover, etc.), and less commonly in grass, etc., inland, is of very different shape from any of the pre- ceding, being more linear, with no scutellum, the ros- trum longer than the head, and slightly contracted at the base, etc. ; it is very strongly and coarsely punc- tured, the punctures being often filled up with chalk, so that the normal dull pitchy-black colour of the insect is disguised.
The species of Fhytonomus [Hypera], in which the funiculus of the antennae is seven-jointed, are often very abundant in clover-fields, etc. ; they are moderately large, oval, with a globular thorax, and prettily clothed with variegated scales and hairs. P. trilineatus, found commonly on Legum'mosce at Dover and Deal, is perhaps one of the most elegant. (Plate XI, Fig. 6.)
Their larvae live on the outer side of the leaves of plants, of which they devour the parenchyma, and have
THE RHYNCHOPHORA, OR WEEVILS. 185
two or three rudimentary eyes on each side of the head. Possessing no legs, they fix themselves to their support with a viscous fluid secreted by a retractile process, situate in the front part of the back of the last abdomi- nal segment. When full grown they cover themselves with a coarse network, composed of threads of the same fluid, which hardens on exposure to the air. A cocoon is thus formed (often found on water plants, etc., in wet places, where some of the species are abundant), in which the transformations of the insect take place.
The little Limobii exactly resemble the members of the preceding genus, except that their antennae have but six joints to the funiculus; and it should be remarked that many other genera are accompanied by similar imperfect reproductions of their structure.
The Byrsopsid^ have a more or less distinct exca- vation in the prosternum for the reception of the ros- trum, the scrobes of which are linear and arched ; the eyes large, depressed, entirely covered in repose by the lobes of the prothorax, which are very prominent; the metasternura very short ; and the tarsi spiuose, or hairy beneath, never spongy.
We possess but one genus and species, Gronaps luna- tus, in which the second joint of the antennae is very elongate ; it is a small dull-white or grey insect, strongly ribbed, with a narrow thorax, wiry legs, and a more or less extensive dark lunated mark on each elytron. It is not uncommon in sandy places on the coast, and near London. The characteristic prothoracic canal is in this insect of a very superficial nature.
The OxioRHYNCHiDiE havc the basal joint of the an- tennae reaching beyond the back of the eyes, the funi- culus with usually seven joints, and the rostral scrobes
186 BRITISH BEETLES.
variable, but never at the same time linear and directed downwards, the rostrum itself being short, stout, and nearly horizontal. In many of the genera the winglets, or lateral projections at the apex of the rostrum, are much developed.
Such of their larvse as are known are moderately elongate, fleshy, feebly tuberculated at the sides, set with short hairs, and legless ; and the pupse do not appear to be enclosed in a cocoon.
In Phyllobius, which much resembles Polydrosus, as before observed, the scutellum and wings are present, the hooks of the tarsi are soldered, and the scrobes of the rostrum are nearly always very short. The species are very abundant on nettles, etc., and, when fresh, are thickly clothed with bright golden green scales, which, however, readily rub off. One of them, P. aryentMtus, is a common object for the microscope, owing to the beauty of its covering ; another, P viridicollis, found in Scot- land, is equally remarkable for all its peculiar abraded appearance.
In Tr achy phi (cus and its allies the scutellum is want- ing, or very small, and the wings absent, the hooks of the tarsi are free, the antennae robust, and the scrobes of the rostrum lateral, deep, slightly arched, and reach- ing to the eyes.
The species are mostly small, oval, and convex, strongly set with short stout bristles, often arranged in lines, and frequently thickly covered with earthy matter, which adheres so firmly as to disguise their outline and punctuation. They are found in sandy places, at the roots of grass, in moss, etc., and are very sluggish.
The species may generally be distinguished inter se by the toothing and shape of the front tibise.
THE RHYNCHOPHORAj OR WEEVILS. 187
In Otiorhynchus the antennae are long, usually slender, and often inserted at the apex of the rostrum ; the scu- tellum is wanting, or very small ; the wings are absent ; the winglets to the sides of the rostrum at the apex strong ; the scrobes deep, visible from the upper side in front, but rectilinear and evanescent behind ; the body convex, ovate, seldom thickly clothed with scales, and usually dull in colour; and the tarsi spongy beneath, with the apical joint long and the hooks free. The males are, for the most part, smaller and less globose than the females.
The larvae of 0. sulcaius, a common metropolitan in- sect, have been observed to do considerable damage to potted plants, etc., by gnawing round the upper part of the roots.
The different species are found in hedges, under stones, in moss, sand-pits, etc., and at the roots of grass or sand-hills. 0. picipes (Plate XII, Fig. 1) is one of the most abundant, frequently doing considerable damage to young trees and plants ; it may be obtained in pro- fusion by beating white-thorn hedges in spring.
Some of our species, found in mountainous parts of the north, and others peculiar to the south coast, are shining black, and many of them congregate under stones, especially on turf-walls. Dr. Stierlin, in his 'Re- vision of the European Otiorhynchi' Berlin, has fully described our species (amongst others).
The Erirhinid.e (which commence the Mecorhynchi, equivalent to the Rhynchanides of Eabricius,) consist of a somewhat heterogeneous assemblage, — Lixus, Larinus, and Rhinocyllus being often associated with the Cleoriidce, and Pissodes with Hylobius.
Their antennae are either eleven- or twelve-jointed,
188 ^ BRITISH BEETLES.
with the club usually four-jointed ; their anterior legs are approximated at the base, and the greater part are winged, and have the scutellum more or less distinct.
The species of Lixus are usually very elongate, cylin- drical, and narrow, with the grooves in the rostrum of very variable formation, but, as in Larinus, directed downwards^ and usually commencing between the middle and the apex. In the latter genus they meet beneath.
The Lioci are rare in this country, being found chiefly on the south coast. They live in water-plants, etc. ; one of then\, and that the most beautiful, L. hicolor, breeding in thistle-stems at Deal. AVhen freshly dis- closed this insect is clothed with very thick and bright scarlet and yellow down, which (as in the other members of the genus) readily rubs off, so that it is difficult to obtain good specimens for the cabinet. Old entomolo- gists used to pin the specimens alive immediately on capturing them ; because, if bottled or boxed, they soon divest themselves of their gaudy covering. According to M. Lacordaire, they are able during life to renew this plumage to a certain extent.
Another species, L. paraplecticus , is noteworthy on account of its very elongate, thin, pointed appearance, reminding one of the "walking-stick" insects. Very different to this are the allied Larinus and Rhlnocyllus ; squat, stumpy, and ovate ; found in thistle flowers, etc. on the coast. The latter, which is slightly hairy, was formerly considered a specific for toothache ; the genus Antiodontalgicus having been formed for its reception. Pissocles, resembling Hylobius, though on a smaller scale, frequents pine forests ; one species, P. pint, abounding in many parts of Scotland, where I have seen the female with her rostrum deeply buried into the soft
THE RHYNCHOPHORA, OR WEEVILS. 189
part between the outer bark and solid timber of fresh- cut fir-trees. In the hole thus formed an egg is depo- sited, the larva proceeding from which eats galleries under the bark until it is full grown, when it closes its retreat with particles of wood, frass, etc., and changes to pupa. The perfect insects are very prettily marked, being rich brown with golden-yellow spots : like Hylo- bius, they cling very tightly to the fingers when handled.
The species of Magdalinus, — small, oblong, parallel, dull black or bluish insects, — are found in the spring and early summer about dead wood in hedges, etc., or on young trees. They are chiefly conspicuous for the close punctuation of their thorax, and the occasionally spindle- shaped development of the antennae in the male. One species has been reared from larva found in burrows under the bark of willow-trees ; and the female of an- other, M. carbonarius, found in Scotland, has been observed to introduce its eggs into sickly branches of pine-trees, the larva eating its way along the pith for a considerable distance. After undergoing its metaiuor- phosis, the perfect insect escapes by means of a gallery gnawed by the larva through the solid wood, but not penetrating the outer bark.
Erirhinus (sometimes divided into two genera, — No- taris, wherein, amongst other characters, the femora are unarmed ; and Dorytomus, wherein they have a strong tooth on the under side) comprises several small common species, mostly found in wet places or on wil- lows, poplars, etc. The rostrum in all these is elongate and arched, and they are usually yellowish or dull brown in colour, slightly variegated with ill-defined lighter spots. Their larvae are chiefly found on Water-plants, those of E. festucce (not uncommon on the towing-path
190 BRITISH BEETLES.
near Hammersmith) living in the stems of Scirpus, of ■which it devours the pith.
Those of another species {E. vorax, common in the perfect state on poplars, upon which it may be detected lurking in chinks of the hark, and remarkable for the great length of the front legs in the male) have been found in the pods of laburnum, feeding on the seeds ; and the larva of a third {E. tceniatus) lives in the catkins of the sallow, which it mines for their entire length, and forms a cocoon for itself with the silky fibres peculiar to the seeds of that tree.
The species of Anthonomus, in which the rostrum is slender and usually long, and the prosternum very short, are small, moderately convex, and sometimes adorned with short variegated pubescence of a pinkish-grey tone relieved by a darker band. Some of them are well known to commit great havoc upon apples and pears, the female insect boring a hole with her slender rostrum into the young buds, and then depositing an e^^ into it, the larva proceeding from which subsists upon the young blossom (and occasionally the fruit), and forms a kind of cocoon with the petals, wherein it undergoes its changes. Other species infest the elm, bramble, etc. in like manner.
In the genus Balaninus the rostrum is very long, slender, and arched, sometimes nearly as long as the body, and the prosternum considerably elongate be- tween the front coxae. To it belongs the ''nut- weevil " before mentioned, the larva of which is so well known. The female deposits a single e^^ into the nut when the latter is very young, and has been stated to use her long beak as a drill in that operation. The larva, which leaves the vital part of the fruit until the last, when ar-
THE RHYNCHOPHORA, OR WEEVILS. 191
rived at its full growth, bores a hole through the shell and drops to the ground, into which it burrows prior to turning into pupa.
Other species operate in a similar way upon acorns {B. glandium), and the kernels of certain wild Pruni {B. cerasorum, found in the perfect state on birch). The larvse of one of the smallest, B. brassicce, have been observed to live in red galls on the leaves of willows, the formation of which has even been attributed to this insect, though it appears improbable that such could be the case. Another, B. villosus (Plate XII, Fig. 2, head and rostrum sideways, 2a), not uncommon on the oak, has been reared from larvse found in galls formed by a Cynips on the leaves of that tree.
Certain insects of the genera Tychius and Sibynes — the former found chiefly on the vetch and its allies, and the latter in dry sandy places — are conspicuous for their dense covering of light-coloured scales, being often beautifully spotted or banded. In the former genus the funiculus of the antennae consists of seven joints, whilst in Miccotrogus, which very closely resembles some of its members, it consists of only six.
In Orchestes (so named for its jumping habits) the head is very little projecting; the rostrum bent back on the under surface in repose; the eyes are very close on the upper side, and very often contiguous; and the posterior legs saltatorial, their femora being often enormously developed. It has six joints to the funiculus of the antennae, whilst in the close]y allied Tachyerges there are seven.
Their larvse are elongate, flat, with no tubercles, and mine in the leaves of difierent trees, eating the paren- chyma. When full grown they enclose themselves in
193 BRITISH BEETLES.
an oval silky cocoon^ the pupa having the thorax pro- duced in front into two strong projections, and the abdomen ending in two double-jointed projections, with several acute tubercles on the last segment beneath.
In Orthochcetes and Trachodes (the former found in moss and the latter in old twigs or in rotten wood) the scutellum and wings are absent. Both of them are set with stiff bristles.
The Baridiad.e have the front legs distant at the base, and the breast flat. We possess but one genus, Baridius, containing certain small, elongate, cylindrical beetles, mostly dull in appearance, and in some cases very slightly clothed with pubescence, which readily rubs off. They frequent Lepidium, Reseda, etc., and super- ficially resemble the species of Mecinus, which have but five joints to the funiculus.
The Cryptorhynchid.e have the rostrum bent down- wards, and received into a more or less distinct canal in the under side. The anterior legs are nearly always distant at the base.
The typical genus, Cryptorhyjichus, contains one species, Lapathi (Plate XII, Fig. 3), not uncommon on willows, into the trunk of which its larva bores, making large cylindrical holes. It has been noticed that this insect, when alarmed, makes a creaking noise by rubbing the base of its prothorax against the front of the meso- thorax.
In Coeliodes the rostrum is received into a canal be- tween the front and middle pair of legs ; its species are small, convex, and "dumpy;'' one of them, didymus, a dull greenish-grey insect, variegated with white scales, and having a white spot on each side of the elytra, is most abundant on nettles.
THE RHYNCHOPHORA, OR WEEVILS. 193
Rhytidosomus and Orobitis are both peculiar, on ac- count of their globular form ; the latter — a dark blue shining insect, found on a pretty species of vetch — hav- ing a habit of applying its legs close to its body. Packed up in this manner, it has all the appearance of a ripe seed of the common wild blue hyacinth, and its size seems much increased when it unfolds its long straggling limbs.
Mononychus pseudacori, a larger, awkward looking, dull black creature, with a white spot beneath the scu- tellum, has very clumsy legs, — of which the tibiae are obtusely and coarsely toothed on the outer side below the middle, — and only a single claw to the apical joint of each tarsus. Its larva feeds in the pod of the wild iris, and is taken in August, chiefly in the Isle of Wight.
The species oi Acalles, — dull brown, slightly varie- gated, with strong ridges and spines, — are found in old twigs, hedges, etc. They have a peculiar habit of si- mulating death, contracting their legs continuously with the under side of the body ; and one of them has been observed to make a stridulating noise similar to Crypto- rhynchus.
Bagous, Lyprus, and Hydronomus are all water-plant frequenters, frequently found in mud or even under water, and very often so encased with crusted dirt as to be difficult to distinguish. They have short antennse, and very slender tarsi, of which the third joint is not bilobed, and slightly (if at all) wider than the preceding, the apical joint being long. The first and second of these genera have the prosternum slightly excavated, whilst in the latter it is level. For this reason they have been separated widely in arrangements ; but they are in reality
o
194 BRITISH BEETLES.
very closely allied. Lyprus, "uliich is very attenuate^ and spider-like about the IcgSj has but six joints to the funiculus.
lu Litodactylus and its allies, all more or less attached to water-plants (some even existing under water, in Myriophyllum) , the rostrum is short and thick, the scu- tellum inconspicuous, and the eyes large and promi- nent ; and in Ceuthorhynchus, a very extensive genus of small convex species, the rostrum is long, arched, and slender, and received in repose only between the front pair of legs, there being no groove for it in the meso- sternura. Some of this genus (which is divided into two sections, the first having the femora simple beneath, whilst in the second they are toothed) are prettily varie- gated with Avhite scales ; others are metallic blue, or set sparingly with short stiff bristles.
Many of them are very abundant, and do considerable damage to culinary vegetables, either — as perfect insects — by piercing holes in them, or — as larvie — by forming gall -like excrescences on their roots. As is frequently the case, there is another genus [Ceuthorkynchideus) , closely resembling this in which there are six instead of seven joints to the funiculus.
The CioNiDjj have the antennae ten- or nine-jointed, short, the funiculus composed of five joints, and the club of three or four. They ai'e all small ; and (except Me- cinus, which is elongate and cylindrical) " squat " and rounded.
The species of Cionus are all beautifully variegated ; they frequent Verbascum and its allies, often in great numbers, the different species sometimes occurring in company. Their larva?, which are small, convex, and spotted, devour the entire parenchyma of the leaves, but
THE RHYNCHOPHORA^ OR WEEVILS. 195
do not touch the ribs and stem : they appear to make an open network cocoon. C. blattarice (Plate XII, Fig. 4) is, perhaps, the prettiest, and is not uncommon. lu repose, with its legs contracted, it affords an exact repre- sentation of a small patch of bird-droppings.
Nanophyes, a much smaller and elegantly banded in- sect, occurs (locally) in great profusion on low plants of Salicaria ; and the species of Gymnetron and Miarus especially frequent Veronica, Antirrhinum, and Cam- panula. They are mostly small, short-ovate, dull black, and set with rows of short yellowish hairs.
The Calandrid.e are here represented by one genus, Sitophilus, containing two species, granarias and oryzce, both doubtless imported, and the former being known par excellence (or pur the want of it) as tlte Weevil. Here the antennae are eight-jointed, the basal joint being long, and the apical one forming a large knob; the rostrum is long; the body somewhat flat; the thorax very coarsely punctured, the elytra scarcely covering the apex of the abdomen, and deeply striated, and the tibiae spined at the apex.
The " Corn-weevil'^ is small and pitchy-red in colour; it bores a hole with its rostrum in the grain, in which it lays an egg ; the young larva afterwards devouring all the contents, and leaving merely the husk, wherein" it turns to pupa. It has been observed that if suspected grain be thrown into water, the good will sink, while the infected seeds will float.
The other species, distinguished by its four red spots, attacks rice in a similar way.
The CossoNiDiE have short antennae, of which the fu- niculus is seven-jointed, the basal joint long, and the club either two jointed or nearly solid, so that there
o 2
J96 BRITISH BEETLES.
scorn to be nine joints in all ; their rostrum, also, is some- what deflexed ; their tibiae armed at the apex with a stout external hook, and their tarsi slender. They are all distinguished by a certain linear, parallel, flattish, or cylindrical habit, pre-eminently adapted for boring in wood, or existing under bark.
Cossonus linearis (Plate XII, Fig. 5) is very local ; but, when found, occurs in great profusion ; as, indeed, is the case with most of this family. Mesites Tardii, the largest, lives in the wood of ash-trees, etc., at Kil- larney, Mount Edgcumbe, and elsewhere on the western coast. It has very little the aspect of an English species, and varies much in size. In the male the antennae are inserted near the apex of the rostnm, which is dull, en- larged, and suddenly contracted behind their articula- tion; whilst in the female it is smooth, narrow, and ■with the antennae inserted close to the base.
Some of the remaining species, — small, obscure, cylin- drical beetles, — are common in half rotten wood, under fir bark, etc.
The remaining family, the Hi/lesinida (also termed Scolytida, or Tomicida), are by some authors raised to a sectional rank, under the name Xylophaga ; but, being intimately allied to the Cossonidce, they are generally considered as a division of the RJiyncliophora, connect- ing that section with the next.
These insects have been fully described by Erichson, in Wiegmann's Archiv. fiir Naturg., vol. ii., 1836 (an abstract of which appeared in the ' Naturalist ' for De- cember of the same year), and also (with others injurious to timber) by Ratzeburg, ' Die Forst-Iusecten,' Berlin, 1837, — a work of considerable value.
They have the head somewhat globular, deeply sunk
THE RHYNCHOPHORA, OR WEEVILS. 197
in the thorax (Plate XII, Fig. 6a; head and thorax of Hylesinus vittatus) , and produced into the suggestion of a rostrum in front ; the antennae (which have never more than ten joints) elbowed, having a long basal joint, and a more or less flattened club, which is either solid or four-jointed ; the front coxse globose, prominent, and not widely separated ; the tibiae flattened and widened at the apex, hooked at the extremity, fossorial, and usually toothed or crenulated on the outer side; the mandibles short, robust, prominent, and triangular ; the maxillae thin, broad, and spined internally, with their palpi minute and conical ; the labrum obsolete ; the eyes vertically oblong, and the third joint of the tarsi bi-lobed, except in Tomicus and Platypus.
All the species are small, mostly black or dull brown in colour, and usually somewhat oblong, or cylindrical in shape, being especially convex on the upper side.
Many of them are very destructive to trees; their larvae eating irregular galleries at right angles from a straighter central line; and it is from their habit of always engraving this kind of pattern in their devasta- tions that some of them have been termed " Typogra- phers."
The small, dull black, elongate, cylindrical species of Hylastes occur in profusion in the tracks eaten by their larvae under the bark of decaying or felled pine-trees ; they have the club of the antennae scarcely flattened, the tibiae distinctly spurred at the aj)ex, and the prostcrnum excavated in front; whilst in Hylurgus piniperda, a larger, more robust insect, found sometimes in still greater profusion, and very injurious to fir-trees, this excavation is obsolete.
The Hylesini have an elongate oval club to the an-
398 BRITISH BEETLES.
tennre, and the tibi?e obsoletelj' spurred ; tliey, also, feed on wood. One small species, H. vittatus (PI. XII, Fig. G), is very prettily variegated.
It is, however, to the genus Scohjtus that the un- v.orthy distinction of destructive ability inust be awarded; one of them, the destroyer, S. destructor, being notoi'ious for the ravages it inflicts, both in its larval and perfect state, upon elm-trees, especially in the London parks.
Its larvse are white, fleshy, thick, curved, and footless ; ■with wrinkled backs, hard heads, and powerful mandi- "bles; they feed in gangs; and, although small, are so numerous, that the fate of a tree is sealed when once they obtain a lodgment.
In the perfect insect, which is very elevated, stumpy, and cylindrical, with the head bent downwards and in- wards,— the elytra are abruptly and obliquely truncate behind ; and in some of the other species the abdomen has a flat horizontal tooth on its second segment be- neath.
Xyloterus Uneatus (PI. XIII, Fig. 1), an elegantly striped insect, with more pretensions to beauty than its allies, is found (rarely) in Scotland : I have seen it with its head and thorax protruding from its neat circular drill in the solid wood of felled pines ; but it is oftcner seen than taken, owing to its habit of backing quickly to an indefinite depth into its burrow, on the approach of the bark-knife. In this species the antennae have a rounded club, whilst in the other [domesticvs) the club is pointed ; in both, each of the eyes is widely divided, the funiculus is four-jointed, and the club solid.
The minute Hypothemenus eruditus (an insect Giles Gingerbread, who "on learning fed") was discovered by !Mr. Westwood burrowing in the cover of an old
THE RHYNCHOPHORA, OR WEEVILS. 109
volume^ from which strange locality it derives the at- tribute of erudition conveyed by its name. Both genus and species were then new to science ; and the beetle has never, I believe, been found since its original capture.
The Toniici have emarginate eyes, five joints to the funiculus, and the third joint of the tarsi simple ; they are sometimes pubescent, and always elongate, narrow, cylindrical, and more or less truncate behind, especially in the male, which sex also often exhibits strong spines on the edges of the truncation. They abound in larch- trees, elms, etc., and their larvse resemble those of Sco- lytus in miniature ; the pupse differing, however, in the possession of two spines at the apes of the abdomen.
Lastly, Platypus cylindrus (PI. XIII, Fig. 2), found rarely here, and chiefly in the New Forest, departs from the others (amongst other characters) in its very short antennse, which have a long basal joint, a very com- pressed four -jointed funiculus, and an extremely large, flat, round club ; its widened and flattened front femora ; very short tibiae, short hind legs, and extremely long and slender tarsi, which are longer than the femora and tibiae, and of which the basal joint is longer than all the rest put together, and the third joint is simple. Its larva, which feeds upon oak, differs from that of Scolytus in being short and straight, somewhat truncate behind, with a large head and several rows of tubercles on the sides.
It should be remarked that the BostrichidcB, above associated with the Malacodermi, present great resem- blance .to certain of this family ; in wliich, indeed, they have been placed by Latreille and other authors. But in the Bostrichidce the larvfe have legs, which are want- ing in those of the Hylesinidce ; and, although the per-
200 BRITISH BEETLES.
feet insect appears in both to have only four joints to the tarsi, yet in the former there are five, the basal joint being very small; whilst in the latter the /owr/A joint is obsolete, or confused in the middle of the lobes of the third : the parts of the mouth, moreover, are of a much higher development in Bostrichus and its allies. As if to increase the confusion, cetain other authors, while separating these two groups Midely, apply the name of the Bostrichidce to the present family.
201
CHAPTER XVIII.
THE LONGICOENES.
The members of this section present a considerable family likeness to each other, chiefly on account of their long antennae, which are never clubbed, but at most ser- rated, being generally filiform or setaceous, and having a long, thickened, basal joint. Their eyes are kidney- shaped, or strongly hollowed out in the middle of their front side, having the antennae frequently inserted in the excavated portion, and sometimes entirely dividing each eye into two parts ; their mandibles stout, sharp at the point, and usually large, the head never being pro- duced into a rostrum in front, as in the Rhynchophora. The mentum is transverse and short, and the labium usually membraneous and cordate; the palpi being moderately long and filiform, though sometimes short or truncated ; the elytra, which are broader than the thorax, do not encase the sides of the abdomen, which is composed of five free ventral segments; the legs are long, having often clavate femora, with the tibiae not bearing external rows of spines, but distinctly spurred at the apex; and the tarsi have the three basal joints clothed with a dense silky or spongy substance, the first and second joints being widened, the third strongly bi-
203 BRITISH BEETLES.
lobed, generally being divided into tAvo rounded lappets, the (normal) fourth obsolete, hidden in, or soldered, to the centre of the third, and the apical joint long, slender, and strongly clawed.
They are entirely plant-frequenting insects, existing as larvae and pupse either in solid timber, or on the sur- face of felled logs, etc., beneath the bark ; and, in their perfect state haunting the trunks of trees and bundles of dry twigs, or basking in flowers. ^lany of the gaily- coloured species delight in the hot sunshine, flying readily, and running with great activity up and down the surface of timber ; but some appear to be sluggish in the warmer part of the day, and to fly readily towards evening, often with a humming noise.
The females are less active than the males, being sel- dom seen on the wing ; they are, also, usually larger and heavier, and have shorter antennse, and a more or less developed ovipositor, partly horny and partly membra- neous, being a continuation of the end of the abdomen, and capable of considerable elongation, somewhat after the fashion of the tubes of a telescope. A^ ith this in- strument,— which can be thrust to some distance from the surface into holes in wood or cracks in bark, to the sinuosities of which its substance readily adapts itself, — eggs are placed in positions where the young larva will be both secure and in the midst of suitable food.
The larvte, which often grow to a large size, and live for a long time before they assume the pupa state, com- mit much damage to trees; steadily gnawing clean-cut galleries or tubes through solid timber, and filling up their track with their frass of woody fibres. On account of this long duration of their larval condition, and of their habit of boring deeply away from the surface, —
THE LONGICORNES. 203
near which their traces are small^ the gallery getting, of course, larger as the larva increases in size, — foreign species have often been introduced into this country in wood ; and, as the perfect insects are hardy and fly strongly, they have been caught in places far from their original spot of landing. In this way a large North American Longicorn has occurred near Manchester; and may, indeed, be said to have become naturalized, as specimens of it have been taken at considerable inter- vals, and always in the same wood, where the original specimen, in all probability, laid her eggs.
The larvae of the Longicornes are soft, dirty white, and fleshy, somewhat flattened, broadest in front, the second segment being large and flat ; with the head broad, de- pressed, hard, retractile, and having strong mandibles, minute retractile anrennEe, and rudimentary tubercular eyes on each side. They possess six very small, jointed, horny legs in front ; but thrust themselves along their galleries by means of fleshy dorsal elevations, the seg- ments being all more or less retractile.
Our species, very few in number compared with those of most other countries, may be considered as divided into four families : — the Prionidce, Cerambi/cida, La- miadee, and Lepturida; ; the three last of which are again separated into sub-families.
The Prionid^ have the labrum obsolete or very small ; the mandibles large and robust, especially in the males ; the inner lobe of the maxillae obsolete or small; the palpi moderately long; the labium small ; the antennae inserted close above the base of the mandibles, but with the insertion not surrounded by the emargination of the eyes ; the head not narrowed behind into a neck ; the thorax subquadrate, spined or toothed at the sides; the
201 BRITISH BEETLES.
elytra spined at the apex ; and the anterior coxa trans- verse and wide apart.
