>•7^ Index to 1990 BRITISH I (NATUHAL KiSTORY) 2 9 NOV 1990 PURCHASED ZOOLOGY LIBRARY volume 83 Binding Volumes for binding should be sent not to the publishers but direct to the binders, Chapman Brooks Bookbinders Ltd. The charge is £15.95 per volume, which includes the cost of packing and return postage (UK only). The binding will be in the same style as in previous years, with the volume number blocked in Arabic numerals; earlier volumes can also be bound at this rate. Please complete the form on the back cover and send it with all the parts and the correct money to: Chapman Brooks Bookbinders Ltd 17b Industrial Park West Horndon Brentwood Essex CM13 3HL Please complete the binding form on the back cover and note that orders for binding are not to be sent to the publishers BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 2 9 NOV 1990 PURCHASED ZOOLOGY LIBRARY British Birds Editorial Board R. J. Chandler M. A. Ogilvie R. J. Prytherch J. T. R. Sharrock Photographic Consultants R. J. Chandler and Don Smith Art Consultants Robert Gillmor and Alan Harris Volume 83 1990 British Birds Ltd Editorial Staff Dr J. T. R. Sharrock (Managing Editor), David A. Christie (Assistant Editor), Mrs Sheila D. Cobban (Personal Assistant to Dr Sharrock), Mrs Bonny Shirley (to 19th January) & Mrs Sue Holden (from 23rd January) Circulation Staff Mrs Erika Sharrock (Circulation Manager), Mrs Alison Breach & Mrs Bonny Shirley Rarities Committee P. G. Eansdown (Chairman), Dr Colin Bradshaw (co-opted, from 1st September), D. J. Britton (to 31st March), Alan Brown, G. P. Catley (from 1st April), Peter Clement (co-opted, from 1st April), A. R. Dean, S. J. M. Gantlett, C. D. R. Heard, R. A. Hume, J. H. Marchant, E S. Robertson (to 31st March) & K. E. Vinicombe; Peter Colston (Museum Consultant & Archivist); Peter Fraser (Statistician, from 1st September); Michael J. Rogers (Honorary Secretary) Behaviour Notes Panel Dr C. J. Bibby, DrJ. J. M. Flegg, Derek Goodwin, Dr I. Newton, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, Dr J. T. R. Sharrock & Dr K. E. L. Simmons Identification Notes Panel Dr R. J. Chandler, A. R. Dean, T. P. Inskipp, P. G. Lansdown, S. C. Madge, E S. Robertson (from 1st June) & DrJ. T. R. Sharrock List of line-drawings PAGES 1 Slender-billed Curlew Jan Wilczur) 29 Richard Richardson ( Bryan Bland) 43 Pacific Swift ( Mike Parker ) 47 Sooty Falcon (Alan Harris ) 55 Guillemots ( Robert Gillmor) 77 Leach’s Petrel (Jeff Blincow) 78 Red-necked Grebe (G. B. Brown) 79 Osprey Jeff Blincow) 80 Purple Heron (Alan Harris) 89 Crossbill (Robert Gillmor) 131 Grasshopper Warbler (Ernest Isahy) 147 Pallas’s Warbler (Bill Motion); Pal- las’s Warbler (Richard Thewlis) 148 Wryneck John M. Walters); Ortolan Bunting (P. M. I canard) 149 Red-breasted Flycatcher Jan M7/r- zur); Little Bunting (Nik Borrow) 150 Red-breasted Nuthatch (Bill .Mor- ton) 155 Crag Martin (Bruce Pearson) 173 Corncrakes (Donald Watson) 187 V aried Thrush (.Mike Frost) 195 Desert Sparrow (Robert Gillmor) 217 L'pcher’s Warbler (Ian Willis) 255 Richard Richardson (Bryan Bland) 256-60 BIRD ILLUSTRATOR OF THF. YEAR 1990: Coal Tit; Shelducks; Man- darins (Gordon Trunkfield); Snow- Buntings (Nik Borrow); Greenfinch (Mark Hulme); Yellow-browed Warbler (Antony Disley); Rock Pipits (Keith Andrews); Smews John Wright); Buzzard (Andrew Stock) 262 Hume’s Short-toed Lark (Per Alstrom) 299 Yelkouan Shearwaters (.S'. Nicolle) Great Grey Shrike Jan Wilczur) Leach’s Petrels (Dan Powell) Teal of race carolinensis; Red Kite (Dan Powell) Terek Sandpiper (Andreu' Hutch- inson) Dark-eyed Junco (Dave Numey) Wax wings (Dan Powell) Dusky Thrush (Dave Numey) Avocets (Andrew Mackey) Goshawk (Andrew Shaw) Osprey (Dave Pullan) Black-winged Stilt (Dave Numey) Stone-curlew (Tim Worfolk) Dotterel (Andrew Shaw) Black Redstart (Andrew Stock) Dart ford Warbler (Brian Small) Golden Orioles (AT. V. McCanch) Cirl Bunting (Dave Numey) Wilson's Warbler (Dave Numey) Curlew Sandpiper, Hudsonian Godwits, Bar-tailed Godwits, Sharp-tailed Sandpipers, Pacific Golden Plovers, Red-necked Stint, Grey-tailed Tattler, Far Eastern Curlew and Terek Sandpiper (Ian Leunngton) Gannets (.4. M. Paterson) Goshawk (.4non.) Pallas’s Sandgrouse (Martyn Dray cot t) Pallas's Sandgrouse (Chris Button) Ancient Murrelet (Martyn Draycott); Black-browed Albatross (Chris But- ton) 319 320 325 326 328 329 341 353 366 367 369 370 371 377 382 384 387 404 416 519 527 541 544 545 Index to volume 83 Compiled by Mrs N. D. Blamire Entries are in single list with reference to: (1) every significant mention of each species, not only in titles, but also within the text of papers, notes and letters, including all those appearing in such lists as the ‘Report on rare birds in Great Britain in 1989’, but excluding those in ‘Recent reports’, ‘News and comment’, requests and reviews; (2) scientific nomenclature under generic names only and following The ‘British Birds' List of Birds of the Western Palearctic (1984); (3) authors of all papers, notes, reviews and letters, and photographers; papers are referred to by their titles, other contributions as ‘note on’, ‘review of, etc.; (4) a few subject headings, i.e. ‘Announcements’, ‘Breeding’, ‘Display’, ‘Editorials’, ‘Field characters’, ‘Food’, ‘News and comment’, ‘Obituaries’, ‘Rarities Committee’, ‘Recorders’, ‘Recent reports’, ‘Requests’, ‘Roosting’ and ‘Voice’; (5) ‘Reviews’ and ‘Short reviews’, which are listed together under these headings in alphabetical order of authors rev iewed. Accentor, Alpine, accepted record 1989, 475; in spring 1990, 543, 545, plate 296 , Siberian, European news, 14 Accipiter brevipes, see Sparrowhawk, Levant gentilis, see Goshawk nisus, see Sparrowhawk Acrocephalus agricola , see Warbler, Paddyfield arandinaceus, see Warbler, Great Reed dumetorum, see Warbler, Blyth’s Reed melanopogon, see Warbler, Moustached paludicola, see Warbler, Aquatic palustris, see Warbler, Marsh schoenobaenus, see Warbler, Sedge scirpaceus, see Warbler, Reed Actitis hypoleucos , see Sandpiper, Common macularia, see Sandpiper, Spotted Aegypius monachus, see Vulture, Black Aix galericnlata, see Mandarin Alauda arvensis, see Skylark Albatross, Black-browed, European news, 8; accepted records 1978-88, 442, plate 253 , Light-mantled Sooty, European news, 222 Alca lorda, see Razorbill Alcedo atthis, see Kingfisher Alexander, H. G., obituary, 160-2, plate 99 Alle alle, see Auk, Little 574 Allsopp, Keith, and Nightingale, Barry, Seasonal reports, see Seasonal reports Allward, D., photograph of Ring-necked Duck, 477, plate 261 Alopochen aegyptiacus, see Goose, Egyptian Alstrom, Per, note on calls of American and Pacific Golden Plovers, 70-2; short review, 338 , , see Shirihai, Hadoram Amies, P. A., note on Spectacled Warbler feeding in association with Finsch's Wheatear, 72-3; on Grey Herons hunting by artificial light, 425 Anas acuta , see Pintail americana, see Wigeon, American crecca , see Teal discors, see Teal, Blue-winged falcata , see Duck, Falcated formosa , see Teal, Baikal penelope , see Wigeon querquedula , see Garganey rubripes , see Duck, American Black strepera , see Gadwall Andersen, Lars Norgaard, see Dissing, Hen- rik Anderson, David, short review, 293 Andrew, Dougal G., letter on shearwaters, sirens and halcyons, 334-5, 572 Index to Volume 83 575 Andrews, Ian J., and Sherrington, Peter F., European news, 222-30 Announcements: send in your 1989 records' now, free subscriptions for County/ Regional Recorders, free advertising for subscribers, why order books from British BirdShop?, Bird Photograph of the Year, Best recent black-and-white bird- photographs, Bird Illustrator of the Year, the PJC Award, The Richard Richardson Award, front cover designs for sale, photographs and drawings may be for sale, books in British BirdShop, 30; BB- Sunbird trip to New Zealand, 85; BB stickers, 127; Young Ornithologists of the Year, British Wildlife magazine, 168-9, plate 103; reports on scarce migrant birds, ‘The Famous Grouse’ Christmas puzzle, 21 1-2; Thailand 1990, New Zealand, Thailand, Poland and Israel with BB, a BB trip by popular demand, back issues of British Birds, new member for Identification Notes Panel, 246-7; British Birdwatching Fair 1990, 335; BB-SUNBIRl) trip to the Falklands, formation of Dutch Seabird Group, 432-3; exclusive free n’ easy trip to Thailand, 512; thank you to our spon- sors, binding your BB, Bird Photograph of the Year in 1991, Best recent black-and- white bird-photographs, Bird Illustrator of the Year, 564 Anon, breeding biology of Goshawks in lowland Britain, 527-40, plates 289-93 A user albijrons, see Goose, White-fronted ariser, see Goose, Greylag brachyrhynchus, see Goose, Pink-footed erythropus , see Goose, Lesser White- fronted J'abalis, see Goose, Bean Anthus campestris, see Pipit, Tawny cervinus, see Pipit, Red-throated godlewskii, see Pipit, Blyth’s gustavi, see Pipit, Pechora hodgsoni, see Pipit, Olive-backed novaeseelandiae, see Pipit, Richard’s petrosus, see Pipit, Rock pratensis, see Pipit, Meadow rubescens , see Pipit, American spinoletta, see Pipit, Water Apus apus, see Swift coffer, see Swift, White-rumped melba, see Swift, Alpine pacificus , see Swift, Pacific unicolor, see Swift, Plain Aquila chrysaetos, see Eagle, Golden donga, see Eagle, Spotted heliaca, see Eagle, Imperial pomarina, see Eagle, Lesser Spotted rapax, see Eagle, Tawny veneauxii, see Eagle, Verreaux’s Arcanger, J. F., photograph of Yelkouan Shearwater, 309, plate 183 Ardea cinerea, see Heron, Grey Ardea herodias, see Heron, Great Blue purpurea, see Heron, Purple Ardeola grayii, see Heron, Indian Pond ralloides, see Heron, Squacco Arenaria interpres, see Turnstone Asio otus, see Owl, Long-eared Aspinall, Simon J., see Hudson, Anne V. Atkinson, P. W., photograph of Curlew' Sandpiper, 342, plate 209 Auk, Little, in autumn 1989, 80; European news, 226; in winter 1989/90, 327 Avery, Graham, see Ryan, Peter G. Avocet, British breeding records 1988, 370 Axell, H. E., obituary of Horace Gundry Alexander (1889-1989), 160-2, plate 99 Aythya affnis, see Scaup, Lesser collaris, see Duck, Ring-necked ferina, see Pochard Juligula , see Duck, Tufted marila, see Scaup nyroca, see Duck, Ferruginous Bakewell, J. D., photograph of Slavonian Grebe, 276, plate 167 Balan^a, Gilles, see Tostain, Olivier Barden, P. J., note on Little Egret feeding in association with fishing Cormorant, 279- 80 Barlow, Peter, note on House Sparrows ‘playing’ with plastic tag, 333 Barthel, Peter, and Hill, Alistair, European news, 8-17 Bartramia longicauda, see Sandpiper, Upland Bateleur, European news, 10 Baumanis, J., European news, 8-17, 222-30 Bee-eater, in autumn 1989, 148; accepted records 1987-9, 472; in spring 1990, 544-5 , Blue-cheeked, European news, 13; accepted records 1989, 471-2 , Little Green, European news, 227 Bennett, C.J. L., European news, 8-17, 222- 30 Berg, Hans-Martin, European news, 8-17, 222-30 Best recent black-and-white bird photo- graphs, 343-52, 572, plates 210-24 Bibby, Colin J., short reviews, 35, 293 Bird Illustrator of the Year 1990, 255-60 Bird Photograph of the Year 1990, 231-7, plates 132-9; award presentation, 516, plate 287 Birds in action, 106-15, plates 51-66 Bittern, European news, 8, 223; in winter 1989/90. 320-5; British breeding records 1988, 359 , American, in spring 1990, 541 , Least, European news, 8 , Little, European news, 223; accepted records 1989, 443, 477, plate 263; in spring 1990, 541 576 Index to Volume 83 Blackbird, bilateral scratching by, 207-8; sliding down roof, 208 , Yellow-headed, in spring 1990, 544 Blackcap, performing song flight, 510 Blincow, J. I., photograph of Red-footed Falcon, 458, plate 255 Biuetail, Red-flanked, European news, 14 Bluethroat, in England in spring 1987/88, 377; in spring 1990, 545-7, plate 299 Boardman, P. R., photograph of Sedge Warbler and Aquatic Warbler, 154, plate 96; of Slavonian Grebe, 238, 274, plates 141, 163; of Ring-necked Duck, 321, plate 189 Bombycilla garrulus, see Waxwing Bond, Anthony J., photograph of Sandwich Terns, 108, plate 54; of Woodpigeon, 111, plate 59; of Cormorant, 113, plate 63 Bond, Terr\’, photograph of Black-headed Gull, 215, plate 125 Booby, Brown, Spanish records, 520 , Masked, Spanish records, 521, 523 Borrow, Nik, 2nd place, Bird Illustrator of the Year 1990, 255-60 Botaurus lenliginosus, see Bittern, American stellaris, see Bittern Bottomley, J. B., letter on Snipe with up- turned bill, 288 , , and S., photograph of Grey Plover, 107, plate 51; of Herring Gulls, 1 12, plate 62; of Black-necked Grebe, 277, plate 169 Bourne, W. R. P., obituary of Sir Hugh Elliott, Bt, OBE (1913-1989), 272-4; letter on ancient bird names, 555-6 , , see Yesou, P., el al. Boyd, Mark, note on Blackcap performing song flight, 510 Bradbury, A. D., note on birds singing in fields of oil-seed rape and other crops, 24 Brambling, European news, 229; in winter 1989/90, 329; feeding from nut contain- ers, 333; British breeding records 1988, 385 Branta bemicla , see Goose, Brent leucopsis, see Goose, Barnacle Breeding: Goshawk, 527-40, plates 289-93; Grasshopper Warbler, 131-45, plates 78- 80; 506-8; Desert Sparrow, 195-201, plates 117-21 Eggs: Little Grebe, 278-9 Brennan, Phil, note on Swift grounded by Starling, 122-3 Brett, E. C., note on birds singing in fields of oil-seed rape, 24 Brewer, David, letter on ageing of White- throated Sparrow, 289-91, plate 173 ‘British Birds’ Best Bird Book of the Year 403 Brooke, M. de L., review of Conder: Ihe Mieatear, 102-3 Bubulcus ibis , see Egret, Cattle Bucanetes githagineus, see Finch, Trumpeter Bucephala clangula , see Goldeneye Buckley, P. A., what is Cox’s Sandpiper? (letter), 209-10 Bullfinch, European news, 16 Bulweria bulwerii, see Petrel, Bulwer’s Bundy, Graham, note on Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse taking water from its own breast feathers, 332; photograph of White-cheeked I ern, 410, 497, plates 234, 277 Bunting, Black-headed, accepted records 1989, 492; in spring 1990, 547 , Girl, British breeding records 1988, 387 , Com, singing in oil-seed rape fields, 24; European news, 230 , Indigo, European news, 17; accepted Irish record 1985 admitted to Category' A, 492 , Lapland, in winter 1989/90, 328 , Little, in autumn 1989, 149-50; Euro- pean news, 230; accepted records 1987-9, 490-1; in spring 1990, 544 , Ortolan, in autumn 1989, 148; in spring 1990, 545 , Pine, European news, 16; hybrid X Yellowhammer in Suffolk, April 1982, 240-2, plates 142-3; in winter 1989/90, 329; accepted records 1988-9, 490 , Reed, singing in oil-seed rape field, 26 , Rock, European news, 230 , Rustic, in autumn 1989, 149; accepted records 1972-9, 490; in spring 1990, 545. 547 , Snow, in winter 1989/90, 328; British breeding records 1988, 386-7 , Yellow-breasted, in autumn 1989, 148; accepted records 1988-9, 491-2 , Yellow-browed, first British record, Norfolk, October 1975, 430-2 Burhinus oedicnemus, see Stone-curlew Burman, Enid and Gerry, note on Nuthatch hanging upside-down from twig, 430 Bustard, Great, accepted record 1978, 460 , Little, accepted records 1987-9, 459-60 Buteo buteo, see Buzzard lagopus, see Buzzard, Rough-legged rufinus, see Buzzard, Long-legged Buxton, John, obituary, 171 Buzzard, taking of Red Grouse chicks facili- tated by Hen Harrier, 115-6 , Honey, in autumn 1989, 78; photo- graph, 234, plate 135; British breeding records 1988, 363 , Long-legged, European news, 10, 224 , Rough-legged, in autumn 1989, 79; in winter 1989/90, 325-6 Cairina moschata, see Duck, Muscovy Calandrella acutirostris, see Lark, Hume’s Short-toed brachydactyla , see Lark, Short-toed Calcarius lapponieus , see Bunting, Lapland Index to Volume 83 Calidris acuminata , see Sandpiper, Sharp- tailed alba , see Sanderling alpina, see Dunlin bairdii, see Sandpiper, Baird’s canutus, see Knot femiginea , see Sandpiper, Curlew fuscicollis, see Sandpiper, White-rumped marilima , see Sandpiper, Purple mauri , see Sandpiper, Western melanotos , see Sandpiper, Pectoral minuta , see Stint, Little minutilla , see Sandpiper, Least pusilla, see Sandpiper, Semipalmated ruficollis, see Stint, Red-necked temminckii, see Stint, Temminck’s tenuirostris, see Knot, Great Callion, J., White, N., and Holloway, D., note on Grasshopper Warblers raising two and three broods in Cumbria, 506-8 Calonectris diomedea , see Shearwater, Cory’s Cantelo, John, detailed descriptions (letter), 74 Caprimulgus ruficollis, see Nightjar, Red- necked Carduelis chloris, see Greenfinch flavirostris, see Twite homemanni, see Redpoll, Arctic spinus, see Siskin Carlson, Kevin, photograph of Black-eared Wheatear, 345, plate 210; of Spectacled Warblers, 350, plates 220-1; of Melodious Warbler, 351, plate 222 Carpodacus erythrinus, see Rosefinch, Scarlet Carr, G., photograph of Mediterranean Gull, 324, plate 199 Cat barns J'uscescens, see Veery minimus, see Thrush, Gray-cheeked Catley, G. P., photograph of Redwing, 124, plate 76 Cepphus giylle, see Guillemot, Black C.eiyle alcyon , see Kingfisher, Belted Cettia cetti , see Warbler, Cetti's Chandler, R. J., short reviews, 33, 514-5; mystery photograph 151: Semipalmated Sandpiper, 67-9, plates 26-8; photographs of Spanish Sparrow, 96, 163, plates 46-7, 100-1; of Red-throated Diver, 107, plate 52; note on plumage variations of juvenile Rufis and Greenshanks, 1 17-21, plates 68- 75; photograph of Sanderling, 172, plate 104; obituary of Peter Grant, 498-501; photograph of ‘Bird Photograph of the Year' Award, 516, plate 287 , , see Chudleigh, Brian , , el al.. Bird Photograph of the year, 231-7, plates 132-9; best recent black-and-white bird photographs, 343- 52, 572, plates 210-24 , , and Sharrock, J. T. R., birds in action, 106-15, plates 51-66 Chantler, P. J., note on Mute Swan eating egg opened by Muscovy Duck, 115-6 577 Chapman, P. B., photograph of Dusky Thrush, 323, plate 195 Charadrius alexandrinus , see Plover, Kentish asiaticus, see Plover, Caspian dubius, see Plover, Little Ringed hiaticula, see Plover, Ringed mongolus, see Plover, Lesser Sand morinellus, see Dotterel semipalmatus, see Plover, Semipalmated vociferus, see Killdeer Charlton, Trevor, see Lansdown, Peter Chettusia gregaria, see Plover, Sociable leucura, see Plover, White-tailed Chiffchaff, in winter 1989/90, 328; trapped by aphid excreta, 427-8; in spring 1990, 542 Childs, Joan, short review, 435 Chlidonias hybridus, see Tern, Whiskered leucopterus, see Tern, White-winged Black niger, see Tern, Black Chordeiles minor , see Nighthawk, Common Chough, nesting sites deserted when occu- pied by Peregrines, 288; photograph, 347, plate 214 Christie, David A., review of Potapov and Flint: Handbuch der Vogel der Sowjetunion , Band 4, Galliformes, Gruiformes, 30-1; of Green and Cade: Where to Watch Birds in Dorset , Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, 1 04; mystery photograph 158: Middle Spotted Woodpecker, 395-6 Chudleigh, Brian, and Chandler, R. J., waders in New Zealand, 416-24, plates 238-48 Ciconia ciconia, see Stork, White nigra, see Stork, Black Cinclus cinclus, see Dipper Circus aeruginosus, see Harrier, Marsh cyaneus, see Harrier, Hen PySarSus-> see Harrier, Montagu’s Claessens, O., photographs of Yelkouan Shearwater, 313-5, plates 185, 187 Clamator glandarius, see Cuckoo, Great Spot- ted Clangula hyemalis , see Duck, Long-tailed Clark, William S., short review, 338; note on Spotted Eagle with rufous nape patch, 397-9, plates 228-31 , , Frumkin, Ron, and Shirihai, Hadoram, Field identification of Sooty Falcon, 47-54, plates 12-19 Clarke, Andrew W., European news, 8-17, 222-30 Clarkson, J. R., photograph of Citrine Wag- tail, 165, 205, plate 102, 123 Coan, D. R., note on Swallows destroying House Martins’ nests, 24 Cobban. Sheila D., diary dates, 244-5, 569- 70 Coccyzus americanus, see Cuckoo, Yellow- billed — erythrophthalmus , see Cuckoo, Black- billed 578 Cockbain, Carol, note on Wren feeding nestling Great Tits, 400-1 Cocker, Mark, note on Oystercatcher using distraction technique in absence of eggs or young, 280-1 Columba lima , see Dove, Feral Rock oenas, see Dove, Stock palumbus, see Woodpigeon Coot, European news, 11; photograph, 110, plate 58 Coracias glandarius, see Roller Cormorant, European news, 8, 223; photo- graph, 113, plate 63; scavenging behind trawler, 424-5 , Pygmy, European news, 223 Corncrake, status and distribution in Britain 1988, 173-87, plates 105-8; British breed- ing records 1988, 369 Corrections, 572 Cortes, J. E., note on white Black Kite, 501-2 Corvus corone, see Crow, Carrion monedula, see Jackdaw Cottridge, David, photograph of Citrine Wagtail, 479, plate 269 Cotumix cotumix, see Quail County, regional and bird observatory re- corders in Britain and Ireland, 38-40 Courser, Cream-coloured, European news, 11 Coutts, Dennis, photograph of King Eider, 478, plate 264; of Arctic Redpoll, 480, plate 272; of Pechora Pipit, 480, plate 274 Crake, Baillon’s, European news, 225; accepted record 1989, 459 , Little, European news, 224-5 , Spotted, in autumn 1989, 79, 83, plates 36-7; British breeding records 1988, 368 , Striped, European news, 225 Crane, European news, 225; accepted re- cords 1985-6, 459 , Siberian White, European news, 225 Crex crex, see Corncrake Crispini, Nicolas, photograph of Yelkouan Shearwaters, 303, plate 177 Crombie, W., photograph of Black-browed Albatross, 442, plate 253 Crossbill, separation from Scottish Cross- bill, 89-94, plates 43-4; in spring 1990, 547 , Parrot, European news, 229; summer- ing in Wales, 386 , Scottish, separation from Crossbill, 89-94, plates 43-4 , Two-barred, accepted records 1980-7, 488 Croucher, Tony, photograph of Little Egret, 79, plate 30; of Varied Thrush, 190-2, plates 1 12-4; of Slavonian Grebe, 276, plate 166; of sign near Chingford, 341, plate 208 Crow, Carrion, taking Dunlin, 123-4 Cuckoo, photograph, 234, plate 134; in spring 1990, 542 Index to Volume 83 Cuckoo, Black-billed, accepted record 1989, 469-70 , Great Spotted, European news, 226; accepted records 1989, 469; in spring 1990, 541-2, 547, plates 297-8 , Yellow-billed, in autumn 1989, 147-8, 152, plate 86; accepted records 1989, 470 Cuculus canorus, see Cuckoo Curlew, Far Eastern, in New Zealand, 417 , Slender-billed, habitat in Morocco, 1- 7, plates 1-4; European news, 12, 225 Cursorius cursor, see Courser, Cream-coloured Cygnus columbianus, see Swan, Bewick’s cygnus, see Swan, Whooper olor, see Swan, Mute Dalziel, Larry, 2nd place, Bird Photograph of the Year 1990, 233, plate 133; photo- graph of Ivory Gull, 467, plate 256; of White-throated Sparrow, 480, plate 275 Daniels, Dave, note on birds singing in fields of oil-seed rape, 25 Danko, Stefan, photographs of Red-necked Nightjar, 97-8, plates 48, 50 Darling, P., note on nestling Song Thrushes conditioned to gape on closing of door, 427 Davenport, L. J., note on Bramblings feed- ing from suspended mesh nut-containers, 333 Davies, Andy, note on Jackdaws hatching Mandarin egg, 209 Davis, Peter, short review, 35 Dean, A. R., mystery photograph 161: Medi- terranean Gull, 261-4 de Juana, Eduardo, European news, 8-17, 222-30 Delichon urbica, see Martin, House de Liedekerke, Rene, and Tombeur, F. L. L., European news, 8-17, 222-30 Dendrocopos leucotos, see Woodpecker, White- backed major, see Woodpecker, Great Spotted medius, see Woodpecker, Middle Spot- ted minor, see Woodpecker, Lesser Spotted Dendroica fusca, see Warbler, Blackburnian Densley, M., Desert Sparrows in Morocco, 195-201, plates 117-21 De Ridder,J., photograph of Imperial Eagle, 20, plate 7 Diary dates, 244-5; 569-70 Diomedea melanophris, see Albatross, Black- browed Dipper, ectoparasitic mites on nestlings, 283-4 Index to Volume 83 579 Disley, Antony, winner, The Richard Richardson Award 1990, 255-60 Display: Ringed Plover, 332 Dissing, Henrik, and Andersen, Lars Nor- gaard, European news, 8-17 Diver, Black-throated, in winter 1989/90, 320 , Great Northern, European news, 222; in winter 1989/90, 320; monthly marathon, 254, plate 145; summering in Scotland, 1988, 357 , Red-throated, photograph, 107, plate 52; in winter 1989/90, 320 , White-billed, European news, 222; in winter 1989/90, 320; accepted records 1989, 441-2 Doherty , Paul, review of Ewans: Bharatpur, 74; photograph of Whiskered Tem, 109, plate 55; of White-winged Black Tem, 109, plate 56; monthly marathon photo- graph credit, 124; photograph of Honey Buzzard, 234, plate 135; of Short-toed I -arks, 268, plate 159 Dotterel, European news, 1 1 ; British breed- ing records 1988, 371-2; in spring 1990, 544, 547 Douglas, K. S., photograph of Anthony McGeehan, 37 Dove, Collared, Starling associating with, 209; European news, 226; populations reduced by Candida , 426-7; in spring 1990, 547 , Feral Rock, bathing in deep water, 166-7 , Laughing, European news, 13, 226 , Mourning, in autumn 1989, 147 , Stock, European news, 226 , Turtle, in spring 1990, 547 Dowitcher, Long-billed, accepted records 1985-9, 463 Dubois, Philippe J., European news, 8-17, 222-30 Duck, American Black, European news, 223; in winter 1989/90, 325; accepted record 1989, 450 , Falcated, European news, 223 , Ferruginous, in winter 1989/90, 325 , Harlequin, European news, 10; accepted record 1987, 455 , Long-tailed, European news, 10; in winter 1989/90, 325; in spring 1990, 548 , Marbled, European news, 9 , Muscovy, opening egg, 1 15-6 , Ring-necked, European news, 9, 224; in winter 1989/90, 321, 325, plates 189-90; accepted records 1983-9, 451-4, 477, plate 261 , Ruddy, European news, 10, 224 , Tufted, European news, 10 , White-headed, European news, 10 Duff, Daniel G., short review, 294 Dunlin, European news, 12; taken by Car- rion Crow, 123-4 Dunn, Peter J., note on Carrion Crow taking Dunlin, 123-4; on Isabelline Wheatear in Scilly, 558-9, plate 301 Dunnock, European news, 14, 227; singing in field of oil-seed rape, 25 Eagle, Bonelli’s, European news, 224 , Booted, European news, 10 , Golden, European news, 10 , Imperial, mystery photograph, 20, plate 7; European news, 224 , Lesser Spotted, soaring with wings raised, 280; juvenile lacking distinct nape patch, 397-9, plate 231 , Spotted, soaring with wings raised, 280; with rufous nape patch, 397-9, plates 228-30 , Tawny, European news, 224 , Verreaux’s, European news, 224 , White-tailed, European news, 10, 224; in winter 1989/90, 326; British breeding records 1988, 364; accepted records 1989, 457 Edwards, Stephen, note on Jackdaws sun- bathing, 73; on Whitethroat singing in September, 401 Egret, Cattle, European news, 223; in spring ' 1990, 542 , Great White, accepted records 1989, 446-7; in spring 1990, 547 , Little, European news, 8-9; in autumn 1989, 79, 82, plates 30, 33; feeding asso- ciation with Cormorant, 279-80; in winter 1989/90, 325; accepted records 1987-9, 443-6; in spring 1990, 544 Egretta alba, see Egret, Great White garzetta, see Egret, Little Eichstadt, W., European news, 8-17, 222-30 Eider, European news, 10; photograph, 346, plate 213 , King, in winter 1989/90, 325; accepted records 1 986-9, 454-5, 478. plate 264 , Spectacled, PhotoSpot, 159-60. plates 97-8 , Steller’s, European news, 224 Elkins, Norman, note on partial albinism of Manx Shearwaters, 22 Ellinger, Danny, photograph of Lapwing, 236, plate 139 Elliott, Clive, photograph of Sir Hugh Elliott, 273, plate 162 Elmberg, Johan, European news, 222-30 Emberiza aureola, see Bunting, 5 ellow- breasted chrysophtys, see Bunting, Yellow -browed da, see Bunting, Rock drlus, see Bunting, Cirl dtrinella, see Yellow-hammer Index to Volume 83 580 Emberiza hortulana, see Bunting, Ortolan leucocephalos, see Bunting, Pine melanocephala, see Bunting, Black- headed pusilia, see Bunting, Little rustica, see Bunting, Rustic schoeniclus, see Bunting, Reed Emmerson, Keith, and Martin, Aurelio, European news, 8-17, 222-30 Eremalauda dunni, see Lark, Dunn’s Eremophila alpestris, see Lark, Shore Eriksen, Hanne, photographs of Upcher’s Warbler, 218-21, plates 127, 129-31; Bird Photograph of the Year 1990, 233, plate 132; award presentation, 516, plate 287; photograph of Lapwing, 236, plate 139 Eriksen, Jens, photograph of Upcher’s Warbler, 219, plate 128; of Black-headed Gulls, 235, plate 136 Erithacus rubecula, see Robin Estrilda astrild, see Waxbill, Common European news, 8-17; 222-30 Everett, Mike, short reviews, 293-4, 337 , , see Prytherch, Robin Ewer, Peter, photograph of Little Bittern, 477, plate 263 Expeditions and trips, 99-102 Falco ardosiaceus, see Kestrel, Grey biarmicus, see Lanner cherrug , see Saker concolor , see Falcon, Sooty eleonorae, see Falcon, Eleonora’s naumanni, see Kestrel, Lesser pelegrinoides, see Falcon, Barbary peregrinus, see Peregrine rusticolns , see Gyrfalcon subbuteo, see Hobby tinnunculus, see Kestrel vespertinus, see Falcon, Red-footed Falcon, Barbary, European news, 224 , Eleonora’s, field-characters, 53-4; accepted record 1985, 459 , Red-footed, European news, 10-11; field-characters, 50-4; in autumn 1989, 79; accepted records 1963-89, 457-9, 480, plates 255, 270; in spring 1990, 544, 548; attacking and robbing Kestrel, 548 , Sooty, field identification, 47-54, pla- tes 12-19; European news, 224 Fearnside, J. D., note on camouflage posture of Jack Snipe, 281-2 Feest, John, note on Ruffs feeding in sub- urban garden, 551 Ficedula hypoleuca, see Flycatcher, Pied parva, see Flycatcher, Red-breasted Field-characters: Audubon’s Shearwater, 300-7; Yelkouan Shearwater, 299-319, plates 175-88; Manx Shearwater, 300-16; Little Shearwater, 300-7; Masked Booby, 523; Gannet, 523-5; Cape Gannet, 521-3; Australasian Gannet, 523; Wigeon, 23; Lesser Spotted Eagle, 280, 397-9, plate 231; Spotted Eagle, 280, 397-9, plates 228- 31; Red-footed Falcon, 50-4; Hobby, 53-4; Eleonora’s Falcon, 53-4; Sooty Falcon, 47- 54, plates 12-19; Ruff, 1 17-9, plates 68-71; Greenshank, 120-1, plates 72-5; Little Gull, 503-4, plates 280-2; Little Tern, 504; Graceful Warbler, 125-6; Upcher’s Warb- ler, 217-21, plates 127-31; Marsh Tit, 510- 1 ; Willow Tit, 511; Crossbill, 89-94, plates 43-4; Scottish Crossbill, 89-94, plates 43- 4; White-throated Sparrow, 289-91, plate 173 Fieldfare, in autumn 1989, 149-50; in winter 1989/90, 328; British breeding records 1988, 378-9 Fieldwork action: BTO/IWC news: CBC & WBS results, IWC Garden Bird Feeding Survey, 27; forthcoming survey of Mute Swans, 85; new nest record card, 127; Atlas fieldwork in the Irish Republic, 167; BTO at the Chelsea Flower Show, 212 Finch, Trumpeter, European news, 16, 229; in autumn 1989, 148 Firecrest, European news, 16; in autumn 1989, 149-51, plate 82; in winter 1989/90, 328; British breeding records 1988, 383-4 Fisher, Crispin, obituary, 202-3, plate 122 Fisher, David, short review, 34; review of Simpson and Day: Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, 76; of Chappuis: Sounds of Migrant and Wintering Birds in Western Europe , 336-7 , , see Redman, Nigel Fisher, Jane, photograph of Crispin Fisher, 203, plate 122 Fitzpatrick, J., note on birds singing in fields of oil-seed rape, 25 Flamingo, Lesser, European news, 9, 223 Flumm, D. S., note on partial albinism of Manx Shearwater, 22 Flycatcher, Pied, in autumn 1989, 149 , Red-breasted, in autumn 1989, 149; European news, 229; in spring 1990, 545, 547 , Spotted, in autumn 1989, 148 Food: Mute Swan, 115-6; Common Gull, 122; Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, 23-4; Rock Pipit, 239; Citrine Wagtail, 166; Carrion Crow, 123-4; Magpie, 508-9, plates 283-6 Fouqu^t, M., photograph of Yelkouan Shearwater, 314, plate 186 Eratercula arctica, see Puffin Eringilla montifringilla , see Brambling Frumkin, Ron, photographs of Sooty Fal- con, 49-50, plates 12-14 , , see Clark, William S. Fry, C. H., foraging behaviour and identifi- cation of Upcher’s Warbler, 2 1 7-2 1 , plates 127-31 Index to Volume 83 581 Fulica atra , see Coot Fulmar, European news, 8 Fulmarus glacialis, see Fulmar Gadwall, in winter 1989/90, 325 Galerida cristata , see Lark, Crested Gallinago gallinago , see Snipe media, see Snipe, Great Gallinula chloropus , see Moorhen Gallinule, Allen’s, European news, 1 1 , Purple, European news, 11, 225 Gamble, Dave, note on Hobby recovering prey from water, 548-9 Gannet, European news, 222; field- characters, 523-5 , Australasian, distribution, 520, 523 , Cape, possible presence in European waters, 519-25 Garganey, in autumn 1989, 78; British breeding records 1988, 360, 387 Gasson, Peter, photograph of Rose-coloured Starling, 153, plate 90; of Great Spotted Cuckoo, 546, plate 297 Gauci, Charles, see Sultana, Joe Gaultier, Thierry, European news, 8-17, 222-30 Gavia adamsii, see Diver, White-billed arctica, see Diver, Black-throated immer , see Diver, Great Northern stellata, see Diver, Red-throated Gebuis, Hans, photograph of Quail, 345, plate 21 1 Geister, Iztok, European news, 8-17, 222-30 Gelochelidon nilotica, see Tern, Gull-billed Geothlypis trichas, see Yellowthroat, Common Gilbert, D. J., photograph of Blvth’s Reed Warbler, 480, plate 273 Gilbert, Martin, Young Ornithologist of the Year 1989, 168, plate 103 Gillmor, Robert, et al., ‘Bird Illustrator of the Year’ and ‘The Richard Richardson Award’, 255-60 Glareola nordmanni , see Pratincole, Black- winged pratincola, see Pratincole, Collared Glue, David E., breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler in Britain, 131-45, plates 78-80; note on Little Grebes rearing three broods in Buckinghamshire, 278-9; short review, 436 Godwit, Bar-tailed, in New Zealand, 417-8, plate 238; solitary bird attacked by Pereg- rine, 552 , Black-tailed, roosting in mangroves, 289; British breeding records 1988, 373; in New Zealand, 417 , Hudsonian, in New Zealand, 417; accepted record 1988, 463 Goldcrest, in autumn 1989, 149; European news, 229; in spring 1990, 542 Goldeneye, European news, 10; British breeding records 1988, 362-3 Golley, Mark A., note on Least Sandpiper feeding by hovering, 502-3 Goodwin, D., short reviews, 76, 249 Goosander, European news, 224 Goose, Barnacle, European news, 9, 223; in winter 1989/90, 325 , Bean, European news, 9, 223; possible occurrence of Siberian races in Britain, 556-60 , Brent, European news, 9; in autumn 1989, 78; accepted records of B. b. nigri- cans, 1987-9, 448; in spring 1990, 542 , Egyptian, European news, 9 , Greylag, European news, 9 , Lesser White-fronted, European news, 223 , Pink-footed, in autumn 1989, 78; in winter 1989/90, 325 , White-fronted, in winter 1989/90, 325 Gorban, I., European news, 8-17, 222-30 Goshawk, British breeding records 1988, 365-6; breeding biolog)' in lowland Bri- tain, 527-40, plates 289-93 Grant, Peter, obituary, 498-501, plate 279 Grebe, Black-necked, in autumn 1989, 78; European news, 222; photographs, 277, plates 168-9; in winter 1989/90, 320; British breeding records 1988, 358 , Great Crested, European news, 222 , Little, rearing three broods, 278-9 , Red-necked, in autumn 1989, 78; attempted piracy on by Black-headed Gull, 165; European news, 222; photo- graphs, 275, plates 164-5; in winter 1989/ 90, 320; British breeding records 1988, 357 , Slavonian, mystery photograph, 238, 274, plates 141, 163, 166-7; in winter 1989/90, 320; British breeding records 1988, 357-8 Green, Dennis, photograph of Choughs, 347, plate 214 Greenhnch, European news, 16 Greenshank, plumage variations of juven- iles, 120-1, plates 72-5; photograph, 348, plate 217; in New Zealand, 417 Grenfell, Harold E., photograph of Wigeons, 346, plate 212; of Green Sandpiper, 348- 9, plates 216, 219; of Meadow Pipit, 351, plate 223 Grisser, Pascal, note on anti-predator post- ures of Lapwing and Stonechat, 425 Grosbeak, Blue, European news, 17 , Pine, European news, 229-30 Grus grus, see Crane leucogeranus, see Crane, Siberian White Guillemot, moult and autumn colony attendance, 55-66, plates 20-24; European news, 226; taking food from hand, 283 582 Index to Volume 83 Guillemot, Black, moult and autumn colony attendance, 65 , Briinnich’s, accepted record 1989, 469 Guiraca caerulea, see Grosbeak, Blue Gull, Audouin’s, European news, 12, 226 , Black-headed, European news, 12; attempted piracy on Red-necked Grebe, 165; if the caption fits, 215, plate 125; photograph, 235, plate 136 , Bonaparte’s, in winter 1989/90, 324, 327, plates 198, 202-3; accepted records 1968-89, 465-6; in spring 1990, 547 , Common, European news, 13, 226; repeatedly dropping and retrieving object, 122; catching and eating Yellowhammer, 122 , Franklin’s, European news, 12, 226; in spring 1990, 545 , Glaucous, European news, 13; in autumn 1989, 80; in winter 1989/90, 327; in spring 1990, 547 , Great Black-headed, European news, 12, 226; monthly marathon, 124 , Grey-headed, European news, 12 , Herring, European news, 13; photo- graph, 112, plate 62; L. a. smithsonianus in winter 1989/90, 326-7, plate 201; accepted Irish record of L. a. smithsonianus , 466 , Iceland, European news, 226; in win- ter 1989/90, 327; accepted record of L. g. kumlieni 1989, 466 , Ivory, in winter 1989/90, 327; Euro- pean news, 226; accepted records 1988-9, 466-7, 478, plates 256, 265 , Laughing, European news, 226; accepted records 1984-9, 465; in spring 1990, 545 , Little, in autumn 1989, 80; in winter 1989/90, 327; British breeding records 1988, 375; unusual upperwing pattern, 503-4, plates 280-2; in spring 1990, 542 , Mediterranean, European news, 12, 226; in winter 1989/90, 324, 327, plate 199; British breeding records 1988, 374; mystery photograph, 498, 561, plate 278, 302-3 , Ring-billed, European news, 12-3, 226; in autumn 1989, 80; in winter 1989/90, 327; accepted records 1985-7, 466 , Ross’s, accepted records 1987-9, 466 , Sabine’s, European news, 12; in au- tumn 1989, 80; in winter 1989/90, 327 , Slender-billed, European news, 12 , Sooty, European news, 12 , Thayer’s, European news, 13; in win- ter 1989/90, 327 Gurney, Mark, Young Ornithologist of the Year 1989, 168, plate 103 Gustin, Marco, European news, 8-17, 222-30 Gyps fulvus, see Vulture, Griffon Gyrfalcon, European news, 1 1 , 224; photo- graph, 235, plate 137; accepted records 1981-9, 459; in spring 1990, 544 Hadrill, Peter, note on Hen Harriers roost- ing in oil-seed rape, 23 Haematopus ostralegus, see Oystercatcher Haliaeetus albicilla, see Eagle, White-tailed Halley, Axel, photograph of Gyrfalcon, 235, plate 137 Hamblin, Mark, 2nd place, Bird Photograph of the Year 1990, 234, plate 134 Hamblin, Tony, photograph of Eider, 346, plate 213; of Marsh Tit, 352, plate 224 Handrinos, George I., European news, 8-17, 222-30 Harbard, Chris, obituary of Crispin James Fisher (1941-1989), 202-3 Hario, Martti, European news, 8-17 Harper, W. Edward, photograph of Varied Thrush, 193, plate 115 Harrier, Hen, roosting in oil-seed rape, 23; facilitating predation of Red Grouse chicks by Buzzard, 1 15-6; European news, 224; in winter 1989/90, 326 , Marsh, in autumn 1989, 79; European news, 224; British breeding records 1988, 364-5 , Montagu’s, British breeding records 1988, 365 Harris, Alan, review of Watson: A Bird Artist in Scotland, 31-2; mystery photograph 153: Spanish Sparrow, 163-4; short reviews, 249, 514 , , see Gillmor, Robert, et al. Harris, M. P., and Wanless, S., moult and autumn colony attendance of auks, 55-66, plates 20-5 Harrison, Pamela, photograph of Peter Grant, 499, plate 279 Harrop, A. H. J., note on another Red- backed Shrike with white primary patch, 123 Harrop, Hugh R., note on Kingfisher appear- ing to feed young by regurgitation, 552 Hawfinch, European news, 230 Hawkins, John, see Roberts, John Lawton Hayes, Martyn, photograph of Arctic Tern, 130, plate 77 Heard, C. D. R., comments on report on rare birds in Great Britain in 1989, 472-92 Hearl, G. C., see Madge, S. C., et al. Heron, Great Blue, European news, 9 , Grey, photograph, 113, plate 64; European news, 223; hunting by artificial light, 425; in spring 1990, 544 , Indian Pond, European news, 8 , Night, European news, 223; in winter 1989/90, 325; accepted records 1987-9, 443; in spring 1990, 541-4 , Purple, in autumn 1989, 80; accepted record 1982, 447; in spring 1990, 541, 544 , Squacco, in spring 1990, 541, 544 Hewitt, John, photograph of Alpine Accen- tor, 543, plate 296 Heteroscelus brevipes, see Tattler, Grey-tailed incanus, see Tattler, Wandering Index to Volume 83 Hieraaetus fasciatus , see Eagle, Bonelli’s pennatus, see Eagle, Booted Higson, P., and Urquhart, E. D., Crag Martins in Cornwall and East Sussex: new to Britain and Ireland, 155-9 Hill, Alistair, see Barthel, Peter Himantopus himantopus, see Stilt, Black- winged Hippolais caligata, see Warbler, Booted icterina, see Warbler, Icterine languida, see Warbler, Upcher’s pallida , see Warbler, Olivaceous polyglotta, see Warbler, Melodious Hirons, M. J. D., photograph of Lesser Crested Tern, 478, plate 266 Hirschfeld, Erik, European news, 8-17; re- view of Hume: Birds by Character , 513 Hirundo daurica, see Swallow, Red-rumped pyrrhonota, see Swallow, Cliff rustica, see Swallow Histrionicus histrionicus, see Duck, Harlequin Hobby, field-characters, 53-4; British breed- ing records 1988, 367-8, 388-9; recovering prey from water, 549 Hogg, Angus, short review, 32; review of Elliott: Birds of Islay , 103 Holden, Peter, short reviews, 33, 293-4, 435 Holliday, Steve, European news, 8-17, 222- 30 Holloway, D., see Callion, J. Holloway, J. F., note on Richard’s Pipits and the ‘long grass’ fallacy, 506 Holman, David, note on Britain’s first Yellow-browed Bunting, 430-2 Hoopoe, photograph, 236, plate 138; sum- mering in England 1988, 375; in spring 1990, 541 Hopkins, P., photograph of Rose-coloured Starling, 153, plate 91 Hosking, Eric, photograph of Horace Alex- ander, 161, plate 99 , , see Chandler, R. J., et al. Hudson, Anne V., Stowe, Tim J., and Aspinall, Simon J., status and distribution of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988, 173-87, plates 105-8 Hughes, S. W. M., note on Lesser Spotted Woodpecker extracting larvae from ap- ples, 23-4 Hulme, Mark, 3rd place, Bird Illustrator of the Year 1990, 255-60 Hume, Rob, letter on Goto Donana catas- trophe, 243-4; comments on report on rare birds in Great Britain in 1989, 441- 72; Donana saved? (letter), 560-1 Huneker, Huub, photograph of Radde’s Warbler, 69, 94, plate 29, 45 Hutchings, S. C., photographs of Varied Thrush, 189, plates 109-11 , , see Madge, S. C., et aL Hydrobates pelagicus , see Petrel, Storm Hypocolius ampelinus, see Hypocolius, Grey Hypocolius, Grey, European news, 227 583 Ibis, Glossy, in winter 1989/90, 325; accepted records 1989, 447-8 Icterus galbula, see Oriole, Northern If the caption fits . . ., 130, plate 77; 214-5, plate 125; 571, plate 305; winners, 570 Image, Bob, note on birds singing in fields of oil-seed rape and other crops, 25 Inskipp, Tim, short reviews, 32, 249, 294; review of Norton, Stuart and Johnson: World Checklist of Threatened Birds , 394-5 Irania gutturalis , see Robin, White-throated Ixobrychus exilis, see Bittern, Least minutus, see Bittern, Little Jackdaw, chasing red squirrel, 73; sun- bathing, 73; hatching Mandarin egg, 209; European news, 229 Jackson, Simon, and Thomason, Paul, note on Yellow-browed Warbler persistently feeding on ground, 428-9, plates 249-52 Jannes, Hannu, European news, 222-30 Jay, Siberian, European news, 16, 229 Johns, J. H., photograph of Belted King- fisher, 571, plate 305 Johnson, W. G., note on birds singing in fields of oil-seed rape, 25 Johnston, Chris, short review, 436 Jones, Maurice, note on Oystercatchers incubating on closely adjacent nests, 33 1 - 2 Junco, Dark-eyed, European news, 16; in winter 1989/90, 322, 329, plates 192-3; accepted records 1987-9, 490 Junco hyemalis, see Junco, Dark-eyed Jynx torquilla, see Wryneck Kelly, David, photograph of Shore Lark, 329, plate 205 Kemp, J. B., note on underwing of Wigeon, 23 Kestrel, attacked and robbed by Red-footed Falcon, 548 , Grey, field-characters, 53 , Lesser, European news, 10 Kettle, Adrian, note on Red-footed Falcon attacking and robbing Kestrel, 548 Killdeer, in winter 1989/90, 326; accepted record 1989, 461 Kimber, Alan, photograph of Blue-winged Teal, 477, plate 262 King, J. M. B., note on Veery in Devon, 284- 7, plates 171-2 King, J. R., letter on sexual dimorphism of Marsh Tit, 510-1 584 Index to Volume 83 Kingfisher, appearing to feed young by regurgitation, 552 , Belted, if the caption fits, 571, plate 305 Kistchinsky, A. A., photographs of Specta- cled Eider, 159-60, plates 97-8 Kite, Black, European news, 224; accepted records 1986-9, 456-7; white individual at Gibraltar, 501-2; in spring 1990, 544 , Red, European news, 10; in autumn 1989, 78-9; in winter 1989/90, 325; British breeding records 1988, 364 Kittiwake, photograph, 112, plate 61 Knot, in autumn 1989, 80; in New Zealand, 417, 419, plates 239-40 , Great, European news, 12; in autumn 1989, 80 Knox, Alan, short review, 33; identification of Crossbill and Scottish Crossbill, 89-94, plates 43-4; note on extended foraging period of nesting Swallows, 166; on Robin attempting to steal food from hedgehog, 207; on bilateral scratching by Blackbird, 207-8 Konrad, Volker, monthly marathon photo- graph credit, 86 Lacey, Mary E., note on food pass by Bam Owl, 399' Laine, Lasse J., photograph of Black- throated Thrush, 15, plate 5 Lanins collurio , see Shrike, Red-backed excubitor, see Shrike, Great Grey isabellinus , see Shrike, Isabelline minor , see Shrike, Lesser Grey senator , see Shrike, Woodchat Tanner, European news, 1 1 Lansdown, P. G., Rarities Committee news and announcements, 411-4, plates 235-6 , , and Charlton, Trevor, note on ‘The Sizewell bunting’: a hybrid Pine Bunting X Yellowhammer in Suffolk, 240- 2, plates 142-3 Lapwing, European news, 12; request, 169; photograph, 236, plate 139; anti-predator posture, 425 Lark, Calandra, European news, 14 , Crested, European news, 227; mystery photograph 146: correction, 289 , Dunn’s, European news, 14 , Hume’s Short-toed, identification, 262-72, 572, plates 146-8, 152-7, 160 , Shore, monthly marathon, 172; in winter 1989/90, 328-9, plate 205; in spring 1990, 547 , Short-toed, in autumn 1989, 149; differentiation from Hume’s Short-toed Lark, 262-72, plates 149-51, 158-9, 161; accepted records 1986-9, 472; in spring 1990, 545 Lams argentatus, see Gull, Herring atricilla, see Gull, Laughing audouinii, see Gull, Audouinii canus, see Gull, Common cirrocephalus, see Gull, Grey-headed delawarensis , see Gull, Ring-billed genei, see Gull, Slender-billed glaucoides, see Gull, Iceland hemprickii, see Gull, Sooty hyperboreus, see Gull, Glaucous ichthyaetus, see Gull, Great Black- headed melanocephalus, see Gull, Mediterranean minutus, see Gull, Little Philadelphia , see Gull, Bonaparte’s pipixcan, see Gull, Franklin’s ridibundus , see Gull, Black-headed sabini, see Gull, Sabine’s thayeri, see Gull, Thayer’s Leach, J. F., photograph of Sir Peter Scott, 18, plate 6 Lehto, J., photograph of Great Shearwater, 82, plate 34 Leptoptilos cmmeni/erus, see Marabou Lilleleht, Vilju, European news, 8-17, 222-30 Limicola falcinellus, see Sandpiper, Broad- billed Limnodromus scolopaceus, see Dowitcher, Long- billed Limosa haemastica, see Godwit, Hudsonian lapponica, see Godwit, Bar-tailed limosa, see Godwit, Black-tailed Little, Brian, photograph of Isabelline Wheatear, 402, plate 232 Little, Rob, note on Cliff Swallow in Cleve- land, 504-6 Locustella fluviatilis, see Warbler, River lanceolata, see Warbler, Lanceolated luscinioides, see Warbler, Savi’s naevia, see Warbler, Grasshopper Loxia curvirostra, see Crossbill leucoptera, see Crossbill, Two-barred pytyopsittacus, see Crossbill, Parrot scotica, see Crossbill, Scottish Lullula arborea, see Woodlark Luscinia luscinia, see Nightingale, Thrush megarhynchos, see Nightingale svecica, see Bluethroat Lymnocryples minimus, see Snipe, Jack McGeehan, Anthony, photograph, 37; photograph of Radde’s Warbler, 151, plate 83; of Herring Gull L. a. smith- sonianus, 326, plate 201 , , see Nightingale, Barry Mackrill, Ed, photographs of Yelkouan Shearwater, 302-10, plates 175-6, 178-82, 184 > * see Yesou, P., et al. Index to Volume 83 585 Madge, Steve, mystery photograph 160: White-cheeked Tern, 496-8; product re- port, 146 , , el al., Varied Thrush: new to the Western Palearctic, 187-95, plates 109-16 Magpie, European news, 16; eating mussel, 508-9, plates 283-6 Magyar, Gabor, and Waliczky, Zoltan, European news, 8-17, 222-30 Maier, Robert, photograph of Coot, 110, plate 58 Mandarin, egg hatched by Jackdaw, 209 Marabou, European news, 9, 223 Marchant, John, short review, 34 Marmaronetta angustirostris, see Duck, Marbled Martin, Aurelio, see Emmerson, Keith Martin, Crag, European news, 14, 227; in Cornwall and East Sussex, June/July 1988, 155-9; accepted record 1989, 473 , House, nests destroyed by Swallows, 24; in autumn 1989, 149; in spring 1990, 542 , Sand, blind bird flying, 400; in spring 1990, 542 Martins, Rod, short review, 566 Mather, John R., short review, 33 Melanitta nigra, see Scoter, Common perspicillata , see Scoter, Surf Melanocoiypha calandra, see Lark, Calandra Mellis, R. J., photograph of Baird’s Sand- piper, 84, plate 38; of Buff-breasted Sand- piper, 84, plate 39; of Great Snipe, 84, plate 40; of Yellow-billed Cuckoo, 152, plate 86; of Pied Wheatear, 152, plate 88; of Lesser Grey Shrike, 486, plate 276 Melville, David S., letter on waders roosting in mangroves, 289 Mercer, Jonathan H., note on Alpine Swift ‘playing’ with piece of paper, 239 Merganser, Hooded, European news, 10; in winter 1989/90, 321, 325, plate 191 , Red-breasted, in spring 1990, 548 Mergus albelltis, see Smew cucullatus, see Merganser, Hooded merganser, see Goosander senator, see Merganser, Red-breasted Merops apiaster, see Bee-eater orientals , see Bee-eater, Little Green superciliosus, see Bee-eater, Blue- cheeked Micropalama himantopus, see Sandpiper, Stilt Miliaria calandra, see Bunting, Com Mills, Richard T., photograph of Common Terns, 108, plate 53; of Pheasants, 114, plate 65; of Mute Swans, 1 14, plate 66; of Corncrake, 176, 183-5, plates 105-8 Milvus migrans, see Kite, Black milvus, see Kite, Red Mitchell, Alan, letter on trees for birds, 291 Moffett, A. T., photograph of Wren, 111, plate 60 Monthly marathon 4: 5, plate 10; 6, plate 42; 7. plate 76; 8, plate 104; 9, plate 126; 10, plate 145; 11, plate 174; 1, plate 209; 2, plate 232; 3, plate 237; 4, plate 288; 5, plate 306 Monticola saxatilis, see Thrush, Rock Moore, C. C., note on first-winter Little Tem showing features of juvenile plum- age, 504 Moorhen, photograph, 110, plate 57 Morris, P. I., note on freezing postures of Little Stint and Broad-billed Sandpiper, 426; on Green Sandpiper evading attack by Peregrine, and Peregrine’s choice of food, 552 Morris, Paul D., note on Snipe with up- turned bill, 1 17, plate 67 Motacilla citreola, see Wagtail, Citrine flava, see Wagtail, Yellow Mullarney, Killian, photograph of Sandwich Tem, 86, plate 42 Munns, Digby, review of Round: Resident Forest Birds in Thailand, 434 Munoz-Pulido, Rodrigo, note on Osprey killed by electrocution, 116-7 Murrelet, Ancient, in spring 1990, 547 Muscicapa striata, see Flycatcher, Spotted Mystery photographs: 151, plate 8; 152, plate 29; 153, plates 46-7; 154, plate 102; 155, plate 124; 156, plate 141; 157, plate 170; 158, plate 207; 159, plate 227; 160, plate 234; 161, plate 278; 162, plate 304 Mvstery photographs, answers to: 150, 20-1; 151, 67-9; 152, 94-6; 153, 163-4; 154, 204- 6; 155, 237-8; 156, 274-7; 157, 330-1; 158, 395-6; 159, 408-10; 160, 496-8; 161, 261-4 Nattress, Barry, note on lice seen to drink from eye of Oystercatcher, 281 Nelson, Wilf, photograph of Black-necked Grebe, 277, plate 169 Neophron percnopterus, see Vulture, Egyptian Netta rufina, see Pochard, Red-crested News and comment, 36-7, plate 9; 87-8; 128- 9; 169-71; 213-4; 250-3; 295-7; 338-41, plate 208; 391-4, plate 225; 436-8; 515-7, plate 287; 567-8 Newton, I., short reviews, 106, 213, 435-6 New Zealand, waders in, 416-24, plates 238- 48 Nicholls, Howard, photograph of Red- necked Grebe, 275, plate 164; of Desert Wheatear, 322, plate 194 Nighthawk, Common, in autumn 1989, 148; accepted record 1989, 470-9, plates 257-8. 268 Nightingale, in autumn 1989, 149 , Thmsh, European news, 14, 227; in autumn 1989, 150; accepted records 1988- 9, 475; in spring 1990, 545 586 Nightingale, Barry, and McGeehan, Anthony, recent reports, see Recent re- ports Nightjar, Red-necked, PhotoSpot, 97-9, plates 48-50 Nikiforov, M. E., European news, 222-30 Noeske, Andreas, letter on the occurrence of ‘Russian’ Bean Geese in Britain, 556-60 Numenius madagascariensis, see Curlew, Far Eastern phaeopus, see Whimbrel tenuirostris, see Curlew, Slender-billed Nuthatch, hanging upside-down from twig, 430 , Red-breasted, in autumn 1989, 150, 154, plates 92-4; in winter 1989/90, 323, 329, plate 196 Nyclea scandiaca, see Owl, Snowy Nycticorax nycticorax, see Heron, Night Obituaries: Sir Peter Scott, CH, CBE, DSC, FRS (1909-1989), 18-19, plate 6; Horace Gundry Alexander (1889-1989), 160-2, plate 99; John Buxton, 171; Dick Wolfen- dale, 171; Crispin James Fisher (1941- 1989), 202-3, plate 122; Sir Hugh Elliott, Bt, OBE (1913-1989), 272-4, plate 162; Peter James Grant (1943-1990), 498-501, plate 279 Oceanites oceanicus, see Petrel, Wilson’s Oceanodroma leucorhoa, see Petrel, Leach’s Odell, D.J., photograph of Northern Water- thrush, 152, plate 87; mystery photograph 157: Lesser Grey Shrike, 330-1, plate 206 Oenanthe deserti, see Wheatear, Desert Jinschii, see Wheatear, Finsch’s kispamca, see Wheatear, Black-eared isabellina, see Wheatear, Isabelline leucura , see Wheatear, Black monacha, see Wheatear, Hooded oenanthe, see Wheatear pleschanka, see Wheatear, Pied Ogilvie, MA, obituary of Sir Peter Scott, CH, CBE, DSC, FRS (1909-1989), 18-9, plate 6; short reviews, 35, 76, 106, 566; PhotoSpot 30: Spectacled Eider, 159-60, plates 97-8; note on distraction display of Ringed Plover performed over water, 332; review of Newton: Lifetime Reproduction in Birds, 337; of Halle: The Appreciation of Birds, 434 Olney, P. J. S., short review, 566 Olsen, Klaus Mailing, note on Spotted and Lesser Spotted Eagles soaring with wings raised, 280 Olsson, Urban, photographs of Hume’s Short-toed Lark, 267-8, plates 152-5; of Short-toed Lark, 268, plate 158 Index to Volume 83 Opperman, Ed, photograph of Desert Spar- row, 200, plate 121 Oriole, Golden, request, 336; British breed- ing records 1988, 384-5; in spring 1990, 542, 545 , Northern, accepted record 1989, 492 Oriolus oriolus, see Oriole, Golden Ormerod, S. J., see Tyler, Stephanie Osprey, in autumn 1989, 79; killed by electrocution, 116-7; British breeding re- cords 1988, 366-7; in spring 1990, 544 Otis tarda, see Bustard, Great Otus scops, see Owl, Scops Ouzel, Ring, in spring 1990, 544 Owl, Barn, food pass by, 399 , Hawk, European news, 227 , Long-eared, European news, 13; photograph, 233, plate 133 , Scops, European news, 13; accepted record 1989, 470 , Snowy, European news, 226-7; sum- mering in Shetland, 1988, 375; accepted records 1987-9, 470 Oxyura jamaicensis, see Duck, Ruddy leucocephala, see Duck, White-headed Oystercatcher, nesting in sugar beet, 25; using distraction technique in absence of eggs or young, 280-1; lice seen to drink from eye of, 281; two incubating on closely adjacent nests, 330-2 PJC Award 1990, 255-61 Pagophila ebumea, see Gull, Ivory Pandion haliaetus, see Osprey Panurus biarmicus, see Tit, Bearded Parker, Mike, Pacific Swift: new to the Western Palearctic, 43-6, plate 1 1 Parker, R. J., note on Wren fighting with Cetti’s Warbler, 207 Parula americana , see Parula, Northern Parula, Northern, in autumn 1989, 149; accepted Irish record 1989, 489 Parus ater, see Tit, Coal caeruleus, see Tit, Blue cyaneus, see Tit, Azure major, see Tit, Great montaruis, see Tit, Willow palustris, see Tit, Marsh Passer domesticus, see Sparrow, House hispaniolensis, see Sparrow, Spanish montanus, see Sparrow, Tree simplex, see Sparrow, Desert Passerina cyanea , see Bunting, Indigo Paterson, A. M., and Riddiford, N. J., does the Cape Gannet enter European waters?, 519-25 , , see Yesou P., et al. Pelecanus rufescens, see Pelican, Pink-backed Pelican, Pink-backed, European news, 8, 223 Index to Volume 83 587 Fellow, Keith, note on Caspian Plover in Scilly: first British record this century, 549-51, plate 300 Pennington, M. G., note on birds singing in fields of oil-seed rape, 25-6 Peregrine, presence causing Choughs to desert nesting sites, 288; attacking soli- tary waders, 552 Perisoreus infaustus, see Jay, Siberian Pemis apivorus, see Buzzard, Honey Petrel, Bulwer’s, in autumn 1989, 78; monthly marathon, 86 , Leach’s, in autumn 1989, 78; in winter 1989/90, 320; European news, 222 , Schlegel’s, European news, 8 , Soft-piumaged, in autumn 1989, 78 , Storm, European news, 8; in autumn 1989, 78 , Wilson’s, European news, 222; accepted record 1988, 442 Petursson, Gunnlaugur, short review, 32 Phaethon aethereus, see Tropicbird, Red-billed Phalacrocorax aristotelis, see Shag carbo, see Cormorant PySmeus> see Cormorant, Pygmy Phalarope, Grey, in autumn 1989, 80; in winter 1989/90, 326 , Red-necked, in autumn 1989, 80, 82, plate 35; British breeding records 1988, 374 , Wilson’s, European news, 12, 225; accepted records 1987-9, 464-5; in spring 1990, 545, 547 Phalaropus fulicarius , see Phalarope, Grey lobatns, see Phalarope, Red-necked tricolor, see Phalarope, Wilson’s Phasianus colchicus, see Pheasant Pheasant, calling in oil-seed rape fields, 25; photograph, 114, plate 65 Philomachus pugnax, see Ruff Phipps, E. D., photograph of Ivory- Gull, 478, plate 265 Phoebetria palpebrata , see Albatross, Light- mantled Sooty Phoenicopterus minor, see Flamingo, Lesser Phoenicians moussieri, see Redstart, Moussier’s ochruros, see Redstart, Black phoenicurus, see Redstart PhotoSpot: 29, Red-necked Nightjar. 97-9, plates 48-50; 30, Spectacled Eider, 159-60, plates 97-8 Phylloscopns bonelli, see Warbler, Bonelli’s borealis, see Warbler, Arctic coliybita, see Chiffchaff fuscatns , see Warbler, Dusky inomatus, see Warbler, Yellow-browed proregnlus, see Warbler, Pallas’s schwarzi, see Warbler, Radde’s sibilatrix, see Warbler, Wood trochiloides, see Warbler, Greenish trochilus, see Warbler, Willow Pica pica, see Magpie Picus canus, see W’oodpecker, Grey-headed Pike, Nicholas, note on attempted piracy by Black-headed Gull on Red-necked Grebe, 165 Pinicola enucleator, see Grosbeak, Pine Pintail, in winter 1989/90, 325; British breeding records 1988, 359-60 Pipit, American, in autumn 1989, 149 , Blyth’s, European news, 14 , Meadow, in autumn 1989, 147, 149; photograph, 351, plate 223; monthly marathon, 298, plate 174 , Olive-backed, in autumn 1989, 150-1, plate 84; European news, 14, 227; accepted records 1988-9, 473-4, plates 259-60 , Pechora, European news, 14; in au- tumn 1989, 149; accepted records 1989, 474, 480, plate 274; in spring 1990, 545 , Red-throated, in autumn 1989, 149- 50; accepted records 1988-9, 474; in spring 1990, 544, 547 , Richard’s, European news, 227; pre- ference for long grass questioned, 506; in spring 1990, 545 , Rock, breaking snail shell, 239 , Tawny, in spring 1990, 544-5 , Water, European news, 14 Platalea alba, see Spoonbill, African leucorodia, see Spoonbill Plectrophenax nivalis, see Bunting, Snow Plegadis Jalcinelltis, see Ibis, Glossy Plover, American Golden, voice, 70-2; accepted records 1988-9, 461 , American/Pacific Golden, in winter 1989/90, 326 , Caspian, European news, 11; in Scilly, May 1988, 549-51 , Golden, request, 169 , Grey, photograph, 107, plate 51; roosting in mangroves, 289; in New- Zea- land, 417 , Kentish, European news, 225; in winter 1989/90, 326 , Lesser Sand, roosting in mangroves, 289 , Little Ringed, in spring 1990, 547 , Pacific Golden, European news, 11, 225; voice, 70-2; in New Zealand, 417; accepted record 1989, 461 , Ringed, distraction display over w ater, 332 , Semipalmated, European news, 11; roosting in mangroves, 289 , Sociable, European news, 1 1 , White-tailed, European news, 11-12 Pluvialis apricaria, see Plover, Golden domimca , see Plover, .American Golden Jiilva, see Plover, Pacific Golden squatarola, see Plover, Grey- Pochard, European news, 9; British breed- ing records 1988, 360-1, 388 , Red-crested, in autumn 1989, 78; Euro- pean news, 223-4; in winter 1989/90, 325 588 Index to Volume 83 Podiceps auritus, see Grebe, Slavonian cristatus, see Grebe, Great Crested grisegena, see Grebe, Red-necked nigricollis, see Grebe, Black-necked Polysticta stelleri, see Eider, Steller’s Porphyria porphyrio, see Gallinule, Purple Porphyrula alleni, see Gallinule, Allen’s Porter, Richard, short review, 34 Porzana Carolina, see Sora marginalis, see Crake, Striped parua, see Crake, Little porzana, see Crake, Spotted pusilla, see Crake, Baillon’s Pratincole, Black-winged, European news, 225 , Collared, European news, 11; accepted record 1989, 461; in spring 1990, 542 Prirda gracilis, see Warbler, Graceful Prior, Huw, Young Ornithologist of the Year 1989, 168, plate 103 Product reports: Swift 7 X 35 HCF Au- dubon binoculars, 146; Kowa spotting scope TSN 20 X— 60 X zoom eyepiece, 204 Prunella collaris, see Accentor, Alpine modularis, see Dunnock montanella, see Accentor, Siberian Prys-Jones, Robert, review of Chandler: The Macmillan Field Guide to North Atlantic Shore- birds, 248-9 Prytherch, Robin, and Everett, Mike, news and comment, see News and comment Puffin, European news, 13 Pterocles exustus, see Sandgrouse, Chestnut- bellied orientals, see Sandgrouse, Black-bellied Pterodroma incerta , see Petrel, Schlegel’s mollis, see Petrel, Soft-plumaged Ptyonoprogne rupestris, see Martin, Crag Puffin, moult and colony attendance, 65; European news, 226 Pujffinus assimilis, see Shearwater, Little gravis, see Shearwater, Great griseus, see Shearwater, Sooty Iherminieri , see Shearwater, Audubon’s opisthomelas, see Shearwater, Black- vented puffinus , see Shearwater, Manx yelkouan, see Shearwater, Yelkouan Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax, see Chough Pyrrhula pyrrhula, see Bullfinch Quail, European news, 11, 224; calling in oil-seed rape field, 25; photograph, 345, plate 211; British breeding records 1988, 368, 389 Radford, A. P., note on Starling associating with Collared Dove, 209; on Sparrowhawk seizing slow-worm, 502 Rare Breeding Birds Panel, rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 1988, 353-90 Rarities Committee, news and announce- ments, 411-4, plates 235-6; report on rare birds in Great Britain in 1989, 439-96, plates 253-76 Rasmussen, Brian, European news, 222-30 Razorbill, European news, 13, 226; moult and autumn colony attendance, 61-6, plate 25 Recent reports, 42; 88; 130, plate 77; 172; 216; 254; 298; 342; 402; 438; 518; 572 Recurvirostra avosetta, see Avocet Redman, Nigel, and Fisher, David, expedi- tions and trips, 99-102 Redpath, Steve, note on Hen Harriers facili- tating predation of Red Grouse chicks by Buzzard, 116 Redpoll, Arctic, European news, 16; in autumn 1989, 149-50; accepted records 1982-9, 480, 488, plate 272; in spring 1990, 544 Redshank, roosting in mangroves, 289 , Spotted, in autumn 1989, 80 Redstart, in autumn 1989, 149; accepted records of P. p. samamisicus 1989, 475; in spring 1990, 542 , Black, British breeding records 1988, 377-8 , Moussier’s, accepted records 1988, 475 Redwing, European news, 15, 228; monthly marathon, 124, plate 76; autumn 1989, 150; retention of food when attacked, 240; British breeding records 1988, 379-80 Regulus ignicapillus, see Firecrest regulus, see Goldcrest Remiz pendulinus, see Tit, Penduline Request: Azores bird records, 86; birds of the Serengeti, colour-marked waders in eastern Mediterranean and central and eastern Europe, 127-8; systematic counts of Lapwings or Golden Plovers, 169; transparencies of 1989 rarities, help needed with ‘Raptor, stork and pelican migration survey’ in Israel, 248; photo- graphs of large falcons, Tunisian avi- fauna, 295; International Waterfowl Cen- sus, Golden Oriole Group, 336; binocu- lars and telescopes survey, V, 433 Reszeter, George, photographs of Red- breasted Nuthatch, 154, plates 92-4 Reviews: Bergier and Bergier: A Birdwatchers' Guide to Morocco, 292 Breife, et al: Sallsynta Faglar i Sverige, 565 Brooke: The Manx Shearwater, 512-3 Burton: The RSPB Birdfeeder Handbook, 565-6 Index to Volume 83 Chandler: The Macmillan Field Guide to North Atlantic Shorebirds, 248-9 Chappuis: Sounds oj Migrant and Wintering Birds in Western Europe, 336-7 Conder: The Wheatear, 102-3 Devillers, et al Atlas des Oiseaux Nicheurs de Belgique, 433-4 Elliott: Birds of Islay, 103 Ewans: Bharatpur, 74 Green and Cade: Where to Watch Birds in Dorset, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, 104 Halle: The Appreciation of Birds, 434 Hume: Birds by Character, 513 Hyytia, Koistinen and Kellomaki: Suomen l.intuatlas, 104-5 Kettle: More British Bird Sounds, 514 Koskimies: Distribution and Numbers of Fin- nish Breeding Birds, 104-5 McQuillan: Mac's Rare Birds 1989 Diary (video), 249 Newton: Lifetime Reproduction in Birds, 337 Norton, Stuart and Johnson: World Check- list of Threatened Birds, 394-5 Pemberton: The Birdwatcher's Yearbook and Diary 1990, 74 Potapov and Flint: Handbuch der Vogel der Sowjetunion, Band 4, 30-1 Priednieks, et al.: iMhhan Breeding Bird Atlas 1980-1984, 31 Richards: Birds of the Tideline, 292-3 Ridgely and Tudor: The Birds of South America, 75 Root: Atlas of Wintering North American Birds, 75-6 Round: Resident Forest Birds in Thailand, 434 Simpson and Day: Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, 76 Turner: A Handbook to the Swallows and Martins of the World, 105 Watson: A Bird Artist in Scotland, 31-2 Rhodostethia rosea, see Gull, Ross’s Rhynchops flavirostris, see Skimmer, African The Richard Richardson Award 1990, 255- 60 Riddiford, N. J., see Paterson, A. M. Rinnhofer, Gunter, photograph of Black Vulture, 206, 237, plates 124, 140; of Mediterranean Gull, 262, plate 303 Riols, Christian, note on anthropophilous Skylark seeking refuge from Merlin, 427 Riparia riparia, see Martin, Sand Rissa tridactyla, see Kittiwake Roberts, John Lawton, and Hawkins, John, note on incompatibility of Choughs and Peregrines, 288 Roberts, Peter, review of Brooke: The Manx Shearwater, 512-3 Robertson, Iain, mystery photograph 150: Imperial Eagle, 20-1 Robin, feeding on dead Collared Dove, 123; attempting to steal food from hedgehog, 207; in spring 1990, 542 589 Robin, White-throated, European news, 14- 5; in spring 1990, 543, 545, plate 295 Rodwell, S. L., photograph of Olive-backed Pipit, 151, plate 84 Rogers, Michael J., report on rare birds in Great Britain in 1989, 439-96, plates 253- 76 Roller, accepted records 1987-9, 472; in spring 1990, 545 Roosting: Hen Harrier, 23 Rosefinch, Scarlet, in autumn 1989, 148-9, 152, plate 85; British breeding records 1988, 386; accepted record 1972, 489; in spring 1990, 545, 547-8 RufT, plumage variations of juveniles, 1 17-9, plates 68-71; British breeding records 1988, 372-3; feeding in suburban garden, 551; evasive reaction to low-flying Pere- grine, 551-2; solitary bird attacked by Peregrine, 552 Ryan, Peter G., and Avery, Graham, note on Arctic Skua killed by sea-barbel spine, 282-3 Sadler, D., photograph of Red-necked Phal- arope, 82, plate 35 Sage, Bryan, short review, 515 Saker, accepted Category D record 1986, 492 Sanderling, European news, 12; monthly marathon, 172, plate 104 Sandgrouse, Black-bellied, European news, 13 , Chestnut-bellied, taking water from own breast feathers, 332 , Pallas’s, in spring 1990, 545 Sandpiper, Baird’s, European news, 12, 225; in autumn 1989, 80, 84. plate 38; accepted records 1988-9, 462 , Broad-billed, freezing posture, 426; accepted records 1986-9, 462; in spring 1990, 545 , Buff-breasted, European news, 12; in autumn 1989, 80, 84, plate 39 , Common, in New Zealand, 417 , Cox’s, World's first knowm juvenile (letter), 209-10 , Curlew, in autumn 1989, 80; monthly marathon, 342, plate 209; in New Zea- land, 418, 421, plate 243 , Green, photographs, 348-9, plates 216, 219; evading attack by Peregrine, 552 , Least, European news, 225; accepted record 1988, 461; feeding by hovering, 502-3 , Marsh, accepted records 1989, 463; in spring 1990, 544-5, 548 590 Index to Volume 83 , Pectoral, in autumn 1989, 80; Euro- pean news, 225 , Purple, British breeding records 1988, 372 , Semipalmated, mystery photograph, 21, 68, plates 8, 26; in winter 1989/90, 326; accepted record 1989, 461 , Sharp-tailed, European news, 225; in New Zealand, 418, 420, plates 241-2 , Solitary, accepted record 1989, 464 , Spotted, European news, 225; roosting in mangroves, 289; in winter 1989/90, 326; accepted records 1989, 464 , Stilt, European news, 225; accepted record 1989, 463 , Terek, roosting in mangroves, 289; in winter 1989/90, 324, 326, plate 200; in New Zealand, 418-23, plate 244; accepted records 1987-9, 464; in spring 1990, 547 , Upland, accepted record 1988, 463 , YVestem, photograph, 68, plate 27; accepted record 1988, 461 , White-rumped, monthly marathon, 41; European news, 225; accepted records 1988-9, 461-2 , Wood, British breeding records 1988, 374 Sathien, Khun, photograph of Z?Z?-Sunbird Trip to Thailand 1990, 246, plate 144 Saxicola torquata, see Stonechat Scaup, British breeding records 1988, 361 , Lesser, in winter 1989/90, 325 Schmid, Hans, see Zbinden, Niklaus Scoter, Common, European news, 10; Brit- ish breeding records 1988, 361-2; accepted records of M. n. americana 1988- 9, 455; in spring 1990, 542 , Surf, European news, 224; in winter 1989/90, 325; accepted records 1981-9, 455-6 Scott, Sir Peter, obituary, 18-9, plate 6 Seal, Steve, photograph of Bonaparte’s Gull, 327, plate 203 Seasonal reports, 42; autumn 1989, part 1, 77-85, plates 30-41; part 2, 147-55, plates 81-96; winter 1989/90, 319-29, plates 189- 205; spring 1990, 541-8, plates 294-9 Seiurus noveboracensis, see Waterthrush, Northern Serin, in autumn 1989, 148; British breeding records 1988, 386; in spring 1990, 541-4 Serinus serinus, see Serin Seventy-five years ago, 30; 46; 127; 162; 203; 250; 261; 329; 390; 410; 518; 526 Shackleton, Keith, short review, 435 , , see Gillmor, Robert, et al. Shag, unusual feeding methods, 279; photo- graph, 347, plate 215 Sharrock, Erika, photographs of the Rarities Committee annual meeting, 413, plates 235-6 Sharrock, J. T. R., review of Priednieks et al.: Latvian Breeding Bird Atlas 1980-1984, 31; short reviews, 32-6; 105-6; 337-8; 435-6; review of Root: Atlas of Wintering North American Birds, 75-6; of Hyyttia, Koistinen and KellOmaki: Suomen Lintuatlas, and Koskimies: Distribution and Numbers of Fin- nish Breeding Birds, 104-5; product report, 204; note on Blackbird sliding down roof, 208; mystery photograph 155: Black Vul- ture, 237-8; review of McQuillan: Mac’s Rare Birds 1989 Diary (video), 249; mystery photograph 156: Slavonian Grebe, 274-7, plates 164-9; review of Bergier and Ber- gier: A Birdwatchers’ Guide to Morocco, 292; of Kettle: More British Bird Sounds, 514; of Devillers et al.: Atlas des Oiseaux Nicheurs de Belgique, 433-4; of Breife et al.: Sallsynta Faglar i Sverige, 565 , , see Chandler, R. J. , , see Chandler, R. J., et al. , , see Gillmor, Robert, et al. Shearman, Alan J., photograph of Common Nighthawk, 471, 479, plates 257-8, 268 Shearwater, Audubon’s, European news, 222; field-characters, 300-7 , Balearic, see Shearwater, Yelkouan , Black-vented, breeding range and migration, 318-9 , Cory’s, European news: correction, 8, 222; in autumn 1989, 78; in winter 1989/ 90, 320 , Great, in autumn 1989, 77-8, 82, plate 34 , Levantine, see Shearwater, Yelkouan , Little, field-characters, 300-7; accepted records, 1987-9, 442; in spring 1990, 548 , Manx, partial albinism in, 22-3; Euro- pean news, 222; field-characters, 300-16; in spring 1990, 547 , Sooty, in autumn 1989, 78; in winter 1989/90, 320 , Yelkouan, plumage variation and identification, 299-319, plates 175-88; ety- mology of name, 334-5, 555-6 Shelduck, European news, 223 Sherrington, Peter F., see Andrews, Ian J. Shirihai, Hadoram, photographs of Sooty Falcon, 51-2, plates 15-19; European news, 8-17, 222-30 , , see Clark, William S. , , and Alstrom, Per, identification of Hume’s Short-toed Lark, 262-72, 572, plates 146-161 Short reviews: Andrews, 293; Axelson, 249; Benn, Murray and Tasker, 32; Bignal and Curtis, 293; Bircham, 32; Bruggers and Elliott, 435; Bruun, Delin and Svensson, 435; Carretta, 514; Chandler, 293; Chap- man, 33; Cleave, 213; Cocker, 337; Cooke and Buckley, 33; Cross, 33; de Feu, 105; Dennis, 33; Dubois, 33; Dwenger, 249; Elliott, 33; Fjeldsa and Krabbe, 566; Flegg and Hosking, 435; Ford, 213; Garcia, 33; Index to Volume 83 591 Grant and Mullamey, 293; Greenaway and Hutson, 435; Hengeveld, 33; Hill, 34; Hiller, 435; Holmes, 337; Hotker, 337; Iapichino and Massa, 34; Ji, 337-8; John- son, 249; Kerlinger, 338; Kirkman, 34; Kruger, 338; Kruuk, 293; Langton, 34; Lever, 337; Love, 34, 106; Mackenzie, 293-4; Maitland, Emmet and Heath, 34; Marks, 76; Meininger and van Swelm, 514-5; Meyburg and Chancellor, 34; Mor- rison, 34-5; Nelson, 35; Ortlieb, 35; Owen, 566; Packham, 35; Patzold, 566; Pennycuick, 106; Prange, 294; Purselove, 294; Riddle, 436; RSPCA, 435; Scott, 338; Scotter, LUrich and Jones, 515; Shaw and Dowell, 435; Simms, 35; Slack, 294; Slee- man, 35; Sparks and Soper, 566; Stiefel, 338; Stiles and Skutch, 294; Stoba, 35; Street, 76; Stroud, 35; Tate, 35; Taylor, 76; Thaler, 338; Tomiafojc, 436; Tomkies, 294; Williams, 294; Wilson, 36; Yalden and Morris, 436; Yekutiel, 249 Shoveler, in spring 1990, 542 Shrike, Great Grey, European news, 16, 229; in winter 1989/90, 329 , Isabelline, European news, 229; accepted records 1988-9, 486 , Lesser Grey, in autumn 1989, 148-9; mystery photograph, 278, 330, plates 170, 206; accepted records 1988-9, 486, plate 276; in spring 1990, 545, 548 , Red-backed, with white primary patch, 123; in autumn 1989, 149; Euro- pean news, 229; British breeding records 1988, 385; in spring 1990, 544-5 , Woodchat, in autumn 1989, 148; accepted records 1988-9, 479, 486-7, plate 267; in spring 1990, 541-2, 547 Simmons, K. E. L., letter on bill colour of Graceful Warbler, 125-6 Siskin, European news, 229 Sitta canadensis , see Nuthatch, Red-breasted europaea, see Nuthatch Skimmer, African, European news, 226 Skua, Arctic, killed by sea-barbel spine, 282- 3 , Great, in spring 1990, 542 , Long-tailed, in autumn 1989, 80; in winter 1989/90, 326-7; accepted record 1976, 465; in spring 1990, 544, 547 , Pomarine, in autumn 1989, 80; Euro- pean news, 225; in winter 1989/90, 326; in spring 1990, 542, 544 Skylark, breeding in pea fields, 25; seeking refuge with humans from attack by Mer- lin, 427; in autumn 1989, 147 Smaldon, Roger, Wilson’s Warbler: new to the Western Palearctic, 404-8 Smart, John H., and Stratford. C. J., note on evasive reaction by RufT to low-flying Peregrine, 551-2 Smew, European news, 224; in winter 1989/ 90, 325 Smith, Don, review of Turner: A Handbook to the Swallows and Martins of the World , 105; photograph of Grey Heron, 1 13, plate 64; of Varied Thrush, 194, plate 116 > , see Chandler, R. J., et al. Smith, Richard G., photograph of Dark-eyed Junco, 322, plate 193; of Black-winged Stilt, 543, plate 294 Snipe, with upturned bill, 1 17, 288, plate 67 , Great, accepted records 1989, 463 , Jack, in autumn 1989, 80; camouflage posture, 281-2; in winter 1989/90, 326 Snow, Barbara, short review, 213 Snow, D. W'., review of Ridgely and Tudor: The Birds of South America, 75; short review, 294 Somateria fscheri , see Eider, Spectacled mollis sima, see Eider spectabilis, see Eider, King Sora, European news, 224 Sorensen, Soren, European news, 8-17, 222- 30 Sparrow, Desert, observations on nesting colony in Morocco, 195-201, plates 1 17-21 , House, bathing in deep water, 166-7; ‘playing’ with plastic tag, 333 , Song, accepted record 1989, 489 , Spanish, mystery photograph, 96, 163, plates 46-7, 100-1 , Tree, European news, 16 , White-throated, ageing of 1987 Shet- land records, 289-91, plate 173; accepted record 1989, 480, 489-90, plate 275 Sparrowhawk, seizing slow-worm, 502 , Levant, European news, 10 Spencer, Robert, short reviews, 33, 36; rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 1988, 353-90 Spoonbill, European news, 223; in winter 1989/90, 325 , African, European news, 9, 223 Starling, grounding Swift, 122-3; associating with Collared Dove, 209 , Rose-coloured, European news, 16, 229; in autumn 1989, 153, plates 90-1; accepted records 1988-9, 487-8 Sfastny, Karel, European news, 8-17, 222-30 Stawarczyk, Tadeusz, European news, 8-17, 222-30' Stercorarius longicaudus, see Skua. Long-tailed parasiticus, see Skua. Arctic pomarinus, see Skua, Pomarine skua, see Skua, Great Sterna albifrons, see Tern, Little anaethetus, see Tern, Bridled balaenarum. see Tern, Damara bengalensis, see Tern. Lesser Crested caspia. see Tern, Caspian dougallii, see Tern, Roseate elegans , see Tern, Elegant forsteri, see Tem, Forster’s Juscata , see Tem, Sooty paradisaea. see Tem, Arctic Index to Volume 83 592 Sterna repressa, see Tern, White-cheeked sandvicensis, see Tern, Sandwich Still, Rob, short review, 34-5 Stilt, Black-winged, European news, 1 1, 225; Bird Photograph of the Year 1990, 233, plate 132; British breeding record 1988, 369; accepted records 1987-9, 460; in spring 1990, 541-3, plate 294 Stint, Little, photograph, 68, plate 28; in autumn 1989, 80; in winter 1989/90, 326; freezing posture, 426 , Red-necked, in New Zealand, 422-3, plates 247-8 , Temminck’s, British breeding records 1988, 372; in spring 1990, 544 Stock, Andrew, winner, PJC Award 1990, 255-61 Stoddart, Andy, mystery photograph 152: Radde’s Warbler, 94-6; mystery photo- graph 154: Citrine Wagtail, 204-6; review of Richards: Birds of the Tideline, 292-3 Stonechat, anti-predator posture, 425; accepted records of S. t. maura or stejnegeri 1989, 475-6; 5. t. maura/ stejnegeri in spring 1990, 544 Stone-curlew, British breeding records 1988, 370-1; in spring 1990, 548 Stork, Black, European news, 9; accepted records 1989, 447; in spring 1990, 544, 547 , White, European news, 9; in spring 1990, 544 Stowe, Tim J., see Hudson, Anne V. Stratford, C. J., see Smart, John H. Streptopelia decaocto , see Dove, Collared senegalensis, see Dove, Laughing turtur , see Dove, Turtle Stumus roseus, see Starling, Rose-coloured vulgaris, see Starling Suetens, W., PhotoSpot 29: Red-necked Nightjar, 97-9, plates 48-50 Sula bassana, see Gannet capensis, see Gannet, Cape dactylatra, see Booby, Masked leucogaster, see Booby, Brown senator, see Gannet, Australasian Sultana, Joe, and Gauci, Charles, European news, 8-17 Sumia ulida, see Owl, Hawk Svensson, Lars, letter on identification of ‘Siberian’ Lesser Whitethroats, 210-1 Swallow, destroying House Martins’ nests, 24; nesting birds feeding at night by artificial light, 166; behaviour with feather, 239 , Cliff, in Cleveland, October 1988, 504- 6 , Red-rumped, European news, 14, 227; in autumn 1989, 150; summering in Eng- land, 376; accepted records 1988-9, 473; in spring 1990, 542, 544 — , free, in spring 1990, 547 Swan, Bewick’s, European news, 223; in winter 1989/90, 325; accepted records of C. c. columbianus, 1988-9, 448 , Mute, European news, 9; photograph, 114, plate 66; eating egg opened by Muscovy Duck, 115-6 , Whooper, European news, 9, 223; in winter 1989/90, 325; British breeding records 1988, 359 Swift, grounded by Starling, 122-3; monthly marathon, 216, plate 126 , Alpine, in autumn 1989, 148; ‘playing’ with piece of paper, 239; accepted records 1988-9, 470-1; in spring 1990, 542, 548 , Pacific, off Norfolk, June 1981, 43-6, plate 1 1 , Plain, European news, 13 , White-rumped, European news, 13 Sylvia atricapilla, see Blackcap borin, see Warbler, Garden cantillans, see Warbler, Subalpine communis, see Whitethroat conspicillata, see Warbler, Spectacled curruca, see Whitethroat, Lesser leucomelaena, see Warbler, Arabian nana, see Warbler, Desert nisoria, see Warbler, Barred sarda, see Warbler, Marmora’s undata, see Warbler, Dartford Synthliboramphus antiquus, see Murrelet, Ancient Synhaptes paradoxus, see Sandgrouse, Pallas’s Tachybaptus ruficollis, see Grebe, Little Tachycineta bicolor, see Swallow, free Tadoma tadoma, see Shelduck Tarsiger cyanurus, see Bluetail, Red-flanked Tattler, Grey-tailed, in New Zealand, 421, 423, plate 245 , Wandering, in New Zealand, 423 Taylor, Moss, letter on Willow and Marsh Tits, 511 Teal, in winter 1989/90, 325; A. c. carolinensis in winter 1989/90, 325; accepted records of A. c. carolinensis 1988-9, 449-50 , Baikal, accepted record 1969, 449 , Blue-winged, European news, 9; in autumn 1989, 78, 85, plate 41; British breeding record 1988, 359; accepted re- cords 1983-9, 450-1, 477, plates 254, 262 Teixeira, Antonio M., European news, 8-17 Terathopius ecaudatus, see Bateleur l'em, Arctic, if the caption fits, 130, plate 77; in spring 1990, 544, 547-8 , Black, in autumn 1989, 80; in spring 1990, 544 — , Bridled, accepted records 1988-9, 468 , Caspian, European news, 226; in spring 1990, 542, 548 , Common, photograph, 108, plate 53 — — , Damara, European news, 13 Index to Volume 83 593 Tern, Elegant, European news, 13 — , Forster’s, in winter 1989/90, 327; accepted records 1987-9, 468 , Gull-billed, European news, 13; in spring 1990, 548 , Lesser Crested, European news, 13; in autumn 1989, 80; accepted records 1987- 9, 468, 478, plate 266; in spring 1990, 545 , Little, first-winter birds showing fea- tures of juvenile plumage, 504; S. a. antillarum in spring 1990, 545 , Roseate, European news, 226; British breeding records 1988, 375 , Sandwich, monthly marathon, 86, plate 42; photograph, 108, plate 54; in spring 1990, 542 , Sooty, European news, 13 , W hiskered, European news, 13, 226; photograph, 109, plate 55; accepted re- cords 1989, 469 , White-cheeked, mystery' photograph, 410, 497, plates 234, 277 , White-winged Black, photograph, 109, plate 56; accepted records 1988-9, 469 1 erry, R. H., note on Common Gull re- peatedly dropping and retrieving object, 122 Tetrax let rax, see Bustard, Little Thatcher, Roy, photograph of Middle Spot- ted Woodpecker, 331, 395, 564, plates 207, 226 Thevenot, Michel, European news, 8-17, 222-30 Thomason, Paul, see Jackson, Simon Thompson, Brian G., note on behaviour of Swallows with feather, 239 Thrush, Black-throated, European news, 15, 228. plate 5; in winter 1989/90. 329; accepted records 1987-9, 481 , Dusky, European news, 228; in winter 1989/90, 323, 328-9, plate 195 , Grav-cheeked. accepted record 1989. 481 , Mistle, European news, 228; mimicry by, 287, 572 , Rock, accepted records 1989, 481 , Song, nestlings conditioned to gape on closing of door, 427 , Varied, in Cornwall, November 1982, 187-95, plates 109-16 Tichodroma muraria , see Wallcreeper Tidman, Roger, photographs of hybrid Pine Bunting X Yellowhammer, 241, plates 142-3 Tipling, David, photograph of Lesser Yel- lowlegs, 81, plate 32; of Little Egret, 82, plate 33; of Yellow-browed Warbler, 151, plate 81; of Red-eyed Vireo, 153, plate 89: of Red-necked Grebe, 275, plate 165; of Ring-necked Duck, 321, plate 190; of Red- breasted Nuthatch, 323, plate 196; of Bonaparte’s Gull, 324, plates 198, 202; of Blue-winged Teal, 450, plate 254; of Olive-backed Pipit, 473, plate 259; of Golden-winged Warbler, 480, plate 271; of Great Spotted Cuckoo, 546, plate 298 Tit, Azure, European news, 16, 229 , Bearded, European news, 229 , Coal, in autumn 1989, 149 , Great, nestlings fed by Wren, 400-1 , Marsh, photograph, 352, plate 224; sexual dimorphism. 510-1; tail shape, 51 1 , Penduline, European news, 16, 229; autumn 1989, 150, 154, plate 95; accepted records 1989, 485; in spring 1990, 542 , Willow, tail shape, and decline in numbers, 51 1 1 ombeur, F. L. L., see de Liedekerke, Rene 1 omlinson, David, monthly marathon photograph credit, 41; photograph of winners of County Life/ RSN'C Birdwatch, 393, plate 225 Tostain, Olivier, and Balanqa, Gilles, note on cross-billed Citrine Wagtail fishing, 166 Tringa erythropus, see Redshank, Spotted Jlavipes , see Yellowlegs, Lesser glareola, see Sandpiper, Wood melanoleuca, see Yellowlegs, Greater nebularia , see Greenshank ochropus , see Sandpiper, Green solitaria, see Sandpiper, Solitary' stagnatilis, see Sandpiper, Marsh totanus, see Redshank Troglodytes troglodytes, see Wren Trolliet, B., photograph ofYelkouan Shear- water, 314, plate 187 Tropicbird, Red-billed, European news, 222 Tmnkfield, Gordon, Bird Illustrator of the Year 1990, 255-60 Tiyngites subruficollis, see Sandpiper, Buff- breasted Tucker, Laurel A., note on mimicry by Mistle Thrush. 287, 572 Turdus iliacus, see Redwing menda, see Blackbird naumanni, see Thrush, Dusky philomelos, see Thrush, Song pilaris, see Fieldfare ruficollis. see Thrush. Black-throated liscivoms. see Thrush. Mistle Turnstone, in New Zealand, 417 Tutt, Derek, note on Rock Pipit breaking snail shell, 239 Twite, in autumn 1989. 148; in winter 1989/ 90. 328 Tyler, Stephanie, Tyler, Sarah, and Ormerod. S. J., note on ectoparasitic mites on Dipper nestlings, 283-4 Tyto alba, see Owl, Bam Lpupa epops, see Hoopoe Uria aalge , see Guillemot lomina, see Guillemot, Briinnich’s Urquhart, E. D., see Higson, P. 594 Index to Volume 83 van den Berg, Arnoud, B., habitat of Slender-billed Curlews in Morocco, 1-7, plates 1-4; photographs of Slender-billed Curlew, 2-6, plates 1-4 Vanellus vanellus, see Lapwing Veery, in Devon, October 1987, 284-7, plates 171-2 Vermivora chrysoptera, see Warbler, Golden- winged Verrall, Keith, note on partial albinism of Manx Shearwaters, 22-3 Vilkaitis, Harry, note on birds singing in fields of oil-seed rape, 26 Vireo olivaceus, see Vireo, Red-eyed Vireo, Red-eyed, accepted records 1985-9, 488 Voice: Pacific Golden Plover, 70-2; Amer- ican Golden Plover, 70-2; Mistle Thrush, 287; Blackcap, 510 Vulture, Black, mvstery photograph, 206, 237, plates 124, 140 ' , Egyptian, European news, 224 , Griffon, European news, 224 Wagtail, Citrine, European news, 14, 227; in autumn 1989, 148; cross-billed bird fishing, 166; mystery photograph, 165, 205, plates 102, 123; accepted records 1982-9, 475, 479, plate 269; in spring 1990, 545 , Yellow, European news, 14, 227 Waliczky, Zoltan, see Magyar, Gabor Wall, Nick, photograph of Veery, 287, plate 172 Wallcreeper, European news, 229 Wallen, Michael, photograph of White- throated Robin, 543, plate 295 Wanless, S., see Harris, M. P. Warbler, Aquatic, European news, 15, 228; in autumn 1989, 148, 153, plate 96 , Arabian, European news, 228 , Arctic, European news, 16; accepted records 1987-9, 484 , Barred, in autumn 1989, 147; in spring 1990, 547 , Blackburnian, accepted records 1961- 88, 489 , Blyth’s Reed, European news, 15, 228; in autumn 1989, 149; accepted record 1985, 480, 482, plate 273 , Bonelli’s, in autumn 1989, 148-9; European news, 229; accepted records 1988-9, 485 , Booted, European news, 15, 228; in autumn 1989, 149; accepted records 1988- 9, 482 , Cetti’s, fighting with Wren, 207; Brit- ish breeding records 1988, 380, 390; mys- tery photograph, 397, 408, plates 227, 233 Warbler, Hartford, European news, 15-6; British breeding records 1988, 382-3 , Desert, European news, 228 , Dusky, in autumn 1989, 150; Euro- pean news, 229; in winter 1989/90, 328; accepted records 1988-9, 485 , Garden, in autumn 1989, 149 , Golden-winged, accepted record 1989, 480, 489, plate 271 , Graceful, bill colour, 125-6 , Grasshopper, singing in oil-seed rape field, 25; breeding biology in Britain, 131- 45, plates 78-80; raising two and three broods in Cumbria, 506-8 , Great Reed, in autumn 1989, 149; European news, 228; accepted records 1988-9, 482; in spring 1990, 545, 547 , Greenish, in autumn 1989, 148-9; European news, 228; accepted records 1988-9, 483; in spring 1990, 547 , Icterine, in autumn 1989, 148; British breeding record 1970, 381; in spring 1990, 545 , Lanceolated, in autumn 1989, 150; accepted record 1989, 481 , Marmora’s, European news, 15 , Marsh, British breeding records 1988, 381; in spring 1990, 547 , Melodious, in autumn 1989, 148; photograph, 351, plate 222 , Moustached, European news, 228 , Olivaceous, European news, 15 , Paddyfield, European news, 15; accepted record 1987, 482 , Pallas’s, in autumn 1989, 147, 150; European news, 228; in winter 1989/90, 328; accepted records 1987-9, 484 , Radde’s, European news, 16; mystery photograph, 69, 94, plates 29, 45; in autumn 1989, 150-1, plate 83; in winter 1989/90, 328; accepted records 1989, 484- 5 , Reed, singing in oil-seed rape fields, 24-5 , River, European news, 228; accepted records 1989, 481-2 , Savi’s, British breeding records 1988, 380-1; in spring 1990, 547 , Sedge, singing in oil-seed rape fields, 24-5; photograph, 154, plate 96 , Spectacled, feeding association with Finsch’s Wheatear, 72-3; photographs, 350, plates 220-1; accepted records 1968- 79 rejected, 482-3 , Subalpine, European news, 16; accepted records 1989, 483; in spring 1990, 545 , Upcher’s, behaviour and identifica- tion, 217-21, plates 127-31 , Willow, in autumn 1989, 148; in spring 1990, 542 , Wilson’s, in Cornwall, October 1985, 404-8 Index to Volume 83 595 Warbler, Wood, in autumn 1989, 149; Euro- pean news, 229 , Yellow-browed, European news, 16, 228-9; in autumn 1989, 149-51, plate 81; in winter 1989/90, 328; persistently feed- ing on ground, 428-9, plates 249-52; in spring 1990, 545 Ward, Robin M., note on Cormorants sca- venging behind trawler, 424-5 Warren, Geoffrey, note on retention of food by Redwings when attacked, 240 Warren, R. B., note on birds singing in fields of oil-seed rape, 26 Washington, Derek, note on birds bathing in deep water, 166-7 Waters, Ray, note on Common Gull catch- ing and eating Yellowhammer, 122; on Robin feeding on freshly dead Collared Dove, 123 Waterthrush, Northern, autumn 1989, 148, 152, plate 87; accepted record 1989, 489 Waxbill, Common, European news, 229 Waxwing, European news, 14, 227; in winter 1989/90, 328-9, plate 204; in Scotland in May, 377 Weston, Mike, photograph of Greenshank, 348, plate 217 Wheatear, in autumn 1989, 149; in spring, 1990, 542, 544 , Black, European news, 15; photo- graph, 345, plate 210 , Black-eared, European news, 228; accepted records 1989, 476; in spring 1990, 542, 544-5 , Desert, in winter 1989/90, 322-3, 328, plates 194, 197; accepted records 1986-9, 476; in spring 1990, 541 , Finsch’s, Spectacled Warbler feeding in association with, 72-3 , Hooded, European news, 228 , Isabelline, European news, 15, 227-8; monthly marathon, 402, plate 232; in Scilly, October 1988, 553-4, plate 301 , Pied, European news, 15; in autumn 1989, 149-50, 152, plate 88; accepted records 1989, 476 Whimbrel, in autumn 1989, 80; roosting in mangroves, 289; in New Zealand, 418, 422, plate 246 White, N., see Callion J. Whitehead, P. F., note on blind Sand Martin flying, 400 Whitethroat, singing in September, 401 , Lesser, identification of ‘Siberian' race, 210-1; trapped by aphid excreta, 427-8 Whittaker, Andrew, note on interaction between Jackdaws and red squirrel, 73; on Lesser Whitethroat and ChiffchafT trap- ped by aphid excreta, 427-8 Wigeon, variation in underwing colour, 23; photograph, 346, plate 212 Wigeon, American, European news, 9; in winter 1989/90, 325; accepted records 1987-9, 448-9 Wilkes, M. C., photograph of Moorhens, 1 10, plate 57 Wilkinson, Roger, note on Collared Doves and Candida, 426-7 Williams, L. P., see Madge, S. C., et al. Williams, R. B., letter on birds preying on sea anemones: an old record, 126-7 Willson, Pip and Eve, review of Burton: The RSPB Birdfeeder Handbook, 565-6 Wilson, Jim, note on Guillemot taking food from hand, 283 Wilson, R. C., photograph of Firecrest, 151, plate 82; of Penduline Tit, 154, plate 95; of Desert Wheatear, 323, plate 197; of Olive-backed Pipit, 474, plate 260 Wilsonia pusilla, see Warbler, Wilson’s Winter, Stuart, review' of Pemberton: The Birdwatcher’s Yearbook and Diary 1990, 74 Withers, Martin B., photograph of Shags, 347, plate 215 Wolfendale, Dick, obituary, 171 Woodlark, British breeding records 1988, 376, 390 Woodpecker, Great Spotted, autumn 1989, 148 , Grey-headed, European news, 227 , Lesser Spotted, extracting larvae from apples, 23-4 , Middle Spotted, European news, 13; mystery photograph, 331, 395, plates 207, 226 , White-backed, European news, 227 Woodpigeon, photograph. 111, plate 59; European news, 226 Wren, photograph, 111, plate 60; fighting with Cetti’s Warbler, 207; European news, 227; female feeding nestling Great Tits, 400-1 Wryneck, in autumn 1989, 148; British breeding records 1988, 375-6 Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, see Blackbird, Yellow-headed Xenus dnereus , see Sandpiper, Terek Yellowhammer, caught and eaten by Com- mon Gull, 122; European news, 230; hvbrid X Pine Bunting in Suffolk, April 1982. 240-2, plates 142-3 Yellowlegs. Greater, European news, 225; roosting in mangroves, 289; in spring 1990, 545 , Lesser, European news, 12, 225; in autumn 1989. 81. plates 31-2; roosting in mangroves, 289; accepted records 1988-9, 463-4; in spring 1990, 547 596 Index to Volume 83 Yellowthroat, Common, accepted record 1989, 489 Yesou, P., et al., plumage variation and identification of the ‘Yelkouan Shear- water’, 299-319, plates 175-88 Young, J. G., note on Shags up-ending and fishing together on foot, 279 Young Ornithologists of the Year 1989, 168, plate 103 Young, Steve, short review, 35; photograph of Shore Lark, 41, plate 10; of Spotted Crake, 83, plate 36; of Blue-winged Teal, 85, plate 41; of Kittiwake, 112, plate 61; of Scarlet Rosefinch, 152, plate 85; of Swift, 216, plate 126; of Great Northern Diver, 254, plate 145; of Meadow Pipit, 298, plate 174; of Dark-eyed Junco, 322, plate 192; of Sabine’s Gull, 349, plate 219; of Cetti’s Warbler, 397, 408, plates 227, 233; of Yellow-browed Warbler, 428-9, plates 249-52; note on unusual upperwing pattern of Little Gull, 503-4, plates 280-2; on Magpie eating mussel, 508-9, plates 283-6; photograph of Mediterranean Gull, 498, 561, plates 278, 302; of Bluethroat, 546, plate 299 Youngs, Jeff, photograph of Spotted Crake, 83, plate 37; of Hooded Merganser, 321, plate 191; of Terek Sandpiper, 324, plate 200; of Waxwings, 328, plate 204 Zbinden, Niklaus, and Schmid, Hans, Euro- pean news, 8-17 Zenaida macroura, see Dove, Mourning Zonfrillo, B., photograph of Guillemots, 57, plate 21; of Razorbill, 64, plate 25 Zonotrichia albicollis, see Sparrow', White- throated melodia, see Sparrow, Song Zoothera naevia , see Thrush, Varied British Birds Volume 83 (1990) Main contents JANUARY 1 Habitat of Slender-billed Curlews in Morocco Drs. Amoud B. van den Berg 1 European news 18 Obituary: Sir Peter Scott CH CBE DSC FRS (1909-1989) Dr M. A. Ogilvie FEBRUARY 13 Pacific Swift: new to tfie Western Palearctic Mike Parker D field identification of Sooty Falcon William S. Clark, Ron Frumkin and Hadoram Shirihai )5 Moult and autumn colony attendance of auks Dr M. P. Harris and S. Wanless 77 Seasonal reports: autumn 1989, part 1 Keith Allsopp and Barry Nightingale MARCH 19 Identification of Crossbill and Scottish Crossbill Dr Alan G. Knox )7 PbotoSpot 29 Red-necked Nightjar W. Suetens 19 Expeditions and trips Nigel Redman and David Fisher 106 Birds in action Dr R. J. Chandler and Dr J. T. R. Sharrock APRII. 131 Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler in Britain David E. Glue 147 Seasonal reports: autumn 1989, part 2 Barry Nightingale and Keith Allsopp i 55 Cnig Martins in Cornwall and East Sussex: new to Britain and Ireland P. Higson and F. D. Urquhart 59 PhotoSpot 30 Spectacled Eider Dr M. ,4. Ogilvie 60 Obituary: Horace Gundry Alexander (1889-1989) H. F. Axell MAY 73 Status and distribution of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 Dr Anne V. Hudson 87 Varied Thrush: new to the Western Palearctic S. C. Madge, G. C. Heart, S. C. Hutchings and L P. Williams 95 Desert Sparrows in Morocco M. Densley !02 Obituary: Crispin James Fisher (1941-1989) Chris Hariard JUNE ! 1 7 Foraging behaviour and identification of Upcher’s Warbler Professor C. H. Fry !22 European news !31 Bird Photograph of the Year Dr R. J. Chandler, Eric Hosking. Dr J. T. R. Sharrock and Don Smith JUEY 155 ‘Bird Illustrator of the Year’ and ‘The Richard Richardson Award’ Robert Gillmor, Alan Harris, Keith Shackleton and Dr J. T. R. Sharrock !62 Identification of Hume’s Short-toed Lark Hadoram Shirihai and Per Alstrom 172 Obituary: Sir Hugh Elliott, Bt, OBE (1913-1989) Dr W. R. P. Bourne AUGUST '99 Plumage variation and identification of the ‘Yelkouan Shearwater’ P. Yesou, .4. M. Paterson. E. J. Mackrill and Dr W. R. P. Bourne 19 Seasonal reports: winter 1989/90 Keith Allsopp and Barry ' Nightingale SEPTEMBER 43 Best recent black-and-white bird-photographs Dr R. J. Chandler, Eric Hosking, Dr J. T. R. Sharrock and Don Smith 53 Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 1988 Robert Spencer arul the Rare Breeding Birds Panel OCTOBER 03 The ‘British Birds’ Best Bird Book of the Year 04 Wilson’s Warbler: new to the Western Palearctic Roger Smaldon 16 Waders in New Zealand Brian Chudleigh and Dr R. J. Chandler NOVEMBER 39 Report on rare birds in Great Britain in 1989 Michael J. Rogers and the Rarities Committee 98 Obituary: Peter James Grant (1943-1990) Dr R. J. Chandler DECEMBER 19 Does the Cape Gannet enter European waters? .4. M. Paterson and N. J. Riddiford 27 Breeding biology’ of Goshawks in lowland Britain Anon. 41 Seasonal reports: spring 1990 Barry \ightingale and Keith Allsopp WINNER, BIRD ILLUSTRATOR OF THE YEAR 1990 (see pages 255-261): Woodcock ( Gordon TrunkfielM BftBBflaaa BOOKS — Handle with Care Name . Address If undelivered, please return to Chapman Brooks Bookbinders Ltd, 17b Industrial Park, West Homdon, Brentwood, Essex CM 13 3HL To Chapman Brooks Bookbinders Ltd, 17b Industrial Park, West Horndon, Brentwood, Essex CM 13 3HL I enclose cheque/P. O. for for binding (The rate for binding is £ 15.95 per volume ) Please Jill in your name and address in both spaces on this page Please protect your issues and pack carefully when posting If you require an acknowledgment, please enclose an S.\E and also fill in your name and address in the space below; the lower half of this sheet will then be sent back to you as a receipt; the upper is the label for the return of your bound volume. Name Address Please complete the binding form overteaf Receipt for British Birds binding From Chapman Brooks Bookbinders Ltd, 17b Industrial Park, West Horndon, Brentwood, Essex CM 13 3HL We acknowledge with thanks receipt of your issues 0/ British Birds for binding, and your cheque/ P.O. for £ Date CHAPMAN BROOKS BOOKBINDERS LTD Printed m England by Newnorth Print Limited, Kempston, Bedford Slender-billed Curlews in Morocco European news Sir Peter Scott (1909-1989) List of county and regional recorders Mystery photographs • Notes • Fieldwork action views • News and comment • Monthly marathon • Recent reports January 1990 BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 17 JAN 1990 PURCHASED ZOOLOGY UBr ARY ! British Birds aging Editor Dr J. T. R. Sharrock rsonal Assistant Sheila D. Cobban Assistant Editor David A. Christie Editorial Board Dr R. J. Chandler, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, R.'J. Prytherch 8c Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Photographic Consultants Dr R. J. Chandler 8c Don Smith Art Consultants Robert Gillmor 8c Alan Harris Rarities Committee P. G. Lansdown (Chairman), D. J. Britton, Alan Brown, A. R. Dean, S. J. M. Gantlett, C. D. R. Heard, R. A. Hume, J. H. Marchant, I. S. Robertson 8c K. E. Vinicombe; Peter Colston (Museum Consultant & Archivist); Michael J. Rogers (Honorary Secretary ) Notes Panels BEHAVIOUR Dr C. J. Bibby, Dr J. J. M. Flegg, Derek Goodwin, Dr I. Newton, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, Dr J. T. R. Sharrock 8c Dr K. E. L. Simmons; IDENTIFICATION Dr R. J. Chandler, A. R. Dean, T. P. Inskipp, P. G. Lansdown, S. C. Madge 8c Dr J. T. R. Sharrock "British Birds’ is published by a non-profit-making company for the benefit of ornithology © British Birds Ltd 1990 Copyright of photographs remains with photographers. British Birds is published monthly by British Birds Ltd, 93 High Street, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire ISSN 0007-0335 Publishing Manager , Production & Promotion Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Circulation Manager Erika Sharrock Design Deborah Felts Advertising Sandra Barnes Addresses Please keep correspondence on different items separate. Please address your envelope correctly. Please supply SAE, if reply required. Papers, notes, letters, drawings & photographs for publication Dr J. T. R. Sharrock, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ Subscriptions and orders for back copies Mrs Erika Sharrock, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ Advertising Mrs Sandra Barnes, BB Advertising, c/o Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK+4 3NJ. Phone: Tiptree (0621) 815085 Bird news for ‘Seasonal reports’ Barry' Nightingale & Keith Allsopp, c/o 7 Bloomsbury Close, Woburn, Bedfordshire MKI7 9QS. Phone: Woburn (0525) 290314 (evenings); Luton (0582) 490049 (office hours) News items for ‘News and comment' Mike Everett & Robin Prytherch, 7 Burlington Way, Hemingford Grey, Huntingdon PE 18 9BS Rarity descriptions M. J. 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Papers should be typewritten with double spacing, and wide margins, and on one side of the sheet only. Authors should carefully consult this issue for style of presentation, especially of references and tables. English and scientific names and sequences of birds follow The ‘British Birds’ List of Birds of the Western Palearctic (1984): names of plants follow Dony et al. (1980, English Names of Wild Flowers); names of mammals follow Corbet ik Southern (1977, The Handbook of British Mammals). I opographical (plumage and structure) and ageing terminology should follow editorial recommendations {Brit. Birds 74: 239-242; 78: 419-427; 80: 502). Figures should be in Indian ink on good-quality tracing paper, drawing paper, non-absorbent board or light blue or very pale grey graph paper; lettering should be inserted lightly in pencil; captions should be typed on a separate sheet. 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EN5 SSZ MEMBER 01-449 1445 01-441 7748 THE BINOCULAR AND TELESCOPE SPECIALISTS ‘In focus’ AT RSPB STRUMPSHAW FEN, s NORWICH, NORFOLK FIELD WEEKENO JANUARY 20th-21st ■ n geese are )ust one o( the attractions at I popular Norwich Reserve In Focus with ■telp of the RSPB Otter you the opportunity I si. compare and purchase our full rango of I I pment under Iteld conditions at this superb I vxJ site Please wnte or phone for your | it ticket indicating your preferred day and I ot attendance Preference will be given to I t 4s who have received an invitation APPl Y I V TO AVOID DISAPPOINTMENT LEMSFORD SPRINGS FIELD DAYS SUNDAY DATES JAN Hth FEB 18th This is a unique opportunity to test, compare and purchase our full range of equipment under field conditions at this compact wen managed reserve near Welwyn Garden City Herts Visitors are invited to take advantage ot the ample parking to the right ot the reserve gate then make their way to reception At this point they can discuss their requirements with our technical staff and then go on to view equip- ment from two private hides (Phone tor direc- tions) ‘in focus’ at HALL MARSH SCRAPE LEE VALLEY, HERTS MON 1st. 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Te*as Kenya Gamtxa Hungary Nepal and many more W inner November CSOO Cygnus Holiday Voucher Mr Lambed Tottenham N17 B SS WEST e ft8 • 208 10900 ,110 - 258 209 00 , .tax 208GA 229.00 •rt8 * 30BGAT Rhone I ft7 x 42BGAT Phone ■ ft 10 x 40BT Phone r rt 10 x 40BGAT Phone i -rt8 x 56BGAT Phone 1— Pries V-^juard 5 00 • rard 4 00 - raid Wide 9 96 ■ cups(sot) 10 00 I cups, hard (set) 10 00 I o case lor 1 0 - 40 26 00 I IXTZ £ I iwd 8 * 20BC 199 00 ■ - -.vid8 - 20BCA 21100 1 .vtolO - 25BC 21100 ■ >vid 10 • 25BCA 223 00 I t* case when you purchase a ■ >act vkJ7 * 42BA Phone ■vid8 - 408A Phone ■vidIO • 40BA Phone vid 10 • 40BAN Phone ssones ^se lev compact 1400 34 00 800 1600 ON £ •0 74 95 P !5 79 95 •3 84 95 25 89 95 ■ORooIPnsm 134 95 25 Root Prtsm 149 95 10 Root Pnsm 249 00 »ZCF 199 00 35ZCF 21900 2x24 DCF 329 00 •0 DCF 539 00 60Fte«dscope ll 289 00 60Fteldscope II Ed 499 00 •45* Fieldscope II Ed 569 00 ■ vececase 995 995 nng 1595 w liter. Hoy a 1995 o Adaptor 157 00 ESTAR £ Model 3' with Broad Band ng supplied with 50- -80* n Eye Piece Lens Hood ) Kit and Case 2240 00 130* (16mm) 11000 50 x Eyepiece 11000 140 00 :henbach £ 2BGA 129 00 42BGA 139 00 )BGA 149 00 OPTOLYTH £ Osins 8 * 40GA 145 00 Osins 10 - 40GA 147 00 Alpin 8 * 3O0GA 186 00 Alpin 0 x 40BGA 200 00 Alpin 10 * 40BGA 205 00 Alpin 10 x 50BGA 221 00 Tourings * 30BGA Phone Tounng 7 x 40BGA Phone Touring 10 * 42BGA Phone TBG0O Body 320 00 20 - WA 88 00 57 00 58 00 22 * -60 - Zoom 135 00 Soft case lor scope 29 00 Hard case lor scope 35 00 OPTICRON £ Minerva 9 x 35 159 00 Mmervg 8 x 40 170 00 Minerva 10 * 40 175 00 HR 7 • 42MC 138 00 HR8 x 42 MC 140 00 HR 10 « 42 MC 145 00 HR 10 x 50 MC 155 00 Piccolo 60mm 107 00 128 00 HR Body 60mm 45 150 00 HR Body 60mm GA 155 00 65 00 22 * WA 30 00 Classic 1 F 60mm 99 00 22 00 25 * 22 00 25HPX 25 00 18* -40 - Zoom 50 00 Classic 1 F 75mm 11900 22 00 22 00 25 00 22*-47* Zoom 50 00 22 00 Case tor HR 1600 59 95 Macro Monocular 8 * 20 49 00 Observation 20 - 80 299 00 Observation 30 * 80 299 00 KOWA £ TSl 601 Body 189 00 TS2 602 Body 169 00 20 « WA 49 00 20 * 60 * Zoom 94 00 TSN-1 265 00 TSN-2 255 00 TSN-3 495 00 TSN4 485 00 79 00 20 - 60 • Zoom 11900 59 00 40 * 59 00 Photo Kit 89 00 Case for TSN 22 50 1995 39 95 Spare dust cover (OG) 600 New dust cover eye p*ece 1495 BAUSH AND LOVB £ Elite 8 ■ 42BGA 699 00 Custom 10 > 40 B 189 00 Custom 8 * 36B 199 00 BUSHNELL £ Spacemaster 130 00 Spac ©master GA 165 00 15* 45 * Zoom 59 00 22* WA 30 00 25- 29 00 40 - 29 00 Photo Kit 25 00 Case 1500 CARL ZEISS JENA £ Jenoptem 0 * 30 44 95 Jenoptem 10 * 50 69 95 Dettnntem 8 * 30 54 95 Dekarem 10-50 88 95 Notarem 8 x 32B 114 95 Notarem 10 - 406 149 95 Notarem 10 • 406 A 199 95 Turmom8 x 21 42 95 MIRADOR £ 8 * 428 110 00 10 * 42B 11400 10 * SOB 122 00 Merlin 25 - 60 97 00 Merlin 18 * -40 * 60 129 00 Merlin 30 * 75 11900 Merlin 22 * -47 x 75 157 00 Case tor Merkns 1600 CENTURY £ Field Model G A 150 00 20x -45* Zoom 49 00 20* 30*. 40* Eye Pieces (each) 1900 Case 1695 BRESSER £ Action 8 * 40 59 95 Action 10 * 50 69 95 8 * 42 GA Roof 11900 10 * 42 GA Roof 11900 Dtont 7 x 42 BGA 179 00 DtontlO * 42 BGA 189 00 PENTAX £ 8 * 40PCF 99 95 10 * 50PCF 104 95 0 * 42 DCF Roof 169 95 10 * 42 DCF Roof 189 95 MANFROTTO £ Mmi PRO 190 35 00 Mini PRO 1906 40 00 Basic 144 45 00 Basic 1 44 B 50 00 128 Fluid Head 34 95 200 Ex Ight Fluid Hd 39 95 Tnpod straw) 995 Spare Q R Platform 495 Pro Mono Ftod 24 95 SWIFT £ T rrton 8 * 40 89 95 Tnton 10 * 50 99 95 Osprey 7 5 * 42 149 00 Audubon 8 5 • 44 199 00 Audubon? « 35 BGA 329 00 SLIK £ Master D2 69 95 Tnpod Strap 695 ADLERBLICK £ 0 - 426 99 00 10 • 428 99 00 10 ■ SOB 129 00 8 * 42 BMC 169 00 10 ■ 42 BMC 179 00 10 * 50BMC 198 00 HABICHT £ Diana 10 * 40 Phone CULLMANN £ Shoulder Pod 24 95 OR Head 995 Spare Q R Platform 495 Hide Mount 49 95 Popular 4561 49 95 VELBON £ Victory <80 c w tknd head 59 95 Stratos 480 c w fluid head 69 95 Q R System 895 Spare ptatform 395 ACCESSORIES £ Car window mount 22 00 Universal mount 22 00 Hide mount 38 00 Rainguard 400 Lanyard 400 Leather Eye Piece Case 995 Cleaning tat 399 Leather T npod Strap 1495 Oyster proof prisms carry case 14 95 BARBOUR £ The best British ctothmg tor the worst British weather Durham Jacket 52 95 32 to 46 Bedato Jacket 28’ to 30 45 45 32 to 46 69 95 Gamefair Jacket 78 95 32' to 46 Beauton Jacket 82 95 32" to 46 Border Jacket 89 95 32 to 46 Nodhumbna Jacket 91 45 36 to <6 Linmgs 19 45 Hoods 11 45 Send tor cotour Barbour catalogue Post FREE on Barbour PERSONAL CALLERS Can choose and select from our comprehensive range of eqixp ment Compare Ze«ss wim Le 15x608GA .jC 3*128 oc 8*208 oc 8x20 » rang* o! accessories PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE 11700 9500 9500 available OPTOLYTH Alpin 8x308GA Alpm 8x40BGA Alprn 10X40BGA Alpin 10x50BGA Touring 7x42 Touring 10x40 Roof prism 8x56 18600 20000 20500 22100 37800 37800 39000 •ITZ vkJ 8x20BCA vid 10*25BCA /id 8x32BA PHONE PHONE PHONE /id 7K428A PHONE . pages per species: the Coot Eulica atra gets most (23'/i), while Yellow- legged Button-Quail Tumix tanki and the mainly-Nearctic Yellow Rail Cotumicops noveboracensis (only two nests found in the USSR, both in the nineteenth century) receive only 2Vt each. Reviews 31 The general remarks made in my review of volume 1 (see Bnt. Birds 79: 269-270) apply more or less equally to volume 4. for such matters as morphology, breeding biology and social behaviour, many species are covered as well or better in BUT or, particularly, Handbuch der Vogel Mitteleuropas ; so in these cases the real value of this Soviet handbook lies in its information on distribution, population and movements, with arrival and departure dates, within the L SSR, and in this respect the data are reasonably extensive. Generally, the maps appear to be fairly accurate (where this is possible with such a huge land-area) and thus of great use, while particulars on population densities and levels testifv to the perhaps surprising amount of fieldwork that has been done in the USSR in recent decades. Especially welcome are the data on such endangered groups as cranes and bustards and such economically important groups as grouse. Equally important, the texts on those species not occurring in the West Palearctic are a valuable synthesis of present knowledge (and a good reminder of how much we have still to learn): those on Porzana (= Rollina) paykullii , the little- known Band-bellied or Siberian Ruddy Crake, which breeds only in a small area around the Amur and in northeast China and North Korea, on the far-eastern Asian Spruce Grouse Falcipennis falcipennis, on the five species of snowcock Tetraogallus and on the mysterious Yellow-legged Button-Quail excite great interest in the mind of the West-Europe-based ornithologist and provide a stimulus for further research. 1 he plates are good, though more depictions of birds in flight would have been helpful; the black-and-white drawings are fairly simple, but attractive and instructive, showing aspects of behaviour. There are 33 pages of bibliography. Tor readers of German, this volume is an exceedingly useful reference, and it is, of course, essential for serious students of Palearctic ornithology. I) win A . C HKisriF. Latvian Breeding Bird Atlas 1980-1984. By J. Priednieks, M. Strazds, A. Strazds and A. Petrins. Edited by J. Viksnes. Latvian Ornithological Society, Salaspils, 1989. 350 pages; 208 line-drawings; 217 distribution maps. No price given. There are 739 10X 10 km squares wholly or partly in Latvia and the 130 observers who took part in this five-year breeding bird atlas project surveyed 701 of them (94.9%). This splendid book gives the results. Each species is mapped, using the standard dots of increasing size, in green on a black map outline. The unsurveyed squares are shown by pale grev shading, which greatly helps interpretation. The text is given wholly in English (as well as Russian), and explains and interprets the distributions in relation to geographical, habitat and climatic features, with details of censuses and densities of breeding pairs where these are available. Each species is illustrated w ith a small drawing, and the layout and production of the book are attractive, making this a very worthy addition to the series of national atlases w hich hav e now been published. Everyone interested in bird distributions in Europe will wish to own a copy of this fine work. Readers will be interested to discover, for instance, that the Scarlet Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus is more widespread in Latvia than is the Linnet Carduelis cannabina\ that Red-backed Shrikes Lanius collurio were found in three-quarters of the squares, and in some places densities reached 7.0 pairs per km2; and that Corncrakes Crex crex were found in nearly 65% of squares, and that the species 'most frequently occurs in natural meadows', w ith 2.1 pairs per km registered along the River Lielupe. but only 0.3 pairs per km in areas of intense agriculture. A treasure trove ofinformation! J. T. R. Sharrock A Bird Artist in Scotland. By Donald Watson. H. F. & G. Witherby Ltd. London, 1988. 144 pages; 20 colour illustrations; 26 black-and-white illustrations. £14.95. My earliest recollection of the work of Donald Watson is of poring over his plates in The Oxford Book of Birds ( 1964). It was the onlv book in our school library illustrating more than just adult plumages. My next encounter came in Poyser’s Birdwatchers' Year (1973). in which Donald Watson’s year was my favourite: a compelling account of a year in Southwest Scotland, masterfully illustrated with some fine scraperboards. .4 Bird Artist in Scotland is a book in two parts. The first section comprises five chapters in which Donald Watson relates his progress from early bird drawing to the present day — with lively accounts of the Scottish artists' scene (including tea with Thorbum!), and his wartime experiences — and gives an insight into his working methods. 32 Reviews I'he second section (covering perhaps two-thirds of the book) is an account of a year of Donald Watson’s observations and thoughts in Galloway, presented as selected entries from a diary. In that respect, it is very like the earlier work in Birdwatchers’ Year, but, with the years covered being some 18-20 years apart, the content is somewhat different: the first written when afforestation was in its infancy, the second when the hills are being invaded wholesale. It is written, as before, with acute observation, and a deep understanding of the habitat and its present problems. It is far from a gloomy account, for Donald Watson still gains much pleasure here both as an artist and as a naturalist, and this he passes on to his reader. As one would hope, barely a page seems to pass without a ‘moment-capturing’ half-tone, scraperboard or colour plate to delight the reader. They are full of atmosphere, with bold but skilful treatment of colour and light, giving great depth and form. The paintings represent work from throughout the artist’s life, and many appear ‘tighter’ in style than those that I have seen at recent Society of Wildlife Artists’ exhibitions. One minor quibble: I should have liked to have seen the painting dimensions included in the plate captions. The inclusion of a list of the birds of Galloway may seem a little odd, but once you have read the book (and I hope you do) you will find it is every bit as much about Galloway as it is about the artist. All in all, a splendid book (it could easily have been two), well produced, and a must for all interested in bird art and Scotland. A I. AN Harris Short reviews Birds of North Rona and Sula Sgeir. By Seabirds at Sea Team: Stuart Benn, Stuart Murray and Mark L. Tasker. (Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, 1989. 47 pages. Paperback £5.00) A remarkably comprehensive and concise publication on two of Scotland’s remotest islands. Intri- guing sections on their human history are complemented by full systematic lists which contain some surprising migrants. The is- lands’ immense value to seabirds is under- lined by an extremely useful account of their seasonal use of surrounding waters, high- lighting their potential vulnerability. The authors are to be congratulated on the informative, yet thoroughly readable, text. A must for seabird enthusiasts. [Angus Hogg] The Birds of Cambridgeshire. P. M. M. Bircham. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989. 280 pages. £19.50.) A detailed account of the birds of Cam- bridgeshire (excluding Huntingdonshire) up to the end of 1986, including the changes that have taken place since Lack’s (1934) work with the same title; also a summary of the best localities. The systematic list adds 41 species to Lack’s total of 253, but this includes Ruddy Shelduck Tadoma ferruginea, all records of which are likely to refer to escapes. Other species recorded as ‘escapes’ have been excluded, even the extraordinary breeding record of Crowned Cranes Balearica pavonina (two young reared at Fulbourn Fen in October-December 1959: Nature in Cam- bridgeshire 2:36). There are many useful histograms but, on the debit side, a liberal sprinkling of typographical errors. [Tim Inskipp] Les Oiseaux d'lslande: ecologie et biogeograph ie. By Michel Breuil. Illustra- tions by Jean Chevallier. (Editions R. Chabaud-Lechevalier, Paris, 1989. 288 pages. FF1 95.00) This book covers much of the recent knowledge on Icelandic birds found in local and foreign books and maga- zines. There are chapters on the history' of breeding birds, on passage migrants and vagrants, with a list of accidentals (incom- plete), on protection and exploitation, and on different habitats, including a list of bird- rich localities. There are many drawings of birds and 23 photographs. The distribution maps are enlarged and sometimes revised versions of those in BWP, occasionally some- what inaccurate. In short, this is a fine small handbook. [GUNNI.AUGUR Pf.TURSSON] Short reviews 33 RSPB Where to go Birdwatching: a guide to RSPB nature reserves. Edited by Anthony Chapman. (BBC Books, London, 1989. 127 pages. Paperback £6.50) Guaran- teed sales to many of the RSPB’s half a million members have allowed the produc- tion of this glossy guide to the location of the Society’s 102 nature reserves, with birds and habitats shown in colour, clear maps and easy-to-use layout. Phis book is ob- viously expected to have a short shelf life, for the reserve wardens are named. You are never far from an RSPB reserve, wherever you are in the United Kingdom. It must be worth having this book in the car. Avian Genetics: a population and ecologi- cal approach. Edited by F. Cooke and P. A. Buckley. (Academic Press, London, 1989. 488 pages. Paperback £18.50) Many of the leading figures in the field contributed to this volume, which first appeared in hard- back in 1987. The book is divided into three main sections: how genetic variation is measured, the factors which shape the genetic structure of bird populations, and case-studies of four species. An excellent review, although, inevitably, much has hap- pened in the last couple of years. Some basic knowledge is essential. [At. AN Knox) Birds of the Sea, Shore and Tundra. By Theodore Cross. (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, New York, 1989. 208 pages. $65.00) A large- format book, full of stunningly spectacular bird photographs, all in colour. There is no text, just captions to the photographs, most of which are of North American species, particularly herons and other large water birds, with just one passerine. A remarkably high proportion are ‘birds in action’: herons displaying, waders and terns wing-lifting, and many fine (light shots. A tour-de- force. [R. J. Chandi.f.r] The Great Cypress Swamps. By John V. Dennis. (Louisiana State University Press, 1988. $29.95) The experience of v isiting a ‘new’ habitat is one of life's most exhilarating experiences. The joy of dis- covering a whole new ecosystem for one- self is even more rewarding if one takes the trouble to do a little background reading beforehand. John V. Dennis has prov ided us with the ideal introduction to the Great Cypress Swamps of the southeast USA, which are one of that country's great treasures. [Pf.TF.R Hoi.DEN] Ou Voir les Oiseaux en France. Compiled by Philippe J. Dubois. (Nathan, Paris, 1989. 321 pages) Where to watch birds in f ranee, with 278 routes shown very clearly on 120 maps, with indications of what is likely to be seen, using symbols of birds on the maps, keyed to the same symbols in the text. Well thought-out, nicely illustrated, and with easy-to-follow directions. A nine- page introduction explains how to use the book. Wholly in French. Bird Watching in East Yorkshire, the Humber and Teesmouth. By Stephen C. Elliott. (Hutton Press, Beverley, 1989. 120 pages. Paperback £4.90) The title implies a detailed guide to the best places in the area, but a lot of the information is irrelevant, and the style is quaint and rambling, with a confusing mix of general information, topographical features and ‘other orders’, birds often having less than adequate men- tion. As well as 54 pages dealing with 49 sites, there are 41 pages of systematic list of dubious value, with misleading and some- times inaccurate content. Erroneous use of capital and lower-case letters in the species names is annoying, and the ‘field vole' being carried by a Barn Owl on the front cover is surely a young rat. A brave attempt, and cheap at the price, but falling somewhat short. [John R. M \ther) The Blackcap and the Garden Warbler. By Ernest Garcia. (Shire Publications Ltd. Princes Risborough, 1989. 24 pages. Paper- back £1.95) Another in this excellent series of handy booklets. There's enough to satisfy the normal enquiring mind, and to whet the appetite for more. Dynamics of Biological Invasions. By Rob Hengeveld. (Chapman and Hall. London, 1989. 160 pages. £22.50) A multi-discipline survey, examples described ranging from measles epidemics to invasions of muskrat Odontra zibet hints, with some bird species, notably Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto. Serin Serinus serinus, Penduline Tit Remiz pendulinus. Scarlet Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus. Fulmar Fulmarus gladalis and Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis. I was interested to read that Cetti's Warbler C.ettia cetti had ‘con- tracted southwards’. The Preface notes ‘only a knowledge of basic statistics is required . From a bibliography of about 220 titles, I recognised the names of about 30 authors, not all of those ornithological. Not a work for the ordinary innumerate birder like me. [Robert Spf.ncf.r] 34 Short reviews Thailand. By Francis Hill. (New Holland, London, 1989. 24 pages. Paperback £2.49) Lots of colour photographs and an informa- tive, intelligently written and useful text by an author who lives in Bangkok; very suit- able for any birder planning to do some sightseeing on a first trip to Thailand. The Birds of Sicily. BOU check-list no. 11. By Carmelo Iapichino 8c Bruno Massa. (British Ornithologists’ Union, Tring, 1989. 170 pages. £16.00 UK; £18.00 overseas) A very thorough check-list of all accepted (and considered but rejected) rec- ords, with useful maps and 16 black-and- white habitat photographs. An essential reference. Birds of Birstall: bird life in the parish of Birstall, Leicestershire: a ten year study. By M. D. Kirkman. (Leicestershire Museums, Art Galleries & Records Service, Leicester, 1988. 48 pages. Paperback £3.25) During 1968-82, Martin (son of P. B.) Kirkman compiled a local inventory of breeding birds. Birstall is very largely re- sidential, but he was allowed to search for nests in most gardens. The report is A4 in format, with many maps, tables and photo- graphs. It is partly anecdotal, and partly a rare quantification of birds in suburbia. [John March ant] Snakes 8c Lizards. By Tom Langton. Illus- trated by Denys Ovenden. (Whittet Books, London, 1989. 127 pages. £6.95) See review of Stoats & Weasels, Polecats & Martens by Paddy Sleeman in this same series. The text is at just the right level for the interested amateur, and Denys Ovenden’s drawings are delightful as well as being useful. De- spite this series’ usual cartoons (of varying comic standard), I can still recommend this volume. I wish, however, that there had been colour photographs (or paintings) of the six British species. The Reintroduction of the White-tailed Sea Eagle to Scotland: 1975-1987. By John A. Love. (Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, 1988. Research & survey in nature conservation: no. 12. 48 pages. Paperback £4.00) This attractive report, written by the man most closely involved with the project, describes in fascinating detail the reintroduction of the White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla to the west coast of Scotland. The events of each year are carefully documented; by 1987, no fewer than five pairs attempted to breed, with two chicks fledged at one nest and one at another. [David Ft. SHF. r] The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 7, part I. The Butter- flies. Edited by A. Maitland Emmet and John Heath. (Harley Books, Colchester, 1989. 370 pages. £49.50) The latest volume in the excellent Harley series on moths and butterflies covers all 111 species of the latter which have been recorded in Britain and Ireland. Detailed descriptions and accounts of life history and distribution are given clearly and concisely for each species. Distri- bution maps, updated to the end of 1988, are included for 74 species of more regular occurrence. The book contains 24 excellent colour plates which illustrate all of the species covered, including extreme rarities and ‘escapes’. The price may put off many potential purchasers, but the high-quality production typical of this publisher and the excellent contents certainly justify the cost. A first-class book. [D avid Fishf.r] Raptors in the Modern World: proceed- ings of the III World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, Eilat, Israel, 22-27 March 1987. Edited by B.-U. Meyburg and R. D. Chancellor. (World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, Berlin, 1989. 61 1 pages. Paperback, £25. 00/S45. 00/DM 75.00) The proceedings of specialist conferences always contain a wealth of material for conservation consideration and action and this one is no exception. Important sections in the book are on migration and wintering grounds, population biology and breeding, conservation of rare species, raptors in polluted environments, habitat analysis and census techniques, legislation and educa- tion. The resolutions are sound, but it is a sad reflection on modern times that proceedings for a conference held in Israel may not be given the consideration they deserve by some countries in the World. For that reason, it might have made wiser conserva- tion sense to have held the conference elsewhere. Political awareness is an impor- tant conservation consideration. [Richard Porter] Bird Habitats of Great Britain and Ireland — a new approach to birdwatching. By Paul Morrison. (Michael Joseph, Lon- don, 1989. 256 pages. Hardback £16.95) Over 200 photographs illustrate lengthy text accounts of British habitats and their bird Short reviews 35 populations. loo many close-up photo- graphs of nesting birds spoil the author’s attempt to portray species in their natural context. I he text bravely covers some complex ecological issues, but an unimaginative lay- out makes reading difficult. This book offers a nice approach for anyone seeking an introduction to avian habitat ecology, but the presentation could have been more exciting. [Rob Sth.I.] The Gannet. By Bryan Nelson. (Shire Publications Ltd, Princes Risborough, 1989. 24 pages. Paperback £1.95) See review of Garcia, The Blackcap and the Garden Warbler. Der Rotmilan. By Rudolf Ortlieb. (Die Neue Brehm-Bucherei 532. A. Xiemsen Ver- lag, Wittenberg-Lutherstadt, 1989. 162 pages. DM18.80) Third edition of Ortlieb’s very comprehensive digest of the scientific literature about the Red Kite Milvus milvus. Strong on facts, with many tables and figures, accessible to those who cannot read the German text. Rather short on interpre- tation, and Ortlieb is too reticent about his own intimate 40-year experience with the species. Numerous illustrations, often badly reproduced. All serious raptor enthusiasts need this book. [PF.TF.R Davis] Collins Guide to Wild Habitats. By Chris Packham with illustrations by Chris Shields. Deciduous Woodlands, 128 pages; Grasslands and Scrub, 128 pages; Heath- lands, 112 pages; Rocky Shorelands, 128 pages. (Collins, London, 1989. Paperback each £4.95) The author uses photographs, facts and personal recollections to describe a series of habitats and their residents, plus a list of relevant nature reserves. The style and content are summed up by the following example, under Dartford Warbler Syh’ia un- data in ‘Heathland residents’ (a list that surprisingly overlooks Whitethroat Sylvia communis ): ‘its tail ... is a very long graduated white-edged affair which disting- uishes the species from any other European warbler.’ The Song Thrush. By Eric Simms. (Shire Publications Ltd, Princes Risborough, 1989. 24 pages. Paperback £1.95) A useful addi- tion to this excellent series of little guides. Although it would have dated in time, it seems a pity in this particular case that population changes are not shown graphi- cally by means of the B I'O’s Common Birds Census indices. Stoats & Weasels, Polecats & Martens. By Paddy Sleeman. Illustrated by Guy Troughton. (Whittet Books, London, 1989. 1 19 pages. £6.95) An excellent summary in this slightly quirky but very useful series of books covering small groups of birds and animals. The drawings by Guy Troughton are excellent (but I still have my personal doubts about the need to include cartoons mixed in with educational or decorative illustrations). Birdwatching on Merseyside. By Ken Stoba. (Cicerone Press, Milnthorpe, 1989. 136 pages. Paperback £5.50) This book is a disappointment. ‘Merseyside’ is very loosely defined, many of the listed sites being outside the area. Although containing useful site information, there are numerous mis- prints and some poor photographs, includ- ing a Scaup Aythya mania captioned as a Pochard .4. Jenna. Amazingly, autumn sea- watching at Seaforth (the highlight of the year during strong northwesterlies) is omit- ted. [STF.VF. Yoing] Birds on Coll and Tiree: status, habitats and conservation. Edited by D. A. Stroud. (Nature Conservancy Council/Scottish Ornithologists’ Club, Edinburgh, 1989. 191 pages. Paperback £6.50) A detailed account, in 12 chapters plus a systematic list and comprehensive references, of the birds of these two Inner Hebridean islands, covering especially wildfowl and waders, with Green- land Whitefronts A riser albifrons flavirostris , Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis , breeding waders and Corncrakes Crex crex to the fore. The various habitats and their conservation importance are thoughtfully discussed. A must for anyone interested in islands and theirbirds. [M. A. Ogti.vif.] The Nightjar. By Peter Tate. (Shire Publi- cations, Princes Risborough, 1989. 24 pages. £1.95) Another ‘popular’ derivative work. You cannot say much in 13 BB-su.vA pages of text culled from BUT. which has rather more on the Nightjar, and from general sources. Two papers and two amateur re- ports (difficult to gel) are suggested for further reading. This is the book to give to your unlikely friend who comes across Nightjars but has no interest in birds. There is a much wider choice to suggest for people with a dawning general enthusiasm. [Cot. IN J. Bibby] 36 Short reviews The Birds of Morecanibe Bay. By John Wilson. (Cicerone Press, Milnthorpe, 1989. 96 pages. Paperback £4.95) A more polished update of his 1974 guide. Includes good locality and optimal-tide tips for the visiting birder (maybe some locals), a bonus chapter on the birds of Leighton Moss, and some cracking colour photographs. Some literals need correcting before the next printing. [Bob Spf.nckr] Dr ]. T. R. Sharrock, Fountains, Fork Lane , Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ News and comment Robin Prytherch and Mike Everett Opinions expressed in this feature are not necessarily those of ‘British Birds’ H. G. Alexander Last June, we applauded his 100th birthday (Brit. Birds 82: 281); now we lament his death, which occurred on 30th September 1989, at his home in Pennsyl- vania, USA. A lifetime supporter of this magazine, HGA excelled in many aspects of ornithology. He will be missed by its many disciples and friends. We shall be publishing a full obituary in due course. Debate on conservation issues Brian Wil- son MP, Labour’s Scottish spokesman on the environment, has sent us the following quotations from Business of the House of Commons on 19th October: 'Mr. Brian Wilson (Ounninghame, North): Will the Deputy Prime Minister consider the possibility of a wide-ranging debate on conservation issues and the responsibility of various quangos for their management in advance of legislation? There is deep concern among those interested in such matters, and, I think, in all political quarters, that the Government will produce half-baked legisla- tion that will satisfy no one. W ill the right hon. and learned gentleman also give us an assurance that when legislation is presented it will not go first to the House of Lords, which is riddled with vested interests?’ ‘Sir Geoffrey Howe: I do not accept the hon. Gentleman’s sweeping condemnation of the other place. The House will certainly have ample oppor- tunities to consider the general questions with which he is concerned, however, and I shall bring his particular anxieties to the attention of my right hon. “green" and friendly Friend the Secretary of State for the Environment.’ Brian Wilson has commented: ‘There should be far more debate and consultation before the Government rushes in with legis- lation. ‘Fears about the break-up of the NCC and the weakening of interventionist powers and the conservation interest should be given a hearing in advance of the Bill being formu- lated, not as a reaction to it. ‘The Scottish perspective on these mat- ters must be taken full account of, but not to the exclusion of wider environmental in- terests.’ ‘Best Days with British Birds’ Who reacted with ‘absolute panic’ when a strange-looking bird was pointed out to him? l he answer’s in the book (and also on page 37). Expedition Competition If you are a stu- dent hoping to organise an expedition cen- tred around birds and conservation, you should be interested in the Conservation Expedition Competition 1990, sponsored jointly by the International Council for Bird Preservation and the Fauna and Flora Pre- servation Society. Open to students organis- ing expeditions outside Europe and North America, the competition offers prizes of £1,000 and £800 in each of two categories, ‘Birds’ and ‘All other wild animals and plants’, lhe closing date for the 1990 Competition is 31st January 1990. For further information, contact Richard Grim- mett, ICBP, 32 Cambridge Road, Girton, Cambridge CB3 opj, tel: Cambridge (0223) 277318; or Amanda Hillier, FFPS, 79-83 North Street, Brighton BN l i/ \, tel: Brighton (0273) 820445. Black Vulture news The first two Black Vultures Aegypius monachus to be reared as part of a new captive-breeding programme have been released in Andalusia and Mallor- ca ( habitat , October 1989). Ten European News and comment countries (Austria, Belgium, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, Italy, the Nether- lands, Spain, Switzerland, and the USSR), with a combined total of 60 zoos, are working together on the breeding prog- ramme. The zoos have agreed to lend their 168 captive vultures for the experiment. The European Black Vulture population has been severely depleted in recent decades and this experiment would seem to be a sensible way of utilising such a large captive stock. RSPB exhibits in Merseyside The RSPB’s Centenary exhibition is currently on view to the public, free of charge, at the Liverpool Museum, William Brown Street, Liverpool (from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday to Saturday and 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. on Sunday). It will remain on show until 10th February. McGeehan’s ‘Marathon’ trip Back from his SUNB1RD birdwatching holiday in northern North America, Anthony McGeehan has sent ns the accompanying photograph (plate 9) and the comments, in a long letter: ‘The trip itself? Marvellous! ... I learnt an immense amount about not only those Nearctic species which we get/are likely still to get over here, but also I was treated to great company in the form of two of North America’s pre-eminent birders (Stu Tingley, the main trip leader, and Bruce Mactavish. the assistant leader). These guys are abso- lutely on top of everything . . . They were brilliant.’ 9. Stuart (‘Stu’) Tingley, Anthony McGee crossing from Nova Scotia to Maine during 37 The latest ‘Monthly marathon is e>n page 41. Come on you publishers! A listing of the winners of the title Best Bird Book of the Year’ shows that, over the past ten years, this accolade has been won by books from just four of the W orld’s publishing houses. Christopher Helm (formerly Croom Helm) and T. & A. D. Poyser are joint top, with three wins each to their credit, while Collins and David & Charles are close behind, with two wins each. Congratulations to those top four publishers. And, to be fair, OL P’s monumental BWP with five volumes pub- lished so far, is also in the top league. But what about some of the rest coming up with a top-quality, winning book now and again? ‘The Auklet’ We have those who parody us. with Brutish Birds ( 1980) and Sot British Birds I (1986), // ( 1987), III (1988) and /I' ( 1989). In the USA, the members of the American Ornithologists’ Union parody their own august, quarterly journal, The Auk, with the annual publication of The Auklet. A limited number of the latest of these (the first appeared as long ago as 1920) is available for sale to BB subscribers interested in sampling American omithohumour. Send a cheque in sterling (£1.50) or l S dollars ($2.50) for a post-paid copy, to Dr Kenneth C. Parkes, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh. PA 15213, USA. ‘Best Days with British Birds' Answer: Steve Gantlett an and Bruce (‘Dr Dovekie ) Mactavish on UNBIRD trip. September 1989 (A. V. Douglas) County, regional and bird observatory recorders in Britain and Ireland The main aims of this list are to encourage observers birdwatching away from their home areas to send records to the relevant county recorder, and to provide a source of reference for those collating records on a national basis. Several counties are divided into areas for recording purposes, but, to save space, and because we believe it is less confusing, the list generally includes only one name against each county or region. The names and addresses of observatory recorders or wardens appear separately at the end. We shall be glad to know of any errors, omissions or changes of address, which will be noted in our monthly ‘News and comment’ feature. ENGLAND Avon Dr H. E. Rose, 12 Birbeck Road, Bristol BS9 ibd Bedfordshire Paul Trodd, White Garth, West Parade, Dunstable, Bedfordshire I.U6 IF.N Berkshire P. E. Standley, Siskins, 8 Llanvair Drive, South Ascot, Berkshire SI.5 9HS Buckinghamshire Andy V. Harding, 15 Jubilee Terrace, Stony Stratford, Milton Keynes MKii mu Cambridgeshire For the old county of Cambridgeshire: C. A. E. Kirtland, 22 Montgomery Road, Cambridge CB4 2F.Q. For the old county of Huntingdon: John Clark, 7 Westbrook, Hilton, Huntingdonshire, Cambridgeshire PF.18 9NW Cheshire Tony Broome, Sibirica, 3 Martin Close, Offerton Close, Stockport SK2 5U\v Cleveland J. B. Dunnett, 43 Hemlington Road, Stainton, Middlesbrough, Cleveland TS8 9AG Cornwall S. M. Christophers, 5 Newquay Road, St Columb Major, Cornwall TR9 6RW Cumbria Malcolm Hutcheson, Garden Cottage, Sizergh Castle, Kendal, Cumbria i.ah 8AF Derbyshire Rodney W. Key, 3 Farningham Close, Spondon, Derby DF.2 70/ Devon P. W. Ellicott, Wyatts, Trusham, Newton Abbot, Devon TQ13 OI.X Dorset Martin Cade, 12 I.ittlemoor Road, Preston, Weymouth, Dorset DT3 6AA Durham Tony Armstrong, 39 Western Hill, Durham DM I 4RF Essex Mike Dennis, 173 Collier Row Lane, Romford, Essex RM5 3ED, & John Miller, 450A Baddow Road, Great Baddow, Chelmsford, Essex Gloucestershire Gordon R. Avery, 12 Hemmingsdale Road, Hempsted, Gloucester GF2 6HN Greater Manchester Peter Hill, 10 Woodlands Avenue, Rochdale, Lancashire OI.li 5HJ Hampshire E. J. Wiseman, Normandy Farm, Normandy Lane, Lymington, Hampshire S04I 8AF, Herefordshire Keith A. Mason, The Sett, Common Hill, Fownhope, Hereford HRi 4Q\ Hertfordshire Peter Walton, Twin Oaks, Rabley Heath, Welwyn, Hertfordshire AT. 6 9UF Humberside See Lincolnshire and Yorkshire Isle of Wight J. Stafford, Moor Lane, Brighstone, Newport, Isle of Wight PO30 4DI. Isles of Scilly W. H. Wagstaff, 16 Ennor Close, Old Town, St Mary’s, Isles of Scilly TR21 ONI. Kent I. P. Hodgson & T. N. Hodge, 73 Middle Deal Road, Deal, Kent CT14 9RG Lancashire M. Jones, 31 Laverton Road, St Annes-on-Sea, Lancashire FY8 IFAV Leicestershire Roger E. Davis, 31 Tysoe Hill, Glenfield, Leicester I.F.3 BAR Lincolnshire and South Humberside Alan Ball, 37 Linden Way, Boston, Lincolnshire PF.21 9I)S London Mike Earp, 63 Ivinghoe Road, Bushey, Hertfordshire WD2 3SU Merseyside See Cheshire and Lancashire Norfolk P. R. Allard, 39 Mallard Way, Bradwell, Great Yarmouth Northamptonshire R. W. Bullock, 25 WestcofT Way, Favell Green, Northampton NN3 3BF. Northumberland M. S. Hodgson, 145 Elmtree Gardens, Whitley Bay, Tyne & Wear NR25 8QX Nottinghamshire J. A. Hopper, 4 Shipley Rise, Carlton, Nottingham NG4 l BN 38 39 County and regional recorders Oxfordshire John \V. Brucker, 65 Yarnton Road, Kidlington, Oxford o\> i .vr Shropshire Jack Sankey, 1 1 Mardol lerrace, Smithfield Road, Much Wenlock, Shropshire rn:t 6BH Somerset Brian Rabbitts, Mai 3, 17 1 he Esplanade, Burnham-on-Sea. Somerset tab ib<. Staffordshire Mrs Gilly Jones, 4 The Poplars, Lichfield Road, Abbots Bromley, Rugeley, Staffordshire \vsi5 ( \\ Suffolk R. B. Warren, 37 Dellwood Avenue, Felixstowe, Suffolk ipii 9H\v Surrey J. J. Wheatley, 6 Boxgrove Avenue, Guildford, Surrey Gt I i\(, Sussex , East and West Paul James, 23 Islingword Place, Brighton, East Sussex BN22XG (for 1990, while Paul James is abroad: T. \V. Parmenter, 22 The Kiln. Burgess Hill, Sussex Rtmoi r) Tyne & Wear See Durham and Northumberland Warwickshire Steve Haynes, 4 Spinney Close, Old Arley, Coventry CV7 HPD West Midlands R. M. Normand, 16 Hamstead Hall Avenue, Handsworth Wood, Birmingham B20 IF.Y Wiltshire R. burner, 14 Ethendun, Bratton, Westbury, Wiltshire RAI3 4RX Worcestershire Steve Whitehouse, 5 Stourway Close, Rudyard Cardens, Blackpole, Worcester WR4 9X1. Yorkshire , North , South and West, and North Humberside George R. Bennett, Kingsfield. Strawberry Cardens, Hornsea, North Humberside in ib it's IRF.I AND Republic o/ Ireland K. Preston, 1 lie Rennies, Boreenmanna Road, Cork, Ireland Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Bird Records Committee, do Mrs P. M. Vizard, 22 Marlborough Drive, Carrickfergus, Northern Ireland Bi uwsv tsi.K OF MAN Dr J. P. Cullen, Troutbeck, Braddan, Isle of Man scon .AND Dumfries & Galloway (Nithsdale, Annandale & Eskdale) Dr E. C. Fellowes, W est Isle, Islesteps, Dumfries DG2 bks Dumfries & Galloway (Stewartiy & Wigtown) A. 1). Watson, 54 Main Street, Dairy, Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbrightshire DG9 :U \V Strathclyde (Kyle & Garrick, Cumnock & Doon I alley, Kilmarnock & Loudoun. Cunninghame) A. Hogg. Kirklea, Crosshill, Maybole, Ayrshire KAI9 7RJ Strathclyde (except Arran, Rate, Cumbraes and above) I. P. Gibson, c/o Wood, 47 Kilbowie Road. South Carbrain. Cumbernauld G67 2PZ Strathclyde (Airan, Bute. Cumbraes) I. Hopkins, 2 Eden Place, High Street. Rothesay. Bute P.V20 9BS Strathclyde (Argyll & Bute, except Isle of Bute) Mike Madders, Smithy Cottage. Lochdon. Craignure, Mull. Argyll PA64 6AP Borders ( Benvickshire, Ettrick & Lauderdale. Roxburgh, Tweeddale ) R. D. Murray. 4 Bellfield Crescent, Eddleston, Peebles, Borders F.H45 «Ry Lothian ( East Lothian, except Musselburgh lagoons) P. R. Cordon. 4 Craigielaw, Longniddry. East Lothian F.imoPY Lothian (except as above, but including Musselburgh lagoons) Michael R. Leven. 43 Riccarton Road. Linlithgow, West Lothian Central (Clackmannan, Falkirk. Stirling) Dr C. J. Henty, 7 Coneyhill Road. Bridge of Allan. Stirlingshire FK9 4F.I. Fife ( Dunfermline , Kirkcaldy, XL Fife) I). E. Dickson, 45 Hawthorn Terrace, Thornton, Fife KYI 4DZ Fife (Isle of May) Ian M. Darling. West Acres, 597 Lanark Road West, Balerno. Edinburgh F.H4 7BI. Tayside (Rerih & Kinross) Wendy Mattingley, Cluny House, Aberfeldy. Perthshire PHl.iSJT Tayside (Angus, City of Dundee) R. Goater, 4 Dunrossie Crescent, Taycock. Montrose. Angus DDK) 91 .T Grampian ( except Moray) Ken Shaw, 4 Headland Court, Newtonhill, near Stonehaven, Kincardine AB3 2SF 40 County and regional recorders Grampian/ Highland (Moray, Naim) M.J. H. Cook, Rowanbrae, Clochan, Buckie, Banflshire AB5 2F.Q Highland (except Caithness) R. H. Dennis, Inchdryne, Nethybridge, Inverness-shire PH25 3EF Highland ( Caithness ) E. W. E. Maughan, Burnside, Reay, Thurso, Caithness KW14 7RG Western Isles W. A. J. Cunningham, 10 Barony Square, Stornoway, Isle of Lewis PA87 2TQ Orkney' C. J. Booth, 34 High Street, Kirkwall, Orkney KWI5 1AZ Shetland (Fair Isle) Paul Harvey, Bird Observatory, Fair Isle, Shetland 7.F.2 9JU Shetland (except Fair Isle) Dave Suddaby, 92 Sandveien, Lerwick, Shetland 7.F.1 ORL' WAFFS Clwyd (Flintshire) Peter Rathbone, Wern, Llanarmon-yn-Ial, Clwyd CH7 4QD Clwyd (Denbighshire) as Gwynedd (Anglesey) Dyfed (Cardiganshire) P. E. Davis, Eelindre, Aberarth, Aberaeron, Dyfed SA46 0I.P Dyfed (Carmarthenshire) D. H. V. Roberts, 6 Ger-y-coed, Pontiets, Llanelli, Dyfed SA15 5UN Dyfed (Pembrokeshire) J. W. Donovan, The Burren, 5 Dingle Lane, Crundale, Haverfordwest, Dyfed SA62 4DJ Gwent B.J. Gregor)-, Monmouth School, Monmouth, Gwent NP5 3XP Gwynedd (Anglesey. Caernarvonshire), Clwyd (Denbighshire) T. Graven, Tyddyn I -Ian, Eglwsbach, Colwyn Bay 1.1,28 5TY Gwynedd (Merionethshire) R. Thorpe, Tan-y-Garth, Friog, Fairbourne, Gwynedd I.F38 2NX Mid Glamorgan}. R. Smith, 15 Milton Drive, Bridgend, Mid Glamorgan CF31 4QF. Powys (Breconshire) M. E. Peers, Gorse Bank, Llangammarch Wells, Powys FD4 4AA Powys ( Montgomeryshire ) Brayton Holt, Scops Cottage, Pentrebeirdd, Meifod, Powys Powys (Radnorshire) Pete Jennings, Garnfawr Bungalow, Bettws, Hundred House, Llandrindod Wells I.Dl 5RP South Glamorgan Phil Bristow, 10 Lisvane Street, Cathays, Cardiff CF2 4FI. West Glamorgan H. E. Grenfell, The Woods, 14 Bryn Terrace, Mumbles, Swansea, West Glamorgan SA3 4HD BIRO OBSF.RYATORIF.S The names listed here are those of the recorders, not the bookings secretaries: Bardsey I he Warden, Bird Observatory, Bardsey, off Aberdaron, Gwynedd Calf of Man Aron Sapsford, Calf of Man Bird Observatory, c/o Juan Clague, Kionslieu, Plantation Hill, Port St Mary, Isle of Man Cape Clear K. Preston, The Rennies, Boreenmanna Road, Cork, Ireland Copeland N. D. McKee, 67 Temple Rise, Templepatrick, Ballyclare, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland BT39 OAG Dungeness David Walker, Bird Observatory, Dungeness, Romney Marsh, Kent Fair Isle Paul Harvey, Bird Observatory, Fair Isle, Shetland Gibraltar Point The Warden, Gibraltar Point NNR, Skegness, Lincolnshire PF24 4SU Isle of May Ian M. Darling, West Acres, 579 Lanark Road West, Balemo, Edinburgh FHI4 7BI. North Ronaldsay Dr K. Woodbridge, Twigness, North Ronaldsay, Orkney KW17 2BF. Portland M. Rogers, Bird Observatory, Old Lower Light, Portland, Dorset Sandwich Bay Michael Sykes, Bird Observatory, Guilford Road, Sandwich Bay, Kent FT13 9PF Spurn B. R. Spence, Bird Observatory, Spurn, Kilnsea, via Patrington, Hull HU12 OUG Walney K. Parkes, 9 Rydal Avenue, Hawcoat, Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire Please send any corrections, changes of address or notification of a change in Recordership to: Mrs Sheila Cobban , British Birds , Fountains , Bark Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3 NJ. Monthly marathon r-phe bird in plate 324 in the October 1989 issue was L named as: YVhite-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis (65%) Baird’s Sandpiper C. bairdii (8%) Dunlin C. alpina (7%) Semipalmated Sandpiper C. pusilla (6%) Least Sandpiper C. minutilla (5%) Little Stint C. minula (3%) Western Sandpiper C. mauri (3%) Red-necked Stint C. nificollis (2%) Sponsored by with a few votes each for Knot C. canutus, Sanderling C. alba, Temminck’s Stint C. temminckii and Sharp- tailed Sandpiper C. acuminata. 1 he majority of entrants got it right. This YVhite-rumped Sandpiper was photographed by David Tomlinson in the Falkland Islands in December 1988. The fifth stage in the current competition to win a SUNBIRD birdwatching holiday in Africa, Asia or North America is shown in plate 10. The full rules are given below: Kl I.F.S 1. Only current individual subscribers to British Birds are eligible to take part. Entrants should give their name, address and BB reference number on their entry. Only one entry is permitted per person each month. 2. Entries must be sent by post, each one on a separate postcard, and be received at the British Birds Editorial Office (Monthly marathon, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford mkii i\|) by 15th of succeeding month. Every care will be taken, but, even if negligence is involved, no responsibilitv can be accepted for non-delivery, non-receipt or accidental loss of entries. 5. All ‘BB’ subscribers are eligible, except members of the Editorial Board and staff of British Birds. Directors and members of staff of Sl'NBIRD/WI.NGS Holidays, and Directors and members of staff of our printers, Newnorth Print Ltd. (Members of ‘BB’ Notes Panels, the Rarities Committee, and other voluntary contributors — including bird-photographers, even if one of their photographs is used in the competition — are eligible unless proscribed above.) 4. To win, a British Birds subscriber must correctly identify the species shown in ten consecutive photographs included in this competition. The ‘Monthly marathon’ will continue until the prize has been won. 5. In the unlikely event of two or more ‘BB’ subscribers achieving the ten-in-a-row simultaneously, the competition will continue each month until one of them (or someone else!) achieves a longer run of correct entries than any other contestant. 6. In the event of any dispute, including controversy over the identity of any of the birds in the photographs, the decision of the Managing Editor of British Birds is final and binding on all parties. 7. No correspondence can be entered into concerning this competition. 8. The name and address of the winner will be announced in British Birds. 10. Fourth ‘Monthly marathon’ (fifth stage: photograph number 43). Identify the species. Read the ndes (above), then send in your answer on a postcard to Monthly Marathon. Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ, to arrive by 28th February 1990. 41 Seasonal reports When British Birds introduced ‘Recent reports and news’, giving monthly details of migrants and vagrants, in January 1958 (Brit. Birds 51: 39-40), the only other ways of hearing about such events were by word of mouth from one’s friends and, later, by means of monthly reports on the BBC radio programme The Countryside in . . . Nowadays, news is instantly obtainable via commercial telephone messages, and two other monthly magazines in Britain have copied our bird-news feature, giving emphasis to speed and topicality. That is not our top priority. We feel that the greatest value of such summaries is as a reliable, historical record, as useful and interesting ten or twenty years hence as it is now. In many instances, ornithological events span several months (e.g. the Waxwings Bombycilla garrulus during October 1988 to April 1989, Brit. Birds 82: 121-134, 183-189, 232-237, 283-287, 289-295, 355-359 & 427-432, and the Red-footed Falcons Falco vespeiiinus in May-June and Quails Cotumix cotumix in May-July 1989, Brit. Birds 82: 455-462, 577-581, 632-635). We feel that it makes sense, therefore, to analyse the records season-by-season rather than month-by-month. We shall, during 1990, be introducing seasonal (instead of monthly) reports. The news will not be so up to date, but it will, we hope, be more complete, and, in consequence, more useful. We plan to publish four separate accounts: the autumn migration (in two parts: non-passerines and passerines), the winter period, and the spring passage (and summer visitors and breeding). The first of these seasonal summaries will appear next month. We shall, of course, also be continuing our up-to-date monthly news service, listing the latest highlights, ‘Recent reports’. Eds Recent reports Compiled by Barry Nightingale and Anthony McGeehan This summary covers the period 11th November to 15th December 1989 These are unchecked reports, not authenticated records Bittern Botaurus slellaris Near Waterford (Co. Waterford), 3rd December. American Black Duck rubripes Lochwinnoch (Strathclyde), 26th November to at least 14th December. Red-crested Pochard Netta rujina Oxford Island (Co. Armagh), early December. Ring-necked Duck Aythya collarii South Slob (Co. Wexford), to at least 10th December. Smew Mergus albellus Male and female, Craigavon Balancing I.akes (Co. Armagh), to at least 10th December. Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Rathlin Island (Co. Antrim), 12th December. Killdeer Charadrius vociferus St Man ’s (Scilly), 15th- 25th November. Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus Blyth Estuary (Northumberland), 22nd November to 2nd December. Ivory Gull Pagophila ebumea Yell (Shetland), 2nd- 9th December. Dark-eyed Junco Jimro hyemalis Portland (Dorset), 3rd to at least 14th December. Little Bunting F.mberiza pusilla Old Head of Kinsale (Co. Cork), 3rd December. 42 also 7X 42B/GAT* “...particularly useful in confined habitats, such as woodland or forest: for seawatching or raptor-watching. . . ' I British Birds Vo! 79 No. 6 June 1986) Zeiss - a tradition of excellence. The preferred binocular of experienced birdwatchers worldwide. Unsurpassed in quality and performance. Excellent image contrast; superior light transmission at dawn and dusk: genuine “B" special eyepieces with unrestricted viewing for spectacle- and non -spectacle wearers alike, true For brochure and nearest stockist please contact close focusing (5m). Sturdy and dependable. Available with or without rubber armour. Carl Zeiss (Oberkochen) Ltd ZEISS PO Box 78 Woodfield Road Welwyn Garden City Herts AL7 1LU Telephone (0707)331144 West Germany (D607) xiii THE BIRDS OF HIGH ARAGON Spanish Pyrenees A wealth of raptors: Black & Red Kite, Lammergeier, Egyptian & Griffon vulture, Short- Toed Eagle, Montagu’s Harrier, Sparrowhawk, Buzzard, Golden & Booted Eagle, Kestrel, Hobby, Peregrine etc . . . Plus Eagle Owl, Wallcreeper etc . . . Unspoilt Spain and excellent food at the Berdun Study Centre, Huesca, Aragon. Please contact: Voyages Jules Verne Natural World, 21 Dorset Square, London NW1 6QG. Tel: (01) 724 6624 (D587) uAj Cyan us Wildlife Holidays for Birdwatchers 1990 JANUARY - JUNE Venezuela Tiger Special Egypt Assam, Darjeeling & Sikkim Texas Majorca Austria Zimbabwe and Malawi Yugoslavia Soviet Asia and Siberia £1980 £1450 £1690 £1590 £1280 £490 £670 £2690 £725 £1690 JULY - DECEMBER Switzerland £690 Hungary £760 Massachusetts £1450 Brazil £2390 Kenya £2090 Ecuador and Galapagos £2490 Argentina £2500 Sene-Gambia £1100 Ethiopia £1400 All tours are escorted by experienced leaders CYGNUS WILDLIFE HOLIDAYS, 96 F0RE STREET, — KINGSBRIDGE, WV DEVON TQ7 1PY 62948 1 Telephone 0548 6178 (D600) THE BIRD INFORMATION SERVICE For the national bird news, phone BIRDLINE Enquiries 0263 741139 To obtain the national Birdline number, or regional Birdline number for your area, just phone the appropriate enquiries number for the birds in your area phone the new regional Birdlines BIRDLINE SOUTH EAST Enquiries: 01-676 8747 BIRDLINE EAST ANGLIA Enquiries: 0603 633326 BIRDLINE NORTH EAST Enquiries: 0423 509185 BIRDLINE MIDLANDS Enquiries: 038 682 727 BIRDLINE NORTH WEST Enquiries: 061 437 0898 BIRDWATCH! 0898 700 227 brings you a summary of the news from the birdwatching world, with hints on where to go and what to see. Birdwatch! is updated twice weekly, on Tuesdays and at Friday, mid-day. BIRDWATCH! IS CHARGED AT 38p PER MIN INC VAT PEAK AND STANDARD. 25p PER MIN INC VAT CHEAP RATE For details of The Bird Information Service and how the system works just send an s.a.e. to: B.I.S., Stonerunner, Coast Road, Cley-next-the-Sea, Holt, Norfolk NR25 7RZ (D604) XIV Birds & Birders" NATURE TOURS TOURS PLANNED FOR 1990 HOLLAND * GEESE & WATERFOWL WEEKENDS 3-days, winter 1989/90 (6x) •HOLLAND WITH A DIFFERENCE 7-days, spring & summer (8x) SWEDEN •AUTUMN MIGRATION AT FALSTERBO 8-days, autumn 1990 (2x) For brochure write to: BIRDS & BIRDERS P.O. BOX 737 _ Tour director: 9700 AS GRONINGEN « lb S O Huysman THE NETHERLANDS G BIRDS & BIRDERS. WE CARE FOR BOTH! 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Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford mko ?\j Available from all good bookshops £14.95 hardback ISBN 0 950B471 3 5 SPECIAL REDUCED PRICE IF ORDERED THROUGH ‘BRITISH BiRDSHOP’ (D526) XV NATURETREK WALKING WILDLIFE HOLIDAYS 1990 including BIRDING TOURS & TREKS in CHINA INDONESIA BOTSWANA AUSTRALIA GALAPAGOS NEW ZEALAND SOUTHERN INDIA NEPAL • KENYA BHUTAN • ZAMBIA LADAKH • ETHIOPIA KASHMIR • TANZANIA g For our brochure please contact: 40 The Dean, Alresford, Hants S024 9AZ L 0962 733051 S Classified Advertisements All advertisements must be PREPAID and sent- to British Birds Advertising Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ. Telephone 0621 815085 Rates (including 15% VAT) £2.76 a line — average of 6 words £9.20 a centimetre — min. 2 centimetres Box Number counts as 2 words is £1 .00 extra per insertion Replies should be sent to the above address Series Discounts 3 insertions for the price of 2 6 insertions for the price of 4 Copy Date February Issue January 5 Please post early to avoid disappointment QUALITY WILD BIRD FOODS Peanuts 25 kilos £19.35 Peanuts 50 kilos £37.80 Wild Bird Seed 25 kilos £10.10 Winter Picnic (super wild bird food) 20 kilos £10.65 Bodywarmer Bird Crumbs 20 kilos £10.10 Monkey Nuts (in shell) 10 kilos £10.00 Sunflower Seed 25 kilos £14.25 Prices are delivered to your door (mainland UK). Minimum order 50 kilos. Above prices are guaranteed for this month’s issue. Peanuts are certified free from harmful aflatoxin. For detailed lists and collection discounts contact: R. & E. BAMFORD LTD. The Com Mill, Bretherton, Preston PR5 7BD (I)606) Tel: 0772 600671 British Birds is most grateful to those companies which support the magazine by their sponsorship: Sponsors of the Rarities Committee Sponsors of ‘ Monthly marathon ’ Christopher Helm f Sponsors of and ‘ Bird Collins T Photograph of the Year ’ Sponsors of ‘ Bird Illustrator of the Year' ' telescopes ZEISS West Germany XVI British Birds has over 10,000 subscribers: a total of around 40,000 readers in 63 countries, and 99.6% of them keep their copies of ‘BB’ perma- nently, for future reference. HO LI DA Y A CCOMMODA TION ENGLAND FARM COTTAGES between Lindisfame Re- serve and The Fames. Comfortable and well equipped. Sorry no pets. Brochure: Mr J. McNish. Outchester Farm, Belford, Northum- berland. Tel: 06683 336. (BB147) RYDAl- Three cottages, sleep 4 and 6, weekly lets. Fisher Hoggarth, 52 Kirkland, Kendal. Tel: 0539 22592, office hours. (BB793) ISLES OF SCILLY. The Wheelhouse, St Mary’s. Licensed Guest House. Open all year round, good food and comfortable surroundings next to the log count venue. Tel: (0720) 22719. (BB888) ISLES OF SCILLY, Mincarlo Guest House, St. Mary’s. Superbly situated in own grounds over- looking the harbour. Write to: Colin Duncan or Tel: 0720 225 13. (BB813) CLEY. 3 Quality cottages (sleep 4, 6 and 6 + 2). Quiet. Comfortable. Excellent value. Brochure: (0353)740770. (BB032) DISCOVER CORNWALL. Stay midway be- tween Land’s End and the Devon border, over- looking the finest beaches in Europe, in a warm comfortable hotel. Superb restaurant. Ample leisure facilities. AA/RAC*** Best in the West. Hotel Riviera, Lusty Glaze, Newquay. Tel: 0637 874251. ' (BB042) BITTERNS, Marsh Harriers, Otters. Leighton Moss, Silverdale, Lancashire. Delightful guest house, lovely cottages within easy reach. Brochure, Tel: 0524 70 1 454. (BB027) B&B IN PURBECK from £10 per night. EM opt. Family residence, 1 Vi miles south of Ware- ham. Home front home, ‘Hyde Hill , 64 Furze- brook Road, Warehant, Dorset BH20 5AX. Tel: 0929 552392. (BB025) NR. NTH NFK RESERVES. Licensed Guest House run by birders for birders. Jean & Tony Bellars, Haydn House, Avenue Road, Hunstan- ton. Tel: 331 15. (BB060) GARA MILL, Slapton, Devon. Sell-catering for 2-7 in secluded four acres overlooking river and woods. Eight detached cedar lodges plus 2 CH flats in 16th c. cornmill. Near Slapton Ley. TVs. Dogs welcome. Free brochure: (0803) 770295. (BB165) DOMVILLE G.H. — Burnham Overy Staithe. B&B + EM (opt), doubles/twins (2 en suites) singles (4). TV lounge. Close to major reserves. For details ring (0328) 738298. (BB179) ROSELAND PENINSULA, Cornwall. Self- catering accommodation available in grounds of 18th century manor house, overlooking the sea. Private woods with water frontage and quay on River Percuil, surrounded by National Trust countryside. Contact Steve Kendall, Trewince Manor, Portscatho, Cornwall. Tel: 087-258 289. (BB026) CLEY. Attractive house in village, four bed- rooms, large garden, garage, c.h. Available all year. Details from Mrs E. Album, 47 Lyndale Avenue, London NW2. Tel: 01-431 2942. (BB096) ISLES OF SCILLY. ‘Sea View Moorings’, St Mary’s. Originally a fisherman’s cottage, built of granite with wonderful views across the harbour to the other islands from lounge/dining room and most bedrooms. Now a family run guest house for just 12 people. A varied breakfast menu to suit all tastes — in room drinks^ — radios — full licence — central heating — packed lunches — pets welcome. Also — ‘The Aft Cabin’ two/four persons self-catering flat. At the rear of ‘Sea View Moorings’, southerly facing with balcony. Fully self contained and comfortably appointed. Please telephone Tony or Linda Dingley on 0720 22327. (BB093) EXMOOR. Peaceful s/catering c/heated holiday homes in Natural Trust Village. Marshes, woods and moorland — rich in birdlife. Reduced spring/ autumn terms. Open all year. Stamp to Sheila Wright, Pack Horse, Allerford, nr Minehead. Tel: 0643 862475. (BB062) Churehwood Valley * Vaned Birds and Wildlife * Quiet Coastal Country Setting * Comfortable Quality Log Cabins * E.T.B Graded VVVV (Very Good) Free colour brochure: Churehwood, Wembury Bay, Near Plymouth, Devon PL9 0DZ. Telephone: (0752) 862382 (24 hr) FARM COTTAGES between Holy Island. The Fames and Cheviots. Comfortable, well equip- ped. Mrs Nixon, Swinhoe, Belford, Northumber- land. Tel: 066 83 370. (BB119) WELLS, NORFOLK. The Cobblers’ Guest House. Central heating, H&C, tea and coffee facilities and TV’s in all rooms. Tel: (0328) 710155. (BB125) OLD HUNSTANTON, NORFOLK. Overlook- ing the Wash. Fully equipped holiday cottages, col TV’, gas CH. Close beach, available all year. Mrs Lindsay, 4 Marks Road, Warlingham, Sur- rey CR3 9SH. Tel: Upper Warlingham (0883) 622013. (BB127) WEYMOUTH. Birchfields Licensed Guest House, close to RSPB reserves. BB from £10. Evening meal optional. Ideal winter/spring breaks. Parties welcome. For details phone 0305 773255. (BB134) xvi t To Advertise phone 0621 815085 YORKSHIRE DALES (Grassington) BB&EM. Idyllic riverside cottage, home cooking, private fishing. Parking. Bird watching courses. Bridge- End-Farm, Threshfield BD23 5NH. Tel: 0756 752463. (BB186) VISIT BEMPTON and Flamborough Head for the best in sea bird watching. Spring and A migs. S breeding. Stay at the Flaneburg Hotel, Flam- borough. BB from £15. Full restaurant facilities. Tel: (0262) 850284. (BB187) NORFOLK, CLEY-NEXT-SEA 1 MILE. Flint- stones Guest House, Wiveton Holt. Full C/H, H&C, tea/coffee making facs. Col TV all rooms. Evening meal optional. Open nearly all year. Please ring for brochure. Sorry' No Smoking. Tel: 0263 740337. ' (BB191) EXMOOR for country and animal lovers. Farm- house accommodation, bed and breakfast and evening meal, or self-catering cottage. Details from: F’rench, Brendon Barton, Lynton, Devon. Tel: 059 87 201. (BB194) SLAPTON — Well equipped, self-contained wing/bungalow in Zi acre. Sleeps 4-6. Sea view. Beautiful beaches. Nature reserve. Dartmouth 7 miles. Pets welcome. From £80. Tel: (0548) 580952 for brochure, SAE ‘Hillcrest’, Wood Lane, Slapton, Kingsbridge, Devon. (BB202) IRELAND IRISH COTTAGE. Magnificent situation on Dingle peninsula, Kerry'. Sea and mountain birds, unspoilt beaches, countryside full of flow- ers, quietness. Mod cons, sleeps 4, £85-£140 weekly plus electricity. Gerrards Cross (0753) 883082. (BB162) SCOTLAND — 7- 1 1 ~ - ■ — THE HOTEL, Isle of Colonsay, Argyll PA61 7YP. Demi-pension (Private bath) from £38.00. Details, brochures, map (bird list on request). Tel: 09512 316. (BB945) ISLE OF ISLAY, Lochside Hotel. Situated on the edge of Loch Indaal. Birdwatching all the year round. Superb 2 star accommodation with full central heating. All rooms have private bathroom or shower with wash hand basin, colour TV, radio, telephone & tea/coffee making facilities. Fully licensed. Brochure & tariff from proprietor Mrs Eileen McNab, Lochside Hotel, Bowmore, Isle of Islay, Argyll PA43 7LB. Tel: Bowmore (049-681) 244/265. (BB114) BOAT OF GARTEN — small farmhouse sleeps 6. River Spey 5 mins walk. £ 1 20-£ 1 85 pw. Modernised, double glazed. Pets welcome. Panoramic views. Cottage Care, Ballentomb, Dulnain Bridge, Grantown on Spey. Tel: 047 985 322. ' (BBI63) OSPREY VISITORS to Loch Garten + Aber- nethy? Locheil GH offers BB: £8.50; DBB: £13.50; or self-eater cottage (sleeps 6) rental £17 nightly, and chalet (sleeps 4) £14 nightly. For details + 150 birdlist, walks, slide-talks etc, write: Locheil, Boat of Garten, Inverness-shire. Tel: 047 983 603. (BBI80) ELLARY ESTATE— MOST ATTRACTIVE choice of self-catering cottages and chalets situated on the shores of Loch Caolisport. While you are at Ellary you are free to go wherever you please. Therb are hill walks, many lochs and bums where you can fish, numerous wildlife, birds, flowers, etc. The perfect location for the true country lover. For full colour brochure please write to: The Booking Office, Ellary 7, Lochgilphead, Argyll PA31 8PA. Tel: 08808 232/ 209 or 054685 223. (BB182) ISLE OF ISLAY, HEBRIDES. Five superbly equipped cottages, open throughout year. Per- fect situation with views, minutes to charming village. Short drive to R.S.P.B. reserve at Gruinart. Brochure: Mrs Sarah Roy, Lorgba Holiday Cottages, Port Charlotte, Isle of Islay, Argyll. Tel: 049 685/208. (BB183) ALL OVER SCOTLAND. Comfortable cot- tages and chalets in attractive locations through- out Scotland. Stamp please for free 64-page colour brochure. Holiday Cottages (Scotland) Ltd, Lilliesleaf, Melrose, Roxburghshire TD6 9JD. Tel: 08357 481. (BB979) ISLE OF ISLAY, Bowmore overlooking Lochin- daal. Modem self-catering flats, fully equipped inch linen, TV/video etc. Sleeps 4-6. D. & J. Christie, Bowmore, Isle of Islay. Tel: 049 681353. (BB106) ISLE OF MULL. Come to this beautiful island for birdwatching, hill walking, fishing, touring. Comfortable Guest House. Good food. Mrs Isobel Adam, “Cuilgown”, Salen. Tel: 0680 300 386. (BB172) SPEY VALLEY, beautiful secluded informal country' hotel, 2 miles from village of Cambridge. Excellent Birdwatching amidst Moorland, Forest, River and Lochs. Home cooking, full central heating, drying room. Ospreys and Crested Tits local. Hotel geared to Birdwatchers and their families. Terms £1 10.00 per week D/B/ B. Brochure from Maureen Taulbut, The Old Manse Hotel, Carrbridge, Inverness-shire. Tel: 047 984 278. A warm welcome guaranteed. (BB133) SEE PUFFINS, skuas, seals and a lot more. Private boat takes you among otherwise inaces- sible colonies. A nature-lover’s dream. Full board in castle, or stay in self-catering cottages. Send for details: Balfour Castle, Shapinsay, Orkney. Tel: 085 671 282 ' (BB139) GALLOWAY. Hills, lochs, forests and sea. Speciality, birds of prey and waterfowl. High quality self-catering houses, cottages, flats. De- tails G. M. Thomson & Co, 27 King Street, Castle Douglas. 0556 2973. (BB084) ARGYLL COAST. Simple traditional cottages on quiet estate. Nature conservancy S.S.S.I. Otters, wildcats, deer, seals and much birdlife in varied habitats. Beautiful sandy beaches and miles of unspoiled shore. Use of dinghy. Sorry no dogs. Mrs Maclean Ardpatrick, Tarbert, Argyll PA29 6YA.Tel: (08802) 608. (BB149) xviii ISLE OF ISLAY. Comfortable, fully equipped cottages sleeping 6 near Port Askaig ferry terminal. Details from Mrs Aitchison, Caolila, Port Askaig, Isle of Islay. Tel: 049 684 g27. (BB082) ISLE OF MULL. A stable converted into 2 warm comfortable flats. Frachadil Farm, Cal- gary. Tel: 068 84 265 or (0573) 24852. (BB 1 24) WALES RED KITE COUNTRY— Tregaron— Guest- House standing in 22 acres, overlooking the Cambrian Mountains and on the doorstep of the Cors Caron Nature Reserve. Central for Dinas and 5 nvs-hir RSPB reserves. Parties welcome. M I B — 3 crowns. For brochure, phone Margaret Cutter, 0974 298380 or 298905. (BB097) ANGLESEY. Superb beachside hotel with mag- nificent views. Ideal centre for bird watchers and botanists in area noted for its lakes, reserves and coastline of outstanding beauty. Come to ‘High- ground’ AA/RAC listed, licensed, for warm welcome, excellent food and accommodation. Brochure: Mrs Karen Hayter, Highground, Ravenspoint Road, Trearddur Bay, Gwynedd LL65 2YY. Tel: 0407 860078. (BBI95) ABERGYNOLWYN - MEIRIONNYDD. Peaceful, scenic area near Cader Idris. Bird watchers/walkers paradise - Red Kites, Buz- zards, Cormorants. Homely, good food, C/H, H&C, beverage facilities, reductions OAPs/ children (16 yrs), dogs welcome. Mini breaks/ weekly terms. B&B £9/£12, EM £4. Riverside Guest House. Tel: 0654 77235. (BBI96) PEMBROKESHIRE. Puncheston Cottage Holidays. Comfortable self catering accommo- dation. Deal direct with on site owners. Prop- rietor Doreen Tail, Church Farmhouse, Pun- cheston, Haverfordwest, Dyfed SA62 5RN. Tel: (0348)881429. (BB197) DISCOVER THE TEEMING BIRD LIFE in this beautiful county. Dale Estuary, Skorner Island among many riches. Large beachside hotel, heart of National Park. Superb views, ever)' comfort, home-cooked cuisine, from £17 B&B, en-suite. Pets welcome. AA and RAC listed. Brochure and sight sheet. Broad Haven Hotel, nr Haverfordwest. Pembrokeshire SA6‘2 3JN. Tel: 0437 781366. (BB029) YSBYTTY YSTWYTH, secluded cottage, 4/5, kite country, all year. Brochure 021-744 1947. (BB104) OVERSEAS ANDORRA. Pyrenees. Superb scenery. Plenty of sunshine. Ski-ing in winter, walking in moun- tains and watching nature all year round. Small friendly hotel, excellent cooking. Brochure: Hotel Residencia Relax, Carrer Bella-vista 8. Encamp, Andorra. Tel: 010 33 628 32547. (BB998) BED AND BREAKFAST for Birdwatchers near the Oostvaarders plassen, Z. Fleveland in the Netherlands. FI. 30. — a night P.P. Address: E. Oosterbeek. Bosgouw 267. 1352 G X Almere. Tel: (0)3240-14407. (BB200) NATURAL BREAK HOUDAYS / 990 Guided Birdwatching Tours N. INDIA -February PORTUGAL - Algarve: April SPAIN -Andalucia: May U.S.A. -Florida: Nov/Dec Write (0: 32 Coronation Rd. Mapperley Nottingham NG3 5JS (BB063) or Telephone: (0602)602587 OMAN — The Ornithologist's Dream! A coun- try remarkable for its birds. Oman is at the crossroads between Afrotropical, Oriental and Palearctic Regions. Birdwatchers Tours: depart- ing 17 January 1990, 17 Februarv 1990. 17 March 1990. Contact: Travelwizz. 89a High Street, Teddington. Middx TAV1 1 8HG. T el: 01- 977 2887. (BB178) / ' \ / Great price! Great birdrng! W ^ — oreat run: Bharatpur INDIA 18-27 Jan 1990 10 days £850 Eilat ISRAEL 14-28 March 1990 1 or 2 weeks from £369 flic Sunbirder concept ia a welcome innovation: each dav filled with delights" Birduntching July 1989 Details, birdlist and booking form: SUNBIRDER, Box 76C, Sandy, V Beds SG19 IDF. Tel: 0767 82969 J (BBI84) SHERINGHAM — Ideal venue for birdwatch- ers. Purpose-built Centre set in 80 acres of grass and woodland next to Pretty Comer. Accommo- dation for individuals or groups. Expert gui- dance available for all abilities. Weekends and short breaks from September-April. Full details — Hilltop Outdoor Centre, Old Wood. Beeston Regis. Sheringham. 0263 824514.(BB098) BIRD WA TCHING HO LI DA YS Turkey, Greece, Hungary, Israel Israel— 28 Dec and 18 March 1990 Hungary — May and Sept. Turkey— May, Aug., Sept. All tours with expert leaders. Small groups, and prices fully inclusive. Details available from CHRIS L. SLADE, 8 The Grange. Elmdon Park, Solihull. West Midlands B92 9EL Tel: 021-742 5420/021-705 5535 (BB103) LAKE ICHKEUL & the SAHARA FRINGES March 17th-27th £430 f.inc. Our speciality tour that has recorded over 220 species, and is the best value bird tour on the market. Lists available. April 8-15 CRETE £388 Jersey £140 Brittany £140 West Turkey £425 Nth Sc Central Turkey £675 East Turkey £695 Alps. Pyrenees, Orkneys, Trinidad Tours include Flight, Full Board in Hotels, Coach and Leader. Full details from: PINGRUM NATUREWATCH TOURS 11 Market Square, Aylesbury, Bucks HP20 1TJ Tel: 0296 394404 (BB166) BIRDWATCHING Goa Peninsula, India. Leader P. Heath. Impressive tropical list. 11th March £780.00. 11th November £820.00. Two weeks. Write for details stating Goa — Activity Holidays, 5 Sheepmarket, Stamford, Lines. PE9 2RB. (BB081) Visiting AUSTRALIA? Coming to Sydney on holidays or business? Guided day and half-day trips for birdwatchers. Specialising in individuals and small groups. If you have special needs then let us know. Enquiries to: Mr R. L. Morrow Babbler Bird Excursions 2 Wentworth St, Randwick 2031 NSW, Australia (BB933) SKOKHOLM, remote island off Pembrokeshire coast. Thousands of seabirds, migrants, rare visitors. Seawatching. SAE Dept BB, DWT, 7 Market Street, Haverfordwest, Dyfed SA61 INF. Tel: (0437) 5462. ' (BB828) MORECAMBE BAY near LEIGHTON MOSS Shorelines; waders galore; bright skies. Pere- grine causing chaos. Valley woods, reedbeds, all near. Castle Head Field Centre, Grange-o- Sands, Cumbria (04484-4300). (BB167) SEAWATCHING HO U DAYS seba Designed for seawatchers Seabird Slides; Seawatchers Network Seawatching Breaks & Pelagics DETAILS ON REQUEST Ian McNamee, West Lodge, Puddington, Cheshire L64 5ST Tel: 051-336 8441 (BB121) WILDLIFE HO LI DA YS NAMIBIA: 15th March Etosha Pan, the Namib Desert, Kalahari Gemsbok NP 3-weeks All Inclu- sive £1770. Zimbabwe/Botswana: 6th July Hwange NP, Victoria Falls, Okavango Delta, Chobe NP 3-weeks All Inclusive £2125. ADVEN- TURE AFRICA, The Square, Ramsbury, Wilt- shire. Tel: 0672 20569. (BB080) SOUTH SPAIN. Discover the raptors of Graza- lema and the waders of Donana. Local experts with English interpreter and escort. 4-18 March (1 or 2 weeks); other mountain holidays all year. Benamonarda. 6 Kipling Place, Eaton Ford, Cambs PE193RG.Tel: (0480) 212540. (BB164) BIRDWATCHING TOURS No 3 - Caspian Snowcock "We awoke to the sound of their weird bubbling calls echoing around the mountainside. From a nearby vantage point we watched as they whistled past us on flashing white wings to feed just below us..." To share such intimate encounters with birds in Europe, Morocco or Turkey, just ring (0742) 334171 and ask for our latest brochure. GOS 109 Hammerton Road. Sheffield S6 2NE (BB169) NATURE BREAKS LOSEHILL HALL NATURE BREAKS 1990 A ■nrrraiu Mosses & Liverworts 20-22 Apr Amphibians & Reptiles 20-22 Apr Wildflowers 8- 10 Jun Nature Photography 25-27 Jun Looking at Grasses 13- 15 Jul Nature Walks 5- 12 Aug ALSO for '90 Botanical Illustration, Introduction to Birdsong. . and others. Further details ($.a.e. please) from - Peter Townsend. Principal. Peak National Park Study Centre. Losehill Hall. Castleton Derbyshire S30 2WB Tel: Hope Valley (0433) 20373 (BB168) HOLIDAY EXCHANGE EAST COAST FLORIDA, USA Birdwatching American and British wife seek a couple or small family to exchange homes for any month between 1 Oct 1990 and end Feb 1991 in any interesting birdwatching location in UK. (Also interested in exchanging automobile). Large three bedroom home, completely furnished — three miles from super Atlantic Ocean beaches. Merritt Island and Loxahatchec National Wildlife Refuges within 100 miles (2 hours drive), as is Disney World. Local “birders” will assist and can arrange participation in local Audubon Christmas Bird Count. Please write: J. CL Taylor, 2836 Pot ilia Ave, Vero Beach, Florida 32960, USA. (BB177) NEW CONFERENCES THE \’FW DORSET BIRD CU R & BRITISH TRUST FOR ORNITHOLOGY invite you to learn more about Dorset's birds and their connection with Iberia and Siberia by attending a one-day conference at Poole Arts Centre on 24th March 1990 Programme: ‘Bird Studies by the R Stour’, Studies of Hartford Warblers’, Ringing Studies in Christchurch Har- bour’, ‘Radio-tagging and Nightjar Studies in Wareham Forest’, ‘The Iberian Connection* & “Siberian Summer' speakers include Chris Mead of B IO, also THE CHAIR- MAN’S MYSTERY BIRD COMPETITION involving teams from local and national organisations — 1st prize £100. For further details send SAE to I)r G. P. Green, 20 Paget Close. Wimbome, Dorset BH21 2SW. Tickets £12 incl lunch. £6excllunch. (BB176) POSTAL BOOK SERVICE SUBBUTEO NATURAL HISTORY BOOKS ltd COMPLETE WILDLIFE AND TRAVEL SPECIALISTS ALL BOOKS POSTAGE FREE Over 1 000 titles covering all natural history subjects + Checklists, UK and World Travel Books + Maps Send tor tree comprehensive catalogue DEPT BB, FFORDD-Y-LLAN, TREUDDYN, MOLD, CLWYD, CH7 4LN 8 Tel: 0352 770581 (24 hr Answerphone) a SITUATIONS VACANT ASSISTANT WARDEN. Call of Man Bird Observatory, required for 1990 season (mid- March to mid-November). Ringing permit and some experience of mist-netting desirable. Wages £68.00 per week, gross (less national insurance contributions) and accommodation. Further details from The Administrator, Manx Museum and National Trust, Douglas, Isle of Man. Tel: (0624) 75522. (BB146) BIRD REPORTS BIRDS IN CORNWALL 1988’ available priced £3.50 inc. p. & p. from Stanley Christ- ophers, 5 Newquay Road, St Columb Major, Cornwall TR96RW. (BB087) BIRDS OF OXON, 1988. £4 inc p&p. from R. Overall, 30 Hunsdon Road. Iffley, Oxford OX4 4JE. (BB122) HERTFORDSHIRE BIRD REPORT 1988, £3, inc p&p, from L. Smith, 24 Mandeville Rise, Welwyn Garden City. Herts AL8 7JU. (BB192) PERSONAL BIRDING CANADA or United States? For info, checklists, etc., write Dunnock 2409 Speyside, Dr., Mississauga, Ontaria, Canada L5KIX5. (BB086) HENRY SOTHERAN LTD London 's leading ornithological booksellers We have moved back into a newly- refurbished section within our main shop, in Sackville Street where we are now' displaying our enormous range of new and secondhand books and reports on birds and natural history Monday to Friday 9.30 am-6 pm Saturday 10 am-2 pm Mail-order catalogue available Now available: A BIRDER’S GUIDE TO COSTA RICA An Introduction to Bird Finding; A Self-Made Tour for the Independent Birder. By K. Taylor. A4 size, 153 pages, illustrated with maps and drawings. Paperback. £14 plus £1.50 postage. Available from: HENRY SOTHERAN LTD 2 Sackville Street, Piccadilly, London W1X 2DP Tel: 01-439 6151 (BB150) REGULAR CATALOGUES of secondhand Natural History, Countryside, Ecology books sent on request. Little Holcombe Books, 52 Bridge Street, Ramsbottom, Bury, Lancashire BL09AQ. Tel: 070682 5322. (BBI 71 ) BOOKS ORNITHOLIDAYS GUIDES in the Let’s look at . . .’ series, Majorca, SW Spain. The Camargue, Montenegro. Ethiopia, Eastern Austria, South Morocco, North East Greece, Vancouver and The Rockies, Sri Lanka. Lapland and Arctic Norway. The Gambia, North West Turkey and Northern India, £3.00 per copy and Australia £3.50 per copy. Ornitholidays, 1-3 Victoria Drive, Bognor Regis, Sussex P021 2PW. (BBS 15) BIRD BOOKS, BB Mags. N Nats bought and sold. Lists from D. J. Low, 25 Heatherways, Freshfield, Liverpool L37 7HI.. Tel: 07048 71115. (BB185) BOOKS ON BIRDS, MAMMALS, ETC., BOUGHT & SOLD. Also Field Sports. Big Game, Travel, Science, the Arts, etc. Catalogues issued. David Grayling, Crosby Ravensworth, Penrith, Cumbria C.A10 3JP. 09315 282. (BB135) BOOK ON BIRDS. New and secondhand catalogue 30p stamps. Surplus books urgently sought. BB bought and sold. Open Monday to Saturday. Grant Demar, Old Forge, Stone Street, Sevenoaks, Kent TNT 5 01. P. Tel: 0732 810482. (BB028) BIRDWATCHING IN CRETE 2nd ed. £3.00 inc. p.&p. Stephanie Coghlan. 25 Thorpe Lane. Huddersfield HD5 8TA. (BB095) The original BIRDWATCHERS LOGBOOK The most concise way to record your observations. Monthly, annual and life columns for 762 species, plus 1 59 diary pages. Send £5.50 to: Coxton Publications, 3 Eastwood, Beverley Rd, Walkington, ™ Beverley, N. Humberside HU17 8RP m Brambling Books The completely new mail order book shop for birdwatchers run by birdwatchers All books sent post free ^ (*) Free Catalogue on Request — Enquiries phone: 0642 603353 £ Brambling Books, 23 Ludham Grove, Stockton-on-Tees, Cleveland TS19 OXH ‘BIRD BOOKS’. Good secondhand books bought and sold. Free catalogue from, and offers to Briant Books, 94 Quarry Lane, Kelsall, Tarporley, Cheshire CW6 ONJ. Tel: 0829 51804. (BB055) FOR SALE FOR SALE — Individual BB subscribers can advertise here FREE (up to 30 words , selling a single item, e.g. binocular, book, set of journals). Quote your BB Ref. No. and address envelope to ‘ Free BB Advertising’. (BB753) TRIMMI BOGTROTTERS 34-39 £19.50, 40- 46 £22.00. Hawkins boots, Dr Marten shoes. B. Timson, 1 1 1 Hinckley Road, Earl Shilton, Leicester. (BB046) BIRD JOURNAL BACKNUMBERS SUP- PLIED. (BB. Bird study, County Reports, etc.), David Morgan, Whitmore, Umberleigh, Devon. (BB064) ‘BIRDCATCHER’ Program for recording bird sightings on Amstrad PC/PCW computers. State computer model. £15 or SAF, for details. Davis & Makohon, 12 St Mary’s Close, Albrighton, Wolverhampton WV7 3F.G. (BB 1 23) OPTICRON. Piccolo telescope 15 X 60 zoom, £95. Tel: 0638 741 741. (BB152) MARSHALL CAVENDISH ‘ The Photo’, com- plete in 98 issues bound in 7 vols. Superb condition. King with offers. Tel: 0733 243095 (evenings). (BB151) HABICHT 10 x 40 binoculars, excellent condi- tion, £170. Tel: 0235 35720. Evenings. (BB 1 75) BWP VOLS I-V, offers please. Tel: 0235 35720. Evenings. (BB174) SLIK D2 TRIPOD. Very good condition. £49. Battson. Tel: 0457 62876. ( BB 1 73) BAXTER AND RINTOUL, ‘The Birds of Scotland’, 1953, in two volumes. Offers to 0603 250061. (BB155) SLIK 67 TRIPOD £50 ono or exchange for good condition. Slik D2. Tel: (0623) Mansfield 810284. (BB154) PARABOLIC REFLECTOR specially de- signed for recording birdsong. Hand or tripod mounting. £35 incl p&p. SAE details, Richard Margoschis, 80 Mancetter Road, Atherstone CV91NH. (BB170) HERTEL AND REUSS telescope 25-60 x 60 with leather case. Good condition. Tel: 0780 51268 (evenings). ( BB 181) OPTICRON HIDE MOUNT, as new in origi- nal box. £20. Tel: Basingstoke 0256 780028 evenings. (BB 161) BIRD NOTES (RSPB), Vols 23-31 (Winters 1947 to 1965) complete. Vols 23-24 bound, rest in 61 parts as issued. Excellent condition. Any offers? Graham Bell, Fame View, Bamburgh, Northumberland. Tel: 06684 232. (BB160) BRITISH BIRDS. Volumes 57-67 (1964-1974). Bound and complete with index, excellent con- dition. £10 each or £100 the set. Southampton area. Tel: 0794 5 12945. (BB159) BWP Vols I-V. Mint condition. Best offer over £225 plus postage. Tel: 01-385 1244 ext 2205 (day), 0225 466353. (BB158) BAUSCH AND LOMB Discoverer 15-60 x 60 telescope, with hard black leather case and photo adapter. Ideal for birdwatching, very good condition. For quick sale £140. Tel: Nazeing 3623. (BB157) BIRD LENS— Hoya HMC 400mm 5.6, internal focus, multi-coated. Nikon A1 fitting. Very good condition. Sharp and compact. £69. Tel: 01-650 9097 (David). (BB156) BWP 1-4. £200. Tel: 05394 33788. (BB188) BANNERMAN: Birds of West and Equitorial Africa (2 vols). Very good condition with dust- jackets. £60 ono. Contact: T. Grimshaw, Pringle Cottage, Birchover, Matlock, Derbyshire I)E4 2BN. Tel: 062988 784. (BB190) ORNITH SOC MIDDLE EAST: Sandgrou.se 1- 10; Bulletin 10-22. Mint. £20 incl post. From Doncaster & Dist Omith Soc, c/o M. Limbert, 23 Brockenhurst Road, Hatfield, Doncaster DN7 6SH. (BB193) TAMRON 500mm Mirror Lens, Olympus bayonet fitting, condition as new £100 ono. Tel: 02912 6008. (BB201 ) BB BACKNUMBERS: Vol 71-4, Vol 72-4 and 9, Vol 74-1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, Vol 77-3. OfTers: Vandegehuchte Marnix, Aannemersstraat 182, 91 10 Gent, Belgium. Tel: 091 280453. (BB203) WANTED WANTED. Birds of the Mediterranean and Alps — Larsjonsson. Tel: 080425 622. (BB 153) WANTED - Nightjar slides, all species for library and lectures. Nigel Cleere 0635 38092. (BB189) FIELD GUIDES to Birds of Java and Bali by John Mackinnon. Tel: 0752 880566 (evenings). (BB198) THE BIRD FAUNAS of Africa and its Islands, by R. F.. Moreau, 1966. Tel: 0424 752878. (BB199) University Microfilms International University Microfilms International reproduces this publication in microform: micro- fiche and 16mm or 35mm film. For information about this publication or any of the more than 13.000 titles we offer, complete and mail the coupon to: University Microfilms International. 300 N. Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, MI 48106. Call us toll-free for an immediate response: 800-521-3044. Or call collect in Michigan, Alaska and Hawaii: 313-761-4700. ThiS . publication is available in microform. (D525) British Birds Volume 83 Number 1 January 1990 1 Habitat of Slender-billed Curlews in Morocco Drs. Amoud B. van den Berg 8 European news 18 Obituary Sir Peter Scott CH CBE DSC FRS (1909-1989) Dr M. A. Ogilvie 20 Mystery photographs 150 Imperial Eagle Iain Robertson Notes 22 Partial albinism of Manx Shearwaters Norman Elkins; D. S. Flumm; Keith Verrall 23 Underwing of Wigeon J. B. Kemp 23 Hen Harriers roosting in oil-seed rape Peter Hadrill 23 Lesser Spotted Woodpecker extracting larvae from apples S. W. M. Hughes 24 Swallows destroying House Martins’ nests D. R. Coan 24 Birds singing in fields of oil-seed rape and other crops A. D. Bradbury; E. C. Brett; Dai* Daniels; J. Fitzpatrick; Bob Image; ft’. G. Johnson; M. G. Pennington; Harry Vilkaitis; R. B. Warren 27 Fieldwork action BTO/IWC news Announcements 27 Send in your 1989 records now 27 Free subscriptions for County/Regional Recorders 27 Free advertising for subscribers 27 Why order books from British BirdShop? 27 Bird Photograph of the Year 28 Best recent black-and-white bird-photographs 28 Bird Illustrator of the Year 29 The PJC Award 29 The Richard Richardson Awa”d 29 Front cover designs for sale 30 Photographs and drawings may be for sale 30 Books in British BirdShop 30 Seventy-five years ago . . . Reviews 30 ‘Handbuch der Vogel der Sowjetunion. Band 4. Galliformes, Gruiformes’ edited by R. L. Potapov and V’. E. Flint David A. Christie 31 ‘Iatvian Breeding Bird Atlas 1980-1984’ byj. Priednieks, M. Strazds, A. Strazds and A. Petrins, edited by J. Viksnes Dr J. T. R. Sharrock 31 ‘A Bird Artist in Scotland’ by Donald Watson Alan Harris 32 Short reviews 36 News and comment Robin Prytherch and Mike Everett 38 County, regional and bird observatory recorders in Britain and Ireland 41 Monthly marathon 42 Seasonal reports 42 Recent reports Barry Nightingale a.'d Anthony McGeehan Line-drawings: 1 Slender-billed Curlews (Jan Wilczur) ; 29 Richard Richardson (Bryan Bland) Front cover: Fieldfare (Tony Bellars): the original drawing of this month's cover design, measuring 18.6 X 20.8 cm, is for sale in a postal auction (see page 29 for procedure) oritish Birds Ifl il|| luftli-: i ni? mMB jT®frw L uA V jpl Vo, . i British Birds Managing Editor Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Personal Assistant Sheila D. Cobban Assistant Editor David A. Christie Editorial Board Dr R. J. Chandler, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, R. J. Prytherch 8c Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Photographic Consultants Dr R. J. Chandler 8c Don Smith Art Consultants Robert Gillmor 8c Alan Harris Rarities Committee P. G. Lansdown (Chairman), D. J. Britton, Alan Brown, A. R. Dean, S. J. M. Gantlett, C. D. R. Heard, R. A. Hume, J. H. Marchant, I. S. Robertson 8c K. E. Vinicombe; Peter Colston (Museum Consultant & Archivist); Michael J. Rogers (Honorary Secretary) Notes Panels BEHAVIOUR Dr C. J. Bibby, Dr J. J. M. Flegg, Derek Goodwin, Dr I. Newton, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, Dr J. T. R. Sharrock 8c Dr K. E. L. Simmons; IDENTIFICATION Dr R. J. Chandler, A. R. Dean, T. P. Inskipp, P. G. Lansdown, S. C. Madge 8c Dr J. T. R. Sharrock ‘British Birds’ is published by a non-profit-making company for the benefit of ornithology © British Birds I. id 1990 Copyright of photographs remains with photographers. British Birds is published monthly by British Birds Ltd, 93 High Street, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire ISSN 0007-0335 Publishing Manager, Production & Promotion Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Circulation Manager Erika Sharrock Design Deborah Felts Advertising Sandra Barnes Addresses Please keep correspondence on different items separate. Please address your envelope correctly. Please supply SAL, if reply required. Papers, notes, letters, drawings & photographs for publication Dr J. T. R. Sharrock, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ Subscriptions and orders for back copies Mrs Erika Sharrock, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ Advertising Mrs Sandra Barnes, BB Advertising, c/o Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK+4 3NJ. Phone: Tiptree (0621) 815085 Bird news for ‘Seasonal reports’ Barr)' Nightingale & Keith Allsopp, c/o 7 Bloomsbury Close, Woburn, Bedfordshire MK17 9QS. Phone: Woburn (0525) 290314 (evenings); Luton (0582) 490049 (office hours) News items for ‘News and comment ’ Mike Everett & Robin Prytherch, 7 Burlington Way, Hemingford Grey, Huntingdon PF.18 9BS Rarity descriptions M.J. Rogers, Bag End, Churchtown, Towednack, Cornwall TR26 3A7. Special book and sound recording offers British BirdShop, NHBS, 2 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5XN. Phone: Totnes (0803) 865913 Annual subscriptions (12 issues and index) Libraries and agencies £34.90, IR£42.35 or S69.00. Personal subscriptions: UK, Europe and surface mail £28.40, 1R£34.80 or $54.00; personal: ainnail outside Europe £47.60, IR£58.35 or $94.00. Single back copies £3.60, IR£4.50 or $7.00. Make all cheques payable to British Birds Ltd. Payment may also be made direcdy into UK Post Office GIRO account number 37 588 6303. British Birds publishes material dealing with original observations on the birds of the West Palearctic. Except for records of rarities, papers and notes are normally accepted only on condition that material is not being offered in whole or in part to any other journal. Photographs and sketches are welcomed. Papers should be typewritten with double spacing, and wide margins, and on one side of the sheet only. Authors should carefully consult this issue for style of presentation, especially of references and tables. English and scientific names and sequences of birds follow The ‘British Birds’ List of Birds of the Western Palearctic (1984): names of plants follow Dony et ai (1980. English Names of Wild Flowers); names of mammals follow Corbet & Southern ( 1977. The Handbook of British Mammals). Typographical (plumage and structure) and ageing terminology should follow editorial recommendations (Brit. Birds 74: 239-242; 78: 419-427; 80: 502). Figures should be in Indian ink on good-quality tracing paper, drawing paper, non-absorbent board or light blue or very pale grey graph paper; lettering should be inserted lightly in pencil; captions should be typed on a separate sheet. Authors of main papers (but not notes or letters) receive ten free copies of the journal (five each to two or more authors). Printed m Englond by Newnorth Print Limited, Kempslon. Bedford BR5TISH MUSEUM (NATURAL Hi- i JRY) in focus OPEN Mon-Sat, 9-6 (24-hour phone) CORPORATE MEMBER 204 HIGH STREET BARNET, HERTS. EN5 5SZ 01-449 1445 01-441 7748 THE BINOCULAR AND TELESCOPE SPECIALISTS LEMSFORD SPRINGS FIELD DAYS SATURDAY DATES 17 MAR 21 APR 19 MAY ne ideal opportunity to test, compare and jrchase our luH range ol equipment at this • impact well managed Herts & Middx wildlife M6 serve near Welwyn Garden City, Herts mple parking outside the Reserve gate From • ere visitors should make their way to our e eception where our technical stall will help - id advise Viewing from two private hides K none In focus' tor details and directions REGIONAL WEEKENDS SPRING ’90 RSPB BLACKTOFTS SANDS, HUMBERSIDE SATURDAY 12 AND SUNDAY 13 MAY RSPB DUNGENESS, KENT SATURDAY 28 AND SUNDAY 29 APRIL CHEW VALLEY LAKE, AVON SATURDAY 24 AND SUNDAY 25 MARCH The ideal way to test optics from pirdwatching is to look at Birds' These Field Weekends at well known Reserves around the country will enable our customers to choose and select from our complete range of equipment under field conditions You are invited to apply m writing or by phone tor an invitation and information pack to any o< the above events indicating your preferred day and time o t attendance Preference will be given to visitors with an invitation ‘in focus' in NORFOLK at Bnarftelds Hotel. Trtchweii WEEKEND DATES 3-4 MAR 7-6 APR 5-6 MAY Open 9-4 SAT AND SUN With me kmd co-oper aton ol 8nart«tds Hotel In focus are able to offer visitors and res* dents of me North Nortolk coast me opportunity to test compare and purchase from our full range of equipment The In focus' marquee writ be situated at me rear of me hotel complex with spienck) views over the adjacent RSPB Reserve For further information and directions contact In focus ; !EISSWEST ; ialyt8 ■ 20B , nalyt 10 ■ 25B : MalytB • 20BGA ! nafyt 8 • 30BGAT [ nalyt 7 • 42BGAT [ nalyl 10 * 40BT alyl 10 • 40BGAT *alyl8 * 56BGAT K ccessones Li camguard i anyard anyard Wide ye cups (set) ye cups, hard (set) ' pare case for 10 * 40 MXDLERBLICK 42B 0 x 42B Ox 50B x 42 BMC 0 x 42 B MC Ox 50BMC e 21500 225 00 245 00 Phone Phone Phone Phone Phone 500 4 00 9 95 1000 1000 26 00 £ 99 00 99 00 129 00 169 00 179 00 198 00 >«WIFT £ nton 8 « 40 89 95 •nton 10 * 50 99 95 -Osprey 7.5x42 149 00 l ,udubon8 5 x 44 199 00 k - iudubon 7 x 35 BG A 329 00 t/ELBON £ ictory 480 c w fluid head 59 95 >p .tratos 480 c w lluid head 69 95 ) R System 8 95 v .pare platform 3 95 * 1IKON £ X 20 74.95 x 25 79.95 x 23 84 95 0 x 25 . 89 95 x 20 Root Prism 1 34 95 Ox 25 Roof Prism 149 95 x 30 Roof Prism 249 00 -30ZCF 199 00 0 x 35ZCF 219 00 x -12 * 24 DCF 329 00 * 40 DCF 53900 k 0 * 60 F.eldscope II 289 00 0 x 60 FiekJscope II Ed 499 00 1 0 x -45 * Fieldscope II Ed 569 00 ye piece case 9 95 lubber hood 9 95 * 1 C tiller Hoya 19 95 •hoto Adaptor 1 57 00 IUUESTAR £ >eld Model 3 with Broad Band oatmg supplied with 50- 80* 4mm Eye Piece Lens Hood hoto Kit and Case 2240 00 0* -130 « (16mm) 11000 0 * -50 * Eyepiece 1 10 00 Orro Pnsm 1 40 00 SCHENBACH £ 32BGA 129 00 10 x 42 BGA 7 x 50 BGA OPTOLYTH Osins 8 * 40GA Osins 10 x 40GA Alpm 8 x 30BGA Alpin 8 * 40BGA Alpin 10 • 40BGA Alpm 10 ■ 50BGA Touring 8 * 30BGA Touring 7 * 40BGA Touring 10 - 42BGA TBG80 20 * WA 30 X 40- 22 * 60 x Zoom Soft case for scope Hard case for scope OPTICRON Minerva 9 • 35 Minerva 8 * 40 Minerva 10-40 HR7 ■ 42MC HR 8 * 42 MC HR 10 x 42 MC HR 10 • 50 MC Piccolo 60mm HR Body 60mm HR Body 60mm 45 HR Body 60mm GA 20 * 60 * Zoom 22 * WA Classic 1 F 60mm 18 x NA 25* 25HPX 18* -40 • Zoom Classic i F 75mm 22* WA 30 x 30* HP 22 * 47 * Zoom Case for HR Photo Kit One Action Tripod Macro Monocular 8 ■ 20 Observation 20 * 80 Observation 30 * 80 KOWA TSi 601 Body TS2 602 Body 20 ■ WA 20 ■ 60 x Zoom TSN-1 TSN-2 TSN-3 TSN-4 20* WA 20 ■ 60 - Zoom 25* 40* Photo K.l Case tor TSN Case for 601 2 Skua case Spare dust cover (OG) New dust cover eye piece 139 00 149 00 14500 14700 186 00 200 00 205 00 221 00 Phone Phone Phone 320 00 88 00 57 00 58 00 135 00 29 00 35 00 £ 169 00 17000 175 00 138 00 140 00 145 00 155 00 107 00 128 00 150 00 155 00 65 00 30 00 99 00 22 00 22 00 25 00 50 00 11900 22 00 22 00 25 00 50 00 1600 22 00 59 95 49 00 299 00 299 00 179 00 179 00 54 00 94 00 295 00 295 00 555 00 555 00 89 00 139 00 59 00 59 00 99 00 22 50 18 50 39 00 600 1500 BAUSHANDLOMB £ Elite 10 * 42 BGA 699 00 Elites* 42 BGA 699 00 Custom 10 -40B 199 00 Customs * 368 189 00 BUSHNELL Spacemaster Spacemaster GA 1 5 x -45 * xoom 22- WA 25* 40- Photo Kit Case CARL ZEISS JENA Jenopiem 8 ■ 30 Jenoptem 10 • 50 Deltnntem 8 * 30 Dekarem 10 - 50 Notarem 8 * 32B Notarem to ■ 406 Notarem 10 ■ 40BGA Turmom8 * 21 MIRADOR 8 * 428 10 * 42B 10 * SOB Merlin 25 • 60 Merlin 10 ■ 40 * 60 Merlin 30 • 75 Mertin 22 • -47 - 75 Case for Merlin CENTURY Field Model G A 20* -45* Zoom 20* 30*. 40* Eye Pieces (each) Case BRESSER Actions * 40 Action 10 x 50 8 * 42 G A Roof 10 * 42 GA Roof Oont 7 ■ 42 BGA DiontlO * 42 BGA SLIK Master D2 Tnpod Strap CULLMANN Shoulder Pod Q R Head Spare Q R Platform Hide Mount Popular 4561 MANFROTTO Min. PRO 190 Mini PRO 1908 Base 144 Base 144 B 1 28 FKid Head 200 Ex Light Fluid Hd Tnpod Strap Spare Q R Platform Pro Mono Pod £ 130 00 165 00 59 00 30 00 29 00 25 00 1500 £ 44 95 69 95 54 95 88 95 114 95 149 95 199 95 42 95 £ 11000 11400 122 00 97 00 129 00 11900 157 00 16 00 £ 165 00 60 00 20 00 1695 £ 59 95 69 95 11900 11900 179 00 189 00 £ 69 95 695 £ 24 95 995 495 49 95 49 95 £ 35 00 40 00 45 00 50 00 34 95 39 95 995 495 24 95 £500 CYGNUS HOLIDAY VOUCHER TO BE WON EVERY MONTH Each month tor the next s«x months In Focus w*i be gnnng away a C500 Cygnus Holiday Voucher to one o» its kicky customers Ai you need to do « purchase equipment to the value of C100 or more and you wtl automaticatty be entered into our draw Cygnus Bwdwatching HoKJay Venues include Brazil Texas Kenya Gambia Hungary Nepal and many more Wmei December C5O0 Cygnus Hobday Voucher Mr AdOnei Ipswich LEITZ £ Tr.novndB • 20BC 199 00 TnnovKJB ■ 2O0CA 21100 Tnnovid 10 ■ 25BC 21100 TnnovP 10 ■ 2SBCA 223 00 Free case when you purchase a compact Tnnovid 7 * 42BA Phone Tnnovid 8 * 40BA Phone Tnnovid 10 • 40BA Phone Tnnovid 10 ■ 40BAN Phone Accessories Soft case tor compact 14 00 DoftflW 34 00 Rainguard 8 00 Eye cups (sell 1600 HABICHT C Diana 10 ■ 40 Phone PENTAX 8 - 40PCF 99 95 10 * 50PCF 104 95 8 *42 DCF Root 169 95 10 -42 DCF Roof 189 95 ACCESSORIES Car window mount Universal mount Hide mount Ramguard Lanyard Leather Eye Piece Case Cleaning kit Leather Triood Strap Oyster proof pnsms £ 22 00 22 00 39 00 400 400 995 399 1495 carry 1495 BARBOUR £ The best Bnhsh clothing tor the worst British weather Durham Jacket 52 95 32 to 46 Bedale Jacket 28 to 30 45 45 32 to 46 69 95 Gamefair Jacket 78 95 32 to 46 Beaufort Jacket 82 95 32 to 46 Border Jacket 89 95 32 to 46 Northumbria Jacket 91 45 36 to 46 Linings 1 9 45 Hoods ii 45 Send tex colour Barbour catalogue Post FREE on Barbour PERSONAL CALLERS Can choose and select from our comprehensive range of equip ment Compare Ze«ss with Lett? Opfofyth with Kowa Or Nfcon We are a completely independent com pany whose only concern « that our customers select the correct xisfrument tor the* personal needs PHONE ORDERS Oscuss your requirements with our techneal staff and orders placed with Access or Visa Cards witt be despatched same day MAIL ORDER Just add C2 to help towards P4P and insurance and your order w4l be sent the same day as we recede your cheque Aliequpment es supptted on 14 oays approval upon receipt of full renvnance SECONDHAND instruments are always av attabte Turnover is fast so we do not pmt a kst Phone kx ntormatton PART EXCHANGE Top prices pax) lor good COneWon eouipment HOW TO FIND US We are 1 0 nvns from M25 and A i M motorways and 1 5 mms wafc from High Bamef Underground Staton TELESCOPES AND TRIPOD OUTFITS tf you purchase a scope and tnpod at the same tome we can offer you a very speoal pnee' PHONE FOR A QUOTE INTEREST FREE CREDIT ON SELECTED Zeiss. Leitz Kowa and Nikon products Phone or write tor details USA BINOCULARS AND TELESCOPES REPAIRED ON THE PREMISES ID625I 1 ORNITHOLIDAYS 1990 MEMBER OF THE ASSOCIATION OF BRITISH TRAVEL AGENTS Holidays Organised by Birdwatchers for Birdwatchers Twenty-five years’ service to birdwatchers & naturalists Programme will include: Kenya Botswana The Seychelles Venezuela The Galapagos Yellowstone Nat. Park Florida Canada and the Rockies Thailand Nepal Assam and Sikkim Jordan Israel Cyprus N. E. Greece Yugoslavia Turkey Lake Neusiedl The Camargue Andorra S. W. Spain Majorca The Spanish Pyrenees Write or ’phone for a brochure to: LAWRENCE G. HOLLOWAY ORNITHOLIDAYS DEPT. 2, 1-3 VICTORIA DRIVE, BOGNOR REGIS, WEST SUSSEX, P021 2PW Tel: 0243(821230 (D601) ATOL LICENCE No. 743 ABTA 3E FOCALPOINT BINOCULAR & TELESCOPE SPECIALISTS El 1 NEW ITEMS INCLUDE LEITZ BINOCULAR OFFERS FOCALPOINT at the WILDFOWL & WETLANDS TRUST RESERVES at SLIMBRIDGE, GLOUCESTERSHIRE Sunday, 11th February, 1990 and MARTIN MERE, LANCASHIRE Sunday, 25th February, 1990 (both from 10.30 am to 4 pm) The FOCALPOINT team are pleased to be returning to Slimbridge. We shall have all the leading binoculars, telescopes, tripods and accessories for you to try and buy. Guidance on the most suitable instruments for your specific requirements will be provided by Focalpoint's trained staff who are all experienced birdwatchers. The Trust have kindly allowed us to use one of their finest hides in which you will be able to field test instruments under ideal viewing conditions Come and enjoy a great day out! OPTICRON OPTOLYTH ZEISS WEST BUSHNELL BAUSCH & LOMB NIKON ADLERBLICK KOWA MIRADOR LEITZ CENTURY QUESTAR SWAROVSKI AICO DANUBIA CULLMAN SLIK SWIFT SANSEI ZEISS JENA SKUA cases BIRDGUIDES - 1990 Bird tour brochure from Peter Wolstenholme, 31 South Park Road, Gatley, Cheadle, Cheshire. Tel: 061-428 2175 Israel, March - £699 * Majorca, May - £389 c e CD <£) C/5 05 CO & To H 0 ro Z3 : _ - M Qj 5 a> o 82 as 8? y * % Z W Z n 3 uo — £ o -S 1 1 I o y -£= .i Q a 3 D O O QD O GO ¥2 % % w ro 9- . 3s ill 1 9L-a--§ = w ° <§ i a- -J I z w MAIL ORDER TONY & ENID MURPHY Open Mon.-Fri. SPECIALIST P/P & INS FREE' FOCALPOINT 9.30-5.30 14 Cogshall Lane, Comberbach, Sat. 9.30-4.00 REPAIRS & Northwich, Cheshire CW9 6BS Closed Sundays SERVICING Telephone: 0606 891098 (D62i) and Bank Holidays Kay Optical (Est. 1962) 89(B) London Road, Morden, Merton, Surrey. ** Phone: 01-648 8822 £*Mon.-Fri. 9am to 5pm Sat. 9am to 11.30am (Lunchtime 1pm to 2pm) Sales and Repairs of * BINOCULARS, TELESCOPES, TRIPODS, etc. at one of the best centres in the country * Advice and test facilities for a full range of the best equipment. Competitive prices ★ Long-established workshop ★ Callers welcome. ★ Price list and map sent upon request. ★ Phone/mail order service # Bracket prices only while stocks last BINOCULARS ZEISS (West) C 10 x 25 Dialyt Phone 8 x 20 BGA Dialyt Phone 8 x 30 BGAT Dialvt Phone 10 x 40 BGAT (P) Dialyt Phone 7 x 42 BGAT (P) Dialyt Phone 8 x 56 BGAT Dialyt Phone LEICA 8x20Trlnovid 199 8x20BCATrinovid 211 10x25BCTrinovid 211 10x25BCATrinovid 223 7 x 42, 8 x 42, and 10 x 42 - New models awaited. BAUSCH & LOMB 8 x 42 B Elite 669 8x42 BGA Elite 699 10 x 42 B Elite 699 10x42 BGA Elite Phone SWAROVSKI 1 0 x 40 WM Waterproof 34 1 7 x 42 M Waterproof 298 3 x 30 SLC roof prism, water and shock proof OPTOLYTH # 8 x 40 Alpin 10x40 Alpin lOx 50 Alpin 12x50 Alpin 10x40 Touring 302 (200)225 (205)230 (221)243 (225)247 (378)398 BRESSER (Linear) 10 x 40 or 8 x 40 rubber-covered, roof pnsm 120 BRESSER DIORIT 1 0x40 rubber covered 7x42 rubber covered BUSHNELL 8x36 B Custom 1 0x40 B Custom OPTICRON 8x42 HR II 10x42 HR II 10x50 HR II 8x42 Dioptron(HRI) 10 x 42 Dioptron (HRI) 10 x 50 Dioptron (HRI) 9x35 BCF Minerva 8x40 BCF Minerva 10x40 BCF Minerva TELESCOPES NIKON (new models) 20 x 60 Fieldscooe II 20-45 x zoom Fieldscope II 20 x 60 Fieldscope ED II 20-45 x zoom Fieldscope ED II 30 x, 40 x, 60 x eyepiece Camera adaptor (optical) Rubber hood • FREE UV glass filter with each ED scope (while stocks last) KOWA * TSN-1 body (45 ) TSN-2body TSN-3body (45 ) TSN-4body 25 x or 40 x eyepiece 20 x (WA) eyepiece 30 x (WA) eyepiece 20-60 x zoom eyepiece OPTOLYTH * TBS 80 body (45") TBG 80 body (straight) 189 179 189 199 140 145 155 110 110 120 169 170 175 269 333 489 553 75 159 13 (265) 295 (255)295 (495)555 (485)555 59 (79) 89 109 (119)139 (320)350 (320)350 (56)64 OPTICRON 60mm HR body Ditto, with rubber 60mm HR body (45 ) Zoom eyepiece Other eyepieces from CLASSIC IF' (new) 75mm body 60mm body Eyepieces, from Zoom eyepieces CENTURY 60mm. rubber-armoured, with 20x eyepiece and case 30x or 40x eyepiece 20-45x zoom eyepiece GREENKAT 60mm, SGN-3. with angled and straight eyepiece. 20x plus 30x 40x or 50x eyepiece Nylon, padded case SPACEMASTER 60mm body Zoom eyepieces, from Other eyepieces, from NIGHT VISION Infra-red binoculars Ask for details SPERWER CASES Skua II (80mm) Puffin (60mm) TRIPODS (one-hand control) Slik D2 Slik SL 67 Manfrotto MN 144B legs etc Manfrotto MN 190B legs etc Manfrotto MN 200 head Optex 66 Optex 77 Universal clamp Hide clamp, new type Car window mount TB eyepieces from PACKAGE DEALS: Special prices are given in many cases where a combination of goods are bought * REPAIRS carried out in our own workshops C 128 155 150 65 20 119 99 22 50 170 20 52 187 15 155 65 20 39 38 73 105 54 43 40 60 70 38 40 25 'KAY OPTICAL will be at the Information Centre of the renowned PAGHAM HARBOUR LOCAL NATURE* RESERVE on SUNDAY 25th FEBRUARY (10.30 am to 3.30 pm). You will be able to try and buy binoculars telescopes, tripods, etc. Also, repairs can be quoted for and handed in. The Reserve is in the Chichester area of W Sussex, on the B2145 into Selsey. Booking not necessary. Another field day will be held at the Sussex Wildlife Trust at Woods Mill. Henfield. W Sussex, on Sunday 11th March (10.30 am to 4 30 pm). El We are only 1 5 minutes’ drive from the M25 (e.g. via the A3 and then the Merton Turn-off) or 2 minutes' walk from Morden tube. (D620) THE KESTREL by Andrew Village A valuable monograph on one of the commonest European birds of prey, about which surprisingly little is known. Dr Village’s book is an inviting combina- tion of readability and scholarship that reflects his dedication and enthusiasm for Falco tinnunculus . The author studied the Kestrel for several years in the Scottish hill country and then in two areas of eastern England, but his book also incorporates much valuable observation and data from elsewhere in Europe. Illustrated by Keith Brockie. February 1990, 300 pages, maps, diagrams and drawings, £18.00, ISBN: 0.85661. 054.2 T& AD POYSER Academic Press 24-28 Oval Road London NW1 7DX (D616) Christine E. Jackson Bird Etchings The Illustrators and Their Books , 1655-1855 By CHRISTINE E. JACKSON New in paper! “The story, which documents the development of ornithology, is built around 16 amateur naturalists from Willughby and Ray to Audubon, and is fasci- nating reading. ... A must for all interested in the history of ornithology and its associated art.” — British Birds “Something of a bible for collectors of fine illustrated bird books.” — Print Collector’s Newsletter “A handsome, lavishly illustrated book.” — Quarterly Review of Biology 4 color plates, 79 b&w illus. $21.95 paper, $60.50 cloth Cornell University Press • 124 Roberts Place, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA or: c/o Trevor Brown Associates, Suite 7, 26 Charing Cross Road, London WC2H OLN CORNELL (D612) IV COUNTRYSIDE VIEWING m Our showroom is set in 7 acres of pnvate grounds with ample, free and safe parking Testing facilities are probably the best in the country. Viewing from the showroom is across a large pool with its various bird visitors and to more distant views of the countryside Why not try the unhurried experience of testing equipment in the very heart o! our beautiful Warwickshire countryside in a relaxed atmosphere? A visit to our showroom often turns out to be more of a social occasion than a shopping expedition eading specialists in high quality BINOCULARS ^TELESCOPES EISS WEST r- tyi 8x206 PHONE . lyt 10x258 PHONE •yt8*20BGA PHONE r- lyt 8x306GAT PHONE fyt 7x42BGAT PHONE i lyt 10X406GAT PHONE . 'yt 8x56BGAT PHONE PHONE 11700 e.ryjc 6x208 9500 9500 o * range ot accessories available EEITZ • a OVKJ 8X20BCA PHONE -vovkI l0x25BCA PHONE 'Ovid 8x32BA PHONE "Ovid 7x42BA PHONE ■ • ovid 8k40BA PHONE • ovtd 10X40BA PHONE Ovid 10»40BAN PHONE case lor compact 1250 case for standard 3000 3700 800 700 ABICHT Hional 0*3OWM 34000 - ilional 7*42WM 32000 • na' 10x40WM 36500 ^ange 7x42 39500 Range 10x40 44000 Range 7x30 31500 Range 8x30 32500 iaKON •xXF 6995 • erproof 10x25 152 00 f pnsm l0x25F 152 00 ** m 6-i2x24DCF 29000 41250 12000 fling 8x306CF 20550 • fpnsm 9x30DCF 25400 dscope 20x60 27850 dscope E0 20x 60 49700 »x40x 6750 15350 dscope Mkll 20-45x60 34850 ED Mkll 20-45x60 56700 ?0x 30x40* 6750 OPTOLYTH Alpm 8x306GA Alpm 0X4OBGA 22500 Alpm 10X40BGA 23000 Alpm 10x508GA 24300 39800 39800 Root prism 8x56 44000 Scope 30x75 34000 TBS80 body 35000 TBG80 body 35000 20*WA 10000 20x30x40x 6500 22x-60x room 15000 Canvas scope case 3500 Leather scope case 42 00 KOWA TS601 body 17900 TS602 body 17900 25x40x 4700 20x-60x zoom 94 00 Case ior 601/2 1995 TSN-i body 29500 TSN-2 body 29500 55500 TSN-4 body 55500 20xW A 8900 25x40x 5900 20x-60x zoom 13900 22 50 3850 O.G cover tor TSN 495 Eyepiece dome TSN 14 95 Photo adaptoi 9900 BAUSCH LOMB Discoverer Compacl 7x24 22700 Discoverer Compacl 8x24 22700 Discoverer Compacll0x28 244 00 Custom Audubon 7x26 17950 Custom Audubon 8x36 17900 Custom Audubon 10x40 18900 Elite 8x42RA 69900 BUSHNELL 5800 Specemaster 60mm body 140.00 Space master 60mm body R A 15900 Spacemastef with zoom W P 33200 Spacemaster 70mm body 15800 22xWA 42 00 ADLERBLICK Compact 7*21 ...... Compact 8*24 9050 105.00 12995 Standard 8x32 12300 Standard 7x4 2 11250 12000 Standard 10x42 12850 Standard 10x50 13900 Add CIS for rubber armoured Mutlicoat 8x42 16995 MuHicoat 10x42 17995 Mullicoat 10x50 19895 OPTICRON 6900 Compact 8x24 7100 Compact 10x24 73 00 Dioptron 8x42 11000 Dioptron 10x42 11400 Dioptron 10x50 122 00 H R 8x42 14000 H R 10x42 14500 H R 10x50 15500 Minerva 8x40 17000 Minerva 9*35 16900 Minerva 10x40 17500 Elite 9x35 18500 Classic 1 F 60mm body 99 00 Classic I F. 75mm body 11900 2S/30x HEP 2500 I8x-40x/22x-47x zoom 5000 H R 60mm body 12800 H R 60mm body 45* 15000 H R 60mm body R A 15500 i5x20t22xWA 25x40x 2800 20x-60x zoom 6500 Puffin case tor H R etc 3500 Soft, padded case 1100 Universal Mount 22 00 22 00 Hide Clamp Mk 2 39 00 Single Action Tnpod 5995 Tripod Strap 675 BRESSER Compact Topic 8x25 R A Compact Handy 8x25 Compact Handy 10x25 7250 8100 8350 HELIOS Compact R P 8x21 RA Compact R P 10*25 R A 3555 3955 13800 15x-45x room 7900 SWIFT Compact 910 8x25 Compact 925 8x20 Osprey 75x42 Audubon 85*44 Te*emaster 1 5* -60*50 8050 8050 14900 19900 27550 Roof pnsm Linear 8x42 R A Roof pnsm Lmaar 10x42 R A Roof prism Diont 10x42 RA 120.00 125.00 17800 13900 QUESTAR Feld model 3W etch width 243800 Lochs 7x42 14850 with Broed Band Cotfng i choce of 16450 Add C8 tor rubber armoured 14000 MIRADOR MANFROTTO 144 Base 4500 8x42 11000 10x42 114 00 10*50 124 00 Add C2 tor rubber armoured 7900 10700 128 wJeo head 200 Comped video head 34 95 3095 Merlin 75mm body 12/15* 18/22* 25/30* 1800 14 00 600 Oincfc refeasa piattorm Owl 75mm GA 17850 20750 3300 3fV32x SLIK Handypod P6009 26x-58x/28x-62x zoom 7150 3095 ZEISS JENA Tnpod 1000G 2795 5295 6995 7295 Jenoptem 8x30 4900 7450 83.95 6500 Tnpod 88 750 <495 Case D2 etc Dodecarem 12x50 Octarem 8x50 24995 19995 Quick release post DN/88 etc 850 Roof pnsm Notarem 8*32 Roof pnsm Notarem 10x40 Roof pnsm Notarem 10x40 R A 14000 18795 20700 CULLMAN OPTIMA 2495 3295 Super 60mm R A body 16000 995 15*20x30x40* 2500 66 00 2995 LENS CARE AICO Compact R P 8x22 R A 280 4750 Catotherm Solution 20ml 72 Compact R P 10*25 RA 5250 HWJech Cloths 185 Root pnam 8x42 R A Root pnam 10x42 RA. NO GREY IMPORTS MAIL OROER Insured postage and packing FREE OF CHARGE Goods are despatched promptly upon receipt ot full remittance Use your ACCESS or VISA card to order by telephone on 0676-40501 / 42476 ACCESSORIES Wide range of eyecups. ramguards. lens caps, lanyards, cases etc USED BARGAINS Yv l ■HHBI Fn VISA ui KfiSSgEiAX Guaranteed, secondhand equipment I Poyser, Helm^Sn "'nc PuWls,’Ws leaa'n9 avanabte a. bargain pnces I Mrfchei, Macmillan EXPORT FACILITIES ■ Oxkvnii.._ ^ ™* ““ Personal and postal export orders welcomed PACKAGE DEALS Attractive discounts Phone tor quotations Send bn Wrtberby, "WOS tram RSPb'm^S^ elc- BSC. and Nations Survival. ^ ^ or come G»ograph, c and browse 1C HPTirC Church Lane, Corley, Coventry, CV78BA • Fnendlv UC.U5 ur i Tc|cphonc; 0676-40501 & 42476 ' Select from the World's finest Optical instruments I ENING TIMES • im - 5pm Monday to Saturday advisory service always available with no oblifation. (D622) V Why not give us the opportunity to impress you with our PRICES & SERVICE They are the BEST - that’s GUARANTEED We will attempt to encourage you with our low prices, high trade-ins and friendly, knowledgeable service BINOCULARS ALPIN BY OPTOLYTH W. EUROPE’S MOST POPULAR COMPACT AND LIGHTWEIGHT BINOCULARS Weight Field 1 0x50BA 22.50Z 309ft. 10x40BGA 19oz 345ft. 8x40BGA 19oz 330ft. 8x30BGA 14oz 420ft. TELESCOPES OPTOLYTH TELESCOPES FOR THOSE WHO WANT ONLY THE BEST Superior definition/Light-transmission plus the widest field at high magnifications Price £221 (inc. case) £205 (inc. case) £200 (inc. case) £186 (inc. case) Weight 44oz 35oz 37oz 47oz Field 120ft. 183ft. MAIL ORDER WELCOMED Part Exchange Available 30x75GA 22x60GA 22x70GA 22-60x70GA 47oz 87-54ft. 30x80 TB 80 Body TBS 80 Body TBG 80 Body straight Touring 7x42 BGA - 8x32 BGA - 10x40 BGA all including case. Please phone for price London Camera Exchange Group 1 0 High Street 1 3 Cheap Street Southampton, Hants. Bath Tel: (0703) 221597 Avon BA1 1 NB Tel: (0703) 335363 Tel: (0225) 62234 (D530) £318 Case £35 £210 £290 EYEPIECES £353 20xWW £88 £353 20x £56 £344 30x £57 £320 40x £58 £320 MARK BEAMAN STEVE MADGE NIGEL REDMAN IAIN ROBERTSON fast l* tfie ffe£d BIRDWATCHING HOLIDAYS 1990 ANTARCTICA, SOUTH GEORGIA & THE FALKLANDS • ARGENTINA • BORNEO & THE MALAY PENINSULA • BRAZIL • CAMEROON • COSTA RICA • EGYPT • ETHIOPIA • THE GALAPAGOS • HONG KONG & TAIWAN • HUNGARY • INDONESIA • ISRAEL • KENYA • MEXICO • MOROCCO • MOROCCO WITH A DIFFERENCE • NEPAL • NEW ZEALAND • NORTHERN INDIA • PERU • THE PHILIPPINES • POLAND • RWANDA & ZAIRE • THE SEYCHELLES, MAURITIUS & REUNION • SIBERIA • TANZANIA • THAILAND • TURKESTAN & THE CAUCASUS • TURKEY • VENEZUELA • ZIMBABWE & THE OKAVANGO For our brochure please contact: BIRDQUEST Ltd., Two Jays, Kemple End, Birdy Brow, Stonyhurst, Lancashire BB6 9QY. Tel: 025486 317. (D528) VI ICELANDIC SUMMER Enjoy that brief period when the island is full of birds nesting and rearing their young and when the wild flowers are at their most dramatic. In unspoilt river valleys and hills or on dramatic coastal cliffs choose between cosy farms or guesthouses and camping. Contact us for our Iceland dossier and speak to our experienced staff about our range of Iceland holidays. Twickers World / 22CHURCH STREET.TWICKENHAM 01-891 0161 24 HR BROCHURE: 01-892 7851 ABTA 60340 7vA T (new) | A Birdwatcher's Guide to MOROCCO By Patrick Bergier £8.75 ISBN 1 871 104 01 7 Paperback, 72 pages, maps, line drawings. Essential for visitors to Morocco. Where to go, when to go, what to see, where to stay . . . and much more including comprehensive check-list. BIRD \ ^ , WATCHERS GUIDES FROM BOOKSHOPS OR NHBS, 2 WILLS ROAD. TOTNES. DEVON TQ9 5XN PHONE 0803 865913 ALSO IN SAME SERIES A BIRDWATCHERS' GUIDE TO NEPAL £8.75 PUBLISHED BY PRION LTD PERRY (D613) Ml Great Snipe by Martin Hallam BIY '88 SLR camera adaptability Rubber eyecup for comfort Ergonomic styling for ease-of-use 45% offset eyepiece on TSN-1 model 77mm objective lens delivering crisp images Interchangeable 20 x . 25 x , 40 x , 20-60 x eyepiec with bayonet fitting A superb image Officially appointed distributor for Kowa Telescopes Pyser Ltd., Fircroft Way, Edenbridge, Kent TN8 6HA. (D516) Vlll British Birds VOLUME 83 NUMBER 2 FEBRUARY 1990 Pacific Swift: new to the Western Palearctic Mike Parker On 19th June 1981, R. Walden was on the deck of the Shell BT gas- platform on the Leman Bank at 53°06'N 02°12'E, about 45 km off Happisburgh, Norfolk, when a bird attempted to land on his shoulder. It then flew past him and clung to a wall on the rig. He caught the exhausted migrant at about 13.30 GMT, and sent it ashore on the next helicopter flight for release, as caring rig-workers often do. At 19.30 GMT, the helicopter arrived at Beccles Heliport in Suffolk, where I work. Mrs S. Irons rang me from the passenger terminal to say she had just been handed a swift which seemed unable to fly; knowing I was a birdwatcher, she asked if I could help. To my astonishment, the bird lying on her cardigan was indeed a swift, but with a startling white rump and all the [/in/. Birds 83: 43-46, February 1990] 43 44 Pacific Swift: new to the Western Palearctic 11. Pacific Swift Apits pacificus, Suffolk, June 1981 (Gary Davies) upper body feathers pale-tipped, giving a very scaly appearance. My colleagues were somewhat startled when I reacted by running around closing all the windows. At first, I assumed that it was one of the two European white-rumped species — Little Swift Apus affirm or White-rumped Swift A. coffer. This bird, however, had an obvious forked tail, so I discounted Little Swift. I phoned C. S. Waller, who promptly arrived, measured, photographed and took a description of the swift. At this point, identification as White-rumped Swift was also discounted because of the dimensions, but CSW had information only on European birds with him, so the bird’s identification remained a mystery. While we were measuring and examining the swift, it revived a little. Since dusk was approaching, we decided to release the bird, to give it time to feed before nightfall. At about 21.00 hours, CSW' threw it into the air, and to our relief it flew off and immediately started to catch insects. It continued feeding low over the grass and along the hawthorn hedge surrounding the heliport. As the light faded, all we could see of the bird was its white rump, until finally it was lost to view in the dark. That night, from our reference books, we both independently came to the same conclusion, that the swift was A. pacificus , known then, very confusingly (since A. coffer was also sometimes called ‘Lork-tailed Swift’), as Lork-tailed Swift, but now known as Pacific Swift. CSW saw the bird briefly again the next day, at Shadingfield, about 4 Vi km southwest of Beccles Heliport. Field description In dull light and without binoculars, the size and shape were very similar to those of the common Swift A. apus. The flight and behaviour were also similar, but perhaps a little more sluggish; CSW noted the flight as ‘more Pacific Swift: new to the Western Palearctic 45 Fig. 1. Pacific Swift Apus pacificus from below (left) and above (right): impressions gained in dull light, without binoculars, Suffolk, 19th June 1981 (Mike Parker) lazy and jerky’. The only obvious difference in the field was the patch of white on the rump, which also wrapped around towards the undertail- coverts, so that it was clearly visible when the bird was viewed side on. CSW considered that the size seemed the same as common Swift, but that the plumage looked ‘a little darker’, in direct comparisons at a range of about 400 m on 20th. Detailed description Examination in the hand was brief, to expedite the bird’s release before darkness fell; the following details were noted by CSW: PLUMAGE Upperparts Head brownish with pale edges to feathers on forehead. Mantle blackish brown with buffer edges to feathers. Rump white, with brown shafts to feathers, reached right around and under to legs. Width of rump band was 15 mm in centre and 12 mm on edges. Tail comprised of ten feathers, brown with pale outer edges to outer feathers. Wings Primaries brownish black, with buffer inner edge; secondaries similar, with nar- rower pale edge. Primary and secondary coverts similar, w'ith buffish tips, inner feathers being darker than outer. Median coverts blackish; lesser coverts blackish brown, showing paler than blacker bastard wing. Tertials similar to secondary coverts, and the tiny feathers along the leading edge of the wing were scalloped grey and brownish-black. Underparts Throat white. Belly and breast brownish, with broadish white tips, some showing rufous tint. Undertail-coverts paler and buffer. Flanks also scalloped, and underwing-coverts greyish brown, edged with white. BARF. PARTS Bill dark blackish horn. Tarsus blackish. Claws dark horn. Soles of feet purplish-flesh, much paler than legs. Eye brownish black. Gape flesh-coloured. MEASUREMENTS Wmg cord, 176 mm; flat, 177.5 mm. Tail 80 mm; depth of fork inner to outer, 32.5 mm; from longest tail-coverts to end of tail, 34 mm. Tarsus 10.5 mm. Bill from feathers, 8 mm; from skull, 12.5 mm. WING FORMULA 2nd primary longest; 1st —7.5 mm; 3rd —10 mm; 4th —27 mm; 5th —45 mm. 46 Pacific Swift: new to the Western Palearctic Range The Pacific Swift nests in colonies on crags, in crevices, on rock cliffs and under the eaves of tall buildings, from temperate to low Arctic zones, inland, on the coast and on small offshore islands, up to about 1,200 m, but never far from stretches of water. It breeds from Siberia eastwards to Kamchatka, Korea and Japan, and south through China to Thailand, Burma, the outer Himalayas and Khasi hills. The races kanoi and pacifcus are both long-distance migrants wintering in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Melanesia, Australia, New Zealand and south to the sub- antarctic Macquarie Island. It has recently been found sparingly, but regularly, in the Seychelles during October-November and May. It leaves its breeding areas in August and early September to return in May. References Cramp, S., & Simmons, K. E. L. 1985. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. vol. 4. Oxford. DEMENTIEV, G. P., & Gladkov, N. A. 1966. Birds of the Soihet Union, vol. 1. Israel. VAURIE, C. 1959. The Birds of the Palearctic Fauna. Non-Passeriformes. London. Mike Parker, 5 Homefield Avenue, Beccles, Suffolk NR34 9UB At our invitation, Peter I.ansdown (Chairman of the British Birds Rarities Committee) and John Mather (Chairman of the BOU Records Committee) have commented, as follows: ‘It is fortunate that this bird presented itself for such a close examination to be carried out, as this allowed the wing-formula, measurements and photographs to be obtained and the plumage subtleties to be appreciated. The result was a straightforward acceptance by both the BBRC and the BOURC of its identification, and the measurements and photographs in combination enable it to be assigned to the highly migratory nominate race. Its state of plumage suggests that it was a first-summer individual. The BOURC had no hesitation in accepting the Pacific Swift as being of genuine origin and the species was admitted to the British and Irish list (Brit. Birds 76: 503-504; Ibis 126: 441; 130: 335). As the bird first made ‘landfall’ some 28 miles (45 km) from the coast, however, and its further progress to Suffolk was man-assisted, the species qualifies not for Category A of the list, but for Category E. This new category is for those species which are considered to have occurred naturally more than three miles (4.8 km) offshore but closer than either 200 miles (322 km) or the median line between Britain and Ireland and neighbouring countries (Ibis 130: 334-337).’ Eds g>ebentp-fil)t pears ago... ‘A young female Rough-legged Buzzard (Buteo l. lagopus) was caught in a rabbit-trap at Moulsford on November 22nd or 23rd, 1914. The only other records I have for the county are two killed and one seen. A pair of Gadwall (Anas strepera) were shot at Maiden Erleigh on January 6th, 1915, another bird being seen at the same time. As far as I am aware this is the first recorded occurrence of Gadwall in Berkshire.’ (Brit. Birds 8: 219, February 1915) Field identification of Sooty Falcon William S. Clark, Ron Frumkin and Hadoram Shirihai y I ihe Sooty Falcon Valeo concolor is a summer resident in desert areas of the Arabian peninsula, northeastern Africa, and Israel north to the Dead Sea. Recent studies (Walter 1979a; Frumkin & Pinshow 1983) have led to a better understanding of this falcon’s biology' and provided some useful pointers for field identification. In particular, plumage differences between the adult sexes have previously been poorly described. Here, we discuss the plumages of Sooty Falcon (based on both field and museum experience) and highlight field marks that will sene to distinguish it from similar species. Frumkin & Clark (1988) question the existence of dark- morph Sooty Falcons. Description size AND shape Between Hobby F. subbuteo and Eleonora’s Falcon F. eleonorae in size, with relatively longer wings than other falcons and fairly long wedge-tipped tail. Females usually larger than males. JUVENILE Head with dusky ‘hood’, extending below eye as dark moustachial stripe and similar dark mark on hind ear-coverts, separating buffy throat, buffy ear-coverts patch and buffy extension up sides of nape. Upperparts brown-grev. Feathers of under- parts have variably sized, dark brown-grey centres and buffy or yellow-brown fringes; those on upper breast usually have larger dark centres. Individuals with relatively large dark feather centres appear dusky, with pale streaks on underside of body; those with smaller dark centres appear much paler with dark streaks (plates 17-19; Walter 1979a, plate 10b). Cere and orbital rings bluish; legs pale yellow. FIRST-WINTER/FIRST-SUMMF.R Upperparts dark sooty-grey, with brownish cast; under- parts uniform sooty-grey. This plumage darker than adult’s, and with remnants of juvenile’s dark ear-covert mark and mous- tachial stripe, but body and coverts are moulted in winter quarters. Moreover, juve- nile remiges usually retained (although pale tips are lost) into second winter. Females may be sexually mature in this plumage. adult MALE Blue-grey head, body, and wing-coverts; primaries black, tail dark grey. Cere, orbital rings and legs orange-yellow (figs. 1 & 2, plate 16; Walter 1979a. plate 8b). Some males show' pale throat, and faint black moustachial stripes. ADULT FEMALE Plumage similar to that of male, but with less contrast between coverts and primaries. Rump and uppertail-coverts, however, more blue-grey. Dark grey rectri- ces somewhat darker than tail-coverts and bodv. Cere, orbital rings and legs lemon- vellow. Many females show pale throat, but not faint moustachial stripes of male. [Brit. Birds 83: 47-54. February 1990] 47 48 Identification oj Sooty Falcon Fig. 1. Adult male Sooty Falcon Falco concolor. Note dark wing tips and tail tips, pale underwing and projecting central tail feathers (Turin Kurtz/IRIC ) Fig. 2. Adult male Sooty Falcon Falco concolor. Note dark primaries and tail tip ( Tuvia Kurtz/ IR1C) Field identification In flight, Sooty Falcon shows a wedge-tipped tail, with protruding central feathers. When perched, it often shows a distinctive crossing of the wingtips above the tail, as does Eleonora s Falcon. The adult male is easily distinguished by his light blue-grey body and coverts, contrasting strongly with the dark grey tail and black primaries (but with only the black primary tips on the underwing; figs 1 & 2, plates 12 & 13). The underwings are usually somewhat paler than the body, and the tail appears grey-based owing to the paler tail-coverts; in good light, a darker band to the tip of the tail is noticeable. When perched, the black primaries appear much darker than the blue-grey wing-coverts. The legs, cere and orbital rings are orange-yellow. The adult female is a darker, more sooty grey, but the black primaries nevertheless contrast with the sooty-grey upperwing-coverts, and the Identification of Sooty Falcon 49 12. Adult male Sooty Falcon Falco concolor, Israel. October 1 98 1 ( Ron Frumkin). Note underwings paler than body, dark wingtips, and projecting central tail feathers black primary tips are noticeable on the underwing. The rump and uppertail-coverts are more blue-grey. The tail is like that of the adult male. The legs, cere and orbital rings are lemon-yellow. First-summer individuals appear somewhat darker than adult females, with less contrast between back and upperwing-coverts and tips of the primaries and tail. In good light, faint moustachial stripes (as on juvenile), and faint whitish barring on the underside of the primaries and tail can be seen (plate 14). From above, juveniles are similar to adults, with dark primaries contrasting with paler grey-brown upperwing-coverts and back (plate 15). Fig. 3. Juvenile Sooty Falcon Falco concolor. Note two-toned underwing pattern, with dark primary tips and trailing edge: and dark tail with narrow pale bands and projecting central feathers ( Tuvia Kurt- IRIC) 50 Identification oj Sooty Falcon 13. Adult male Sooty Falcon Falco concolor, Israel, October 1981 (Ron Frumkiri). Note that primaries and tip of tail are darkest 14. First-summer Sooty Falcon Falco concolor , Israel, October 1981 ( Ron Frumkin). Note dark general colour, and white bands in spread tail From below, the ‘dirty’ yellow-brown body and underwing-coverts and the pale bases to the remiges appear paler than, and contrast with, the dark tips of the remiges (fig. 3; plate 18). The throat is unstreaked, and, in flight, a dark band is often noticeable across the heavily streaked upper breast. The dark brown uppertail shows a pale terminal band; the basal section of the undertail shows faint narrow light bands, with a fairly wide, darker subterminal band near the tip and a pale terminal band. The central pair of tail feathers is unbanded. The cere and orbital rings are bluish, and the legs are pale yellow. Perched juveniles usually appear dusky below, with pale streaking and a noticeable hood, and dark moustachial stripe and similar mark on hind ear-coverts (plate 19; cf. Cade 1982, plate XXIII, page 137). Similar species Juvenile Red-footed Falcon F. vespertinus is somewhat smaller than — but appears almost identical to — juvenile Sooty in flight from below, except when seen well. Red-footeds have the dark on the underwing restricted to the primary tips, whereas the dark on the primaries of juvenile Sooty is more extensive. Both species have somewhat two-toned patterns on the [ The inclusion of plates 15-19 in colour has been subsidised by a donation from ZEISS West Germany] 15. Juvenile Sooty Falcon Falco concolor , Israel, October 1986 (//. Shirihai). Note unbanded uppertail and contrast on right wing 16. Adult male Sooty Falcon Falco concolor , Israel, October 1986 (H. Shirihai). Note orange cere and legs ‘The Wren ’ A superb Wedgwood 8 fine bone china plate - a marvellous study of one of our most elusive birds - an outstanding work of art. its ?nai „ \SPB snissioned es of fine china :tor plates by jwwood, each featuring if our native British birds.. In celebration of the “Action for Birds” paign of the B. y t . mull Spin! VN'KDGWOOD ‘ Bone China MAUI IN I NCI AND E RSPB GAINS A SUBSTANTIAL BENEFIT FROM EACH PLATE SOLD Designed and painted bv Master British Artist i ce James Bond. At the invitation of the Society, Terance James | has painted original works of art for this important I . 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BIRDWATCH: IS CHARGED AT 34p PER MIN INC VAT PEAK AND STANDARD 25p PER MIN INC VAT CHEAP RATE For details of The Bird Information Service and how the system works just send an s.a.e. to: B.I.S., Stonerunner, Coast Road, Cley-next-the-Sea, Holt, Norfolk NR25 7RZ I dentif cation of Sooty Falcon 5 3 upperwing, but the back and wing-coverts of juvenile Red-footed are sandy -blown with noticeable pale feather fringes. Juvenile Sooties are grey-brown on the back and wing-coverts. Juvenile Red-footeds have wider, more noticeable (especially from above), pale tail bands, extending to the tip. Sooty s tail-banding is narrower and less well defined, is not appaient on the uppertail (unless the tail is spread), and does not extend to the tip, thus a darker subterminal band can be seen on the undertail. On perched juvenile Red-footeds, the forehead is white, the crown is several shades paler than the dark ear-coverts patch, and the pale area extends right across the nape to form a collar. Adult male Red-footed 1 ale on is also grey, but has rufous belly, undertail-coverts and thighs; and silvery primaries that are paler (not darker) than the wing-coverts. Table 1. Sizes (in mm) of Sooty Falcon Falco conculor , Hobby F. subbuleo and Eleonora's Falcon F. eleonorae Sources of data: *Cramp & Simmons (1980); sample size not given. +Clark (unpublished), Eilat, Israel; 5 0"0\ 6 99' 2 sex unknown (see Clark el al. 1986 for details). **\Valter (1979b); 19 cfcf, 22 99 Dimensions Sooty falcon Hobby Eleonora's Falcon Body length 330-360* 300-360* 360-400* 290-320+ 370-455** Wingspan 850-1,100* 820-920* 1,100-1,300* 740-830+ Eleonora’s Falcon is similar in shape to, but somewhat larger than. Sooty Falcon (table 1), with the relatively longer tail (see Stresemann 1955) lacking the projecting central feathers. Dark-morph adults are darker than Sooty Falcons, and have primaries that are at most slightly darker than the upperwing-coverts, and underwing-coverts that are somewhat darker than the pale bases of the flight feathers, a feature visible only in good light (see Porter et al. 1981, figs. 64 & 65). Light-morph adults and juveniles are somewhat similar to juvenile Sooties, but have browner upperparts (juvenile), reddish-brown underparts (especially adult), and lack projecting central tail feathers. Their dark underwing-coverts contrast with paler bases to the flight feathers. In addition, Eleonora’s Falcon usually lacks the dark ear-coverts mark. Hobby is similar in shape to, but is somewhat smaller than, Sooty (table 1), with a relatively short tail, which can, however, show projecting central feathers. The face pattern and streaked underparts of Hobby are similar to those of juvenile Sooty Falcon, but neither the underwing nor the upperwing are so two-toned as those of Sooty; and the streaking on the underparts is thicker and better defined. Grey Kestrel F. ardosiaceus , of Africa, is mostly grey, but has barred primaries, which do not contrast strongly with the wing-coverts; the wingtips of perched Grey Kestrels do not reach the tail tip. 17. Left (top), juvenile Sooty Falcon Falco concolor , Israel, October 1986 (H. Shirihai). Note ‘face' pattern and streaked underparts 18. Left (centre), juvenile Sooty Falcon Falco concolor. Israel, October 1986 (Ft. Shirihai). Note underparts pattern and projecting central tail feathers 19. Left (bottom), juvenile Sooty Falcon Falco concolor. Israel. October 1986 (H. Shirihai ). Note underparts pattern, moustachial stripe and dark ear-coverts patch 54 Identification of Sooty Falcon Flight behaviour Of the four main species considered, Eleonora’s Falcon has the most distinctive flight, with gentle, surprisingly slow wingbeats for a falcon of its size; even in fast, active pursuit, the wingbeats are relatively slow. The Hobby, however, appears agile and active, flying with quick energetic wingbeats. In gliding flight, Hobbies distinctively hold their wings around 10° below' the horizontal. Red-footed Falcon appears more like Kestrel F. tinnunculus , but in active pursuit may be similar to Hobby. Red-footed is the only one of this group which regularly hovers in a Kestrel-like fashion. Sooty Falcon appears similar to Hobby when soaring, but, when it glides, its wings are held nearly level. Sooty’s active pursuit is rapid and direct, with strong, regular wingbeats, reminiscent of Peregrine F. peregrinus. Acknowledgments We thank Yossi Leshem, the Israeli Raptor Information Center and Unipress Ltd for permission to use line-drawings of Sooty Falcon drawn by Tuvia Kurtz for inclusion in the Hebrew translation of Flight Identification of European Raptors (Porter et al. 1 98 1 ) . We are grateful to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Tring, the Rijksmuseum, Leiden, and the Tel-Aviv University Museum for allowing us access to specimens; and to Matti Ariel for allowing us to study his photographs of Sooty Falcons. L. Svensson and C. White provided helpful comments on the draft manuscript. Summary Adult Sooty Falcons Falco concolor can be identified by their grey colour and projecting central tail feathers, with males being paler than females. First-summers are darker, more sootv-grey than are adults, but are otherwise similar, except for their juvenile flight and tail feathers. Juveniles are similar to, but can be distinguished from, Hobby F. subbuteo, Eleonora’s F. eleonorae and Red-footed Falcons F. vespertinus by the pattern of their underparts, and projecting central tail feathers. References Cadf., T. J. 1982. The Falcons of the World. London. Cl. ark, W., Duffy, K., Gornf.y, E., McGrady, M., & Schultz, C. 1986. Raptor ringing at Eilat, Israel. Sandgrouse 7: 21-28. Cramp, S., & Simmons, K. E. L. 1980. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. vol. 2. Oxford. FRUMKIN, R., & Pinshow, B. 1983. Notes on the breeding ecology' and distribution of the Sooty Falcon Falco concolor in Israel. Ibis 125: 251-259. & Clark, W. S. 1988. Is there a dark morph of the Sooty Falcon? Ibis 130: 569-571. Porter, R. I., Wii.i.is, I., Christensen, S., & Neilsen, B. P. 1981. Flight Identification of European Raptors , 3rd edn. Gallon. Stresem ann, E. 1955. Das Jugendkleid von Falco concolor Temminck. /. Om. 96: 122-123. Walter, H. 1979a. The Sooty Falcon (Falco concolor ) in Oman: results of a breeding survey, 1978. /. Oman Studies 5: 9-59. 1979b. Eleonora's Falcon. Chicago. William S. Clark , 4554 Shetland Green Road , Alexandria , VA 22312 , USA Ron Frumkin , Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, South Parks Road , Oxford OXl 3PS Hadoram Shirihai , Rarities and Distribution Committee of Israel, PO Box 4168, Eilat 88102, Israel Moult and autumn colony attendance of auks M. P. Ilcmis and S. Wanless Both the Guillemot Uria aalge and the Razorbill A lea torda have an unusual breeding system in that the young leaves the breeding site when only partly grown and is taken to sea by the male parent; the female continues to visit the breeding site for up to several weeks before she too leaves the colony (Varoujean el al. 1979; Wanless & Harris 1986). Soon after their departure, both the male and the female undergo a complete post-breeding (or pre-basic) moult, during which they are flightless and the dark-brown or black feathers of the neck and ‘face’, typical of the summer (or breeding or alternate) plumage (plate 20) are replaced by the white feathers of the winter (or basic) plumage (plate 21). Later in the winter or spring, there is a further partial pre-breeding moult, during which the face and neck become dark as the auks attain their immaculate breeding plumage. The moult has been thoroughly documented from birds found dead (e.g. over 700 Guillemots examined by Verwey, 1922, 1924) or shot (Salomonsen 1944) or kept in captivity (Svvennen 1977: Birkhead & Taylor 1977). Apart from chicks collected in northeast Scotland and reared by Swennen, all these birds were of unknown breeding state or area. For several vears, we have studied the Guillemots and Razorbills on the Isle of May, Firth of Forth, where some individuals can be seen ashore in all months of the year except September. This allowed us to collect information on plumage changes and to put these in an ecological context. Data collection During 1982-87, we studied a total of 750 pairs of Guillemots in detail from permanent hides 10-25 m from five parts of the colony on the Isle of May (Harris & Wanless 1988). Included in these areas were 483 individually colour-ringed Guillemots which had been sexed by observa- tions of mating pairs and whose breeding was followed by daily observations throughout the breeding season. The head and neck plumage of an individual bird was scored as complete winter (no dark feathers on usually white areas), complete summer (no white feathers visible on the normally dark areas) or the [Brit. Birds 83: 55-66, February 1990] 55 56 Moult and autumn colony attendance of auks percentage of summer plumage present (1-99%). For general comparisons between dates or years, birds were grouped into (a) 100% winter, (b) 1-35% summer, (c) 36-65% summer, (d) 66-99% summer, and (e) 100% summer. These categories do not correspond directly to those reported by Tasker et al. (1986) because of the high chance of mis-classifying individuals with only small quantities of winter or summer feathers during observations at sea. Annual differences in the state of moult were assessed by noting the plumage of all auks ashore on one day between 17th and 20th October each year. A measure of the level of colony attendance was obtained by recording how many days each of 207 breeding sites was visited during 14th-23rd October 1982 and during 15th-24th October in the years 1983- 87. During the 1982/83 winter, additional data were collected during 24th October to 5th November, on 28th November, during 25th December to 5th January and on 1st March. A sample of adults was netted at the colony each October in the years 1983-86 and in March or early April during 1984-87; each individual was weighed and examined for moult. Details on the breeding biology of this colony are from Harris & Wanless (1988) and weather data are for Leuchars, 30 km away (monthly weather reports published by the Meteorological Office). Information on Razorbills was collected in a similar way, but too few individuals returned to allow comparisons to be made between years, sexes or different breeding successes. We could deal with the plumages only of those individuals which returned to the colony in the autumn. Our unpublished studies indicate that most successful, and some unsuccessful, birds of both sexes usually return by mid October, whereas non-site-holding adults and immatures do not; so the results presented here refer mainly to site-holding adults. Results Head moult of Guillemots When the majority of males left the colony with their chicks in late June and early July, they were usually still in immaculate summer plumage. From mid July onwards, however, the very latest breeding pairs, and the successful females which visited their sites after their chicks had gone, began to show signs of starting the post-breeding moult, and pale areas were clearly visible around the base of the bill and on the chin. We have no information either on when the auks became flightless or how long the post-breeding moult took, but when they returned to the colony in the first week of October virtually all were in full winter plumage. For instance, on 7th October 1984 only two out of 159 Guillemots present showed any trace of summer plumage, and in both cases the dark feathers appeared to be new. Of 66 adults handled in October, only one had traces of the old summer plumage; this male, caught on 13th October 1985, had some abraded, brownish feathers on the head, was also unusual in still growing his primaries, and had a wing-length of about 190 mm (compared with the usual 195-200 mm). During October, those present spent much time preening their body plumage, and in calm weather the rocks were Moult and autumn colony attendance of auks 57 20. One bridled and four unbridled Guillemots Una aalge, and a Briinnich’s Guillemot Una lomvia, in summer plumage, Hornoy, Finnmark, Norway, May 1980 (M P. Hanis) 21. Winter-plumaged Guillemots Uria aalge just starting their pre-breeding moult, Isle of May, Firth of Forth, October 1978 (li. ZonfriUo) 58 Moult and autumn colony attendance of auks liberally sprinkled with down feathers. We have no way of knowing whether this was the end of the post-breeding or the start of the pre- breeding moult. The Guillemots soon started to grow' new' (dark) feathers on the neck and face, and the change to summef plumage was then rapid (plate 22). The earliest individual in immaculate summer plumage was on 9th October 1983. 22. Guillemots Uria aalge , Isle of May, 21st October 1982. They show a variety of plumages from full summer (extreme right) to full winter (most). There are seven breeding sites on this ledge, all are occupied and there are two birds (bird asleep paired with one in 50% summer plumage) at one site ( M . P. Harris) Table 1. State of head plumage of Guillemots Uria aalge, 17th-20th October I982-871 No. (%) birds with plumage Year 100% winter 1-35% summer More than 35% summer Total 1982 212 (50) 141 (33) 69 (17) 422 1983 100 (78) 24 (19) 4 (3) 128 1984 205 (58) 43 (17) 9 (5) 257 1985 148 (63) 75 (32) 1 1 (5) 234 1986 44 (33) 88 (65) 3 (2) 135 1987 119 (88) 10 (9) 7 (3) 136 Total 828 (63) 381 (29) 103 (8) 1,312 There were significant differences in the states of plumage of Guillemots in different Octobers, with moult being most advanced in 1982 (50% with some summer plumage) and most retarded in 1987 (12%)(table 1). The annual proportions of those still in complete winter plumage were significantly, and negatively, correlated with the mean number of days on which sites were visited during the standardised ten-day observation period in mid October.2 In years when sites were visited frequently by the Guillemots, moult was more advanced, and vice versa. We found no significant correlation between timing of moult and air temperature, w ind 1. Statistical details (indicated by 1 to 6) are given in Appendix 1. Moult and autumn colony attendance of auks 59 (hours when wind was above 22 km/hr in August and September), breeding success or fledging dates the previous season or mean annual food intake of chicks (which might have been some measure of food availability). In 1982/83, the winter for which we have fullest records, 50% of individuals showed signs of having started their pre-breeding moult on 21st October and 45% had completed this moult by 28th November (fig. 1). On 25th December, almost 70% were in full summer plumage and none was still in complete winter plumage; and only 8% had any white feathers on the head and neck on 5th January' 1983 (plate 23). These observations suggest that, on average, it takes an individual about six weeks to complete the pre-breeding moult. We made careful observations of 519 breeding adults in May 1987 and recorded 1 1 (2%) which either had retained some white facial feathers into the next summer plumage or, less likely, had grown new white feathers; one individual had 20% of its ‘face' white. Such white-speckled breeding-plumaged birds can be seen in many Fig. 1 . Proportion of Guillemots t 'ria aalge ashore on Isle of May, 6th- 19th October 1984 and 22nd October 1982 to 4th January 1983 which were in winter, summer and three classes of intermediate head and neck plumage (1-35%, 36-65% and 66-99% summer). Numbers refer to the numbers of birds examined on each date 60 Moult and autumn colony attendance of auks 23. The same ledge as plate 22, photographed on 22nd December 1982. Now six of the seven sites have pairs present and only one of the 13 adults shows any trace of winter plumage (M. P. Harris) colonies, and the white feathers remain until the next post-breeding moult. Colour-ringed Guillemots Our autumn visits were too short to follow the progress of a complete pre- breeding moult of a marked individual, but we were able to make some observations. In two extreme cases, individuals changed from 10% summer on 15th October to 80% summer on 24th, and from 100% winter on 19th October to 30% summer on 25th. Sixteen individuals were seen clearly in each mid October during 1983-86; some were always well advanced in their moult whilst others were always still in full winter plumage.3 In 1984 and 1986, sufficient colour-ringed Guillemots whose breeding success was known the previous season returned to show that there was no difference in the proportion of unsuccessful or successful individuals which had started to change into summer plumage (table 2). In 1984, there was no difference in the state of moult between males and females, but in 1986 significantly more females had commenced their moult. Over the six years, there were 1 1 1 cases where the state of head plumage of both members of a sexed pair was known: in 48 instances the state of plumage was the same, in 42 the male had moulted farther, and in 21 the female was more advanced (plate 24). The difference between the numbers of males (67) and females (46) which had started the pre-breeding moult was not significant. ’ The state of moult in October was not related to the date when the adult left the colony at the end of the breeding season or to the laying date the next season, (> nor was there any discernible 61 Moult and autumn colony attendance of auks 1 able 2. Numbers of male and female Guillemots l ria aalge which had started to moult in October 1984 and 1986 in relation to whether or not they had successfully reared a chick the previous season 1 lie only significant difference between groups was that, in 1986, more successful females than successful males had commenced moult4 SU CC ESSFU I . U NSL’CCESSFU I . Date Sex Moult started Moult not started Moult started Moult not started 21-27 Oct. 1984 Male 16 17 5 4 Female 14 16 3 6 15-20 Oct. 1986 Male 11 31 2 8 Female 26 25 3 4 relationship between weight and state of moult among those caught in October. Razorbill When the last Razorbills left the colony in late July and early August, they had already started to moult head feathers. We have no details on this post-breeding moult, but Razorbills may start their moult slightly earlier, and moult faster than Guillemots (Verwey 1924; NERC 1971; Tasker et al. 1986). Relatively few came ashore in October, but 117 of the 120 Razorbills seen were in full winter plumage (plate 25); two had a trace of summer plumage, and one was in about 50% summer plumage. In 1982, all 26 individuals seen in October were in full winter dress; two of 14 recorded in November had traces of new plumage, as had five of 1 1 in late December (when one was 90% summer). On the Isle of May, the pre- breeding moult of Razorbills occurred much later than that of Guillemots. On 1st March 1983, about 25% of 65 Razorbills on the sea under the colony were in full summer plumage, whilst the remainder were only in 20% summer plumage. A colour-ringed male which was seen at the colony 24. A bridled X bridled pair of Guillemots L ria aalge on the Isle of May. 26th December 1982. They were seen to mate, and the bird in full summer plumage was the male (A/. P. Harris) 62 Moult and autumn colony attendance oj auks in October 1985 was still in full winter plumage on 8th February 1986, when it was found dead (P. K. Kinnear in lift.). On 25th March 1988, 29 (15%) of 195 Razorbills at breeding sites showed traces of winter plumage; three adults were still only half moulted. In comparison, only six (1.4%) of 425 Guillemots had traces of w hite on the head or neck. Observations in late March in other years showed that all adults were in full breeding plumage by then, indicating that many complete the pre-breeding moult in about four weeks. Discussion Guillemot It was possible to distinguish a clear timetable for head and neck moult of Guillemots breeding on the Isle of May. Females and unsuccessful males commenced their post-breeding moult from mid July onwards and, apart from the replacement of down feathers, had completed it before they returned to the colony in early October. The timing must be broadly similar for successful males, but some observations made at sea suggest that this group may be the last to start moult (Hope Jones & Rees 1985; Tasker et al. 1987). There was then a short gap before the pre-breeding moult of both sexes commenced in the last third of October, and this moult was completed by early December. Greenwood (1971) also recorded adults moulting into breeding plumage in late October at another east Scottish colony. Taking the dates in 1982 when 50% of the Guillemots visiting the Isle of May either started or finished their moult, the post-breeding moult (a) was completed in less than 70 days, the birds were in winter plumage (b) for at least 18 days, and the pre-breeding moult (c) lasted 43 days. The mean durations of (a), (b) and (c) for nine captive birds were 62, 121 and 52 days respectively (Birkhead & Taylor 1977). At a French colony, the mean time needed for nine individuals to change from complete winter to complete summer w'as 23 days (range 10- 37: Thomas 1984). Perhaps captivity slows down the moult of auks. Verwey (1924) concluded that the average interval between the post- breeding moults was no more than six weeks. This was found by the examination of fresh skins after they had been turned inside-out, w'hen growing feathers are very' obvious, and might give a quite different measure of the time spent in the intervening plumage. Verwey’s observations do, however, suggest that the duration of time spent in winter plumage, at least by some individuals, has not changed dramati- cally over the last 60-70 years. Swennen (1977) raised 31 Guillemot chicks in captivity under a fairly natural regime (for instance they could come ashore only during mid summer). The lengths of time they were in summer and winter plumages increased and decreased respectively as they got older (fig. 2). The timing of the moults and the time spent in summer plumage by the captive Guillemots studied by Birkhead & Taylor (1977), which were probably old enough to breed, agreed well with this pattern, but they spent much longer in winter plumage. In contrast, Isle of May adults spent so long in summer plumage that their pre-breeding moult occurred at the same time Moult and autumn colony attendance of auks 63 SPECIES MONTH AGE iJ |F|M|A,M|J ,J i A i S i O i N i D , GUILLEMOT GUILLEMOT GUILLEMOT GUILLEMOT GUILLEMOT RAZORBILL BLACK GUILLEMOT SUMMER PLUMAGE WINTER PLUMAGE Fig. 2. Timing of plumages and moults of immature, full-grown (3+ years) and breeding adult Guillemots Uria aalge , and adult Razorbills Alca torda and Black Guillemots Cepphus gtylle. Data from Swennen (1977), Birkhead & Taylor (1977), Ewins (198b) and this study were collected by a variety of methods, but the general pattern is clear (see text). Blank areas marked A and B were occupied by post-breeding and pre-breeding moults respectively as the post-breeding moult of Swennen’s three-year-old Guillemots. It would be interesting to know the moulting pattern of Isle of May immatures, but they do not come ashore in the autumn. The timing of the change from winter to summer plumage was not related either to the sex of the bird or to its breeding success the previous season. There were, however, seasonal differences in the states of plumage of Guillemots in mid October which were linked with colony-visiting. Presumably, good conditions allowed the Guillemots to spend time at the colony and also to start their pre-breeding moult. Moult of birds is under control of hormones, the production of which may be influenced by, among other things, changes in day length (Payne 1972). In the case of auks, the pre-breeding moult normally occurs when day length is increasing, but the Isle of May adult Guillemots attain summer plumage when the days are getting shorter. Perhaps visiting the breeding sites, where they have contact with mates and neighbours, triggers the moult; certainly most were in full winter plumage when first seen in October. This might be worth more detailed examination. Each winter, some individuals moulted early, relative to other individuals; other Guillemots always moulted late. Originally, we thought that this might have been linked with the time when individuals laid, as laying dates (relative to when the whole population lays) are also fixed from year to year (Wanless & Harris in press). This was, however, not so. Although Guillemots have been known to visit colonies in late autumn and winter for many years — for instance, on Heligoland in the last century (Gatke 1895), and at Bempton, Humberside, in November 1870 (in Taylor & Reid 1981) — their appearance seems to have become gradually earlier -T— t » - f 1 ruf El B mwW/m/A A 1 year 2 year 3 year 3+ year Breeding (Isle of May) Breeding Breeding 64 Moult and autumn colony attendance of auks 25. Razorbill Alca lorda in winter plumage flying in front of its breeding cliff, Isle of May, October 1978 (B. Zonfiillo) and probably more frequent since the 1940s and they are now sometimes joined by Razorbills, at least in northeast Scotland (Dennis 1967; Taylor & Reid 1981). Unfortunately, the older accounts do not mention whether those ashore were in winter plumage or summer plumage, which makes it difficult to decide whether the start of the pre-breeding moult has also become gradually earlier. Some individuals at least must have had an early pre-breeding moult, as both Verwey (1922) and Salomonsen (1944) recorded adults in summer plumage in early winter and remarked that the post-breeding and pre-breeding moults may even overlap. Records from colonies around Britain, Ireland and France confirm that the pre-breeding moult occurs between October and December in many areas. For instance, on 10th November 1956, 50% of the Guillemots ashore at St Abbs Head, Berwickshire, were in summer plumage (I. J. Patterson in lift.), 10% of the 2,000 Guillemots ashore on Great Saltee, Co. Wexford, on 14th November 1954 were in full summer plumage ( Irish Bird Report), and some visiting cliffs in Dorset in mid October were attaining summer plumage (Haysom 1977). In Shetland, about half the Guillemots on Fair Isle on 19th November 1967 had already assumed their summer plumage (Dennis 1967), and only 23 of 400 at Sumburgh on 18th December 1977 were still in winter plumage ( Shetland Bird Report). At Cap Sizun, Finistere, between the end of October and early November in 1980 and 1981, 13 (48%) of 27 Guillemots on the ledges had started to moult, and the bulk of individuals were in complete summer plumage by mid December during 1979-81 (Thomas 1984). Other British auks The moult of the Razorbill is very similar to that of the Guillemot, but its post-breeding moult may start slightly earlier and be faster (Verwey 1924; NERC 1971; Tasker et al. 1986). The Razorbill's pre-breeding moult starts later, and again may be more rapid, so that adults spend three to four Moult and autumn colony attendance of auks 65 months in winter plumage (Verwey 1922; Salomonsen 1944; Greenwood 1971) (fig. 2). 1 he other auks have a different reproductive strategy and raise their young to independence in a burrow before leaving the colonies to moult. The Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle joins a moulting flock and then moults into its piebald winter plumage. During this moult, it becomes flightless (Salomonsen 1944). In Shetland, adults return to the sea near the colony in December, the first individuals in full summer plumage are seen in mid January, but it is the end of February before 50% of adults reach this stage (Ewins 1986). Breeding sites are not visited until early March. The situation is different at Bangor, Go. Down, where adults visit their breeding sites in October while still in winter plumage and only then do they start their pre-breeding moult, with a few individuals being in complete breeding plumage by the end of December (Greenwood in litt.). I he moult ol the Puffin Fratercula arctica is more variable than that of the other British auks. Most individuals have a partial post-breeding moult which results in a dusky ‘face’ patch; a few may replace their wing-feathers as well, but this usually occurs as part of a complete pre-breeding moult in late winter or early spring (Harris & Yule 1977). The timing of this moult, and the return to the colonies immediately after, is much earlier for Puffins from east Britain than for those from the west. The date of return to east Scottish colonies has become gradually earlier, and Puffins were ashore in Grampian by 21st February 1987 (S. Welch in lift.)', the date of departure has remained unchanged, so the time spent in winter plumage must have decreased; at 5-6 months, however, it is still longer than those of the other species. Many British Guillemots spend only a relatively short time each year in winter plumage. Either there must be strong selection pressure acting on them to get into breeding plumage in the winter, perhaps for courtship or defence of the breeding site (Birkhead & Taylor 1977), or the unknown advantages which accrue to those in winter plumage may have weakened. Adult Guillemots from more northern colonies, and non-breeders from British colonies, appear to have their pre-breeding moult in the late winter or spring, which explains why many dead Guillemots washed ashore in the late winter are still in winter plumage. If winter colony-visiting by Black Guillemots and Razorbills spreads, it will be interesting to see whether the timing of moult will change until breeding-plumaged auks become a regular feature of British seabird colonies in the winter. Acknowledgments We thank K. Brockie and D. Pullan for making observations for us. K. Ferry and N. Coulthard for help with catching Guillemots, and Dr P. J. Ewins. P. Hope Jones and M. Tasker for improving the manuscript. Part of this work was commissioned by the Nature Conservancy Council as part of their programme of research into nature conservation. Summary J Adult Guillemots l ria aalge returning to the Isle of May, Firth of Forth, from early October were in winter plumage, but soon started to moult, and by early December 50% were in full summer plumage, which was then kept until latejuly. 1 he time needed for the post-breeding moult and the time spent in winter plumage totalled about 88 days; the pre-breeding moult took about 48 days. Many British Guillemots spend only a short time in winter plumage, but 66 Moult and autumn colony attendance of auks it is unclear whether this is a recent phenomenon. In contrast, most Razorbills Alca torda still spend three to four months in winter plumage and have their pre-breeding moult in late winter and spring. Some Black Guillemots Cepphus giylle also visit colonies, and come into breeding plumage in the early winter, whereas Puffins Fratercula arctica are flightless in the late winter and do not attain summer plumage until the spring. References BlRKHEAD, T. R., & Tavi.OR, A. M. 1977. Moult of the Guillemot Uria aalge. Ibis 119: 80-85. Df.nnis, R. H. 1967. Changes in the arrivals and departures of seabirds at Fair Isle. Fair Isle Bird Observatory Bull. 5: 236-240. EwiNS, P. J. 1986. The ecology of Black Guillemots Cepphus giylle in Shetland. DPhil thesis, Oxford. Gatke, H. 1895. Heligoland as an Ornithological Obseivatory'. Edinburgh. Greenwood, J. G. 1987. Winter visits by Black Guillemots Cepphus giylle to an Irish breeding site. Bird Study 34: 135-136. Greenwood, J. J. D. 1971. The attendance of Guillemots and Razorbills at a Scottish colony. Proc. hit. Om. Congr. 15: 648. Harris, M. P., & Wanless, S. 1988. The breeding biology of Guillemots Uria aalge on the Isle of May ov er a six year period. Ibis 130: 172-192. & Yui.E, R. F. 1977. The moult of the Puffin Fratercula arctica. Ibis 1 19: 535-541. HaYSOM, W. T. 1977. The status of some Purbeck sea birds. Dorset Nat. Hist. Arch. Soc. Ann. Proc. (1977): 97-103. Hope Jones, P., & Rf.F.s, E. I. S. 1985. Appearance and behaviour of immature Guillemots and Razorbills at sea. Brit. Birds 79: 370-377. Natural Environment Research Council. 1971. The sea bird wreck in the Irish Sea Autumn 1969. Natural Environment Research Council series C, No. 4. Payne, R. B. 1972. Mechanisms and control of molt. In Farner, D. S., & King, J. R. (Eds.) Avian Biology 2: 103-155. London. Sai.omonsf.N, E. 1944. The Atlantic Alcidae. Medd. Gbteborgs K. Vetensk. — o. Vitterhets-samhdlles Hatidlingar ser. B. Band 3, no. 5. SWENNF.N, C. 1977. Laboratory Research on Seabirds. Texel. Taskf.r, M. L., Webb, A., Hai.i., A.J., Pif.nkowski, M. W., & Lancslow, D. R. 1987. Seabirds in the North Sea. Peterborough. , Webb, A., Murray, S., & Holt, R. 1986. The dispersal of auks in the northern North Sea June to September 1985. Nature Conservancy Council CSD Report 627. Tayi.OR, K., & Reid,J. B. 1981 . Earlier colony attendance by Guillemots and Razorbills. Scot. Birds 11: 173-179. Thomas, A. 1984. Observations sur la mue prenuptiale des Guillemots de Trail (Uria aalge) de la Reserve du Cap Sizun (Finistere). Travaux des Reserves SEPNB 2: 54-61. Varoujf.an, D. H., Sanders, S. D„ Graybii.l, M. R., & Spear, L. 1979. Aspects of Common Murre breeding biolog)'. Pacific Seabird Group Bull. 6: 28. Verwf.Y, J. 1922. I’he moult of Uria troille (L.) and Alca torda (L.). Ardea 1 1: 99-1 16. 1924. [Results of a study of the moult of the Guillemot, Razorbill and native species of divers.] Tijdschr. ned. dierk. Ver. 2 (19): vii-viii. Wani.f.ss, S., & Harris, M. P. 1986. Time spent at the colony by male and female Guillemots Uria aalge and Razorbills Alca torda. Bird Study 33: 168-176. & . In press. The importance of relative laying date on breeding success of the Guillemot Uria aalge. Omis Scand. Dr M. P. Harris and S. Wanless, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology , Hill of Brathens , Banchory, Kincardineshire A B3 4BY Appendix 1. Statistical details relating to numbers in text 1. X2 = 222; d.f. = 12; P <0.001 4. X2 = 5.9; d.f. = 1; P <0.05 2. r = -0.944; n = 6; P <0.02 5. \2 = 1.96; df = 1; n.s. 3. Friedman’s X2. — 33.4; d.f. — 15; P <0.01 6. Spearman Rank correlations; all n.s. OPTICAL BRILLIANCE Centon Findscope 20x56 Quality Precision Spotting Scope With L.E.D. 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Please allow 28 day's for delivery in I K, longer if abroad. NHBS Giro a/c no. 202 9200. To qualify for POST FRF.F, please quote your BB ref. no. Name Ref. No. Address Total £ I I If1 /PI 1 o.wl i n You can also pay using these credit cards: If your address for credit card purposes is different from that above, give it here Please debit my Access/Visa/MasterCard/Eurocard Expiry date Signature You can phone in your credit card orders, but please quote your BB ref. no. as well as your credit card no. TF.t.. Totnes (0803) 865913 Send order to: British BirdShop, c/o NHBS, 2 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5XN XIV Mystery photographs mThe general proportions of the mystery bird (plate 8, repeated here as plate 26) show it to be a small wader, presumably a stint. I o separate these, one usually looks first to leg colour: pale, yellowish legs indicate one of Long-toed Stint Calidris subminuta, Temminck’s Stint C. temminckii or Least Sandpiper C. minutilla. Dark, blackish legs would show that the bird must be one of the remaining four: Western Sandpiper C. maun, Semipalmated Sandpiper C. pusilla, Little Stint C. minuta or Red- necked Stint C. mjicollis. But this bird has curiously pale legs — almost ‘whitewashed’. The reason for this may be stated immediately: it has been feeding regularly in a calcareous environment, and the white coloration is staining. Similar staining can also affect the bill colour, though not with this individual. So, leg colour is of no assistance here. Neat, small, pale-fringed upperpart feathers show it to be a juvenile. A colour photograph would be more helpful than this black-and-white, but we can note that the bird lacks a pale mantle or scapular ‘V”, eliminating all but the most worn Little or Long-toed Stints. Nor does it have the characteristic dark-edged and pale-fringed upperpart pattern of juvenile Temminck’s. But, to advance the identification further, we need to look to more subtle plumage and structural details. The pattern of the lower rear scapulars helps (Jonsson & Grant 1984). On this individual, the tips of these feathers have dark anchor-shaped markings, a feature of Semipalmated and Western Sandpipers, and perhaps Red-necked Stint, but not the other four species. Apart from the ‘double’ or ‘split’ supercilium of Little and Long-toed Stints, head patterns are often not particularly helpful, so we turn to structure. Bill shape is the most useful here, that of this individual being noticeably blunt-tipped (even allowing for the drop of water), a particular feature of Semipalmated Sandpiper. Typically, Western Sandpiper has a longish, slightly decuned finely-tipped bill, while Red-necked Stint generally has a short, straight finely-tipped bill. This individual is indeed a juvenile Semipalmated, which I photo- graphed in Florida, USA, in September 1988. There is. however, another structural feature that helps to confirm this identification. This is the extent of the primary projection beyond the tertials (with the bird standing normally), presented by Jonsson & Grant as a feature aiding the separation of the stints. Considering for present purposes only the four dark-legged stints, Jonsson & Grant may be summarised as giving the primary projection as very short in the case of Western Sandpiper, short on Semipalmated Sandpiper and long on both Little and Red-necked Stints. Examination of skins and of good-quality photographs suggests that, on many individuals of these species, there is a remarkable consistency in the relative position of the end of the longest tertial and the visible primary tips. This is shown in the accompanying diagram (fig. 1), and illustrated by the mystery bird, and, in plates 27 and 28, for Western Sandpiper and Little Stint. It is also 67 [lint. Birds 83 : 67-69. February 1990] — 1C 68 My steiy photographs i. Juvenile Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla, ‘Mystery photograph’ 151, repeated re with arrow indicating position of tip of longest tertial; Florida, USA, September 1988 (R. J. Chandler) 27. Juvenile Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri : arrow shows tip of longest tertial; California, USA, September 1984 (R. /. Chandler ) 28. Juvenile Little Stint Calidris minuta: arrow shows tip of longest tertial; Kent, August 198b (/?. J. Chandler) Mystery photographs 69 clearly illustrated in Jonsson & Grant, and in the recent series of photographs presented by Alstrom & Olsson (1989). In brief, on Western Sandpiper the longest tertial typically falls close to the second visible primary tip, on Semipalmated and Red-necked it falls mid-way between the second and third, and on Little it falls close to the third. Note that the longest visible primary tip in the folded wing is formed by the two longest outer primary feathers, whose tips fall together. W S L Fig. 1. Position of tip of longest tertial relative to primary tips in folded wing. \V = Western Sandpiper Calidris maun, S = Semipalmated Sandpiper (.. pusilla, 1. = Little Stint C. minuta. Note that the two longest primary tips fall together (R.J. Chandler) 1 his distinction seems to hold for most juveniles, and for winter plumages once the adult’s moult is complete. In summer, however, the primaries (by then six to nine months old) are worn, while the tertials (which are typically replaced in the spring) are fresh. Consequently’, the primary extension is often less, and the differences between the species are less clear cut. Thus, this identification feature needs care, good views or clear photographs. Finally, does anyone have a photo which shows this feature on the much-debated Felixstowe stint (Grant 1986; Brit. Birds 82: 375-380)? R. J. Gil ANDI.F.R REFERENCES Ai. strom, 1’., & Oi.sson, L . 1989. Identification of Red-necked and Long-toed Stints. Brit. Birds 82: 360-372. Grant, P. J. 1986. Four problem stints. Brit. Birds 79: 609-621. Jonsson, L., & Grant, P. J. 1984. Identification of stints and peeps. Brit. Birds 77: 293-315. 29. Mystery photograph 152. Identify the species. Answer next month Notes Calls of American and Pacific Golden Plovers The calls of American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica and Pacific Golden Plover P. fulva are generally considered inseparable (e.g. Pym 1982; Cramp & Simmons 1983; Hayman et al. 1986; Dunn et al. 1987). When I first heard fulva in Asia in 1982, it immediately struck me that its calls were distinctly different from those I had previously heard from dominica on the east coast of the USA in 1980 and 1981. None of the many persons with whom I discussed this, however, was able to confirm my views, so I gradually began to query my original opinion. In 1984, 1987 and 1988, I had many opportunities to hear fulva in Asia again, but unfortunately I failed to find any dominica on a short trip to the USA in 1984; I was unable, therefore, to confirm or revise my original view that the calls of the two forms were rather easily distinguishable. I recently got hold of tape recordings of dominica (mostly alarm calls) from Manitoba, Canada (recorded by Arthur Allen/Peter Paul Kellogg; Library of Natural Sounds, Cornell University), which sound much like the calls I have myself heard from dominica and clearly different from the calls I have heard from fidva. Claudia Wilds (in lift.) and Lars Jonsson (verbally) confirmed that the calls they have heard from dominica in eastern USA basically conform with the ones on the tape (although Lars Jonsson commented that the recorded calls were perhaps slightly more squeaky than those normally given by migrants). I have compared these tape recordings of dominica with my own recordings of many different fulva from China, Japan and the Philippines, with Krister Mild’s from the USSR (Mild 1988), with William Ward’s from Norfolk Island and with H. Doug Pratt’s from Kauai (Library' of Natural Sounds, Cornell University), and the differences are obvious and consistent (as also shown by the sound spectrograms of some of these recordings: fig. 1). Lars Jonsson (verbally) has independently reached the same conclusion as I: that the calls of dominica and fulva generally are separable. The normal flight calls of fulva are a ‘chu-it’ (fig. la), much resembling the call of Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus\ a more drawn-out ‘chu-eet’ or ‘chu-ee(uh)’, with the stress more on the second syllable (figs, lb, lc); and a similar, but even more drawn-out ‘chu-EET' or ‘chu-EE(uh)’, with the stress very' clearly on the second syllable (fig. Id). The last type of call is normally given when flushed. Less commonly heard utterances include distinctly trisy llabic calls, ‘chu-ee-uh’ or ‘chu-ee-uuh’, with the stress on the second or third syllables (figs, le, If), and monosyllabic calls. Note that these different types of call are not well defined; there is actually more of a cline from mono- to di- to tri-syllabic notes. The usual flight calls of dominica seem to be a ‘tyy-ee’ (or, differently transcribed, ‘tuu-ee’), with the stress usually clearly on the first syllable (fig. 1 g) ; and a ‘tyy-y-ee’ or ‘ty-yy-ee’ (or, with different transcriptions, 70 Notes 71 Fig. 1. Sonagrams of calls of American Golden Plmnalis dominica and Pacific Golden Plovers P. full'd, (a) fulva, Bratsk, USSR, June 1987 {Krister Mild): (b. c ) fulva. Hainan. China. March 1987 {Per Alstrom); (d, e) full'd, Candaba, Philippines, December 1984 (Per Alstrdm); (f ) fulva, Bratsk. USSR. June 1987 (Krister Mild): (g, h) dominicd. Manitoba. Canada. June 1954. All scales identical to (a) (Arthur Allen/ Peter Paul Kellogg). 72 Notes ‘tuu-u-ee’ or ‘tu-iiu-ee’), with the stress either on the first or on the second syllable, and often with the second slightly vibrant (fig. lh; the first two syllables are not always clearly separated). Monosyllabic calls are also given. The calls of dominica are usually higher-pitched than those of fulva. Much further research needs to be done on the vocalisations of the two forms to learn more about the variations and whether or not the differences described here are consistent throughout the ranges; a study of the songs would be most welcome, too. If American and Pacific Golden Plovers are to be considered separate species, as seems to be the more widely accepted view today (e.g. OSNZ 1980; Connors 1983; BOURC 1986; Hayman et at. 1986), the vocal differences between them should be at least as pronounced in the area of sympatry as they are in very widely separated areas as described above. I should like to thank Claudia Wilds and Lars Jonsson for their comments on this note, the Library of Natural Sounds, Cornell University, for providing me with some useful recordings, and Per Lindblad for valuable comments on the sonagrams. Per Alstrom Marholmsvagen 105, S-436 45 A skim, Sweden REFERENCES British Ornithologists’ Union Records Committee (BOURC). 1986. Records Commit- tee: twelfth report (April 1986). Ibis 128: 601-603. Connors, P. G. 1983. Taxonomy, distribution, and evolution of Golden Plovers (Pluvialis dominica and Pluvialis fulva). Auk 100: 607-620. Cramp, S., & Simmons, K.. E. L. (eds.) 1983. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. vol. 3. Oxford. Drw.J. I... Mori. an, J., & M'ii.ds, C. P. 1987. Field identification of forms of Lesser Golden- Plover. International Bird Identification. Proceedings of the 4th International Identification Meeting, Eilat. lst-Hth November 1986. Hayman, P.,M ARCHANT, J., & PRATER, T. 1 986. Shorebirds: an identification guide to the waders of the world. London. Mil l), K. 1988. Soviet Bird Songs. Stockholm. Pym, A. 1982. Identification of Lesser Golden Plover and status in Britain and Ireland. Brit. Birds 75: 112-124. Ornithological Society or New Zealand (OSNZ). 1980. Amendments and additions to the 1970 annotated checklist of the birds of New Zealand. Notomis 27 (supplement). Me welcome this contribution and hope that it will focus attention on the problem. The Identification Notes Panel considers, however, that the variation in tonal qualities of the calls and their interpretation by observers not already familiar with both species makes identification (and, especially, assessments of identifications) by call very difficult, particularly as some dominica calls could be interpreted as being like that of Spotted Redshank; structure and plumage remain the most solid basis for specific identification. Eds Spectacled Warblers feeding in association with Finsch’s Wheatear On 31st October 1986, along the road to Nizzana, in the Negev Desert, Israel, there were many Spectacled Warblers Sylvia conspicillata. They were normally to be found, in typical Sylvia fashion, skulking at the base of small bushes, searching for invertebrate prey. At a particularly bushy area, four Finsch’s Wheatears Oenanthe Jinschii were present. The wheatears normally fed by perching on low bushes and dropping to the ground to catch prey, in the manner of a Stonechat Saxicola torquata. At times, they also fed in more typical wheatear fashion, on the ground. Notes 73 While watching one Finsch’s Wheatear flying from hush to bush, 1 noticed that a Spectacled Warbler was following it, flying in to the base of the bush that the wheatear had landed on a few' seconds previously. Later in the day, I saw' the same behaviour by different individuals. In my opinion, the warblers were exploiting a sudden concentration of invertebrates at the base ol the bush, as, on disturbance to the shrubbery, the majority of insects release their grasp, dropping to the ground. Normally, this is a good survival mechanism, but, in this case, they dropped, so to speak, right into the hands of a Spectacled Warbler. P. A. Amies 16 Sunnyside Road, Weston-Super-Mare, Avon BS23 3QE Similar behaviour has been noted for Dartford Warbler S. undata with Stonechat (Brit. Birds 68: 196-202; 71: 182-183) and for Spectacled Warbler with Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti and Spotted Sandgrouse Pterocles senegallus (Sandgrouse 3: 37). Ens Interaction between Jackdaws and red squirrel On 25th December 1986, at Grasmere, Cumbria, I noticed some material falling from the upper branches of a Scots pine Pinus sylvestris, 15 m distant. A red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris was being chased through the branches by a Jackdaw Corvus monedula. After a few seconds, the squirrel dropped something to the ground, and the chase stopped. They watched each other, and at this point another Jackdaw flew across the path, joining the first; both were then within 1 m of the squirrel. The squirrel then moved to the end of some nearby branches, where it started searching for pine cones, still under the watch of the two following Jackdaws. After a while, the squirrel bit off a cone and moved to a larger branch to eat it. After a few seconds, the Jackdaws moved closer, and, as one came within centimetres, the squirrel leapt past it, narrowly avoiding the second Jackdaw, which noisily flew off. The remaining Jackdaw continued chasing the squirrel for a while, until they were lost from my vision. Shortly afterwards, a Jackdaw flew from the tree, without any visible reward from its encounter. 1 believe the two Jackdaws were trying to rob the squirrel of its food. A NDREW WHITTAKER 5 Bryn Grove , I lest Bank , Near Lancaster HA2 6EX Jackdaws sunbathing On 26th April 1986, at Sevenhampton, Wilt- shire, I saw a Jackdaw Coitus monedula sunbathing on a bank of short grass. It was in full spread-eagled position, with wings and tail spread, and remained that way for approximately one minute. An hour later, I saw another Jackdaw sunbathing on rough pasture, near Liddington. Stephen Edwards Hazeldene . Medbottnte Lane, Liddington, Swindon . Wiltshire SN4 OEY l)r K. E. E. Simmons has commented: ‘The Jackdaw is known to sunbathe, with records of it adopting the “wings-down” and the “lateral" sunning posture, as well as the “spreadeagle” (see The Sunning Behaviour of Birds, 1986). That said, it seems seldom to be seen sunning — which is very surprising, considering how tame they get in some places. Ens Letter Detailed descriptions One point remains unresolved by Per Alstrom and Urban Olsson’s detailed paper on Red-necked Calidris mficollis and Long- toed Stints C. subminuta (Brit. Birds 82: 360-372). Do the authors advocate the use of a held glass or a hand glass to distinguish such feather detail? JOHNCANTELO 17 Clyde Street, Canterbury, Kent C.T1 1NA Reviews Bharatpur: bird paradise. By Martin Ewans. Photographs by Thakur Dalip Singh, Rajpal Singh, James Hancock, M. Y. Ghorpade, William S. Paton, P. Evans, P. Kapoor, Rupin Dang, Mike Price, M. M. Singh, V. K. Sinha, Ashish Chandola, Joanna Van Guuisen. H. F. & G. Witherby, London, 1989. 144 pages; 70 colour plates; 8 black-and-white plates; 1 map. £14.95. There are few better-known birding spots in the Oriental region than Bharatpur, so a book describing its riches is very welcome. The author states that the aim was to produce a general text, so it may seem pointless to complain about the lack of detail. Nevertheless, I do not think the potential visitor will feel that this is the definitive work; and there are some obvious mistakes which raise doubts about the reliability of the text. The book’s primary appeal may be as a collection of quality photographs — take a look at the Sparrow'hawk Accipiter nisus gripping its prey or the pair of Spoonbills Platalea leucorodia in energetic symmetry. Again, however, the book disappoints by the inclusion of some rather average shots. PaUI. DOHERTY The Birdwatcher’s Yearbook and Diary 1990. Edited by John Pember- ton. Buckingham Press, Maids Moreton, 1989. 320 pages; 5 black-and- white plates; 12 line-drawings. Paperback £8.75. The birdwatchers’ answer to ‘Wisden’ celebrates its tenth anniversary, justifying the rave reviews which the maiden edition received back in 1980. BB’s reviewer on that occasion, Mike Everett, predicted somewhat perceptively that BYB — anything worthwhile in birding literature is rapidly shortened to an abbreviation — would not only become essential reading, but its success would also be measured in the speed with which it became dog-eared and annotated. My grubby collection of well-thumbed and doggerel-littered BYBs is ample testimony to the indispensability of what can best be described as the ‘birders’ Filofax’. I cannot believe that there is a serious birder who has not seen a copy of BYB during the last decade, and the 1990 edition follows the same tried-and-tested format, l he bulk of its fact-filled 320 pages are dedicated to a series of well-researched and contemporaneous directories, listing addresses and, in most cases, telephone numbers for county recorders, local birding groups, national bodies, reserves and observatories, as well as international organisations, making it a veritable Who’s Who of birdwatching. If, however, the thought of becoming so well connected is not enticing, then there’s plenty more: a complete 1990 diary, space to record field notes; quick-reference sections on bird legislation, tide charts and sponsored-birdwatch tallies; a complete — and thankfully accurate — European checklist; plus nine well-written features. Not bad for £8.75 in these days, when a decent birdbook makes a big hole in a £20 note. STUART WINTER 74 Reviews 75 The Birds of South America. By Robert S. Ridgely and Guy Tudor. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1989. 516 pages; 31 colour plates; over 700 distribution maps. £45.00. I his is a landmark in ornithological publication: the first volume of the first well-illustrated, authoritative but non-technical handbook of the world’s richest avifauna. Three volumes are to follow. Robert Ridgely, having produced an excellent field-guide to the birds of Panama, evidently could not resist the final challenge. To carry the project through to the publication of 9iis hrst volume has taken 15 years of work in field, museum and librarv, with main collaborators in addition to the author and artist. An unusual reversal of the normal sequence of volumes was decided at the outset, as the passerines were most in need of attention; for the field-worker, the advantage ol having a guide to the most difficult families available first is obvious, furthermore, it would have been a pitv to begin with the families already dealt with in the first and so far only volume ol Blake’s Manual oj Neotropical Birds, a very different kind of book but to some extent overlapping with this. Alter 38 pages of introductory matter (useful summaries and discussions of South American habitats, biogeography, bird migration, conservation, etc.), the 455 pages of main text deal systematically with the approximately 750 species of song-birds. The information given for each species comprises sections on Identification, Similar species (verv useful when there is often so much possibility of confusion), Habitat and behaviour (with good information on voice, but not on breeding, which would have added unacceptably to the total length of the text), and Range. As an adjunct to the last section, there is for each species a small but very clear distribution map, which in itself represents a vast amount of work bv the author and others and is far in advance of any set of maps hitherto available. The scale of each map is adjusted to the species’ range, so that (with the help of national, state and departmental boundaries) a very adequate — and in many cases quite detailed— picture is presented of the known range. Finally, the illustrations are outstanding. It was decided, in planning the book, that it would be too expensive to illustrate even species; but, by judicious selection of the two- thirds that are illustrated, it has been possible to present a range of illustrations that should, with the help of the text, allow every species to be identified without too much difficullv. Those that are not shown are similar enough to a species that is for a verbal account of the differences to suffice. Cm Tudor’s 31 plates, each with a useful facing text, are beautifulh drawn and painted, and the colours appear to have been very faithfully reproduced. Altogether, a superb volume, and one could not expect it to be produced for a more reasonable price. D. W. Snow Atlas of Wintering North American Birds: an analysis of Christmas Bird Count data. By Terry Root. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1989. 312 pages; 42 line-drawings; over 600 maps; 11 transpa- rent overlays. Paperback £27.95; hardback £47.95. The first Christmas Bird-Census, as it was known then, was carried out in the USA on 25th December 1900, with 26 localities (two in Canada and 24 scattered through 13 states in the USA). Since then, the Christmas Bird Counts have been carried out annually, with the 86th (in winter 1985/86) involving 38,346 people participating in 1,504 counts. This book takes the censuses carried out during 1962/63 to 1971/72, and displays the distribution of 250 species (of the over 600 recorded during the period) by means of two-dimensional contour maps (using contour intervals of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the defined maximum abundance value) and also ‘three-dimensional fishnet maps’ for the same species. Each of these main species also receives about one-third of a page of explanatory' text. A further 96 species are covered by contour map alone, in an appendix. Thus, this atlas provides a very full documentation of the winter distribution (with abundance in different areas) of the majority of bird species which overwinter in North America. Transparent overlays are provided showing height of land, vegetational areas, average minimum January temperatures, average length of frost-free periods, mean annual precipitation, and general humidity, which allow the reader to make personal interpretations of the maps. For many species, there appears to be a close correlation between distribution and January temperatures. Ornithologists in many other countries will envy the long series 76 Reviews of records available in North America from these Christmas Bird Counts, analysed by Terr)' Root and presented in this book, which is an essential addition to the library of ever)' organisation and individual interested in bird distributions or the birds of North America. Organisers of surveys and censuses in other countries should also bear in mind the point made by Chandler S. Robbins in his foreword: ‘From time to time serious thought has been given to imposing stiffer rules on Christmas counters in an effort to make the results more amenable to rigid statistical analysis. It has been felt, however, that standardizing coverage, as by restricting participation to experienced counters in parties of specified size working along random transects, would destroy the educational and recreational aspects of the count. This in turn would lower the sample size to the point that the monitoring potential would be reduced rather than strengthened.’ The importance to conservation (via public opinion) in having over 30,000 people actually participating in these counts should not be underesti- mated. The fact that the information collected by them provides important scientific information is amply demonstrated by this book. J.T. R. SHARROCK Field Guide to the Birds of Australia: a book of identification. By K. Simpson and N. Day. Christopher Helm, London, 1989. 352 pages; 128 colour plates; 726 line-drawings; 758 distribution maps. Paperback, £11.95. Since the first edition of this book was reviewed (Brit. Birds 79: 220), the excellent Slater Field Guide to Australian Birds has been published (see review Brit. Birds 81: 192-193) and comparison must now be made with that guide. This third edition of Simpson & Day is much reduced in size and is now called a Field Guide. It’s certainly more portable, but, sadly, due to the proportions of the plates, is still wider than most field guides and will not fit into many pockets. The Slater guide certainly will. This new edition contains many minor changes and a few major ones — two plates have been repainted (storks, ibises & spoonbills and Australian chats), though I’m not sure why, as the originals were pretty good and these are only a minor improvement. Some recent taxonomic changes are included, but not all; for example the Australian Zoothera thrushes are still shown as one species — White’s Thrush Z. dauma — rather than split into the two new species. While Nicolas Day’s fine plates were by far the best available when the book first came out, most are not quite so good as those in the new Slater guide, so this book has to take second place in awards for ‘best Australian field guide’. It is a good book nevertheless, and, as most birdwatchers like to have several books to refer to when visiting a new country (or continent!), well worth obtaining and using in conjunction with Slater. The latter guide, however, remains the one to carry in the field. DAVID FlSHF.R Short reviews Kurzschnablige Tiimmler. By Horst Marks. (Die Neue Brehm-Bucherei 594. A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt, 1989. 174 pages. Paperback DM23.00) ‘Shortfaced Tumblers’ comprise a number of related, or possibly in a few cases conver- gently similar, breeds and sub-breeds of domestic pigeons. They have abnormally short bills and most cannot feed their own young. This book is a very' full and very well- illustrated account of these deformed living ‘artefacts’. [D. Goodwin] Ponds and Lakes for Wildfowl. By Michael Street. Illustrated by Malcolm Kaye. (The Game Conservancy, Fording- bridge, 1989. 184 pages. £6.50) A very thorough account of siting, constructing and managing lakes and ponds for wildfowl. Aimed principally at sporting interests, but equally useful to reserve managers and private landowners. Good photographs and very clear line-drawings illustrate all impor- tant details. [MAO] The Barn Owl. By Iain R. Taylor. (Shire Publications, Princes Risborough, 1989. 24 pages. Paperback £1.95) An excellent addi- tion to this well-known series. The sections on mortality factors and conservation are especially interesting, the latter including line-drawings of nest-boxes and how to site them. Illustrated with wonderful photo- graphs. What a photogenic bird this is! [MAO] Seasonal reports Autumn 1989, part 1 Keith Allsopp and Barry Nightingale These are largely unchecked reports, not authenticated records This report comprises records of non-passerine species from August to October 1989 The general weather pattern over the whole period was governed by the proximity of high pressure to the south of Britain and Ireland . which brought many periods of warm, settled conditions to those areas. In contrast , the northern half of the area was often affected by weather fronts associated with Atlantic cyclones tracking northeastward . mainly to the north of Scotland. The winds were generally westerly or northwesterly, except during 7th- 1 3th September, when a high-pressure region over Scandinavia turned the winds to the east. Shearwaters and petrels Exceptional numbers of the large shear- water species were present in the eastern Atlantic, providing great excitement among seawatchers when the westerly winds in- creased. The prime location was. not sur- prisingly. Cape Clear Island (Co. Cork), where a total of 6,178 Great Shearwaters Puffin us gravis (plate 34) was recorded. 4.766 77 78 of these during 1 3th- 1 6th August, when a slow-moving but vigorous depression brought persistent strong winds to all west- ern coasts. Counts from Cornwall were more modest, involving a few hundred indi- viduals, and very few were seen elsewhere, but included four off South Uist (Western Isles) on 16th and one at Brixham (Devon) on 13th. Further inshore movements at Cape Clear Island occurred in late August and into September, but with declining numbers. Cory’s Shearwaters Caloneclris diomedea were also present in large numbers, with 422 at Cape Clear Island and more in total off the Isles of Scilly and Cornwall in the blow of 13th- 19th August. Some ten individuals were seen from North Sea coasts during August and early September. A complete surprise were five records of Soft- plumaged Petrels Plerodroma mollis, with none previously accepted in Britain and Ireland: at Prawle Point (Devon) on 1 1th, at Porthgwarra (Cornwall) on 12th, 13th and 14th, and from Old Head of Kinsale (Co. Cork), all in August. Also of great interest were Bulwer’s Petrels Bulweria bulwerii seen in Cornwall on 23rd July and Spurn Point (Humberside) on 9th September. The pre- sence of all these seabirds farther north and west than normal was presumably con- nected with the availability of food at sea, and, with North Atlantic sea temperatures 1.5° above normal in August, some changes in distribution would be expected. Sooty Shearwaters Puffimis griseus did not feature prominently in these mid-August move- ments, but were recorded in numbers in Orkney and off Fair Isle, and subsequently farther south, at the end of August and into September, when northerlies brought some 2,500 to Cape Clear Island and increasing numbers into the North Sea. The strong easterlies associated with a stationary front lying across the North Sea from the Wash to Denmark during 8th- 10th September re- sulted in counts of 242 in Northumberland and 121 at Spurn on 9th, with fewer num- bers farther south. Further notable move- ments were from Ireland, with 96 at Cape Clear Island on 15th, 208 at Downpatrick Head (Co. Mayo) on 16th and 58 there on ?th October, and at Spurn, with 72 on 8th. l he movements also involved Leach’s Pet- rels Oceanodroma leucorhoa, with totals of 92 at Spurn and 74 at Gibraltar Point (Lincoln- shire) during 9th- 1 1th September, and seve- ral inland, including eight at Draycote Re- servoir (Warwickshire) on 9th. There were few this year in the Irish Sea, but hundreds Autumn 1989, part 1 were reported on the west coast, in Killala Bay (Co. Mayo) on 9th October. Storm Petrels Hydrobates pelagicus were also noted in small numbers in the North Sea (including one flying over the bushes at Spurn on 29th October), but the largest movement was seen at Cape Clear Island on 12th August, when 2,700 were counted. Grebes and wildfowl Red-necked Grebes Podiceps grisegena made an early appearance at Gosford Bay (Lothian), with 58 there on 28th August, and Black-necked Grebes P. nigricolUs con- centrated at Staines Reservoir (Surrey), with 14 in September. At Rutland Water (Leices- tershire), all five species of grebe were present on the September wildfowl count on 17th, which was significantly larger than normal as all water-sport activity had been stopped following an excessive bloom of poisonous algae. Pink-footed Geese A riser brachyrhynchus arrived in force at Martin Mere (Lancashire), where a record 21,500 had collected by 19th October, and 130 were noted at Gibraltar Point on 24th. Brent Geese Brcmtci bemicla were also moving along the English east coast, with 1,280 passing Covehithe (Suffolk) on 8th October and 300 at Gibraltar Point on 21st. Among the 20 reports of Garganeys Anas querquedala was one of a duck with five young in London in August. A total of 1 1 Red-crested Pochards Netla rafina was recorded during September, and there were four reports of Blue-winged Teals Anas discors (plate 41). Birds of prey In addition to the resident pairs, six migrant Honey Buzzards Pemis apivorus were seen on 3rd August. One was seen in Gloucester- shire on 30th, another in Orkney on 7th September and a further nine passing through southeastern counties during that month: more reports than for some years. Wandering Red Kites Milvus milvus were seen in Staffordshire on 28th August, one of 79 those released in Scotland reached Orkney on 15th August, one in South Glamorgan on 22nd was a rare visitor in spite of the proximity to the breeding area, and one reached the Calf of Man on 9th October. Marsh Harriers Circus aeruginosus also were noted on passage: ten were seen in eastern counties during August, and five in Sussex during September. A Rough-legged Buz- zard Buteo lagopus in Norfolk on 13th Sep- tember was an early arrival on the easterlies, but no more were reported. A late Osprey Pandion haliaetus was in South Glamorgan on 21st October, following 11 reported mig- rants in August, and three Red-footed Falcons Falco vespertinus were noted in Au- gust and September: levs' compared with the notable spring influx. Crakes and wading birds 1 he exceptionally dry summer in the south dropped the water levels on inland waters, revealing acres of mud. Watchers eagerly awaited the arrival of the wading birds, but most were disappointed. Spotted Crakes For zona porzana (plates 3b & 37) were more visible than usual, ten being observed in August, a further 1 1 in September, and one on l air Isle on 5th October. Most exceptio- nal was the influx of Little Egrets Egretta garzelta (plates 30 & 33), perhaps induced by the hot August weather. Some 30-40 arrived during August; most were spread along the English south coast into Devon and Corn- wall. where the highlight was a flock often flying past Marazion on 18th. but a few did venture north in Britain and west to Ireland. 30. Little Egret Egretta garzelta, Arne, Dorset. September 1989 (Tony Cwucher) 80 Autumn 1989, pail 1 stopping briefly at many waters. An additio- nal ten also collected by 17th on Jersey. The small flocks in the south all remained throughout September, declining into Octo- ber. Six Purple Herons A idea purpurea also came in August, with a further six in September. Wader migration was meagre. Little Stints Calidris minuta and Curlew1 Sandpip- ers-C. ferruginea were very scarce, presumably finding migration across Europe easier than usual this autumn. Flocks of Whimbrels Numenius phaeopus were, however, a delight during August, with groups of up to 50 whistling southwards along the British east coast, with a scatter inland. Spotted Red- shanks Tiinga eiythropus were uncommon, but 50 had congregated at Minsmere (Suffolk) by 14th September. Wintering wader flocks began collecting early: Knots Calidris canutus roosting at Gibraltar Point had increased from 20,000 on 31st August to 450,000 on 15th October, and records of Jack Snipes Lymnocryptes minimus indicated a widespread influx in early October, with over 20 on Fair Isle on 5th and 1 1 on Lundy (Devon) on 3rd being the largest counts. There were few Palearctic rarities, but one was outstanding: a Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris spent a few1 hours in Shetland on 15th September. American waders were more obliging, with a good number of species. Pectoral Sandpip- ers C. melanotos were the most numerous, with 33 reports, including 28 in September, and others included 12 Buff-breasted Sand- pipers Tiyngites subruficollis (plate 39) (ten of them in September) and eight Baird’s Sand- pipers C. bairdii (plate 38). Some 15 Red- necked Phalaropus lobatus (plate 35) and 40 Grey Phalaropes P. fulicarius were also noted, associated with the seabird move- ments. Skuas, gulls, terns and auks The easterlies in September brought many Pomarine Skuas Stercorarius pomarinus in- shore on 9th, but counts were very observer- dependent. In* October, reports were more numerous from the west coast of Ireland. Long-tailed Skuas S. longicaudus were pres- ent from August, with 17 records in the North Sea, one inland at Farmoor Reservoir (Oxfordshire) on 10th and two in London on 25th. A similar number was seen in Septem- ber, with one staying inland on South Leeds Golf Course (W est Yorkshire) from 18th to 28th. Most Sabine’s Gulls Larus sabini were seen off the British east coast in September, with 12 during the easterly blow on 9th. Little Gulls L. minutus chose Spurn Point as the place at which to congregate this au- tumn, with numbers building up through September to reach 407 on 29th, declining thereafter. Only one Ring-billed Gull L. delawarensis was reported over the whole period: the bird at Hayle (Cornwall); is this a real decline? Familiar Glaucous Gulls L. hyperboreus started returning to their w'inter haunts in August. Setting a few problems for the future was the Lesser Crested Tern Sterna bengalensis from the Fame Islands (Northumberland) whose offspring, from a liaison with a Sandwich Tern S. sandvicensis, was with its rare parent at Musselburgh Lagoons (Lothian) from 7th to 16th, the juvenile remaining until 25th September. Black Terns Chlidonias niger were found in only small numbers, except for an influx on 19th August — as very' warm Continental air arrived in the Southeast — when 170 were seen on Staines Reservoir and 55 at King George VI Reservoir (Surrey). By contrast, Little Auks Alle alle were beginning to appear by the end of October, with 1 1 at Landguard (Suffolk) on 20th. pie who know the country, know' why they need BartXXJr 'C O UNTRY C I. OT H I N C for the worst British weather. The best British cloth ir free catalogue of the Barbour range, please write to Dept Z 33. J. Barbour & Sons Ltd.. Simonside, South Shields. Tyne & Wear. \E 34 9PD. (D560) XV also 7X42B/ GAT* "...particularly useful in confined habitats, such as woodland or forest: for seawatching or raptor-watching. . . ' I British Birds Vol 79 No. 6 June 1986) Zeiss - a tradition of excellence. The preferred binocular of experienced birdwatchers worldwide. Unsurpassed in quality and performance. Excellent image contrast; superior light transmission at dawn and dusk; genuine “B” special eyepieces with unrestricted viewing for spectacle- and non -spectacle wearers alike; true close focusing (5m). For brochure and nearest stockist please contact Sturdy and dependable. Available with or without rubber armour. Carl Zeiss (Oberkochen) Ltd PO Box 78 Woodfield Road Welwyn Garden City Herts. AL7 1LU Telephone (0707)331144 West Germany XVI (D607) Autumn 1989, part 1 81 31 & 32. Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes, September 1989: above, Strand Lough, Co. Down (Jack Matins)', below, Drift Reservoir, Cornwall ( David Tipting) [The inclusion of plates 31-35 in colour has been subsidised by a donation from ZEISS West Germany ] 82 Autumn 1989, pail 1 Autumn 1989, part 1 83 36 & 37. Spotted Crakes Porzana porzana: above, Marlon Mere, Lancashire, September 1989 (Steve Young); below, Margrove, Cleveland, August 1989 (Jeff Youngs) 33. Left (top). Little Egret Egretta garzetta, with Grey Heron Ardea dnerea. Bough Beech Reservoir, Kent, August 1989 (Dadd Tipltng) 34. Left (centre), Great Shearwater Puffinus gravis, 1 10 km YVSW of Cornwall, August 1989 (/. Ijehto) 35. Left (bottom), Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus , Lancing, West Sussex, September 1989 (D. Sadler) 84 Autumn 1989 , part 1 38. Baird’s Sandpiper Calidris bairdii , C rowdy Reservoir, Cornwall. October 1989 (R. j. Mellis) 39. Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites sub- mficollis, Davidstowe Airfield, Cornwall, Sep- tember 1989 (R. J. Mellis) 40. Great Snipe Gallinago media, Girton Gravel-pits, Nottinghamshire, August 1989 (R. J. Mellis) 85 Autumn 1989, part 1 41. Blue-winged leal Anas discors, Upton Warren, Worcestershire, August 1989 (Sieve Young) Part 2, covering the passerines in autumn 1989, will be published shortly. Eds Fieldwork action BTO/IWC news Forthcoming survey of Mute Swans The B i t), in conjunction with the W ildfowl and Wetlands Trust, is organising a national survey of Mute Swans Cvgnus olor beginning in April 1990 and would welcome offers of help from any birdwatchers who would like to participate. For further details, contact Dr Jeremy Greenwood, c/o Mute Swan Survey, BTO. Beech Grove, Tring, Hertfordshire HP2:t j\R. Announcements Books in British BirdShop Three special offers are still available: *British Birds/IBCE International Bird Identification (save El. 00) *()ddie Birdwatching with Bill Oddie (save £2.00 or £1.00) *Ogilvie & Winter Best Days with British Birds (save £2.00) New books are shown by asterisks on the order forms found on pages xiii & xiv. BB'-SUNBIRD trip to New Zealand The trip to Egypt in April 1990 (Brit. Birds 82: 449) is now fully booked, but there are still some places for the special trip to New Zealand during 16th November to 1st December 1990. led by David Fisher and Tim Sharrock. 'BB' subscribers can claim a 10% discount. For full details write or telephone to David Fisher or Jennifer Thomas, Sunbird, P.O. Box 76. Sandy, Bedfordshire s(.i>) ini': telephone Sandy (0767) 82969. Request Azores bird records Dr Fatima Medeiros of the Universijjade dos Acores is currently reviewing the status of birds in the Azores archipelago, preparatory to the publication of an updated and revised checklist. She would be most grateful for details of any unpublished records (both recent and old) from anyone who has visited the islands. Please send records to Dr Fatima Medeiros, Universidade dos Acores, Rua de Mae de Deus, Ponta Delgada, Acores, Portugal, or to Peter Akers, 27 Christopher Close, Yeovil, Somerset BA20 2F.H. Monthly marathon 41WTot an easy one’, we thought when selecting 1^1 plate 345 in the November issue. Votes were as follows: Bulwer’s Petrel Bulweria bulwerii (58%) Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus ( 1 8%) Pomarine Skua Stercorarius pomarinus ( 1 6%) with a few each for Soft-plumaged Petrel Pterodroma mollis , Jouanin’s Petrel B. fallax, Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea , Great Shearwater Puffinus gravis, Manx Shearwater P. puffinus, Leach’s Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa , Swinhoe’s Petrel 0. monorhis. Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens, Eleonora’s Falcon Falco eleonorae, Arctic Skua S. parasiticus and Long-tailed Skua S. longicaudus. Once again, the majority got it right. The Bulwer’s Petrel was photographed off Madeira by Volker Konrad in May 1987. The next stage in the current ‘Marathon’ appears below. The winner will be able to choose a SUNBIRD holiday to Africa, Asia or North America. Sponsored by 42. Fourth ‘Monthly marathon’ (sixth stage: photograph number 44). Identify the species. Read the rules on page 41 in the January 1990 issue, then send in your answer on a postcard to Monthly Marathon, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ, to arrive by 15th March 1990 86 News and comment Mike Everett and Robin Prytherch Opinions expressed in this feature are not necessarily those of “British Birds’ Estuaries in trouble Whether you are a counter, a wader-ringer or someone who simply enjoys birding them, estuaries are places you know all about. Or do you? You probably know that UK estuaries hold 1.3 million wintering waders (plus hundreds of thousands more occurring on passage) and hundreds of thousands of wintering wild- fowl; that some of these come to us from as far away as Arctic Canada and Greenland in the west and Siberia in the east; and that we host internationally important populations of many species. But did you know that no fewer than 80 of our 123 top estuaries are considered to be in danger? There are 22 which are threatened by barrages, for inst- ance, and 49 by recreational pressures, just to mention two of the problem areas. Those most at risk include Strangford Lough, Portsmouth Harbour, the Thames, the Swale, the Medway, Poole Harbour, the North Norfolk marshes, the Stour and the Dee, with Langstone Harbour and the Severn not far behind. Sadly, only 54 have so far been declared Sites of Special Scientific Interest — and, of these, a mere 17 have been designated as Ramsar Sites or Special Pro- tection Areas (the two best safeguards). The Government — however green it claims to be — cannot escape the comment that this is a pathetic record. Clearly, much needs to be done, and 1990 will see a massive increase in activities which, hopefully, will change some of this. As BB readers, there is plenty you can do to help, especially in promoting the case to MPs and the public. Dr Phil Roth- well (RSPB, The Lodge. Sandy, Bedford- shire SG19 2DF.) would be glad to hear from you and to point you in the right direction. ‘Best Days with British Birds' Who gauges success (or otherwise) by the emptiness (or otherwise) of his flask of coffee? The answer’s in the book (and also on page 88). KOS and RSPB meet in Canterbury On Saturday 11th November 1989, the Kent Ornithological Society contributed to the RSPB’s Centenary celebrations with a joint conference at the University of Kent in Canterbury. Chaired by Dr Jim Flegg, the theme was the expansion of interest in birds and conservation. George Shannon described the establish- ment of the KOS, and some of the personali- ties involved in Kentish birdwatching this century. The spirit of these early years was captured by his archival cine-film of Dunge- ness with one lighthouse and no power- stations, with birds and birders alike being driven to Heligoland traps by Bert Axell. Mike Clarke described the threats to the county of Kent and its birds, a gloomy tale brightened only by Jim Glover’s story of the successes of the RSPB reserves, in spite of all the development pressures. After lunch, we followed the expanding horizons of birdwatchers to the Camargue, Neusiedl and Hardanger Vidda, guided by Gordon Langsbury and his excellent slides. Richard Porter then took us to the Middle East, with its wild habitats, strange endemic species and amazing migrations. Andy Bun- ten wound up by explaining the threat to the environment caused by the proposed split of the NCC, urging us to lobby our MPs — a sobering note on which to end. The BB Mystery Bird Competition pro- duced a tie (with all five photographs named correctly) between Don Taylor and John Cantelo, the latter winning the draw and the champagne. (Contributed by Chris Cox) Developments in Kent Close liaison be- tween the RSPB. other conservation bodies and local ornithological societies is always important, but the recent joint Kent Ornithological Society/RSPB conference (see above) was especially timely. Presum- ably largely a result of the Channel Tunnel, its rail and road links and associated com- mercial developments, the number of cur- rent planning applications in Kent make up a staggering (and disturbing) one-third of all the applications in England. The pressure on wildlife habitats in that southeastern corner of the UK — one of the richest parts of the country for insects and plants (including rare orchids), as well as birds — will demand frequent, speedy, informed and co-ordinated responses from the environmental organisa- tions. 87 88 News and comment Magnus, KBE Our congratulations to Magnus Magnusson on the honorary knighthood he received last November, in recognition of ‘his services to the national heritage, particularly in Scotland’. As Presi- dent of the RSPB, he has a strong commit- ment to the bird sceite. Being an Icelander, he will not be able to use the prefix ‘Sir’ — which, he says, suits him very well anyway! Dorset cake Two splendid watercolours by John Davis, depicting heathland birds and other wildlife, adorn a limited-edition cake tin which went on sale in Dorset in October 1989 (no doubt all 4,000 have been sold by now). The contents are (more likely were) the Luxury' Dessert Cake made by the Old Brambley House Bakery Co. Ltd. Tins with John Davis paintings are well worth having — but what we really liked about this venture was that the makers pledged £1 from each tin sold to the Save the Heathland Campaign being jointly funded between the RSPB and British Petroleum. North European protection meeting The deliberate persecution of wild birds of prey for profit (in Norway) was just one of many important topics raised at a November 1989 meeting of bird-protection societies from the UK (the RSPB, who acted as hosts), Nor- way, Sweden, Denmark, the Federal Repub- lic of Germany and the Netherlands. The meeting (the first of its kind) was called specifically to discuss international infringe- ments of conservation legislation. Also on the agenda were discussions about forming a database containing information on Euro- pean offences and offenders. Ways in which information exchange could be improved were discussed, a matter of considerable importance since offenders often show little regard for national boundaries. Among other items discussed were the collecting of rare birds’ eggs by Britons visiting Scandin- avia, the trade in stuffed rare birds between Norway and Sweden, the trade in live raptors between the UK and Germany and the problems associated with international trade in endangered species — especially parrots. Large sums of money are being made by unscrupulous people who flout laws and ignore borders. Anything which puts a spanner into the works for as many of them as possible is to be welcomed, so we look forward to more news on this important international initiative in due course. Overheard At Holkham Meals, Norfolk, last autumn, after looking at guess what?: ‘I didn’t think much of that bird.’ He must surely have been in the minority — or, perhaps, he didn’t see the black bib properly? ‘Best Days with British Birds’ Answer. Richard Chandler. Recent reports Compiled by Barry Nightingale and Anthony McGeehan This summary covers the period 16th December 1989 to 11th January 1990 These are unchecked reports, not authenticated records Night Heron Nycticorax nyclicorax Near Car- diff (South Glamorgan), 30th December to at least 10th January. Lesser Scaup Aythya qffinis Adult male reap- peared, Oxford Island (Co. Armagh), 25th December until at least 8th January. White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla Hun- stanton (Norfolk), 10th January. Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus Near Burnham (Somerset), 11th January. Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis Four, including three first-winters, Galway City Rubbish-dump (Co. Galway), late Decem- ber onwards. Shore Lark Eremophila alpeslris Five, Salt- house (Norfolk), 10th January. Waxwing Bombycilla gatrulus Small parties in eastern England (most in Norfolk), with singles west to Cumbria and Cornwall, and north to Highland Region. Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis Holk- ham Meals (Norfolk), still present on 11th January. Dark-eyed Junco /unco hyemalis Church Crookham, near Fleet (Hampshire), 27th December to at least 1 1th January (Portland individual, Bril. Birds 83: 42, still present on 7th January). huge stocks fart exchange huge stocks A si'l l 1)3 MAII. ORDER SERVICE AND EXPERT ATTENTION [ OR PERSONAE CA1.1 ERS American Express/Access/Visa/Credit Charge. Post & Packing please add £2.50. 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It will have been carefully assessed by the editors and readers of the monthly magazine ‘British Birds ( BB3 14) XVII Best Days ^ British Birds Their most exciting birdwatching experiences, described by John Busby David Cottridge David Fisher Ian Lewington Bill Oddie & many others Edited by Malcolm Ogilvie & Stuart Winter Published by British Birds Ltd, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford Mkut :i\j Available from all good bookshops £14.95 hardback ISBN 0 9508471 3 5 SPECIAI. REDUCED PRICE IF ORDERED THROUGH ‘BRITISH BlRDSHOP’ (D526) Now enjoved by thousands of keen birdwatchers in over 40 countries Volume 3 now imminent: Don't delay - subscribe today! BIRDING WORLD BRITAIN’S MOST TOPICAL SUBSCRIPTION-ONLY BIRD MAGAZINE Exciting features • Photo essays • Topical birding tips • Current rarity reports Practical identification articles • News of all the latest sightings • Birdwatching holidays at home and abroad • Conservation news • And much, much more . . . K TO: HAZEL MILLINGTON, STONERUNNER, COAST ROAD, CLEY-NEXT-THE-SEA, HOLT, NORFOLK NR25 7RZ I enclose £18 □ £23 overseas □ Special Introductory Offer □ (see below') Cheques made payable to B.I.S. please Name Mr/Mrs/Miss Address Postcode Special Introductory Offer: For a 4-month trial subscription to Birding World, just fill in the coupon and send only £6. (£8 overseas) (DM 8) xviii BIRD BOOKS BY POST Poyser, Christopher Helm and Oxford titles stocked. Post and packaging free in Great Britain - ask for quote for postage abroad. TELEPHONE 0538 384337 Send 50p in stamps for our regularly updated catalogue or visit our shop in Leek in the Staffordshire moorlands PICTURE BOOK BIRD BOOKS 6 Stanley Street, Leek, Staffs ST13 5HG Access and Visa accepted by phone We also buy second hand bird books (D586) MULL OF KINTYRE BIRD TOURS • r u 1 1 y inclusive week with choice of selected accommodation • Dailv excursions with experienced ornithologist • Suitable for serious birder and beginner alike ★ Specialised field instruction in bird- song (Warblers, Redstart, etc.), flight ID of seabirds, wildfowl and waders, ID of Divers in any plumage ★ Storm Petrel guaranteed June-Sept ★ Day-trip to Islay and RSPB reserve For brochure contact: Mull of Kintyre Bird Tours, Sabaid, Glebe Street, Campbeltown, Argyll PA‘28 61. R Tel:' 0586 54284 (D595) Please order all your BIRD BOOKS from ‘BRITISH BIRDSHOP’ Please use the form on the cut-out page in this issue. The purchase of books and recordings through ‘British BirdShop’ subsidises every subscription, and adds extra pages and extra photographs to every issue of British Birds (BB515) THE BIRDS OF NORTH-EAST SCOTLAND This book presents the results of the first year-round atlas of birds to be attempted in Britain. In addition, thousands of bird records from 1975 to 1988 for the region (east Gram- pian) are analysed. Together with introductory chapters, this represents the most comprehensive survey ever undertaken of the birds of this excit- ing area. All species are illustrated b\ Scottish artists. The book extends to about 480 pages. Publication: April 1990. Pre-publication offers for all orders placed before I March 1990: £10.95 (post free). Published price £19.95. Send cheque (payable to North-East Scotland Bird Club) to: M. L. Tas- ker. Drumshalloch Croft (A), Ban- chory. Kincardineshire AB3 3QB. (DfiU) \i\ consider birding ^ egendary Manaus, situated at the con- fluence of the mighty rivers Amazon and Negro, is an ideal site to witness the alienating role tropical rivers have played in the evolution of avian forms. Central Brazil possesses a multiplicity of habitats and avifaunas and discloses some unique spectacles, like those afforded by the dry season-pantanal, unsurpassed anywhere on earth. Free of Amazonian and Andean biotic domi- nance, southeastern Brazil — with its rapidly dis- appearing Atlantic lowland forests — exhibits a wealth of avian endemism unrivaled in South America. 1990 Brazil Tour Program Manaus, Brazil: September 17-28 Southeastern Brazil: September 26- October 16 Central Brazil: September 27 -October 14 For detailed itineraries of these tours or our catalog of over 65 tours worldwide please write to P.O. Box 160723-C, Austin, Texas USA 78716 phone: 512-327-4953 telex: 4943693 fax: 512-327-9231 field guides INCORPORATED conducting the best Neotropical birding tours in the field (D602) xx Classified Advertisements All advertisements must be PREPAID and sent to British Birds Advertising Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ. Telephone 0621 81 5085 Rates (including 15% VAT) £2.76 a line — average of 6 words £9.20 a centimetre — min. 2 centimetres Box Number counts as 2 words is £1 .00 extra per insertion Replies should be sent to the above address Series Discounts 3 insertions for the price of 2 6 insertions for the price of 4 Copy Date March Issue February 5 Please post early to avoid disappointment British Birds is most grateful to those companies which support the magazine by their sponsorship: Sponsors of the Rarities Committee Sponsors of ‘‘Monthly marathon y Christopher Helm ' Sponsors of and 'Bird Collins T Photograph of the Year ’ Sponsors of 'Bird Illustrator of the Year ’ ' >el««>peS ZEISS West Germany British Birds has over 10,000 subscribers: a total of around 40,000 readers in 53 countries, and 99.6% of them keep their copies of BB’ perma- nently, for future reference. HO LI DA Y A CCOMMODA TION ENGLAND FARM COTTAGES between Lindisfame Re- serve and The Fames. Comfortable and well equipped. Sorry no pets. Brochure: Mr J. McNish. Outchester Farm, Belford. Northum- berland. Tel: 06683 336. (BB147) ISLES OF SCILLY. The Wheelhouse, St Mary’s. Licensed Guest House. Open all year round, good food and comfortable surroundings next to the log count venue. Tel: (0720) 22719. (BB888) ISLES OF SCILLY, Mincarlo Guest House. St. Mary’s. Superbly situated in own grounds over- looking the harbour. Write to: Colin Duncan or Tel: 0720 22513. (BB813) CLEY. 3 Quality cottages (sleep 4, 6 and 6 + 2). Quiet. Comfortable. Excellent value. Brochure: (0353)740770. (BB032) DISCOVER CORNWALL. Stay midway be- tween Land's End and the Devon border, over- looking the finest benches in Europe, in a warm comfortable hotel. Superb restaurant. Ample leisure facilities. AA/RAG*** Best in the West. Hotel Riviera, Lusty Glaze. Newquay. Tel: 0637 874251. (BB042) BITTERNS, Marsh Harriers. Otters. Leighton Moss, Silverdale, Lancashire. Delightful guest house, lovely cottages within easy reach. Brochure, Tel: 0524 701454. (BB027) B&.-B IN PURBECK from £10 per night. EM opt. Family residence, 1 VI- miles south of \\ are- ham. Home from home. ‘Hyde Hill , 64 Furze- brook Road. Wareham. Dorset BH20 5AX. Tel: 0929 552392. (BB025) NR. NTH NFK RESERVES. Licensed Guest House run by birders for birders. Jean & Tony Bellars. Haydn House. Avenue Road. Hunstan- ton.Tel: 33115. (BB060) DOMVILLE G.H. — Burnham Overy Staithe. B&B + EM (opt), doubles twins (2 en suites) singles (4). TV lounge. Close to major reserves. For details ring (0328) 738298. (BB179) ROSELAND PENINSULA, Cornwall. Self- catering accommodation available in grounds of 18th century manor house, overlooking the sea. Private woods with water frontage and quay on River Percuil, surrounded by National Trust countryside. Contact Steve Kendall. T re wince Manor, Portscatho, Cornwall. Tel: 087-258 289. (BB026I xxt CLEY. Attractive house In village, four bed- rooms, large garden, garage, c.h. Available all year. Details from Mrs E. Album, 47 Lyndale Avenue, London NW2. Tel: 01-431 2942. (BB096) ISLES OF SCILLY. ‘Sea View Moorings’, St Mary’s. Originally a fisherman’s cottage, built of granite with wonderful views across the harbour to the other islands from lounge/dining room and most bedrooms. Now a family run guest house for just 12 people. A varied breakfast menu to suit all tastes — in room drinks — radios — full licence — central heating — packed lunches — pets welcome. Also — ‘The Aft Cabin’ two/four persons self-catering flat. At the rear of ‘Sea View Moorings’, southerly facing with balcony. Fully self contained and comfortably appointed. Please telephone Tony or Linda Dingley on 720 22327. (BB230) EXMOOR. Peaceful s/catering c/heated holiday homes in Natural Trust Village. Marshes, woods and moorland — rich in birdlife. Reduced spring/ autumn terms. Open all year. Stamp to Sheila Wright, Pack Horse, Allerford, nr Minehead. Tel: 0643 862475. (BB062) WELLS, NORFOLK. ‘The Cobblers’ Guest House. Central heating, H&C, tea and coffee facilities and TVs. in all rooms. Tel: (0328) 710155. (BB125) OLD HUNSTANTON, NORFOLK. Overlook ing the Wash. Fully equipped holiday cottages, col TV, gas CH. Close beach, available all year. Mrs Lindsay, 4 Marks Road, Warlingham, Sur- rey CR3 9SH. Tel: Upper Warlingham (0883) 622013. (BB127) WEYMOUTH, Birchfields Licensed Guest House, close to RSPB reserves. BB from £10. Evening meal optional. Ideal winter/spring breaks. Parties welcome. For details phone 0305 773255. (BB134) YORKSHIRE DALES (Grassington) BB&EM. Idyllic riverside cottage, home cooking, private fishing. Parking. Bird watching courses. Bridge- End-Farm, Threshfield BD23 5NH. Tel: 0756 752463. (BB186) VISIT BEMPTON and Flamborough Head for the best in sea bird watching. Spring and A migs. S breeding. Stay at the Flaneburg Hotel, Flam- borough. BB from £15. Full restaurant facilities. Tel: (0262) 850281. (BB187) NORFOLK, CLEY-NEXT-SEA 1 MILE. Flint- stones Guest House, Wiveton Holt. Full C/H, H&C, tea/coffee making facs. Col TV all rooms. Evening meal optional. Open nearly all year. Please ring for brochure. Sorry No Smoking. Tel: 0263 740337. (BB191) SLAPTON — Well equipped, self-contained wing/bungalow in Vi acre. Sleeps 4-6. Sea view. Beautiful beaches. Nature reserve. Dartmouth 7 miles. Pets welcome. From £80. Tel: (0548) 580952 for brochure, SAE ‘Hillcrest’, Wood Lane, Slapton,.Kingsbridge, Devon. (BB202) EXMOOR for country and animal lovers. Farm- house accommodation, bed and breakfast and evening meal, or self-catering cottage. Details from: French, Brendon Barton, Lynton, Devon. Tel: 059 87 201. (BB194) SIBTON (NR MINSMERE), The White Horse Inn. A charming 16th century' freehouse in 3 acres, en suite accommodation available in modern block, bed & breakfast or weekly rates. Ample car parking. CC location site. Bar snacks or rest, meals avail. Tel: Peasenhall 3.37. (BB120) NORTH NORFOLK — Glavenside guest house in Letheringsett, 5 miles inland from sea at Blakeney, Cley and Salthouse. River Glaven works adjoining mill & flows through 4 acres of garden on its way to sea at Cley. Tel: Holt (0263) 713181. (BB872) WEST SUSSEX, Black Mill House, Aldwick, Bognor Regis. Visit Arundel Wildfowl Trust, Chichester and Pagham Harbours. Family run hotel. Sea 300 yds. Enclosed garden. Games room, lounges, cocktail bar, restaurant, P/Bs. Telephone, tea/colfee, colour TV all rooms. Short breaks from 2 days £52-£56, DB & Bkft. Members SEE Tourist Board (3 Crowns) — own carpark. Brochure. Tel: 0243 821945. (BB069) LANDS END. 17th century farmhouse, S/C. 2 bedrooms: sleeps 7 -I- cot. Pets welcome. Colour TV, linen provided, elec included. 'A mile airport for Scilly Isles. From £135 pw. Brochure (0736)871242. (BB216) ISLES OF SCILLY. Guest house, en suite rooms, tea/coffee facilities, licensed. Close to harbour, nature trail. Good food, friendly atmos- phere. The Bylet, Church Road, St Mary’s. Tel: 0720 22479. ' (BB217) SCOTLAND THE HOTEL, Isle of Colonsay, Argyll PA6I 7YP. Demi-pension (Private bath) from £38.00. Details, brochures, map (bird list on request). Tel: 0951 2 3 16. (BB945) OSPREY VISITORS to Loch Garten + Aber- nethy? Locheil GH offers BB: £8.50; DBB: £13.50; or self-eater cottage (sleeps 6) rental £17 nightly, and chalet (sleeps 4) £14 nightly. For details + 150 bird list, w'alks, slide-talks etc, write: Locheil, Boat of Garten, Inverness-shire. Tel: 047 983 603. (BB180) ELLARY ESTATE— MOST ATTRACTIVE choice of self-catering cottages and chalets situated on the shores of Loch Caolisport. While you are at Ellary you are free to go wherever you please. There are hill walks, many lochs and bums where you can fish, numerous wildlife, birds, flowers, etc. The perfect location for the true country lover. For full colour brochure please write to: The Booking Office, Ellary' 7, Lochgilphead, Argyll PA31 8PA. Tel: 08808 232/ 209 or 054685 223. (BBI82) Churehwood Valley * Varied Birds and Wildlife * Quiet Coastal Country Setting * Comfortable Quality Log Cabins * E.T.B. Graded Vv VV (Very Good) Free colour brochure: s Churehwood, Wembury Bay, Near Plymouth, Devon PL9 0DZ. Telephone: (0752) 862382 (24 hr) xxn SPt\ V' ALLEY, beautiful secluded informal country hotel, 2 miles from village of Carrbridge. Excellent Birdwatching amidst Moorland, forest, River and Lochs. Home cooking, full central heating, drying room. Ospreys and Crested I its local. Hotel geared to Birdwatchers and their families. Terms £1 10.00 per week 1)/B/ B. Brochure from Maureen Taulbut, The Old Manse Hotel, Carrbridge, Inverness-shire, lei: 047 984 278. A warm welcome guaranteed. (BB133) SEE PUFFINS, skuas, seals and a lot more. Private boat takes you among otherwise inaces- sible colonies. A nature-lover’s dream. Full board in castle, or stay in self-catering cottages. Send for details: Balfour Castle, Shapinsay, Orkney. Tel: 085 671 282 (BB139) GALLOWAY. Hills lochs, forests and sea. Speciality, birds of prey and waterfowl. High quality self-catering houses, cottages, flats. De- tails G. M. Thomson & Co, 27 King Street, Castle Douglas. 05562973. (BB084) ARGYLL COAST. Simple traditional cottages on quiet estate. Nature conservancy S.S.S.I. Otters, wildcats, deer, seals and much birdlife in varied habitats. Beautiful sandy beaches and miles of unspoiled shore. Use of dinghy. Sorry no dogs. Mrs Maclean Ardpatrick, Tarbert, Argyll PA29 6Y A. Tel: (08802)608. (BB149) ISLE OF ISLAY, Bowmore overlooking Lochin- daal. Modem self-catering flats, fully equipped inch linen, TV/video etc. Sleeps 4-6. D. & J. Christie, Bowmore, Isle of Islay. Tel: 049 681353. (BB106) ISLE OF ISLAY. Comfortable, full) equipped cottages sleeping 6 near Port Askaig ferry- terminal. Details from Mrs Aitchison, Caolila, Port Askaig, Isle of Islay. Tel: 049 684 627. (BB082) ISLE OF ISLAY, HEBRIDES. Five superbly equipped cottages, open throughout year. Per- fect situation with views, minutes to charming village. Short drive to R.S.P.B. reserve at Gruinart. Brochure: Mrs Sarah Roy, Lorgba Holiday Cottages, Port Charlotte, Isle of Islay. Argyll. Tel: 049685/208. (BB183) ISLAY, GEESE. Warm cottages sleep 8. 7 or 2. Lady Wilson, Ancala. Port Charlotte. Tel: 289. (BB988) ISLE OF MULL. Come to this beautiful island for birdwatching, hill walking, fishing, touring. Comfortable Guest House. Good food. Mrs Isobel Adam, “Cuilgown”, Salen. Tel: 0680 300 386. (BB172) ISLE OF MULL. A stable converted into 2 warm comfortable flats. Frachadil Farm, Cal- gary. Tel: 068 84 265 or (0573) 24852. (BB 1 24) ORKNEY ISLES; Glen, Rackwick, Isle of Hoy. Small hill farm adjacent to RSPB Reserve, ornithologist’s paradise; sea birds, moorland, meadow-, birds of prey. Bed and breakfast. 1 double, 1 twin; evening meal optional. Special rate for 3 days. DBB £40 per person. Also self- catering chalet. Tel: Rendall 0856 79262. (BB213) WALES ANGLESEY. Superb beachside hotel with mag- nificent views. Ideal centre for bird watchers and botanists in area noted for its lakes, reserves and coastline of outstanding beauty. Come to ‘High- ground’ AA/RAC listed, licensed, for warm welcome, excellent food and accommodation. Brochure: Mrs Karen Hayter, Highground, Ravenspoint Road, Trearddur Bay, Gwynedd LL65 2YY. Tel: 0407 860078. (BB 195) ABERGYNOLWYN - MEIRIONNYDD. Peaceful, scenic area near Cader Idris. Bird watchers/walkers paradise - Red Kites, Buz- zards, Cormorants. Homely, good food, C/H. H&C, beverage facilities, reductions OAPs/ children (16 yrs), dogs welcome. Mini breaks/ weekly terms. B&B £9/£12, EM £4. Riverside Guest House. Tel: 0654 77235. (BB196) PEMBROKESHIRE. Puncheston Cottage Holidays. Comfortable self catering accommo- dation. Deal direct with on site owners. Prop- rietor Doreen Fait, Church Farmhouse, Pun- cheston. Haverfordwest. Dvfed SA62 5RN. Tel: (0348)881429. (BBI97) DISCOVER THE TEEMING BIRD LIFE in this beautiful county. Dale Estuary, Skomer Island among many riches. Large beachside hotel, heart of National Park. Superb views, every comfort, home-cooked cuisine, from £17 B&B, en-suite. Pets welcome. AA and RAC listed. Brochure and sight sheet. Broad Haven Hotel, nr Haverfordwest. Pembrokeshire SA62 3JN. Tel: 0437 78 1366. (BB029I RED KITE COUNTRY — Tregaron — Guest- House standing in 22 acres, overlooking the Cambrian Mountains and on the doorstep of the Cors Caron Nature Reserve. Central for Dinas and Ynys-hir RSPB reserves. Parties welcome. WTB — 3 crowns. For brochure, phone Margaret Cutter, 0974 298380 or 298905. ( BB223) ALL OVER SCOTLAND. Comfortable cot- tages and chalets in attractive locations through- out Scotland. Stamp please for free 64-page colour brochure. Holiday Cottages (Scotland) Ltd, Lilliesleaf, Melrose. Roxburghshire TD6 9JD. Tel: 08357 481. (BB979) OVERSEAS BED AND BREAKFAST for Birdwatchers near the Oostvaarders plassen, Z. Fleveland in the Netherlands. FI. 30. — a night P.P. Address: E. Oosterbeek. Bosgouw 267. 1352 G X Almere. Tel: (0)3240-14407. (BB200) xxiii S.E. SPAIN: Small house sleeps 3 near super wetland. Reasonable. Details: 0233 628547. ( BB228) ANDORRA. Pyrenees. Superb scenery. Plentv of sunshine. Ski-ing in w inter, walking in moun- tains and watching nature all year round. Small friendly hotel, excellent cooking. Brochure: Hotel Residencia Relax. Carter Bella-vista 8. Encamp, Andorra. Tel: 010 33 628 32517. (BB229) HOLIDAY EXCHANGE EAST COAST FLORIDA, USA Birdwatching American and British wife seek a couple or small family to exchange homes for any month between 1 Oct 1990 and end Feb 1991 in any interesting birdwatching location in UK. (Also interested in exchanging automobile). Large three bedroom home, completely furnished — three miles from super Atlantic Ocean beaches. Merritt Island and I.oxahatchee National Wildlife Refuges within 100 miles (2 hours drive), as is Disney World. Local “birders” will assist and can arrange participation in local Audubon Christmas Bird Count. Please write: J. G. Taylor. 2836 Pot i I la Ave, Yero Beach, Florida 32960. USA. (BB 1 77) BIRD W A TCHING HO LI DA YS Turkey, Greece, Hungary, Israel Israel — 28 Dec. and 18 March 1990 Hungary— May and Sept. Turkey — May. Aug.. Sept. All tours with expert leaders. Small groups, and prices fully inclusive. Details available from CHRIS L. SLADE, 8 The Grange, Elmdon Park, Solihull, West Midlands B92 9EL Tel: 021-742 5420/021-705 5535 (BB103) SKOKHOLM ISLAND off Pembrokeshire coast. Thousands of seabirds, migrants, rare visitors. Seawatching. SAE Dept BB, Dyfed Wildlife Trust, 7 Market Street, Haverfordwest, Dyfed SA61 1 NF. Tel: (0437) 765462. (BB225) LAKE ICHKEUL Sc the SAHARA FRINGES March 17th-27th £430 f.inc. Our speciality tour that has recorded over 220 species, and is the best value bird tour on the market. Lists available. April 8-15 CRETE £388 Jersey £140 Brittany £140 West Turkey £425 Nth Sc Central Turkey £675 East Turkey £695 Alps, Pyrenees, Orkneys, Trinidad Tours include Flight, Full Board in Hotels, Coach and Leader. Full details from: PINGRUM NATUREWATCH TOURS 1 1 Market Square, Aylesbury, Bucks IIP20 1TJ Tel: 0296 394404 (BB166) EILAT 14-28 MARCH TOCO Israel 1 or 2 weeks from wu U U EILAT 31 OCT-14 NOV POflr Israel 1 or 2 weeks from BHARATPDR !7,!!TZ £890 Simply brilliant! Do your own thing (car hire at group rates), or join minibus excursions with expert leaders. Find out all that’s going on at the evening meetings. Discover for yourself the friendly, fun-filled, inexpensive birding holidays that everyone’s talking about! Get full details NOW SUNBIRDER, BOX 76, Sandy, Beds SGI 9 IDF. Tel: 0767 82969 (BB219) OMAN - The Ornithologist’s Dream! A coun- try remarkable for its birds, Oman is at the crossroads between Afrotropical, Oriental and Palearctic Regions. Birdwatchers Touts: depart- ing 17 January 1990, 17 February 1990, 17 March 1990. Contact: Travelwizz, 89a High Street, Teddington, Middx TW'l 1 8HG. Tel: 01- 977 2887. (BB178) SHERINGHAM — Ideal venue for birdwatch- ers. Purpose-built Centre set in 80 acres of grass and woodland next to Pretty Corner. Accommo- dation for individuals or groups. Expert gui- dance available for all abilities. Weekends and short breaks from September-April. Full details — Hilltop Outdoor Centre, Old Wood. Beeston Regis, Sheringham. 026.3 824514.(BB098) BIRDWATCHING Goa Peninsula, India. Leader P. Heath. Impressive tropical list. 11th March £780.00. 11th November £820.00. Two weeks. Write for details stating Goa — Activity Holidays, 5 Sheepmarket, Stamford, Lines. PE9 2RB. (BB081 ) NATURAL BREAK HOLIDAYS 1990 Guided Birdwatching Tours PORTUGAL - Algarve: April SPAIN - Andalucia: Mav SCOTLAND - Highlands: June U.S.A. - Florida: Nov/Dec Write to: 32 Coronation Rd, Mapperley Nottingham NG3 5JS or Telephone: (0602) 691148 (BB063) XXIV Visiting AUSTRALIA? Coming to Sydney on holidays or business? Guided day and half-day trips for birdwatchers. Specialising in individuals and small groups. If you have special needs then let us know. Enquiries to: Mr R. L. Morrow Babbler Bird Excursions 2 Wentworth St, Randwick 2031 NSW, Australia ( BB933) MORECAMBE BAY near LEIGHTON MOSS Shorelines; waders galore; bright skies. Pere- grine causing chaos. Valley woods, reedbeds, all near. Castle Head Field Centre, Grange-o- Sands, Cumbria (04484-4300). ( BB 1 (37 ) NEW ZEALAND See the widest possible diversity of NZ birds many unique, and some are among the world’s latest; kiwi, takahe, black stilt, kokako, yellow-eyed penguin. Write to Na- ture Quest New Zealand, P.O. Box 6311, Dunedin. New Zealand. I’h: (024) 739-110. Fax: (024) 790-678. (BB210) SEA l i A TCH1NG / 10 LI 11 1 ) S seba Designed for seawatchers Seabird Slides; Seawatchers Network Seawatching Breaks & Pelagics DETAILS ON REQUEST Ian McNamee, West Lodge, Puddington, Cheshire L64 5ST Tel: 051-336 8441 (BB121) BIRDING CANADA or l nited States? For info, checklists, etc., write Dunnoek 2409 Speyside, l)r., Mississauga. Ontaria, Canada L5K 1X5. ( BB()86i WORKSHOPS AFFORDABLE WORKSHOPS Field and Classroom Expert Leaders 5/20-26 Birds & Bytes Maine 7/1-7 Warblers Maine 8/4-11 Seabirds: NW Atlantic Maine 8/12-18 Shoreblrds Maine 8/19-26 Seabirds: N Pacific Washington 10/14-20 Raptors New Jersey Institute for Field Ornithology University of Maine at Machias 9 O'Brien Avenue Machias, Maine 04654 USA is O ID626) BIRD REPORTS WILDLIFE HOLIDAYS COSTA RICA INDIVIDUAL BIRDING HOLIDAYS - brochures: TRANSWORLD. Apt. 695 1 . San Jose, COSTA RICA (BB220) PERSONAL ROOSTING RIDDLES The Film & Video Unit ot the Royal Society for the Protection ot Birds is currently making a film about roosting birds We would be very interested to hear if you know of any interesting or unusual roost sites, for instance Iona-tailed tits or wrens huddling in a squirrel's dray If the site is easy to film and the sun sets magnificently behind it. then so much the better - but that's not essential. Any information gratefully received Please call Neil Barton on 0767 80937 (24 hour answerphone) or write to: j; RSPB Film & Video Unit. £ The Lodge, Sandy. Bedfordshire SGI 9 2DL $ WILTSHIRE BIRD REPORT 1988, £2.30 me p&p from N. Pleass. The Curlews. 22 Ferrers Drive. Swindon, Wilts SN3 6H|. i RB22 II BIRDS OF OXON, 1988. li t inc p&p. from R. Overall. 30 Hunsdon Road. IfHev. Oxford 0X4 IJE. (BB122) HERTFORDSHIRE BIRD REPORT 1988. L3. inc p&p. from L. Smith. 24 Mandeville Rise. Welvwn Garden Citv. Herts AI.8 7 Jl . I RBI 92) SCOTTISH BIRD REPORT 1988. Just pub- lished. A complete round-up of the year's birding highlights in Scotland. Available at £3.30 ind P&P from the S.O.C.. 21 Regent Terrace. Edinburgh EH 7 5BT. (BB2I8) Please mention BRITISH BIRDS w hen replying to advertisements \\\ SITUATIONS VACANT GIBRALTAR POINT NATURE RESERVE 1 Contract assistant Warden required for one year, April 1990 to March 1991 inclusive, with respon- sibility for shorebird protection work. £50.00 per week plus full board. 2. Experienced caterer for groups, up to 28 people. March-November 1990. £160, six-day week, accommodation available. Apply P. Davey, Gibraltar Point Field Station, SKEGNESS, Fines. PW24 4SU. Tel: 0754 2677 (BB214) BOOKS London 's leading ornithological booksellers where you can find our comprehensive range of new and secondhand books and reports on birds and natural history', including all new titles as they are published. Monday to Friday 9.30 am to 6 pm Saturday 10 am to 2 pm Mail order catalogue available on request HENRY SOTHERAN LTD 2 Sackville Street, Piccadilly, London W1X 2DP Tel: 01-439 6151 (BB204) RARE AND SECONDHAND books on birds, natural history, gardening and field sports bought and sold. Peter Blest, Wateringbury, Maidstone, Kent. Tel: 0622 812940. (BB222) ‘BIRD BOOKS’. Good secondhand books bought and sold. Free catalogue from, and offers to Briant Books, 94 Quarry Lane, Kelsall, Tarporley, Cheshire CW6 0NJ. Tel: 0829 51804. (BB055) BIRD BOOKS, 1838-1986. SAL for 700 item catalogue. Crack Books, Sawmill Cottages, Burton-in-I.onsdale, Carnforth, Lancs. (BB21 1) MEINF.RTZHAGEN, RICKMAN, MOREAU and LACK. Rare titles by these and other authors. For catalogue write to: Barnhill Books, Strathwhillan. Brodick, Isle of Arran KA27 8BQ. Tel: 0770 2381. (BB212) The original BIRDWATCHER’S LOGBOOK The most concise way to record your observations. Monthly, annual and life columns for 762 species, plus 159 diary pages. Send £5.50 to: Coxton Publications, ^ Eastwood, Beverley Rd, Walkington, ™ Beverley, N. Humberside HU17 8RP m ORNITHOLIDAYS GUIDES in the Let’s look at . . .’ series, Majorca, SW Spain. The Camargue, Montenegro, Ethiopia, Eastern Austria, South Morocco, North East Greece, Vancouver and The Rockies, Sri Lanka, Lapland and Arctic Norway. The Gambia, North West Turkey and Northern India, £3.00 per copy and Australia £3.50 per copy. Ornitholidays, 1-3 Victoria Drive, Bognor Regis, Sussex P021 2PW. (BB815) BIRD BOOKS, BB Mags, N/Nats bought and sold. Lists from 1). J. Low, 25 Heatherways, Freshfield, Liverpool L37 7HI.. Tel: 07048 71115. (BB185) NEW POSTAL BOOK SERVICE SUBBUTEO NATURAL HISTORY BOOKS ltd COMPLETE WILDLIFE AND TRAVEL SPECIALISTS ALL BOOKS POSTAGE FREE Over 1 000 titles covering all natural history subjects + Checklists, UK and World Travel Books + Maps Send for free comprehensive catalogue DEPT BB, FFORDD-Y-LLAN, TREUDDYN. MOLD. CLWYD, CH7 4LN 8 Tel: 0352 770581 (24 hr Answerphone) <§ REGULAR CATALOGUES of secondhand Natural History, Countryside, Ecology books sent on request. Little Holcombe Books, 52 Bridge Street, Ramsbottom, Bury, Lancashire BI.0 9AQ. Tel: 070682 5322. (BB17I) BOOKS ON BIRDS, MAMMALS, ETC., BOUGHT 8c SOLD. Also Field Sports, Big Game, Travel, Science, the Arts, etc. Catalogues issued. David Grayling, Crosby Ravensworth, Penrith, Cumbria CA10 3JP. 09315 282. (BB135) BOOK ON BIRDS. New and secondhand catalogue 30p stamps. Surplus books urgently sought. BB bought and sold. Open Monday to Saturday. Grant Demar, Old Forge, Stone Street, Sevenoaks, Kent TN15 0LP. l ei: 0732 810482. (BB028) BIRDWATCHING IN CRETE 2nd ed. £3.00 inc. p.&p. Stephanie Coghlan, 25 Thorpe Lane, Huddersfield HD58TA. (BB095) xxvi Brambling Books The completely new mail order book shop for birdwatchers run by birdwatchers All books sent post free ~ Free Catalogue on Request Enquiries phone: 0642 603353 “ Bramhling Books, 23 Ludham Grove, Stockton-on-Tees, Cleveland TS19 OXH FOR SALE FOR SALE — Individual BB subscribers can advertise here FREE (up to 30 words, selling a single item, e.g. binocular, book, set of journals). Quote your BB Ref. No. and address envelop e to ‘Free BB Advertising'. (BB753) TRIMMI BOGTROTTERS 34-39 £19.50, 40- 46 £22.00. Hawkins boots, Dr Marten shoes. B. Timson, 1 1 1 Hinckley Road, Earl Shilton, Leicester. (BB046) BIRD JOURNAL BACKNUMBERS SUP- PLIED. (BB. Bird study, County Reports, etc.), David Morgan, Whitmore, Umberleigh, Devon. (BB064) ‘BIRDCATCIIER’ Program for recording bird sightings on Amstrad PC/PCW computers. State computer model. £15 or SAE for details. Davis & Makohon, 12 St Mary's Close, Albrighton, Wolverhampton WV7 3F.O. (BB123) PARABOLIC REFLECTOR specially de- signed for recording birdsong. Hand or tripod mounting. £35 incl p&p. SAE details, Richard Margoschis, 80 Mancetter Road, Atherstone CV91NH. (BB170) ROW A TS2 TELESCOPE with 27 x \VA lens, case and hide mount. Scarcely used. £150 ono. Tel: 0843 601842. (BB205) BWP Vols I-V, RSPB edition, mint condition £225, plus postage. Tel: 0732 841216. ( BB206) BIRD LIFE IN AN ARCTIC SPRING (1899) by Dan Meinertzhagen, with the rare introduc- tion by his mother. Original boards. Good condition. Tel: 01-043-316-46-3524 (evenings). ( BB207) VAURI E-TIBET & ITS BIRDS - ex-medical library, one stamp on F.E.P. and tom D/VS' otherwise V. Good. £35+ P&P. Tel: 0483 766517. (BB208) VOLS 1 TO 4 Birds of the Western Palearctic. Also large collection of Poysers and Helm Books. Plus many more: Ring for details 0748 5937 Richmond. Yorkshire. (BB215) BWP Vols. I-V. Excellent condition, £250 plus halfcarriage. Tel: 0823 331 162. (BB226) ZEISS 7 x 42 B/GAT. Superb binoculars, in lop condition. Well looked after: just back from complete overhaul by ZEISS, with soft leather case. Offers to Box No. 78 c/o, “Fountains", Park Lane. Blunham. Bedford MK 1 1 3NJ.(BB227) WANTED WILD NORWAY by A. Chapman (1897); M.J. Swart, Raai 186, 9202HX Drachten, Holland. (BB209) This publication is available in microfor] Name Company/Institut ion University Microfilms International reproduces this publication in microform: micro- fiche and 16mm or 35mm film. For information about this publication or any of the more than 13.000 titles we offer, complete and mail the coupon to: University Microfilms International. 300 N. Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, MI 48106. Call us toll-free for an immediate response: 800-521-3044. Or call collect in Michigan, Alaska and Hawaii: 313-761-4700. .11 Please send information about these titles: (1)373) University Microfilms International Address City State Zip. Phone J ! British Birds Volume 83 Number 2 February 1990 43 Pacific Swift: new to the Western Palearctic Mike Parker 46 Seventy-five years ago . . . 47 Field identification of Sooty Falcon W illiam S. Clark , Ron krumkin and Hadoram Shirihai 55 Moult and autumn colony attendance of auks Dr M. R. Hams and S. H'anless 67 Mystery photographs 151 Semipalmated Sandpiper Dr R. J. Chandler Notes 70 Calls of American and Pacific Golden Plovers Per Alstrbm 72 Spectacled Warblers feeding in association with Finsch’s Wheatear P. .4. Amies 73 Interaction between Jackdaws and red squirrel Andrew Whittaker 73 Jackdaws sunbathing Stephen Edwards Letter 74 Detailed descriptions John Cantelo Reviews 74 ‘Bharatpur: bin! paradise’ by Martin F.wans Paul Doherty 74 ‘The Birdw atcher’s Yearbcxik and Diary 1900' edited by John Pemberton Stuart Winter 75 ‘The Birds of South America’ by Robert S. Ridgely and Guy Tudor Dr D. It. Show 75 ‘Atlas of Wintering North American Birds: an analysis of Christmas Bird Count data' by Terry Root Dr J. T. R Sharrock 76 ‘Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, a book of identification' by K. Simpson and N. Day Davtd Fisher 76 Short reviews 77 Seasonal reports: autumn 1989, part 1 Keith Allsopp and Harry Nightingale 85 Fieldwork action BTO/1WC news Announcements 85 Books in British BirdShop 85 ‘BB’-SUNBIRD trip to New Zealand Request 86 Azores bird records Dr Fatima Medeiros 86 Monthly marathon 87 News and comment Mike Everett and Robin ISrytherch 88 Recent reports Harry Nightingale and Anthony McGeehan Line-drawings: 43 Pacific Swift (Mike Parker ); 47 Sooty Falcon ( Alan Harm); 55 Guillemots ( Robert Gilbnor ); 77 I . each’s Petrel (Jeff Rlinrow); 78 Red-necked Grebe ( G . II Brown); 79 Osprey (Jeff Blincow); 80 Purple Heron {Alan Hams) Front cover: Tawny Owl (Harry Croucher ): the original drawing of this month’s cover design, measuring 18.55 X 20.75 cm, is for sale in a postal auction (see page 29 in January issue for procedure) Crossbill and Scottish Crossbill pot: Red-neckcd Nightjar Expeditions and trips Birds in action hotographs • Reviews • Notes • Letters thon • News and comment • Recent reports British Birds Managing Editor Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Personal Assistant Sheila D. Cobban Assistant Editor David A. Christie Editorial Board Dr R. J. Chandler, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, R. J. Prytherch 8c Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Photographic Consultants Dr R. J. Chandler 8c Don Smith Art Consultants Robert Gillmor 8c Alan Harris Rarities Committee P. G. Lansdown (Chairman), D. J. Britton, Alan Brown, A. R. Dean, S. J. M. Gandett, C. D. R. Heard, R. A. Hume, J. H. Marchant, I. S. Robertson 8c K. E. Vinicombe; Peter Colston (Museum Consultant & Archivist); Michael J. Rogers (Honorary Secretary) Notes Panels BEHAVIOUR Dr C. J. Bibby, Dr J. J. M. Flegg, Derek Goodwin, Dr I. Newton, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, Dr J. T. R. Sharrock 8c Dr K. E. L. Simmons; IDENTIFICATION Dr R. J. Chandler, A. R. Dean, T. P. Inskipp, P. G. Lansdown, S. C. Madge 8c Dr J. T. R. Sharrock ‘British Birds’ is published by a non-profit-making company for the benefit of ornithology © British Birds Ltd 1990 Copyright of photographs remains with photographers. British Birds is published monthly by British Birds Ltd, 93 High Street, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire ISSN 0007-0335 Publishing Manager, Production & Promotion Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Circulation Manager Erika Sharrock Design Deborah Felts Advertising Sandra Barnes All Please keep correspondence on different items separate. Please address your x\.d.vl.X envelope correctly. Please supply SAE, if reply required. Papers, notes, letters, drawings & photographs for publication Dr J. T. R. Sharrock, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ Subscriptions and orders for back copies Mrs Erika Sharrock, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ Advertising Mrs Sandra Barnes, BB Advertising, c/o Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ. Phone: Tiptree (0621) 815085 Bird news for ‘Seasonal reports’ Barry Nightingale & Keith Allsopp, c/o 7 Bloomsbury Close, Woburn, Bedfordshire MK17 9QS. Phone: Woburn (0525) 290314 (evenings); Luton (0582) 490049 (office hours) News items for ‘News and comment’ Mike Everett & Robin Prytherch, 7 Burlington Way, Hemingford Grey, Huntingdon PEI8 9BS Rarity descriptions M. J. Rogers, Bag End, Churchtown, Towednack, Cornwall TR26 3A7. Special book and sound recording offers British BirdShop, NHBS, 2 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5XN. Phone: Totnes (0803) 865913 Annual subscriptions (12 issues and index) Libraries and agencies £34.90, IR£42.35 or $69.00. Personal subscriptions: UK, Europe and surface mail £28.40, IR£34.80 or $54.00; personal: airmail outside Europe £47.60, IR£58.35 or $94.00. Single back copies £3.60, 1R£4.50 or $7.00. Make all cheques payable to British Birds Ltd. Payment may also be made directly into UK Post Office GIRO account number 37 588 6303. British Birds publishes material dealing with original observations on the birds of the West Palearctic. Except for records of rarities, papers and notes are normally accepted only on condition that material is not being offered in whole or in part to any other journal. Photographs and sketches are welcomed. Papers should be typewritten with double spacing, and wide margins, and on one side of the sheet only. Authors should carefully consult this issue for style of presentation, especially of references and tables. English and scientific names and sequences of birds follow The ‘British Birds’ List of Birds of the Western Palearctic (1984): names of plants follow Dony el at. (1980, English Names of Wild Flowers); names of mammals follow Corbet & Southern (1977. The Handbook of British Mammals). Topographical (plumage and structure) and ageing terminology should follow editorial recommendations (Bril. Birds 74: 239-242; 78: 419-427; 80: 502). Figures should be in Indian ink on good-quality tracing paper, drawing paper, non-absorbent board or light blue or very pale grey graph paper; lettering should be inserted lightly in pencil; captions should be typed on a separate sheet. Authors of main papers (but not notes or letters) receive ten free copies of the journal (five each to two or more authors). Printed in England by Newnorth Print Limited, Kempston, Bedford focus CORPORATE OPEN Mon-Sat, 9-6 (24-hour phone) FAX 0^0^999 204 HIGH STREET BARNET, HERTS. EN5 5SZ 01-449 1445 01-441 7748 THE BINOCULAR AND TELESCOPE SPECIALISTS LEMSFORD SPRINGS FIELD DAYS SATURDAY DATES 17 MAR 21 APR 19 MAY The ideal opportunity to test, compare and ;».>urchase our lull range ol equipment at this compact well managed Herts & Middx wildlife ■ Reserve near Welwyn Garden City. Herts > Ample parking outside the Reserve gate From - here visitors should make their way to our •deception where our technical stall will help - ind advise Viewing Irom two private hides : °hone In focus lor details and directions REGIONAL WEEKENDS SPRING 90 RSPB BLACKTOFTS SANDS, HUMBERSIDE SATURDAY 12 AND SUNDAY 13 MAY RSPB DUNGENESS, KENT SATURDAY 28 AND SUNDAY 29 APRIL CHEW VALLEY LAKE, AVON SATURDAY 24 AND SUNDAY 25 MARCH The ideal way to test optics from birdwatching is to look at birds’ These Field Weekends at well known Reserves a/ound the country will enable our customers to choose ana select from our complete range of equipment under field conditions You are invited to apply m writing or by phone for an invitation and information pack to any o< the above events indicating your preferred day and time of attendance Preference wil be given to visitors with an invitation ‘in focus' in NORFOLK at Bnarftekls Hotel. TrtchweH WEEKEND DATES 3-4 MAR 7-8 APR 5-$ MAY Open 9-4 SAT AND SUN With the kaxl co-operation of Bn art ©Ids Hotel In focus are able to offer visitors a no resi- dents o< the North Norfolk coast the opportunity to test compare and purchase from our hAl range of eqmxnent The In focus marquee win be situated at the rea> of the hotel complex with splendid views over the adjacent RSPB Reserve For further information and directions contact In focus ZEISS WEST £ DialylB - 208 215 00 Dtalyl 10 * 25B 225 00 DiatylS • 20BGA 245 00 OiatytB * 30BGAT Phone >alyt 7 ■ 42BGAT Phone l>afyt 1 0 x 40BT Phone Dialyt 10 * 40BGAT Phone ’Dialyt8 • 56BGAT Phone '•.Accessories Rainquard 5 00 Lanyard 4 00 Lanyard Wide 9 95 Eye cups (set) 10 00 Eye cups, hard (set) 10 00 vSpare case for 10 * 40 26 00 AADLERBLICK £ « 8 x 42B 99 00 10 x 42B 99 00 M0 * SOB 12900 8 x 42 B MC 169 00 10 -42 BMC 179 00 10 X 50 BMC 198 00 > SWIFT £ Tnton 8 * 40 89 95 Tnton 10 - 50 99 95 Osprey 7 5 * 42 14900 Audubon 8 5 - 44 199 00 Audubon 7 x 35 BG A 32900 VELBON £ Victory 480 c w fluid head 59 95 | Stratos 480 c w fluid head 69 95 | O R System 8 95 | Spare platform 3 95 YNIKON £ 7 x 20 74 95 9 x 25 T9 95 8 x 23 84 95 10 X 25 89 95 8 * 20 Roof Prism 1 34 95 10 > 25 Roof Pnsm 149 95 9 N 30 Roof Prism 249 00 8 • 30ZCF 199 00 10 - 35ZCF 219 00 6x -12x24 DCF 329 00 8 x 40 DCF 539 00 20 * 60 Fieldscope II 289 00 20 * 60 FiekJscope II Ed 499 00 20 ' -45 x Fieldscope II Ed 569 00 Eye piece case 9 95 Rubber hood 9 95 MC filter Hoya 19 95 Photo Adaptor 1 57 00 QUESTAR £ Field Model 3’ with Broad Band Coating supplied with 50 * -80 x 24mm Eye Piece Lens Hood, Photo Kit and Case 2240 00 60 • 130* (16mm) 11000 30 x 50* Eyepiece 110 00 Potto Prism 1 40 00 ESCHENBACH 8 ■ 32 BGA £ 129 00 10 - 42 BGA 7 - 50 BGA OPTOLYTH Osins 8 x 40GA Osins 10 • 40GA Alpin 8 x 30BGA Alpin 8 x 40BGA Alpm 10 - 40BGA Alpin 10 ■ 50BGA Tounng8 » 32BGA Tounng7 x 42BGA Touring 10 • 40BGA TBS80body TBG80 body 20* WA 30* 40 * 22 x -60 x Zoom Cases from OPTICRON Minerva 9 * 35 Minerva 8 * 40 Minerva 1 0 * 40 HR7 * 42MC HR 8 ■ 42 MC HR 10 * 42 MC HR 10 * 50 MC Piccolo 60mm HR Body 60mm HR Body 60mm 45 HR Body 60mm GA 20 * -60* Zoom 22 x WA Classic 1 F 60mm 18 • NA 25 * 25HPX 18* -40* Zoom Classic 1 F 75mm 22* WA 30* 30* HP 22* -47* Zoom Case for HR Photo Kit One Action Tripod Macro Monocular 8 * 20 Observation 20 * 80 Observation 30 * 80 KOWA TS1 601 Body TS2 602 Body 20 * WA 20 * -60 * Zoom TSN-1 TSN-2 TSN-3 TSN-4 20* WA 20 * -60 * Zoom 25* 40 - Photo Kit Case for TSN Case for 601 2 Skua case Spare dust cover (OG) New dust cover eye oece 139 00 149 00 £ 145 00 147 00 205 00 225 00 230 00 241 00 388 00 398 00 399 00 350 00 350 00 100 00 64 00 65 00 150 00 29 00 £ 169 00 170 00 175 00 138 00 140 00 145 00 155 00 107 00 128 00 150 00 155 00 65 00 30 00 99 00 22 00 22 00 25 00 50 00 11900 22 00 22 00 25 00 50 00 1600 22 00 59 95 49 00 299 00 299 00 £ 179 00 179 00 54 00 94 00 295 00 295 00 555 00 555 00 89 00 139 00 59 00 59 00 99 00 22 50 1850 39 00 600 1500 BAUSH ANDLOMB Elite 10 * 42 BGA 699 00 EMe 8 - 42 BGA 699 00 Custom 10 * 40B 199 00 Customs x 36B 189 00 BUSHNELL £ Spacemaster 130 00 Spacemaster GA 165 00 1 5 * -45 * xoom 59 00 22* WA 30 00 25- 29 00 40- 29 00 Photo Kit 25 00 Case 15 00 CARL ZEISS JENA £ Jenoptem 8 * 30 44 95 Jenoptem 10 * 50 79 95 Deltnntem 0 « 30 64 95 Dekarem 10 * 50 99 95 Nolarem 8 * 32B 129 95 NotaremS ■ 32 BA ,*139 95 Notarem 10 » 408 179 95 Nolarem io * 40BA 199 95 MIRADOR £ 8 ■ 420 no oo 10 • 42B 11400 10 * 50B 122 00 Merhn 25 ■ 60 97 00 Mertn 18 * 40 * 60 129 00 Merkn 30 * 75 11900 Merkn 22 ■ -47 * 75 157 00 Case for Mertm 1600 CENTURY £ Fieto Model GA 165 00 20 x -45 * Zoom 60 00 20* 30* 40* Eye Pieces (each) 20 00 Case 1695 BRESSER £ Actions * 40 59 95 Action 10 * 50 69 95 8 * 42 GA Roof 11900 10 * 42 GA Roof 11900 Diont 7 * 42 BGA 179 00 Dont 10 « 42 BGA 189 00 SLIK £ Master 02 69 95 Tripod Strap 695 CULLMANN £ Shoulder Pod 24 95 OR Head 995 SpareO R Platform 495 Hide Mount 49 95 Popular 4561 49 95 MANFROTTO £ Mm. PRO 190 35 00 Mm PRO 1906 40 00 Basic 144 45 00 Basic 144 B 50 00 128 Fluid Head 34 95 200 Ex Light Fluid Hd 39 95 Tnpod strap 995 Spare Q R Platform 495 Pro Mono Pod 24 95 £500 CYGNUS HOLIDAY VOUCHER TO BE WON EVERY MONTH Each month kw the next six months in Focus w* be grvng away a C500 Cygnus Hofcday Voucher to one of its lucky customers A* you need to do « purchase equipment to the value of Cl 00 or more and you wA automatical be entered nto our draw Cygnus B*dwaichmg Hofctoy Venues nckxJe Bra/* Texas Kenya Gambia Hungary Nepal and many more Wrtner January C500 Cygnus Hofcday Voucher G Frodsham Merseystoe LEITZ NEW MODELS Lecia 7 - 420GA LeciaB • 42BGA Lecia 10 * 42BGA TnnovidS * 20BC TrmovxJ8 * 20BCA Tnnovid 10 ■ 258C TnnovidIO • 2SBCA Free case w>th compaci ACCESSORIES FOR OLD Hardcase Case Ramguard Eyecups(set) HABICHT Diana 10 * 40 PENTAX 199 06 211 00 211 00 223 00 MOOELS 40 00 34 00 800 1600 £ Phone 8 - 40PCF 99 95 10 * 50PCF 104 95 8 * 42 DCF Roo« 169 95 10*42 DCF Roof 189 95 ACCESSORIES £ Car window mounl 22 00 Universal mount 22 00 39 00 400 400 Leather E ye Piece Case 995 399 Leather Tnpod Strap 14 95 Oyster proof prisms carry case 14 95 BARBOUR £ The best Bnt»sh clothing for the worst British weather 52 95 32 to 46 Bedale Jacket 28 to 30 45 45 32" to 46 69 95 78 95 32 to 46 82 95 32 to 46 89 95 32 to 46 Northumbna Jacket 91 45 36 to 46 19 45 11 45 Send for colour Barbour catalogue Post FREE on Barbour PERSONAL CALLERS Can choose and select from our comprehensive range of eou<> ment Compare Zeiss with Lett/ Optotyth wtth Kowa or N*on We are a completely independent com- pany whose only concern is that our customers select the correct nsmxnent lor the* personal needs PHONE ORDERS Oscuss your requxements with our techrscai staff and orders placed with Access or Visa Cards we be despatched same day MAIL ORDER Just add C2 to hetp towards P4P and nsurance and your order w*t be sent the same day as we receive your cheque A* equipment is suppfced on 14 days approval upon receipt of M remittance SECONDHAND instruments are always avaMaoie Turnover is fast so we do not pnnt a kst Phone tor mformatxxi PART EXCHANGE Top pnces paid tor good condrtion equipment HOW TO FIND US We are 10 mns from M25 and AIM motorways and 1 5 mms walk from High Bamet Underground Station TELESCOPES AND TRIPOD OUTFITS If you purchase a scope and tripod at the same time we can offer you a very special pnce’ PHONE FOR A QUOTE INTEREST FREE CREDIT ON SELECTED Zeiss. Leitz. Kowa and Nikon products Phone or write tor details BINOCULARS AND TELESCOPES REPAIRED ON THE PREMISES (D629) ADLERBLICK GO GREEN RUBBER ARMOUR NOW ALSO AVAILABLE ALSO NOW WITH GREEN MULTI-COAT LENSES MINIMUM ADVERTISED ‘MODELS AVAILABLE PRICE (inc VAT) 10 X 42 M/C BA 197.95 10 x 50 M/C BA 217.95 New soft touch rubber armour finish Short focus - rainguard available, lightweight For details of your nearest stockist, contact: THE EXCLUSIVE IMPORTERS — J. J. VICKERS AND SONS LTD. UNIT 9, 35 REVENGE ROAD, LORDSWOOD INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, CHATHAM, KENT ME5 8DW TEL: 0634 201284 BIRD WATCHING REVIEW (April 89) impresses with clear natural coloured image m all light conditions Focus down to 13ft Light and comfortable to use Excellent depth ol held Contender lor mid price honours HEARTILY RECOMMENDED MANUFACTURER S WRITTEN QUOTE Adlerblick binoculars have mutlicoating on all surlaces including prism reflecting surlaces - they are superior especially in light transmission — Green multi-coat achieves approx 99 4% transmission at each surlace ‘7 x 50 also available (D638) | THE BIRD INFORMATION SERVICE For the national bird news, phone BIRDLINE Enquiries: 0263 741139 To obtain the national Birdline number or regional Birdline number for birds in your area, just phone the appropriate enquiries number BIRDLINE SCOTLAND Enquiries: 0292 611993 BIRDLINE SOUTH EAST Enquiries: 01-676 8747 BIRDLINE EAST ANGLIA Enquiries: 0603 633326 BIRDLINE NORTH EAST Enquiries: 0423 509185 BIRDLINE MIDLANDS Enquiries: 038 682 727 BIRDLINE NORTH WEST Enquiries: 061 437 0898 BIRDWATCH! 0898 700 227 Birdwatch! brings you a summary of the news from the birdwatching world, with hints on where to go and what to see Birdwatch! is updated twice weekly, on Tuesdays and Fridays BIRDWATCH' IS CHARGED AT 38p PER MIN INC VAT PEAK AND STANDARD 2Sp PER MIN INC VAT CHEAP RATE For details of The Bird Information Service and how the system works just send an s.a.e. to: B.I.S., Stonerunner, Coast Road, Cley-next-the-Sea, Holt, Norfolk NR25 7RZ range o* accessories OPTOLYTH PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE 11700 9500 9500 available l ICA «i nd 8x206CA PHONE . '«J l0x256CA PHONE 7X426A PHONE * nd 8x42 BA PHONE > id 10x42BA PHONE -rasp tor compact 12 50 ase tor standard 3000 case for standard 3700 MMNj 800 kCips - each 700 IbBICHT onal 8x30WM venal 7x42WM 32000 • ange 7x42 ... 39500 ange 10x40 44000 Tange 7x30 31500 Tange 8x30 32500 «ON IF I Drool 10x25 • ytsm 10x25F • 6-12X24DCF I 8-16X40CF \ng 7X35CF 8x30ECF x»m 9x30 DCF v-adaptor cope Mkll 20-45x60 ED Mkll 20-45x60 I <30x40x <• x room 6995 15200 152 00 29000 41250 12000 205.50 25400 15350 34850 56700 6750 13800 Alpm 8x30BGA Alpm 8x406GA 20500 22500 Alpm 10*40BGA 23000 Alpm 10X506GA 243.00 39800 39800 44000 34000 35000 Roof prism 8x56 TBS80 body 20x30x40x 6500 4200 KOWA 179.00 17900 TS602 body 25x40x 4700 1995 TSN-i body 295.00 TSN-2 body 29500 TSN-3 body 55500 8900 5900 25x40x 20x-60x zoom Case tor TSNl/2 13900 2250 Eyepiece dome TSN 14 95 9900 BAUSCH LOMB Discoverer Compact 7x24 Discoverer Compact 8x24 Discoverer Compactl0x28R.A 22700 22700 244 00 18900 Elite 8x42RA 69900 tpR,»C bushnell f Spacemaster kit- 0’l'c ' 60mm body | 15x -45x zoom eyepiece, Table tripod and Back pack 1 WHILE STOCKS LAST! £199-95 ADLERBLICK Compact 7x21 Compact 8x24 Standard 8x32 Standard 7x42 Standard 8x42 Standard 10x42 Standard 10x50 Add E18 tor rubber armoured Muiticoat 10x30 Multicoat 8x42 Multicoal 10x42 Mutiicoat 10x50 9950 10500 12300 11250 12000 12850 13900 150 96 16095 17995 19895 BRESSER Handy (new look) 7x25 GA Handy (new look) 8x25 GA Handy (new look) 9x2SGA 8595 8995 9395 OPTICRON 6900 7100 Compact 10x24 73.00 Dioptron 8x42 11000 Dioptron 10x42 11400 Dioptron 10x50 122 00 H R 8x42 14000 H R 10x42 14500 H R 10x50 155 00 Minerva 8x40 Minerva 9x35 Minerva 10x40 _ Elite 9x35 Classic I F 60mm body Classic l F 75mm body 2S00x HEP I8x-40x722x-47x zoom H R. 60mm body H R 60mm body 45* HR 60mm body R A 15x20x22xWA 25x40x 20x-60x zoom Puffin casa tor H R. etc Soft, padded case Universal Mount Car Window Mount Hide Clamp Mk 2 Single Acton Thpod Tripod Strap . 17000 16900 17500 ’8500 9900 11900 2500 5000 12800 15000 15500 2800 6500 3500 1100 22 00 22 00 39 00 5995 675 SWIFT Omiya 8x2i Osprey 75x42 Audubon R P 7x35 6GA Audubon 85x44 Tefemasfer I5x-60x60 5850 6550 Roof pnsm Linear 8x42 R A 12000 Roof prism Linear 10x42 R A 12500 Roof prism Diorit 10x42 R A 17800 Luchs 8x32 13900 Luchs 7x42 14550 Luchs 10x42 15200 Luchs 10x50 16450 Add C8 tor rubber armoured MIRADOR 8x42 11000 10x42 114 00 10x50 12400 Add C2 tor rubber armoured Merlin 60mm body 7900 Merlin 75mm body 10700 12/15* i8/22x 2V30x 1800 I8x-40x/22x-47x zoom 5000 Owl 75mm GA 17850 Owf 00mm GA 20750 3(V32x 3300 26x-58x/28x-62x zoom 7150 ZEISS JENA 4900 Jenopiem 10x50 8395 10250 Dodecarem 12x50 24995 Octarem 8x50 '9995 Roof pnsm Notarem 8x32 14000 Roof prism Notarem 10x40 18795 Roof pnsm Notarem 10x40 R A 20700 OPTIMA Super 60mm R A body 16000 I5x20x30x40x 2500 20x-45x zoom 6500 1695 2995 HELIOS Conrad R.P. 8x21 R A. 3895 Compact R P 10x25 RA 3995 QUESTAR FtekJ model 3 W mch width 2438.00 with Broad Band Coaling & choice of 32mm or 24mm eyepwce. plus Photo Adaptor and case Potto pnam 14000 MANFROTTO 144 Base 4500 144 Base Mack 190 Mm pro 190 Mm pro Mack 4000 34 95 200 Compact video head 3995 Tripod Strap 950 Quo release ptattorm 800 SLIK Mandypod P6009 Trpod 450G Tripod '000G TnpOd 350N Inpod 88 Thpod 02 Thpod 67 Thpod strap Case D2 etc Ouck reieasa pod DS88 etc 3995 2395 2795 5295 6995 7295 ’1995 750 '4 95 650 CULLMAN Clamp mag* 2 way Vdeo Head Shoulder Pod Chestpod ma^c Camara Ouckseder OR Ptattorm 3795 1495 2495 3295 995 495 44 95 14990 32900 19900 27550 AICO Compact R P 8x22 R A Compact R P 10x25 R A Roof phsm 8x42 R A Roof prism 10x42 RA LENS CARE CALOTHERM PRODUCTS Cuoco* sent 25ml t Supasprey 100ml 2 Catorherm Sotohon 20ml Hi-Tech Cloths 1 NO GREY IMPORTS MAIL ORDER Insured postage and packing FREE OF CHARGE Goods are despatched promptly upon receipt ot full remittance Use your ACCESS or VISA card to order by telephone on 0676-40501 / 42476 ACCESSORIES Wide range ot eyecups. rainguards. tens caps, lanyards, cases etc USED BARGAINS Guaranteed, secondhand equipment J available at bargain prices EXPORT FACILITIES Personal and postal export orders welcomed PACKAGE DEALS Attractive discounts Phone tor quotations Mitchell ' Oxford s vvp stock twv«.T a"vays Macmillan Kingfisher , also vifloos I ^ «oeos ,10m RSP8 Sena bn 1 Naiional Wxlo of Geograpm '. etc. Survival, pnce /tg or come 1 Arouse 'IPI 1C nPTIf^C Church Lane, Corley, Coventry, CV78BA JC.Ub ur I '<^Tc|ephonc: 0676 40501 842476 Select from the World's finest Optical instruments ■■ NG TIMES - 5pm Monday to Saturday • 3$C Fnendly advisory service always available with no — — — obligation (D635) v Many Birdwatchers now travel abroad independently, making their own arrangements fo flights and car hire or perhaps taking an ordinary package holiday. 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LOW COST CAR HIRE AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE DOING AREA AIRPORT MONTH FROMl IBIRDING AREA AIRPORT MONTH FROM )rca Palma April £79 St. Helena by sea from Avonmouth Year round £950 occo Tangier Dec/Jan c£96 Ascension by sea from Avonmouth Year round £900 •us Larnaca April £179 Falklands Port Stanley Winter £1180 jce/ Islands Various May £112 Gambia Banjul December c£239 . aries Tenerife July £169 Ethiopia Addis Ababa January c£445 oain Malaga May £103 Kenya Nairobi Jan/Feb c£450 sla Monastir Nov-Jan c£89 Madagascar Antananarivo Year round c£455 'Israel Ovda March £199 Seychelles Mahe June £539 " April £189 Mai Po Marshes (permit rq) Hong Kong April £555 November c£149 Thailand Bangkok December £525 ) >t Cairo November c£219 " » Nov/Jan-Apri £470 i nd Keflavik May £198 China Bejing Dec/Jan c£525 inland from Iceland June on rq Phillipines Manilla March c£570 la Miami March £199 Japan Tokyo Year round £639 : : Pelee Toronto May £199 Malaysia Kuala Lumpar February c£599 i h Columbia Vancouver May £299 Nepal Kathmandu January c£490 :ornia LA/ San Francisco May £395 (Royal Air Nepal from Gatwick) May £539 aaii Honolulu September £475 Indonesia Jakarta October £535 ina Phoenix December c£349 Bharatphur/N. India Delhi January c£435 3 i May New York September £259 Papa New Guinea Port Moresby June £949 virostra, and those with deeper calls to scotica. This over-simplification is undoubtedly leading to erroneous identifications. Conclusions In evolutionary terms, Crossbill and Scottish Crossbill are very closely related. They are more alike in their appearance than any other group of species that occurs in Britain. Until further work demonstrates easier identification criteria for the two forms, it is strongly recommended that identification should be attempted only in the case of the more extreme individuals of either form in northern Scotland, unless tape recordings are obtained for sonagraphic analysis (to be described elsewhere). Editors and 94 Identification of Crossbill and Scottish Crossbill compilers of bird reports and avifaunas are similarly urged to exercise caution in the acceptance of records. Summary «* From fieldwork and study of museum specimens, the problems of separating the nominate race of Crossbill Loxia curvirostra curvirostra and Scottish Crossbill L. scotica are discussed. Accurate field observation is difficult: good, prolonged views are essential, and careful attention should be paid to the relative proportions of head and body and to bill and head shapes. Scottish Crossbill averages marginally larger. The most conspicuous difference is in head and bill, Scottish Crossbill generally having a deeper-based bill with more steeply curved culmen and a longer, deeper and wider head with flatter crown, and often appearing top-heavy. Measurements of the tw'o forms overlap broadly, however, and many individuals cannot be identified specifically in the field. Differences and overlap in calls are also discussed briefly. It is recommended that, pending further research, only extreme individuals of either form in northern Scotland should be positively identified. References Knox, A. G. 1975. Crossbill taxonomy. In Nf.THF.RSOI.F.-ThompSON, D., Pine Crossbills , pp. 191-201. Berkhamsted. 1976. The taxonomic status of the Scottish Crossbill Loxia sp. Bull. BOC 96: 15-19. In press. Sympatric breeding of Loxia curvirostra and L. scotica and the evolution of crossbills. Ibis. WlTHK.RBY, H. F.,JoURDAIN, F. C. R., Ttcf.huRST, N. F., & Tuckf.R, B. W. 1938. The Handbook of British Birds, vol. 1. London. Dr Alan G. Knox, Buckinghamshire County Museum, Technical Centre, Tring Road, Halton, Buckinghamshire HP22 5PJ Mystery photographs -g The small size, relatively weak bill, uniform-looking plumage X ^ Ad and strong supercilium of the bird pictured in plate 29 (repeated here) show that it is a warbler (Sylviidae). As with any warbler, the first \Hnt. Birds 83: 94-96, March 1990] Mystery photographs 95 step is to establish its genus. The most striking aspect of this bird is its long, broad, dark-bordered supercilium, and this immediately limits the choice to a Phylloscopus or an Acrocephalus (although, in the genera Hippolais and Locustella respectively, both Booted H. caligata and Pallas’s Grasshop- per Warblers L. certhiola can appear to have rather a strong supercilium). In this upright posture, little can be seen of the general structure of the bird, but the bill is rather short and stout for an Acrocephalus , or a Locustella , and the tail appears square-ended or slightly notched, which is also wrong for these two genera. In addition, the head shape is rather evenly rounded and the supercilium is noticeably broad and striking throughout its length, bordered below by a long dark eye-stripe. These characters are compatible only with identification as a Phylloscopus warbler. When dealing with a Phylloscopus , such a view is not particularly helpful, as we cannot assess the true proportions or the presence or absence of crown-stripes, wingbars, and so on, but we can note several structural features on this individual. The bill is actually short and stout for a Phylloscopus , the legs are curiously long and strong-looking, the body looks quite heavy, and the wing-point, although we cannot accurately measure it against anything, appears to be fairly short. I urning to plumage, the ‘face pattern’ is also interesting. The supercilium is the most prominent feature, being both long (extending back past the rear of the ear-coverts) and broad throughout its length (especially so before the eye); this is accentuated by a dark eye-stripe (but a fairly diffuse loral stripe), and a darkening effect at the crown sides. There is a rather uniform wash across the ear-coverts, and, although difficult to assess in a black-and-white photograph, the underparts do not appear strikingly white and seem to be suffused on the flanks and vent. Finally, the legs are conspicuously pale, as is the bill. Taken together, the pieces of evidence gathered so far are in fact sufficient to identify the bird as a Radde’s Warbler P. schivarzi. This species has a remarkably distinctive appearance within a notoriously difficult genus: a combination of structural and plumage characters, and also behaviour (hinted at here by the bird’s upright, assertive posture), which serve to set this species apart. In real life, the bird would confirm its identity by its uniform olive upperparts, yellowish-washed flanks, vent and undertail-coverts (most obvious on fresh first-winter individuals) and longish tail (slightly rounded when opened), coupled with a rather furtive, clumsy carriage, an insistent ‘tchek-tchek' call and a preference for thick cover. Identification should always be by means of such positive features rather than through a process of elimination, but, for the sake of completeness, we can in fact eliminate all other Western Palearctic Phylloscopus warblers to make doubly sure of the identification. The general proportions and heavy build serve to remove any thoughts of Yellow- browed P. inomatus, Pallas’s P. proregulus or Plain Willow Warblers P. neglectus , and the face pattern is really too strong for Chiffchaff P. collybita, Mountain Chiffchaff P. sindianus, Willow Warbler P. trochilus or Bonelli's Warbler P. bonelli. The strong legs, stubby bill and sullied underparts are not consistent with any of the Greenish Warbler P. trochiloides group, nor 96 Mystery photographs with Arctic P. borealis or Wood Warblers P. sibilatrix. Dusky Warbler P. fuscatus — the only remaining candidate, and Radde’s only likely confusion species — can in fact be safely excluded by the first two of these features, being a more ‘conventional’ Phylloscopus in structure, but also by details of the ‘face pattern’ (an under-utilised resource in Phylloscopus identification): Dusky would typically show a stronger dark loral line and a narrower supercilium before the eye, although this may also be narrower on some Radde’s Warblers. Bill colour is also of value: Dusky normally has a wholly dark upper mandible (occasionally with pale cutting edges), with the distal third of the lower mandible also dark, thus appearing darker- billed than Radde’s, which usually has a paler bill (often with only a dark culmen). It is perhaps worth mentioning Radde’s Warbler’s sibling species from the Eastern Palearctic: the Yellow-streaked Warbler/3, armandii , a possible candidate for long-distance vagrancy. The two members of this species- pair are extremely similar in both structure and plumage, but the bill of Yellow-streaked may look weaker and sharper, and the throat may have subtle yellow streaking; one of its calls is a distinctive ‘zik-zik’, recalling a bunting Emberiza. This excellent photograph of a Radde’s Warbler was taken by Huub Huneker on the species’ Soviet breeding grounds in June 1985 (alert readers may have spotted that it appeared in colour in the paper by Steve Madge, Brit. Birds 80: 595-603). Andy Stoddart 43 Gilman Road, Norwich NR3 4JB 46 8c 47. Mystery photographs 153. Identify the species. Answer next month also 7X 42B/GAT* "...particularly useful in confined habitats, such as woodland or forest: for seawatching or raptor-watching. . . 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Red-necked Nightjar In the low sierras which form the northwesterly outcrops of the Sierra Morena in southern Extremadura (south of the province of Badajoz), Spain, the population density of the Red-necked Nightjar Coprimulgus mjicollis is quite high. The European Nightjar C. europaeus does not occur in the area. The stony hill-slopes, 400-650 m above sea-level, are covered with a scattered tree-growth of ‘round-leaved ilex’ Quercus rotundifolia and fairly dense scrub consisting mainly of gum cistus Cistus ladanifer, with some curled cistus C. crispus, ‘hairy Spanish gorse' Genista hirsuta , Spanish broom Spartium junceum and prickly juniper Juniperus oxycednis. Open, stony patches occur between the scrub, with some low vegetation of squill S cilia and French lavender Lavandula stoechas. The Red-necked Nightjars nest between the stones on these open patches, their eggs being laid on the bare gravel. When flushed from the nest, the bird rises at the latest possible moment on being discovered, flutters a few metres, and then sits again, often with a wing held stretched out, as if it were hurt, intending to lure the intruder from the nest. Away from the nest, the Red-necked Nightjar can be quite confiding. For instance, when enjoying the coolness of the night after a torrid day in June 1985, a male came to take his sand-bath in a sandy patch a mere 4 m from the doorstep of our house, where my wife and I were sitting. 48. Red-necked Nightjar Coprimulgus mjicollis , Spain, May 1988 (Stefan Danko) ( Hnt. Hints Hi: 97-99. March IWO) 97 98 PhotoSpot 49. Red-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus ruficollis , Spain, June 1985 {Willy Suetens) A.- fy VU k If ^ ™ ■» ■l. r 'in * >v ^ ‘ j j ^ . jr. iW >*: ir Si*!* if? ■ tii'i ♦ , y* • v. lTtvji&8>V V-V*' wfflEfiJr!? *% *v^ ir5.3P 7/ l'; ik fl P 5.^ .^S Jr H ••' jt.4 < 1 IrAtMlia ** tRJP^ 4iF% >./ W;S ‘JBpL JllriE >nX: A r ilfcRteli SjjK 50. Red-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus ruficollis , Spain, May 1988 (Stefan Danko) | I lit* inclusion ol plates 18-50 in colour has been subsidised by a donation from //'./.VS I lev/ C ermany ] PhotoSpot 99 At night, they may be encountered frequently, on the gravel of the tracks. During the day, they rest in deep shadow on one of the lower, horizontal branches of an ilex. Song-posts are often barely 300 m apart, and one pair regularly nests within 100 m of our kitchen. The typical, loud ‘cuttock — cuttock — cuttock’ staccato song of the Red- necked Nightjar can be heard from 20th April onwards. They start singing at about a quarter of an hour after sunset and continue in complete darkness for some two to three hours. Another burst of activity occurs in the early hours, before dawn. Complete clutches may be found from about 10th May. Second clutches occur in the middle of June. For instance, the male shown here was tending the one young reared from the first brood on 16th June, when the female was incubating two eggs of the second clutch about 10 m away. W. SUETENS Molenheidebaan 121, B-2970 Hever-Boort-Meerbeek, Belgium We are grateful to Dr Franklyn Perring for assistance with the English names of plants mentioned in this text. Eos Expeditions and trips Nigel Redman and David Fisher This is the sixth feature in this occasional series, and for the first time there is a higher proportion of trips compared with expeditions. Although this is not in any way a reflection that there are now fewer expeditions, it does demonstrate the greater mobility and motivation of individual birders who now readily organise their own pri\ately funded ‘mini expeditions’ to some of the most remote and little-known parts of [Bril. Birds 83: 99-102, March 1990] 100 Expeditions and trips the world, frequently with a specific aim and invariably returning with valuable results. Our choice of such trips for inclusion in this feature is inevitably arbitrary, but we have tended to select the most pioneering and unusual trips. We are very grateful to all those who have sent us their reports and hope that leaders of future expeditions and trips will continue to keep us informed of their plans and submit their results. We gratefully acknow- ledge the assistance of the ICBP and Steve Whitehouse in the preparation of this article. Brazil Bruce Forrester has spent the sum- mers of 1987, 1988 and 1989 exploring Brazil with the aim of producing a detailed guide to the country’s birdwatching sites. His preliminary reports on the first two trips (‘Brazil July/August 1987’ and ‘Brazil II July/August 1988’) describe many of the prime sites in great detail and include complete lists of the species he recorded. The most exciting discovery on the 1988 trip was undoubtedly a species of canastero Thripophaga which he believes to be a new species to science — the nearest canasteros to these are 1,000 miles (1,600 km) away. A number of rare and threatened species were also seen, including Brazilian Merganser Mergus octoselaceus and Black-backed Tanager Tangara peruiriana. Anyone visiting Brazil is urged to submit their records to Bruce Forrester, 29 Crandleyhill Road, Prestwick, Ayrshire KA9 2BF.. All help will be acknow- ledged in the forthcoming guide. Copies of the Brazil reports are available from Steve Whitehouse, 5 Stanway Road, Blackpole, Worcester WR4 9X1.. Cameroon The Imperial College Ornitho- logical Expedition to Cameroon took place from 9th July to 17th September 1987. The aim was to study the ecology of the birds of Mount Oku and to assess the conservation interest of the surrounding forest. Earlier expeditions had already identified the im- portance of Mount Oku for a number of endangered bird species (see Brit. Birds 80: 161-162), and this expedition aimed to study these species in particular by means of censuSing techniques and behavioural studies. Three of the four Red Data Book species on Mount Oku were found, but work on the Banded Wattle-eye Platysteira laticincta was hindered by the small number of observations. As on the University of Ox- ford 1985 expedition, the Green-breasted Bushshrike Malaconotus gladiator was not found. The final report was nrtt available at the time of writing, but will contain a species-by-species account and a chapter on bird-community' structuring. Copies will be available (price £5.00) from M. A. Johnston, 20 Highbank, Brighton, East Sussex BNi 5GB. Central Africa An enterprising three- month trip in 1987 took Dave Gibbs to some of the least-known countries in Africa. His itinerary included Uganda, Zaire, the Cen- tral African Republic and Cameroon. This solo trip concentrated on the West-Central African rainforest and the birds found inclu- ded a number of rarely seen species. His report gives general travel hints, site infor- mation and lists of species seen at each locality. Copies are available (price £5.00) from Dave Gibbs, Cedarwood, Forest Road, Hayley Green, Warfield, Bracknell, Berk- shire RG12 6DG. Chile From 12th August to 20th September 1987, Barry McCarthy explored three sepa- rate areas in north, central and south Chile, seeing 208 species of birds. His detailed report on this little-known country includes general advice about travel, site information and sketch maps, plus a full list of the species he recorded. Of most interest to birdwatchers who are considering a visit to Chile will be the relatively easy access to the High Andes at Lauca National Park and the tremendous seawatching potential. Copies of the report are available (price £1.20) from Barry McCarthy, 138B Duke Street, South- port, Merseyside PR8 5B7.. Djibouti The focus of the third expedition to Djibouti to be organised by Geoff and Hilary Welch was again raptors. For 38 days, from 3rd October to 9th November 1987, the migration of raptors across the Bab-el-Mandeb strait was documented and an impressive total of 246,478 birds of 26 species was recorded. By far the most numerous were Steppe Buzzards Buteo buteo 101 Expeditions and trips vulpinus (98,339) and Steppe Eagles Aquila nipalensis (76,586). The number of Steppe Eagles is the highest number counted any- where in the Middle East in spring or autumn. There is little doubt now that this route across the Bab-el-Mandeb strait from Yemen to Djibouti/Ethiopia is one of the most important routes for migrating raptors in autumn, and Djibouti offers particularly excellent conditions for observing these movements. A scientific paper on the findings of the expedition has been pub- lished in Sandgrouse (10: 26-50). Ecuador The Durham University Expedi- tion to Ecuador took place from July to September 1986, visiting the province of Esmeraldas. Five principal study sites in the vicinity of Lita were assessed for habitat quality as well as pressures and threats. A total of 156 bird species was recorded in this area, of which 24 are endemic. Species of particular interest included Golden-chested Tanager Bangsia rothschildi and Scarlet- breasted Dacnis Dacrtis berlepschi (the first and second recent records respectively for Ecuador), and Blue-whiskered Tanager Tan- gara johannae. A comprehensive report is available (price £8.00) from R. J. Evans, The Mill, Llanfihangel Crucorney, Abergavenny, Gwent NP7 HDD. Kenya A winter survey of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya took place in January and February 1987. The aim of this small ex- pedition, comprising Hans Schekkerman and Jeroen van YVetten (with the assistance of two native guides and three donkeys to carry food and equipment), was to assess the numbers of wintering waterfowl and waders, primarily Palearctic species. This was the first detailed waterbird count of the eastern shore of Lake Turkana and the area covered was the largest of all counts ever made there. The professionally produced expedition re- port (WIWO report no. 17) contains much interesting information about Lake Tur- kana, and, in addition to the detailed counts of waterbirds, there is a summary of the landbirds recorded. This useful report can be obtained by paying Dfl 7.50 (inclusive of postage) to postal giro account 2.666.009 or to ABN bank account 57.02.16.613 of Stich- ting WIWO, Ewijk, Netherlands. Indonesia The fascinating Indonesian archipelago has still managed to escape the attentions of all but the most dedicated and pioneering birders, yet these islands hold some of the largest numbers of endemics to be found anywhere. It was the desire to go somewhere different which resulted in a trip to Indonesia in spring 1988 for Jon Horn- buckle, Simon Roddis and Mike Archer. They concentrated on Sulawesi, visiting the famous Lore Lindu National Park in central Sulawesi and the Manado area in the north of the island. Short visits were also made to Bali (where they saw 12 of the highly- endangered Bali Starlings Leucopsar rothschildi at Bali Barat National Park), Sumatra (Padang Highlands) and Java (Cibodas Botanical Gardens and Pulau Rambut, the only known breeding site of the rare Milky Stork Mycteria cinerea outside Sumatra). Their interesting report includes an itinerary, a short account of each island visited, an annotated checklist and a useful list of references. Having clocked up some 95 endemics in less than four weeks, even a short visit to this rarely visited region is evidently worthwhile. Copies of the report are available (price £1.25) from Jon Horn- buckle, 30 Hartington Road, Sheffield S7 2I.K. Madagascar A detailed report on a trip to Madagascar by David Waugh reveals that this seldom-visited country is not as inacces- sible as many people think. From 21st September to 25th October 1987, he ex- plored many sites, seeing no fewer than 93 of the endemic species. His 27-page report includes a wealth of useful background information and advice, a paragraph or two on each site, and full systematic lists of birds and mammals seen. Copies of the report are available from Dr David Waugh, Flat 2, 9 Grosvenor Terrace, St Helier. Jersey, Chan- nel Islands. Pakistan Erik Hirschfeld, Nils Kjellen and Magnus Ullman visited Pakistan from 14th February to 6th March 1988, recording 310 species. Endemics such as Sind Pied Wood- pecker Picoides assimilis, Long-tailed Grass Warbler Prinia bumesii and Sind Sparrow Passer pyrrhonotus are of obvious interest, but the records of flocks of 600 Great Knots Calidris tenuirostris and 400 Yellow-eyed Stock Doves Columba eversmanni are particularly noteworthy. Their excellent trip report gives travel tips, site details, a daily itinerary and a systematic list of species recorded. Pakis- tan is a country often neglected byr birders, but this report clearly shows that it has much to offer. Copies are available (price 102 US $5.00 or equivalent) from Erik Hirsch- feld, Sodra Forstadsgatan 62, 21 1 43 Malmo, Sweden. Vietnam An exploratory ICBP visit to Vietnam took place from 18th April to 13th July 1988, after some 20 months of planning. The team comprised J. C. Eames, C. R. Robson and J. A. Wolstencroft, together with their Vietnamese colleagues, Nguyen Cu and Truong Van La. The principal aim of this pioneering expedition was to conduct surveys of threatened pheasants and other forest-dependent species at a selection of proposed reserves, and to develop a long- term strategy for pheasant conservation in Vietnam. Six forest sites were visited, pro- viding a wealth of information on the condition of Vietnamese forests and their avifauna. Valuable information was obtained on the status of Vietnamese Pheasant Lophura hatinhensis and Crested Expeditions and trips Argus Rheinartia ocellata, though, sadly, the area visited to look for Edwards’s Pheasant Lophura edwardsi proved to be unsuitable. Much new distributional information was gathered, as well as useful data on a number of little-known Vietnamese and Indo- Chinese endemics. For example, it was concluded that Bar-bellied Pitta Pitta ellioti and Black-hooded Laughingthrush Garrulax milled were sufficiently common to be de- leted from the ICBP World Checklist of Threat- ened Birds. As a result of this visit, the ICBP has signed an agreement with the Vietnamese government for future cooperation on con- servation issues. A follow-up expedition is planned in 1990 to carry out further surveys of forest sites, concentrating in particular on two seriously threatened species, Vietna- mese and Edwards’s Pheasants. A first visit to southern Vietnam is also planned and there, amongst other things, the expedition hopes to determine the current status of Green Peafowl Paw muticus. Nigel Redman, Holly Bank, Grindleton, Clitheroe, Lancashire BB7 4QT David Fisher, 56 Western Way, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 1DU Reviews The Wheatear. By Peter Conder. Christopher Helm, London, 1989. 328 pages; over 100 drawings, figures and maps. £19.95. After wartime incarceration as a prisoner-of-war, Peter Conder became warden of Skokholm Bird Observatory' during 1947-53, a wonderful experience, for which I personally can enthusiastically vouch. Following wardenship, Conder joined the RSPB, and ultimately served as Director until his retirement in 1975. Now he has used the ‘leisure’ of the third age to supplement his intensive series of observations of Wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe on Skokholm and to write this monograph. The book follows a traditional pattern with exceedingly detailed chapters on the various phases of the breeding cycle, from territory establishment to post-fledging juvenile dispersal. Inevitably, there is a strong Skokholm bias, leavened by historical nuggets from other localities. For instance, around 22,000 Wheatears were caught annually on the Sussex Downs above Eastbourne in the late eighteenth century. Even allowing for our forefathers’ exaggeration, that amounts to several shelves of Wheatear pate. Life in the African winter quarters necessarily receives short shrift, since information is so sparse. But I particularly enjoyed the accounts of the Wheatear’s truly heroic migrations, a 3,000-km sea crossing to Greenland or a trek exceeding 13,000 km from Africa via inhospitable central Asia to barren Alaska. It would be fascinating to compare the population dynamics of single-brooded Alaskan populations with those of double-brooded central European populations, which, superficially at least, face a less hazardous journey to the winter quarters. Reviews 103 1 he snag with writing a book over 30 years alter the fieldwork is that the data may not have been collected in a manner amenable to interpretation in the light of modern ideas. For example, Conder writes ‘Progress towards independence [of the juvenile VVheatears] was a mutual affair.’ Such an assertion suggests ignorance ofTrivers’ powerful ideas on parent- ofispring conflict, whereby youngsters should aim to squeeze more care from their parents than the parents, mindful of future breeding possibilities, should be prepared to give. Or, in discussing song mimicry by Wheatears, Conder gives no hint that people have wondered long and hard whether this might be a trick used by males to increase the number of song types in their repertoire, to enhance their ability to hold a territory or to attract a mate. Where more modern work is quoted, it is not well understood (e.g. Carlson and colleagues on mate-guarding by the Wheatear) or simply misquoted (my own studies on feeding and territory). There are frequent errors in the index. In the text, standard deviations and sample sizes are attached to means apparently idiosyncratically; sometimes, the former are given without the latter, which is not helpful. And the references would benefit from proper copy-editing so that page numbers are consistently provided, so that there is consistency in the provision of publisher and place of publication, so that authors’ names are spelt identically in text and reference list. I could go on. Sometimes, I find John Busby’s drawings so spare as to resemble nouvelle cuisine and leave me hungry for more. In 77 le Wheatear , Busby excels. His uncluttered style beautifully matches the Wheatear’s bold plumage. I particularly enjoyed the sternly aggressive Great Grey Shrike I.anius excubitor pursuing a hapless Wheatear across Senegal. The hint of antelope and acacia in the background instantly announces Africa. Congratulations on an artistic tour de force that doesjustice to a remarkable bird. M. I)K L. BROOKF. Birds of Islay. By R. E. Elliott. Christopher Helm, London, 1989. 216 pages; 21 black-and-white drawings; 20 maps/tables. £11.95. Richard Elliott’s book is based on his long-standing acquaintance with the island, and the thoroughness with which he has tackled this work is evidenced by the excellent background material contained within the first part of it. In a slightly ‘over-eager’ introduction, the layout is perhaps a bit muddled, but the following chapters trace the history and impact of Man on the island, and are adequately supplemented by appropriate maps and tables. The face of the island has changed greatly since our first arrival there some 7.000 years ago, and those changes are put into a perspective, which highlights (he extent and quickening pace of some, more recent ‘improvements'. On this subject, I particularly liked the special treatment afforded those species which most birdwatchers associate with Islav, such as Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis and Chough ftrrhocorax pyrrhocorax. Problem issues (e.g. ferrets and ground-nesting birds) are well handled, and the delicate issue of raptor persecution is treated in an unemotional manner — perhaps a similarly constructive and diplomatic approach to some of the island’s other problems might pay dividends. The species-accounts section offers a concise and accurate guide to the status of Islay's birds. A few of the records of uncommon or rare species should have been checked a bit more thoroughly, however, since some appear not to have been fully authenticated. Additionally, some qualifying symbol should have been used to indicate those records which have not yet obtained the official blessing of the Rarities Committee. These details are minute, however, when set against the general accuracy of the text; the author rightly acknowledges the valuable recording work done by C. G. Booth, without which much of this work would have been impossible. As an occasional vagrant to this beautiful island. I lound this book both valuable and very readable. Islay now receives far more attention from birdwatchers. It is a mecca for wildfowl enthusiasts, a seawatcher’s paradise, a magnet for raptor-addicts, and, increasingly, an outstanding place for those intent on finding rare migrants. More than this, it is an island of infinite variety, and this book should serve as an excellent resource to anyone, either contemplating their first visit to Islay, or simply itching to return. ANGUS Hogg 104 Reviews Where to Watch Birds in Dorset, Hampshire & The Isle of Wight. By George Green and Martin Cade. Illustrated by Richard Allen. Christopher Helm, London, 1989. 302 pages; 44 line-drawings; 59 maps. Paperback £9.95. I was delighted to be asked to review this book. I have lived most of my life in Hampshire, so many of the sites mentioned, in all three counties, are very familiar to me. Objectivity must prevail, however, and therefore I begin with a certain formality. This volume pursues a similar pattern to that of previous guides in this well-conceived series of regional bird-site guides. A brief introduction describing the rich diversity of habitats and birds in this area of southern England (see, for example, Brit. Birds 82: 453) is followed by 2'A pages on how to use the book (with two paragraphs on criteria for site inclusion — a good idea). A total of 84 localities divided into ‘major sites’, ‘minor sites’ and ‘other sites worthy of attention’ is dealt with, sensibly, in sub-regions corresponding to geographical/geological areas and proceeding roughly from west to east, with the often underrated Isle of Wight treated separately. The 35 major sites are described under the headings ‘Habitat’, ‘Species’, ‘Timing’, ‘Access’ and ‘Calendar’, this last subdivided into the four seasons of the year and their birds; maps of each, most of them excellent (though 21 A and 21C have been transposed), are found at the back of the book. Minor sites have just ‘Habitat and Species’ and ‘Access’, while other sites are given a summary paragraph. So, what about the meat of the book? Well, in general it is first rate. For localities I know well or reasonably well the information is admirably accurate. Naturally, I scrutinised the account of my own ‘patch’ on the River Hamble: there are a couple of minor inaccuracies and omissions — the variety of species is in fact wider than stated (this applies also to some other sites) — but the total picture presented, including access details, is very fair and will undoubtedly be of great help to a first-time visitor. To sum up, this is most certainly a very good book. All birdwatchers in the three counties should buy it. Indeed, all birdwatchers who ever leave home territory should purchase every one of the guides in this imaginative series; for the amount of information included they represent true bargains. See for yourself! David A. Christie Suomen Lintuatlas. By Kalevi Hyytia, Jarmo Koistinen and Erkki Kellomaki. Lintutieto, Helsinki, 1983. 520 pages; 242 line-drawings; 253 maps. Distribution and Numbers of Finnish Breeding Birds: appendix to Suomen Lintuatlas. By Pertti Koskimies. Lintutieto, Helsinki, 1989. 76 pages. Total price £36.00. There are 3,862 10-km squares in Britain and Ireland, and these were mapped for our first attempt at a breeding bird atlas, The Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland (1976). Finland is made up of almost exactly the same number (3,856). The two countries, therefore, make a very interesting comparison for students of bird distribution. Fieldwork for the Finnish breeding bird atlas was carried out during 1974-79 (a six-year period, compared with our five) and the book covering the results ( Suomen Lintuatlas) was published in 1983. The layout is similar to ours, with a page of text (and a line-drawing) facing a full-page map with the standard three sizes of dot corresponding to ‘possible’, ‘probable’ and ‘confirmed’ breeding (following the recommendations of the European Ornithological Atlas Committee). The maps are two-colour, with the outline and grid in black and the dots themselves in blue, and are very clearly printed. The disadvantage to non-Finnish-speaking ornithologists has been completely overcome by the publication of the accompanying 76-page appendix, which interprets and discusses the distributions in the maps. This is a mine of information. Every ornithologist with any interest in the birds of Finland or bird distribution in Europe will regard these two companion volumes as essential acquisitions. The price is rather high, but so is the quality of the product. It is fascinating to compare maps of closely related species, such as Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca and Whitethroat S. communis (the former is marginally more widespread, and the distribution extends slightly farther north). Map after map repays examination, and the texts Reviews 105 go into considerable detail: for example, ‘The Scarlet Rosefinch was a sparse southeastern breeder until early in this century. The species’ expansion towards the west and northwest, and its increase in numbers, is one of the most rapid in the recent Finnish avifauna. At present the species is common in most parts of cultivated areas in southern Finland . . . formerly bred mainly in lush groves, orchards, parks and woods near fields and human habitation. Nowadays a great proportion of the pairs breed in low scrub and shrubby growth, in abandoned arable land, field edges, shore meadows, roadsides or clearings. In suitable habitats the local density may rise up to 25-100 pairs/km The total population, perhaps 0.2- 0.5 million pairs, has at least 30-folded since the mid- 1940s.’ J. T. R. Sharrock A Handbook to the Swallows and Martins of the World. By Angela Turner. Illustrated by Chris Rose. Christopher Helm, London, 1989. 272 pages; 24 colour plates; 74 distribution maps. £19.95. I o most people in Northern Europe, the swallows and martins returning from their winter sojourn are harbingers of spring and, because of this and their great beauty, they are warmly welcomed. Indeed, people will put up with piles of droppings from a swallow’s nest in the eaves which they would definitely not accept if the culprit were a Starling Stumus vulgaris. On my travels abroad, I have seen many kinds of hirundine, but, in the main, 1 have had to be content with identifying the species and admiring it, as there was a shortage of easily available literature. This became particularly frustrating when, on Sanganeb Island in the Red Sea, 30 km ofl the coast of Sudan, I saw two strange swallows fly by and, by good fortune, found a dead one. Recognising only that I did not know what the devil it was, and thinking that I should do, I took pictures of the mouldering corpse and managed to save the wings and tail. Back in the UK, I fared little better, as my fairly extensive library was most poorly endowed with information on swallows. It was only after much research that my academic mentor, Hilary Fry, and I claimed the poor wee thing as a new species: Hirundo perdita, the Red Sea Cliff Swallow. Now, if Swallows and Martins oj the World had existed then, life would have been much easier, as I could have known at once that I was dealing with a new form of cliff swallow. Despite my specific interest in the Hirundinidae, I feel sure that even the most casual ‘bird-person’ will be as captivated and enraptured as I am by this gem of a book. It is beautiful enough to grace any coffee table, but it is far from being simply decorative, being stuffed with fascinating facts. The 24 colour plates by Chris Rose are quite stunning, and I have no hesitation in pronouncing them the equal of any I have ever seen. The detail is superb and the jizz of the birds is expressed incredibly well. Also, and very importantly, the impression of iridescence is well shown. Suffice it to say that, whether it be Blue Swallow H. atrocaerulea from Malawi or Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta thalassina from the USA, I find the illustrations totally convincing. Having got off to a good start, it is satisfying to report that the quality of the text parallels that of the illustrations. The chapters on classification and behaviour amply describe the family and its habits in a clear and concise manner, while the description of each species is a treasure trove of information. Ironically, the only error which I found was in the attribution of the type specimen of Hirundo perdita and that it was consistently- referred to as the Red Sea Swallow whereas I named it Red Sea Cliff Swallow. Throughout, the text is lively and holds one’s interest and, all in all, the book is a pleasure to read from start to finish. Don SMITH Short reviews Nestboxes. By Chris de Feu. BTO Guide 20. Revised edition. (BTO, Tring, 1989. 72 pages. Paperback £3.50) This booklet is crammed with ideas, suggestions, advice and details for making all sorts of nestboxes. It ought to be on the bookshelves of every bird-lover (a term used here to describe all birdwatchers and many more people be- sides). Having said that, this booklet could have been much better: the design (apart 106 Short reviews from the cover) is cluttered and unattractive, there is far too little cross-referencing be- tween text and the (numerous) illustrations, and there is no index. Buy it, nevertheless. Eagles. By John A. Love. (VVhittet Books, London, 1989. 128 pages; many drawings, maps and diagrams. £6.95). Concerned mainly with the two species found in Britain, this book deals briefly with all aspects of eagle biology. It includes historical material from earlier centuries, as well as the results of recent research. Having been in charge of the reintroduction project for White-tailed Eagles Haliaeetus albicilla on Rhum, John Love is a well-qualified author. His text is accurate and entertaining, and is illustrated throughout by his own attractive drawings and cartoons. [I. Nf.WTON] Bird Flight Performance; a practical cal- culation manual (+ computer disc). By C. J. Pennycuick. (Oxford University Press, Oxford 1989, 153 pages. £25.00). The au- thor, a leading expert on avian flight, provides here the formulae and calculations needed to estimate energy expenditure by flying birds, whether flapping, gliding, foraging, or migrating, in this last case, working out non-stop flight distances. List- ings in BASIC of computer programs are included, but so also is a disc readable by any MS-DOS computer. Aerodynamics and power generation by muscles are covered as background, while worked examples illus- trate ways in which the programs can be used. Options can be changed at will to examine the effects of such variables as fat load, airspeed and so on. [MAO] Birds in action We have made another selection of photographs from those that have been submitted to us for this occasional feature. We enjoy both seeing and putting together these sets of photographs, and hope that, in turn, they will also be enjoyed by our readers. The photographs need little in the way of commentary. Without exception, they are all attractive pictures, but the common theme is that all are ‘doing something’. Plate 51, a feeding Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola , captures the character of this migrant and wintering species, in its grey winter plumage feeding on the wet mud out in the estuary. Several species of water bird will periodically flap their wings — amongst them grebes Podiceps, auks (Alci- dae) and divers Gavia, all rising well out of the water to do so. Plate 52 shows an adult winter Red-throated Diver G. stellata doing just this. The sea terns Sterna indulge in courtship feeding, and plates 53 and 54 provide an interesting comparison, showing this behaviour by both Common Tern S. hirundo and Sandwich Tern S. sandvicensis. The two photographs catch delightfully the different characters of the two species. Marsh terns Chlidonias hawk for insects, usually over water. They often catch their prey from the air, but occasionally dip to take items from the water surface. Plates 55 and 56 show how this is done, by Whiskered C. hybridus and White-winged Black Terns C. leucopterus respectively, the latter photograph showing particularly how the head is, at the last moment, almost left behind. I Brit. Buds 83: 106-113, March 1990] 51. Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola in winter plumage, feeding. Cornwall. November 1 969 (J. It. & S. Bottomin') 52. Red-throated Diver Gavia stellata in winter plumage, wing-shaking, Kent. February 1986 (R. /. Chandler) 53. Common Terns Sterna hirundo courtship feeding, Co. Dublin, May 1986 (Richard T. Mills) M&: ■P 54. Sandwich Terns Sterna sandvicensis courtship feeding, Norfolk, June 1984 (Anthony J. Bond ) 55. Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus feeding, Israel, May 1986 (Paid Doherty) 57. Moorhens Gallinula chloropus showing territorial aggression, Worcestershire, February 1981 ' (M. C. Wilkes)" 58. Coot Fulica atra feeding young, Federal Republic of Germany, June 1978 ( Robert Maier) 59. Woodpigeon Columba palumbus feeding young, Greater Manchester, August 1981 (Anthony ]. Bond) 60. Juvenile Wren Troglodytes troglodytes sunning. W est Midlands, summer 1981 (.4. T. Moffett) 61. First-winter Kittiwake Rissa Iridactyla in flight with food item, Merseyside, March 1984 ( Steve Young) 62. Adult winter Herring Gulls Lams argentatus scavenging on dogfish Mustelus mustelus , Cornwall, November 1981 (/. B. & S. Bottomley) t ^ 63. Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo wing-drying, Merseyside, September 1984 (Anthony J. Bond) 64. Grey Heron Ardea cinerea feeding, Strathclyde, February 1976 (Donald A. Smith) 65. Male Pheasants Phasianus colchicus fighting, Co. Longford, April 1986 (Richard T. Mills) 66. Mute Swans Cygnus olor mating, Co. Cork, April 1985 ( Richard T. Mills) Birds in action 115 Moorhens Gallinula chloropus and Coots Fulica atm are everyday birds for most ol us, but their behaviour is none-the-less interesting for that. Plate 57 shows two winter Moorhens apparently disputing feeding territories, while 58 is a delightfully tender shot of a Coot feeding its youngster. Less delicate feeding behaviour by a Woodpigeon Columba palumbus is well shown in plate 59, as the squab almost attacks its parent in its frenzy to be fed. The companion shot of a juvenile Wren Troglodytes troglodytes sunning (plate 60) is a study of inaction. This photograph was placed sixth in our 1982 ‘Bird Photograph of the Year’ competition (Brit. Birds 75: 218) and is unusual in that Wrens are not often reported sunning. The attitude of this individual, with spread wings and tail, and raised back and rump feathers, is superbly shown. Gulls (Laridae) offer many opportunities for photography, and plates 61 and 62 show two such well-taken shots. A first-winter Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla flies past carrying some food item — fish offal perhaps — while the two Herring Gulls Lams argentatus provide a superb picture in terms of both action and composition, as they scavenge a dead fish washed up onto the beach. Plates 63 and 64 are two further examples of ‘inaction', both totally characteristic of the species involved. Cormorants Bhalacrocorax of all species are often seen drying their wings, but can rarely have been photographed doing so as well as this. All herons (Ardeidae) are masters of stealth when feeding, as is well shown in the shot of Grey Heron Ardea cinerea (plate 64). The final two plates both show interaction between two individuals of the same species. In plate 65, two male Pheasants Phasianus colchicus squabble, while in plate 66, Mute Swans Cygnus olor mate on the water, the male almost submerging the female. May we ask for further submissions for this occasional feature? Whilst we prefer black-and-white originals, some colour prints and transparen- cies are suitable for reproduction in black-and-white, and we would certainly like to see any colour material that readers may feel appropriate. Indeed, we have used three conversions from colour transparencies in the above selection. R.J. Chandler and J. T. R. Sharrock 2 Rusland Avenue, Orpington, Kent BR6 8AU Notes Mute Swan eating egg opened by Muscovy Duck At 07.30 GMT on 7th March 1987, at Helston, Cornwall, I noticed a medium-sized egg on a concrete path adjoining the boating pool. The egg had presumably been laid by either a local Mallard Anas platyrhynchos or a Muscovy Duck 116 Notes Cairina moschata, and it appeared to be intact. One Muscovy Duck approached the egg and smashed it with a single, powerful forward thrust of its bill. It then moved away, showing no further interest in the egg- At this point, two Mute Swans Cygnus olor swam to the edge of the pool and quickly consumed the egg’s contents. I can find no record of eggs being taken by Mute Swans. P. J. CHANTLER 66 Hunter Road, Willesborough, Ashford, Kent TN24 ORT Mute Swans are highly opportunistic feeders, as the literature shows; the opening of the egg by the Muscovy Duck is also interesting. Eds Hen Harriers facilitating predation of Red Grouse chicks by Buzzard Associations between Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus and hunting falcons, where both species appear to benefit, have previously been documented (Brit. Birds 74: 481-482; 77: 72-73). Observations of hunting Hen Harriers carried out during June and July 1986 suggested, however, that their association with Buzzards Buteo buteo may be detrimental. I observed male Hen Harriers hunting over an area of grouse moorland, where Red Grouse Lagopus lagopus were at low density (one pair per 50 ha). During over 200 hours’ fieldwork, 3.5 hours of hunting were recorded, in which time six attacks on grouse were observed. On all occasions, the grouse chicks were vigorously defended by their parents, which flew up at the harrier in an attempt to prevent it from striking one of their young. These attacks lasted for up to three minutes, but in only three attempts was the harrier successful. In one of the failed attempts, the harrier gave up and continued hunting elsewhere, but the other two attacks failed because of a hunting Buzzard. On these two occasions, the confusion created by the harrier attracted a hunting Buzzard from over a kilometre away. On arrival, the Buzzard actively chased the harrier away, and the adult grouse fled. On both occasions, the Buzzard took a grouse chick. Once the Buzzard had left with the chick, the adult grouse quickly returned to the remainder of their brood. At no other times were Buzzards seen to attack grouse, and an analysis of prey remains and pellets did not reveal grouse in the diet, rather suggesting that rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus and small mammals constituted most of the Buzzards’ food. STEVE REDPATH Crubenmore Lodge, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire PH20 1BE Osprey killed by electrocution At about 09.00 GMT on 20th December 1986, near Rosarito Lake, Central Spain, I found a freshly dead adult female Osprey Pandion haliaetus. It was under a small electric pylon, in an open stand of oaks Quercus faginea, 25 m from a road and near a shallow pool, where it had presumably been fishing. I he Osprey held a 90-g black bass Micropterus salmoides in its right foot, and it had burns on both its legs and its wings. The Osprey Notes 117 appeared to have been electrocuted while attempting to perch on the pylon to eat the fish. Rodrigo Munoz-Pulido Catedra de Zoologia (Vertebrados), Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain Snipe with upturned bill Throughout the autumn of 1986, a Snipe Gallinago gallinago with an upturned bill was present at Wath Ings, South Yorkshire (plate 67). This Snipe, known locally as ‘Avosnipe’, was first seen in autumn 1983 and had been seen each subsequent autumn. It associated with normal-billed Snipes, but did not probe so much and fed more frequently at the water’s edge. PaulD. Morris 56 Broomhead Road, Wombwell, Barnsley, South Yorkshire S73 OSB 67. Snipe Gallinago gallinago with upturned bill, South Yorkshire, October 1986 (Paul D. Morris) Plumage variations of juvenile Ruffs and Greenshanks It is the purpose of this note to amplify the brief statements made in Chandler (1989) on the variability of the juvenile plumages of these two species. Juvenile Ruffs Philornachus pugnax are usually described as having scaly upperparts, wing-coverts and tertials, the consequence of the generally dark centres and prominent pale-buff fringes of the individual feathers. Those texts that illustrate the Ruff s juvenile plumage invariably show these feathers having solid dark feather centres; see, for example, Cramp & Simmons (1983) and Jonsson (1978). Hayman et al. (1986) showed a juvenile female of this type, though they also illustrated a juvenile male with internal buff-striped tertials and rather pale-centred wing-coverts. As the latter example suggests, juvenile Ruffs do in fact show a range of feather patterns (though always with pale fringes), particularly on the wing-coverts and tertials. Something of the variety of plumages is shown by plates 68-71, which illustrate four different juvenile Ruffs; plate 68 is a typical, text-book bird, while plates 69, 70 and 71 showr variants having differently patterned wing-coverts and tertials (plate 70 can be seen in colour in Chandler 1989, page 130). It is perhaps significant that the two 118 Notes 68. Juvenile Ruff Philomachus pugnax in typical plumage, Kent, August 1986 (R. J. Chandler) birds in plates 70 and 71, which have rather similarly patterned feathers, were together when photographed and may even have been members of the same brood. In my experience, individuals similar to that depicted in plate 68 are the most usual, those resembling that in plate 69 occur not infrequently, but those in plates 70 and 71 are the only individuals of this type that I have seen. 69. Juvenile Ruff Philomachus pugnax showing rather pale wing-coverts and tertials with dark subterminal markings, Kent, August 1981 (/?. J. Chandler) Notes 119 70. Juvenile RufT Philomachus pugnax with variable dark markings on wing-coverts, Gwynedd, August 1977 (R. J. Chandler) Juvenile Greenshanks Tringa nebularia , of which plate 72 illustrates a typical example, are darkish grey above, with prominent whitish fringes on the mantle and scapulars; the rear scapulars and tertials are usually prominently edge-spotted, with alternating small dark and white spots. Thus, in August 1981, when I photographed a very plain, rather pale Greenshank, I assumed that it was in winter plumage. I later realised that, on account of its complete, neat, small-feathered, unworn plumage, it must have been a juvenile. This individual is shown in plate 73. Yet 71. Juvenile RufT Philomachus pugnax with variable dark markings on both wing-coverts and tertials; this individual was in the company of that shown in plate 70, Gwynedd, August 1977 (R.J. Chandler) 120 Notes 72. Juvenile Greenshank Tringa nebularia in typical plumage, with strongly edge-spotted rear scapulars and tertials, Kent, August 1981 (R.J. Chandler) another juvenile Greenshank is shown in plate 74; this has some limited dark spotting on the tertials, a plumage pattern which is intermediate between the individuals in plates 72 and 73. In all three individuals, the bill colours (dark grey tip with paler grey base) and leg colours (dull yellowish-green) were similar. Individuals of the varieties shown in plates 72 and 74 both occur relatively frequently, but that shown in plate 73 is again the only one of this type that I have encountered. For comparison, an adult winter Greenshank is shown in plate 75. In general, the winter plumage is marginally paler, with narrower pale 73. Juvenile Greenshank Tringa nebularia in plain, uniform plumage, completely lacking feather edge-spotting, Kent, August 1981 (R. J. Chandler) Notes 121 74. Juvenile Greenshank Tringa nebularia in plumage intermediate between the individuals shown in plates 72 and 73, Gwynedd, August 1976 (/?. J. Chandler) » * 75. Greenshank Tringa nebularia in adult winter plumage, The Gambia, January 1988 ( R. J. Chandler ) fringes and finer edge-spotting than typical juvenile Greenshanks. Thus, there appears to be a notable variability in the juvenile plumages of both Ruff and Greenshank. The frequency of occurrence and geographical origins of individuals of different types remain unknown, as does their plumage type in later life; further information would be welcome. R. J. Chandler 2 Rusland Avenue , Orpington , Kent BR6 8AU REFERENCES Chandler, R. J. 1989. North Atlantic Shorebirds. London. CRAMP, S., & Simmons, K. E. L. (eds.) 1983. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. vol. 3. Oxford. Hayman, P., Marchant, J. H., & PRATER, A. J. 1986. Shorebirds. London. JONSSON, L. 1978. Birds of Ixike. River. Marsh and Field. Middlesex. 122 Notes Common Gull repeatedly dropping and retrieving object At 15.30 GMT on 8th March 1987, at Sevenoaks Wildfowl Reserve, Kent, my attention was drawn to a first-winter Common Gull Lams canus which was repeatedly dropping an object from around 10 m on to the water and then retrieving it. The gull continued doing this for several minutes, in a manner recalling other gull species attempting to break open food items. The object was not identified, but after about five minutes the gull changed its behaviour to the repeated catching of the object after it had dropped about 2 m, rather than allowing it to fall to the water. For around ten minutes, the gull continued, only twice failing to catch the object in mid air. For a short while after this, the gull — still holding the object — dived from the water surface, half submerging its body, before flying off. R. H. Terry 39 Bosville Drive, Sevenoaks, Kent TN13 3JA Similar behaviour has been noted for many species, including Black-headed Gull L. ridibundus, Herring Gull L. argentatus, Great Black-backed Gull L. marinus and Carrion Crow Cormis corone, as well as Common Gull (Bril. Birds 43: 333, 382; 44: 69-70; 45: 74; 46: 378; 75: 128). Ens Common Gull catching and eating Yellowhammer On 13th January 1987, during a period of bitterly cold weather, near the Wet Dock at Ipswich, Suffolk, I watched a male Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella hovering and fluttering only 2-3 cm above the surface of the water. He was dangling his feet on the water surface for a few seconds when a Common Gull Lams canus flew at him and knocked him into the water. After about 30 seconds, the Common Gull picked up the Yellow- hammer in its bill and flew off, pursued by several other gulls. Within another minute, the gull, whilst in flight, had swallowed the bedraggled Yellowhammer whole. Common Gulls have been recorded attacking migrants such as thrushes (Brit. Birds 52: 313; 66: 361-363), but BWP vol. 3 records Common Gulls eating only young birds. Ray Waters 90 Back Hamlet, Ipswich, Suffolk Swift grounded by Starling In the evening of 13th May 1980, outside my back door, my attention was attracted by the screaming of a Starling Stumus vulgaris, apparently in distress. As I approached the source of the racket, I could see that a Starling was vigorously attacking a Swift Apus apus, and both birds were screaming. As I drew nearer, the Starling fled, leaving the Swift stranded. The entire incident took place beneath a gable end on which Swifts had been seen to land in the previous year. In 1980, however, Starlings had occupied their nest-hole before the arrival of the Swifts. The Swift in question had apparently flown to the nest-hole and been brought to the ground by its occupant. I examined the Swift, which was unharmed and flew strongly away when released. Three other Swifts have been picked up by children in the Notes 123 same general area, all in May. One, an egg-bound female, died, but the others recovered and were released. P n 1 1. B RF.\ \ .\ x 134 Tradaree Court. Shannon. Co. Clare. Ireland Robin feeding on freshly dead Collared Dove On 12th January 1987, during a period of bitterly cold snowy weather, I saw a dead Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto on one of the frozen ponds at Holywells Park, Ipswich, Suffolk. I he dove was being attacked by a Robin Erithacus mbecula , which frequently peeked at its breast. I watched this behaviour for around ten minutes, and on returning half an hour later the Robin was still engaged in it. On closer examination, the Collared Dove was found to he recently dead, with its thorax completely ripped open and the rib-cage virtually removed. The Robin seemed to be pecking, rather than drinking blood, and the gut contents of the Collared Dove were not exposed. Ray Waters 90 Each Hamlet, Ipswich , Suffolk Another Red-backed Shrike with white primary patch Although the occasional occurrence of male Red-backed Shrikes Lanins collurio with visible white patches at the base of the primaries has already been documented and illustrated (Brit. Birds 76: 457-458, plate 197), it seems sufficiently rare for it to be worth putting a further example on record. On 17th July 1988 in the Avas Gorge, Greece, I observed a male Red- backed Shrike with a white patch at the base of its primaries at least as extensive and prominent as that shown by the bird in plate 197. Interestingly, however, unlike those shrikes which normally display a white primary patch, it was not noticeable during flight views. A. H . J. H arrop 16 Yeo Close, Efford, Plymouth /‘Li 6ER A. R. Dean has commented: 'Confusion seems to persist regarding the incidence and signifi- cance of visible white at the base of the primaries, on both Red-hacked I Mints collurio and Isabel- line Shrikes /.. isabetlinus. I’he following simplified summary seems worthwhile (see Brit. Birds 75: 395-406 for a fuller discussion): a significant extension of white beyond the primary coverts is ( 1 ) a consistent feature of male Isabelline of the races pboenicuroides and speculigerus; (2) a lariable feature (i.e. sometimes present, sometimes not) of females and immatures of these races, of male intergrades between the races pboenicuroides and isabellinus, and of hybrids betw een Isabelline and Red-backed; and (3) an occasional feature of male Red-backed, particularly of the southeastern race kobylini (though also not infrequent on Finnish individuals, K. Mullarney in lilt.). As 1 have stated previously , a white primary patch is not an important specific character.' EDS Carrion Crow taking Dunlin On 16th January 1987, at Filey Brigg, North Yorkshire, I saw two Carrion Crows Coitus corone chasing a lone Dunlin Calidris alpina in flight. One crow succeeded in knocking the Dunlin to the ground, and immediately landed on and killed it. The second crow then chased the 'killer' from its victim and started to pluck and eat the bodv. The first crow then unsuccessfully chased other waders (in particular a Purple Sandpiper C. maritima ), before trying in vain to join the feeding crow; but it was quickly driven away. 124 Notes I have not seen this behaviour by Carrion Crows before, but, with the extremely cold conditions at the time, there were many more waders present than usual, and the crows seem to have been taking advantage of weakened individuals. ^ PETER J. DUNN 16 Southwold Rise, Southwold, Scarborough, North Yorkshire Monthly marathon The gull (Brit. Birds 82: plate 370) was named as Great Black-headed Gull Lams ichthyaetus (35%) Common Gull L. canus (33%) Mediterranean Gull L. melanocephalus ( 1 8%) Ring-billed Gull L. delawarensis (13%) with a few votes for Sooty Gull /.. hemprichii, Audouin’s Gull I.. audouinii. Lesser Black-backed Gull I.. J'uscus and Herring Gull /.. argentalus. For the first time in this fourth ‘Marathon’, the majority of entrants got the answer wrong; but the most-named species was once again the correct answer. This Great Black-headed Gull was photographed by Paul Doherty in Israel in December 1987. The winner of this competition will be able to choose a SUNBIRI) birdwatching holiday worth well over £1,000 in Africa, North America or Asia. The next stage appears below. Have a go! 76. Fourth ‘Monthly marathon’ (seventh stage: photograph number 45). Identify the species. Read the rides nil page 41 in thejanuaiy issue, then send in your answer on a postcard to Monthly Marathon, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 :i\), to arrive by 15th April 1990 Sponsored by %iV bv^ HUGE STOCKS PART EXCHANGE HUGE STOCKS A SPEEDY MAIL ORDER SERVICE AND EXPERT ATTENTION I ( )K PERSONAE CAI 1 E RS American Express/ Access/Visa/Credit Charge. Post & Packing please add £2.50. 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TS601 TS602 25 x and 40 x ... 20 x Wide Zoom 601 KOW A TELESCOPES PLEASE .... £205 .... £205 .... £555 PHONE L£su FOR PACKAGE PRICE ri7o £170 £4/ £54 £04 (D61I) SCARBOROUGH von idu Tel. (0723) 365024 British Birds Established over 80 years The quality independent monthly magazine for the serious birdwatcher. FOR ADVERTISING DETAILS SANDRA BARNES 0621 815085 \l C\i 0)0) (/?9(l) 888 8888 8888888888 88 8888888^88 T- T- CM CM If) If) CJ C4 GJ : T- OJ CM CM If) if) OJ CJ 04 UUUU UUUU : : : : OJ < o >. = = «,5f8§ = 1 o£^?i : ! j < £i8g55«*S{2J2{2pia?8S ?8 8888 c “8888 8888888888 S8 888^||8888 888888888 OJOJ T- CM CM CM CO OJ OJ OJ r- r- T- ^ T- r- T- u U CJCJCJCJ : ; OJ ; OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ ; qcjoS o” * X j-”-* x x” XO X X (/) X X f~y LL A A f—>, {->, A 88888 uri K O) Lf) C'W^lfW CM CM CM CM OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ hh-ftbc peats ago... ‘NOTES ON THE HABITS OK THE FULMAR PETREL, by Oliver G. Pike, f.r.p.s., f.z.s. I MF. first time that I became acquainted with the Fulmar Petrel (Fulmarus g. glacialis) in a wild state was on a steep cliff on one of the Orkney Islands. There were less than half-a-dozen pairs there, but on a second visit three years later they had largely increased, and with a vast flock of other sea-birds flying around it was not easy to estimate the number. However, the chief breeding-place of the Fulmar Petrel in the British Islands is the wild and lonely island of St. Kilda, and the two fortnights I have spent there have given me fairly good opportunities of studying this interesting bird.’ (Brit. Birds 8: 230, March 1915) Fieldwork action BTO/IWC news New nest record card The BTO’s Nest Record Scheme is launching a new recording card this year. The new card, incorporating the use of ‘tick-boxes' and a straightforward habitat- coding system, is clearer and easier to fill in, while allowing more detailed information to be provided. This apparent ‘miracle’ is a vital step in increasing the speed with which the Trust can analyse each year’s intake of cards and show whether any species is breeding poorly. Records of any nests are always very welcome. W rite for cards to the B I'O, Beech Grove, Tring, Hertfordshire HP23 5NR. Announcements ‘BB’ stickers All BB subscribers have already been supplied with two free ‘car stickers' (one adhesive on the front and one adhesive on the back). Anyone needing a replacement (e.g. for their new car, or to go on their new telescope) can obtain one by sending a SAE (please also specify ‘sticky front’ or ‘sticky back’) to Free car stickers, British Birds, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ. Books in British BirdShop Three special offers are still available: ^British Birds/IBCE International Bird Identification (save £1.00) *Oddie Birdwatching with Bill Oddie (save £2.00 or £1.00) *Ogilvie & W inter Best Days with British Birds (save £2.00) New books are shown by asterisks on the order forms found on pages xiii & xiv. Requests Birds of the Serengeti The BOU Checklist (no. 5) on the birds of the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, by Dieter Schmidl, will soon be out of print. Any records relevant for a revised checklist will be gratefully received, and acknowledged, by Dieter Schmidl, Max- Planck-Institut, D-8130 Seewiesen/Post Starnberg, Federal Republic of Germany. 128 Requests Colour-marked waders in eastern Medi- terranean and central and eastern Europe In spring 1990, the Dutch Working Group for International Wader and Waterfowl Re- search (WIWO) will be organising the ‘East- ern Mediterranean Wader Project 1990’ in co-operation with the Wader Study Group. The aim of this project is to identify the major migration routes through the eastern Mediterranean region and central and east- ern Europe. Regular counts will be made at several sites (including Egypt, Tunisia, Greece, Turkey, and the Ukrainian Black Sea coast). In Egypt and Tunisia, attempts will be made to ring and colour-mark large num- bers of waders. The marks will include a colour-dye on the rear of the underparts and on the rump and wing in combination with a coloured tape around the metal ring above the tarsus (see fig. 1). The colour-dye indicates the country of marking: (orange-) yellow for Egypt and (pinkish) red for Tunisia. The leg-flag will indicate the date of marking. Anyone observing colour-marked waders with one of these combinations of colour marks is requested to note the date, locality, species, position (rear/front) and colour of dye and tape (leg-flag left or right leg), and preferably also flock size, behaviour, and accompanying species. Anyone sending details will in turn receive details on the locality and date of ringing, and will be acknowledged in future publications. Please send records to: WIWO, c/o Driebergseweg 16C, 3708 JB Zeist, The Netherlands. News and comment Fig. 1. Marked waders: black areas may be colour-dyed; leg-flag may be present above metatarsal joint (note colour and which leg) Robin Prytherch and Mike Everett Opinions expressed in this feature are not necessarily those of ‘British Birds’ Birdwatchers’ Conference 1989 Swan- wick, Derbyshire, was once again home to the BTO’s annual conference, held over the weekend of lst-3rd December. Most people arrived on time, despite atrocious road conditions, and after dinner were enter- tained by Brian Little as he recounted some of his adventures with Northumberland’s special birds. The theme of the conference was ‘Breeding in Birds’, and the first talk on Saturday morning was an ideal introduc- tion: Bill Sutherland told us most lucidly, and with no visual aids, why we should study breeding biology. Humphrey Crick then explained the value of combining and comparing the important BTO long-term surveys. The Witherby memorial lecture was given by Prof. John Krebs, who descri- bed in great detail his studies of food- hoarding by tits. This was followed by the presentation of the BTO’s Jubilee Medal to Dr Barry Watson for his long-standing and dedicated support of the Trust in so many ways. After lunch, there was a series of Project Groups where members could update them- selves and ask questions about fieldwork, including the Estuaries Enquiry, Atlas and Nest Records. I then followed with, no, not a film, but my own selection of slides illustrat- ing some behind-the-scene activities in the making of the Birdwatch TV programmes. David Bryant presented some rather com- plex but clearly explained ideas on how to determine the food requirements of birds. Andy Village then described how food resources, amongst other factors, affected the breeding performance of Kestrels Falco tinnunculus. There was an after-dinner presentation of the Tucker Medal to Geoffrey Gush in recognition, in the main, of his stalwart News and comment support of the Nest Record Scheme. Next came the film, introduced by Dilys Breese, who, with great success, also narrated live owing to the lack of correct facilities on the projector. Sunday commenced with a trio of amateurs who described their own research. Searching for Dotterels Charadrius morinellus breeding in northern England took up all of John Callion’s spare time. Gill Moss chose to fill her time with an analysis of the Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis nest record cards, whereas Michael Shrubb looked at the cards of Lapwing Vanellus vanellus, his own intimate knowledge of farming practice adding extra authority to his findings. Will Peach then gave a professional view of how ringing, particularly that at constant-effort sites, is providing so much valuable information about post-fledging survival. In the final session, Steve Ormerod told us how upland- river birds are affected by acid rain and afforestation and he was followed by David Harper, the final speaker, who gave us an amusing and lively account of some of his encounters with Corn Buntings Miliaria calandra and also stressed how' important it was for amateurs to continue with their studies as there is so much more to discover. The many other attractions included the usual exhibition of bird art arranged by Robert Gillmor, the bookshop, for the first time run by St Ann’s Books (who have taken over the SOC Bookshop), as well as many competitions: sound recordings, birds’ nests, and the Grisly Competition, orga- nised by Dr Alan Knox; this was won by Chris Harbard, with Tim Inskipp and Robin Prytherch as runners-up; the prize was three books donated by T. & A. 1). Poyser. Our own BB Mystery Bird Photograph Competi- tion received 26 entries, of which 1 1 scored four out of five and two w ere wholly correct: Martin Sneary and David Goulding. David’s name was drawn, so he won the bottle of champagne, but well done both. Once again, it was a well-organised, stimulating and enjoyable Swanwick. (RJP) A tall story? W. Mansfield has sent us a cutting from The Times of 19th November 1989. It is from the letters column and is headed ‘On the waterfront’. ‘From Mr Adrian Dean Sir, From the south side of London Bridge I today counted at roost, on the north side of the Thames, 32 cranes of the common tower variety with plumages of green, red, and yellow. There were also three of the rarer jib variety. 129 Are they gathering to migrate, or can we expect them to remain resident for the winter?’ We can also speculate that as they are driven by hydraulics their scientific name must be, at least for the common variety, Surg surg. We would also advise watchers to stand well clear during their spring dancing display! ‘Best Days with British Birds’ Who described what as so brown and dirty that no self-respecting seabird would be found dead there? The answer’s in the book (and also below). Cuts at the BM Alick Buchanan-Smith MP has taken up the incident complained about at the end of Dr Bourne’s letter (Bril. Birds 82: 416-417) with the Minister for the Arts. Mr Luce replied on 6th November: ‘. . . the Museum has said that they did not consider [a fortnight] to be adequate notice. If Dr Bourne had been able to delay his visit until he had received a reply to his original letter, the Museum feel that his day would have been much more productive. They sent the full reply already prepared for Dr Bourne on [the day after his visit] for his information. 'The Museum considers that in the circum- stances they did all that they could have done. The Museum maintain that the Sub- department of Ornithology has a very' com- mitted group of experienced curators, and Dr Bourne’s description of the junior staff as unqualified is inaccurate. In the last week approval has been given for the appoint- ment of an additional junior curator, and I am sure that this will help the Department to deal with enquiries.’ Actually, Dr Bourne never said that the present staff were unqualified, merely that ‘the last one with a university, degree has been declared redundant’, which appears to be true. It seems surprising that if a letter explaining the situation had already been drafted by the time he arrived at the Museum when everyone was apparently consulted about his queries he was not told about it then. Welsh Ornithological Conference We have just received notification that the Welsh Ornithological Society's Conference will be held on 7th April in Aberystwyth. For further details, please write at once to Jean McBeth, Minas Tirith, Llanfihangel-y- Creuddyn, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 4LA. “Best Days with British Birds' Answer: Keith Yinicombe; the Severn Estu- ary. • • • If the caption fits This Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea was photographed on the Fame Islands, Northumbria, in June 1988 by Martyn Hayes. Can you think of an apt, humorous caption to accompany this photograph? A small prize will be sent to the winner. Send your suggestions to If the caption fits, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ. Recent reports Compiled by Barry Nightingale and Anthony McGeehan This summary covers the period 12th January to 9th February' 1990 These are unchecked reports, not authenticated records American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus Co. Wexford, killed by dog, 21st January. American Wigeon Anas americana Rostellan (Co. Cork), still present early February. Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus Blyth Estu- ary (Northumberland), to at least 8th Febru- ary. Iceland Gull L arus glaucoides Individual of race kumlieni , Galway City Rubbish-dump (Co. Galway), 28th January into February. Waxwing Bombycilla garrulus Three in Sker- ries, Dublin (Co. Dublin), 27th January to early February; a few still in northern Britain, including five in Morpeth (North- umberland) on 7th January. Naumann’s Thrush Turdus naumanni Ching- ford (Greater London), 3rd to at least 8th February. 130 British BirdShop ALL LISTED BOOKS ARE POST FREE TO ‘BRITISH BIRDS’ SUBSCRIBERS Recordings Please add £1.75 p &p per order Please tick Sture Palmer & Jeflery Boswall .-1 Field Guide to the Bird Songs of Britain and Europe ^ "Complete set of 16 cassettes in four packs (running lime approx 13 hours) (i si u. price £105) £95.00 CD Packs separately (£28.00 each): Divers to gulls LJ; Terns to warblers CD ; (Joldcrest to crows CD; Accidentals CD "Complete set of 15 1.P discs ofbirds (running time approx 12 hours) (isi ;.ii.prii:e£105) £95.00 CD "Complete set of 15 LP discs ofbirds and 2 LP discs of mammals (istvi. price £120) £108.90 CD Companion set of recordings of 69 British and European mammals (2 LP discs) £ 1 3.90 CD An order form for individual discs is available from the NHBS on request. 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Comfortable and well equipped. Sorry no pets. Brochure: Mr J. McNish. Outchester Farm, Belford, Northum- berland. Tel: 06683 336. (BB147) ISLES OF SCILLY. The Wheelhouse, St Mary’s. Licensed Guest House. Open all year round, good food and comfortable surroundings next to the log count venue. Tel: (0720) 22719. (BB888) NR. NTH NFK RESERVES. Licensed Guest House ntn by birders for birders. Jean & Tony Bellars, Haydn House, Avenue Road, Hunstan- ton.Tel: 331 15. (BB060) xvi To advertise phone 0621 815085 SALTHOUSE — comfortable, well equipped holiday cottage, view over saltings. 10 mins beach, sleeps 4. SAE: Ringrose, Brookside. I.idgate, Newmarket. Tel: 0638 79385. (BB236) FARM COTTAGES between Holy Island, The Fames and Cheviots. Comfortable, well equip- ped. Mrs Nixon, Swinhoe, Belford, Northumber- land. Tel: 066 83 370. (BB119) EXMOOR for country and animal lovers. Farm- house accommodation, bed and breakfast and evening meal, or self-catering cottage. Details from: French, Brendon Barton, Lynton, Devon. Tel: 059 87 201. (BB194) WEST SUSSEX, Black Mill House, Aldwick, Bognor Regis. Visit Arundel Wildfowl Trust, Chichester and Pagham Harbours. Family run hotel. Sea 300 yds. Enclosed garden. Games room, lounges, cocktail bar, restaurant, P/Bs. Telephone, tea/coffee, colour TV all rooms. Short breaks from 2 days £52-£56, DB & Bkft. Members SEE Tourist Board (3 Crowns) — own carpark. Brochure. Tel: 0243 821945. (BB069) LANDS END. 17th century farmhouse, S/C. 2 bedrooms: sleeps 7 + cot. Pets welcome. Colour TV, linen provided, elec included. 'A mile airport for Scilly Isles. From £135 pw. Brochure (0736)871242. (BB216) ISLES OF SCILLY. Guest house, en suite rooms, tea/coffee facilities, licensed. Close to harbour, nature trail. Good food, friendly atmos- phere. The Bylet, Church Road, St Mary’s. Tel: 072022479. (BB217) WEYMOUTH, Birchfields Licensed Guest House, close to RSPB reserves. BB from £10. Evening meal optional. Ideal winter/spring breaks. Parties welcome. For details phone 0305 773255. (BB251) WELLS, NORFOLK. ‘The Cobblers’ Guest House. Central heating, H&C, tea and coffee facilities and TVs in all rooms. Tel: (0328) 710155. (BB252) ISLFiS OF SCILLY, Mincarlo Guest House, St. Mary’s. Superbly situated in own grounds over- looking the harbour. Write to: Colin Duncan or Tel: 0720 22513. (BB253) CLEY. 3 Quality cottages (sleep 4, 6 and 6 + 2). Quiet. Comfortable. Excellent value. Brochure: (0353) 740770. (BB254) NORTH NORFOLK — Glavenside guest house in Letheringsett, 5 miles inland from sea at Blakeney, Cley and Salthouse. River Glaven works adjoining mill & flows through 4 acres of garden on its way to sea at Cley. Tel: Holt (0263) 713181. (BB261) HOLT, NORFOLK: 4 miles Cley, self- contained flat, sleeps 6. Box No. 79 c/o Foun- tains, Park Lane. Blunham, Bedford N1K44 3NJ. (BB238) NORTH NORFOLK COAST, Burnham Overy Staithe, Domville Guest House B&B + EM (opt), double/twins (2 en suites) singles (4). TV lounge. Close to major reserves. For details ring (0328)738298. (BB179) CLEY. Attractive house in village, four bed- rooms, large garden, garage, c.h. Available all year. Details from Mrs E. Album, 47 Lyndale Avenue, London NW2. Tel: 01-431 2942. (BB096) ISLES OF SCILLY. ‘Sea View Moorings’, St Mary’s. Originally a fisherman’s cottage, built of granite with wonderful views across the harbour to the other islands from lounge/dining room and most bedrooms. Now a family run guest house for just 12 people. A varied breakfast menu to suit all tastes — in room drinks — radios — full licence — central heating — packed lunches — pets welcome. Also — The Aft Cabin' two/four persons self-catering flat. At the rear of ‘Sea View Moorings’, southerly facing with balcony. Fully self contained and comfortably appointed. Please telephone Tonv or Linda Dingley on 72022327. (BB230) EXMOOR. Peaceful s/catering c/heated holiday homes in Natural Trust Village. Marshes, woods and moorland — rich in birdlife. Reduced spring/ autumn terms. Open all year. Stamp to Sheila Wright, Pack Horse, Allerford, nr Minehead. Tel: 0643 862475. (BB062) Churehwood V<ey * Varied Birds and Wildlife * Quiet Coastal Country Setting * Comfortable Quality Log Cabins * E.T.B. Graded VVVV (Very Good) Free colour brochure: £ CC Churehwood, Wembury Bay, ear Plymouth, Devon PL9 0DZ. Telephone: (0752) 862382 (24 hr) OLD HUNSTANTON, NORFOLK. Overlook- ing the Wash. Fully equipped holiday cottages, col TV, gas CH. Close beach, available all year. Mrs Lindsay, 4 Marks Road. Warlingham. Sur- rey CR3 9SH. Tel: Upper Warlingham (0883) 622013. (BB 1 271 YORKSHIRE DALES (Grassington) BB&EM. Idyllic riverside cottage, home cooking, private fishing. Parking. Bird watching courses. Bridge- End-Farm. Threshfield BD23^ 5NH. Tel: 0756 752463. (BB186) GRACIOUS GEORGIAN HOUSE in private grounds. Central to the Yorkshire Dales. Gouth- waite. Scar and Angram reservoirs. High stan- dard of accommodation. Private bathrooms. Interesting home cooking. Friendly quiet atmos- phere. Residential licence. Ideal birdwatching area. Sae: brochure: Mrs P. B. Garforth, Gras- sfields Country House Hotel, Patelev Bridge. Harrogate. Tel: Harrogate 711412. (BB235) xvi 1 VISIT BEMPTON and Flamborough Head for the best in sea bird watching. Spring and A migs. S breeding. Stay at the Flaneburg Hotel, Flam- borough. BB from £15. Full restaurant facilities. Tel: (0262) 850284. (BB187) NORFOLK, CLEY-NEXT-SEA 1 MILE. Flint- stones Guest House, Wiveton Holt. Full C/H, H&C, tea/coffee making facs. Col TV all rooms. Evening meal optional. Open nearly all year. Please ring for brochure. Sorry No Smoking. Tel: 0263 740337. (BB191) SCOTLAND THE HOTEL, Isle of Colonsay, Argyll PA61 7YP. Demi-pension (Private bath) from £38.00. Details, brochures, map (bird list on request). Tel: 095 12 3 16. (BB945) OSPREY VISITORS to Loch Garten + Aber- nethy? Locheil GH offers BB: £8.50; DBB: £13.50; or self-eater cottage (sleeps 6) rental £17 nightly, and chalet (sleeps 4) £14 nightly. For details 4- 150 birdlist, walks, slide-talks etc, write: Locheil, Boat of Garten, Inverness-shire. Tel: 047 983 603. (BB180) ELLARY ESTATE— MOST ATTRACTIVE choice of self-catering cottages and chalets situated on the shores of Loch Caolisport. While you are at Ellary you are free to go wherever you please. There are hill walks, many lochs and bums where you can fish, numerous wildlife, birds, flowers, etc. The perfect location for the true country lover. For full colour brochure please write to: The Booking Office, Ellary 7, Lochgilphead, Argyll PA31 8PA. Tel: 08808 232/ 209 or 054685 223. (BB182) GALLOWAY. Hills, lochs, forests and sea. Speciality, birds of prey and waterfowl. High quality self-catering houses, cottages, flats. De- tails G. M. Thomson & Co, 27 King Street, Castle Douglas. 0556 2973. (BB084) ARGYLL COAST. Simple traditional cottages on quiet estate. Nature conservancy S.S.S.l. Otters, wildcats, deer, seals and much birdlife in varied habitats. Beautiful sandy beaches and miles of unspoiled shore. Use of dinghy. Sorry no dogs. Mrs Maclean Ardpatrick, Tarbert, Argyll PA296YA. Tel: (0880)820608. (BB149) ISLE OF ISLAY, Bowmore overlooking Lochin- daal. Modem self-catering flats, fully equipped inch linen, TV/video etc. Sleeps 4-6. D. & J. Christie, Bowmore, Isle of Islay. Tel: 049 681353. (BB106) ISLE OF ISLAY. Comfortable, fully equipped cottages sleeping 6 near Port Askaig ferry terminal. Details from Mrs Aitchison, Caolila, Port Askaig, Isle of Islay. Tel: 049 684 627. (BB082) ISLE OF GIGHA, Argyllshire. For a holiday surrounded by natural beauty, sandy beaches, exotic gardens, birds, wild flowers, good food and comfortable accommodation. Also self ca- tering accommodation. Please contact Mrs. McSporran, Post Office House 058-35 251. ' (BB240) ALL OVER SCOTLAND. Comfortable cot- tages and chalets in attractive locations through- out Scotland. Stamp please for free 64-page colour brochure. Holiday Cottages (Scotland) Ltd, Lilliesleaf, Melrose, Roxburghshire TD6 9JD. Tel: 08357 481. (BB979) ISLE OF MULL. Come to this beautiful island for birdwatching, hill walking, fishing, touring. Comfortable Guest House. Good food. Mrs Isobel Adam, “Cuilgown”, Salen. Tel: 0680 300 386. (BB172) ISLE OF MULL. A stable converted into 2 warm comfortable flats. Frachadil Farm, Cal- gary. Tel: 068 84 265 or (0573) 24852. (BB 1 24) ORKNEY ISLES; Glen, Rackwick, Isle of Hoy. Small hill farm adjacent to RSPB Reserve, ornithologist’s paradise; sea birds, moorland, meadow, birds of prey. Bed and breakfast. 1 double, 1 twin; evening meal optional. Special rate for 3 days. DBB £40 per person. Also self- catering chalet. Tel: Rendall 0856 79262. (BB213) NORTH BERWICK. Family run hotel with warm, friendly atmosphere, comfortable rooms and home cooking. Open all year round. Over- looking Craigleith Rock and within easy reach of Bass Rock, Fidra and Aberlady nature reserve. Small groups welcome (max 15). Belhaven Hotel, Westgate, North Berwick. Tel: 0620 2573 for brochure. (BB932) ISLE OF ISLAY, HEBRIDES. Five superbly equipped cottages, open throughout year. Per- fect situation with views, minutes to charming village. Short drive to R.S.P.B. reserve at Gruinart. Brochure: Mrs Sarah Roy, Lorgba Holiday Cottages, Port Charlotte, Isle of Islay, Argyll. Tel: 049 685/208. (BB183) ISLAY, GEESE. Warm cottages sleep 8, 7 or 2. Lady Wilson, Ancala, Port Charlotte. Tel: 289. (BB988) SEE PUFFINS, skuas, seals and a lot more. Private boat takes you among otherwise inaces- sible colonies. A nature-lover’s dream. Full board in castle, or stay in self-catering cottages. Send for details: Balfour Castle, Shapinsay, Orkney. Tel: 085 67 1282 (BB255) xviii WALES To advertise phone 0621 815085 17th CENTURY CHARACTER COTTAGES in picturesque setting, fantastic views. Sleeps 2- 12. Self-catering. 