a “3 - * -_ a ur . as) = > = cam - = - a a BRITISH BUTTERFLIES TRANSFORMATIONS. raz . =a fea 3 i 7 : , > y _ ll = - - “4 a — — = ' } > a a — a Phe | QWECERFLIES RRD SYEIR | Groustormabinns.\ f BRITISH BUTTERFLIES AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. ARRANGED AND ILLUSTRATED IN A SERIES OF PLATES BY anth ; H. NHUMPHREYS, ESQ. WITH CHARACTERS AND DESCRIPTIONS BY J. O. WESTWOOD, ESQ., F.L.S., ©. OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LONDON: WILLIAM SMITH, 113, FLEET STREET. MDCCCXLI. LONDON = BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS, MAY 26 1955.) Liprary 351984 CONTENTS. PREFACE - = - - - - - - - ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. Secr. 1—LEPIDOPTERA DIURNA. ; Famity 1—PAPILIONIDA. GENUS I.—PAPILIO. SPECIES 1. Il. Papilio Machaon - - P. Podalirius - - The Swaliow-tail - - The Scarce Swallow-tail — - GENUS IIl.—PARNASSIUS. Parnassius Apollo - The Crimson-ringed - - Sus-Famiry.—PIERIDES. GENUS III.—GONIAPTERYX. Goniapteryx Rhamni - The Brimstone’ - ade GENUS IV-—COLIAS. Colias Edusa - - - The Clouded-yellow - - C. Hyale’ - - - The Pale Clouded-yellow - C. Europome~ - - - . - S ee C. Chrysotheme = - - - = = ¥ = GENUS V.—PIERIS. Pieris Brassice - The Large Garden White - ia Early Large Garden White - = - P. Chariclea - P. Rape - - - The Small Garden White - P. Metra - - - Howard’s White - - P. Napi - - - The Green-veined White - P. Sabellice - - - P. Daplidice = - The Dusky-veined White - The Bath White - - - GENUS VI.—EUCHLOE. Euchloe Cardamines - The Orangestipped - - GENUS VII.—LEPTORIA. Leptoria candida - - The Wood White - oie GENUS VIII.—APORIA. Aporia Crategi - - The Black-veined White - PAGE 13 | 16 21 32 34 Famity II—NYMPHALID&. GENUS IX.—MELITZA. SPECIES Ill. Meliteea Artemis - - M. Cinxia - = = M. Athalia = = Papilio Tessellata = Meliteea Selene - - Papilio Thalia - - Melitza Euphrosyne - M. Dia 2 - - GENUS xX. 1 Argynnis Lathonia - A. Adippe - - - A. Aglaia - - - A. Aphrodite - - A. Paphia = - GENUS Vanessa C. album = V. Polychloros - - V. Urtice - =! a V. Antiopa - - { V.Io - 5 = = V. Atalanta : - The Greasy Fritillary - The Glanville Fritillary The Pearl-bordered likeness Fritillary - - The April Fritillary - = The Pearl-bordered Fritillary The Violet Fritillary - - —ARGYNNIS. The Queen of Spain Fritil- lary - - - The High Brown Fritillary The Dark Green Fritillary - The Silver- washed Fritillary XI.—VANESSA. The Comma a - - The Great Tortoise-shell - The Small Tortoise-shell - The White-border or Cam- berwell Beauty - The Peacock - = = The Red Admiral - - GENUS XII.—CYNTHIA. Cynthia Cardui - - C, Huntera C. Hampsteadiensis = - The Painted Lady - 2 Hunter’s Cynthia - - Albin’s Hampstead-eye — - GENUS XIIIl.—APATURA. Apatura Iris - - The Purple Emperor - - GENUS XIV.—LIMENITIS. Limenitis Camilla - The White Admiral - - The remaining British Species belonging to the Family Nymphalidz Boisduval’s division of these Insects - a _ b 59 60 61 62 vi GENUS XV.