We possess but one genus and species, Prionus cori- arius, the largest of the section in England. This in- sect is by no means common, occurring very rarely near London, though sometimes taken more frequently in woods near the south-coast. It is a very large, dull brown, flat, clumsily-built creature, having broad, ser- rated antennae, prominent mandibles, strong spines to the sides of its thorax, and wide tarsi ; it rests on the trunks of trees during the day, and is usually taken when flying heavily towards evening.
Its larva is a broad, flattish, white grub, narrowed behind, with its head bearing very strong small trian- gular mandibles, and capable of being considerably re- tracted into the first segment, which is short, the second being large and flattened : it has six minute legs in front, and also fleshy protuberances on the under side. It feeds in solid timber, and forms a lai'ge cocoon with pieces of gnawed wood, etc., taking the precaution (so very prevalent in timber-feeding insects), when nearly full grown, of boring its gallery towards the outer sur- face of the tree in which it lives, so that the perfect insect has but little work to do in making its escape.
The CerambyciDtE are divided into four sub-families: — the Cerambycides, Callidiades, Chjtides, and Obriadcs ; and are distinguished by their slightly deflexed head, unarmed tibiae, laterally dilated thorax, and sub-globose anterior coxre, and by having their antennae (which are generally very long, and never serrated) inserted at some distance from the mandibles.
The Cerambycides (in which the head is exserted, the antennae have the second joint transverse, the thorax
THE LONGICORNES. 205
armed with a lateral spine, the femora slender, almost cylindrical, and the shoulders of the elytra rectangular) are here represented by Aromia moschata, often found in the London district on old willows (which are much damaged by its larvse), and generally known as the " Musk-beetle," on account of its sweet smell ; which is, however, much more like otto of roses than musk.
This scent is so strong as to be readily noticed at some distance from trees frequented by the insects ; which may be seen in June flying strongly in the hot sunshine : the males, in which the antennse are very long, are by far the most active ; and it has been re- marked that the peculiar odour, — which is strongest in the female, and especially at the coupling time, — acts probably as an attraction to them. A live specimen, im- prisoned for a short time in a handkerchief, will impart an agreeable and enduring scent to it.
This insect, which is rather narrow, long, blue or coppery-green in colour, and somewhat shagreened in texture, possesses in a marked degree a habit found in most Longicornes, viz. that of making a loud, sharp, squeaking noise, by moving the head and prothorax briskly up and down, the inner part of the hinder margin of the latter rubbing against the smooth part of the front of the mesothorax.
The CalUdiades are somewhat depressed, and have the head inserted in the thorax almost up to the eyes, the labrum small, the thorax with no lateral spine, the fe- mora nearly always clavate, and the front and hind coxae usually somewhat approximated.
Three genera are found in England, viz. Callidium, Hylotrupes, and Asemum. The species of the former are of considerable brightness : they frequent fir-wood.
206 BRITISH BEETLES.
etc., and thus are liable to get transported from one locality to another in building materials, etc. It has, indeed, been suggested (and with apparent reason) that one, if not more, of the species in this genus, now cer- tainly considered as indigenous, have been in this way introduced from abroad. C. violaceum, a dull violet- coloured, flattened insect, was formerly of great rarity, though now very common in many parts of the country ; and it is impossible to distinguish British from Canadian examples; — much timber coming to us from North America. Its transformations have been accurately de- scribed in the Liunean Transactions, vol. v., by Kirby ; from whose account it appears that the larva mines gal- leries on the surface of felled fir-trees, under the bark, burrowing deeply and obliquely into the solid wood be- fore changing to pupa. Its mandibles are very stout and solid, resembling two sections of a cone applied against each other for the whole of their flattened sides.
C. alni (Plate XIII, Fig. 3) is the smallest, and ele- gantly variegated : it occurs plentifully in hedges, etc., both on flowers and in dry twigs.
H. bajulus, a dull blackish species, variegated with greyish down, and having two shining black marks cu the thorax, is occasionally taken near London ; where its larva has been known to do considerable damage in the timber of houses, even penetrating sheets of lead.
A. striatum, — very dull, entirely black, and sluggish, — occurs in Scotland, settling on freshly-cut pine stumps.
The Clytidcs have the thorax nearly globose, and are represented by one genus, Clytus ; the species of which somewhat resemble wasps, being mostly black with yel- low bands : their larvffi make circular holes in palings
THE LONGICORNES. 207
and poles, etc. C. arietis is very abundant in flowers^ etc., about Jane.
The Obriacks bave the thorax cylindrical, constricted at the base; the antennae setaceous, never less than the body in length ; the elytra entire and parallel^ and the femora clavate.
Obrium cantharinum, a small, shining, entirely reddish species, with large eyes, and very long antennoe, is of considerable rarity : Gracilia jjygmaa, our other repre- sentative, duller and darker, occurs not unfrequently on old wood-work, twigs, etc.
The Lamiad,!: are divided into two sub-families, La- miades and Saperdides ; in which the head is abruptly and vertically bent down, the antennse are inserted within the emargination of the eyes, the tibiae armed with small spurs, and the legs not very elongate.
In the Lamiades the femora are distinctly clavate, the intermediate tibiae obliquely truncated, and with a se- tose tubercle on the outer side behind the middle, the thorax is armed with a lateral spine, and the mandibles are short.
In this sub'family some of our largest and most curious Longicornes are found ; Lamia textor and Asti- nomus (sditis being especially remarkable. The former of these is a large, clumsy, convex, dull black insect, found near Bristol, and at Rannoch in Perthshire, on willow-trees and in osier beds, the top shoots of which it is reported to weave together as a nidus.
The other, A. cedilis (Plate XIII, Fig. 4), is con- spicuous for the enormous length of its antennae, espe- cially in the male. This, also, occurs at Rannoch, where it may be not uncommonly seen flying across the glades of the Black Forest with its long appendages streaming
208 BllITISH BEETLES.
behind. It loves to settle on felled pine logs, with its antennae spread out like compasses ; from which habit it is termed by the Highlanders " Timberraan;'' a name, curiously enough, also applied to it in Lapland and Sweden, where it is common. If two males come within range they inevitably fight; for which reason, and also on account of their delicate structure, it is difficult to obtain quite perfect specimens.
The larva makes wide galleries and perforations in pine stumps, forming a nidus with coarse gnawed frag- ments near the surface, in which it changes to pupa. In this state the antennae are turned downwards and recurved towards the middle of the head. The larva appears to be full fed at the beginning of the summer, and, after remaining two or three weeks in the pupa state, changes to the perfect state; staying as such in its nest until the following summer.
The species of Pogonocherus are very much smaller, having the elytra slightly hairy, generally spined at the apex, and with the front greyish-white. They are beaten out of bundles of old twigs and faggots in hedges.
In the Saperdides, which are all more or less cylin- drical, the femora are not clavate ; and the thorax, which has no spine at the sides, is continuous in outline with tlie elytra, being, moreover, deeply sinuated on the sides beneath.
Here are situated some of our most handsome species ; notably Saperda scalaris (Plate XIII, Fig. 5), a very beautifully coloured insect, occurring near Manchester and at Rannoch.
0^i\ie.oi\\ev Saper dee, — which appear to affect aspens, poplars, and willows, — carcharias (found in fenny dis- tricts) is remarkable for its large size and uniform yellow-
THE LONGICORNES. 209
ochreous tint ; and populnea, a hairy, minutely speckled insect, common near London on young aspens, is readily found in its larval state by the round swollen knobs which it makes in the stems of that tree.
Another genus, Tetrops, — of which the single species is also common near London, and easily known by its linear shape, very small size, black head and thorax, and brownish elytra, — is worthy of notice on account of each of its eyes being absolutely divided into two by the in- sertion of its antennae.
The Leptuuid^, as compared with their allies, are more active and diurnal in their habits, smaller in size, and with shorter antennae.
Their eyes are almost rounded, or only slightly emar- ginate; their head bent downwards, but not abruptly so, and with a distinct neck ; their labrum is mostly conspicuous ; their thorax narrowed in front, and their elytra more or less contracted behind.
They form two sub-families, the Molorchides and Lepturides ; in the former of which the elytra are ab- breviated, with the wings exserted ; the femora clavate the front coxae approximated ; and the thorax cylindrica]> with a small lateral tubercle.
We possess one genus, Molorchus, containing two species; one of which, M. umbellatarum (Plate XIII, Fig. 6), — sometimes found in flowers, but much more readily obtained by beating bundles of dead twigs in hedges, — is not uncommon near London. Its small size, narrow appearance, long thin legs and antennae, short wing-cases and exposed wings, easily distinguish it from any other insect.
The Lepturides have the front coxae much projecting, and usually wide apart ; the antennae rarely longer than
210 BRITISH BEETLES.
the body ; the thorax generally almost transverse ; and the femora but slightly thickened.
In Rhagium, — the species of which are very abundant in piue woods, and which may be found in all their stages under fir- bark, the larvae eating galleries on the surface, — the antennae are very short, and the entire insect is flattened, broad, and of a comparatively dull, mottled appearance. The pupae have rows of short spines across the segments of the abdomen; as in Cossus and other wood-feeding Lepidoptera.
Toxotus, — a most variable insect, both in size and colour, — has long straggling legs and antennae, and flies with a considerable noise in the hot sunshine ; it is however surpassed, in point of variation, by the common Strangalia armata (Plate XIV, Fig. I ; a dark variety), of which it is difiicult to obtain two specimens exactly alike ; and in the male of which the hinder tibiae have two conspicuous tooth-like processes on the inner side.
This insect, — which, according to the predominance of colour, may be designated either as yellow with black spots, or as black with yellow, — is abundant during the summer months on the flowers of Umbellifera, especially at the margins of woods ; and is very active both with its legs and wings (at all events when the sun shines), taking to flight readily, and making ludicrous move- ments in its hurry to escape.
The Longicornes are, as a rule, so rare in this country, that the young collector will probably be some time before he takes more than this insect, one or two small species of Grammopiera, Clyius ai'ietis, and a Rliayium.
There are no particular Avorks upon this section to which it would be of any use to direct the beginner; except, perhaps^ Mulsant's Longicorns of France.
211
CHAPTER XIX.
THE EUPODA, OR PHYTOPHAGA.
In this, the last section of the Pseudo-tetramerous beetles, there is no rostrum; the antennae (which are generally much shorter than the body) are straight, never elbowed or clavate, but either filiform, moniliform, or serrate, and with a short basal joint; the head is sunk into the thorax as far as the eyes ; the parts of the mouth are but little prominent, the mandibles being short, triangular, and bifid or trifid at the apex, the maxilloe formed of two lobes, of which the inner one is unarmed, and the jsalpi terminated by a subulate or short joint; the elytra cover the sides of the abdomen, which is composed of five free ventral segments; the femora are sometimes thickened ; the tibiae usually not spurred at the apex, or very slightly so; and the third joint of the tarsi bi-lobed.
Its members are all essentially vegetable- feeders, very rarely attaining any large size, mostly oval and convex in shape; diurnal in habits, though (except the Halti- cidce) slow in their movements ; and generally punctate- striate, and of bright metallic hues.
Our species are divided into nine families — the Sa- grid(B, Donaciadce, Criocerida, C/ylhridce, Cryptocepha-
p 2
212 BRITISH BEETLES.
lidcB, Chrysomelidae, Gallerucidce, Halticida, and Cassi- didce.
The Sagrid^ (wliicli comprise some very large and splendid exotic insects) are here only represented by a single genus, Orsodacna; the few British species of which are of considerable rarity, being usually found in the blossoms of the whitethorn. They, are small, narrow, linear insects, exhibiting no particular points for obser- vation.
In this family the apex of the mandibles is entire, without emargination ; and the labium is deeply incised, so as to become bilobed.
The DoNACiAD^ have the antennse long, and inserted before the eyes; the head prominent, and rather con- stricted behind; the first segment of tbe abdomen as long as all the rest together; and tbe legs long and straggling, the femora (and especially the hinder pair) being often much thickened and toothed on the under side.
We possess two genera, Dotiacia a.ndi Hainonia ; the members of whicb are exclusively attached to water- plants (as the specific names of many of them import), in the stems of which their naked larvse are found ; the pupse being enclosed in transparent silken cocoons, at- tached to the roots or filaments. The Donacue are all more or less coarsely punctured and metallic above, with fine silky down on the under-side ; they have a narrow thorax and somewhat flattened elytra, and are usually found in great numbers, being gregarious. Some of the species have a variegated longitudinal metallic stripe on each wing-case ; and a few are exceedingly variable in colour, specimens of all shades from dull black to light brass being seen together, the intermediate examples
THE EUPODA, OR PHYTOPIIAGA. 213
exhibiting beautiful shades of dark and light blue^ green, copper, purple, and red : there are, in fact, few prettier objects than the broad leaf of a water-lily, rippled over by the clear stream, and studded with these living gems (which, beautiful in death, are a thousand times more so when alive), basking in the summer sun.
Our other genus, Hcemonia, has long straggling legs, the apical joint of the tarsi being very long and pre- hensile. Both the species are found on water-plants [Zostera and Potamogeton) , even beneath the surface; but H. Curtisii (Plate XIV, Fig. 2) is by far the most common. They have the antennae inserted close together, and the apex of the elytra produced into a spine.
The Criocerid^ have the eyes emarginate, with the antennse inserted within their front inner margin; the mandibles truncate at the tip, with two or three acute teeth, and the labium entire.
We possess three genera, Zeugophora, Lema, and Crioceris ; the two first of which do not require any especial remark, the only peculiarity about either of them being that Z. subspinosa, a little blue-black insect with reddish head and thorax, found on aspens, has a wary habit of folding up its legs and dropping, on the approach of the net.
The species of Crioceris are, however, more conspicu- ous, both from appearance and economy. One of them, C. merd'igera, of great rarity here, though sometimes occurring near London in the flowers of lilies, is, when alive, of a bright scarlet colour, which fades after death. The eggs of this insect are laid on lily-leaves, and glued together ; and the young larvae, when hatched, feed for some time gregariously, though separating as they grow older. These larvse defend themselves from the heat of
214 BRITISH BEETLES.
the suu^ etc., by covering their hacks with their own excrement, gradually pushed from the end of the intes- tinal canal, the opening of which is situated on the back of the last segment. This coating dries into a hard layer, from which the larva can free itself at pleasure. When full grown it descends to the ground, in which it forms a polished oval cell.
C asparagi (Plate XIV, Fig. 3), a smaller and much more abundant species, is very prettily marked, and sometimes does considerable damage to asparagus, on which its short, fleshy, grey larvse feed. This insect has been observed to make a squeaking noise, similar to that of the Longicornes above-mentioned.
The Clythrid.e have the head vertical, and the an- tennae serrate and short; their larvae live in hairy, leathery cases, which they drag about, with their head and legs protruding from the narrow end; and have, when taken out of their covering, much the appearance of those of the small Lamellicornes.
Our species are by no means common ; occurring in woods, where they have been bred from ants' nests. C. tridentata, a greyish-brown insect, with blue-black head, thorax, and limbs, has very long front legs ; and C. qua- dripunctata, as its name implies, may be distinguished by its four black spots.
The little Lamprosoma concolor is so exceeding un- like its allies, both in size, shape, and colour, as to seem at first sight misplaced in this family. Its structure will be readily understood from its old generic name, Oomorphus, or egg-shape ; and it much resembles cer- tain species of Phadon in the ChrysomeJidce.
The Cryptocephalid^, also, have the head vertical, and sunk in the thorax ; the body being cylindrical, and
THE EUPODA, OR PHYTOPHAGA. 215
seeming to be truncate in front. Their antennse are long and filiform ; their thorax margined ; their pygi- dium not entirely covered by the elytra^ and their eyes kidney- shaped.
Our single genus, Cryptocephalus, contains many brilliant species, found on hazel, oak, birch, sallow, etc. They are only to be seen during fine weather, and chiefly in the hottest part of the day, retiring when the sun is overclouded. The approach of the net, and sometimes even the step or shadow of the collector, is enough to make these wary little beauties drop from their leafy perch. Their larvse are enclosed in cases somewhat like those of Clythra, supposed to be formed of earth, but which in one case has been found to consist of the ex- crement of the larva, moulded into shape with its man- dibles.
The sexes vary somewhat in this genus, the males being usually less bulky, and having longer legs and an- tennse. In C. coryli, found on hazel bushes at Darenth in June, the female is entirely red, while the male has a black thorax.
C. sexpunctatus, found in the same place, and at Cobham, Kent, is elegantly spotted ; though the palm of beauty in this respect must be given to C. decempunc- tatus, recently discovered at Rannoch, by Mr. Sharp and the author, on dwarf sallow. This species is exceed- ingly variable; one form being clear yellowish-white, with ten round black spots ; another orange with transverse black bands, and a third entirely black. Others of our Cryptocephali are wholly of a lovely green ; either frosted (C aureolus andsencews; the latter common at Mickle- ham on Hieracium) or dark and shining (C nitidulus, Cobham and Mickleham, birch) . Of the smaller species
216 BRITISH BEETLES.
C. hilineatus (Plate XIV^ Fig. 4) is elegantly banded ; it is found commonly by sweeping, etc., at Micklebam.
The ChrysomelidyE (or "Golden-apple beetles") have the bead sunk in tbe protborax, but more exposed tban in tbe last family; tbe antennse sborter, monili- forra, and sligbtly tbickened towards tbe tips ; tbe legs of equal size ; tbe palpi sbort ; no spurs to tbe tibiaj ; tbe tborax fitting closely to tbe base of tbe elytra; and tbe body bemispberic or oval. Tbey are found on low plants and sbrubs, for climbing on wbich tbeir broad tarsi are eminently adapted.
We possess several genera and species of tbis family, many of wbicb are conspicuous for tbeir beauty.
Tbe only large one, Timarcha Icevigata, sometimes known as " tbe Bloody-nosed beetle,'^ on account of its habit of distilling a drop of clear red fluid from tbe moutb wben bandied, is common in grassy lanes : it is very convex, dull but smootb in texture, and of an uni- form blue-black colour, witb exceedingly wide tarsi, especially in tbe male; wbicb, as usual, is ratber smaller, not quite so dull, and bas longer legs. Its larva is also frequently to be seen clinging to low plants in lanes and on commons : it is of a sinning bluisb-green colour, very convex, and elevated in tbe middle.
Chrysomela distinyuenda (Plate XIV, Pig. 5) is not uncommon near London, in grassy places, on tbe flowers of Antirrhinum, etc. ; tbe contrast of colour afibrded by its dark blue-black elytra, broadly margined witb orange, being very effective.
C. menthastri and graminis, two of tbe largest, are especially conspicuous from tbeir somewbat oblong form and uniform ricb green metallic bue, wbicb, in grami- nis especially, runs to blue and coppery reflections; but
THE EUPODA, OR PHYTOPHAGA. 217
C. cerealis, striped longitudinally and alternately with purple, green, gold, and reddish copper, is perhaps the most handsome. It is found at the roots of wild thyme on Snowdon. The commonest species is C.polita, abun- dant in grassy places; it is shining, blue-green, with red- dish-brown elytra, round and convex ; and it is from the general rotundity and convexity of the members of this section that the name of Cyclica has been applied to it.
Of the allied species, Lina populi and tremulce deserve notice : both are blue-black with brown wing-cases, and not uncommon on poplar and aspen ; the former being distinguished by its larger size, and a small black spot at the apex of its elytra. They are gregarious in their habits ; L. tremula being often found in great numbers and in all its stages on the same tree. The larvse, which are tuberculated, whitish, and adorned with straight rows of dark-brown spots (somewhat resembling those of the common seven-spot Lady-bird), have a custom of distilling from their mouth, tubercles, and apparently all other available orifices, a peculiar and strong-smelling yellow fluid ; also emitted, though in a less quantity, by the perfect insect.
This fluid, similar, but more intense, in odour to that secreted by many Lady-birds, has been stated to be a specific for toothache, if rubbed into the gums; the remedy, however, seems at once so unlikely and nauseous, that nothing but the recollection of chloroform (origi- nally obtained from an acid produced by ants) restrains one from dismissing the idea as absurd.
The pupse of these insects are also spotted, and at- tached to leaves and twigs by their tails; having the " mortal coil " of their larva-dom " shuffled off"," but still clinging to their extremity.
218 BRITISH BEETLES.
The oblong species of Gonioctena, — some of wliicli are, when alive, bright red with black spots, — are found on aspens ; they have a small tooth in the middle of their claws, and the tibia; also strongly and sharply toothed on the outer side just above the apex.
Gash'ophysa, as its name implies, contains insects in which the abdomen is much inflated, — especially in the females; these may be seen crawling slowly on path- ways in cornfields, or on the common dock, with their elytra elevated, and abdominal plates widely distended, througli the large mass of eggs with which they are loaded.
The remaining genera, usually found on plants near water, demand no comment ; except, perhaps, Phratora, of which the narrow and uniformly blue or brassy species are exceedingly common on willows, both in the summer ontheleaves and trunk, and in winter hybernating beneath the bark in society. The larvae, also are gregarious, feeding in rows upon the leaves, of which they devour only one side.
The Gallerucid.e are mostly oval and somewhat convex, being generally decidedly widest behind; their legs are nearly uniform, the hind femora being simple, and the front coxse approximated ; their antennae are of considerable length, closer together at the base than in the ChrysomeUd(B, and not thickened at the apex ; their head is inserted in the thorax almost up to the eyes, which are entire, the thorax itself being margined at the sides, more or less hollowed out in front, and with pro- duced front angles ; the maxillary palpi are thickest in the middle, with the apical joints resembling two cones, united at the base ; and the claws have a tooth in the middle.
They are of softer integuments than the Chrysomelid<B
THE EUPODA; OR PHYTOPHAGA. 219
and not so gaily coloured or metallic, though equally- diurnal and attached to plants.
Our largest species is Adimonia tanaceti, a dull black, sluggish, thickly and coarsely punctured insect, found on the wild tansy, especially in chalky places on the south coast. It exhibits in a marked degree the pecu-- liarity of the family of being widest behind; and its female has somewhat the distended appearance of Gas- tropliysa above mentioned, possessing, also, though in a minor degree, Lina'^ evil habit of distilling and smelling. Of the others in this genus, A. capreee is exceedingly common on osiers, and less so on heath, — a very wide range of food-plant, — and, when feeding on the latter, becomes of a much darker colour; and A. sanguinea, found in ]\ I ay-blossom, is of a bright red tint.
The Galleruca are mostly narrow in shape, dull-yellow or brown in colour, roughly granulated, covered with a close powdery grey pubescence, and gregarious ; being found in numbers on willows and water-plants. Their larvse, — which are sluggish, rather elongate, wrinkled, and with lateral tubercles and an anal projection, serving as an extra leg, — live in company, and commit great ravages, often stripping every leaf off the trees, etc., on which they feed.
Agelastica halensis, very common in the south, abounding in grassy places towards the autumn, is our brightest species ; it is upwards of a quarter of an inch long, with its broad elytra and the top of its head bright green, more or less running into dark blue, its mouth, thorax, body and legs yellow, and tarsi, antennse, and tips of tibise black.
Auchenia, adorned with four spots, and the narrow delicate Calomicrus circumfusus (Plate XIV, Fig. 6) are
220 BRITISH BEETLES.
the only species we possess that can be cousidercd as at all variegated in markings ; the latter (in which the elytra always gape somewhat) has much the fades of certain of the Halticidm, and lives gregariously on the dwarf furze.
Finally, Lyperus, elongate, feebly-built, with very large granulated eyes, and exceedingly long and fragile antennae (especially in the male; whose body, also, is longer), of which the second joint is minute, occurs plentifully on alders, and other marsh-loving trees.
The Halticidjs are at once distinguished from the other families by their thickened hinder femora, which are formed for jumping; an exercise in which they freely indulge, often to the disgust of the collector, who gets his net half full of some desired species (for they are usually gregarious), and perhaps succeeds in bottling only a dozen, owing to the extreme activity and long leaps of his temporary captives.
Their antennse are inserted between the eyes, and, in the majority, close together; their elytra have the margin sinuated, aud their front coxffi arc almost trans- verse, and not approximated.
We possess more than a hundred species of this family, descriptions of which (with many others) will be found in the 'Essai Monographique sur les Galerucites Ani- sopodes (Altises) d'Europe,' by AI. AUard, Paris, 1861 (extracted from the Annals of the French Ent. Society).
They are all small, mostly metallic, strongly punc- tured, and often gaily coloured; varying from a very convex and globular to an elongate form, but preserving throughout a certain likeness. They frequent all kinds of plants, but one species is generally attached to its particular favourite; Thistles, Hazel, Mallow, Willow, Mercurialis, Salicaria, Euphorbia^ Rubus, Nasturtium,
THE EUPODAj OR PHYTOPHAGA. 221
Thapsus, Dulcamara, Hyoscyamus, Atropa, Alliaria, and the Crucifera generally, having all their peculiar de- vonrers in this family.
Graptodera contains our largest species; somewhat resembling the Gallerucida in shape; usually of an uni- form blue or green in colour ; and occurring plentifully on hazel, etc. : Hermceophaga, considerably smaller, and very convex, is exclusively devoted to Mercmnalis peren- nis, the leaves of which are riddled by it to a large ex- tent : Crepidodera, distinguished by the abrupt depres- sion in the middle of the base of the thorax, comprises several insects of bright and metallic colours, C. helxines, aurata, and chloris being especially bright ; of these the first is the largest and broadest, found on poplars, with entirely yellow antennse and legs (except the hind fe- mora), uniformly coppery, green, or blue, and with the thorax not so roughly or closely punctured as the second, which is smaller, occurs on willows abundantly, has its antennse, and sometimes its legs, more or less suffused with dark, and its thorax often of a different colour to its elytra. C. chloris, found on poplars, is narrower than aurata, always unicolorous, and with four joints at the base of its antennse yellow, the remainder being ab- ruptly black.
The species of Mantura are remarkable for their cylin- drical shape, — affording a great contrast to the larger and pallid SiJhcerodermcE, which resemble nothing so much in structure as half a microscopic orange, with the flat side down.
Aphthona contains some inconspicuous forms, some- what resembling certain of the genus Thyamis, from which they may be distinguished by the basal joint of their hinder tarsi being much shorter.
233 BRITISH BEETLES.
The species of Phyllotreta are especially addicted to tlie destruction of cruciferous plants; certain of them being known as the "Turnip-flea" or ''-fly," on account of their ravages upon that vegetable, the leaves of which are both mined by their small elongate dotted larvse, and devoured by the perfect insect. They are mostly black ; often having on the elytra yellowish-white stripes, which are sometimes divided into spots. The male of P. nodicornis, a linear bronze-coloured insect, most abundant on Reseda lutea (wild mignonette), is remark- able for the abrupt, flattened, and exceedingly conspicu- ous plate formed by the fourth joint of its antennfe ; and P. ochripes (Plate XV, Fig, 1), found on the AUiaria, is the most gaily ornamented in the genus. The striped species are often very troublesome to beginners, but are readily separated by the following characters : — vittula, very small and the most parallel, has an almost straight stripe, which is abruptly and obliquely sloped inwards at its upper extremity by the shoulder ; undulata, larger, and rather less straight-sided, has the stripe gently hol- lowed out or waved in the middle on the outer side, and slightly and gradually sloped off" at the shoulder ; nemo- rum, usually considered as the " Turnip-flea," though not nearly so common as undidata, is more coarsely punc- tured and larger still, and has yellow tibiae, — the same parts in the latter insect being infuscated ; tetrastigma is largest of all, very shining black, more convex, and with its stripes (which are of a darker yellow) much con- tracted in the middle, often quite divided, and forming four large spots ; sinuata, very rare (occurring in Suffolk on horse-radish), resembles a small undulata, but has the stripe notched very abruptly both in the middle of the outer side, and at the shoulder ; ochripes has entirely
THE EUPODA, OR PHYTOPHAGA. 223
yellow legs, and the fifth joint of the antennae enlarged in the male; and brassiccs, the least of all, has four yellow spots, and resembles a very small tetrastigma, being, however, more globose. In this species, also, the fifth joint of the antennae is somewhat thickened in the male.