2 miles Symonds Yat with pertegrines, buzzards. Open fire and central heating. AA recommended. H. Smith, Old Kilns, Howie Hill, Ross-on- Wye. Tel: 0989 62051. (BB239) ANGLESEY. Superb beachside hotel with mag- nificent views. Ideal centre for bird watchers and botanists in area noted for its lakes, reserves and coastline of outstanding beauty. Come to ‘High- ground AA/RAC listed, licensed, for warm welcome, excellent food and accommodation. Brochure: Mrs Karen Hayter, Highground, Ravenspoint Road, Trearddur Bay, Gwynedd LL65 2YY. Tel: 0407 860078. (BB195) ABERGYNOLWYN - MEIRIONNYDD. Peaceful, scenic area near Cader Idris. Bird S.E. SPAIN: Small house sleeps 3 near super wetland. Reasonable. Details: 0233 628547. (BB228) ANDORRA. Pyrenees. Superb scenery. Plenty of sunshine. Ski-ing in winter, walking in moun- tains and watching nature all year round. Small friendly hotel, excellent cooking. Brochure: Hotel Residencia Relax, Carrer Bella-vista 8, Encamp, Andorra. Tel: 010 33 628 32547. (BB229) FRANCE. Read about Bugarach? (See Winter ‘Birds’) Come and see for yourself — B&B in author’s home, from £55 p.w. Tel: 010 33 68698919. (BB256) AUSTRIA, LAKE NEUSIEDL, self-catering flat, sleeps 3. Available all year. Tel: (0909) 568139. (BB264) BIRD WA TCHING HO LI DA YS watchers/walkers paradise - Red Kites, Buz- zards, Cormorants. Homely, good food, C/H, H&C, beverage facilities, reductions OAPs/ children (16 yrs), dogs welcome. Mini breaks/ weekly terms. B&B £9/£l2, EM £4. Riverside Guest House. Tel: 0654 77235. (BBI96) PEMBROKESHIRE. Puncheston Cottage Holidays. Comfortable self catering accommo- dation. Deal direct with on site owners. Prop- rietor Doreen Tait, Church Farmhouse, Pun- cheston, Haverfordwest, Dyfed SA62 5RN. Teh (0348)881429. (BB197) DISCOVER THE TEEMING BIRD LIFE in this beautiful county. Dale Estuary, Skomer Island among many riches. Large beachside hotel, heart of National Park. Superb views, every' comfort, home-cooked cuisine, from £17 B&B, en-suite. Pets welcome. AA and RAC listed. Brochure and sight sheet. Broad Haven Hotel, nr Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire SA62 3JN. Tel: 0437 781366. (BB029) RED KITE COUNTRY— Tregaron— Guest House standing in 22 acres, overlooking the Cambrian Mountains and on the doorstep of the Cors Caron Nature Reserve. Central for Dinas and Ynys-hir RSPB reserves. Parties welcome. WTB — 3 crowns. For brochure, phone Margaret Cutter, 0974 298380 or 298905. (BB223) Visiting AUSTRALIA? Coming to Sydney on holidays or business? Guided day and half-day trips for birdwatchers. Specialising in individuals and small groups. If you have special needs then let us know. Enquiries to: Mr R. L. Morrow Babbler Bird Excursions 2 Wentworth St, Randwick 2031 NSW, Australia (RRQ33) NEW ZEALAND See the widest possible diversity of NZ birds — many unique, and some are among the world's ratest; kiwi, takahe, black stilt, kokako, yellow-eyed penguin. Write to Na- ture Quest New Zealand. P.O. Box 6314, Dunedin, New Zealand. Ph: (024) 739-149, Fax: (024) 790-678. (BB210) SKOKHOLM ISLAND ofT Pembrokeshire coast. Thousands of seabirds, migrants, rare visitors. Seawatching. SAE Dept BB. Dyfed Wildlife Trust. 7 Market Street, Haverfordwest, Dyfed SA61 INF. Tel: (0437) 765462. (BB225) IRELAND IRISH COTTAGE. Magnificent situation on Dingle peninsula, Kerry'. Sea and mountain birds, unspoilt beaches, countryside full of flow- ers, quietness. Mod cons, sleeps 4, £85-£140 weekly plus electricity. Gerrards Cross (0753) 883082. (BB162) OVERSEAS BED AND BREAKFAST for Birdwatchers near the Oostvaardere plassen, Z. Fleveland in the Netherlands. FI. 30. — a night P.P. Address: E. Oosterbeek. Bosgouw 267. 1352 G X Almere. Tel: (0)3240-14407. (BB200) PINGRUM SPECIALIST TOURS 11 Market Square, Aylesbury. Bucks HP20 1TJ Tel: (0296) 394404 Telex: 837520 Fax (0296) 29932 Tours include all traiel. F.R. in Hotels. Guides & Courier. ASK FOR A FACT SHEET OS AST TOl'R UNIQUE PROGRAMME OF BIRDWATCHING IN TURKEY L Many as & W'. Turkey Migration Tour. 14-22 May. £425. The great West & Central Turkey Tour. 14-29 May. £675. E. Turkey — Black Sea to the Med. 28 May-12 June. £695. BIRDWATCH TOURS TO: JERSEY & BRITTANY TOUR. 26Aril-S May. £280. PYRENEES— ARAN VALLEY. 9-16 June. £592. ORKNEY ISLANDS TOUR. 14-21 July. £275. MINORCA ISLAND TOUR. 6-13 October. £380 TRINIDAD RAIN FOREST & TOBAGO, 12-22 November. £1.295. (BB260) XIX STRONSAY, ORKNEY Orkney’s most interesting island for birds and habitat. In the last two years Pied Wheatear, Rustic, I.ittle and Ortolan Bunt! Radde’s, Sub- alpine, Marsh and four Greenish Warblers! Arctic Redpoll and Orkney’s first Tawny Pipit, as well as several Bluethroats, Rosefinches, Richard’s Pipits, Red-backed Shrikes, Wrynecks, Tcterines, Yeliow- broweds etc. Spotted Crake calling for several weeks in 1989. Stay on our reserve, designed to attract migrants with its golden sandy beach and superb habitat. All four Skuas from the back-door in ’88 and all three Divers, Little Auk, Roseate Tern, Red- necked Grebe. Long-tailed Duck etc etc in '89. For details contact: John Holloway, ‘Castle’ Stronsay, Orkney. (BB258) MORECAMBE BAY near LEIGHTON MOSS Shorelines; waders galore; bright skies. Pere- grine causing chaos. Valley woods, reedbeds, all near. Castle Head Field Centre, Grange-o- Sands, Cumbria (04484-4300). (BB167) OMAN — The Ornithologist’s Dream! A coun- try remarkable for its birds, Oman is at the crossroads between Afrotropical, Oriental and Palearctic Regions. Birdwatchers Tours: depart- ing 17 January 1990, 17 February' 1990, 17 March 1990. Contact: Travelwizz, 89a High Street, Teddington, Middx TW1 1 8HG. Tel: 01- 977 2887. (BB178) BIRDWATCHING Goa Peninsula, India. Leader P. Heath. Impressive tropical list. 11th March £780.00. 11th November £820.00. Two weeks. Write for details stating Goa — Activity' Holidays, 5 Sheepmarket, Stamford, Lines. PE9 2RB. (BB081 ) SHERINGHAM— Ideal venue for birdwatch- ers. Purpose-built Centre set in 80 acres of grass and woodland next to Pretty Comer. Accommo- dation for individuals or groups. Expert gui- dance available for all abilities. Weekends and short breaks from September-April. Full details — Hilltop Outdoor Centre, Old Wood, Beeston Regis, Sheringham. 0263 824514.(BB098) For great birding . . the only way to go! EILAT 14-28 MARCH Israel 1 or 2 weeks from £369 EILAT 31 OCT 14 NOV Israel 1 or 2 weeks from £365 BHARATPUR 17-26 JAN ’91 India 10 days £890 Simply brilliant! Do your own thing (car hire at group rates), or join minibus excursions with expert leaders. Find out all that’s going on at the evening meetings. Discover for yourself the friendly, fun-filled, inexpensive birding holidays that everyone’s talking about! Get full details NOW SUNBIRDER, BOX 76, Sandy, Beds SG19 IDF. Tel: 0767 82969 NATURAL BREAK HOLIDAYS 1990 Guided Birdwatching Tours PORTUGAL - Algarve: April SPAIN - Andalucia: May SCOTLAND - Highlands: June U.S.A. - Florida: Nov/Dec Write to: 32 Coronation Rd, Mapperley Nottingham NG3 5JS or Telephone: (0602) 691148 (BB063) SEAWATCHING HO U DAYS seba Designed for seawatchers Seabird Slides: Seawatchers Network Seawatching Breaks & Pelagics , BISCAY— MINI CRUISES Ian McNamee, West Lodge, Puddington, Cheshire L64 5ST Tel: 051-336 8441 (BB121) WILDLIFE HO LI DA YS AFRICA Our 1 6-day birding safaris in Tanzania and Kenya, led by Sean McMinn are the ideal wa’ to see both the bird and mammal populations of the East African Plains. We travel in 4 WD safari trucks and camp on the Plains to maximise the opportunities to see the wildlife of this area Regular departures from September 1990. For full details contact: TRACKS 12 Abingdon Road, London W8 6AF Telephone: 01-937 3028 XX To advertise phone 0621 815085 COSTA RICA INDIVIDUAL BIRDING HOLIDAYS - brochures TRANSWORLD. Apt. 695 I , S.m Jose. COSTA RICA (BB220) HOLIDAY EXCHANGE EAST COAST FLORIDA, USA Birdwatching American and British wife seek a couple or small family to exchange homes for any month between I Oct 1990 and end Feb 1991 in any- interesting birdwatching location in UK. (Also interested in exchanging automobile). I^irge three bedroom home, completely furnished — three miles from super Atlantic Ocean beaches. Merritt Island and l.oxahatchee National Wildlife Refuges within KM) miles (2 hours drive), as is Disney World. Local “birders” will assist and can arrange participation in local Audubon Christmas Bird Count. Please write: J. C. Taylor, 2836 Potilla Ave, Vero Beach, Florida 32960, USA. (BB177) PERSONAL BIRDING CANADA or United States? For info, checklists, etc., write Dunnock 2409 Speyside, Dr., Mississauga, Ontaria, Canada L5KIX5. (BB086) COURSES PAINTING & SKETCHING BIRDS with DARREN REES April 27-29 1990 at SHORELANDS home of the late Charles Tunnicliffe. B&B available at other times. Details: P. Rogers, Shorelands. Malltreath. Anglsev. Tel: 0407 840396. (BB237) SITUATIONS VACANT GIBRALTAR POINT NATURE RESERVE 1. Contract assistant Warden required for one year. April 1990 to March 1991 inclusive, with respon- sibility for shorebird protection work. £50.00 per week plus full board. 2. Experienced caterer for groups, up to 28 people. March-November 1990. £160, six-dav week, accommodation available. Apply P. Davey, Gibraltar Point Field Station. SKEGNESS, Lines. PW24 +SU. Tel: 0754 2677 (BB2I4) BIRD REPORTS HERTFORDSHIRE BIRD REPORT 1988, £3, inc p&p, from L. Smith, 24 Mandeville Rise, Welwyn Garden City, Herts AI.8 7JU. (BB192) BOOKS I/nidon ’s leading ornithological booksellers where you can find our comprehensive range of new and secondhand books and reports on birds and natural history, including all new titles as they are published. Monday to Friday 9.30 am to 6 pm Saturday 10 am to 2 pm Mail order catalogue available on request HENRY SOTHERAN LTD 2 Sackville Street, Piccadilly, London W1X 2DP Tel: 01-439 6151 (BB231) RARE AND SECONDHAND books on birds, natural history, gardening and field sports bought and sold. Peter Blest, Wateringbury, Maidstone. Kent. Tel: 0622 8 1 2940. ( BB222 1 ‘BIRD BOOKS’. Good secondhand books bought and sold. Free catalogue from, and offers to Briant Books, 94 Quarry Lane, Kelsall, Tarporley, Cheshire CW6 0NJ. Tel: 0829 51804. (BB055) BIRD BOOKS, 1838-1986. SAF. for 700 item catalogue. Crack Books, Sawmill Cottages, Burton-in-Lonsdale. Carnforth, Lancs. (BB21 1) MEINERTZHAGEN. RICKMAN, MOREAU and LACK. Rare titles by these and other authors. For catalogue write to: Barnhill Books. Strathwhillan. Brodick. Isle of Arran KA27 8BQ. Tel: 0770 2384. (BB212) BIRD BOOKS, BB Mags, N Nats bought and sold. Lists from D. J. Low, 25 Heatherways. Freshfield. Liverpool L37 7HL. Tel: 07048 71115. f BB 1 85) xxi NEW POSTAL BOOK SERVICE SUBBUTEO NATURAL HISTORY BOOKS ltd COMPLETE WILDLIFE AND TRAVEL SPECIALISTS ALL BOOKS POSTAGE FREE Over 1 000 titles covering an natural nistory subjects + Checklists, UK and World Travel Books + Maps Send for free comprehensive catalogue DEPT BB. FFORDD-Y-LLAN, - TREUDDYN, MOLD, CLWYD, CH7 4LN § Tel: 0352 770581 (24 hr Answerphone) | The original BIRDWATCHER’S LOGBOOK The mosL concise way to record your observations. Monthly, annual and life columns for 762 species, plus 1 59 diary pages. Send £5.95 to: Coxton Publications, P Eastwood, Beverley Rd, Walkington, L i Dr K. E. /.. Simmons 126 Birds preying on sea anemones: an old record Dr R B. Williams 127 Seventy-five years ago . . . 127 Fieldwork action BTO/IWC news Announcements 127 ‘BB’ stickers 127 Books in British BirdShop Requests 127 Birds of the Serengeti Dieter Schmidt 128 Colour-marked waders in eastern Mediterranean and central and eastern Europe 128 News and comment Robin Rrytherch and Mike Everett 130 If the caption fits . . . 130 Recent reports Barry Nightingale and Anthony McGeehan Line-drawing: 89 Crossbill ( Robert Gillmor ) Front cover: Brent Geese (G. B. Brown): the original drawing of this month’s cover design, measuring 18.6 X 20.7 cm, is for sale in a postal auction (see page 29 in January issue for procedure) British Birds Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler Autumn 1989, part 2 Crag Martins: new to Britain and Ireland PhotoSpot: Spectacled Eider Horace Gundry Alexander (1889-1989) Product reports • Mystery photographs • Notes • News and comment * Monthly marathon • Recent reports British Birds Managing Editor Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Personal Assistant Sheila D. Cobban Assistant Editor David A. Christie Editorial Board Dr R. J. Chandler, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, R. J. Prvtherch 8c Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Photographic Consultants Dr R. J. Chandler 8c Don Smith Art Consultants Robert Gillmor 8c Alan Harris Rarities Committee P. G. Lansdown (Chairman), Alan Brown, G. P. Catley, Peter Clement (co-opted), A. R. Dean, S. J. M. Gantlett, C. D. R. Heard, R. A. Hume, J. H. Marchant, 8c K. E. Vinicombe; Peter Colston (Museum Consultant & Archivist); Michael J. Rogers (Honorary Secretary) Notes Panels BF.H.WIOI'R Dr C. J. Bibby, Dr J. J. M. Flegg, Derek Goodwin, Dr I. Newton, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, Dr J. T. R. Sharrock 8c Dr K. E. L. Simmons; IDENTIFICATION Dr R. J. Chandler, A. R. Dean, T. P. Inskipp, P. G. Lansdown, S. C. Madge 8c Dr J. T. R. Sharrock 'British Birds’ is published by a non-profit-making company for the benefit of ornithology © British Birds I.td 1990 Copyright of photographs remains with photographers. British Birds is published monthly by British Birds Ltd. 93 High Street, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire ISSN 0007-0335 Publishing Manager, Production & Promotion Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Circulation Manager Erika Sharrock Design Deborah Felts Advertising Sandra Barnes Addresses Please keep correspondence on different items separate. Please address your envelope correctly. Please supply SAP. if reply required. Papers, notes, letters, drawings & photographs for publication Dr J. T. R. Sharrock, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ Subscriptions and orders for back copies Mrs Erika Sharrock, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 4NJ Advertising Mrs Sandra Barnes, BB Advertising, c/o Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 :inj. Phone: Tiptree (0621) 815085 Bird news for ‘Seasonal reports' Barry Nightingale & Keith Allsopp, c/o 7 Bloomsbury Close, Woburn, Bedfordshire MKI7 9QS. Phone: Woburn (0525) 290314 (evenings); Luton (0582) 490049 (office hours) News items for ‘News and comment' Mike Everett & Robin Prytherch, 7 Burlington Way, Hemingford Grey, Huntingdon PF.IH9BS Rarity descriptions M.J. Rogers, Bag End, Churchtown, Towednack, Cornwall TR26 3AZ Special book and sound recording offers British BirdShop, NHBS, 2 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5XN. Phone: Totnes (0803) 865913 Annual subscriptions (12 issues and index) Libraries and agencies £34.90, 1R£42.35 or $69.00. Personal subscriptions: UK, Europe and surface mail £28.40, IRE34.80 or $54.00; personal: airmail outside Europe £47.60, IR£58.35 or $94.00. Single back copies £3.60, IRE4.50 or $7.00. Make all cheques payable to British Birds Ltd. Payment may also be made directly into UK Post Office GIRO account number 37 588 6303. British Birds publishes material dealing with original observations on the birds of the West Palearctic. Except for records of rarities, papers and notes are normally accepted only on condition that material is not being offered in whole or in part to any other journal. Photographs and sketches are welcomed. Papers should be typewritten with double spacing, and wide margins, and on one side of the sheet only. Authors should carefully consult this issue for style of presentation, especially of references and tables. English and scientific names and sequences of birds follow The ‘British Birds’ List of Birds of the Western Palearctic (1984): names of plants follow Dony et al. (1980, English Names of Wild Flowers); names of mammals follow Corbet & Southern (1977. The Handbook of British Mammals). Topographical (plumage and structure) and ageing terminology should follow editorial recommendations (Brit. Birds 74: 239-242; 78: 419-427; 80: 502). 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EN5 5SZ 01-449 1445 01-441 7748 THE BINOCULAR AND TELESCOPE SPECIALISTS LEMSFORD SPRINGS FIELD DAYS SATURDAY DATES 21 APR 19 MAY * • ideal opportunity to test, compare and REGIONAL WEEKENDS SPRING ’90 RSPB BLACKTOFTS SANDS, HUMBERSIDE SATURDAY 12 AND SUNDAY 13 MAY RSPB DUNGENESS, KENT in focus' in NORFOLK at Briarfietds Hotel T itch well WEEKENDS DATES 7-6 APR 5-6 MAY Open 9-4 SAT AND SUN With the kmc) co-operation of Bnartiefds Hotel :hase our full range of equipment at this .-ipact well managed Herts & Middx Wildlife *ierve near Welwyn Garden City. Herts role parking outside the Reserve gate From • e visitors should make their way to our ■oepbon where our technical staff will help i advise Viewing from two private hides *ne 'In focus' for details and directions SATURDAY 28 AND SUNDAY 29 APRIL The ideal way to test optics from birdwatching is to look at birds' These Field Weekends at well-known Reserves around the country will enable our customers to choose and select from our complete range o< equipment under field conditions You are invited to apply m writing or by phone for an invitation and information pack to any of the above events indicating your preferred day and time of attendance Preference will be given *o visitors with an invitation In focus are able to offer visitors and res dents of the North Norto* coast the opportunity to test, compare and purchase from ou Ml range of equipment The In focus marquee will be situated at the rear of the hotel complex with spfend*d views over the adjacent RSPB Reserve For further information and directions contact In focus APRIL SPECIAL OFFER BUSHNELL SPACEMASTER 15x-45 ZOOM (MINI-TRIPOD) AND BACK PACK only £189.00 Winner ot the February Cygnus £500 Holiday Voucher K A Ward. Newcastle upon Tyne E ^:iss WEST £ Myt8 * 20B 21500 i lyt 10 ■ 25B 225 00 i fyt 8 • 20BGA 245 00 **tyt 7 • 42BGAT 489 00 y. fyt 8 • 30BGAT 41900 i fyt 10 • 40BT 489 00 nrtyt 10 • 40BGAT 499 00 Myt8 • 56BGAT 579 00 PKtyt 15 - 60GAT atesaones 849 00 • vnguard 500 s ayard 400 • yard Wide 995 ► -cups (set) 1000 i cups hard (set) 1000 • sre case lor 10 * 40 26 00 JLERBLICK £ *. 42B 99 00 - 42B 99 00 •S SOB 129 00 42 BMC 169 00 • « 42 B MC 179 00 « 508 MC 198 00 * VIFT £ xi 8 * 40 89 95 xi 10 ■ 50 99 95 Mxey 7 5 ■ 42 149 00 • tubon 8 5 ■ 44 199 00 Jubon 7 • 35 BGA 329 00 :lbon £ V ory 480 c w fluid head 59 95 • tfos 480 c w fluid head 69 95 • 'I System 8 95 - we platform 3 95 KXON £ 20 74 95 25 79 95 23 84 95 < 25 89 95 1 20 Roof Prism 134 95 ■ 25RootPnsm 149 95 ' ■ 30 Roof Prism 249 00 30ZCF 199 00 k 35ZCF 21900 12 *24 DCF 329 00 40 DCF 539 00 ■ 60Fietoscope M 289 00 • ► 60F>ekjscope II Ed 499 00 * ' -45 * F>eidscope M Ed 569 00 piece case 995 toerhood 995 lifter Hoya 1995 ■ men* Compare Zeiss with Le«G Oplofyth with Kowa or N*on We are a complete fy independent com pany whose only concern s that our customers select the correct mstrument tor the* personal needs PHONE ORDERS Discuss your requwements w*h our tectwcal staff and orders placed with Access or Visa Cards w* be despatched same day MAIL ORDER Just add C2 to hefp towards P4P and insurance and yOur order w* be sent the same day as we receive your cheque A* eqmynent « suppfced on 14 days approval upon race** of M remrftance SECONDHAND instruments are always avarfatte Turnover -s last so we do not pnnt a kst Phone tor formation PART EXCHANGE Top pnoes pato tor good condition eousxnent HOW TO FIND US We are 10 mms from M25 and AIM motorways and 15 mns wafc from ►kgh Barnet Underground Station TELESCOPES AND TRIPOD OUTFITS ft you purchase a scope and tnpod at the same tme we can offer you a very soeoai pnce' PHONE FOR A QUOTE INTEREST FREE CREDIT ON SELECTED Zeiss, lertz Kowa and Nikon products Phone or write for details BINOCULARS AND TELESCOPES REPAIRED ON THE PREMISES (D651) London Camera Exchange SOUTHAMPTON 0703 221597/335363 10 High Street, Southampton SOI ODH RING US NOW 7FTCS WFST Dialyt 8 x 20B £215.00 Dialyt 10 x 25B £225.00 Dialyt 8 x 20BGA £245.00 Dialyt 8 x 30BGAT Phone Dialyt 7 x 42BGAT Phone Dialyt 10 x 40BG AT ....Phone Dialyt 8 x 56BGAT Phone LEITZ 8 x 20BC £235.00 8 x 20BCA £247.00 10 x 25BC £247.00 10 x 25BCA £255.00 New Models 7 x 42BA 'l 8 x 42BA V Phone 10 x 42BA J Place your order now for April Delivery. OPTOLYTH Alpin8 x 30GA £186.00 Alpin 8 x 40GA £200.00 Alpin 10 x 40GA £205.00 Alpin 10 x 50GA £221.00 Touring 8 x 30BGA Phone Touring 10 x 40BGA... Phone Touring 7 x 42BGA Phone TBG 80= £320.00 TBS 80 £320.00 20 x WA £88.00 30 x £57.00 40 x £58.00 22x-60x Zoom £135.00 Cases from £29.00 OPTICRON Minerva 9 x 35 £169.00 Minerva 8 x 40 £170.00 Minerva 10 x 40 £175.00 HR 7 x 42MC £138.00 HR 8 x 42MC £140.00 HR 10 x 42MC £145.00 HR 10 x 50MC £155.00 HR Body 60mm £128.00 HR Body 60mm 45°.... £150.00 HR Body 60mmGA .... £155.00 20 x -60 x Zoom £65.00 22 x WA £30.00 Classic IF 60mm £99.00 18 x £22.00 25 x £22.00 25xHPX £25.00 18x-40x Zoom £50.00 Classic EF 75mm £ 1 19.00 22x WA £22.00 30 x £22.00 30xHP £25.00 22x-47x Zoom £50.00 Case for HR £16.00 Photo Kit £22.00 Opticron Tripod £59.95 KOWA TSl 601 Body £179.00 TS2 602 Body £179.00 20x WA £54.00 20x-60x Zoom £94.00 TSN1 £295.00 TSN2 £295.00 TSN3 £555.00 TSN4 £555.00 20x WA £89.00 20x-60x Zoom £139.00 25 x £59.00 30 x WA (End March) £109.00 40x £59.00 Photo Kit £99.00 CARL ZEISS JENA Jenoptem 8 x 30 £44.95 Jenoptem 10 x 50 £69.95 Deltrintem 8 x 30 £54.95 Deltrintem 10 x 50 £88.95 Notarem 8 x 32B £1 14.95 Notarem 10 x 40 BGA £189.00 BAUSCH AND LOMB Elite 8 x 42BGA £699.00 Elite 10 x 42 £699.00 SWIFT Stadium 8 x 40 £49.95 Stadium 10 x 50 £54.95 Grand Prix 8 x 40 £89.95 Triton 10 x 50 £99.95 Saratoga 8 x 42 £149.95 Newport 10 x 40 £159.95 Audubon 8.5 x 44 £199.95 Audubon 7 x 35 £329.95 NIKON 8 X 30 £199.00 9 x 30 £239.00 Spotting Scope £269.00 Fieldscope ED2 £489.00 ED 2 20 x 45 x 60 £569.00 SWAROVSKI 8 x 20B £215.00 8 x 30SLC £299.00 8 x 30ZCF £299.00 10 x 40B Phone BRESSER Action 8 x 40 £59.95 Action 10 x 50 £69.95 Diorit 7 x 42 £175.00 Diorit 10 x 42 £185.00 MIRADOR Merlin 25 x 60 £97.00 Merlin 18 x 40 x 60 ..£129.00 A full range of tripods and photographic equipment also stocked Why not give us the opportunity to impress you with our PRICES & SERVICE MAIL ORDER WELCOMED PART EXCHANGE AVAILABLE They are the BEST - that’s GUARANTEED We will attempt to encourage you with our low prices, high trade-ins and friendly, knowledgeable service. (D643) li •ociety Expeditions^ BRITISH MUSFUfv, I (NATURAL HoTJrto i 12 APR 1990 PURCHASED (JiidWInas The Independent Travel Service for Birdwatchers reservations 0305 - 761300 Telephone or Write to us: 71 St. Mary St., Weymouth, Dorset, England, DT4 8PJ. Fax: 0305-774706 A B T A ANTARCTICA AND THE SUB-ANTARCTIC Expedition Cruising on the Society Explorer and the World Discover Icebergs, whales, dolphins, porpoises, penguins, albatross’, giant petrels, skuas, sheathbills, petrels, prions, fulmars, gulls, shearwaters, cormorants, shags, diving petrels, terns, geese, steamer ducks, waders, ducks, endemics.... Society Expeditions Winter 90/91 Project Calendar louth America - Cape Horn - Drake Passage - ' mtarctic Peninsula - Beagle Channel - South '■ \merica. Ship's Ornithologist . Peter Harrison 20 Jan. 91 from £4999 16 Days South America - Strait of Magellan - Falkland Is- jnds - Burdwood Bank (Whales) - Antarctic Pen- tsula - Drake Passage - Cape Horn - South America. Keith Shackleton 07 Dec 90 from £5349 18 days • South America - Falklands - South Georgia Islands - South Orkney Islands - Antarctic Peninsula - Drake Passage - Cape Horn - South America 16 Nov 90 from £6620 26 days : Keith Shackleton 02 Jan 91 from £7487 23 days : Peter Harrison 31 Jan 91 from £7506 22 days : Peter Harrison 18 Feb 91 from £7728 26 days* : Peter Harrison * includes Chilean Fjords Prices are per person based on sharing a twin cabin with private facilities, air conditioning, sound system and window. Zodiac expedition shore excursions - guided by naturalists, daily briefing and log, lectures, notebooks, parka, post- expedition log, 5* gourmet dining, return flights from London, hotels and transfers as per individual itinerary, gratuities, port taxes and travel insurance. WildWings SPECIAL OFFER - FREE copy of Edward Wilson’s Birds of the Antarctic per passenger. l ships have ice hardened hulls and unrestricted (A) ice-class ratings. Facilities include: bar, 'open’ bridge (24 -s), lounge, library, cinema, swimming pool, gift-shop, fitness centre, satellite telecommunications - telex, telegram, and phone. For further information, the brochure and reservations please contact John Brodie Good. (D652) The Rainforests of Costa Rica A Jungle Odyssey The cloud forests, mountainous plateau and coastal jungle are home to more species of birds and mammals than are found in all of continental North America. The rich flora includes over 1,000 species of wild orchids. With the help of professional naturalists explore the national parks and deserted beaches and search for green sea turtles, the sacred quetzal, golden toads, ocelot and sloth; with an experi- enced rafter try your hand at white water rafting. Special departures from £1,280. Individual arrangements request. Contact us for your copy of our 1990 brochure on Twickers World / 22CHURCH STREET, TWICKENHAM 01-892 7606/8164 24 HR BROCHURE SERVICE: 01-892 7851 ABTA No. 60340 j Drocnure. 7^3 WISE UP WITH BIRDINC WORLD BRITAIN'S MOST TOPIC M ,* SI BSt RIPI ION-OM N BIRD M\(i\/.IM * News; Photos and illustrations of all the latest sightings. * Identification papers and notes. * Birdwatching holidays at home and abroad. * Photo essays; topical features. * Western Palearctic News. * Conservation news and much more . . . >£ TO: HAZEL MILLINGTON, STONF.RUNNER, COAST ROAI), CLEY-NEXT-THE-SEA, HOLT, NORFOLK NR25 7RZ I enclose £18 □ £23 overseas □ Cheques made payable to BIRRING WORLD please Name Mr/Mrs/Miss Address Postcode Don't delay, subscribe today! Just complete this coupon and send to the address above. (D649) tv Centon Findscope 20x56 Quality Precision Spotting Scope With L.E.D. Target Finder • L.E.D Aiming Viewfinder • 20 x Magnification • 56.5mm Objective Lens • interchangeable Eyepiece • Includes Adapter for T2 Camera Mount • Soft Vinyl Carry Case • Powered by 2AAA Batteries(extra) £ 129.98 SEE ALSOt SUPERB CENTON STATE*OF*THE~ART BINOCULARS ■ ..... ........ ......... - ■■ .. . All general & mail order enquiries only to our Distribution Warehouse: Jessop of Leicester Ltd., 98 Scudamore Road, Leicester LE3 1TZ Tel: (0533) 320033 Telesales Hotlines: New Equipment (0533) 320432 Used Equipment (0533) 313191 Mon-Sat 9 - 5 Please allow 7 working days for delivery. AVAILABLE FROM ALL JESSOP PHOTO/VIDEO CENTRES ABERDEEN BATH BIRMINGHAM BOURNEMOUTH BRADFORD BRIGHTON BRISTOL BRISTOL CAMBRIDGE CARDIFF CARLISLE COVENTRY CROYDON DERBY DONCASTER DUNDEE EDINBURGH GLASGOW GLOUCESTER HANLEY HULL IPSWICH 0224 673 140 0226 442262 021 632 6831 0202 296021 0274 393262 0273 21493 0272 742914 0272 293978 0223 323611 0222 394667 0228 512640 0203 229528 01 686 9565 0332 290419 0302 341323 0382 202763 031 229 9864 041 248 2467 0462 300689 0782 288621 0482 226958 0473 210436 KWGSTON LEEDS LEICESTER LEICESTER LIVERPOOL LONDON NWS LONDON WC1 MANCHESTER MIDDLESBROUGH NEWCASTLE NORTHAMPTON NORWICH NOTTNGHAM OXFORD PETERBOROUGH PLYMOUTH PLYMOUTH AUDIO POOLE PORTSMOUTH READING SHEFFIELD SLOUGH 01 646 6622 0632 430900 0533 630121 0533 566488 061 709 7887 01 794 8786 01 240 8077 061 834 8132 0642 230707 091 261 8280 0804 230490 0603 617724 0802 418688 0886 790086 0733 668728 0762 672287 0762 869282 0202 678289 0706 822831 0734 508766 0742 756275 0753 803094 SOUTHAMPTON SUNDERLAND SWANSEA TAUNTON WOLVERHAMPTON WORCESTER YEOVIL YORK 0703 638753 091 510 0881 0792 466332 0623 272968 0902 310758 0906 723400 0936 78778 0004 646126 AND SELECTED INDEPENDENT PHOTO DEALERS JESSOP V THE MANX SHEARWATER Michael Brooke The Manx Shearwater must rank amongst the world’s most evocative seabirds. For the better part of 1 7 years Brooke has studied Manx Shearwaters at their Atlantic colonies. A number of expeditions have also enabled him to investigate other shearwater and petrel species in many isolated parts of the world. In this book the breeding biology, vocal behav- iour, transequatorial migrations and population dynamics of the bird are de- scribed in detail and compari- sons are drawn with other shearwaters and petrels to show how the various species have adapted to local condi- tions worldwide. Delightful vignettes by Dafila Scott complete this enthralling book. ISBN: 0.85661.057.7 , 264 pp, March 1990, £17.00 T & A D POYSER £ 24-28 Oval Road a London NW1 7DX (BB 2) C Cygnus Wildlife Holidays for Birdioatchers 1990 APRIL - DECEMBER Majorca £490 Soviet Asia and Siberia £1 690 Switzerland £690 Hungary £760 Massachusetts £1450 Brazil £2390 Kenya £2090 Ecuador andGalapagos £2490 Argentina £2500 Sene-Gambia £1100 Ethiopia £1400 All tours are escoted by experienced leaders CYGNUS WILDLIFE HOLIDAYS, «»*v i 57 F0RE STREET, KINGSBRIDGE, DEVON TQ7 IPG abta | Telephone 0548 856178 ‘BIRDWATCH ISRAEL’ © UPPER GALILEE FOR special bird photographic tours with workshops 8 days form — £440. Birdwatching tailormade for individual — design your own programme 8 days from — £269. For further information contact GIL Tf*T EL LTD. 65 GLOUCESTER PLACE LONDON W1H3PF tel: 01-935 1701 fD63°) VI COUNTRYSIDE VIEWING tMgV- Our showroom Is set in 7 acres of private grounds with ample, free and sate parking Testing facilities are probably the best in the country. Viewing tram the showroom is across a large pool with its various bird visitors and to more distant views of the countryside Why not try the unhurried experience of testing equipment in the very heart of our beautiful Warwickshire countryside in a relaxed atmosphere? A visit to our showroom often turns out to be more of a social occasion than a shopping expedition Leading specialists in high quality BINOCULARS ^TELESCOPES _ ?EISS WEST iiatyt 8x206 PHONE *Haly1 10x258 PHONE «*iaJyt 8x206GA PHONE . rtalyl 8x306GAT PHONE naJyl 7X42BGAT PHONE -hatyl 10X406GAT PHONE sialyl 8x56BGAT PHONE orro i5x60BGA PHONE kefonoe 3x128 11700 ik-tonoc 6*208 9500 » tonoc 8x20 9500 * Vj* ard case lor standard i» einguard #yecups each H1ABICHT • adilional 8*30WM 34000 * adilional 7*42WM 32000 ■Jiana' lOxAOWM 36500 L Range 7x42 39500 L Range 10x40 44000 l LC Range 7x30 31500 LC Range 8*30 32500 PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE 12.50 3000 3700 800 700 VNIKON t20CFn Mtfarproof 10x25 hoof posm 10x25F beoom 6-i2x24DCF ' Tom 8-l6x40CF b'Oortmg 7x35CF 8x30ECF ‘•■oofpnsm 9x300CF s note- adaptor • efdscope Mkll 20-45x60 ED Mkll 20-45x60 »x20x30x40x )- 45x zoom 152 00 152 00 29000 41250 120.00 20550 254 00 15350 34850 56700 6750 13800 OPTOLYTH Alp-n 8*308GA 20500 Alptn 8x408GA 22500 Alpm 10»40BGA 23000 Alpm 10X508GA 24300 39800 39800 Roof prism 8x56 44000 Scope 30x75 34000 rBS80 body 35000 TBG80 body 35000 20xW.A 100 00 20x30x40x 6500 22x-60x room 15000 Canvas scope case 3500 Leather scope case 4200 KOWA TS601 body 17900 TS602 body 17900 25x40x 4700 20x-60* room 94 00 Case tor 601/2 1995 TSN-1 body 29500 TSN-2 body 295 00 TSN-3 body 55500 TSN-4 body 55500 20xW A 8900 25x40* 5900 20x-60x room 13900 Case tor TSNi/2 22 50 3850 O G cover tor TSN 495 Eyepiece dome TSN 1495 Photo adaptor 9900 BAUSCH LOMB Discoverer Compad 7x24 22700 Discoverer Compad 8x24 22700 Discoverer Compadl0x28 R A 244 00 Custom Audubon 7x26 17960 Custom Audubon 8x36 17900 Custom Audubon 10x40 18900 Elite 8x42RA 69900 BUSHNELL Sportview 8x40 58 00 ADLERBLICK Comped 7x21 Comped 8x24 Standard 8x32 Standard 7x42 Standard 8x42 Standard 10x42 Standard 10x50 Add CIS tor rubber armoured Multicoat 10x30 Multicoat 8x42 Multicoat 10x42 Multicoat 10x50 9950 10500 12300 11250 12000 12850 13900 15995 16995 17995 19895 OPTICRON Compact 7x24 Compad 8x24 Compad 10x24 Dioptron 8x42 Dwptron 10x42 Dioptron 10x50 HR 8x42 H R 10x42 HR 10x50 Minerva 8x40 Minerva 9x35 Minerva 10x40 Elite 9x35 Classic I F 60mm body Classic I F 75mm body 2S/30x HEP i8x-40x/22x-47x room H R 60mm body H R 60mm body 45* H R 60mm body R A i5x20x22xWA 25x40x 20x-60x room Puffin case tor H R etc Soft, padded case Universal Mount Car Window Mount Hide Clamp Mk 2 Single Action Tripod Tripod Strap 77 00 78 00 80 00 11300 11400 12700 145 00 150 00 16700 170 00 16900 175 00 18500 11800 13800 26 00 5000 14800 169 00 164 00 3000 7600 3500 .1100 24 50 2550 4000 5995 675 Spacem ster 60mm body Spacemaster 60mm body R A Spacemaster with room W P Spacemaster 70mm body 22xWA I5x-45x room 14000 15900 33200 15800 4200 7900 SWIFT Omiya 8x2i Osprey 75x42 Audubon R P 7x35 BG A Audubon 85x44 Tetemaster 1 5 *-60*60 44 95 14900 32900 19900 27550 BRESSER Handy (new look) 7x25 GA 8595 Handy (new look) 8*25 GA 8995 Handy (new took) 9*25GA 9395 Action 8x40 GA 5850 Action 10x50 GA 6550 Roof prism Linear 8*42 R A 12000 Roof pnsm Linear 10x42 R A 12500 Roof pnsm D«or it 10x42 R A 17800 Luchs 8x32 13900 Luchs 7x42 14550 Luchs 10x42 152 00 Luchs 10*50 164 50 Add C8 tor rubber armoured MIRADOR 8*42 nooo 10x42 10x50 12400 Add C2 tor rubber armoured Merlin 60mm body 7900 Merlin 75mm body 10700 12/15* 18/22* 25/30* 1800 i8x-40x/22x-47x room 5000 Owl 75mm GA 17850 Owl 80mm GA 20750 26x-58x/28x-62x room 7150 ZEISS JENA Jenoptem 8x30 4900 Jenoptem 7x50 74 50 8395 Detlrintem 8x30 6500 10250 Dodecarem 12x50 24995 Roof pnsm Notarem 8*32 14000 Roof pnsm Noiarem 10x40 18795 Roof pnsm Notarem 10x40 R A 20700 OPTIMA Super 60mm R A body 16000 15x20x30x40* 2500 20x-45x room 6500 Case tor scope 1695 Photo adaptor 2995 AICO Compad RP 8x22 R A 5395 Compad R P 10x25 R A 5995 Root pnsm 8x42 R A 12000 Roof pnsm 10x42 R.A 12500 HELIOS Compad R P 8x21 RA 3695 Compad R P 10*25 R A 3895 QUESTAR FmkJ model 3vy mch width 243800 with Broad Band Coal mg 8 choce of 32mm or 24mm eywpwce. plus Phoio Adaptor and case Potto pnsm 14000 MANFROTTO 144 Base 4500 144 Bas< Wack 5000 190 Mm. pro 35 00 190 Mm pro black 128 Mm. video head 200 Comped video head Tnpod strap Tnpod case Quick release piattorm 4000 34 95 3995 950 14 00 800 SLIK Handypod P6009 3995 Tnpod 450G 2395 Tnpod lOOOG 2795 Tripod 350N S295 Trpod 88 6995 Tripod D2 7295 Tnpod 67 11995 Tr<)Od Strap 750 Case D2 etc 1495 Quia presents one of the hardest nest-finding chal- lenges in Britain (Campbell & Ferguson-Lees 1972). Not surprisingly, therefore, the species has been little studied in Britain, though the ‘ Breeding Atlas’ (Sharrock 1976) showed it to be widely but thinly distributed throughout most of England, Wales, southern Scotland and Ireland, except in most upland areas. [Bril. Birth 83: 131-145. April 1990] 131 132 Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler In Britain, the main earlier investigation was of over 200 nests found in Sussex by Walpole-Bond (1934). This paper adds further to our knowledge, by drawing on information from three major sources. Foremost, it examines 261 nest histories submitted to the British Trust for Ornithology’s nest record scheme during 1941-86, then 20 nests detailed in the diaries of the late A. Whitaker during 1909-48, plus observations made by the author at six nest sites in Hampshire and Buckinghamshire. Where relevant, a comparison is made with the findings of local studies on the Continent, including those in France by Labitte (1949), Yaucher (1961) and Henry (1972), in Sweden by Swanberg (1945), and in Luxembourg by Hulten (1959). Distribution of records The 261 nest record cards cover 46 counties and most of the regions shown by the Breeding Atlas to be supporting Grasshopper Warblers (figs. 1 & 2). A few counties, notably Oxfordshire (46), but including Lancashire (33) and Somerset (19 cards), are particularly well represented, as a result of nest-finders who concentrated their efforts on this species. Wales and southern Scotland are, however, both relatively poorly covered, and Ireland not at all. Whitaker’s nests were found mainly in northern England, chiefly in Yorkshire. This paper, therefore, is confined to observations made at 287 nests in mainland Britain. Altitude The majority of Grasshopper Warblers breed at low altitudes (table 1), nests from sea level up to 500 feet (154 m) accounting for 187 (94.4%) of all sites. Few breed higher, though examples were found in a range of habitats with nests up to 745 feet (228 m) in rough grass downland scrub (in Sussex in 1985), at 900 feet (277 m) in upland bog (in Radnorshire in 1972) , and at 1,000 feet (308 m) on damp moorland (in Denbighshire in 1973) . Breeding habitats The widespread breeding distribution of the Grasshopper Warbler in Britain (fig. 1) is in part a reflection of the bird’s ability to occupy a wide Table 1. Distribution by altitude of 198 nests of Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naeina, from BTO Nest Record Cards Altitude feet m No. of nests % 0- 100 (0- 31) 63 31.8 101- 200 (32- 62) 36 18.2 201- 300 (63- 92) 58 29.3 301- 400 (93-123) 20 10.1 401- 500 (124-154) 10 5.1 501- 600 (155-185) 6 3.0 601- 700 (186-215) 1 0.5 701- 800 (216-246) 1 0.5 801- 900 (247-277) 2 1.0 901-1,000 (278-308) 1 0.5 Totals 198 100.0 Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler 133 Fig. 1. Breeding distribution of the Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naeina in Britain and Ireland during 1968-72 (from Sharrock 1976, by permission of the publishers, T. & A. D. Poyser). Small dots, possible breeding; medium dots, probable breeding; large dots, confirmed breeding 134 Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler Fig. 2. Regional distribution of 287 nests of Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia covering 46 counties during 1941-86, split into the respective secondary divisions of the Euring code. Number of counties represented, in brackets spectrum of nesting habitats spanning both dry and marshy situations. On the basis of the information recorded, it was possible to allocate 259 of the nests to one or another of the broad habitat categories described by Yapp (1955). The seven fairly discrete types of terrain involved (table 2) are discussed below. The number of nests involved in each case (given in brackets) can be taken only as a very crude guide to the relative frequency with which the respective habitats are used nationwide. 1. woodi.and (15 nests). Mature woodland is generally avoided. Blocks of deciduous woodland (10), less often conifer stands (3) or mixed forest (2), are only occasionally 135 Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler Table 2. Broad breeding habitats occupied by 259 Grasshopper Warblers lx)custella naevia in Britain No. of Habitat nests % Woodland 15 5.8 Scrub 50 19.3 Farmland 56 21.6 Heath and moor 38 14.7 Marsh 45 17.4 Coast and estuary 11 4.2 Garden, park, habitations 44 17.0 Totals 259 100.0 occupied. Most cases are in woodland which includes open glades, often w'here patches of bramble Rubus fruticosus and tall grasses form a dense undergrowth. Such conditions are usually the result of uneven planting, gale damage, clearance for rides, or where extensive thinning has left scattered standards with regenerating bush scrub. 2. SCRUB (50 nests). Land covered by scrub, whether bushy shrubs or small trees 10 feet (3 m) high or less, offer prime nesting ground. Young plantations, especially at the thicket stage and where left to become part-choked with rank grasses, bramble or hawthorn Crataegus, have provided an expanding wealth of breeding sites this century. Plantations of conifers (33) are those most frequently occupied, less so mixed or deciduous ones (6), though this probably reflects only their relative abundance. Clear-felled woodland with naturally regenerating scrub (2) is a favoured nesting situation, as are tracts of bush scrub where thorn, willow Salix or birch Betula have pushed up through a grass-dominated ground flora (9). 3. FARMI-AND (56 nests). Low-grade farmland, often where ill-drained or in an unkempt state, is also favoured, notably damp rough grazing, wet meadow and water-meadow (19). Grass fields left for a late cut of hay (8) are sometimes occupied, similarly uncultivated or abandoned fields (4). Witherby et al. (1943) described nests in corn, hay and clover fields. Intensively managed farms may still offer nesting possibilities; for example, where mixed arable and pastoral farmland has thick broad-based hedges and linear drainage ditches choked by herbage (10). The instances of arable farmland (15) include examples from the most intensively managed of fen and mosslands; there it is the network of drainage ditches or dykes whose sides and bottoms are clothed with common reed Phragmites australis, rush Junctis or rough grasses that offers nesting potential. 4. HF.ATH AND MOOR (38 nests). Pure Calluna heathland in lowland Britain is avoided, but, where tufted grasses, bramble and gorse Ulex become established in clumps or swards, Grasshopper Warblers may breed (17). Most upland moor sites include bog with much moor-grass Molinia/Sesleria and cotton-grass Eriophorum, willow and birch scrub (10). Commons (8) and downland (3), where clothed with thick grasses, thorn and, sometimes, birch clumps, are dwindling habitats formerly much favoured. 5. MARSH (45 nests). Vegetation emerging from deep water is generally avoided. Fenland comprising very wet ground with quaking vegetation, often including tufted sedges, reeds and sweet-grass Glyceria, and the edge of extensive reed-beds (13) are prime nesting ground. So, too, are areas of marsh with dense patches of rush, often with some bulrush Typha latifolia, sedge and willow (20). The remaining fragments of mossland of northern England (11) are occupied where greater tussock-sedge Carex paniculata, meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria and young willows intermingle. Withy or osier beds (1) are another nesting habitat formerly favoured, but now dwindling in extent (Witherby et al. 1943). 6. COAST AND ESTUARY (11 nests). Salt-laden winds help to produce swards of low, mixed grasses and stunted scrub suitable for nesting Grasshopper Warblers. Most nests on sand dunes are in the damp dune slacks (5). Coastal grassland and cliff-top sites (4) can hold high densities (e.g. Walpole-Bond 1934); especially where smothered by gorse, thorn, bramble and bracken Pteridium aquilinum. Scrub patches above the high-tide mark on saltmarsh (2) are sometimes taken. 7. GARDEN, PARK, HABITATIONS (44 nests). Industrial ground, most often where overgrown 136 Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler with coarse grasses and thorn scrub (21), either awaiting development or disused, is frequently occupied. The types of management range widely from, for example, railway sidings and embankments, steel and sewage works, gravel and chalk pits to airfields. Residential ground (18) ranges from urban dereliction and domestic rubbish tips to swampy ground beside a town or city pond, lake or reservoir. Less often, the ‘roughs’ of golf courses (3), notably coastal links, and parkland (2) offer suitable breeding habitat. Nest sites Grasshopper Warblers require thick ground-cover in which to nest. This was most often found to be supplied by a range of coarse grasses (commonly purple moor-grass Molinia caerulea), sedges (notably greater tussock-sedge), and rushes (frequently soft rush J uncus effusus). Fewer nests were built in heather Calluna vulgaris , reed or clumps of less rigid stemmed plants such as willowherb Epilobium , nettle Urtica, meadowsweet, bracken, and thistle Carduus/Cirsium , and rarely in climbers such as honeysuckle Lonicera periclymenum, and vetches Vida, or short annuals such as colt’s-foot Tussilago farfara, sorrel Rumex and dock Rumex (table 3). Table 3. Types of vegetation wholly or partly supporting 243 nests of Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naerna in Britain Type of No. of vegetation instances % Grasses 181 53.7 Bramble 40 11.9 Sedges 28 8.3 Rushes 16 4.7 Heather 12 3.5 Reed 9 2.7 Gorse 7 2.1 Willowherb 7 2.1 Nettles 6 1.8 Deciduous trees 5 1.5 Coniferous trees 3 0.9 Man-made supports 3 0.9 Other plants 20 5.9 Totals 337 100.0 Most nests were built into the side or jammed down in the centre of a grass tuft or sedge tussock, invariably with dead foliage and where the stiffer stems and branches of bramble, or sometimes gorse or willow, were growing up and arching over the site. Similar instances of hawthorn, blackthorn Prunus spinosa, buckthorn Rhamnus catharticus, birch, broom Sarothamnus scoparius, dog rose Rosa canina and young conifers being used as supplementary nest supports and cover were few, as were man-made items such as fruit cane, fence post and wire netting (table 3). The majority of nests (93.8%) were built low down, in closely knit vegetation situated from ground level up to 12 inches (0-30 cm) (table 4). Fewer nests were built higher, these most often being woven into the tops of tall rank grasses or sedges, frequently intertwined with bramble and rarely reaching as high as 36 inches (90 cm). Nests are uncommon above 25 inches (61 cm) without, for example, the support of grasses, reed or gorse. One-third of all nests are built at ground level or actually sunk into the top soil (table 4). Hedge-side ditches clothed with tangled weeds, and Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler 1 3 7 I able 4. Height above ground of nests of Grasshopper Warbler lx>custella naei'ia in Britain Nest height inches cm No. of nests % Ground level 74 33.0 1- 6 1-15 83 37.1 7-12 16-30 53 23.7 13-18 31-45 5 2.2 19-24 46-60 4 1.8 25-30 61-75 3 1.3 31-36 76-90 2 0.9 Totals 224 100.0 drainage dykes choked with marsh vegetation, are favoured sites, with nests being recorded as much as 8 feet (2 m) below the level of the field system. The great majority of Grasshopper Warbler nests are very cleverly hidden. Just the occasional nest is situated in a relatively exposed position in the centre or side of a tuft of vegetation not unlike that typically used by a Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus. ‘Open’ sites, with limited surrounding vegetation, are rare, usually in heather or rushes. Walpole-Bond (1934) found nests in withy beds in freely foliaged stubs. Nests are not infrequently built in the same segment of hedge, marsh or downland in successive seasons, even in the same tussock, as little as 2 inches (5 cm) from that of the previous year. Repeat nests have been measured at 8 m, 30 m and 60 m from the first attempt of the year. 78. Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia at nest, Norfolk, June 1942 (Eric Hosking) 138 Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler Breeding season The Grasshopper Warbler is a summer visitor to Britain. Ringing recoveries have yet to pinpoint the bird’s precise wintering quarters. Numbers handled by ringers over recent years have fluctuated in tandem with species such as Sand Martin Riparia riparia and Whitethroat Sylvia communis , suggesting that the Grasshopper Warbler may also winter south of the Sahara in the Sahel region of the north tropical zone of West Africa (Mead & Hudson 1985). In spring, migrant Grasshopper Warblers rarely reach our shores before the last week of March, but most of the British observatories record the species in early April. The major influx occurs at southern observatories, such as Sandwich Bay in Kent, Portland in Dorset and Skokholm in Dyfed in late April, preceding a peak passage through the northern observatories in early May (Riddiford & Findley 1981). Such an arrival pattern compared with the Grasshopper Warbler’s breeding season as shown by nest records (fig. 3) indicates an early start to egg-laying, soon after they reach Britain. The breeding season shown is calculated in two ways to achieve first-egg laying dates: first, where the time of laying was known, or where the observer had been able to age the young accurately; secondly, from cards lacking such detail but with eggs or young which were assumed to be half way through the incubation or fledging periods. In order to work back to the first-egg date, an average incubation period of 13 days and fledging period of 12 days were assumed (see below). The laying season is a strikingly protracted one. First-egg dates spanned 99 days, from 24th April (in Somerset in 1948) to 1st August (in Montgomeryshire in 1954 and in Norfolk in 1983). Small broods of two young fledged successfully on 24th August (in Oxfordshire in 1985), while another with young aged 10-11 days was ready to leave the nest on 27th August (in Norfolk in 1983). Most authorities suggest that the Grasshopper Warbler is usually double-brooded in the south and generally rears just one brood in the north (e.g. Witherby et al. 1943; Campbell and Ferguson-Lees 1972), but precise information is scarce. The spread of laying dates shown by nest record cards is a useful guide, but should be interpreted with caution. Few clutches were started as early as April (six: 2.3%) or as late as August (two: 0.8%). The bulk were laid in May (173: 66.3%), and these included many known repeat layings from earlier losses. Fewer clutches were started thereafter, in June (57: 21.8%) or July (23: 8.8%). At this time, vegetation thickens, nests become more difficult to find, and the nest- finding effort may wane (Mayer-Gross 1972; Glue 1987). Later nests may go undetected, therefore, especially as Grasshopper Warblers become less vociferous in defence of territories when attempting later broods, in June and July, a feature also noted by Hulten (1959) in Luxembourg. R. J. Louch and I. D. Tompson systematically searched sections of Otmoor, Oxfordshire, over several seasons during the 1980s (fig. 3) and found second broods the norm; other recorders, at sites in both southern and northern Britain, found the same. On the Continent, observers Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler 139 Fig. 3. Distribution of 261 first-egg laying dates for nests of Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia found during 1941-86, from BTO Nest Record Cards. The sub-set (shaded) is for 46 nests found as part of an intensive local study on Otmoor, Oxfordshire describe two broods as general, from France (Labitte 1949) and Luxembourg (Hulten 1959) to Sweden (Swanberg 1945). More recently, Henry (1972) found that three to five pairs breeding on marshes beside the Loire reared a minimum of two broods, and perhaps three. Taking known intervals of 35 and 37 days between successful broods, the best records (fig. 3) indicate that it is theoretically possible for three broods to be reared under favourable conditions. Five of the six latest clutches were started during warm or hot summers, with above average temperatures, when insect food should have been more plentiful. Roaming families of Grasshopper Warblers become very difficult to detect in thick vegetation and in the absence of song. Departure dates are hard to confirm, therefore, though observations suggest that the great majority vacate breeding sites between mid August and mid September. The departure pattern at British observatories varies by station, but broadly involves three peaks in passage numbers: early August, late 140 Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler 79. Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia singing, Netherlands, April 1973 (P. Munsterman) August and mid September. These may correspond primarily with early dispersing juveniles, the subsequent movement of late broods or birds from northerly British populations. The great majority have left our shores by mid October (Riddiford & Findley 1981). Clutch size Clutch size was taken from cards showing no increase in the number of eggs on visits to active nests made more than 24 hours apart, or when one visit with eggs was followed by a visit with young and where the time interval between the two visits was less than the known incubation period. 141 Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler 1 hese criteria allowed 135 cards to be used and gave a mean clutch size of 5.45 eggs (table 5). 4 he most frequent clutch sizes were five and six eggs, occasionally four and seven, infrequently just three eggs. This is in agreement with most Continental studies. For example, in Germany, Kleinschmidt (1937) usually found five or six eggs, with seven the extreme; in Belgium, Verheyen (1947) generally found six eggs, two and seven rarely; and in Y ranee, Geroudet (1963) normally found six eggs, sometimes five, seldom four (second broods), and just occasionally three or seven. Clutch size was examined in relation to date of laying (table 5). Clutches laid in the early part of the season (by the end of May), namely first attempts and repeats, tend to be larger than those laid later. This progressive reduction in mean clutch size has been found for many passerines, and is probably related to reduced food availability later in the season (Perrins 1979). Table 5. Clutch size of 135 Grasshopper Warbler l.ocuslella naevia nests in Britain Time of laying 2 3 CI.UTCH SIZE 4 5 6 7 Total Mean clutch size Standard error 24/4-15/5 0 1 3 15 30 3 52 5.60 0.11 16/5-31/5 0 1 4 12 19 3 39 5.49 0.14 1/6-30/6 0 1 3 14 15 1 34 5.35 0.14 1/7- 1/8 0 1 2 4 3 0 10 4.90 0.31 Totals 0 4 12 45 67 7 135 5.45 0.07 Incubation and fledging The first egg may be laid the first day after nest-building is completed. Eggs are usually laid on consecutive days, there beingjust five instances of a delay of 48 hours or more between egg-laying. One of the parents is either on or near the nest after two or three eggs, but incubation proper seldom starts before the clutch is complete. The incubation period was known accurately in 11 cases: 12 days (4 instances), 13 days (4 instances), 14 days (2 instances) and 15 days (1 instance), giving an average of 13.0 days. Both sexes share in incubation, as also noted by F. R. C. Jourdain (in Witherby et al. 1943), who described the incubation period as usually 14 days, but with 13 and 15 also recorded. The fledging period was known precisely at 15 nests: 11 days (4 instances), 12 (5), 13 (4), 14(1) and 15 days (1 instance), giving an average of 12.3 days. Jourdain (in Witherby et al. 1943) noted 10-12 days in the nest as the general rule. Both parents feed the young. At some nests of first broods, though, when the young are seven to nine days old, a single parent, probably the male, may bring all the food. Parents brood the young at first constantly by day, then decreasingly after the fifth day. Dead young are removed quickly from the nest. Addled and infertile eggs, however, are usually left, and not infrequently become enveloped in fine grasses at the nest base. Their invisibility presents a possible source of bias when calculating nest success after the brood has flown. 142 Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler One or more young may leave the nest cup during the day prior to the departure of the remainder. Young usually leave in the morning, but stay within a short distance of the nest before moving away. The interval between young leaving the first nest and the laying of the first egg in the second varies from four to 23 days, though Swanberg (1945) found one case of just two or three days. Brood size Brood size was taken where the young had reached eight days or more of age or were known to have fledged successfully. This allowed 104 cards to be used, showing that the Grasshopper Warbler may rear from just one to the largest set of seven young, with an average brood size of 4.88 (table 6). Larger broods, often of five and six young, result from early nesting attempts in May. Those from repeat layings and second broods during June and July are significantly smaller. Table 6. Sizes of 104 Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia broods in Britain Time of laying 1 2 BROOD SIZF. 3 4 5 6 7 Total Mean brood size S.E. 24/4-15/5 1 1 4 3 1 1 20 1 41 5.10 0.20 16/5-31/5 1 0 0 2 6 9 3 21 5.43 0.29 1/6-30/6 0 1 4 6 12 4 0 27 4.52 0.20 1/7- 1/8 0 2 1 7 3 2 0 15 4.13 0.31 Totals 2 4 9 18 32 35 4 104 4.88 0.13 Nesting success Newton (1964) has assessed the sources of biases affecting the analysis of nest record cards. Nests which surv ive for a long time are more likely to be found than those which fail quickly, thus overestimating success. Nests found during building, egg-laying or incubation have been used to determine nesting success of the Grasshopper Warbler. Of 92 nests, 32 (34.8%) failed completely, and 60 (65.2%) were successful, with 26 (28.3%) rearing part of the clutch and 34 (36.9%) the full clutch. This success rate agrees closely with those of other scrub warblers which nest in low vegetation, such as Hartford Warbler Sylvia undata (68.4%) and Whitethroat (63.8%), exceeding that by those which tend to nest higher, including Blackcap S. atricapilla (62.0%), Lesser Whitethroat S. curruca (60.4%) and Garden Warbler S. boriti (54.5%)(Mason 1976). The Grasshopper Warbler is a particularly tenacious sitter and will tolerate considerable interference before desertion. The loss of just three clutches was attributed to wind damage or flooding, but weather is thought to be an under-recorded factor behind some of the 19 nests found ‘empty’ or ‘deserted’. Three clutches were accidentally destroyed by man, two of these during forestry weeding operations. Of 14 nests robbed by predators, at least two were robbed by man, and a further five losses were attributed to the attention of fox Vulpes vulpes, common rat Rattus norvegicus and wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus. A further 14 nests were lost when they 143 Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler contained young. At eight, the cause was unknown; one nest was accidentally destroyed by human beings while, of five nests robbed by predators, Jay Garrulus glandarius and Magpie Pica pica were implicated. Discussion The Grasshopper Warbler occupies a wide spectrum of habitats in Britain. Like the Reed Bunting, and to a lesser extent the Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, it has shown an ability to occupy drier habitats this century. The surge in the conifer afforestation programme over the last 70 years has reputedly more than compensated for the loss of wetlands through drainage (Williamson 1974; Sharrock 1976), but, over the last 20 years, the number of BTO Common Birds Census plots containing Grasshopper Warblers has fallen substantially (fig. 4). This decline could reflect the continuing drainage of damp sedgy fields, Garl- and fenland, the loss of suitably thick hedges, maturation of many forestry plantations beyond the thicket stage, deterioration of the presumed tropical wintering habitat, or a combination of factors. The Grasshopper Warbler requires three basic components in order to breed. The first is thick ground cover in which to nest. The second is several suitable song posts. These need not necessarily be tall: stooks of dead herbage, bramble leaders, short bushes, sapling trees, a wire fence, or even an overhead wire suffice. The third is a source of invertebrate food, most of which is collected within 50 m of the nest, though adults may forage 220 m distant. Observations and photography at three nests indicate that the young are fed largely on small caterpillars, fewer imagos (chiefly moths), and a wide range of other invertebrates including bugs (Hemiptera), aphids, spiders, beetle larvae, and flies (Diptera), with 80. Grasshopper Warbler Locuslella naei'ia singing, Norfolk, May 1979 (Kevin Carbon ) 144 Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler Fig. 4. Percentage of BTO Common Birds Census plots (farmland, woodland and special, combined) holding Grasshopper Warblers Locustella naevia during 1967-87. Includes (a) plots with any record during the year, (b) plots with a confirmed territory fewer mayflies (Ephemeroptera), dragonflies (Odonata) and crickets and grasshoppers (Orthoptera). Suitable nesting conditions are found in ‘dry' habitats such as young plantations, where cleared ground, sometimes enriched by artificial fertilisers, promotes a vigorous growth of fresh grasses. In ‘wet' situations, there is most often a rapid growth of emergent vegetation, frequently where water stands in places throughout the summer. When conifers, thorn, gorse or bramble close to form an impenetrable block of scrub higher than a full metre, Grasshopper Warblers generally leave the site. They may be retained by initiating a cutting or burning programme, where sections are periodically cleared to create a mosaic of scrub islands enveloped by coarse grasses. The Grasshopper Warbler has both a strikingly long nesting season and high reproductive potential. An average brood size of 4.87, fledging success rate of 65.2%, and the ability to rear two, or potentially three, broods, gives an expected output of from 6.35 to 9.46 young per pair. Such a performance may be helped by the species undertaking only a partial moult in Western Europe (by both juveniles and adults) before a complete moult later in the winter quarters (Ginn & Melville 1983). Such a strategy, and high productivity, may help this short-winged long-distance migrant to compensate for losses outside the breeding season. Acknowledgments This paper was made possible by the dedicated contributors to the BTO’s Nest Record Scheme, which receives financial support from the Nature Conservancy Council. Thanks go 145 Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler to Dr S. Baillie, R. J. Louch and I. D. Tompson who kindly commented on the first draft, to J. H. Marchant for extracting CBC data, and to Mrs E. Murray, who drew the figures. Summary The nesting habits of the Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia are examined, based upon 287 nests found in 46 counties spread throughout mainland Britain during 1909-86. The species breeds in a wide spectrum of both wet and dry habitats from sea level up to 1,000 feet (308 m), though chiefly in forms of scrub, farmland with thick hedges, the margins of wetlands, and young forests up to the thicket stage. The nest is most often built in coarse grasses and sedges, at ground level or as high as 12 inches (30 cm). The laying season is a protracted one, from late April to the start of August, two broods regularly being reared, with the potential for a third. Clutches of five and six eggs are usual, the mean being 5.45 eggs. There is a progressive reduction in clutch size over the laying period. The average length of incubation is 13.0 days (the extremes being 12 to 15 days), and the average fledging period 12.3 days (the extremes being 11 to 15 days). The size of brood ranges from one to seven young, with a mean of 4.88 young, larger families of five and six most often resulting from early nesting attempts in May. Of 92 nests found in the incubation stage, 60 (65.2%) resulted in th» fledging of at least one young. 'Hie loss of tJje nest’s contents was most frequently attributed to wind damage, flooding, and robbery by mammalian predators, chiefly fox Vulpes wipes and common rat Rattus norvegicus, and avian predators, especially Magpie Pica pica. References Campbell., B., & Ff.RCUSON-Lees, I. J. 1972. A Field Guide to Birds' Nests. London. GEROUDET, P. 1963. Lbjentp-ffoe pflirg ago... ‘The two tapering central tail-feathers in Richardson’s Skua project about three inches, those in the Pomatorhine about four inches, and those in Buffon’s about seven or eight inches, but in Richardson’s we find them rarely, if ever, broken, seldom in BufTon’s, and I have since heard of so many instances in the case of the Pomatorhine, that it may be said they are frequently broken in this species, and until someone actually sees the tail-feather either falling after it has been snipped off, or being carried away by the chasing Skua, 1 shall not consider the evidence conclusive. Richard M. Barrington.’ ‘In 1911 some Bearded Pits, imported from Holland, were liberated at Hornsea Mere, and at the time we strongly deprecated this interference with Nature . . . The experiment was at first apparently successful, but we are glad to learn from the latest report ( Naturalist , 1915, p. 82) that it is now deemed a failure, and presumably the birds have disappeared.’ (Brit. Birds 8: 270-271, April 1915) Mystery photographs 't ‘Mystery photographs’ reader is spoilt this month with two photographs, a nice ‘front and back’. The bird in question is clearly a small passerine. The hefty bill is indicative of a lark (Alaudidae), finch (Fringillidae), bunting (Emberizi- dae) or sparrow (Passeridae). Bunting can go for a start, as the structure of the bill is all wrong: our bird has equally sized mandibles with a fairly straight line to the cutting edges, whereas a bunting (and only Corn Bunting Miliaria calandra or perhaps Black-headed Bunting Emberiza melanocephala comes close in bill size) typically has mandibles of uneven sizes, the upper being smaller, and the line of the cutting edge plunges downwards at the base. Thoughts of a large-billed lark can also be dismissed: the bills of such larks, though stout, display a rounded outline to the upper mandible, rather than the angular line shown here, and in addition larks' tails are more square-ended without the deep notch of this bird. Deep-billed finches can be eliminated, as none shows the strong mantle pattern and otherw ise dowdy plumage of the mystery bird. No; as my wife (a non-birder) emphatically stated, ‘It's a sparra', no doubt a conclusion quickly reached by one and all. The combination of strong pale ‘tramlines' down the sides of the mantle, small, dark dots across the breast and diffuse streaking to the Hanks all indicate a female Spanish Sparrow Passer hispaniolensis. I doubt that female House Sparrows P. domesticus can ever show these characteristics simultaneously. Some adult females in late summer, with plumage really ravaged, show dark ‘pencil’ streaks to the flanks (and occasionally the breast, but not giving the ‘dappled' appearance of Spanish Sparrow); caution is advisable, though, since not all Spanish Sparrows are as clearly marked below as the individual depicted here. Conversely, it is normally only in very fresh plumage (late autumn) that female House Sparrows ever show a mantle pattern approaching that of 163 [Brit. Birds HZ'. 163-165. April 1990] 164 Mystery photographs this bird. Other features may be evident: the supercilium is usually more distinct than on House Sparrow, being more cream rather than warm brown; the bill is slightly heavier; the belly is usually whiter; and the median-covert tips often appear strikingly white in the field. Additionally, the primaries of Spanish are often conspicuously pale buff at their base, and, from measurements summarised by Summers-Smith (1988), the tail is relatively shorter (wingitail ratio of 1.48) than that of House Sparrow (1.28 for British examples). To some, the calls of Spanish Sparrow sound deeper than those of House Sparrow, though I have not noticed this myself. It is also worth mentioning that an extralimital spring vagrant in northern Europe may well be paler than the local sparrows, its plumage bleached by the sun of warmer climes. Well, that’s the ‘straightforward’ ones. Spanish Sparrows, however, are reported to hybridise with House Sparrows in northwest Africa, southern Italy and on some Mediterranean islands (Svensson 1984), presumably resulting in various ‘inbetweenies’ (see Summers-Smith 1988). And then there is ‘Italian’ Sparrow P. d. italiae , which I have seen only once, fresh- plumaged birds in Corsica in September: females closely resembled those of Spanish Sparrow, with clean supercilium, strong pale ‘tramlines’ on the mantle, and breast and flanks streaked grey; the strength of pattern, however, did not approach that of the bird in the photographs (whose plumage is a full six months older), but it may well increase with wear. Interestingly, the British Birds Rarities Committee (in lift.), from a study of skins of female ‘Italian’ and Spanish Sparrows at the British Museum (Natural History), Tring, found that the ‘braces’ (or ‘tramlines’) of ‘Italian’ were generally (but not invariably) less prominent, but discovered no conclusive distinguishing character; on both, the crown tended to be a ‘stonier’ colour than on House Sparrow. Conflictingly, Summers-Smith (1988) described female ‘Italian’ as very similar to female Spanish, ‘but lacking any sign of darker markings on underparts’. It is clear that more work is needed on this problem, particularly with regard to less well- marked individuals. These useful photographs were taken by Richard Chandler in Eilat, Israel, in March 1989. I am grateful to Peter Lansdown and Tim Inskipp for especially helpful comments on the first draft of this text. Alan Harris 117 Spring Hills, Harlow, Essex CM20 1TA REFERENCES Summf.rs-Smith, D. 1988. The Sparrows. Calton. SVENSSON, L. 1984. Identification Guide to European Passerines. Stockholm. The taxonomic position of the sparrow known colloquially as the ‘Italian' Sparrow has long been debated. The current practice is to follow Voous (1977, List oj Recent Holarctic Bird Species), who ‘lumped’ it with House Sparrow, but Summers-Smith (1988) argued in favour of treating it as conspecific with Spanish Sparrow. Stephan, however, in an important paper (1986, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Bert. 62, suppl.: Ann. Om. 10: 25-68), which included analysis of the individual variability of italiae, the occurrence of hybrids between various species of Passer and examination of chromosomes, restated the case for treating it as a separate species P. italiae, forming a group with P. hispaniolensis, with P. domesticus belonging to another group; and this status, as a stabilised hybrid between domesticus and hispaniolensis, with the specific rank of P. italiae, was also proposed by Massa (Bull. BOC 109: 196-198). Ens Mystery photographs \ 6 5 102. Mystery photograph 154. Identify the species. Answer next month Notes Attempted piracy by Black-headed Gull on Red- necked Grebe Peter Boardman’s account of a Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus harassing a Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus {Brit. Birds 80: 114-115) recalled the following. On 26th January 1987, on a small pool at Shingle Street, Suffolk, I spent an hour observing a Red- necked Grebe P. grisegena. It was diving and feeding on small fish, with a Black-headed Gull L. ridibundus in close attendance The gull followed the grebe on the surface when it dived, harassing it (rather half-heartedly, it seemed) whenever it came up with a fish; the gull did not, however, succeed in robbing the grebe. Nicholas Pike Ceanchor. Lower Road. Grundisburgh, Suffolk IPI3 6l'Q Fig. 1. Feeding association between Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus and Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena (Nicholas Pike) 166 Notes Extended foraging period of nesting Swallows At about 22.30 hours local time on 13th June 1986, in London, Ontario, Canada, I saw several pairs of Swallows Hirundo rustica foraging and feeding well-grown young in their nests. The Swallows were nesting on ledges under a low roof outside a motel office. The area was open on three sides and was brightly lit by a number of fluorescent tubes mounted on the underside of the roof. It was cjuite dark away from this illuminated area. Adult Swallows were feeding on the large numbers of insects attracted to the lights, but they turned back sharply on reaching the darker area. Foraging success appeared to be very high, as the adults visited the nests more frequently than have Swallows I have observed in Britain. The lights were probably left on all night, but I do not know whether the adult Swallows rested (cf. Brit. Birds 71: 88). Presumably, like birds in the Arctic summer, they took at least a short break at some point during the night. Dennis Green (Brit. Birds 71: 83-84) reported a Robin Erithacus rubecula feeding nestlings after dark, until 22.00 GMT, and Alpine Swifts Apus rtielba have been reported feeding on moths attracted to artificial lights in Switzerland (Brit. Birds 7 A: 149). Alan Knox Buckinghamshire County Museum, Technical Centre, Tring Road, Halton, Buckinghamshire HP22 5PJ Cross-billed Citrine Wagtail fishing On 9th December 1985, at the Bharatpur Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajastan, India, a winter-plumaged male Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola was seen actively fishing in a small channel. Around noon, he caught four 3.5-cm fish in 20 minutes. The bill of this wagtail was longer than those of all other wagtails we observed in India. The upper mandible crossed the lower mandible on the left, making the bill bulge at its distal curve. This individual (as well as other Citrine Wagtails) also caught small insects along the bank of the channel. The diet of the Citrine Wagtail seems to be poorly documented, but, in view of the species’ preferred habitat, it is not surprising that aquatic invertebrates have been recorded in stomach contents (Ali & Ripley, 1973, The Birds of India and Pakistan ; Dementiev & Gladkov, 1970, The Birds of the Soviet Union) . Olivier Tostain andGiLi.ES Balanqa Laboratoire d'Ecologie Tropicale, CNRS, 4 avenue du Petit-Chateau, F-91800 Brunoy, France Birds bathing in deep water Further to J. M. Stainton’s note on ‘Birds bathing in deep water’ (Brit. Birds 79: 593-594), at 10.00 GMT on 19th March 1987, at the Victoria Embankment Gardens, London, I noticed some birds bathing in the clear water of the Alfred Buxton Lily Pond, an artificial pond with a minimum depth of at least 30 cm. The only vegetation in the pond consisted of a few water-lily stems, each with a terminal leaf about 10 cm in diameter, positioned horizontally just below the water surface. Floating on the water were also a few dead leaves of similar size, which appeared to have fallen from nearby shrubs. The morning was chilly, following overnight frost, with hazy sunshine and no wind. Notes 167 1 he bathing birds were one feral Rock Dove Columba livia and up to nine House Sparrows Passer domesticus, and they employed three different deep- water bathing strategies: H.OAI AND h.ap I his technique was used by the dove. Three times, it was seen to make a short flight from the ground and land in the water about 30 cm from the edge of the pond. It then proceeded to bathe with wing-flapping and head-dipping actions, once briefly submerging itself completely. At the end of each bathing spell (lasting about five seconds), it flew from the water to a nearby lawn and started preening. SI.OW H.IGH'I and DANGI.F. Sparrows of both sexes flew very slow'ly across the pond surface whilst dangling tail and legs in the water, each flight lasting from two to five seconds. A certain amount of spray was created, presumably by the motion of the rapid wing beats needed for this near-hovering flight, but the main wetting appeared to be by direct contact with the tail and underparts. When using this mode, birds always maintained a slow forward velocity (as distinct from actually hovering). PARTIAL SUPPORT Most of the sparrows also used this method, w hich involved hovering over a submerged water-lily leaf (once over a floating shrub leaf) and descending until the bird was standing on the leaf. At this point, hovering flight appeared to continue, but lift was clearly- diminished as the leaf began to submerge, taking the bird with it. After about one second, the bird itself would be half submerged, whereupon it would fly to the bank, usually to preen. Partial support was the method most commonly used and was possibly learned in summer, when lily growth peaks and their leaves provide more substantial support. A further bathing method (although not a deep-water one) was employed by a male House Sparrow. He stood on a small sprinkler nozzle in the centre of the pond, whilst a gentle spray was ejected about 10 cm upwards; he remained on his upside-down shower for about 30 seconds, by which time he appeared thoroughly bedraggled. Derf.k Washington 31 Hazelhurst , Langshott, Horley, Surrey RH6 9XY Dr K. E. L. Simmons has commented: ‘The observations on the House Sparrows are a good illustration of the versatility of birds at times to wet themselves when conditions do not favour the employment of their normal, species-characteristic method of bathing.’ Eds Fieldwork action BTO/IWC news Atlas fieldwork in the Irish Republic: grants for expeditions and job vacancies To ensure coverage of the New Breeding Atlas is complete by the end of the 1990 field season, the BTO is providing grants towards the expenses of Atlas fieldwork expeditions to the north and west of the Irish Republic. These grants are open to anyone who is willing to spend a week or more during May or June this year undertaking Atlas fieldwork in these poorly-covered areas. In addition, the BTO wishes to employ a number of fieldworkers for the months of May and June. If you are interested, please write to Dr David Gibbons, BTO, Beech Grove, Station Road, Tring, Hertfordshire HP23 5NR. Announcements Young Ornithologists of the Year The results of the 1989 competition, run as usual by the Young Ornithologists’ Club and sponsored by British Birds , were as follows: JUNIOR (under 10 years old) 1st HUW PRIOR (8) of Chichester, West Sussex 2nd CAROLINE FAWCETT(8) of Horncastle, Lincolnshire 3rd LOUISE COLLINS (7) of Swansea, West Glamorgan INTERMEDIATE (10-12 years old) No first prize awarded. Consolation prizes: PHILIP LEE (12) of Kendal, Cumbria DAVID SCOTT (11) of Cottenham, Cambridgeshire DOMINICK SPRACKLEN (12) of Huntly, Aberdeenshire EMMA WHITE (10) of Andover, Hampshire SENIOR (over 12 years old) Two equal first prizes were awarded: 1st— MARTIN GILBERT (15) of Keswick, Cumbria lst= MARK GURNEY (14) of Stevenage, Hertfordshire No third prize awarded. The three winners received their prizes (£210-worth of books and optical equipment) at a special award ceremony at the RSPB headquarters at The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, in January 1990 (plate 103). 103. YOUNG Ornithologists of the Y ear 1989. Front, left to right, Mark Gurney, Huw Prior and Martin Gilbert (winners); back, left to right, Mel Kemp (RSPB reserve warden at The Lodge), Peter Holden (National Organiser of Young Ornithologists’ Club) and Dr Tim Sharrock ( British Birds : sponsor), Bedfordshire, January 1990 ( Chris Gomersall & RSPB) 168 Announcements 169 British Wildlife magazine 1 his new bi-monthly magazine is available at a reduced rate to British Birds subscribers living in the UK: a free introductory issue plus the following six issues for £14.95 (instead of the usual £15.95). The overseas subscription rate is £27.50 per annum. If you are interested, write, quoting your BB reference number, to British Wildlife Publishing, 1 Vine Cottages, Greywell, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG25 IDA. Books in British BirdShop Two new books are added this month: (linn, Mcllleron & Milstein the Complete Hook oj Southern African Birds Hume, Wallace, Reed, Busby & Partington Birds by Character: the field-guide to jizz identification Special offers available to BB subscribers include: Blakers et al. The Atlas of Australian Birds (save £22.50) British Birds/IBCE International Bird Identification (save £1.00) Oddie Birdwatching with Bill Oddie (save £2.00 hardback, £1.00 paperback) Ogilvie & Winter Best Days with British Birds (save £2.00) Please make use of the British BirdShop order forms on pages xiii & xiv. Request Systematic counts of Lapwings or Golden Plovers I am keen to collate information regarding seasonal changes in the numbers of wintering Lapwings Vanellus vanellus and Golden Plovers Pluvialis apricaria , and the timing of cold-weather emigrations by these species. If you have counted either of these species in a systematic way (i.e. on a frequent basis, preferably weekly or less, and by covering the same geographical area during each count) then I should be delighted to hear from you. The information required at this stage is simply a general description of your ‘plover-counting’ activities. Please write to Jeff Kirby, BTO, Beech Grove, Station Road, Tring, Hertfordshire HP23 5NR. News and comment Mike Everett and Robin Prytherch Opinions expressed in this feature are not necessarily those of ‘British Birds' R & M Conference 1990 The 22nd BTO Ringing and Migration Conference, attract- ing 341 participants, was held at the Hayes Conference Centre, Swanwick, from 5th-7th January. Tony Cook kicked off the new decade with an often-amusing travelogue about Manomet Banding Station in Amer- ica. Some of the bird-in-hand pictures were astonishing for the twee way the handlers tried to disguise their handling, but not as astonishing as the news of Manomet ’s new ringing-hut, now completed — a palace at a mere $900,000! ‘Lifetime reproduction in birds’ was the stimulating presentation given by Ian Newton on the Saturday morning. His much-studied Sparrow-hawks Accipiter nisus showed amusing likenesses: perhaps we could all accept that very few individuals in a population actually make any contribution to the succeeding genera- tion, but who ever dared to suggest before that there is a benefit for females to be larger to breed successfully? Tony Fox launched the afternoon session with ‘Why ring waterfowl? — for Brownie Points?’ and at once challenged Ian New- ton’s suggestion that the Sparrowhaw-k is the most beautiful British bird — it is of course the Gadwall Anas strepera. or Coot- mugger, a bird about which we know- nothing, or so Tony’s blank slide would suggest. The wealth of data gained from ringing and colour-marking Greenland W hite-fronted Geese Anser albifrons flainrostns clearly demonstrates the repeated use that individual birds make of specific food-fields in their wintering areas (far too often those in favour of developments of one kind or another assume that any resulting habitat loss is not important as the birds involved will go elsewhere— it’s just not true!) Andy Gosler reported on the Biometrics Working 170 News and comment Group’s deliberations and the co-operation that bird observatories had given to asses- sing the ‘repeatability’ of various techniques of measuring birds. After 30 years of using the minimum tarsus measurement, it would seem that there are biological errors in measuring tarsus with pointers in this way — and a far better, repeatable method is the maximum tarsus measurement that can be made using calipers or on a wing-rule. The usefulness of muscle- and fat-scoring, two other more easily repeatable measurements, was discussed in the context of a bird’s ‘condition’ — and quickly convinced me to support the BWG project this summer at Kenfig. Will Peach gallantly presented a talk about the CES, ably demonstrating that it’s ‘Worth the effort’ with graphs of Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus production and mortality correlated with Sahel rain variation. Colin Pennycuick had a message for ringers — ‘even those who don’t calculate anything, not even their tax return’ — in his talk, ‘How you can calculate bird flight performance’. He stressed the link between critical range capabilities, the location of refuges for migrants and conservation poli- tics. Graham Martin (‘The visual problems of nocturnal migration’) looked at the dif- ficulties experienced by birds as they made night-time migratory flights, often at the limits of their sensory capabilities, arguing that both visual clues on the ground and the moon are essential components of success- ful orientation strategy. A surprisingly large Sunday morning audience heard Chris Perrins’ expert disser- tation on Mute Swan Cygnus olor survival, using slides depicting seasonal survival rates, and examining the impact of overhead wires, that were both convincing and legible from the back row. Melissa Wellbourn gave a charming and most disconcerting talk about her work with ‘DNA fingerprinting in swallows’. If even swallows can cuckold and be cuckolded, just where could this lead us in studies of breeding productivity of other species? This was a relevant question during Ian Wolfenden’s presentation ‘Just for a Lark — a colour-ringing study’, based on his 13 years’ work on the Skylark Alauda arvensis. The final talks were by Digby Milwright, looking at ‘Fieldfare migration in Western Europe’ — I for one did not realise how many get shot in cherry orchards in Scandinavia, or how different Scandinavian populations move to relatively discrete wintering areas — and Stephen Baillie, who introduced his study of population dynamics of Song Thrushes using data from several BTO projects (CBC, Nest Records, CES and general ringing) and highlighted the useful- ness of all these tools of study. The British Birds mystery photographs competition"attracted over 100 entries, and a magnificent 14 people got all five species correct, Andrew Carter (Wiltshire) winning the draw and bottle of champagne, which was presented by Robin Prytherch. ( Contri- buted by Steve Moon) ‘Best Days with British Birds’ Who was talking nineteen to the dozen? The answer’s in the book (and also on page 171). Holidaying abroad in 1990? Are you taking a holiday abroad during 1990? Will you be keeping a note of all your ‘new’ birds seen on the trip, then looking forward to writing them up properly and updating lists when you get home? Will you also be sending a copy of your notes to the local Recorder for the area where you spent your holiday? I expect the answers will be along the lines of ‘Yes’, ‘Yes’ and ‘No’. How many birdwatchers out there spend holidays abroad yet don’t send a copy of their notes, or even the highlights, to the local Records Officer? In the Strait of Gibraltar area alone, where I am Records Officer for the Strait of Gibraltar Bird Observatory, there are at least seven tour companies operating bird- watching holidays, at least one university operating spring vacations and hundreds of twitchers and birdwatchers passing through the area during spring and autumn. During 1989, however, only one company (Eryri Birds — credit where it is due) and three individuals, including the Army Bird Watching Society, provided a record of their sightings, despite encouragement from local birdwatchers. Touring birdwatchers can play an important part in updating local knowledge as they are out ‘in the field’, usually for up to two weeks at a time. It is a shame that a wealth of records, especially from this area, goes untapped, lost forever in an individual’s notebook and tick-list. If you are visiting my local area this year (Strait of Gibraltar — south of a line from Cadiz to Marbella), I look forward to seeing you, but — better still — I look forward to reading and recording your sightings. Steve Holli- day, SGBO Records Officer, c/o Gibraltar Museum, Bomb House Lane, Gibraltar. (We heartily agree with the sentiments expressed in this contribution from Steve!) News and comment 171 How old An article on twitching which appeared in The Times (5th January 1990) contained the revelation that the Great Auk Alca impennis has become extinct in Richard Millington’s lifetime. Either Richard is a lot older than he looks, or someone has perpe- trated the most successful suppression of all time! Dick Wolfendale When Dick Wolfendale died in December 1989, aged 94, many of us lost a dear friend. Dick was the RSPB’s first paid full-time warden, serving for 35 years, not just on his home patch at East Wood, Stalybridge, but also (for 12 years) at both Havergate and Minsmere. It was typical of this jolly, thoroughly dedicated little man that he put in another 13 years as Honorary Warden at East Wood before he retired completely. A great many Cheshire school- children will remember him with as much affection as those of us who were privileged to know him as a colleague. (ME) John Buxton ‘Poet, scholar and ornitholog- ist’ was how the subheading to The Times obituary described John Buxton after his death, at the age of 76, in December 1989. Lecturer in English Literature at New- Col- lege, Oxford, distinguished authority on poetry and the Elizabethans, founder of the Bird Observatories Committee and author (following his observations from a German PoW camp) of the ‘New Naturalist’ classic The Redstart, he was a man of many parts. The present generation scarcely knew him, except by name, but he was held in high esteem by his contemporaries. OBC award On 16th December 1989, Dr Rene Dekker of the Netherlands was announced winner of the Oriental Bird Club’s Forktail-Leica Conservation Award. The award, sponsored by Leica and worth £500, will enable Dr Dekker to initiate a wide-ranging study of the Nicobar Scrub- fowl Megapodius nicobariensis, a rare and en- dangered island endemic. We were pleased to hear that the Indian government is supporting the project and look forward to hearing of its progress in due course. ‘Suffolk Birds 1989’ This is the title of the latest Suffolk bird report — one of the best of its kind. As well as the usual annotated year- list, there are papers on Suffolk estuaries and their birds, on seabirds in (or rather off) the county, on Nightjars — and much more besides, including an intriguing letter about the ‘Suffolk Lammergeier’ ... It is available from the Suffolk Naturalists’ Society, c/o The Museum, High Street, Ipswich, Suffolk IP1 3QH, price £4 (cheques payable to SNS). Coal Tit hang-up As inveterate collectors of ornithological curiosities, we greatly appreciated Euan Dunn’s action in drawing our attention to a detailed list of feeding observations of the Coal-Titmouse (sic) Pams ater in The Food of Some British Birds by R. Newstead (1908), published in Suppl.J. Board Agric. 15 No. 9. One entry reads ‘At Upwell, Cambs., during winter of 1877-78, this bird fed freely on the carcase of a dead dog, which was suspended from a tree as food for other members of the Paridae’. More bird names Our thanks to Erik Hirschfeld, who wrote to us from Bahrain to inform us of yet another bird new to science, this time from the Emirates and mentioned in the ‘Weekend’ magazine of the Khaleej Times: the unblack-headed grebe. County and regional recorders The fol- lowing additions and amendments should be made to the list of ‘County, regional and bird observatory recorders in Britain and Ireland' (Brit. Birds 83: 38-40): Graham P. Catley, 13 West Acridge, Barton-on- Humber, North Lincolnshire n\i8 5AJ, has taken over from Alan Ball as Recorder for Lincolnshire; Recorders for the Republic of Ireland are: Patrick Smiddy, Ballykenneally, Ballymacoda, Co. Cork (rare birds), and Oran O’Sullivan, 3 The Willows, Orwell Road, Dublin 6 (all other species); addition- al Recorders for Scotland are: A. R. Main- wood, 13 Ben Bhraggie Drive, Golspie, Sutherland KWIO 6SX, for Highland (Suther- land), and T. J. Dix, 2 Dreumasdal, South LTist PA81 5RT, for the Western Isles (Lists, Benbecula, Barra) — W. A. J. Cunningham remains Recorder for Western Isles (Harris, Lewis); Strathclyde (old counties of Lanark, Renfrew, Dunbarton, and Stirling and Perth within Clyde drainage area): I. P. Gibson has changed his address to: c/o Beck, 1 Rosebank Terrace, Kilmacolm, Renfrew- shire PA 13 4EW. ‘Best Days with British Birds’ Answer: Enid (says John Philips). Sponsored by Monthly marathon anuary’s problem photograph (plate 10) was named as: Shore Lark Eremophilo alpestris (59%) Lesser Short-toed Lark Calandrella rufescens ( 1 2%) Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis (6%) Short-toed Lark C. brachydadyla (4%) Skylark Alauda arvensis (3%) with some votes for Dunn’s Lark Eremalauda dunni , Calandra Lark Melanocorypha calandra, White-winged Lark .V/. leucoptera, Oriental Skylark A. gulgula, Rock Pipit Anthus petrvsus, Dunnock Prunella modularis, Alpine Accentor P. collaris, Whinchat Saxicola mbelra, Linnet Carduelis cannabina , Crimson-winged Finch Rhodopechys sanguinea, Lapland Bunting Calcarius lapponicus, Cirl Bunting Emberiza cirlus. Rock Bunting E. cia, Ortolan Bunting E. hortulana , Grey-necked Bunting E. buchanani, Cretzschmar’s Bunting E. caesia, Reed Bunting E. scheoeniclus and Black-headed Bunting E. melanocephala . Entrants’ expertise is once again demonstrated: the majority got it right. This Shore Lark was photographed by Steve Young in Merseyside in February 1983. The competition to win a SUNBIRD birdwatching holiday in Africa, Asia or North America continues this month with plate 104, below. For a free SUNBIRD brochure, write to PC) Box 76, Sandy, Bedfordshire SGI9 IDF; or telephone Sandy (0767) 82969. 104. Fourth ‘Monthly marathon’ (eighth stage: photograph number 46). Identify the species. Read the rules on page 41 in the January issue, then send in your answer on a postcard to Monthly Marathon, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ, to arrive by 15th May 1990 Recent reports Compiled by Bany Nightingale and Anthony McGeehan These unchecked reports refer to the period 10th February to 15th March 1990 White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla Singly at five localities in Norfolk and Suffolk. Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus Blyth Estu- ary (Northumberland), 12th March. Bonaparte’s Gull Lams Philadelphia At five localities in Devon, Dorset and Cornwall. Thayer’s Gull L. thayeri Cork Harbour (Co. Cork), 21st February to 4th March (second for Britain and Ireland). Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius 172 Lundy (Devon), 23rd February. Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti Carnsore Point (Co. Wexford), 1 1 1 h - 1 3 1 h March (first for Ireland). Sardinian Warbler Sylvia melanocephala Strat- ton, near Bude (Cornwall), 8th- 1 5th March. Pine Bunting Emberiza leucocephalos Big- waters Nature Reserve (Tyne & Wear), 25th February to 12th March. 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Any other natural history books in print may be ordered from the NHBS. Please refer to the \HBS catalogue for details of current prices and postage rates. Free copies of the NHBS catalogue are available on request: tick this box EH Binders Die British Birds Binder (holds 12 issues & index) £6.95 EH Ties Ties, with Red Grouse emblem in white, £6.95 each: Blue EH Green EH Brown EH Maroon EH PRICES VALID DURING APRIL 1 990 forall special offers (and for overseas customers only. also during the following month). Other prices quoted are subject to any publishers’ increases. Make all cheques and W)s payable to the SUBS. Payment can be made in USS at current exchange rate. Please allow 28 days for delivery in UK. longer if abroad. NHBS Giro a/c no. 202 9200. To qualify for POST FREE please quote your BB ref. no. Name Address Ref. No. Total £ Cheque/PO enclosed EH Giro payment made EH You can also pay using these credit cards: If your address for credit card purposes is different from that above, give it here Please debit my Access A’isa/MasterC.ard/Lurocard Expiry date m 1 1 Signature . You can phone in your credit card orders, but please quote your BB ref. no. as w'ell as your credit card no. tf.k. Totnes (0803) 865913 Send order to: British BirdShop, c/o NHBS, 2 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5XN xiv The BIRDS of the United Arab Emirates by Colin Richardson isbn i 872839 oo 2 The first complete guide to the status and distribution of over 350 bird species recorded in the UAE. Based on hundreds of hours of fieldwork and almost 40 years of research this lavishly illustrated publication is THE definitive record ot the region's bird-life. • Complete systematic species list. • 280 original monochrome sketches by Bill Morton. • 79 two-colour breeding distribution maps. • 300 migration timing charts. • Complete 'Birders Guide' to Dubai and the Emirates with detailed site guides, maps and bird lists. • Habitats and monthly summaries. • 100 original colour photographs. Available mid-May 1990 at your local bookseller or direct from the publishers. Hobby Publications, 11 Walton Heath Road, Warrington, Cheshire WA4 6HZ, U.K. £15 — 244pp. s.bk 233mm x 152mm (D653) >£ For a 4-month trial subscription to BIRDING WORLD, just complete the coupon and send only £6 (£8 overseas) to: HAZEL MILLINGTON. STONERUNNER, COAST ROAD. CLEY-NEXT-THE-SEA. HOLT. NORFOLK NR25 7RZ HAVE YOU WISED UP YET? SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER BIRDING WORLD Name Mr/Mrs/Miss Address Postcode Cheques/Postal orders made payable to Birding World please. 8 bound and complete. 59 to 68 loose and complete. 69 to 90 loose with 4 numbers missing. WILD- FOWL complete set from 1948 to 89 WEST MIDLANDS BIRD CLUB annual reports 1934 to 69 bound. 70 to 82 and 84 to 87. BIRD STUDY complete set 1954 to 84. HANDBOOK OF BRIT- ISH BIRDS 5 volumes 1947. Plus other books. Send s.a.e. for full list. Offers please. Tel: 0564 774728. (BB287) BIRD STUDY. Volumes 18-19 (1971-72) and 21-36 (1974-1989). Unbound. Vols. 21-35 with index. Very good condition. £40 o.n.o. Hills, (Surrey). Tel: 025 125 3368. (BB296) BBC WILDLIFE Vols I to 5 (50 issues). Excellent condition. Offers. S. Beresford, 18 Hogg Lane, Radcliffe-on-Trent, Nottingham NG12 2BL. (BB297) POYSER —Bird Observatories in Britain and Ireland by Roger Durman. Scarce and O/P. Fine in d/w. £25 post free. Tel: (0703) 730009. (BB302) OPTOLYTH 30 X 75, plus case. £160 o.n.o. also Swift Telemaster 15-60 X 60 plus photo attachment: £60. Both optically as good as new. Contact David Metcalfe on 0969 50300 even- ings. (BB281) BRITISH BIRDS VOLS 75-81 (1982-88) bound. Vol 82 unbound with index £75 ono. Bird Study Vols 30-35 (1983-88) unbound £20 ono. Tel: 0823 331 162. (BB280) PIDDLE STAIN RESISTANT CARPET. Looks like ‘Wilton’, almost impossible to stain. Plain luxurious pile £5.93 sq yd + VAT. Guaranteed 5 years. Patterned and loop pile available. Delivered nationwide. Ring for 60 free actual samples. Tel: 0565 50222, Ollerton Hall, Decor, Knutsford, Cheshire. (BB270) SWIFT OSPREY 7.5 x 42 BINOCULARS with strap and rainguard. Still boxed, excellent condition. For quick sale £90. Tel: 099289 3623. (BB279) PARABOLIC REFLECTOR specially de- signed for recording birdsong. Hand or tripod mounting. £35 incl p&p. SAE details, Richard Margoschis, 80 Mancetter Road, Atherstone CV9 1NH. (BB295) BIRD JOURNAL BACKNUMBERS SUP- PLIED. (BB. Bird study, County Reports, etc.), David Morgan, Whitmore, Umberleigh, Devon. (BB292) BAUSCH & LOMB 10 X 40 custom binoculars, with case, originally £189, excellent condition, £120 ono. This is a private sale, not a dealer. D. Colman.Tel: (0737)812788. (BB250) WITHERBY: VOLS III, IV, V with dust jackets. 1944 edition 1952 reprint. Would sepa- rate at £15 each 4- post. Make up that set. Tel: (Norfolk) 0603 400798 or (evenings) 060 546 500. (BB274) BRITISH BIRDS 1961-66 £5 per year BIRD STUDY 1983-88 £2 per year. Unbound. Price incl. postage. Doncaster & Dist. Omith. Soc., c/o M. Limbert, 23 Brockenhurst Road, Hatfield, Doncaster DN7 6SH. (BB275) COMPLETE PORTABLE BIRD RECORD- ING OUTFIT including parabolic reflector and professional tape recorder £150. Would consider separating. Tel: 0977 683560. (BB276) CARL ZEISS JENA NOTARF.M 10 x 40 B BINOCULARS, with leather case. Need new rubber eye pieces, £70. Tel: 0392 432049 (even- ings). (BB278) GOODERS— BIRDS OF THE WORLD (Bin- ders 9 vols) v.g.c. Offers. M. B. Gray, 26 Chaucer Road, Bath BA2 4QX. Tel: 0225 315879. (BB306) FOR SALE/SWAP BB 1981-85 complete £15 per year. Bird Study Vol. 26-30 ( 1979-85) £10 per year. Wanted BB pre-79, Feb-Dec 1986, Twitching/Birding World pre Apr 88. Tel: 0395 273426. " (BB307) FOR SALE. BB. Mar '79 and July '82 £2.00 each. BB Nov ’79 and Nov ’80 £6.00 each. Bird Study Vol. 31 Pt I £2. Bird Study binder £2. Tel: 0395 273426. (BB308) BRITISH BIRDS 1978 (Vol. 71) to 1989 (Vol. 82), unbound with indices. Offers to J. VV. Pittam, 4 Hurts Croft, Chilwell, Nottingham NG9 5DE. Tel: 0602 257057. (BB309) SAXBY— BIRDS OF SHETLAND— fair condi- tion, plates clean, £75 p + p. Tel: 0379 651958. (BB310) WANTED PRIVATE BUYER requires BWP VOLS I-V. Must be in mint condition. Will collect if within 100 miles radius. Tel: (0252) 713926 evenings. (BB288) WANTED. 'Bird Migration in Africa' Vols 1 & 2 by Curry-Lindahl (1981). Tel: 0424 752878. (BB277) B.W.P. VOLUMES 1 AND 3 R.S.P.B. Edition. B.W.P. Volume 2 Oxford Edition. Tel: 051-625 5015. (BB282) British Birds Volume 83 Number 4 April 1990 131 Breeding biology of the Grasshopper Warbler in Britain David E. Glue 146 Product reports Swift 7x35 HCF Audubon binoculars Steve Madge 147 Seasonal reports: autumn 1989, part 2 Barry Nightingale and Keith Allsopp 155 Crag Martins in Cornwall and East Sussex: new to Britain and Ireland P. Higson and E. D. Vrquhart 1 59 PhotoSpot 30 Spectacled Eider Dr M. A. Ogiline 160 Obituary Horace Gundry Alexander (1889-1989) H. E. Axell 162 Seventy-five years ago . . . 163 Mystery photographs 153 Spanish Sparrow Alan Harris Notes 165 Attempted piracy by Black-headed Gull on Red-necked Grebe Nicholas Pike 166 Extended foraging period of nesting Swallows Dr Alan Knox 166 Cross-billed Citrine Wagtail fishing Olivier Tostain and Gilles Balanqa 166 Birds bathing in deep water Derek Washington 167 Fieldwork action BTO/IWC news Announcements 168 Young Ornithologists of the Year 169 ‘British Wildlife’ magazine 169 Books in British BirdShop Request 169 Systematic counts of Lapwings or Golden Plovers Jeff Kirby 169 News and comment Mike Everett and Robin Prytherch 172 Monthly marathon 172 Recent reports Barry Nightingale and Anthony McGeehan Line-drawings: 131 Grasshopper Warbler (Ernest Leahy)', 147 Pallas’s Warbler (Bill Morton), and Pallas’s Warbler (Richard Thewlis); 148 Wryneck (John M. Walters), and Ortolan Bunting (P. M. Leonard); 149 Red-breasted Flycatcher (Jan Wilczur), and Little Bunting (Nik Borrow)-, 150 Red-breasted Nuthatch (Bill Morton); 155 Crag Martin (Bruce Pearson) Front cover: Bluethroat (Andrew Mackay ): the original drawing of this month s cover design measuring 18.6 X 20.8 cm, is for sale in a postal auction (see page 29 in January issue for procedure) Status of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 Varied Thrush: new to the Western Palearctic Desert Sparrows in Morocco Crispin Janies Fisher (1941-1989) *roduct reports • Mystery photographs • Notes • Letters 'Short reviews • News and comment • Monthly marathon Recent reports British Birds Managing Editor Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Personal Assistant Sheila D. Cobban Assistant Editor David A. Christie Editorial Board Dr R. J. Chandler, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, R. J. Prytherch 8c Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Photographic Consultants Dr R. J. Chandler 8c Don Smith Art Consultants Robert Gillmor 8c Alan Harris Rarities Committee P. G. Lansdown (Chairman), Alan Brown, G. P. Catley, Peter Clement (co-opted), A. R. Dean, S. J. M. Gantlett, C. D. R. Heard, R. A. Hume, J. H. Marchant, 8c K. E. Vinicombe; Peter Colston (Museum Consultant & Archivist); Michael J. Rogers (Honorary Secretary) Notes Panels BEHAVIOUR Dr C. J. Bibby, Dr J. J. M. Flegg, Derek Goodwin, Dr I. Newton, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, Dr J. T. R. Sharrock 8c Dr K. E. L. Simmons; identific ation Dr R. J. Chandler, A. R. Dean, T. P. Inskipp, P. G. Lansdown, S. C. Madge 8c Dr J. T. R. Sharrock ‘British Birds’ is published by a non-profit-making company for the benefit of ornithology © British Birds I .id 1990 Copyright of photographs remains with photographers. British Birds is published monthly by British Birds I.td, 93 High Street. Biggleswade, Bedfordshire ISSN 0007-0335 Publishing Manager, Production & Promotion Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Circulation Manager Erika Sharrock Design Deborah Felts Advertising Sandra Barnes Addresses Please keep correspondence on different items separate. Please address your envelope correctly. Please supply SAF, if reply required. Papers, notes, letters, drawings & photographs for publication DrJ. T. R. Sharrock, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ Subscriptions and orders for back copies Mrs Erika Sharrock, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ Advertising Mrs Sandra Barnes, BB Advertising, c/o Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ. Phone: Tiptree (0621) 815085 Bird news for ‘ Seasonal reports' Barr)' Nightingale & Keith Allsopp, c/o 7 Bloomsbury Close, Woburn, Bedfordshire MK17 9QS. Phone: Woburn (0525) 290314 (evenings); Luton (0582) 490049 (office .hours) News items for ‘News and comment' Mike Everett & Robin Prytherch, 7 Burlington Way, Hemingford Grey, Huntingdon PEI8 9BS Rarity descriptions \1. J. Rogers, Bag End, Churchtown, Towednack, Cornwall TR26 3A7. Special book and sound recording offers British BirdShop, NHBS, 2 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5XN. Phone: Totnes (0803) 865913 Annual subscriptions (12 issues and index) Libraries and agencies £34.90, IR£42.35 or $69.00. Personal subscriptions: UK, Europe and surface mail £28.40, 1RX34.80 or $54.00; personal: airmail outside Europe £47.60, 1R£58.35 or $94.00. Single back copies £3.60, IRE4.50 or $7.00. Make all cheques payable to British Birds Ltd. Payment may also be made directly into UK Post Office GIRO account number 37 588 6303. British Birds publishes material dealing with original observations on the birds of the West Paleanctic. Except lor records of rarities, papers and notes are normally accepted only on condition that material is not being offered in w hole or in part to any other journal. Photographs and sketches are w elcomed. Papers should be typew ritten with double spacing, and wide margins, and on one side of the sheet only. Authors should carefully consult this issue for style of presentation, especially of references and tables. English and scientific names and sequences of birds follow The ‘British Birds’ List of Birds of the Western Palearctic (1984): names of plants follow Dony et nl. ( 1980. English Names of Wild Flowers); names of mammals follow Corbet & Southern (1977, The Handbook of British Mammals). Topographical (plumage and structure) and ageing terminology should follow editorial recommendations Him. Birds 74: 239-242; 78: 419-427; 80: 502). Figures should be in Indian ink on good-quality tracing paper, draw ing paper, non-absorbent board or light blue or very pale grey graph paper; lettering should be inserted lightly in pencil; captions should be typed on a separate sheet. Authors of main papers (but not notes or letters) receive ten free copies of the journal (five each to two or more authors). Printed m Englond by Newnorfh Print Limited, Kemp, ton Bedford in focus OPEN Mon- Sat, 9-6 (24- hour phone) CORPORATE 204 HIGH STREET BARNET, HERTS. EN5 5SZ 01-449 1445 01-441 7748 MEMBER FAX 10-440 9999 THE BINOCULAR AND TELESCOPE SPECIALISTS ‘in focus’ FIELD EVENTS SPRING-SUMMER “90” . -EMSFORD SPRINGS FIELD DAY SATURDAY 19th MAY ideal opportunity to test, mpare and purchase our full i iige of equipment at this compact. •II managed Reserve near Welwyn lrden City. Herts. Ample parking tside the Reserve gate. Visitors ould make their way to our ■ception where our technical staff I help and advise ewing from two private hides one 'In focus’ for details and r» actions Open 10-4 ‘In focus' SUMMER FIELD DAYS at Hall Marsh Scrape, Lee Valley Park SUNDAY DATES 24 JUNE 22 JULY 19 AUG We are pleased to offer three events at this excellent bird watching site to help customers choose their new equipment under field conditions, as well as our full range of Binoculars. Telescopes and Tripods. Lee Valley Park rangers will be on hand to give guided walks to help enhance your birdwatching day Please write or phone *ln focus' for details and direction REGIONAL FIELD WEEKENDS RSPB BLACKTOFTS SANDS, HUMBERSIDE SATURDAY 1 2 AND SUNDAY 13 MAY RUTLAND WATER, LEICESTERSHIRE SATURDAY 16 AND SUNDAY 17 JUNE RSPB DUNGENESS, KENT SATURDAY 28 AND SUNDAY 29 JULY The ideal way to test optics for birdwatching is to look at birds! These Field Weekends at well-known Reserves around the country will enable our customers to choose and select from our complete range of equipment under field conditions. You are invited to apply in writing or by phone for an invitation and information pack to any of the above events indicating your preferred day and time of attendance Preference will be given to visitors with an invitation ‘In focus’ IN NORFOLK At Briarfieids, Hotel. Titchwell WEEKEND DATES 5-6 MAY 2-3 JUNE 7-8 JULY 4-5 AUG OPEN SAT-SUN 9-4 With the kind co-operation of Bnarfieids Motet we are able to offer visitors and residents of the North Norfolk coast the chance to test, compare and purchase from our full range of equipment With spfencfcd views over the adjacent RSPB Reserve For further information and detarts contact 'in focus'. C 215.00 225.00 24500 489 00 419 00 579.00 .84900 ISS WEST -»alyt 8 x 20B ■ .rtyt 10 x 25B. urtyt 8 x 20BGA >i rtyt 7 x 42BGAT rtyt 8 x 30BGAT lyt 10 x 40BT 489.00 lyt 10 x 40BGAT 499 00 rtyt 8 x 56BGAT »-rtyt 15 x 60BGAT ■cessones i^nguard 5.00 lyard 4.00 iyara Wide ... 9.95 i cups (set) 10.00 i cups, hard (set) 10.00 are case for 10 x 40 26.00 V LERRBLICK C 42B 99.00 x 42B 99 00 x SOB 129 00 42BMC 169 00 < 42B MC 179 00 « SOB MC 198.00 on 8 x 40 89 95 on 10 x 50 99.95 L-orey 7.5x42 149.00 lubon 8.5x44 199.00 lubon 7 x 35 BGA 329.00 :ory 480 cw fluid head .59.95 itos 480 cw fluid head 69.95 9 System 8 95 ire platform 3.95 KON C ,20 74 95 25 .79.95 23 84.95 < 25 89.95 20 Roof Pnsm 134.95 .< 25 Roof Prism 149.95 30 Roof Pnsm 249 00 30ZCF 199 00 t 35 ZCF 219 00 12 x 24 DCF 329.00 40 DCF 539.00 < 60 Fieldscope II . 289.00 < 60 Fieldscope II Ed 499.00 < -45 x Fieldscope II Ed 569 00 Piece case ober hood D filter. Hoy a ■to Adapter 995 9 95 1995 157 00 £ Id Model 37/ Broad Band iting supplied with 50 x -80 x ■nm Eye Piece Lens Hood, to Kit and Case 2240.00 -130x (16mm) 110.00 -50x Eye Piece 110 00 o Pnsm 140.00 -■'HEN BACH £ 32 BGA 129 00 10 x 42BGA 139 00 7 x 50BGA 149.00 OPTOLYTH £ Osins 8 x 40GA 145 00 Osiris 10 x 40GA 147.00 Alpm 8 x 30 BGA 205.00 Alpin 0 x 40BGA 225.00 Alpm 10 x 40BGA 230.00 Alpin 10 x 50BGA 241.00 Touring 8 x 32 BGA 388.00 Tounng 7 x 42BGA 398 00 Touring 10 x 40BGA 399 00 TBS80body 350 00 T8G0O body 350.00 20 x WA 100 00 30 x 64 00 40 x 65 00 22 x -80 x Zoom 150.00 Cases from 29.00 OPTIC RON £ Minerva 9x35 169 00 Minerva 8 x 40 170.00 Minerva 10 x 40 175 00 HR 7 x 42MC 143 00 HR 8 x 42MC 145 00 HR 10 x 42MC 150 00 HR 10 x 50 MC 167 00 Elite 9 x 35B 186 00 HR 60 Body 148 00 HR 60 GA Body 164 00 HR 60 45° Body 168 00 20x. 25x. 40x each 30 00 22x WA 32.00 Piccolo 60 MC Body 128.00 15x -60x Zoom 55.00 20x -60x Zoom 76.00 Classic 60 IF 118.00 18x WA or 25x 23.00 25x HEP 26.00 18x -40x Zoom 50.00 Classic 75 IF Body 137.00 22x WA or 30x 23 00 30x HEP 26.00 22x -47x Zoom 59.00 Case for Scopes 15.00 Observation 20 x 80 345 00 Observation 30 x 80 345 00 KOWA £ TS1 601 Body 179.00 TS2 602 Body 179 00 20 x WA 54 00 20x -60 x Zoom 94 00 TSN-1 295.00 TSN-2 295.00 TSN-3 555 00 TSN-4 555.00 20 x WA 89 00 30 x WA 109.00 20 x -60 x Zoom 139 00 25 x 59 00 40 x 59 00 Photo Kit 99 00 Case for TSN 22 50 Case for 601 2 18 50 Skua case 39 00 Spare dust cover (OG) 6 00 New dust cover Eye Piece 15.00 BAU9H AND LOMB Elite 10 x 42BGA Elite 8 x 42BGA Custom 10 x 40 B Custom 8 x 36B BUSHNEU. Spacemaster Spac ©master GA 15 x -45x Zoom . 22 x WA 25 x 40 X Photo Kit Case CARL ZEISS JENA Jenoptem 8 x 30 Jenoptem 10 x 50 Deftnntem 8 x 30 Dekarem 1 0 x 50 Notarem 8 x 32B Notarem 8 x 32BA Notarem 10 x 40B Notarem 1 0 x 40BA Observation 8Q/500 £ 699 00 699 99 199 00 109 00 £ ...130 00 165.00 59 00 3000 29 00 29 00 25 00 15 00 C 44.95 79 95 64 95 99 95 12995 139 95 .179 95 . . .199 95 1450.00 ‘In focus’ EQUIPMENT CARE PLAN This exciting new scheme enables our customers to purchase in complete confidence, at a cost of just CIO. 00. and new equipment can be covered by our "CARE PLAN" tor a period of three years trom purchase date, in the event of that instrument failing for whatever reason it will be rectified without question by ourselves at no charge Ask tor details LEITZ C PERSONAL CALLERS Iwca 7 x 42BGA 550 00 Can choose and select from our Leica 6 x 42BGA 559 00 comprehensive range of equip- Leica 10 x 42BGA 559 00 ment Compare Zeiss with Leitz. Optofyth with Kowa or Nikon We are a completely independent company, whese onfy concern is that our customers select the correct instrument for their persona needs Ail supplied with case & ranguard Thnovid 8 x 20BC 199 00 Tnnovid 8 x 20BCA 211.00 Trinovid 10 x 25BC 211.00 Tnnovid 10 x 25BCA .223.00 Free case wrth compact ACCESSORIES FOR OLD MOOELS Hardcas© 40 00 PHONE ORDERS 8 x 42B 10 x 42B - 10x508 Merlin 25 x 60 Merlin 18 x -40x60 Merlin 30 x 75 Merlin 22 x -47 x 75.. Case for Merlin CENTURY Field Model GA 20 x -45 x Zoom 20 x. 30 x. 40 x Eye Piecies (each) Case Action 8 x 40 Action 10 x 50 8 x 42 GA Roof 10 x42 GARoof D*ont 7x4 BGA Diorit 10 x 42BGA SUK Master D2 Tnpod Strap CULLMANN Shoulder Pod Q/R Head Spare Q/R Platform Hide Mount Popular 4561 MANFROTTO Mm. PRO 190 Mini PRO 190B Basic 144 Basic 1 44 B 128 Fluid Mead 200 Ex Light Fluid Head Tnpod Strap Spare Q/R Platform Pro Mono Pod £ 800 110.00 Eye cups (set) 1600 114.00 HABfCHT t 122.00 Diana 1 0 x 40 349 00 97.00 SLC 8 x 30 MKII 299 00 129.00 PENT AX £ 119 00 8 x 40 PCF 99 95 157.00 10x50 PCF 104 95 16 00 8x42 DCF Roof 169 95 £ 10 x 42 DCF Roof 189 95 165 00 ACCESSORIES c 60 00 Car window mount 22.00 Universal mount 22.00 39 00 1695 4 00 £ 4.00 59 95 Leather Eye Piece Case 9 95 69 95 Cleaning kit 399 119.00 Leather Tripod Strap .....1495 119.00 Oyster roof Dnsms cany 179.00 14.95 189.00 Blower Brush 3.99 .... 499 2.99 695 BARBOUR £ £ The best British clothing for the . 24 95 worst British weather 9 95 Durham Jacket 52.95 4 95 32’ to 42’ 49 95 New Lined Durham 69.95 49 95 34- to 44’ £ Beaufod Jacket 82.95 35 00 32‘ to 46 40 00 Border Jacket 89 95 45 00 32" to 46 50.00 Northumbria Jacket 91 45 34 95 36 to 46 39 95 Lm*igs .... 19 45 995 Moods 11.45 PHONE FOR A QUOTE 495 2495 Send for colour Barbour catalogue Post FREE on Barbour INTEREST FREE CREDIT ON SELECTED Zeiss, Leitz, Kowa and Nikon products Phone or write for details. ADLERBLICK GO GREEN RUBBER ARMOUR ROW ALSO AVAILABLE ALSO NOW WITH GREEN MULTI-COAT LENSES MINIMUM ADVERTISED Modelsavailable* Price(inc VAT) 1 0 x 30 M C £159.95 8x42 M/C £169.95 1 0 x 42 M/C £179.95 1 0 x 50 M C £198.95 1 0 x 42 M/C Rubber Armoured' £1 97.95 1 0 x 50 M C Rubber Armoured* £21 7.95 ' New Soft touch rubber armour finish. Short Focus. BAk4 Prisms. Lightweight, Rainguard available. For details of your nearest stockist, contact: THE EXCLUSIVE IMPORTERS — J. J. VICKERS AND SONS LTD. UNIT 9, 35 REVENGE ROAD, LORDSWOOD INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, CHATHAM, KENT ME5 8DW TEL: 0634 201284 BIRD WATCHING REVIEW (April 89) impresses with clear natural coloured image m all light conditions Focus down to 13ft Light and comfortable to use Excellent depth of field Contender tor mid price honours HEARTILY RECOMMENDED MANUFACTURER S WRITTEN QUOTE Adterbhck binoculars have mutli-coating on all surfaces including prism reflecting surfaces — they are superior especially m light transmission — Green multi-coat achieves appro* 99 4% transmission at each surface 7 x 50 also available (D659) FOCALPOINI RUN BY BIRDERS FOR BIRDERS^ FORTHCOMING DEMONSTRATIONS 'THE' way to choose. new equipment With the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust: Sunday 1 Oth June at Welney, Cambridgeshire (Off the A10) WE OFFER: * Easy access from the M56/M62/M6 * Excellent viewing facilities * Opportunities for part exchange * Access/Visa/Mastercard Sunday 1 sf July at Martin Mere, Lancashire (M6 Jet 27) * Personal export scheme * Information pack-40p stamps please. 1 0.30am to 4.00pm each day. The FOCALPOINT team are pleased to demonstrate the world's finest binoculars, telescopes and accessories at the above Nature Reserves. We are open Mon-Fri 9.30am to 5.30pm. Saturday 9.30am to 4.00pm. Closed Sundays and Bank Holidays. Purchases on the day will help conservation. Phone for prices, package deals and special offers! 14 COGSHALL LANE COMBERBACM NORTHWICH CHESHIRE CW9 6BS Tel: 0606 891098 Fax: 0606892207 SUPERB NEW LEICA TRINOVIDS Come and see the latest from LEICA at the above demonstrations NEW KOWA 30 x WWA Eyepiece £109 (D664) ii Kay Optical (Est. 1962) 1st Floor, 89(B) London Road, Morden, Surrey Phone: 081 '648 8822 iT^Mon.-Fri. 9am to 5pm Sat. 9am to 11.30am (Lunchtime 1pm to 2pm) Sales and Repairs of 1)0 BINOCULARS, TELESCOPES, TRIPODS, etc. at one of the best centres in the country Advice and test faclities for a full range of the best equipment. ★ Competitive prices ★ Long-established workshop ★ Callers welcome. ★ Phone/mail order service * Price list and map sent upon request. # Bracket prices only while stocks last BINOCULARS ZEISS (West) 10 x 25 Dialyt 8 x 20 BGA Dialyt 8 x 30 BGAT Dialvt 10 x 40 BGAT (P) Dialyt 7 x 42 BGAT (P) Dialyt 8 x 56 BGAT Dialyt 1 5 x 60 BGA Porro LEICA 8x20Trinovid 8 x 20 BC A T rinovid 10x25BCTrinovid 1 0 x 25 BC A T rinovid 7 x 42. 8 x 42. and models BAUSCH & LOMB 8 x 42 B Elite 8 x 42 BGA Elite 10 x 42 B Elite 10x42 BGA Elite C 236 Phone Phone 490 465 Phone 790 199 211 211 223 10 x 42 - New 559 189 199 (140) 145 (145) 150 (155) 167 110 (110) 115 (120) 127 169 170 175 669 699 699 Phone SWAROVSKI# 1 0 x 40 WM Waterproof 7 x 42 M Waterproof 8 x 30 SLC roof prism, shock proof OPTOLYTH # 8x40 Alpin 10x40Alpin 10x50 Alpin 12x50 Alpin 1 0 x 40 BGA Touring 7x42 BGA Touring 8x32 BGA Touring FALCON roof prism 1 0 x 40 or 8 x 40 rubber-covered BRESSER DIORIT 1 0x40 rubber covered 7x42 rubber covered (341) 365 320 water and (302) 325 (200)225 (205)230 (221)243 (225)247 (348)398 (348)398 (300)358 110 189 179 BUSHNELL 8x36 B Custom 1 0x40 B Custom OPTICRON# 8x42 HR II 10x42 HR II 10x50 HR II 8x42Dioptron(HRI) 10x42 Dioptron(HRI) 1 0 x 50 Dioptron (HRI) 9x35 BCF Minerva 8x40 BCF Minerva 1 0x40 BCF Minerva TELESCOPES NIKON (new models) 20 x 60 Fieldscooe II 20-45 x zoom Fieldscope II 20 x 60 Fieldscope ED II 20-45 x zoom Fieldscope ED II 30 x, 40 x. 60 x eyepiece Camera adaptor (optical) Rubber hood • FREE UV glass filter with each ED scope (while stocks last) KOWA # TSN-1 body (45°) (265)295 TSN-2 body (255)295 TSN-3 body (45°) (495)555 TSN-4 body (485)555 25 x or 40 x eyepiece 59 20 x (WA) eyepiece (79)89 30 x (WA) eyepiece 1 09 20-60 x zoom eyepiece ( 1 1 9 ) 1 39 OPTOLYTH # TBS 80 body (45') (320) 350 TBG 80 body (straight) (320)350 TB eyepieces from (56) 64 OPTICRON 60mm HR body Ditto, with rubber 269 333 489 553 75 159 13 60mm HR body (45°) (150)168 Zoom eyepiece (65) 76 Other eyepieces from 20 CLASSIC "IF" (new)# 75mm body (119) 137 60mm body (99) 118 Eyepieces from (22) 23 Zoom eyepieces (50) 59 CENTURY 60mm, rubber-armoured with 20x eyepiece and case 170 30x or 40x eyepiece 20 20-45x zoom eyepiece 52 GREENKAT 60mm, SGN-3 for angled and straight eyepiece. 161 20 x. 30 x. 40 x. 50 x eyepieces. each 26 SPACEMASTER 60mm body 155 Zoom eyepieces, from 65 Other eyepieces, from 20 PICCOLO 60mm body 128 Zoom eyepiece (65)76 Other eyepieces from 20 SKUA CASES 40 TRIPODS (one-hand control) Slik D2 73 Slik SL 67 105 Manfrotto 1 44 200 (94)103 Manfrotto 144 128 (89)98 Manfrotto 1 90 200 (83)91 Optex 77 70 Universal clamp 38 Hide clamp, new type 40 Car window mount 25 (128) 148 (1551 164 PACKAGE DEALS: Special prices are given in many cases where a combination of goods are bought * REPAIRS carried out in our own workshops ★ SHORT-TERM INTEREST-FREE CREDIT available ^"^KAY OPTICAL will be at the Information Centre of the renowned PAGHAM HARBOUR LOCAL NATURE RESERVE on SUNDAYS, 27th MAY, 24th JUNE and 29th JULY (1 1 .00 am to 5 pm). You will be able to try and buy binoculars, telescopes, tripods, etc. Also, repairs can be quoted for and handed in. The Reserve is in the Chichester area of W. Sussex, on the B2145 into Selsey. Booking not necessary. We are only 1 5 minutes’ drive from the M25 (e.g. via the A3 and then the Merton Turn-off) or 2 minutes' walk from Morden tube. (D663) HUGE STOCKS FART EXCHANGE HUGE STOCKS A SPEEDY MAIL ORDER SERVICE AND EXPERT ATTENTION FOR PERSONAL CALLERS - ..... American Express/ Access/Visa/Credit Charge. Post & Packing please add £2.50. Prices correct 1 .3.9(1 — Subject to availability — Open 6 days 9am-5.30pm ZEISS WEST BINOCULARS 8 x 20 B and Pouch £205 10 x 25 B and Pouch £219 8 x 30 B and K Case £400 8 x 30 BGA CF & Pouch £400 8 x 56 BG AT & Case £599 7 x 42 BG AT & Case £489 10 x 40 BT & K Case £499 10 x 40 BGA CF & Pouch £499 15 x 60 BGA £899 ZEISS EAST BINOCULARS 8 x 30 Jenoptem £43 8 x 30 Deltrintem £57 10 x 50 Jenoptem £74 10 x 50 Dekarem £89 8 x 32Notarem £110 10 x 40Notarem £155 8 x 32 Notarem Armour £139 10 x 40 Notarem Armour £179 7 x 50 Binoctem £81 8 x 50Octarem B. or BGA £180 12 x 50Dodecarem B. or BGA , . £220 7 x 40 BGA £170 SWIFT Supplied with case & straps Belmont 8 x 40 £64 Belmont 10 x 50 £69 Grand Prix 8 x 40 £89 County 10 x 40 £94 Triton 10 x 50 £99 Red Spot 8 x 40 £114 Red Spot 10 x 50 £124 Saratoga 8 x 42 £149 Newport 10 x 42 £159 Trilyte 8 x 40 £99 Trilye 10 x 40 Armour £129 Osprey 7.4 x 42 £149 Audubon 8.5 x 44 £199 BUSHNELL Spacemaster body £ 1 40 Spacemaster II Body £159 Spacemaster Armoured £160 Spacemaster Waterproof & 15x-45x £319 I5x-45x Zoom £79 22x Wide Angle £44 25x , 40x, 60x Lenses £37 ADLERBLICK Adlerblick 8 x 42 £120 Adlerblick 8 x 42 Armour £136 Adlerblick 10x42 £125 Adlerblick 10 x 42 Armour £144 Adlerblick 10x50 £139 Adlerblick 10 x 50 Armour £159 ADLERBLICK— Multi-coated 8 x 42 £169 10x42 £179 I(]x50 £189 10x42 Armour £194 10 x 50 Armour £209 RUSSIAN BINOCULARS 7 x 35 £22 7 x 50 £29 8x30 £25 8 x 40 £29 10 x 50 £34 12x40 £32 20 x 60 £69 HABICHT BINOCULARS 8 x 20B £215 8 x 30 WB £325 10 x 50SLM £475 10 X40WM £365 7 x 42 M £320 TRIPODS SLIK D2 £72 SL1K 88 £72 SLIK Black Diamond £78 SLIK Shogun £109 KOWA TELESCOPES TSN1 &TSN2 Body £295 TSN3&TSN4 Body £555 20 x Wide 30 x Wide.... 25 x and 40 x Zoom TSN . . .£89 .£109 ..£59 .£139 PLEASE PHONE FOR Photo Adapter ! ! ! £94 TS60I &TS602 1 KU T £179 25 x and 40 x £47 20 x Wide £54 Zoom 601 £94 (D662) Professional & Retail Photo CAR&O 68 70 St. Thomas Street ■ SCARBOROUGH • you idu • Tel. (0723) 365024 British Birds Established over 80 years The quality independent monthly magazine for the serious birdwatcher. FOR ADVERTISING DETAILS SANDRA BARNES 0621 815085 IV BRITISH MUSEUfr. j (WATlii'iAL HISTORY) ' - I MAY 1990 PURCHASED ZOOLOGY U ARY Centon Findscope 20x56 Quality Precision Spotting Scope With L.E.D. Target Finder ♦ L.E.D Aiming Viewfinder > 20x Magnification • 56.5mm Objective Lens • interchangeable Eyepiece • includes Adapter for T2 Camera Mount • Soft Vinyl Carry Case • Powered by 2AAA Batteries(extra) £129.98 All general & mail order enquiries only to our Distribution Warehouse: Jessop of Leicester Ltd., 98 Scudamore Road, Leicester LE3 1TZ Tel: (0533) 320033 Telesales Hotlines: New Equipment (0533) 320432 Used Equipment (0533) 313191 Mon-Sat 9 - 5 Please allow 7 working days for delivery. AVAILABLE FROM ALL JESSOP PHOTO/VIDEO CENTRES ABERDEEN BATH BIRMINGHAM BOURNEMOUTH BRADFORD BRIGHTON BRISTOL BRISTOL CAMBRIDGE CARDIFF CARLISLE COVENTRY CROYDON DERBY DONCASTER DUNDEE EDWBURGH GLASGOW GLOUCESTER HANLEY HULL IPSWICH 0224573140 0226 442262 021 632 0631 0202 206021 0274 303262 0273 21403 0272 742014 0272 203076 0223 323611 0222 304667 0228 612640 0203 220626 01 666 0666 0332 200410 0302 341323 0362 202763 031 220 0864 041 246 2467 0462 300660 0782 286621 J482 226066 0473 210436 KNGSTON LEEDS LEICESTER LEICESTER LIVERPOOL LONDON NWS LONDON WC1 MANCHESTER MIDOLES8ROUGH NEWCASTLE NORTHAMPTON NORWICH NOTTNGHAM OXFORD PETERBOROUGH PLYMOUTH PLYMOUTH AUOtO POOLE PORTSMOUTH READWG SHEFFIELD SLOUGH Q1 646 6622 0632 430000 0633 630121 0633 666466 061 700 7887 01 704 8786 01 240 6077 061 834 8132 0642 230707 001 261 8280 0604 230400 0603 817724 0602 418666 0666 700086 0733 668726 0762 672287 0762 880282 0202 878280 0706 822831 0734 508766 0742 756275 0753 603004 SOUTHAMPTON SUNDERLAND SWANSEA TAUNTON WOLVERHAMPTON WORCESTER YEOV*. YORK AND SELECTED 0703 638753 001 510 0861 0702 466332 0623 272066 0002 310758 0006 723400 0036 78778 0004 646126 ^DEPENDENT PHOTO DEALERS JESSOP (D619) v u n of BIRMINGHAM Binoculars — Telescope Dealers Wide Range — Top Quality — Discount Prices OPTOLYTH MAIN STOCKISTS MAIL ORDER WELCOME - VISA - ACCESS - CHEQUES - AMEX PART EXCHANGE BINOCULARS - TELESCOPES AND PHOTO EQUIPMENT Sherwoods are the major Binocular and Telescope stockist in the Midlands — we carry large stocks of popular brands and guarantee the lowest price in town on goods in stock. Call into our store in Birmingham. We offer Sale on Approval — Accept Part Exchange — Offer Credit Facilities. Spring Specials! Spacemaster 60 mm inc. Zoom Eyepiece — case — compact tripod £219.90. Opticron Piccolo 60 mm inc. Zoom Eyepiece £99.99. Audubon 8.5 x 44 £179.90. 11-13 Gt. Western Arcade, Birmingham B2 5HU Tel: 021-236 7211. Ask for Graham. (back of Rackhams Store) (D656) BIRDUNE • For the national bird news. Enquiries: 0263 741 1 39 To obtain the national Birdline number just phone the enquiries number above. For the region of your choice phone the appropriate enquiries number below BIRDLINE SCOTLAND Enquiries: 0292 611993 BIRDLINE SOUTH EAST Enquiries: 081-676 8747 BIRDLINE EAST ANGLIA Enquiries: 0603 633326 BIRDLINE NORTH EAST Enquiries: 0423 509185 BIRDLINE MIDLANDS Enquiries: 038 682 727 BIRDLINE NORTH WEST Enquiries: 061 437 0898 BIRDWATCH! 0898 700 227 Birdwatch! brings you a summary of the news from the birdwatching world, with hints on where to go and what to see. Birdwatch! is updated twice weekly, on Tuesdays and Fridays BIRDWATCH' IS CHARGED AT 38p PER MIN INC VAT PE AK„AND STANDARD 2Sp PER MIN INC V AT CHEAP RATE For details of Name BIRDING WORLD Address magazine just send this ~ completed coupon Postcode g to B.I.S., Stonerunner, Coast Road, Cley-next-the-Sea, Holt, Norfolk NR25 7RZ 9 vi COUNTRYSIDE VIEWING Our showroom is sef in 7 acres ol private grounds with ample, free and safe parking Testing facilities are probably the best in the country Viewing from the showroom is across a large pool with its various bird visitors and to more distant views of the countryside. Why not try the unhurried experience of testing equipment in the very heart of our beautiful Warwickshire countryside in a relaxed atmosphere? A visit to our showroom often turns out to be more of a social occasion than a shopping expedition leading specialists in high quality BINOCULARS ^TELESCOPES ADLERBLICK Compact 7x21 9950 10500 12100 Standard 7x42 11250 Standard 8*42 12000 Standard 10x42 12850 Standard 10*50 13900 Add £18 for rubber armoured Muttcoat 10x30 1J895 Mutticoat 8*42 16995 17995 Multicoat 10*50 19895 OPTICRON Compact 7x24 77.00 78 00 Compact 10x24 80 00 Dioptron 8x42 11100 114 00 H R 8x42 145 00 H R 10x42 150 00 H R 10*50 16700 Minerva 8x40 17000 Minerva 9x35 16900 Mmerva 10x40 17500 Elite 9x35 18500 Classic 1 F 60mm body H800 Class*: l F 75mm body 138 00 25/30* H E P 2600 50 00 H R 60mm body 14800 H R 60mm body 45° 169 00 H R 60mm body R A 164 00 !5x20x22xWA25x40x 30 00 20x-60* zoom '600 Puffin case for H R etc 3500 Soft, padded case 1100 Universal Mount 24 50 Car Window Mount 2550 Hide Clamp Mk 2 40 00 Single Action Tnpod 5995 675 BRESSER Handy (new took) 7*25 GA 8595 Handy (new took) 8*25 GA 8995 Handy (new took) 9*2SGA 9395 Acton 8*40 GA 5850 6650 Roof prism Linear 8*42 R A 12000 Roof pnsm Linear 10*42 R A 12500 Roof pnsm Dora 10*42 R A 17800 Lucha 8x32 139 00 Lucha 7*42 14550 Luchs 10x42 152 00 Luctis 10*50 16450 Add £8 for rubber armoured MIRADOR 10*42 114 00 10x50 124 00 Add £2 tor rubber armoured Merlin 60mm body 7900 Merlin 75mm body 10700 12/15* 1872* 25/30* 1800 l8*-40x/22*-47* zoom 5000 Owl 75mm GA 17850 Owl 80mm GA 20750 30/32* 3300 26*-58x/28*-62x zoom 7150 ZEISS JENA 74 50 8395 Dodecarem 12x50 24995 Roof prism Notarem 8*32 14000 Roof pnsm Notarem 10*40 18795 Roof pnsm Notarem 10*40 R A 20700 OPTIMA Super 60mm R A body 16000 15*20*30*40* 2500 20x-45x zoom 6500 Case for scope 1695 Photo adaptor 2995 HELIOS Compact R P 8x21 R A 3695 Compact R P 10*25 R A 3995 QUESTAR Fwto model 3W «ch wtoth 243800 w*h Broad Band Coaing & choce of 32mm or 24mm ryepwce plus Photo Adaptor and case Potto pram 14000 MANFROTTO 144 Bas« 144 Base week 5000 190 Mini pro 3500 190 Min* pro black 4000 200 Compact odeo head 3995 Trpod Strap 950 Trpod case 14 00 Oacfc release platform 800 SLIK Mandypod P6009 3995 Tnpod 450G 2395 Tnpod 1000G 2795 Trpod 35DN 5295 Trpod D2 Tnpod 67 H995 Trpod strap 750 Quick release post DN/88 eto 650 CULLMAN 3795 2 way Video Head 1495 Shoulder Pod 2495 3295 Came-a Qucksefler 995 40X LENS CARE CALOTHERM PROOUCTS 1 25 280 Catotherm Solution 20ml 72 Hi-Tech Cloths 185 ] ZEISS WEST Diafyt 8*206 Dtalyl 10*250 Dialyl 8x20BGA Dialyl 8*306GAT Diaiyi 7x42BGAT Dialyl 10x40BGAT Dialyl 8x568GAT • Potto 15*606GA n Monoc 3*126 « Monoc 6*206 »* Monoc 8*20 ' Wide range ol accessories PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE 11700 9500 9500 available. OPTOLYTH Alpm 8*306GA Alpin 6*40BGA Alpm 10*406GA Alpin 10*506GA Touring 7*42 Touring 10*40 Roof prism 8*56 20500 22500 23000 24300 39600 39800 44000 LLEICA Trinovid 8x208CA Trinovid 10*25BCA Trinovid 7x42BA Trinovid 8x428A Trinovid 10*42BA Soli case for compact Soft case for slandard Hard case for standard Rainguard Eyecups • each PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE 1250 3000 3700 800 700 HABICHT Traditional 8*30WM Traditional 7*42WM Diana- l0x40WM S L Range 7*42 • S L Range 10x40 - SIC Range 7*30. SIC Range 8x30 34000 32000 36500 39500 44000 .31500 .32500 NIKON 7X20CFH • Waterproof 10x25 Roof prism 10x25F Zoom 6-l2x24DCF Zoom 8-l6x40CF Sporting 7x35CF 8x30ECF Roofpnsm 9x30DCF Photo-adaptor Fieldscope Mkll 20-45x60 ED Mkll 20-45*60 15x20x30x40* 20- 45x zoom 6995 15200 15200 29000 412 50 12000 20550 254 00 15350 34850 56700 6750 13800 Scope 30x75 34000 TBS80 body 35000 TBG80 body 35000 ?0xW A 10000 20*30x40* 6500 22x-60x zoom 150.00 Canvas scope case 3500 Leather scope case 4200 KOWA TS601 body 17900 TS602 body 17900 20*W A 5*4 00 25x40* 4700 20x-60x zoom 94 00 Case for 601/2 1995 TSN-1 body 29500 TSN-2 body 29500 TSN-3 body 55500 55500 20xW A 8900 25x40* 5900 20x-60x zoom 13900 Case lor TSNi/2 22 50 3650 O G cover for TSN 495 Eyepiece dome TSN U95 9900 BAUSCH LOMB Discoverer Compact 7x24 22700 Discoverer Compact 9x24 22700 Discoverer Compactl0*28 R A 244 00 Custom Audubon 7*26 17950 Custom Audubon 8x36 17900 Custom Audubon 10x40 18900 Elite 8x42RA 69900 <,*/*? /BU±HNELL Spacemasterkit- 0f’e 60mm body I I5x -45x zoom eyepiece. Table tripod and Back pack I WHILE STOCXSLAST! E19995 SWIFT Omtya 8x21 Osprey 75*42 Audubon R P 7x35 BG A Audubon 85*44 Telemaster i5x-60*60 44 95 14900 32900 19900 27550 AICO Compact R P 8x22 R A Compact R P 10x25 R A Roof pnsm 8x42 R A Root pnsm 10*42 R A MAIL ORDER Insured postage and packing FREE OF CHARGE Goods are despatched promptly upon receipt of full remittance Use your ACCESS or VISA card to order by telephone on 0676-40601 / 42476 mmsm VISA [■■Ml NO GREY IMPORTS ACCESSORIES I BOOl^ Wide range of eyecups, ramguards. ■ Q 9rid VIDEO? lens caps, lanyards, cases etc I 'Kreajg^ "a ,s always USED BARGAINS ■ natnL* books from the Tan Guaranteed secondhand equipment ■ Royser. Heim 0ub)'sh*r5 available at bargain pnces. ■ Mitchell RSPS Ham/yn u... „ EXPORT FACILITIES f ' *»** Personal and postal export orders welcomed PACKAGE DEALS Attractive discounts Phone for quotations 1 Unnarwv pZ * Wl,her^ also videos from RSpg —K'r^sher e BBC. ana Na>0 _Sena lor a price hat «c CO j <8 . *>"* OOObrowSe ° |C APTir^ Church Lane, Corley, Coventry, CV7 8BA ur i ^^Tc|Cphonc;0676*40501 &42476 Select from the World's finest Optical instruments 3PENING TIMES 0 am - 5pm Monday to Saturday • 5^ Friendly advisors service | always available with no obligation. VI 1 London Camera Exchange SOUTHAMPTON 0703 221597/335363 10 High Street, Southampton SOI ODH RING US NOW ZEISS WEST Dialyt 8 x 20B £215.00 Dialyt 10 x 25B £225.00 Dialyt 8 x 20BGA £245.00 Dialyt 8 x 30BGAT Phone Dialyt 7 x 42BGAT Phone Dialyt 10 x 40BG AT.... Phone Dialyt 8 x 56BGAT Phone LEITZ 8 x 20BC £199.00 8 x 20BCA £211.00 10 x 25BC £211.00 10 x 25BCA £223.00 New Models 7 x 42BA 'l 8 x 42BA > Phone 10 x 42BA J Place your order now for April Delivery. OPTOLYTH Alpin 8 x 30GA £186.00 Alpin 8 x 40GA £200.00 Alpin 10 x 40GA £205.00 Alpin 10 x 50GA £221.00 Touring 8 x 30BGA Phone Touring 10 x 40BGA... Phone Touring 7 x 42BGA Phone TBG80= £320.00 TBS 80 £320.00 20 x WA £88.00 30 x £57.00 40x £58.00 22x-60x Zoom £135.00 Cases from £29.00 OPTICRON Minerva 9 x 35 £169.00 Minerva 8 x 40 £170.00 Minerva 10 x 40 £175.00 HR 7 x 42MC £138.00 HR 8 X 42MC £140.00 HR 10 x 42MC £145.00 HR 10 x 50MC £155.00 HR Body 60mm £128.00 HR Body 60mm 45°.... £150.00 HR Body 60mmGA .... £155.00 20x-60x Zoom £65.00 22 x WA £30.00 Classic IF 60mm £99.00 18 x £22.00 25 x £22.00 25xHPX £25.00 18x-40x Zoom £50.00 Classic IF 75mm £1 19.00 22xWA £22.00 30 x £22.00 30xHP £25.00 22x-47x Zoom £50.00 Case for HR £ 16.00 Photo Kit £22.00 Opticron Tripod £59.95 KOWA TS1 601 Body £179.00 TS2 602 Body £179.00 20x WA £54.00 20x-60x Zoom £94.00 TSN1 £295.00 TSN2 £295.00 TSN3 £555.00 TSN4 £555.00 20x WA £89.00 20x-60x Zoom £139.00 25 x £59.00 30x WA (now in stock) £ 1 09 .00 40x £59.00 Photo Kit £99.00 CARL ZEISS JENA Jenoptem8 x 30 £44.95 Jenoptem 10 X 50 £69.95 Deltrintem 8 x 30 £54.95 Deltrintem 10 x 50 £88.95 Notarem 8 x 32B £1 14.95 Notarem 10 x 40B £159.00 Notarem 10 x 40 BGA £189.00 BAUSCH AND LOMB Elite 8 x 42BGA £699.00 Elite 10x42 BGA £699.00 SWIFT Stadium 8 x 40 £49.95 Stadium 10 x 50 £54.95 Grand Prix 8 x 40 £89.95 Triton 10 x 50 £99.95 Saratoga 8 x 42 £149.95 Newport 10 x 40 £159.95 Audubon 8.5 x 44 £199.95 Audubon 7 x 35 £329.95 NIKON 8 x 30 £199.00 9 x 30 £239.00 Fieldscope II £269.00 Fieldscope ED2 £489.00 ED 2 20 x 45 x 60 £569.00 SWAROVSKI 8 x 20B £215.00 8 x 30SLC £299.00 8 x 30ZCF £299.00 10 x 40B Phone BRESSER Action 8 X 40 £59.95 Action 10 x 50 £69.95 Diorit 7 x 42 £175.00 Diorit 10 x 42 £185.00 MTRADOR Merlin 25 x 60 £97.00 Merlin 18 X 40 X 60 ..£129.00 A full range of tripods and photographic equipment also stocked Why not give us the opportunity to impress you with our PRICES & SERVICE MAIL ORDER WELCOMED PART EXCHANGE AVAILABLE They are the BEST - that’s GUARANTEED We will attempt to encourage you with our low prices, high trade-ins and friendly, knowledgeable service. viii British Birds VOLUME 83 NUMBER 5 MAY 1990 Status and distribution Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 Anne V. Hudson, Tim J. Stowe and Simon J. Aspinall The population of Corncrakes Crex crex in Britain and Ireland has been in decline for over a century (Alexander 1914; Norris 1945, 1947; Sharrock 1976; O'Meara 1979; Cadbury 1980). Declines were first reported as early as 1850-75 in southeast England and became more widespread by the early 1900s (Norris 1945, 1947). By 1939, Corncrakes were still numerous in the Northern and Western Isles of Scotland, but were local and declining in southern Scotland, the north and west of England and in Wales, and were irregular or absent in southeast England (Norris 1945). In Ireland, the Corncrake's status was similar: numerous in the northwest, but local and declining elsewhere (Norris 1945). More recently, the Corncrake’s breeding range has contracted farther to the north and west of both Scotland and Ireland (Sharrock 1976; O'Meara 1979; Cadbury 1980). A national survey of the British population in 1978-79 recorded 700-746 singing Corncrakes (Cadbury' 1980). Since then, further declines have been noticed in some areas (e.g. Canna: Swann 1986), but not in others (e.g. Islay: Stroud 1986; and Tiree: Cadbury 1989). This paper reports the results of a comprehensive survey of the British breeding population in 1988, organised by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. At the same time, a similar surv ey was conducted in Ireland, co-ordinated by the Irish Wildbird Conservancy (Mayes & Stowe in press). [Brit. Birds Hi: 173-187. May 1990] 173 Status of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 174 Methods Background to census techniques The only practical way of conducting a census of Corncrakes is to count those that are singing, which in most surveys are presumed to be males. The census techniques used here were developed during a study of breeding Corncrakes in the Uists, Western Isles (Stowe & Tonkin 1985; Stowe & Hudson 1988; Hudson & Stowe in prep.). Three pieces of information of relevance to the survey were obtained during that study. First, singing Corncrakes are usually stationary at night from 21.00-22.30 to 03.00-05.00 GMT (unless disturbed). Secondly, during the day, Corncrakes may wander up to 600 m from their regular night-time singing location, often into areas which are also used by one or more other Corncrakes. Thirdly, although Fisher (1963) reported a female Corncrake singing in captivity, no evidence was discovered from radio-tagging of males and females to suggest that females ever sang. Determination of singing frequency During the study on the Uists, nine male Corncrakes were radio-tagged and tracked by day and by night for varying periods in 1985 (for details see Hudson & Stowe in prep.). Each time a Corncrake was visited, its singing activity was recorded in one of three categories: (1) continuous singing (repeated ‘crex’ call at a rate of about 90-100 per minute while observer was in earshot), (2) sporadic singing (anything from a single call to short bursts), and (3) silent. Individuals were visited between one and 22 times per day on most days, until their radios ceased to function. The data covered 207 bird-days amounting to 963 observations. The frequency with which these nine Corncrakes sang is presented in fig. 1. Not all individuals sang each night, and the best chance of hearing one sing was between midnight and 01.00 GMT (singing heard on 89.8% of visits, n = 39 bird-days). Continuous singing, of the kind required for effective census work, was recorded on more than 70% of visits only between 23.00 and 02.00 GMT, with the peak occurrence also between midnight and 01.00 GMT (fig. 1). All singing activity was substantially reduced after 04.00 GMT and did not increase again until 21.00 GMT. Clearly, if these results are generally applicable, they indicate that survey work before 23.00 and after 02.00 GMT would seriously underestimate the numbers present. Determination of calling period Corncrakes first return to their breeding grounds in late April or early May. The Uists radio-tagging data covered the period 20th May to 4th August 1985, but with most for June (696 observations; May = 126; July = 132; August = 9). The proportion of Corncrakes singing by hour did not vary when examined by month*. None was, however, caught until 20th May, and only one was monitored after 13th July, as all the others had lost *Spearman’s rank correlations of month versus month for May, June, July and August were all significant, /><0.05. Status of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 1 75 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 Time (GMT) Fig. 1. Percentage frequency of singing of nine radio-tagged Corncrakes Crex crex. Shaded area represents continuous singing, the unshaded sporadic singing (see text for details) their radios by then. From mid July onwards, we rarely heard any which had lost their radios (indicating that singing had stopped and/or they had moved away). Census work in the Uists (Stowe & Tonkin 1985) and in Sweden (Ainas 1974) has also demonstrated a reduction in the amount of singing from mid July (see also Mason 1940; Cramp & Simmons 1980). Thus, the census period was designated as 20th May until 10th July 1988, and censuses were conducted between 23.00 and 02.00 GMT where possible. Records outside this period were included only from localities where no night-time surv ey work was possible, or where records of females with flightless young were received from areas where no males had been recorded singing. Census organisation To increase the likelihood of detecting Corncrakes, observers were asked to survey their area twice, where possible. As individuals may move during the season, the second visit was required within one or two weeks of the first, to reduce the possibility of duplication. Survey effort was concentrated on Scottish islands, where most Corncrakes were known to occur, and in areas of the mainland where Corncrakes were recorded in the 1978-79 survey. In areas where Corncrakes had been present in 1978- 176 Status of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 79, but where it was doubtful that they still occurred, the principal recorders (AVH & SJA) used tape-recorders under licence from the Nature Conservancy Council to try to stimulate singing. To obtain maximum coverage, an appeal for volunteers was published in BTO News, relevant County Bird Recorders were contacted, and publicity was organised throughout northern Scotland. Results Coverage Census cards were returned for 175 10-km squares, 163 of which were in Scotland (150 10-km squares in Scotland held Corncrakes in 1978-79). All 10-km squares in north and west Scotland, including the islands, which held Corncrakes in the previous survey were visited, mainly by AVH and SJA. On islands such as Lewis and Skye and on mainland Scotland, where apparently suitable habitat for breeding Corncrakes is scattered widely, a few may have been missed. As most recorded from isolated areas were reported from more than one source, however, and many reports were received from the public, we doubt that many were overlooked. Elsewhere, where Corncrakes were already known to be far fewer than in 1978-79, the survey relied more on volunteer observers and information sent in by County Recorders. As a check on census efficiency, the organisers of the BTO’s Breeding Bird Atlas were contacted. Only one extra record was gained from this source. 105. Corncrake Crex crex, Co. Galway, May 1978 (Richard T. Mills) 177 Status of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 Status and distribution oj Corncrakes in 1988 1 he British Corncrake population was estimated as 551-596 singing birds in 1988, the majority in Scotland (table 1). The range in numbers is due either to observers being unable to determine exactly how many were present, or to different observers in the same area giving imprecise details of date or location such that duplication may have occurred. More than half the total (54%) was recorded in the Outer Hebrides (Western Isles) (300-324 singing individuals, table 1), of which almost one third occurred in South L ist. The Inner Hebrides, particularly Tiree, also held important concentrations (table 1). In Orkney, records were scattered throughout 14 islands. In mainland Scotland, eight Corncrakes were heard in west Sutherland, but only a few were recorded elsewhere and these were from widely scattered localities. Singles were heard in Shetland and in the Isle of Man. Only four were reported in England. Ninety-four per cent of singing Corncrakes occurred in seven 100-km grid squares, and 38% occurred in one square alone (NF, covering the LJists and Benbecula). There were 90 10-km squares definitely or probably occupied, and a further 15 possibly occupied (fig. 2). Eleven 10-km squares each held 15 or more singing Corncrakes in 1988, and together they supported 55% of the British population. These squares were in North Uist, South Uist, Benbecula, Barra and Tiree (fig. 2). Changes in numbers and range The number of singing Corncrakes declined by 15-26% between the 1978- 79 and 1988 surveys (table 1, figs. 2 & 3). The largest decreases occurred in mainland Scotland (67-77%), in Orkney (65-72%) and in England (64- 76%). In the Inner Hebrides, a decrease of 14-21% occurred, whereas there was an apparent 12-25% increase in the Outer Hebrides (Western Isles). The most probable explanation for the apparent increase in the Outer Hebrides is that the 1978-79 survey underestimated numbers. By comparison, more observers were deployed in June 1988 than had been possible ten years before, and more local people participated in areas where suitable habitat was scattered widely (e.g. Lewis, Skye). Also, the 1978-79 survey did not have the benefit of the results of radio-telemetry study, and some areas were surveyed during the day, which would have produced lower totals, especially in areas of high Corncrake density. On Barra, for example, numbers were almost certainly underestimated in the previous surv ey because counts were made in the early evening (Dr J. Robarts verbally). Finally, many areas could be surveyed only once in 1978-79. The number of occupied 10-km squares decreased by 43% between 1978-79 and 1988, and by 83% between 1968-72 and 1988 (table 2, figs. 2 & 3). Outside the Hebrides, decreases have been especially severe, with 60-100% of occupied squares deserted since 1968-72 (table 2). Even in the Outer Hebrides, the number of occupied 10-km squares decreased, despite the improved survey effort and greater number of individuals recorded. The contraction in range in Scotland has continued, particularly at the eastern and northern edges (figs. 2 & 3). 178 Status of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 Table 1. Numbers of singing Corncrakes Crex crex in regions of Britain in 1978-79 (Cadbury 1980) and in 1988, and percentage change *Clyde islands are included in Scottish Mainland; t — 1 977 count; % change calculated only where more than 10 individuals present in 1979-79 Region Shetland Orkney Outer Hebrides Inner Hebrides Scottish Mainland* Island/county/ Totals in Totals in 0/ /o district 1978-79 1988 change Mainland 3-5 1 -67% to -80% Papa Westray 6 0-1 North Ronaldsay 5 0 Westray 11-12 3 Sanday 6 1 Eday 2 0-1 Egilsay 1 1-2 Rousay 1 1-2 Wyre 1 1 Stronsay 6 3 Mainland 38 7-8 Shapinsay 5 2-3 Graemsay 3 0-1 Hoy 4 0 Copinsay 1 0 Flotta 4 1 South Walls 2 0 Burray 1-2 1 South Ronaldsay 5-6 8 TOTAI. 102-105 29-36 -65% to -72% Lewis 31-38 66-76 Harris 7 5 Bemeray 5 1-2 North Uist 75 56-59 Benbecula 33 22-23 South Uist 83 91-100 Barra 23-25 56 Vatersay 3 3 TOTAL 260-269 300-324 + 12% to +25% Skye 31-34 26-28 Canna 9 1-2 Rhum 1-2 0 Eigg 4-6 0 Muck 4 0 Coll 28 20 Tiree 85 99-103 Mull 1 2-3 Iona 25f 3 Lunga 1 0 Colonsay 20 14-15 Oronsay 2 3 Islay 22-24 19 Jura 1 1 Gigha 1 4 TOTAL 235-243 192-201 -14% to -21% Caithness 4 2 West Sutherland 38-40 8 East Sutherland 0 2 Wester Ross 3 2 Easter Ross 3 0 Status of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 179 Island/county/ Totals in Totals in 0/ /o Region district 1978-79 1988 change Scottish Mainland* F. Inverness-shire 2 0 (contd.) W Inverness-shire 2 0-1 Argyllshire 12 4-5 Perthshire 3 1 Stirlingshire 1 1-3 Island of Bute 1-2 0 Arran 3 3-4 Renfrewshire 1 0 Ayrshire 8-11 1 Wigtownshire 0-7 0 Kirkcudbrightshire 5-6 0 Dumfriesshire 1-2 0 Roxburghshire 1 0 TOTAL 88-103 24-29 -67% to -77% England Northumberland 3 0 Cumberland 4 2 Durham 0-1 0 North Yorkshire 1 0 Staffordshire 0-1 0 Warwickshire 1-2 0 Norfolk 0-1 0 Somerset 1-2 0 Dorset 1-2 0 Bedfordshire 0 1 Lancashire 0 1 TOTAL 11-17 4 -64% to -76% Isle of' Man Isle of Man 0-3 1 Wales Caernarvonshire 1 0 TOTAL 700-746 551-596 — 15% to — 26% The range changes have led to a change in the relative importance of each region for Corncrakes. Orkney now holds only 5-6% of the British total, compared with 15% in 1978-79, while the proportion on the Scottish mainland has decreased from 12% to 4-5%. West Sutherland remains the most important area in mainland Scotland. The proportion located in the Inner Hebrides has remained similar between surveys (34%-35%), although the numbers have decreased. The Outer Hebrides now support 54% of the population, compared with 36% in 1978-79. Discussion Corncrakes are difficult to count accurately because of their skulking behaviour and the timing and frequency of their singing. Singles away from concentrations of others may sing less frequently (Cadbury 1980). In addition to such variations resulting from detectability, numbers appear to fluctuate annually both on the periphery' of their range, where individuals turn up in places not usually occupied, and within the strongholds (e.g. Sharrock 1976; Cramp & Simmons 1980; this study). For example, in the Uists and Benbecula, 191 singing Corncrakes were recorded in 1978 (Cadbury' 1980), 167 in 1983 (Henderson 1983) and 169- 180 Status of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 Fig. 2. Distribution and numbers of Corncrakes Crex crex in 1988 + 1-2 singing per 10-km square A 7-14 singing per 10-km square # 3-6 singing per 10-km square ■ 15 or more singing per 10-km square 182 in 1988. On Canna, numbers fluctuated between seven in 1969 and 1970 and 15 in 1980, but had dropped to two in 1984 and 1985 (Swann 1986). On Islay, numbers during 1978-88 fluctuated between 19 and 29 singing (Stroud 1986; this study). On Colonsay, numbers decreased from 20 in 1978 to between two and six from 1981 to 1986, but increased to eight in 1987 and 14-15 in 1988 (J. Clarke in litt.). Although some of the recent increase on Colonsay may be attributed to greater observer effort, lower numbers were undoubtedly present in the mid 1980s. Although annual variations make single-year estimates less reliable as indicators of population size and trends, the long-term trend is still convincingly downward. The total numbers of singing Corncrakes recorded in 1988 were 15-26% lower than in the last survey, in 1978-79. The real decrease may be somewhat greater, as improved coverage was secured in 1988 in some areas, particularly in the Western Isles. The Status of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 181 Fig. 3. Distribution and numbers of Corncrakes Crex crex in 1978-79 (Cadbury 1980) + 1-2 singing per 10-km square ▲ 7-14 singing per 10-km square # 3-6 singing per 10-km square ■ 15 or more singing per 10-km square Corncrake’s British range is continuing to contract to the northwest. Only five singing Corncrakes were recorded outside Scotland, and very few occurred in the east of Scotland. Even in the Northern Isles, few remained, with only one recorded in Shetland in 1988 (where there were only three to five in 1978-79), and numbers are declining rapidly in Orkney. A repeat census of the Irish Corncrake population, carried out at the same time as the British census and using the same methods, revealed a total of 903-930 singing (Mayes & Stowe in press). This represents a decline of about 30% compared with the population estimated in 1978 (about 1,500 individuals, O’Meara 1979), but the decline has not been as severe as suggested by O'Meara (1986). As in Britain, numbers apparently increased in a few counties, owing to improved census techniques, but in general a marked decline was evident. The range has also continued to contract, with Corncrakes found in 210 10-km squares, compared with 373 182 Status of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 Table 2. Numbers of 10-km squares definitely and probably occupied by Corncrakes Crex crex in 1968-72 (Sharrock 1976), 1978-79 (Cadbury 1980) and 1988, and percentage change - Figures in brackets indicate percentages based on sample sizes of less than 10 in the earlier surveys % DECREASE IN NUMBER OF OCCUPIED 10-KM SQUARES 10-KM SQUARES OCCUPIED IN SINCE 1968-72 1978-79 1988 1968 1978 Shetland 9 2 1 (89) (50) Orkney 30 27 12 60 56 Inner Hebrides 54 36 31 43 14 Outer Hebrides 32 31 29 9 6 Rest of Scotland 216 54 14 94 74 Scotland total 341 150 87 74 43 England 133 9 3 98 (67) Wales 42 1 0 100 (100) Isle of Man 12 0 1 92 — TOTAL 528 160 91 83 43 in 1978, and again the contraction has been to the north and west (Mayes & Stowe in press). The present population of Corncrakes in Britain, at 551-596 singing individuals, is low, but represents an important component of the Western European breeding population (table 3). There have been national surveys of Corncrakes in several European countries (e.g. France, Norway), although these have not been as intensive as the present studies in Britain and Ireland. Other census information has been provided by Atlas studies (e.g. Belgium). The population estimates vary in accuracy, and the range in the estimate of Corncrakes for some countries is rather large (table 3). For the Netherlands, the range represents the minimum and maximum numbers between years (Osieck 1986), since the popula- tion exhibits large fluctuations. Large fluctuations were also reported for Belgium, where the increase from 25 pairs (Lippens & Wille 1972) to at least 38 singing in 1984 was probably due to greater census effort. In Spain, a report of a recently discovered population of 150 pairs in irrigated cereal fields (Chacon et at. 1987) is now considered in need of confirmation (de Juana 1988; E. de Juana in litt.). In the absence of more reliable or up- to-date information, the figures in table 3 provide an estimate of approximately 6,000 calling Corncrakes in Western Europe. France is now the single most important country, supporting approximately one third of the Western European population, whilst Britain and Ireland combined support about 24%. Clearly there is an international responsibility to maintain the British and Irish Corncrake populations, and British and Irish birdwatchers can play their part. The understandable enthusiasm to catch a glimpse of this remarkable species must be tempered by the need to avoid disturbance of breeding birds and their habitats. Detailed information about Corncrake numbers is lacking for most of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Historically, declines have been reported from East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and 183 Status of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 Table 3. Recent population estimates for Corncrakes Crex crex in Europe l'or Western Europe, percentages are calculated using the mid value of the estimates of each country (except for France, where the figure of 2,000 is used: Broyer 1987) and the total of those estimates (6,140). for Eastern Europe, the populations are less well known and coverage is incomplete No. of % of Country singing males total Trend Source Norway Sweden 100-200 2.4 Decreasing, range contracting Roalkvam (1984) 500-1,000 12.2 Stable or slight increase T. Tyrberg in till. Finland 600 9.8 Stable Koskimies (1989), E Lammi in lilt. Denmark 10-30 0.3 No recent information Cramp & Simmons (1980) West Germany 350-1,300 13.4 Decline continuing P. Herkenrath in lilt. D. Hashmi in lilt. Britain 551-596 9.3 15%-26% decrease since 1978-79 Present study Ireland 903-930 14.9 c. 30% decrease since 1978 Mayes & Stowe in press Netherlands 150-360 4.2 No decline in last decade Osieck (1986); Voslamber verbally Belgium 38 0.6 Declining, but see text Devillers el at. (1988) Luxembourg <10 <0.2 Evidence for recent decline J. Weiss in lit!., Melchior el at. (1987) F ranee 1,750-2,450 32.6 Decline continuing Broyer (1985, 1987) Switzerland 1-3 <0.1 Declining, almost disappeared Schmid (1989) Spain none confirmed See text for details E. de Juana in till. WEST EUROPEAN TOTAL 4,963-7,517 100 Poland 4,000-5,000 Probably declining P. Cempulik verbally East Germany 150 Declining A. Stiefel verbally Austria 260-813 Continuing long-term decline M. Dvorak verbally Hungary 500-1,000 Believed to be stable Y ugoslavia 1,000-1,500 Trend unknown T. Szep verbally M. Schneider-Jacoby in lilt. 106. Corncrake Crex crex, Co. Cork, June 1980 ( Richard T. Mills) 184 Status of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 107. Corncrake Crex crex, Co. Galway, May 1978 ( Richard T. Mills) parts of western USSR (Cramp & Simmons 1980) and these are known to be continuing in Austria and East Germany (table 3). In Poland, where Corncrakes are locally common in the east but have decreased in the west (Cadbury & O’Meara 1985), the population is estimated to be 4,000-5,000 singing birds. These are concentrated in three main areas, of which the most important, the Biebrza Marshes, holds about 2,100 singing birds (P. Cempulik verbally). The main breeding areas of the Soviet Union, where the Corncrake’s range extends to 120°E, are sparsely populated by human beings and the natural habitats are relatively undisturbed (V. Ilyichev in litt.). There, the Corncrake population is believed to be stable, whereas in areas with higher densities of people and more developed industry and agriculture (e.g. the central European part of USSR, the Ukraine, and the Volga region) the numbers of Corncrakes are gradually decreasing (V. Ilyichev in litt.). Earlier this century in Western Europe, the decrease in Corncrake numbers followed closely the route of agricultural modernisation and mechanisation, which spread north and west from the southeast of England. Changing farming methods were widely believed to be causing the decline of the Corncrake (Norris 1945, 1947; von Haartman 1958; Cadbury 1980; Cramp & Simmons 1980; Broyer 1985). The 1988 survey has indicated that this contraction of range is still taking place, and at an alarmingly fast rate. Combining all areas except the Hebrides, the numbers of singing Corncrakes recorded have decreased by 72% in ten years. This represents an annual loss of 13.33%. If this rate of loss were to continue, numbers of Corncrakes (at present numbering only 59 singing 185 Status of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 males in these areas) would halve again within five years. The reasons for the continuing decline of the Corncrake are complex and are discussed elsewhere (Hudson et al. in prep.). We can only reiterate Cadbury ’s (1980) conclusion that the future for the Corncrake looks bleak. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all those people who submitted records of singing Corncrakes and especially to those hardy souls who went out late at night to survey for us. In particular, we thank Roger Broad, Andrew Currie, John Clarke, Mark Hancock, Mike Madders, Eric Meek, Pete Moore, Frank Rennie and Dr Jimmy Robarts, who organised surveys in their areas and/ or conducted many night-time vigils themselves, or assisted in other ways. The hospitality offered by many crofters during the survey was much appreciated. Dr James Cadbury is thanked for allowing us access to the original data cards from the 1978-79 survey and for his interest in the present study. We thank Roger Arnhem, Piotr Cempulik, Martin Dvorak, Richard Grimmett, Dean Hashmi, Peter Herkenrath, Prof. Valery Ilyichev, Eduardo de Juana, Esa I.ammi, Werner Muller, Hans Schmid, Martin Schneider-Jacoby, Amd Stiefel, Tibor Szep, Tommy Tyrberg and Jean Weiss for information on populations in other countries, and Dr Colin Bibby for comments of a draft of this paper. We are grateful to the NCC for financial support of this survey, as part of their research programme for nature conservation. Summary The long history of decline in the British population of Corncrakes Crex crex has continued in the last decade. The population was estimated in 1988 to be 551-596 singing individuals, a maximum decline of 26% and minimum decline of 15% since the previous estimate of 700- 746 singing in 1978-79. The decrease has not been uniform across its 1978-79 range in Britain, with the strongholds in the Hebrides least affected. The Corncrake is now absent from Wales, rare in England, the Isle of Man and Shetland, and scarce and declining at an 108. Corncrake Crex crex, Co. Cork, July 1979 ( Richard T. Mills) 186 Status of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 alarming rate in mainland Scotland and in Orkney. The Inner and Outer Hebrides now support approximately 90% of the British Corncrake population. References ALEXANDER, H. G. 1914. A report on the Land-Rail inquiry. Brit. Birds 8: 82-92. Al.NAS, I. 1974. Die Ortstreue der gotlandischen Wachtelkonige Crex crex (L.). Omis Scand. 5: 123-129. Broyer, J. 1985. Le Rale de Genets en France. Union Nationale des Associations Omithologi- ques, Centre Ornithologique Rhone-Alpes. 1987. Repartition du rale de genets Crex crex (L.) en France. Alauda 55: 10-29. Cadbury, C. J. 1980. The status and habitats of the Corncrake in Britain 1978-79. Bird Study 28: 203-218. 1989. Corncrake and Corn Bunting status and habitats on Tiree and Coll, Inner Hebrides. In Stroud, D. A. (ed.), Birds of Coll and Tiree: status, habitats and conservation. Edinburgh. & O’Meara, M. 1985. The decline of the Corncrake ( Crex crex ) in Europe. Acta Congr. int. Om. 18: 754-756. Chacon, G., Fernandez, J., & Martinez, F. 1987. Descubrimiento de una poblacion nidificante de guion de codornices (Crex crex, Linn.) en Espaha. Alytes 3: 180-182. Cramp, S., & Simmons, K. E. L. (eds.) 1980. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. vol. 2. Oxford. de Juana, E. 1988. Noticiario Ornitologico. Ardeola 35: 297-316. Devii.i.ers, P., Rogceman, W., Tricot, J., del Marmoi., P., Kf.rwijn, C., Jacob, J.-P., & Ansf.i.in, A. 1988. Atlas des Oiseaux Nicheurs de Belgique. Bruxelles. FISHER, G. 1963. The Park’s Corncrakes. Rep. Roy. Zoo. Soc. Scotland 51: 13-14. HENDERSON, A. C. B. 1983. Numbers of Corncrakes and Habitat Use in the Uists, Outer Hebrides, 1983. Report to RSPB. Sandy. Hudson, A. V., & Stowe, T. J. In prep. Habitat use by Corncrakes in the Western Isles, Scotland. , MaYES, E., & Stowe, T. J. In prep. Habitat and the decline of the Corncrake in Britain and Ireland. KOSKIMIES, P. 1989. Distribution and numbers of Finnish breeding birds. Appendix to Suomen Lintuatlas. Helsinki. Lippf.ns, L., & WlLLE, H. 1972. Atlas des Oiseaux de Belgique. Tielt. Mason, A. G. 1940. On some experiments with Corncrakes. Irish Nat.J. 7: 226-237. Mayes, E., & Stowe, T. J. In press. The status and distribution of the Corncrake in Ireland in 1988. Irish Birds. Melchior, E., Mf.ntgen, E., Pf.ltzer, R., Schmitt, R., & Weiss, J. 1987. Atlas der Brutvogel Luxemburgs. Luxembourg. Norris, C. A. 1945. Summary of a report on the distribution and status of the Corncrake (Crex crex). Brit. Birds 38: 142-148, 162-168. 1947. Report on the distribution and status of the Corncrake. Brit. Birds 40: 226-244. O’Meara, M. 1979. Distribution and numbers of Corncrakes in Ireland in 1978. Irish Birds 1: 381-405. 1986. Corncrake declines in seven areas, 1978-1985. Irish Birds 3: 237-244. OsiECK, E. R. 1986. Bedreigde en Karakteristieke Vogels in Nederland. Zeist. Roai.kvam, R. 1984. Akerrikse Crex crex i Rogaland og Norge. Vdr Fuglefauna 7: 87-90. Schmid, H. 1989. Die wichtigsten ornithologischen Ereignisse 1987 und 1988 in der Schweiz. Om. Beobachter 86: 163-170. Sharrock, J. T. R. 1976. The Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland. Berkhamsted. Stowe, T. J., & Hudson, A. V. 1988. Corncrake studies in the Western Isles. In CADBURY, C. J., & Everett, M. (eds.) RSPB Conservation Review 2: 38-42. & Tonkin, J. M. 1985. Conservation Requirements of Corncrakes in S. Uist, Western Isles. Report to Nature Conservancy Council. Sandy. Stroud, J. 1986. The status and conservation of the Corncrake on Islay 1985. In Galbraith, C. A. (ed.) The Third Argyll Report : 89-92. Swann, R. L. 1986. The recent decline of the Corncrake Crex crex on the Isle of Canna. Bird Study 33: 201-205. Status of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 1 87 YON HAARTMAN, L. 1958. The decrease of the Corncrake (Crex crex). Soc. Scien. Fenn. Comment Biol. 18: 1-29. Dr Anne V. Hudson * Dr Tim J. Stowet and Simon J. Aspinall, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SGI 9 2DL * Present address: School oj Molecular and Biological Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 41 a, Scotland tTo whom all correspondence should be addressed Varied Thrush: new to the Western Palearctic S. C. Madge , G. C. Hearl, S. C. Hutchings and L. P. Williams On 14th November 1982, E. Grace was leading an RSPB field meeting at Nanquidno, near St Just-in-Penvvith, Cornwall. At about 14.00 GMT, one of the ladies in the group drew his attention to an unusual thrush, which was dark grey with a white throat and supercilium, greyish breast-band and white wingbars. Consultation of field guides did not help; the nearest thrush to it seemed to be Dusky Thrush Turdus naumanni , but several features did not fit. Despite further searches by local birdwatchers, it was not seen again until the morning of 17th. when it was relocated by the late Bernard King, and later, independently, by GCH, SCH (who obtained a series of photographs, Brit. Birds 76: plates 37-39; 83: 109-1 1 1) and LPW. The possibilities of Siberian Thrush Zoothera sibirica or an escaped Aztec Thrush Z. pinicola (a Mexican species) were then considered, but the white throat, upper breast and prominent wingbars were inexplicable. On the evening of 18th, SCH telephoned SCM and described the bird. It sounded as if it was some weird escape, possibly a peculiar plumage stage of Pied Ground Thrush Z. wardii (an Indian species). The following [tint. Birds 83: 187-195. May 19901 188 Varied Thrush: new to the Western Palearctic morning saw a handful of us gathered at the spot; when the bird appeared, its banded underwing certainly suggested a species of Zoothera, but it was clearly none of the above possibilities, and we were all totally perplexed. Returning home and looking at the literature, it suddenly dawned on SCM that the markings fitted Varied Thrush Z. naevia perfectly, and that, if the latter’s orange areas were whitish, then that was the Nanquidno bird. Luckily, the markings were distinctive enough to show that no other thrush could possibly fit: it was indeed an aberrantly coloured Varied Thrush. The thrush regularly visited Nanquidno Farm to feed on berries of a cotoneaster Cotoneaster in the garden. It had first been noticed by Miss Phillips of Nanquidno Farm, on 9th November, almost a week before being spotted by birdwatchers, and was last seen on 24th. During its stay, it was watched by a large number of people (and photographed on 22nd by Tony Croucher, plates 112-114), but many others were reluctant to travel to see what seemed to be an unlikely vagrant in an aberrant plumage. After careful consideration by the BOU Records Committee, however, the species has finally been admitted to Category A of the British and Irish list. Description SIZE AND shape A large, plump thrush, appearing a little smaller and slightly shorter-tailed than Blackbird T. tnenila. HEAD PATTERN Forehead, crown and nape dark grey; lores, ear-coverts and sides of crown a darker slate-grey. Broad white supercilium from just above eye running back and curv ing down rear of ear-coverts, broadening above rear ear-coverts and end- ing abruptly. UNDF.RPARTS Throat and upper breast clean white and unmarked. Relatively wide, dark grey breast-band below white of upper breast. Underparts below breast-band creamy-white; extensive grey overlapping scaling along flanks, widening towards rear to extend to tibia feathering and vent, merging with grey uppertail-coverts; central undertail-coverts unmarked white. UPPF.RPARTS Mantle and back dark grey, with slight brownish cast. Rump, uppertail- coverts and tail dark grey, latter with small white tips to outermost feathers. WINGS Upperwing dark grey, with two prom- inent white bars formed by tips of median and greater coverts; white patch at base of outer primaries, surrounded by a blackish shade; folded primaries and secondaries showed extensive brownish-grey-white panel along central portion of feathers, becoming darker grey towards tips and bases. Underwing whitish, with dark grey band along lesser coverts, greyish flight feathers, and grey band along centre of wing (precise pattern difficult to describe, as only glimpsed in flight). BARE PARTS Bill blackish-brown, with paler yellowish base to lower mandible; legs fleshy-yellowish; iris dark. It was a shy bird, spending most of its time feeding not far from cover, but it could often be seen in the open, feeding on fallen apples in a small orchard or devouring the berries of a cotoneaster in the garden of the farm. On one occasion it perched for some 30 seconds on the tip of a 14- m-high tree. When it Hew, it kept low, skimming walls and Hying between trees. It called rarely, but SCH twice heard a call, which he described as a low ‘chuur, chuur’. Age and sex Ageing and sexing the bird was difficult. Male Varied Thrushes have a 189 I dried Thrush: new to the Western Palearctic broader and blacker breast-band than females; the Nanquidno bird had a broad, but grey, breast-band, hardly darker than the upperparts. A comparison of the photographs with skins at the British Museum (Natural History), Tring, indicated that the bird was a first-year, and probably a male: the greater-covert bar is stepped, with smaller white tips to newer, innermost, feathers compared with larger white tips to older, outermost, feathers (adults would have greater-covert tip markings of equal size); the width of the breast-band, which appears slightly darker than the mantle in some of the photographs, suggests that the bird was a male. Distribution Varied Thrushes breed over western North America from north-central Alaska, central Yukon and northwestern Mackenzie south to northwest- ern California, northern Idaho and northwestern Montana; they winter chiefly from southern British Columbia (although some winter as far north as southern Alaska in mild winters) to central, western and southern California. Two races are recognised: the nominate race breeds on the Pacific slope, and Z. n. meruloides breeds over northern and eastern portions of the species’ range (AOU 1983). It is not possible to assign the Nanquidno individual to either race, as differences between the two forms are rather marginal, the nominate form being slightly more richly- coloured and a little smaller than meruloides. In view of the proven tendency 1 90 Varied Thmsh: new to the Western Palearctic for meruloides to disperse eastwards (see below), however, this is the most likely race to turn up in Britain. In their native haunts, Varied Thrushes frequent dense damp forests, where they forage on the ground among mosses and rocks. In the autumn, they flock to feed on berries. In normal plumage, they are stunningly beautiful: slate-grey above with flaming-orange wingbars, supercilia and underparts, the latter bisected by a grey or blackish breast-band. Easterly dispersal A glance at the species’ distribution suggests that it is an unlikely candidate for transatlantic vagrancy. Since the early 1960s, however, it has become apparent that unknown numbers must move eastwards in late autumn, following river valleys, into the heart of southern Canada and northern USA. To what extent this is a recent phenomenon is unclear, hut records date hack to 1848 and it is possibly due only to increased observer coverage that records have snowballed so that the Varied Thrush has now become known as a scarce hut regular winter visitor to bird-tables along the eastern seaboard, chiefly from Maine to New York. An examination of specimens shows that most, if not all, of the individuals occurring east of their normal range are of the eastern race mendoides (Keith 1968). Presumably, it is overlooked in the less-populated vastness that lies across the North American hinterland, but records exist right across the region. Most coastal occurrences are reported during cold-weather spells, so it seems not unreasonable to assume that the species is present in varying numbers in forest habitats in most, and probably all, winters and is forced into gardens only by hard weather. 112. Varied Thrush Z oothera naevia, Cornwall, November 1982 (A.J. Croucher) [T he inclusion of plates 112-1 16 in colour has been subsidised by a donation from ZEISS 1 1 'esl Germany] I dried Thrush: new to the Western Palearctic 191 113. Varied Thrush Z oothera naei'ia , Cornwall, November 1982 (A. /. Cmucher) The 1982/83 winter Published information for the 1982/83 winter is confusing. Bock & Larson (1983), in their summary of the features of that winter in North America, stated: ‘Varied Thrushes were reported this winter from no fewer than seven inland and eastern regions — from Utah east through the Northern Great Plains to New York. Vermont, Quebec. Ontario, Virginia, New Jersey and Massachusetts. While these sorts of sightings occur reasonably often, there was an unusually large number of such accounts this winter. Conversely, Varied Thrushes were absent from most areas of the Middle Pacific Coast Region, and scarce in the Northern Rockies. This suggests that Varied Thrushes may have opted to move east instead of south.' An analysis of regional reports from American Birds for the period in question does not, however, support this summary in respect of eastern occurrences, with comments such as ‘an average year' from Western Great Lakes Region (nine reports) and a sparsity of reports from coastal regions. The mildness of the winter in general over the continent may, however, have been a contributing factor, the birds perhaps remaining well inland and within the forests. Certainly, this species (and American Robin T. migratorius) was largely unreported from its normal winter range in the west, no doubt a result of the largest berry crop for many years which kept thrushes well within interior forests. The apparent paucity of records in eastern North America in winter 1982/83 does not, therefore, mean that the species did not disperse eastwards in that autumn. The fact that few Varied Thrushes were reported from their normal winter range indicates that they kept within 192 Varied Thrush: new to the Western Palearctic forested areas, feeding on the exceptional berry’ crops, the mildness of the weather keeping them out of urban ‘yards’. Nearctic species in Britain associated with the occurrence The year 1982 had been the best on record for American landbirds in Britain and Ireland, with some 30 individuals of 19 species (Brit. Birds 76: 527). The arrival of the Varied Thrush coincided with that of two American Robins (on Lundy, Devon, and in Shetland), two American Redstarts Setophaga ruticilla (in Strathclyde and in Lincolnshire) and a Green-backed Heron Butorides striatus (in Humberside), all within the first two weeks of November. Interestingly enough, the nearby Cornish locality of Porthgwarra had produced the first Chimney Swifts Chaetura pelagica for the West Palearctic only a couple of weeks previously (Williams 1986). In a winter which prompted comments on the scarcity of both Varied Thrushes and American Robins in their normal winter quarters, it is interesting to note that two American Robins arrived in Britain (one of which was also in the southwest), at about the same time as the Varied Thrush. Plumage aberrations and escape potential Clearly, the Nanquidno individual was abnormal in plumage coloration: it completely lacked the stunning orange pigmentation so characteristic of Varied Thrush. Suggestions that its abnormal plumage was due to diet or captivity, although highly unlikely, cannot be totally discarded. It was a first-winter bird, and so must have been some five or six months old: perhaps too young for a captive diet to have had such a total effect on its 114. Varied Thrush Zoothera naevia, Cornwall, November 1982 (A. J. Croucher) I (tried Thrush: new to the Western Palearctic 193 115. Varied Thrush Zoothera naevia, California, USA, January 1978 (W. Edward Harper) coloration? At this age, if captive feeding were responsible, it seems likely that some orange would have been present somewhere, as only during moult would colourless feathers replace the normal orange ones. More plausible is the theory that the bird was a genuinely aberrant individual. Enquiries in North America have revealed that such birds do occasionally occur in the wild, although they are very rare. Law (1931) described a bird very similar in coloration to the Nanquidno individual; Jon Dunn (verbally) reports having seen only three or four ever with such plumage coloration; and Kimball Garrett saw one in California in January 1978, and one was found dead in Death Valley, California, about ten years previously (Guy McCaskie in lift.). Varied Thrushes normally occur only within the confines of Canada and the USA, being merely a very rare vagrant in northern Mexico. Both Canada and the USA have very strict laws governing exportation of birds, and the only recent record of Varied Thrushes being imported into Britain was in 1975 (owing to stricter international regulations, it is highly unlikely that any would have been imported since then). The possibility of the Nanquidno Varied Thrush having been an escaped cagebird can, therefore, be considered extremely unlikely. Acknowledgments We should like to thank the BOU Records Committee for information gleaned from their investigations undertaken when considering this record. Thanks are also due to those who 194 Varied Thrush: new to the Western Palearctic 116. Varied Thrush Zoothera naevia, Alberta, Canada, May/June 1977 (Don Smith) took part in supplying information, photographs and descriptions: 1'ony Croucher, Susan Roney Drennen.Jon Dunn, Mike Frost, Eric Grace, YV. Edward Harper, Chris Kightley, Tim Manolis, Dr Kenneth C. Parkes, Will Russell, Don Smith and Phil Whittington. A number of other people helped supply information, on both sides of the Atlantic, namely John Bull (American Museum of Natural History), Laurie Binford, John V. Dennis, Kimball Garrett (Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History), Peter Grant, Dan Gibson (University of Alaska Museum), Kenn Kaufmann, Guy McCaskie and Dale Zimmerman. Summary A Varied Thrush Zoothera naevia stayed at Nanquidno, Cornwall, from 9th to 24th November 1982, providing the first record of the species for the Western Palearctic. It was aged as first- winter, most probably a male. It was an aberrant individual, lacking orange pigment in its plumage; such aberrations do occur very rarely in North America. Although primarily a species of western North America, it is a scarce, but frequent winter visitor to northeastern North America (therefore, an individual reaching as far east as western Britain in early winter is plausible). Varied Thrush has been admitted to Category A of the British and Irish list. References AMERICAN Ornithologists’ Union. 1983. The AOU Check-list of North American Birds. 6th edn. Lawrence. Bock, C. E., & Larson, I). 1983. The changing seasons. American Birds 37: 275-277 . Keith, A. R. 1968. A summary of the extralimital records of the Varied Thrush, 1848 to 1966. Bird Banding 39: 245-276. Law, J. E. 1931. An orangeless mutant of the Varied Thrush and its bearing on sex colour- difference. Condor 33: 151-153. WILLIAMS, L. P. 1986. Chimney Swift: new to the Western Palearctic. Brit. Birds 79: 423-426. S. C. Madge, 2 Church Row, Sheviock, Torpoint, Cornwall PI. 1 1 3EH G. C. Heart, 28-29 Penpol Terrace , Hayle, Cornwall TR27 4BQ S. C. Hutchings, Treyamon, 24 Kemick Road , Penryn, Cornwall TRIO 8 NT L. P. Williams, 2 Springfield Close, Phillack, Hayle , Cornwall TR27 5 AH The Wingspan Motor Policy from Lifesure. Why pay more to become a protected species? As a reader of ‘British Birds’ why not take a closer look at this rare opportunity? At Lifesure, we take a keen interest in Britain’s birdlife also. Now we can announce that we have negotiated a great deal for drivers with one of Britain’s leading motor insurers. Wingspan offers a broad range of cover and very competitive rates. So not only could you save money but you can also be sure of getting first class service. Additional benefits include: discounts for named drivers, a Guaranteed Bonus option to protect your ‘no-claims' and a network of over 500 approved repairers who can get you back on the road fast. If you'd like to find out more about Wingspan write or telephone for a personal quotation. (D upesuRe Lifesure Limited 34 New Street St Neots Huntingdon. Cambs PE19 1NQ Tel Huntingdon (04801 403475 (4 lines! IX (D667) British Birds — Survey of readers Unlike most magazines, British Birds does not have a short life. It is not read and thrown away, like a newspaper or a ‘glossy, bookstall magazine’: only 0.4% of readers treat their copy in this way, with a staggering 99.6% keeping their copy of BB permanently and referring to it subsequently (44% ‘often’; and 55% ‘occasionally’). Subscribers who keep their copy of British Birds to themselves make up only 53% of those who read the magazine. Even ignoring the 3,660 copies sup- plied to libraries and reading circles each year, more than one-quarter of BB subscribers share their copy with at least one other non-subscriber, and some copies are read by two, three, four, five or six other people (one subscriber admitted to sharing his with 15 other birdwatchers, and another with 26). Over half (55.5%) of BB subscribers are aged 18/40 years; a further 36% are 41-64; a mere 5% over 64; and 3.5% under 18. In the next 12 months, 8% of BB subscribers plan to buy a camera, 12% will buy a new' pair of binoculars, 12% will buy a telescope, 17% will buy a tripod, 27% will buy a birdwatching coat or jacket, and 38% will buy boots, shoes or wellingtons for birdwatching. Some readers plan to spend an average of over £1,000 per year on birdwatching equipment, and most ex- pect to spend about £300 a year. It comes as no surprise to discover that British Birds readers are also book- buyers; 97% plan to buy at least one bird book this year. While the occasio- nal subscriber intends to spend £2,500 or so on bird books in the coming 12 months, British Birds readers expect, on average, to spend £102 on bird books in a normal year. British Birds subscribers devote an average of 109 days to birdwatching per year: more than two days per week. Over half of BB subscribers (55%) travel abroad birdwatching each year, spend- ing an average of 19 days on these overseas trips. When birdwatching at home, 42% stay in guest houses, for an average of ten nights per year; 27% stay- in hotels, for an average of nine nights per year; 26% camp out, for an average of 13 nights per years; and 22% stay in hostels or at bird observatories, for an average of 12 nights per year. ‘You've got to hand it to Leica . . . these new binos are a real eye opener.” BILL ODDIE NEW VISION At first sight an exemplary, functional and O timelessly-beautiful design. On second sight a convincing and superior optical performance. A long-term view observes and confirms the unsurpassed reliability of precision mechanics. The new binocular generation from Leica. Made for the demanding observer who wishes to sweep the horizon yet never miss the nearby detail. There is a choice of three outstanding models. The universal and popular LEICA 8 x 42, the powerful LEICA 10x42 and the brilliant professional binocular LEICA 7x42. For further information on Leica products and a list of dealers, send the coupon to Leica. PO Box 10. Buntingford. Herts SG9 9BT Telephone and Service enquiries (0908) 666663 The NEW Leica Binoculars □ Please tick Leica Cameras M6 □ R5 □ R6 □ Name Address LBR5/90 Telephone The freedom to see also 7X 42B/GAT* . . particularly useful in confined habitats, such as woodland or forest; for seawatching or raptor-watching..." (British Birds Vol 79 No. 6 June 1986) Zeiss - a tradition of excellence. The preferred binocular of experienced birdwatchers worldwide. Unsurpassed in quality and performance. Excellent image contrast; superior light transmission at dawn and dusk; genuine “B” special eyepieces with unrestricted viewing for spectacle- and non -spectacle wearers alike; true close focusing (5m). Sturdy and dependable. For brochure and nearest stockist please contact: Available with or without rubber armour. Carl Zeiss (Oberkochen) Ltd PO Box 78 Woodlield Road Welwyn Garden City Herts AL7 1LU Telephone (0707)331144 ZEISS West Germany Xll (D607) Varied Thrush: new to the Western Palearctic 1 95 IVter Lansdown (Chairman, British Birds Rarities Committee) and John Mather (Chair- man, British Ornithologists Lnion Records Committee) have commented as follows: 1 )< spite this Bird s visual impact being strikingly different from that of a normal-pl umaged \ aried I hrush, there were no real identification problems once it was established that such orangeless individuals do exist. It was clearly a Zoothera and, of the members of that genus, •he plumage-pattern fitted only Varied Thrush. A second circulation of the BBRC resulted in complete acceptance of S. C. Madge’s identification, and this decision was unanimously endorsed by the BOURC. The record received two circulations of that committee, during which the file gathered much written discussion concerning the bird’s likely origin, and the BOLRCs opinion was to regard the \ aried 1 hrush as being of natural occurrence. This corporate verdict was reached alter considerable research and correspondence with several authorities in North America, and was based upon a combination of factors, most of which are covered in detail above. I hese include the fact that such "o(T colour" individuals are known to occur (albeit very rarely) in the wild in North America, the bird’s age as first- winter, the known long-distance eastward migration of the species and its timing in relation to the Nanquidno bird (which is presumed to have overshot the east coast of Canada or the L SA during its initial easterly movement), the other Nearctic species which arrived in Britain at about the same time, the fact that Varied Thrush does not currently figure in the bird trade, and the strict bird export laws of the l SA and Canada in relation to the species' world range. Incidentally, the bird should not be referred to as "leucistic". which describes an individual with a reduction in the strength of its dark pigments. Acceptance of this Varied I hrush (Brit. Birds 82: 542; this in press) resulted in the species being placed in Category A of the British and Irish list.’ Ef)S Desert Sparrows in Morocco M. Densley The Desert Sparrow Passer simplex is one of the most enigmatic, elusive and least-studied birds of the Western Palearctic. In the process of retracting its range, very specific in its habitat requirements and, like many desert species, markedly nomadic in habit, this is a very difficult species to encounter, even in regions where it is known to occur. Its presently known status, distribution and biology have recently been published in detail (Summers-Smith 1988). The only detailed study of its breeding, made on the now very rare Asian population, is contained in Sopyev (1965), and very little recent published information is available on the species in North Africa. [Brit. Bird i 83: 195-201. May 1990] 1 96 Desert Sparrows in Morocco This account summarises observations made on a small nesting colony of Desert Sparrows in southeast Morocco in April 1988, the first published occurrence of breeding in that country (Dr D. J. Summers-Smith in lift.). Study area and habitat My observations of breeding Desert Sparrows were made on 28th April 1988, in an area known as Erg Chebbi, a series of spectacularly high sand- dunes on the edge of the Hammada du Gui, which straddles the ill- defined border between southeast Morocco and Algeria. The actual site lies a few kilometres north of the small, remote oasis settlement of Merzouga. Although previously unrecorded in Morocco by Summers-Smith (1988), small numbers of Desert Sparrows had in fact been present (and probably breeding) in this general area for several years (Mrs Erika Sharrock verbally; Gantlett 1988). The breeding pairs that I encountered frequented habitat typical of that for the species in North Africa: flat, open areas of sand extensively colonised by awn grass Aristida pungens, a species recalling marram Ammophila, with a seed-head like that of oats Avena , about 75 cm high, which is apparently the staple food of adult Desert Sparrows. The only other vegetation appeared to be several isolated mature date palms Phoenix dactylifera and a few yellow-flowered desert plants provisionally identified as Asteriscus spinosus (Pa lien is spinosa) and Phagnalon rupestre. Other birds seen in the area were Hoopoe Lark Alaemon alaudipes, Bar-tailed Desert Lark 117. Habitat of Desert Sparrows Passer simplex, Morocco, April 1988 [M. Densley) [The inclusion of plates 117-121 in colour has been subsidised by a donation from ZEISS West Germany] 197 Desert Sparrows in Morocco Ammomanes cincturus and 1 rumpeter Finch Rhodopechys githaginea. Several Arabs were also summering here with their goats, which had already grazed ofl most of the Aristida seed-heads, no doubt a significant factor limiting the occurrence and survival of Desert Sparrows throughout their North African range. Behaviour and appearance of adults A minimum of six adult male Desert Sparrows was present in my study area, but only three females. It was immediately obvious that nests were present in a multi-stemmed mature date palm some 8-9 m high, which had been severely pollarded in the past and had since developed a dense spiny mass of secondary growth, within which three nests were located. One was situated on the east side of the tree, about 2 m from the ground, receiving the light from the early morning sun. The other two were on the south side of the tree, about 1 m apart and about 1.5 m from the ground; both received the heat of the sun for much of the day. In general, the males were much less shy than the females, and spent much more time at and near the nests, repeatedly examining the contents of them or sitting in the vegetation nearby. No detailed descriptions of the voice of Desert Sparrow have apparently appeared in print (Summers-Smith 1988). The call of the males much resembled the ordinary chirping of the male House Sparrow P. domesticus. The song, however, was much more musical: a melodious trilling, reminiscent of Linnet Carduelis cannabina or, more especially, the rippling spring call of the Greenfinch C. chloris. The females were completelv silent. Apart from its basic diet of Aristida seeds, Summers-Smith (1988) recorded as the food of adult Desert Sparrows the seeds of a variety of desert plants, insects and miscellaneous gleanings from around human habitations. Only the seeds o {'Aristida pungens were recorded by me as food consumed by the adults, obtained by first fluttering into the air to grasp and then break down the tall, fruiting stems. At no time did I see any of the sparrows drinking, nor did I see any source of available water; Summers-Smith (1988) suggested that the Desert Sparrow has no need of direct access to water, deriving all the moisture it needs from its food. Durrell & Durrell (1986), however, observed Desert Sparrows in Soviet Turkmeniya, some of them breeding, regularly visiting a tap to drink, and it is interesting to note that another pair of breeding Desert Sparrows, in the same general area as the ones I studied, and observed at the same time, whose existence was subse- quently made known to me, had actually sited their nest containing young in the stone side-walls of an isolated well (R. A. Frost in litt.). Judging from the colour rendering of illustrations of Desert Sparrow in field guides and other books, I suspect that most of them have been made from faded cabinet skins or from field descriptions unduly influenced by the very bright natural light conditions which normally prevail when one encounters the species. This has the effect of visually bleaching out much of the detail and subtlety of the plumage, especially the wanner elements of it. My own observations of plumage were made in the relatively cool 198 Desert Sparrows in Morocco 118. Male Desert Sparrow Passer simplex, Morocco, April 1988 (Al. Density ) and more optically relaxed conditions of early morning, creating (to my mind) a truer impression of colour and plumage detail. The accompany- ing photographs (plates 118-120), which were taken at the same time, have been selected specifically to convey the most accurate impression as possible of the birds’ plumage. They are also some of the first ever published of Desert Sparrow. Breeding biology The outer, visible section of the nests consisted of an apparently randomly assembled mass of fibres from the bark of the date palm, and dry, green seed-heads of Aristida with the fruits removed. Intermixed with this were several small pieces of paper, lumps of matted blue-grey animal hair and one long strand of purple wool, clearly originating from a human garment. This seemingly disorganised exterior to the nest, however, concealed a much more sophisticated inner structure, set horizontally deep into the hostile mass of palm growth. Flask-shaped, about 25 cm long, with a sloping entrance, it was tightly and skilfully woven from the toughest bark fibres, which had the consistency of wire: a most effective deterrent to predators (fig. 1). In shape and construction, it much resembled the nests of some weavers Ploceus. The inner cup to the nest was composed of very fine palm-bark fibres and dry grasses, mixed with a few' feathers and traces of animal hair. All three nests contained young, which were being fed by their parents, and the contents of two of the nests were examined. The nest on the east side of the tree, the one studied in most detail, held three very small, Desert Sparrows in Morocco 199 119. Female Desert Sparrow Passer simplex, Morocco, April 1988 (M. Densley) totally naked young, judged to be only a few days old. This could be deduced without removing them from the nest. One of the nests on the south side of the tree contained two, much larger, well-feathered young, which were taken out of the nest for my examination in an unsolicited and rather misguided gesture of friendship on the part of one of the local Arabs. Both these young were judged to be between seven and ten days old, with only their major wing and tail feathers still in sheath. (A full description of the nestlings, probably the first to be published, appears as an appendix.) It was immediately obvious that one of these two nestlings was markedly more advanced than the other, both in size and in feather development, clearly a manifestation of the prolonged hatching period of the eggs, characteristic of Desert Sparrow. This is believed by Summers- Smith (1988) to be a product of the high ambient temperature in the birds' inches Fig. 1. Diagram of shape of nest of Desert Sparrows Passer simplex. Morocco. April 1988 (,\1. Densley) 200 Desert Spanows in Morocco breeding area, which, apparently, initiates the development of the egg as soon as it is laid and before active incubation by the female. In view of the fact that all three nests found were placed on the sunniest, and thus warmest sides of the tree, perhaps this ‘incubation by proxy’ phenomenon has, for whatever reason, now developed into a prerequisite for breeding success by this species? Most of my observ ations of breeding adults were made at the nest on the east side of the tree (the one containing the three newly hatched young and, in the early morning, the one in the best light). I was able to study the behaviour and appearance of the birds from a distance of about 10 m. The male visited the nest to feed the young much more frequently, and, during the course of one hour, a total of nine feeding visits was made to the nest, two-thirds of them by the male. This frequency of visits compares well with Sopyev’s (1965) early-morning observations on 121. Male Desert Sparrow Passer simplex, Morocco, January 1989 (Ed Opperman) 120. Nestling Desert Sparrow Passer sim- plex, Morocco, April 1988 (M. Density) Desert Spairows in Morocco 20 1 feeding by Russian Desert Sparrows, which averaged eight or nine per hour. Apart from her feeding duties, the female that I watched made only two very brief visits to the nest during the hour. food brought to the nest for the young seems not previously to have been specifically recorded. At the nest I studied, the female brought what appeared to be masticated seeds of Aristida, and also long-legged spiders (perhaps harvestmen). The male brought small Calypterate flies, small, brown, fleshy bodied moths and caterpillars. The male was seen to forage for these under small stones, in low vegetation and from the leaves and root bases of Aristida. The disturbance factor of nearby grazing goats was also exploited by the male sparrow while collecting insects and, at this time, and especially in flight to and from the nest, his appearance was strongly reminiscent of a diminutive Lesser Grey Shrike Latiius minor. Acknowledgments Dr J. D. Summers-Smith commented constructively on an early draft of this paper. 1 am further grateful to him for access to his computerised file of references on Desert Sparrow, and for his encouragement throughout. I am grateful to Roy Frost for drawing my attention to the additional breeding pair of Desert Sparrows, and for help in other ways. Advice and assistance was also readily provided by W. A. Ely, David Lange, Martin Roome and C. S. V. Yeates. Summary The habitat, food, behaviour, appearance, voice, nest and nestlings of Desert Sparrows Passer simplex in Morocco are described, discussed and illustrated, as a result of observations made in April 1988. References DURRF.I.I., G., & DrRRF.i l., I,. 1986. Darrell in Russia. London. Ganti.F.TT, S. 1988. Notes on finding Desert Sparrow (Passer simplex ) and Arabian Bustard (Ardeotis arabs) in Morocco. Birding World 1: 96-98. SoPYF.V, O. 1965. The Desert Sparrow in the Kara Kum. Omitologiya 7: 134-141. fin Russian] Summers-Smith, J. D. 1988. The Sparrows. Gabon. M. Densley. 60 Saffron Crescent , Tickhill. Doncaster , South Yorkshire DM I 9RL ' Appendix Description of nestling about 7-10 days old All feather growth apparently complete with exception of primaries, secondaries and tail feathers, which were all still three-quarters in sheath. Pl.UMAGE Ear-coverts, plus chin, throat, breast and all other underparts, including undertail- coverts, pale, warm cream. Ear-coverts washed pale cinnamon. Forehead, crown, nape, back, rump and all wing feathers, except primaries and secondaries, pale cinnamon-brown tinged pink, very' pale on rump and back and darker on forehead and front of crown. Centres and, especially, bases of greater coverts, greater primary' coverts and tertials darker, creating a subtly mottled effect of darker-centred, paler-edged feathers. Lores and area immediately surrounding eye sooty-brown (a character of immature male?). Emergent primaries and secondaries warm grey-brown, with very narrow, contrasting fringes of pale pinkish-buff. Emergent tail feathers virtually black in central area, narrowly fringed pale pinkish-buff. Outer feathers essentially pinkish-buff, with small central markings of warm grey-brown. BARF. PARTS Bill, legs and feet pale pink/flesh. Eye black with hazel-mid-brown iris. Gape creamy lemon-yellow. Obituary Crispin James Fisher (1941-1989) The tragic loss of Crispin Fisher has robbed the birdwatching world of a unique talent. He was the son of the late James Fisher and, while he never sought to follow in his father’s footsteps, his expertise within the publishing world, combined with his wide knowledge of natural history, secured him the position of natural history editor at William Collins, where later he became Head of Natural Histoiy. He was responsible for the ‘New Naturalist’ books, a series which his father had established many years before, as well as a wide range of indispensable field guides and other natural history' books. His ornithological interest was kindled by his great uncle, Arnold W. Boyd, once an editor of British Birds , and, although Crispin never aspired to that position, he contributed many notes and in 1979 was the first winner of BB’s Bird Illustrator of the Year, reaching second place in 1980. His position at Collins allowed him to bring together some of the best ornithological authors and artists. He was responsible for the ‘New Generation Guide’ series, and there are many titles still to see the light of day which will appear thanks to Crispin’s foresight and skill. His own artistic talent was considerable and examples of his paintings illustrate the front covers of several Birdwatcher’s Yearbooks , as well as the display panels at the Gibraltar Point infonnation centre. Crispin was always proud that he could not be accused of being a twitcher, so much so that it was only with some soul-searching that he finally went to see the White-tailed Eagle at Brill, only a short distance from his home. Despite his antipathy to ‘listing’, he became involved with the ‘Big Bird Races’ which evolved into the Country Life/ RSNC County Birdwatch, acting as referee, where his sense of ‘fair play’ was invaluable. His birdwatching notes were always meticulous, and often accompanied by delightful field sketches. He always enjoyed his birdwatching to the full and more often than not it was part of a Waterways Survey or a Wildfowl Count. Most of his birding time was spent at his local reserve in Buckinghamshire or by the river near his family home in Northampton- shire. Occasional business abroad brought him into contact with more exotic species, but his idea of a good birdwatching trip would usually be a long weekend to the Suffolk coast, always visiting Minsmere, where he could reconfirm his dislike of Avocets. Not content with this, he also helped to found the Buckinghamshire Bird Club, and served on the councils of the British Trust for Ornithology and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Many will have known him as a devotee of BTO conferences who religiously attended the lectures, but, thanks to careful seat selection at the back of the hall, who was always first in the queue at the bar at the end of the talk. On these occasions, his company would be avidly sought by many birders who appreciated that Crispin himself was a rarity. His cheerful humour, 202 \Brit. Birds 83: 202-203, May 1990] Crispin James Fisher ( 1941-1989) 203 122. Crispin Fisher ( 1941 -1989) {Jane Fisher) generosity and disdain for all that is boring amongst birds made conversation with him a delight. Whether he is remembered as bird- watcher, publisher, artist or conservationist, all who knew Crispin will remember him with affection. Chris Harbard g>ebrntp-fibr pcarsi ago... ‘How long the Common Tern has nested at Blakeney there is probably no means of ascertaining now, but my father could speak to the settlement being in existence in 1830, or thereabouts, but probably it is much older than that. At that time there is reason to believe the chief breeding-place was not at Blakeney, but on the shingle beach at Cley, a mile to the east . . . My father, who was bom in 1819, could also remember when Avocets still bred at Salthouse and Cley, but it is probable that there were never many of them and they soon became rare. J. H. GURNF.Y.’ (Brit. Birds 8: 295, May 1915) Product reports Items included in this feature have been submitted by the manufacturers or their agents. The reviews are the personal opinions of the reviewers; they are not the result of technical tests, but are assessments made after use in appropriate conditions (e.g. in the field). Neither British Birds nor the individual reviewers can accept responsibility for any adverse consequences of opinions stated, and items are accepted for review on this understanding. We aim, however, to be helpful both to our readers and to manufacturers of goods used by birdwatchers. Eds ‘Kowa’ spotting scope TSN 20 x-60x zoom eyepiece The spotting scope itself has already received a rave review (Brit. Birds 82: 256-258); it is still certainly one of the best two or three birdwatching telescopes, and in most people’s opinions the best. I use it constantly, with a 20 X eyepiece. Other eyepieces are, however, also available, and this short review concerns the 20X-60X zoom. Compared with the 20 X eyepiece, the 20X-60X is less spectacularly supreme. Even on 20 X, there is a loss in brightness and clarity, with a crisp image being obtained only by fiddly fine-tuning of the focusing wheel, and the diameter of the field of view is almost halved (the area cut to around one-third). These are serious disadvantages, and explain why the sensible birdwatcher does not use a 20X-60X zoom eyepiece on his/ her Kowa telescope the whole time. With a 20 X eyepiece, the Kowa is magnificent; with the zoom, it is adequate. Personally, I compromise. With the Kowa bayonet-type lens fitting, it takes me around 20 seconds to switch from one eyepiece to another. I can, therefore, have the best of both options: using the 20X eyepiece, with its clarity and huge field of view, most of the time, and switching to the 20X- 60 X zoom on those occasions when higher power is essential (distant swimming wildfowl, feeding waders or hoodwink on a telephone wire). I recommend that Kowa telescope users make the most of their optical equipment by using at least two different lenses. JTRS Mystery photographs -j £ A The combination of long tail, long tertials, unstreaked plumage X^^T and very prominent double wingbar should readily identify last month’s mystery bird (plate 102, repeated here as plate 123) as a wagtail Motacilla. The wingbars are too prominent for Grey Wagtail M. cinerea, and the bird does not have that species’ extremely long tail. In addition, the strength of the face pattern and apparent lack of throat and breast markings rule out Pied Wagtail M. alba. So, we are dealing with either a Yellow Wagtail M.flava or its close relative the Citrine Wagtail M. citreola. Before proceeding further, it is perhaps useful to establish the bird’s age. The very broad pale tips to the median and greater coverts appear to be pure white and are distinctly set off against the dark feather bases, 204 Mystery photographs 205 while the dark malar smudge is a remnant of the dark gorget typical of juveniles of both species. We can be reasonably sure, therefore, that the bird is in first-winter plumage. At this point, progress from a single black-and-white photograph becomes much slower. Unable to assess the true colour of the upperparts and limited to one viewing angle, we must make the best of what can be a difficult problem: the separation of first-winter Citrine Wagtail from the equivalent plumages of the Yellow Wagtail complex, some of which (stemming at least in part from eastern populations) can be strikingly crisp, grey and white, as this bird appears to be. Structurally, the mystery bird would fit either species perfectly well: the bill is long and reasonably strong, which fits Citrine; but this is matched and probably exceeded by many Yellow Wagtails, for example black-headed M.ffeldegg, the longest- billed race from published measurements. So, we need to examine the plumage. Perhaps the most striking feature is the crisp and contrasting wing pattern, with broad white wingbars and tertial fringes; white fringes to the flight feathers show through as a white flash on the closed wing. Facially, this bird is quite distinctive, with a broad white supercilium flaring strongly behind the eye; the forehead contrasts paler, and there is a short but conspicuous dark upper border to the supercilium confined to the area above the eye; and the ear-coverts are flecked with white in the centre and have a dark lower border which runs forward to below the lores, which are in fact quite pale. In addition, the white underparts are lightly washed with grey on the breast-sides and upper flanks and there is the already noted dark malar smudge, while the undertail-coverts appear to be pure white. Although this brief description is entirely consistent with a first-winter Citrine Wagtail, much of it could equally apply to a grey-and-white individual of Yellow' Wagtail. For example, the dark upper border to the supercilium and traces of a gorget can be variably retained into first- winter plumage by both species, and both can show white flecking in the centre of the ear-coverts (although that on Citrine may often be more 206 Mystery photographs 124. Mystery photograph 155. Identify the species. Answer next month extensive). Wholly white underparts and undertail-coverts can also be found (admittedly rarely) among such Yellow Wagtails. Nevertheless, the brightness and breadth of the wingbars, the pale forehead and the loral pattern at least point strongly towards Citrine (all races of Yellow show narrower or more buff wingbars, lack the pale forehead, and have a darker loral line). There is, however, no trace in the photograph of the pale ear- covert surround, linking the supercilium with the submoustachial area, which has been recognised as an important feature of first-winter Citrine. So, what is this mystery bird? In fact, it is a Citrine Wagtail, photographed by J. R. Clarkson in Lincolnshire in September 1983. To confirm this, we really need to see the bird from a variety of angles and ranges and in a variety of postures, but as a substitute we can examine other photographs of the same individual which appear in British Birds (76: 597, plates 260-262). Here, the ear-covert surround is plain to see in two of the photographs, making the point that this feature varies enormously in prominence depending on angle, range and the bird’s posture, as well as being subject to individual variation. In real life (and full colour), this Citrine Wagtail showed the following features not visible in the photograph: the upperparts were uniform mid- grey, looking quite dark at a distance, with no hint of olive, even on the rump or uppertail-coverts; and the forehead was actually pale buff. Some Citrines have a pinky-buff suffusion on the breast and a yellowish-buff tone to the fore-supercilium. More yellow appears in the ‘face’ from late autumn onwards. This particular individual gave a buzzing ‘dzzeep’ call, which seems typical of vagrant Citrines in Britain and which is quite different from the familiar ‘swee-ip’ of our ‘own’ race, flavissima, of Yellow Wagtail. Some races of Yellow (for example, feldegg), however, can give a more buzzing version of this call, which more closely resembles that of Citrine. ANDY STODDART 43 Gilman Road , Norwich , Norfolk NR3 4JB Notes 207 Wren fighting with Cetti’s Warbler At 07.30 GMT on 9th August 1987, at Abbey Mead Lake, Newhythe, Kent, I noticed a Wren Troglodytes troglodytes and a Cetti’s Warbler Cettia cetti fighting on the ground. They were locked in battle, and I came to within 5 m of them before they went their separate ways. R. J. Parker 48 Heron Road , Larkjield, Maidstone, Kent AIE20 6JH D. T. Ireland has commented as follows: ‘I have several records of Cetti’s Warblers being involved in skirmishes with other bird species, but not as yet with Wrens. I have no notes of actual physical contact as witnessed by Mr Parker. The date of this observation leads me to suggest that this was an independent juvenile first-brood male who was trying to carve out a territory for himself. By this date, most adult males are in mid moult and are rarely seen or heard.’ Ens Robin attempting to steal food from hedgehog On 17th July 1987, at Mentmore, Buckinghamshire, 1 was watching a hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus foraging on a carpet of dead leaves under trees when a Robin Erithacus rnbecula Hew to a low perch about one metre from it. Three times, the hedgehog pounced unsuccessfully on a moth, and each time the Robin swooped after the escaping insect, missing on at least two occasions. The Robin continued to watch the hedgehog closely for the following ten minutes, during which time the bird made another apparently unsuccessful attempt to snatch a moth that was being pursued by the hedgehog. Over many of the following evenings, similar behaviour was observed, with a Robin occasionally flying down to take moths or other insects disturbed by the hedgehog. Robins have previously been reported as commensals of wild boars Sus scrofa , moles Talpa europaea and man (Hartley 1985, article on ‘Feeding habits’ in .4 Dictionary oj Birds', Brit. Birds 61: 314; 75: 90). Alan Knox Buckinghamshire County Museum , Technical Centre, Tring Road , Holton , Buckinghamshire HP22 5PJ Bilateral scratching by Blackbird In the evening of 6th August 1986, an adult male Blackbird Turdus mertda was seen feeding on fine bread crumbs on a freshly cut garden lawn at Mentmore, Buckinghamshire. Most of the crumbs had settled deeply among the short grass, and the bird was having to probe for them. Suddenly, the Blackbird hopped forward on top of the patch of crumbs, and then hopped sharply backwards, scratching the grass with the spread claws of both feet. This action brought to the surface several crumbs, which were then eaten, before the process was repeated twice more. The Blackbird was then accidently flushed and did not return to the area. This form of foraging, known as bilateral or double scratching, has 208 Notes been reliably recorded from only one other Palearctic species, Bearded Tit Panurus biarrnicus, although it has been recorded for the Furnariidae (in one species), the Emberizinae (over 40 New World species), the Icteridae (three species), and the Viduinae (nine species)(cf. review by Greenlaw, 1977, Condor 79: 426-439). Within the Emberizinae, bilateral scratching is used as a taxonomic feature, but in other groups it seems to have arisen independently ‘among hopping birds that often forage in herbaceous litter’ (Greenlaw 1977). The Blackbird clearly fits this pattern. Alan Knox Buckinghamshire County Museum, Technical Centre, Tring Road , Halton, Buckinghamshire HP22 5PJ Blackbird sliding down roof At 1 1.00 GMT on 8th December 1987, I saw a male Blackbird Turdus merula perched on the ridge of the steeply pitched, lichen-encrusted, tiled roof of a bungalow in Blunham, Bedfordshire. The temperature overnight had been — 7°C, but the roof was south-facing and in full sun, so that frost had cleared from it, although it was still wet. The Blackbird suddenly stepped off the ridge and swiftly slid down the sloping roof, on his undertail-coverts, with his tail slightly fanned, wings slightly open and bill pointing horizontally or slightly upwards (i.e. not ‘head down’). On reaching the gutter, the Blackbird flew straight off, this action being a smooth continuation of the slide down the roof. Fig. 1. Attitude adopted by Blackbird Turdus merula sliding down roof of bungalow, Bedfordshire, December 1987 (redrawn, from original sketch, by R.J. Prytherch) My impression was that the Blackbird had deliberately performed this action and had not merely accidentally slipped; I was inevitably reminded of film which I have seen of otters Lutra lutra sliding down slippery slopes. A. T. Moffett recorded Ravens Corvus corax sliding in snow (Brit. Birds 77: 321-322, plates 121-125), but they slid on their backs. J. T. R. SHARROCK Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ The January 1989 issue of BBC Wildlife included a letter from Jenny Lowe of Wrightington, Lancashire, reporting a Magpie Pica pica repeatedly sliding on its belly down an icy slope which had previously been used by children. Ens Notes 209 Jackdaws hatching Mandarin egg In March 1987, on a Berkshire estate, I erected lour nestboxes for Mandarins Aix galericulata. Occu- pancy of three of the boxes was originally in dispute between Mandarins and Jackdaws Corvus monedula, but eventually settled one way or the other. The fourth box was originally claimed by a Mandarin, which laid nine eggs. Jackdaws then built a nest on top of the Mandarin eggs, and laid two eggs of their own. A Mandarin egg then appeared in the Jackdaw nest, and a Jackdaw was flushed from two Jackdaw eggs and one Mandarin egg. Later, a second Mandarin egg appeared in the box, together with a third Jackdaw egg. The duck eggs crushed the Jackdaw eggs, but the Jackdaws continued to incubate the two Mandarin eggs for over 30 days. On 30th May, one of these eggs hatched, and the duckling was released onto a nearby lake, where it may have joined a very young Mandarin brood in the near vicinity. Andy Davies Flat 3, 58 Harvey Road , Guildford , Surrey GUI 3LU Starling associating with Collared Dove At 18.30 GMT on 28th April 1987, in a garden in West Bagborough, Somerset, I was watching a male Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto singing from the top of a conifer, when a Starling Stumus vulgaris flew in to perch 0.5 m from it. The Collared Dove continued its song for about one minute, before flying about 20 m to another tree, where it resumed singing. The Starling followed the Collared Dove closely, and again perched nearby; the dove sang for another minute and then, still accompanied by the Starling, flew off. At no time did the Starling either call or mob the dove, and Starlings were not breeding in the vicinity of the garden. A. P. Radford Crossways Cottage, West Bagborough , Taunton , Somerset TA4 3EG This behaviour seems most odd; comparable observations will be welcomed. Eds Letters What is Cox’s Sandpiper? A critical line of text was dropped by my word-processor prior to the submission to British Birds of the text of my paper on ‘The World’s first known juvenile Cox's Sandpiper" (Brit. Birds 81: 253-257). Unfortunately, the remains of the sentence still sounded like sensible English, but, as pointed out by Dr Thomas S. Schulenberg (Brit. Birds 82: 622-623), did not make biological sense. The sentence in question should have read (missing portion now' in italics): ‘There is an even better reason for rejecting the “stereotyped hybrid" notion: most, if not all, valid bird species differ in so many genes or alleles (Buckley 1982; Corbin 1987) that while F, offspring are quite uniform (stereotyped), F2, backcross and subsequent hybrid combinations are extraordinarily variable." 210 Letters Dr Schulenberg and 1 do not differ in this basis of our arguments, though we may disagree in our conclusions. P. A. BUCKLEY US National Park Sendee Cooperative Research Unit, Doolittle Hall, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA 08903 Identification of ‘Siberian’ Lesser Whitethroats Kevin Baker’s paper on the identification of various subspecies of Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca (Brit. Birds 81: 382-390) prompts me to point out that there is a limit to what can be identified in the field with a sufficient degree of credibility at the subspecific level. I should also like to ask whether the editors of British Birds should not take a slightly more active part in guiding readers — and authors — to make them realise these limits. British Birds has a splendid record, a heritage from B. W. Tucker, to administer, fucker wrote a very clear and sensible major paper in 1949, ‘Species and subspecies: a review for general ornithologists' (Brit. Birds 42: 129-134, 161-174, 193-205), which still could be read with profit. Maybe the present editors could prepare a shortened version and add just a few concluding thoughts in the light of recent events? With the rapid growth of field ornithology, many young birders of today need to be reminded of these fundamentals. Regarding the main issue of Baker’s paper, the field identification of the Siberian race of the Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca blythi, I have failed (as has apparently Peters, 1986, mentioned by Baker) to find any clear and consistent differences in size or plumage between this and the nominate form breeding in Europe. I have gone through quite extensive series of skins in several museums in order to come up with anything useful for ringers (who come as close to the birds as is possible). Although some blythi are a shade more brown on the back than are curruca, the difference is so slight as to be useless in the field. The only other and still-very-slight difference is the somewhat blunter wing, an average difference which will be detectable on long series of skins only and which cannot be used in the field at all. Several birds overlap as to the wing-formula, too: which is to be expected when dealing with subspecies forming a continuous cline from Europe to Asia. I have found European Lesser Whitethroats, both live birds and skins, with the second primary falling between the sixth and seventh primaries. Such individuals are not common, but they do occur. Many Siberian Lesser Whitethroats have that same wing-formula, or have the second primary as long as the seventh, thus not very different from the most blunt-winged European individuals. Unlike Baker, I would, therefore, discourage anyone from attempting field identification of S. c. blythi, and I should like to voice a word of warning to all ringers that they should not take the identification of subtle subspecies too lightly. There is nothing wrong in releasing many birds without giving them subspecific labels. Or, put it like this: there would be something wrong if all birds trapped were subspecifically identified. Vide Tucker! As to the other Asiatic forms treated by Baker, I can agree with him that the systematics of this group are confusing. This becomes clear Letters 211 when comparing Williamson (1968) and Vaurie (1959), who expressed differing views on the ranges of the subspecies; and in Harrison (1982), the ranges for minula and althaea are mistakenly switched on the maps. Pending more fieldwork in Asia Minor and Central Asia, I think we do best to leave this intricate group to the very' few observers with solid experience. And, please, let the ‘worryingly frequent' reports of aberrant Lesser Whitethroats on the British east coast be; do not invite birdwatchers to make firm identifications. Baker s paper is full of sensible, well-founded cautionary remarks about the variability in plumage and size, the interbreeding of many forms, and the unresolved question of the breeding ranges. Such birds should not be ‘strong candidates’ for future inclusion on any West European national list. Lars Svensson Sturegatan 60, S-l 14 36 Stockholm , Sweden We are pleased to announce that Dr Alan Knox is engaged in compiling for British Birds the very paper proposed by Ears Svensson in his first paragraph. F.ns Announcements Reports on scarce migrant birds To complement the annual ‘Report on rare birds in Great Britain’ (e.g. Brit. Birds 82: 505-563) and report on ‘Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom’ (e.g. Brit. Birds 82: 477-504), we shall soon be starting an annual ‘Report on scarce migrant birds in Britain and Ireland’. The following species will be included: Spoonbill Platalea teucorodia Purple Heron Ardea purpurea White Stork Ciconia cicortia Ruddy Shelduck Tadoma ferruginea Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina Ferruginous Duck Aythya tyroca Rough-legged Buzzard Buteo lagopus Spotted Crake Porzana porzana Temminck’s Stint Calidris temminckii Pectoral Sandpiper C. melanotos Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus (outside Scotland) Sabine’s Gull Larus sabini Ring-billed Gull L. delawarensis Hoopoe Upupa epops Richard’s Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae Tawny Pipit ,4. campestris Bluethroat Luscinia svecica Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina Melodious W arbler H. polyglotta Barred W arbler Sylvia nisoria Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inomatus Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula parva Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus Red-backed Shrike Lartius collurio Great Grey Shrike L. excubitor Serin Serinus serinus Scarlet Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana Red-headed Bunting E. bruniceps Shore Lark Eremophila alpestris The validity of records will continue to be assessed by individual county or regional records committees, but the records will be collected for collation and analysis by Peter Fraser and John Ryan, on behalf of British Birds. Records for all species will be collected annually and a report published annually. This will, however, not list all individual records of each species, but will concentrate on a more-detailed analysis of three to five species each year, on a rotation basis. The analyses will in general follow the format of those in the series ‘Scarce migrants in Britain and Ireland' (Brit. Birds 62: 169-189, 300-315; 63: 6-23, 313-324; 64: 93-1 13, 302-309; 65: 187-202, 381-392; 66: 46-64, 517-525), subsequently published as a book (Scarce Migrant Birds in Britain and Ireland . 1974). The first set of analyses — dealing with Bluethroats, Aquatic Warblers and Ortolan Buntings since 1958 — will be published in British Birds later this year or in early 1991. 212 Announcements ‘The Famous Grouse’ Christmas puzzle The correct solution to the puzzle set on page xvii in the December 1989 issue was HAWFINCH. The individual answers to the questions were: 1. Old names for HOOPOE (or HOUSE SPARROW) = H. 2. CAIN AND ABEL SYNDROME - C. 3. NUTCRACKER (6 in Britain in 1911 and 315 in 1968— but still none in Ireland) = N. 4. ‘IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS IN EUROPE’; INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR BIRD PRESERVATION; IWRB; and IAN PRESTT: all featured in advertisements for the book in British Birds — I. 5. FEATHERS (a hummingbird has from 900; a swan has up to 25,000) = I. 6. WATCH (the collective noun) — W. 7. ALEXANDER WILSON = A. 8. Wilson’s Petrel, Wilson’s Phalarope, Wilson’s Warbler and HOODED WARBLER Wilsonia citrina — H. We received 48 correct answers. The winners of the draw were (1) M. Hayes of Kingswood, Bristol, (2) C.J. Small of Lingwood, Norwich, and (3) P.J. Wilson of Seaford, East Sussex, each of whom will be receiving a bottle of The Famous Grouse Scotch whisky from this competition’s annual sponsors, Matthew Gloag & Son Ltd. Books in British Birdshop The following books are added to our list this month: Ali & Ripley A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent Bergier & Bergier A Birdwatchers’ Guide to Morocco Brooke The Manx Sheanuater Campbell & Lack A Dictionary of Birds Fry The Bee-eaters Harris The Puffin Nelson The Gannet Newton The Sparrowhawk Summers-Smith The Sparrows Village The Kestrel The following SPECIAL offers are still available to BB subscribers: Blakers et al. The Atlas of Australian Birds (save £22.50) British Birds/IBCE International Bird Identification (save £1.00) Oddie Birdwatching with Bill Oddie (save £2.00 hardback, £1.00 paperback) Ogilvie & Winter Best Days with British Birds (save £2.00) Please make use of the British BirdShop order fonns on pages xiii & xiv. Fieldwork action BTO/IWC news BTO at the Chelsea Flower Show The B I'O is attending the Chelsea Flower Show during 21st-25th May to focus on the Garden Bird Projects. First, the Garden Bird Feeding Survey which looks at feeding through the winter and is a year-round nationwide survey of around 5,000 gardens. Secondly, the European Garden Bird Survey, which monitors feeding and use of gardens by several species. The display will include sections on bird feeding preferences, garden management for birds, seasonal and regional patterns of garden use. Information for the Garden Bird Surveys is available from the BTO, Beech Grove, Station Road, Tring, Hertfordshire HP23 5NR. Short reviews Hummingbirds. By Andrew Cleave. (Hamlyn, London, 1989. 128 pages. £12.95) Essentially a vehicle for presenting 67 fine hummingbird photographs, nearly half of them of the 16 North American species. The first six of the seven short chapters intro- duce some of the uniquely interesting aspects of hummingbird life histories and ecology; in spite of some mistakes, mostly minor, they would stimulate a newcomer to this family. The final chapter, on where to see hummingbirds, is reasonable for North but inadequate for South America. f Barbara Snow] Ecology of Birds: an Australian perspec- tive. By Hugh A. Ford. (Surrey Beatty & Sons, Australia, 1989. 297 pages. AS36.90) The main concepts of avian ecology are based primarily on studies from the north- ern hemisphere. In this book, such concepts are examined in the light of experience from Australia and elsewhere. With many exam- ples unfamiliar to the British reader, this provides rather a refreshing review of the subject. It is well written, by a Brit-tumed- Australian, and nicely produced. [I. Nf.wton] News and comment Robin Prytherch and Mike Everett Opinions expressed in this feature are not necessarily those of ‘British Birds’ Peter Grant We greatly regret having to inform BB readers that, only a short time after diagnosis of incurable abdominal can- cer, Peter Grant died on 16th April. Typi- cally, his last few weeks were spent in constructive ornithological work and in cor- responding and conversing with his vast network of friends and associates. We send our sympathy and condolences to his wife, Denise, and their children, Suzanne and James. A full obituary will appear in due course. Peter Grant benefit All sponsorship money- resulting from participation in a 24-hour birdwatch on 19th May in New Jersey, USA, by a team consisting of Mark Constantine, Ian Hodgson, Anthony McGeehan and Kil- lian Mullarney will be donated to the late Peter Grant's family. The team expects to find around 170-200 species. Anyone wishing to sponsor this team should contact Ian Hodgson: 73 Middle Deal Road, Deal, Kent CT14 9RG; phone Deal (0304) 366203. Asian Waterfowl Census 1989 In his introduction to this new International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau publication, Mike Moser says ‘In just three years, the Asian Waterfowl Census has grown to be one of the largest co-operative conservation projects in Asia. In 1989, counts were submitted by over 500 partici- pants from 20 countries at 1319 wetlands.’ Any BB reader who is visiting any country in Asia and who might be able to do something to help the Census — even data from a one- off visit could prove useful — is invited to get in touch with IWRB, Slimbridge, Gloucester GI.2 7BT, from where the BB- size booklet is available (£5 including p&p). ‘Best Days with British Birds’ Who admits to having stayed up until the early hours drinking raspberry -cordial-and- beer shandies? The answer’s in the book (and also on page 214). American migrants decline We are aware of the sensitivity of our summer migrants to drought conditions in their winter quarters in central Africa. Recent studies in North America suggest that declines in some species of their summer migrants can be attributed to shrinking Central American rain forests {New Scientist 3rd February 1990). The North American Breeding Bird Survey, which has been organised by the US Fish and Wildlife Service since 1966, showed that most species were increasing in population until about 1980, after which declines were 213 214 News and comment noticed. Not all long-distance migrants were affected similarly. For instance, the Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina, which winters in tropical forests, declined much more than species which winter in scrub or grassland. There are, however, other workers who suggest that changes to the North American habitats could be the cause of reduced breeding populations. It will be fascinating to learn more of these disturbing, if not totally unexpected, trends during the com- ing months and years. Change at NCC Congratulations to Dr Derek Langslow on his appointment as Chief Scientist at the NCC. His predecessor, Dr Peter Bridgewater, who was in the post for less than a year, has become Director of the Australian Parks and Wildlife Sendees. SEBA pelagics Ian McNamee of Seawatch- ing and Birding Alternatives (SEBA) tells us that his one-day pelagic trips out of Liver- pool Bay have been cancelled for 1990 since the boat used formerly is no longer avail- able. Watch the BB advertisement pages for news of trips which, hopefully, will resume next year. Meanwhile, ‘Spanish Mini- Cruises’ vda Plymouth to Santander are still available: details from SEBA, West Lodge, Puddington, Wirral, Cheshire 1.64 5ST. Goksu news The Goksu Delta in southern Turkey is one of the most outstandingly important wetlands in Europe and the Mid- dle East. We were delighted to learn that, thanks to representations by the Society for the Protection of Nature in Turkey (DHKD), the Turkish government has made it a Specially Protected Area. Plans to build a holiday resort and an airport, and to develop a shrimp farm, have been stopped, and DHKD are drawing up a conservation management plan which will include human activities in the area as well as wildlife considerations. Numenius musicus ? Once again, our thanks to Our Man in Bahrain, Erik Hirsch- feld, for making it possible for BB to announce yet another new species — courtesy, again, of the Khaleej Times. Under the headline ‘Egypt bans hunting of a song bird’, a Reuters report reads ‘Egypt . . . told hunters yesterday that singing curlews were now a protected species. The Middle East News Agency said Egyptians would no longer be allowed to hunt or collect the curlews which are prized for their singing.' A Letter to the Editorial Board We have received the following: ‘With reference to “We love the BTO but . . (Brit. Birds 82: 631) and the use of the word “in” (i.e. breeding in birds, food hoarding in tits, etc.): are you not going over the top a little, gentlemen of the Editorial Board? Put your own house in order, sirs, I tell you. In the very same issue, on page 587, we read that “Magpies . . . eat dog faeces with relish”, but are not told whether it be ketchup, mayon- naise or Daddy’s Sauce. Personally, I believe it to be Pica-lilly, but have not checked BWP (Baking With Picaformes) for confirmation. Trusting this does not remove me from too many Xmas card lists. Yours, D. Nurney.’ County and regional recorders The fol- lowing amendments should be made to the list of ‘County, regional and bird observa- tory recorders in Britain and Ireland’ (Brit. Birds 83: 38-40): the County Recorder for Yorkshire, North, South and West, and North Humberside, is W. F. Curtis, Farm Cottage, Church Lane, Atwick, Driffield, North Humberside Y025 8DH; for Wales, Denbighshire records should be sent to Peter Rathbone, the Recorder for Clwyd (Flintshire), and not to the Recorder for Gwynedd (Anglesey, Caernarvonshire); Walney Bird Observatory: K. Parkes’s address is now 176 Harrogate Street, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria I.A14 5NA. Change of Recorder Bernard Zonfrillo, 28 Brodie Road, Glasgow G2I 3SB, has taken over from Ian Hopkins as County Recorder for Strathclyde (Arran, Bute and Cum- braes). ‘Best days with British Birds’ Answer: Tim Sharrock. If the caption fits . . . This Black-headed Gull Larus eidibundus (plate 125, opposite) was photographed in Suffolk in November 1977 by Terry Bond, who If the caption fits . . . 215 suggested that the bird is saying: ‘You wouldn’t believe how many people identify me as a Laughing Gull!’ Can you think of an equally apt, humorous caption to accompany this photograph? A small prize will be sent to the winner. Send your suggestions to If the caption fits, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK.44 3NJ. Monthly marathon fTihe February photograph (plate 42) was named L as: Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis (48%) Little Tern S. albifrons (25%) Common Tern S. hirundo (9%) Arctic Tern S. paradisaea (6%) Roseate Tern S. dougallii (4%) Lesser Crested Tern S. bengalensis (4%) Crested Tern S. bergii (3%) Sponsored by with a few votes for Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola. Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos , Redshank Tringa tot anus. Royal Tern S. maxima, Aleutian Tern S. aleutica, Forster's Tern S. forsteri. Black Tern Chlidomas niger and White-winged Black Tem C. leucopterus. It was a first-winter Sandwich Tem. photographed by Killian Mullamey in Co. Wexford in September 1983. Half of the leading competitors failed at this critical stage: only seven now remain in the leading group, with all six birds identified correctly so far. The w inner will, of course, be able to choose a SUNBIRD birdwatching holiday in North America, Africa or Asia. For a free SUNBIRD brochure, write to PO Box 76, Sandy, Bedfordshire SGI9 IDF; or telephone Sandy (0767) 682969. 216 Monthly marathon 126. Fourth ‘Monthly marathon’ (ninth stage: photograph number 47). Identify the species. Read the rules on page 41 in the January issue, then send in your answer on a postcard to Monthly Marathon, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ, to arrive by 15th June 1990 Recent reports Compiled by Barry Nightingale and Anthony McGeehan This summary covers the period 16th March to 5th April 1990 These are unchecked reports, not authenticated records American Bittern Botaurus stellaris Ballycot- ton (Co. Cork), 25th March. Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus Ballycotton, 1 6th- 1 7th March (dead on 17th). Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Two at reservoirs along River Lee (Co. Cork), 19th March; Plymouth (Devon) and St Mary’s (Scilly), 2nd April. Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides St Mary’s, 28th March to 2nd April. Black- winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus L'p to 1 1 along estuaries east and west of Cork City (Co. Cork), 14th-25th March; Burton Bradstock (Dorset), 31st March to at least 2nd April; near Bideford (Devon), 31st March to at least 2nd April; near Bovey Tracey (also Devon), 31st March to 1st April. Bonaparte’s Gull I.arus Philadelphia Kenil- worth (Warwickshire), 25th-28th March; St Mary’s, 31st March; Loch Cullen (Co. Mayo), 4th April. Caspian Tern Sterna caspia Hastings (East Sussex), 31st March. Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius Dawlish Warren (Devon), 21st-29th March (dead on 29th). Alpine Swift Apus rnelba Holywood (Co. Down), 18th March; single over Sandwich Bay and Kingsdown (both Kent), 24th March; over Bude Bay (Cornwall), 1st April. Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator Clonea (Co. Waterford), 18th March; Howth Head (Co. Dublin), 18th March to at least 1st April; Portland Bill (Dorset), 28th March to 2nd April; Hope’s Nose, Torquay (Devon), 29th- 31st March. British BirdShop ALL LISTED BOOKS ARE POST FREE TO ‘BRITISH BIRDS’ SUBSCRIBERS RcCOrd 1 IlgS Please add £1.75 p & p per order Please tick Sture Palmer & Jeffery Boswall A Held Guide to the Bird Songs of Britain and Europe ‘Complete set of 16 cassettes in four packs (running time approx 13 hours) (usi'Al. PRICE £105) £95.00 O Packs separately ( £28.00 each): Divers to gulls O; Terns to warblers O ; Goldcrest to crows d; Accidentals d ‘Complete set of 15 LP discs of birds (running time approx 12 hours) (usual price £105) £95.00 d ‘Complete set of 15 LP discs of birds and 2 LP discs of mammals (usual price £120) £108.90 d Companion set oj recordings of 69 British and European mammals (2 LP discs) £ 1 3.90 d An order form for individual discs is available from the NHBS on request. Kettle British Bird Songs and Calls (2-cassette pack) £ 1 3.99 d Mild Soviet Bird Songs (2 cassettes) £ 19.95 d Books and other items are included in British BirdShop only if they are approved by British Birds and considered to be generally reliable, good value and useful additions to a birdwatcher’s library. Any item ordered through British BirdShop which fails to meet your approval can be returned and your money will be refunded without question. It is our aim to provide British Birds subscribers with the best and most reliable service possible. Items ordered through British BirdShop are despatched for British Birds subscribers by the Natural History Book Service. All correspondence concerning British BirdShop should be sent to British BirdShop, c/o NHBS, 2 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5XN. Books All listed books are POST FREE. Newly listed books and special offers marked ‘ * Ali & Ripley A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent (OUP) £22.50 U Ali & Ripley Compact Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Nf.w, revised edition (OUP) £75.00 O ‘Bergier & BergierA Birdwatchers’ Guide to Morocco (Prion) Paperback £8.75 O ‘Blakerse/a/. The Atlas of Australian Birds (Melbourne UP) Special REDUCED price ( usuai.i.i.y £45 .00) £22.50 UH ‘British Birds/\BCE International Bird Identification (vsv \ £8.50) Paperback £7.50 U * Brooke The Manx Shearwater ( Poyser) £ 1 7.00 Ul Bruun, Delin, Svensson, Singer &.7.eUerstrom Birds of Britain and Europe (Ham\yn) Paperback £5.95 U ‘Campbell & Lack A Dictionary of Birds (Poyser) £48.00 U Chandler North Atlantic Shorebirds (Macmillan) £12.95 O Cramp Birds of the Western Palearctic vol. 1 £80 U vol. 2 £80 U vol. 3 £80 O vol. 4 £80 O vol. 5 £80 O Delin & Svensson Photographic Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe (Hamlyn) £14.95 O deSchauenseeTAefiin&o/UAj/udOLiP) Paperback £19.50 U Dymond, F raser & Gantlett Rare Birds in Britain and Ireland (Poyser) £19.000 Elkins Weather and Bird Behainour (Poyser) £1 5.00 O Farrand Audubon Master Guide to Birding vol. 1 £10.95 U vol. 2 £10.95 U vol. 3 £10.95 O vols. 1-3 £30.95 U Ferguson-Lees, Willis & Sharrock The Shell Guide to the Birds of Britain and Ireland (Michaeljoseph) £9.95 U ‘Fry The Bee-eaters (Poyser) • — — £21 .00 O Fry, Keith & Urban The Birds of Africa (Academic Press) vol. 1£81.00U vol.2£81.00Uvol.3£76.50U Ginn, Mcllleron & Milstein The Complete Book of Southern African Birds (Struik) £78.00 U Gooders Whereto Watch Birds in Britain and Europe (C.. Helm) Paperback £9.95 U Grant GuUs: a guide to identification ( Poyser) £ 1 6.00 LJ ‘Harris The Puffin (Poyser) £15.00 LJ Harris, Tucker & Vinicombe The Macmillan Field Guide to Bird Identification (Macmillan) £ 1 4.95 O Harrison, P. Seabirds: an identification guide Revised edn. (C. Helm) Best Bird Bcxik of 1983 £21.95 O Harrison, P. Seabirds of the World: a photographic guide (C. Helm) Paperback £ 1 5.95 □ Hayman, Marchant & Prater Shorebirds: an identification guide to the waders of the W arid (C. Helm) Best Bird Book of 1986 £22.95 □ Hollom ThePopularHandbookofBritushBirdsSthedn. (Witherby) £14.95 U Hollome/ <-45x60 569 00 [, 20xWA. 30x. 40x >r 60x each 75 00 ya Multi Coat Filter ... ..20 00 ober Hood .10.00 • oto Kit 157.00 ■TIFT E 1 on 8x40 89 95 on 10x50 99.95 prey 7.5x42 149 00 Jubon 8.5x44 199.00 dutoon 7x35GA 329.00 QUESTAR £ Field Model 3 7»* Broad Band Costing. Supplied with 50x 80x Hood, Case 2200 00 30x-50x 120 00 80x- 1 30x 120 00 Porro Prism 140 00 OPTOLYTH £ Alpin 8x30BGA 205.00 Alpin 8x40BGA 225 00 Alpm 10x40BGA 230.00 AJpm 10x50BGA 24100 Osiris 8x40GA 145.00 Osiris 1 0x40GA 147.00 Touring 8x30BGA 388.00 Touring 7x42BGA .398.00 Touring 1 0x40BGA 398 00 TBS80 Body 350.00 TBG80 Body 350 00 20x WA 188 00 30x WA 64 00 40x 65 00 22x-60x Zoom 150 00 Soft Case 29 00 Hard Case 35 00 OPTIC RON £ HR 7x42 MC 143.00 HR 8x42 MC 145 00 HR 10x42 MC 150 00 HR 10x50 MC 167 00 Minerva 8x40MC 1 70.00 Minerva 9x35MC 169.00 Minerva 10x42 MC 175.00 HR Body 60 148 00 HR Body GA 60 164.00 HR Body 45 60 168 00 20x-60x Zoom 76.00 22x WA 32 00 25 x or 40x 30.00 Classic IF60 118.00 18xWA 23 00 25x 23 00 Zoom 10x-4Ox 50 00 Classic IF 75mm .137 00 22xWA 23.00 30x 23.00 Zoom 22x-47x 59.00 Piccolo Body 1 28 00 Eye Pieces from 29 00 Photo Kits from 28 00 Cases for Scopes 15 00 One Action Tnpod 59 00 Macro Monocular 50.00 OBSERVATION BINOCULARS £ Zeiss 80/500 1450 00 Op ter on 20x80 345 00 Opttcron 30x00 345 00 KOWA TS601 TS602 20xWA 20x-€0x Zoom Case TSN-1 TSN-2 TSN-3 TSN-4 20xWA 25x 30xWA 40x 20x-60x Zoom Photo Kit Case for TSN CARL ZEISS JENA Jenoptem 8x30 Jenoptem 1 0x50 Deftnntem 8x30 Dakar em 10x50 Notarem 8x32 Notarem 8x32BA Notarem 10x40 Notarem 10x40BA Turmon 8x21 MIRA DOR 8X408 10x400 10x500 Merlin 50mmx25 Merlin 18x -40x60 Merlin 75mmx30 Merlin 22x -47x75 Case for Merlin £ 179 00 179 00 54 00 94 00 19 95 295 00 295 00 555 00 555 00 89 00 »ln focus' EQUIPMENT CARE PLAN This exciting new scheme enables our customers to purchase in total confidence, at a cost of just CIO 00. and new equipment can be covered by our "CARE PLAN" for a pertod of three years from purchase date In the event of that equipment tailing lor whatever reason it will be rectified without question by ourselves at no charge Ask for details. CENTURY 20x30* 40x ... Case 109 00 59 00 BUSHNELL Spacemaster Body £ 145 00 7000 139.00 99 00 22 50 ADLERBUCK £ 8x42 99 00 £ 10x42 99 00 44 95 10x50 129 00 79 95 8x42MC 169 00 64 95 10x42MC 179 00 99 95 lOxSOMC 198 00 149 95 139 95 ESCHENBACH £ 179 95 8X32BGA 129 00 199 95 10X42BGA 139 00 .44 95 7x50BGA 149 00 £ VELBON £ .11000 Victory 480 59 95 .11400 Stratos 480 69 95 8 95 OR Plate 3 95 129 00 .119.00 CULLMANN £ 157 00 Hide Clamp 49 95 ...1600 Shoulder Pod 2495 44 95 0 95 165 00 60 00 20 00 4 95 SUK £ 69 95 ....15.00 MANFROTTO £ £ 190 35 00 59 00 1906 40 00 69 00 45 00 50 00 ..11900 128 Head 35 00 179 00 200 Head 40 00 189 00 Tnpod Strap 9.95 Spare OR Platform 4 95 ACCESSORIES £ 104 95 169 95 Universal Mount 22 00 189 95 38 00 Rainguards from 3.50 £ Pentax Cleaning Kit 399 349 00 6 95 299 00 400 PERSONAL CALLERS Can choose and select from our comprehensive range of equip* ment Compare Zeiss with Leitz and Bausch & Lomb. Kowa with Nikon and Optolyth We are a completely independent company, whose only concern is that our customers select the correct instrument for their personal needs PHONE ORDERS Discuss your requtfements with our technical staff and orders placed with Access or Visa Cards wiM be despatched same day MAIL ORDER Just add £2 to help towards P&P and insurance and your order will be sent the same day as we receive your cheque AH goods supplied on 14 days approval upon receipt of full remittance SECONDHAND Instruments are always available Turnover is fast so we do not print a list. Phone for information PART EXCHANGE Top prices paid for good condition B*ns and Scopes HOW TO FIND US We are 10 mns from M25 and AIM motorways and 1 5 mins wafk from High Barnet Underground Station TELESCOPES AND TRIPOO OUTFITS If you purchase a scooe and tnpod at the same tme we can offer you a very special price! PHONE FOR A QUOTE INTEREST FREE CREDIT ON SELECTED Zeiss, Leitz, Kowa and Nikon products Phone or write for details. VBA BINOCULARS AND TELESCOPES REPAIRED ON THE PREMISES (D688) Guillemots Uria aalge (Darren Rees) An entry for the BIY 1988 competition sponsored by Kowa telescopes NEW from Kowa 3 Ox Wide Angl Eyepiece designed for use with all Kowa TSN Spotting Scopes . . . A superb image Officially appointed distributor for Kowa Telescopes Pyser Ltd., Fircroft Way, Edenbridge, Kent TN8 6HA. 11 Kay Optical (Est. 1962) 1st Floor, 89(B) London Road, Morden, Surrey Phone:081-648 8822 'j&Moir-Fri- 9am to 5pm Sat. 9am to 11.30am (Lunchtime 1pm to 2pm) BINOCULARS ZEISS (West) 10 x 25 Dialyt 8 x 30 BGAT Dialvt 10 x 40 BGAT (P) Dialyt 7x42 BGAT (P) Dialyt 8 x 56 BGAT Dialyt 15x60BGAPorro LEICA 8 x 20 T rinovid 8x20BCATrinovid 1 0 x 25 BC T rinovid 10x25BCATrinovid 7 x 42, 8 x 42, and 10 x 42 models BAUSCH & LOMB 8 x 42 B Elite 8x42 BGA Elite 10 x 42 B Elite 10x42 BGA Elite SWAROVSKI# 1 0 x 40 WM Waterproof 7 x 42 M Waterproof 8 x 30 SLC roof prism OPTOLYTH # 8x40Alpin 10x40 Alpin 10x50 Alpin 10x40 BGA Touring 7x42 BGA Touring 8 x 32 BGA Touring FALCON roof prism 10x40or8x40 rubber-covered SWIFT 8’/? x 44 HR5/ Audubon NEW 7 x 35 roof prism Audubon PYSER ROSS 8 x 42 ZCF Regent 1 0 x 42 ZWCF Kensington Sales and Repairs of ** BINOCULARS, TELESCOPES, TRIPODS, etc. at one of the best centres in the country Advice and test faclities for a full range of the best equipment. Competitive prices ★ Long-established workshop ★ Callers welcome. ★ Phone/mail order service ★ Price list and map sent upon request. A Bracket prices only while stocks last C 236 Phone 490 465 Phone 790 199 211 211 223 - New 559 669 699 699 Phone (341) 365 320 325 (200) 225 (205)230 (221)243 (348)398 (348)398 (300)358 110 200 329 170 180 BUSHNELL 8x36 B Custom 1 89 1 0x40 B Custom 1 99 OPTICRON# 8x42 HR II (140) 145 10x42 HR II (145)150 10x50 HR II (155)167 8x42Dioptron(HRI) 110 lOx 42 Dioptron (HRI) (110)115 1 0 x 50 Dioptron (HR I) (120) 127 9x35 BCF Minerva 169 8x40 BCF Minerva 10x40 BCF Minerva 175 TELESCOPES NIKON (new models) 20 x 60 Fieldscope II 269 20-45 x zoom Fieldscope 1 1 333 20 x 60 Fieldscope ED II 489 20-45 x zoom Fieldscope ED II 553 30 x, 40 x, 60 x eyepiece 75 Camera adaptor (optical) 159 Rubber hood 13 KOWA # TSN-1 body (45 ’) (265) 295 TSN-2body (255)295 TSN-3 body (45) (495)555 TSN-4body (485)555 25 x or 40 x eyepiece 59 20 x (WA) eyepiece (79)89 30 x (WA) eyepiece 1 09 20-60 x zoom eyepiece (119)139 OPTOLYTH # TBS 80 body (45°) (320)350 TBG 80 body (straight) (320)350 TB eyepieces from (56) 64 OPTICRON 60mm HR body (128)148 Ditto, with rubber (155) 164 60mm HR body (45") (150)168 Zoom eyepiece (65) 76 Other eyepieces from 20 CLASSIC “IF" (new)# 75mm body (119) 137 60mm body (99) 118 Eyepieces, from (22) 23 Zoom eyepieces (50) 59 CENTURY 60mm, rubber-armoured, with 20x eyepiece and case 170 30x or 40x eyepiece 20 20-45x zoom eyepiece 52 GREENKAT 60mm. SGN-3 for angled and straight eyepiece 161 20 x. 30 x. 40 x, 50 x eyepieces. each 26 SPACEMASTER 60mm body 155 Zoom eyepieces, from 65 Other eyepieces, from 20 PICCOLO 60mm body 128 Zoom eyepiece (65) 76 Other eyepieces from 20 SKUA CASES 40 TRIPODS (one-hand control) Slik D2 73 Slik SL 67 105 Manfrotto 144 200 (94)103 Manfrotto 144 128 (89)98 Manfrotto 1 90 200 (83)91 Optex 77 70 Universal clamp 38 Hide clamp, new type 40 Car window mount 25 ★ PACKAGE DEALS: Special prices are given in many cases where a combination of goods are bought * REPAIRS carried out in our own workshops (Our policy is to get your optics bird-watch operational with minimal delay). ★ SHORT-TERM INTEREST-FREE CREDIT available (three payments) ^■^KAY OPTICAL will be at the Information Centre of the renowned PAGHAM HARBOUR LOCAL NATURE RESERVE on SUNDAYS 24TH JUNE, 29th JULY and 26th AUGUST (1 1 .00 am to 5 pm). You will be able to try and buy binoculars, telescopes, tripods, etc. Also, repairs can be quoted for and handed in. The Reserve is in the Chichester area of W. Sussex, on the B2145 into Selsey. Booking not necessary. No entrance fee. We are only 15 minutes' drive from the M25 (e.g. via the A3 and then the Merton Turn-off) or 2 minutes' walk from Morden tube. Parking: 1st left past our entrance (50 yds). (Ufe85) London Camera Exchange SOUTHAMPTON 0703 221597/335363 10 High Street, Southampton SOI ODH RING US NOW ZEISS WEST Dialyt 8 x 20B £215.00 Dialyt 10 x 25B £225.00 Dialyt 8 x 20BGA £245.00 Dialyt 8 x 30BGAT Phone Dialyt 7 x 42BGAT Phone Dialyt 10 x 40BG AT ....Phone Dialyt 8 x 56BGAT Phone LEICA 8 x 20BC £199.00 8 x 20BCA £211.00 10 x 25BC £211.00 10 x 25BCA £223.00 New Models 7 x 42BA 'I 8 x 42BA } Phone 10 x 42BA J Place your order now for June Delivery.. OPTOLYTH Alpin 8 x 30GA £186.00 Alpin 8 x 40GA £200.00 Alpin 10 x 40GA £205.00 Alpin 10 x 50GA £221.00 Touring 8 x 30BGA Phone Touring 10 x 40BGA...Phone Touring 7 x 42BGA Phone TBG 80= £320.00 TBS 80 £320.00 20 x WA £88.00 30 x £57.00 40 x £58.00 22x-60x Zoom £135.00 Cases from £29.00 OPTICRON Minerva 9 x 35 £169.00 Minerva 8 x 40 £170.00 Minerva 10 x 40 £175.00 HR 7 x 42MC £138.00 HR 8 x 42MC £140.00 HR 10 x 42MC £145.00 HR 10 x 50MC £155.00 HR Body 60mm £128.00 HR Body 60mm 45°.... £150.00 HR Body 60mmGA .... £ 155.00 20x-60x Zoom £65.00 22 x WA £30.00 Classic IF 60mm £99.00 18 x £22.00 25 x £22.00 25xHPX £25.00 18x-40x Zoom £50.00 Classic IF 75mm £1 19.00 22x WA £22.00 30 x £22.00 30xHP £25.00 22x-47x Zoom £50.00 Case for HR £16.00 Photo Kit £22.00 Opticron Tripod £59.95 KOWA TSl 601 Body £179.00 TS2 602 Body £179.00 20x WA £54.00 20x-60x Zoom £94.00 TSN1 £295.00 TSN2 £295.00 TSN3 £555.00 TSN4 £555.00 20x WA £89.00 20x-60x Zoom £139.00 25 x £59.00 30x WA (nowin stock) £109.00 40x £59.00 Photo Kit £99.00 CARL ZEISS JENA Jenoptem8 x 30 £44.95 Jenoptem 10 x 50 £69.95 Deltrintem8 x 30 £54.95 Deltrintem 10 x 50 £88.95 Notarem8 x 32B £119.00 Notarem 10 x 40B £169.00 Notarem 10 x 40 BGA £189.00 BAUSCH AND LOMB Elite 8 x 42BGA £699.00 Elite 10x42 BGA £699.00 SWIFT Stadium 8 x 40 £49.95 Stadium 10 x 50 £54.95 Grand Prix 8 x 40 £89.95 Triton 10 x 50 £99.95 Saratoga 8 x 42 £149.95 Newport 10 x 40 £159.95 Audubon 8.5 x 44 £199.95 Audubon 7 x 35 £329.95 NIKON 8 x 30 £199.00 9 X 30 £239.00 Fieldscopell £269.00 Fieldscope ED2 £489.00 ED 2 20 x 45 x 60 £569.00 SWAROVSKI 8 x 20B £215.00 8 x 30SLC £325.00 8 x 30ZCF £330.00 10 x 40B Phone 10 x 40 BGA Phone BRESSER Action 8x40 £59.95 Action 10 x 50 £69.95 Diorit 7 x 42 £175.00 Diorit 10 x 42 £185.00 MIRADOR Merlin 25 x 60 £97.00 Merlin 18 x 40 x 60.. £129.00 A full range of tripods and photographic equipment also stocked Why not give us the opportunity to impress you with our PRICES & SERVICE MAIL ORDER WELCOMED PART EXCHANGE AVAILABLE They are the BEST - that’s GUARANTEED We will attempt to encourage you with our low prices, high trade-ins and friendly, knowledgeable service. IV Optical Brilliance Centon Binoculars 0 Highest quality Dach prism design 0 Multi-coated 0 Smooth charcoal grey rubber finish 0 Contrasting black fold-back rubber eyecups 0 Attractive and durable 0 Includes deluxe soft case & straps COMPACTS CONNOISSEURS CHOICE Pocket sized wide angle Ultimate clarity 8X22 DWCF-R £54.95 8X42 DCF-R £89.95 10X25 DWCF-R £59.95 10X42 DCF-R £99.95 MAIL ORDER All general & mail order enquiries only to our Distribution Warehouse: Jessop House, Scudamore Road, Leicester LE3 ITZTel: (0533) 320033 Telesales Hotlines: New Equipment (0533) 320432 Mon - Sat 9 - 5 Used Equipment (0533) 313191 AVAILABLE FROM ALL JESSOP PHOTO/VIDEO CENTRES ABERDEEN 0224 573 140 LEEDS 0532 430900 BATH 0225 442252 LEICESTER 0533 530121 BIRMINGHAM 021 632 8831 LEICESTER 0533 566468 BOURNEMOUTH 0202 296021 LIVERPOOL 051 709 7887 BRADFORD 0274 393262 LONDON NW3 071 794 8788 BRIGHTON 0273 21493 LONDON WC1 071 240 8077 BRISTOL 0272 742914 MANCHESTER 061 834 8132 BRISTOL 0272 293978 MIDDLESBROUGH 0642 230707 CAMBRIDGE 0223 323611 NEWCASTLE 091 261 8280 CARDIFF 0222 394567 NORTHAMPTON 0804 230490 CARUSLE 0228 612640 NORWICH 0803 617724 COVENTRY 0203 229528 NOmNGHAM 0802 418688 CROYDON 081 686 9565 OXFORD 0865 790086 DERBY 0332 290419 PETERBOROUGH 0733 568728 DONCASTER 0302 341323 PLYMOUTH 0752 672287 DUNDEE 0382 202763 PLYMOUTH AUDIO 0752 869282 EDINBURGH 031 229 9864 POOLE 0202 676289 GLASGOW 041 248 2467 PORTSMOUTH 0705 822831 GLOUCESTER 0462 300689 READING 0734 508756 HANLEY 0782 288621 SHEFFIELD 0742 756275 HULL 0482 226856 SLOUGH 0753 893094 IPSWICH 0473 210436 SOUTHAMPTON 0703 638753 KINGSTON 081 546 5622 SUNDERLAND 091 510 0881 SWANSEA 0792 466332 TAUNTON 0823 272988 WOLVERHAMPTON 0902 310758 WORCESTER 0905 723400 YEOVIL 0936 78776 YORK 0904 845128 Also from Pennine Photo/BIno Centre. Rochdale 0706 524966 AND SELECTED N DEPENDENT PHOTO DEALERS (D684) v COUNTRYSIDE VIEWING Our showroom is sel in 7 acres of private grounds with ample, tree and safe parking. Testing facilities are probably the best in the country. Viewing from the showroom is across a large pool with its various bird visitors and to more distant views of the countryside. Why not try the unhurried experience of testing equipment in the very heart of our beautiful Warwickshire countryside in a relaxed atmosphere? A visit to our showroom often turns out to be more of a social occasion than a shopping expedition. 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EILAT /ISRAEL, MOROCCO AND THE GAMBIA FOR WINTER 90/91 * Best Value Flights, Car Hire and Package Holidays British Birds VOLUME 83 NUMBER 6 JUNE 1990 BRITISH MUSFUSV. (NATURAL HISTORY) - 7 JUN 1990 PURCHASED ZOOLOGY LIBRARY Foraging behaviour and identification of Upcher’s Warbler C. H. Fry As noted by Shirihai (1987), Upcher’s Warbler Hippolais languida is one of the least-known West Palearctic warblers. It is a fairly common spring passage migrant in Oman, and in 1988 it occurred commonly from late April to mid May in a l-km~ patch of Acacia woodland at Seeb, on the coast 40 km west of Muscat, where most of the following observations were made. This paper adds to published observations about habitat, tail- waving, and ground-foraging; wing-flicking and wing-flagging are des- cribed for the first time. Habitat In Oman, Upcher’s Warbler is arboreal, occurring in sparsely foliaged thorn trees wherever they grow: on coastal and inland dunes, in thickets, woods, around sub-desert habitations in the interior, and in wadis in the mountains. Seeb woods held approximately 1-2 individuals per ha in the first week of May. In four 60 X 60 m quadrats, the number of shrubs and trees above 1.5 m tall varied between 39 and 67, giving an average of 151 per ha, and an estimated ground cover of 12%. Tree/shrub totals in the quadrats were Acacia tortilis (<3 m) 26, (>3 m) 47; ,4. ehrenbergiana (<3 m) 15, (>3 m) 9; Zizyphus spinachristi (<3 m) 16, (>3 m) 9; Prosopis cineraria (2-4 m) 3; and Lycium shawii (1.5-2. 5 m) 93. Upcher’s Warblers foraged in all of these trees, but appeared to favour the acacias. Behaviour Tree-foraging Upcher’s Warbler is very active, foraging by hopping or hopping/flying through dense or open thorn branches and twigs. It gleans arthropods 217 [Bril. Birds 83: 217-221. June 1990) 127. Upcher’s Warbler Hippolais languida, Oman, May 1988 ( Hanne Eriksen). Note broad tail from the minute leaves of acacias by grasping a twig, extending its legs and leaning down, peering underneath the foliage and lungeing for prey. It frequently makes a fast flycatcher-like dash through or around branches for a flying insect and catches it either in full flight or, more often, at the instant that the bird lands on a branch. It also makes short, fast sally- lunges to the trunk or to the ground. It moves freely through a tree, searching all levels. In 46 one-minute observations, I estimated that one individual spent 20% of its time in the upper third, 46% in the middle third and 34% in the lower third (pendant branches or on the ground). Ground-foraging Hollom et al. (1988) noted that Upcher’s Warbler often forages on the ground. At Seeb, ground descents were seen about 3-4 times per hour of observation. An actively foraging bird moved to a new tree about every 3-7 minutes, so a ground visit is made at about every fourth tree. Sometimes, Upcher’s Warbler forages lower and lower in a tree, working down hanging branches until it reaches the ground and hops onto it for a few seconds, searching for insects by hopping in the manner of a Rufous Bush Robin Cercotrichas galactotes; then it flies back to the tree. At other times, it drops from a metre-high perch and swiftly pounces onto an insect on the ground, in the manner of a shrike Lanins, or pursues it in a brief flight, ending with its capture on the ground. Ground visits are generally fleeting. 218 Behaviour and identification of Upcher’s Warbler Behaviour and identification of Upcher’s Warbler 2 1 9 128. Upcher’s Warbler Hippolais langnida. Oman, May 1988 (Jens Eriksen ) Tail-waving The tail moves ceaselessly. It is depressed through an arc of approxi- mately 60°, then raised to align with the body axis, but sufficiently briskly to lift the hind part of the body and folded wing tips perceptibly. It is slightly fanned the whole time, but rather more so on the downward wag, which is commonly offset to one side or the other, so that the wag or wave 129. Upcher’s Warbler Hippolais languida, Oman, May 1988 ( Hanne Eriksen) 220 Behaviour and identification of Upcher's Warbler has an irregular shrike-like, sideways swinging or winding component. In eight 60-second counts, the tail was wagged/waved 45-73 times (average 57). Wave rate is not constant, but varies by the. second, from 4 to 9 waves per 5 seconds. Wing movements Progression through a tree is marked by a very rapid wing-flick every few' seconds, both wings together being half-extended sideways for a fraction of a second. It is a trivial movement and is easy to overlook. Much more obvious (although also probably of less than half a second’s duration) is the full extension of one wing sideways (see heading drawing by Ian Willis, based on photograph by Hanne Eriksen taken in Oman in May 1988), or upwards, flag-like, above the back. Flagging is uncommon, and was noticed on average six times per hour of observation (but one individual wing-flagged thrice in 30 seconds), and its cause or context was not apparent. A third movement of the wings, also uncommon, occurred only when the individual was perched on the ground or on a stout horizontal limb: the brief but deliberate-looking movement of both wing-tips outwards and downward, with the wrists remaining tucked into the sides of the breast and the primaries barely fanned. The posture, held momentarily, recalls a similar one commonly used by Rufous Bush Robin (cf. Shirihai 1987). Identification Tail-waving has been noticed by Wallace (1964), Gallagher (1980), and Hollom et at. (1988), and its importance as an identification feature cannot be over-emphasised. In spring, Upcher’s Warbler can be distinguished immediately — even at a distance or in silhouette — from all other warblers by its continuous, emphatic and conspicuous tail movements. Shirihai (1987) noted, however, that tail movements of migrants are less 130. Upcher’s Warbler Hippolais languida , Oman, May 1988 (Hanne Eriksen) Behaviour and identification of Upcher’s Warbler 22 1 131. Upcher’s Warbler Hippolais languida, Oman, May 1988 ( Hanne Eriksen) pronounced or less frequent than those of breeding birds: more information on the seasonal incidence of the behaviour is needed. Tail-cocking is a further characteristic, although I have not observed it in Oman. It was figured by Wallace (1964) and described by Shirihai (1987), who likened it to the tail actions of Rufous Bush Robin. It is curious that, when foraging on the ground, Upcher’s Warbler and Rufous Bush Robin resemble each other in both tail and wing movements. Olivaceous Warblers H. pallida of the smaller, eastern race elaeica (and Rufous Bush Robins) were common in Seeb woods at the time. Upcher’s is markedly greyer and considerably larger than Olivaceous Warbler (weights: Upcher’s, n = 6, range 12.7-14.9g, average 13. 7g; Olivaceous, n = 5, range 9.1-1 1.8g, average 10. 4g). In addition to the differences accurately portrayed in Shirihai (1987), the two species differ in the broader tail root of Upcher’s Warbler, which consequently has a more full-tailed appearance. Olivaceous Warbler flicks or flirts its tail while foraging, but the movement is slight, inconsistent, and inconspicuous. Both species have a ‘chk’ call, rather louder by Upcher’s than by Olivaceous, but otherwise indistinguishable. Dedication This contribution is dedicated to the memory of the late Bernard King, my mentor. Acknowledgment Thanks are due to Academic Press for permission to include Ian Willis’s drawing, which will also appear in Birds of Africa vol. 4, to be published in summer 1991. References GALLAGHER, M. 1980. The Birds of Oman. London. Hollom, P. A. D., Porter, R. F., Christensen, S., & Willis, I. 1988. Birds of the Middle East and North Africa. Calton. Shirihai, H. 1987. Identification ofL'pcher’s Warbler. Brit. Birds 80: 473-482. WALLACE, D. I. M. 1964. Field identification of Hippolais warblers. Brit. Birds 57: 282-301. WILLIAMSON, K. 1976. Identification for ringers 1: The genera Cettia. Loaistella. Acrocephalus and Hippolais. Tring. Dr C. H. Fry, Department of Biology, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat , Oman European news With this twenty-seventh selection, we are again delighted to be able to include records from 27 countries. We are pleased to be able to draw attention to the addition of the Byelorussian SSR and Jordan to our list. New contacts in unrepresented West Palearctic countries will be very welcome. The official correspondents whose detailed six-monthly reports are summarised here are acknowledged at the end. This feature is intended as a news service; anyone requiring further information or quoting records in other publications should refer to the literature of the relevant country. If you have made observations in any of the countries included here, and do not know to whom records should be sent, we suggest that you send a copy of your records to the relevant ‘European news’ correspon- dent listed at the end of this summary; for countries not included here, we suggest that you send them to British Birds , and we shall do our best to pass them on to the appropriate person. Records awaiting formal verification by national rarities committees are indicated by an asterisk (*). Unless otherwise stated, all records refer to single individuals Great Northern Diver Gavia immer GIBRAL- TAR First record: first-winter on 23rd De- cember 1989. MOROCCO Second record this century: juvenile at Agadir on 30th Decem- ber 1989 (first was in November 1986, Brit. Birds 80: 321). White-billed Diver Gavia adamsii SWEDEN Highest-ever total: 88 in 1988. Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus JOR- DAN Second and third records: two at Aqaba on 23rd December 1989 and three at Shuna Dam on 19th and 26th January 1990 (first was in 1967). Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena CYPRUS Third record: single at Phasouri Reservoir on 3rd September 1989 (previous records were two on 10th December 1981 and one on 27th December 1986, Brit. Birds 80: 321). Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis JOR- DAN First and second records: Azraq on 8th and 1 1th December 1989 and Aqaba on 23rd December 1989+. Light-mantled Sooty Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata DENMARK Now deleted from Dan- ish list. Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea JOR- DAN First and second records: singles at Aqaba on 13th October and 1st December 1989+. Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Fourth record: near Wismar on 30th September 1988. Audubon’s Shearwater Puffinus Iherminieri ISRAEL Second record: individual of race persicus at Maagan Mikhael on 11th Decem- ber 1989 (first record was in January 1984, Brit. Birds 81: 14). Wilson’s Petrel Oceanites oceanicus DENMARK First record: Esbjerg, SW-Jutland, on 13th September 1988. Leach’s Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa GIBRAL- TAR Fifth record: two flying west on 19th December 1989. Red-billed Tropicbird Phaethon aethereus CANARY islands First record (and possible breeding): two (one entering hole) on north coast of La Gomera, during March 1989. Gannet Sula bassana GREECE Fourth record: third-year individual off Lindos, Rhodes, on 3rd August 1989. fin a number of instances, there are previous vague references in the literature to occurrences of various species in Jordan (e.g. inclusion on a distribution map, without any published individual record); in ‘European news’, vague undocumented reports of this sort are ignored. Anyone having information concerning previous unpublished records (for any country) should contact the relevant ‘European news’ correspondent. Eds 222 [Bn/, ttirds HU: 222-230, June 1990] 223 European news Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo BYELORUSSIAN SSR First breeding record: six breeding pairs within large heronry in mouth of Fan river, Brest region, during May to June 1988 (cf. first breeding in Latvian SSR and first breeding for over 100 years in Ukraine SSR, both in 1989, Brit. Birds 83: 8). JORDAN Fourth record: three at Aqaba on 23rd-24th Decem- ber 1989. SPAIN First breeding attempt on mainland: apparently incubating in nest on flooded tree at Santillana Reservoir, Madrid province, during July-August 1989. Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus AUSTRIA Fourteenth record: four adults on River Danube, Tullner Feld, Lower Austria, during 9th December 1988 to 16th April 1989. CYPRUS Fifth record: up to three seen on six occasions at Akhna Dam during 12th November to 3rd December 1989 (previous records: two during 24th-29th August 1982, two to three wintering in early 1983, one on 27th-28th July 1985, and one on 26th Sep- tember 1985). HUNGARY First proved breed- ing: nest with five eggs near Poroszlo on 18th June 1988, five young fledged. Pink-backed Pelican Pelecanus rufescens AUS- TRIA First record: immature at Worthen- lacke, Seewinkel, Burgenland, on 17th- 18th August 1989. Bittern Botaurus stellaris JORDAN Third record: Azraq on 12th October 1989. Little Bittern Ixobiychus minutus FAROE IS- l.ANDS Second record this century and first in autumn: juvenile male caught on 29th Sep- tember 1988*. Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax FINLAND Fifth record: second-year in Vartsila from 9th July to 2nd August 1989. GIBRALTAR Fourth record: seven flying south on 29th September 1989. Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis NORWAY First record: Skogannvarre, Lakselv, Finnmark, in August 1988. SPAIN Continuing range ex- pansion: small colony near Madrid in spring 1989. Grey Heron Ardea cinerea SPAIN Continuing increase: breeding colony at Albufera de Valencia, the only breeding colony in east- ern half of Iberia, established 1984 (Brit. Birds 78: 639), increased from 14 to 168 nests in five years. Marabou Leptoptilos crumeniferus SPAIN Addi- tional sightings in 1989: Castejon del Rio, Huesca province, on 12th and 21st May*, Vicien, Huesca, on 28th May*, Arguedas, Navarra, on 13th September*, and El Rocio, Huelva, on several days between 27th July and 6th October* (possibly at least two individuals)(cf. Brit. Birds 83: 9). Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia MOROCCO Largest-ever flock: 300 at Oued Sous Estu- ary on 26th March 1989. African Spoonbill Platalea alba SPAIN Second record: adult found dead at Ebro Delta on 20th February 1989* (perhaps same indi- vidual as in 1988, Brit. Birds 83: 9). Lesser Flamingo Phoenicop terns minor POLAND First record: adult at Woniesc Reservoir, near Leszno, in May 1985, origin unknown (1988 record. Brit. Birds 83: 9, was second). SPAIN First record for Balearic Islands: adult at Salobrar de Campos, Mallorca, from 17th June to 31st December 1988* (perhaps escape). Bewick’s Swan Cygnus columbianus YUGOSLA- VIA Second record for Slovenia: first-winter at Ormoz Lake on 13th March 1987. Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus YUGOSLAVIA Third record for Slovenia: first-winter at Ormoz Lake on 14th March 1987. Bean Goose Anser fabalis MOROCCO Correc- tion: second record this century concerned three (not one) at Merja Zerga on 12th February 1989 (Brit. Birds 83: 9). Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus FINLAND First breeding record since 1976: small colony in north in summer 1989. MOROCCO Third record: immature at Merja Zerga on 2nd January 1989. Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis DENMARK Highest-ever count: 21,500 passing Dovns Klint, Langeland, and numerous at other sites, on 8th October 1989. SWEDEN Con- tinued increase: in southern Baltic, at least 1,030 breeding pairs in 1989, up 15% from 1987. Shelduck Tadoma tadoma BYELORUSSIAN SSR First breeding record: female with young at Gorodeya, Nesvizh district, Minsk region, on 28th May 1989. Falcated Duck Anas falcata FINLAND Second record: male at Parikkala during 8th- 1 1 th May 1988 (first was in 1976). American Black Duck Anas rubripes DEN- MARK First record: Hammeren, Bornholm, on 26th October 1988. Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina MOROC- CO Largest-ever winter concentration: 160 224 at Larache Marshes on 3rd January 1990. Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris AUSTRIA First record: pair at Schonauer Teich, Lower Austria, on 19th November 1989. Steller’s Eider Polysticta stelleri LATVIAN ssr First record: two females in Pape on 1st April 1989. POLAND First inland record: female on Vistula River in Krakow from 17th November to end of December 1988 (regularly observed on Baltic coast). Surf Scoter Melanitta perspicillata SPAIN Fourth and fifth records: female at Santona Marshes, Cantabria, from 12th November 1988 to 7th January 1989*, and first-winter female at Gijon, Asturias, on 4th December 1988* (first, second and third were all in 1983, Brit. Birds 80: 323). Smew Mergus albellus BYELORUSSIAN ssr First breeding record: female with five young in Myadel district, Minsk region, on 27th May 1988. Goosander Mergus merganser CZECHOSLOV A- KIA Second proved breeding: female with young on confluence of Jizera and Labe rivers, central Bohemia, in May 1989 (first was in 1977, Brit. Birds 73: 574). Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis NORWAY Third record: Molen, Flurum, Buskerud, on 30th October 1988 (second was in 1985, Brit. Birds 8 1 : 15). Black Kite Milvus migrans GIBRALTAR Highest-ever total: 16,006 flying south dur- ing autumn 1989. White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla FIN- LAND Best-ever breeding result: 52 fledglings in 1989 (second-best year was 1988 with 42 fledglings, Brit. Birds 82, 324). Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus SPAIN Census results for Menorca: 50 pairs in 1988. Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus SPAIN Census results: 8,031 breeding pairs in 1989, which, compared with 1979 census (estimated 3,240 breeding pairs, Brit. Birds 75: 26), reflects both better coverage and actual increase, estimated at 80%-90% in ten years. Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus MOROCCO Huge spring migration: minimum of 400 flying northwest in 45 minutes near Gouli- mine on 19th March 1989. Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus FAROE ISLANDS Fifth record: juvenile female showing char- European news acters of American race hudsonius found dead on 17th October 1989*. Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rujinus SWEDEN Fourth record: light-phase individual at Ottenby on 1 1th September 1989* (previous records were in 1973/74, 1987 and June-July 1989, Brit. Birds 83: 10). Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax HUNGARY Dele- tion: after reconsideration, record of African race belisarius from 13th July to 12th Septem- ber 1986 (Brit. Birds 81: 16) now rejected. Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca FRANCE Second record of Spanish race adalberti: at Eyne, Pyrenees-Orientales, on 22nd-23rd October 1989*. Verreaux’s Eagle Aquila verreauxii JORDAN First record: adult in southern desert on 14th October 1989, one or two adults 5 km away on 3rd December 1989 and pair on 22nd December 1989 (local Bedouin say pair present for some years and has bred)t. (This species has not previously been mentioned in a ‘European news’ summary). Bonelli’s Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus HUNGARY Fifth record: juvenile near Balmazujvaros on 17th July 1986*. Sooty Falcon Palco concolor JORDAN First and second records: three at Petra on 14th October 1979 and pair at nest crevice in southern desert on 14th October 1989+. (This species has not previously been men- tioned in a ‘European news’ summary.) Gyrfalcon Palco rusticolus SWEDEN Highest- ever total: 37 outside northwestern Swedish breeding range in 1988. Fewer in winter 1989/90 (e.g. less than ten scattered in southern Sweden). Barbary Falcon Falco pelegrinoides GREECE First record: adult at Porto Lagos on 28th April 1987. (This species has not previously been mentioned in a ‘European news’ sum- mary.) Quail Cotumix cotumix FAROE ISLANDS Third to fifth breeding records this century: three females with about 17 young at same local- ity as in 1988 (cf. Brit. Birds 83: 11) in August/September 1989* (cf. high numbers in summer 1989 in Britain and Denmark, Brit. Birds 82: 457, 577; 83: 11). Sora Porzana Carolina MOROCCO First record: Oued Massa on 29th March 1989. Little Crake Porzana parva BYELORUSSIAN SSR Third and fourth breeding records: single 225 European news nests found in Selets, Bereza district, Brest region, on 21st June 1989, and on Myastro Lake, Myadel district, Minsk region, on 28th June 1989 (first and second breeding records were in 1904 and 1944). Baillon’s Crake Porzana pusilla FINLAND Fourth record: male in Hartola during 1 lth- 30th June 1989 (third was in 1984, Brit. Birds 77: 588). Striped Crake Porzana marginalis MOROCCO First record: Amrhass pound, near Azrou, Middle Atlas, on 19th November 1989*. (This species has not previously been men- tioned in a ‘European news’ summary.) Purple Gallinule Porphyria porphyria SPAIN Reintroduction projects in progress for pro- tected Mediterranean sites: Albufera de Mallorca (Balearic Islands), Albufera de Valencia and Aiguamolls de 1’Emporda (Gerona province). Crane Grus grus TUNISIA Winter census: at least 8,140 in December 1989. Siberian White Crane Grus leucogeranus ESTONIAN ssr Deletion: record on 30th Sep- tember 1984 (Brit. Birds 78: 341) not accepted. Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus AUSTRIA First breeding record for Upper Austria: Asten, near Linz, in 1989. CZECHO- SLOVAKIA Second proved breeding in Slovakia (fourth for Czechoslovakia): pair with three young near Novaky town, in June 1988. Black-winged Pratincole Glareola nordmanni JORDAN First to third records: Azraq on 2nd May 1980, 27th April 1983 and 22nd Sep- tember 1989+. Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus Lat- vian SSR First record: near Riga on 10th April 1988. Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis Julva DEN- MARK Second record: moulting adult at Praesto Fed, Zeeland, during 28th-30th July- 1989* (first was in 1982). Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla NORWAY First record: Nesseby, Finnmark, on 9th June 1988. White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris J'uscicollis NORWAY Third record: Lista, Farsund, Vest- Agder, on 1 6th- 17th July 1984 (second was in June 1980 and fourth was in July 1987, Brit. Birds 82: 325.) Baird’s Sandpiper Calidris bairdii SWEDEN Third record: Skalderviken, West Scania, from mid October to 19th November 1989*. Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanatos AUS- TRIA Small influx: juvenile at Lange Lacke, Seewinkel, Burgenland, on 6th September 1989; two to four at Rheindelta, Lake Constance, Vorarlberg, during 16th Septem- ber to 2nd October 1989. CZECHOSLOVAKIA Fifth record: single caught near Inacovce, eastern Slovakia, on 16th September 1987 (first and second records were in 1973, third in 1976 and fourth in 1980, all in Septem- ber). Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata BELGIUM First record: Eghezee, Namur dis- trict, 3rd-5th September 1989*. Stilt Sandpiper Micropalama himantopus FRANCE First record: adult in summer plum- age at Le Teich, Gironde, on 23rd July 1989*. Slender-billed Curlew Sumenius tenuirostris GREECE First and second records for north- western Greece this century: singles on Corfu in April 1974 and at Tsoukalio Lag- oon, Amvrakikos, on 23rd May 1986. MOROCCO Wintering: three at Merja Zerga in December 1989 and January 1990 (cf. Brit. Birds S3: 1-7). Ukraine ssr Migrant: Chorno- morski Reserve, Black Sea, on 10th Septem- ber 1961. (We are publishing all records received of this species.) Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca FRANCE Second record: Locqmariaquer, Morbihan, on 19th November 1989* (first was in August 1987, Brit. Birds 81: 333). Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flaiipes MOROCCO Correction: second record was on 22nd April 1989 (not 1988. Brit. Birds 83: 12). Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularia FRANCE Second record: juvenile at Poses, F.ure, from 18th November to 3rd December 1989* (this may become fourth record, since two re- cords from July/August 1989 are still under consideration by French Rarities Commit- tee; first was during September-November 1987. Brit. Birds 81: 333). Wilson’s Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor ESTO- NIAN SSR First record: Sorve saar, Saaremaa Island, on 6th October 1989. SPAIN Fifth record: male at Manjavacas Lagoon, Cuenca province, on 8th July 1989* (fourth was in May 1987. Brit. Birds' 82: 19). Pomarine Skua Stercorarius pomarinus DEN- MARK Influx: about 400 records at Skagen during autumn 1989 (no juveniles seen). 226 Great Black-headed Gull Larus ichthyaetus POLAND Fourth record: first-winter at Gdy- nia on 30th September 1988 (May-June 1983 record, Brit. Birds 77: 237, now rejected, so individual in June 1988, Brit. Birds 82: 19, becomes third and that in May 1989, Brit. Birds 83: 12, remains as fifth). Mediterranean Gull Larus melanocephalus BYELORUSSIAN SSR First record: breeding pair on Vileika Reservoir, Minsk region, on 2nd June 1988 (cf. breeding establishment or increases in Austria, Czechoslovakia, Fed- eral Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Poland, Sweden and Tunisia, Brit. Birds 82: 326; 83: 12). Laughing Gull Larus atricilla SWEDEN Third record: two at Falsterbo on 28th September 1989* (previous records were in 1964 and 1987, Brit. Birds 82: 326). Franklin’s Gull Larus pipixcan SPAIN Third record: first-summer at mouth of Guadalhorce River, Malaga, during lst-4th May 1989* (second was in October 1983, Brit. Birds 78: 641). Audouin’s Gull Larus audouinii GIBRALTAR Second-highest total: 1,717 flying west dur- ing autumn 1989 (third consecutive yearly increase). SPAIN Dramatic increase: 4,200 pairs at Ebro Delta colony in 1989, com- pared with 2,861 in 1988 (Brit. Birds 82: 327). Ring-billed Gull Imius delawarensis FRANCE Small influx: eight different individuals (at least three first-winters), inland in Indre-et- Loire Departement, during 29th September 1989 to mid February 1990*. Common Gull Larus canus JORDAN First and second records: first-winters at Azraq on 8th December 1989, and at Aqaba on 23rd December 1989t. Iceland Gull Larus glaucoides POLAND Second record: immature at Kiezmark near Vistula River mouth on 15th January 1989. Ivory Gull Pagophila ebumea POLAND First record: adult at Rewa, Puck Bay, on 25th September 1989. Caspian Tern Sterna caspia JORDAN First to third records: three at Aqaba on 9th April 1988, and singly on 13th October and on lst-2nd December 1989J (probably occurs frequently). Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii DENMARK Third record: adult at Skagen on 12th August European news 1988. ISRAEL Third record: Tel-Aviv on 26th August 1989. Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus BYELO- RUSSIAN SSR First breeding records: about 15, including young, near Brest on 5th August 1987, and five breeding pairs near Brest on 4th July 1988. African Skimmer Rhynchops Jlavirostris MOROCCO Second record: adult at Oued Sous Estuary in September 1987 (first record concerned a pair in January 1987, Brit. Birds 82: 19-20). Guillemot Uria aalge SPAIN Decrease con- tinuing: maximum of 13 pairs in just two colonies — Sisargas islands and Vilancape — in 1988-89 (cf. 20,000 individuals in 1950s and 38 pairs in 1982, Brit. Birds 77: 237). Razorbill Alca torda DENMARK Largest-ever count: 115,000 passing Fornaes, E-Jutland, in four hours on 3rd December 1989. Little Auk Alle alle SWEDEN Large influx: from 12th November 1989, northeasterly winds brought up to 893 in three hours at Bastad and 3,500 from ferry between Var- berg and Grena (Denmark); only a few- stayed into December. Puffin Fratercula arctica POLAND Fifth record: adult in mouth of River Vistula on 1st October 1989 (fourth was in 1964). Stock Dove Columba oenas JORDAN First re- cord: five at Azraq on 12th October 1989+. Woodpigeon Columba palumbus JORDAN Second record: Dibbin Forest on 12th Janu- ary 1990+. Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto SPAIN Ex- pansion continuing southwards: now well established around Valencia, and first sight- ings in Andalucia region, where apparently has already bred at Jerez de la Frontera, Cadiz province (cf. Brit. Birds 80: 12-13; 82: 20). Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis FRANCE First record: one killed at Aureille, Bouches-du-Rhone, on 14th October 1989*. Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Third record: near Grimmen on 20th October 1988. Snowy Owl Nyctea scandiaca FINLAND Breed- ing influx: 15 pairs reared 29 young in Lapland in summer 1988 (cf. breeding influx in 1987, Brit. Birds 81: 19). SWEDEN Influx from early November onwards: mainly in European news north in autumn, in south in winter (at least ten scattered individuals during January- February 1990). Hawk Owl Sumia ulula DENMARK Influx winter 1989/90: at least eight individuals during October-December*. SWEDEN Perhaps one of greatest southward move- ments during 1980s: starting in October 1989; many in south throughout winter. (The last irruption, into Denmark, Norway and Sweden, was in 1983/84, Brit. Birds 78: 343.) Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientals JOR- DAN First to fifth records: two at Wadi Araba on ‘20th April 1987, single 10 km south of Aqaba on 2nd December 1989, three at Aqaba on 2nd December 1989, four on 23rd December, and five at Wadi Fidan (Wadi Araba) on ‘24th December 1989+. [But com- mon in Israeli Arava Valley, so presumably overlooked in Jordan. Eds] (This species has not previously been mentioned in a ‘Euro- pean news’ summary.) Grey-headed Woodpecker Pirns canus DEN- MARK Now deleted from Danish list. White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos SWEDEN Continued decline: only 14 breeding records in 1988, whereas formerly common over most of country (cf. declines in Finland and Norway, Brit. Birds 81: 335; 82: 328). Crested Lark Galerida cristata SWEDEN Con- tinued decline: less than ten individuals remaining in Malmo; species is on verge of extinction in Sweden (cf. Brit. Birds 80: 326). Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne rupestris DENMARK First record: Skagen on 9th May 1988 (cf. recent records in Belgium, Britain and Finland. Brit. Birds 82: 328; 83: 14, 155-159). Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica NOR- WAY Fifth record: adult at Jomfruland. Tele- mark, on 14th May 1988. SPAIN' Northerly expansion continuing: several nests in Bur- gos province and pair collecting mud at Binies Gorge, Huesca, in 1989. Richard’s Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae DEN- MARK Largest-ever annual totals: 38 indi- viduals in 1987 and 49 in 1988, all during September-November (cf. high numbers in Finland in 1987 and Sweden in 1988, Brit. Birds 82: 328-329). Olive-backed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni FRANCE Third record: Hoedic Island, Morbihan. on 20th October 1989* (second was in 1988, 227 Brit. Birds 82: 329). NORWAY Fourth and eleventh records: Utsira, Rogaland, on 4th October 1981, and on 19th October 1987 (record on 4th November 1983 becomes ninth, on 2nd October 1987 becomes tenth, and on 18th November 1987 becomes twelfth, Brit. Birds 83: 14). SWEDEN Second record: Landsort Bird Observatory' on 1st October 1989* (first was in 1988, Brit. Birds 82: 329). Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flora ESTONIAN SSR First and second records of black-headed race feldegg: Kaina Bay, Hiiumaa Island, male on 18th May 1971 and male on 16th May 1974 (record on 2nd-3rd June 1989, Brit. Birds 83: 14, becomes third). FINLAND Second record of Jeldegg: male ringed in Pori on 14th May 1989 (first was male during May-July 1985, Brit. Birds 82: 21). Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola LATVIAN ssr Fifth record: singing male near Jelgava during 1 st- 13th May 1989 (fourth was in May 1988, Brit. Birds 82: 329). Waxwing BombyciUa garrulus SWEDEN Largest southward movement for many years: from mid October 1989, with highest daily counts of 3,000 migrating at Jarnasudden, Anger- manland, and 1,100 at Sonnerstgrundet, Vasterbotten (this follows the major erup- tion in autumn/winter 1988/89, Brit. Birds 82: 329; 83: 14). Greyr Hypocolius Hypocolius ampelinus ISRAEL Second record: two males and one female in Eilat from November 1989 to January 1990 (first was in March 1987, Brit. Birds 81: 20). Wren Troglodytes troglodytes JORDAN First and second records: Ajlun on 27th March 1989. and Wadi el Sir on 20th November 1989, 27th November 1989 (two), and 25th De- cember 1 9894. Dunnock Prunella modularis JORDAN First and second records this century : three at Wadi el Sir on 20th November and 27th November 1989. and two on 25th December 1989+. Thrush Nightingale Luscinia luscinia CZECHOSLOVAKIA First breeding in Bohemia: nest with three eggs near Mydlovary , south- ern Bohemia, in 1989 (normally breeds only in eastern Slovakia). FRANCE Second (or third) record: found dead at Joinville-le- Pont, Val de Marne, on 20th September 1989*. Isabelline Wheatear Oenanthe isabellina DEN- MARK First record: Endelave, E-Jutland, on 228 21st and 22nd September 1989*. Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica SWEDEN Third record: one, perhaps of west- ern race hispanica , at Holmsund, Vasterbot- ten, on 16th October 1989* (second was in June 1986, Brit. Birds 81: 20). Hooded Wheatear Oenanthe monacha CYPRUS First and second records since 1875: single females at Kensington Cliffs, Episkopi, on 13th and 15th April 1987, and at Lamaca Salt Lake on 17th April 1987. (This species has not previously been mentioned in a ‘European news’ summary.) Dusky Thrush Turdus naumanni FINLAND Third record: male of the race T. n. naumanni in Karjaa on 27th April 1988 (two previous records were of race eunomus in October 1980 and May 1983, Brit. Birds 74: 262; 77: 240). Black-throated Thrush Turdus ruficollis FRANCE Vagrants: male of black-throated race atrogularis at Zuydcoote, Nord, on 29th October 1989*, immature of mixed black/ red-throated on Ouessant on 1st November 1989*, and one of red-throated race ruficollis in Creuse Departement on 2nd January 1990*. Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus JORDAN Second and third records: three 10 km south of Aqaba on 2nd December 1989, single at Amman during 22nd January to 8th Febru- ary 1990t. (This species has not previously been mentioned in a ‘European news’ sum- mary.) Redwing Turdus iliacus DENMARK Highest- ever count: 108,500 passing Fano, SW- Jutland, on 12th October 1989. River Warbler Locustella fluviatilis SWEDEN Best-ever year: about 220 singing males and second confirmed breeding in 1988 (cf. 138 individuals and first breeding in 1987, Brit. Birds 82: 21). Moustached Warbler Acrocephalus melanopo- gon POLAND First record: singing male at Zywiecki Reservoir, near Bielsko-Biata, on 28th May 1989. Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola NOR- WAY Fifth and sixth records: juvenile at Slevdalsvann, Farsund, Vest-Agder, on 10th August 1988, and single at Jabekk, Mandal, Vest-Agder, on 20th-21st August 1988. Blyth’s Reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum DENMARK Fifth and sixth records: one sing- ing at Braband So, E-Jutland, during 30th- European news 31st May 1986, and one at Skagen on 6th June 1987 (records on 29th-30th May 1988 and 14th June 1988, Brit. Birds 82: 22, become seventh and eighth). SWEDEN Con- tinuing increase: 53 in 1988, mainly along east coast, was twice best previous annual total. Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus GIBRALTAR Second record: one on 26th August 1989. SWEDEN Highest-ever total: 305 singing males in 1988 (cf. 200 in 1979, 208 in 1980, and 280 in 1987, Brit. Birds 82: 22). Booted Warbler Hippolais caligata DENMARK Second and third records: one ringed at Blavand, SW-Jutland, on 16th September 1989* and one without ring at Blavand on 20t h-2 1st September 1989* (first was in September 1988, Brit. Birds 82: 350-351). ESTONIAN SSR Deletion: two records in June 1987 (Brit. Birds 81: 337) not accepted. First and second records: pair near Tartu on 5th June 1989, and one caught at Vaibla, Vil- jandi district, on 16th August 1989. Desert Warbler Sylvia nana DENMARK First record: Fangli, SW-Jutland, on 1 1 th- 1 2th November 1989*. JORDAN Fourth record: two at Wadi Batn al Ghul, near Mudaw- wara, on 7th February 1990. Arabian Warbler Sylvia leucomelaena Jordan Second and third records: two at Wadi Fidan on 1st April 1988, and five on 24th December 1989 (first record was in 1963). Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides SWEDEN Highest-ever total: at least 250 (including two breeding records) in 1988 (previous peaks were 1 10 in 1978 and 75 in 1987, Brit. Birds 82: 22). Pallas’s Warbler Phylloscopus proregulus DEN- MARK Annual totals: four in 1988 (only three in autumn); about 15 in autumn 1989, of which at least three (probably six or seven) at Christianso on 9th October*. FRANCE Vagrant: only one record in autumn 1989, on Hoedic, Morbihan, on 25th October 1989*. LATVIAN SSR Vagrant: one trapped on 13th October 1989. Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inorha- tus DENMARK Second-highest annual total: 31 in 1988 (best-ever year was 1986, with 52). Second record of race humei: Blavand, SW- Jutland, on 13th November 1989*. HUNGARY First and second records: near Egerszalok on 8th October 1989, and north of Budapest on 4th November 1989. ISRAEL Fourth and 229 European news fifth records of race humei: two individuals in Eilat from December 1989 to February 1990. LATVIAN ssr None in 1989. SWEDEN Highest- ever annual total: at least 87 in 1988; 17 ringed at Stora Fjaderagg Bird Observatory, oil Umea, during two-week period in Sep- tember 1988. 1 bird record of race humei : Ottenby, Oland, on 4th-5th November (perhaps also on 9lh) 1989*. Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus DENMARK Correction: the autumn 1987 records total- led 12 (ten were listed: Brit. Birds 81: 338). Bonelli’s Warbler Phylloscopus bonelli HUN- GARY First record: netted near Keszthely, Fake Balaton, on 28th August 1989. Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix SPAIN First breeding record for Cantabrian Moun- tains: pair feeding fledglings at Reres Game Reserve, Asturias, on 25th July 1986. ( This species has not previously been mentioned in a ‘European news’ summary.) Goldcrest Regulus regulus JORDAN First re- cord: Amman National Park on 1st Decem- ber 1989+. Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula parva JOR- DAN Probably second record: female or immature at Wadi Zarqua on 27th October 1989+. Bearded Tit Panurus biarmicus BYELORUSSIAN SSR First record since 1905 and first winter record: two near Grodno on 21st February 1989. NORWAY Fifth record: juvenile at Borsesjo, Telemark, on 18th July 1988. Azure Tit Partis cyanus BYELORUSSIAN ssr Fourth breeding record during last 150 years: nest with young near mouth of Lan River, Brest region, on 23rd May 1989. HUNGARY Second record: netted near Ocza on 28th October 1989 (first was in December 1988, Brit. Birds 83: 16). Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria BELGIUM Fourth and fifth records: Esneu, Liege dis- trict, in March 1989*, and Zeebruges, on 5th November 1989* (a wintering individual occurred near Liege in March 1986, winter 1986/87 and December 1987, Bril. Birds 81: 338). Penduline Tit Rerniz pendulinus BELGIUM First successful breeding: Diest, during summer 1989*. DENMARK High numbers: flocks of ‘dozens’ at several sites during autumn 1989. MOROCCO Fifth record: three at Merja Zerga on 18th January 1990 (fourth was in February 1989, Brit. Birds 83: 16). Isabelline Shrike Lanius isabellinus FINLAND Fourth record: Hamina on 11th June 1989 (third was in October 1987. Brit. Birds 82: 353). Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio GIBRALTAR First record: first-winter female on 9th Octo- ber 1989. Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor CYPRUS First record: Larnaca International Airport on 1st April 1989. Siberian Jay Perisoreus infaustus SWEDEN Janu- ary census in Gastrikland showed that spe- cies may be much more numerous than formerly believed in extreme south of its Swedish range. Jackdaw Corvtis monedula JORDAN First re- cord: Azraq on 8th December 1989t. Rose-coloured Starling Stumus roseus HUN- GARY Small influx: groups of ten to 20 in East during May to June 1989. POLAND Sixth post-war record: adult near Bielsko-Biata on 26th May 1989. (Cf. large irruption into Yugoslavia in May 1989, Brit. Birds 83: 16.) Common Waxbill F.strilda astrild SPAIN Col- onisation: following expansion in Portugal, small population established around Bada- joz, where nest found in autumn 1987. Brambling Fringilla montiJringilla )( >RD \x First and second records: Wadi el Sir on 20th November 1989 and 30th December 1989+. Siskin Carduelis spinus JORDAN First record: 25 at Dibbin Forest on 16th December 1989, and two on 12th January 1990L Parrot Crossbill Loxia pytxopsittacus SWEDEN Unusually large numbers in north-central Sweden: e.g. more than 150 migrating in two hours at Jiirnasudden, Angermanland, on 12th November 1989. Trumpeter Finch Bucanetes githagineus CY- PRUS Sixth record: male at Kensington Cliffs on 16th April 1987 (record on 5th December 1987, Brit. Birds 82: 23. becomes seventh). SPAIN Range expansion: in Cartagena Mountains (where first seen in February 1986), breeding confirmed in spring 1988 (male feeding fledgling). Pine Grosbeak Pinicola enucleator SWEDEN High numbers: unusually strong southward movement starting in October 1989 (e.g. more than 50 ringed at Stora Fjaderagg Bird Observatory), producing highest numbers for many years in central and southern Sweden in November and December, with 230 flocks south to provinces of Vastergotland and Smaland (last large irruption into Swe- den and Norway was in autumn 1976, Brit. Birds 70: 219). Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes JORDAN First and second records: three at Wadi el Sir on 3rd November 1989, and single at Dibbin Forest on 16th December 1989+. Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella JORDAN First record: at Maij al Haman, six on 23rd January, 16 on 24th January', and 40 on 5th February' 1990. European news Rock Bunting Emberiza cia JORDAN First record: at Wadi el Sir, three on 3rd Novem- ber 1989, four on 25th December 1989, and one on 30th December 1989t. Little Bunting Emberiza pusilla ESTONIAN SSR Fourth record: one caught at Sorve saar, Saaremaa Island, on 18th October 1989 (third was in September 1985, Brit. Birds 79: 292). Com Bunting Miliaria calandra SWEDEN Con- tinued decline: only 14 singing males, mostly in Scania, in 1988. Correspondents AUSTRIA Hans-Martin Berg, Osterreichische Gesellschaft fur Vogelkunde, c/o Naturhistoris- ches Museum Wien, A-1014 Wien 1, Burgring 7, Postfach 417 BELGIUM Rene de Liedekerke and Drs. F. L. L. Tombeur, Rue des Haies, 20, B-5296, Pailhe BYELORUSSIAN SSR M. E. Nikiforov, Lab. Ecol. Terrestrial Animals, Inst. Zoology, Byel. Acad. Sci., Skoriny St 27, 220733 Minsk CANARY ISLANDS Keith Emmerson & Dr Aurelio Martin, Departamento de Biologia Animal (Zoologia), Universidad de la Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife CYPRUS C.J. L. Bennett, P.O. Box 4319, Nicosia CZECHOSLOVAKIA Dr Karel Stastny, Institute of Applied Ecology and Ecotechnology, Agriculture University in Prague, 281 63 Kostelec n.c.lesy DENMARK Brian Rasmussen, Kastanie Alle 27, DK-3250 Gilleleje ESTONIAN SSR Dr Vilju Lilleleht, Institute of Zoology and Botany, 21 Vanemuise St, SU- 202400 Tartu FAROE ISLANDS Soren Sorensen, Bratskowej 5, DK-2720 Vanlose, Denmark FINLAND Hannu Jiinnes, The Finnish Ornithological Society, Zoological Museum, P. Rautatiekatu 13, SF-00100 Helsinki 10 FRANCE Dr Philippe J. Dubois, LPO, 51 rue Laugier, 75017 Paris GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Dr W. Eichstiidt, Nr. 12, Linken, DDR 2101 GIBRALTAR Steve Holliday, 6 Phillimore House, Buena Vista; new correspondent: Charlie Perez, 7 Kensington House, Laguna Estate GREECE George I. Handrinos, 50 El Venizelou Str, 166 75 Glyfada HUNGARY Dr Gabor Magyar and Zoltan Waliczky, H-l 138 Budapest, Npfiirdo u. 17/b ISRAEL Hadoram Shirihai, Israel Trust for Ornithology, P.O. Box 4168, Eilat 88102 ITALY Marco Gustin, Stazione Romana, Osservazione e Protezione Uccelli, via Palo Laziale 2, 00055 c/o Bosco WWF di Palo Laziale, Ladispoli, Roma JORDAN Ian J. Andrews and Dr Peter F. Sherrington, c/o British Embassy, PO Box 87, Amman LATVIAN SSR Dr Janis Baumanis, Laboratory of Ornithology, Miera 3, 229021 Salaspils MOROCCO Michel Thevenot, Laboratoire de Biogeographie et Ecologie des Vertebres, Case 100, Universite de Montpellier 11, F-34060 Montpellier Cedex, France NORWAY Andrew W. Clarke, Gronlia, Kyrresvingen 21, 3190 Horten POLAND Dr Tadeusz Stawarczyk, Wroc+aw University, Museum of Natural History, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocfaw SPAIN Dr Eduardo de Juana A, Catedra de Zoologia (Vertebrados), Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid SWEDEN Johan Elmberg, Vintergatan 15, S-902 54 Umea TUNISIA Thierry Gaultier, INRST/CBRG Unite d’Ornithologie, BP 95, 2050 Hammam-Lif UKRAINE SSR Igor Gorban, West Ukrainian Avifaunistic Commission, L’vov 290005, L’vov University, Department of Biology Yugoslavia Iztok Geister, 64202 Naklo, Pokopaliska pot 13 No information was received from Albania, Bulgaria, the Federal Republic of Germany, Iceland, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania or Switzerland. Bird Photograph of the Year Sponsored by Collins T and Christopher Helm The exceedingly high standard of entries led to the judges commenting: ‘It is a real privilege to see such superb pictures’. Time and again, as the transparencies were projected, one judge or another would say, ‘Oh, I wish I’d taken that one!’ Last year’s winner, Hanne Eriksen (Brit. Birds 82: 261-268, 426), had taken up bird-photography for only one year. Her win was, however, clearly no fluke: this year, all three of her entries were short-listed, and two of them achieved first and seventh places. We have a new star amongst us! The full results were as follows: 1st: Bird Photograph of the Year: Black-winged Stilts Himantopus himantopus (plate 132), Hanne Eriksen (Sultanate of Oman) 2ncl= Long-eared Owl Asio otus (plate 133), Larry Dalziel (Shetland) 2nd= Cuckoo Cuculus canorus (plate 134), Mark Hamblin (Sheffield) 4th Honey Buzzard Bemis apivorus (plate 135), Paul Doherty (Kent) 5th= Black-headed Gulls Larus ridibundus (plate 136), Jens Eriksen (Sultanate of Oman) 5th = Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus (plate 137), Axel Halley (West Germany) 7th Hoopoe Upupa epops (plate 138), Hanne Eriksen (Sultanate of Oman) 8th Lapwing I ’(melius vanellus (plate 139), Danny Ellinger (Netherlands) 9th=Jay Gamdus glandarius, Mark Hamblin (Sheffield) 9th = Starlings Stumus vulgaris , Allan Parker (Sheffield) 1 1 th = Snipe Gallinago gallinago, Oene Moedt (Netherlands) 1 1 th = Greenshank Tiinga nebularia , Mike Weston (Netherlands) 13th Starling Stumus vulgaris , David Kjaer (Wiltshire) 14th Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides , Dr Peter Gasson (Middlesex) 15th Tengmalm's Owl Aegolius funereus , Henry Lehto (Finland) 16th Lesser Black-backed Gulls Larus fuscus , Gordon Langsbury (Berk- shire) 1 7th = Pallid Hairier Circus macrounis , Conrad Greaves (North Yorkshire) 17th= Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoetiobaenus, Mike McKavett (Merseyside) 19th Corn Bunting Miliaria calandra , Chris Knights (Norfolk) 20th Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Tim Loseby (Kent) The following photographers also had transparencies short-listed: David Catland (two: Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, and Bam Owl Tyto alba), Danny Ellinger (Redshank Tringa totanus ), Hanne Eriksen (another Hoopoe), Jens Eriksen (Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosas), Hans Gebuis (Mediterranean Gull Larus melanocephatas with Common Gull L. canus). Bob Glover ( Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur), David Kjaer (Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus), Gordon Langsbury (Red Grouse Lagopus lagopus), and Ray Tipper (Kestrel Falco tinnunculus). [Brit. Birds 83: 231-237, June 1990] 231 232 Bird Photograph of the Year It is noteworthy that, as well as Hanne Eriksen’s remarkable achieve- ment in having all three of her entries short-listed, another six photographers had two of their three transparencies picked in the first selection; one might be just a lucky shot, but two reveals real skill. Congratulations, therefore, to David Catland, Danny Ellinger, Jens Eriksen, Mark Hamblin, David Kjaer, and Gordon Langsbury. Hanne Eriksen’s winning photograph (plate 132) shows a pair of Black- winged Stilts with their chick, raised after their first nest was destroyed by a rain storm. The character of the species and their marshland (actually sewage-lagoon) habitat is shown to perfection in this difficult, back-lit shot. ‘A picture to grace the wall of any sitting-room or art gallery’ was the judges’ comment on its artistic merit and composition. Larry Dalziel spotted the Long-eared Owl (plate 133) roosting in a small garden in Tingwall, Shetland, from his car. ‘I quickly put camera and lens together’, he writes, ‘and slowly drove up on the bird and took three pictures before it flew off.’ Has a roosting Long-eared Owl ever provided a better portrait? No twig obscures the bird, which looks with orange eyes at its photographer. Mark Hamblin’s careful planning and preparations led to his wonderful shot of the Cuckoo with its caterpillar (plate 134). In early spring, before the arrival of any Cuckoos, he erected the post in a sunny position, close to other possible perching sites, and created a permanent wooden hide about 6 m away. When Cuckoos arrived in spring, short bursts of male Cuckoo song were played on a cassette recorder with a loudspeaker attachment, to attract Cuckoos to the area. On this occasion, the Cuckoo was perched on a nearby sapling, but dropped to the grass to pick up the large caterpillar, and then landed on the post — just as Mark Hamblin had anticipated. Paul Doherty visited Eilat, Israel, especially to photograph migrating Honey Buzzards, but most were too far away, and, from that aspect, his trip was a disappointment. He did, however, get close to one over the kibbutz fields, and the exquisite photograph (plate 135) is the result. (Followers of this competition will remember Paul’s perfect flying Crab Plover Dromas ardeola last year: Brit. Birds 82: plate 168.) With short-listed entries last year and this, Jens Eriksen is also a familiar name. His fighting Black-headed Gulls (plate 136), disputing feeding territory — at the same sewage-lagoons at which Jens’s wife Hanne photographed the Black-winged Stilts (plate 132) — is just the sort of action photograph which typifies the work of today’s adventurous bird- photographers, and which we welcome for publication in British Birds. A car provides an ideal ‘moving hide’ for opportunist nature- photography. Larry Dalziel’s Long-eared Owl (plate 133) was one example; Axel Halley’s Gyrfalcon, feeding on the corpse of a Coot Fulica atra (plate 137) on the west coast of Schleswig-Holstein, West Germany, is another. Now we are back to Hanne Eriksen again. When she photographed the Hoopoe (plate 138), she thought that it was sunning, but her subsequent reference to the literature suggested that it may have been reacting to the ✓ 132. Bird Photograph of thk Yk.ar: Black-winged Stilts Hintaii- topus himantopus, Oman, May 1989 ( Hanne Eriksen) (Nikon FA. 600 mm Novoflex. f.8. l/250th. Fujichrome 100 D) 133. Long-eared Owl Asio olus roosting, Shetland, November 1989 (Lam’ Dalziel) (Canon EOS 600 with 300 mm F.F and 2X converter. Kodachrome 200) 134. Cuckoo Cuculus canorus, Wor- cestershire, May 1989 (Mark Hamblin) (Olympus OM2N. 300 mm Zuiko. f.S.6. 1/1 25th. Kodachrome 64) 135. Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus in flight, Israel, May 1989 (Paul Doherty) (Nikon F-801. 400 mm Nikkor + Nikon 1.4 teleconverter, f.5. 1 /500th. Kodachrome 64) Bird Photograph of the Year 235 136. Black-headed Gulls Larus ridibundus disputing feeding territory, Oman, March 1989 {Jens £nfaen)(Nikon F3. 600 mm Novoflex. f.8. 1 /250th . Fujichrome 100 I)) 137. Gyrfalcon Falco rustkolus feeding on corpse of Coot Fulica alra , West Germany, November 1989 (Axel Halley) (Minolta Xl)5. 500 mm Leitz. f.6.8. 1/1 25th. Kodachrome 64) 236 Bird Photograph of the Year 139. Lapwing Vanellus vanellus attempting to lead lamb away from young, Netherlands, April 1989 (Danny Ellinger)( Nikon F4. 560 mm Telyt. f.8. l/125th. Kodachrome 200) 138. Hoopoe Upupa epops reacting to overhead raptor or sunning, Oman, December 1989 (Hanne Eriksen)( Nikon PA. 600 mm Novoflex. f.8. 1 /250th. Fujichrome 100 D) also 7X 42B/GAT* ‘...particularly useful in confined habitats, such as woodland or forest; for seawatching or raptor-watching. . . " (British Binds Vol 79 No. 6 June 1986) Zeiss - a tradition of excellence. The preferred binocular of experienced birdwatchers worldwide. Unsurpassed in quality and performance. Excellent image contrast; superior light transmission at dawn and dusk; genuine “ET special eyepieces with unrestricted viewing for spectacle- and non spectacle wearers alike; true close focusing (5m). For brochure and nearest stockist please contact: Sturdy and dependable. Available with or without rubber armour. Carl Zeiss (Oberkochen) Ltd PO Box 78 Woodfield Road Welwyn Garden City Herts AL7 1LU Telephone (0707)331144 ZEISS West Germany xi (D607) NEW VISION MADE BY LEICA The freedom to see British Birds — Survey of readers Unlike most magazines, British Birds does not have a short life. It is not read and thrown away, like a newspaper or a ‘glossy, bookstall magazine’: only 0.4% of readers treat their copy in this way, with a staggering 99.6% keeping their copy of BB permanently and referring to it subsequently (44% ‘often’; and 55% ‘occasionally’). Subscribers who keep their copy of British Birds to themselves make up only 53% of those who read the magazine. Even ignoring the 3,660 copies sup- plied to libraries and reading circles each year, more than one-quarter of BB subscribers share their copy with at least one other non-subscriber, and some copies are read by two, three, four, five or six other people (one subscriber admitted to sharing his with 15 other birdwatchers, and another with 26). Over half (55.5%) of BB subscribers are aged 18/40 years; a further 36% are 41-64; a mere 5% over 64; and 3.5% under 18. In the next 12 months, 8% of BB subscribers plan to buy a camera, 12% will buy a new pair of binoculars, 12% will buy a telescope, 17% will buy a tripod, 27% will buy a birdwatching coat or jacket, and 38% will buy boots, shoes or wellingtons for birdwatching. Some readers plan to spend an average of over £1,000 per year on birdwatching equipment, and most ex- pect to spend about £300 a year. It comes as no surprise to discover that British Birds readers are also book- buyers; 97% plan to buy at least one bird book this year. 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XIV (D560) 237 Bird Photograph of the Year presence of a raptor overhead. Whatever the circumstances, this is the sort of photograph — documenting an interesting aspect of bird behaviour — which we hope our Bird Photograph of the Year competition encourages bird-photographers to attempt to obtain. Our final photograph is another example of a bird ‘doing something interesting . Danny Ellinger’s Lapwing (plate 139) was attempting to lure the lamb away from her three chicks by feigning injury. Although photographically less perfect than some other entries, this action shot demanded to be among the top-placed pictures. (Lest it be thought that this is criticism of Danny Ellinger’s expertise, we should note that his other short-listed photograph was a magnificent portrait of a male Redshank in his Dutch marshland territory .) All 22 photographers whose work was short-listed will be invited to the award presentation ceremony at a Press Reception in London in late spring. Once again we are delighted to be able to thank our sponsors, the well- known bird-book publishers, William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd and Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd, for their support, which enables us to show the work of today’s top bird-photographers. R. J. Chandler, Eric Hosking, J. T. R. Sharrock and Don Smith Fountains , Park Lane , Blunham , Bedford MK44 3\'J Mystery photographs 155 No matter at what range, the bird in plate 124 (repeated here) would always look like a huge raptor. With that shape, falcons [Brit. Birds 83: 237-238, June 1990] 238 Mystery photographs and accipiters are not considered, even momentarily. Most British birdwatchers get very' little experience of large raptors, apart perhaps from Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos and White-tailed Eagles Haliaeetus albicilla. The very broad wings and rather short tail, shaped like that of a Raven Corvus corax, are a little reminiscent of the latter, but the wings seem too broad and the head is certainly not the obtrusive, projecting, heavy-billed head of a White-tailed Eagle. The small head, scarcely protruding beyond the ‘shoulders’, the very broad wings and the shortish wedge-shaped tail are all features of Spotted Eagle A. clanga. Lesser Spotted Eagle A. pomarina generally has a longer and more-rounded tail, narrower wings and a larger head than Spotted. One of the good things about most large flying birds of prey is their habit of circling in thermals or slowly soaring and gliding across open landscapes, thereby staying in view long enough for even the most incompetent would-be raptor-identifiers to take a second look (oh, that seabirds should be so kind to us!). In this case, a second look shows that the head is not only barely protruding, but is also very small and narrow. Scale is impossible to judge against the sky (how far away is the bird?), but the proportions show that it is truly a giant of a bird. It is too big and too small-headed even for Spotted Eagle. It is a vulture. (I apologise to all those readers who spotted this instantly.) Now it is easy. The very broad wings, with the secondaries bowed (but not excessively so), the wedge-shaped tail and the wholly dark appearance all fit the Eurasian Black Vulture Aegypius monachus. Of the other species of West Palearctic vulture, Griffon Gyps fulvus shows contrast between its dark wings and tail and its paler body and head, more-bulging secondaries, and a more-rounded tail. The tails of Lam- mergeier Gypaetus barbatus and Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus are both longer and far more wedge-shaped than that of the mystery bird. Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus is all-dark like our bird, but the tail, though wedge-shaped, is very short, and the size is closer to Egyptian. Lappet-faced Torgos tracheliotus and Riippelf s Vultures Gyps rueppellii also both have even shorter tails than our bird, and (except for juvenile Lappet-faced) are not all-dark. This is indeed a Black Vulture, photo- graphed by Gunter Rinnhofer in Mongolia in June 1981. JTRS 141. Mystery photograph 156. Identify the species. Answer next month Notes Alpine Swift ‘playing’ with piece of paper At 10.00 GMT on 20th June 1985, in sunny conditions with little wind at Les Baux, France, I watched several Alpine Swifts Apus melba with Swifts A. apus feeding 100-200 m up in the vicinity of the old village. One of the Alpine Swifts darted after what appeared to be a piece of white paper, a little larger than the head of a Swift, floating in the air; three times in a period of two minutes, it grasped the paper in its bill and flew with it for several metres, before releasing it and diving to catch it again. I can find no reference to ‘play’ behaviour by the Alpine Swift. Jonathan H. Mercer Torridon, 79 Alexander Drive, Cirencester , Gloucestershire GI.7 Ii'Q I his appears to have been nest-collecting behaviour, or perhaps feeding behaviour by a bird which was, to judge from its repeating its mistake, ‘slow to learn’. Eds Behaviour of Swallows with feather At 09.00 GMT on 8th August 1985, near Ipswich, Suffolk, I watched a juvenile Swallow Hirundo rustica swoop and catch in mid air a white object. It then dropped the object, and through binoculars I could see that it was a white feather. A second juvenile Swallow swooped and caught the feather, and flew with it for a few seconds before releasing it. The feather was then caught by a third juvenile. The whole ‘game' was repeated in this fashion for about one minute, during which time each Swallow caught and released the feather about five times. The three finally ignored the feather and flew off together. Brian G. Thompson 42 Dover Road . Ipswich . Suffolk 1P3 8JQ Rock Pipit breaking snail shell On 18th February 1984, at Horrid Hill, River Medway, Kent, I watched a Rock Pipit Anthus petrosus holding what seemed to be a small snail in its bill. It bashed the snail against a concrete surface, breaking the shell, and ate the flesh. The pipit then promptly flew a short distance to the exposed mud of the river, picked up a Hydrobia snail, returned to the same hard surface and smashed the snail's shell as before. The action recalled that of a Song Thrush Turdus philomelos dealing with a larger snail. The pipit was disturbed by walkers and flew from the immediate area, so I have no idea if this method of making food available was used again. I have not seen this behaviour before or since. Derek Tutt 21 Heron Close , Lower Halstow, Sittingboume . Kent ME9 7EF 239 240 Notes Retention of food by Redwings when attacked In winter, Blackbirds Turdus merula, Song Thrushes T. philomelos, Mistle Thrushes T. viscivorus and Redwings T. iliacus all feed on my garden lawn in Felixstowe, Suffolk. From time to time, a bird that has caught a worm is attacked by another bird of the same or a different species, which tries to rob it. I have noticed that, when the bird attacked is a Blackbird, Song Thrush or Mistle Thrush, it invariably flies off and leaves the prey, which the attacker then takes or not as the case may be. When the bird attacked is a Redwing, however, it immediately flies off with its prey to some other point where it can consume its catch. The same applies when a Redwing is pursued and subjected to further attacks: the prey is never given up, even after, as on one occasion, five consecutive attacks by the same attacker intent on the same food item; even in this instance, the Redwing successfully retained and eventually ate the food. The first winter when I occupied my present house, in 1982/83, this behaviour seemed interesting, especially as I noted no variation from the pattern; in subsequent winters, the same behaviour has been noticeable and equally interesting and invariable. It may be peculiar to the Redwing among the above-mentioned members of the thrush family. GEOFFREY WARREN 42 Clapgate Lane, Ipswich, Suffolk IP3 ORD ‘The Sizewell bunting’: a hybrid Pine Bunting X Yellowhammer in Suffolk On 21st April 1982, a local birdwatcher found an unusual- looking bunting in a flock of Yellowhammers Emberiza citrinella at Sizewell, Suffolk. He identified it as a Rock Bunting E. da and, later the same day, informed staff at the nearby Minsmere RSPB reserve of his discovery. On the following morning, the bird was relocated by TDC, and it was then watched by many observers on both 22nd and 23rd April. Despite its striking appearance (see plates 142 and 143), its identification was the subject of conjecture and some disagreement between those present. Opinions were divided, though not equally, between Rock Bunting, Pine Bunting E. leucocephalos, aberrant Yellowhammer, and hybrid Pine Bunting X Yellowhammer. The Rarities Committee received descriptions of ‘the Sizewell bunting’, as it had become known, from TDC, Dave Holman and Gerald Jobson, none of whom claimed a positive identification. Also received at that time were three colour photographs of the bird, taken by Roger Tidman. A pre- circulation skin examination was carried out at the British Museum (Natural History) at Tring by Peter Colston, and no bunting in the extensive collection was similar in appearance to the bird in question. The record completed its circulation of the Committee in August 1983 and, though no firm conclusion was reached, all members dismissed Rock Bunting as a possibility and most expressed the opinion that there was a very strong Yellowhammer influence. Rock Bunting can be eliminated because of a number of the Sizewell bird’s characters: it was the size of a Yellowhammer; the head, particularly the crown, and the upper breast were predominantly white; the lateral crown stripes met well above the base of the bill; the loral Notes 241 stripes were too indistinct; there was a chestnut tone to the lores, the moustachial stripes and the chin; the chestnut of the breast, flanks’ and rump vvas too dappled or scaled; the primaries were narrowly edged with pale yellow; and the call was indistinguishable from that of Yellowham- mer. Male Pine Bunting may be ruled out by the following features of the Sizewell bunting: there was a general lack of chestnut tones to the head 142 & 143. Pine Bunting Emberiza leucocephalos X Yellowhammer E. citrinella hybrid. Suffolk. April 1982 (Roger Tidman) [The inclusion of plates 142 & 143 in colour has been subsidised by a donation from ZEISS West Gtrmam] 242 Notes (except to the lores, the moustachial stripes and the chin); the white area on the lower ‘face’ was too large; the white semi-collar was too extensive; the throat was white; there was a dark bar across the rear crown; and there were pale yellow edges to the primaries. Aberrant Yellowhammer is eliminated by several of the Sizewell bird’s features: the lateral crown stripes met clear of the base of the bill; the moustachial stripes were chestnut and very broad; the head pattern was very precisely defined; the chin was dark; and there was yellow on the primaries of an individual assumed to be yellow-deficient. With Rock Bunting, pure Pine Bunting and pure Yellowhammer all ruled out, and the characters listed above to eliminate each of the last two species being applicable to the other, it is clear that ‘the Sizewell bunting’ was a hybrid Pine Bunting X Yellowhammer. Hans Johansen documented the occurrence of such hybrids in western Siberia almost 50 years ago (Johansen, 1944, Die Vogelfauna Westsibi- riens. II. Teil.J. Om. 92: 67-70). He stated that, although Pine Buntings and Yellowhammers occurred separately over the greater part of western Siberia, hybrids were numerous throughout the overlap zone. Hundreds of examples had been collected in total: from Tomsk in western Siberia, from Tarbagatai in Mongolia and, in winter, from Turkestan. The races which hybridise are E. leucocephalos leucocephalos and E. citrinella erythrogenys. Mike Wilson of the Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, acting on behalf of TDC, sent the latter’s description and some colour photographs to Professor V. E. Flint at the Zoological Museum in Moscow and also received a welcome offer of identification assistance from Dr Irene Neufeldt at the Zoological Institute in Leningrad. In June 1984, however, before Mike Wilson could respond to the latter, Professor Flint kindly provided the answer. He firmly identified the bird as a hybrid Pine Bunting X Yellowhammer, commenting that the identification had not posed any problems, since the Zoological Museum in Moscow has a whole series of skins of such birds from the Altai Mountains in western Mongolia. Almost invariably, migrants from the far east that reach Britain do so in late autumn. It is, however, interesting to note that, of the 16 accepted Pine Bunting records up to the publication of ‘Report on rare birds in Great Britain in 1988’ (Brit. Birds 82: 557), three were first seen during 6th- 19th April. Furthermore, all three were in England, whilst 1 1 of the others were observed in Scotland, all but one in Orkney and Shetland. This pattern corresponds well with the time and place of discovery of ‘the Sizewell bunting’. Peter Lansdown and Trevor D. Charlton 197 Springwood, Llanedeym, Cardiff, South Glamorgan CF2 6UG Pine Bunting and Yellowhammer are sometimes regarded as conspecific, but, in his List of Recent Holarctic Bird Species (1977), Prof. Dr K. H. Voous wrote: ‘Specific separation of E. leucocephalos and E. citrinella , following Paynter (Peters 13, 1970: 8), Stresemann (in Stresemann, Portenko & Mauersberger 3, 1971), but not Portenko (1960: 348), is proposed for practical reasons, as the well-known hybridization in Siberia seems to have followed upon a recent breakdown of the ecological barrier, and as hybridization does not seem to be at random (Mauersberger, 1971, J. Omithol. 112: 232-233).’ EDS. Letter Coto Donana catastrophe The Coto Donana national park in southwest Spain is justly famous worldwide for its wildlife, especially its wealth of birds. It is facing ruin, however, unless the local authorities do an abrupt about-turn and stop developments which were due to begin in April 1990. In winter, there can be 10,000 Greater Flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber , 69,000 Greylag Geese Anser anser, 126,000 Teals Anas crecca, 40,000 Pintails A. acuta and hundreds of thousands of other ducks and waders in Donana — numbers to make our own precious estuaries seem poor by comparison. In summer, 350 pairs of Spoonbills Platalea leucorodia , 350 pairs of Avocets Recurvirostra avosetta, 1,000 pairs of Black-winged Stilts Himantopus himantopus , hundreds of Purple Herons Ardea purpurea , Little Egrets Egretta garzetta and Whiskered Terns Chlidonias hybridus breed. With Spanish Imperial Eagles Aquila heliaca adalberti , Booted Eagles Hieraaetus pennatus, Purple Gallinules Porphyrio porphyrio , Great Spotted Cuckoos Clamator glandarius, Azure-winged Magpies Cyanopica cyana and Pin-tailed Sandgrouse Pterocles alchata for good measure, it really is a site of worldwide importance. If we cannot save it, can we ever save anything? Intense agriculture surrounding the park — including vast areas under polythene greenhouses, a catastrophic problem in its own right that has afflicted much of Andalucia, and Morocco — has already taken its toll on the groundwater of the area. Add to that Matalascahas, a tourist development alongside the park, and 4 billion litres of water per year extracted from the underground water supplies, giving tourists cool showers and well-watered gardens, but seriously damaging the marshes. Now, permission has been granted, amid much corruption and intrigue, for the development of the Costa Donana with hotel accommodation for over 30,000 people and the biggest golf-course complex in Europe. This will take a further 10 billion litres of water per year — if, indeed, it is there to be taken — and spells total disaster for the marismas of Donana. Donana has been featured in British Birds over many years, since the 1950s’ expeditions involving many of the people who have done so much to establish the site as a National Park and a World Biosphere Reserve. Guy Mountfort, Max Nicholson, Eric Hosking and others spread the word about Donana, and are now helping to fight against its threatened demise. BB readers can help too, by bringing the problems to the attention of their MEPs and writing to express support for ICONA and the Spanish Minister of Tourism who has recently, to his great credit, spoken out against the proposals. The development has so far proceeded with no environmental impact assessment, which is illegal under European law, but, as Spain has already had 57 warnings for such breaches, to no effect, this seems unlikely to worry the developers unduly. But the proposals are big news in Spain, and have attracted mass demonstrations in opposition, largely based on the local government corruption involved. It is now essential, and extremely urgent, to maintain international pressure to support the efforts of the rather few energetic conservationists in Spain, 24.3 244 Letter and some well-directed letters from British birdwatchers would be very welcome. Write to your MEP, and also to the Spanish Prime Minister (Ilmo. D. Felipe Gonzalez Marquez, Presidente del Gobierno, Palacio de la Moncloa, Madrid), the Director General of ICONA (Ilmo. D. Santiago Marraco, ICONA, Gran Via 35, Madrid) and the President of the Junta de Andalucia (Ilmo. D. Jose Luis Rodriguez de la Borbotha, calle Monsalve 8-10, 41071 Sevilla). For further information, write or telephone to Carlos Martin, Sociedad Espanola de Ornitologia, Facultad de Biologia, PL. 9, 28040 Madrid (phone 549 3554), or Andrew Paterson, Edificio San Gabriel, 2-4°A, calle Escritor Adolfo Reyes, 29620 Torremolinos, Malaga (phone 952-389861, after 17.00 hours). Rob Hume 15 Cedar Gardens, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 1EY Diary dates This list covers July 1990 to June 1991 8th July RSPB Pf.dai. for Puffins Spon- sored BlKF. Ride. From London to Oxford. Details from RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SGI9 2DL. 10th July British Ornithologists’ Club 800th MEETING. The Earl of Cranbrook, PhD, on ‘Development of habitat and spe- cies protection in the European Commun- ity.’ Central London. Non-members should write (enclosing SAE) at least 21 days before to Hon. Secretary, Amberley Moore, 1 Up- pingham Road, Oakham, Rutland LF.I5 6JB. 14th July Oriental Bird Club Meeting. ‘Indonesia.’ Manchester. Details from OBC, c/o The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DI.. 24th July BOC. Dr David Peakall on ‘Pereg- rines and DDT — a toxicological detective story.’ Central London. Details from Hon. Secretary. 27th July-5th August Society of Wildlife Artists’ Annual Exhibition (including dis- play of winning entries in ‘Bird Illustrator of the Year’ and ‘The Richard Richardson Award’ competitions). The Mall Galleries, The Mall, London SWI. Open 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Admission £1.00 (free to SWI.A members). 10th August OBC MEETING at 7th Nordic Congress of Ornithology. Krabbesholm, Holskole, Skive, Denmark. Details from OBC. 26th August OBC, Blakeney Village Hall, Blakeney, Norfolk. Details from OBC. 7th-9th September BOU Autumn Scien- tific: Meeting. ‘Timing of breeding.’ Madingley Hall, Cambridge. Details from BOU, c/o The British Museum (Natural History), Tring, Hertfordshire HP23 6AP. 21st-23rd September RSPB Members’ Weekend & AGM. ‘Marine Environment.’ Devonshire Park Centre, Eastbourne. De- tails from Janice Harnett, RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL. 22nd September Wales RSPB Members’ Day. Details from RSPB. 25th September BOC. Dr Michael Rands on ‘An Island Paradise? Ornithology and conservation in the Seychelles.’ Central London. Details from Hon. Secretary'. 29th September RSPB Film Premiere. Royal Festival Hall, London, 3.00 p.m. and 7.00 p.m. Details from RSPB. 5th- 14th October OBC MEETING IN MALAYSIA. Details from Dennis Yong, c/o Malayan Nature Society, PO Box 10750, 50724 Kuala Lumpur, Malaya. 245 Diary dates llth October BOU One-day Meeting. In conjunction with the British Pest Control Association and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. On ‘Feral Pigeons.’ Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London. Details from BOU. 18th October OBC. Isles of Scilly. Details from OBC. 23rd October BOC. Dr H. Q. P. Crick on ‘ I he detestable fly? Tsetse control and birds in Africa.’ Central London. Details from Hon. Secretary. 27th October BTO/Buckinghamshirk Bird Cu b Onf.-day Conference. YVendover Memorial Hall, YVendover, Buckingham- shire. Details from BTO, Beech Grove, Tring, Hertfordshire HP23 5NR. November BOC, Dr A. J. Knystautas. Cen- tral London. Details from Hon. Secretary. 2nd-4th November Irish Wii.dbird Consf.rvancy/BTO Birdwatchers’ Con- ference. Royal Hotel, Bray, Co. YVicklow, Ireland. Details from IYY'C, Ruttledge House, 8 Longford Place, Monkstown, Co. Dublin, Ireland. 2nd-4th November Scottish Ornitholog- ists’ Club Annual Conference. Marine Hotel, North Berwick. Details from SOC, 21 Regent Terrace, Edinburgh F.H7 5BT. 10th November BTO/Hertfordshirf. Bird Club One-day Conference. Details from BTO. 10th November BTO Merseyside One-day CONFERENCE. Wildfowl Trust, Martin Mere, Lancashire. Details from BTO. 21st-27th November INTERNATIONAL Council for Bird Preservation World CONFERENCE. University of YVaikato Confer- ence Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand. De- tails from IC.BP, 32 Cambridge Road, Gir- ton, Cambridge C.B3 OPJ. 30th November-2nd December National Exhibition of Cage and Aviary Birds. National Exhibition Centre, Birmingham. Details from Brian Byles, Editor, ‘Cage and Aviary Birds’, Prospect House, 9-13 Ewell Road, Cheam, Sutton, Surrey SMI 4QQ. 1st December OBC ACM. Zoological Soci- ety of London, Regent's Park, London. Details from OBC. 2nd-9th December XX INTERNATIONAL Ornithological Congress. Christchurch, New Zealand. Details from Dr Ben D. Bell, Secretary-General, 20th IOC, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, YYellington. New Zealand. 7th-9th December BTO Annual Confer- ence & ACM. Hayes Conference Centre, Swanwick, Derby shire. Details from BTO. 4th-6th January BTO Ringing and Migra- tion CONFERENCE. Hayes Conference Cen- tre, Swanwick, Derbyshire. Details from Chris Mead, BTO. 26th-27th January Young Ornitholog- ists’ Club Garden Birdwatch. Details from YOC, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SGI 9 2DL. 31st January Closing date for entries for ‘Bird Photograph of the Year’. 31st January Closing date for entries for ‘Best recent black-and-white bird- photographs’. 3rd-10th February International YVatf.r- fowi. and Wetlands Research Bureau Symposium. ‘Managing Mediterranean YY’et- lands and their birds for the year 2000 and beyond.’ Grado, Italy. Details from IYVRB, Grado Conference, Slimbridge, Gloucester GI.2 7BT. March SOC SPRING CONFERENCE. Details from SOC. 8th- 10th March RSPB/IYVC Ai l -Ireland CONFERENCE. Slieve Donard. Newcastle, Co. Down. Northern Ireland. Details from RSPB, Belvoir Park Forest, Belfast BT8 4QT, Northern Ireland. 10th March BTO/SOC Spring One-day Conference. The Queens Hotel, Lockerbie. Details from SOC, 21 Regent Terrace, Edin- burgh F.H7 5BT. 15th March Closing date for entries for ‘Bird Illustrator of the Year'. 4th-7th April Joint BOU/BTO/ICBP Con- ference. ‘The ecology and conservation of Palearctic-African migrants.' University of East Anglia. Norwich. Details from BOU’. 26th-28th May YOC Sponsored Bird- watch. Details from YOC. Sheila D. Cobban , Fountains , Park Lane. Blunham, Bedfordshire MK44 3SJ Announcements Thailand 1990 The British ilirdf-SUNBIRD trip to Thailand during 21st January to 8th February (plate 144) was as successful as those in previous years, with the usual Siberian species, such as Pallas’s Grasshopper Warbler Locustella certhiola (to name just one of 34 species of warbler seen on the trip), well in evidence. Highlights included Slaty-breasted Rail Rallus striatus, Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis, White-rumped Falcon Polihierax insignis, Banded Lacedo pulchella and Stork-billed Kingfishers Pelargopsis capensis, Black-and-BufT Meiglyptes jugularis and White-bellied Woodpeckers Dinopium rafflesii, Long-tailed Thrush Zoothera dixonii and Grey-winged Blackbird Turdus boulboul. Travel was by Thai Airways International and the immaculate ground arrangements were made by the Educational Travel Center; we wish to thank both organisations for their help and co-operation, especially Khun Tharnatep Pintusan of ETC. Three quotes from members of the group show wrhy — apart from the birds — these trips to Thailand are so popular: ‘We’ve had the best food I’ve ever had on any holiday anywhere.’ ‘The Thais are such happy, friendly people — everything is fun.’ ‘I can understand why people fall in love with Thailand.’ 144. ‘BB’-SUNBIRD trip to Thailand 1990. Watching River Chat Thamnolaea leucocephala. Slaty-backed Forktail Enicums schistaceus and Plumbeous Redstart Rhyacomis Juliginosus at Vachirathan Waterfall, Doi Inthanon, northern Thailand, February 1990: left to right, Audrey Bailey, Jack Bailey, Sue Reeks, Malcolm Chettleburgh, JTRS and Phil Round (leader) ( Khun Sathien ) New Zealand, Thailand, Poland and Israel with ‘BB’ Subscribers have the opportunity to join the following British Birds trips, organised jointly with the birdwatching-tour company SUNBIRD : New Zealand A few places are still available on this trip (November 1990), led by David Fisher and Tim Sharrock, with seabirds, waders, endemics and the spectacular scenery the primary attractions. 246 Announcements 247 Thailand A special trip in three parts in February/March 1991: (1) a week on the trails of the evergreen forest in Khao \ ai National Park, (2) a week visiting the northern mountains, based at C.hiang Mai, and (3) a week in Peninsular Thailand, seeking waders and Gurney’s Pitta Pitta gumeyi in the company of its rediscoverer, Phil Round. The first two weeks will be led by Kamol Komolphalin (President of the Bangkok Bird Club), accompanied by Tim Sharrock. Participants can join for any one or two (or all three) weeks. Poland An early-summer (May 1991) trip to the extensive marshes and unique unspoilt natural forests of this underwatched country'. Led by Mike Everett and Dr Ludwik Tomiafojc. Israel A new and exciting autumn trip (September 1991), for spectacular raptor passage and seabirds, with opportunities for snorkelling and diving (under expert tuition), in addition to the usual resident and migrant passerines. Led by Hadoram Shirihai and David Fisher. British Birds subscribers have the chance for priority booking and can claim a 10% discount on all these trips. For full details, write or telephone to David Fisher/Jennifer Thomas at Sunbird, PO Box 76, Sandy, Bedfordshire SGI9 IDF; telephone Sandy (0767) 682969. A ‘BB’ trip by popular demand Where would you like to go on a special ‘BB’ trip? To enable us to arrange a small-group expedition to the most-requested locality, we ask readers to tell us where they would like to visit. Please write to us only if you would almost certainly join a ‘BB’ group going to the destination of your choice. If you would like to go to more than one place, list as many locations as you wish. Please also say why you want to go to each place, so that we can select the best time of year, the most appropriate length of visit, and the best sites to achieve the objectives. ‘BB’ has already arranged special trips of this sort to Canada, the Canary Islands, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Morocco and Thailand; and forthcoming trips already announced include New Zealand and Poland. Where next? Please use the form on page x to send in your request. Back issues of ‘British Birds’ SPECIAL OFFER Past copies of BB are available to subscribers at special reduced rates only during June-July 1990. Please use the form on page ix to order your copies. New member for Identification Notes Panel Owing to his frequent travels abroad. Iain Robertson has recently resigned from the Rarities Committee. The Editorial Board is, however, delighted to announce that Iain has accepted its invitation to join the Identification Notes Panel, initially for a one-year trial period to see how the Panel’s workload fits in with Iain’s other commitments. Books in British BirdShop New this month: *Yekutiel Birdwatching in Eilat Special offers are available on: *Blakers et al. The Atlas of Australian Birds (save £22.50) ♦BB/IBCE International Bird Identification (save £1.00) *Oddie Birdwatching with Bill Oddie (save £2.00 hardback, £1.00 paperback) *Ogilvie & Winter Best Days with British Birds (save £2.00) Also new this month — two cassettes: * Kettle More British Bird Sounds ♦White A Field Guide to the Bird Songs of South-East Asia Please make use of the British BirdShop order forms on pages vii & viii. Requests Transparencies of 1989 rarities Anyone with high-quality colour transparencies of a 1989 rarity is asked to loan the originals to us for possible use (perhaps in colour) in the next rarities report. To be considered, transparencies must arrive with Dr J. T. R. Sharrock (Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ) before 1st July. Thank you. Help needed with ‘Raptor, stork and pelican migration survey’ in Israel Experienced birdwatchers are invited to apply to help in the twelfth annual count of diurnal migrants in northern Israel during 1st August to 20th November 1990. About half a million raptors, 200,000 White Storks Ciconia ciconia and 70,000 White Pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus migrate over Israel during this period and over 30 raptor species are identified. Volunteers are located along a cross-section of Israel, at 17 observation points from the Mediterranean Sea to the Rift Valley. Accepted helpers have to cover the expenses of travel to and from Israel, but will be placed at one of the kibbutzim in the area and get free lodging and food. Minimum participation — one month. If you are an experienced birdwatcher, capable and willing to watch the migration for not less than eight hours a day, please write as soon as possible, with more details about your experience, to: Shlomit/Autumn Survey, International Raptor Information Center, Har-Gilo, Doar-Na Zfon Yehuda, Israel 90907 (fax: 972-2-761183). Reviews The Macmillan Field Guide to North Atlantic Shorebirds. By Richard J. Chandler. Macmillan, London & Basingstoke, 1989. £12.95. From the viewpoint of the average British birdwatcher, this attractive field guide would seem most likely to compete for sales with Waders of Britain and Europe (Colston & Burton 1988). Both are slim, eminently pocket-sized volumes of something over 200 pages, which, despite the somewhat differing geographical coverages implied by their full titles, overlap greatly in species included. Out of a total of 93 species considered in one or other volume, Colston & Burton include all but seven and Chandler all but 22; the Vanellinae, lacking in North America except for the vagrant Lapwing Vanellus vanellus, account for the greatest discrepancy in coverage. Both include all but the rarest of vagrants likely to be encountered within Britain or Ireland, for which recourse to Shorebirds (Hayman, Marchant & Prater 1986) will remain a necessity. The major departure of North Atlantic Shorebirds is that it is illustrated by photographs rather than paintings. Preference in this regard must remain largely personal, depending considerably on the importance one attaches to generalised characteristics vis-a-vis the particular. There is no doubting, however, that Richard Chandler has put together a particularly impressive and remarkably standardised array of photographs, very largely his own, which give one a real feel for the plumages of the species concerned, including the main age and sex differences where appropriate. On average, the layout provides a concise single page of text on the range and identification of each species, together with a facing page of about three colour photographs, although this is flexible in relation to degree of plumage variability, problems posed by similar species, and so on. These colour photographs are all of standing, sitting or swimming individuals, but there is a concluding section of some 50 black- and-white photographs illustrating key features of shorebird wing-patterns and rump/tail- patterns when in flight. In addition to the texts and illustrations on the individual species, Chandler has included some brief but unusually apposite introductory chapters, which review the various groups of shorebirds covered, consider their plumages and moults, and provide succinct advice on the subject of shorebird photography. That on plumages and moults is particularly useful, drawing attention to the subtle problems of seasonal, age-related and individual plumage variation that the observer needs to be aware of, but which cannot be encompassed in a small number of illustrations. These introductory chapters are substantially more useful in a field 248 Reviews 249 guide of this nature than the more general biological information included by Colston & Bui ton. Range maps are not provided, but are not really missed for species as mobile as most ol those covered. 1 his Macmillan Guide is a volume worth having both for its practical utility and for aesthetic enjoyment. " Robert Prys-Jonf.s Mac’s Rare Birds 1989 Diary (video). By Peter McQuillan. P. A. McQuillan, Plymouth, 1990. VHS £16.00, Video 8 £20.00. 1 his videotape, with a running time of 60 minutes, is available in either CHS or Video 8. A total of 44 occurrences of scarce and rare birds is covered, arranged in date order, and including views from a pelagic trip, with a number of seabird species featured. Naturally, the occurrences included are mostly those of ‘well-twitched’ birds, and the tape, thus, provides an interesting historical record of the attractions at many of the large gatherings of birdwatchers during the year (e.g. the Baillon’s Crake Porzana pusilla at Sunderland, Brit. Birds 82: 457, plates 303 & 304). The ‘Tesco’ Golden-winged Warbler \ ermivora chrysoptera unfortunately occurred before Peter McQuillan had an appropriate lens, so the views are exceedingly distant (and he apologises for them in the commentary), and the Holkham Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis did not co-operate, providing only a distant silhouette. It is noticeable, however, that the standard improved steadilv throughout the tape, which bodes well for future years. The commentary is minimal, often providing nothing more than the species’ name (sometimes abbreviated to its colloquial form), the locality and the dates. Once again, however, towards (he end of the tape the commentary becomes ‘freer’, with a few short, personal anecdotes, which help to increase the interest for the audience. Of the 44 sequences, 26 include ‘real rarities' (those currently considered by the Rarities Committee). The inclusion of some of the less-rare species is certainly justified, and makes this more than a twitchers’ record. Phis tape could be quite useful for many birdwatchers who are unfamiliar with some of the species included, since the views provided are just those which a migrant-hunter is likely to experience. Sound frequently consists of indistinguishable mutterings from nearby twitchers, but there are occasional useful bursts of song or call from the birds themselves. It would be surprising if there were not rivals to this tape, but, judged on its own merits, Mac’s Rare Birds 1989 Diary is thoroughly enjoyable and provides a sample of 1989’s rarer birds to bring back memories. The consensus of those with whom I watched this tape was that this was the first of what would eventually become an annually collected set. J. T. R. Sharrock Short reviews Caring for your Pet Bird. By Dr R. Dean Axelson. (Revised edn. Sterling Publishing, New York; Cassell, London, 1989. 68 pages. Paperback £5.95) An informative guide to diseases of captive birds, which might help in treatment of injured wild birds. [Tim Inskipp] Die Dohle. By Rolf Dwenger. (Die Neue Brehm-Biicherei 588. A. Ziemsen Yerlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt, 1989. 148 pages. Paperback DM17.00) Excellent monograph on the Jackdaw Corvus monedula. Well illus- trated with sketches, diagrams, 46 photo- graphs of its subject and one, a real bonus, of a pair of Daurian Jackdaws C. dauuricus. [D. Goodwin] Islands in the Sound: wildlife in the Hebrides. By Alison Johnson. (Victor Gol- lancz, London, 1989. 191 pages. £14.95) A ramble through family life in the Hebrides, from sailing, through wildlife to pertinent environmental issues. Scattered throughout are wash and line vignettes from John Busby’s economic hand. [Ai.an Harris] Birdwatching in Eilat. By David Yekutiel. (International Birdwatching Center, Eilat, 1989. 33 pages. Paperback USS7.50) A well- produced introduction to the natural history of Eilat, Israel, with descriptions of bird- watching areas and 22 striking colour photo- graphs of birds, including rarities such as Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus and Grey- headed Gull Larus cirrocephalus. It is comple- ted by an annotated checklist of the 407 bird species recorded in the area, with codes for status and months of occurrence. An indis- pensable guide for all birdwatchers visiting thearea. [Tim Inskipp] g>ebentp-ftoe pears ago... ‘BIRDS AND SHELL-FIRE. I have lately been reading various articles in the papers regarding birds in the war-stricken parts of France, so I thought you might care to have a few of my personal observations on this subject . . . The House-Sparrows continue to sit on the house-tops of this village (I cannot name it), which is about %-mile from the French trenches, although the shells are continually knocking large holes in the roofs. So far I have only seen one of these birds killed at all . . . A Magpie always seems to fly over our guns at about 9 a.m. each morning, while a Kestrel has appeared once. Sky-Larks are continually up in the air, and are continually being mistaken at first sight for aeroplanes. I heard a Willow- Wren at a point on a road about one mile east of Poperinghe. Swallows were also just on the outskirts of the same town. Chaffinches are quite numerous, and sing lustily when there is no cannonading. However, when lyddite shells are flying about, all the birds seem to realise that the ground is the only safe place for them, and accordingly they seek cover in the lowest parts of the hedges. Patrick A. Chubb. 2nd K.O.Y.L.I., B.E.F., France. April 30th, 19153 (Brit. Birds 9: 32, June 1915) News and comment Mike Everett and Robin Prytherch Opinions expressed in this feature are not necessarily those of ‘British Birds’ A word from the authors The ‘News and comment’ postbag contains a growing num- ber of what amount to requests for free advertising for all manner of products. Unless there are special reasons for doing so, we do not normally consider these: we would urge commercial suppliers to use the excellent BB advertisement sections instead (see inside front cover for details). On the other hand, we will endeavour to publicise material for sale by ornithological and con- servation organisations and, when space permits, county or regional bird reports and similar publications. Regarding forthcoming events, the ‘Diary dates’ section is more appropriate than ‘News and comment’, although here too we will do our best to help in special circumstances. All too often, though, we receive insufficient notice of events: at least four months is necessary. Morocco guide Following its successful guide to birding in Nepal, Prion Ltd has published Morocco in its ‘Birdwatchers’ Guide’ series — yet another detailed and comprehensive account, which will be a must for all visitors to the country. The publishers and the authors (Patrick & Fedora Bergier) are to be congratulated. It is available through our British BirdShop (see pages vii & viii) and some bookshops, price £8.75. Forthcoming titles in this excellent series will cover Southern Spain; Mallorca and Menorca; and The Seychelles. Forktail-Leica Award With continuing support from Leica in the UK, the Oriental Bird Club has announced the second Forktail-Leica Award. This is given to the best project fitting the following categories: a forest survey useful to bird conservation; a survey or study of a globally threatened bird species; a study of a little-known protected area; or conservation education with an emphasis on birds. The Award is for £500 and the recipient will be announced at the Club’s ACM in December 1990. The closing date for submissions is 15th August 1990. Dr Rene Dekker, winner of the 1989 Award, has started his project on the Nicobar Scrubfowl Megapodius nicobarensis. The project will initiate a conservation scheme and train Indian biologists in conservation, manage- ment and study methods appropriate to this curious Nicobar endemic. OBC will con- tinue to award Survey Grants for surveys useful to bird conservation. Grants, which are unlikely to exceed £250, will be made to cover additional expenses incurred in reaching and working in remote areas. Applications for Survey Grants are consid- ered at any time of the year. Recipients of three 1989 Survey Grants are currently 250 News and comment 251 undertaking their studies: Simplicia Alonzo- Pasicolon is surveying bird-catching at Dal- ton Pass, Luzon, in the Philippines; Stu Marsden is in Ceram, Indonesia, surveying the Salmon-crested Cockatoo Cacatua moluc- censis; and Nick Dymond is surveying the islands of Nias and Simeulue, also in In- donesia. More information from and appli- cations to Carol Inskipp, OBC, c/o The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DI.. Bird stamps from Tristan da Cunha B. E. Pauncefort, the Administrator of Tristan da Cunha, the group described by The Guinness Book of Records as ‘the loneliest island in the world’, has written suggesting that some BB readers may be interested in obtaining the recently issued set of Gough Island wildlife stamps (five denominations: four birds and a fur seal). First-day covers, and other Tristan stamps, are available. He says that ‘The island has only seven mailboats each year and thus all correspondence is pro- tracted, but all enquiries are answered.’ Write to The Postmaster, The Philatelic Bureau, Edinburgh, Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic. Help needed in Pyrenees The Ariege Naturalists’ Association requires assistance with migration studies and the establish- ment of a ringing station in the central French Pyrenees and would welcome the help of birdwatchers from Britain. One observation point is to be manned from 20th July to 15th November 1990 and others for shorter spells: a few days’ help would be useful — longer if you can manage it. For more details and general information on the area, write to Alain Bertrand, Laboratoire Souterrain, CNRS Moulis, F-09200, France. Eric does it again! Warmest congratula- tions to Eric Hosking, who is to receive the silver Progress Medal of the Royal Photo- graphic Society in September. In his letter to Eric, RPS Secretary, Kenneth Warr, wrote that the Medal had been awarded ‘. . . for your work — much of it innovative — spanning six decades as a professional wildlife photographer, for the inspiration which has led generations of photographers to try to emulate you, and for the attention which you drew to the wrorld’s dwindling habitats long before it became fashionable to be seen to have a “green” philosophy.’ That just about says it all. Richard Naim leaves IWC Since Richard Nairn became its Director in 1980, the membership of the Irish Wildbird Conser- vancy has grown from under 2,000 to over 5,000, and it has acquired a permanent headquarters, Ruttledge House, with a full- time professional staff. In the latest IWC News, IWC Chairman, Hugh Brazier, announces that, after about ten years, Richard Naim is leaving the IWC to become an environmental consultant. We join with the IWC in wishing Richard the best of luck in his new' work. His successor as Director of the IWC has not yet been appointed. BES Awards The British Ecological Society has included two ornithologists in its Small Grants Scheme awards this year. Dr Tim Birkhead of the University of Sheffield is being helped with his study of Magpie Pica pica populations at the southern limit of their range in North Africa, while another grant will help Dr Gareth Jones of Bristol University in his survey of Sand Martins Riparia riparia in central Scotland. Kakapo news In March, news came through that a female Kakapo Strigops habrop- tilus had laid an egg — the first known in the wild for nine years — on Little Barrier Island in New Zealand, where, as a last-ditch effort to save the species from extinction, 22 individuals were relocated from their only certain outpost on Stewart Island: the latter is infested with cats, wjiile Little Barrier Island is not, and a predator-free environ- ment (or almost so) is clearly important to breeding Kakapos. A second individual was reported to be another potential breeder. Don Merton, who has led the New Zealand Wildlife Service team on Kakapo conserva- tion for many years, was very pleased at this turn of events, which justifies the transloca- tion experiment, but has been quick to point 252 News and comment out that one or two eggs is only a very small step forward. We shall be keeping our fingers crossed for Don and for the Kakapo: it would be a great shame to lose, forever, a parrot which is flightless, nocturnal, oper- ates a lek and booms! EuroBirdnet Electronic mail is very suited to the exchange of international birding news. EuroBirdnet has been founded with three main objectives. First, it will distribute sightings of extreme rarities which birders from other countries may want to visit (e.g. Slender-billed Curlew Numeriius tenuirostris) . Secondly, spectacular migration movements can be made known all over Europe much sooner (e.g. influx of Hawk Owls Sumia ulula moving south). Finally, it would provide fast access to international birding information (e.g. how many Lanceolated Warblers Locus- tella lanceolata in Sweden ever). Well- informed birders from all European coun- tries with regular access to Usenet (Eunet), Janet or Bitnet (EARN) computers who are willing to gather information and send it to other co-ordinators are sought. Co- ordinators also take care of the redistribu- tion of news in their own countries. Contact either Pieter Bison, C. Sprigerstraat 1 1 — II, 1073 LD Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Email: bison@hnykun53. Bitnet), or Rolf de By, Molenstraat 96, 7514 DL Enschede, The Netherlands (Email: deby @utrcul.uucp). ( Contributed by Pieter Bison) American migrants decline Since writing the note on this topic last month, we have received further news which supports the notion that the declines are occurring on an alarming scale. The information comes from Dr Sidney Gauthreaux, of Clemson Univer- sity, who has made a study of images recorded at radar stations on the Gulf of Mexico coast. The radar screens of all weather stations are photographed every 20 minutes and the images are retained at the Ashville Archive, a collection now contain- ing over 35 years of records. Twenty-five years ago, Dr Gauthreaux established that he could determine the species, or families, of birds indicated on the radar by comparing them with field observations made at the same time both during the day and at night using moon-watching or, on dark nights, counting and identifying birds in a narrow vertical beam of light. Now, Dr Gauthreaux has compared images from two of the stations for two periods of three years, one in the 1960s and the other in the late 1980s. The indications are that there has been a decline of about 50% over the period, much higher than expected if comparison is made with the Breeding Bird Survey of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. These results are only provisional, and Dr Gauthreaux hopes to obtain funding to make a complete study of the radar archive. There is no doubt that part of this massive reduction, if confirmed, is due to the loss of Central American rainforest in which many species winter. But the cause of the reduction may not, and probably is not, as simple as that. There have been devastating changes to the habi- tats in eastern USA in the last century and a half which in turn must have caused massive changes to bird populations in their breed- ing areas. Are northern migrants in a hurry? In an interesting paper in Var Fagelvarld (48: 467- 475), Magnus Ullman shows that Yellow- browed Warblers Phylloscopus inomatus arrive roughly a week earlier in northern Sweden than in southern Sweden, and that Pallas’s Warblers P. proregulus arrive roughly two weeks earlier in the north than in the south. This is the same pattern which we demons- trated in Britain (Brit. Birds 65: 381-392). He concludes that, since the pattern is the same in Sweden as it is in Britain, the differences are real. Magnus Ullman goes on to explain part of the difference as being due to the considerably shorter distance between the birds’ breeding areas and the northern localities (compared with the southern ones). He suggests, however, that a differ- ence in the distance travelled is not the whole of the solution, but that part of the discrepancy may be due to the more north- erly migrants travelling faster (or for longer ‘hops’ or in more frequent ‘hops’), since the need for their journey to be completed quickly is more urgent on the colder, more northerly route. It is nice to see rarity records being analysed, and thought-provoking conclu- sions being drawn from the results. If you are visiting Israel . . . Maagan Mikhael, between Haifa and Tel Aviv, is one of the prime waterbird sites in Israel. The Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, in co-operation with the Israeli Ornithological Center, has established the Israel Water Birds Center at the Carmel Coast Field Study Center there. They wel- come visiting birders, who can contact them News and comment 253 for information about birdwatching in Israel at I\\ BC, Carmel Coast Field Study Center, l)oar Na Menashe, 37805 Israel. 'Irish Birds’ I lie latest issue of the Irish YVildbird Conservancy’s annual journal, Irish Birds volume 4, number 1, runs to 148 pages, with major papers on Corncrakes Crex crex in Ireland in 1988 (by Eleanor Mayes and Tim Stowe), on breeding Black Guillemots Cep- phus grylle in Co. Down (by Julian G. Greenwood and Linda Marshall), on the trends in numbers of wildfowl on I.ough Neagh and I.ough Beg (by Denise K. Winfield, Robert D. Davidson and Ian J. Winfield), on breeding seabirds on the Blasket Islands, Co. Kerry (by Hugh Brazier and Oscar J. Merne), and on diet of the Barn Owl Tyto alba in Ireland (by J. S. Lairley and C. M. Smal). The annual Irish Bird Report, covering 1988, compiled by Oran O’Sullivan and Pat Smiddy, takes up 36 pages and the fourteenth report on bird ringing in Ireland, compiled by Ian Lorsyth, runs to 24 pages. This high-quality publication is of course essential reading for every Irish ornithol- ogist, and anyone interested in the birds of Ireland. It is available, price £5.00 plus £1.00 postage, from the Irish Wildbird Conser- vancy, Ruttledge House, 8 Longford Place, Monkstown, Co. Dublin, Ireland. County and regional recorders The fol- lowing amendment should be made to the list of ‘County, regional and bird observa- tory recorders in Britain and Ireland’ (Brit. Birds 83: 38-40): wai fs Powys (Montgomery- shire): Bray ton Holt’s address should be Scops Cottage, Pentre Beirdd, Welshpool, Powys SY‘2 1 9DI.. Sponsored by Monthly marathon Competitors named the bird in plate 76 as: Redwi ng Turdus iliacus (91%) Northern Waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis (5%) Siberian Thrush Zoothera sibirica (4%) with less than 1% of the votes being cast for Lieldfare T. pilaris , Dusky Thrush T. naumanni and Bluethroat t.iiscinia siecica. Entrants obviously found this an easier problem than we had expected. We thought that many more readers would be led astray by the streaked (almost striped) lower breast/belly of this Redwing, showing the dark and strongly marked underparts of the Icelandic race cobumi , photographed by G. P. Catley in the Western Isles in April 1989. Half of the leading competitors failed at the sixth stage (the Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis, plate 42), but only one fell by the wayside this time. Six competitors remain with a 100% record, having correctly identified all of the first seven photographs: Stephan Cherrug (Sweden), Martin Helin (Finland), Stefan Lagerblad (Sweden), Andrew Mackay (Leicestershire), Jean-Sebastien Rousseau (Belgium) and Andy Stoddart (Norfolk). Will one of them win the SUNBIRI) birdwatching holiday of their choice in Africa, Asia or North America? Or will they all fail at some future stage, leaving the prize open for someone else? The tenth test appears as plate 145. Lor a free SUNBIRI) brochure, write to PO Box 76, Sandy, Bedfordshire st;i9 ini'; or telephone Sandy (0767) 682969. 254 Monthly marathon 145. Fourth ‘Monthly marathon’ (tenth stage: photograph number 48). Identify the species. Read the rules on page 41 in the January issue, then send in your answer on a postcard to Monthly Marathon, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ, to arrive by 15th July 1990 Recent reports Compiled by Barry Nightingale and Anthony McGeehan This summary covers the period 6th April to 10th May 1990 These are unchecked reports, not authenticated records Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides Elm ley RSPB Reserve (Kent), 7th-10th May. Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Near Freshwater (Isle of Wight), 12th April. Black Stork Ciconia nigra Singles north of Watford (Hertfordshire) and Ibsley Bridge (Hampshire), 2nd May. Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus Tacumshin (Co. Wexford), 5th May. Laughing Gull Larus atricilla Penzance (Cornwall), 8th- 1 0th May. Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica Selsey Bill (West Sussex), 27th April. Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamalor glandarius North Lancing (West Sussex), 7th-30th April. Roller Coracias gamdus Near Arlesey (Bed- fordshire), 3rd May. Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica Wal- berswick and Minsmere (both Suffolk), 13th April; Westbere (Kent), 15th-22nd April; Dungeness (Kent), two on 22nd April and single on 4th May; Broadstairs (Kent), 28th April; Cromer (Norfolk), 4th May; Spurn (Humberside), 5th May; Flamborough Head (Humberside), 6th May. Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola Sandwich Bay (Kent), 8th-10th May. Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundina- cetis Easington (Humberside), 6th-9th May. ARGENTINA Close encounters with thousands of seabirds and mammals on the Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego, Southern Argentina remote woodlands of the central chaco and trackless inter- montane valleys of the Andes to the steppes of Patagonia and the glaciers of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina encompasses a vast portion of South America and one of the most interesting avifaunas on the continent. Join us this November for an unsurpassed Argentine birding excursion under experienced and personable leadership. Scale-throated Earthcreeper field guides INCORPORATED For a detailed itinerary of the Argentina tour, or our catalog of over 65 birding tours worldwide, please contact: P.O. Box 160723-C. Austin, Texas 78716 USA; Phone: 512-327-4953; Telex: 4943693 fieldgui: Fax: 512-327-9231 (D682) XV FOCALPOINT RUN BY BIRDERS FOR BIRDERS A FORTHCOMING DEMONSTRATIONS 'THE' way to choose new equipment Sunday 10th June at Welney, Cambridgeshire (Off the A10) with the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust. Sunday 24th June at the Halton Conservation Fair, Spike Island, Widnes, Cheshire. Sunday 1st July at Martin Mere, Lancashire (M6 Jet 27) with the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust. 1 0.30am to 4.00pm each day. The FOCALPOINT team are pleased to demonstrate the world's finest binoculars, telescopes and accessories at the above Nature Reserves. WE OFFER: * Easy access from the M56/M62/M6 * Excellent viewing facilities * Opportunities for part exchange * Access/Visa/Mastercard * Personal export scheme ‘Information pack - 40p stamps please (not cheque) We are open Mon-Fri 9.30am to 5.30pm. Saturday 9.30am to 4.00pm. Closed Sundays and Bank Holidays. Purchases on the day will help conservation. Phone for prices, package deals and special offers! 14COGSHALL LANE. COMBERBACH NORTHWICH CHESHIRE CW9 6BS Tel: 0606 891098 Fax: 0606892207 (D686) ’ Their survival is a key to our own . . Birds can be very sensitive to changes in their environment. They are, for example, among the first to be affected by pollution and changes in our use of the land. So it makes sense to learn as much about them as we can - their nesting and feeding habits, migration patterns, numbers. A sudden decline in the population of one species can be an early warning for us. For over fifty years the BTO, a dedicated group of scientists supported by thousands of amateur birdwatchers all over the country, has been keeping a close watch on Britain's bird pop- ulations, collating and interpreting an immense amount of information for use by government and other bodies, for the benefit of the birds - and of ourselves. Please support us in this vital work. You don’t have to be a bird expert and you don't have to be an observer (though you might find it fun!). We need fund-raisers and friends to support us in many ways - to help our birds survive for the joy of future generations. Find out more today. It's in the interest of us all. The British Trust for Ornithology Patron: HRH The Duke of Edinburgh KG, KT Beech Grove, Tring, Herts HP23 5NR. Tel: 044 282 2461 . Charity 216552 xvi HUGE STOCKS PART EXCHANGE HUGE STOCKS A SPEEDY MAH. ORDER SERVICE AND EXPKRT ATTENTION FOR PERSONAL CALLERS American Fxpress/Access/Visa/Credit Charge. Post & Packing please add £2.5(1. Prices correct 1 .5.90 — Subject to availability — Open 6 days 9am-5.30pm ZEISS WEST BINOCULARS 8 x 20 B and Pouch £205 10 x 25 B and Pouch £219 8 x 30 B and K Case £400 8 x 30 BGA CF & Pouch £400 8 x 56 BG AT & Case £599 7 x 42 BG AT & Case £489 10 x 40 BT & K Case £499 10 x 40 BGA CF & Pouch £499 15 x 60 BGA £899 ZEISS EAST BINOCULARS 8 x 30 Jenoptem £43 8 x 30 Deltrintem £57 10 x 50 Jenoptem £74 10 x 50 Dekarem £89 8 x 32Notarem £110 10 x 40Notarem £165 8 x 32 Notarem Armour £139 10 x 40 Notarem Armour £179 7 x 50 Binoctem £81 8 x 5()Octarem B. or BGA £180 12 x 50Dodecarem B, or BGA ,. £220 7 x 40 BGA £170 SWIFT Supplied with case & straps Belmont 8 x 40 £64 Belmont 10 x 50 £69 Grand Prix 8 x 40 £89 County 10x40 £94 Triton 10 x 50 £99 Red Spot 8 x 40 £114 Red Spot 10 x 50 £124 Saratoga 8 x 42 £149 Newport 10 x 42 £159 Trflyte 8 x 40 £99 Trilye 10 x 40 Armour £129 Osprey 7.4 x 42 £149 Audubon 8.5 x 44 Phone BUSHNELL Spacemaster body £ 1 40 Spacemaster II Body £159 Spacemaster Armoured £160 Spacemaster Waterproof & 15x-45x £319 15x-45x Zoom £79 22 x Wide Angle £44 25x . 40x , 60x Lenses £37 ADLERBLICK Adlerblick 8 x 42 £120 Adlerblick 8 x 42 Armour £136 Adlerblick 10 x 42 £125 Adlerblick 10 x 42 Armour £144 Adlerblick 10 x 50 £139 Adlerblick 10 x 50 Armour £159 ADLERBLICK — Multi-coated 8x42 £169 10x42 £179 10x50 £189 10 x 42 Armour £194 10 x 50 Armour £209 RUSSIAN BINOCULARS 7 x 35 £22 7 x 50 £29 8 x 30 £25 8 x 40 £29 10 x 50 £34 12 x 40 £32 20 x 60 £69 HABJOHT BINOCULARS 8 x 20B £215 8 x 30 WB £325 10 x 50SLM £475 10 x 40 WM £365 7 x 42M £320 TRIPODS SLIK D2 £72 SLIK88 £72 SLIK Black Diamond £78 SLIK Shogun £109 KOWA TELESCOPES TSN1 &TSN2 Body £295 TSN3 & TSN4 Body £555 20 x Wide pi *89 25x and 40x P»^E £59 Zoom TSN p» rtirr £139 Photo Adapter pdo f £94 TS601 &TS602 ' KK T: £179 25 x and 40x £47 20 x Wide £54 Zoom 601 £94 (D680) Of 68 70 St. Thomas Street • 5 CNZbO\ SCARBOROUGH • von idu Tel (0723) 365024 British Birds Established over 80 years The quality independent monthly magazine for the serious birdwatcher . FOR ADVERTISING DETAILS SANDRA BARNES 0621 815085 XVI 1 Gt Western Arcade Birmingham B2 5HU Tel: 021-236 7211 GUARANTEED LOWEST PRICES! Stuck in the middle of a city centre - not a duck-pond in sight! How can we compete? - by giving YOU the BEST DEAL. Simply phone and ask for Graham - tell me the binoculars or telescope you want - if I have it in stock I’ll guarantee the lowest advertised price in this magazine - plus send it FREE. EG Zeiss BGAT 10x40 £495.00 Audubon 8x5x44 £189.90 Spacemaster 60 kit £189.90 Slik D2 tripod.. £69. 90+ free case PART EXCHANGE WELCOME AMERICAN EXPRESS - VISA ACCESS - CHEQUES - EVEN CASH! (D678) BORNEO Rain forested estimated at 130 million years old and a profusion of wildlife ranging from primaeval insects to large mammals provide a never-to-be forgotten experience far removed from mass tourism. Borneo Experience - 17 days 7 October £1499. UK naturalist leader. 9 September and 10 March 1991 £1675 escorted locally. Wildlife of North Borneo and the Malay Peninsula — 17 days 17 September, 15 October and 18 March 1991 £1570 escorted locally. Twickers World / 22 CHURCH STREET, TWICKENHAM TW1 3NW 081-892 7606/8164 24 HR BROCHURE SERVICE: 081-892 7851 ABTA No. 60340 iT\ T (0677) I xviii BIRDWATCH ISRAEL Situated at the crossroads of three continents - Europe, and Africa - Israel’s unique combination of geographicsl and climatic conditions make Israel one of the world’s most important migration watchpoints and a major wintering area for birds. Bird photographer and author, David Cottridge together with Hadoram Shirihai in conjunction with All Abroad Travel has organised a series of Birdwatching Tours scheduled to coincide with the best times of year to view the more unusual species. TOUR DETAILS UPPER GALILEE 7 Nights - 12 Dec 1990 & 25 April 1991 EILAT & NEGEV 7 Nights - 9 January 1991 TOUR OF ISRAEL - 14 Nights - 28 February 1991 Each tour is limited to 20 places Call for our brochure now All abroad 081-458 2666 ABTA 83179 RETAIL AGENTS FOR ATOL HOLDERS. 26 TEMPLE FORTUNE PARADE, LONDON NW11 OQS National Bird News National Bird News is the NEW and FAST Information service for birdwatchers. Our aim is to provide up to date news on all aspects of birds and birdwatching of interest to the British birdwatcher. National Bird News will donate a percentage of all revenue to conservation causes and will pay for any verifiable news used. The NBN Hotline is 0205-358050. □ Items For Sale Or Wanted To receive a FREE sticker and fact sheet simply sent a stamped addressed envelope to National Bird News. PO Box 29, Boston. Lines. □ □ □ □ □ Regular features Birders Newsletter Rarity News Flash Bird News For Today Holiday and Travel Information Bird News For The Last Few Days 0898-884-500 calls are charged at 25p per min cheap rate and 38p at other times including VAT (D683) \tx BIRDS AND FORESTRY Mark Avery and Roderick Leslie Foreword by David Bellamy The conflict between forestry and nature conservation has be- come a major environmental issue in Britain in the 1980's. The planting of large tracts of land with exotic conifers and the resulting disturbance of existing plant and animal communities has polarized the debate, each camp believing that it has the most rational view. In this book an ornithologist and a forester have combined their skills to try and tease out the real facts behind the various arguments. This book tackles these issues in a forthright manner. The attractive line illus- trations are by Philip Snow. June 1990, c. 325 pages, maps, photographs and drawings, ISBN: 0856610585, £17.50 (t) T & A D POYSER 24-28 Oval Road London NW1 7DX (D68i) TRINIDAD and TOBAGO Birdwatching Tours 10 days -£723 Six birdwatching tours with guide plus a day trip to Asa Wright Bird Centre Charlotte Nanton, Suite 53, Terminal House, Station Approach, Shepperton, Middlesex TW17 8AS Telephone: 0932 244140 845580 (D658) Birds & Birders" TOURS PLANNED FOR 1990 HOLLAND HOLLAND WITH A DIFFERENCE 7-days, spring & summer SWEDE AUTUMN MIGRATION AT FALSTERBO 8-days, autumn 1990 For brochure write to: Birds & Birders P.O. BOX 737 - 9700 AS GRONINGEN THE NETHERLANDS m Phone: (NL) 31-5952-280 Fax: 31-50-144717 BIRDS & BIRDERS, WE CARE FOR BOTH! XX Best Days British Birds Their most exciting birdwatching experiences, described by David Fisher David Glue Steve Madge Bill Oddie Robin Prytherch & many others Edited by Malcolm Ogiline & Stuart Winter Published by British Birds Ltd, Park l.ane, Blunham, Bedford \ikt-t :i\j Available from all good bookshops £14.95 hardback ISBN 0 9508471 3 5 SPECIAL REDUCED PRICE IF ORDERED THROUGH ‘BRITISH BiRDShop’ (1)526) British Birds is most grateful to those companies which support the magazine by their sponsorship: ZEISS Sponsors of the Rarities Committee West Germany Sponsors of ‘ Monthly marathon ' Christopher Helm ^ Sponsors of and Collins T Sponsors of ‘ Bird Illustrator oj the Year' ‘ Bird Photograph of the Year ’ telescopes BIRDWATCH ISRAEL' UPPER GALILEE FOR special bird photographic tours with workshops 8 days form — £440. Birdwatching tailormade for individual — design your own programme 8 days from — £269. For further information contact GIL TR41/EL LTD. 65 GLOUCESTER PLACE LONDON W1H3PF tel: 01-935 1701 \\1 Classified Advertisements All advertisements must be PREPAID and sent to British Birds Advertising Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ. Telephone 0621 815085 Rates (including 15% VAT) £2.76 a line — average of 6 words £9.20 a centimetre — min. 2 centimetres Box Number counts as 2 words is £1 .00 extra per insertion Replies should be sent to the above address Series Discounts 3 insertions for the price of 2 6 insertions for the price of 4 Copy Date July issue June 5th Please post early to avoid disappointment British Birds has over 10,000 subscribers: a total of around 40,000 readers in 63 countries, and 99.6% of them keep their copies of ‘BB’ perma- nently, for future reference. HO LI DA Y A CCOMMODA TION ENGLAND FARM COTTAGES between Lindisfame Re- serve and The Fames. Comfortable and well equipped. Sorry no pets. Brochure: Mr J. McNish. Outchester Farm, Belford, Northum- berland. Tel: 06683 336. (BB147) EXE ESTUARY VILLAGE, comfortable cot- tage, 3 double bedrooms. Near Dawlish Warren Nature Reserve. Excellent birdwatching, sailing. Fishing, beaches close by. Tel: 01-660 1929. (BB289) CLEY. Attractive house in village, four bed- rooms, large garden, garage, c.h. Available all year. Details from Mrs E. Album, 47 Lyndale Avenue, London NW2. Tel: 01-431 2942. (BB096) NORTH NORFOLK — Glavenside guest house in Letheringsett, 5 miles inland from sea at Blakeney, Cley and Salthouse. River Glaven works adjoining mill & flows through 4 acres of garden on its way to sea at Cley. Tel: Holt (0263) 713181. (BB261) NORFOLK, CLEY-NEXT-SEA 1 MILE. Flint- stones Guest House, Wiveton Holt. Full C/H, H&C, tea/coffee making facs. Col TV' all rooms. Evening meal optional. Open nearly all year. Please ring for brochure. Sorry No Smoking. Tel: 0263 746337. (BB291) EXMOOR. Peaceful s/catering c/heated holiday homes in Natural Trust Village. Marshes, woods and moorland — rich in birdlife. Reduced spring/ autumn terms. Open all year. Stamp to Sheila Wright, Pack Horse, Allerford, nr Minehead. Tel: 0643 862475. (BB290) EXMOOR for country and animal lovers. Farm- house accommodation, bed and breakfast and evening meal, or self-catering cottage. Details from: French, Brendon Barton, Lynton, Devon. Tel: 05987 201. (BB194) OLD HUNSTANTON, NORFOLK. Overlook- ing the Wash. Fully equipped holiday cottages, col TV, gas CH. Close beach, available all year. Mrs Lindsay, 4 Marks Road, Warlingham, Sur- rey CR6 9SH. Tel: Upper Warlingham (0883) 622013. (BB350) WEYMOUTH, Birchfields Licensed Guest House, close to RSPB reserves. BB from £10. Evening meal optional. Ideal winter/spring breaks. Parties welcome. For details phone 0305 773255. (BB349) SIBTON (NR MINSMERE), The White Horse Inn. A charming 16th century freehouse in 3 acres, en suite accommodation available in modern block, bed & breakfast or weekly rates. Ample car parking. CC location site. Bar snacks or rest, meals avail. Tel: Peasenhall 337. (BB 1 20) NORTH NORFOLK. WEYBOURNE. Newly built house to sleep 8. 300 yards beach. Set in 7 acres. Furnished to high standard. Cley 3 miles. Telephone 0271 85 441. (BB300) RYDAL. Three cottages, sleep 4 and 6, weekly lets. Fisher Hoggarth, 52 Kirkland, Kendal. Tel: 0539 722592, office hours. (BB301) VISIT BEMPTON and Flamborough Head for the best in sea bird watching. Spring and A migs. S breeding. Stay at the Flaneburg Hotel, Flam- borough. BB from £15. Full restaurant facilities. Tel: (0262) 850284. (BB187) ISLES OF SCILLY. Guest house, en suite rooms, tea/coffee facilities, licensed. Close to harbour, nature trail. Good food, friendly atmos- phere. I he Bylet, Church Road, St Mary’s. Tel: 0720 22479. (BB217) xxn CLEY. 3 Quality cottages (sleep 4, 6 and 6 + 2). Quiet. Comfortable. Excellent value. Brochure: (0353) 740770. (BB254) YORKSHIRE DALES (Grassington) BB&EM. Idyllic riverside cottage, home cooking, private fishing. Parking. Bird watching courses. Bridge- F.nd-Earm, Threshfield BD23 5NH. Tel: 0756 752463. (BB186) NORTH NORFOLK COAST, Burnham Overv Staithe, Domville Guest House B&B + EM (opt), double/twins (2 en suites) singles (4). TV lounge. Close to major reserves. For details ring (0328)738298. (BB179) ISLES OF SCILLY, Mincarlo Guest House, St. Mary’s. Superbly situated in own grounds over- looking the harbour. Write to: Colin Duncan or Tel: 072022513. (BB253) NR. NTH NFK RESERVES. Licensed Guest House run by birders for birders. Jean & Tony Bellars, Haydn House, Avenue Road, Hunstan- ton. Tel: 331 15. (BB316) SCOTLAND GARA MILL, Slapton, Devon. Self-catering for 2-7 in secluded four acres overlooking river and woods. Eight detached cedar lodges plus 2 CH flats in 16th c. cornmill. Near Slapton Ley. TVs. Dogs welcome. Free brochure: (0803) 770295. (BB165) ISLE OF GIGHA, Argyllshire. For a holiday surrounded by natural beauty, sandy beaches, exotic gardens, birds, wild flowers, good food and comfortable accommodation. Also self ca- tering accommodation. Please contact Mrs. McSporran, Post Office House 058-35 251. (BB240) ISLE OF ISLAY, HEBRIDES. Five superbly equipped cottages, open throughout year. Per- fect situation with views, minutes to charming village. Short drive to R.S.P.B. reserve at Gruinart. Brochure: Mrs Sarah Roy, Lorgba Holiday Cottages, Port Charlotte, Isle of Islay, Argyll. Tel: 049685/208. (BB183) NORTH BERWICK. F amily run hotel with warm, friendly atmosphere, comfortable rooms and home cooking. Open all year round. Over- looking Craigleith Rock and within easy reach of Bass Rock, Fidra and Aberlady nature reserve. Small groups welcome (max 15). Belhaven Hotel, Westgate, North Berwick. Tel: (0620) 2573 for brochure. (BB334) ALL OVER SCOTLAND. Comfortable cot- tages and chalets in attractive locations through- out Scotland. Stamp please for free 64-page colour brochure. Holiday Cottages (Scotland) Ltd, Lilliesleaf, Melrose, Roxburghshire TD6 9JI). Tel: 08357 481. (BB979) SPEY VALLEY, beautiful secluded informal country hotel, 2 miles from village of Carrbridge. Excellent Birdwatching amidst Moorland, Forest, River and Lochs. Home cooking, full central heating, drying room. Ospreys and Crested Tits local. Hotel geared to Birdwatchers and their families. Terms £125 per week D/B/B. Brochure from Yvonne Holland, The Old Manse Flotel, Carrbridge, Inverness-shire. Tel: 047 984 278. A warm welcome guaranteed. (BB298) ISLE OF MULL. A stable converted into two warm, comfortable flats. Frachadil Farm, Cal- gary. Tel: 068 84 265 or (0573) 24852. (BB332) ISLAY, GEESE. Warm cottages sleep 8, 7 or 2. Lady Wilson, Cala na Ruadh, Port Charlotte. Tel: 289. (BB303) ISLE OF ISLAY. Comfortable, fully equipped cottages sleeping 6 near Port Askaig ferry terminal. Details from Mrs Aitchison, Caolila, Port Askaig, Isle of Islay. Tel: 049 684 627. (BB082) WALES DISCOVER THE TEEMING BIRD LIFE in this beautiful county. Dale Estuary, Skomer Island among many riches. Large beachside hotel, heart of National Park. Superb views, every comfort, home-cooked cuisine, from £17 B&B, en-suite. Pets welcome. AA and RAC listed. Brochure and sight sheet. Broad Haven Hotel, nr Haverfordwest. Pembrokeshire SA62 3JN. Tel: 0437 78 1 366. (BB029) ANGLESEY. Superb beachside hotel with mag- nificent views. Ideal centre for bird watchers and botanists in area noted for its lakes, reserves and coastline of outstanding beauty. Come to ‘High- ground’ AA/RAC, listed, licensed, for warm welcome, excellent food and accommodation. Brochure: Mrs Karen Hayter, Highground, Ravenspoint Road, Trearddur Bay, Gwynedd LL65 2YY. Tel: 0407 860078. (BB195) RED KITE COUNTRY’ — Tregaron — Guest- House standing in 22 acres, overlooking the Cambrian Mountains and on the doorstep of the C.ors Caron Nature Reserve. Central for Dinas and Ynys-hir RSPB reserves. Parties welcome. WTB — 3 crowns. For brochure, phone Margaret Cutter. 0974 298380 or 298905. (BB328) IRELAND CO. CORK, IRELAND. Idyllic, warm, comfort- able cottages. 40 yds. beach, cliffs, headland. Marsh lakes all close by. bidwatcher's paradise. Strand House, Duneen. Clonakilty, Co. Cork. Tel: 010 353 2340819. (BB304) IRISH COTTAGE. Magnificent situation on Dingle peninsula, Kerry. Sea and mountain birds, unspoilt beaches, country side full of flow- ers. quietness. Mod cons, sleeps 4. £85-£140 weekly plus electricity. Gerrards Cross (0753) 883082. (BB162) xxiii OVERSEAS SOUTH FRANCE, LANGOUDEC-AUDE. Converted farmhouse, sleeps 2 + 2+1. Good birding/family holiday area. Tel: 0602 664088" (BB283) AUSTRIA, LAKE NEUSIEDL, self-catering flat, sleeps 3. Available all year. Tel: (0909) 568139. (BB264) ANDORRA. Pyrenees. Superb scenery. Plenty of sunshine. Ski-ing in winter, walking in moun- tains and watching nature all year round. Small friendly hotel, excellent cooking. Brochure: Hotel Residencia Relax, Carrer Bella-vista 8, Encamp, Andorra. Tel: 010 33 628 32547. (BB229) S.E. SPAIN: Small house sleeps 3 near super wetland. Reasonable. Details: 0233 628547. (BB327) BIRD WA TCHING HO LI DA YS PINGRUM SPECIALIST TOURS 11 Market Square, Aylesbury, Bucks HP20 1TJ Tel: (0296) 394404 Telex: 837520 Fax (0296) 29932 Tours include all travel. F.B. in Hotels. Guides & Courier. ASK FOR .4 FACT SHF FT ON ANY TOUR BIRDWATCH TOURS TO: E. TURKEY— BLACK SEA TO THE MED. 28 May- 12 June, £695 PYRENEES— ARAN VALLEY, 9-16 June, £392. ORKNEY ISLANDS TOUR, 14-21 July, £275. MINORCA ISLAND TOUR, 6-13 October, £380. TRINIDAD RAIN FOREST & TOBAGO, 12-22 November, £1,295 TUNISIA & SAHARA FRINGE, 24 November-4 December, £454. NEW ZEALAND. 7-24 January 1991, £1,450 (BB272) SHERINGHAM — Ideal venue for birdwatch- ers. Purpose-built Centre set in 80 acres of grass and woodland next to Pretty Comer. Accommo- dation for groups. Expert guidance available for all abilities. Weekends and short breaks from September-April. Full details — Hilltop Outdoor Centre, Old Wood, Beeston Regis, Sheringham. 0263824514. " (BB324) NATURAL BREAK HOLIDAYS 1990 Guided Birdwatching Tours SCOTLAND - Highlands: July PORTUGAL - Algarve: Sept SPAIN - Andalucia: Sept USA — Florida: Nov/Dec Write to: 32 Coronation Rd, Mapperley Nottingham NG3 5JS or Telephone: (0602) 691148 Retail Agent for Atol holders (BB285) KIWIS, PENGUINS, ALBATROSS. Many more endemics. Monthly tours or tailored for you, NZ wide. Also day trips. ANDY ANDER- SON, Box I, Tarras Otago, New Zealand. Fax (03)44 37876. (BB318) For great birding . . . the only way to go! FIT AT 310CT-14N0V Lit Lila i Israel 1 or 2 weeks from £365 BHARATPUB 17-26 JAN ’91 j i India 10 days c ft 190 FIT AT 6-20 MARCH ’91 PQQQ jjllj/i 1 Israel 1 or 2 weeks from IrOOO Simply brilliant! Do your own thing (car hire at group rates), or join minibus excursions with expert leaders. Find out all that’s going on at the evening meetings. Discover for yourself the friendly, fun-filled, inexpensive birding holidays that everyone’s talking about! Get full details NOW SUNBIRDER, BOX 76, Sandy, Beds SG19 IDF. Tel: 0767 82969 (BB219) SKOKHOLM ISLAND off Pembrokeshire coast. Thousands of seabirds, migrants, rare visitors. Seawatching. SAF, Dept BB, Dyfed Wildlife Trust, 7 Market Street, Haverfordwest, Dyfed SA61 INF. Tel: (0437) 765462. (BB225) COSTA RICA INDIVIDUAL BIRDING HOLIDAYS - brochures FRANSWORLD Apt. 695 1 . San Jose. COSTA RICA (BB220) CALF OF MAN BIRD OBSERVATORY. Hostel type accommodation from April to Octo- ber. Details from the Secretary, The Mhnx Museum, Douglas, Isle of Man. Tel: (0624) 75522. (BB333) WILDLIFE HO LI DA YS KENYA: 14th September and '21st December 2- weeks Masai Mara, Samburu, Rift Valley Lakes. 28th September and 4th January 2-weeks Tsavo, Amboseli, Indian Ocean. Sept £1225. Dec £1295. ADVENTURE AFRICA, The Square, Rams- bury, Wiltshire. Tel: 0672 20569. (BB317) SEAWATCHING HOLIDAYS seba Designed for seawatchers Seabird Slides; Seawatchers Network Seawatching Breaks & Pelagics Biscay Mini-Cruises Ian McNamee, West Lodge, Puddington, S. Wirral L64 5ST Tel: 051-336 8441 (BB352 xxiv BIRDWATCHING ADVICE LINE Planning A Birdwatching Trip Abroad Thomas Cook Travel Agents Offer You: An Advice Line 051-931 5074. Ask for Keith Hiller Experienced Bird- watcher. Details available include World- wide Airfares, Pkg Hols., Car Hire, Visas, Health, Accomm. Individuals or Groups catered for. (BB286) WORKSHOPS Institute for Field Ornithology Affordable workshops for birders and ornithologists • North American Warblers Boreal specialities Migrant shorebirds Assistance to visiting researchers • Campus accommodations for workshops Dr. Charles Duncan University of Maine at Machlaa 9 O'Brien Avenue Machias, ME 04654 U.S.A. (D679) BIRD REPORTS LOST: GOLDEN WINGED WARBLER! If found please contact B. Henshaw, Suite 313, 1800 Valley Fm Rd. Pickering, Ontario, Canada LIV3W3, and enclose C$8.00 incl p/p money order for the 1989 Durham (Ontario) Regional Bird Report. This first edition is available now! (BB284) 1988 KENT BIRD REPORT £4.50 or special offer, 1987 & 1988 KBR £6.50 (incl. p&p). Murray Orchard, 25 Rolvenden Road, Wains- cott, Rochester, Kent. (BB319) PERSONAL ATTENTION foreign resident birdwatchers/ birding tour companies. If you would like to assist in any way/host visiting British birdwatch- ers to your country/have a UK agent, please write to Wildwings Foreign Contacts, 71 St Mary St, Weymouth DT48PJ, UK. (BB344) BOOKS BIRD BOOKS, New Nats., bought/sold, want lists welcome, catalogues issued. West Coast Bird Books, 25 Heatherways, Freshfield, Liver- pool L37 7HL. Tel: 07048 71115. (BB293) RARE AND SECONDHAND books on birds, natural history, gardening and field sports bought and sold. Peter Blest, Wateringbury, Maidstone, Kent. Tel: 0622 812940. (BB222) I Anion's leading ornithological booksellers where you can find our comprehensive range of new and secondhand books and reports on birds and natural history, including all new titles as they are published. Monday to Friday 9.30 am to 6 pm Saturday 10 am to 2 pm Mail order catalogue available on request HENRY SOTHERAN LTD 2 Sackville Street, Piccadilly, London W1X 2DP Tel: 01-439 6151 (BB331) The original BIRDWATCHER’S LOGBOOK The most concise way to record your observations. Monthly, annual and life columns for 762 species, plus 1 59 diary pages. Send £5.95 to: Coxton Publications, Eastwood, Beverley Rd, Walkington, go Beverley, N. Humberside HU17 8RP :□ ORNITHOLIDA YS GUIDES in the Let’s look at . . series, Majorca, SW Spain. The Camar^ue, Montenegro, Ethiopia, Eastern Austria, South Morocco, North East Greece, Vancouver and The Rockies, Sri Lanka, Lapland and Arctic Norway. The Gambia, North West Turkey and Northern India, £3.00 per copy and Australia £3.50 per copy. Ornitholidays, 1-3 Victoria Drive, Bognor Regis, Sussex P021 2PW. (BB262) XXV SUBBUTEO NATURAL HISTORY BOOKS ltd COMPLETE WILDLIFE AND TRAVEL SPECIALISTS Over 1 .500 titles covering all natural history subjects + Checklists. UK and World Travel Books + Maps ALL BOOKS POSTAGE FREE (UK ONLY) Send for free comprehensive catalogue DEPT BB. FFORD-Y-LLAN, TREUDDYN, MOLD, CLWYD, CH7 4LN Tel: 0352 770581 (24 hr Answerphone) (BB031 ) ‘BIRD BOOKS’. Good secondhand books bought and sold. Free catalogue from, and offers to Briant Books, 94 Quarry Lane, Kelsall, Tarporley, Cheshire CW6 ONJ. Tel: 0829 51804. (BB294) BOOKS ON BIRDS, MAMMALS, ETC., BOUGHT 8c SOLD. Also Field Sports, Big Game, Travel, Science, the Arts, etc. Catalogues issued. David Grayling, Crosby Ravensworth, Penrith, Cumbria CA10 3JP. 09315 282. (BB135) A BIRDWATCHER’S GUIDE TO NEPAL, by Carol Inskipp, £8.75. Prion Ltd. Essential for travellers to Nepal. From bookshops or NHBS, 2 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon. Tel: (0803) 865913. (BB241) FOR SALE FOR SALE - Individual BB subscribers can advertise here FREE (up to 30 words, selling a single item, e.g. binocular, book, set of jour- nals). Quote your BB Ref. No. and address envelope to ‘Free BB Advertising’. (BB753) OLROG “LAS AVES ARGENTINAS” 1984 Field Guide in Spanish; English and Latin names given — fine. £36 inc. p.&p. Tel: 0483 766517. (BB348) HERTEL 8c REUS 20-60 x 60 TELESCOPE. Excellent condition. Recently serviced. £80. Tel: 0637 876494. (BB347) KOWA TS2 TELESCOPE with 27x WA, 20x WA, 40x, and 20x 60x zoom lenses, plus SLIK 88 tripod. All excellent condition. £200 o.n.o. Tel: 0737 350325. (BB346) VOOUS, Atlas of European Birds, 1960. Fine. £27, pp inch Mr J. A. de Roos, Rubensstraat 35, 9718 MC Groningen, Netherlands. (BB338) BIRD STUDY 1975-84 (31 copies) and 8 copies of Ringing & Migration from 1979-82. £40 including p&p to Steve Williams, 67 Club Row Cottages, Snatchwood, Pontypool, Gwent NP4 7BZ. (BB337) BWP RSPB EDITION, vols l-V. Absolute mint condition with dust covers and still in original delivery cartons. £250. Tel: (0277) 654260. (BB336) MAC’S VIDEO DIARY 1989 Rarities in Britain Jan-Dec As promised my first one hour video is now ready, including Bailton’s Crake. Blue-cheeked Bee-eater, River Warbler and many more up to Dark-eyed Junco. Digital sound, recorded simultaneously with film for superb realism. Also Scillonian Pelagic with rafts of 200+ Great Shearwaters etc Many birds in superb close-up. plus multi-angled shots, will in- terest the expert, artist or the beginner. With commentary plus index. Post free UK - £16 VHS, £20 Video 8 Send SAE for details to: P. A. McQuillan, 24 Baring Street, Greenbank, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8NG. Tel: (0752) 663936 (BB343) CHARLES FRANK scope with 16-48 zoom. Mint with CCS case, £115. Tel: Andy (05036) 3902. (BB335) PARABOLIC REFLECTOR specially de- signed for recording birdsong. Hand or tripod mounting. £35 incl p&p. SAE details, Richard Margoschis, 80 Mancetter Road, Atherstone CV9 1NH. (BB295) BIRD JOURNAL BACKNUMBERS SUP- PLIED. (BB. Bird study, County Reports, etc.), David Morgan, Whitmore, Umberleigh, Devon. (BB292) TURKEY. Report of 240+ species seen in June/ July 1989. All you need to know, maps, sites etc. £3 + stamp. David Astins. Tel: 0752 600794 or 0437 710581. (BB342) BWP, vols 1 to 5 for sale, £200.00. Tel: 0491 651044. (BB341 ) BRITISH BIRDS 1918 (vol 12) numbers 2, 3, 4 and 7. 1946 (vol 39), numbers 2-8 and 10, 1947 (vol 40), numbers 2-9 and 11. 1948 (vol 41), numbers 1 and 2. £3.00 each or offer. Tel: (0480) 2 14904 evenings. (BB340) FOR SALE/SWAP. BB March 79 & July 82 £2 each. BB November 79 & November 80 £4 each. Bird Study binder £2. Bird Study Vol. 31 Ptl £1.20. Wanted BB pre-79, Twitching. Tel: 0395 273426. (BB357) FOR SALE/SWAP. BB1981, 83-85, £10 per year. Bird Study 1979-85, £5 per year. Wanted BB pre 1979, any Twitching, Birding World Vol. 1 Nos. 1-3. Tel: 0395 273426. (BB358) SWALLOWS AND MARTINS HANDBOOK. New, mistaken double order. £18.50 including postage. David Wilkinson, 32 Crow Lane, King- wood, Hants BH24 3DZ. Tel: 0425 472119. (BB356) HABICHT DIANA 10 x 40 BINOCULARS, case and rain guard, V.G.C., £200. Tel: Tiptree (0621)819366. (BB355) WANTED BWP, vol 3, RSPB edition wanted in mint condition in exchange for Oxford edition thereof. Tel: Orpington (0689) 26301. (BB339) xxvt A MAJOR EVENT IN ORNITHOLOGICAL PUBLISHING theBIRDS<* * J I jb I »TTH W#1 £9.95 paperback £16.95 hardback THE DEFINITIVE PHOTOGRAPHIC FIELD GUIDE. * Identifies, describes and illustrates over 430 bird species. * Concise, authoritative text * Superb colour photographs. * Incomparable for ease of use, with many innovative features. Available from all good booksellers, or write to the address below, adding 10% p and p. and making your cheque payable to: New Holland (Publishers) Ltd., 37. Connaught Street. London W2 2AZ. Tel: 01-258-0204. (D689) British Birds Volume 83 Number 6 June 1990 217 Foraging behaviour and identification of Upcher’s Warbler Professor C. H. Fry 222 European news 231 Bird Photograph of the Year l)r R. J. Chandler, Eric Hosking, Dr J. T. R. Sharrock and Don Smith 237 Mystery photographs 155 Black Vulture Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Notes 239 Alpine Swift ‘playing’ with piece of paper Jonathan H. Mercer 239 Behaviour of Swallows with feather Brian G. Thompson 239 Rock Pipit breaking snail shell Derek Tutt 240 Retention of food by Redwings when attacked Geoffrey Warren 240 ‘1'he Sizewell bunting’: a hybrid Pine Bunting X Yellowhammer in Suffolk Peter iMnsdown and Trevor D. Charlton Letter 243 Goto Donana catastrophe Rob Hume 244 Diary dates Mrs Sheila D. Cobban Announcements 246 Thailand 1990 246 New Zealand, Thailand, Poland and Israel with ‘BB’ 247 A ‘BB’ trip by popular demand 247 Back issues 247 New member for Identification Notes Panel 247 Books in British BirdShop Requests 248 Transparencies of 1989 rarities 248 Help needed with ‘Raptor, stork and pelican migration survey’ in Israel Reviews 248 ‘The Macmillan Field Guide to North Atlantic Shorebirds’ by Richard J. Ghandler Dr Robert Frys Jones 249 ‘Mac’s Rare Birds 1989 Diary'’ (video) by Peter McQuillan Dr J. T. R. Sharrock 249 Short reviews 250 Seventy-five years ago . . . 250 News and comment Mike Everett and Robin Prytherch 253 Monthly marathon 254 Recent reports Barry Nightingale and Anthony McGeehan Line-drawing: 217 L’pcher’s Warbler ‘wing-flagging’ (tan Willis) Front cover: Greenshank on nest ( Andrew Shaw): the original drawing of this month’s cover design, measuring 18.6 X 20.8 cm, is for sale in a postal auction (see page 29 in January issue for procedure) Illustrator of the Year cation of Hume’s Short-toed Lark gh Elliott (1913-1989) •y photographs • Notes • Re Aowa^ ‘views • News British Birds Managing Editor Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Personal Assistant Sheila D. Cobban Assistant Editor David A. Christie Editorial Board Dr R. J. Chandler, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, R. J. Prytherch 8c Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Photographic Consultants Dr R. J. Chandler 8c Don Smith Art Consultants Robert Gillmor 8c Alan Harris Rarities Committee P. G. Lansdown (Chairman), Alan Brown, G. P. Cadey, Peter Clement (co-opted), A. R. Dean, S. J. M. Gantlett, C. D. R. Heard, R. A. Hume, J. H. Marchant, 8c K. E. Vinicombe; Peter Colston (Museum Consultant & Archivist); Michael J. Rogers (Honorary Secretary) Notes Panels BEHAVIOUR Dr C. J. Bibby, Dr J. J. M. Flegg, Derek Goodwin, Dr I. Newton, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, Dr J. T. R. Sharrock 8c Dr K. E. L. Simmons; IDENTIFICATION Dr R. J. Chandler, A. R. Dean, T. P. Inskipp, P. G. Lansdown, S. C. Madge, I. S. Robertson 8c Dr J. T. R. Sharrock ‘British Birds’ is published by a non-profit-making company for the benefit of ornithology © British Birds I.td 1990 Copyright of photographs remains with photographers. British Birds is published monthly by British Birds Ltd, 93 High Street, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire ISSN 0007-0335 Publishing Manager, Production & Promotion Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Circulation Manage)' Erika Sharrock Design Deborah Felts Advertising Sandra Barnes Addresses Please keep correspondence on different items separate. Please address your envelope correctly. Please supply SAE, if reply required. Papers, notes, letters, drawings & photographs for publication DrJ. T. R. Sharrock, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ Subscriptions and orders for back copies Mrs Erika Sharrock, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ Advertising Mrs Sandra Barnes, BB Advertising, c/o Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ. Phone: Tiptree (0621) 815085 Bird news for ‘ Seasonal reports’ Barry Nightingale & Keith Allsopp, c/o 7 Bloomsbury Close, Woburn, Bedfordshire MK17 9QS. Phone: Woburn (0525) 290314 (evenings); Luton (0582) 490049 (office hours) News items for ‘News and comment’ Mike Everett & Robin Prytherch, 7 Burlington Way, Hemingford Grey, Huntingdon PE18 9BS Rarity descriptions M. J. Rogers, Bag End, Churchtown, Towednack, Cornwall TR26 3A7, Special book and sound recording offers British BirdShop, NHBS, 2 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5XN. Phone: Totnes (0803) 865913 Annual subscriptions (12 issues and index) Libraries and agencies £34.90, IR£42.35 or S69.00. Personal subscriptions: UK, Europe and surface mail £28.40, IRE34.80 or $54.00; personal: airmail outside Europe £47.60, IRE58.35 or $94.00. Single back copies £3.60, IR£4.50 or $7.00. Make all cheques payable to British Birds Ltd. Payment may also be made directly into UK Post Office GIRO account number 37 588 6303. British Birds publishes material dealing with original observations on the birds of the West Palearctic. Except for records of rarities, papers and notes are normally accepted only on condition that material is not being offered in whole or in part to any other journal. Photographs and sketches are welcomed. Papers should be typewritten with double spacing, and wide margins, and on one side of the sheet only. Authors should carefully consult this issue for style of presentation, especially of references and tables. English and scientific names and sequences of birds follow The ‘British Birds' List of Birds of the Western Palearctic (1984): names of plants follow Dony el at. (1980, English Names of Wild Flowers); names of mammals follow Corbet & Southern (1977, The Handbook of British Mammals). Topographical (plumage and stmeture) and ageing terminology should follow editorial recommendations (Brit. Birds 74: 239-242; 78: 419-427; 80: 502). Figures should be in Indian ink on good-quality tracing paper, drawing paper, non-absorbent board or light blue or very pale grey graph paper; lettering should be inserted lightly in pencil; captions should be typed on a separate sheet. Authors of main papers (but not notes or letters) receive ten free copies of the journal (five each to two or more authors). Printed in Englond by Newnorth Print Limited, Kempston, Bedford iin focus 204 HIGH STREET : BAR NET, HERTS. EEN5 5SZ 081 -4491445 081 -441 7748 FAX: 081 -440 9999 THE BINOCULAR AND TELESCOPE SPECIALISTS BRITISH BIRDWATCHING FAIR 1990 ins at EGLETON NATURE RESERVE, RUTLAND WATER Nr Oakham, Leicestershire Friday 31 August to Sunday 2 September frjr 44 in tocum’ S iUMMER ■ FIELD DAYS at HHall Marsh Scrape, ee Valley Park $ '.UN DAY DATES KB JULY 19 AUG are pleased to offer three events at nis excellent bird watching site to help •jstomers choose their new - equipment under field conditions, as as our full range of Binoculars, •el esc ope s and Tripods Lee Valley rark rangers will be on hand to give uided walks to help enhance your • -trdwatching day Please write or r hone ‘in focus* for details and traction IAAUSCH & LOMB E »,» 8.42BGA 699 00 •me 10x42BGA 699 00 k BJStom 8x36 189 00 custom 10x40 199 00 *ICA E tnovid 8x20BC 199 00 •novid 10x25BC 211 00 •novid 8x20BCA 211.00 vnovid 10x258CA 22300 ISO 14 00 -novid 7x42BA 559.00 -novid 8x42BA 559.00 novid 10x428A 559.00 1 -:iss WEST E • alyl 8*208 • alyl 10x25B 225 00 .> alyl 8x20BGA 245.00 » alyl 8x30BGAT 41900 •* alyt 7X42BGAT 489 00 » alyt 10x40BGAT 499 00 • alyt 10x4081 i* alyt 8x56BGAT 570 00 S x60 Porro GAT 849 00 cessories Rainguard 5.00 r» e Cups (Set) 10.00 .. e Cups Hand (Set) 10.00 • nyard 10.00 c - are Case (50 ft) 24.00 KON E 20CF 7500 -25CF 79 00 85 00 x25CF 89 00 20DCF 135 00 x25DCF >50 00 ■300CF ti x 36 DCF 279.00 • 400CF 539.00 ■ 30CF x35DCF 12x24DCF 329.00 • iktscope II from 289.00 ► itdscope ED II 20x60 499 00 •« -45x60 569 00 x. 20xWA. 30x. 40x 60x each 75.00 :• ya Multi Coat Filter 2000 bber Hood olo Kit 157.00 hVIFT E ' ion 8x40 89 95 ton 10x50 99 95 b prey 7 5x42 149 00 dubon 8 5x44 dubon 7x35GA 329 00 REGIONAL FIELD WEEKENDS SUMMER *90 RSPB BLACKTOFTS SANDS, HUMBERSIDE SATURDAY AND SUNDAY 11 &1 2 AUGUST RSPB DUNGENESS, KENT SATURDAY AND SUNDAY 28 & 29 JULY The ideal way to test optics for birdwatchmg is to look at birds1 These Field Weekends at weM known Reserves around the country will enable our customers to choose and seteci from our complete range of equipment under field conditions You are invited to apply m writing or by phone for an invitation and information pack to any of the above events indicating your ‘in focus* IN NORFOLK at Briarfields, Hotel, TITCHWELL WEEKEND DATES 7-8 JULY 4-5 AUG OPEN SAT-SUN 9-4 With the kind co-operation of Bnarfields Hotel we are aCxe to offer visitors and reeioents of the North Norfolk coast the chance to test, compare and purchase from our full range of equipment With spierxAO views over the adiacent RSPB Reserve For further nformabon and details contact In focus*. QUESTAR £ Field Model 312* Broad Band Costing. Supplied with 50x-80x Hood. Case 2200 00 30x-50x 120 00 80x- 1 30x 120 00 Porro Prism 140 00 OPTOLYTH E Alpir, 8x30BGA 205 00 Alpm 8x40BGA 225 00 AJpm 10x40BGA 230 00 Alpm 10x50BGA 241 00 Osiris 8x40GA 145 00 Osiris 1 0x4OGA 147 00 Touring 8x30BGA 388 00 Touring 7x42BGA 398 00 Touring 1 0x40BGA 398 00 TBS80 Body 350 00 TBG80 Body 350.00 20xWA 188 00 30x WA 64 00 40x 65 00 22x-60x Zoom 150 00 35 00 OPTIC RON £ HR 7x42 MC. 143.00 HR 8x42 MC 145 00 HR 10x42 MC 150.00 ...167 00 Minerva 8x40MC 170 00 Minerva 9x35MC 169.00 Minerva 10x42 MC 175 00 HR Body 60 148.00 HR Body GA 60 HR Body 45 60 .168 00 20x-60x Zoom 22x WA 25x or 40x Classic IF60 118.00 10xWA 23.00 25x 23 00 Zoom I8x-40x 50 00 Classic IF 75mm ... 137.00 22xWA 23.00 23 00 Zoom 22x-47x 59 00 Piccolo Body ....128 00 Eye Pieces from 29 00 Photo Kits from 28 00 15 00 One Action Tripod — ■ ...... 59.00 OBSERVATION BINOCULARS E Zeiss 80500 1450 00 Opticron 20x80 345 00 Opucroo 30x80 345 00 KOWA TS601 TS602 20x WA 20x-60x Zoom Case rsN-i TSN-2 TSN 3 TSN-4 20* WA 25x 30x WA 40* 20x 60* Zoom Photo Kit Case for TSN CARL ZEISS JENA Jenoptem 8x30 Jenoptem 1 0x50 Deltnntem 8x30 Dekarem 10x50 Notarem 8x32 Notarem 8* 3 28 A Notarem 10x40 Notarem 10x408A Turmon 8x2 1 E 179 00 179 00 54 00 94 00 1995 296 00 295 00 555 00 555 00 89 00 59 00 109 00 59 00 139 00 99 00 22.50 E 44 95 79 95 64 95 99 95 149 95 139 95 17995 199 95 44 95 ‘in focus* EQUIPMENT CARE PLAN This exciting new scheme enables our customers to purchase in complete confidence, at a cost of just £10.00. and new equipment can be covered by our “CARE PLAN" for a period of three years from purchase date. In the event of that instrument failing for whatever reason it will be rectified without question by ourselves at no charge Ask for details MIRA DOR 8X40B 10x40B 1 0x5OB Merlin 50mmx25 Merlin I8x -40x60 Merlin 75mmx30. Merlin 22x-47x7S Case for Merlin .... CENTURY 60mm GA Body 20x-45x Zoom 20x30x40x Case BRESSER Action 8x40 Action 10x50. Linear 8x42 Linear 10x42 ... Diont 7x42 Diont 10x42 PENTAX 8x40CF 10x50CF 8x40DCF 10X42DCF HABICHT 10x40 Diana §8x30SLC £ 11000 114.00 122 00 97 00 129 00 ...11900 157 00 16.00 £ 165 00 60.00 .20 00 1500 E 59 00 69 00 119.00 .119.00 179 00 189 00 E 99 95 104 95 169 95 189 95 E 349 00 299 00 8USHNELL E Spacemaster Body 145 00 15x-45x Zoom 70 00 22xWA 32 00 ADLERBLICK £ 8x42 99 00 10x42 99 00 10x50 129 00 8x42MC. 169 00 10x42MC 179 00 10x50MC 198 00 ESCHENBACH £ 8X32BGA 129 00 1 0x428 GA 139 00 VELBON E 59 95 Stratos 480 69 95 QR System 895 QR Plate 3 95 CULLMANN E Hide Clamp 49 95 Shoulder Pod 24 95 44 95 8 95 4 95 SUK E Master D2 69.95 MANFROTTO E 190 35 00 1908 40 00 45.00 1 44 R 50.00 35 00 200 Head 40.00 9 95 4 95 ACCESSORIES E Car Window Moon 22.00 Universal Mount 22.00 38. OC Ranguards from . 3.50 Pentax Cleaning Kit 3 99 Tnpod Swap 695 Lanyards from .. 4.00 PERSONAL CALLERS Can choose and select from our comprehensive range of equip men t Compare Zeiss with Lett*. Optofyth with Kowa or Nikon We are a completely independent company, whose only concern is that our customers select the correct instrument for their personal needs PHONE ORDERS Discuss your requirements with our technical staff and orders placed with Access or Msa Cards will be despatched same day MAIL ORDER Just add £2 to help towards P&P and insurance and your order win be sent the same day as we receive your cheque Ail equipment is supplied on 14 days approval upon receipt of full remittance SECONDHAND Instruments are always available Turnover is fast so we do not print a list Phone for information PART EXCHANGE Top prices paid for good condition equipment HOW TO FIND US We are 10 mms from M25 and AIM motorways and 15 mins wafk from High Barnet Underground Station TELESCOPES AND TRIPOD OUTFITS If you purchase a scope and tnpod at the same time we can offer you a very special price' PHONE FOR A QUOTE INTEREST FREE CREDIT ON SELECTED Zeiss, Leit2. Kowa and Nikon products Phone or write for details. BINOCULARS AND TELESCOPES REPAIRED ON THE PREMISES (D688) □ ADLERBUCK GO GREEN RUBBER ARMOUR ROW ALSO AVAILABLE ALSO NOW WITH GREEN MULTI-COAT LENSES MINIMUM ADVERTISED Models available* Price (inc VAT) 10 x 30 M C £159.95 8 x 42 M/C £169.95 1 0 x 42 M/C £179.95 1 0 x 50 M/C £198.95 8x42 M/C Rubber Armoured* £187.95 10 x 42 M C Rubber Armoured* £197.95 10 x 50 M/C Rubber Armoured* £217.95 ' New Soft touch rubber armour finish. Short Focus. BAk4 Prisms. Lightweight. Rainguard available. For details of your nearest stockist, contact: THE EXCLUSIVE IMPORTERS — J. J. VICKERS AND SONS LTD. UNIT 9, 35 REVENGE ROAD, LORDSWOOD INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, CHATHAM, KENT ME5 8DW TEL: 0634 201284 BIRD WATCHING REVIEW (April 89) impresses with clear natural coloured image in all light conditions Focus down to 13H Light and comfortable to use Excellent depth ot held Contender lor mid price honours HEARTILY RECOMMENDED MANUFACTURER S WRITTEN QUOTE Adierblick binoculars have mutli-coatmg on all surfaces including prism reflecting surfaces — they are superior especially in light transmission — Green multi-coat achieves appro* 99 44* transmission at each surface 7 x 50 also available (D659) NOTICEBOARD Flights, Car Hire, Accommodation, Package Holidays, Tours, Cruises, Ferries, Bus, Rail, Insurance, Birding Information, Maps & Books, . . .WORLDWIDE. . . ❖ ANTARCTICA - SAVE £1 000s! Join us for a once in a lifetime oppor- tunity for our escorted fly cruise to Argentina, Antarctica and the Falklands. DEPARTS 20 Jan. 91. 20 days from only £2595 per per- son inclusive. Contact us for the special leaflet. ❖ SUMMER LATE BOOKINGS Ring us for flight only and special offer package holidays including Spain, Turkey, Canaries, Florida etc (National Bird News has sample prices on the Holiday and Travel Information Section). ❖ WINTER 90/91 On Sale Morocco, Gambia, Israel etc. We will match any discounts offered by any High Street ABTA Travel Agency for package holidays (Sub- ject to taking our Norwich Union Travel Insurance). ❖ NEW SERVICES Fellow Travellers : If you are looking for someone to go Birding Abroad with/or to fill your trip, write to us with 2 saes with full details (Destinations & Dates) and we will try and put you in contact When planning your next birding trip please telephone or write to us for quotes, brochures and bookings. ^ 0305-761300 MON. - SATS. w (24 Hour Ansaphone) Credit Cards Accepted 16282 71 St. Mary St., Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8PJ UK or contact our rep. DICK FILBY on 0603 619409 ii Optical Brilliance Centon Binoculars 0 Highest quality Dach prism design 0 Multi-coated 0 Smooth charcoal grey rubber finish 0 Contrasting black fold-back rubber eyecups 0 Attractive and durable 0 Includes deluxe soft case A straps COMPACTS CONNOISSEURS CHOICE Pocket sized wide angle Ultimate clarity 8X22 DWCF-R £54.95 8X42 DCF-R £89.95 10X25 DWCF-R £59.95 10X42 DCF-R £99.95 MAIL ORDER All general & mail order enquiries only to our Distribution Warehouse: Jessop House, Scudamore Road, Leicester LE3 1TZ Tel: (0533) 320033 Telesales Hotlines: New Equipment (0533) 320432 Mon - Sat 9 - 5 Used Equipment (0533) 313191 AVAILABLE FROM ALL JESSOP PHOTO/VIDEO CENTRES ABERDEEN BATH BIRMINGHAM BOURNEMOUTH BRADFORD BRIGHTON BRISTOL BRISTOL CAMBRIDGE CARDIFF CARUSLE COVENTRY CROYDON DERBY DONCASTER DUNDEE EDINBURGH GLASGOW GLOUCESTER HANLEY HULL IPSWICH KINGSTON 0224 573 140 0225 442252 021 832 6831 0202 296021 0274 393282 0273 21493 0272 742914 0272 293978 0223 323511 0222 394567 0228 512840 0203 229528 081 686 9565 0332 290419 0302 341323 0382 202763 031 229 9854 041 248 2457 0452 300689 0782 288621 0482 226856 0473 210436 081 546 5622 LEEDS LEICESTER LEICESTER LIVERPOOL LONDON NWS LONDON WC1 MANCHESTER MIDDLESBROUGH NEWCASTLE NORTHAMPTON NORWICH NOTTINGHAM OXFORD PETERBOROUGH PLYMOUTH PLYMOUTH AUDIO POOLE PORTSMOUTH READING SHEFFIELD SLOUGH SOUTHAMPTON SUNDERLAND 0532 430900 0533 530121 0533 568488 051 709 7887 071 794 8786 071 240 8077 061 834 8132 0642 230707 091 261 8280 0604 230490 0603 61 7724 0802 418586 0865 790088 0733 558728 0752 672287 0752 869282 0202 678289 0705 822831 0734 508756 0742 755275 0753 893094 0703 638753 091 510 0881 SWANSEA TAUNTON WOLVERHAMPTON WORCESTER YEOVIL YORK 0792 466332 0823 272986 0902 310758 0905 723400 0936 76776 0904 645126 Also from Pannlna Photo/BIno Gantre, Rochdale 0706 524966 AND SELECTED N DEPENDENT PHOTO DEALERS JESSOP m (D684) Gt Western Arcade Birmingham B2 5HU Tel: 021-236 7211 GUARANTEED LOWEST PRICES! Stuck in the middle of a city centre — not a duck-pond in sight! How can we compete? — by giving YOU the BEST DEAL. Simply phone and ask for Graham — tell me the binoculars or telescope you want — if I have it in stock I’ll guarantee the lowest advertised price in this magazine — plus send it FREE. EG Zeiss BGAT 10x40 £495.00 Audubon 8x5x44 £189.90 Spacemaster 60 kit £189.90 Slik D2 tripod... £69. 90+free case PART EXCHANGE WELCOME AMERICAN EXPRESS — VISA ACCESS — CHEQUES — EVEN CASH! (D678) SUNDAY pVVATc ISRAEL HOLIDAYS fe A BIRDWATCH ISRAEL Situated at the crossroads of three continents - Europe, Asia and Africa - Israel’s unique combination of geographicsl and climatic conditions make Israel one of the world’s most important migration watchpoints and a major wintering area for birds. Bird photographer and author, David Cottridge together with Hadoram Shirihai in conjunction with All Abroad Travel has organised a series of Birdwatching Tours scheduled to coincide with the best times of year to view the more unusual species. TOUR DETAILS UPPER GALILEE 7 Nights - 12 Dec 1990 & 25 April 1991 EILAT & NEGEV 7 Nights - 9 January 1991 TOUR OF ISRAEL - 14 Nights - 28 February 1991 Each tour is limited to 20 places Call for our brochure now all abroad 081-458 2666 ABTA 83179 \^T RETAIL AGENTS FOR ATOL HOLDERS. 26 TEMPLE FORTUNE PARADE, LONDON NW11 OQS IV (NATURAL HISTORY) Now in its fifth year PURCHASED zoology u -m BIRDUINE FOR ALL THE BIRD NEWS NATIONWIDE “14,000 updates featuring 17,500 birds of 350 species at 1,200 sites so far ♦ . ♦” . . . news you can trust from the team you know . . . 98 700 222 CALLS COST 25p PER MIN. CHEAP RATE AND 38p PER MIN PEAK AND STANDARD INC VAT For more details please write or phone: STONERUNNER, COAST ROAD, CLEY NEXT THE SEA, HOLT, NORFOLK, NR25 7RZ. Tel: 0263 741139 (D699) THE INCOMPARABLE PRISMATIC TELESCOPE IN A WORLD OF ITS OWN FOR NEAREST STOCKIST CONTACT: J. J. VICKERS AND SONS LTD. UNIT 9, 35 REVENGE ROAD LORDSWOOD, CHATHAM, KENT ME5 8DW (Phone 0634 201284) SPACE AGE TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE IN THE CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ARGUABLY THE TELESCOPE DEMANDED BY BIRD WATCHERS. LARGE 60mm OBJECTIVE LENS. BODY CAN BE SUPPLIED WITH CHOICE OF 15x, 20x. 22 W/A, 25x, 60x AND 15x-45x EYEPIECES INCOMPARABLE!! ASK FOR A TEST STOCKED BY MOST QUALITY BIRD WATCH SUPPLIERS' BYBUSHBELL DIVISION OF BAUSCH AND IOMB J. J. VICKERS AND SONS LTD Sole U K Importer ot BUSHNELL — DIVISION OF BAUSCH AND LOMB PRODUCTS ® FOCALPOINI RUN BY BIRDERS FOR BIRDERS^ FORTHCOMING DEMONSTRATIONS 'THE' way to choose new equipment Sunday 1st July at Martin Mere, Lancashire (M6 Jet 27) with the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust. 10.30am to 4.00pm SCOTLAND Wednesday 1 1th July at Lochwinnoch RSPB Reserve, Strathclyde (with the RSPB) 2pm to 8pm at this event. In reponse to many requests from North of the Border! The FOCAL POINT team are pleased to demonstrate the world's finest binoculars, telescopes and accessories at the above Nature Reserves. Purchases on the day will help conservation. WE OFFER: *AII leading instruments in stock ‘Good range of used equipment ‘Easy access from the M56/M62/M6 ‘Excellent viewing facilities ‘Opportunities for part exchange * Access/Visa/Mastercard/Connect ‘Personal export scheme ‘Information pack - 40p stamps please (not cheque) We are open Mon-Fri 9.30am to 5.30pm. Saturday 9.30am to 4.00pm. Closed Sundays and Bank Holidays. Phone for prices, package deals and special offers! BIRDGUIDES GAMBIA -1 WEEK NOV/DEC 1990 Just 2 places left on our classic lour of this West African paradise. 270 species on last year's tour inc. crocodile plover. Lots of birds at a sensible pace. Ask now! 1991 Tour brochure available shortly from Peter Wolstenholme,31 South Park Rd, Galley, Cheadle, Cheshire SK8 4AL. Tel. 061-4282175 or 0263-740634 (school holidays). 14 COGSHALL LANE COMBERBACH NORTHWICH CHESHIRE CW96BS Tel: 0606 8910981 Fax: 0606 892207 (D693) (D660) London Camera Exchange SOUTHAMPTON 0703 221597/335363 ^ 10 High Street, Southampton SOI ODH RING US NOW ZEISS WEST Dialyt 8 x 20B £215.00 Dialyt 10 x 25B £225.00 Dialyt 8 x 20BGA £245.00 Dialyt 8 x 30BGAT Phone Dialyt 7 x 42BGAT Phone Dialyt 10 x 40BG AT.. . Phone Dialyt 8 x 56BGAT Phone LEICA 8 X 20BC £199.00 8 x 20BCA £211.00 10 x 25BC £211.00 10 x 25BCA £223.00 New Models 7 x 42BA ) 8 x 42BA l Phone 10 x 42BA J TASCO 8 x 32 Twitcher £49.95 8 x 40 Twitcher £54.95 8 x 40Camargue £139.00 8 x 25 Waterproof £149.00 OPTOLYTH Alpin 8 x 30GA £186.00 Alpin 8 x 40GA £200.00 Alpin 10 x 40GA £205.00 Alpin 10 x SOGA £221.00 Touring 8 x 30BGA Phone Touring 10 x 40BGA... Phone Touring 7 x 42BGA Phone TBG 80= £320.00 TBS 80 £320.00 20 x WA £88.00 30 X £57.00 40 x £58.00 22x-60x Zoom £135.00 Cases from £29.00 OPTICRON Minerva 9 x 35 £169.00 Minerva 8 x 40 £170.00 Minerva 10 x 40 £175.00 HR 7 x 42MC £138.00 HR 8 x 42MC £140.00 HR 10 x 42MC £145.00 HR 10 x 50MC £155.00 HR Body 60mm £128.00 HR Body 60mm 45°.... £150.00 HR Body 60mmGA .... £155.00 20 x -60 x Zoom £65.00 22 x WA £30.00 Classic IF 60mm £99.00 18 x £22.00 25 x £22.00 25xHPX £25.00 18x-40x Zoom £50.00 Classic IF 75mm £119.00 22x WA £22.00 30 x £22.00 30x HP £25.00 22 x -47 x Zoom £50.00 Case for HR £16.00 Photo Kit £22.00 Opticron Tripod £59.95 KOWA TS1 601 Body £179.00 TS2 602 Body £179.00 20x WA £54.00 20x-60x Zoom £94.00 TSN1 £295.00 TSN2 £295.00 TSN3 £555.00 TSN4 £555.00 20x WA £89.00 20x-60x Zoom £139.00 2Sx £59.00 30x WA (nowin stock) £109.00 40x £59.00 Photo Kit £99.00 CARL ZEISS JENA Jenoptem8 x 30 £44.95 Jenoptem 10 x 50 £69.95 Deltrintem 8 x 30 £54.95 Deltrintem 10 x 50 £88.95 Notarem 8 x 32B £1 19.00 Notarem 10 X 40B £169.00 Notarem 10 x 40 BGA £189.00 BAUSCH AND LOMB Elite 8 x 42BGA £699.00 Elite 10x42 BGA £699.00 Custom 8 x 36B £189.00 Custom 10 x 40B £199.00 SWIFT Stadium 8 x 40 £49.95 Stadium 10 x 50 £54.95 Grand Prix 8 x 40 £89.95 Triton 10 x 50 £99.95 Saratoga 8 x 42 £149.95 Newport 10 x 40 £159.95 Audubon 8.5 x 44 £199.95 Audubon 7 x 35 £329.95 NIKON 8 x 30 £199.00 9 x 30 £239.00 Fieldscope II £269.00 Fieldscope ED2 £489.00 ED 2 20 x 45 x 60 £569.00 SWAROVSKI 8 x 20B £215.00 8 x 30SLC £325.00 8 x 30ZCF £330.00 10 x 40B Phone 10x40 BGA Phone BRESSER Action 8 x 40 £59.95 Action 10 x 50 £69.95 Diorit 7 x 42 £175.00 Diorit 10 x 42 £185.00 MERADOR Merlin 25 x 60 £97.00 Merlin 18 x 40 x 60.. £129.00 A full range of tripods and photographic equipment also stocked Why not give us the opportunity to impress you with our PRICES & SERVICE MALL ORDER WELCOMED PART EXCHANGE AVAILABLE They are the BEST - that's GUARANTEED We will attempt to encourage you with our low prices, high trade-ins and friendly, knowledgeable service. (D696) vii Kowa Telescopes sponsors of British Birds Bird Illustrator of the Year ’ congratulate Gordon Trunkfield on his success in the 1990 competition. Officially appointed distributor for Kowa Telescopes Pyser Ltd., Fircroft Way, Edenbridge, Kent TN8 6HA. viii (D691) British Birds VOLUME 83 NUMBER 7 JULY 1990 ‘Bird Illustrator of the Year’ and ‘The Richard Richardson Award’ Sponsored by telescopes For two of the judges, it was the twelfth meeting to pick the ‘Bird Illustrator of the Year’ and the occasion was still just as absorbing as the first. We have watched the standard of work rising steadily over the years, although it is hardly surprising that the upward curve is starting to flatten out. It is exciting to appreciate the depth of talent amongst today s bird illustrators, which is very encouraging for the future of bird art. For the third successive year, we are extremely grateful to Kowa telescopes for sponsoring the competition and providing the array of prizes. The winners were as follows: Bird Illustrator of the Year, 1990 1st Gordon Trunkfield (Stalybridge, Cheshire) 2nd Nik Borrow (Pimlico, London) 3rd Mark Hulme (Worthing, West Sussex) The Richard Richardson Award 1st Antony Disley (Blackburn, Lancashire) RUNNERS-UP Keith Andrews (Kinlockbervie, Sutherland) John Wright (Nether Hall, Leicester) [fin/. Birds 83: 255-26 l.July 1990] 255 256 Bird Illustrator of the Year Shelducks Tadoma tadoma preening, resting and displaying ( Gordon Trunkfield) There were, at 63, four fewer artists than last year, but, with 252 drawings to examine, it still took just as long, and was no easier, to make the judgments. In addition to the six artists listed above, the following seven were on the final short list: Richard Allen, Tony Bellars, John Cox, R. J. Fowling, Ernie Leahy, Brian Small and Andrew Stock. The winner, Gordon Trunkfield, had been short-listed twice before and both Nik Borrow and Mark Hulme were placed second in previous years. There were, as last year, 12 entries for the Richard Richardson Award for artists under the age of 21. The winner, Antony Disley, and the two runners-up show great promise, and their work will be on display at the Mall Galleries during the run of the 27th Annual Exhibition of the Society of Wildlife Artists from 27th July to 5th August 1990. Mandarins Aix galericulata ( Gordon Trunkfield ) 257 Bird Illustrator oj the Year Andrew Stock has regularly been near the top with his entries, and this year his fine drawing of a Buzzard Buteo buteo immediately excited interest. It remained unchallenged as our first choice for the PJC Award, given for a drawing of individual merit. This award was created by David Cook in memory of his wife Pauline. Nik Borrow’s striking composition of Snow Buntings Blectrophenax nivalis was our unanimous choice as runner-up. As usual, we selected a number of drawings for use as cover designs for British Birds during the coming year and many drawings will be filed for possible future use inside the magazine. In this way, artists will have the chance to see their work in print and assess how' a drawing reduces and / Buntings Plectrophenax nivalis on the slopes below Peninnis Lighthouse, St Mary’s, Isles of Scilly, October 1989 (Nik Borrow) 258 Bird Illustrator of the Year Greenfinch Carduelis chloris (Mark Hulme) looks when set into a page alongside type and other drawings. Such an opportunity is invaluable to any aspiring illustrator. The most popular subjects for the second year were waders (41), followed by birds of prey and owls (34) and wildfowl (26). Two artists drew' quartets of owls and one artist’s four drawings were all of the same species. It is, however, the quality of the drawings, and their suitability for reproduction, that is important and we were pleased to see that our strictures in last year’s report had apparently been read and noted, as there were extremely few drawings incorrectly sized. There are many drawings, indeed the great majority, which are accurate Bird Illustrator of the Year 259 Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus iriomatus at Formbv Point, Lancashire {Antony Disley) and well drawn in a wholly acceptable technique, but which do not leap out from their fellows to demand attention. Just a few do, however, stick in the memory for their originality. Richard Fowling’s migrating Corncrake Crex crex, flying high above a sea silvered by moonlight, is certainly one. David Mitchell chose an extreme close-up of a roosting Lapwing Vanellus vanellus , its eye and mantle feathers creating a powerful and almost abstract design. Another memorable drawing, by Peter Leonard, depicted a drake Smew Mergus albellus , not toy-like on the surface of the water, but as a streamlined white shape in the dark depths, chasing and scattering small fish. 260 Bird Illustrator of the Year Rock Pipits Anthus petrosus mobbing stoat Mustela erminea with dead Rock Pipit, Oldshoremore, Sutherland (Keith Andrews) John Hollyer’s birds are found in settings close to his Kentish home. In the background to his Twites Carduelis flavirostris at Pegwell Bay are silhouetted figures cockling on the mud; the activities at Richborough Dump attract wheeling gulls Larus and urgent parties of Starlings Stumus vulgaris. Tony Bellars’s drawings take us with him on holiday to the Mediterranean, where the plants look even more exotic than the birds. ' WWYsV VVWWWWWW'A' W\\\>^\SNV‘v W\\\ww" -"AWWW^" 'aav A«vW\\\v*y\\\\\\\W\\ \\vn AWWWv. xwXWWwWww'A' '\\\w 1 1 ' W.v\w\\\ wt rt\uv» « mi %\w A" v\V ' «'\ASV4k\'"rt" ‘N>\\\\WX'» V\NW\\^N'v’ *^\\V\\\\v xWWW -A\\\\\v\'Ss^S' "'XWWWWxww >S# v„v -««*'"*• ...... ..WVSX' AW*' WV**" ~ss?- >«\W ^ ’'NWWXW,,,,^ xW'N"' '' * 1,41 “m. *,n wv. *WW\\N\V'\V\VV*\\\V\\\\, . wvt.WW'W^rtT,,,', vjS? 'W-; ... Smews Mergus albellus, Rutland Water, Leicestershire, January 1990 (John H right) We enjoyed the contrast between Andrew Hutchinson’s wonderfully controlled, detailed penmanship and the lively, free drawing of Dan Powell. Again, the disciplined dotting of Andy Forkner was markedly different from Markku Toivari’s boldly drawn compositions of the White- tailed Eagles Haliaeetus albicilla to be found in his native Finland. All these fine drawings, and many more, by 56 of the entrants, will be on show in the Mall Galleries, and we hope many readers will visit the exhibition to see them. Robert Gillmor, Alan Harris, Keith Shackleton and J. T. R. Sharrock Bird Illustrator of the Year 26 1 PJC AWARD WINNER: Buzzard Buteo buteo, Blind Lane, Evershot, Dorset, October 1989 (Andrew Stock) ^clicntp-fibf pears ago... ‘CUCKOO’S METHOD OF DEPOSITING EGG. On May 19th. 1915, l visited an old friend of mine in Norfolk. He leads a very secluded life but is a keen observer of natural history and a man whose word one can trust implicitly. There are some old ruins just outside his dining- room window in which Wagtails, etc., often make their nests. He told me he had twice seen a Cuckoo (Cuculns c. canorus ) lay her egg on the grass, take it in its beak and deposit it in a Wagtail’s nest. He stated he had seen the performance so distinctly, just outside the window, that there was no doubt about it. This evidence should settle the question of how the egg gets into the nest. H. M. UPCHF.R.’ f Brit. Birds 9: 49, July 1915) Identification of Hume’s Short- toed Lark Hadoram Shirihai and Per Alstrom In February 1986, a Hume’s Short-toed Lark Calandrella acutirostris was seen and subsequently caught at Eilat, Israel: the first record for the Western Palearctic. Hume’s Short-toed Lark breeds from eastern Iran through Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, northwestern India and nearby parts of the USSR (Tadzhikistan, Kirgizia) to eastern Tibet. It winters mainly in the lowlands of the northern and central parts of the Indian subcontinent (Dementiev & Gladkov 1954; Ali & Ripley 1972; Vaurie 1972; Cheng 1976). It breeds at high altitudes in dry, arid, gravelly areas, and winters in the same habitat at lower altitudes. The Eilat record On 4th February 1986, at Eilat, HS noticed a strange-looking Calandrella lark. It was very similar to Short-toed Lark C. brachydactyla, but differed in its plumage and, particularly, its call. A total of 30 mist-nets was erected and the lark was eventually caught on 14th February. It could not, however, be identified, so was sent to the Tel Aviv Zoological Gardens for further studies. Unfortunately, it died after a few days. It was preserved at the museum of the University of Tel Aviv (Ref. no. X3853). In 1987, HS brought the skin to the British Museum (Natural History), Tring, for identification. Comparison by HS with other skins at the museum showed it to be a Hume’s Short-toed Lark. Description of Eilat individual STRUCTURE Approximately same size as Short-toed Lark, but slightly more compact and shorter-necked. Head more rounded, and tail slightly shorter. PLUMAGE Crown grey-brown, with dark shaft-streaks. Lores pale, with dark loral 262 stripe. Supercilium narrow and rather ill- defined in front of eye, but quite distinct above and behind eye, ending abruptly. Ear- coverts pale brown, with paler crescent below eye. Nape paler and greyer than crown. Mantle and back light grey-brown, with |«n<. Birds 83: 262-272, July 19001 I dentif cation of Hume ’s Short-toed Lark 263 Fig. 1. Short-toed Lark CalandrelUi brachydactyla of subspecies longipennis (top) and Hume’s Short-toed Lark C. acutirostris of nominate subspecies, both spring/early summer (Per Alstrbm) blackish-brown feather centres. Rump and uppertail-coverts brownish orange-rufous. Scapulars with diffusely defined blackish- brown centres and sandy edges. Throat, belly, vent and undertail-coverts whitish. Flanks with slight huffish tinge. Wide band of buffy-greyish across breast. Sides of breast slightly rufous-tinged. un- streaked. Median and greater coverts dark brown with sandy tips, forming two wing-bars. Lesser coverts uniformly grey brown. Ter- tials dark brown, with diffuse pale edges. Remiges dark brown, with narrow' sandy edges. Underwing-coverts and axillaries light whitish buff. Tail dark brown, with narrow white edges to two outer pairs of feathers. [The inclusion of fig. 1 and plates 146-159 in colour has been subsidised by a donation from ZEISS West Germany] 264 Identification of Hume’s Short-toed Lark Identification of Hume’s Short-toed Lark 265 266 BARF, PARTS Bill tinged orange-yellowish, with blackish culmen and tip to lower mandible. Iris dark brown. Legs yellowish- brown, with light brown claws. VOICE Call usually heard immediately after landing, sometimes also in flight: a sharp ‘trree’. BEHAVIOUR Ran quickly, with intermittent emarginated 12 3 4 5 Identification of Hume’s Short-toed Lark short stops, reminiscent of Bar-tailed Desert Lark Ammomanes cincturus. Usually rather upright stance. Flight deeply undulating, recalling a finch. MEASUREMENTS AND WING FORMULA Wing 83.0 mm; tail 54.5 mm; bill, to skull 12.2 mm, width 4.8 mm, depth 5.1 mm; tarsus 19.0 mm; hind claw 8.0 mm. Wing length indicates female. 6 7 8 9 10 — 1.2 longest —1.5 —9.5 Identification of Hume’s Short-toed Lark These notes are based on field studies of Hume’s Short-toed Lark in China and northwestern India (PA), and examination of the collections in the British Museum (Natural History), Tring (PA, HS), the Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen (PA), and the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing (PA). Both authors have studied Short-toed Larks in the field in many places and in the collections of several museums. Hume’s Short-toed Lark closely resembles Short-toed Lark. They share a number of characters which distinguish them from Lesser Short-toed Lark C. rufescens and Indian Sand Lark C. raytal : breast either unstreaked or very sparsely and irregularly streaked; usually at least a trace of a dark patch on each side of the breast; and distinctly longer tertials, covering the entire length (or very nearly so) of the folded primaries. Hume’s Short-toed Lark is quite easily told from most subspecies of Short-toed Lark (unless the plumage is heavily worn) by its generally much greyer coloration on the upperparts and breast. The subspecies longipennis of the Short-toed Lark, which breeds in Central Asia, is, however, very similar to Hume’s Short-toed Lark in general coloration, and these two can be very difficult to separate. Differences between Hume’s Short-toed Lark and Short-toed Lark All statements refer to Hume’s Short-toed Lark unless specifically stated ■otherwise, and all comparisons are between Hume’s Short-toed Lark and Short-toed Lark of the subspecies longipennis. HEAD Head pattern usually differs significantly. Forehead and crown generally less heavily streaked, often looking almost unstreaked, except for some faint streaks on rear crown. Supercilium usually narrower and more poorly defined in front of eye, and also often less prominent above and behind eye; gene- rally rather sharply defined at rear (on Short-toed, diffuse paler surround to ear- coverts sometimes apparent). Lores usually show dark stripe, unlike Short-toed. From certain angles, however, Short-toed often seems to have dark loral stripe, and — to confuse matters — it can be absent on Hume’s Short-toed. Ear-coverts generally rather uniformly patterned, usually without prominent dark eye-stripe behind eye. On Short-toed, ear- coverts tend to be paler and generally show contrasting dark eye-stripe behind eye and 152-154. Hume’s Short-toed Lark Calandrella acutirostris of nominate subspecies, Ladakh, May 1983 ( Urban Olsson). 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(0723) 365024 British Birds Established over 80 years The quality independent monthly magazine for the serious birdwatcher. FOR ADVERTISING DETAILS SANDRA BARNES 0621 815085 X Identification of Hume’s Short-toed Lark 269 155 & 156. Hume’s Short-toed Lark Calandrella acutirostris, Israel, February 1986 ( Hadoram Shirihai) 157. Hume’s Short-toed Lark Calandrella acutirostris of the subspecies tibetana, China, June 1987 ( Urban Olsson) 158. Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla, Israel, April 1984 ( Urban Olsson) 159. Short-toed Larks Calandrella brachydactyla, Israel, November 1985 ( Paul Doherty ) dark oblong patch on rear ear-coverts; also, frequently, fairly large pale patch on lower ear-coverts, and pale crescent below eye (framed by dark) is generally slightly more prominent, but ear-coverts of Short-toed sometimes rather uniformly patterned. UPPF.RPARTS Base colour slightly darker and greyer, most notably on eastern subspecies. Mantle and scapulars generally distinctly less heavily marked. Sometimes, however, difference in streaking is less obvious; on both species, upperparts more heavily streaked when worn than when fresh. Scapulars tend to be slightly less contrastingly patterned on inner vanes. Uppertail-coverts usually contrastingly warmer, more rufous-tinged than rest of upperparts (only exceptionally so on Short- toed), but this usually very difficult to see in field, and uppertail-coverts sometimes approximately same colour as rest of upper- parts. UNDF.RPARTS Usually distinct greyish-brownish (faintly tinged huffish) pectoral band, especially on eastern subspecies, generally contrasting markedly with whitish rest of underparts (flanks sometimes show a little buffish). Breast of Short-toed usually paler and more buffish, often forming patches on sides rather than complete breast-band and often extending prominently onto the flanks. On worn individuals of both species, underparts often mainly whitish. Dark patches on sides of upper breast sometimes very large and diffuse. Usually no streaks on breast (whereas Short-toed often shows a few- distinct streaks on sides of breast). WINGS When fresh, wing-bars and pale edges to tertials and secondaries are slightly deeper, more brownish than those of Short-toed. Dark centres of coverts, notably median coverts, tend to be less sharply defined and contrasting when fresh; usually less differ- ence in worn plumage. Centres of lowest row of lesser coverts at most slightly darker (whereas on Short-toed, often contrastingly dark, forming rather conspicuous dark bar). Primaries (not the outermost long primary) have less conspicuous pale edges. TAII. Feathers usually with distinctly rounder or squarer tips. Particularly on western subspecies, inner vanes of the outermost pair of tail feathers usually show little or even no pale (usually greyish to pale brow-n when fresh, gradually turning whitish), and usually no pale at tips of second outermost pair; on Short-toed Lark, there is usually considerable amount of pale (tends to be whiter, though often brownish-tinged) on inner vanes of out- ermost pair, and there is usually pale tip to second outermost pair, and sometimes also to third. Sometimes, extensive pale area on outermost pair (plate 154), but only little on Short-toed. The differences in tail pattern are of little help in the field. BARF. PARTS Bill on average proportionately slightly longer and more slender, but usually dif- ficult to judge in field, and much overlap. Bill brownish-yellowish, with distinct dark culmen and tip to lower mandible (on Short- toed, usually pale pinkish, sometimes pale yellowish-brow-nish, w-ith less distinct dark culmen and tip to lower mandible). Tarsi, and, particularly, toes and claws, often distinctly darker than those of Short- toed. WING FORMULA 5th primary distinctly longer, almost or actually equal to 4th, 3rd and 2nd (1st minute). On Short-toed, 5th primary much shorter than 2nd, 3rd and 4th. 5th primary emarginated (unlike Short- toed). CALL The two species’ flight calls are very differ- ent. Usual flight call of Hume’s Short-toed is a rather full, rolling ‘tiyrr’ or ‘tiurr-. Call 270 Identification of Hume ’s Short-toed Lark more resembling Short-toed — ‘djirr-de’ — frequently a single or double, soft ‘djyp’ or sometimes heard. The usual flight call of ‘dju’ is heard, often in combination with the Short-toed is drier ‘trrip’, ‘trriep’ or ‘prrit’; rolling note, 4rriep-dju’. Table 1. Measurements (in mm) of Short-toed Calandrella brachydactyla and Hume’s Short- toed Larks C. acutirostris Both sexes and all ages combined; over 100 individuals of each species Sources: Dementiev & Gladkov 1954; Ali & Ripley 1972; Svensson 1984 (Short-toed); Vaurie 1972 (Hume’s Short-toed); and H. Shirihai (BMNH) Short-toed Hume’s Short-toed Wing 84.0-103.0 81.0-102.0 Tail 49.0-65.0 50.0-67.0 Bill (length) 12.0-16.5 12.5-15.8 Bill (depth) 5.4-6.9 4.9-6. 0 Bill (width) 5. 2-6.2 4.8-5. 8 Tarsus 20.0-22.0 19.0-22.0 Hind claw 6.5-11.5 6.3-10.0 Summary of most important characters The most important characters distinguishing Hume’s Short-toed Lark and Short-toed Lark of the subspecies longipennis in the field are: prominence of supercilium, particularly in front of the eye; pattern of lores; pattern on ear-coverts; base colour and prominence of streaking on crown, mantle and scapulars; colour and pattern of breast; colour and pattern of bill; and call. In the hand, they are easily distinguished by wing formula; differences in tail pattern can also be judged. Differences from other subspecies of Short-toed Lark The differences between Hume’s Short-toed Lark and Short-toed Lark of the subspecies longipennis described above are useful also for distinguishing Hume’s Short-toed from the other subspecies of Short-toed Lark. The latter are, however, much easier to distinguish unless the plumage is very worn. Their upperparts are much richer and more rufous; the forehead and crown are often even more rufous, strongly contrasting with the rest of the upperparts. The forehead and crown of Hume’s Short-toed are often browner than the rest of the upperparts, but never so contrasting. The sides of the breast (and often the flanks, too) are also much more warmly coloured than on Hume’s Short-toed Lark, and the belly is generally buffish-tinged. Subspecies of Hume’s Short-toed Lark The western subspecies acutirostris breeds east to western Tibet; the slightly larger subspecies tibetana (table 2) breeds in the rest of Tibet. The latter has slightly greyer upperparts and a more pronounced, greyer breast-band; the outermost pair of tail feathers tends to have a slightly more extensive and paler pattern on the inner web. 160. Hume’s Short-toed Lark Calandrella acutirostris, Israel, February 1986 (Hadoram Shirihai). Most individuals show even less pale on outermost tail feather than this individual 161. Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla, Israel, September 1985 (Per Alstrom). This individual shows normal amount of white on outer pairs of tail feathers Table 2. Measurements (in mm) of the races of Hume’s Short-toed Lark Calandrella a. acutirostris and C. a. tibetana All ages combined; over 50 individuals of each race Sources: Dementiev & Gladkov 1954 ( acutirostris ); Ali & Ripley 1972; Vaurie 1972 (tibetana)-, and H. Shirihai (BMNH) C. a. acutirostris C. a. tibetana cfcf 9$ cfcf 99 Wing 83.0-96.0 81.0-92.0 89.0-102.0 84.5-96.0 Fail 52.0-66.0 50.0-65.0 55.0-67.0 54.0-60.0 Bill (length) 13.0-15.8 12.5-15.2 13.0-15.3 13.0-15.0 Tarsus 20.0-21.5 19.0-20.5 19.0-22.0 19.0-21.0 Acknowledgments PA wishes to thank Urban Olsson for his invaluable support during field trips to Asia and for supplying photographs. Many thanks are due to Paul Doherty for a large number of photographs of Short-toed Lark. PA is also most grateful to Dr Alan Knox and Peter Colston, Dr Jon Fjeldsa and Dr N.-O. Preuss, and Dr Cheng Tso-hsin and Dr Tan Yao-kuang for giving him access to the collections at, respectively, the British Museum (Natural History), Zoologisk Museum and Zoological Institute, Academia Sinica. HS also wishes to thank Peter Colston and Paul Doherty for assistance at the BM (NH) and for sending photographs, respectively. He also thanks the International Birdwatching Center Eilat and the Israeli Nature Reserves Authority for sponsoring his work. Zeela Shariv provided access to the skin collection at the University of Tel Aviv. Many thanks to Arkia Israeli Flight Company for transporting the lark to Tel Aviv by plane in first-class accommodation. HS is also most grateful to Shmoel Vinkler, director of Kodak Color in Israel, for sponsoring his photography at Eilat, and last, but not least, to Merav Gellert for her help with fieldwork. Summary The first record of Hume’s Short-toed Lark Calandrella acutirostris for Israel and the Western Palearctic was in February 1986. The identification of Hume’s Short-toed Lark is discussed. It is very similar to Short-toed Lark C. brachydactyia, especially of the Central Asian subspecies longipennis. The main distinguishing characters are summarised under ‘Summary’ of most important characters’ and ‘Differences from other subspecies of Short-toed Lark'. References Al.t, S., & RIPI.F.Y, S. D. 1972. Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Bombay and London. Cheng, Tso-hsin. 1976. [A Distributional List of Chinese Birds.) Beijing. [In Chinese] 272 Identification of Hume’s Short-toed Lark Dementiev, G. P., & Gladkov, N. A. (eds.) 1954. Birds of the Soviet Union. Jerusalem. [Translated from Russian] SVENSSON, L. 1984. Identification Guide to European Passerines. 3rd edn. Stockholm. Vaurif., C. 1965, 1972. The Birds of the Palearctic Fauna. London. [Per Alstrom, Krister Mild and Dan Zetterstrom are currently engaged in writing and illustrating Larks, Pipits and Wagtails: an identification guide for Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd. Eds] Once upon a time, back in the 1950s when I was still a discontented medical student frequenting the Bird Room at the British Museum (Natural History), 1 found a representative collection of birds of the inadequately explored Tristan da Cunha group awaiting incorporation there. I fell upon the donor, and was pleased to find that, instead of evading interrogation and trying to put me down in the way that I had come to expect of my elders, he was equally keen to discuss his observations. This meeting with Hugh Elliott led to 30 years of correspondence and meals in obscure places where we would compare our birdwatching activities and put the world right, and I would urge him to mount the latest barricade, while he suggested I come off it. He was also a conscientious administrator who subsequently travelled around the world in the cause of conservation, treating everyone equally informally, doing his office-work as he went, and birdwatching during every spare moment. He had a particularly impressive technique for dealing with committees, wandering in like a stray tramp and apparently going to sleep in a corner until everyone was exhausted by argument, when he would wake up, cough, and diffidently propose a compromise just as the nearest bar was about to open. He was greatly respected, and his proposal would instantly be adopted. He was born in India and educated at the Dragon School, Oxford (where he was based), Eastbourne College, which was noted for its natural history, and University College towards the close of the period between the wars when Oxford was seizing the lead in British ornithology. He joined the Colonial Service in Tanganyika in 1937, where he met the Moreaus, who introduced him to serious ornithology, later serving for a memorable interlude as the first Administrator of Tristan da Cunha, Hadoram Shirihai , Rarities and Distribution Committee of Israel, FOB 4168, Eilat 88102, Israel Per Alstrom, Marholmsvdgen 105, S-436 45 Askim, Sweden Sir Hugh Elliott, Bt, OBE (1913-1989) [«n7. Birds 83: 272-274, July 1990] 162. Sir Hugh Elliott, Bt. OBE (1913-1989)(Cfcc Elliott) during 1950-52, overlapping with another exceptionally nice and disting- uished South African ornithologist who has also recently died. Buntv Rowan, wife of the manager of the new crayfishery, so that the island briefly enjoyed an ornithological Ministry of all the Talents. At home, he also used to visit the Isle of May with Maury Meiklejohn, inventor of the Hoodwink Dissimulcitrix spuria. After leaving Tanzania when it obtained its independence in 1961, he became first Commonwealth Liaison Officer and then Secretary -General to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Long after he retired, he continued to edit IUCN technical publications, and a book on the national parks of the world (which it is to be hoped someone will soon ensure gets published). He also served the British ornithological organisations in many capacities, was a Trustee of the British Museum (Natural History) and collaborated with James Hancock on a book on The Herons of the World (1978). 274 Sir Hugh Elliott ( 1913-1989 ) Personally I do not attach much importance to public honours, holding with Robert Burns that ‘rank is but the guinea’s stamp; the man’s the gowd for a’ that.’ It was a surprise when Hugh inherited a baronetcy, but it has seemed increasingly appropriate. In common with two other leading ornithologists I have known, Sir Norman Kinnear and Sir Landsborough Thomson, he was wise, courteous, learned, enlightened, steadfast, industrious, temperate, modest, unassuming, and kind with an outstand- ing record of public serv ice, in fact everything that a knight traditionally ought to be, and it was a privilege to have known him; we need more people like this. He leaves a wife, Elizabeth, a son, Clive, who is also a notable ornithologist, and two daughters. Further details will be found in an eloquent tribute by Richard Fitter in The Independent for 12th January 1990. W. R. P. Bourne Mystery photographs -j The flat back, long neck, and white ‘cheeks’, side- nape and flanks should have made identification of the bird in plate 141 (repeated here) as a grebe (Podicipedidae) straightforward and almost instant. The intensity of the near-black dark areas and the impression of relatively small size (in comparison with the rippled water) cuts the choice to Red- necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena, Sla- vonian Grebe P. auritus or Black- necked Grebe P. nigricollis\ Pied- billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps , Fittle Grebe Tachybaptus rupcollLs and Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus never look so dark on the upperparts, and do not have such a contrasted, black-and-white head pattern; Little often has a fluffed-out rear-end (though the others, especially Black-necked, also do sometimes); and Great Crested has a far more serpentine neck, and is much larger. [Brit. Birds 83: 274-278, July 1990] Mystery photographs 275 164. Adult winter Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena moulting to summer plumage, with largely dark neck, Mid Glamorgan, February 1979 (Howard Nicholls). Dagger-like, pale (yellow)-based bill, often (as here) held pointing downwards 165. First-winter Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena with largely pale neck, Kent, January/ February 1985 (Daind Tipling) The upperparts of Red-necked usually look rather paler than those of the two smaller contenders (brownish rather than black) and the rear upper neck is often quite dark, or at least dusky, rather than white or the near-white shown by our mystery bird. So, we are considering either a Slavonian Grebe or a Black-necked Grebe. None of the usual best features is visible: we cannot see whether the bill is straight or tip-tilted; whether the cap ends in a straight line level with the eye or dips below, with dark rather than white ear-coverts; or whether 276 Mystery photographs 166. Slavonian Grebe Podiceps auritus with extensive white on foreneck, Berkshire, January 1985 (Tony Croucher). Flattish crown; strong black-and-white contrast; ear-coverts largely white; straight, pale-tipped bill 167. Slavonian Grebe Podiceps auritus with mainly dark lower neck, Suffolk, February 1978 (J. D. Bakewelt) the crown is flat or the forehead peaked. We can, however, see some helpful features. The lower neck seems wholly dark, so the white (if there is any) must be relatively restricted in extent. The dark cap is joined to the dark lower neck by only a thin (and perhaps incomplete) stripe down the rear upper neck. Perhaps more significantly, the whitish rear-neck area seems to extend rather high below the rear crown. The two earlier points could apply to either species, but the last one points strongly (though not Mystery photographs 277 168. Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigncollis with palest (almost white) area behind ear-coverts, Mid Glamorgan, February 1982 {Wilf Nelson). Steep forehead, crown peaked just behind eye; tip-tilted appearance to bill; dark ear-coverts; dusky ‘cheeks’ 169. Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis with fluffed-out rear-end recalling Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis , Cornwall, February 1970 (/. B. & S. Bottomley) conclusively) towards Slavonian. With that in mind, is it imagination that the crown seems relatively flat and with the suggestion of a peak towards the rear (well behind the eye) rather than at the front? The photographer, P. R. Boardman, identified this bird in Christchurch Harbour, Dorset, in April 1986, as a Slavonian Grebe, and that can just about be deduced from the evidence in his excellent mystery photograph, even though the usual key features are hidden. JTRS 278 Mystery photographs 170. Mystery photograph 157. Identify the species. Answer next month Notes Little Grebes rearing three broods in Buckingham- shire Little Grebes Tachybaptus ruficollis first bred at Aylesbury sewage-works, Buckinghamshire, in 1981, when a wet grassland irrigation plot remained flooded throughout the summer. In 1986, a small (0.49-ha) outlet lagoon carrying slow-moving cleansed effluent was dredged to a depth of 3 m in places; this substantially increased the aquatic invertebrate and fish populations there and, in 1987, a pair of grebes reared two broods each of three young. A pair overwintered during the Notes 279 exceptionally mild winter of 1987/88, when, unusually, the lagoon remained ice-free. In 1988, this pair built three successive nests, at spaced intervals of 20 m and 28 m around the periphery' of the lagoon. No other Little Grebes were present. The incubating grebes were watched during change-over at each nest, but an accurate clutch count was not possible. Recently hatched broods were first noted on 5th June (four young), 10th July (one) and 27th August (two); both male and female fed the small young as normal, but the male took sole charge of tending them later when the female was on eggs again. On 9th September, all nine grebes (parents and young) were together on the lagoon, picking dipteran flies at the water’s surface. No signs of brood-division by the parents were noted. Thereafter, increased vocal and physical territorial aggression was evident, and by mid September several grebes had dispersed to stretches of the adjoining tributary of the River Thame. rHie Handbook describes the Little Grebe as ’double-brooded: possibly three occasionally’, a statement repeated in BWP (vol. 1). The above confirms this species’ ability to rear three sets of young in one year. David Glue British Trust for Ornithology , Beech Grove, Tring, Hertfordshire HP23 5XR In Central Europe, three broods are reported to occur when conditions are favourable (e.g. Egretta 25: 1-11), which may well have been the case at Aylesbury in 1988. Eos Shags up-ending and fishing together on foot On 3rd October 1984, my wife and I were watching a group of 1 1 Shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis in the large, shallow, sandy bay of Alcudia, Mallorca, Spain. The Shags were feeding actively in shallow water, 17 m offshore, by simply up-ending, very like a dabbling duck. They were evidently exploiting a large shoal of small marine fish (which we did not identify specifically). As the fish moved in towards the shore, we could see that there were at least 5,000-7,000 individuals, none larger than 35 mm; they moved in among a group of small rocks 50-60 cm high and scattered intermittently over some 30 m of shore, where the water was only 8 cm deep. The Shags followed the shoal inshore and pursued their prey on foot, walking swiftly, if in an ungainly manner, and making frequent kills; this continued for some eight minutes and ceased abruptly when the Shags reached the end of the stones, the fish presumably having dispersed. J. G. YOUNG Nature Conservancy Council, South-East Scotland Region, 12 Hope Terrace, Edinburgh EH9 245 Little Egret feeding in association with fishing Cormorant On 28th June 1972, near Asamiti on the shore of Lake Prespa, southern Yugoslavia, I watched a Little Egret Egretta garzetta catching small fish in a rather unusual manner. It stood on the edge of the water while a Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo dived regularly 40-50 m out: as soon as the Cormorant dived, the egret flew out to the spot where the Cormorant had been; as the egret reached it, a shoal of fish, disturbed by the Cormorant, surfaced, and the egret then ‘hovered’ for a few seconds while attempting to catch a fish. It repeated this behaviour several times, catching a fish on 280 Notes at least two occasions; the egret would leave the shore as soon as the Cormorant dived, but some time before the fish surfaced. Although 1 spent two weeks by the lakeside, this was the only occasion on which I observed this behaviour; on 19th June, however, I saw a Little Egret catch a fish as it was flying over the water. P. J. Barden 13 Lockeridge Road, Bere Alston, Yelverton, Devon PL20 7 AW This behaviour is perhaps not surprising, although it is not mentioned specifically for Little Egret by Hancock & Kushlan (1984, The Herons Handbook)-, the latter do, however, state that Little Egrets make use of foraging opportunities, such as those afforded by cormorants Phalacrocorax in the water. Eds Spotted and Lesser Spotted Eagles soaring with wings raised On 5th November 1986, near Hai Bar Reserve, north of Eilat, Israel, Jon L. Dunn, Joe Morlan, Claudia Wilds and I observed a soaring Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga. It was a typical juvenile, but it soared in a manner atypical of the species. The ‘arm’ (inner wing) was held in the normal, level, position, but the ‘hand’ (outer wing) was slightly raised; this created a flight silhouette resembling that of a Buzzard Buteo buteo, although from below the wings were not so V-shaped as on Buzzard, being held somewhat flatter. Spotted Eagle, as well as Lesser Spotted A. pomarina and Steppe Eagles A. nipalensis (= A. rapax ), normally soars with the hands slightly downcurved, and, of over 100 Spotted Eagles that I have observed, the above-mentioned individual has been the only exception to that rule. Of several thousand Lesser Spotted Eagles observed in the Middle East, the Bosporus and in Europe, only three have shown an atypical flight silhouette similar to that of the above Spotted Eagle: two were on autumn migration through Istanbul, Turkey, in September 1975 and one at Falsterbo, Sweden, in September 1989. The only West Palearctic eagles which normally soar with wings raised are Golden A. chrysaetos and Verreaux’s Eagles A. verreauxii , but both these species hold their wings (including both arm and hand) more noticeably raised and also show longer tails than, for example, Spotted Eagle. Although soaring with slightly raised hand is exceptional for Spotted and Lesser Spotted Eagles, it clearly does occur. This wing attitude alone does not, therefore, exclude either Spotted or Lesser Spotted Eagle, nor perhaps Steppe Eagle. Klaus Malling Olsen Mollegade 21, st.t.h., DK 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark Oystercatcher using distraction technique in absence of eggs or young On 22nd July 1985, in Holkham Park, Norfolk, 1 inadvertently disturbed a pair of Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus from the grassy bank of a fairly large lake. They showed the typical anxiety and behaviour associated with incubating or brood-tending Oystercatchers, but they were quite clearly without eggs or young. One Oystercatcher repeatedly flew overhead, calling loudly in a very agitated manner, and then landed in the centre of the lake; three or four times it repeated this behaviour. At no time did it seem uncomfortable on the water, and some of its ‘swims’ which I timed lasted for over one minute. It once landed among a mixed Notes 281 flock of Greylag Anser anser and Canada Geese Branta canadensis , which gathered around and adopted typically threatening postures towards it, but the wader paddled away fairly unperturbed and returned to dry land only when I had moved into nearby cover. Since the Oystercatcher delayed its return until my apparent departure, 1 can only conclude that my presence had precipitated its initial behaviour; presumably, the Oystercatcher had wished to distract my attention away from (non- existent) young, and this was a latent response of recently failed breeders. Mark Cocker 111 Earlham Road, Norwich, Norfolk \’R2 3RF Assuming that well-hidden young were not present, Mr Cocker’s final deduction seems the likely explanation. Low-intensity responses may also be shown early in the season by pre-breeding pairs of waders. Ens Lice seen to drink from eye of Oystercatcher On 19thjune 1984, on the Isle of May,. Fife, Roger Hainsworth and I were photographing an Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus at its nest from a hide about 2 m away. The nest was in a hollow among rocks, sheltered from the wind and so forming a natural sun trap; the day was warm and sunny. On four occasions during 13.30-15.30 GMT, 1 watched what 1 took to be feather lice Mallophaga appear from the feathers on the bird’s cheeks and make their way along the surface of the plumage to the edge of the bird’s eye, w here they apparently drank, remaining there for some 10-15 seconds on each occasion. The actions of the invertebrates did not appear to irritate the Oystercatcher. On the following day, RH witnessed similar behaviour. Barry Nattress 25 West Lea Drive, West Ardsley, Wakefield \ST3 IDH Malcolm Greenwood, who, with colleagues at the University of Technology’, Lough- borough, Leicestershire, has studied the neglected area of parasites on birds, has commented as follows: ‘I telephoned a colleague at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), and our collective view is that this is a most interesting observation. Birds can carry two kinds of lice: the true feather feeders (Ischnocera), which tend to be more prevalent, and the amblvceran lice, which are known to imbibe blood and body fluids as well as take feather fragments. It is likely that the observation concerned the amblvceran type, two genera being possible on Oystercatcher: Actomithophilus and Austromenopon. In experiments we have undertaken with the amblvceran louse Irinoton, we have found a high liquid demand, and it would seem not unreasonable for the observations described above to be highly likely.’ Eds Camouflage posture of Jack Snipe W. Beere and J. N. Hollyer (Brit. Birds 74: 440-441; 77: 319-320) described Jack Snipes Lymnocryptes minimus resting in low vegetation in such a way that their plumage details aligned and blended with their surroundings. During extremely cold weather on 17th February 1985, at West Hyde, Hertfordshire, I watched a Jack Snipe posture under different circumstances. It was feeding in the open on a watercress bed with many other birds, including Snipes Gallinago gallinago and Black-headed Gulls Larus ridibundus. The bed, virtually devoid of vegetation, was bordered by a low concrete retaining wall. While the Jack Snipe was feeding actively near the centre, all the gulls suddenly took off 282 Notes Fig. 1. Camouflage posture of Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus, Hertfordshire, February 1985 (J. D. Feamside) in alarm. The Snipes remained still or crouched low, but the Jack Snipe ran quickly to the nearest retaining wall, pressed its body against it, raised its tail and lowered its head (fig. 1; very' like postures c and d illustrated by J. N. Hollyer). The wall was unmarked and smooth, yet even here the normal ‘expected’ shape of a bird was disrupted and it looked like a clod of earth. It held this position for approximately two minutes until the gulls returned, when it ran back to where it had been feeding. J. N. Hollyer suggested that the posturing was related to roosting activities and/or the particular environment. My observation, however, shows that this is at least not always the case, as the bird was vigorously feeding before and after the event; it also could not align itself with any vegetation, yet it went out of its way to try to use the only substantial physical feature available. It follows that the Jack Snipes seen by T. I). Evans and W. Beere need not necessarily have been roosting. J. D. Fearnside 18 Wilcot Avenue, Oxhey, Watford WD1 4AT Arctic Skua killed by sea-barbel spine An Arctic Skua Stercorarius parasiticus ringed as an adult at Fair Isle, Shetland, on 27th June 1977 was found dead at Yzerfontein (33°15'S, 18°08'E) on the west coast of South Africa on 26th January 1985. It had attempted to swallow, base first, the serrated dorsal spine of a sea barbel Tachysurus feliceps. The backward- pointing serrations on the 62-mm spine had prevented swallowing, and had forced the sharp distal point of the spine through the palatal and frontal bones to protrude from the head in front of the eyes in a unicorn- like horn. It was not clear whether death resulted from the injury or starv ation, although the healed appearance of the wound and the lack of body fat suggested the latter. The basal part of the spine remained in the buccal cavity, limiting feeding. Many fish have spines to reduce the risk of predation (e.g. Recher & Recher 1968), but it is unlikely that an Arctic Skua would tackle a live sea barbel of this size (30-40 cm). The spine was probably scavenged, and is an unusual food item for an experienced adult bird. Although piscivorous birds occasionally are incapacitated or killed by swallowing large or awkwardly shaped prey items (e.g. Harvey 1964; Bartlett 1971; Skead 1980), there are few records of prey items being lodged in the buccal cavity (cf. England 1970). Fish spines also occasionally kill seabirds when Notes 283 plunge-diving birds are impaled: a Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda found on the slopes of Mauna Loa, Hawaii, on 7th June 1984 had a 68-mm spine protruding from its breast (specimen in Bishop Museum, Honolulu). Peter G. Ryan and Graham Avery Fitzl^atrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa South African Museum, Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa REFERENCES BARTI.F.TT, E. 1971. Immature heron disgorging large eel. Brit. Birds 64: 317. ENGLAND, M. D. 1970. Blackbird’s death caused by snail. Brit. Birds 63: 84-85. HARVEY, P. 1964. Gannet swallowing 17-inch splinter of wood. Brit. Birds 57: 301. Rechf.r, H. F„ & Rechf.r.J. A. 1968. C Comments on the escape of prey from avian predators. Ecology 49: 560-562. SKF.AD, 1). M. 1980. Whitebreasted Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo chokes on fish. Cormorant 8: 27. Guillemot taking food from hand The paper by P. Hope Jones and E. I. S. Rees on Guillemots Uria aalge and Razorbills Alca torda at sea {Brit. Birds 78: 370-377) prompts me to record the following. On a calm day in early September at the beginning of the 1970s, my father, while on an angling trip out of Cobh, Co. Cork, photographed an adult winter- plumaged Guillemot which had been feeding near the boat. One of the fishermen on board tried to entice the auk with a piece of mackerel Scomber scombrus; the Guillemot swam up to the boat, picked the piece of fish from his fingers, moved off a few metres and ate it. It did not appear sick or injured. Other Guillemots were present in the area. I can find no reference in the literature to this kind of behaviour by Guillemots in the wild. Jim Wilson 8 Bond Street, Cobh, Co. Cork, Ireland Ectoparasitic mites on Dipper nestlings Ectoparasites are apparently infrequent on Dippers Cinclus cinclus. In handling over 3,000 nestling and adult Dippers during 1979-89, we only rarely recorded any ticks, hippoboscids, fleas, mites or lice; feather mites (species not determined) occurred on several occasions in faecal samples, probably as a result of preening. Rothschild & Clay (1952, Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos: a study of bird parasites) noted that the flea Ceratophyllus styx, which is generally strictly host-specific to Sand Martins Riparia ripatia, had been found on the Dipper at least four times and from widely separated areas; they also recorded a group of red mites which suck the blood in the nasal cavities of a variety of species, including the Dipper. We found two species of flea in Dipper nests: Ceratophyllus gallinae and Dasyphyllus gallinulae. In May 1985, during a routine surv ey of approximately 120 Dipper nests on rivers in South and Mid Wales and the Welsh borders, one brood was found to be infested with thousands of mites, which quickly covered our hands, arms and faces; unusually, the nestlings, about 12 days old, were calling con- tinuously and were in apparent distress (subsequent visits revealed that they had, however, fledged successfully). Specimens of the mites were collected and subsequently identified as Ornithonyssus sylviarum, the northern fowl mite: this species belongs to a family of mesostigmatid 284 Notes mites, the Macroyssidae, which are specialised blood-sucking ectopara- sites; it is found on poultry, pigeons (Columbidae) and other birds in temperate climates, in some instances transmitting viruses. A second Dipper clutch was laid in the same nest, but the resulting brood was seemingly free of mites. Since 1985, we have found further occasional broods infested with these mites. Two species of hippoboscid or lousefly — Omithomya avicularia and 0. chloropus— have been found too on Welsh Dippers. 0. avicularia has been recorded on a Dipper in Germany (Spitznagel 1985), but 0. chloropus has not previously been found on a Dipper host. It is now also clear that feather lice occur in small numbers on many individuals. Our thanks are due to M. T. Greenwood of the Department of Human Sciences, University of Technology, Loughborough, Leicestershire, and to Drj. A. Fowler of the School of Life Sciences at Leicester Polytechnic for their help in identifying the various parasites. Stephanie J. Tyler, Sarah Tyler and S. J. Ormerod RSPB Wales Office, Bryn Aderyn, The Bank, Newtown, Powys SY16 2AB Veery in Devon On 3rd October 1987, a group of us made our annual trip to Lundy, Devon, to trap and ring migrants on behalf of the Lundy Field Society. At 12.00 GMT on 10th October, J. K. Blackey extracted a small thrush-type bird from a mist-net in one of the walled gardens at the bottom of the Millcombe Valley, an east-facing hanging wooded valley of mainly ash Fraxinus excelsior and sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus with often dense undergrowth of bramble Rubus and grass with small rock outcrops. On examining the bird, we came to the conclusion that it had to be a Thrush Nightingale Luscinia luscinia, although those of us who had been present when one had been caught on Lundy in 1981 (Brit. Birds 75: 516) remarked that it was very bright and boldly marked, and there were certain discrepancies from details given in Svensson (1984). I made a full description, and the bird was photographed and examined by a good number of experienced birdwatchers who were also on the island. It was retrapped several times over the next week, but was always released immediately, to avoid unnecessary handling. During our stay up to 17th October, we never saw the bird in the field. Before 15th, and despite a period of westerly winds varying from SW force 6 on 7th to NW force 8-9 on 8th and SW force 8 on 9th, there had been a strong movement of birds, including Goldcrests Regulus regulus, ChiffchafTs Phylloscopus collybita , at least two Red-breasted Flycatchers Ficedula parva , ten Lapland Buntings Calcarius lapponicus and two Wrynecks Jynx torquilla. On the morning of 10th, with the wind N force 1-2, a very large influx of Goldcrests occurred. On 15th, after I had left the island, A. G. Gosler and others caught a Swainson’s Thrush Catharus ustulatus, also in the Millcombe Valley (Brit. Birds 82: 579). L. Tollitt and B. Tollitt took over on 17th, and at 14.00 GMT on 19th, in the wooded area at the bottom of the valley close to where both birds had been caught, located a small thrush-like bird bearing a ring, which they at first took to be the Swainson’s. Several features did not tally, however, also 7X 42B/GAT* *. . . particularly useful in confined habitats, such as woodland or forest : for seawatching or raptor-watching. . ' (British Birds Vol 79 No. 6 June 19861 Zeiss - a tradition of excellence. The preferred binocular of experienced birdwatchers worldwide. Unsurpassed in quality and performance. Excellent image contrast; superior light transmission at dawn and dusk: genuine “ET special eyepieces with unrestricted viewing for spectacle- and non -spectacle wearers alike; true close focusing (5m). For brochure and nearest stockist please contact Sturdy and dependable. Available with or without rubber armour. 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NIKON OPTICRON 8 X 23 waterproof 157 60mm HR body (128) 148 1 0 x 25 waterproof 157 Ditto, with rubber (155) 164 OPTICRON# 60mm HR body (45°) (150) 168 8x42 HR II (140) 145 Zoom eyepiece (65) 76 10x42 HR II (145) 150 Other eyepieces' from 20 10x50 HR II (155) 167 8 x 42 Dioptron (HRI) 110 CLASSIC “IF” (new)# 10 x 42 Dioptron(HRI) (110) 115 75mm body (119) 137 10 x 50 Dioptron (HRI) (120) 127 60mm body (99) 118 9 x 35 BCF Minerva 169 Eyepieces, from (22) 23 8 x 40 BCF Minerva 170 Zoom eyepieces (50) 59 10 x 40 BCF Minerva 175 CENTURY TELESCOPES 60mm, rubber-armoured, with 20x eyepiece and case 1 70 NIKON (new models) 30x or 40x eyepiece 20 20 x 60 Fieldscope II 269 20-45x zoom eyepiece 52 20-45 x zoom Fieldscope II 333 20 x 60 Fieldscope ED II 489 GREENKAT 20-45 x zoom Fieldscope ED II 553 60mm, SGN-3, for angled and 30 x, 40 x, 60 x eyepiece 75 straight eyepiece. 161 Camera adaptor (optical) 159 20x, 30x, 40x, 50x eyepieces, KOWA# TSN-1 body (45°) (265) 295 each 26 TSN-2 body (255) 295 PICCOLO TSN-3 body (45°) 555 60mm body 128 TSN-4 body 555 Zoom eyepiece (65) 76 25 x or 40 x eyepiece 59 Other eyepieces from 20 20 x (WA) eyepiece 89 30 x (WA) eyepiece 109 TRIPODS (one handed) 20-60 x zoom eyepiece (119) 139 Slik D2 73 OPTOLYTH# Slik SL 67 105 TBS 80 body (45°) (320) 350 Manfrotto 1 44/200 103 TBG 80 body (straight) (320) 350 Manfrotto 1 44/1 28 98 TB eyepieces from (56) 64 Manfrotto 1 90/200 91 BAUSCH & LOMB Optex 77 70 ‘NEW MODEL' 15-45x60 Universal clamp 38 Elite waterproof/fog-proof Hide clamp, new type 40 scope, with case 368 Car window mount 25 We are only 15 minutes’ drive from the M25 (e.g. via the A3 and then the Merton Turn-off) or 2 minutes’ walk from Morden tube. Parking: 1st left past our entrance (50 yds). (D692) xii Notes 285 notably the absence of an eye-ring. After taking field notes, therefore, they set a single-shell mist-net, and caught the bird the next day. A detailed examination confirmed that it could not be Swainson’s Thrush, and they then checked the ring number and found that I had ringed it as a Thrush Nightingale. On 23rd, this bird and the Swainson’s Thrush were both retrapped in the same net-round, allowing direct comparison in the hand, which made it obvious that the two were congeneric. A process of elimination led LT & BT to consider that the first bird must be a Veery Catharusfuscescens, a species which differs from its congeners in the uniform foxy hue of its upperparts and tail and in the generally rather restricted and diffuse breast markings (A. R. Dean in litt.). I heard about this recapture and the identification doubts by telephone on the evening of 21st October. I had not until then had a chance to check over my notes, but when my slides came the next day a brief examination of both made it obvious that we had been mistaken. I then checked my notes against the description of the Thrush Nightingale we had caught in 1981 and against that in Ihe Handbook', the bird was clearly different. On the other hand, the general description was compatible with that of Veery given by National Geographic Society (1983) and Peterson (1947). JK.B was able to refer to Cramp (1988) in page-proof, which 1 later saw myself, and to check measurements, wing-formula and detailed description. The main discrepancies shown by the Lundy individual were lack of emargination of the fifth primary (p5) and a notch only on p2 (not on p3). A critical examination of my slide (plate 171), however, shows a very slight tendency to emargination on p5; and Allsopp (1972) stated that, on the Veery at Porthgwarra, Cornwall, in 1970, p5 was only slightly emarginated, while notches are not mentioned. Furthermore, after checking skins at the British Museum (Natural History), Tring, Peter Colson reported (in litt. to A. R. Dean) that the emargination of p5 is generally very slight and could easily be overlooked if one did not know to look for it. The Lundy Veery' was clearly in first-winter plumage, and, from wing, bill and tail measurements, probably a female. FIELD DESCRIPTIONS LT & BT provided the following October: Predominantly brown, intermediate in size between Song Thrush Turdus philomelos and Robin Erithaais mbecula. Breast dappled, at first glance similar to juvenile Robin. Tail medium length, square. Eye noticeably large and dark; no eye-ring. Legs long, angled, as on Robin. Posture generally similar to that of Robin. Feeding habits most akin to those P. G. Lansdown (in litt.), who also appearance: Forehead, crown and nape gingery brown; mantle, back, scapulars and tail a darker gingery brown, as were coverts, greater details, from observations on 19th of Robin: would drop to ground to feed in leaf litter for short periods (usually out of sight), reappearing on low er boughs of trees, mostly on major limbs, not small branches, and not more than 2 m above the ground. Watched under various conditions down to 8-9 m. observed the bird, noted its striking coverts being thinly tipped with buff, form- ing a wingbar. Rump paler than rest of upperparts, but even brighter in tone. Chin 286 Notes pale greyish; throat and upper breast a colourful pale yellowy-buff, liberally spotted with small, diffuse greyish splodges; centre of breast dull, pale grey with extremely faint lines of grey splodges; lower breast and belly unmarked pale grey; flanks unmarked smoky grey; urttiertail-coverts a contrasting white. DESCRimON IN THE HAND I noted the following details on 10th October, when the bird was first trapped; Upperparts uniformly brown, with slight russet tinge, flecked on crown and mantle with some darker marks. Primaries, secon- daries and rectrices brown; second and third tertials tipped buff. All coverts brown, grea- ters tipped buffish-brown with ‘thorn’ mark- ings. (LT & BT give these colours as rust rather than brown.) Lores greyish, ear- coverts brown (less rusty than crown), malar stripe brown. Chin whitish-buff, throat and breast buff, heavily streaked and spotted brown (rather less on throat than on breast); belly and undertail-coverts grey-white, shad- ing to brownish-white on flanks. Underwing greyish-brown with white bar across inner end of secondaries and proximal primaries. Bare parts Bill dark horn, lower mandible paler at base; yellowish gape. Legs purplish- brown. Eye dark brown, large; indistinct eye-ring, rather paler to rear of eye. Rictal bristles long and black. Measurements Wing 94 mm; tarsus 29 mm; bill (to skull) 16 mm; tail 62 mm. Wing formula: wing point p3; pi —3.5 pc, p2 —2, P4 —1, P5 -6.5, P6 - 1 1.5, P7 - 15, P10 -21; p3 and p4 emarginated; p2 notched (19 mm). Weight: 26.7 g at 12.00 GMT on 10th October. 171. Veery C.atharus fuscescens, Devon, Octo- ber 1987 (/. M. B. King) The difficulty over this identification arose for several reasons. The bird was not seen in the field by anybody until 19th, nine days after it was first caught, which was remarkable considering the number of active, experienced birdwatchers who were on Lundy at the time and that the area where it was caught, and within which all subsequent sightings occurred, is the most thoroughly watched part of the island. Furthermore, all movement of migrants around the date it was found had been of species with a north to easterly origin. In addition, the only detailed descriptions we had with us were in Svensson (1984), which does not cover Nearctic species. Once the bird obliged with field views, and with access to further detailed descriptions, the problems vanished. Full credit for the initial correct identification goes to LT & BT, who were in the invidious position of contradicting an identification already made by somebody known to them. We now know that there was an influx of North American vagrants around the same date, mainly in western Britain. This was only the second record of Veery in Britain and Ireland, the [The inclusion of plates 171 & 172 in colour has been subsidised by a donation from ZEISS West Germany) Notes 287 172. Veery Catharus fusee sceris, Devon, October 1987 (Nick Walk) first having been in southwest Cornwall in October 1970 (Allsopp 1972). The only other West Palearctic record is of one in Sweden in 1980 ( Var Fagelvarld 39: 137-138). From the above observations, however, it seems that the species could easily be overlooked, since this Veery was around for at least nine days in a very well-watched area before it was seen in the field; after this it became much more ‘visible’, moving out from the undergrowth to more open spots, so that it was often seen on grassy areas and gave good views to all the hundreds of t witchers who visited the island up to 11th November. The last date on which it was trapped was 30th October, when it had increased somewhat in weight, to 30.3 g. J. M.^B. King Fiveway s, Bratton Road, West Ashton, Trowbridge , Wiltshire BAM 6AZ REFERENCES Al.I-SOPP, E. M. P. 1972. Veery in Cornwall: a species new to Britain and Ireland. Brit. Birds 65: 45-49. CRAMP, S. (ed.) 1988. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. vol. 5. Oxford. NATIONAL Geographic Society. 1983. Field Guide to the Birds of North America. Washington. Peterson, R. T. 1947. A Field Guide to the Birds. Boston. SVF.NSSON, L. 1984. Identification Guide to European Passerines. Stockholm. WlTHERBY, H. F.,JOURDAIN, F. C. R., TlCF.HL RST, N. F., & Tucker, B. W. 1938. The Handbook of British Birds, vol. 2. London. Mimicry by Mistle Thrush On 16th August 1985, at Chew Valley Lake, Avon, I heard a distant Mistle Thrush Turdas viscivorus give a call which was remarkably similar to the bubbling of a Curlew Numenius arquata. I noted it down, but thought no more of it until 2nd May 1985 w hen, in a different area of the lake, I heard a Mistle Thrush mimic a Curlew call, the ‘kleep’ of an Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus and a perfect Whimbrel N. phaeopus trill, all in the space of 15 minutes. The late Laurel A. Tucker BWP vol. 5 states simply: ‘Mimicry rare in study of 4 birds in Sussex (England)’. Eds 288 Notes Incompatibility of Choughs and Peregrines In view of the statement by Bullock et al. (1983) that the Peregrine Falco peregrinus ‘has been unfairly cast as the implacable enemy of the Chough' Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax, it is interesting that two isolated Welsh inland nesting sites of Chough were deserted when they became occupied by Peregrines. At both sites, the Choughs nested inside chambers branching off open slate-workings. At one, occupied since at least 1967, the same nesting hole, just inside the mouth of the cavern, was used until 1983, when the pair built on a ledge near the back of the chamber; in January 1984, a Chough was roosting in the site, but no nesting took place that year, nor in 1985. We first saw a Peregrine (an immature) in the quarry in late 1983, and immatures roosted there regularly during 1984 and 1985. At the second site, Choughs reared three young in 1980; in the next year, they laid eggs, but John Harrop (verbally) then found the nest destroyed, and only one adult was seen later that spring. No nesting has occurred there since. An immature Peregrine was present in the quarry in early April 1980, and in 1981 an adult male paired with an immature female held territory there; Peregrines occupied the quarry in all subsequent years, breeding in 1984 and 1985. Perhaps the Choughs’ presence near Peregrine roosts in winter, when medium-sized prey is rather scarce in the uplands, makes them more likely to be attacked by the falcons. Such losses could make tenancy of isolated sites fragile, particularly when added to the Chough’s low breeding output in inland Wales and its relatively sedentary nature (Bullock et al. 1983). John Lawton Roberts and John Hawkins Belmont, Berwyn, Llangollen, Clwyd LL20 8AL REFERENCE Bullock, I. D., Drewett, D. R., & Mickleburgh, S. P. 1983. The Chough in Britain and Ireland. Brit. Birds 76: 377-400. Letters Snipe with upturned bill The recent interesting note by Paul D. Morris (Brit. Birds 83: 117, plate 67) recalls a similar instance, involving an incubating female Snipe Gallinago gallinago with an upcurved bill which I photographed in Cumbria (then Westmorland) injuly 1956 (Brit. Birds 50: 75, plate 16). J. B. Bottomley Venwyn Cottage, Hellesveor Place, St Ives, Cormvall TR26 3AQ Letters 289 Waders roosting in mangroves R. G. H. Cant’s observations of waders roosting in mangroves (Brit. Birds 78: 236) are not without precedent. The use of mangroves as high-tide roosts by waders, especially Redshanks Tringa totanus and Whimbrels Numenius phaeopus, in Malaysia has been reported previously by Medway & Nisbet (1965, Malayan Nature Journal 19: 160-194). Subsequently, Nisbet (1968, Ibis 110: 348-352) noted the following species as being largely dependent on mangroves for roosting (in Malaysia): Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus , Whimbrel, Black- tailed Godwit Limosa limosa, Redshank, Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus , and 'other waders in small numbers’. In Sierra Leone, Field (1968, Ibis 110: 354-357) recorded Grey Plovers Pluvialis squatarola and Whimbrels using the prop roots of Rhizophora mangroves as high-tide roosts, while in 1 rinidad ffrench (1966, Ibis 108: 423-424) recorded the following species as 'living in mangrove' (but it is unclear whether this included perching at roost): Grey Plover, Semipalmated Plover C. semipalmatus , Greater and Lesser Yellowlegs T. melanoleuca and T. Jlavipes and Spotted Sandpiper Actitis rnacularia. I have occasionally seen Whimbrels roosting in mangroves in Hong Kong. The ability of certain waders to roost in mangroves at high tide may have been important in tropical areas before man caused large-scale changes to the coast. An undisturbed alluvial mangrove coast typically is intertidal flats backed by the 'mangrove swamp' (mangal), which in turn gives way to freshwater swamp forest or terrestrial forest, although in some areas (such as parts of East Africa) the mangrove is backed by a vegetation-free sand flat resulting from very high salt concentrations (Walter, 1971, Ecology of Tropical and Subtropical Vegetation ). Thus, although mangrove-associated intertidal flats are usually highly productive, a lack of suitable roost sites could have reduced their availability to waders as feeding grounds. Destruction of coastal mangrove belts to form saltpans, prawn ponds and fish-culture ponds, as is frequent in many parts of Southeast Asia, has provided additional roosting (and sometimes feeding) sites for waders; it must also, however, have reduced detritus input, and thus productivity, at least locally. David S. MELVILLE WWF Hong Kong, GPO Box 12721, Hong Kong Age of Crested Lark: a correction The Crested Lark Galerida cristata depicted in ‘Mystery photographs 146' (Brit. Birds 82: 346-348. plate 232) is not juvenile as stated, but a fresh, newly moulted first-winter or adult winter (moult is actually not yet completed — the primaries are still growing). PER ALSTROM Marholmsvagen 105 , S-436 45 Askim, Sweden We apologise to Iain Robertson, into whose accurate text the offending, inaccurate sentence was inserted editorially. Eds Ageing of White-throated Sparrow I was a little puzzled by the statement in the 1987 rarities report, referring to the White-throated Sparrows Zonotrichia albicollis in Shetland in May and June, that ‘one or 290 Letters both may have been first-summer individuals’ {Brit. Birds 81: 591). I do not know of any plumage character of this species which distinguishes first- summer from older individuals. The White-throat'6d Sparrow is, of course, dimorphic, and in some publications (for example, the earlier editions of Peterson’s Field Guide to the Birds) the dull morph is incorrectly identified as an immature. In practice, even in autumn, I do not use plumage to age sparrows, but rely on skull ossification and wing length for ageing and sexing, and by the following spring do not age them at all. This species’ dimorphism also renders subjective judgments on ‘brightness’ of plumage very suspect. 173. White-throated Sparrows Zonotrichia albicollis, Ontario, Canada, May 1975 (.4. D. Brewer) My photograph (plate 173) was taken in spring on the breeding grounds (my back garden). The age of the bright individual is not known, but the dull morph shows an individual which had been ringed at the same location two years previously. Unfortunately, our retrap rate is very low (most White-throated Sparrows in southern Ontario are migrants), so we are not able to compare plumages of the same individual over time. A further point perturbs me. It may be an artefact of the printing, but the photographs of the Kergord individual (Brit. Birds 80: plate 256; 81: plate 307) seem to show a heavily streaked breast. This is characteristic of a juvenile, not of an older immature, and this plumage is lost by mid August. Since typical hatching dates for this species in Ontario are around 8th June (possibly slightly earlier in the southernmost parts of the range, in Pennsylvania), and given the usual fledging period of 1 1-12 days, a date of 16thjune (and most certainly one of 13th May) is distinctly implausible for a vagrant juvenile in Shetland. Consequently, if the Kergord — and definitely the Unst — White-throated Sparrow is a juvenile, I would strongly suspect a captive origin; it would be very difficult to imagine a small, hitherto undetected breeding population in Britain, as the species’ song is so distinctive and arresting and on a quiet evening can be heard 800 maway. David Brewer R.R. 1, Puslinch, Ontario NOB 2 JQ, Canada We invited Peter Pyle, co-author of Identification Guide to North American Passerines (Pyle, Howell, Yunick & DeSante 1987), to give his opinion on the plumage shown in the previously published photographs. His reply was as follows: ‘The plumage of the White- [The inclusion of plate 173 in colour has been subsidised by a donation from ZEISS West Germany] Letters 291 throated Sparrow as depicted (Brit. Birds 80: plate 256; 81 : plate 307) certainly suggests that it is a juvenile, and ii this is the case might indicate that it hatched in Britain. The streaking on the bird appears too extensive and distinct for a typical first-winter or first-summer individual, and the facial plumage also is duller than one would expect on a post-juvenile bird, this point is strengthened by the 16th June date, as by this time this species normally moults into breeding plumage, which eliminates most if not all breast streaking, including on one-year-olds, and brightens the facial features considerably. Even first-winter birds typically have less distinct (more sullied) streaking which does not extend across the centre of the breast as suggested in 81: plate 307. As I m sure you are aware, however, passerines are known to keep juvenile plumage for atypically extended periods of time, and this may be more common in vagrants or those having undergone a stressful event such as long-distance vagrancy. The 16th June date may be a trifle early for a juvenile, as I believe young of this species do not usually leave the nest until later in June or July. If I were required to make a guess, 1 would lean towards its being a one-year-old female that has probably wintered in Europe and has abnormally retained juvenile-like plumage. I he date would be consistent with a late, northbound migrant at that latitude. I his seems more likely to me than its actually being a juvenile and thus having either hatched in Britain or dispersed to Shetland or on to a ship during post-fledging wandering.’ Eds Trees for birds I applaud the environmental statements by the leaders of the political parties (Brit. Birds 82: 434-441) and do not wish to be disparaging of their efforts, but one point of detail causes me concern. Paddy Ashdown admonishes us to plant native trees in our gardens for the benefit of birds, with hedges of beech Fagus sylvatica and holly Ilex aquifolium for their high conservation value, rather than Leyland cypress Cupressocyparis leylandii ‘which supports little insect-life’. Agreed. It is remarkably healthy and pest-free. But birds need more than food alone. They have to breed and roost. And no tree is more sought out by garden and woodland birds for these vital affairs than is Leyland cypress, unless it be the equally exotic Californian Lawson cypress Chamaecyparis luwsoniana. The two trees most valuable in attracting birds to a garden are these cypresses. They give high cover of the right densities all through the year. The often-recommended rowan Sorbus aucuporia gives food for a week or so. Who ever saw a nest in a rowan? Nesting birds need cover from early March. Native trees are bare until mid May. They are useless to our birds. These all nest in cypresses, clipped (Chinese) Lomcera and (Caucasian) cherry laurel Prunus laurocerasus. They find their insects on the lawn and in the shrubbery', long grass and vegetable-garden, as well as on native oaks Quercus, birches Betula and hawthorns Crataegus around already. How can a patch stand out as a decorative garden if it is of the same species as the surrounding, monotonously species-poor woodiand? Birds are opportunists, but bad botanists. They use whatever trees suit their purpose and neither know nor care whether they came from Chile or China. The ‘natives only bandwagon, like the ‘acid-rain-is-killing-our- trees’ one, runs on ignorance and should not be allowed to roll any farther or it will severely impair our gardens and their bird populations. Alan Mitchell Rosemead , 24 Lickfolds Road , Rowledge, Famham , Surrey GU10 4AE Reviews A Birdwatchers’ Guide to Morocco. By Patrick and Fedora Bergier. Prion, Perry, 1990. 70 pages; 12 line-drawings; 23 maps. Paperback £8.75. This book is a little gem. There are detailed maps and texts covering 15 of the best birdwatching areas in Morocco, set out under the headings locations, accommodation, strategy (the best times to go, the best sort of transport, what the roads are like, tips, and notes of caution), birds (giving details of the most interesting and typical species to be found in the area) and other wildlife. There is no waffle: it is succinct, but readable, and filled with really useful and relevant information for the visiting birdwatcher. The maps are very clear, as is the well-laid-out text, and the design and choice of typeface give the whole book a clean and workmanlike appearance. A selection of Mike Langman’s line-drawings feature some of Morocco’s mouthwatering specialities. As well as the information given undereach locality, there are general tips on what to take w'ith you, what to do before you go, the best ways of getting to Morocco and travelling within Morocco, points to bear in mind about the hotels, the climate, what clothing to wear, health hazards, medical facilities and a hundred and one other useful bits of advice. There are full species lists for birds, amphibians and reptiles, land mammals, sea mammals and orchids, as well as a bibliography and a list of local contacts and societies. All this is crammed into 70 pages, without the book hav ing any appearance of being cramped for space. Indeed, there is a useful wide margin for the addition of one’s own notes of things to remember on one’s second or third trip. All the information for those localities w'hich I know tallies very well with my experiences, largely in the 1970s. The only sentence in the entire book with which I would quibble is that which says: ‘Moroccan cooking is said to be one of the best in the world . . .’; presumably it is mostly Moroccans who say this, for, in my view, Moroccan cuisine does not match Moroccan birds or Moroccan scenery. This series of ‘Birdwatchers’ Guides’ is a splendid addition to the ornithological literature. This Guide is ‘an absolute must’ for any birdwatcher contemplating a visit to Morocco. J. T. R. SHARROCK Birds of the Tideline: shorebirds of the Northern Hemisphere. By Alan Richards. Dragon’s World, London, 1988. 224 pages; over 200 colour plates; 75 distribution maps; 75 silhouette illustrations. Hardback £14.95. There has been a recent proliferation of books on the subject of waders, so how does this one fill a gap on the bookshelf? It serves primarily as a general commentary on the waders which breed in Northern Europe and North America, not the whole of the Northern Hemisphere as the sub-title suggests. It follows a species-by-species format which gives accounts of appearance, habits, distribution and movements, and status within Britain, if relevant. Each account is accompanied by a map showing the species’ world range and a small flight silhouette drawing. Thus, the treatment is far more general than, for example, Shorebirds (Hayman, Marchant & Prater 1986), this book being much less of an identification aid. I found the choice of geographical area a little restricted — the book could have been much improved by encompassing the remaining Eastern Palearctic breeding species (of which some exciting photographs exist) to produce a comprehensive Holarctic statement. Eighteen species recorded ‘regularly or intermittently in North America or Europe’ are relegated to an appendix, but one of these species (Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis) actually breeds in the area under consideration and, therefore, surely merits full treatment. Curiously, Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris is missing from this list, despite having occurred in Alaska on at least ten occasions. The most eye-catching feature of this book, however, is the number of excellent colour photographs which fill the pages, covering such exciting and unfamiliar birds (to a British observ er) as Surfbird Aphriza virgata and Rock Sandpiper Calidris ptilocnemis, as well as more familiar Palearctic waders. The standard of the photographs used is extremely high and 292 Reviews 293 great care has obviously gone into their selection. Many of the photographs were new to me, personal favourites being the nesting Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria and the wading Woodcock Scolopax rusticola. It was disappointing, however, not to see a photograph of a male Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus. There are errors in the book, for example the 1984 Stilt Sandpiper Micropalama himcintopus is incorrectly credited to Lancashire in the photograph caption, although Cheshire’s honour is restored in the text. In addition, recent British experience has shown that white undertail- coverts are not necessarily a feature of summer-plumaged Pacific Golden Plovers Pluvialis fulva, and finally the ‘Lesser’ Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes pictured on page 176 is surely a Greater Yellowlegs T. rnelanoleuca ? Such errors are, however, few and detract little from what is a visually pleasing and informative review of this fascinating group of birds. ANDY STOOD ART Short reviews The Complete Birdwatcher: illustrated encyclopedia of birds (192 pages). Birds of Britain and Europe. By John Andrews (128 pages). Bird Sounds of the World (Cassette). (Hamlyn, London, 1989. £17.95) This is more than a book, it is an attractively presented package comprising a hardback encyclopedia, containing some familiar material from other Hamlyn publications; a soft-cover, photographic fieldguide, first published in 1978 (reviewed Brit. Birds 71: 315); and an audio cassette of 30 selected bird songs and calls from around the world. The target audience is the beginner bird- watcher, adult or child, who is likely to be well pleased with the lavish use of colour and the informative text. ‘Complete’ has to be a misnomer, but in the right hands it will arouse interest, bring much pleasure and may generate a thirst for more knowledge. [Pf.tf.r Hofdf.n] Choughs and Land-use in Europe: pro- ceedings of an international workshop on the conservation of the Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax in the EC. 11-14 November 1988. Edited by Eric Bignal and David J. Curtis. (Scottish Chough Study Group. 1989. 112 pages. Paperback £10.00) A useful collection of old and new European studies, on the status and biology of this scarce and localised species. The key con- servation message is its dependence on diverse, low-intensity, pastoral landscapes which are unattractive to modern farmers. There are some local examples of successful conservation management through changes in grazing. The larger challenges will have to be met through wider countryside mechan- isms such as Less Favoured Areas and Environmentally Sensitive Areas. [Cot.INj. Bibby] Audubon Wildlife Report, 1989/1990. Edited by William J. Chandler. (Academic Press, San Diego, 1989. 585 pages. $39.95) The now-familiar yearbook of the National Audubon Society, with assorted conserva- tion topics of current interest, selected case histories and much additional information in appendices. [ M l K F E v F R f i t ] The New’ Approach to Identification. By Peter Grant and Killian Mullarney. (Peter Grant, Ashford, 1989. 39 pages. Paperback £5.00) A series of articles from Birding World brought together in one cover. Exceptionally well-presented, well-argued case for using the detailed and systematic approach to field identification advocated in the text — but perhaps too much emphasis on its being an entirely novel approach. Nevertheless, this is an invaluable little book, and there can be no doubt that we can all learn much from it and improve our field skills accord- ingly. Topographies, structures, movements in relation to«plumage positions and appear- ances, size problems, moult and termino- logy are well and concisely discussed. Strongly recommended. [ M I K F. Eyf.RETT] The Social Badger: ecology and behaviour of a group-living carnivore. By Hans Kruuk. (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1989. 155 pages. £15.95) The results of over ten years’ study of badgers Meles meles, to investigate their peculiar social organisation and explain why they live in groups, are presented in this book. For the serious amateur. [ D a VI D A N D ER SO N ] Birds of the W'orld: game birds. By John P. S. Mackenzie. (Harrap. London. 1989. 144 pages. £14.95) The brief text (20 pages) is derivative, uninformative and often mis- 294 Short reviews leading or just plain wrong — the Collared Dove Streptopelia decaoclo first nested in the UK in 1955, not 1930 as stated here. It could be worth buying for the 123 colour photo- graphs, a few of which are excellent. [Tim Inskipp] Der Graue Kranich. By Hartwig Prange. (Die Neue Brehm Biicherei 229. A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt, 1989. 272 pages. Paperback DM32.40) Authoritative and comprehensive review (18 contributors and 880 references) of all aspects of the biology of the common Crane Grus grus , including extensive information on migra- tion and distribution, and an overview of all 15 crane species. [DANIEL G. Duff] Taming the Flood: a history and natural history of rivers and wetlands. By Jeremy Purseglove. (Oxford University Press, Ox- ford, 1989. Paperback £9.95) Paperback version of a title first published in 1988. A fascinating work of reference, information and practical conservation advice — authoritative and well researched. Recom- mended. [Mike Everett] Interesting Things about Birds. By Tom Slack. (United Writers, Cornwall, 1989. 72 pages. £7.50) This is a miscellany of facts and opinions about common species which is most likely to appeal to the non- birdwatcher who is curious about some of the birds he sees around him. [Pf.tf.r Holdf.n] A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica. By F. Gary Stiles and Alexander F. Skutch. Plates by Dana Gardner. (Christopher Helm, London, 1989. 511 pages. Paperback £30.00) A guide to the birds of a small country with "perhaps the richest avifauna (over 830 species) for its size of any in the world, by two authors who know the birds better than anyone. It is more than a field guide (and larger, though not inordinately so), containing information on habits, voice, and status, in addition to descriptions and 52 excellent colour plates by Dana Gardner, illustrating nearly every species. The 57 pages of introductory matter give useful accounts of the country’s geography and climate, habitats, and the state of conserva- tion (very' good by comparison with other Central American countries, but still giving cause for concern). [D. W. Snow] In Spain’s Secret Wilderness. By Mike Tomkies. (Jonathan Cape, London, 1989. 240 pages. £12.95) Entertaining and thought-provoking book about the parts of Spain the average tourist never discovers. The lively style and excellent colour photo- graphs create ‘a good read’. [Peter Holdf.n] Where the World is Quiet. By Roland Williams. (H. F. & G. Witherby, London, 1965, reprinted in paperback 1989. 224 pages. £4.00) Here are accounts of six holidays during which the author searches for the nests of Red-throated Divers (kwia stellata (without a licence), ponders the identification problems of Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur and gives us intimate details of his photographic problems. The book is illustrated with several of the author’s unre- markable photographs. Original review by D. I. M. Wallace: Brit. Birds 58: 388- 389. [Pf.tf.r Holdf.n] ALSO RECEIVED: Seals. By Sheila Anderson. (Whittet Books, London, 1990. 128 pages. £6.95) Mice of the British Isles. By Michael Leach. (Shire Natural History, Princes Risborough, 1990. 24 pages. Paperback £1.95) A Twitcher’s Diary. By Richard Millington. (Blandford Press, Poole, 1981, second edition 1990. 192 pages. £10.95) (Reviewed Brit. Birds 75: 104) Announcement Books in British BirdShop A SPECIAL OFFER for BB subscribers this month: the 1968 classic Eagles , Hawks and E'alcons oj the World by Leslie Brown and Dean Amadon, now in a single-volume hardback edition (1989). Only limited stocks are available. Please use the British BirdShop order forms on pages xiii & xiv. Requests 295 Photographs of large falcons For a forthcoming identification paper in British Birds on the large falcons ol the Western Palearctic, including Fanner Falco biarmiius , Saker F. cherrug, Gyrfalcon h. rusticolus and Peregrine F. peregrinus, photographs (in the field or in the hand) are required as reference material and for possible publication. All photographs will be acknowledged on receipt by letter and also in the paper. Please send prints or transparencies to Hadoram Shirihai, PO Box 4168, Eilat 88102, Israel. Tunisian avifauna To assist in the compilation of an up-to-date account of the status and distribution of the birds of Tunisia, all unpublished information (old as well as recent), such as birdwatching reports, bird-lists or hand-written notes, would be very much appreciated. Records of scarce species should be supported, if possible, by detailed field notes. Please send your information to Thierry Gaultier, Institut National de Recherche Scientifique et Technique, Unite d’Omithologie, BP 95, 2050 Hamman-Lif, 'Tunisia. News and comment Robin Prytherch and Mike Everett Opinions expressed in this feature are not necessarily those of ‘British Birds’ Welsh Conference 1990 The third annual conference of the Welsh Ornithological Society was held in Aberystwyth on 7th April and attracted nearly a hundred partici- pants. The Society’s chairman, Peter Hope Jones, opened the conference and intro- duced this year’s theme: ‘Birds in Wales, especially freshwater’. It was appropriate that the opening speaker should be Welsh Water’s Brian Nelson, who, with ‘Welsh water and conservation’, underlined that group of companies’ commitment to conser- vation. We were then treated to a tour around this year’s featured Welsh county, Anglesey, by Jim Clark, who concentrated on the birds at the many and various lakes on the island. After coffee, Peter Ferns presented some fascinating statistics and theories on ‘Changes in bird populations of the Severn Estuary’ and discussed the large number of diving ducks now preferring the estuary to local fresh water. Next, Tony Fox entertained us with an unashamedly wildfowl-based Welsh Bird Quiz, which was won by Richard Davies. The first speaker after lunch was Bob Haycock, who talked on ‘Llangorse Lake: birds and problems’, and showed what can be achieved by enthusias- tic teamwork at a popular leisure site. Then Steve Carter introduced the 'Waterways Bird Survey’ to gain, hopefully, at least a few new recruits to this important population- monitoring scheme. After tea, John Lawton Roberts delighted us with his witty observa- tions and excellent slides (including the Glossy Ibis Plegadis faicinellus which won the title ‘Bird Photograph of the Year' in 1984: Brit. Birds 77: 175, plate 53) in ‘Salines, Birds and Bulgarians’. This was followed by the Society’s AGM, which completed a thor- oughly entertaining and absorbing day. (Contributed by Peter Lcmsdown) Strange Welsh birds D. G. P. Chatfield has sent us two cuttings from the Caernarfon & Denbigh Herald , one of them reporting on a field trip by members of the North Wales Wildlife Trust during which they saw ‘busards, kestrals and a peregrin’. We as- sume they meant Bwncath, Cudych Coch and Hebog Tramor. The other cutting refer- red to complaints about the clearance of trees and flowers from a site where one could see such birds as ‘tree hoppers’. W hat next?, we are wondering. Awards for bird projects Two projects have received awards from the Shell Better Britain Campaign. The Cambridge Bird Club will receive some funding towards their Bam Owl Conservation Programme which has the main objectives of providing nesting and roosting sites for the owls, and 296 News and comment improving hunting habitat by liaising with farmers and landowners. The other group, at Breydon Water Local Nature Reserve, Norfolk, will receive money to help with the building of a new birdwatching hide and tern breeding island at Breydon Water. Congratulations to them both; and to Shell. Transmitter threat in Israel The Voice of America plans to build a massive radio transmitter in the northern Arava Valley, Negev Desert, Israel. The Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel is worried that this transmitter, which, if built, will be one of the largest of its kind in the world, may seriously affect migrating birds. The Arava Valley, a part of the great Syrian-East African Rift Valley, along with adjacent areas in Israel and Jordan, is crossed by millions of migrating raptors, storks and passerines on their journeys between Africa and Europe or Asia in both spring and autumn. Those migrants which pass close to the transmitter may not only get caught up in the web of huge net antennas, over twenty 150-m-high towers, cables, guys, and so on, but may also face other threats. Whether the massive output of a total of eight million watts will have effects on the navigation or other behaviour of the birds is not known. The SPNI is calling for an environmental impact statement (required by Israeli law), but, interestingly, the VOA has never drafted such a statement for any of its dozen transmitter stations built during the last 30 years. There are, however, strict guidelines for human beings who work near such sources of radiation. If you feel concerned about this, write for more information to the Israel Ornithological Centre, 155 Herzl Street, Tel Aviv 68101, Israel, or write directly to the American Ambassador in your country of residence, with a copy to the IOC. BOU Annual Conference The British Ornithologists’ Union’s annual conference held at Aberdeen during 5th-8th April was devoted to ‘Long-term Bird Studies’, and was attended by a cosmopolitan audience of about 1 30 people. The opening address was given by Charles Krebs of Vancouver, who reported that all the most familiar terms currently used in such studies such as ‘important’ and ‘monitor’ as well as the bird names are no longer considered fashionable in North America (where they are still trying to agree on alternatives), and Roy Taylor, who showed a picture of the famous plots of land where wheat has been grown con- tinuously for T50 years at Rothamstead and still produces a higher yield than the North American prairies so that they do not propose to interrupt this study to change its name just yet. Two contributions of more general in- terest were provided by Des, Patrick and Mamie Thompson, who reported that a decline in the number of Greenshanks Tringa nebularia in their famous study-area in north- west Sutherland seems more likely to be due to the disturbance of their habitat by fisher- men’s vehicles than to forestry; and by Roger Bailey and Mike Harris, who reported that a recent decline of North Sea auks seems more likely to be due to a deficiency of sprats in the winter than of sandeels in the summer; it seems regrettable that the RSPB has dropped its international winter beached bird surveys just at the point where they might have provided useful evidence on this issue. The AGM was well attended in the hope of a lively session following the vote to call a halt to the introduction of new English names from North America for most of our birds last year. It was reported that all but one of the members of the Records Commit- tee subsequently resigned, and the Union is still trying to reconstruct it. Meanwhile, it has decided to separate the consideration of vernacular nomenclature from that of bird status, and separate working parties have been set up to consider the views submitted on the former and bring the British and Irish Bird List up to date. It was also decided that the President should write again to the new Secretary of State to remind him that the Union is still unhappy about the termina- tion of ornithological research at the Natural History Museum. The conference terminated with the award of the Godman-Salvin medal to Re- gius Professor George Dunnet and a native celebration known as a ‘ceilidhe’. It was generally considered a great success, largely owing to the miraculous recovery of Gwen Bonham and Clem Eisher when the car carrying most of the relevant documentation was written ofT on the way into Aberdeen, and impeccable local organisation by Stan Howe. The meeting was also remarkable for the revelation of a local bird book about the Birds of North East Scotland with the smallest print yet recorded. It seems time more of the people interested in the future of British ornithology joined these highly entertaining News and comment 297 parties to help bring the Union up to date. {Contributed by Dr W. R. P. Bourne) Photographic ‘Birding’ The American Birding Association’s magazine, Birding , re- cently celebrated its twentieth anniversary by producing a special double issue on bird- photography (February/April 1989). It is an excellent read for bird-photographers, with some 33 articles on different aspects of bird- photography. These deal with equipment, techniques (elementary to advanced), bird- photographic hot-spots (in North America), showing and exhibiting your photos, and several other aspects of the subject. Need- less to say, it is well illustrated, with good photographs. There will be few bird- photographers who will not learn something from this publication. The ABA can be contacted at 4 Swallow Drive, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80904, USA. (RJC & DS) New County Recorders Chris C. McGuigan, 10/9 Blair Street, Edinburgh F.HI IQR, has taken over from Mike Leven as Recorder for Lothian (except East). Stuart R. Green, 41 Laird Street, Downfield, Dun- dee DD3 9QK, has taken over from Rick Goater as Recorder for Tayside (Angus, City of Dundee). Changes of address of County Recorders Tony Broome, County Recorder for Cheshire, now lives at Sibirica, 9 Vicarage Lane, Poynton, Cheshire SKI2 IBG; Will Wagstaff, County Recorder for the Isles of Scilly, now lives at 42 Sally Port, St Mary’s, Isles of Scilly TR2I OJF.. Monthly marathon It was almost impossible to judge the size of that flying wader (plate 104), but very few people fell into the trap of overestimating its bulk. Entrants named it as: Sanderling Calidris alba (93%) Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola (5%) with a few votes each for Greater Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii, Knot Calidris canutus, Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tiyngites subruficollis and Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos. It was, indeed, a juvenile Sanderling, photographed by Dr Richard Chandler in Florida, USA, in September 1988. Of the leading contenders, none failed at this eighth stage. Those still fighting out the race to win the SUNBIRD birdwatching holiday in Africa, Asia or North America are Stephan Cherrug (Sweden), Martin Helin (Finland), Stefan Lagerblad (Sweden), Andrew Mackay (Leicestershire), Jean-Sebastien Rousseau (Belgium) and Andy Stoddart (Norfolk). If one of them beats all the others, this month’s puzzle (plate 174) will be the first stage in a new, fifth ‘Monthly marathon’; if not, it will be the eleventh stage in the current, fourth contest. For a free SL1NBIRD brochure, write to PO Box 76, Sandy, Bedfordshire SGI9 IDF; or telephone Sandy (0767) 682969. Sponsored by 298 Monthly marathon 174. ‘Monthly marathon’ (first stage in fifth contest, or eleventh stage in fourth contest: photograph number 49). Identify the species. Read the rules on page 41 in the January' issue, then send in your answer on a postcard to Monthly Marathon, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford, MK+4 3NJ, to arrive by 15th August 1990. Recent reports Compiled by Barry Nightingale and Anthony McGeehan This summary covers the period 11th May to 15th June 1990 These are unchecked reports, not authenticated records Great White Egret Egretla alba Rutland Water (Leicestershire), 26th May. Ring-necked Duck Ay thy a collaris Male, Ellis’s Gut, Lough Neagh (Northern Ire- land), 27th May. Pectoral Sandpiper Calidiis melanotos Strand Lough (Co. Down), 26th-27th May. Long-tailed Skua Stercorarius longicaudus Adult, Bann Estuary (Co. Londonderry), 3rd June. Bonaparte’s Gull Lams Philadelphia First- summer, Lady’s Island Lake (Co. Wexford), 10th June. Lesser Crested Tern Sterna bengalensis Fame Islands (Northumberland), 26th May to at least 14th June. Little Tern Sterna albifrons of North Ameri- can race antillarum Rye Harbour Nature Reserve (East Sussex), 28th May to at least 12th June. Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus Lundy (Devon), 27th May to 12th June (first for the Western Palearctic). Pallas’s Sandgrouse Syrrhaptes paradoxus Loch of Spiggie (Shetland), 19th May to 4th June. Bee-eater Merops apiaster St Mary’s (Scilly), 22nd May; Murrintown (Co. Wexford), 26th May. Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla Sal- tee (Co. Wexford), 19th-20th May. Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor St Mary’s, 6th- 10th June (first for the Western Palearc- tic). Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus Cape Clear Island (Co. Cork), 19th May. Alpine Accentor Prunella collaris Alum Bay (Isle of Wight), 27th May to 5th June. Subalpine Warbler Sylina cantillans Female, Killough (Co. Down), 20th May. 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Tucker 288 Incompatibility of Choughs and Peregrines John lawton Roberts and John Hawkins Letters 288 Snipe with upturned bill J. B. Bottomley 289 Waders roosting in mangroves Daihd S. Melville 289 Age of Crested Lark: a correction Per Alstrom 289 Ageing of White-throated Sparrow Dr David Brewer 291 Trees for birds Alan Mitchell Reviews 292 ‘A Birdwatchers’ Guide to Morocco’ by Patrick and Fedora Bergier Dr J. T. R. Sharrock 292 ‘Birds of the Tideline: shorebirds of the Northern Hemisphere’ by Alan Richards Andy Stoddart 293 Short reviews Announcement 294 Books in British BirdShop Requests 295 Photographs of large falcons Hadoram Shirihai 295 Tunisian avifauna Thierry Gaultier 295 News and comment Robin Piytherch and Mike Everett 297 Monthly marathon 298 Recent reports Barry Nightingale and Anthony McGeehan Line-drawings: 255 Richard Richardson (Bryan Bland)-, 262 Hume’s Short-toed I .ark (Per Alstrom) Front cover: Woodcock {Gordon Trunkjield): the original drawing of this month’s cover design, measuring 18.6 X 20.8 cm, is for sale in a postal auction (see page 29 in January issue for procedure) II Volume 83 Number 8 August 1990 Identification of Yelkouan Shearwater Winter 1989/90 Mystery photographs • Notes • Letter Reviews • News and comment • Monthly marathon Recent reports British Birds Managing Editor Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Personal Assistant Sheila D. Cobban Assistant Editor David A. Christie Editorial Board Dr R. J. Chandler, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, R.' J . Prytherch 8c Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Photographic Consultants Dr R. J. Chandler 8c Don Smith Art Consultants Robert Gillmor 8c Alan Harris Rarities Committee P. G. Lansdown (Chairman), Alan Brown, G. P. Catley, Peter Clement (co-opted), A. R. Dean, S. J. M. Gantlett, C. D. R. Heard, R. A. Hume, J. H. Marchant, 8c K. E. Vinicombe; Peter Colston (Museum Consultant & Archivist); Michael J. Rogers (Honorary' Secretary ) Notes Panels BEHAVIOUR Dr C. J. Bibby, Dr J. J. M. Flegg, Derek Goodwin, Dr I. Newton, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, Dr J. T. R. Sharrock 8c Dr K. E. L. Simmons; IDENTIFICATION Dr R. J. Chandler, A. R. Dean, T. P. Inskipp, P. G. Lansdown, S. C. Madge, I. S. Robertson 8c Dr J. T. R. Sharrock ‘British Birds’ is published by a non-profit-making company for the benefit of ornithology © British Birds I.td 1990 Copyright of photographs remains with photographers. British Birds is published monthly by British Birds Ltd, 93 High Street, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire ISSN 0007-0335 Publishing Manager, Production & Promotion Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Circulation Manager Erika Sharrock Design Deborah Felts Advertising Sandra Barnes Addresses Please keep correspondence on different items separate. Please address your envelope correctly. Please supply SAF, if reply required. Papers, notes, letters, drawings & photographs for publication DrJ. T. R. Sharrock, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 :»nj Phone: Biggleswade (0767) 40025 Subscriptions and orders for back copies Mrs Erika Sharrock, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ. Phone: Biggleswade (0767) 40467 Advertising Mrs Sandra Barnes, BB Advertising, c/o Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ. Phone: Tiptree (0621) 815085 Bird news for ‘ Seasonal reports’ Barry Nightingale & Keith Allsopp, c/o 7 Bloomsbury' Close, Woburn, Bedfordshire MK17 9QS. Phone: Woburn (0525) 290314 (evenings); Luton (0582) 490049 (office hours) News items for ‘News and comment ’ Mike Everett & Robin Prytherch, 7 Burlington Way, Hemingford Grey, Huntingdon PF.18 9BS Rarity descriptions M. J. Rogers, Bag End, Churchtown, Towednack, Cornwall TR26 3 A 7. Special book and sound recording offers British BirdShop, NHBS, 2 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5XN. Phone: Totnes (0803) 865913 Annual subscriptions (12 issues and index) Libraries and agencies £38.40, IRE42.35 or $69.00. Personal subscriptions: UK, Europe and surface mail £31.20, IR£34.80 or $54.00; personal: airmail outside Europe £52.50, IR£58.35 or $94.00. Single back copies £4.00, IR£4.50 or $7.00. Make all cheques payable to British Birds Ltd. Payment may also be made directly into UK Post Office GIRO account number 37 588 6303. British Birds publishes material dealing with original observations on the birds of the West Palearctic. Except for records of rarities, papers and notes are normally accepted only on condition that material is not being offered in whole or in part to any other journal. Photographs and sketches are welcomed. Papers should be typewritten with double spacing, and wide margins, and on one side of the sheet only. Authors should carefully consult this issue for style of presentation, especially of references and tables. English and scientific names and sequences of birds follow The ‘British Birds’ List of Birds of the Western Palearctic (1984): names of plants follow Dony el at. (1980, English Names of Wild Flowers); names of mammals follow Corbet & Southern (1977, The Handbook of British Mammals). Topographical (plumage and structure) and ageing terminology should follow editorial recommendations (Hnt Birds 74: 239-242; 78: 419-427; 80: 502). Figures should be in Indian ink on good-quality tracing paper, drawing paper, non-absorbent board or light blue or very pale grey graph paper; lettering should be inserted lightly in pencil; captions should be typed on a separate sheet. Authors of main papers (but not notes or letters) receive ten free copies of the journal (five each to two or more authors). Printed in England by Newnorth Print Limited, Kempston, Bedford. in focus !04 HIGH STREET -JAR NET, HERTS. :N5 5SZ 081-449 1 445 081-441 7748 FAX: 081 -440 9999 HE BINOCULAR AND TELESCOPE SPECIALISTS BRITISH BIRDWATCHING FAIR 1990 313 at EGLETON NATURE RESERVE, RUTLAND WATER Nr Oakham, Leicestershire «. Friday 31 August to Sunday 2 September •eZotf focus1 UMMER ILD DAYSat II Marsh Scrape, 8 Valley Park. sNOAY DATES kAUG are pleased to offer three events at excellent bird watching site to help tomers choose their new ipment under field conditions, as as our full range of Binoculars, ^ scopes and Thpods Lee Valley < rangers will be on hand to give -ted walks to help enhance your etching day Please write or -ne *ln focus' for details and x-ctton REGIONAL FIELD WEEKENDS SUMMER ’90 RSPB BLACKTOFTS SANDS, HUMBERSIDE SATURDAY AND SUNDAY 11 &1 2 AUGUST CHEW VALLEY LAKE, AVON SATURDAY AND SUNDAY 29 & 30 SEPTEMBER The ideal way to test optics for birdwatching is to look at turds' These Field Weekenas at well known Reserves around the country will enable our customers to choose and select from our complete range of equipment under field conditions You are invited to apply m writing or by phone for an invitation and information pack to any of the above events indicating your preferred day and time of attendance Preference will be given to visitors with an invitation SCH & LOMB .£ QUESTAR £ 1 8x42BGA 699.00 Field Model 312* Broad 10x42BGA 699 00 Band Costing Supplied with • om 8x36 189 00 50x 80x Hood, Case 2200 00 30x-50x . 120 00 80x I30x 120 00 A £ Porro Prism 140 00 CN vid 8x20BC ...199 00 >- vid 10x25BC ...211 00 OPTOLYTH E vid 8x20BCA . ..211 00 205 00 r vid 1 0x25BCA 223.00 225 00 vid 7x42BA 559 00 Alpin 10x40BGA 230 00 > vid 8x42 BA 559.00 .241 00 vid 10x42BA 559.00 Osins 8x40GA 145 00 Osins 10x40GA 147.00 S WEST £ Touring 8x30BGA 388 00 . ...215.00 396 00 225.00 398 00 • * 8x20BGA 245.00 TBS80 Body 350 00 419.00 T8G80 Body 350 00 l 7x42BGAT 489.00 20x WA 188 00 10x40BG AT 499.00 30x WA 64 00 10x40BT 489.00 40x 65 00 tS 8x56BGAT 570 00 22x-60x Zoom 150 00 849.00 29.00 35 00 v-Jups (Set) 10.00 -ups Hand (Set) 10.00 4.00 OPT1CRON E Lanyard 10.00 HR 7x42 MC 143 00 • Case (50 ft) 24.00 HR 8x42 MC 145 00 HR 10x42 MC 150.00 HR 10x50 MC 167.00 ■ * H Minerva 8x40MC 170 00 1 .F 75 00 169 00 ‘in focus’ IN NORFOLK at Briarfields, Hotel, TITCHWELL WEEKEND DATES 4-5 AUG, 8-9 SEPT 6-7 OCT OPEN SAT-SUN 9-4 With the kind co-operation of Bnarfieios Hotel we are able to offer visitors and residents of the North Norfolk coast the chance to test compare and purchase from our full range of equipment With sp*en<*d views over the adjacent RSPB Reserve For further information and detarts contact 'In focus’. IF 79.00 :F 85.00 • CF 89 00 : >CF 135.00 •OCF 150 00 K>CF 249.00 ■DCF 279.00 IDCF.. 539 00 F 199 00 C OCF 219 00 | 24DCF 329 00 > cope II from 289.00 . x>pe ED II 20x60 499 00 ‘ ,*60 569.00 OOxWA. 30x. 40x veach 75.00 v ulti Coat Filter 20 00 t Hood 10.00 Kit.. 157 00 Minerva 10x42 MC HR Body 60 HR Body GA 60 HR Body 45 60 20x-60x Zoom 22xWA 25x or 40x Classic IF60 18xWA 25* Zoom 18x-40x Classic IF 75mm 22xWA 30x Zoom 22x-47x Piccolo Body Eye Pieces from Photo Kits from Cases for Scopes One Action Tripod OBSERVATION BINOCULARS Op tier on 20x80 Op tier on 30x80 175 00 148 00 164 00 168 00 76.00 32 00 30 00 118.00 23 00 23 00 50 00 137 00 23 00 23.00 59 00 128 00 29 00 28 00 1500 59 00 C 345 00 345 00 KOWA TS601 TS602 20x WA 20x 60x Zoom Case TSN-1 TSN-2 TSN-3 TSN-4 20x WA 25x 30x WA 40x 20x 60* Zoom Photo Kit Case for TSN Skua Case Rear Dust Dome CARL ZEISS JENA Jenoptem 8x30 Jenoptem 10x50 Deltnntem 8x30 Dakar em 1 0*50 Notarem 8x32 Notarem 8x32BA Notarem 10x40 Notarem 1 0x 40 BA Turmon 8x21 MIRADOR 8X408 1 0x40B 1 0x50B Merlin 50mmx25 Merlin l8x -40x60 Merlin 75mmx30. Merlin 22x -47x75 Case for Merlin CENTURY 60mm GA Body 20x-45x Zoom 20x30x40* £ 1 79 00 179 00 54 00 94 00 19 95 295 00 295.00 555 00 555 00 89 00 59 00 109 00 59 00 139 00 99 00 22 50 39.00 1500 £ 44 95 7995 64 95 99 95 149 95 139 95 179 95 199 95 4495 £ 11000 1 1 4 00 .122 00 97 00 129 00 .11900 157.00 1600 £ 165.00 60.00 20 00 15 00 ‘In focus’ EQUIPMENT CARE PLAN This exciting new scheme enables our customers lo purchase in complete confidence, al a cost of lust CIO 00. and new equipment can be covered by our "CARE PLAN" for a penod of three years from purchase date In the event of that instrument failing (or whatever reason it will be rectified without question by ourselves at no charge Ask tor details BRESSER £ Action 8x40 59 00 Action 10x50 69 00 ...119 00 Unear 10x42 11900 HABICHT £ 349 00 1 1 x30SLC 299 00 8 x 50 SLC 325 00 8USHNELL £ Space master Body 145 00 1 5* 45* Zoom 7000 ADLERBLICK £ 8x42 99 00 99 00 10x50 129 00 8x42MC 169 00 10X42MC 179 00 10x50MC 198 00 SIGMA APD -Photo Lenses 400mm F5 6 Oly .Min. Nik. Can. Pk 289 95 Mm. Nik Auto focus. 349 95 Canon EOS 399 95 500mm F7.2 Ofy. Mm. Nik, Can. Pk 389 95 Mm. Nik, Auto focus 399 95 Canon EOS 449 95 VELBON £ Victory 480 59 95 Stratos 480 69 95 8 95 3 95 CULLMANN £ Hide Damp 49 95 Shoulder Pod 24 95 Popular Tripod 44 95 OR System 8 95 OR Plate 4 95 SUK £ Master D2 69 95 MANFROTTO £ 40 00 45 00 50.00 1 28 Head 35 00 200 Head 40 00 Tnpod Strap 995 Spare OR Platform 4 95 ACCESSORIES £ Car Window Mount 22 00 22 00 Hide Clamp 38.00 350 Pentax Cleaning Kit 399 Tnpod Strap 6.95 Lanyards from 4.00 PERSONAL CALLERS Can choose and sal act from our comprahansiva ranga of aquip- mant Compara Zaits with Laitz. Optolyth with Kowa or Nikon Wa are a compiataly mdapandant company, whosa only concern is that our customars salact the correct instrument for their personal needs PHONE OROERS Discuss your reqiarements with our technical staff and orders Paced with Access or Visa Cards will be despatched same day MAIL ORDER Just add £2 to help towards P&P and insurance and you r order wrtf be sent the same day as we receive you r cheaue AJ» equfynent is supplied on 14 days approval upon receipt of fun remittance SECONDHAND Instruments are always available Turnover is fast so we do not pnnt a list Phone for rrformation PART EXCHANGE Top prices pad for good condition equipment HOW TO FIND US We are 10 mins from M25 and AIM motorways and 15 mins walk from Ffcgh Barnet Undergroixxd Station TELESCOPES AND TRIPOD OUTFITS If you purchase a scope and tnpod at the same time we can offer you a very special pnee' PHONE FOR A QUOTE INTEREST FREE CREDIT ON SELECTED Zeiss, Leitz. Kowa and Nikon products Phone or write for details. BINOCULARS AND TELESCOPES REPAIRED ON THE PREMISES (D711) E3 BIRDUNE REGIONS — • • FOR ALL THE BIRD NEWS IN YOUR AREA BIRDLINE SOUTH EAST 0898 700240 tNQUIRItS 081 676 8747 HOTLINE 081 676 0209 BIRDLINE EAST ANGLIA 0898 700245 ENQUIRIES 0603 633326 HOTLINE 0603 763388 BIRDLINE NORTH EAST 0898 700246 ENQUIRIES 0423 509185 HOTLINE 0423 509113 BIRDLINE MIDLANDS 0898 700247 ENQUIRIES 038 682 727 HOTLINE 0905 754154 BIRDLINE NORTH WEST 0898 700249 ENQUIRIES 061 437 0898 HOTLINE 051 336 6188 BIRDLINE SCOTLAND 0898 700234 ENQUIRIES 0292 611993 HOTLINE 0292 611994 BIRDLINES ARE CHARGED AT 38p INC VAT PER MIN PEAK AND STANDARD AND 25 p INC VAT PER MIN CHEAP RATE FOR MORE DETAILS PLEASE WRITE: Bird Information Service, Stonerunner, Coast Road, Cley next the Sea, Holt, Norfolk, NR25 7RZ or phone 0263 741139 COUNTRYSIDE VIEWING Jbh“ Our showroom is set in 7 acres ot private grounds with ample, tree and sate parking Testing facilities are probably the best in the country. Viewing from the showroom is across a large pool with its various bird visitors and to more distant views of the countryside Why not try the unhurried expenence ot testing equipment in the very heart ot our beautiful Warwickshire countryside in a relaxed atmosphere? A visit to our showroom often turns out to be more ot a social occasion than a shopping expedition .Leading specialists in high quality BINOCULARS ^TELESCOPES .ZEISS WEST Oialyt 8*208 *)lalyt 10*258 Jtalyi 8*208GA Oiafyl 8*308GAT )tafyl 7X42BGAT DOialyl '0*406 GAT *3iafyt 8x568GAT Vorro 15*608GA MrMonoc 3*128 teMonoc 6*208 HB4000C 8*20 Vide range ol accessories OPTOLYTH PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE PHONE 11700 9500 9500 available ..EICA k riiwto 8x20BCA 21100 t-'inokto 10*25BCA 22 3 00 7x42BA 55900 8x42 BA 55900 10X42BA 55900 & ? ft case for compact 12 50 amguard 800 iwyecups - each 700 liABICHT 1 ompact 8x2 OB 21500 >ase tor compact 1250 v aditional 8*30WM 34000 aditional 7x42WM 32000 : »'iana' i0x4CWM 36500 i L Range 7x42 39500 k L Range 10x40 44000 IlC-C Range 7x30 31500 L.'.C Range 8x30 32500 NIKON ■ 20CF n teeterproof 10*25 roof prism 10*25F rcm 6-i2x24DCF orom 8-l6x40CF pwortmg 7*35CF 8x30ECF rvofpnsm 9*30DCF *oto-adapfor •wktecope Mkll 20-45*60 ED Mkll 20-45*60 1*20x30x40* 6995 15200 15200 29000 41250 12000 20550 254 00 15350 34850 56700 6750 Alpm 8x30BGA 20500 22500 Alptn 10*40BGA 23000 Alpm lOxSOBGA 24300 louring 7x42 39800 Touring 10x40 39800 Rool prism 8x56 44000 Scope 30*75 34000 TBS80 body 35000 TBG80 body 35000 20xWA 10000 20x30x40* 6500 22x-60x room 15000 Canvas scope case 3500 Leather scope case 4200 KOWA TS601 body 179 00 TS602 body 17900 ?0xWA 54 00 25x40x 4700 20x-60x room 94 00 1995 TSN-2 body 29500 TSN-3 body 55500 TSN-4 body 55500 20xW A 8900 30xWA 10900 25x40x 5900 20x-60x room 13900 Case for TSNl/2 22 50 Skua case for TSN OG cover tor TSN 4 95 Eyepiece dome TSN 1495 Photo adaptor 9900 BAUSCH LOMB Discoverer Compacl 7x24 22700 Discoverer Compacl 8x24 22700 Discoverer Compacti0x28R A 244 00 Custom 7x26 17950 Custom 8x36 17900 Custom 10x40 18900 Elite 8x42RA 69900 800mm Mirror lens R.A 31000 BUSHNELL Sportvtew 8*40 58 00 Space master 60mm txxty 140 00 Spacemaster 60mm body R A 15900 Spacemaster with room W P 332 00 Spacemaster 70mm body 158 00 ?2x WA 4200 I5x-45x room 1900 ADLERBLICK Compact 7x21 9950 10500 12100 11250 12850 Standard 10x50 13900 Add C18 to* rubber armoured 159 95 Multicoal 8x42 16995 Mufticoat 10x42 17995 Muhicoat 10x50 19895 OPTICRON Compact 7x24 7700 Compact 8x24 78 00 Compact 10*24 00 00 Dioptron 8x42 H300 Dioptron 10x42 114 00 12700 H R 8*42 145 00 H R 10x42 150 00 H R 10x50 16700 Minerva 8x40 17000 Minerva 9x35 16900 Minerva 10x40 17500 Elite 9x35 18500 Classic 1 F 60mm body 11800 Classic 1 F 75mm body 138 00 2S/30* HEP 2600 I8x-40x/22x-47x room 5900 H R 60mm body 14800 H R 60mm body 45° 169 00 H R 60mm body R A 164 00 15x20* 22xW A 25x40x 30 00 20x-60x room 7600 Puffin case tor H R etc 3500 Soft, padded case 1100 Universal Mount 24 50 Car Window Mount 2550 Hide Clamp Mk 2 40 00 Single Action Tripod 5995 Tripod Strap 675 BRESSER Handy (new took) 7x25 GA Handy (new took) 8x25 GA Handy (new look) 9x25GA Ac don 8x40 GA. Acton 10x50 G A Roof prtsm Linear 8x42 R A Root prism Linear 10x42 R A Roof prism Dont '0x42 R A Lochs 8x32 8595 8995 9395 6900 7900 119 00 12400 *9900 16900 HELIOS Comped R P 8*2i R A Compact R P )Ox25 R A 3595 3995 SWIFT Omtya 8x2' Osprey 75x42 Audubon R P 7x35 BG A Audubon 85*44 Telemaster i5x-60*60 44 95 14900 32900 19900 27550 Luchs 7x42 179 00 Luchs 10x42 189 00 Luchs 10*50 22700 Add C8 tor rubber armoured MIRADOR 8x42 11000 10x42 114 00 10x50 12400 Add C2 tor rubber armoured Merim 60mm body 7900 Merlin 75mm body 10700 12/15* 18/22* 25/30* 1800 i8x-40*/22x-47x room 5900 Owl 75mm GA 17850 Owl 80mm GA 20750 30/32* 3300 26*-58x/28*-62* room 7150 ZEISS JENA Jenoptem 8x30 4900 8395 Deftrrntem 8*30 6500 Dekarem 10*50 10250 Dodecarem 12x50 24995 Roof pnsm Notarem 8*32 14000 Roof pnsm Notarem 10*40 18795 Roof pnsm Notarem 10*40 R A 20700 OPTIMA Super 60mm R A body 16000 15*20*30x40* 2500 20x-45* room 6500 1695 2995 AICO Compact R P 8x22 R A 5395 Compacl R P i0x2S R A 5995 Roof pnsm 8x42 R A 12000 Roof pnsm 10x42 R A 12500 QUESTAR Field modtl 3ft inch with Broad Band Coating and choice of 32mm or 24mm eyepiece, plus Photo Adaptor and case. QUOTATION ON REQUEST. MANFROTTO 144 Base 4500 144 Basic black 50 00 190 Mint pro 3500 190 Mmi pro black 4000 055 bfac* 6550 128 Mm, video head 34 95 200 Compact vtoeo head 3995 Tripod strap 950 Tr«od case 14 00 Ouck release piatkxm 800 SLIK Handypod P6009 3995 Tnpod 4S0G Tnpod 1000G 2795 Tnpod 3 SON 5295 Tnpod 67 11995 Ouck release post DN/88 «c 650 CULLMAN 3795 2 way Vdeo Head 1495 Shoulder Pod 24 95 Chestpod mag< 32 95 995 LENS CARE CALOTHERM PRODUCTS 280 Catotherm Sofuhon 20ml 72 HkTecti Cloths 185 NO GREY IMPORTS MAIL ORDER Insured postage and packing FREE OF CHARGE Goods are despatched promptly upon receipt o# full remittance Use your ACCESS or VISA card to order by telephone on 0676-40501 / 42476 ACCESSORIES Wide range ot eyecups. ramguards. lens caps, lanyards, cases etc USED BARGAINS Guaranteed, secondhand equipment available at bargain prices EXPORT FACILITIES Personal and postal export orders welcomed PACKAGE DEALS Attractive discounts Phone for quotations BOOKS & VIDEOS Our book and video ir«f increasing We stock twL f h"ays |fW Send for 3 price list or come gq<3 browse 3$4 F nendly advisory sen ire always available JC OPTICS ChurchLane, Corfey, Coventry, CV78BA. Tel. 0676 40501 &42476 FAX: 0676 40930 Select from the World's finest Optical instruments mmm EvNING TIMES i - 5pm Monday to Saturday iii National Bird News 0898-884-500 The full NBN Voice Activated Service including the Audio Newsletter, Rarity Newsflash, Bird News for today, Holiday information, Bird News for Yesterday and Items for Sale or Wanted. Just say ‘Yes Please” after the tone to go straight to your selection. A percentage of all revenue goes direct to conservation. If you have any interesting bird news leave a message on the NBN hotline 0205-358-050. 0898-884-501 Birders Headlines The New Ultra fast headline service that gives the active birder the name and location of all the Birds that have been reported to NBN. ~ Then each headline is repeated followed by a \ ^ | tone. Saying “Yes Please" after the tone gives further details. More New Services Available from July 1st 1990 0898-884-503 BTO News Line Britain’s leading bird research organisation The British Trust for Ornithology's brand new and very interesting News service for the dedicated and active birdwatcher. All profits from this service go direct to the BTO. 0898-884-505 Butterfly Line The British Butterfly Conservation Society’s Information service giving up to date news on Butterflies and their conservation. Join in by leaving a message about vour own sightings. BUTTERFLY All profits from this service go direct to the bbcs CONSERVATION A / j t ! i i * i a i I a BTO (D712) Oils are charged at 38p per min. standard & peak rate and 25p cheap rate including VAT Conservation Concepts Ud PO Box 29. Boston. Uncs PE2 1 ONL competition sponsored by Kowa telescopes. Guillemots Una aalge (Darren Rees) “First, and most important, this telescope is optically magnificent, with phenomenal clarity and a superbly large field of view. If you are a birder who is seeking the best possible telescope . . . the optical gain is significant, especially in the worst viewing conditions. It is an elite instrument, to be treasured by those fortunate enough to own one.” Kowa TSN Fluorite lens Dr J T R Sharrock, testing the Kowa TSN-3 with x20W eyepiece, British Birds June 1990. scope, available angled or straight. . . . A superb image ially appointed distributor for Kowa Telescopes ;eer Ltd., Fircroft Way, Edenbridge, Kent TN8 6HA. (D704) Optical Brilliance Centon Binoculars 0 Highest quality Dach prism design 0 Multi-coated 0 Smooth charcoal grey rubber finish 0 Contrasting black fold-back rubber eyecups 0 Attractive and durable 0 Includes deluxe soft case & straps COMPACTS CONNOISSEURS CHOICE Pocket sized wide angle Ultimate clarity 8X22 DWCF-R € 54.95 8X42 DCF-R £89.95 10X25 DWCF-R £59.95 10X42 DCF-R £99.95 MAIL QRPER All general & mail order enquiries only to our Distribution Warehouse: Jessop House, Scudamore Road, Leicester LE3 1TZ Tel: (0533) 320033 Telesales Hotlines: New Equipment (0533) 320432 Mon - Sat 9 - 5 Used Equipment (0533) 313191 AVAILABLE FROM ALL JESSOP PHOTO/VIDEO CENTRES ABERDEEN 0224 573 140 BATH 0225 442252 BIRMINGHAM 021 632 6831 BOURNEMOUTH 0202 296021 BRADFORD 0274 393262 BRIGHTON 0273 21493 BRISTOL 0272 742914 BRISTOL 0272 293978 CAMBRIDGE 0223 323511 CARDIFF 0222 394667 CARLISLE 0228 512640 COVENTRY 0203 229528 CROYDON 081 686 9566 DERBY 0332 290419 DONCASTER 0302 341323 DUNDEE 0382 202763 EDINBURGH 031 229 9854 GLASGOW 041 248 2457 GLOUCESTER 0462 300689 HANLEY 0782 286621 HULL 0482 226956 IPSWICH 0473 210436 KINGSTON 081 546 5622 LEEDS 0532 430900 LEICESTER 0533 630121 LEICESTER 0533 556468 UVERPOOL 051 709 7887 LONDON NW3 071 794 8788 LONDON WC1 071 240 6077 MANCHESTER 061 834 8132 MIDDLESBROUGH 0642 230707 NEWCASTLE 091 261 8280 NORTHAMPTON 0804 230490 NORWICH 0803 617724 NOTTINGHAM 0802 418588 OXFORD 0865 790086 PETERBOROUGH 0733 568728 PLYMOUTH 0752 672287 PLYMOUTH AUDIO 0752 869282 POOLE 0202 676289 PORTSMOUTH 0705 822831 READING 0734 508756 SHEFFIELD 0742 766276 SLOUGH 0753 893094 SOUTHAMPTON 0703 638753 SUNDERLAND 091 510 0881 SWANSEA TAUNTON WOLVERHAMPTON WORCESTER YEOVIL YORK 0792 466332 0823 272888 0902 310768 0906 723400 0936 78776 0904 645128 Also from Pennine Photo/BIno Centre, Rochdale 0706 624966 AND SELECTED INDEPENDENT PHOTO DEALERS JESS0P (D684) VI British Birds VOLUME 83 NUMBER 8 AUGUST 1990 BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 1 G AUG 1990 PURCHASED ZOOLOGY LIBRARY Plumage variation and identification of the ‘Yelkouan Shearwater P. Yesou, A. M. Paterson , E. J. Mackrill and W. R. P. Bourne The classification of the European breeding shearwaters related to the Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus , and the identification of the Mediterranean forms yelkouan and mauret aniens, colloquially known as the ‘Levantine Shearwater’ and the ‘Balearic Shearwater', respectively, have remained a problem since the original discovery that shearwaters from the western Mediterranean belonging to a distinct race ( mauretanicus ) regularly move north up the west coast of Europe during the summer to moult (Witherby 1921; Mayaud 1931). We have already suggested that, in view of their differences from puffinus in structure, coastal distribution, and early breeding season followed by a northward moult-migration, the Mediterranean forms should be treated as a distinct species, the ‘Yelkouan Shearwater’ P. yelkouan , with mauretanicus included as a race (Bourne et al. 1988; see also additional notes in appendix to present paper). We now propose to discuss their identification. | Brit. HirHs 83: 299-319, August 1990] 299 300 Identification o/Yelkouan Shearwater The situation is complicated by the fact that when Mediterranean shearwaters were first collected in British seas in the last century they were all referred to as the eastern Mediterranean form yelkouan, which was the only one known at that time, although all specimens that could be traced were eventually identified as mauretanicus (Witherby et at. 1940). Following the increase in seawatching in the second half of the twentieth century, mauretanicus was found to be a regular summer visitor off southwest England from mid May to December, occurring less commonly farther north and east throughout British waters, with a marked peak in the northeast in September (Nicholson 1952; Ash & Rooke 1954; Parrack 1966; Hope Jones & Tasker 1982). More recently, there have also been further claims for the occurrence of yelkouan (Cade 1983; Curtis et al. 1985; McCartney 1986), which it has already been suggested may be due to the variation and overlap in appearance of the two forms (Rees 1986; Dubois 1986; Yesou 1986). Further complications arise from the potential occurrence in north Europe of members of a similar group of smaller shearwaters with proportionately short wings which are characteristic of warmer waters and which also tend to wander north in the late summer (Bourne 1966, 1967; Post 1967; Curtis et al. 1985; Lee 1988). While these are usually treated as races of two species, the black-backed Little Shearwater P. assimilis and the brown-backed Audubon’s Shearwater P. Iherminieri, they intergrade more than pujfinus and yelkouan, so that in this case there may be better reason for uniting them (Vaurie 1965; Bourne 1986). Although their regular occurrence in British waters has been disputed on the grounds that they must be (otherwise unknown) dwarf pujfinus (Harris 1965; Perrins et al. 1965; Bourne 1966), small numbers of Little Shearwaters have recently been proved to occur where these ‘runts’ were reported off southwest Wales (James & Alexander 1984; James 1986). Curtis et al. (1985) and Bourne (1988) have also discussed the recent rejection of poorly authenticated old records of Audubon’s Shearwater as well. Identification of Yelkouan Shearwater The following details on identification are based on our experience of mauretanicus off Britain (WRPB, EJM), western France (PY), southern Spain (WRPB, AMP, EJM), Mallorca (WRPB, AMP, PY), Menorca and Morocco (EJM); of yelkouan off southern France and Corsica (PY) and in the eastern Mediterranean (WRPB); of Audubon’s off the West Indies (WRPB, AMP), eastern North America and Arabia; and of all the Atlantic forms of Little Shearwater, namely baroli off Madeira and the Canaries, boydi off West Africa and the Cape Verde Islands, and elegans in the South Atlantic (WRPB). Size, proportions, flight and jizz Individual seabirds show much greater variation in behaviour and appearance with the weather and viewing conditions than is apparent between many closely related species. Thus, it is often difficult to be sure that postulated differences between species really exist without both seeing the species together and establishing the presence of underlying Identification ofYelkouan Shearwater 301 Fig. 1. Yelkouan Shearwaters Piiffinus yelkouan. Top row: nominate race, worn plumage at right. Centre row: race mauretanicus , wom/faded plumage at left and right. Bottom row: race mauretanicus , showing some variation in underparts (A. M. Paterson ) variations in their structure and markings. The measurements and proportions of the North Atlantic representatives of both Manx and Little Shearwaters have already been summarised by Mayaud (1932), Bourne (1962, 1966, 1986) and Bourne et al. (1988). In general, although yelkouan is on average close in size to puffinus while mauretanicus is considerably larger, there is much overlap in their measurements. This difference in size (which varies according to the square of their length) must be associated with an even greater difference 302 Identification o/Yelkouan Shearwater 175. Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan of the race mauretanicus, Menorca, Spain, May 1985 (Ed Mackrill). Some juveniles can look darker than this individual in weight (which varies according to the cube), which tends to mask the fact that, whereas yelkouan and mauretanicus are similar in their proportions, puffinus has a larger head and longer wing and tail in proportion to the body (Mayaud 1932), but a shorter tarsus and bill and longer tail in proportion to the wing (Bourne et at. 1988). This means, among other things, that, while the Mediterranean forms have shorter tails, their feet project beyond them in flight and conceal the difference. The other Atlantic forms of shearwater are all much smaller, with proportionately short wings, and show a continuous variation in appear- ance and proportions with an overlap in size from large, long-tailed Iherminieri of the West Indies, through intermediate boydi of the Cape Verde Islands to small baroli of the central northern archipelagoes in one direction, and large, short-tailed elegans of the South Atlantic in another (Bourne 1986). In consequence, while the appearance of all these shearwaters may vary' in similar ways with changes in the weather, under comparable conditions there are differences in their build and flight of the type usual among seabirds Qouventin & Mougin 1981) and discussed by Mayaud (1932), Bourne (1966) and Curtis et at. (1985). Thus, while puffinus usually appears a graceful, long-tailed species when soaring over the waves in strong winds in the open Atlantic, it can also look quite stout and clumsy when flying low over the water in calmer weather, while feeding over fish shoals and, especially, when in faded plumage and migrating south across the tropics (WRPB). Conversely, both the short-tailed forms ( yelkouan and mauretani- cus) of the Mediterranean seem very tubby with a bustling flight when flushed off the water in calm weather, fluttering away low over the surface with a series of rapid wingbeats followed by a short glide on stiff, down- held wings without soaring, when mauretanicus may appear comparatively ponderous and lag behind in mixed flocks (J. C. Finlayson in lift., though Identification ofYelkouan Sheanvater 303 176. Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan of the race mauretanicus (colloquially called ‘Balearic Shearwater’), Menorca, Spain, June 1984 (Ed Mackrill). Note faded upperwings V. Bretagnolle disagreed verbally). When the wind starts to rise, they may both also lift, glide and arc up to 5-10 m above the water like puffinus. These trends become more marked in the small forms with short wings and fluttering flight found in lower latitudes. There, Iherminieri appears a little smaller than puffinus , with a long tail used for manoeuvring in the air in calm weather over drifting weed and fish shoals, and assimilis looks much smaller and very compact, with its short tail adapted for more active flight in stronger winds. Plumage The Manx and Little groups of shearwaters show a type of countershaded plumage pattern found rather widely among aquatic birds, and often postulated to have a cryptic function since the birds appear dark against the water surface when seen by predators from above, but white against 177. Yelkouan Shearwaters Puffinus yelkouan of the nominate race (colloquially called ‘Levantine Sheanvater’), Corsica, France, May 1982 (Nicolas Crispini) 304 Identification ofYelkouan Shearwater 178. Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan. Menorca, Spain, June 1984 (Ed Mackrill): probably a very pale individual of the race mauretardcus (from place and date), but cannot be distinguished from nominate race on plumage 179. Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan of the race mauretanicus, Menorca, Spain, May 1985 (Ed Mackrill). Note capped and collared effect ■***,• Identification oj Yelkouan Shearwater 305 the sea surface or sky when seen from below. The main form of variation in such plumages, which may assist in control of heat loss through radiation, is in the shade of colour and amount of fading of the upperparts and the extent to which dark pigment extends onto the underparts. This tends to vary, and is difficult to interpret even in the hand without considering many specimens; these are already available (Bourne et at. 1988), but scattered so widely that few people appear to have seen many of them. At sea, further allowances have to be made for changes in the birds’ appearance during the year owing to fading and wear of the plumage, the subsequent progression of the moult, and the effect of the light under different viewing conditions. In general, Murphy (1927, 1952) showed that in conformity with Gloger’s Rule the forms occurring in cooler climates, such as puffinus and assimilis , tend to have stable black pigment above (which loses its gloss and becomes browner, but does not fade much with age); thus, they maintain throughout the year a fairly uniform black-and-white appearance, enhanced by a comparatively sharp division between the dark upperparts and white underparts. Conversely, the forms found in wanner climates, such as mauretanicus and Iherminieri , have browner pigment which is more prone to fade above, and which tends to extend in a diffuse and variable manner onto the underparts; the development of dark tips to the white breast feathers may also lead to a more marked change in their appearance, so that they may become either highly variable, or dimorphic and either dark or light below with few intermediates, and in extreme cases (such as the Sooty Shearwater P. griseus) uniformly dark (Bourne 1974). The first stage of this process is shown by yelkouan, which has browner pigment above, much more prone to fade, than puffinus and which shows a rather variable increase in the markings on the undertail-coverts and underwing-coverts, extending to the side of the body on about half the specimens examined, though this is not normally conspicuous at sea. In consequence, w'hile yelkouan still shows a marked contrast in colour between the white underparts and dark back, which in fresh plumage can appear as dark as that of puffinus at sea, the upperparts vary more in colour. Thus, whereas individuals in fairly fresh plumage seen by \\ RPB in May 1958 when travelling west from Beirut via Alexandria. Crete and Athens to Brindisi seemed uniformly dark above, one seen flying east across the Ionian Sea in August 1988 had a much paler crown and back, while moulting birds off Gibraltar in September 1964 had chequered backs where dark (new) feathers were beginning to replace the faded (old) ones. Similarly, although when Nisbet & Smout (1957) retraced during the autumn much of the route followed by YVRPB in the spring they thought that the birds became paler to the east, Professor Smout now agrees (verbally) that they may have seen first immatures in fresh dark plumage in the Adriatic, followed by faded old ones ready to moult farther east. The next type of variation in appearance is seen in the large western Mediterranean race mauretanicus , where the brown of the back is a little paler than on yelkouan and those seen by AMP at sea off Malaga, southern 306 Identification o/Yelkouan Shearwater 180. Yelkouan Shearwaters Puffinus yelkouan of the race mauretanicus, Menorca, Spain, May 1985 (. EdMacknll ) Spain, faded in a similar manner. The pigmentation below now expands to a variable extent across the breast and begins to suffuse the face, belly and underwing. While this race is consequently often described and illustrated as ‘polymorphic’, implying that it may occur in contrasting pale-breasted or dark-breasted forms, with few intermediates, these intermediates in fact form the majority, which have largely white underparts and a variable dark breast-band. A minority of extreme variants may be distinguishable from yelkouan only by size, in which there is also some overlap, or they may be largely dark below, though when seen 181. Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan of the race mauretanicus, Menorca, Spain, May 1985 ( EdMacknll ) 307 Identification of Yelkouan Shearwater well the darkest normally still retain a paler centre to the chin, breast and underwing. They may also show much variation in appearance during the moult: for example, Rogers (1980, and verbally; see also appendix 1) reports that, whereas what were presumably non-breeding birds which moulted their primaries off Portland Bill, Dorset, in June and July 1979 initially appeared as pale above as the southern race of the Guillemot Uria aalge albionis , they were joined in August by another group of possible birds of the year which looked nearly as dark above as Razorbills A lea torda. The extreme form of variation is found among the small shearwaters. In fresh plumage, elegans of the South Atlantic has pale feather edges on the back and appears grey above and entirely white below. While baroli of the northern Atlantic archipelagoes has darker upperparts, it still appears whiter below than pujfinus. On boydi of the Cape Verde Islands, the browner upperparts begin to encroach on the white underparts below the tail and around the edge of the underwing. This is more marked on Iherminieri, individuals of which seen off both the Lesser Antilles and Arabia showed much variation in the amount of marking on the underwing, and in extreme cases had the white on the underparts reduced to a small patch on the breast; one in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), taken on an islet off Martinique, Lesser Antilles, on 1st March 1965, is entirely dark. We now consider the most variable individuals of the race mauretanicus , which is most familiar in western Europe, in more detail: Head Coloration variable, but never completely uniform as in so many illustrations. On ‘intermediate’ and ‘dark’ individuals, the forehead, forecrown and ear-coverts can look darkest, and sometimes the darker area extends to the lores and rear crown. At close range, a thin paler eye-ring may be visible. Some also show white at the side of the neck, this apparently not confined to any particular population (table 2). As the plumage starts to fade and abrade during summer, the head markings and mantle may also start to contrast with the slightly paler nape and hindneck to give a collared effect. Upperparts Upperparts variation is due mainly to wear and moult. On freshly moulted birds seen off western France in late summer and autumn and returning to the western Mediterranean from October, the back is dark brown with little variation. At this time, there is often little contrast between the dark flight feathers and coverts, although at close range there may be a dark line along the leading edge of the inner wing; the newest outer primaries may also look darker than the other remiges and coverts, and sometimes the leading edge of the inner wing and outer primaries may remain the darkest part of the upperparts throughout the year. Subsequently, the feathers become abraded and bleached, especially on the secondary coverts. There is now more contrast between the dark leading edge of the inner wing, the dark remiges, and a paler medium to light brown mid-wing panel; as the paler bases of the old feathers are revealed during the moult, the wing panel becomes more marked, and small pale spots appear on the wing-coverts, in extreme cases producing a lined effect. A pale area may also appear at the base of the tail, w here the faded old plumage of rump and uppertail first contrasts with the darker tail feathers and is then lost to expose their pale bases. Underparts It is here that most variation occurs, from pale individuals resembling yelkouan and with markings rather similar to Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea , to very' dark individuals with markings more like Sooty Shearwater (Nicholson 1952; Curtis et al. 1985; M. Rogers verbally), as shown in field guides. The majority are actually intermediate, with a more or less marked darker breast-band, flanks, vent, undertail-coverts, axillaries, underside of secondaries and outer third of primaries, and dark edges to the otherwise white greater underwing-coverts; the rest of the underwing and chin, throat and belly are grey to white. The extreme pale form shows no sign of any breast-band or pectoral markings. The area from chin to belly is entirely white or off-white, and normally the vent and undertail-coverts 308 Identification ofYelkouan Shearwater 182. Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan of the race mauretanicus, Menorca, Spain, May 1985 (Ed MackriU) are greyish-brown; there is a limited grey posterior edge to the flanks, and the axillaries are also a pale greyish-brown, with a clear divide between body and underwing. While it is doubtful whether these birds can be distinguished from yelkouan at sea, they can normally be told from puffinus by their stout build with short tail and brown back (though the dark plumage of puffinus also becomes browner with age during the summer). Leucistic individuals also occur rarely (Mackrill & Yesou 1988). The darkest individuals are always tinged greyish-brown below, with a paler throat and belly contrasting with a dark breast-band, and very dark axillaries, flanks, vent and undertail- coverts. The dark axillaries contrast with the white or off-white underwing-coverts, which are often the palest part of the bird, forming an even more conspicuous pale panel in the centre of the underwing than on Sooty Shearwater, though mauretanicus normally has a paler chin and central belly (and Sooty should also be separable by its larger size, longer wings, shorter tail, and more forceful flight). Juveniles can be distinguished from older birds from June to September by the dark, fresh plumage of their upperparts, which at close quarters has a velvety or satin sheen, when all older birds show at least some trace of wear or moult (Yesou 1985). While they show a similar variation in underparts colour to that of adults, pale juveniles seem scarce, both where they are ringed in the Balearic Islands (J. Mayol andj. Muntaner verbally) and later off western France. Since young Manx Shearwaters normally have darker tips to the axillaries (Zonfrillo 1987), it seems possible that young Yelkouan Shearwaters, which normally have more markings below, may be even darker. Thus, the darkest Yelkouan skin we have seen is of a fledgling in the British Museum (Natural History), Tring, taken on Mallorca on 27th July 1927, which has underparts suffused with brown, leaving paler patches in the centre of belly and underwing; and the darkest in a photograph is a juvenile photographed by O. Claessens off Vendee, western France, in August 1985. Several dark individuals taken at sea in the Atlantic, and a very dark one seen by AMP off Torremolinos, southern Spain, in April 1988, may also be immature, but once the adults complete the moult in October the only external indication of age may be when the older non-breeding immatures are the first to start the next moult. Voice Dr C. Chappuis (in Bourne et at. 1988) has reported that there is a difference between the calls of yelkouan and puffinus , and J. G. Walmsley (verbally) has also independently noticed this difference. Calls of yelkouan (recorded by J.-C. Roche and analysed by V. Bretagnolle) and of 309 Identification ofYelkouan Shearwater mauretanicus (recorded by Vincent Bretagnolle: verbally, played back, and in prep.) resemble each other and consist of two contrasting notes differing from the similar sequences of different pitch given by pujfinus and assimilis. Discussion The preceding descriptions are based on a combination of observations throughout the year and comparisons with museum specimens. It must be stressed that, while it may often be possible to approach close enough to landbirds to study such features as hindclaw length, it is rarely possible to see so much at sea, where identifications usually need to be based on a few salient characters glimpsed as a bird passes rapidly by during a period of seconds. It is also necessary to make much more allowance for the variation of seabirds both in behaviour (with the weather) and in appearance (with the state of their plumage and the light), since the more closely related forms often vary in parallel ways. For example, while Manx Shearwaters are commonly seen in fresh plumage in a strong wind but poor light, when they swoop and soar and appear very black-and-white as they tilt and turn, their Mediterranean allies are more often seen in older plumage and in a lighter wind and a stronger light, when they fly low over the water with their underparts in shadow so that they appear stouter and browner above but often darker below. While these are valid differences, they are accentuated under the conditions in which the birds are usually seen, and in comparable circumstances allied forms which vary in similar ways may look the same. It has long been considered unrealistic to try to identify the races of most birds in the field, as they commonly show less difference in appearance with more overlap than species (Tucker 1949). Experienced observers who have seen Manx and Balearic Shearwaters together, however, usually agree that they differ more than is usual with races. 183. Yelkouan Shearwater Pujfinus yelkouan of the race mauretanicus, France, September 1987 (/. F. Ar conger) 310 Identification ofYelkouan Shearwater 184. Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan of the race mauretanicus, Menorca, Spain, May 1985 (Ed Mackrill) Taxonomic recognition of the amount of difference has been delayed mainly by the belief that the two are linked by an intermediate form, yelkouan. Once allowance is made for the observation by Mayaud (1932) that, anatomically, yelkouan appears to be much more closely related to mauretanicus than to puffinus, the situation is simplified; and, if yelkouan and mauretanicus are more closely related, then it is likely to be easier to distinguish either from puffinus than it is to tell them apart. Further confusion over the identification of these shearwaters appears to derive from the statement in Cramp & Simmons (1977), repeated by Curtis et al. (1985), that mauretanicus normally appears darker than shown in most illustrations except those by Harrison (1983), and therefore that any paler birds seen off Britain must be yelkouan. In fact, Peter Harrison has agreed (verbally) that mauretanicus may sometimes be as pale as his figure 107Y of yelkouan, and conversely some yelkouan may be as dark as pale mauretanicus. Thus, while it still seems quite possible that yelkouan may visit western European waters, it remains to be proved that they do. Disregarding the races concerned, the proportion of light-breasted, intermediate-breasted and dark-breasted Yelkouan Shearwaters recorded on successive dates from east to west across the Mediterranean and from north to south in the Atlantic is shown in table 1; and the proportion of specimens in the MNHN showing one of the more distinctive features said to be characteristic of the different fonns, the development of a pale collar, in table 2. While comparisons may be hampered by differences in the classification used (for example, EJM appears to have included more individuals in the pale group, and WRPB had difficulty in classifying birds by their collars), the proportion of birds of different colours clearly varies both geographically throughout their range (with more birds in the west that are dark below) and seasonally in the same area (with more pale- Identification of Yelkouan Sheaiwater 3 1 1 breasted individuals in the Western Approaches to Gibraltar in summer and more dark-breasted ones in winter). Many pale-breastecl east Mediterranean shearwaters appear to move northeast during the summer. Similar birds also occur in force later, in autumn and winter, along the south coast of the Mediterranean from Israel to Algeria, where some pale individuals together with some with dark breasts, which may be either local breeders or immatures from elsewhere, are present throughout the year (Bourne 1957; Brichetti 1979; Bourne et at. 1988). Pale-breasted birds also predominated in a large moulting flock feeding in an area of turbulence in the centre of Gibraltar Bay in September 1964 (Bourne & Norris 1966), and similar flocks have been seen both there and in Tangier Bay in some subsequent summers, though the numbers detected fluctuate markedly from year to year (Garcia 1973; Cortes et at. 1980; Telleria 1981 ;J. C. Finlayson verbally and in lift.; see also table 1). Pale-breasted birds have also been reported farther northwest in summer, and they predominated in the earlier stages of the return migration east past Cadiz, south Spain, in the late autumn of 1986 (table 1), but it is not clear whether these arc yelkouan or pale mauretanicus. Dark- breasted birds occur at sea occasionally as far east as the Sicilian Channel and Libya, and normally appear to be commoner in the western extremity of the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic. Those seen on the western periphery of the Yelkouan Shearwater’s range, to the north around Britain in summer and to the south off Morocco in the winter, seem normally to include more dark individuals than any population found in the Mediterranean in spring. There are two possible explanations. It has usually been assumed that the dark birds found in the Atlantic must come from the only known breeding population of mauretanicus , in the Balearic Islands, though other potential breeding areas, such as North Africa, still remain inadequately surveyed. Since subfossil remains of larger birds of this type have also been found on Lanzarote in the Canaries (Dr C. J. O. Harrison and C. Walker verbally), where puffinus has recently been discovered breeding for the first time on Palma (Dr Aurelio Martin in lift .), there may still be undetected breeding populations of dark birds, although it would be surprising to find that a large colony had been overlooked for so long. Alternatively, as mentioned above, while an examination of skins suggests that young mauretanicus vary' in colour as much as adults, they may also, in common with many other seabirds (including some larger petrels), tend to be darker in their first plumage, worn during post- juvenile dispersal, which fades or is replaced by a paler adult plumage before they return to the breeding places. Any dark immature plumage is thus most likely to be seen around the periphery of their range in the Atlantic, which will explain the high incidence of dark individuals reported off Britain in late summer, and off Africa in winter, where EJM found dark birds common off western Morocco in January’ 1987 (table 1). This situation provides many opportunities for further investigation: 1. There is clearly a need for much more exploration of the range and movements of the species at all seasons, making careful records of the markings of all birds encountered 312 Identification ofYelkouan Shearwater Table 1. Variation in proportions of Yelkouan Shearwaters Puffinus yelkouan of different colours Criteria: YVRPB defined pale as largely white below except for a dusky vent; medium as showing more dark markings below; and dark (seen occasionally in Atlantic off Iberia and southern England) as largely dark below. AMP defined pale as white below with dark vent; medium with breast-band and paler underwing; and dark as in Harrison’s (1983) fig. 107X. PY defined pale as roughly equivalent to Harrison’s (1983) fig. 107Y; medium as between this and larger fig. 107X; and dark as between larger and smaller figs. 107X (though underwing rarely so dark). Finlayson & Price defined birds as pale {—yelkouan) or dark ( — mauretanicus) . EJM defined pale as lacking a visible breast-band Observer, area and dates Number % pale % medium % dark WRPB, E Mediterranean May 1958 100s 100 0 0 WRPB, off Gibraltar Sep 1964 ca 1,100 98.5- 1.5+ 0 Oct 1987 32 6 81 12.5 AMP, Malaga Bay May -June 1988 149 17.4 78.2 5.4 June-July 1987 27 0 96 3.7 Aug-Sep 1987 68 7.4 84 7.4 Nov 1986 72 1.4 96 2.8 Finlayson & Price (in prep.), Gibraltar Jan 1983 113 0 100 Feb 1983 35 0 100 Mar 1983 72 0 100 Apr 1983 167 0 100 May 1983 23 43.5 56.5 June 1983 889 75.2 24.8 July 1982 + 1983 515 72.2 27.8 Aug 1982 + 1983 322 75.2 24.8 Sep 1982 + 1983 288 41.7 58.3 Oct 1982 + 1983 264 32.6 67.4 Nov 1982 27 14.8 85.2 Dec 1982 56 30.4 69.6 PY, off W France 9 July 1985 49 16 57 26 17 July 1985 59 17 49 34 9 Aug 1985 43 19 46 35 28 Aug 1985 35 17 54 29 10 Sep 1985 55 20 53 27 TOTAl. July-Sep 1985 241 17.8 51.9 30.3 (P<0.05 13-24 44-58 24-36) EJM, around Balearic Islands Spring 1985 + 1986 (estimates) 1 ,000s ca 30 ca 70 0 FJM, off Coto Donana, SW Spain Oct-Nov 1986 181 94.5 5.5 0 14 Nov- 10 Dec 1986 382 87 12 1 14 Dec 1986-11 Jan 1987 265 51 K) 9 FJM, off Puerto Sotogrande (NW of Strait of Gibraltar) 1 Dec 1986 " 96 75 25 0 12 Jan 1987 32 12 87 0 FJM, off W Morocco Jan 1987 0 85 15 210 Identification ofYelkouan Shearwater 313 185. Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan of the race mauretanicus, France, September 1987 (0. Claessens) according to a consistent code to trace the extent of their variation and the distribution of these varieties. 2. Young and old individuals of all populations should be photographed and sample feathers obtained whenever they are handled to discover how much they vary, and in the hope of recovering young birds again in future years to see whether their plumage changes with increasing age. Now that a growing number of shearwaters is being ringed, all such ringed individuals of known age and origin should also be photographed. Any which die should be preserved, and where possible a full range of biochemical and anatomical material and parasites noted for further study (see Bourne et al. 1988). 3. There is a need for much more investigation of the waters around North and West Africa. These appear to be frequented by a mixed population of shearwaters of variable appearance which may include both undetected local breeders and immature, feeding and wintering individuals from elsewhere (together with an interesting variety' of other species). This investigation should include searches of any offshore islets for breeding colonies; observations of birds at sea from the shore, aircraft and boats, especially fishing-boats; and surveys of beaches and markets for dead birds. Table 2. Proportion of skins of shearwaters Puffinus in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, which showed a crescent mark at the side of the neck Well marked Less marked Absent P. puffinus puffinus 8 10 0 P. yelkouan yelkouan 1 5 4 P. y. mauretanicus 0 4 4 Finally, it may be useful to summarise again the differences in appearance of the Manx group of shearwaters: Upperparts The form puffinus is normally jet-black above, becoming duller and browner with wear in late summer. In fresh plumage, yelkouan is dark grey-browm, and at sea may appear dark grey without any brown; it fades to a colour similar first to unfaded mauretanicus and 314 Identification ofYelkouan Shearwater 186. Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan of the race mauretanicus, France, July 1984 (M. Fouquet) then to fading mauretanicus, but it does not become as pale as the palest/most-faded mauretanicus and is certainly never paler as stated by McCartney (1986). While Curtis et at. (1985) stated that yelkouan may show darker primaries, this applies also to mauretanicus. Head The forehead and area around the eye are mottled with white on puffinus, and sometimes to a lesser extent on yelkouan, which may have a pale forehead so that its face and upper breast appear very white (J. M. Hidalgo Garcia in litt.). These birds normally have a sharp division between the dark upper head and white chin sometimes passing through the eye, so that the pale eye-ring merges with the white of the lower face. The dark upper head blends with the pale chin below the eye leaving an eye-ring on the remaining yelkouan and on some mauretanicus, where the eye-ring may be obscured by a general increase in pigment. Collar Although Cramp & Simmons (1977) and Harrison (1983) report that the white crescent at the side of the neck on puffinus may also occur on yelkouan, but not on mauretanicus, some mauretanicus have it equally well developed (see table 2). Its presence does not, therefore, help to separate these forms. Underparts While puffinus is normally white below, with some mottling on the side of the breast and underwing, axillaries and periphery of the undertail-coverts, yelkouan normally has more diffuse markings on the vent, axillaries and underwing-coverts, which are more extensive on mauretanicus (though with some overlap). Thus, while some mauretanicus may be as pale below as yelkouan, most are darker with a breast-band, and a few, perhaps mainly immatures, are largely dark below, with paler underwing, chin and belly. 187. Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan of the race mauretanicus, France, August 1984 (B. TroUiel) Identification of Yelkouan Shearwater 315 188. Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan of the race mauretanicus , France, September 1987 ((). Claessens) In general, a bird with a mobile flight, long tail, black back and white underparts, including the majority of the undertail-coverts, should be a Manx Shearwater; and one with a fluttery flight and the feet showing beyond the tail, dark brown upperparts and a dusky vent should be a Yelkouan Shearwater. Any of the latter which are heavily marked below with a dark breast-band probably belong to the race mauretanicus. Individuals with pale underparts may be either mauretanicus or nominate yelkouan , depending on the local circumstances, but, if there are a number of birds and small ones with pale breasts are in the majority, most should be yelkouan. Acknowledgments In addition to the individuals and institutions listed in Bourne et at. (1988), we are now also indebted to Vincent Bretagnolle for news of his important investigations of the voices of these shearwaters, and to Dr J. C. Finlayson and M. Rogers for additional observations off Gibraltar and Portland Bill, Dorset, respectively. Summary The recognition of the smaller North Atlantic shearwaters Puffinus is reviewed following the proposal that the Mediterranean forms yelkouan and mauretanicus should be treated as a distinct species, the Yelkouan Shearwater P. yelkouan. In general, the latter normally appears larger and stouter than the Manx Shearwater P. puffinus, with a shorter tail, so that the feet project in flight (which involves much fluttering low over the waves), and has a distinct call. It has a browner back which fades to a greater extent, after which the pale old feathers show' much contrast with the darker new ones while they are being replaced during the moult. There are normally more diffuse markings on the underparts, which are usually present under the tail and wing, spread up the side of the body on about half the individuals of the smaller nominate eastern race yelkouan, and expand to form a breast-band on a majority’ of the larger western race mauretanicus , which may be largely dark below, though the paler chin, belly and central underwing are normally still visible at close quarters. More dark birds appear to be seen in the Atlantic than in the Mediterranean. There is a 316 Identification ofYel/couan Shearwater remote possibility that they may belong to an additional undiscovered population of dark individuals, but it seems more likely that the birds vary in their average coloration with age, and are darkest during the period of post-juvenile dispersal from the breeding places in the western Mediterranean into the Atlantic, but become paler by the time they are due to return to the Mediterranean to breed. Audubon’s Shearwater P. Iherminieri, which is smaller and browner above with a proportionately short wing and long tail, is also liable to be overlooked among Yelkouan Shearwaters in much the same way as Little Shearwaters P. assimilis have been mistaken for small Manx Shearwaters in the past. It is emphasised that, while all these forms show a variety of differences in behaviour and appearance when they are seen together, they all also show similar variations in appearance and behaviour with changes in the season, weather and viewing conditions, so that care is required in using these criteria. References Ash, L, & Rooke, K. B. 1954. Balearic Shearwaters off the Dorset coast in 1953. Brit. Birds 47: 285-296. Bf.SSON, J. 1973. Remarques sur la mort accidentelle de Puffins yelkouans. Alauda 41: 1 65- 167. Bourne, W. R. P. 1957. Manx Shearwaters, Little Gulls and other sea birds wintering off the Algerian coast. Ibis 99: 117-118. 1962. Descriptions of shearwaters. In Palmer, R. S., Handbook of North American Birds. vol. 1. New Haven. 1966. Sight records of sea birds. Brit. Birds 59: 250-253. 1967. Long-distance vagrancy in the petrels. Ibis 109: 141-167. 1974. Melanism in shearwaters. Brit. Birds 67: 392. 1986. Recent work on the origin and suppression of species in the Cape Verde Islands, especially the shearwaters, the herons, the kites and the sparrows. Bull. Brit. Om. Cl. 106: 163-170. 1988. The status of Little, Audubon’s and ‘Levantine’ Shearwaters in Britain and Ireland. Brit. Birds 81: 401-402. , Mackrill, E.J., Paterson, A. M., & Yesou, P. 1988. The Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus (puffinus?) yelkouan. Brit. Birds 81: 306-319. , & Norris, A. Y. 1966. Observaciones durante una travesia marina de ida y vuelta entre Gran Bretana y Gibraltar, Septiembre 1964. Ardeola 11: 57-63. Brichetti, P. 1979. (Geographical distribution of breeding birds in Italy, Corsica and the Maltese Islands. 1. Introduction; families Podicipedidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae.) Natura Bresciana 16: 124-133 (in Italian, with English summaries). 1988. (Geographical distribution of breeding birds in Italy, Corsica and the Maltese Islands. 5. Complements and corrections to parts 1-4.) Natura Bresciana 24: 147-174 (in Italian, with English summaries). Brooke, M. 1990. The Manx Shearwater. London. Cade, M. 1983. The possibility of east Mediterranean Manx Shearwaters occurring in British waters. Brit. Birds 76: 413. Cortes, J. E., Finlayson, J. C., Mosquera, M. A., & Garcia, E. F. 1980. The Birds of Gibraltar. Gibraltar Bookshop, Gibraltar. Cramp, S., & Simmons, K. E. L. (eds.) 1977. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. vol. 1. Oxford. Curtis, W. F., Lassey, P. A., & Wallace, D. I. M. 1985. Identifying the smaller shearwaters. Brit. Birds 78: 123-138. Dubois, P. J. 1986. Mediterranean races of Manx Shearwater in British waters. Brit. Birds 79: 352-354. Everett, W. T. 1988. Biology of the Black-vented Shearwater. Western Birds 19: 89-104. Garcia, E. F. J. 1970. Seabird activity in the Strait of Gibraltar: a progress report. Seabird Rep. 3: 30-36. Harris, M. P. 1965. Variation in size, leg colour and plumage of shearwaters. Brit. Birds 58: 349-350. Harrison, P. 1983. Seabirds: an identification guide. Beckenham. Hopf.Jones, P., & TASKER, M. L. 1982. Seabird Movement at Coastal Sites around Great Britain and Ireland: Aberdeen. 317 Identification o/Y elkouan Shearwater JAMES, P. C. 1986. Little Shearwaters in Britain and Ireland. Brit. Birds 79: 28-33. , & ALEXANDER, M. 1984. Madeiran Little Shearwater Puffinus assimilis baroli prospecting on Skomer Island, U.K. Ardea 72: 236-237. JOUVENTIN, P., & MOL’GIN,J. L. 1981. Les strategies adaptatives des oiseaux de mer. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 53: 217-266. Lee, D. S. 1988. The Little Shearwater ( Puffinus assimilis) in the western North Atlantic. Amer. Birds 42: 213-220. LOOMIS, L. M. 1918. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. A review of the albatrosses, petrels and diving-petrels. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4 (2): 1-187. MACKRILL, E. J., & Yf.sOU, P. 1988. Leucism and partial albinism in the Balearic race of Manx Shearwater. Brit. Birds 81: 235-236. MayaUD, N. 1931. Contribution a l’etude de la mue des puffins. Alauda 3: 230-249, 457. 1932. Considerations sur la morphologie et la systematique de quelques puffins. Alauda 4: 41-78, 495. McCartney, P. 1986. Mediterranean races of Manx Shearwater in British waters. Brit. Birds 79: 351-352. MURPHY, R. C. 1927. On certain forms of Puffinus assimilis and its allies. Amer. \tus. Noint. 276: 1-15. 1952. The Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus as a species of world-wide distribution. Amer. Mus. Novit. 1586: 1-21. NANKINOV, D. In press. Status and conservation of seabirds breeding in Bulgaria. In Mf.DMARAVIS (ed.), Status and conservation of seabirds: ecogeography and Mediterranean action plan. Ardeola special number. NICHOLSON, E. M. 1952. Shearwaters in the English Channel. Brit. Birds 45: 41-55. NlSBET, I. C. T., & SMOUT, T. C. 1957. Eield notes on some birds of south-east Europe. Brit. Birds 50: 201-204. PARRACK, J. D. 1966. Sea-watching in Northumberland. Seabird 2: 32-33. Perrins, C. M., Diamond, A. W., Straw, P.J. S., & Britton, C. K. 1965. Sight identification of shearwaters. Brit. Birds 58: 521-522. Post, P. W. 1967. Manx, Audubon’s and Little Shearwaters in the northwestern North Atlantic. Bird Banding 38: 278-305. Ref.S, G. H. 1986. Mediterranean races of Manx Shearwater in British waters. Brit. Birds 79: 351. Rogers, M. 1980. Portland Bird Observatory and Field Club Report 1979. TELLERIA, L. 1981. Im Migration de las Aves in el Estrecho de Gibraltar. Madrid. ToMBF.UR, F. L. L. 1985. (Numbers of Manx Shearwaters at the Bosporus.) Veldomitol. Tijdschr. 8: 17-20 (in Flemish, with English summary). TUCKER, B. W. 1949. Species and subspecies: a review for general ornithologists. Brit. Birds 42: 129-134, 161-174, 193-205. VAN Impe, J. 1975. Sur les mouvements du Puffin velkouan Puffinus p. y elkouan en Mer Noire. Alauda 43: 185-187. VAURIE, C. 1965. The Birds of the Palaearctic Fauna: Non-Passeriformes. London. WlTHERBY, H. F. 1921. On the British-taken examples of the ‘Levantine’ Shearwater. Brit. Birds 15: 151-153. , JOURDAIN, F. C. R., TlCEHURST, N. F., & Tucker, B. W. 1940. The Handbook of British Birds, vol. 4. London. YESOU, P. 1985. Nouvelles donnees sur la mue de Puffinus p. mauretamcus. Oiseau 55: 177-182. 1986. Mediterranean races of Manx Shearwater in British waters. Brit. Birds 79: 354. ZONFRII.LO, B. 1987. Ageing Manx Shearwaters. Ringers' Bull. 7: 15. P. Yesou, 101 rue du 8 Mai, 85340 Olonne-sur-Mer, France A. M. Paterson, Edificio San Gabriel 2-4°-A, c/ Escritor Adolfo Reyes, 29620 Torremolinos (Malaga), Spain E. J. Mackrill, Welt on-le- Marsh, Spilsby, Lincolnshire PE23 5SY, England Dr W R. P. Bourne, Department of Zoology, Aberdeen University, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen A B9 2TN, Scotland 318 Identification ofYelkouan Shearwater Appendix 1. Notes on the Yelkouan Shearwater supplementing Bourne et al. (1988) In his recent book on The Manx Shearwater , Brooke (1990: pages 26-28) adopted an agnostic attitude to the evolution of the Manx group of shearwaters, dismissing our arguments that P. pujffinus and P. yelkouan must be distinct species on the grounds that they differ only in colour, without reference to the important work by Mayaud (1932) and others on their anatomy, and that their ecology' will be affected by the earlier establishment of the thermocline near the shore owing to the occurrence of more mixing at sea, when in fact the thermocline is normally found only out at sea owing to tidal mixing along the shore. The recordings by Roche & Bretagnolle (in prep.) mentioned above, which show that yelkouan and mauretanicus have similar voices but which differ from that of puffinus, provide further evidence that these are a distinct species. Tombeur (1985) has recently reported that some 3,000-4,000 Yelkouan Shearwaters were seen moving northeast through the Bosporus into the Black Sea daily in August 1982. The situation there has now been clarified by Nankinov (in press and verbally). The birds are present from February to the end of October, and there are two breeding records from islands off the Bulgarian coast. Between the end of June and September, large flocks of up to 20,000 individuals also occur offshore, following fish shoals north from the Bosporus to the Caucasus (van Impe 1975). V. Siokhin has also confirmed (verbally) that up to 10,000-15,000 occur off the southwest coast of the Crimea in September and October in some years. Additional information on the distribution of yelkouan , with particular reference to the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas during the winter, is also given by Brichetti (1988). There may be some variation in the moulting places from year to year. Mick Rogers reports (verbally) that over the last 30 years mauretanicus have continued to occur where reported by Ash & Rooke (1954) off Portland, Dorset, on the south coast of England, a few' dozen times a year between mid May and late October, with hundreds again during 1958-61 (with the peak in late September) and 1976-79 (peak in first half of August). In the last year, it was noticed that the earlier records involved a flock of about 30 faded and presumably non- breeding mauretanicus which carried out their primary moult offshore in June and July, whereas the later ones included numbers of what appeared to be passing birds of the year in fresh dark plumage. The Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society Newsletter (39: 8-9) reports that hundreds of moulting mauretanicus were also seen off Cape St Vincent, southwest Portugal, on 29th and 30th August 1988, when the birds which normally moult at this time off Sables d’Olonne in the Bay of Biscay had almost disappeared following an influx of warm water for about three weeks. P. Huyskens (in litt.) reports that many mauretanicus can be seen returning south around northwest Spain in the autumn, and Dr Graham Foggitt (in litt.) that small flocks of mauretanicus (but no puffinus) also regularly pass south with a few Cory’s Shearwaters and huge numbers of Gannets Sula bassana past Cape St Vincent in the early morning in September and October. AMP also saw a remarkable return movement of 3,140 mauretanicus northeast past Torremolinos, southeast Spain, between 06.45 and 07.45 hours on 29th October 1988. The Royal Naval Bird-Watching Society has recently received some possible outlying records, including two shearwaters with brownish-black upperparts seen by A. R. Louch at 15.8°N 23.6°W near the Cape Verde Islands on 24th December 1983 and another, which also had a dark face and chin, seen by the same observer nearby at 18.6°N 22.8°W on 17th January 1984; and WRPB saw a medium-sized sheanvater which was brown above and white below at 14.5°N 18.5°W, 75 nautical miles (138 km) southwest of Cape Verde, on 6th February 1985. R. L. Westwater also saw three shearwaters with mottled underparts at 36.6°N 14.8°E, between Sicily and Malta, on 16th March 1985. The information on the Black-vented Shearwater P. opisthomelas has recently been summarised by Everett (1988). Apparently the species is now known to breed only on Natividad, the San Benito and Guadalupe Islands west of Baja California, where there were once said to be ‘immense numbers’ which have now been reduced to a few tens of thousands by rats, feral cats, stray dogs, and possibly monofilament nylon nets (which also kill many yelkouan in the Mediterranean: Besson 1973). They also start to return to the colonies in November, begin to lay from early March (with a good deal of variation from year to year), and fledge from early July, most leaving the colonies by mid August. Many then move north at least as far as Point Conception north of Eos Angeles to moult, and some may even reach Identification ofYelkouan Shearwater 3 1 9 \ .mi ouver Island. I lie dark flanks and vent may be the most distinctive character at sea; while I.oomis (1918) is credited with the suggestion that the young birds may be darker, he actually attributed the variation in colour below to polymorphism. Appendix 2. Amendments to Bourne et al. (1988) On page .510, the second line of the second paragraph should have read ‘ . . . eastern Algeria east to the Aegean, . . . (not west). On pages 31 1 and 319, the publication by Vidal should have been dated 1985 (not 1965). In table 1, pages 314-315, the upper limit of measurements of the culmen of Levantine Shearwater should have read 39 mm (not 74 mm), and the ranges of measurements of culmen and tarsus of Townsend’s Shearwater 30-35 mm and 43-48 mm, respectively. It should have been noted that individuals of yelkouan in wing moult have been seen from Ras el Bar, Egypt, on 9th September 1917, from Tel Aviv, Israel, on 14th September 1947, and near Syra, Greece, on 15th September 1936. Seasonal reports Winter 1989/90 Keith A/lsopp and Harry Nightingale JPPIV These are largely unchecked reports, not authenticated records The weather during this winter period was milder and wetter than average everywhere , with temperatures 2.5°C above normal in much of southern and eastern England. Unsettled westerly weather in early November changed to warm anticyclonic southeasterlies on 1 1th as pressure increased nearby over Europe. On 20th , the dominant centre of pressure moved northwestward and cold northerly air arrived . bringing the first taste of winter. This cold block remained until 11th December . when warm moist air pushing eastward from the Atlantic created very intense jet streams at their collision front , which this season occurred farther south than normal. A series of intense cyclones generated along this interface brought frequent westerly gales, until warm air from the southeast pushed this disturbed region to the north by 26th. After a brief anticyclonic respite until 6th January, the battlefield between the hot and cold air again moved south, and this very disturbed westerly flow persisted ( with a few days of quieter weather interspersed) until 11th March, when the warm anticyclone to the south moved gradually northwards, bringing unseasonally hot spells of weather in the south; northern districts, however, were still being buffeted by the winds and rain from the Atlantic. [Hnl. Birds 88: 319-329. August 1990] 320 Winter 1989/90 Shearwaters and petrels The westerly gales, untypically farther south this winter season, might have been ex- pected to have resulted in unusual seabird movements. The only species to have been affected was the Leach’s Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa, when a moderate wreck during the gale on 17th December was followed by a much larger one from 23rd to 25th, with the birds being driven westwards into the En- glish Channel and Severn Estuary. Counts of over 100 were made from Cornish and Dorset coasts and 30 from Sussex, 80 from Somerset and 1 1 from South Glamorgan, with over ten reported inland, some of which had not survived. The presence of this species feeding offshore into late December again indicates the effects of a higher sea temperature on available food. A lone Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus was seen off Port- land Bill (Dorset) on the windy 24th, the last North Sea report being almost a month earlier, on 29th November. Late Cory’s Shearwaters Calonectris diomedea also occur- red that month, off Looe (Cornwall) on 17th and in the Thames estuary on 22nd. There were no seabirds involved in the January gales. were noted in Clew Bay (Co. Mayo) on 27th January. The usual single wintering White- billed Divers G. adamsii returned to Shet- land and to ‘Orkney by November, with another seen at Barmston (Humberside) on 11th and 12th. Black-throated Divers G. arctica were scarce all winter, except for 23 at Sandwich Bay (Kent) on 22nd December. Red-throated Divers G. stellata were com- mon along the North Sea coast and Dover Strait, with concentrations of over 100 noted at Gibraltar Point (Lincolnshire), Minsmere (Suffolk) and Dungeness (Kent) in Decem- ber, and at Sandwich Bay in February, with the birds dispersing through March. About ten Red-necked Grebes Podiceps grisegena were scattered across England, with few' staying long on any one water. Small groups of Black-necked Grebes P. nigricollis stayed on London and Midland reservoirs, and 29 was the peak count at Hayling oysterbeds (Hampshire) on 10th December. Over 115 Slavonian Grebes P. auritus were counted off Jersey (Channel Islands) on 28th February after counts of 46 at Church Norton (West Sussex) and 38 in Tyne & Wear in Decem- ber; about ten were scattered inland over the period. Divers and grebes The numbers of Great Northern Divers Gavia immer inland increased from two to 12 after the gale on 17th December, with similar numbers reported until late Febru- ary', some individuals staying put and others wandering between adjacent waters. Winter- ing flocks collected off Cornwall, and 50 Herons A feature of recent winters has been the occurrences of Bitterns Botaurus stellaris away from traditional reed-swamps; this season / [The inclusion of plates 189-200 in colour has been subsidised by a donation from ZEISS West Germany] 90. Female Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris with Tufted Ducks A. fuligula, Pochard A. ferina and Mallard Anas platyrhynchos , South Shields, Tyne & Wear, March 1990 (David Tipling) 91. Male Hooded Merganser Mergus cucullatus , Scarborough, North Yorkshire, December 1989 ( Jeff Youngs) 193. Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis, Portland, Dorset, December 1989 ( Richard G. Smith) 194. Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti, Pen-clawdd, West Glamorgan, November 1989 ( Howard Nicholls) also7X42B/GAT* . . particularly useful in confined habitats, such as woodland or forest: for seawatching or raptor-watching. . (British Birds Vol 79 No. 6 June 1986) Zeiss - a tradition of excellence. The preferred binocular of experienced birdwatchers worldwide. Unsurpassed in quality and performance. Excellent image contrast; superior light transmission at dawn and dusk; genuine “B" special eyepieces with unrestricted viewing for spectacle- and non -spectacle wearers alike; true close focusing (5m). For brochure and nearest stockist please contact: Sturdy and dependable. Available with or without rubber armour. Carl Zeiss (Oberkochen) Ltd PO Box 78 Woodfield Road Welwyn Garden City Herts AL7 1LU Telephone (0707)331144 ZEISS West Germany (D607) vii MAN AND WILDFOWL Janet Kear The involvement of humans with ducks, geese and swans is probably closer than with any other group of birds. This in- volvement in its many aspects is the theme of a compelling and readable account by the Assis- tant Director of the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust. Dr Kear ranges widely, through the history of do- mestication, to wildfowling, decoys, conservation and cap- tive breeding, conflicts with agri- culture, and wildfowl in legend and literature. The well-illus- trated text is full of insights that will intrigue the reader and reflect the author’s scholarship and affection for her subject. July 1990, 280 pages, drawings and photographs, ISBN: 0.85661.055.0, £17.00 T & A D POYSER 24-28 Oval Road London NW1 7DX Telephone: 071-267-4466 Birds & Birderstm NATURE TOURS TOURS PLANNED FOR 1990 HOLLAND HOLLAND WITH A DIFFERENCE 7-days, spring & summer SWEDEN AUTUMN MIGRATION AT FALSTERBO 8-days, autumn 1990 For brochure write to: Birds & Birders s P.0 BOX 737 - 9700 GRONINGEN $ THE NETHERLANDS Phone: »*▼ * 4 V , * vT > - i .A *** ♦ 4 % -• KM » S3* - " 202 Sc 203. Bonaparte’s Cull Lams Philadelphia, Kenilworth, Warwickshire, March 1990 (above. David Tipling; below, Steve Seat) S. longicaudus was seen at Sker Point (South Glamorgan) on 22nd in the period of De- cember gales. Little Gulls l.. minutus were noted in November passing along the East Coast, with 549 at Hornsea (Humberside) on 4th, and the maximum winter count of 80 was at Seaforth (Merseyside) in January. A Sabine’s Gull Larus sabini visited Marsworth Reservoir, Tring (Hertfordshire), on 22nd November, with five others seen on the coast that month and six more reported during the stormy periods in December to January: at Hurst Castle (Hampshire) on 20th De- cember, near Penarth (South Glamorgan) on 24th December, at Selsey Bill (West Sussex) on 26thjanuary, at Budleigh Salter- ton (Devon) on 5th February, at Bray (Co. Wicklow) on 1 1th February and at Stranraer (Dumfries & Galloway) on 24th February. Copt Point, Folkestone (Kent), was again the magnet for Mediterranean Gulls L. melanocephalus , with 30 in January and Febru- ary rising to 40 in March, of which 22 were adult. Others were noted erratically at many- winter roosts, as were Ring-billed Gulls /.. delawarensis, with some 14 reports in mid winter and 25 in March as the gulls dis- persed. About 30-40 Glaucous Gulls hyperboreus were found wintering south of the Scottish lowlands, with a variable number following the fishing fleets farther north, and Iceland Gulls l.. glaucoides showed a steady increase from nine in November in England to over 80 by March as reports accumulated from Britain and Ireland. Three of the Nearctic race kumlieni were found: one ‘regu- lar’ at Banff (Highland) and two in Ireland, where also a Thayer’s Gull L. thayeri was seen in Co. Cork from 21st February to 4th March, and six Herring Gulls /.. argentatus of the Nearctic race smithsonianus (plate 201) were identified in late February •. Two Bona- parte's Gulls L. Philadelphia were reported in January, two further in February, with five including some of the former in March, most being in southwest England, but one was inland at Kenilworth (Warwickshire) from 11th to 28th (plates 198. 202 & 203). An Ivory Gull PagophUa ebumea visited Shet- land during 2nd-9th December, and the only- Forster’s Tern Sterna forsteri reported this winter was at Groomsport (Co. Down) from 4th to 11th. Little Auks Alle alle were not caught up in the winter storms, with only small numbers, mainly singles except for 91 passing Hornsea on 15th November. 328 Winter 1989/90 204. Waxwings Bomby cilia gamilus, Guisborough, Cleveland, January 1990 (Jeff Youngs) Passerines Small flocks of up to six Shore Larks Eremophila alpestris wintered along the East Coast (plate 205), but other usually more- abundant species there, Twites Carduelis flavirostris , Lapland Buntings Calcarius lappo- nicus and Snow Buntings Plectrophena.x nivalis, were down in numbers, adverse weather probably disrupting their normal arrival pattern. A late burst of November autumn rarities involved three Desert Wheatears Oenanthe deserti, at Selsey Bill (West Sussex) on 1st to 6th (plate 197), Pen-clawdd (West Glamorgan) on 21st and 22nd (plate 194), and Burniston (North Yorkshire) on 26th to 30th; seven Pallas’s Warblers Phylloscopus proregulus ; a Radde’s Warbler P. schwarzi at Cruden Bay (Northumberland); and a Dusky Warbler P.fuscalus on Blakeney Point (Norfolk) on 12th. Some of the Yellow- browed Warblers P. inomatus (ten were reported) were subsequently found vvinter- ing: two at Winterton (Norfolk), two in Cornwall and singles in Hampshire and Somerset. Chiffchaffs P. collybita and Fire- crests Regulus ignicapillus were also taking advantage of the mild weather, being espe- cially numerous in Cornwall and the Chan- nel Islands. A large influx of Fieldfares Turdus pilaris occurred from late December as the westerly gales relented and some size- able flocks collected, including 10,000 in one in Buckinghamshire. Soon after, a Dusky Thrush T. naumanni of the nominate race (colloquially known as ‘Naumann’s Thrush’) was found at Chingford (London) Winter 1989/90 329 on 19th January (plate 195), staying until 9th March, and a Black-throated Thrush T. ruficollis was seen briefly at Prestonpans (Lothian) on 25th December. Waxwings Bombytilla garrulus were much less numerous than last winter, but several flocks of up to 30 could be found in the north of England and Scotland (plate 204); Brambling Fringil- la montijringilla flocks were also in that area, numbering 200 in Cumbria. Up to ten Great Grey Shrikes Lanins excubitor were regularly reported during the period, most from tradi- tional sites. Long-staying rarities included the Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis at Holkham Meals (Norfolk) (plate 196), and two Dark-eyed Juncos Junco hyemalis (plates 192 & 193) at Weston, Portland (Dorset), and Church Crookham (Hamp- shire) found in December, all staying into March. A female Pine Bunting Emberiza leucocephalos was a challenging find at Big- waters Nature Reserve (Tyne & Wear) on 17th February, where it stayed to 16th March. 205. Shore Lark Eremophila alpestris, Cley, Norfolk, February 1990 (David Kelly) pears ago... ‘LAND-RAILS IN STAFFORDSHIRE. I am pleased to report that the Land-Rail ( Crex crex) turned up this year in quite average numbers in the district of Cheadle, Staffordshire . . . This very dry season is bringing on a very early hay harvest, and this will be most disastrous to Land-Rails’ nests, which will be mown over and destroyed before the young are hatched. This result will probably cause a diminished number of this waning species.’ (Brit. Birds 9: 74, August 1915) Mystery photographs -| Perched conspicuously / on a prominent vantage point, this mystery bird shows a fairly substantial bill, relatively long tail and black mask, a com- bination which quickly shows it to be one of the shrikes Lanius. The blackness of the wings and ‘highwayman’s mask' and lack of markings on the almost uniformly pale mantle and scapulars are features shared by only three members of the genus recorded in our region. Of these, the vagrant Long-tailed Shrike L. schach can be ruled out: the tail is clearly too short for that species and, even in the photo, the difference between the tip of the central tail and that of the outermost feathers can be appreciated; thus, although the tip is somewhat graduated, it is far less so than it would be on Long-tailed. Although some populations of Long-tailed are black-hooded, most show a pale forehead and a narrower black mask than the bird in question; intermediates do occur, although such birds show a less clearly defined mask than the mystery bird. Clearly it is either a Great Grey L. excubitor or Lesser Grey Shrike L. minor, but which one? A glance at any field guide will tell you that Lesser Grey has the mask expanding to cover the forecrown, a feature not shared by Great Grey. Although basically true of adult male and many female Lesser Greys, first- autumn and first-winter birds and some females have the forehead wholly or partially grey, recalling Great Grey. Our mystery bird seems to have a black forecrown indicative of Lesser Grey, but, in case it is an effect of shadow, we need to check other features. Lesser Grey has relatively longer primaries and a shorter tail than Great Grey; the photograph indicates a tail that is a little on the short side for a Great Grey, but most importantly the bird also shows a pale bar on the wing; as this is formed by pale (actually buffish) tips to the secondaries, the primary extension is clearly very long, and the bird is indeed a Lesser Grey. The generally rather compact ‘jizz’ of the bird and its short, stubby bill are also good Lesser Grey pointers; Great Grey would have shorter, more bunched primaries, a longer, looser tail, and a finer and less finch-like bill; additionally the scapulars would be whiter, and there would be a narrow white supercilium along the upper border of the mask. The extensive white band across the bases of the primaries, so striking in flight, is completely concealed by the folded wing in this photograph, and is in any case matched in extent by some southern and eastern races of Great Grey. The differences between these two shrikes have been discussed in ‘Mystery photograph’ number 117 (Brit. Birds 79: 426-428), where the 330 {Brit. Birds 83: 330-331, August 1990] Mystery photographs 331 broad white wing-band and shape of the primary extension is clearly shown. I photographed this bird in Cyprus in August 1989, where, apart from Masked Shrikes L. nubicus in some numbers, this was the only shrike that I saw during a two-week stay. Dave Odell 74 Ditmas Avenue, Kempston, Bedford \IK42 7DW 207. Mystery photograph 158. Identify the species. Answer next month Notes Oystercatchers incubating on closely adjacent nests In early spring 1987, in a quiet corner of Blackpool Airport, Lancashire, soil, sand and chippings were dumped and then levelled. Later, the area became partly covered by- vegetation and up to five Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus were prospecting the site. On 3rd June, two Oystercatchers moved off as I approached and I found a nest containing seven eggs, no doubt the product of two females. On 17th June, two Oystercatchers left the nest area and I found that the original nest 332 Notes scrape, well lined with stone chippings, held five eggs; 1 1 cm from this was a second, unlined, sandy scrape with two eggs. Later, from a distance, I saw the two waders incubating ‘shoulder to shoulder’. On 28th June, both nests were empty but adult Oystercatchers were in the area. Maurice Jones 31 Laverton Road, St Annes, Lancashire FY8 1EW Distraction display of Ringed Plover performed over water On 28th June 1987, while I was ringing a brood of Ringed Plovers Charadrius hiaticula on the seashore at Uisgeantuidhe, Islay, Argyll, both parents performed vigorous distraction displays, as is quite usual for this species. While one adult ran and flopped along the beach, however, its mate performed its display out over the sea, which was calm at the time. It appeared to be pattering over the water with its feet, while the strongly fanned and depressed tail and the tips of its wings, beating in typically haphazard fashion, were also touching the surface. The plover continued this for about 50 m out from the shore, before flying up from the water and returning to the beach, where it carried on displaying. M. A. Ogilvie Glencaim, Bruichladdich, Isle of Islay, Argyll PA49 7 UN Dr K. E. L. Simmons has commented as follows: ‘I suspect that the position and manner of approach of the observer may have played a part in determining the route of the bird. In my paper on the Little Ringed Plover C. dubius ( Avic . Mag. 59: 191-207), I recorded: “Although the plover usually high-tail runs between bouts of static display, it may now and then run on while still displaying and occasionally fly low over the ground or water with tail still fanned and depressed and with very ungainly wing movements, probably a compromise between display and impeded-flight.” ’ Eds Sandgrouse taking water from its own breast feathers On 6th October 1983, near Thumrait, southern Oman, I watched large flocks of Chestnut- bellied Sandgrouse Pterocles exustus arriving at water pools between 08.50 and 09.45 hours local time. After sipping eight to 14 times, the sandgrouse usually left in rapid flight. One small group, however, after drinking and immersing their bodies in the water, flew a short distance and pitched on a rocky hummock about 30 m away. There, a male was seen to make pecking motions at his lower breast and belly; at first I thought that he was preening, but it became apparent that he was, in fact, taking water. After a short ‘peck’ at his belly, he levelled his head to swallow and then repeated the action. He performed this little drinking action five or six times before the group flew off. It is well established that sandgrouse carry water, in especially adapted breast feathers, to young remote from drinking places, but not, apparently, that they make use of these stores themselves. Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse chicks have been noted in this part of Oman between March and May, and there is little likelihood that these individuals were breeding in October. Graham Bundy c/o 111 Porchester Road, Woolston, Southampton S02 7JA Notes 333 House Sparrows ‘playing’ with plastic tag In 1985, in my garden in Manchester, I had placed a thin plastic identification tag alongside a clump of Cornish heather Erica vagans. The tag protruded 5 cm above the ground, with the same amount below ground, and was yellow in colour. On five occasions within eight weeks, I found it uprooted and lying up to 1 m away. I eventually solved the mystery when I saw a House Sparrow Passer domesticus peck at the tag, struggle with it, and then uproot it and drag it away; after ‘playing’ with it for about ten seconds, the sparrow abandoned the tag and moved away. I have previously watched House Sparrows attack yellow crocuses Crocus susianus. Peter Barlow 48 Grasmere Crescent, Eccles, Manchester M30 8D\Y l^rJ- J- M. Flegg has commented as follows: ‘The misleading words here are “playing" and “attack”. Most gardeners are familiar with the damage caused to crocuses, primulas and other flowers, especially yellow ones, and also especially in the spring. Yellow is a prime insect-attractant colour, readily visible and normally indicative of a fairly abundant supply of nectar, which of course is of great food value to a pollinating insect. Yellow cultivars of the original wild species tend to haye appreciably more nectar than the other colours (such as white, striped or purple crocuses) produced by plant breeders. In “going for gold”, House Sparrows are neither playing, nor acting as vandals as most gardeners suspect. In spring, when other natural foods are in short supply, they are simply shredding the blossoms to get to the sugar-rich nectar in the nectaries at the base of the petals.’ Ens Bramblings feeding from suspended mesh nut-containers Two earlier notes (Brit. Birds 65: 445; 66: 121) on Bramblings Fringilla montifringilla taking peanuts from suspended containers in Britain referred to the winters of 1970/71 and 1971/72. Although I have no notes of precise dates, I should like belatedly to add the following observations from my parents’ garden in Gillingham, Kent. During early 1972, a female Brambling frequented the garden feeder for a few days and regularly and without difficulty fed from a suspended container; and, in one subsequent winter between then and 1975, two males and a female stayed a few: days and behaved similarly. Bramblings do not normally occur in the garden in winter and I gained the impression that this was the fringe of an increasingly widespread tendency, as has been well documented for the Siskin Carduelis spinus (Brit. Birds 66: 91-99). These observ ations in the early 1970s, however, appear to remain fairly isolated, and it would be of interest to know what factors have inhibited the spread of the habit among Bramblings. L. J. DAVENPORT Ramla House, 9 London Road. Rainham, Kent ME8 7RG Lys Muirhead and David Glue have commented that, although there have been records of Bramblings hanging from nut-baskets since 1972, the species does not appear to have been so ‘successful’ as, for example, Greenfinch C. chloris-. the impression is that they ‘are learning’, but the behaviour is still quite low key. David Glue also feels that males seem more adept in this behaviour than females. Ens Letter Shearwaters, sirens and halcyons In their recent paper on the ‘Yelkouan Shearwater’ (Brit. Birds 81: 306-319), Dr W. R. P. Bourne and his co- authors claim to have identified the Sirens and the Halcyon of classical mythology with the two species of shearwater that breed in the Mediterranean. In both cases, the evidence against seems very much stronger than the evidence put forward in support of these claims. It was with sweet singing and honeyed words that the Sirens lured sailors to their doom. This myth could hardly have been inspired by the ‘voice very like a foghorn’ described for Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea, which, moreover, is vocal only when it comes to land at night. There is nothing to suggest that the Sirens were thought of as singing at night. Odysseus’s famous encounter with them plainly took place in full daylight, for he recorded that it was with the aid of the sun’s heat that he melted the beeswax used to deafen the ears of his crew (Homer’s Odyssey 12: 173-177). If any bird contributed towards the development of this myth, it could hardly have been a shearwater. Nor is the claimed identification’ of the Halcyon with the ‘Yelkouan Shearwater’ P. (pufpnus) yelkouan any more convincing. The Halcyon was not ‘celebrated because it was never seen ashore’. Indeed, there is nothing central to the myth to suggest that it was thought of as leaving land except for the purpose of rearing its brood on the sea. The Yelkouan Shearwater may be ‘prone to settle in flocks on the water far from its breeding-places when the wind falls’, but this is not particularly suggestive of the Halcyon which (a) was certainly not thought of as occurring in flocks and (b) was thought of as breeding exclusively at midwinter, when one might suppose that prolonged calm spells were least likely to occur naturally. The Halcyon has always been associated with the Kingfisher Alcedo atthis , and this surely was the precise intention of the creators of the original myth. It is most accessible to us in Ovid’s version ( Metamorphoses xi: 410-748), where the heroine who is destined to be turned into a bird (the Halcyon) is given the name Alcyone. This is the direct Latin rendering of the Greek AXkvovti which is the feminised form of oXkucov. Greek lexicographers (e.g. Liddell & Scott) tell us that this means ‘kingfisher, halcyon’, and that the aspirated version aXKUtor (of which halcyon is the direct English rendering) was probably due to the incorrect notion that the word was a compound of aXq (the sea) and kucoc (conceiving). It is natural for ornithologists to have been obsessed with the avian aspects of the myth, but it seems more likely that the primary object of the story was to provide an imaginative explanation for the prolonged spells of good weather (halcyon days) that can occur at the most unlikely time of year. It was an essent ial part of the logic behind the myth that Alcyone was the daughter of Aeolus, keeper of the winds, who had the power to prevent them from blowing while his daughter, after her metamorphosis, was nesting on the sea. The Kingfisher was the natural bird to bring in for this purpose, because its brilliant blue upperparts symbolised the colour of the sea under these conditions. 334 Letter 335 Isabel Winthrope is quoted as having ‘reported that the name Halcyon is still used for the “Levantine Shearwater” in its area of origin.’ What she actually wrote is less explicit ( Seabird 3: 37-40): ‘A friend was recently cruising in the Bosphorus and asked the guide about flocks of seabirds flying low over the water. He said they were known as halcyons . . If these were indeed shearwaters, one may fairly suspect that the guide was saying ‘yelkovan’, which could easily be misheard as ‘halcyon’. In any case, there can be no etymological connection between the Greek and Turkish words. The use of a\Kuwr as meaning ‘kingfisher goes back to the days of Homer {Iliad 9: 563) — nearly 2,000 years before the ancestors ol the 1 urks erupted from central Asia. Yelkovan is an exclusively I urkish word derived from yel (moderate wind) and kovan (cartridge). Kovan is derived from kovmak (to go out, to fly) and also from kovalamak (to chase). The compound word was probably originally yelkovalayan (the one that chases the wind), later abbreviated to yelkovan. It is applied to shearwaters generically. I am most grateful to Dr Sancar Baris and Gernant Magnin, who went to much trouble to provide this information, and also to Mrs Pauline Humphrey, who gave me the initial break- through into the Turkish etymology and who has added one further relevant explanation. The ‘v’ sound in Turkish is so lightly pronounced as to be almost non-existent. Before 1928, the Turkish alphabet was written in Arabic characters, and transliterations into foreign languages varied according to the taste of the translator. This explains the older spellings yelkouan and yelkowan, which, to our eyes and ears, reflect the pronunciation rather more closely than the correct modern spelling, yelkovan. Dr Bourne and his co-authors put forward the case for treating as a distinct species the two forms (yelkouan and mauretanicus ) of P. piiffinus that breed in the Mediterranean, and they suggest ‘Yelkouan Shearwater’ as an appropriate vernacular name for the new species. Now that we know that ‘Yelkouan’ means nothing more specific than ‘shearwater', I hope that there will be second thoughts about this suggestion, and that some other name can be found which would also be more appropriate to cover both forms of the proposed new species. DoUGAL G. ANDREW Muirfield Gate, Gullane . East Lothian Announcements British Birdwatching Fair 1990 The Fair will provide an opportunity to see evert aspect of British birdwatching. It will be held at Egleton Nature Reserve, Rutland Water, near Oakham, Leicestershire, front Friday 31st August to Sunday 2nd September 1990. ‘BB' will be there. Come and see us! Books in British BirdShop SPECIAL OFFERS: BUT Vol. 4 (terns to woodpeckers) RSPB edition. Save £40.00. Best Days with British Birds. Save £2.00 Please use the order forms on pages xi & xii. Requests International Waterfowl Census For more than 20 years, the International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau (IWRB) has co-ordinated throughout the Western Palearctic and West Africa the mid-winter International Waterfowl Census (IWC). In recent years, this programme has been extended to Africa, Asia (in collaboration with the Asian Wetland Bureau) and Latin America. We are seeking the collaboration of ornithologists and birdwatchers who plan to visit these continents (January for the Northern Hemisphere, July for the Southern Hemisphere) and are willing to contribute to waterbird monitoring. All that is needed is to be ready to count (not just record) waterbird species in at least one wetland during your visit in the specified month. The IWRB has count forms for each of these regions, which are available on request. Please contact the Waterfowl Division, IWRB, Slimbridge, Gloucester GI.2 7BX, England. Golden Oriole Group The Group was formed to study the breeding distribution and success of the Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus, primarily in the East Anglian fenland basin. As a result of this work and of a survey carried out jointly by the Group and the RSPB in the summer of 1988, we now have a good picture of the species’ status and habitat requirements. We are keen to involve new people in the work of the Group with a view to increasing coverage both within the current study area and in other areas in the United Kingdom with breeding potential. If you are interested in helping or in sharing records on a confidential basis, please get in touch with the Group Secretary: Jake Allsop, 5 Bury Lane, Haddenham, Ely, Cambridge CB6 3PR; tel. Cambridge (0223) 740540. Reviews Sounds of Migrant and Wintering Birds in Western Europe. By C. Chappuis. F. Franklin, Brighton, 1989. Two cassettes and booklet, £12.00. Most commercially produced collections of bird-sound recordings cover the distinctive songs given during the breeding season. This new collection by Dr Chappuis attempts to correct the imbalance by presenting the calls given by birds during migration and on the wintering grounds. A total of 147 species from Western Europe is covered on the two cassettes, each being introduced by its English and scientific names. An accompanying booklet provides background to each recording and, where relevant, additional information helpful to identification (e.g. for geese). As is always the case in collections of this kind, the selection of recordings has inevitably been determined by those in the possession of the compiler. Nevertheless, the typical calls of most species are given and the majority of the recordings are of excellent quality. They have been recorded without the Dolby noise-reduction function and the listener is instructed to turn off the Dolby switch when listening to the recordings. This inevitably means that the background hiss is louder, but the reproduction of the calls should be more accurate. I occasionally found the hiss a little intrusive, but as most of the calls are loud and clear this is not really a problem. Calls in the collection that I found of particular interest included Rough-legged Buzzard Btileo lagopus (quite different from that of Buzzard B. buteo ), Quail Cotumix cotumix (the call of a solitary migrant bird flying over woodland near Paris at night — interesting to consider how the author made this recording), Savi’s Warbler Locustella luscinimdes (very strange guttural calls given by a young bird), and Crossbill Loxia curvirostra and Parrot Crossbill L. pytyopsittacus (a nice comparison of their different flight calls). Omissions from the collection which would have been useful include the flight call of Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana (two calls of perched birds are given) and the flight calls of the Siberian Richard’s Pipits Anthus novaeseelandiae that turn up in Western Europe (the quite-different calls given are of an African bird recorded in Malawi, which some people think should be treated as a separate species). The calls given of a Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus in flight do not include the very high-pitched thin ‘tsee’ call, though perhaps it would be difficult to obtain an undistorted recording of that. Altogether, a very useful collection of bird calls of value both to the beginner birdwatcher who needs help with calls of 336 Reviews 337 common birds, and to the more experienced for consolidating knowledge of less-usual calls and similar sounds from closely related species. David Fishf.r Lifetime Reproduction in Birds. Edited by Ian Newton. Academic Press, London, 1989. 479 pages. £42.50. Only with the aid of long-term studies of individually marked birds has it recently become possible to examine lifetime reproductive success or the number of young produced by recognisable individuals within their lifetime. Most past studies of breeding ecology' of birds have concentrated on the success of a number of pairs in a particular year or years. The significance of lifetime reproduction is that it gives a measure of biological fitness, or the contribution that individuals can make to the gene pool of their own species or population. 1 his well-edited and well-produced volume brings together data on lifetime reproductive success of 23 different species. They are grouped by categories, thus: short-lived hole- nesters, including Blue Tit Parus caemleus and Kingfisher Alcedo atthis\ short-lived open- nesters, Meadow Pipit Anthus pralemis and Song Sparrow Z onotrichia melodia; co-operative breeders, Florida Scrub Jay Aphelocoma coemlescens and Brown Babbler Turdoides squamiceps; birds of prey, including the editor’s own work on the Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus; and long- lived waterfowl and seabirds, among which are Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis , Mute Swan Cygnus olor and Short-tailed Shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris. A final discussion and a synthesis conclude the volume. The general impression after reading the book is how great the variation is in the breeding performance of individuals in the same population. In the majority of species, most individuals die without ever producing actively breeding offspring. Recruitment into the breeding population relies on a remarkably small number of successful individuals, which, however, achieve their success largely through chance circumstances and certainly not through inheritance of favourable characteristics. The price of this book may be on the high side, but there is a wealth of thought-provoking and fascinating reading for anyone even slightly interested in the breeding ecology' of birds. The majority of the accounts, 15 out of 23, present previously unpublished findings so that this is far from being a rehash of old material. It represents a most important contribution to the subject, amply confirming the value of long-term studies of individually marked birds. M. A. OGII.VIF. Short reviews Richard Meinertzhagen: soldier, scientist and spy. By Mark Cocker. (Mandarin, London, 1990. 292 pages. Paperback £5.99) Paperback of the highly acclaimed 1989 biography. Superbly written, objective and comprehensively researched insight into the extraordinary life of a colourful, enigmatic and often controversial man. Meinertzha- gen, his faults and his many detractors notwithstanding, made a huge contribution to modern ornithology, especially in the Middle East, but it is his involvement in the wars, politics and history of his time that intrigues most. Narrow-interest birders should read this book: strongly recom- mended. [Mike Everf.tt] The Birds of Java and Bali. By Derek Holmes. Illustrated by Stephen Nash. (OUP, Oxford, 1989. 109 pages. £6.95) There are over 1,500 species of birds known in Indonesia, and around one-third of these occur in Java and Bali. This book does not aim to be comprehensive, and is designed for the layman. There are colour illustra- tions of 112 species, and text references to some 120 more. Der Wiesenpieper. By Hermann Hotker. (Die Neue Brehm-Biicherei 595. A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg-Lutherstadt, 1989. Paperback DM18.70) No. 595 in this excel- lent series of species monographs, covering the Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis. W holly in German, but nevertheless an essential refer- ence, and including over seven pages of further references. The Natural History of China. By Zhao Ji, Zheng Guangmei, Wang Huadong and Xu Jialin. (Collins, 1990. 224 pages. £14.95) China is very rich in natural habitats: forests, rivers, lakes, sea coast, mountains, grasslands and deserts. All those and their natural history' are described. The text very briefly presents some animals and plants 338 Short reviews that are typical of each habitat. The book is richly illustrated with colour photos, most of which are good. The photo of the incredibly beautiful male Temminck’s Tragopan Trago- pan temminckii in full display is indeed breath- taking. Some of the photos of birds are, however, misidentified (e.g. Green Imperial Pigeon Dticula aenea on p. 91 is Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica, Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi on p. 95 is Japanese Paradise Flycatcher T. atrocaudata, Red- crowned Crane Grus japonensis on p. 120 is White-naped Crane G. vipio, Rock Dove Columba livia on p. 149 is Blue Hill Pigeon C. rupestris, Henderson’s Ground Jay Podoces hendersoni on p. 185 is Hume’s Ground Chough Pseudopodoces humilis and Pallas’s Sandgrouse Syrrhaptes paradoxus on same page is Tibetan Sandgrouse S. tibelanus). For anyone interested in the natural history of China, this book is well worth getting. [PF.R Al. STROM] Flight Strategies of Migrating Hawks. By Paul Kerlinger. (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1989. 375 pages. Hardback £47.95, paperback £15.95) Highly recom- mended for anyone who has any curiosity about bird migration, although the focus is on North American raptors. Not only a complete treatise that goes well beyond previous books on migration, but it also has a thought-provoking quality lacking in too many recent books. The text is clear and easily understood by lay birders; those sections written for the advanced reader can easily be skipped. A best buy. [ W II. LIAM S. Cl. ARK] Der Brachpieper. By Siegfried Kruger. (Die Neue Brehm-Biicherei 598. A. Ziemsen Verlag, WiUenberg-Lutherstadt, 1989. Paperback DM14.00) No. 598 in this series with all-German text (see review of Hotker), this one covering Tawny Pipit Anthus campes- tris. The Mandarin Duck. By Christopher Lever. (Shire Publications, Princes Risbor- ough, 1990. 24 pages. Paperback £1.95) A useful synthesis, by the author of The Natu- ralized Animals of the British Isles (1977) and Naturalized Birds of the World (1987), with a general account of the species, its natural distribution and its status in Britain. Lucky Me. By Philippa Scott. (Kenilworth Press, London, 1990. 208 pages. £14.95) Autobiography by Sir Peter’s widow; this is volume 1, ending in August 1951 with their marriage in Iceland. Der Alpenstrandlaufer. By Amd Stiefel. (Die Neue Brehm-Biicherei 592. A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg-Lutherstadt, 1989. Paperback DM26.50) No. 592 in this series with all-German text (see review of Hotker), this one covering Dunlin Calidris alpina. Die Goldhahnchen. By Ellen Thaler. (Die Neue Brehm-Biicherei 597. A. Ziemsen Ver- lag, Wittenberg-Lutherstadt, 1990. Paper- back DM21.60) No. 597 in this series with all-German text (see review of Hotker), this one covering Goldcrest Regulus regulus and Firecrest R. ignicapillus. News and comment Mike Everett and Robin Prytherch Opinions expressed in this feature are not necessarily those of ‘British Birds’ OSE news One of the most encouraging discoveries during the Sunbird/‘BB’ visit to Egy pt was that the Ornithological Society of Egypt has undergone a revival. After a long lapse, their journal Courser has reappeared and No. 2 is now available, price £5.00, from Mindy and Sherif Baha el Din, Executive Business Service, Cairo Marriott Hotel, PO Box 33, Zamalek, Cairo, Egypt. They would be delighted to tell you all about member- ship too! Among recent OSE initiatives was press- ure on the Egyptian government to do something positive about the appalling ille- gal slaughter of birds (traditional quarry' species plus just about anything else that moves) carried out by foreign visitors, parti- cularly from Malta and other Mediterranean News and comment 339 countries. The OSE received a lot of interna- tional support, and the results were most encouraging. The Egyptian Ministry of 1 ourism brought in restrictive regulations covering hunting seasons and bag limits and requested the Ministry of the Interior to cease granting permits to Maltese hunters to bring guns into Egypt. Lake Qarun in the Faiyum — a favourite venue for foreign hunters — was closed to hunting for two years and was established as a Protected Area. Blatant contraventions by both Italian and Maltese hunters earlier this year, at Lake Qarun, were investigated with a promptness and a thoroughness which would be unusual even here and among other things resulted in the confiscation of all the ‘trophies’ (mainly protected species), the jailing of an Egyptian tour organiser and a recommendation that the Maltese orga- niser be banned from returning to Egypt. All the Egyptian government organisations in- volved deserve the greatest praise for their actions — first steps, we hope, in a campaign to stop what has become a scandalous abuse of Egyptian law. UK nests robbed Egypt is not the only country with severe protection problems, nor the only one where foreigners are involved. In early May, the RSPB revealed that three Osprey Pandion haliaetus nests had been robbed by egg-collectors, with a fourth attempted robbery also recorded; there were nine robberies last year. Six Red Kite Mihms milvus clutches (some 20% of the total) had gone too, as well as three from Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos eyries. Anyone who thinks that egg-collecting is a thing of the past, or that it does not menace our rarer breeders, is living in cloud-cuckoo land; the sad thing is that prosecutions, difficult to bring about and few and far between, and the high levels of fines now being imposed seem to have little deterrent effect. Surely it is time for the whole system of penalties to be re- examined, as the RSPB has repeatedly suggested to government? Robberies of another kind this year have involved Pereg- rines Falco peregrinus and raids by Germans bent on smuggling eggs abroad, in incuba- tors, with the falconry' market overseas in mind. Middle East destinations are com- monly supposed to be involved; huge sums of money most certainly are. Two pairs of Germans have been caught this year, thanks to the combined efforts of conservationists, the police and HM Customs. One case was still to come to court at the time of writing; in the other, the culprits were jailed when they were unable to pay their £6,000 fines, only to be released later when somebody paid up for them. Trouble in Italy We were appalled to hear in May that five members of the Italian League for the Protection of Birds (LIPU) were assaulted and threatened with shooting in Reggio di Calabria in southern Italy, where they were about to begin monitoring the continuing illegal slaughter of migrant raptors and other birds at the Straits of Messina (at least 1,500 birds were killed illegally on 9th and 10th May alone . . .). Their cars were burned and a van damaged. I his is by no means the first time that this sort of thing has happened — in the past we have seen vehicles damaged and a LIPU office bombed. The culprits? The all- powerful Italian hunters, who hold the law in complete contempt and, what is far worse, are often scarcely troubled by the Italian authorities at all. As we go to press, the national referendum on hunting in Italy is looming ahead; the hunters are certainly ruffled by all the attempts to curb their excesses — and to make them obey the law — and are clearly prepared to go to all sorts of lengths to get their way. It will be interesting to see what happens next. Meanwhile, the Italian authorities, from the local police in Calabria upwards, deserve little more than our contempt. After the above was written and just before we went to press, news came through that Fulvio Zavoli, a guard of the Anti- poaching Group of the Ministry of Agricul- ture and Forests, was shot and very seriously injured by poachers. He was on patrol with LIPU volunteers at the time. We sincerely hope that he recovers from his injuries. We also hope that this outrage will at last alert the authorities to what is going on. Scottish protection In April, the Scottish Office announced that eight sites have been designated either Special Protection Areas (SPAs) under the 1979 EC Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds, or as Ramsar sites (Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat). Combined Ramsar and SPA sites are Glac na Criche and Feur Lochain. both on Islay; and Fala Flow, in Lothian; SPAs only are Abemethy, Highland; the Firth of Forth islands; Handa, Sutherland; and Ailsa Craig, in the Firth of Clyde; Loch an Duin, North L’ist, is a 340 News and comment Ramsar site only. This all seems like splen- did news — until you look at it more care- fully. These are all ‘non-controversial’ sites and all or part of four of them are RSPB reserves. In fact, they are the sort of sites which should have been designated long ago. It seems highly significant that four very important sites which the Nature Con- servancy Council recommended for designa- tion are all threatened by various commer- cial and other developments — SPAs prop- osed for the Cairngorms, for Caenlochan and at Drumochter, and a combined SPA and Ramsar site on the Upper Solway Flats and Marshes. It is important to realise that SPA status brings with it some degree of real protection, so the latest action from the Scottish Office must bring into question the Government’s commitment to real conser- vation. A look at the record so far is instructive: 130 sites recommended by the NCC for SPA status and only 18 designated in 1 1 years. The RSPB labelled Government progress ‘lamentable’; perhaps they were being over-generous. Children protect forests ‘Children’s Tropi- ca] Forests U.K.’ is the title of a charity, administered by the International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP). The organisa- tion aims to protect rainforests and also to motivate young people to become involved in rainforest projects. The sum of £30 will buy an acre (0.4 ha) of primary rainforest of the Monteverde Cloud Forest in Costa Rica, and help to create a national park to be known as International Children’s Rainfor- est. There are also plans to acquire tracts of lowland forest in Thailand where the last Gurney’s Pittas Pitta gurneyi can still be found. For more details, write to Tina Jolliffe, The Old Rectory, Market Deeping, Peterborough PF.6 hda. New IWC Director The Irish Wildbird Conservancy has appointed Jenny Haines as its new' Director, following Richard Nairn’s departure (Brit. Birds 83: 251). Although born in Gloucestershire, and with degrees from the University of Sheffield and the Univer- sity of Wales, Jenny Haines has lived in Ireland since 1970, working on the National Vegetation Survey of Ireland, as a scriptwri- ter for Eamon de Buitlear’s school television series, as a journalist with The Farmer's Journal , as a French translator and — in her spare time — in a variety of roles with the Irish Girl Guides. As is clear from her inaugural statement in the latest IWC News (no. 63, May 1990), she plans to increase the involvement of teenage naturalists in the work of the IWC. We wish her an enjoyable and productive time in her new post. The address of the IWC is Ruttledge House, 8 Longford Place, Monkstown, Co. Dublin, Ireland. A pleasant surprise Every birder knows the feeling: having to do the shopping, mind the kids or whatever, when it would be much better to be in the field. ME felt rather like that recently when undertaking a long spell of digging the garden — until a pause to unbend the back and lean awhile on the spade resulted in him seeing a Little Egret Egretta garzetta flying past his garden. The digging became much easier after that! Further trouble at the BM The second round of savage cuts announced by the Natural History Museum on 23rd April fortunately appears to have spared the Sub- department of Ornithology at Tring (where there was little left to cut), but has now struck the bird fossils at South Kensington. This seems particularly regrettable since the paleontologists have only recently been per- suaded to notice birds, with the result that this field is currently starting to expand rapidly elsewhere, and Britain will now be left behind. It also makes it increasingly unfortunate that the fossils were left behind in London when the other bird material was transferred to Tring. It is reported that, when the promised additional post of junior bird curator there was advertised in the local papers, the only possible candidate decided to take a more suitable post elsewhere, so that this one still remains unfilled. This is not the way to ensure proper continuing care for a great collection. ( Contributed by Di W. R. P. Bourne) News and comment 341 208. Sign near Chingford, London, on 6th February 1990 ( Tony (.Voucher) In the basket rather than in the bag? Tony Croucher writes: ‘After seeing the Naumann’s Thrush very briefly, 1 spent the rest of the day hoping to see it again, but was not lucky. As I came away from Ching- ford, I saw this sign (plate 208), and thought to myself “No wonder I did not see it!”. Now I know what the term “giving a rarity a good grilling” means.’ Monthly marathon Not every bird flying low over the waves (e.g. plate 126) is a seabird, as most entrants appreciated: Swift Apusapus (85%) Pallid Swift A. pallidus (3%) Plain Swift A. unicolor (3%) Leach's Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa (3%) Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens (2%) Swinhoe’s Storm Petrel O. monorhis (2%) Sponsored by with a few votes for: Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus. Black Storm Petrel O. melania, Matsudaira’s Storm Petrel 0. matsudairae and Long-tailed Skua Stercorarius longicaudus. It was indeed a straightforward, ordinary, plain, common-or-garden Swift Apus apus, photographed in Merseyside in June 1985 by Steve Young. All of the six leading competitors (see last month's report) succeeded at this ninth stage, so the current ‘Marathon' continues for at least one more month. For a free SUNBIRD brochure, write to PO Box 76. Sandy. Bedfordshire SG19 IDF; or telephone Sandy (0767) 682969. 342 Monthly marathon 209. ‘Monthly marathon’ (photograph number 50; either twelfth stage in fourth competition or first or second stage in fifth competition). Identify the species. Read the rules on page 41 in the January issue, then send in your answer on a postcard to Monthly Marathon, Fountains, Park Fane, Blunham, Bedford, MK44 3NJ, to arrive by 15th September 1990 Recent reports Compiled by Barry Nightingale and Anthony McGeehan This summary covers the periot These are unchecked reports Blue-winged Teal Anas discors Cley (Nor- folk), 22nd June to 12th July. Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fiilva Lady’s Island Lake (Co. Wexford) lst-2nd July: third Irish record. Marsh Sandpiper Tringa slagnatilis Sid- lesham Ferry (West Sussex) lst-9th July. Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica Tacum- shin (Co. Wexford), 30th June to 1st July. Bee-eater Merops apiaster Loch of Strathbeg (Grampian), 12th July. Roller Coracias garrulus Southern Co. Wex- 1 16th June to 12th July 1990 , not authenticated records ford, 2nd July. Pied Wheatear Oenanthe pleschanka New- haven (East Sussex), 7th-9th July. Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor Salcott (Essex) 27th June to 2nd July. Crossbill Loxia curvirostra Large influx, from end of May throughout June, with flocks of up to 50 in southeast Scotland, southern England and, especially, Northern Ireland, with largest flock (up to 200) in Belvoir Park Forest, Belfast. British BirdShop ALL LISTED BOOKS ARE POST FREE TO ‘BRITISH BIRDS’ SUBSCRIBERS Recordings Please add £1. 75 p &p per order Please tick / Kettle British Bird Songs and Calls (2-cassette pack) £13.99 C Ket tie More British Bird Sounds ( 1 cassette) £5.99 CD Mild Soviet BirdSongs (2 cassettes) £19.95 CD White A Held Guide to the BirdSongs of South-East Asia (2 cassettes and booklet) £ 1 2.00 CD Books and other items are included in British BirdShop only if they are approved by British Birds and considered to be generally reliable, good value and useful additions to a birdwatcher’s library . Any item ordered through British BirdShop which fails to meet your approval can be returned and your money will be refunded without question. It is our aim to provide British Birds -subscribers with the best and most reliable service possible. Items ordered through British BirdShop are despatched for British Birds subscribers by the Natural History Book Service. 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Birds of the Middle East andSorth Africa ( Poyser) £ 1 4 00 LJ Hume Wallace, Rees, Busby & Partington Birds by Character: the fieldguide to fizz identification (Macmillan) Paperback £7.99 CD Hardback £12.95 I — I Hutchinson Birds in Ireland (Poyser) £19.00 LD King, Dickinson & Woodcock .4 Held (9 HUNGER HILLS DRIVE, LEEDS LS18 5JU For great blrdlng Sunbirfi .. . the only way to go! EILAT 31 OCT-14 NOV Israel 1 or 2 weeks from £365 BHARATPUR £890 ELAT 6-20 MARCH '91 Israel 1 or 2 weeks from £388 Simply brilliant! Do your own thing (car hire at group rates), or join minibus excur- sions with expert leaders. Find out all that’s going on at the evening meetings. Discover for yourself the friendly, fun- filled, inexpensive birding holidays that everyone’s talking about! Get full details NOW SUNBIRDER, BOX 76, Sandy, Beds SGI 9 IDF. Tel: 0767 682969 BB219 COSTA RICA INDIVIDUAL BIRDING HOLIDAYS - brochures TRANSWORLD. Apt 6951. San Jose. COSTA RICA CALF OF MAN BIRD OBSERVATORY. Hostel type accommodation from April to October. De- tails from the Secretary, The Manx Museum, Douglas, Isle of Man. Tel: (0624) 75522. (BB333) NATURAL BREAK HOLIDAYS 1 990 Guided Birdwatching Tours SCOTLAND - Highlands: July PORTUGAL - Algarve: Sept SPAIN - Andalucia: Sept USA - Florida: Nov/Dec Write to: 32 Coronation Rd, Mapperley Nottingham NG3 5JS or Telephone: (0602) 691148 Retail .Agent for Atol holders (BB2H5) BIRDWATCHING TOURS IT’S CHILE FOR BIRDS! 20 days February 1991 ca. £2,450 (with optional extension to Easter Island) The definitive birding lour to Chile! 285 species on my 1990 trip included 51 seabirds (22 albatross/shear- water/petrcls). 22 wildfowl & 38 waders (sccdsnipcs. Magellanic & Diademed Plovers), most endemics & many Patagonian/Andcan specials — condors, tapacu- los, earihcrecpcrs. cinclodcs. sierra finches + new records for Chile. Join me & Chile's top birder on our 3rd jotirnev in this beautiful, friendly land: from Ticrra del Fucgo. to the Atacama desert, pelagics & lauca National Park. SAF. for full details. Peter Roberts. Flat 3. Kvhorne Cottage. Musket lane. Hollingbourne. Kent MF.17 IUY. (BB382) BIRDWATCHING ADVICE LINE Planning A Birdwatching Trip Abroad Thomas Cook Travel Agents Offer You: An Advice Line 051-931 5074. .Ask for Keith Hiller Experienced Birdwatcher. Details available include Worldwide .Airfares, Pkg Hols., Car Hire. Visas, Health. Accomm. Individuals or Groups catered for. (BB398) SEAWATCHING HOLIDAYS seba Designed for seawatchers Seabird Slides; Seawatchers Network Seawatching Breaks & Pelagics Biscay-Mini Cruises Ian McNamee, West Lodge, Puddington, S. Wirral L64 5ST Tel: 051-336 8441 xix BIRD REPORTS ORKNEY BIRD REPORT 1989 available from Vishabreck, Evie, Orkney. £2.80 including p&p. (BB370) BOOKS Britain s leading ornithological booksellers where you can find our comprehensive range of new and secondhand books and reports on birds and natural history, including all new titles as they are published. Monday to Friday 9.30 am to 6 pm Saturday 10 am to 4 pm Mail order catalogue available on request HENRY SOTHERAN LTD 2 Sackville Street, Piccadilly, London W1X2DP Tel: 071-439 6151 (BB391 ) RARE AND SECONDHAND books on birds, natural history, gardening and field sports bought and sold. Peter Blest, Wateringbury, Maidstone, Kent. Tel: 0622 812940. (BB222) SUBBUTEO NATURAL HISTORY BOOKS ltd COMPLETE WILDLIFE AND TRAVEL SPECIALISTS Over 1 .500 titles covering all natural history subjects + Checklists, UK and World Travel Books * Maps ALL BOOKS POSTAGE FREE (UK ONLY) Send tor free comprehensive catalogue DEPT BB. FFORD-Y-LLAN, TREUDDYN, MOLD, CLWYD, CH7 4LN Tel: 0352 770581 (24 hr Answerphone) (BB031) A BIRDWATCHER’S GUIDE TO NEPAL, by Carol Inskipp, £8.75. Prion Ltd. Essential for travellers to Nepal. From bookshops or NHBS, 2 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon. Tel: (0803) 865913. (BB241 ) ORNITHOLIDAYS GUIDES in the Let's look at . . .’ series, Majorca, SW Spain. The Camar- gue, Montenegro, Ethiopia, Eastern Austria, South Morocco, North East Greece, Vancouver and The Rockies, Sri Lanka, Lapland and Arctic Norway. The Gambia, North West Turkey and Northern India, £3.00 per copy and Austialia £3.50 per copy. Ornitholidays, 1-3 Victoria Drive, Bognor Regis, Sussex PQ2 1 2PW. (BB262) The original BIRDWATCHER’S LOGBOOK The most concise way to record your observations. Monthly, annual and life columns for 762 species, plus 1 59 diary pages. Send £5.95 to: „ Coxton Publications, S Eastwood, Beverley Rd, Walkington, 3 Beverley, N. Humberside HU17 8RP £. Come and visit our stand at the British Birdwatching Fair 1990 at RUTLAND WATER 31st August, 1st 8c 2nd September where we will be displaying and selling a vast selection of new books on birds. HENRY SOTHERAN LTD 2 Sackville Street, Piccadilly, London W1X2DP Tel: 071-439 6151 (BB410) ‘BIRD BOOKS’. Good secondhand books bought and sold. Free catalogue from, and offers to Briant Bks, 94 Quarry Lane, Kelsall, Tarporley, Cheshire CW6 ()N|. Tel: 0829 51804. (BB291) BOOKS ON BIRDS, MAMMALS, ETC., BOUGHT & SOLD. Also Field Sports, Big Game, Travel, Science, the Ai ls, etc. Catalogues issued. David Grayling, Crosby Ravensworth, Penrith, Cumbria CA10 3JP. 09315 282. (BB135) xx WORKSHOPS Davis Finch and Charles Duncan invite you to join them for A week at Hato Pinero the llanos of Venezuela February 15-23, 1991 A perfect introduction to South American birds • Comfortable lodging and excellent food Nightbird and mammal-watching Limited to sixteen participants Attractive airfares from US to Caracas Institute for Field Ornithology University of Maine at Machias 9 O’Brien Avenue Machias, Maine 04654 U.S.A. 207-255-3313, ext. 289 (D702) FOR SAIF FOR SALE - Individual BB subscribers can adver- tise here FREE (up to 30 words , selling a single item, e.g. binocular, book, set of journals). Quote your BB Ref. No. and address envelope to ‘Free BB Advertis- ing'. (BB753) MAC'S VIDEO DIARY 1989 Rarities in Britain Jan-Dec As promised my first one hour video is now ready, including Baillon’s Crake, Blue-cheeked Bee-eater, River Warbler and many more up to Dark-eyed Junco. Digital sound, recorded simultaneously with film for superb realism. Also Scillonian Pelagic with rafts of 200+ Great Shearwaters etc. Many birds in superb close-up, plus multi-angled shots, will interest the expert, artist or the beginner. With commentary plus index. Post free UK - £1 6 VMS. £20 Video 8 Send SAE for details to: P.A. McQuillan, 24 Baring Street, Greenbank, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8NG. Tel: (0752) 663936 (BB343) TAMRON 500mm MIRROR LENS. Olympus Nikkon mounts. £30. Telephone (0234) 851 17/ (BB393) BIRDS VOL 4 + 5 IN BINDERS. £2 plus postage. Animals, August 72 to Jan 74. in binder £1 plus postage. Phone (0430) 421214. (BB404) Jenny Pearson Signed prints for sale 4 full colour limited edition pnnts from the Bill Oddie - Birds at Britain - senes. Only £ 15 each including P&P Cheque or postal order to: Chessenden Fine Arts Ltd. Chessenden, Rolvenden, Cranbrook, Kent TM 17 4JE 1 Tawny Owl 2 Turtle Dove 3 Great Spotted Woodpecker 4 Jay full refund if not satisfied CANON ED 600 mm F4.5/5.6 LENS. Very good condition. Offers. Ed. Mackrill. Tel: (0754) 85367. (BB394) FOR SALE BIRDS OF ESSEX (Cox-1984) As new. £15. Other old titles available. Apply for list with SAE to Terry Smith, 10 Jubilee Drive, Ex- mouth. Devon EX8 5PA. (BB400) INSKIPP, C. & T. Birds of Nepal 1985 - bit dusty, but otherwise near fine with D/W. £27 inc. p. & p. Tel: 0483 766517. (BB406) BRITISH BIRDS. Full set. 1-62 bound. Offers in writing to: N. R. Davies, 2 Forest Cottages, Malthouse Lane, Warehorne. Ashford TN26 2EL. (BB407) BIRD JOURNAL BACKNUMBERS SUP PLIED. (BB. Bird study. County Reports, etc.), David Morgan, Whitmore, Umberleigh, Devon. (BB292) BIRDS WESTERN PALEARCTIC Vols 1 to 5. Mint, offers please. Tel: (0235) 535720. (BB402) THE SEABIRD GROUP Seabird Bulletin No. I (Aug. 1965), No. 2 (July 1966), No. 3 (June 1967), No. 4 (Aug. 1967): Seabird Report 1969, 1970, 1971 and 1972-1974. £4.00 each. £25.00 set, or offer. Tel: 0480-214904 evenings. (BB396) FOR SALE/SWAP. BB Nov 79 &• Nov 80 £4 each. BB Jul 82 £2 + P.P. Bird Study 1979-85 £5 per year. Wanted Twitching nos 1-5. Birding World Vol 1 No. 1. Tel: (0395) 273426. (BB399) HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS vols I-V. Good condition. £150. Telephone (0234) 851177. ( BB392) WANTED WANTED BB 1985/6, colour transparency Chingford Naumann's thrush. Tel: 0924 386181. (BB408) WANTED by private buver. BWT Vols I-V. Must be in mint condition. Will collect if within rea- sonable distance otherwise will pay carriage. Telephone (0277) 654260. (BB403) A QUEST OF FLOWERS, by H. R Fletcher. Edinburgh U.P., 1975. Tel: (071) 254 8168. (BB395) xxt British Birds Volume 83 Number 8 August 1990 299 Plumage variation and identification of the ‘Yelkouan Shearwater’ P. Yesou, A. M. Paterson, E. J. Mackrill and Dr W. R. P. Bourne 319 Seasonal reports: winter 1989/90 Keith Allsopp and Barry Nightingale 329 Seventy-five years ago . . . 330 Mystery photographs 157 Lesser Grey Shrike Dave Odell Notes 331 Oystercatchers incubating on closely adjacent nests Maurice Jones 332 Distraction display of Ringed Plover performed over water Dr M. A. Ogilvie 332 Sandgrouse taking water from its own breast feathers Graham Bundy 333 House Sparrows ‘playing’ with plastic tag Peter Barlow 333 Bramblings feeding from suspended mesh nut-containers L.J. Davenport Letter 334 Shearwaters, sirens and halcyons Dougal G. Andrew Announcements 335 British Birdwatching Fair 1990 335 Books in British BirdShop Requests 336 International Waterfowl Census 336 Golden Oriole Group Jake Allsopp Reviews 336 ‘Sounds of Migrant and Wintering Birds in Western Kurope’ by C. Chappuis David Fisher 337 ‘Lifetime Reproduction in Birds’ edited by Ian Newton Dr M. A. Ogilvie 337 Short reviews 338 News and comment Mike Everett and Robin Prytherch 341 Monthly marathon 342 Recent reports Barry Nightingale and Anthony McGeehan I.ine-drawings: 299 Yelkouan Shearwaters (S. Nicolle); 319 Great Grey Shrike {Jan Wilczur); 320 Leach’s Petrels (Dan Poivell); 325 Teal of race carolinensis, and Red Kite ( Dan Powell); 326 Terek Sandpiper (Andrew Hutchinson ); 328 Dark-eyed J unco (Dave Numey); 329 Waxwings (Dan Powell ); 341 Dusky Thrush of nominate race (Dave Numey) Front cover: White-tailed Eagle ( Markku Toivari ): the original drawing of this month’s cover design, measuring 1 8.6 X 20.8 cm, is for sale in a postal auction (see page 29 in January issue for procedure) British Birds Best recent black-and-white photographs Rare breeding birds in 1988 News and comment • Review7 • Mystery photographs Notes • Monthly marathon • Recent reports British Birds Managing Editor Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Personal Assistant Sheila D. Cobban Assistant Editor David A. Christie Editorial Board Dr R. J. Chandler, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, R. J. Prytherch & Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Photographic Consultants Dr R. J. Chandler &: Don Smith Art Consultants Robert Gillmor & Alan Harris Rarities Committee P. G. Lansdown (Chairman); Dr Colin Bradshaw (co-opted), Alan Brown, G. P. Catley, Peter Clement (co-opted), A. R. Dean, S. J. M. Gandett, C. D. R. Heard, R. A. Hume, J. H. Marchant, 8c K. E. Vinicombe; Peter Colston (Museum Consultant & Archivist); Peter Fraser (Statistician); Michael J. Rogers (Honorary Secretary) Notes Panels BEHAVIOUR Dr C. J. Bibby, Dr J. J. M. Flegg, Derek Goodwin, Dr I. Newton, Dr M. A. Ogilvie, Dr J. T. R. Sharrock 8c Dr K. E. L. Simmons; identification Dr R. J. Chandler, A. R. Dean, T. P. Inskipp, P. G. Lansdown, S. C. Madge, I. S. Robertson 8c Dr J. T. R. Sharrock ‘British Birds’ is published by a non-profit-making company for the benefit of ornithology © British Birds l.td 1990 Copyright of photographs remains with photographers. British Birds is published monthly by British Birds Ltd, 93 High Street, Biggleswade. Bedfordshire ISSN 0007-0335 Publishing Manager, Production & Promotion Dr J. T. R. Sharrock Circulation Manager Erika Sharrock Design Deborah Felts Advertising Sandra Barnes Addresses Please keep correspondence on different items separate. Please address your envelope correctly. Please supply SAE, if reply required. Papers, notes, letters, drawings & photographs for publication DrJ. T. R. Sharrock, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ. Phone: Biggleswade (0767) 40025 Subscriptions and orders for back copies Mrs Erika Sharrock, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ. Phone: Biggleswade (0767) 40467 Advertising Mrs Sandra Barnes, BB Advertising, c/o Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ. Phone: Tiptree (0621) 815085 Bird news for ‘Seasonal reports’ Barry Nightingale & Keith Allsopp, c/o 7 Bloomsbury Close, Woburn, Bedfordshire MKI7 9QS. Phone: Woburn (0525) 290314 (evenings); Luton (0582) 490049 (office hours) News items for ‘News and comment’ Mike Everett & Robin Prytherch, 7 Burlington Way, Hemingford Grey, Huntingdon PE18 9BS Rarity descriptions M. J. Rogers, Bag End, Churchtown, Towednack, Cornwall TR26 3A7. Special book and sound recording offers British BirdShop, NHBS, 2 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5XN. Phone: Totnes (0803) 865913 Annual subscriptions (12 issues and index) Libraries and agencies £38.40, 1R£42.35 or $69.00. Personal subscriptions: UK, Europe and surface mail £31.20, IR£34.80 or $54.00; personal: airmail outside Europe £52.50, IR£58.35 or $94.00. Single back copies £4.00, IR£4.50 or $7.00. Make all cheques payable to British Birds Ltd. Payment may also be made direcdy into UK Post Office GIRO account number 37 588 6303. British Birds publishes material dealing with original observations on the birds of the West Palearctic. F.xcept for records of rarities, papers and notes are normally accepted only on condition that material is not being ofTered in whole or in part to any other journal. Photographs and sketches are welcomed. Papers should be typewritten with double spacing, and wide margins, and on one side of the sheet only. Authors should carefully consult this issue for style of presentation, especially of references and tables. English and scientific names and sequences of birds follow The ‘British Birds’ List of Birds of the Western Palearctic (1984): names of plants follow Dony el at. (1980, English Names of Wild Flowers); names of mammals follow Corbet & Southern (1977, The Handbook of British Mammals). Topographical (plumage and structure) and ageing terminology should follow editorial recommendations (Brit. Birds 74: 239-242; 78: 419-427; 80: 502). Figures should be in Indian ink on good-quality tracing paper, drawing paper, non-absorbent board or light blue or very pale grey graph paper; lettering should be inserted lightly in pencil; captions should be typed on a separate sheet. Authors of main papers (but not notes or letters) receive ten free copies of the journal (five each to two or more authors). Printed m England by Newnorth Print Limited, Kempston, Bedtord in focus 204 HIGH STREET BARNET, HERTS. EN5 5SZ 081 -449 1445 081-441 7748 FAX: 081-440 9999 THE BINOCULAR AND TELESCOPE SPECIALISTS BRITISH BIRDWATCHING FAIR 1990 at EGLETON NATURE RESERVE, RUTLAND WATER Nr Oakham, Leicestershire Friday 31 August to Sunday 2 September /A 4# V -EMSFORD SPRINGS :IELD DAYS SATURDAY DATES • Kteal opportunity to teat, compare id purchase our full range of equipment 1 this compact well managed reserve tar Welwyn Garden City. Herts Visitors e invited to take advantage of the ample v parking to the right of the reserve >«te. then make their way to the •caption At this point they can discuss eir requirements with our technical staff id then go on to view from a private For further info and directions ntact 'In focus 5 SEPT, 13 OCT. 10 NOV REGIONAL FIELD WEEKENDS AUTUMN ’90 CHEW VALLEY LAKE, AVON SATURDAY AND SUNDAY 29 & 30 SEPTEMBER RSPB DUNGENESS, KENT SATURDAY AND SUNDAY 27 & 28 OCTOBER RSPB BLACKTOFT SANDS, HUMBERSIDE SATURDAY AND SUNDAY 24 & 25 NOVEMBER The ideal way to test optics for birdwatching is to look at bads' These Fukj Weekends at well- known Reserves around the country wil enable our customers to choose and sa*eci from our complete range of equipment under field conditions tbu are invited to apply m writing or by phone for an invitation and information pack to any of the above events indcatng your preferred day and time of attendance Preference will be given to visitors with an nvitabon ‘in focus1 IN NORFOLK at Briarfieids, Hotel, TITCHWELL WEEKEND DATES 8-9 SEPT 6-7 OCT 3-4 NOV OPEN SAT-SUN 9-4 With the knd co-operation of BnarhekJs Hotefta focus' are able to offer visitors and residents of the North Nortofc coast the opportunity to test, compare and purchase from our hii range of ecMpment The In focus marquee wil be situated at tne rear of the hotel complex with spfencfcl view* over the ****** RSPB Reserve For further nformabon and dstais contact •*» f 4AUSCH A LOMB .£ E Ellta 8x42BGA 649 00 KHte 10X42BGA 649.00 v Aistom 8x36 189 00 [Custom 10x40 199.00 b£ICA C Vrinovid 8x20BC 199.00 Vrinovid 10x25BC 211.00 vrinovid 8x20BCA 211.00 Vrinovid 10x25BCA 223.00 - rinovld 7x42BA . ..559.00 Vrinovid 8x42BA 559.00 -rinovid 10x42 BA 559 00 KEISSWEST C *ialyt 8x20B 215.00 Wialyt 10x25B 225.00 •wialyt 8x20BGA 245.00 vialyt 8x30BGAT 419 00 iwiatyt 7X42BGAT 489.00 Vialyt 10X40BGAT 499 00 Vialyt 10x40BT 489.00 Mafyt 8x568GAT 570.00 5*6x60 Porto GAT 849.00 k ccessones Rainguard 5.00 i-ye Cups (Set) 10.00 -ye Cups Hand (Set) 10.00 yard.. 4.00 r flde Lanyard ...10 00 :jbber Hood 10.00 mot) Kit - 157 00 ■WIFT E vdo n 0x40 89 95 titoo 10x50 99.95 Mspray 7.5x42 149.00 •fdubon 8.5x44 199.00 •dubon 7x35GA 329.00 ••swmaster 149.00 x -45 x Zoom 49.00 x 20 00 ROSS £ Cavendish 8x42B 139 95 Hanover 10x42B 149 95 Recent 8x426 169 95 Kensington 10x420 .179.95 QUESTAR £ Fleid Model 312* Broad Band Costing Supplied with 50x-80x Hood. Case 2200.00 30x 50x 120 00 80x-130x 120.00 Porro Prism 140.00 OPTOLYTH £ Alpin 8x30BGA 205 00 Afpin 8x40BGA 225.00 Alpin 10x40BGA 230.00 Alpin 1 0x508GA 241.00 Osiris 8x40GA 145.00 Osiris 10x40GA 147.00 Touring 8x30BGA 388.00 Touring 7x42BGA 398.00 Touring 10x40BGA 398.00 TBS80 Body 350.00 TBG80 Body 350.00 20x WA 188.00 30x WA 64.00 40x 65.00 22x-€0x Zoom 150.00 Soft Case 29.00 Hard Case 35.00 OPTIC RON £ HR 7x42 MC 143 00 HR 8x42 MC 145.00 HR 10x42 MC 150.00 HR 10x50 MC 167.00 Minerva 8x40MC 170.00 Minerva 9x35MC ..169 00 Minerva 1 0x42 MC 175.00 HR Body 60 148.00 HR Body GA 60 164 00 HR 8ody 45' 60 168 00 20x-60x Zoom 76.00 OBSERVATION BINOCULARS £ 345.00 Opocron 30x80 345.00 KOWA TS601 £ 179 00 TS602 1 79.00 20x WA 54.00 Case 1995 TSN-2 295.00 TSN-3 555.00 TSN-4 ... 555.00 89 00 25x 59.00 109 00 40x 59.00 Case tor TSN 22 50 39.00 CARL ZBSS JENA Jenoptem 8x30 £ 44 95 ‘In focus’ EQUIPMENT CARE PLAN This exciting new scheme enables our customers to purchase in complete confidence, at a cost of just El 0.00. and new equipment can be covered by our “CARE PLAN" for a period of three years from purchase date. In the event of that instrument failing for whatever reason it will be rectified without question by ourselves at no charge. Ask for details. BUSHNELL Spacemastei Body 15x-45x Zoom 22xWA £ 145 00 70 00 32 00 Jenoptem 10x50 .. .79 95 Dottnntom 8x30 64.95 Dakarem 10x50 99 95 Notaram 8x32 149 95 Notarem 8x32 BA 139 95 Notaram 10x40 179 95 Notaram 1 0x408A 1 99 95 Turmon 8x21 ...44 95 MIRA DOR £ 8X408 110.00 10x406... 114 00 10x506 122.00 Marlin 50mmx25 ....97.00 Marlin I8x -40x60 129.00 Marlin 75mmx30 119 00 Marlin 22x -47x75 157.00 Casa tor Marlin 16.00 SIGMA APD- Photo Lensas 400mm F5.6 Oly .Min. Nik. Can. Pk Min. Nik. Auto focus Canon EOS — 500mm F7.2 Oly. Mm. Nik. Can. Pk Min. Nik. Auto focus Canon EOS VELBON 289 95 349 95 399 95 389 95 399 95 449 95 PERSONAL CALLER* Can choosa and sal act from our comprahansiva rang# of equip- ment Compare Zaiss with Lait2. Optotyth wrth Kowa or Nikon Wa are a complataly independent company, whosa only concarn is that our customars salact tha correct mstrumant for thair Discuss your requramants noth our tachmcai staff and ordars piacad with Accass or Visa Cards wil ba despatched same day 69 95 8 95 OR Plate .3.96 CULLMANN £ 4995 Shoulder Pod 24.95 44 95 OR System 8 95 OR Plate 4 95 SUK £ 69 95 MANFROTTO £ 190 35 00 Just add £2 to halp towards PAP and msuranca and your ordar wil ba sant tha sama day as wa recanre your chaqua. Al equipment is suppliad on 14 days approval upon recetot of hA remittance 22x WA 25x or 40x 30 00 60mm GA Body . .165.00 1448 50.00 Classic IF60 11800 20x30x40x 20 00 128 Head 18xWA 23 00 Casa 15.00 25X Zoom I8x-40x 23.00 50 00 137 00 BRESSER £ 59 00 Spare OR Platform 495 22xWA .23.00 69 00 ACCESSORIES £ 30x 23.00 119.00 Car Window Mount . .22.00 Instruments are always available Turnover ts fast so we do not print a test. Phone for information. PART EXCHANGE Top pncos pad for good condfoon equcment. HOW TO F1MO US We are 10 mins from M25 and AIM motorways and 1 5 nxns walk from High Bamef Underground Station OUTFIT* If you purchase a scope and tnpod at the same time we can offer you a vary special pnce1 PHONE FOR A QUOTE Zoom 22x-47x 59.00 Piccolo Body 128 00 Eye Pieces from -29.00 Photo Kits from 28.00 Casas for Scopes 15.00 One Action Tnpod 59.00 10x42 119 00 HABICHT £ 10x40 Diana ....... 340 00 11 x30SLC 299 00 8 x 50 SLC 325.00 Universal Mount .22.00 Hide Clamp .. 38.00 Ramguards from ....-3.50 Pantax Clearing Kit 3.99 Tripod Strap .6.95 Lanyards from 4.00 INTEREST FREE CREDIT ON SELECTED Zeiss, Lattz. Kowa and Nfcon products Phone or wrtta for dataks. 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ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (12 ISSUES): £18.00, or £23.00 overseas -§<■ To: BIS, Stonerunner, Coast Road, Cley next the Sea, Holt, Norfolk, NR25 7RZ I enclose j ] £18 ] [ £23 (cheques to Birding World) Name Address Postcode Telephone n London Camera Exchange SOUTHAMPTON 0203 221592/335363 10 High Street, Southampton SOI ODH SWAROVSKI 8 X 20B £215.00 zass WEST Dialyt 8 x 20B £215.00 Dialyt 10 X 25B £225.00 Dailyt 8 x 20BGA £245.00 Dialyt 8 X 30BGAT Phone Dialyt 7 X 42BGAT Phone Dialyt 10 X 40BGAT.... Phone Dialyt 8 X 56BGAT Phone LEICA 8 x 20BC £199.00 8 x 20BCA £211.00 10 X 25BC £211.00 10 X 25BCA £223.00 New Models 7 X 42BA 1 8 X 42BA >. Phone 10 X 42BA J OPTOLYTH AlpinS x 30GA £205.00 Alpin 8 x 40GA £225.00 Alpin 10 X 40GA £230.00 Alpin 10 X 50GA £246.00 Touring 8 X 30BGA ...Phone Touring 10 X 40BGA ..Phone Touring 7 X 42BGA ....Phone TBG 80= £350.00 TBS 80 £350.00 20 X WA £100.00 30 X £64.00 40 X £65.00 22X -60 x Zoom £150.00 Cases from £29.00 KOWA TS1 601 Body £179.00 TS2 602 Body £179.00 20 x WA £54.00 20x -60x Zoom £94.00 TSN1 £295.00 TSN2 £295.00 TSN3 £555.00 TSN4 £555.00 20 X WA £89.00 20 x -60 x Zoom £139.00 25 X £59.00 30X WA £109.00 40X £59.00 Photo Kit £99.00 OPTICRON Minerva 9 x 35 £169.00 Minerva 8 X 40 £170.00 Minerva 10 x 40 £175.00 HR 7 X 42MC £143.00 HR8X42MC £145.00 HR10X 42MC £150.00 HR10 X 50MC £167.00 HR Body 60mm £148.00 HR Body 60mm 45° ..£168.00 HR Body 60mmGA ...£164.00 20x-60x Zoom £76.00 22 x WA £32.00 Classic IF 60mm £1 18.00 18x £23.00 25 x £23.00 25 x HPX £26.00 18x -40x Zoom £59.00 Classic IF 75mm £137.00 22 x WA £23.00 30 X £23.00 30 x HP £26.00 22x -47 x Zoom £59.00 Case for HR £16.00 Photo Kit £32.00 Op heron Tripod £59 .95 CARL ZEISS JENA Jenoptem 8 x 30 £49.95 Jenoptem 10 X 50 £69.95 Deltrintem 8 X 30 £64.95 Dekarem 10 X 50 £88.95 Notarem 8 X 32B £1 19.00 Notarem 10 X 40B... .£169.00 Notarem 10 x 40 BGA £189.00 BAUSCH AND LOMB Elite 8 x 42BGA £599.00 Elite 10 x 42BGA £599.00 Custom 8 x 36B £189.00 Custom 10 X 40B £199.00 SWIFT Audubon 8.5 X 44.... £199. 95 Audubon 7 X 35 £329.95 MIRADOR Merlin 25 x 60 £97.00 Merlin 18 x 40 X 60.£129.00 NIKON 8 X 30 £199.00 9 x 30 £239.00 Fieldscope II £269.00 Fieldscope ED2 £489.00 ED2 20 X 45 X 60 £569.00 8 x 30SLC £325.00 8 x 30ZCF £330.00 10 x 40B Phone 10 x 40BGA Phone BRESSER Action 8x 40 £69.00 Action 10 x 50 £79.00 Diorit 7 x 42 £186.00 Diorit 10X42 £199.00 SIGMA 400mm f5.6 MF (most fittings) £199.95 400mm f5.6 APO MF (most fittings) £289.95 400mm f5.6 AF (Min, Nik, Pen) £229.95 400mm f5.6 APO AF (Min, Nik, Pen) £349.95 400mm f5.6 APO AF (CAN) £399.95 500mm f7.2 MF APO £389.95 500mm f7.2 MF APO (Min, Nik) £399.95 500mm 17.2 AF APO (CAN) £449.95 TOKINA 400mm f5.6 MF £209.95 TAMRON 500mm f8 Mirror (all fittings) £220.00 90mm f2.5 Macro (all fittings) £199.00 We are a major photo- graphic retailer and carry in stock a large range of cameras, lenses and accessories (new and second hand), including long telephoto lenses ideal for wildlife photography. We can advise you on all your photographic and optical needs. Phone now and ask for Richard or Trevor. A full range of tripods and photographic equipment also stocked MAIL ORDER Why not give us the opportunity to WELCOMED impress you with our PART EXCHANGE PRICES & SERVICE They are the BEST - that's GUARANTEED We will attempt to encourage you with our low prices, high trade-ins and friendly, knowledgeable service. iii Birds & Birderstm NATURE TOURS TOURS PLANNED FOR 1990 HOLLAND HOLLAND WITH A DIFFERENCE 7-days, spring & summer s w ml E N AUTUMN MIGRATION AT FALSTERBO 8-days, autumn 1990 For brochure write to: Birds & Birders K P.0 BOX 737 - 9700 GRONINGEN $ THE NETHERLANDS Phone: (NL) 31-5952-280 Fax: 31-50-144717 BIRDS & BIRDERS. WE C.ARE FOR BOTH! £ygnus Wildlife Jiolidayi jjQSi fii^duuziciteM- f99f Destinations include: Kenya Sri Lanka Northern India Tiger Special Venezuela Texas Majorca Cyprus Sikkim, Darjeeling & Assam Austria Hungary Camargue Arizona & California Switzerland Southern Argentina Massachusetts Gambia Ethiopia Costa Rica Southern India Poland Tour groups have a maximum of 18 partici- pants, are escorted by experienced leaders and we cater for all levels of expertise. If you would like further information about any of these holidays, we will be delighted to receive your enquiry at the following address: ABTA 62948 CYGNUS WILDLIFE HOLIDAYS, 57 FORE STREET, KINGSBRIDGE, DEVON TQ7 IPG Telephone 0548 856178 FAX: 0548 857537 D717 AUTHORISED SWAROVSKI OPTIK DEALERS AVON: London Camera Exchange, 13 Cheap Street , Bath 0225 462234 BEDFORDSHIRE: John Eastaff. Elstow Storage Depot, Kempston Hardwick 0234 740834 BUCKINGHAMSHIRE: Reed Photography, Brooke House, Market Square. Aylesbury HP201SN 02% 25118 CAMBRIDGESHIRE: John Bradshaw, PerioMill. Fothermgay. Peterborough 08326 376 CORNWALL: Roy Dutch Photo. 2 East Hill. St Austell 0726 72 %0 John Fry, 3 Cathedral Lane. Truro 0872 73 452 Springfield Firearms, 8 Eastbourne Road, St Austell 0726 72 733 CUMBRIA: JN Murray MPS. 15/1 7 Station Road. Keswick 07687 72049 DEVON: Practical Optics. 56 Boutport Street, Barnstaple 0271 72 681 Castle Camera Centre, 140 Union Street, Torquay, Devon 0803 295802 London Camera Exchange, 71 Hyde Road, Paignton TQ4 5BP 0803 553077 London Camera Exchange, 10 Frankfort Gate, Plymouth PL 1 1QD 0752 664894 DORSET: N R Green, 247 Ashley Rd , Parkstone. BH1H 9DX 0202 744997 ESSEX: E J Markham & Son, 122/123 Prior Street, Colchester 0206572646 KENT : R E Cranfield (Discovery), 6 Butchery Lane, Canterbury 0227 458 333 The Pantiles Camera Company, 22 The Pantiles, Tunbridge Wells 0892 27 082 Chris Potter Guns, 43 Camden Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent 0892 22 208 Ronald White, 27 Pudding Lane, Maidstone 0622 754508 Owen Photographic. 213 High Street, Bromley 081 460 0156 HAMPSHIRE: London Camera Exchange, 10 High Street, Southampton 0703 221597 London Camera Exchange, 15 The Square. Winchester 0%2 66203 HERTFORDSHIRE: In-Focus, 204 High Street, Barnet, Herts 081 449 1445 Clarkes Camera Centre, 14/16 Holywell Hill, St Albans 0727 52991 SOUTH HUMBERSIDE: Tom Dennis Cameras, 16 Laneham Street, Scunthorpe 0724 867 302 LONDON: Harrods Limited, Kmghtsbndge, London 071 730 1234 Wallace Heaton, 127 New Bond Street, London 071 629 7511 Vic Odden, 5 London Bridge Walk, SE1 071 407 6833 Capt O M Watts, 49 Albermerle Street, Londdn 071 493 8843/4633 LEICESTERSHIRE: Youngs of Leicester, 40-42 Belvoir Street. Leics 0533 544 774 LANCS: Optima Leisure, Gilnow Mill, Spa Road, Bolton BL1 4LF 0204 380040 Lamberts (Lancaster) Ltd . 5 Rosemary Lane, Lancaster, Lancs 0524 37384 MERSEYSIDE: Scope City, 71 Bold Street, Liverpool 051 709 4149 NORFOLK: Norwich Camera Centre, 20 White Lion Street, Norwich 0603 612 537 NOTTINGHAMSHIRE: London Camera Exchange, 7 Pelham Street. Nottingham 0602417 486 NORTHANTS: A R Hawkins, 9 Marefair, Northampton 0604 39 674 OXFORDSHIRE: Morris Photographic, 102 High Street, Oxford. Oxon 0865 244434 SHROPSHIRE: Crewe Camera Exchange Ltd . The Maltmgs. Roushill, Shrewsbury, Salop 0743 4964 SOMERSET: London Camera Exchange, 6 North Street. Taunton 0823 259955 SOUTH WALES: D J Lift, Unit 3. Maesglas Retail Est , Newport 0633 843252 SUFFOLK: Charles Frank Lid , Ronald Lane. Carlton Park. Saxmundham, Suffolk 0728 603506 SURREY: Banstead Photographic, 90 High Street, Banstead 0737 350409 Jack Harley Ltd , The Camera Shop, High St , Cranleigh. Surrey 0483 272698 Kay Optical, 89B London Road, Morden 081 648 8822 Photo Saunders, 52 Fife Road, Kingston 081 546 9544 High Street Radio & Photo, 294 High Street, Croydon 081 688 9015 London Camera Exchange, 8 Tunsgate, Guildford, Surrey 0483 504040 Cobham Cameras, 17 Oakdene Parade, Anyards Road, Cobham 0932 63743 SUSSEX: Westmm Photographic, 119 South Street. Eastbourne 0323 410414 F A Anderson, 3-4 New Road. Brighton 0273 23066 WARWICKSHIRE: Aquila Optical. Haydon House, Alcester Road, Studley 052 785 2357 WEST MIDLANDS: Focus Optics, Church Lane, Corley, Coventry 0676 40 501 Bell & Jones, 39 Queens Square. West Bromwich 021-553 0820 Bell & Jones, 20-24 Fountain Arcade, Dudley 0384 236 758 YORKSHIRE: John H Preston, 39 James Street, Harrogate 0423 503 187 Walkers Studios, 70 St Thomas Street. Scarborough 0723 365 024 The Shooting Lodge, 28-30 Victoria Street, Skipton 0756 795825 CHANNEL ISLES: Johnson & Johnson, 45a King Street, St Helier. Jersey 0534 32 411 Gruts. 5 The Pollet, St Peter Pori. Guernsey 0481 710 956 SCOTLAND: JRS Photo, 42 Scott Street. Perth 0738 24326 Ritchies Countrywear, 41-43 High Street. Grantown-on-Spey, Morayshire 0479 2183 R Macleod & Son, 14 Leamington Street, Tam 0862 2171 W J F Maclean, 23 Stevenson Street, Oban, Argyll 0631 63274 NORTHERN IRELAND: John Gould & Son (Bangor) Lid , 82 Abbey Street Bangor, Co Down 0247 271091 The iiiituml choice. D725 IV orv non (NATURAL HISTORY) 1 - 6 SEP 1990 i D724 c7/n fix further mtormstior tndihrf colour brochure pkdSt wntt to SWAROVSXI UK LIMITED All Swarovski Optik products are One The Boulevard Blackmoor Lane. Watlonl Herttordshrre WOt 8YW manufactured m Austria and carry a tuft warranty Telephone 0923818366 Fat 0923816005 Telex 24958 SWAROG. The natural choice. SL BINOCULAR Twelve models m the range It 1 56 model shown i TRADITIONAL BHOCULAR Ten models m the range /TO 1 40 green rubbe' armoured model Shown) SLC BINOCULAR Sn models m the range It tX model shown i It wasn t the first time Melissa had noticed Giles. But then he has the kind of style that immediately sets him apart from the crowd Rugged yet sophisticated, and with a taste for the country life, he was down as quite a catch in every girl s book. When he invited me to Lake Vyrnwy in picturesque mid ■ Wales I just couldn t resist. Of course I d heard all about his reputation. An eye lor the birds someone said. And how right they were. He whispered. Come closer, and then we shared our first magic moment, high in the hills above the tranquil lake - the first annual visit of a Glaucous Gull Such a change I thought, to meet a man so well equipped for the great outdoors. " With acknowledgements to the RSPB and Severn- Trent Water V CLOSED 1st to 10th October inclusive Kay Optical (Established 1962) 1st Floor, 89(B) London Road, Morden, Surrey Phone:081-648 8822 Mon.-Fri. 9am to 5pm Sat. 9am to 11.30am Lunchtime 1pm to 2pm) Sales and Repairs of BINOCULARS, TELESCOPES, TRIPODS, etc. at one of the best centres in the country Advice and test facilities for a range of the best equipment. ★Competitive prices ★Long-established workshop ★Callers welcome. ★ Phone/mail order service ★Price list and map sent upon request. #Bracket prices only while stocks last BINOCULARS ZEISS (West) 1 0 x 25 Dialyt 8 x 30 BGAT Dialyt 10 x 40 BGAT (P) Dialyt 7 x 42 BGAT (P) Dialyt 8 x 56 BGAT Dialyt 1 5 x 60 BGA Porro LEICA 8x20Trinovid 199 8 x 20 BCA Trinovid 21 1 10 x 25 BC Trinovid 211 1 0 x 25 BCA T rinovid 223 £ 236 Phone 495 485 Phone 790 7 x 42, 8 x 42, and 10 x 42 -New models 559 SWAROVSKI# 1 0 x 40 WM Waterproof 365 7 x 42 M Waterproof 320 8 x 30 SLC roof prism 325 OPTOLYTH# 8 x 40 Alpin 225 10 x 40 Alpin 230 10x50 Alpin 230 1 0 x 40 BGA Touring 348 7 x 42 BGA Touring 348 8 x 32 BGA Touring 300 FALCON roof prism 1 0 x 40 or 8 x 40 rubber-covered 1 1 0 SWIFT 81/2 x 44 HR5/Audubon 200 NEW 7 x 35 roof prism Audubon 329 PYSER ROSS 8 x 42 ZCF Regent 170 1 0 x 42 ZWCF Kensington 1 80 NIKON 8 X 23 waterproof 157 1 0 x 25 waterproof 1 57 9 x 30 roof prism 248 12 x 36 roof prism 278 12 x 36 roof prism 278 QPTICRON OPT1CRON# 60mm HR body 148 8 x 42 HR II 145 Ditto, with rubber 164 10x42 HR II 150 60mm HR body (45°) 168 10x50 HR II 155 Zoom eyepiece 76 8 x 42 Dioptron (HRI) 110 Other eyepieces' from 20 10 x 42 Dioptron(HRI) 110 1 0 x 50 Dioptron (HRI) 120 CLASSIC “IF" (new)# 9 x 35 BCF Minerva 169 75mm body 137 8 x 40 BCF Minerva 170 60mm body 118 10 x 40 BCF Minerva 175 Eyepieces, from 23 7 x 35 Elite 147 Zoom eyepieces 59 9 x 35 Elite 186 CENTURY TELESCOPES 60mm, rubber-armoured, with 20x eyepiece and case 1 70 NIKON (new models) 30x or 40x eyepiece 20 20 x 60 Fieldscope II 269 20-45x zoom eyepiece 52 20-45 x zoom Fieldscope II 333 20 x 60 Fieldscope ED II 479 GREENKAT 20-45 x zoom Fieldscope ED II 549 60mm, SGN-3, for angled and 30 x, 40 x, 60 x eyepiece 75 straight eyepiece. 155 Camera adaptor (optical) 159 20x, 30x, 40x, 50x eyepieces, KOWA# TSN-1 body (45°) 295 each 25 TSN-2 body 295 PICCOLO TSN-3 body (45°) 555 60mm body 128 TSN-4 body 555 Zoom eyepiece 76 25 x or 40 x eyepiece 59 Other eyepieces from 20 20 x (WA) eyepiece 89 30 x (WA) eyepiece 109 TRIPODS (one handed) 20-60 x zoom eyepiece 139 Slik D2 73 OPTOLYTH# Slik SL 67 105 TBS 80 body (45°) 350 Manfrotto 1 44/200 103 TBG 80 body (straight) 350 Manfrotto 1 44/1 28 98 TB eyepieces from 64 Manfrotto 1 90/200 91 BAUSCH & LOMB Optex 77 70 •NEW MODEL* 15-45x60 Universal clamp 22 Elite waterproof/fog-proof Hide clamp, new type 38 scope, with case 368 Car window mount 22 * PACKAGE DEALS: Special prices are given in many cases where a combination of goods are bought ★REPAIRS carried out in our own workshops (Our policy is to get your optics bird-watch operational with ■JL. minimal delay) ★SHORT-TERM INTEREST-FREE CREDIT available (three payments) KAY OPTICAL will be at the Information Centre of the renowned PAGHAM HARBOUR LOCAL NATURE RESERVE on SUNDAYS, 30th SEPTEMBER, 28th OCTOBER and 25th NOVEMBER (11.00am to 5pm). You will be able to try and buy binoculars, telescopes, tripods, etc. Also, repairs can be quoted for and handed in. The Reserve is in the Chichester area of W. Sussex, on the B2145 into Selsey. Booking not necessary. No entrance fee. Another field day will be held at the SUSSEX WILDLIFE TRUST at WOODS MILL, Henfield, W. Sussex, on Sunday 9th September (11 00am to 5 30pm) We are only 15 minutes’ drive from the M25 (e.g. via the A3 and then the Merton Turn-off) or 2 minutes’ walk from Morden tube. Parking: 1st left past our entrance (50 yds). (D721) VISA vi British Birds VOLUME 83 NUMBER 9 SEPTEMBER 1 990 Best recent black-and-white bird photographs This year, we have enjoyed an excellent entry' of 140 black-and-white pictures submitted by 18 photographers. From this impressive collection, we have chosen 15 pictures for inclusion in this feature. It is fitting that we should start with four pictures taken by Dr Kevin Carlson on his usual summer stamping ground of Portugal. All of them are in his typical style, capturing superb images of small birds near, but not at, the nest. The first of these classic Carltons is of a Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica (plate 210) which has posed most co- operatively. Black-masked or black-capped birds with black eyes and no catchlight can appear eyeless, if not lifeless, but not Kevin’s wheatear. There follow two pictures of Spectacled Warblers Sylvia conspidllata. This species is not an easy subject, especially when it comes to showing the male and female individually with such clarity (plates 221 & 220). To round off his selection is a photograph of a male Melodious Warbler Hippolais polyglotta singing (plate 222) which is peerless and displays to perfection all the hallmarks of a Carlson. Although we are sure that he will 343 [Brit. Birds 343-352, September 1990] 344 Best recent black-and-white bird photographs hate to be reminded of it, this selection brings Kevin’s total to 28 pictures during the last 28 years, a feat unequalled by any other photographer; furthermore, the Melodious and Spectacled Warblers are new species to this feature. Hans Gebuis from the Netherlands, whose first selection appeared last year, submitted an entry of 12 pictures, from which our choice is his Quail Cotumix cotumix (plate 211): a fine photograph, which shows the details of the Quail’s plumage particularly well. Tony Hamblin is no stranger to these pages, and this year we have selected pictures of Eider Somateria mollissima (plate 213) and Marsh Tit Pams palustris (plate 224) from his entry of seven prints. Oddly enough, neither species has been included in this feature before. It would be hard to imagine a better photograph of the latter, superbly caught, catchlight and all. Harold Grenfell rivals Kevin Carlson in having four prints selected: indeed, Harold has now had a total of 23 black-and-whites included since 1967. This year’s quartet are of Wigeons Anas penelope on the mud of an estuary (plate 212); a very’ well-shown Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis on estuarine saltings (plate 223); a magnificent shot of a roosting Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus lit by the evening sun (plate 216); and another of the same species wading (plate 219). Next, we have a fine photograph of a juvenile Sabine’s Gull Lams sabini (plate 218) taken at Grafham Water, Cambridgeshire, by Steve Young, whose work has appeared in this annual selection twice before. No stranger either is Martin Withers, who this year gives us a very typical picture of Shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis at the nest (plate 215). Presumably it is a hot day and the Shags are panting to keep cool. Another regular contributor is Dennis Green, from whose entry we selected his print of a pair of Choughs Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax feeding their young at the nest in a copper mine in Gwynedd (plate 214). It is always pleasing to get both parents at the nest at the same time, and these are particularly well shown. We conclude with a superb photograph of a Greenshank Tringa nebularia (plate 217) taken in the Netherlands by Mike Weston, who is a welcome newcomer to this feature. Obviously, black-and-white bird photography is alive and well. We thank all who took the time and trouble to submit work and congratulate those whose prints were selected. We should like to take this opportunity to remind all nest- photographers of the requirements of the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981). R. J. Chandler, Eric Hosking, J. T. R. Sharrock and Don Smith 210. Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica, Portugal, June 1989 (Keinn Carlson) (Nikon F501; 500 mm Novoflex; Ilford FP4) 211. Quail Cotumix cotumix , Netherlands, June 1989 (Hans Gebuis)( Pen tax LX; 600 mm; Kodak T-max 100) 212. Wigeons Anas penelope, West Glamorgan, September 1989 ( Harold E. Grenfell) (Nikon F301; 300 mm Nikkor; Ilford XP1) 213. Eider Somateria mollissima and young, Northumberland, June 1989 ( Tony Hamblin) (Canon T90; 500 mm f4 Canon; Ilford XP1) '114' Pair °f feeding large young at nest in a copper mine, Gwynedd Mav 1 MXQ I lltmnic A\IO\'. ~)f\ c» l -T* 1 , \ /f i non tr\ • O 5V >*voi m «» vuuuci IIIIIIC, V May 1989 ( Dennis Green) (Olympus OM2N; 70-210 mm Tamron zoom; Ilford FP4) 15. Shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis , Craigleith, Firth of Forth. July 1989 (. Martin B. M7/Am)(Mamiva 645; 210 mm Sekor; Ilford FP4) iA • /•* • 216. Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus roosting, West Glamorgan, July 1989 ( Harold E. Grenfell) (Nikon F301; 300 mm Nikkor; Ilford XP1) 217. Greenshank Tringa nebularia, Netherlands, May 1989 ( Mike Weston) (Canon Al; 600 mm Canon; Ilford FP4) p7#V •• 18. Juvenile Sabine’s Gull Larus sabini , Cambridgeshire, October 1987 (Steve Youne) (Nikon FM2; 600 mm Nikkor; Ilford XP1) ■ : 19- Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus , West Glamorgan, August 1989 (Harold E. GrmfeU)( Nikon F30F 300 mm Nikkor; Ilford XP1) 220. Female Spectacled Warbler Sylvia consfricillata, Portugal, May 1989 ( Kevin Carlson) (Nikon F501; 70- 210 mm Nikkor AF zoom; Ilford FP4) 221. Male Spectacled Warbler Sylvia conspicillata, Portugal, May 1989 ( Kevin Carlson) (Nikon F501; 70- 120 mm Nikkor AF zoom; Ilford FP4) .122. Melodious Warbler Hippolais polyglotta, Portugal, May 1989 (Keiw Carlson)( Nikon FF.2: 600 mm Novoflex; Ilford FP4) .’23. Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis. West Glamorgan, May 1989 ( Harold E. Grenfell) (Nikon F301; 300 mm Nikkor + 1.4 converter; Ilford XP1) 224. Marsh Tit Parus palustris, Warwickshire, February 1988 (Tony Hamblin)( Olympus OM2N; 85-250 Zuiko zoom; Ilford XP1) Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 1988 Robert Spencer and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel This is the sixteenth annual report published by the Panel: the fifteenth report, for 1987, was published last year [Brit. Birds 82: 477-504). Once again, the Panel has received widespread co-operation from county recorders, and from a number of observers who have reported directly to us. We are totally dependent on others for our raw material, and are greatly obliged to those who labour to supply it. In this context it is a pleasure to report that two counties from which data were largely lacking in 1987 — Yorkshire and Inverness-shire — are now properly represented in these pages. The year-by-year summary tables provided for many species reflect the Panel’s deep interest in numbers: How many pairs? How many pairs definitely breeding? How many young reared? The Panel has a monitoring role, and for the reasons for this one need look no further than Article 2 of the European Community’s Directive on the conservation of wild birds , which reads: ‘Member States shall take the requisite measures to maintain the population of the species . . . [listed] ... at a level which corresponds in particular to ecological, scientific and cultural requirements . . .’ To fulfil this Community obligation H.M. Government relies on the Nature Conservancy Council, and they in turn look to the Panel and, through the Panel, to the network of competent and dedicated observ ers to help them establish what the population levels are for those species within the Panel’s remit. If this task is to be well done, it calls for the widest possible co-operation. After numbers, the Panel is concerned with distribution and with the related aspect of habitat. In what parts of the country' does a species chiefly occur? Coupled with numbers, is it extending its range, or is it retreating? It is this where? aspect which causes some observers, and one records committee, to hesitate about giving their wholehearted co- operation, on the entirely understandable grounds that rare species are, almost by definition, vulnerable or endangered, and that, if a nesting [The publication of this report has been subsidised by a donation from the RSPB] [Brit Birds 83 : 353-390, September 1990] 353 354 Rare breeding birds in 1 988 locality became known, at the best there could be a dangerously large influx of observers, and at the worst egg-collectors and others of similar persuasion would wreak their damage. Now the Panel, in its report, seldom names a locality — the naming of Unst as the summer home of the Black-browed Albatross Diomedea melanophris was a typical exception — being content to locate no more precisely than to a county, and often to the larger unit of a region consisting of six or more counties. By contrast, some mapping of localities is to be found in a growing number of tetrad atlases, the editorial policy of which is always under the control of a local society. Less revealing, because they are accurate only to a 10-km square, are the BTO’s Breeding Bird and Wintering Atlases. Even then, for sensitive species which might be tracked down by their specialised habitat needs, great trouble is taken to meet the concerns of recorders and their observers before maps are finalised. The Panel, using no maps, and limiting itself to counties, believes that these annual reports constitute less security risk than the kind of data already being published. Whilst for these published reports the Panel uses a coarse grid, in its files there is a very real need to be able to pinpoint pairs. With no group of birds is this more true than with the raptors. Some of them, notably the Goshawk Accipiter gentilis , are subjected to determined persecution wherever their presence becomes known, and all raptor species inspire a fierce loyalty and a determination on the part of their devotees to protect them by saying as little as possible. Admirable though their motives are, such practices have their unwelcome side effects. The Goshawk will again serve as an example. For 1988 over 100 forms were received, the majority of them clearly intended to reveal as little as possible, and simply naming a county. Was the pair which one observer reported from county ‘x' the same pair as that which another observer reported, or were they quite different? If all reports reached the Panel through county recorders the problem would be much reduced, but such is not the case. Information documented in a Schedule 1 return may not be known to the county recorder, and it took hours to study the one hundred forms and, on the basis of suspected duplication, to reduce them to less than 40. This is an imprecise and unsatisfactory exercise. We therefore appeal to observers to report to their county recorders whenever possible, and to both observers and recorders to make use of National Grid references. We give here the undertaking which we gave in the report for 1985: confidentiality will be strictly observed. Happily, many recorders already comply. What is more, with the growth of county tetrad surveys, the use of computers to handle the large volume of data becomes yearly more commonplace, and some recorders now submit excellent print-outs with their returns. This is much appreciated by the Panel. d'he year 1988, featured in this report, gave more reasons for satisfaction than for dismay. The Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena , which has been reconnoitring here for a number of years, finally reached the stage of egg-laying, but then failed, so we have yet to see parents feeding tiny young on a British water. In the case of the Black-necked 355 Rare breeding birds in 1988 Grebe P. nigricollis , although numbers remain modest, breeding is being reported Irom more counties. So much grebe activity can take place within the privacy of a reedbed that breeding may easily escape detection. YVe are used to reporting the breeding of feral \\ hooper Swans Cygnus (ygnus, but the successful breeding by a wild pair is a noteworthy event. Almost as rare an occasion is the breeding in Britain of Scaup Aythya mania , so that to have two, and probably three cases in the same year — one as far south as Wales — is very remarkable. Raptor populations were discussed in the introduction to the report for 1987, but this year let us draw attention to their productivity. No fewer than 38 young Red Kites Milvus milvus, 81 young Ospreys Pandion haliaetus and 145 young Marsh Harriers Circus aeruginosus left their nests: figures which are unlikely to have been approached in any other year in the last one hundred. Without the activities of egg-collectors, two of those figures would have been appreciably higher; that they are not appreciably lower is due in no small measure to the conservation bodies and the army of volunteers who, year after year, promote or support surveillance. The concept of ‘Neighbourhood Watch' has been adapted with some success to the protection of birds. It is many years ago now that the first Mediterranean Gull Larus melanocephalus — which happened to be wearing an East German ring — was found in a Hampshire colony of Black-headed Gulls L. ridibundus. Subsequent would-be colonists of the species have had a somewhat chequered career in Britain, attempting breeding in every recent year, but often paired with a Black-headed Gull. No fewer than six pairs nested in 1988, with varying fortunes, and there were a further ten potential pairs. Doubtless there will be further vicissitudes, but such numbers must surely indicate that the gull is finally here to stay. Fieldwork continues to reveal the position of the Woodlark Lullula arborea to be more favourable than had at one time been feared, and the relationship between it and the earliest stages of forestry continues to impress. Bjack Redstart Phoenicunis ochruros numbers edge upwards, and the species may well be rather commoner, if not more widespread, than is generally appreciated; it is nesting at several power stations, both conventional and nuclear, and these are places neither where permission for entry is easily obtained, nor where observation is easily carried out. Perhaps the slight warming of climate which is reported to have already taken place may help both the Woodlark and the Black Redstart to thrive. Could that be true of the Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus , which had its best year to date, or should we attribute the high numbers to the diligence of the specialist Golden Oriole Group? Similarly, in the case of the Dartford Warbler Sylvia undata , another species which reaches its northwest limits in England, the extraordinary numbers in 1988 spring essentially from a detailed survey of the New Forest heaths and one in Dorset, though doubtless helped by a milder winter and better breeding-season weather. The very modest increase in the numbers of Cetti's Warbler Cettia cetti , which was similarly affected by the severe cold of January 1987, is probably a better indicator of how much of the increase in Dartford 356 Rare breeding birds in 1988 Warbler numbers might be attributed to climate. The two mild winters of 1988/89 and 1989/90 in due course may be expected to give a better indication of the effects of reduced winter mortality on the population levels of such species. For 1989, no nesting pair of Red-backed Shrikes Lanius collurio has yet been reported to the Panel and it thus seems likely that the solitary English pair detailed in this report was the very last. We are not alone in our loss, for declines are reported from elsewhere in western Europe. Climate may have some bearing on what is happening, but a decrease in insects resulting from the use of herbicides and pesticides may provide a more promising line of investigation. The Panel The membership of the Panel remained unchanged in 1988: Dr L. A. Batten, R. H. Dennis, Richard Porter, Dr J. T. R. Sharrock and Robert Spencer (Secretary). Although they reflect the interests and needs of the Panel’s sponsoring bodies, NCC, the RSPB, the BTO and British Birds, it is felt to be important that individual members should be free to place the interests of the birds first, and for that reason they are appointed in a personal capacity. This work was commissioned by the NCC as part of its programme for nature conservation. Other financial contributions to the work of the Panel are made by the RSPB, the BTO and British Birds. Key to geographical regions used in this report Numbers refer to fig. 1. 1. Northern Irf.i.and Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry, Tyrone Rare breeding birds in 1 988 357 2. England, SW Avon, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Isle of Wight, Isles of Scilly, Somerset, Wiltshire 3. England, SE Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Essex, Greater London, Hertfordshire, Kent, Middlesex, Oxfordshire, Surrey, Sussex (East and West) 4. ENGLAND, E Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Lincolnshire & South Humberside, Norfolk, Northamptonshire, Suffolk 5. ENGLAND, Central Derbyshire, Herefordshire, Leicestershire (with Rutland), Notting- hamshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire (West Midlands in the new county structure), Worcestershire 6. ENGLAND, N Cheshire, Cleveland, Cumbria, Durham, Greater Manchester, Isle of Man, Lancashire, Merseyside, Northumberland, North Humberside, Tyne & Wear, Yorkshire (North, South and West) 7. WALES All present-day counties (i.e. includes the former Monmouth) 8. SCOTLAND S 1 he former counties of Ayrshire, Berwickshire, Dumfriesshire, Kirkcud- brightshire, Lanarkshire, Lothian (East, Mid and West), Peeblesshire, Renfrewshire. Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire, Wigtownshire 9. SCOTLAND, Mid Aberdeenshire, Angus, Banffshire, Clackmannanshire, Dunbartonshire, Fife, Kincardineshire, Kinross, Morayshire, Nairn, Perthshire, Stirlingshire 10. SCOTLAND, N & W Argyll, Bute, Caithness, Inverness-shire, Orkney, Ross & Cromarty, Shetland, Sutherland, Western Isles (Outer Hebrides) Systematic list Great Northern Diver Gavia immer One locality: one individual. Scotland, N & W One locality: adult seen in the breeding areas of Black-throated Divers G. arctica, but no indication that it was breeding. Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena Eight localities: two pairs attempted breeding. England, SE One locality: one present from 7th to 28th July, and presumably the same individual on 6th August. England, E Four localities: (1) pair nested and laid one egg, which was taken by a Magpie Pica pica; a second clutch of three eggs was laid, but failed to hatch although incubated for more than the full term; (2) pair in full breeding plumage on 14th May only, displaying; (3) one in full breeding plumage present from 19th to 29th June; (4) pair present from 15th July to 11th September, with much courtship and, on 9th August, copulation. England, Central One locality: one in breeding plumage on 4th April and 1st May, ‘and probably on most dates in between’. Scotland, S Two localities: (1) pair laid two eggs by 20th June, but evidence suggests that the nest was preyed on by mink Mustela lutreola/iison ; (2) adult, in breeding plumage, from 5th April to 10th June. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. localities 01 3322 1 15 10 8 No. individuals 0 1 4223 1 45912 No. pairs 0 0 10 0 10 1 1 13 Although we still lack proof that this species has bred successfully in Britain or Ireland, the steady increase in numbers during the years 1984- 88 encourages one to believe that we shall not have much longer to wait. Slavonian Grebe Podiceps auritus 21 localities: 37-41 pairs breeding. Scotland, S Four localities: (1) one present from 4th April to 16th October, possibly the individual which summered in 1986 and 1987; (2) adult, in breeding plumage, from 21st 358 Rare breeding birds in 1 988 April to 20th May; (3) one on 12th June; (4) one from 15th to 20th June, and on 11th August. The bird(s) at (2)-(4) were the first known cases of summering in the region concerned, and could have involved only one individual. Scotland, Mid, N & W 17 localities: ( 1 )-( 17) combined total of 37 pairs, which, between them, may have fledged 45 young. The species was absent from a further 1 1 suitable waters in the regions. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. localities 18 27 36 35 25 44 26 40 43 35 21 Confirmed (pairs) 37 58 53 52 51 41 39 63 68 60 37 Possible (pairs) 18 19 27 19 8 38 21 18 19 10 4 Max. total (pairs) 55 77 80 71 59 79 60 81 87 70 41 It appears that fewer waters were occupied than in any year since 1978, for there was fairly good cover of potential sites. On the other hand, the breeding success was encouraging. The presence of birds on waters in southern Scotland is odd, and more characteristic of an expanding rather than a contracting population. Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis 20 localities in 11 counties: 14-33 pairs breeding. England, SE, E 8c Central 11 localities: (1) adult from 21st May to 11th June; (2) pair, in breeding plumage, present from 2nd to 20th March and attempted nest-building, one individual remaining until 20th April; (3) singles on 1 1th April, 18th May and 3rd-4th July; (4) four, three in breeding plumage, on 2nd April, one daily 3rd-10th April, two on 18th April, one, swimming out of dense reed cover, on 2nd July; (5) pair on 7th May; (6) one on 25th May; (7) a maximum of five in early spring, but four pairs on 20th July, while ten individuals on 29th August included two juveniles; (8) one, in breeding plumage, from 1 1th to 28th May at a site frequently visited by the species in spring and summer; (9) pair present 8th to 10th May; (10) three on 10th May, one remaining until 13th May; (11) pair, displaying, on 15th May only. Sites (l)-(3) were in one county, (4)-(6) in a second county, ( 7 ) - ( 8 ) in a third and (9)-( 11) in a fourth. The possibility of birds moving between waters within a county cannot be precluded. England, N Three localities: (1) pair with one young on 17th June, the second successive year of breeding at the locality; (2) two on 1st April, increasing to 24 by 7th May, nine or ten pairs hatched 31 young; (3) pair displaying in mid May. Wales One locality: two on 2nd May at a locality adjacent to a previous summering locality. Scotland, Mid Five localities: (1) pair reared two young, one other adult present; (2) four pairs and four unpaired birds on 14th April, seven adults on 22nd May and six on 22nd June; (3) a lone individual on 17th April; (4) two pairs bred; (5) five present in June at a new site. 1983 England, N One locality: two pairs. 1984 England, Central Two localities: (1) two recently fledged young on 1 1th July, and on 1st August a party of five included three immatures; nine present on 27th August; (2) two separate flocks, of three and four, all in juvenile or winter plumage, on 25th July. 1985 England, Central Two localities: (1) seven, in breeding plumage, in late April, and six during May and June; a flock of five on 30th August included an adult feeding a half-grown juvenile; (2) pair, in breeding plumage, from late June to mid August. 1986 England, N One locality: one, in breeding plumage, from 6th May to 27th July. 1987 England, E One locality: one on 16th June, and pair on 27th June. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. localities 6 6 9 7 13 19 17 17 15 17 20 Confirmed (pairs) 13 12 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 17 9 1 1 26 14 Possible (pairs) 2 2 10 7 12 21 13 13 22 1 1 19 Max. total (pairs) 15 14 21 12 23 32 30 22 33 37 33 The long-term trend for this species is clearly upwards. 359 Rare breeding birds in 1988 Bittern Botaurus stellaris 14 localities: 30 booming males. England, E 12 localities: (l)-(3) two boomers at each; (4) pair thought likelv to have bred; (5) up to nine booming males; (6) three booming in April; (6)-(12) single booming males. England, N One locality: six or seven booming males, and one successful nest found. Wales One locality: one booming on 3rd March. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. localities 17 21 19 16 15 18 18 15 12 17 14 Confirmed (pairs) 2 14 1 1 0 5 0 0 12 Booming males 47 51 48 47 35 44 36 28 23 22 30 I he first sign for several years of an improvement in the fortunes of this species, although the number of localities at which it was recorded was the second lowest since 1978. Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus Three localities: 3-5 pairs breeding, two of them feral. Scotland, Mid One locality. IH'NBARTONSHIRF. One locality: two feral pairs, both of which hatched one young, one of which disappeared. Scotland. N&WT wo localities: (1) an adult and an immature throughout the summer; (2) two pairs, one of which fledged two young from a clutch of five eggs (this nest was at an open site on common grazings). The successful northern pair seems likely to have belonged to wild stock. Blue-winged Teal Anas discors One locality: one individual. England, E One locality. CAMBRIDGKSHIRF. One locality: a female, paired with a male Shoveier.4. clypeata , reared three young to 25th September. (This record is still being considered by the Rarities Committee.) This is the first time that this species has featured in one of the Panel s reports. Pintail Anas acuta 19 localities: 14-29 pairs breeding. England, SW One locality. DORSET One locality: a male summered, as in 1987. England, SE Four localities. KENT Four localities: (1) two males on 1st May and three females on 20th May: (2) two pairs on 28th May; (3) one male throughout May, and on 5th and 25th June and 17th July; (4) single female on 29th April and on 14th May. England, E Two localities. CAMBRIDGESHIRE Two localities: (1) pair nested, but no young seen; (2) pair bred. England, N Two localities. CHESHIRE One locality: female on five dates from 29th April to 26th June. CUMBRIA One locality: pair on 25th May, and single male on 29th June and 12th July. Wales One locality. DYFF.D One locality: female with eight newly hatched ducklings on 10th May, while a second female, first seen on 21st and 23rd May, appeared on 7th June with two well-grown ducklings. Scotland. Mid One locality. ANGUS One locality: three pairs on 18th April. 360 Rare breeding birds in 1988 Scotland, N 8c W Eight localities. ARGYLL One locality: two pairs, one female with young and.ihe other showing anxiety. INVF.RNF.SS-SHIRF. One locality: pair seen April to 3rd June and singles thereafter, thought probably to have bred. ORKNEY Six localities: (1) four or five pairs bred, two nests found; (2) male on 21st May; (3) male on 5th June; (4)-(5) two broods seen at each; (6) pair present during the summer. 1983 England, N One locality: five pairs present. 1985 England, SW Two localities: ( 1 ) two pairs up to 14th May, and a male on 12th June; (2) one to four individuals in June and July. 1986 England, N One locality: male on 21st May. 1987 Scotland, N One locality: pair from 1st April, may have bred. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. localities 10 19 15 16 18 23 15 17 14 16 19 Confirmed (pairs) 7 10 9 8 7 12 5 9 6 7 14 Possible (pairs) 16 31 16 23 25 20 13 12 12 14 15 Max. total (pairs) 23 41 25 31 32 32 18 21 18 21 29 The successful breeding in Wales is encouraging, but Orkney remains the breeding stronghold of the species. Garganey Anas querquedula 35 localities: 8-48 pairs breeding. England, SW Five localities: 0-5 pairs breeding. England, SE Nine localities: 1-8 pairs breeding. England, E 12 localities: 6-26 pairs breeding. England, Central Six localities: 0-6 pairs breeding. England, N Two localities: 1-2 pairs breeding. Scotland, Mid One locality: 0-1 pair breeding. 1983 England, N Two localities: (1) four pairs present; (2) pair probably bred. 1985 England, Central One locality: pair from 26th May to 21st June, and a female on 30th June. 1985 England, N I wo localities: (1) pair on 5th and 6th May; (2) male on 1st June. 1986 England, N Four localities: (1) pair on 3rd May; (2) female on 5th May; (3) male on 13th and 17th May and 1st June; (4) two males and a female on 3rd June, one male and female on 4th June. 1986 Scotland, Mid One locality: three males and a female on 13th May, two surplus males departed about 26th May, and pair last seen on 7th June. 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. localities 34 48 66 59 46 32 42 36 35 Confirmed (pairs) 4 8 10 15 4 4 8 8 8 Possible (pairs) 50 50 84 55 53 36 47 37 40 Max. total (pairs) 54 58 94 70 57 40 55 45 48 The Panel did not start collecting data for this species until 1980. The individual county totals for 1988 are listed in the appendix. Pochard Aythya ferina 132 localities: 180-337 pairs breeding. England, SW Nine localities: 13-14 pairs breeding. England, SE 38 localities: 84-1 14 pairs breeding. England, E 52 localities: 17-121 pairs breeding. England, Central Nine localities: 3-18 pairs breeding. England, N 18 localities: 56-61 pairs breeding. Wales One locality: one pair breeding. 361 Rare breeding birds in 1988 Scotland, S 1 hree localities: 2-4 pairs breeding. Scotland, Mid One locality: three pairs breeding. Scotland, N One locality: one pair breeding. 1985 Wales One locality: female with eight young on 9th June. 1986 England, N 1 wo localities: (1) although 52 males and seven females summered, the only proof of breeding was a female with a small duckling on 23rd June; (2) five broods, totalling 19 young, by 24th June, and a further two broods, totalling 14 voung, by 1st July. 1986 Wales One locality: two individuals, no dates given. 1986 Scotland, S 1 hree localities: (1) two broods, possibly three; (2) two pairs, but no evidence of breeding; (3) one pair, but no evidence of breeding. 1986 Scotland, Mid One locality: two broods on 5lh July. 1987 England, N One locality: six ducklings from early July. These are by far the highest totals since the Panel started collecting data on this species in 1985. The detailed county totals are listed in the appendix. Scaup Aythya marila Five localities: 3-5 pairs breeding. Wales One locality. ANGLESEY One locality: pair reared five young. Scotland, Mid Two localities. DUNBARTONSHIRE One locality: female with nine young from 14th to 20th July. A pair had been seen together in the same place on 9th May, and a female with six young was there from 24th July to 2nd August 1987. The identity of the females is not in doubt, but it has been claimed that the single showing of a male on 9th May is not enough to rule out the possibility of a mixed mating. TAYSIDF. One locality: pair on 10th and 17th April. Scotland, N Two confidential localities: (1) pair on 3rd June, and a female with four ducklings on 17th July; (2) male on 30th June. 1985 England, N Two localities: (1) five Qn 15th April; (2) male on 30th June. 1987 Scotland, Mid One locality (that also occupied in 1988): female with six young from 24th July to 2nd August. The Scaup is one of the rarest of our breeding ducks, so that, even if one hesitates to accept the Dunbartonshire record on the grounds that it could have involved a mixed mating, it would still be remarkable to have two records in one year, and especially to have one so far south as Wales. The Anglesey record has been accepted by the Cambrian Ornithological Society. Common Scoter Melanitta nigra 36 localities: 14-90 pairs breeding. Northern Ireland One locality: seven pairs, but no young seen. Scotland, S One locality: two males on 13th March at a water where breeding has occurred. Scotland, Mid One locality: two males and three females on 2nd and 15th May, at a regular breeding site. Scodand, N 8c W Nine localities. ARGYLL One locality: six to eight pairs probably attempted to breed, but neither nests nor young located. CAITHNESS Two localities: (1) maximum of seven males and six females on three dates between 3rd June and 24th August; (2) pair and one additional male on 15th May. 362 Rare breeding birds in 1988 IWF.RNESS-SHIRF. Three localities: (1) pair on 29th May, and a female with six ducklings on 5th August; (2) maximum count of 21 males and 14 females.pn 1st May, and a female with six ducklings on 7th July; (3) 12 on 10th May and four on 18th May. Ross-SHIRF. Two localities: (1) pair displaying on 20th June; (2) female with four ducklings in July. SHF.TI.AND One locality: minimum of five males and three females, but probably only two young reared. (In addition to the above, a team organised by the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust surveyed a further 27 different waters and located totals of 48 females and 34 young.) 1985 England, N Two localities: (1) male on 1 1th May; (2) two males on 19th June, and one on 30th June, a female with seven immatures on 10th September. 1985 Scotland, N I'hree localities: (1) three on 8th May, two pairs on 12th May, one pair on 13th and 27th May; (2) 11 pairs on 22nd May; (3) one pair. 1987 Scotland, N Four localities: (1) pair on 25th May; (2) female with four young, and four older young nearby; (3) three pairs on 4th May, one pair on 25th May; (4) 13 males and nine females displaying on 25th May. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. localities 9 17 10 6 17 6 9 25 35 15 36 Confirmed (pairs) 16 98 7 5 14 10 17 2 8 29 14 Possible (pairs) 125 30 106 77 98 75 52 72 92 33 76 Max. total (pairs) 141 128 113 82 1 12 85 69 74 100 62 90 The decline in Northern Ireland continues at an alarming rate, whilst the slightly improved totals in Scotland are due largely to intensified fieldwork. It may be necessary to make two or more visits to an isolated water before it can be established that the species is present or breeding. Walkers visiting isolated waters in the north of Scotland are urged to look out for the species (which is often unobtrusive) and to report their findings to the appropriate recorder, or to the Panel. Goldeneye Bucephala clangula Mainly one extensive locality: 90-105 pairs breeding. England, SW One locality. DORSET One locality: male summered for the second consecutive year. England, SE I wo localities. KF.NT Two localities: (1) eclipse male from 7th to 16th July, and presumably the same individual from 3rd to 7th August and on 18th August; (2) male on 12th August. England, Central Three localities. I ficfstfrshirf Three localities: (1) two remained until 22nd May; (2) first-year male remained until 20th May; (3) first-year male on 30th May and 30th June. England, N Three localities. CHESHIRE One locality: immature male from 2nd May to 30th June. I LANCASHIRE Two localities: (1) one feral pair bred, success not reported; (2) two broods hatched, and two females with two large young seen on 3rd July. It is reported that there are 40 full-winged birds at the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust reserve of Martin Mere, from which these breeders stem. Scotland, S Five localities. BORDERS Five localities: (1) maximum of one male and two females/immatures on 22nd May, one female summered from May to September; (2) immature or female on 22nd May; (3) adult male on 7th July; (4) female or immature on 9th June; (5) pair on 8th July. Scotland, Mid Two localities. TAYSIDE Two localities: (1) pair in eclipse on 9th and 10th July; (2) one on 16th May. Scotland, N He W I wo localities. CAITHNESS One locality: male on 1st June. NAIRN One locality: pair present in May. Rare breeding birds in 1 988 363 Elsewhere in Scotland One extended locality: of 87 nests, at least 51 had clutches, and there were 44 successful clutches from which at least 427 ducklings hatched. 1985 England, N Four localities: (1) two females on 6th May, and a pair on 15th June; (2) female on 10th May, and a pair on 15th May; (3) male from 24th to 26th May; (4) female on 2nd May. 1986 England, N ( )ne locality: a male summered, and was seen with a female on seven dates in May, two dates in June and four dates in July. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Confirmed (pairs) 12 22 26 29 27 47 53 67 77 80 90 Young hatched 40 110 165 286 220 209 311 336 390 332 427 Whilst the centre of interest remains within a 40-mile (64-km) radius of Inverness, there are slight signs that the sjDecies is beginning to extend its range. At the same time, there is an increasing incidence of Goldeneyes summering far to the south of their present breeding area. The {presence of free-winged individuals at Martin Mere will tend to mask any future colonisation of northern England by Scottish-bred Goldeneyes. The Panel is indebted to Roy Dennis and his RSPB colleagues for their detailed account of breeding fortunes in Scotland. Honey Buzzard Perms apivorus 12 localities: 1-10 pairs breeding. Great Britain 12 localities: (1) pair reared one young, and second adult male present throughout breeding season; (2) regular sightings throughout April to June; (3) singles on several dates in midsummer; (4) one flying west on 15th May, and one on 2nd August; (5) one flying southeast on 17th May; (6) two flying southwest on 3rd September; (7) two flying north on 5th September; (8) one light-phase on 30th May and 4th. 5th and 1 1th June, one dark-phase on 4th June [sites (4)-(8) were all in the same county]; (9) one soaring with two Buzzards Buteo buteo on 5th June, and a male displaying on 6th August; (10) several sightings of singles during the summer; (11) one or two at a fairly regularly used breeding site, thought to be breeding; (12) has certainly summered for the last ten years and may well have bred. 1976 England, N One locality: pair summered, being seen on many dates, and considered to have bred, but nest not searched for. 1977 England, N One locality: male in locality used by pair in 1976. 1978 England, N One locality: pair in same area, thought to have deserted owing to forestn activities. 1981 England, N One locality: an apparently new pair summered near previous localit\. 1983 England, SW One locality: pair fledged one young. 1984 England, SW One locality: two young fledged. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Confirmed (pairs) 12 3 2 2 3 2 1111 Max. total (pairs) 9 4 5 9 3 5 2 4 6 710 Once again we must regretfully report that the account we are able to give is very incomplete. No information has been forthcoming (on the grounds of security) for two important areas. We think it possible that the true population could amount to 20 or more breeding pairs. 364 Rare breeding birds in 1988 Red Kite Milvus milvus 67 pairs, of which 48 laid eggs and fledged 38 young. England, Central Four localities: (l)-(3) singles on 5th April, 10th April and 20th April, thought likely to be same individual; (4) seen twice in a tetrad between 30th May and 8th June, thought likely to be one individual. Wales 67 localities: (l)-(67) total of 67 pairs known (plus at least 40 unmated individuals), of which 48 definitely bred and up to four others may have done so; one pair repeated after an early failure. Of these, 27 pairs reared a total of 37 young, w'hilst an orphan chick was reared by a pair of Buzzards Buteo buteo. The April population w;as about 174 individuals and the August population at least 210. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Total pairs 39 42 42 46 47 46 46 54 58 59 67 Breeding pairs 32 30 29 32 38 33 33 43 40 44 48 Successful pairs 13 14 21 18 19 20 13 19 23 27 27 Young reared 22 18 27 21 23 24 21 25 29 39 38 Another good season, which would have been better still had not three pairs been robbed by egg-collectors and two caused to desert owing to human disturbance. Half the nest failures occurred during wet and windy conditions in late May and early June, when most pairs had small young. The Panel is most grateful to Peter Davis, who is employed by the NCC to study Red Kites, for the detailed report given here. White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla Re-introduction: 11 pairs held territory. Scotland 1 1 pairs held territory, six nests were found in which clutches were laid, and one pair successfully reared two young, which fledged on 1st and 15th August; two nests could not be located. The Panel is indebted to Dr M. Pienkowski of the NCC for this information. Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 56 nests: at least 145 young reared. Great Britain Numbers continue to rise, with the breeding population increasing at an average annual rate of 17% since 1983. In 1988, at least 145 young fledged from 56 nests in seven counties, an average of 2.55 young per nest; there were 46 successful nests, for which the average productivity was 3.1 1 young per nest. Fourteen females were mated to bigamous males and were not significantly less successful than the paired females, with 2.36 young per nest and 3.0 young per successful nest, and three failures. Flight other pairs were located, some of which may have bred. Figures from one well-recorded area suggest that about 34% of the summering population are non-breeding; if this figure is typical of the country as a whole, the total summering population in Britain is about 160-185 adults. 1986 Wales One locality: sub-adult present in summer. 1987 England, E One locality: pair fledged four young, the whole family remaining together until 29th August. Rare breeding birds in 1 988 365 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Breeding males 14 11 16 17 19 21 27 29 26 40 42 Breeding females 14 16 20 20 24 28 32 31 32 46 56 Fledged young 36 38 44 48 59 71 66 86 82 126 145 I he remarkable success of the Marsh Harrier, aided by careful protection and, locally, by sympathetic landowners, has enabled it to break out from its East Anglian stronghold to occupy marshy areas in the Welsh marches, northern England and Scotland. If this trend continues, within a few years many reedbeds of suitable size will have been claimed by the species. The Panel is indebted to John Day for the above summary. Montagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus Six nests: 17 young reared. Great Britain The breeding population of this harrier remains at a precariously low level, with only six nests, from five of which a total of 1 7 young fledged; the second nest of the only bigamously mated male, which wras on saltings, failed for unknown reasons. Despite the continuing low numbers, there are two encouraging signs. At least four of the breeders were carrying colour rings, showing them to be from recent British nests, and thus suggesting that the protection of the very small number of nests of the last few years is beginning to show results. Secondly, there were at least eight non-breeders present, a big increase from earlier when there were few or none, indicating a possible upward trend in general numbers. 1985 England, SW One locality: male and two females, but no evidence of successful breeding. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. localities 7 4 8 8 7 8 2 9 10 10 14 Confirmed (pairs) 2 2 2 2 3 6 1 3 7 6 6 Possible (pairs) 5 2 6 7 5 4 1 6 3 4 8 Max. total (pairs) 7 4 8 9 8 10 2 9 10 10 14 Fledged young 3 7 4 4 4 9 3 7 13 15 17 As with the previous species, the Panel is iiKlebted to R. A. Image for much precise information relating to parts of East Anglia, and to John Day for preparing the text. Goshawk Accipiter gentilis 168 localities: 108-176 pairs breeding. England 8c Wales 141 localities involving 26 counties: ( 1 )-( 141) 89 pairs known to have attempted breeding, hatching at least 135 young, with a further 34 pairs probably breeding and a further 26 possibly breeding. Scotland 27 localities in five regions: (l)-(27) 19 pairs bred, hatching at least 39 young, one pair probably bred, and there were a further seven ‘possibles’. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. counties* 19 22 22 28 17 19 22 20 31 31 31 Confirmed (pairs) 16 25 17 17 24 34 36 36 57 54 108 Possible (pairs) 26 20 33 36 19 27 42 39 59 40 68 Max. total (pairs) 42 45 50 53 43 61 78 75 116 94 176 Regions in Scotland 366 Rare breeding birds in 1 988 Whilst the trend is clearly upwards, a part of the increase in 1988 was due to much co-ordinated fieldwork, and to better reporting. The Panel is indebted to I. K. Morgan of the NCC and to S. Petty of the Forestry Commission Wildlife and Conservation Research Branch for help in these ways. It may perhaps be mentioned that the figures given above are minima, and informed opinion puts the population of Goshawks at between 200 and 250 pairs. Osprey Patidion haliaetus 53 known pairs: 39 pairs hatched 81 young. England, N One locality: one from 6th May to at least 9th July. Scotland, S Two localities: ( 1 ) (2) persistent single individual frequented two waters during June and July. Elsewhere in Scotland A total of 53 eyries known to be occupied by pairs, which is an increase of three pairs on 1987. Some of the 1987 sites were not occupied, hut eight new sites were located; singles were present in at least a further three sites. Clutches were laid in 49 nests, an increase of five on 1987. There were 39 successful pairs, which reared a total of at 367 Rare breeding birds in 1988 least 81 young, the largest number (by 25) for any one year. The mean brood size was 2.23, reflecting the good season, and pro- ductivity of young per occupied nest was about average, at 1.53. The pair which reared four young in 1985 again fledged four. Two pairs failed, apparently from natural causes, and eleven nests were rob- bed. But for that loss, the number of young fledging would probably have exceeded the landmark total of 100. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Pairs 22 25 25 25 30 30 31 34 42 50 53 Successful pairs 11 16 19 20 21 20 21 22 24 30 39 Young reared 19 30 41 42 45 45 47 53 48 56 81 With growing success come growing problems, for the Osprey is on the threshold of colonising areas distant from its well-monitored heartland. When this happens, birdwatchers will, it is hoped, behave responsibly by minimising disturbance. Alas, the threat from egg-collectors is increasing, and the Panel urges observers locating Osprey pairs in new areas to notify the RSPB so that, if appropriate, security arrangements can be made. The Panel is grateful to Roy Dennis and his team of observers for the detailed information listed above. Hobby Falco subbuteo 321 localities: 101-361 pairs breeding. England, SW 35-103 pairs breeding, 56 young reported. England, SE 26-155 pairs breeding, 26 young reported. England, E 26-64 pairs breeding, 28 young reported. England, Central 12-26 pairs breeding, 25 young reported. England, N 0-2 pairs breeding, no young reported. Wales 2-1 1 pairs breeding, five young reported. 1985 England, SW 29 localities: (l)-(29) 20 confirmed pairs plus one 'probable' and one ‘possible’ reared a minimum of 27 young. 1985 England, SE Three localities: (l)-(3) one pair reared one young, and two pairs probably bred. 1985 England, Central One locality: pair bred successfully. 1985 England, N One locality: male on 4th July, and four records in September-October. 1987 England, E Four localities: (l)-(4) one summering, the remainder on one or two dates. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Confirmed (pairs) 70 80 64 51 97 80 93 98 91 107 101 Possible (pairs) 86 52 91 109 105 182 116 148 202 164 260 Max. total (pairs) 156 132 155 160 202 262 209 246 293 271 361 Young reared (minima) 96 72 86 89 63 104 91 117 126 158 140 Whilst it is true that in a few counties the Hobby is the subject of a special monitoring effort, which would tend to lead to higher totals, there can be little doubt that the species is thriving in most areas. It is becoming more firmly established in counties where it was formerly an irregular 368 Rare breeding birds in 1988 breeder, and the Panel is receiving more reports of the species breeding successfully on ordinary farmland. The individual county totals for 1988 are listed in the appendix. Quail Cotumix cotumix 122 localities: 5-155 pairs breeding. England, SW 33 localities: 1-49 pairs breeding. England, SE 14 localities: 0-16 pairs breeding. Engfand, E 27 localities: 0-42 pairs breeding. England, Central 20 localities: 1-18 pairs breeding. England, N 17 localities: 2-18 pairs breeding. Wales Five localities: 0-5 pairs breeding. Scotland, S Two localities: 0-2 pairs breeding. Scotland, Mid Three localities: 1-3 pairs breeding. Scotland, N One locality: 0-2 pairs breeding. 1986 England, Central Five localities: (l)-(5) singles singing, one in June and July, and four in July only. 1986 Scotland, S Four localities: (l)-(4) singles singing, at one site breeding thought ‘probable’. 1987 England, E One locality: one calling. The year 1988 was only the third for which the Panel collated information about the numbers of Quail reaching our shores and attempting to breed. The population was considerably smaller than in 1987, and very much smaller than in the bumper year of 1989, which will be dealt with in the report for that year. The individual county totals for 1988 are listed in the appendix. Spotted Crake Porzana porzana Six localities: 0-10 pairs breeding. England, SE One locality. SUSSEX One locality: one singing on 4th April and again from 1st to 10th May. England, E One locality. CAMBRIDGESHIRE One locality: two singing in late April and to 2nd May, one singing late May to 10th June. England, Central One locality. SHROPSHIRE One locality: adult on 10th July. Wales One locality. GWENT One locality: one singing on 28th May. Scotland, N Two localities. INVERNESS-SHIRE One locality: four singing from 1st to 9th June. highland One locality: one singing 13th-20th April. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. counties 62131332345 No. localities 64342642376 No. singing 6 8 4 9 3 12 10 3 4 18 10 A most difficult species to monitor. Singing tends to stop when males have secured a mate, after which the chances of locating any are much reduced. 369 Rare breeding birds in 1988 Corncrake Crex crex 40 localities: 1-41 pairs breeding. England, SW Three localities. CORNWAI.I. One locality: one singing for two weeks in early May. DEVON Two localities: (1) one singing on 19th July in an area where breeding occurred in 1987; (2) one seen, and heard singing, on two days in mid July. England, SE One locality. BF.DFORDSHIRF. One locality: one singing from 10th to 23rd June, when field was mown for silage. England, Central One locality. DERBYSHIRE One locality: one singing in uncut hayfield for several days before and after 10th June. England, N Four localities. CUMBRIA Two localities: (1) one singing for several days in a silage field, after mowing it fell silent, but restarted in a different area after a lapse of a week; (2) one singing for more than a week, but date not reported. isi.F. OF MAN Two localities: (1) one, a fresh Sparrowhawk Accipiter rtisus kill, on 8th May; (2) adult on 27th June with very small downy black chick. Scotland, N 31 localities. CAITHNESS Four localities: (1) one singing on 7th June; (2) one singing on 17thjune; (3) one singing on 22nd June, and two on 24th June; (4) one on 26th July. ORKNEY A survey by the RSPB of twelve islands indicated the presence of 26-32 males; the lower figure has been taken in calculating the total. 1987 Scotland, N One locality: nest with 1 1 eggs on 1st June. 1987 England, E ERRATUM The entry for Cambridgeshire in fact referred to Norfolk. This is obviously a very incomplete picture; for a fuller one see the paper on status and distribution of Corncrakes in Britain in 1988 (Brit. Birds 83: 173-187). Because of the need for continued monitoring, the Panel would be grateful to receive all breeding-season (May-July) records of this species away from the Western Isles. Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus One locality: one pair. England, SE One locality. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE One locality: pair in first-summer plumage from 7th to 18th June, display and copulation seen on 9th. This event happened at Milton Keynes. Who knows what might have occurred had the pair chanced upon a more suitable water? A pair attempted to breed in Cam- bridgeshire in 1983, and in 1987 a pair fledged two young in Norfolk. 370 Rare breeding birds in 1988 Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta 27 localities: 389-391 pairs reared at least 136 young. England, SE & E 22 localities: at Havergate, 50 breeding pairs reared only ten young, whilst at Minsmere 45 pairs fledged 14 young; other colonies fared rather better. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. localities 3 3 5 5 9 9 11 14 15 18 27 Confirmed (pairs) 145 147 168 201 190 238 237 269 255 341 389 Young reared (minima) 92 99 101 155 150 192 118 245 227 315 136 Although there were more pairs, and more colonies, than ever before, it was the poorest breeding season since 1984. Some of the new colonies are close to existing ones, and it appears that practices differ among observers as to whether or not to regard them as new colonies. In this report the Panel has tended to follow the ‘splitters' rather than the dumpers’, but there can be no doubt that some completely new colonies are being formed. 371 Rare breeding birds in 1988 England, SW Three counties: 22-32 pairs attempted breeding, 16 young known. England, SE Three counties: eight pairs thought to have attempted breeding, and four juveniles seen in a flock on 23rd September. England, E Three counties: 89 pairs thought to have attempted breeding, and 42 young known to have fledged. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Confirmed (pairs) 20 34 8 10 8 20 19 68 103 137 126 Possible (pairs) 14 47 37 43 59 76 52 47 12 0 3 Max. total (pairs) 34 81 45 53 67 96 71 115 115 137 129 As in 1987, the figures here are based on detailed and extensive fieldwork organised on behalf of the RSPB by Dr Rhys Green. They suggest that currently the species is, at least in East Anglia, more or less holding its own. It is, however, vulnerable to modem farming practices, and it is to be hoped that the EEC agricultural policy of ‘set-aside' will prove beneficial to it. Dotterel Charadrius morinellus 270-867 pairs breeding. England, N Two localities. CUMBRIA Two localities: (1) pair fledged two young from a clutch of three eggs, the first estimated to have been laid on 6th or 7th May, which is the earliest known date in Cumbria; (2) clutch of two eggs, outcome unknown. Wales One locality. GWYNEDD One locality: one on 16th June, and an unconfirmed report of successful breeding. Scotland, S One locality: four seen on 8th May, but none thereafter; breeding has occurred nearby. Scotland, Mid and N & W A repeat of the 1987 survey was carried out, with 1 14 observers covering 175 mountains. Breeding was confirmed in over 55 10-km squares, involving 270 pairs. An estimate of at least 867 pairs breeding in Britain was made by extrapolating from the density of numbers of pairs observed in the area covered to the number likely to be present in the total area suitable for the species. There is now sound evidence from ringing that some breed in Britain and Scandinavia in different years, and even within the same year. Sixteen ringing recoveries of Scottish-bred Dotterels have been obtained from Morocco. 1979 Scotland, Mid One locality: one nest, young hatched. 1984 Scotland, N Three localities: (1) pair with nest and eggs; (2) pair probably had a nest, and possibly an additional female; (3) pair with two eggs, and possibly an additional female. Two seasons’ work by field teams organised by the NCC has revealed a much larger population than had been expected. It also showed that 372 Rare breeding birds in 1988 random sightings by hill-walkers, although valuable in monitoring range, cannot be used to obtain a reliable indication jaf numbers; for that, a carefully organised field survey is essential. The Panel is grateful to Dr D. B. A. Thompson for providing the brief summary given above. Temminck’s Stint Calidris temminckii Two localities: 2-4 pairs breeding. Scotland, N Two localities: 6-7 individuals. HIGHLAND Two localities: (1) adult in breeding plumage on 23rd May; (2) 5-6 adults present on dates between 20th May and 30th June, two nests each with four eggs and one empty nest found, all failed. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. localities 3 4 5 13 1 12 2 1 2 Confirmed (pairs) 12 10 10 0 0 14 2 Possible (pairs) 54512212212 Max. total (pairs) 6661 32 1 2354 A somewhat disappointing follow-up to the encouraging situation in 1987. Can a population as small as the Scottish one seems to be really be viable? Could it be that the species breeds in small numbers elsewhere in Scotland, quite undetected, or is there frequent immigration from Scandinav ia? If the former, one might have expected Atlas fieldworkers to have discovered some new localities. Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima One locality: one or two pairs breeding. Scotland, N 8c W One locality: two adults on 10th June, at least one and probably two broods of young. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. localities 10 111113 111 Confirmed (pairs) 10 10 10 1 1 13 1 Possible (pairs) 0 0 0 10 1 12 10 1 Max. total (pairs) 10 11112 3 2 3 2 Breeding has been annual for five consecutive years, but the numbers are so low that it would be easy for human recreational activity to cause disturbance too great for the nesting birds to accept. Alas, a notice ‘Nesting birds, please keep clear’ would be likely to attract attention and disturbance. Ruff Philomachus pugnax 14 localities: one female reared a brood of two. England, SE Five localities. ESSEX Three localities: (1) two or three males and one female well into May, a female to the last week; (2) two females well into May; (3) two males well into May. KENT Two localities: (1) displaying males in April, with 13 on 24th and 15 on 30th, singles still present on 11th, 18th and 21st June; (2) single on 27th May and 5th June. England, E Five localities: (1)12 lekking sites in spring, and brood of two seen later; (2) two to five present during the breeding season, but breeding not proved; (3) four males lekking on 24th April, a male and female present on 1st May; (4) four males lekking on 24th April; (5) two males and a female on 29th May, while a male and a juvenile on 10th July could have been returning migrants. Rare breeding birds in 1988 373 England, N 1 wo localities: (1) two males and a female displaying for ten days in May; (2) two displaying on 15th June and three displaying on 1st July. Scotland, N 1 wo localities: (1)(2) a single female at each on 22nd June, not found during return visit on 23rd June. 1976 England, N One locality: four nests, in three of which eggs hatched; two broods were trodden on by cows, and a third was flooded and deserted. 1985 England, N 1 wo localities: (1) five on 19th April, one on 6th May; (2) one from 21st to 23rd April, and from 20th to 22nd May. 1987 England, N One locality: two displaying on 4th June. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. localities 4 12 10 10 13 8 6 8 7 16 14 Nests Max. no. females 0 3 3 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 possibly nesting 4 22 13 13 23 32 6 8 9 69 11 It seems likely that many of those in May were still on passage; others may well have been not fully mature non-breeders. Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa 1 7 localities: 36-64 pairs breeding. England, SW One locality. SOMERSET One locality: pair attempted to breed, but nest was abandoned in early June; there has been no successful breeding at the site since 1984. England, SE Five localities: (1) four summered; (2) species present during the breeding season; (3) pair displaying on 25th and 28th June; (4) one on 20th May and pair from 8th to 19th June, at a traditional breeding site; (5) three pairs attempted to breed, two of them failed, the third fledged three young, the first weak flight being noted on 26th May. England, E Seven localities: (1)17 pairs hatched 13 young between them; (2) 12 pairs reared at least ten young; (3) nine pairs held territory, but only two nests w ere known, of which one was successful; (4) pair copulated and built nest-scrape on 17th April, but then left the area; (5) one in display flight on 7th May; (6) three pairs present in the breeding season, one pair rearing two young; (7) pair present in suitable breeding terrain during May. England, N Two localities. CHESHIRE One locality: up to 18 summered, copulation observed and aggressive behaviour towards passing crows Cowus, with occasional display flights, but neither nest nor chicks seen. CUMBRIA One locality: pair with two young able to fly, date not given. Scotland, Mid One locality. ANGUS One locality: calling and display flight noted on 21st April. Scotland, N One locality'. SHETLAND One locality: pair reared two young at a regular site. 1974 England, N One locality: pair fledged one young. 1985 England, N Three localities: (1) one from 15th April to 4th May; (2) six on 20thjuly; (3) three on 11th May, and two on 6th July. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. localities 13 13 11 5 13 10 12 11 19 13 17 Confirmed (pairs) 50 39 52 22 38 32 55 22 23 28 36 Possible (pairs) 18 25 25 4 31 12 25 17 24 12 28 Max. total (pairs) 68 64 77 26 69 44 80 39 47 40 64 Over the years, the Black-tailed Godwit has bred, or attempted to breed, in a number of widely scattered localities, but few of these seem to come into regular occupation. At some of the sites most favoured, it is very' vulnerable to spring flooding. 374 Rare breeding birds in 1988 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola Four localities: 3-4 pairs breeding. Scotland, N Four localities. highland Four localities: (1) single in mid May and again on 17th July; (2) one agitated adult, probably with young, on 13th June, and two disturbed adults on 20th June; (3) three by 10th May, pair with young on 12th June, and what was probably a different adult with a brood from 26th June to 2nd July; (4) singles on seven dates between 1 4th May and 12th June, but no evidence of breeding. 1987 Scotland, N One locality: singles from 22nd to 24th May and on 2nd and 7th June, but no evidence of nesting. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. localities 7 3 4 1 4 3 4 3 2 3 4 Confirmed (pairs) 4 2 7 1 3 1 4 2 2 3 3 Possible (pairs) 6 2 5 0 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 Max. total (pairs) 10 4 12 1 6 5 5 3 3 4 4 The numbers, and the numbers breeding, have changed very little during the past six years. Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus Two localities: 14-16 pairs breeding. Scotland, N & W T wo localities: (1) maximum of 17 females and 14 males seen, 13 or 14 broods reared; (2) two pairs present early in the season, two males on 20th July, one of them with two juveniles, showing alarm, both pairs thought to have bred. If the species is now reduced to only two localities, even though they are both protected, the future prospects do not seem very good. A northern species at the southern limit of its range might be expected to be disadvantaged by any ‘greenhouse effect’ but the Red-necked Phalarope’s decline goes back over many years. Mediterranean Gull Larus melanocephalus Nine localities in seven counties: 6-16 pairs breeding. England, SW Three localities: (1) pair seen regularly; (2) pair displaying on 27th April; (3) two pairs present, one adult and the other second-summer, the adult pair fledged two young. England, SE Three localities: (1) two pairs bred, an additional pair of adults present plus an adult paired with a second-summer individual; (2) two pairs each reared one young, and three other pairs present in May; (3) pair probably laid, but deserted by early June. England, E One locality. SUFFOLK One locality: pair displaying and sparring on 4th June. England, N One locality. LANCASHIRE One locality: one in colony of Black-headed Gulls L. ridibundus from 31st March to 6th May. Scotland, Mid One locality: one in large colony of Common Gulls L. conus. 1985 England, SW Two localities: (1) pair in Black-headed Gull colony from 4th to 10th April. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 No. localities 1 3 5 4 2 6 4 3 5 3 9 Confirmed (pairs) 0 2 1 3 2 2 4 3 1 1 6 Possible (pairs) 1 1 4 3 1 6 1 5 4 2 10 Max. total (pairs) 1 3 5 6 3 8 5 8 5 3 16 A dramatic upturn in the fortunes of the species as a British breeding bird. It remains to be seen whether the success will be maintained. 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Whether you are interested in such classic destinations as Turkey, Israel, India, Kenya and Peru, in travelling to areas that are off-the-beaten-track like the Yemen, Madagascar and Antarctica, or in pioneering journeys to places visited by few if any other birdwatchers such as Arctic Siberia or Vietnam, Birdquest have something special to offer you. Join one of our friendly, professionally-guided, small group tours for an unfor- gettable holiday and see for yourself why Birdquest are widely acknowledged to be ‘First in the Field’. Siberian White Cranes - see them on their breeding grounds in the arctic tundras of Siberia during another world first from Birdquest! For our brochure please contact: Birdquest Ltd., Two Jays, Kemple End, Birdy Brow, Stonyhurst, Blackburn BB6 9QY. Tel: 0254-86317. Fax:0254-86780. (D716) British BirdShop ALL LISTED BOOKS ARE POST FREE TO BRITISH BIRDS’ SUBSCRIBERS ^Recordings Please add £1.75 p & p per order Please tick / kvettle British Bird Songs and Calls (2-cassette pack) £ 1 3.99 d kvettle More British Bird Sounds (1 cassette) £5.99 d .Mild Soviet Bird Songs (2 cassettes) £ 1 9.95 d 'Vhite ,4 Field Guide to the Bird Songs of South-East Asia (2 cassettes and booklet) £12.00 d looks and other items are included in British BirdShop only if they are i pproved by British Birds and considered to be generally reliable, good value nd useful additions to a birdwatcher’s library'. Any item ordered through British BirdShop which fails to meet your approval can be returned and your loney will be refunded without question. It is our aim to provide British Birds ubscribers with the best and most reliable service possible. Items ordered through British BirdShop are despatched for British Birds subscribers by the Natural History Book Service. All torrespondence concerning British BirdShop should be sent to British BirdShop, c/o NHBS, 2 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5XN. ►Ml ttooks All listed books are POST FREE. Newly listed books and special offers marked * \Vli & Ripley A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent (OUP) £22.50 d Wli & Ripley Compact Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. New, REVISED EDITION (OUP) £75.00 d Mergier & Bergierd Birdwatchers' Guide to Morocco (Prion) Paperback £8.75 d RBlakers et at. The Atlas of Australian Birds (Melbourne UP) Special reduced price (usually £45.00) £22.50 dl H Aritish Birds/IBCE International Bird Identification (usually £10. 50) (delays possible) Paperback £9.50 dl Bsirooke The Manx Shearwater (Poyser) £17.00 dl BBrown & Amadon Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World (W ellfleet Press) £47.50 d Riiruun, Delin, Svensson, Singer & Zetterstromfim& ’X428GAT PHONE 10X406GAT PHONE *»8x568GAT PHONE l5x606GA PHONE 1 3: 3x128 11700 rt 6x208 9500 r 8 8x20 9500 - ange ol accessories available ICCA . 7 8x208CA 21100 *• 1 10x?SBCA 223 00 7x42RA 55900 8*4?BA 559 00 10* 42 BA » se lor compacl .1250 800 1 s • each 700 B8ICHT • cl 8x20B 21500 12 50 1 nal 8.30WM 34000 i- nal 7x42WM 32000 10X40WM 1 tge 7x42 39500 1 tge 10x40 44000 inge 7x30 31500 t inge 8x30 32500 (CON 6995 1 roof 10x25 15200 ► ism l0x25F 152 00 • 1-12X240CF 29000 H6X40CF 41250 \ 9 7x35C F 12000 8x30ECF 20550 sm 9x30DCF 254 00 15350 ope Mkll 2045x60 34850 ED Mkll 2045*60 56700 • 10*40* 6750 Alpm 8*306GA 20500 Alpm 8*406GA 22500 Alpm 10h406GA 23000 Alpm l0x508GA 24300 39800 39800 Roof pnsm 8x56 44000 Scope 30x75 34000 TBS80 body 35000 TBG80 body 35000 20xW A 10000 20x30x40x 6500 22x-60x room 15000 Canvas scope case 3500 Leather scope case 42 00 KOWA TS6O1 body 17900 TS602 body 17900 20xW A 5400 25x40* 20x-60x room 94 00 Case lor 601/2 1995 TSN-l body 29500 TSN-2 body 29500 TSN-3 body 55500 TSN4 body 55500 20xWA 8900 30xW A 10900 25x40* 5900 20x-60x room 13900 Case lor TSNl/2 22 50 Skua case lor TSN OG cover lor TSN 495 Eyepiece dome TSN 1495 9900 BAUSCH LOMB Discoverer Compact 7x24 22700 Discoverer Compad 8x24 22700 Discoverer Compadi0x28 R A 244 00 Custom 7x26 17950 Custom 8x36 17900 Custom 10x40 18900 Elrte 8x42RA 69900 800mm Mirror lens R.A 31000 BUSHNELL Sporty*** 8x40 > 58 00 Spacemasler 60mm body 14000 Spec# master 60mm body R A 15900 Spacemasler with room W P 332 00 Spacemasler 70mm body '5800 22*W A 42 00 ADLERBLICK Compact 7x21 9950 Compact 8x24 10500 12300 Standard 7x42 11250 Standard 8x42 12000 12850 Standard 10x50 13900 Add C18 lor rubber armoured Muhtcoal 10x30 '5995 Mullcoal 8x42 16995 17995 Mulhcoat 10*50 19895 OPTICRON Compacl 7x24 7700 Compad 8x24 78 00 Compad 10x24 80 00 Dwptron 8x42 11300 11400 H R 8x42 H R 10x42 H R 10x50 16700 Minerva 8x40 17000 Mmerva 9x35 16900 Mmerva 10x40 175 00 Elite 9x35 18500 Class* 1 F 60mm body 11800 Class* l F 75mm body 138 00 25/30x HEP 2600 l8x-40x/22x-47x room 5900 H R 60mm body 14800 H R 60mm body 45° 169 00 H R 60mm body R A 16400 15x20x22*WA25x40x 30 00 20x-60x zoom 7600 3500 Soft, padded case 1100 24 50 Car Window Mount 2550 Hide Clamp Mk 2 40 00 Single Ad on Tnpod 5995 BRESSER Handy ( new look) 7x25 GA Handy ( new look ) 8x25 GA Handy (new took) 9*25GA Acten 8*40 GA Action t0x50GA Roof prwm Linear 8x42 R A Roof pnsm Linear <0x42 R A Roof pnsm Dwnt 10x42 R A Loch* 8x32 LuChs 7*42 Lucha 10x42 8595 8995 9395 5900 7900 119 00 12400 *900 16000 17900 189 00 HELIOS Comped R P 8x2i RA Comped RP 10x25 R A 38*5 30*5 QUESTAR Field modtl 3ft inch with Broad Band Coating and choice of 32mm or 24mm eyepiece, plus Photo Adaptor and case QUOTATION ON REQUEST Add C8 lor rubber armoured MANFROTTO 144 Bas* 144 Base bfack 190 Mm. pre MIRADOR 8x42 10x42 11000 114 00 4500 5000 3500 10x50 12400 055 Wac* Add C 2 tor rubber armoured 128 Mim video head 34 95 Merlin 60mm body 7900 39 95 Merlin 75mm body 10700 950 12/15* i8/?2x 25/30* 1800 14 00 I8x-40x/22x-47x *oom 5900 Qu*k release platform 800 Owt 75mm GA 17850 Owl 80mm GA 3Q/32* 26x-58x/28x-62* room 20750 3300 7150 ZEISS JENA Jenopfem 8x30 49 00 Jenopfem 7x50 7450 Jenopfem 10x50 8395 Dettnntem 8x30 6500 Dekarem 10x50 10250 Oodecarem 12x50 249 95 Octarem 8x50 19995 Roof pnsm Notarem 8x32 ’4000 Roof pnsm Notarem 10x40 ,3795 Roof pnsm Notarem 10x40 R A 20700 SLIK Handypod P6009 Tnpod 450G Trtpod 1000G Tnpod 350N Trpod 88 Tnpod 02 Tnpod 67 Tnpod strap Case 02 etc Quick release post DN/88 etc 3995 2395 2795 5295 6995 6900 11995 750 14 95 650 OPTIMA Super 60mm R A body I5x20x30x40x 20x-45x room Case tor scope Photo adaptor 16000 2500 6500 1695 2995 CULLMAN Clamp mag* 2 way v oec Head Shoulder Pod Chestpod mag* Camera Qu*ksenet O R Ptartorm 3795 1495 2495 3295 995 495 15x-45i room 7900 SWIFT Omiya 8x2i Osprey 75x42 Audubon R P 7x35 8G A Audubon 85x44 tefemaster I5x-60x60 44 95 14900 32900 19900 27550 AICO Compad R P 8x22 R A Compad R P 10x25 R A Roof pnsm 8x42 R A Roof pnsm 10x42 R A LENS CARE CALOTHERM PflOOUCTS Catocoet Spray 25ml 1.25 Supasprty 100ml 230 Cafotharm Sofubon 20ml 72 Hv-Tech Cloths 185 NO GREY IMPORTS MAIL ORDER Insured postage and packing FREE OF CHARGE Goods are despatched promptly upon receipt of full remittance Use your ACCESS or VISA card to order by telephone on 0676-40601 / 42476 DWU^S & VIDEO Our book and video list is I Peyser Helm. Coilins^RSp^^t!. I M"che« Bwtv Macm,i 350 1™ RSPfi . 9BC ana W>( Qeoyapi,^1 « pnee lot or come ane (yg*, )CUS OPTICS ChurchLan€’ Corley, Coventry, CV78BA. Tel. 0676 40501 &42476 FAX: 0676 40930 Select from the World's finest Optical instruments ^mb ACCESSORIES Wide range of eyecups rarnguards. lens caps, lanyards, cases etc USED BARGAINS Guaranteed, secondhand equipment available at bargain pnees EXPORT FACILITIES Personal and postal export orders welcomed PACKAGE DEALS Attractive discounts Phone tor quotations TIMES 5pm Monday to Saturday D715 xm ADLERBLICK GO GREEN RUBBER ARMOUR HOW ALSO AVAILABLE ALSO NOW WITH GREEN MULTI-COAT LENSES MINIMUM ADVERTISED Modelsavailable* Price(inc VAT) 1 0 x 30 M C £159.95 8 x 42 MC £169.95 1 0 x 42 M/C £179.95 1 0 x 50 M C £198.95 8x42 M/C Rubber Armoured* £187.95 10 x 42 M C Rubber Armoured* £197.95 1 0 x 50 M/C Rubber Armoured* £21 7.95 ' New Soft touch rubber armour finish. Short Focus BAk4 Prisms. Lightweight, Rainguard available For details of your nearest stockist, contact: THE EXCLUSIVE IMPORTERS — J. J. VICKERS AND SONS LTD. UNIT 9, 35 REVENGE ROAD, LORDSWOOD INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, CHATHAM, KENT ME5 8DW TEL: 0634 201284 BIRD WATCHING REVIEW (April 89) impresses with clear natural coloured image m all light conditions Focus down to 1 3ft Light and comfortable to use Excellent depth ol held Contender lor mid price honours HEARTILY RECOMMENDED MANUFACTURER S WRITTEN OUOTE AdlerblicK binoculars have mutli-coating on all surfaces including prism reflecting surfaces — they are superior especially in light transmission — Green multi-coat achieves appro* 99 4. 7' 7m SL BINOCULAR Twelve models m the range (8 1 56 model shown) TRADITIONAL BINOCULAR ten models m the range (10 * 4C green rubber armoured mode* shown) It wasn f the first time Melissa had noticed Giles. But then he has the kkind of style that immediately sets him apart from the crowd. Rugged yet sophisticated, and with a taste for the country life, he was down as quite a catch in every girl s book. Such a change I thought, to meet a man so well equipped for the great outdoors. " With acknowledgements lo the RSPB end Severn - Trent Water He whispered. Come closer, and then we shared our first magic moment, high in the hills above the tranquil lake - the first annual visit of a Glaucous Gull. When he invited me to Lake Vyrnwy in picturesque mid ■ Wales I just couidn t resist. Of course I d heard all about his reputation. An eye tor the birds someone said. And how right they were. v FOCALPOINI RUN BY BIRDERS FOR BIRDERS^ FORTHCOMING DEMONSTRATIONS 'THE' way to choose new equipment Saturday 22nd September with the RSPB Members Group Southport and on the same date at the RSPB Members Conference ot Bodelwyddan Castle, nr Rhyl, N.Wales Sunday 30th September with the RSPB at Leighton Moss, Sitverdale, N. Lancs (M6 Jet 35) Saturday 6th October at the RSPB Scottish Conference, Glasgow Sunday 1 1th November with the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust at Martin Mere, Southport, Lancs. (M6 Jet. 27). WE OFFER: *All leading instruments in stock ‘Good range of used equipment ‘Easy access from the M56/M62/M6 ‘Excellent viewing facilities ‘Opportunities for part exchange ‘Access/Visa/Mastercard/Connect ‘Personal export scheme ‘Information pack - 40p stamps please (not cheque) We are open Mon-Fri 9.30am to 5.30pm. Saturday 9.30am to 4.00pm. Closed Sundays and Bank Holidays. Phone for prices, package deals and special offers! BIRDGUIDES GAMBIA- 1 WEEK NOV/DEC 1990 Just 2 places left on our classic tour of this West African paradise. 270 species on last year's lour inc. crocodile plover. Lots of birds at a sensible pace. Ask now! 1991 Tour brochure available NOW from Peter wlslenholme, 31 South Park Rd, Galley, Cheadle, Cheshire SK8 4AL. Tel. 061-428 2175 or 0263-740634 (school holidays). 1 4 COGSHALL LANE COMBERBACH NORTHW1CH CHESHIRE CW96BS Tel: 0606 8910981 If we learn how birds we can make sure they do . . . Birds are endlessly fascinating - and there is so much still to discover about the way they behave, their feeding and nesting habits, their migration patterns, the ways they are influenced by climatic changes, pollution, the presence and activities of man. The balance of nature is delicate and birds — among the first to be affected by changes — can often act as an early-warning system for us. interpreting an immense amount of information for use by researchers and by government and other bodies, for the benefit of the birds — and of ourselves. So it is vital that we learn as much about them as we can. For fifty years the BTO, a dedicated group of scientists supported by thousands of amateur birdwatchers all over the country, has been keeping a close watch on our bird populations, collating and Please support us in this vital work. It isn’t necessary to be a bird expert (though you might become one) and you don’t have to be an observer. The future of our birds and our legacy to future generations depend on what we do now. Find out more today! (D729) BTO The British Trust for Ornithology Patron: HRH The Duke of Edinburgh KG, KT Beech Grove, Tring, Herts HP 23 5NR. Tel: 044 282 3461 . Charin' 2/6552 vi X JL X Birdwatching & Wildlife Holidays Birdquest's worldwide tour programme spans all seven conti- nents. Whether you are interested in such classic destinations as Turkey, Israel, India, Kenya and Peru, in travelling to areas that are off-the-beaten-track like the Yemen, Madagascar and Antarctica, or in pioneering journeys to places visited by few if any other birdwatchers such as Arctic Siberia or Vietnam, Birdquest have something special to offer you. Join one of our friendly, professionally-guided, small group tours for an unfor- gettable holiday and see for yourself why Birdquest are widely acknowledged to be ‘First in the Field’. Siberian White Cranes - see them on their breeding grounds in the arctic tundras of Siberia during another world first from Birdquest! For our brochure please contact: Birdquest Ltd., Two Jays, Kemple End, Birdy Brow, Stonyhurst, Blackburn BB6 9QY. Tel: 0254-86317. Fax:0254-86780. (D71 VI 1 “Warble, whistle, click, rattle, chuckle, yaffle and hoot ” Tune in to the sights and sounds of British woodland birds this autumn with mimuxG magazine FREE cassette w/h Autumn sounds of som WW British Woodland Birds Do no On sale at newsagents from September 29 on the cover of the October issue VIII (D744) London Camera Exchange SOUTHAMPTON 0703 221597/335363 10 High Street, Southampton SOI ODH ZEISS WEST Dialyt 8 X 20B £215.00 Dialyt 10 X 25B £225.00 Dailyt 8 x 20BGA £245.00 Dialyt 8 x 30BGAT Phone Dialyt 7 x 42BGAT Phone Dialyt 10 X 40BGAT. .. Phone Dialyt 8 x 56BGAT Phone LOCA 8 X 20BC £199.00 8 X 20BCA £211.00 10 X 25BC £211.00 10 x 25BCA £223.00 New Models 7 X 42BA ) 8 X 42BA 1. Phone 10 X 42BA I OPTOLYTH Alpin 8 x 30GA £205.00 Alp in 8 x 40GA £225.00 Alpin 10 X 40GA £230.00 Alpin 10 X 50GA £246.00 Touring 8 x 30BGA .. .Phone Touring 10 X 40BGA ..Phone Touring 7 x 42BGA ... Phone TBG 80= £350.00 TBS 80 £350.00 20 x WA £100.00 30 X £64.00 40X £65.00 22 x -60 X Zoom £150.00 Cases from £29.00 KOWA TS1 601 Body £179.00 TS2 602 Body £179.00 20 x WA £54.00 20 x -60 x Zoom £94.00 TSN1 £295.00 TSN2 £295.00 TSN3 £555.00 TSN4 £555.00 20 x WA £89.00 20 X -60 x Zoom £139.00 25 X £59.00 30 x WA £109.00 40 X £59.00 Photo Kit £99.00 OPTICRON Minerva 9 X 35 £169.00 Minerva 8 X 40 £170.00 Minerva 10 X 40 £175.00 HR 7 x 42 MC £143.00 HR 8 X 42MC £145.00 HR 10 x 42MC £150.00 HR10 x 50MC £167.00 HR Body 60mm £148.00 HR Body 60mm 45 3 ..£168.00 HR Body 60mmGA ...£164.00 20 x -60 x Zoom £76.00 22 x WA £32.00 Classic IF 60mm £ 1 1 8.00 18x £23.00 25 x £23.00 25 x HPX £26.00 18x -40x Zoom £59.00 Classic IF 75mm £137.00 22 x WA £23.00 30 x £23.00 30 x HP £26.00 22 x -47 x Zoom £59.00 Case for HR £16.00 Photo Kit £32.00 Opticron Tnpod £59 . 95 CARL ZEISS JENA Jenoptem 8 x 30 £49.95 Jenoptem 10 X 50 £69.95 Deltnntem 8 X 30 £64.95 Dekarem 10 x 50 £88.95 Notarem 8 x 32B £1 19.00 Notarem 10 x 40B ....£169.00 Notarem 10 x 40 BGA £189.00 BAUSCH AND LOMB Elite 8 x 42BGA £599.00 Elite 10 x 42BGA £599.00 Custom 8 x 36B £189.00 Custom 10 x 40B £199.00 SWIFT Audubon 8.5 X 44. ...£199.95 Audubon? X 35 £329.95 MIRADOR Merlin 25 x 60 £97.00 Merlin 18 x 40 x 60.£129.00 NIKON 8 x 30 £199.00 9 X 30 £239.00 Fieldscope II £269.00 Fieldscope ED2 £489.00 ED2 20 X 45 X 60 £569.00 SWAROVSKI 8 X 20B £215.00 8 x 30SLC £325.00 8 X 30ZCF £330.00 10 x 40B Phone 10 X 40BGA Phone BRESSER Action 8 x 40 £69.00 Action 10 x 50 £79.00 Diorit 7 x 42 £186.00 Diorit 10 x 42 £199.00 SIGMA 400mm 5.6 MF (most fittings) £199.95 400mm 5.6 APO MF (most fittmgs) £289.95 400mm 5.6 AF (Min, Nik, Pen) £229.95 400mm 5.6 APO AF (Min, Nik, Pen) £349.95 400mm 5.6 APO AF (CAN) £399.95 500mm f7.2 MF APO £389.95 500mm f7.2 MF APO (Mm, Nik) £399.95 500mm f7.2AF APO (CAN) £449.95 TOKINA 400mm 5.6 MF £209.95 TAMRON 500mm 5 Mirror (all fittings) £220.00 90mm f2.5 Macro (all fittings) £199.00 We are a major photo- graphic retailer and carry in stock a large range of cameras, lenses and accessories (new and second hand), including long telephoto lenses ideal for wildlife photography. We can advise you on all your photographic and optical needs. Phone now and ask for Richard or Trevor. A full range of tripods and photographic equipment also stocked Why not give us the opportunity to impress you with our PRICES & SERVICE MAIL ORDER WELCOMED PART EXCHANGE AVAILABLE They are the BEST - that's GUARANTEED We will attempt to encourage you with our low prices, high trade-ins and friendly, knowledgeable service. tx Congratulations to Angela Turner & Chris Rose for winning the British Birds Best Bird Book of the Year award with A HANDBOOK TO THE SWALLOWS AND MARTINS OF THE WORLD 0-7470-32-02-5 272pp 234 x 156mm 24 colour plates hbk £19.95 From bookshops. In case of difficulty send your order to Christopher Helm Ltd, FREEPOST, Bromley BR1 1XP. (no stamp needed in the UK) please add £1.20 for p&p. PUBLISHERS LIMITED