The species of Plectroscelis and Chatocnema have their hinder tibiae armed with a tooth on the outer side below the middle; and Thyamis, a genus of large ex- tent, may be known by the elongate basal joint of its hind tarsi, which is about half the length of its tibiae. Although its members are usually of dull-yellowish colours, there is one, T. dorsalis, of great beauty, being intensely black and shining, with the thorax and a broad sharply-defined margin all round the elytra bright red; it occurs somewhat rarely at Mickleham, Wey- mouth, and the Isle of Wight.
Psylliocles is more robust, compact, and inclined to an elongate-oval in outline ; the basal joint of its hind tarsi is elongate, but diff'ers from that of Thyamis and its other allies in being inserted not at, but above the apex of its tibiae, which is sloped off: here, also, the antennae are more distant at the base.
Of the remaining genera Apteropeda and Mniophila are conspicuous for their extreme rotundity and convexity; A. graminis (Plate XV, Fig. 2), either bronze or bluish- green in colour, being abundant in autumn among all kinds of wild plants, and M. muscorum, — more like a black seed, or a little round Acarus, than a Haltica, — sometimes occurring in moss.
The CASsiDiDiE, or Tortoise-beetles, are entirely un- like any other British Coleoptera (except, perhaps, 7"%- malus Ihnbatus), on account of their broad, flattened
224 BRITISH BEETLES.
bodies. Their head is hidden beneath the thoraXj which is semicircular, and overlaps the elytra; the parts of the mouth are feeble, situated at the under-side of the head, and received at rest into a projection of the prosternum ; the antenufe straight, short, and slightly thickened to- wards the apex, but with the last joint pointed ; and the legs contractile, projecting slightly beyond the elytra, with simple unspurred tibise, and short broad tarsi, of which the third joint is deeply Ijilobed, and encloses the apical joint.
They are found during the summer months on thistles, . wild mint, etc. ; and, on account of their extremely quiescent nature, slightly convex upper surface, and flat under-side, resemble certain Cocci rather more than beetles. Our species are mostly bright green (not metallic) when alive, fading after death to a much duller colour : many of them are prettily variegated with brown speckles or red stains {Cassida sangidno- lenta, Plate XV, Fig. 3) ; and one, C. vittata, found very rarely, — I believe on ragwort, — is banded alternately with deep black and bright red.
A few, found chiefly on the sea-coast, are most beauti- fully and broadly striped on each wing-case with gold; but this appearance, requiring a certain amount of moisture, fades with the life of the creature. It has been stated that glycerine, applied under the elytra, will not only retain the lustre in fresh examples, but renew it in old ones : I have, however, tried this plan without success. Varnishing the outside is of no avail, as it is from the inside that the colour proceeds.
One of these adorned insects, C. oblonga, occurs plen- tifully on the south coast, on Salicornia, in tufts of grass, etc. Its lovely green ground-colour is relieved
THE EUPODA^ OR PHYTOPHAGA. 225
by slightly pink eclges^ and the golden stripe partakes also of the hues of the emerald.
The larvse in this family have an ingenious but unplea- sant habit of forming their excrement into an umbrella^ as in Crioceris. They are broad and flat, with short legs ; beset on the sides with long setose spines, and having a long fork bent forwards, and arising rather above the anal orifice, by means of which they retain their excrement as a shelter. The pupae, also, are broad and flat, with spined appendages on the sides, and the thorax dilated, spined, and covering the head.
The transformations of C. viridis, — a very common species on thistles, — may readily be observed.
226
CHAPTER XX.
THE PSEUDOTRIMERA.
Tiiis^ the last section of British beetles, contains a num- ber of families of very difierent structure, but uniting in the apparent possession of three joints only to the tarsi. They are, however, really composed of four joints ; the second, M'hich is bilobed, receiving the very minute third, and the base of the apical joint. It should, however, be remarked that many of the families intro- duced into this section are, in spite of their want of tarsal development, placed by numerous authors among the preceding sections; — in some cases with apparent reason.
According to the usually- received classification in this country the Pseudotrhnera are composed of eight families; the Erotylida, CoccineUidce, Endomychidce, Corylophida, SpJueriadce, Tricliopttrygidce, Lathridiadce , and Pselaphidoe.
The EiiOTYLiDiE, which in reality have pseudotetra- merous tarsi, are yet associated with the CoccineUidce and Endomychidce, as much on account of their habits as their general structure and appearance. Their an- tennae have a large three-jointed flattened club, and their maxillary palpi terminate in a very large clavate
THE PSEUDOTRIMERA. 227
joint, from which latter structure they were termed Clavipalpi by Latreille.
We possess three genera, Engis, Triplax, and Tri- toma; all the species of which feed in fungi. These, with Endomychus and Lycoperdina, are placed by Thom- son between the Cryptophagidce and Mycetophagidce in the Necrophaga.
Our species of Engis are found in profusion in fungi on trees ; they are shining, somewhat quadrate-elongate and convex, polished, dark, and {Immeralis) with either the thorax and shoulders of the elytra reddish -yelloAv, . or [rufifrons) with only the shoulders of that colour. In- dividuals are often found entirely testaceous or brown.
Triplax, — the largest species of which {russicus) is not uncommon, — is very like Tetratoma, having a red thorax and blue-black elytra, being of the same build, and oc- curring in similar places : the three-jointed club to its antennae will, however, readily distinguish it.
Tritoma bipustulata (Plate XV, Fig. 4), not uncom- mon in fungoid growth under bark, or on the rotten stumps of felled trees, is more rounded and convex than its allies.
The CocciNELLiD^ {Aphidiphagi of Latreille, and Securipalpes of Mulsant) are hemispherical and convex above and flat beneath, with elytra covering the abdo- men, and never truncate or punctate-striate ; a short transverse thorax, short antennae, in which the club is three-jointed and flat; the last joint of the maxillary palpi hatchet-shaped ; the mandibles bifid at the tip ; the labrum broad and laterally rounded ; the legs short with contractile tibiae, and the second joint of the tarsi large and deeply bilobed.
To Coccinella, — the principal genus in this family, —
Q 2
228 BRITISH BEETLES.
belong tlie numerous insects known generally as " lady- birds " or " lady-cows," so abundant all over the king- dom, but especially in bop-counties and on the coast, and such good friends to us on account of their " blight"- destroying habits, for it is upon Aphides, or plant-lice, that these beetles exist, both in their larval and perfect states.
They have been observed in the southern counties to follow the Aphis in swarms, unexpectedly making their appearance by thousands, and settling upon every avail- able resting-place ; indeed, I have known them to occur in such numbers that it has been necessary to sweep them away from paths and windows. They fly strongly, but are not rapid or strong walkers, and have, both in the condition of larva and perfect insect, a habit of dis- tilling a peculiar and pungent yellow oily fluid, similar to that of certain of tlie Chrysomelida, and which, also, has been stated to be a specific for toothache.
Their patches of small yellow eggs can often be seen deposited by the parent insect on plants infested by Aphides; and the slaty-blue larvse, which are tubercu- lated and spotted, contracted behind, and with six con- spicuous legs in front, may be observed crawling about shrubs in gardens or on walls preparatory to the change to pupa, which is fastened by the tail, and does not get rid of the skin of the larva.
The large seven -spot and smaller two-spot ladybirds are well known to all observers; the latter insect is exceedingly variable, specimens of it occurring of every intermediate gradation between red with a rudimentary dot on each elytron to entirely black. Oddly enough, it is entremely difficult to obtain a variety of the first- mentioned beetle.
THE PSEUDOTRIMERA. , 229
Some of the species, sueli as IS-jmnctata and 19- punctata, frequent reedy or marshy places; these are more elongate than the rest^ and, when alive, of a pinkish tone, with many spots. Others, obliterata (bearing an M-like mark on its thorax), hieroglyphica (varying to deep black), 18-guttata, oblongo-guttata, and ocellata (the largest, and conspicuous for the yellow rim surrounding each of its spots during life), are pecu- liar to fir-trees; and a few, especially the delicately- dotted lemon-coloured 22>-punctata (Plate XVI, Fig. 5), and the little, convex Micraspis 16-punctata, frequent the seaside.
Chilocorus and Exochomus, both usually found on fir- trees, present much the appearance of the Cassididcv, their legs being short and retractile, their head hidden, and their elytra very convex, though they are quite flat beneath. In the former genus the tibise are armed with a tooth in the middle. In them, and in all the preced- ing species, the elytra are entirely glabrous, but in the remainder of the family they are more or less clothed with a short pubescence : this is especially evident in Lasia globosa, — a small, round, convex, reddish-brown insect, variegated with many small irregular black spots and streaks, though sometimes immaculate, — common on the coast.
The Scymni are found about fir-trees and in marshy places ; they are very small and inconspicuous, dark in colour, and having at most a red spot or stain on the elytra. The larva of one of this genus has been ob- served to feed upon small Aphides, and to be entirely clothed with a white cottony secretion.
Lastly, the reddish species of Coccidula (one of which, scutellata, has its elytra spotted with black) frequent
230 BRITISH BEETLES.
wet placesj reeds, etc., and may be kuown by tlieir com- paratively narrow shape and posteriorly right-angled thorax, which is narrower than the elytra.
The Endo.mychid/E (termed also Sulcicolles) have comparatively long antennse ; the thorax impressed be- hind ; the last joint of the maxillary palpi slightly thickened, and never hatchet-shaped ; and the posterior coxae wide apart.
Two of our genera, Endomychus and Lycoperdina, are generally associated ; but the others, Mycetcea, Syni- biotis, and Alexia, are usually separated and placed in other families.
Endomychus contains one species, coccineus, beauti- fully coloured and marked (Plate XV, Fig. 6) ; it occurs not uncommonly under bark, in fungoid growth, and presents a certain superficial likeness to some of the ladybirds, from which its long, gradually-thickened antennse, more elongate shape, and palpi of lesser de- velopment will distinguish it. In some specimens the thorax is entirely red, whilst in others it has a broad black stripe down the entire middle. Its larva has been found under fir and willow bark, and seems to depart entirely from the type of its present allies, being much like that of the Silphidce, flat, with comparatively long antennse ; the three first segments large, and the remainder lobed at the sides.
Lycoperdina bovista, a little flatfish black insect, found in puff"-balls, of rare occurrence, but plentiful when found, is not unlike certain of the Heteromera [Bhtps or Heliopatlies) in miniature. Its thorax has a very deep longitudinal impression on each side.
Mycetcea hirta (a veiy small, coarsely-punctured, hairy, brownish, ovate insect, contracted behind, and abundant
THE PSEUDOTRIMERA. 231
in old cellars) and Symbiotes latus (larger^ wider, rarer, and found in rotten wood), — botli gregarious, — are by some authors placed in the Lathridiadce, and by others in the Cryptophagidce ; and Alexia pilifera, — small, round, globose, set with delicate but distinct hairs, strongly punctured, but with no lateral impressions to its thorax, — commonly found in moss, is sometimes associated with the Coccinellidoi, and at others eliminated from all com- panionship, as an insect whose true position cannot be ascertained.
The CoRYLOPiiiDiE (placed by continental authors with the two next families, between Agaihidium and Scaphidium in the Necrophaga) comprise several minute insects of very difficult location, and not conspicuous, except for their small size.
Their head is small (except in Clambus and its allies) and retractile; their antennae clavate at the apex; their thorax margined at the sides ; their elytra wide, generally obtuse at the apex, and not covering the sides of the abdomen ; their intermediate coxse rather — and the pos- terior very — widely separated; and the first segment of their abdomen large.
The species occur in refuse heaps, cut grass, etc., and are difficult to preserve in good condition on account of their small size and feeble structure.
Corylophus cassidoides (Plate XVI, Fig. 1), often abundant on the coast, has its thorax red, and more or less dark in the middle.
The genera Clambus and Comazus, the. members of which very closely resemble small species of Agaihidium in the Anisotomidce, appear to be very difficult to place in any arrangement. As far as external likeness goes they might well be considered as allied to that genus.
232 BRITISH BEETLES.
and their tarsi would not be of much \yeight in such an affinity, considering the irregularities in that respect of the last-mentioned family ; but their antennsej which are nine-jointed, very slender, and with the eighth joint suddenly very much enlarged ; and their very large and laminated posterior coxfe seem to bring thera close to the Trichopterijgidce. This approximation is made more likely by the form and habits of the larva of Coinazus dubius (the only species of which the earlier stages have hitherto been recorded), which appear to accord very well with those of the Trichopterygidce.
The family Sph^eriad^, consisting of one genus and species, Sphcerius acaroides (taken in the Cambridge fens), appears also to have certain characters in com- mon with the Trichojiterygidxe, viz., a large projecting labrum, the antennae with a suddenly enlarged and ciliated club, and very large triangular posterior coxae. It differs, however, from the latter in having the abdo- men composed of only three segments, wings of the ordinary shape, and the parts of the mouth (except the labrum) not similarly formed.
S. acaroides is of extremely small size, globose above, black and shining, Avith its anterior femora strongly toothed ; and, as its name imports, resembles certain of the Acari, or mites.
The TRiCHOPTERYGiDyE (by far the most minute of all Coleoptera, most of them being less than the sixth of a line long) have eleven-jointed antennse, which are long, very slender^ beset with hairs, Avith a very large basal joint, and an abrupt thrce-jointcd club; their elytra are either truncate behind or cover the abdomen entirely; their wings (which are sometimes rudimentary) are usually twice as long as the body, very narroAV, com
THE PSEUDOTRIMERA. 233
posed of a thin neck and broader plate, fringed with very long closely-planted hairs; their metathorax is very large; their abdomen composed of from five to seven segments, of which the first or the last is usually the largest ; and their tarsi are composed of three joints, the apical being very long, and having a long hair between its claws. The labrum is usually large and transverse ; the mandibles short, arched, and sharp at the point ; and the maxillae have their stem much developed and terminated in two lobes. In some of the genera the posterior coxse are very much enlarged.
This family has been elaborately monographed by Dr. Gillmeister (Niiremberg, 1845), whose drawings of its minute species, admirably engraved by Sturm, are mo- dels of Avhat figures of insects should be.
Our species occur under bark, in wet leaves, marshy places, refuse heaps, etc. ; and Trichopteryx atomaria (one of the largest), a black, flattened, square little in- sect, may be seen running actively if garden stuff" be shaken over brown paper, being often accompanied by the smaller, narrower, more convex, and shining Pteni- dium apicale (Plate XV^I, Fig. 2).
Nossidium pilosellum, the largest of the family, convex, and set with evident hairs, is rare, but occurs in pi'ofu- sion when found, on the surface of decomposing wood ; and the species of Ptinella, elongate, yellow, flat, with their black folded wings showing through their elytra, live under bark.
The Lathridiad^ have clavate antennae inserted a little before the eyes, the club being three-jointed in Lathridius and Corticaria, and two-jointed in Holopa- 7'amecus ; the latter is also noteworthy on account of the variation of the number of joints — from nine to
234 BRITISH BEETLES.
eleven — in the antennae of certain of its species^ of Avliich, however, we possess but one, probably introduced from abroad.
Their femora are clavate, and tibise slender and wiry, •with obsolete apical spurs ; their mentum more or less hexagonal, their labial palpi apparently bi-articulate, the third joint being soldered to the second, which is in- flated; their mandibles bifid at the apex (sometimes very minutely so), and their maxillse bilobed, but with the outer lobe obsolete.
These insects are by most authors placed between the CrytophagidcB and Mycetophagida, and a very clear statement of the reasons for thus locating them is given by Mr. Wollaston in the ' Entomologists' Monthly Ma- gazine,' vol. i. p. 14. But it appears from the evidence afforded that the parts of the mouth are certainly feebly developed, the ligula having been variously described, and being not satisfactorily visible ; the labial palpi, although in reality not of so abnormal a structure as to consist of only two joints, yet requiring a high power and pola- rized light to shovv even the suture in the middle of what has hitherto been considered the apical joint, and the maxillse exhibiting a considerable amount of atrophy. It would, therefore, seem inadvisable to place this family among those of so much higher development, even if the debased structure of all their tarsi, their brittle in- teguments, and the wiry nature of their legs (which are sometimes partially retractile), did not still further separate them.
Our species of Lathridius are found in refuse heaps, dry wood, etc., the largest, L. lardarius (Plate XVI, Fig. 3), occurring plentifully in grassy places in some of the midland counties. It received its unsuggestive
THE PSEUDOTRIMERA. 235
specific name on account of having been reared by its discoverer from larvae found in a dry pig's bladder ; and many similar instances of inappropriate baptisms occur, through insects having been observed for the first time under accidental circumstances.
Another species, L. nodifer, much smaller, dull black, with little humps on its elytra, is now very common in cut grass, rubbish heaps, etc., all over the south and midland parts of the country, though unknown some few years ago. When quite fresh it has a thin white membrane on each side of its thorax, somewhat like the pellicle filling up the marginal notch in the same part of Ochthebius,
In this genus the body is never pubescent, or the sides of the thorax crenulated, as in its ally Corticaria, the species of which are more couvex and cylindrical, and have the front coxse more approximated.
The PsELAPHiD/E are often considered as belonging to the Brachelytra, apparently for the sole reason of their elytra being short. They constitute a very well- defined and most interesting group of small species, especially distinguished by their abbreviated elytra, acute mandibles, prominent granulated eyes, more or less abruptly clubbed antenna? (of which the last joint is very large), elongated and highly-developed maxillary palpi, margined abdomen (nearly all of which is ex- posed), clavate femora, obsoletely-spurred tibise, and usually single-clawed tarsi. They are shining, hard, light-yellow, brown or red in colour, and with a dis- tinct neck to the head. The Pselaphidce have been mo- nographed by Leach, Reichenbach, and Aube ; also by Denny, Norwich, 1825 (with coloured plates).
They are mostly found in moss, damp marshy places,
236 BRITISH BEETLES.
refuse heaps, or ants' nests, and are supposed to feed on Acari.
Our species (most of which are very small) are di- vided into two sub-families, the Pselaphides and Clavige- rides, in the former of which the eyes and palpi are well developed, and the antenuaj are eleven-jointed, whilst in the latter the eyes and parts of the mouth are obso- lete, and the antennse are five-jointed, with a four- jointed club.
Of the Pselaphides many curious forms are found in tliis country; the type genus P^e/ajo/w^^ affording two, one of which, P. Heisii (Plate XVI, Fig. 4), is of fre- quent occurrence in moss, and may be known from its allies by its depressed body (which is broadest behind), entire sutural strise, very long and thin palpi and legs, and long and stout antennse. Its ally, P. dresdensis, is darker, and has a semicircular impressed line at the base of the thorax.
Our species of Bryaxis are found in wet marshy places, among moss and reeds, at the sides of rivers, or on the sea-shore under heaps of vegetable matter or stones. They have long antcnnie, and are mostly black or dark-brown, having often red elytra, and being some- times entirely pale; their shape is more convex than that of Pselaphus, their dorsal stria abbreviated, and their thorax (which is convex and contracted behind) usually has three large punctuations behind and at the sides. The largest, B. sanyuinea, has the antennae very long in the male.
The Bythini are much smaller, convex, and with short antcnnce, of which the basal joint is much dilated. In the males (which are by far the rarest) the second joint .also is subject to a still more considerable increase in
THE PSEUDOTRIMERA. 237
volume, assuming in some species an irregular and toothed appearance. The palpi are nearly equal in bulk to the antennae, the apical joint being strongly hatchet-shaped and elongate. The elytra are always more or less distinctly punctured in this genus, which, with Bryaxis, is apterous.
In Tychus, the fifth joint of the antennae is much en- larged in the male.
The species of TricJionyx are of considerable rarity, and of (comparatively) large size; they are light testa- ceous in colour, of more elongate shape, and with the antennae widely distant at the base instead of approxi- mated, as in the preceding. They have been taken under bark, among black ants in a tree, with yellow ants under stones, and (in greater quantity) from moss.
The Eupledi resemble Trichonyx in miniature, having the antennae distant at the base, but they are more linear and less convex, and occur in rotten wood, refuse heaps, cut grass, etc., being, moreover, often taken on the wing.
Three species, E. nanus (Plate XVI, Fig. 5), signatus, and Karstenii, are not uncommonly found together in decaying vegetable matter; and the collector, who has the means of doing so, should not fail to keep a heap of dead leaves, compost, twigs, and cut grass in his garden, as it will be found a constant trap for these and many other species.
Of the Clavigerides we possess one genus and species, Claviger foveolatus (Plate XVI, Fig. 6), found in chalky districts on the south coast and Surrey hills, associated with small yellow ants, whose nests are formed under large stones. It is very small, entirely yellow, shining, eyeless, wingless, sluggish, with short stiff antennae, and a deep depression in the middle of the abdomen.
238 BRITISH BEETLES.
There remain the following five genera, found in this country, which have no connection with each other, and cannot be located with certainty in any of the foi'cgoing families.
PhloeopMIus, usually considered as allied to Myce- tophayus and Triphyllus, and placed by some authors among the DasytidcB. The single species known, P. Edwardst, was for a long time only found in this country, where it is taken in Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, and Dorset, living in the old lichen-covered boughs of oak- trees. It is an oblong, convex, slightly pubescent, strongly punctured insect ; with a dark thorax and grey elytra, more or less variegated with darker lines; and, unlike the Mycetophagidce, is very sluggish. The three- jointed club to its antennse (of which the two basal joints are thickened), the incrassated apical joint of its maxil- lary palpi, and its five-jointed tarsi, which are entire, ap- pear to separate this insect from those with which it is usually associated.
Dlphyllus, placed usually among the Mycetophagida, differs from the members of that family in its tarsi, which have five joints, the fourth being extremely small, and in the club of its antennae, which is composed of two joints. Our single species, lunatus, found in fungi on bark in Norfolk, Somersetshire, etc., is very small and* dull black, with striated elytra, bearing a white crescent-shaped spot in the middle.
Myrmecoxemis (placed by Thomson l^etween Lychis and Ptinus in his division of Xylophagi) has four-jointed tarsi ; the three first segments of the abdomen connate (the first not being longer than the second) ; the club of the antennse almost four-jointed ; the pygidium exposed, and the head not extended from the thorax.
THE PSEUDOTRIMERA. 239
M. vaporariorum is a very rare, small^ testaceous, elongate, flat, parallel insect. It has been associated with Lathridivs, etc., and is usually found crawling on walls near hot-beds or dung-heaps.
Aspidiphorus {Coniporns, Thorns.), — left with doubt by Redtenbacher and Lacordaii-e among the Byrrhidce, assigned by Erichson to the Ptinida, and by Latreille to the Dermestida, and latterly erected by Thomson into a family, the Coniporidce, and placed by him in the Xylophagi, between Dorcatoma and Spliindus (the last a genus of uncertain position), — still remains unsatisfac- torily placed. Its tarsi are slender and heteromerous (the first joint of the hinder pair being obsolete), with the apical joint almost as long as all the rest; the legs are not retractile; the antennae ten-jointed, the two first joints being swollen, and the club elongate; the clypeus large, and with a distinct suture ; the maxillse with a horny tooth; the prosternura with no projection behind the anterior coxse, but applied against the sloping mesosternum ; the middle and hinder coxse widely dis- tant ; and the abdomen with five segments, of which the first is much the largest. The only known species, A. orbiculatus, is very small, convex, delicately pubescent, black, with the legs and antennae (except the club) fer- ruginous, and the elytra punctate striate. It is rare, and found in sandy places, on low plants.
Sphindus (variously associated with Anobium, Cis, Tetratoma, Cnjptophmjus and Lyctus) has pentamerous tarsi, of which the apical joint is as long as the preceding joints together; its head ending in a small quadrangular rostrum ; and ten-jointed antennae, with a strong three- jointed club.
S. dubius, very rare in England (where it has occurred
240 BRITISH BEETT,ES.
at Weybridge and in the New Forest) is a small ])itcliy- brown insect, more or less variegated with ferruginous; having fiuely-striated elytra, and clothed with thin de- pressed reddish pubescence. It lives in Lycoperdons, in which also its larva is found. The latter is whitish, with the head, upper part of thorax, and last segment of tlie abdomen shining black ; and set with rather long hairs on the sides and extremity.
241
CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH COLEOPTERA*
ADEPHAGA. GJEOBEPHAGA.
Cicindelidae. CICINDELA, Linn. sylvatica, Linn. hybrida, Linn. maritima, Dej. campestris, Linn. germanica, Linn.
Carabidse.
LEBIADES. ODACANTHA, Patjlc. melanura, Linn.
DRYPTA, Fab. dentata, Rossi. POLYSTICHUS, Bon. vittatus, Brulle.
AETOPORUS, ScJim. imperialis, Germ.
DEMETRIAS, Bon. atricapillus, Linn. unipiinctatus, Germ.
DROMIUS, Bon. loiigiceps, Dej. linearis, Olio. agilis. Fab.
meridionalis, Dej. quadrimaculatus, Linn. quadrinotatus, Panz. quadrisignitiis, Dej. fasciatus, Dej.
sigma, Daws.
V. ? oblitus, Boi. sigma, Rossi.
fasciatus, Daivs. melanocephalus, Dej.
BLECHRUS, Mots. maurus, Sturm. METABLETUS, Sdim. obscuro-guttatus, Duf. truncatellus, Linn. foveola, Gyll.
LIONYCHUS, Wissm. quadi'illum, Duf.
LEBIA, Latr. crux minor, Linn, turcica, Fab. hsemorrhoidalis, Fah. cyanocephala, Linn. clilorocephala, Ent. H.
MASOREUS, Dej. Wetterhalii, Gyll.
TARUS, Clairv. humeralis. Fab.
axillaris, Fah. vaporariorum, Linn.
BRACHINUS, Weber. crepitans, Litm. explodens, Diif.
V. ? glabratus, Dej. sclojjeta, Fab.
SCARITIDES. CLIVINA, Laf.
fossor, Linn. ^
coUaris, Hbst.
DYSCHIRIUS, Panz. nitidus, Dej. impunettf)ennis, Daivs. politus, Dej. extcnsus, Putz.
elongatulus. Daws. salinus, ScTi. angvistatus, Ahr. jfjunus, Datvs. obscurus, Gi/ll. thoracicus, Fab. a^neus, Dej. globosus, Hbst.
CARABIDES. NOTIOPHILUS, Dum. aquaticus, Linn. palustris, Duf. rufipes, Curt.
* Such genera and species as are printed in italics ai'e reputed to be British, but require further evidence before they can be considered truly indigenous.
242
BRITISH BEETLES.
biguttatus, Fab.
V. 4-punctatiis, Dej. substriatus, Waterh.
ELAPHRUS, Fah. uliginosus, Fab. cupreus, Duf. lappoiiicus, Gyll, riparius, Linn.
BLETHISA, Bon. multipunctata, Linn.
LEISTUS, Frohl. spinibarbis, Fab. fulvibarbis, Dej. inontanus, Stepli. ferrugineus, Linn. rufescens, Fab.
NEBRIA, Lat. complanata, Linn. lirida, Linn. brevicollis, Fah. Gylleiihalii, Sch.
PELOPHILA, Dej. borealis, PayJc.
CALOSOMA, Weber, si/coplianfa, Linn. iuquisitoi", Linn.
C ARAB US, Auct. intricatus, Linn. catenulatus, Scop. monilis, Fab.
V. consitiis, Panz. arvensis, Fab. granulatus, Linn. cancellatus, III. clathratus, Linn, auratus, Linn. nitt'ns, Linn. violaoeus, lAnn. convexun, Fab. glabratus, Pai/l-. nemoralis, Mull.
CYCHRUS, Fab.
rostratiis, Linn.
CHLJENTADES. PANAG.EUS, Lat. crux major, Linn.
quadripiistulatus, St.
LORICERA, Lat. pilicornis, Fab.
LICINUS, Lat. depressus, Pai/k. silplioides, Fab.
BADISTER, Clairv. bipustnlatus, Fab. iinipustulatus, Pan. peltatus, Panz. humeralis, Don.
CALLISTUS, Lat. lunatus, Fab.
CHL.ENIUS, Pon. sulcicoJlis, PayJc. holosericeiis, Fab. nigricornis, Fab. Schrankii, Duf. agrorum, Olir. vestitus, Pat/k.
CODES, Bon. lielopioides, Fab,
FEEONIADES.
POGONUS, Dej. luridipennis, Germ. clialceus, Marsh. littoralis, Diif.
PATROBUS, Dej. excavatus, Paijl-. assimilis, Chaud.
clavipes, Thorns. septeiitrionis, Dej.
V. rubripennis. Thorn.
PRISTONYCIIUS, Dej. terricola, Hbst.
SPHODRUS, Clairr. leucopbthabnus, Linn. CALATHUS, Pon. piceiis, Marsh. cisteloides, Panz. flaripes, Fourc. fusciis, Fab. mollis, Marsh. melanoceplialus, Linn.
V. niibigena, Halid. micropterus, Dnf.
TAPHRIA, Bon.
nivalis, Panz. ANCIIOMENUS,^«r^. aiigusticollis. Fab. livens, Gt/U. prasinus, Fab. albipes, Fab. oblongus. Fab. margiuivtus, Linn. sexpunctatus, Linn. ericeti, Panz. parumpunctatus, Fab, gracilipes, Duf. vidiiiis, Panz. versutus, Sturm. moestus, Duf. at rat us, Duf. fuliginosus, Panz. gracilis, Sturm. scdtulus, Dej. micans, ISicol. piceus, Linn. Thoreyi, Dej.
pelidnus, Pay., n. Dif. quadripunetatus, Deg.
OLISTHOPUS, Dej.
rotundatus, Payk.
PTEROSTICHUS.Jmc;;.
cupreus, Linn.
V. ? versicolor, Sturm. diinidiatus, Oliv, lepidiis, Fab. striola. Fab. niger. III.
]iarumptmctatns. Germ. oblongo-punctatus. Fab. picimaniis, Duf. madidus, Fab. letbiops, Panz. aterrimus, Payk. orinomus, Sfeph. melanarius. III. nigrita, Fab. antbraciiuis, III. gracilis, Dej. minor, Sahib. verualis, Panz,
CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH COLEOPTERA.
243
inpequalis, Marsh, streimus, Panz. diligens, Sturm. ruBcollis, Marsh.
STOMIS, Clairv. pumicatus, Panz.
BROSCUS, Panz. cephalotes, Linn.
MISCODERA, Bsch. arct-ica, Payh.
ZABRUS, Clairv. gibbus, Fah.
AMARA, Bon. obsoleta, Dej. similata, Gyll. acuminata, Payh. trivialis, Gyll. spreta, Dej. lunicollis, Schio. communis, Panz. curta, Dej. familiaris, Duf. lucida, Duf. tibialis, Payk. strenua, Zimm. plebeia, Gyll. ino;enua, Duf, bifrons, Gyll, infima, Duf. rufocincta, Sahli. patricia, Duf. consularis, Diif. apricaria, Fab. fulva, Dey. aulica, Panz. convexiuscula, Marsh.
HAKPALIDES.
ANISODACTYLUS, Dej.
binotatus, Fab.
V. / ati'icornis. Staph. poeciloicles. Staph.
DIACHROMUS,&Ms, germanus, Linn.
DICHIROTRICHUS, Du Val. pubescens, Payh. obsoletus, Dej.
HARPALUS, Lat.
sabulicola, Panz. diffinis, Dej.
? rotunclicollis, Wat. Cat. obscurus, Fab., nee Daios. azureus, Fab. punctatidus, Duf, cordatus, Duf. riipicola, Sturm. puncticollis, Payh.
V. ? parallelus, Dej. cribellum, Staph. ruficornis, Fab. griseus, Panz. seneus, Fab. honestus, Duf. sulphuripes, Germ, luteicornis, Duf. attenuatus, Staph. tenebrosus, Dej. discoideus, Fab. latus, Linn. rubripes, Duf. cupreus, Daj. easpius, Steven. tardus, Panz. melancholicus, Dej. serripes, Schon, servus, Duf. anxius, Duf. neglectus, Daj, vernalis, Fab.
STENOLOPHUS, Meg.
teutonus, Schr. Skrimshiranus, Stepih. vespertinus, III, elegans, Dej. consputus, Duf. meridianus, Linn, dorsalis, Fab. brunnipes, Sturm, derelictus, Daivs. flavicollis, Sturm. exiguus, Dej. V, luridus, Daj.
BRADYCELLUS, Fr.
placidus, Gyll. cognatus, G'/ll. distinctus, Dej. f'ulvus, Marsh. hnrpalinus, Dej. collaris, Payh. similis, Dej.
TRECHIDES, TRECHUS, Clairv, discus, Fab. micros, Hbst. longicornis, Sturm, rubens, Fab. lapidosus, Daios. rivularis, Gyll. minutus, Fab. obtusus, Er. secalis, Payh.
^PYS, Leach. marinus, Strom. Robinii, Lah.
BLEMUS, Ziegl, areolatus, Creutz.
BEMBIDIADES, LYMN^UM, Steph. nigropiceum, Marsh.
CILLENUM, Curt. laterale, Sam.
BEMBIDIUM, Lat. Fockii, Humm. quadrisignatum, Duf, scutellare, Germ, bistriatum, Diif. obtusum, Sturm. qninquestriatum, Gyll. rufescens, Guerin. biguttatum, Fab. a?neum, Germ. guttula, Fab. Mannerheimii, Sahl. femoratum, Sturm. bruxellense, Wesm. concinnum, Steph, littorale, OUv, fluviatile, Dej, R 2
244
BRITISH BEETLES.
lunatum, Duf. saxatile, Oyll. testaceuui, Duf. decorum, Fanz. stomoides, Dej. mouticola, Sturm. iiitidulum, Marsh. affiue, Stepli. tibiule, Duf. atroca^rvilemn, Steph. prasinum, Duf. flaminulatum, Clairv. ustvilatum, Linn. obliquum, Sturm. adust inn, Schaum. fumigatum, Dpf epluppium, Ilarsli. assimile, GtfU. Clarkii, Daivs. niffricorne, Oijll. lampros, Hhst. Schuppelii, Dej. gilvipes, Sturm. pusillum, Gyll. doris, Fanz. normannum, Dej. Stunnii, Fanz. articulatum, Fanz. quadriguttatum, Fab. caUosuin, Kilst. quadi-imaculatum, Linn. bipuuctatutn, Linn. punctulatum, Drap. pallidipenne, ///. paludosum, Fanz.
TACHYPUS, Meg. flaripes, Linn. pallipes, P«/.
EYDSADEPEAGA.
Dytiscidse.
HALIPLIDES.
HALIPLUS, Lat.
elcvatus, Fanz. mucronatus, Steph. fulvus, Fab. flavicolUs, Sturm. variegatus, Sturm. affiiiis, Steph. ruficoUis, Deff.
fliiviatilis, Aub4. obliquus, Fab. confinis, Steph. lineatocoUis, Marsh.
CNEMIDOTUS, III. cffisus, Dtf.
PELOBIADES. .
PELOBIUS, Sclwn.
Hermanni, Fab.
HYDROPOKIDES.
HYPHYDRUS, III.
ovatus, Linn, variegatus, Auhe.
HYDROPORUS, CI.
inipqualis, Fab. quinquelineatus, Zett. reticvdatus, Fal). decoratus, Ggll. geuiinus, Fab. 12-pustidatus, Fab. elegans. III. Davisii, Curt. assimilis, Fagk. septenti-ionalis, Ggll. rivalis, Ggll. halensis, Fab. griseostriatus, De G. picipes, Fab. paralleiogrammiis, Ahr. uovemlineatus, Steph. confluens, Fah. dorsalis, Fab. lat us, Steph. ervtliroceplialus, Linn.
rufitVons, Duf.
marginatus, Dif.
derelictus, Clark.
planus, Fab.
pubesceus, Ggll.
xanthopus, Steph.
nitidus, Sturm.
ferruginous, Steph.
memnonius, Nicol.
Gyllenhalii, Schi.
melanarius, Sturm.
nigrita, Fah.
1111 lanof-eplialus, Ggll.
tristis, Fagk.
umbrosus, Ggll. angustatus, Sturm, obscurus, Sturm. celatus, Clark. vittida, Er. Scalesianus, Steph. tinctus, Clark. palustris, Linn. lineatus, Oliv. flavipes, Oliv. granularis, Linn. pictus, Fab. lepidus, Oliv.
DYTISCIDES.
HYDATICUS, Leach.
trail sversalis. Fab. Hybneri, Fab. stagnalis, Fab. cinereus, Fab.
ACILIUS, Leach. sulcatus, Linn. fasciatus, Deg.
FUNECTFS, Er. sticticus, Linn.
DYTISCUS, Linn. lapponicus, Ggll. cireumflexus. Fab. circumeinctus, Ahr. marginalis, Linn. dimidiatiis, Bergst. punctulatus. Fab.
CYBISTEE, Curtis. Roeselii, Fab. COLYMBETES, Clairv. fuscus, Linn. jndverosus, Sturm. notatus, Fab. exoletus, Forst. bistriatus, Brrgst. adspersus, Fab. Grapii, Ggll.
ILYBIUS, Er.
ater, Deg. sexdentatus, Schi. obscurus, Marsh. fenestratus, Fab.
CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH COLEOPTERA.
245
guttiger, Gi^ll. angustior, Gfill. uliginosus, Linn.
AQABUS, Leaeh. agilis, Fah. arcticus, PayTc. uliginosus, PayTc. femoralis, PayTc. congener, PayTc. Sturmii, Gyll. chalconotus, Panz. maculatus, Linn. abbreviatus, Pab. didynius, Oliv. brunneus, Fab. pahidosus, Fah. bipunctatus, Fah. conspersiis, MarsTi. guttatus, PayTc. fontinalis, Stej^Ti. afBnis, PayTc. striolatus, Gyll. bipustulatus, Linn, sexualis, Eeiche.
LACCOPHILUS, LeacTi. minutus, Linn. hyalinus, L>eff. variegatus, Germ.
NOTERUS, Clairv. crassicornis, Fab. semipiuictatus, Fab.
Gyrinidse. GYRINUS, Geoff. marinus, Gyll. natator, Linn. niiniitus, Fah. bicolor, PayTc. xn'inator, III.
ORF.CTOCHILUS,^:*.
villosus, Fah.
BEACHELYTRA. Aleocharidse. AUTALIA, LeaeTi. impressa, Oliv. pimcticollis, STiarp. rivularis, Gr.
BORBOROPORA, Ktz
Kraatzii, Fuss.
FALAGRIA, LeacTi. sulcata, PayTc. sulcatula, PayTc. thoracica, Stej}^,. obscura, Grav.
BOLITOCHARA,
Mann. lucida, Grav. hmulata, PayTc. bella, MdrTc. obliqua, Er.
PHYTOSUS, Curt. spinifer, Ciirf. balticus, Ktz.
nigriventris, Wat. Oat.
READINGIA, Scott, M.S. thalassina, Scott, M.S.
SILDSA, i:r. rubiginosa, JEr.
O GALEA, Er.
picata, StepTi,. rivularis, Miller. badia, F!r.
ISCHNOGLOSSA, Kz. corticalis, SlepTi. corticina, Fr.
LEPTUSA, Kz.
analis, Ktz. fuiuida, Kr. ruficoUis, Er.
THTASOPHILA, Kz. angulata, Er. inquilina, MdrTc.
Kirbyi, Jans. (Eu-
ryusa) .
EURYUSA, Er.
sinuata, Er. laticoUis, Heer.
HOMCEUSA, Kz.
acuminata, Marl:. HAPLOGLOSSA, Kz.
geutilis, Liien.
pulla, Gyll. nidicola, Fairm. prsetexta, Er.
ALEOCHARA, Grav. ruficornis, Grav. fuscipes, Fah.
V. lata, Gyll. bimaculata, Ste. bipunctata, 01. brevipennis, Grav. fumata, Grav. lanuginosa, Grav. obscurella, Grav. Fauvelii. Kirbii, Sfeph. procera, Er. spadicea, Er. moesta, Grav. mycetophaga, Kz. moerens, Gyll.
sanguinea, Ste. bisignata, Er. bilineata, Gyll. nitida, Gr. inconspicua, Aube. morion, Gr.
DINARDA, Mann. Mterkellii, Kies. dentata, Grav.
LOMECHUSA, Gr.
strumosa, Fah.
ATEMELES, Eillwyn. paradoxus, Gr. emarginatus, PayTc.
MYRMEDONIA, Er.
Haworthi, StepTi. collaris, PayTc. bumeralis, Gr. cognata, MdrTc. fiinesta, Gr. limbata, PayTc. lugens, Or. laticollis, MdrTc. plicata, Er. canaliculata. Fab.
ILYOBATES, Kz.
nigricollis, PayTc. projjinqua, Auhe. forticoruis, Lac.
246
BRITISH BEETLES.
CALLICERUS, Curtis. obscurus, Gr. rigidicornis, Er.
CALODERA, Mann. nigrita, Mann. sethiops, Gr. umbrosa, Er. riparia, Er.
ISCHNOPODA, Steph. loiigitarsis, Steph. rubicunda, Er.
TACHYUSA, Er. constricta, Er. coarctata, Er. scitiila, Er. leiicopa, Marsh. umbratica, Er. atra, Gr. con color, Er, uvida, Er. sulcata, Kies.
OCYUSA, Ez. IB aura, Er. picina, Auhe.
OXYPODA, Mann. riificornis, Mann. luteipennis, Er. vittata, Mdrh. Ojiaca, Gr. longiuscula, Gr. lentula, Er. umbrata, Er. brcTicornis, Steph. oxigua, Er. cxoleta, Er. rufula, Muls. altenians, Gr. lucens, Muls. glabriventris, Et/e. formiceticola, Mark. liajmorrhoa, Mann. aterrima, Waterh. iiigrina, Waterh, iiigrofusca, JVaterh. annularis, Mann. misella, Ktz. ? lielvola, Er. brachyptcra, Steph.
HOMALOTA, 3fann. currax, Kz. dehilicornis, Er. vclox, Ktz. fragilicornis, Kz. pagiina, Er. vestita, Gr. oblonga, Er. nitidula, MdrTc. vicina, Steph. graniinicola, Gr. languida, Er. sulcifrons, Steph. })lanifrons, Waterh. gregaria, Er. cambrica, Woll. fluviatilis, Kraatz. imbecilla, Waterh. elongatula, Gr. bygrotopora, Kz. Inridipeniiis, Mann. luteipes, Er. fragilis, Kz. labilis, Er. ca^rulea, Sahib. plumbea, Waterh. f'allax, Kz. longula, Heer. puncticeps, Tlioms. maritima, Waterh. occulta, Er. niontioola, Thorns. excellens, Kz. incaua, Er. nigella, Er. fpquita, Er. augiistula, Mann. linearis, Gr. pilicornis. Thorns. pilosa, Kraatz. debilis, Er. deformis, Kz. plana, 3Iann. inimersa, Er. cuspidata, Er. gemina, Er. analis, Gr. ? soror, Ktz. iTgra, Eeer. palleola, Er. cxilis, Er. iucouspicua, Er.
vilis, Er. parallela, Mann. flavipes, Gr. confusa, Murk. anceps, Er. bruunea, Fab. liepatica, Er. xanthoptera, Steph. euryptera, Steph. trinotata, Thorns. triangulum, Kz. nigricornis, Steph. sublinearis, Kz. nigritula, Gr. fuscofemorata, Wat. sodalis, Er. divisa, Mark. Thomsoni, Jans. coriaria. Miller. angusticollis, Thorns. autumnalis, Er. variabilis, Kz. nigra, Kz. cinnamomea, Gr. hospita, Mark. subterranea, Muls. scapularis, SaJilb. dilaticornis, Ktz. liturata, Stepti. oblita, Er. amicula, Steph. sordidula, Er. inquiutila, Er. marcida, Er. subrugosa, Kies. intermedia. Thorns. longicornis, Gr. villosula, Kz. laevana, Mills. atramentaria, Gi/ll. palustris, Kies. lepida, Ktz. sordida, Marf,h. melanaria, Mann. aterrima, Gr. pygmsea, Gr. laticollis, Steph. castanipes, Steph. parva, Salilb. picipes, Steph. fungi, Gr. orbata, Er.
CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH COLEOPTERA.
147
piilchra, Kr. clientula, £r. notlia, Ur. tibialis, Ueer. cireellaris, G-r. csesula, lEr.
PLACUSA, Ilr. infima, Er. puinilio, Grav.
PHLCEOPORA, Er. reptaus, Qr. corticalis, Gr.
HYaRONOMA, Er. dimidiataj Gr.
SCHISTOGLOSSA, Kz. viduata, Er.
OLIGOTA, Mann. pygmaja, Ktz. pusillima, Gr. atomaria, Er. iiiflata, Mann. granavia, Erichs. flavicornis, Lac. apicata, Er.
ENCEPHALUS,W'-e*<w.
complicans, Westw.
GYROPHJSNA, Mann. geiitilis, Er. pulchella, Heer. alfinis, Sahib. nana, Pai/k. fasciata, Marsh. liievipennis, Thorns, lucidula, Er. minima, Er. manca, Er. strictaiia, Er.
AGARICOCHARA, Kz.
lajvicoUis, Kraatz.
DIGLOSSA, Halid. mersa, Halid.
MYLL.ENA, Er. dubia, Erichs. intermedia, Erichs.
minuta, Erichs. gracilis, Matth. elongata, Matth. brevicornis, Matth. infuscata, Kraatz.
GYMNUSA, Karsten. brevicoUis, Payk. Tariegata, Kies.
DINOPSIS, 3Iatth. erosus, Steph.
Tachyporidse.
HYPOCYPTUS, Schiip.
longicornis, PayTc. piilicarius, Erichs. discoideus, Erichs. anisotomoides, Steph. ? seminulum, Er. ? pjgmseus, Kraatz.
TRICHOPHYA, Mann. pilicornis, Mann.
HABROCERUS, Kr.
capillaricornis, Grav.
LEUCOPARYPHUS, Kz.
silphoides, Linn.
TACHINUS, Grav. Immeralis, Grav. proximus, Ktz. pallipes, Grav. rufipes, Fah. flavipes, Fah. rufipennis, Gyll. scapularis, Steph. bipustulatus, Grav. subterraneus, Linn. marginellus, Fab. laticollis, Grav. collai'is, Grav. elongatulus, Grav.
TACHYPORUS, Grav. obtiisus, Linn.
v. nitidicollis, Ste'ph.
ruficollis, Wat. Cat. formosvis, Matth. ? abdominalis, Er.
solutns, Erichs. chrysomelinus, Linn. hypnorum, Fab. piisillus, Grav. liumerosus, Grav. tersus, Er. trans versalis, Grav. scitulus, Er. brunueus, Fa'>.
LAMPRINUS, Heer.
saginatus, Grav.
CONURUS, Steph,
litoreus, Linn. pubescens, Grav. immacidatus, Steph. pedicularius, Grav. lividus, Er. bipunctatus, Er.
BOLITOBIUS, Steph, analis, PayTc. cingulatus, Mann. inclinans, Grav. formosus, Grav. atricapillus, Fab. trinotatus, Er. exoletus, Er. pygmseus, Fab.
BRYOPORUS, Kr.
cernuus, Grav. castaneus, H. and Bold.
MYCETOPORUS,i/a«. lucidus, Er. punctus, Grav. splendens, Marsh. brunneus, Marsh. longulus, Mann. lepidiis, Grav. angularis, Muls. nanus, Grav. clavicornis, Steph. splendidus, Grav. longicornis, Ktz.
Quediadse.
ACYLOPHORUS,
Nord.
glabricollis, Lac.
248
BRITISH BEETLES.
EUEYPORUS, Er.
picipes, Paylc. HETEEOTHOPS, Stejj. pi'ffiviiis, Er. binotatus, StepJi. dissiniilis, Grav. quadripunctuhis, Grav.
QLTEDIUS, Leach. dilatatns, Fah. lateralis, Grav. fulgidus, Er. truncicola, Fairm. cruentus, Oliv. xanthopus, Er. longicornis, Kr. scitus, Grav. Iffivigatus, Gyll. impressiis, Panz. brevis, Er. molochimis, Grav, tristis, Grav. fuliginosus, Grav, picipes, Mann. fumatns, Steph. umbriinis, Er. ruficollis, Steph, maurorufus, Grav. humeralis, Steph. fuseipes, Steph. fulvicollis, Sfep/i. semiobsGurus, Marsh. semiseneus, Steph. atteniiatus, Gyll. boops, Grav. auricomus, Kies. infuscatus, Er.
ASTRA PjEUS, Grav. ulmi, Rossi.
Staphylinidse. CREOPIIILUS, Kirhi/. maxillosus, Linn.
EMUS, Leach. ' hirtus, Linn.
LETSTOTEOPIIUS,
Pert. nebidosus, Fab. murinus, Linn,
STAPHYLINUS, Linn.
stercorarius, Oliv. latebricola, Grav, fulvipes, Scop. pubescens, Deg. erytliropterus, Linn. cscsarius, Ceder.
OCYPUS (Kirby), Er.
olens, Midi, cyaneus, Payk, similis, Fab. bruunipes, Fab. fuscatus, Grav. cupreus, Rossi, pedator, Grav. atcr, Grav. morio, Grav. compressus, Marsh.
PHILONTHUS, Leach.
splendens, Fab. intermedins, Lac. laminatus, Steph, succieola, Thorns.
carbonarius, Wat. Cat. punctiventris, Kraatz. temporalis, Muls. a>neus, Rossi. scutatiis, Er. decorus, Grav. politus, Fab. lucens, Mann. iimbratilis, Grav, Tarius, Gi/ll. albipes, Grav, atratus, Grav. marginatus, Fab, lepidus, Grav. sordidus, Grav, fimetarius, Grav. cephalotes, Grav. fuscus, Grav. xaiitlioloma, Grav, fucicola, Steph. ebeninus, Grav. corvinus, Er. fumigatus, Er, saiiguinolcntiis, Grav. tiipustulatus, Panz. longicornis, Steph.
varians, Payl; agilis, Grav. debilis, Grav. ventralis, Grav, discoideus, Grav, vernalis, Grav. quisquiliarius, Gyll, splendidulus, Grav, therinarum, Auhe. fumarius, Grav. nigrita, Nord. micans, Grav. rubri]iennis, Steph. ? fulvipes, Fab. nigntulus, Grav, puUiis, Nord. punctus, Grav. puella, Nordm. ciiierascens, Grav. villosulus, Steph. signaticoriiis, Muls, procerulus, Grav. prolixiis, Er. sericeus, Holme.
Xantholinidse. XANTHOLINUS,Z>aAZ.
fulgidus, Fab, glabratus, Grav, glaber, Nord. punctulatus, Payk. ocbracens, Gyll, atratus, Heer, tricolor. Fab. linearis, Oliv. longiventris, Lleer,
LEPTACINUS, Er,
parumpunctatus, Gyll, batycbrus, Gyll, linearis, Grav. formicetorum, Mark,
OTHIUS, Steph.
fidvipennis, Fab. la'yiusculus, Kirby. mclanocephalus, Grav.
BAPTOLTNUS, Kr,
alternanSj Grav.
CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH COLEOPTERA.
249
Psederidse. LATHROBIUM,
Grav. brunnipes, Fah. elongatum, Linn. boreale, Hoch.
geminum, Ktz. fiilyipeuue, Grav. rufipenne, Gyll. multipunctum, Grav. angusticolle, Lac. quadratum, Payh. terminatum, Grav. punctatum, Norcl. filiforme, Grav. longulum, Grav. pallidum, Nord,
ACHENIUM, Leach. depressum, Grav. hu7nile, Nicol.
CRYPTOBIUM, Mann. fracticorne, Paylc. STILICUS, Lat.
RlTGiLtrs, Leach. fragilis, Grav. rufipes, Ger. siibtilis, Er. similis, Er. geniculatus, Er. affinis, Er, oi'biciilatus, Payh.
SCOPiEUS, Er.
IgeTigatus, Gyll. sulcicoUis, Stej^h.
LITHOCHARIS, Lac. castanea, Grav. niaritima, Auhe. fiiseula, Mann. brunnea, Er. ripieola, Ktz. apicalis, Kr. ochracea, Grav. obsoleta, Nord. melanocepliala, Fah, tricolor, Marsh.
SUNIITS, Leach. filiformis, Latr.
intermedius, Er. angustatus, Payk.
P^DERUS, Grav. littoralis, Grav. riparius, Linn. fuscipes, Curt. caligatus, Er. rujicollis, Fah. sanguinicollis, Sfeph.
StenidsB. EV.ESTHETUS, Grav. scaber, Grav. Ifeviusculus, Mann. ruficaijillus, Lac.
DIANOUS, Leach. cajrulescens, Gyll.
STENUS, Lat. bigiittatus, Linn. biiJiinctatus, Er. guttula, Miil. bimaculatus, Gyll. Juno, Fah. asphaltinus, Er. ater, Mann. longitarsis, Thorns. buphthajmus, Grav. morio, Er. atratulus, Er. melanarius, Sfeph. iucrassatus, Er. melanopus, Marsh. nitens, Stejjh. canaliculatus, Gyll. opacus, Er.
? debilis, Diet. M.S. pusillus, Kirhy. exiguus, Er. speculator, Lac. Rogeri, Ktz.
? Sylvester, Crotch Cat. scrutator, Er. lustrator, Er. Gruynemei'i, Du Val. proditor, Er. Argus, Grav. submarginatus, Steph. fuscipes, Grav. cii'cularis, Grav.
nanus, Steph.
deelaratus, Er. crassus, Steph.
nigritulus, Er.
crassiventris. Thorns.
V. littoralis, Thorns. nigritulus, Gyll.
unicolor, Steph. brunnipes, Steph. opticus, Grav. binotatus, Ljungh. pubescens, Steph. plantaris, Er. bifoveolatus, Gyll.
nitidus, Steph. brevicollis. Thorns.
foveicollis, Kr.
bifoveolatus, Er. picipes, Steph. picipennis, Er. nitidiuscidus, Stepli. gonjmelas, Steph. ossium, Step>h. impressus, Germ. geniculatus, Grav. ^v\ch.som,(Janson, M.S.J Rye.
flavipes, Er. nee Steph. fuscicoruis, Er. palustris, Er. pallipes, Qrav. fiavipes, Steph.
filum, Er. Kiesenwetteri, Eos. tarsalis, Ljungh. oculatus, Grav. solutus, Er. cicindeloides, Grav. fulvicornis, Steph. latifrons, Er. fornicatus, Steph.
Oxytelidse. OXYPORUS, Fab. rufus, Linn, niaxillosits, Fab.
BLEDIUS, Leach. taurus. Germ. bicornis, Germ. tricornis, Hhst. unicornis, Germ.
250
BRITISH BEETLES.
taJpa, Gryll. subterraneiis, Er. fuscipes, Ri/p. areiiariiis, Pmih. opacus, Block. fracticornis, PaijJc. femoralis, Gyll. longulus, Er. atricapilhis, Germ. crassicoUis, Lac. erraticus, Er.
PLATYSTETHUS,
3Ian. cornutus, Grav.y morsitans, PayTc. capito, Heer. iiodifrons, Sahib. nitens, Sahib.
OXYTELUS, Mann. rugosus, Fab. iiisecatus, Grav. sculptiis, Grav. piceus, Grav. laqueatus, Marsh. inustus, Grav. sciilpturatus, Grav. nitiduliis, Grav. maritimus, Thorns. coinplanatus, Er. clepressiis, Grav. speculifrons, Kr.
HAPLODERUS, Steph. ca?latus, Grav. ANCYROPHORUS,A';. onialinus, Er. longipennis, Fairm.
TROaOBHLCEUS,
Mann. arcuatus, Sttph. riparius, Lac. biliiieatus, Er. elongatulus, Er. fuliginosus, Grav. corticinus, Grav. lialophilus, Kiel. fovi'olatu-:. Sahib. pusillus, Grav. tenellus, Er.
THIX0BIU3, Kies. bruimeipennis, Kr. longipennis, Kies. brevipennis, Kies.
SYNTOMIUM, Curt. seueum, Miill.
COPROPHILUS, Lat. striatulus, Fab.
ACROGNATHUS, Er. mandibularis, Gyll. DELEASTER, Er.
dichrous, Grav.
Homaliadse.
ANTHOPHAGUS,
Grav. alpinus, Fab. testaceus, Grav.
GEODROMICUS,i?eJi;.
nigrita, Mill. globulicoUis, Mann.
LESTEVA, Lat. bicolor, Fab. Sliarpi.
pubescens, Mann. punctata, Er.
ACIDOTA, Steph. crenata, Fab. cruentata, Mann.
OLOPHRUM, Er.
piceum, Gyll. fuscuiu, Er.
LATHRIM.EUM, Er.
atroceplialiim, Gyll. uuicolor, MarsJi.
DELIPHRUM, Er.
tectum, Payh.
ARPEDIUM, Er. bracliyptei'um, Grav.
PHILORINUM, Kr. liumile, Er.
MICRALYIIMA,
IVestw. brevipenue, Gyll. CORYPHIUM, Steph. angusticolle, Steph.
HOMALIUM, Grav. Iseviusculum, Gyll. riparium, Thorns. septentrionis, Thorns. rivulare, Payh. fossulatum, Er. Alkrdi, Fairm. rugulipenne, Rye. csesuni, Grav. nigriceps, Kies, oxyacanthte, Grav. exiguuin, Gyll. monilicorne, Gyll. planum, Payk. lapponicum, Zett.
pineti, Thorns.
con forme, Ktz. pusillum, Grav. deplanatuni, Gyll. concinnum, Marsh. testaceum, Er. vile, Er. brevicorne, Er. salicis, Gyll. crassicoi'ne. Matt, floi-ale, Fah. nigrum, Grav. loptcrum, Steph, striatum, Grav. pygniijeum, Payk. iniiatum, Gyll.
EUSPHALERUM, Kz. primuliB, Steph. ANT H OPIUM, Leach. minutum, Fab. torquatum, Marsh. oplithahnicum, Payk. sorbi, Gyll.
Protinidse.
PROTINUS, Lat.
ovalis, Steph. brachypterus, Lat.
CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH COLEOPTERA.
251
macropterus, Gi/ll. atomarius, Er.
MEGAIITHRUS,^«%.
depresses, Er. sinuatocoUis, Lac. denticoUis, Beck. hemiptei'us, III.
PHLCEOBIUM, Er. clypeatum, Hull.
PhlcEocharidse. PHLCEOCHARIS, Man. subtilissima, Mann. PSEUDOPSIS, Neiom. sulcatus, Newm.
PiestidsB.
PROGNATHA, Lat.
quadi'icornis,7i tV. and Sp.
Micropeplidse.
MICROPEPLUS, Lat.
porcatus, Fai. staphylinoides, Marsh,. tesserula, Curt. margaritse, Du V. V. fulvus, Er.
NECROPHAGA. Silphidse.
SILPHIDES. NECROPHORUS, Fab. germanicus, Linn. humator, Fab. vestigator, Sersch. interruptns, Steph.
V. gallicns, Bu Val. ruspator, Er.
v.raicrocephalus, Thms. mortuorum, Fab. vespillo, Linn.
NECRODES, Leach. littoralis, Linn.
SILPHA, Linn. thoracica, Linn.
rugosa, Linn. dispar, Hbst. sinuata. Fab. opaca, Linn. tristis, III. nigrita, Creutz. obscura, Linn. reticulata, Fah. quadripunctata, Linn. Irevigata, Fab. atrata, Linn. subrotundata, Leach.
CHOLEVIDES. CHOLEVA, Lat. angustata, Fab.
V. ? vSturmii, Bris.
V. ? intermedia, Kr.
V. ? cisteloides, Frohl. spadicea, Sturm. agilis. III. fusca. Pans. nigricans, Spence. coracina, Kelln. morio, Fab. longula, Kelln. nigrita, Er. grandicollis, Er. Kirbyi, Spence. pilicornis, Thorns.
longida, Murray. tristis, Pam. chrysomeloides, Panz. Watsoni, Sp. fumata, Sp. velox, Sp. Wilkin ii, Sp. anisotomoides, Sp. sericea. Fab. varieornis, Rosen. colonoides, Kr.
COLON, Ebst. viennense, Hbst. puncticolle, Kr.
deiitii^es, Er. Zebei, Kr. deutipes, Sahib.
spinipes, Hal. appeiidieiilatum. Sahib, calcaratum, Er. angulare, Er.
serripes. Sahib.
fusculum, Er. brunnenm. Lair. latum, Kraatz.
ADELOPS, Tellh. Wollastoni, Jans.
LEPTINUS, Miill. testaceus, Miill.
SPH^RITES, Di(f. glabratiis, Fah.
Scydmsenidse. EUMICRUS, Lap.
tarsatus, Miill. SCYDM^NUS, Lat. Godarti, Lat. scutellaris, Miill. collaris, Miill. pusillus, Miill. exilis, Er. angulatus, Miill. elongatulus, Miill. rubicundus, Schaum. Sparshallii, Denny. pumilio, Schaiim. denticornis, 3JiUl. rutilipennis, Miill. hirticoUis, III. nanus, Schaum.
CEPHENNIUM, MiiU.
thoracicum, Miill. ? intermedium, Aube.
EUTHIA, Steph.
plicata, Gyll. Schaumii, Kies. scydmaenoides, Steph.
Anisotomidse. HYDNOBIUS, Schm. Perrisii, Fairm. punctatissimus, Steph. punctatus, Sturm, spinipes, Gyll. strigosus, Schm.
ANISOTOMA, Knock. cinnamomea, Panz.
252
BRITISH BEETLES.
rugosa, Sfpfh. Trit'pkii, Schm. picea, III. obesa, Schm.
V. brunnea, Sturm. dubia, Kugel. fiirva, Er. ciliaris, Schm, ovalis, Schm. calcarata, Er. nigrita, Sch. badia, Sturm. pai'vula, Sahib. litura, Slejjh.
oruata, Fairm.
CYKTUSA, Er.
minuta, Ahr.
COLENIS, Er. dentipos, GyU.
AGAEICOPHAGUS,
Schm. ceplialotes, Schm.
LIODES, Lat. humeralis, Fab. glaber, Kiig. castaneiis, Hhst. orbicularis, Hbst.
AMPHICYLLTS, Er.
globus, Fab.
AGATHIDIUM, III. nigripenne, Fab. Isevigatum, Er. atrum, Payh. serniiiulura, Linn. rotundatum, Gyll. varians, Beck. rhinoceros, Sharp. nigrinum, Sturm. clypeatum. Sharp.
maudibulare, Wat. Cat. convcxum, Sharp.
piceum, Crotch Cat. marginatum, Sturm.
Scaphidiadse.
SCAPHIDIUM, Oliv. quadrimaculatum, Oliv.
SCAPHISOMA, Leacli. agaricina, Oliv. boleti, Panz. assimilis, Er.
Histeridse. niSTER, Linn. quadrimaculatus, Linn. sinuatus. III. quadrinotatus, Scri. unicolor, Linn. neglectus. Germ. cadaverinus, Ent. succicola. Thorns. merdarius, Ent. Ref. carbonarius. 111. marginatus, Er. piu'purascens, Hbst. stercorarius, Ent. bis-sexstriatus. Fab. biniacidatus, Linn. 12-striatus, Schr.
V. ? 14-striatus, Gi/ll.
HETiEEIUS, Godet. sesquicornis, Preys.
DENDEOPHILUS,
Lea. punctatus, Hbst. pygmocus, Linn.
CARCINOPUS, Mars. 14-striatus, Steph. minimus, Aube.
PAROMALUS, Er. Qaviconiis, Hbst. SAPRINUS, Er.
piceus, Payk. rotundatus, III. nitidulus, Payk. a?neus, Fah. immundus, Gyll. virescens, Payk. 4-striatu9, Ent. rugifrons, Payk. mctaliicus, Hbst. maritinms, Steph.
TERETRIVS, Er.
picipes, Fab.
ONTHOPHILUS, Lea.
suleatus, Fab. exaratus, III. striatus, Fab.
PLEQADERUS, Er. dissectus, Er.
ABRJ2US, Leach. globosus, Ent. H. granulum, Er.
ACRITUS, Le Conte. punetum, Aube. nigricornis, Ent. H. minutus, Payk.
Nitidulidse.
BRACHYPTERIDES
CERCUS, Lat.
pedicularius, Linn. bipustulatus, Payk. rufilabris, Latr.
BRACHYPTERUS, ETiiy.
gravidas. III. urticai, Fah. pubescens, Er.
CAEPOPHILIDES.
CARPOPHILUS.iVf^A hemipterus, Linn, sexpustulatus. Fab.
NITIDULIDES.
EPUR.EA, Er.
10-guttata, Fab. diffusa, Bris. a^stiva, Linn. melina, Er. delcta, Er. obsoleta. Fab. neglocta, Heer. ])arvula, Sturm. a.ngustula, Er. oblonga, Hhst. pusilla, Hbst. longula, Er. florea, Er.
melanocephala, Marsh. limbata, Fab.
CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH COLEOPTERA.
253
NITIDULA, Fab. bipustulata, Linn, flexiiosa. Fab. rufipes, Steph. quadripustulata, Fah.
SORONIA, Er. punctatissima, III. gi'isea, Linn.
AMPHOTIS, Er.
marginata, Fah.
OMOSITA, Er. depressa, Linn. colon, Linn. discoidea, Fah.
THALYCEA, Er.
sericea, Sturm.
PEIA, Kirby. dulcainarse, III. MELIGETHES, Kirbi/. rufipes, Gyll. lumbaris, Sturm. serieus, Fab. viridescens, Fah. coracinus, Sturm. corviniis, Er. symphjti, Sturm. difficilis, Sturtn. memnonius, Er. pedicidarius, Gyll, seiTipes, Gyll. umbrosus, Sturm. maurus, Sturm. seniculus, Er. flavipes, Sturm. picipes, Sturm. lugubris, Sturm. distinctus, Er. erythropus, Gyll. exilis, Sturm. solidiis, Er.
POCADIUS, Er. ferrugineus, Fah.
CYCHEAMIDES, CYCHRAMUS, Kugel. liiteus, Fab.
fungicola, Keer.
PHALACBIDES. PHALACRUS, Paylc. corruscus, Payh. substriatus, Gyll. caricis, Sturm.
OLIBRUS, Er.
corticalis, Panz. seiieus, Fab. liquidiis, Er. atKnis, Sturm. millefolii, Payk. pjgmffius, Sturm. geminus, III. piceus, Er. obloiigus, Er.
IPIDES.
CRYPTARCHA, Shuclc. strigata, Fah. imperialis, Fab.
IPS, Fah. 4-guttatus, Fah. 4-pimctatus, Hbst. •J-pustulatus, Fab. ferrugineus, Fah.
RHIZOPHAaUS.S-J*;!.
depressus, Fab. cribratiis, Gyll. ferrugineus, Payh. perforatus, Er. parallelocoUis, Gyll, nitididus, Fab. dispar, Paylc. politus, Fah. bipustulatus, Fab. caeruleus, Waltl.
Trogositidse.
NEMOSOMA, Lat. elongata, Linn.
TROGOSITA, Oliv. maimtanica, Linn.
THYMALUS, Lat. limbatus, Fab,
Colydiadse.
SARROTRIUM, III. clavicorne, Linn. ENDOPHLCEUS, Er, spinulosus, Lat.
DITOMA, III. crenata, Hbst.
SYNCHITA, Bellw. juglandis, Fab.
CICONES, Curt, variegatus, Hellw.
COLYDIUM, Fab. elongatum, Fab.
TEREDUS, Shuch, nitidus, Fah.
OXYL^MUS, Er. cylindricus, Panz. csesus, Er.
AGLENUS, Er.
brunneus, Oyll. ANOMMATUS, Wesm. 12-striatus, Milll.
CERYLON, Lat. histeroides, Fah. ferrugineum, Steph. ? deplanatum, Oyll.
MONOTOMA, Hbst.
conicicoUis, Atihe. angusticoUis, Gyll. spinieollis, Aube. picipes, Payh. brevicollis, Aube. quadricollis, Aube. rufa, Redt.
sub-4-foveolata, Wat. quadrifoveolata, Aube. longicollis, Gi/ll.
Cucujidse.
PEDIACUS, Shucl: dermestoides, Fab.
254
BRITISH BEETLES.
L^MOPHLGEUS, Er.
ferrugineus, Steph. duplicatus, Waltl. pusillus, Schon. bimaculatus, Payk. ater, Oliv. clematidis, Er.
DENDROPHAGUS,
Sell on.
crcnatiis, FayTc.
BRONTES, Eah. plana t us, Linn. PSAMMCECUS, Bond. bipunctatus, Fah.
SILVANUS, Lat. frimientarius, Fah.
? siuunamensis, Linn. bidentatus. Fab. uuidentatiis. Fab. adveua, WaUl.
NAUSIBIUS, Schaum. dentatus. Marsh.
Cryptophagidse.
ANTHEROPHAGUS, Knock.
nigricornis, Fab. silaceus, Hbst. pallens, Oliv.
CRYPTOPHAGUS,
Hbst. populi, Payk. Ijcopcrdi, Hbst. setulosus, Sturm. pilosus, Gyll. saginatus, Sturm. iinibratus, Er. soanicus, Linn. badius, Sturm. afllnis, Sturm. cellaris. Scop. acutangidus, Oiill. dentatus, Hbst. ruficornis, Steph. clistinguendus, Sturm, bicolor, Sturm, serratus, Oyll,
vini, Pam. pubescens, Sturm.
PARAMECOSOMA,
Curtis.
melanocepbala, Hbst. ATOMARIA, Steph.
feiTuginea, Sahib.
fimetarii, Hbst.
fumata, Er.
Barani, Bris.
nigriventris, Steph.
umbrina, Gyll.
diluta, Er.
linearis, Steph.
elongatula, Er.
peltata, Kr.
fuscipes, Gyll.
pusilla, Payk. atrieapilla, Stej^h.
V. ? berolinensis, Kr. fuscata, Schon. rhenana, Kr. gutta, Step)h. mesomelas, Hbst.
V. atra, Woll. basalis, Er. munda, Er. impressa, Er. nigripennis, Payk. Hislopi, Woll. apicalis, Er. analis, Er. ruficornis, Marsh. versicolor, Er.
EPISTEMUS, Westiu. globosus, Waltl. globulus, Payk.
Mycetophagidse.
MYCETOPHAGUS,
Hellw.
4-pustulatus, Linn. piceus. Fab. atoniarius. Fab. multipunetatus, Fab. populi. Fab. quadriguttatus, Milll.
TRIPHYLLUS, Meg. puuctatus, Fab.
\ suturalis, Fah.
LITARGUS, Er. bifdsciatus, Fab.
TYPH^A, Kirhy. fumata, Linn.
Dermestidse.
DERMESTES, Linn. vidpinus, Fab. Frischii, I{ug. niurinus, Linn. undulatus, Brahm, laniarius, Lll. lardarius, Linn.
ATTAGENUS, Latr.
pellio, Linn, rerhasci, Linn.
MEGATOMA, Herhst. undata, Linn.
TIRESIAS, StepA. serra. Fab.
ANTHRENUS, Geoffr. scrophularice, Linn. pimpinellce, Fab. varius. Fab. inuseorum, Linn, clariger, Er.
TRINODES, Meg. hirtus. Fab.
Byrrhidse.
NOSODENDRON, Lat.
fasciculare. Fab. SYNCALYPTA, Dillw. setigera. III. spinosa, Rossi.
BYRRHUS, Linn. Dennii, Curt. )iilula, Linn. fasciatus, Fab. dorsal is, Fah. murinus. Fab.
CYTILUS, Er. varius, Fab,
CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH COLEOPTEBA.
255
MORYCHUS, Er.
reneus, Fah.
SIMPLOCAETA, Steph. seraistriata, Fab.
LIMNICHUS, Lat. pygmeeus, Sturm.
Heteroceridse. HETEROCEEUS, Bosc.
rectus, Waterh. llexuosus, Steph. obsoletus, Curt. niarginatus, Fab. Icevigatus, Panz. fusculiis, Kies. sericausj Kies.
Parnidse.
PARNIDES. PAENUS, Fab. prolifericornis, Fab. auriculatus, III.
POTAMINUS, Sturm.
substriatus, Miill.
ELMIDES.
LIMNIUS, Er.
tubercular us, IlilU.
ELMIS, Lat.
fenens, Mull. Volkmari, Panz. parallelopipedus, Miill. siibviolaceiis, Miill. cupreus, Miill. niteiiS; Miill.
Georyssidse. GEOEYSSUS, Lat. pygmseus, Fab.
Hy dr ophilidse . SPEECHEUS, Fab. emarginatus, Fab. HYDEOCHUS, Germ. brevis, Mbit.
carinatus, Germ. elongatus, Fab. angustatus, Miill.
HELOPHOEUS, Fab. rugosus, Oliv. nubilus, Fab. aquations, Linn. iiitei'medius, Muls. Mulsanti.
dorsalis, Muls. grariularis, Linn. griseus, Hbst. dorsalis, Marsh. arvernicus, Muls.
pumilio, Wat. Cat. nanus, Sturm.
OCHTHEBIUS, Leach. exscnlptus, Miill. margipallens, Lat. marinus, Payk. seneus, Waterh. pygmreus, Fab. bicolon, Steph. rufimarginatus, Steph. exaratus, Muls. seratus, Steph. punctatus, Steph.
HYDE^NA, Kug. testacea, Curt. riparia, A'wrjf. nigrita, Miill. gracilis, Miill. atricapilla, Waterh. pygraaea, Waterh.
LIMNEBIUS, Leach. truncatellus, Thunb. marginalis, Steph. papposus, Muls. iiitidus, Marsh. picinus. Marsh.
BEEOSUS, Leach. spinosus (Stev.), Schon. triceps, Curtis. Inridus, Linn. affinis, Lirulle.
LACCOBIUS, Er.
minutus, Linn. I nigx'iceps, Thorns.
HY'DEOUS, Leach. piceus, Linn.
HYDEOPHILUS, Geoff.
caraboides, Linn. HYDEOBIUS, Leach. oblongus, Hbst. fuscipcs, Linn. bicolor, Payk. a^neus, Germ. limbatvis, Fab.
PHILHYDEUS, Solier. maritimus, Thorns. testaceus, Fah. melauocephalus, Fab. nigricans, Zett. ovalis. Thorns. marginellus. Fab. livid us, Forst.
Cn.ETAETHEIA, Wat. seiuinulum, Payk.
Spliseridiadse.
CYCLONOTUM, Er.
orbiculare, Fab.
SPH^EIDIUM, Fab. scarabiieoides, Linn. bipustulatum. Fab.
CEECYON, Leach.
obsoletum, Gyll. hnemorrhoidale, Fab. lia^raorrhouni, Gyll. latcrale. Marsh. aquaticum, Muls. flavipes. Fab. littorale, Gyll. depressum, Steph. unipunctatum, Linn. quisquilium, Linn. melanocepbalum, Linn.. terminal um, Marsh. pygrnfeum, Itl. nigriceps. Marsh. minutum. Fab. lugubre, Payk. anale, Payk.
256
BRITISH BEETLES.
MEGASTERNUM,
Unh. obscurum, Marsh.
CRYPTOPLEURUM,
Muls.
atomai'ium, Fab.
LAMELLICORNES.
PLEUROSTICTI.
Cetoniadse.
GNORIMUS, Lep. variabilis, Linn. uobilis, Linn.
TRICHIUS, Fab. fasciatus, Linn. abdominabs, Men.
CETONIA, Fab. aurata, Linn. floricola, Hbst. V. aenea, O^ll. stictica, Linn.
Rutelidse.
ANOMALA, Kijp.
Frischii, Fab. Donovani, Marsh.
PHYLLOPERTHA,
Kir. horticola, Linn. V. suturalis, New.
Melolonthidse.
POLYPIIYLLA, Harris. fullo, Linn.
MELOLOXTHA, Fab. vulgaris, Fab. bippocastani, Fab.
RHIZOTROGUS, Lat.
solstitialis, Linn. oc-lu'aceus, Knovh.
Sericidae. SERICA, MacL. brimnea, Linn. IIOMALOPLIA, Steph. ruricola, Fab.
Hopliadse.
HOPLIA, III. pbilantlius, Suh.
LAFAROSTICTI.
Geotrupidse.
GEOTRUPES, Lair. stercorarius, Linn.
V. pntridarius, Esch. mutator, Marsh. sylvaticus, Panz. vernalis, Linn.
TYPHOSUS, Leach. vulgaris. Leach.
ODONT.EUS, Meg. mobibcornis, Fab.
Copridae. ONTHOPHAGUS, Lat. taurus, Linn. nutans, Fab. vacca, Linn. coenobita, Herhst. iracticornis, Preys. nucliieornis, Linn. ovatus, Linn.
COPRIS, Geoff. lunaris, Linn.
Aphodiadse.
APIIODIUS, III. crraticus, Linn. subterraueus, Linn. fossor, Linn.
lurmorrhoidalis, Linn. I scybalarius, Fab. foetens, Fab. fimetarius, Linn. ater, DeG.
constans, Duf. granarius, Linn. jjutridus, Creutz. lapponum, Gt/ll. foetidus, Fab. sordidus, Fab. rufesceus, Fab. nitidubis, Fab. himaculatu.i, Fab. plagiatus, Linn. lividus, Oliv. inquiuatus, Fab. sticticus, Panz. conspurcatus, Linn. tessulatus, Payk. Zenkei'i, Germ. porous, Fab. tristis, Panz. pusillus, Hbst. quadrimaculatus, Linn. nierdarius, Fab. prodromus, Muls. punctato-sidcatus, Strm. contaminatus, Hbst. obliteratus, Panz. rufipes, Linn. luridus, Fab. depressus, Kug. pecari, Fab. arenarius, Oliv. sus, Hbst. testudinarius, Fab. villosus, Gyll. poi'catus. Fab.
AMMCECIUS, Mills. brevis, Er.
PSAMMODIUS, Gyll. sulcicoUis, III. porcicollis, III.
.3IGIALIA, Latr. sabuleti, Payk. rufa, Fab. areuaria, Fab.
Trogidae.
TROX, Fab. sabulosus, Linn. scaber, Linn. bispidus, Laich.
CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH COLEOPTERA.
557
Lucanidse.
LUCANUS, Linn. cervus, Linn.
DORCUS, MacL. parallelopipedus, Linn. SINODENDRON,flZZ«y. cjlindi'icom, Linn.
STERNOXI. Buprestidae. DICERCA, Esch. cBnea, Linn.
ANTHRAXIA, Esch. sal ids. Fab. nitidula, Linn.
AGRILUS, Solier. biijuttatus, Fab. siuuatus, Olivi. viridis, Linn. angustulus, ///. laticoruis, Lll.
APHANISTICUS, Lat. pusillus, Oliv.
TRACHYS, Fab. niinutus, Linn. pyginffius, Fah. nanus, Fab.
Eucnemidse.
THROSCUS, Lat. dermestoides, Linn. obtusus, Cxwt.
MELASIS, Oliv. buprestoides, Linn. MICRORHAGUS, Escli. pygmseus, Fab.
Elateridse.
AGRYPNIDES. ADELOCERA, Lat. varia. Fab.
LACON, Germ. mm'iuus, Linn.
ELATERIDES, ATHOIJS, Esch. niger, Linn. rhombeus, Oliv. undulatus, DeG. hremorrhoidalis, Fab. vittatus, Fab. diflbrmis, Luc.
campyloides, Newm. longicollis, Oliv.
LIMONIUS, Esch. cylindricus, Fat/h. mniutiis, Fab.
CRATONYCHUS, Lac. niger, Fab. castanipes, Payk. rufipes, Hbst.
ELATER, Linn. sanguineus, Linn. lythropterus, Germ. sanguinolentus, Schr. pomonse, Steph. pomorum, Hbst. elongatulus, Oliv. balteatus, Linn. tristis, Linn. aethiops, Lac.
brunnicornis. Germ.
rufitarsis, Desv.
V. sci'ofa. Germ. nigrimis, Hbst.
MEaAPENTHES,A7e*
sanguinicollis, Panz. higens, Reclt. tibialis, Lac.
CRYPTOHYPNUS,
Esch. maritimus. Curt. riparius. Fab. dermestoides, Hbst. quadripustulatus, Fah.
CARDIOPHORUS, Er
thoracicus. Fab. ruficollis, Linn.
asellus, Ef. ciuereus, Hbst.
LUDIUS, Lat.
ferrugineus, Linv.
CORYMBITES, Lat.
castaneus, Linn. pectinicornis, Linn. cupreus, Fab. tessellatus, Linn. quercus, Gyll.
* impressus. Fab. metallicus, Payh. feneus, Linn. bipustulatus, Linn. holosericeus, Fah.
SYNAPTUS, Esch. filiformis, Fab.
AGRIOTES, Esch. pilosus, Panz. liueatus, Linn. obseurus, Linn. sputator, Fab. acuniinatus, Steph. ? pallidulus. III. ustulatus, Schall.
SERICOSOMUS, Steph, brunneus, Linn.
DOLOPIUS, Esch. marginatus, Linn.
ADRASTUS,^scA. pallens, Fab.
CAMPYLIDES. OAMPYLUS, Fisch. linearis, Linn.
MALACODERMI.
Atopidse.
DASCILLUS, Lat.
cervinus, Linn.
Cyphoiiid99. HELODES, Lat. pallidus, Fab. S
258
BRITISH BEETLES.
marginatus, Fah. lividus, Fah.
PRIONOCYPHON, Eedt. serricornis, Miill.
CYPHON, Payk. coarctutus, Payk. iiitidulus, Thorns. fuscicornis, Thorns. variabilis, Thunb. padi, Linn. oclxraceus, Steph.
HYDROCYPHON,
Redt. deflexicoUis, Miill. SCIRTES, in.
heraisphfericus, Linn. oi'bicularis, Pavz.
Eubriadse. EUBRIA, Redt. palustris, Germ.
Lyeidse. DICT YOPTE RUS,Za!!n Aurora, Fah. luimitus, Fab.
Lampyridse.
LAMPYRIS, Geoffr. noctiluca, Linn.
Drilidse.
DRILUS, Oliv. flavescens, Oliv.
Telephoridae.
TELEPHORUS, Schiiff. abdominalis, Fab. fuscus, Fah. rusticus, Fall. lividus, Linn.
V. dif^par, Fab. pellucid us, Fab. obseiu'us, Linn. nigrifans, Fah.
V. ? discoideus, Steph.
rufus, Linn.
V. litiiratus, Fall. figuratiis, Mann. bic'olor, Fah. scoticus.
21* sp. ? Wat. Cat. eljpeatus, III. lateralis, Linn. tlioracicus, Gyll. flavilabris, Fall.
* melaiiurus. Fab. unicolor, Curt. fuseicornis, Oliv. testaceiis, Linn. liinbatus, Thorns. pallidas. Fab. paludosus, Fall. elongatus, Fall.
PODABRUS, Fisch. lateralis, Linn.
SILIS, Redt. ruficollis, Fab.
MALTHINUS, Latr. faseiatus, Fall. balteatus, Suffr. flaveoliis, Payk. frontalis, Mamh.
MALTHODES, Kies. niarginatus, Latr. mysticus, Kies. fibulatus, Kies, dispar. Germ. tlavoguttatus, Kies. sangLiiuolentus, Linn. at 0111 us. Thorns.
brevicoUis, Kies., nee Payk.
Melyridse,
MALA CHI as, Fah. R'lieus, Linn. bipustulatus, Linn. viridis, Fab. ruarginellus, Fab. spinosus, Erichs.
* pulicarius, Fab.
ruiicollis, Oliv.
rubricollis, Marsh.
ANTHOCOMUS, Er. termiiiatus, Men.
ruflcoUis, Fah. sanguinoleiitus, Fah. faseiatus, Linn.
DASYTES, Fah. nobilis, III. subseneus, Schon.
st>ratus, Steph. pluinbaais, jVull.
flavijies, Wat. Cat. niger, Linn.
lIAFLOCNEUVS,Step.
uigrieornis, Fah. impressus, Marsh.
DOLICHOSOMA, Step. linearis. Fab.
Byturidae. BYTURUS, Latr. tomentosus, Fab. fumatus, Fab.
TELMATOPHILUS, Seer.
sparganii, Ahr. obseurus, Fab.
caricis, Oliv. brevicollis, Auhe. tyjDlise, Fall.
V. ? Sfhonherri, Gyll.
Cleridse.
CLEKIDES.
TILLUS, Oliv. elongatus, Linn. unifasciatus, Fab.
CLERUS, Geoffr. formicarius, Linn.
OPILUS, Latr. mollis, Linn. uiiivittatus, Rossi.
TRICHODES, Fah . aloearius, Fah,
i
CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH COLEOPTERA.
259
ENOPLIADES.
CORYNETES, Rbst. cseruleus, DeG.
NECROBIA, Steph. violacea, Linn. rufipes, Fab. ruficollis, Fah.
Lymexylidas.
HYLECCETUS, Lat. dermestoides, Fab.
LYMEXYLON, Fab. navale, Linn.
Ptinidse.
PTINIDES. GIBBIUM, Scop. scotias, Fah.
MEZIUM, Curt. afEne, Boiehl. sulcatum, Steph.
NIPTUS, Boield. hololeucus, Fald.
PTINUS, Linn. crenatus, Fab. liclienum, Harsh. latro, Fab. fur, Linn.
sexpunctatns, Panz. germanus, Fab.
HEDOBIA, Sturm. imperialis, Linn.
ANOBIADES.
O CHINA, Strm. hederse, Miill.
PTILINUS, Geoff. pectlaicornis, Linn.
XYLETINUS, Latr. ater, Panz.
LASIODERMA, Steph testacea, Steph.
DORCATOMA, Eerbst. vubens, Ent. H. flavicornis, Fab. chrysomelina, Sturm, dresdensis, Hbst. bovistae, Ent. H.
DRYOPHILUS, Chev. pusillus, Gyll. auobioides, Chev.
ANOBIUM, Fah. castaneum, Fah. rufipes, Fah. striatum, Oliv. fulvicorne, Sturm. pertiriax, Linn. denticoUe, Panz. pulsator, Sohdll.
tessellatum, Fah. paniceum, Linn. raolle, Linn. abietis, Fah. nigrinum, Sturm. plumbeum, ///.
Bostrichidae.
BOSTRICHUS, Geoff. capucinus, Linn.
DINODERUS, Steph. substriatus, Steph. DINODERUS, Schaum. substriatus, Paylc. RHIZOPERTHA, Step. pusilla, Fab.
Lyctidse.
LYCTUS, Fah. canaliculatus, Fab. bruuueus, Steph.
Cioidse.
RHOPALODONTUS,
Mel. perforatus, Oyll. CIS, Lat. boleti, Scop.
villosulus, Marsh. micans, Hbst. liispidus, Paijk. pygrafeus. Marsh, festivus, Panz. faseatus, Melt. alni, Gyll. bidentatus, Oliv. uitidus, Hbst. lineatocribratus, Mel.
ENNEARTHRUM,
Mell. coruutum, Gyll. fronticorne, Panz. afBne, Gyll.
OCTOTEMNUS, Mell. glabriculus, Gyll.
HETEROMERA. Blaptidae.
BLAPS, Fab. mortisaga, Linn. mucronata, Lat. similis, Lat.
Coniontidae.
CRYPTICUS, Lat. quisquilius, Linn.
Pedinidse.
HELIOPATHES, Lac. gibbus, Fab.
HopatridsB.
HOPATRUM, Fab. sabulosum, Linn.
MICROZOUM, Steph. tibiale, Fah.
Tractiyscelidse.
PHALERIA, Lat. cadaveriua, Fab.
s2
260
BRITISH BEETLES.
Bolitopliagidse.
BOLITOPHAGUS, III. reticulatus, Linn.
HELEDONA, Lat. agaricola, Hbst.
Diaperidae.
DIAPERIS, Geoff. boleti, Linn. SCAPHIDEMA, Redt. metallica, Fab.
PLATYDEMA, Lap. violacea, Fah.
ALPHITOPHAGUS,
Steph. quadripustulatus, Steph.
Ulomidse.
TRIBOLIUM, MacL. errugineixm, Fah.
GNATHOOERUS,
Thnb. cornutus, Fab.
HYPOPHLCEUS, Ullw. castaneus, Fab. bieolor, Oliv. depressus, Fab,
ALPHITOBIUS, Steph. diaperinus, Panz. piceus, Oliv.
Tenebrionidse.
TENEBRIO, Linn. obscurus, Fab. molitor, Linn.
Helopidse.
HELOPS, Fab. Cirruleus, Linn. striatus, Fourcr. pallidas, Curtis.
Cistelidse. MYCETOCHARIS, Lat. bipiistulata, III.
GONODERA, Muls. fulvipes, Fab.
CISTELA, Fab. ceramboides, Linn.
ISOMIRA, Muls. murina, Linn.
ERYX, Steph. ater, Fab.
CTENIOPUS, Solier. siilphureus, Linn.
OMOPHLUS, Solier. amerinse, Curtis.
Lagriadse. LAGRIA, Fab. liirta, Linn.
Tetratomidse. TETRATOMA, Fab. t'ungoriiui, Fab. Desmarestii, Lat. aucora, Fab.
Melandryadee.
ORCHESIA, Latr. undulata, Kr. micans, Panz. minor, Walker.
HALLOMENUS, Panz. Immeralis, Panz.
ANISOXYA, Muls. fijscida, ///.
? Hall.fuscus, Wat. Cat.
ABDERA, Steph. ipiadi'ifasciata, Curtis. bifasciata, Marsh.
DIRCJilA, Fab. Isevigata, Hellen. PHLffiOTRYA, Steph. Stepliensii, Ln V.
rufipes, Steph. HYPULUS, Patjh. qiieroinus, Paylc.
MELANDRYA, Fab. caraboides, Linn. canaliculata. Fab.
SCRAPTIA, Lat.
fusca, Lat. nigricans, Steph.
COXOPALPUS, Gyll. testaceus, Oliv.
V. ? Vigorsii, Steph.
OSPHYA, III. bipunctata, Fab.
Py rrho chro adse .
PYRRH0CHR0A,/'a6.
coccinea, Linn. rubens, Fab. pectinicornis, Linn.
PYTHO, Latr.
depressus, Linn.
Anthicidse. NOTOXUS, Geoff. monoceros, Linn.
ANTHICUS, Payk. liumOis, Germ. instabilis, Schmidt. bimaeulatus, ///. autherimis, Linn. tristis, Schmidt. Seliaumii, Woll. angustatus, Cvrfis. pedicularius, SchranTc.
XYLOPHILUS, Bon. |)opulneus, Fab. oculatus, Payk.
Mordellidee.
MOEDELLIDES, TOMOXIA, Costa. biguttata, Casteln.
MORDELLA, Linn. fasciata, Fab.
CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH COLEOPTERA.
261
MORDELLTSTENA,
Costa. abdominalis, Fai. punvila, Gt/U. pusilla, Redt. humeralis, Linn.
V. ? bruniiea, Fah. lateralis, Oliv.
ANASPIS, Geojf. frontalis, Linn. forcipata, Muls. Geoffroyi, Mull. ruficoUis, Fab. thoracica, Linn. subtestacea. StepJi. macidata, Fourcr.
EHIPIPHOEIDES. EHIPIPHORUS, Fab. paradoxus, Linn.
Meloidse.
MELOE, Linn. proscarabseus, Linn. violacea, Marsh. autumnalis, Oliv. rugosa. Marsh. cicatricosa, Leach. variegata, Donov. breTicollis, Panz.
LYTTA, Linn. vesicatoria, Linn. SITARTS, Lat.
muralis, Forst. humeralis, Fah.
CEdemeridse. ISCHNOMERA, Steph. melanura, Linn.
ASCLERA, Schm. sanguinicollis, Fah. ca?rulea, Linn.
DRYOPS, Fah. femoratus, Fah.
CEDEMERA, Oliv. cserulea, Linn. lurida, Marsh.
MYCTERUS, Oliv. curculionides, Fah.
Salpingidse. SALPINGDS, III. foveolatus, Ljun. ater, Paylc. castaueus, Panz.
LISSODEMA, Curt. denticollis, Gyll.
4-guttata. Lep. cursoi", Gyll.
RHINOSIMUS, Lat. ruficollis, Linn. viridipennis, Sfeph. planirostris, Fab.
EHYNCHOPHOEA. Bruchidse.
BRUCHUS, Linn, pisi, Linn. rufimanus, Schon. affinis, Froh.
flavimaims, Sch. loti, Payk. semiuarius, Linn. luteicornis. 111. pectinicornis, Linn, ater, Marsh.
villosus, Sturm. eisti, Fah.
Anthribidse.
BRACHYTARSUS,
Sch'dn. scabrosus, Fah. varius, Fab.
TROPIDERES, ScMn. albirostris, Hhst. niveirostris, Fah. sepicola, Hhst.
PLATYRHINUS, CI.
latirostris. Fab.
ANTHRIBUS, Fah. albinus, Linn.
CH0RAGUS,A7;-. Sheppardi, Kir.
Attelabidge. APODERUS, Oliv. coryli, Linn.
ATTELABUS, Linn. cureulionoides, Linn.
Rhinomaceridse.
RHYNCHITES, Hhst. betulae, Linn. megacephalus. Germ. pubescens, Fab. ophthalmicus, Steph. nanus, Payk. conicus, III. pauxillus. Germ. alliarife, Payk. germanicus, Hhst. sequatus, Linn. coTuleocephalus, Schall. Eeneovirens, Marsh. V. fragrariee, Sch. cupreus, Linn. betuleti. Fab. populi, Linn. auratus, Scop. Bacchus, Linn.
RHINOMACER, Fab. attelaboides, Fab.
Apionidse.
APION, Hhst. cracca;, Linn. pomouse, Fab. subulatum, Kir. Toras, Hhst. ervi, Kir. ononis, Kir. Waltoni, Sfeph. l^avidum, Germ. livescerum, Schon. Gjllenhali, A'«V. Spencii, Kir. wthiops, Hhst. punctigerum, Germ. pisi, Meg.
262
BRITISH BEETLES.
afei", Schon.
loti, Kir.
filirostre, Kir.
scutellare, Kir.
tenue, Kir.
seiiieulum, Kir.
simile, Kir.
rirens, Hbd.
astragali, Payk.
striatum. Marsh.
immune, Kir.
sorbi, Hbst.
pubescens, Kir.
Curtisii, Cvrt.
coiiflucns, Kir.
stolidum, Germ.
Levigatum, Kir.
a?neum, Fab.
radiolum. Marsh.
cnrduorum, Kir.
onopordi, Kir.
ebc'uinum, Kir.
nieliloti, Kir.
violaceum, Kir.
hydrolapathi, Marsh.
frumentariuTTi, Linn.
rubens, Sieph.
sanguineum, DpG.
cruentatum, Walt.
miniatum, Schon.
minimum, Mist.
sedi, Germ.
humile, Germ.
limonii, Kir.
mMi'cliieum, Hbst.
afline, Kir.
llookeri, Kir.
vicinura, Kir.
atomarium, Kir.
flavimanum, Schon.
Ternale, Fab.
malvse, Fab.
rufirostre, Fab.
pallipes, Kir.
Gcrraari, }Falt.
Ticiae, Paifk.
flavipes. Fab.
nigritarse, Kir.
assimile, Kir.
Eoliemanni, (Boh.) Schon. ononidis, Gi//L ouonicola, Bach,
fagi, Linn. trifolii, Linn. Schoenlierri, Waf. varipes, Germ. iKvicoUe, Kir. diffonne, Germ. dissimile, Germ.
OXYSTOMA, Diim. fuscirostris, Fab. ulieis, Fosf. genista, Kir.
Brachyderidse. CNEORHINUS, Schon. geminatus, Fab. exaratus. Marsh.
STR0PH0S0MUS,i?/7/. coryli, Fab. obesus, Marsh. fulvicornis, Walt. retusus, Marsh. hirtus, Schon. faber, Hbst. iimbatus, Fab.
SCIAPHTLUS, Schon. mui'icatus, Fab.
TANYMECUS, Germ. palhatus, Fab.
SITONES, Germ, ijressorius. Fab. griseus. Fab. Ilavescens, Marsh. suturalis, Sfeph. sulcifrons, Thunh. tibialis, Hb.st. erinitus, Olir. Watei'housei, Walt. cambricus, Steph. i-egensteinensis, Hbst. puncticollis, Sfeph. liiieatus, Linn. hispidulus. Fab. nieliloti, Halt. liumeralis, S/eph.
POLYDROSUS, Germ. undatus. Fab. niicans, Fab.
flavipps, DpG. pterygomalis, Schon. sericeus, Schall. planifrons, Schon. chrysomela, Oliv. confluens, Sfeph. cervinus, Linn.
METALLITES, Schon.
marginatus, Steph.
Cleonidse.
CLEONUS, Meff. ophthahnieus, Fossi. nebulosus, Linn. glaucus, Fab. sulcirostris, Linn. albidus, Fab.
ALOPHUS, Schon. triguttatus, Fab.
LIOPHLCEUS, Germ. nubilus, Fab.
BARYjVOTUS, Germ. obseurus, Fab. moerens, Fab.
TROPIPHORUS, Scho. mercurialis. Fab. carinatus, Miill.
TANYSPHYRUS,
Germ. lemnse, Payk.
HYLOBIUS, Germ. abietis, Linn, pina.ttri, Gyll.
MOLYTES, Schon. germanus, Linn. coronatus, Lat.
LIOSOMUS, Steph. ovatulus, Clairv.
PLINTH US, Germ. caliginosus, Fab.
PROCAS, SfepJi. picipes, Mar.sh. grauulicoUis, Walt.
CATALOGUE OP THE BRITISH COLEOPTERA.
263
PIIYTONOMUS, Selwn punctatus, Fah. fiiscidilatiis, Hbst. polygon!, Linn. Pollux, Fnb. rumicis, Linn. tigrinus, Dej. plantaginis, L)eG. nigrirostris, Fab. trilineatus, Marsh. murinus, Fab. variabilis, Hbst. meles, Fab. suspiciosus, Hbst. arundinis, Fab.
LIMOBIITS, Schon. dissimilis, Hbst. mixtus, Dej.
Byrsopsidse.
GEONOPS, Schon. lunatus. Fab.
OtiorhynchidaB. PHYLLOBIUS, Schon. calcaratus, Fab. alneti, Fai. pyri, Linn. argentatus, Linn. maculicornis. Germ. oblongns, Linn. poinoofe, Olio. iiniformis, Marsh. viridicoUis, Fab.
TRACHYPHLCEUS,
Germ.
Sf'abcr, Linn. seabriciiliis, Linn. squamulatus, Oliv. aristatus, Gifll. alternans, Schon. spiniraanus. Germ.
CCENOPSTS, Bach. fissirostris, Walt. Waltoni, ScJion.
OMIAS, Schiin. hirsutulus, Fab.
Bohemaiini, Schon, brunnipes, Oliv.
BARYPITHES, Luv. sulcifrons, Schon.
PERITELUS, Germ. griseus, 01.
OTIORHYNCHUS,
Germ. ? fuscipes, Oliv. tenebricosus, Hbst. imicolor, Hbst.
ebeninus, Schon. ati'oapterus, DeG. raucu8. Fab. scabrosus. Marsh. ligneus, Oliv. septentrioais, Hbst. maurus, Gi/ll. monticola. Germ. picipes. Fab. sulcatus, Fab. ligustici, Linn. riigifrons, Gi/ll.
V. ? ambiguus, Scho. ovatus, Linn. pabulinus, Panz.
Erirhinidse. LIXUS, Fab. ascanii, Linn. paraplecticus, Linn, turbatus, Schon.
gemellatus, Gi/ll, angustatus, Fab. bieolor, Oliv. filiformis, Fab.
LARINUS, Schup. carliiiae, Oliv. RHmOCYLLUS, Germ. latirostris, Lat.
PISSODES, Germ. pini, Linn. notatus, Fab.
MAGDALTNUS, Germ. phlegmaticus, Hbst. cai'bonarius, Linn.
atramentarius, Marsli. cerasi, Linn. pruni, Linn.
ERIRHINUS, ScUn,
festuc£e, Herbst. nereis, Payk. scirrhosus, Schon. pillumus, S'nrm. acridulus, Linn. sethioiDs, Fab. bimacnlatus, Fab. scirpi. Fab.
* vorax, Fab. tremulae, Pai/Tc. eostirostris, Schon. niaculatus, Marsh. aiEnis, Payk. tneniatus, Fah. salicis, Walt. salicinus, Gi/ll. majalis, Pai/k. pectoralis, Panz. agnathus, Schon. tortrix, Linn. validirostris, Schon.
G-RYPIDIUS, Schon. equiseti, Fab.
ELLESCHUS, Meg. bipunctatns, Linn. scanicus, Pai/k.
BRAC1101<SYX, Schon. indigena, Hbst. ANTHONOMUS, Germ. pomorum, Linn. ulmi, DeG. pediculai'ius, Linn, pubescens, Payk. rubi, Hbst.
BALANINUS, Germ. turbatus, Gyll. niicum, Linn. Tenosus, Germ. villosus, Fab. cerasorum, Hbst. brassiere. Fab. pyrrlioceras. Marsh.
264
BKITISH BEETLES.
■AMALUS, Sc7/d,i.
scortillimi, Hbst.
TYCniUS, Germ.
5-punctatus, Linn. ■veniistus, Fab. polylineatus, Germ. Schncideri, Hbst. iiigrirostris, Wat. tomen^osus, Hbst. Kirbii, Wat.
flavicollis, v., Sc7ton. junceus, Reich. meliloti, {Kirby), Steph. hsematocephaliis, Schon. pygmsevis, £ris.
brevicornis, Wat.
MICCOTROGUS,
Schdn.
picirostris, Fab. SMICRONYX, Schon.
jungennannise, Reich. cicur, Reich. pygmseus, Curt.
SIBYNES, Germ.' canus, Hbst. arenaria?, Steph. primitus, Hbst. potentillffi, Koch.
ACALYPTUS, Schon. carpini, Hbst.
ANOPLUS, Scliiip. plant.aris, Noez.
ORCHESTES, HI. querens, Linn. sputellaris, Fab. riifiis, Olip. inelanoeephalus, Oliv. alni, Linn. ilicis, Fab. fagi, Linn. praterisis, Germ. iota, Fab. lonicercB, Fah. avellarire, Don. rusei, Hbst.
TACHYERGES, Schon. salicis, Linn. stigma, Germ. saliceti, Fab.
RHAMPIIUS, Clair. flavicornis, Clair.
ORTHOCH.ETES,
MitlL setiger, Germ. TRACnODES, Schiip. liispidus, Linn.
Baridiadse. BARIDIUS, Germ. T-albinii, Linn. laticollis, Marsh. picieornis. Marsh. lepidii. Germ. arialis, Oliv.
Cryptorhy nchidse .
CRYPTORHYNCIiUS, HI.
lapatlii, Linn.
CCELIODES, Schon. quercus, Fah. ruber. Marsh. rubicundiis, PayJc. subrufus, Hbst. geranii, Fa//k. exiguus, 01. 4-maculatus, LJnn.
didvmus, Fah. fuliginosus, Marsh.
guttula, Wat. Cat.
RHYTIDOSOMUS,<S'ife. globulus, Hbst.
OROBITIS, Germ. cjaneus, Linn.
MONONYCHUS,
Schiip.
pseudacori, Fab.
ACALLES, ScMn. ptinoides, Marsh. misellus, Schon.
roboris, Curt.
BAGOiJS, Germ. binodulus, ILbst. limosus, G(ill. petrosus, Hbst. frit, Hbst. lutulosus, Gyll. tempestivus, Hbst. lutosus, Gyll. lutulentus, Gyll.
LYPRUS, Schon. cylindrus, Puyk. HY"DRONOMUS,5e;/o«.
alismatis, Marsh.
LITODACTYLUS,
Redt. velatus, Bech. leucogaster. Marsh.
PACHYRHINUS, Step. coiTiari, Hbst. Waltoui, Schon. 4-tuberculatns, Fab. 4-iiodosus, Gyll. 4-cornis, Gyll. canaliculatus, Schon.
RHINONCUS, Schon. pericarpius, Fab. subfiisciatus, Gyll. Castor, Fab. inconspectus, Hbst. bruchoides, Hbst.
CEUTHORHYNCHUS
Schon. suturalis. Fab. syrites. Germ. assimilis, PayJc. erysimi. Fab. contractus, Marsh. cochlearite, Gyll. constrictus, Marsh. ericcc, Gyll. setosus, Schon. litura. Fab. trimaeulatus, Fah. jiolliuarius, Fost. uigroterunnatus. Wall. mistus, Mills.
CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH COLEOPTERA.
265
Tidiiafus, Gt/Jl. angulosus, Boh.
impressicoUis, Litt. qiiadridens, Paiiz. inelanostictus, Marsh. campestris, Q-i/ll.
chrysanthemi, Dliill.
V. ? vicinus, Bris. MS. rugulosus, Hbst.
melanostigma, Marsh. asperifoliarum, Steph. crux, Walt. MS. crassidentatus, Marsh.
MS. urticoe, Schon. ecliii, Fab. marginatus, PayTc.
V. ? puiictiger, Gyll. resedse, Marsh. verrucatus, Gyll.
biguttatus, Schon. sulcicollis, Gyll. alliai'isB, Bris.
inornatns, Wat. tarsalis, Schon. piloisellus, Gyll.
liispidulus, Slev. MS. rapse, Gyll.
inafiectatns, Walt. cyanipennis, III. chalybseus, Germ. hirtulus, Schiip.
CEUTHOEHYNCHI-
DEUS, z>«r. horridus, Fah. troglodytes, Fah.
V. ? Chevrolatii, Bris. MS.
v.?{rontayis, Bris. MS. pygma^us, Gnyon, MS. terminatus, Hbst. melanarius, Steph, nigrinus, Marsh. ? qiiercieola. Fab. ? minimus, ( Walt, in lit.)
Rye. ? hepaticus, Gyll. floralis, Payk. pyrrhorhynchus, Marsh. pumilio, Gyll.
Poweri, Rye.
POOPHAGUS, Schon. sisynibrii, Fab. uasturtii, Spence.
TAPINOTUS, Schon. sellatus, Fah.
Cionidse.
CIONUS, Clairv. scrophularise, Linn. verbasci, Fab. thapsus, Fab. blattarifc, Fab. pulchellus, Hbst.
NANOPHYES, Schon. lythri, Fab.
GYMjVETRON, Schon. pascuorum, Gyll. villosukim, Gyll.
beccabungae, Walt. beccabungse, Linn.
V. veronicse, Germ. labile, Hbst. rostellum, Hbst. melanarium, Germ. noetis, Hbst. coUinum, Gyll. linaria;, Panz.
MIARUS, Schon. gramiuis, Gyll. plautarum, Dej. campanulfe, Linn. micros. Germ.
MECINUS, Germ. pyraster, Hbst. collaris, Germ. eirculatus, Marsh.
Calandridae.
SITOPHILUS, Schon. granarius, Linn. oryzse, Linn.
Cossonidse.
COSSONUS, Clairv. linearis, Fab.
MESITES, Schon. Tardii, Steph.
PHLCEOPHAGUS,
Schon. seneopiceus, Schon. spadix, Hbst.
RHYNCOLUS, Creutz. chloropus, Fab. cylindrirostris, Oliv. truncorum, Germ.
PENTAETHRUM,
Wall. Huttoni, Woll.
Hylesinidge.
HYLASTES, Er.
cunicularius, Ratz. ater, Payk. angustatus, Hbst. opacus, Er. palliatus, Gyll. obscurus, Marsh.
HYLURGUS, Lat. piniperda, lAnn. pilosus, Ratz.
HYLESINUS, Fah. crenatus, Fah. oleiperda, Fab. fraxini, Fab. vittatus, Fab.
PHLGEOPHTHORUS,
Woll. rhododactylus. Marsh. SCOLYTUS, Geoffr.
Ratzeburgii, Jans. destructor, Olir. multistriatus, Marsh. pruni, Ratz. intricatus, Ratz. rugulosus, Ratz.
XY'LOTERUS, Er.
domesticus, Linn. lineatus, Oliv.
2G6
BRITISH BEETLES.
IIYPOTHEMENUS,
West. eruditus, West
CRYPHALUS, JEr.
tilifp, Fai. fagi, Fah. piceae, Rafz. binodulus. Satz. abietis, Rafz.
TOMICUS, Lafr.
stenoffrapJius, I^iif- typographiis, Linn. acuminatus, Gyll. laricis, Fab. bispinus, Ratz. bidens, Fab. chalcographiis, Linn. dispar, Fab. villosus, Fab. dryographus, Er. Saxesenii, Ratz. micrographus, GyU. ? flavus, Sttph.
PLATYPUS, Hbst. cvlindrus, Fab.
LOXGICOrxXES.
Prionidse. PEIONUS, Geoff. coriarius, Linn.
Cerambyeidse.
CERAMBYCIDES. AROMIA, Serv. moschata, Linn.
CALLIDIADES, CALLIDIUM, Fab. violaceum, Linn, sanguineum, Linn. alni, Linn. variabilc, Linn.
HYLOTRUPES, Serv. bajulus, Linn.
ASEMUM, HscJi. striatum, Linn.
CLYTIDES. CLYTUS, Fab. arcuatus, Linn. arietis, Linn. mjsticus, Linn.
OBEIADES. OBRIUM, Lat. cantliai'inum, Linn.
GRACILIA, Serv. pygmsea. Fab.
Lamiadse.
LAMIADES, LAMIA, Fab.
textor, Linn.
MONOCHAMUS, Muls.
sartor. Fab.
sutor, Linn.
ASTIJVOMUS, Redt. ajdilis, Linn.
LIOPUS, Serv. nebulosus, Linn.
POGONOCnCERUS, Lat. fasciciilaris, Panz. hispidus, Linn. pilosus, Fab.
SAPERDIDES, MESOSA, Serv. nubila, Oliv. AaAPANTHIA, Serv. lineatocollis, Don.
SAPERDA, Fab. carcharias, Linn. scalaris, Linn. populnoa, Linn.
TETROPS, Kirby. pi'a;ustus, Linn.
STENOSTOLA, Muls. nigripes, Fab.
OB ERE A, Muls. ocidata, Linn.
PHYTCECIA, Muls. cylindrica, Linn.
Lepturidse.
MOLORCHIDES.
MOLORCHUS, Fab. minor, Linn. unibellatarum, Linn.
LEPTUBIDES.
RHAGIUM, Fab. inquisitor, Fab. indagator, lAnn. bifasciatum, Fab.
TOXOTUS, Serv. meridianus, Linn.
PACHYTA, Serv. octomaculata, Fah. collaris, Linn,
STRANGALIA, Sei-v. aurulenta. Fab. quadrifasciata, Linn. revestita, Linn. avmata, Herbst. attenuata, Linn. nigra, Linn. melanura, Linn.
LEPTURA, Linn, virens, Linn. rufa, Brulle. sc'utellata. Fab. tomentosa, Fab. sanguinolenta, Linn, livida, Fah.
ANOPLODERA, Muls. sexguttata, Fab.
GRAMMOPTERA,
Serv. \iv\\9. Fab. analis, Panz.
CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH COLEOPTERA.
267
rnficornis, Fah. praeusta, Fab.
EUPODA. Sagridse. OESODACJSTA, Lat. cerasi, Oliv. nigi-iceps, Duf. humeralis, Lair.
Donaeiadse.
DONACIA, Fab. crassipes, Fab. bideiis, Oliv. dontata, Hop. sparganii, Ahr. dentipes, Fab. sagittarise, Fah. obscura, Gyll. leinnse, Fab. thalassina, Germ, iinpressa, Payk. linearis, Hop. typlioe, Brahm. simplex, Fab. hydrochaeridis, Fah. iTienyanthidis, Fah. soricei, Linn. aquatica, Linn. nigra, Fah. atlinis, Kunze.
H^MONIA, Lat. equiseti, Fab. Curtisii, Lac.
Crioceridse.
ZEUGOPHORA,A'«wze,
subspiuosa, Fab. ilavicollis, Marsh. Tiirneri, Power.
LEMA, Fab. puncticollis, Curt. cyanella, Fab. Eric'hsonii, Si(ff. mclanopa, Linn.
CRIOCERIS, Geoff. niordigera, Fab.
duodecimpunctata, Linn- asparagi, Linn.
Clytliridae.
CLYTHRA, Laich. tridentata, Linn. quadi'ipuiictata, Linn. Irpviuscula, Ratz.
LAMPROSOMA, Kirb. concolor, Sturm.
Cryptocephalidse.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS,
Geoff. imperialis, Fab. coryli, Linn. sexpunt'tatus, Linn, variahi/is, Schn. avireolus, 'S^"^. sericPus, Linn, ■pini, Linn. nitidalus, Gyll. inorrei, Linn. 10-puTictatus, Linn.
V. botlinicus, Linn. punctiger, Payk. flavilabris, Payk. bipunctatus, Linn.
V. lineola, Fab.
?'. ? bipustulatus, Fab. bilineatus, Linn. miiiutus, Fab. pusilhis, Fab. labiatus, Linn. Wasastjeriiii, Gyll. querceti, Siff.
? geminus, Wat. Cat. frontalis, Marsh.
Chrysomelidse.
TIMARCHA, Latr. laevigata, Linn. coriaria, Fab.
CHRYSOMELA, Linn. Banksii, Fab. staphjla'a, Linn. varians. Fab. gottingcusis, Linn.
hsemoptera, Linn. sanguinolenta, Linn. distinguenda, Steph. marginata, Linn. menthastri, Suffrian. graminis, Linn. fastuosa, Linn. cerealis, Linn. polita, Linn. lamina, Fab.
V. Hobsoni, Steph. fucata, Fah. didjmata, Scriba.
LIN A, Eedt. aenea. Fab. populi, Linn. longicollis, Sifff.
tremulse, Wat. Cat.
GONIOCTEISA, R'idt. rufipes, Gyll. 10-punctata, Linn, affinis, Schon. litura, Fab. pallida, Linn.
GASTROPHYSA, Chev. poljgoni, Linn. raphani. Fab.
PLAGIODERA, Redt. clavicornis, Steph.
PH.EDON, Lat. tumidulum, Sfeph. armoracife, Linn. betulse, Linn. concinniim, Steph.
PHRATORA, iZec^i^. • Tulgatissima, Linn. vitellinse, Linn.
PRASOCURIS, Lat. aucta, Fab. marginella, Linn. bannoverana. Fab. pliellandrii, Linn. beccabunga3, Lll.
Gallerucidse. ADIMONIA, LaicJi. tanaceti, Linn.
>68
BRITISH BEETLES.
villiP, Kilnst. caprete, Linn. sariguinea, Fah.
GALLERUCA, Fab. lineola, Fab. calmariciisis, Linn. tenella, Linn. sagittariae, Gi/ll. iiymphoeaj, Linn, vibiinii, Paifk.
AGELASTICA, Redi. alni, Linn. lialensis, Linn.
AUCHENIA, Steph. cjuadriraaculata, JJnn. CALOMICRUS, Steph. circumfusus, Marsh.
LYPERUS, Geoff. rufipes, Fab. tlavipes, Linn.
Halticidse.
GRAPTODERA, Chevr. consobrina, Duft. cui'vli, All.
ampelophaga, Wat.Cat. ? puiilla, Duf. oleracea, Linn.
HERM-EOPHAGA,
Fuud. mercui'ialis, Fab. CREPIDODERA, Chev. transversa, Marsh. ferriiginea, Scop. ruflpes, Lin)o. nitidula, Linn. lielxines, Linn. aurata, Marsh. cliloris, Foud. jModeeri, Linn. pubescens, Ent. H. atropjc, Fondr. Tent ml is, lU. salicari*, Paylc.
MANTURA, Steph. rustica, Linn.
obtusata, Gyll. clirysanthemi, Ent. LI. Mattliewsii, Curt.
BATOPHILA, Foud. I'ubi, Payk. serata, Marsh.
PODAGRICA, Kiist. fuscipes, Fab. fuscit'ornis, Lhin.
APHTHOXA, Chevr. ct/parissi(B, Ent. H. lutescens, Gyll. nigriceps, Redt. pscudacori, Marsh. eupborbiii;, Sidir. ati'OC!T?rulea, Steph. hilaris, Steph. lierbigrada, Cart.
PIIYLLOTRETA,i='oMd
nodicomis, Marsh. lepidii, Ent. LL. meltena, III. atra, Payk.
V. ? poeciloeeras, Com. punetulata, Foud. vittida, Redt. undulata, Kuts. nemorum, Linn. tetrastigma, Com. sinuata, Steph. ochripes, Curtis. brassicae, Fab. PLECTR08CELIS, Ltr.
conciniia, Marsh.
* Salilbergii, Gyll. aridella, Payk. aridula, Giill. confusa, Bohem.
THYAMIS, Steph. holsatica, Fab. dorsalis, Fab. quadripustiilata, Fab. anclmssB, Payk. obliterata, Ros(^n. parvula, Payk. hrunnea, Duf. fiiscula, Kuts. lurida, Gyll.
minuscnla, Fond. llavicornis, Steph. la? vis, Duf. pelliicida, Foud. eanescens, Foud. jacoba;se, Wuterh. tabida. Fab.
V. ? thajisi, Marsh. exoleta, Linn. ocbroleuca, Marsh. gracilis, Kuts. ballota?, Marsh. Waterhousei, Kuts. Reichei, Allard. pusilla, Gyll. lycopi, Foud. nasturtii. Fab. suturalis. Marsh. fuseicoUis, Steph. atricilla, Gyll. atricapilla, L>uf. melanocepliala, Gyll.
PSYLLTODES, Lot. dulcamarse, Ent. H. chalcomerus, III. napi, Ent. R. liyoscyami, Linn. clirysocephalus, Fab. luridipennis, Kuts. cyanopterus, III. niarcidiis, III. caproiiitens, Forst. ])icipes, Redt. attenuatus, Ent. H. atricilhis, Linn. luteolus, Mull. picinus. Marsh.
DIBOLTA, Lat. cynoglossi, Ent. LL. APTEROPEDA, Chev. graminis, Panz. globosa, Panz. splendida, All.
MNIOPHILA, Steph. muscorum, Ent. H. SPH^RODERMA, Ste. testacea, Fab. centaureae, Steph.
CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH COLEOPTERA.
269
Cassididse.
CASSIDA, Liiin. miu-i'oea, Linn. vittata, Fab. vii'idis, Linn. Tibex, Fab. sanguinolenta, Fah. oblonga, LIL nobilis, Fab. marffaritacea. Fab. nebulosa, Linn, ferruginea. Fab. obsoleta, III. equesti'is, Fah. hemisphffii'ica, Hhst.
PSEUDOTRIMERA.
Erotylid83.
ENGIS, Fah. humeralis, Fah. rufifrons, Fab.
TRIPLAX, Payk. russicns, Linn, rujicollis, Lac. seneus, Payk. rufipes, Panz. nigriceps, Lac.
TRITOMA, Fah. bipustiilata, Fab.
Coccinellidse. HIPPODAMIA, Muls. 13-puuctata, Linn.
COCCINELLA, Linn. 19-punctata, Linn. mutabilis, iScriba. obliterata, Linn. bipunctata, Linn. 11-punctata, Linn. sejitempunctata, Linn. labilis, MuJs. qninquepuiictata, Linn. hieroglypliica, Linn. variabilis, III. impustulata, Linn. 18-guttata, Linn. obloiigoguttata, Linn.
ocellata, Linn. 14-guttata, Linn. 16-giittata, Linn, bissexguttata. Fab. 14-piinctata, Linn. 22-punctata, Linn.
MICRASPIS, Reclt. 12-punctata, Linn. CHILOCORUS, Leach. renipustulatus, Scriba. bipustulatus, Linn.
EXOCHOMUS, Redt. quadripustulatus, Linn.
HYPERASPIS, Redt. reppensis, Hbst.
LASIA, Hope. globosa, Schn. PLATYNASPIS, Redt. villosa, Four.
SCYMNUS, Kvg. quaclrilunulatus, III. frontalis, Fab. discoicleus, III. Mulsanti, Waterh. limbatus, Steph. aiialis, Fah. hsemorrhoidalis, Hbst. capitatus, Fab. pyginseus, Four. iiigrinus, Kug. minimus, Payk. ater, Kug.
RHIZOBIUS, Stepl. litura. Fab.
COCCIDULA, Kug. scutellata, Hbst. rufa, Hbst.
Endomyeh.id88.
ENDOMYCHUS, Panz. coccineus, Linn. LYCOPERDIXAjXa;;. bovistae, Fah.
MY^CET.EA, Stefh. ,hii"ta, Marsh.
SY^^MBIOTES, Redt. latus, Redt.
ALEXIA, Steph. pilifera, Miill.
Corylophidge.
SACIUM, Le Comte. pusilkim, Gyll. SERICODERUS, Steph. lateralis, Gyll. CORYLOPHFS, Leach. cassidoides, Marsh. ORTHOPERUS, Steph. brunnipes, Gyll. atom us, Gyll.
CLAMBUS, Fisch. minutus, Sturm. armadillo, DeG. pubescens, Redt.
COMAZUS, Fairm. dubius, Marsh.
Sphseriadse.
SPH.ERIUS, Waltl. acaroides, Waltl.
Tr ichoptery gidse . PTINELLA, Motsch. britannica, Matth. Proteus, Matth. Maria, Matth. tesfcacea, Heer.
limbata, Heer.
V. aptera, Guer,
V. ? ratisbonensis. Gill. punctipennis, Fairm.
V. denticollis, Fairm. tenella, Fr. gracilis, Gillm.
V. angustula, Gillm.
PTERYX, Matth. sutnralis, Heer. TRICHOPTERYX,i:«>. atomaria, DeGeer. grandicollis, Mann.
270
BRITISH BEETLES.
fascicularis, Serhsi. lata. Mots. tlioracica, Gillm. convesa, Matth. suffocata, Ualid. fucicola, All. attenuata, Gillm. brevipemiis, Er. Guei'inii, All. pyguifea, Er. brevis, Mots. ? puiaila, Er. Kii-bii, Matth. anibigua, 3Iatth. sericans, Heer. bovina, Mots. picicornis, Mann. (lispar, Matth. siuiilis, Gillm.
MICEUS, Matth. filicornis, Fairm. puk-hellus, Gillm.
ELACHYS, 31atth. abbreviatellus, Heer. PTILIUM, Er. brevicolle, Matth. Kunzei, Heer. saxonicum, Gillm. angustatum, Er. fuscum, Er. coarctatum, Haliday. iiiinutissimum, Gyll. afRne, Er. canaliculatuin, Er. discoideum, Gillm. inquilinum, Er. insigne, 3Iatth. minimum, Hbst.
PTENIDIUM, Er. punctatum, Gj^ll. fuscicome, Er.
picipes, Matth. pusillura, Gi/ll. Isevigatum, Er. fonnicetoi-um, Ktz. apicale, Er. turgidum, Thorns.
N08SIDIUM, Er. pilosellum, Marsh.
Lathridiadae.
HOLOPAEAMECUS,
Curtis. singularis, Beck.
LATHEIDIUS, III. lardarius, DeGeer. angusticollis, Humm. nodifer, Steph. minutus, Linn. transversus, Oliv. testaceiis, Steph. carinatus, Gt/ll. ruficollis, Marsh. elongatus, Curtis. rugosus, Hhst. filitbrmis, Gijll.
COETICAEIA, Marsh. punctulata, Marsh. crenulata, Giill. deiiticulata, Gi/ll. fulva, Chevr. serrata, Paylc. cylindrica, Mann. elongata, Gyll. ferruginea, Gyll. gibbosa, Payk. Wollastoni, Waterh. fuscula, Gyll. ciu'ta, Wall.
Pselaphidae.
PSELAPHIDES.
BATEISUS, Aube. venustus, Reich.
PSELAPHUS, Hhst. Heisei, Hbst. dresdensis, Hbst.
BEYAXIS, Leach. sanguinea, Fab. simplex, Waterh. fossulata, Reich. Helferi, Schm. Lefebvrii, Auhi. liaematica, Reich. jmicorum, Leach. impressa, Pauz.
BYTHTNUS, Leach, clavicornis, Panz. glabricollis, Leach. puncticollis, Denny. biilbifer, Reich. Curtisii, Leach. securiger, Reich. Burrellii, Denny.
TYCHUS, Leach. niger, Payk. TEICHONYX, Chaud. sulficolUs, Reich. Miirkelii, Aube.
EUPLECTUS, Leach. Kunzei, Aube. Dennii, Waterh. Kii'bii, Denny. nanus, Reich. signatus, Reich. Karsteiiii, Reich. ambiguus, Reich. bicolor, Denny.
TEIMIUM, Aul4. brevicorne, Reich.
CLAVIGERIDES. CLAYIGEE, Preyssl. foveolatus, Miill.
The sittiation of the fol- lowing genera is uncertain.
PHLCEOPHILUS,
Steph. Edwardsii, Steph.
DIPHYLLUS, StejjJi. lunatus, Fab. ASriDOPHOEUS, Lat. orbiculatus, Gj/ll.
SPHINDUS, Chev. dubius, Gyll.
MYEMECOXENUS, Chev. vaporariorum, Guer.
INDEX.
Abdera, 164. Acalles, 193. Achenium, 84. Acidota, 89. Acilius sulcatus, 65. Acritus, 97. Acrognathus, 88. Acylophonis, 79. Adelognathes, 175. Adelops, 94. Adepliaga, 43. . Adimoiiia caprese, 219.
sanguinea, 219.
• tanaceti, 219. Adrastus, 134. iEgialia, 120. ..Epys, 58.
Agabus maculatus, 65. Agaricophagus, 95. Agathidium, 95, 96. Agelastica lialensis, 219. Agrilus biguttatus, 129. Agriotes, 134. Agrypnides, 132. Aleochara, 74. Aleocharidse, 74, 75. Alexia pilifera, 231. Alophus triguttatus, 183. Alpliitobius, 158. Alula, 26, 65. Amara fulva, 55. Ametabola, 5. Ammcecius, 120. Amphicyllis, 95. Amphimalliis, 115. Auchomeuus 6-piinctatus, 56.
Ancystronyclia, 142. Anisodactylus, 57. Anisotoma cinuaiaomea, 95. AiiisotomidsB, 94. Aunelidse, structure of, 5. Anobiades, 146. Anobium tessellatum, 148. Anommatus, 102. Anomalidcs, 114. Anopleura, 5. . Antennae, 23. Anthasia, 129. Anthicidse, 165. Antbicus instabilis, 166. Anthobium, 89. Anthocomus, 142. Anthouomus, 190. Anthophagus alpinus, 89. Anthribidse, 178. Autiodontalgicus, 188. Aphidipbagi, 227. Apbodlada^ 120. Apbodius inquiuatus, 120. Aphtbona, 221. Apion difforme, 182. Apionidse, 181. Apoderus coryli, 180. A]iteropeda graminis, 223. Araclmida, structure of, 4. Aroniia moscbata, 205. Articulata, structure of, 2. Asemum striatum, 206. Aspidopborus orbiculatus, 239. Astinomus wdilis, 207. Astrapaeus, 79. Atemeles emarginatus, 75.
Q.7Q,
INDEX.
Atlious hfemorrlioidalis, 133.
Atom aria, 103.
AtopidsD, 136.
Attelubidse, 179.
Attelabus curculionides, 180.
Aucheiiia, 219.
Autalia, 7^.
Badister, 55. BagiJus, 193. Balaiiiiius brassiere, 191.
cerusoruni, 191.
glandium, 191.
nucviui, 177, 190.
Tillosus, lyl.
Baptoliiius alteruans, 83. Baridiadse, 192. Baridius, 192. Bembidiades, 58. Berabidium bistriatum, 58.
iiammulatum, 58.
pallidipeiinc, 59.
paludosum, 59.
Benzine, 37. Blaps mucronata, 154, BlaptidiE, 154. Blechrus maurus, 49. Bledius, 50, 86, 87. Blemus areolatus, 58. Blethisa, 52. Blister-beetle, 171. Bloody-nosed beetle, 216. Bolitobius atricapillus, 78. Bolitochara, 74. Bolitophagidse, 156. Bolitophagus crenatus, 156. Bombardier-beetle, 49. Books : —
Allard, Ralticidre, 220.
Aube, Water-b-ellea, 67.
Burraeister, Manual, 29.
Candeze, Elaterid(B, 134.
Curtis, Genera, 29.
Dawson, Geodephaga, 45.
Denny, Pselaj)hid(B, 94, 235.
Entomolofiists' Annual, 45.
Entomologists' Monthly Maga- zine, 78, 86, 182, 234.
Ericlison, Inn. Deutschl., 30,45
Mark Brand., 30.
Scoli/tidce, 196.
Books — contimied.
Ericlison, Sfaphi/Iinidce, 72. Fabre, 3Ieloe, 171. Fairmaire, Faune Fran^., 30. Gilhneister, Trlchojitert/gidce,
233. Gyllenhal, Ins. Suecica, 30. Kirby and Spence, Introduc- tion, 16. Kraatz, Colon, 94.
Lacordaire, Genera, 30, 171.
Marseul, do, Risteridce, 98.
Mellie, Cis, 150.
Mulsant, Longicornes, 210.
Murray, Cat ops, 94.
Newport, Meloe, 171.
Putzeys, 3Ion. des Chirnas, 50.
Batzeburg, Forst. Ins., 196.
Bedtenbaeher, Faun. Austr., 30.
Schonherr, Curculionidce, 176.
Stephens, Illustrations, 29.
Manual, 29.
Stierlin, Otiorhynchus, 187.
Strauss-Dijrckheim, 12.
Thomson, Skand. Col., 30.
Tournier, Colon,, 94.
Walton, Curculionidce, 176,182.
Waterhouse, Catalogue, 37.
Gyrophcena, 76.
Westwood, Introduction, 29.
Wollaston, Atomaria, 103. Bostriehidffi, 148, 199. Bostrichus capucinus, 149. Brachelytra, 68. Braehinus crepitans, 49. Braehyderidfe, 182. Brachypterides, 98. Brachyrhynchi, 176. Brachytarsus scabrosus, 178.
yarius, 179.
Broseus, 56. Bruejiidse, 177. Bruehus pisi, 178.
rufimanus, 178.
Bryaxis sanguinea, 236. Buprestidffi, 127. Burying-beetles, 93. Byrrliid.T, 105. Byrrhus faseiatus, 105. Byrsopsidje, 185. Bythinus, 236.
INDEX.
273
Bytm-ida?, 143,
Calandridae, 195. Callicerus, 75. Callidiades, 205. Callidium alni, 20G.
violaceum, 20G.
Callistus lunatus, 54. Calosoma sycophanta, 52. Campylides, 134. Cam])ylus linearis, 134. Canthai'is, 171. Carabidoe, 46. Carabides, 50. Carabus monilis, 51,
nemoralis, 51.
niteiis, 51.
violaceus, 51.
Cardinal-beetle, 165. Carpophilides, 98. Carpophilus hemipterus, 98. Cassida oblonga, 224.
sanguinolenta, 224,
viridis, 225.
vittata, 224.
Cassidida;, 223.
Catalogue {Waterhoiises), 37.
Catops, 94.
CeUar-beetles, 55.
Cerambyeidfe, 203.
Cer.ambycides, 204.
Cercus pedicularius, 98,
Cercyon, 109.
Cerylon, 102.
Cetonia senea, 114.
aurata, 114.
Cetoniadse, 113. Ceuthorhynchideus, 194. Ceuthorhynchus, 194. Chafers, 110. Cliilocorus, 229. Chlaeuiades, 53. Chlaenius vestitus, 53. Choleva, 94. Cholevides, 93. Choragus Sheppardi, 179. Chrysomela cerealis, 217.
distinguenda, 216.
graminis, 216.
■ menthastri, 216.
polita, 217.
Chrysomelidffi, 216. Cliurchyard-beetle, 154. Cicindela campestris, 47.
germanica, 47.
sylvatica, 48.
Cicindelidfe, 46.
Cicones variegatus, 102,
Cioidffi, 150.
Cionidae, 194.
Cionus blattarite, 195.
Cis boleti, 151.
Cistela, 161.
CistelidiB, 160.
Clambus, 231.
Claviger foveolatiis, 237,
Clavigerides, 237.
Clavipalpi, 227.
Cleonidse, 183.
Cleonus, 183.
Cleridse, 144.
Clerus formicarius, 145.
Clivina collaris, 50.
Clypeus, 22.
Clytlira quadripunctata, 214.
tridentata, 214,
Clythridse, 214. Clytides, 206. Clytus arietis, 207. Cnemidotus, 62. Coecidula scutellata, 229. Coccinella hieroglyphica, 229.
obliterata, 229.
oblougo-guttata, 229.
ocellata, 229.
18-guttata, 229.
19-punctata, 229.
13-punctata, 229.
22-punotata, 229.
Cockchafer, 115. Cceliodes didymus, 192. Coleuis, 95. Coleoptera, divisions of , 42.
metamorphosis of, 9, 10.
structure of 9, 11, 21.
Collecting, 38. Collecting-bottle, 32. Colon, 94. Colydiada;, 102. Colydium, 102. Comazus, 231. Conicoxse, 153,
274
INDEX.
Coniontidse, 154. Coniporus, 239. Conopalpus, 164. Coprid£E, 118. Copris luuaris, 119. Coi'n-weevil, 195. Corticaria, 233, 235. Corylophidae, 231. Coryloplius cassidoides, 231. Corynibites cupreiis, 134.
pectiniconiis, 134.
Corynetes, 144, 145. Cossonida?, 195. Cossoniis linearis, 196. Coxa, 25, 26, 27. Creophilus maxillosus, 81.
V. eiliaris, 81.
Crepidodera aurata, 221.
chloris, 221.
helxines, 221.
Crioceridse, 213. Ci'ioceris asparagi, 214.
merdigera, 213.
Crustacea, structure of, 3. Cryptarcha, 100. Crypticus quisquilius, 154. Cryptobium fracticorne, 84. Cryptocephalidse, 214. Cryptocephalus aureolus, 215.
bilincatus, 216.
coryli, 215.
■ 10-punctatus, 215.
■ nitidulus, 215.
sericeus, 215.
sex-punctatus, 215.
Cryptoliypnus dermestoides, 134. Cryptophagidse, 103. Cryptopliagus scanicus, 103. Cryptopleiirum, 109. Cryptorhynchidae, 192. Cryptorliynchus lapatlii, 102. Cteniopus, 161. Cucujidfe, 103. Cibister, 63, 65. Cychi'amides, 99. Cychramus, 100. Cvchrus rostratus, 52, Cyelica, 217. Cyclonotum, 109. Cyplionida?, 136. Cyrtusa, 95.
Dascillus cerTinus, 136. Death-watoh, 148. Deleaster, 88. Dermestes lardarius, 104. Dermestidfe, 104. Devil's coach-horse, 68. Diacliromus germainis, 57. Diamond-beetle, 177. Dianous c^erulesceus, 85. Diaperidse, 156. Diaperis boleti, 157. Dichirotrichus obsolctns, 57. Dictyopterus Aurora, 138. Dinarda, 75. Diphyllus lunatus, 238. Dissection, 14. Dolopius, 134. Donacia, 212. Donaciadse, 212. Dorcatoma, 147. Dorcus, eye of, 22.
parallelopipedus, 124.
Dorytomus, 189. DrilidcT, 139. Drilus flavescens, 140. Dromius, 49. Dryops femoratus, 172. Dryjjta dentata, 49. Dung-beetles, 117. Dyschh'ius, 50. Dytiscidte, 61. Dytiscides, 63.
Dytiscus marginalis, abdomen of, 28
, head of, 22. 23.
, larva of 10, 65.
, pupa of, 10.
, thorax of,
mesothorax, 25.
metanotum, 26.
■ ■ metasteniuni, 27.
pronotum, 24.
prostenium, 25.
Dytiscus punctulatus, 64.
Ebfeus, 142.
Elaphrus, 53.
Elateridte, 131.
Elaterides, 132.
Elater sanguinolentus, 133.
Eledona agaricola, 156.
INDEX.
275
Elmides, 106. Elytra, 26. Emus hirtus, 81. Encephalus couii^licans, 76. Eudomychus cocciueus, 230. Eugis humeraKs, 227.
rufifrons, 227.
Ennearthrum, 151. Enopliades, 144. Entimus imperialis {exotic), 177. Epimera, 25, 26, 27. Episterna, 25, 26, 27. Epursea, 99. Erirliinidffi, 187. Erii'liinus festucae, 189.
tseiiiatiis, 190.
vorax, 190.
ErotylidfE, 226. Eryx ater, 161. Eubriadse, 137. Eubria palustris, 137. Eucnemidffi, 129. Eugleues, 166. Eumicrus tarsatus, 94. Euplectus Karstenii, 237.
uanus, 237.
signatus, 237.
Eupoda, 211. Euryporus, 79. Eusphalerum, 89. Evpesthetus, 85. Examination of insects, 14, 15. Exochomus, 229.
Femur, 25. Feroniades, 55. Fungicola, 148.
Galleruca, 219. Gallerucidfe, 218. Gastrophysa, 218. Geodephaga, 43. Gcodromicus, 88. Georyssidse, 106. Georyssus pygmeeus, 107. Geotrupes stercorarius, 117.
vernalis, 118.
Geotrupidse, 116. Gibbium, 147. Globicoxse, 153. Glow-woi'm, 138.
Gnathocerus, 157. Gnorimus, 113. Gonatoeeri, 176. Gonioctena, 218. Gracilia pygmasa, 207. Graptodera, 221. Grouops lunatus, 185. Gum-tragacanth, 34. Gymnetron, 195. Gyrinidse, 66. Gyrinus, 22, 65, GQ. Gyrophseua, 74, 77.
Habrocerus, 78. Hfemonia Curtisii, 213. Haliplides, 61. Haliplus elevatus, 62.
obliquus, 62.
Hallomenus, 163. Halticidaj, 220. Haploglossa, 75. Harpalides, 57. Harpalus ruficornis, 57. Hedobia imperialis, 147. Heliopathes gibbus, 155. Helophorus rugosus, 108. Helopidae, 159. Helops creruleus, 159.
palKdus, 160.
striatus, 160.
Hermseophaga, 221. Heterocerida?, 105. Heteromera, 41, 152. Heterothops, 79. Hister bimaculatus, 97. Histeridse, 96. Holoparamecus, 233. Horaaloplia, 116. Homalota gregaria, 76. HoracEusa, 75. Hoplia philanthus, 116. Hoplidffi, 116. Hydaticus, 63. Hydradephaga, 60. Hydrsena, 108. Hydrobius fuscipes, 108. Hydronomus, 193. Hydvophilidse, 107. Hydroporides, 62. Hydroporus rivalis, 62. Hydrous piceus, 108.
276
INDEX.
Hylastes, 197.
Hyleca3tus dermestoicles, 146. Hylesiniclse, 196. Hylesinus vittatus, 197, 198. Hylobius abietis, 184.. Hylotriipes bajulus, 206. Hylurgus piniperda, 197. Hypera, 184. Hyphydi'us oratus, 63. Hypocyptus, 77. HypophlcEus bicolor, 158. Hypothemeuus eruditus, 198. Hypulus quercinus, 164.
Ilyobates, 75.
Insecta, 4, 6, 7.
Ipides, 100.
Ips ferrugiiieus, 100.
Ischnoglossa, 74.
Ischnomera melanura, 23, 172.
Labial palpi, 23, 24.
Labium, 23.
Labrum, 22.
Laccophilus, 65.
Lacon murinus, 132.
Lady-birds, 228.
Lsemophlceus, 103.
Lagriadsp, 161.
Lagria birta, 161.
Lamellicornes, 110.
Lamiad«, 203.
Lamiades, 207.
Lamia textor, 207.
Lamprosoma concolor, 214.
Lampyrida% 138.
Lamjiyris noctiluca, 138.
Lapavosticti, 112.
Larinus, 188.
Larva?, 10, 46, 47, 61, 65, 66, 67, 71, 97, 99, 104, 108, 111, 124, 128, 133, 140, 141, 145, 155, 159, 160, 161, 169, 170, 177, 198, 199, 203, 204, 213, 217, 225, etc.
Lasia globosa, 229.
Lalhridiada-, 233.
Lathridius lardariiis, 234.
nodifer, 235.
Lathrimeemri, 89.
Lebia chlorocephala, 49.
Lebia crux-minor, 48.
Lebiades, 48.
Leptacinus formicetorum, 82.
Leptinus, 94.
Lepturidae, 203, 209.
Lepturides, 209.
Lestera, 88.
Licinus silphoides, 54.
Ligula, 23, 24.
Limniehus, 105.
Limobius, 185.
Lina populi, 217.
tremulse, 2l7.
Liodes, 95, 96. Lionychus quadrillum, 49. Liosomus, 184. Litodactylus, 194. Lixus bicolor, 188.
parapleeticus, 188.
Lomechusa, 75. Loiigicornes, 201. Loricera, 54. Lucanid;^, 121, 122. Lucanus cervus, 122. Ludius ferrugiueus, 133. Lycidse, 137.
Lycoperdina bovista?, 230. Lyctida?, 149. Lyctus canaliculatus, 150. Lymexylidae, 145. Lymexylon, 146. Lyperus, 220. Lyprus, 193. Lytta vesicatoria, 171.
Magdalis carbonarius, 189. Malacbius, 142. Malacodenni, 135. Maltliinus, 142. Malthodes, 142. Mandibles, 22. Mantura, 221. Maxillip, 23. Maxillary palpi, 23. Meal-worm, 159. Mecorhynchi, 176, 187. Megartlu-us, 89, 90. Megastcrnum, 109. Meland i*ya caraboides, 163. Meland i-yad», 162. Melasis buprestoides, 130.
INDEX.
277
Melasoma, 153. Meligethes, 99.
Meloe, transformations of, 169. Meloida?, 168. Melolontha, 115. Melolonthida?, 115. Melyridae, 142. Mentiim, 23, 24. Mesites Tardii, 196. Mesonotum, 26. Mesosternum, 26. Mesothorax, 25. Metanotum, 26. Metasternum, 26. Metatliorax, 24. Mezium, 147. Miarus, 195. Miccotrogus, 191. Micralymma brevipennis, 89. Micraspis, 229. Micropeplidse, 91. Micropeplus, 70.
niargaritce, 91.
tesserula, 91.
Microrhagus, 130. Microzoum, 155. Miscodera arctica, 56. Mniophila muscoruiu, 223. Mollusca, structure of, 2. Molorchus umbellatarum, 209. Molytes, 184. Molytidje, 183. Mononychus pseudacori. 193. Monotonia, 102. Mordellid^, 166. Musk-beetle, 205. Mycel-^a hirta, 230. Mycetochai'is bipustulata, 160. Mycctopliagidae, 104. Mycetophagus miiltipunctatus,
104. Mycetoporus, 78. Mycterus cnrculionides, 172. Myllsena, 74, 76. Myriapoda, strtccttire of, 5. Myrmecoxenus Taporariorum, 238. Myrmedonia funesta, 75.
Nanophyes, 195. Nausibius, 103. Necrobia, 145.
Necrophaga, 92. Necrophorus mortuorum, 93. Nemosoma elongata, 101. IVets ; sweeping, 31,
umbrella, 31.
water, 32.
Nitidulidfp, 98. Nosodendron, 105. Ncssidium pilosellum, 233. Noterus, 65. NotiophiliTs, 53. Notoxus, 166. Nut-Weevil, 177, 190.
Obriades, 207.
Obrium cantharinum, 207.
Occiput, 22.
Ocelli, 23, 70.
Octotemnus, 151.
Ocypus compressus, 82.
morio, 82.
olens, 68, 81.
Ocyusa, 74.
Odacantha melanura, 49.
OEdemera crerulea, 172.
(Edemeridffi, 171.
Oil-beetles, 168.
Olophrum, 89.
Omalidje, 88.
Oraalium, 23, 89.
Omalium jjlanum, 89.
Omosita, 99.
OnthophagTis, 119.
Onthophilus striatus, 97.
Oomorphus, 214.
Opatridse, 155. Opatrura sabulosum, 155. Opilus, 145. Orchesia undulata, 163. Orchestes, 191. Orectoclii]us villosus, 67. Orobitis, 193. Orsodaena, 212. Ortliocha?tes, 192. Osphya bipunctata, 164. Othius, 82. Otiorhyuchidfe, 185. Otiorhynchus picipes, 187.
sidcatus, 187.
Oxypoda, 76. Oxyporus rufiis, 87.
INDEX.
Oxytelidte, 86. Oxytelus, 87.
Paederidse, 83. Psederus caligatus, 84. Palpi, 23. Palpicornes, 107. Paraglossae, 24. Parapleura, 27. ParnidiB, 106. Pea-beetle, 178. Peetinieornes, 122. Pedilidtp, 166. Pedinidse, 154. Pelobius Hermauui, 62. Pentamera, 41. Phalacrides, 100. Phaleria cadaverina, 156. Phaiierognathes, 175. Philhydrida, 107. Philonthus, 80, 82. Plilocobium, 71.
clypeatum, 90.
Phloeocliaridse, 90. Phloeocharis subtilissiraa, 90. Phloeophihis Edwardsi, 238. Phloeopora, 74. Phratora, 218. Phyllobius argentatiis, 186.
viridicollis, 186.
Phyllopertha horticola, 115. Pliyllotreta bi'assicse, 223.
nodicoruis, 222.
ocliripes, 222.
siuuata, 222.
tetrastigma, 222.
uudulata, 222.
vittula, 222.
Phytouomus trilineatus, 184. Phytophaga, 211. PiestidfE, 90. Pins, 36.
Pissodes pini, 188. Platydcma, 157. Platypus cylindrus, 199. Platyrhinus, 179. Platystethus, 87. Plectro8celis, 223. Pleurosticli, 112, 113. Plintluis, 184. Pcecilus, 55.
Pogonochoerus, 208. Pogonus, 55. Polydrosus, 182. Post-scutellum, 25. Prsescutum, 25. Prionida?, 203. Prionocyphon, 137. Prioniis coriarius, 204. Pristoiiychus, 55. Prognatha quadricoruis, 90. Pronotum, 24. Prosternum, 25, 26. Prothorax, 24. Protiuides, 89. Psammodius, 120. Psamnicechus, 103. Pselapliidse, 235. Pselaphus dresdensis, 236.
Heisii, 236.
Pseudopsis stdcatus, 90.
Pseudotetramera, 174.
Pseudotrimera, 226.
Psylliodes, 223.
Pteiiidium apicale, 233.
Ptei'ostichus niger, labium of, 24.
Pterosticlus picimauus, 55.
Pterygia, 175.
Ptiliiius pectinicornis, 147.
Ptinidffi, 146.
Pupa, 10.
Pygidium, 27.
Pyrochroa coccinea, 165.
Pyrochroada?, 164.
Pytho depressus, 165.
Quediadse, 78. Quedius aurieomus, 80.
brevis, 80.
eruentus, 80.
dilatatus, 80.
Isevigatus, 80.
lateralis, 80.
scitus, 80.
truncicola, 80.
Radiata, 6. Relaxing-jar, 34. Rhagium, 210. Rhagonycha, 142. Rhinocyllus, 188. Khinomacer attelaboides, 180.
INDEX.
179
EhinomaceridsB, 180. Eliinosimus viridipennis, 173. Rhipipliorides, 167. Kliipipliorus paradosng, 167. Khizopertlia pusilla, 1 19. Ehizophagus, 98, 101. Ehizotrogus solstitialis, 115. Ehopalodontus, 150. Eliyuchophora, 174. Ehytidosomns, 193. Eose-beetle, 114. Eostrum, 174. Eove-beetles, 68. Eutelidse, 114.
Sagridse, 212, Salpingidse, 173. Saperda carcharias, 208.
popidnea, 209.
— — scalaris, 208. Saperdides, 208. Sarrotrium, 102. Scaphidema, 157. Scaphidiadae, 96. Scaphisoma, 96. Scaritides, 50. Scirtes hemisphsericus, 137. Scolytidffi, 196. Scolytiis destructor, 198. Scopseus, 83. Scraptia, 166. Scrobes, 175. Scutellum, 25. Scutum, 25. Scydmgenidce, 94. Scymnus, 229. Securipalpes, 227. Serica brunnea, 116. Sericida;, 115. Sericosomus, 134. Serricornes, 126. Setting-boards, etc., 34.
, directions for, 34, 72, 77.
Sexton-beetles, 93. Shardborn-beetle, 117. Sibynes, 191. Silphidi-e, 93. Silusa, 74. Silvanus, 103. Sinodendron, 122, 135. Sitaris muralis, 170.
Sitones, 182.
Sitopliilus granarius, 195.
oi'yzte, 195.
Skip-jacks, 126. Soronia grisea, 99.
punctatissima, 99.
Spanish-fly, 171. Species, definition of, 12. Spercbeus emarginatus, 107. Sphajriadse, 232. Sphseridiadse, 109. Sphserites, 94. Sphserius acaroides, 232. Sphseroderma, 221. Spliindus dubius, 239. Sphodrus, 55. Spiracles, 28.
, in larva, 10.
Squeaker, 62. Stag-beetle, 122. Staphylini, 68. Staphylinida^, 80. Staphylinus csesareus, 81.
erythropterus, 81.
Stenidaj, 85.
Stenus Gruyneineri, 86.
Eogeri, 86.
Stenioxi, 126. Sternum, 25. Stilicus fragilis, 85. Strangalia armata, 210. Strepsiptera, 7. Strophosomus, 182. Stylopidse, 7. Subtetramera, 174. SulcicoUes, 230. Sunshiners, 55. Symbiotes latus, 231. Synaptus, 134. Syntomium, 88.
Tachinus, 78. Tacbyerges, 191. Tachyporidse, 77. Tacbyporus, 78. Tachypus flavipes, 59.
pallipes, 59.
Tachyusa, 74.
constricta, 76.
Tanysphyrus lemna?, 183. Tarsus, 25.
180
INDEX.
Teleplioridfe, 140. Telephorus clypeatiis, 140. Telmatophilus, 143, 144. Tenebrio molitor, 159. Teuebrionidae, 158. Tenebrio obscurus, 159. Tetraraera, 41, 174. Tetratoma anoora, 162.
Desmarestii, 162.
fungorum, 162.
Tetratomidse, 162. Tetrops, 209. Tbiasopliila, 75. Thorax, 24.
Throscus derinestoides, 130. Tliyainis dorsalis, 223. Thymalus limbatus, 102. Thysanura, 5. Tibia, 25. Tiger-beetles, 46. TiQus elongatiis, 145. Timarcha Iserigata, 216. Timberman, 207. Tomicidse, 196. Tomicus, 199. Tortoise-beetles, 223. Trachodes, 192. Trachypliloeus, 186. Trachys, 129. Trachyscelidse, 155. Trecbides, 57.
Tribolium ferrugineum, 157. Tricliius fasciatus, 113. Trichodes, 144. Trichonyx, 237. Trichophya, 78. Trichopterygidre, 232.
Trichopteryx atomaria, 233. TriphyUus, 104. Triplax russieus, 227. Tritoma bipustulata, 227. Trochanter, 25, 26, 27. Trogida?, 121. Trogophlceus, 86, 88. Trogosita maui'itanica, 102. Trogositida!, 101. Tropideres, 179. Trox, 121. Turnip-flea, 222. Tychius, 191. Tychus, 237. Typha^a, 104. Typhasus vulgaris, 118.
Ulomidse, 157.
Water-beetles, 60. Weevils, 174. Whirlwigs, 66. Wing, 26. Winglet, 26, 65. Wire-worm, 133.
Xantholinidse, 82. Xantholinus fulgidus, 83.
tricolor, 83.
Xylophaga, 196. Xylophilus, 166. Xyloterus domesticus, 198.
lineatus, 198.
Xylotrogi, 145.
Zabrus gibbus, 46, 56. Zeugophora subspinosa, 213.
PLATE I.
1. Cicindela sylvatica.
2. Lebia crux-minor.
3. Brachinus crepitans.
4. Clivina coUaris.
5. Carabus nitens.
(3. Licinus silphoides.
PLATE 11.
1 . Callistus lunatus.
2. Anchomenus sexpunctatus.
3. Pterostichus picimanus.
4. Amara fulva.
5. Dicliirotrichus obsoletiis.
6. Bembidiurn pallidipenne.
PkLe.ll,
;.\V'Roli„-.soi..I)el':*Sif.lStU',
PLATE 111.
1. Dytiscus punctulatus [male).
2. Agabus maculatus.
3. Hydroporus rivalis.
4. Haliplus obliqims.
5. Pelobius Herraanni.
6. Gyrinus bicolor.
6 a. Head of ditto, seen hdercdhj. 6 b. Antenna of ditto. 6 c. Hind leg of ditto.
Fkte 111
E.V/.R>tms™,Dd':et,Scf.l365,
/
PLATE IV.
J. Atemcles emargiuatus.
2. Bolitobius atricapillus.
3. Quedius cruentus.
1. Creophilus maxillosiis.
5. Xantliolinus fulgidus.
G. Pfederus calisatus.
,Pkt.e IV
,E,W,Robm5or, M'-.'Sti'.f.mS.
PLATE V.
1. Diaiiiius Cievulescens.
2. Oxyporus rufus.
3. llouialiuni planum.
4. Pliloeobium clypeatiun. 5 Proguatlia qnadriconiis. 6. ]Micropcplus margaritre.
.PkteY.
PLAl'E VI.
1. Necro{)lioras mortuoruin.
2. Eurincrns tarsatiis.
8. Anisotoma cinnamomea.
4. Hister bimaculatiis.
."): Soroiiia puiictatiscsiina.
(). Cicones varieffatns.
Pkte.VI.
\:/
I
.EM'Roimsor. Del':et3cP)864'
PLATE VII.
1. Cryptophagus scanicus.
2. Mycetophaocus multipunctatns.
3. Byrrhus fasciatus.
i. Helophorus rugosns.
5. Hydrobius fuscipes.
0. Trleliius fasciatus.
Plate Vil
E .VV; Rotln-.o.., Del', et Sc P IV.3.
PLATE Vlir.
1. Pliyllopertlui horticola,
2. Typhseus vulgaris.
3. Aphodius iiiquinatus,
4. Dorcus parallelopipedus^
5. Agrilus biguttatus.
6. Melasis buprestoides.
P Lite . VII 1,
E.W.Rokir.s,rv.Del':.tS.r,l>iW.
PLATE IX.
1 . Elater saiiguinolentus.
2. Dictyopterus Aurora.
8. Drilus tlavescens (male).
4. Telephorus clypeatus.
5. Clerus formicarius.
0. Hylecsetus dermestoides [male).
.Plate .IX,
.E W.Rc1ii-u<-A.Del',.,l3.>,lis5.J
PLATE X.
1. Iledobia iraperialis.
1 a. Head and thorax of ditto, viewed later cdly.
2. Crypticus quisquilius. o. Helops p'lllidus.
4. Orchesia uiululata.
5. Notoxus mouoceros.
5 a. Head and thorax of ditto, viewed laterally. G. llliipipliorus paradoxus {male).
.Pkte.X.
. E .W.Roiimson , DeU et.S,Ma65.
PLATE XI.
1. Sitai'is niuralis.
2. ffideincra coernlea {male).
3. Rbinosiraus viridipennis.
4. Brachytarsus scabrosns.
5. llhynchites fequatus.
C). Plivtonomus trilitieatus.
PldteXl,
F W Ro!,inson.3)elSt.Scf.:»65.
PLATE XII.
1 . Otiorhynchus picipes.
2. Balaninus villosus.
2 a. Head of ditto, vieived later a////. 8. Cryptorliynchus lapatlii.
4. Cleomis blattarise.
5. Cossoims linearis.
6. Hvlesinus vittatiis.
:^^3.xiL
PLATE XIII.
1 . Xyloterus lineatns.
y. Platypus cylinflrus.
8. Callidium alni.
.4. Acanthocinus sedilis [mule).
ft. Say^erda scalaris.
(J. Molorclms umbellataruni.
.Plate XIIl
. E WRol.insor..DeL^elSt}:lS6Jr.
PIATE XIV.
1. Strangalia armata {var.).
2. llremonia Curtisii.
3. Crioccris asparagi.
4. Cryptocephalus biliiieatus.
5. Chrysomela distinguenda.
6. Calomicrus circuinfusus.
PkteXIV.
.E.W,Kol>m"n.Det":etSr.tKci5.
PLATE XV.
1. Phyllotreta ochripes.
2. Apteropeda graminis.
3. Cassida sanguiuoleuta.
4. Tritoma bipustulata.
5. Coccinella 22-punctata.
6. Endomychus cocciueus.
PLATE XVI.
1. Corvloplius cassidoides.
2. Ptenidium apicale. o. Latliridius lardarius.
4. Pselaphus Ileisii.
5. EuplecLus nanus. (5. Claviger fovcolatus.
Pkte.XVI.
,E,W.Rokms.,n.Da'.,t,Stf.l8&5-,
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CONTENTS.
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NEW SERIES OP NATURAL HISTORY |
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BOTANY ... |
5 |
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FERNS ... ... |
11 |
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MOSSES AND SKAWREDS |
12 |
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FUNGI |
13 |
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SIIEI-ES AND MOLLUSKS |
14 |
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ir, |
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A complete history of the British Land and Freshwater Shells, and of the Animals which form them, illustrated by Wood-Engravings of all the Species. Other features of the work are an Analytical Key, showing at a glance the na- tural groups of families and genera, copious Tables and a Map illustrative of geographical distribution and habits, and a chapter on the Distribution and Origin of Species.
CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA ; or, Figures and Descriptions
of the Shells of Mollusks, with remarks on their AflBnities, Synonymy, and Geographical Distribution. By Lovell Reeve, F.L.S. Demy 4to, pub- lished monthly in Parts, 8 Plates, carefully coloured by hand, IOj.
Of this work, comprising illustrations of Shells of the natm-al size, nearly 2000 Plates are published, but the plan of publication admits of the collector purchasing it at his oj)tion in portions, each of which is complete in itself. Each genus, as the work progresses, is issued separately, with Title and Index ; and an Alphabetical List of the published genera, with the prices annexed, may be pro- cured of the publishers on application. The system of nomenclature adopted is that of Lamarck, modified to meet the exigencies of later discoveries. With the name of each species is given a summary of its leading specific characters in Latin and English ; then the authority for the name is quoted, accompanied by a ref(!rence to its original description ; aud next in order are its Synonyms. The habitat of the species is next given, accompanied, where possible, by par- ticulars of soil, depth, or vegetation. Finally, a few general remarks are offered, calling attention to the most obvious distinguishing peculiarities of the species, with criticisms, where necessary, on the views of other writers. At the com- mencement of the genus some notice is taken of the animal, and the habitats of the species are worked up into a general summary of the geographical distri- bution of the eenus.
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CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA IN MONOGRAPHS.
Genera. Plates. £. a.
achatina 23 1 9
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Adamsiella 2 0 3
Amphidesma 7 0 9
Amfullaria 28 1 15
Anastoma 1 0 1
Anatina 4 0 5
Ancillahia 12 0 15
Anculotus 6 0 8
Anomia 8 0 10
Abca 17 1 1
Aegonauta 4 0 5
Aetemis 10 0 13
ASPERGILLrM 4 0 5
AVICULA 18 1 3
BucciNtiM 14 0 18
BuLiMus 89 5 12
BULLIA 4 0 5
CALTPTKJ5A 8 0 10
Cancellaeia 18 1 3
Capsa 1 0 1
Capsella 2 0 3
Cakdita 9 0 11
Cakdium 22 1 8
Caeinaiiia 1 0 1
Cassidaeia 1 0 1
Cassis 12 0 15
Ceeithisea 4 0 5
Cebithium 20 1 5
Chama 9 0 11
Chamostbea 1 0 1
Chiton 33 2 2
Chitonellus 1 0 1
Chondbofoma 11 0 14
CiRCB 10 0 13
COLUMBEILA 37 2 7
CONCHOLEPAS 2 0 3
CoNus 56 3 11
COBBUI/A 5 0 6
Cbania 1 0 1
Ceassatella 3 0 4
Cbenatula 2 0 3
Cbepidula 5 0
Cbucibulum 7 0
Cyclophoeus 20 1 5
Cyclostoma 23 1 9
Ctclotus 9 0 11
Cymbium 26 1 13
Cypb^a 27 1 14
Ctpeicabdia 2 0 3
Ctthebea 10 0 13
Delphinula 5 0 6
DiONE 12 0 15
DoLiuM 8 0 10
DONAX 9 0 11
Ebcbna 1 0 1
Eeato 3 0 4
EULIMA 6 0 8
Fasciolabia 7 0 9
FiCULA 1 0 1
FlSSUEELLA 16 1 0
Fusus 21 1 6
Glaxiconome 1 0 1
Halia 1 0 1
Haliotis 17 1 1
Haepa 4 0 6
Helix 210 13 5
Hbmipecten 1 0 1
Hemisinijs 6 0 8
HiNNITES 1 0 1
filFPOPUS 1 0 1
6 0
«
6 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 6 6 9 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 0
Genera. Plates. £. «. d.
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lo 3 0 4 0
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LiTHODOMUS 5 0 6 6
LiTTOBINA 18 13 0
LCCINA 11 0 14 0
lutbabia 5 0 6 6
Mactba :.... 21 16 6
Malleus 3 0 4 0
Mangelia 8 0 10 6
Mabginella 27 1 14 6
Melania 59 3 14 6
Melanopsis 3 0 4 0
Melatoma 3 0 4 0
Mebob 3 0 4 0
Mesalia & Eglisia... 1 0 16
Mesodesma 4 0 5 6
Meta 1 0 1 6
MiTBA 39 2 9 6
Modiola 11 0 14 0
MoNOCEBOs 4 0 5 6
MuBEX 37 270
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Myochama 1 0 16
Mttilus 11 0 14 0
Nassa 29 1 17 0
Natica 30 1 18 0
Nautilus 6 0 8 0
Navicella & Latia ... 8 0 10 6
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Nebitina 37 270
Niso 1 0 16
Oliva 30 1 18 0
Oniscia 1 0 16
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OvuLUM 14 0 18 0
Paludina 11 0 14 0
Paludomus 3 0 4 0
Paetula 4 0 5 6
Patella 42 2 13 0
Pecten 35 2 4 6
Pectunculus 9 0 11 6
Pedum 1 0 1 6
Pebna 6 0 8 0
Phasianblla 6 0 8 0
Phobus 3 0 4 0
Pinna 34 2 3 0
PiBENA 2 0 3 0
Placunamomia 3 0 4 0
Pleubotoma 40 2 10 6
potamides 1 0 16
PSAMMOBIA 8 0 10 6
psammotella 1 0 16
Pteboceba 6 0 8 0
Pteeocyclos 5 0 6 6
PUEPUBA 13 0 16 6
Pyeahidella 6 0 8 0
Pyeazus 1 0 16
Pyeula 9 0 11 6
Ranella 8 0 10 6
RiCINULA 6 0 8 0
rostbllabia 3 0 4 6
Sanguinolabia 1 0 1 6
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SlOABETUS 5 0 6 6
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SiPHONABIA 7 0 9 0
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CONCHOLOGIA SYSTEMATICA ; or, Complete System of
Conchology. By Lovell Reeve, F.L.S. Deiny 4to, 2 vols. pp. 537, 300 Plates, £10. lOj. ooloured.
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THE EDIBLE MOLLUSKS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND
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CURTIS'S BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY. Illustrations urul
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Or in separate Monographs.
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Coleopteba |
256 .. 1 .. |
0 0 |
||
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1 .. |
0 |
|||
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DlPTEBA Hemiptera |
103 .. 32 .. |
0 0 |
HOMOPTBttA 21
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Lbpidopteba 193
Neuboptbea 13
Omaloptera 6
Obthopteea 5
Steepsipteba 3
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6 0
0 9
0 4
0 4
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LONDON : L. REEVE &i CO., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
fKINTED BT lATLOK AND CO., LITILE QUEEN 8II1BBT, W.C.
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