—ARGE. SPECIES 1. Arge Galathea - - The Marble White - - GENUS XVI.—LASIOMMATA. The Speckled Wood - The Wall - - - i. Lasiommata Mgeria - L. Megera - - = GENUS XVII.—HIPPARCHIA. 1. Hipparchia Semele - The Grayling - - = ur. H. Briseis - - - - = - - - ut. H.Tithonus - - - The Gate-keeper - - tv. H. Janira - - - The Meadow Brown - v. H. Hyperanthus - The Ringlet = - - - GENUS XVIII.—C-ZNONYMPHA. The Small Ringlet 1. Cnonympha Davus - : The Scarce Heath - Avie u. C.Typhon - Si S uit. C.Ascanius - - - - - = : - 1v. C. Hero - - - The Silver-bordered Ringlet v. C. Pamphilus - - - The Small Heath - - GENUS XIX.—OREINA, 1. Oreina Ligea - - The Arran Brown - - it. O. Blandina - - The Scotch Argus -- 1. O. Cassiope - - - The Small Ringlet - - Famity III.—ERYCINID&. GENUS XX.—HAMEARIS. The Duke of Burgundy Fritillary = - 1. Hamearis Lucina - FamiLy 1V.—LYCANIDE. GENUS XXI.—THECLA. Dr. Horsfield’s description of this Genus - - - 1. Thecla Betule - - - The Brown Hair-streak - uu. T. Quercus - - - - The Purple Hair-streak - tit. ©. Proni = - - The Biack Hair-streak - Iv. T. W.album - - + The W Hair-streak - - vy. T. Spini ; - _§ The Pale Brown Hair- Q streak - = = uRe dM Liciaae Z _ § The Evergreen Oak Hair- v streak - - - vit, T. Rubi - - - The Green Hair-streak GENUS XXII.—CHRYSOPHANUS. 1. Chrysophanus Phileas - C.Chryseis — - ae ‘The Common Copper The Purple-edged Copper PAGE 65 66 68 69 ib. 70 ib. Te Ss S| oe W& to o~ CONTENTS. SPECIES ui. C. Dispar - - - The Large Copper - : j & § The Dark Under-winged tv. C. Hippothoé - “7 Gopper ; v. C. Virgauree - - The Scarce Copper - - GENUS XXIII.—POLYOMMATUS. 1. Polyommatus alsus - - The Bedford - - - u. P. Argiolus - - - The Azure Blue -- wr. P.Acis - - - - The Mazarine Blue - iv. P. Alcon - - - The Alcon Blue -- v. P. Arion - - - - The Large Blue - - vi. P. Corydon - - - The Chalk-hill Blue - - vu. P. Adonis - - - The Clifden Blue - - vit. P. Alexis - - - The Common Blue - 1x. P. Argus - - - The Silver-studded Blue - x. P. Eros - - - The Pale Blue - xt, P. Douglas - - - The Azure Blue == xu. P.Icarius - - - The Black-bordered Blue - xi. P. Agestis - - - The Brown Argus - - xiv. P. Salmacis - - - The Durham Argus - xv. P. Artaxerxes - - The Scotch Argus - - Famity V—HESPERIID&. GENUS XXIV.—PYRGUS. GENUS XXV.—NISONIADES. 1. Nisoniades Tages - - The Dingy Skipper - GENUS XXVI.—CYCLOPIDES. 1. Cyclopides Paniseus = - The Chequered Skipper - C. Sylvius —- - - - = = GENUS XXVII.—PAMPHILA. 1. Pamphila Bucephalus - The Great-headed Skipper 1. P. Sylvanus - - - The Large Skipper - PEL DUG Mas : _ _§ The Pearl or Silver spot- r] ted Skipper 2 Iv. P. Acton - - - The Lulworth Skipper - v. P. Linea - - - - The Small Skipper - - SUPPLEMENT. Colias Myrmidone - - - - = ~ Doubtful British Species - s = & Sy oe Directions FoR CoLLecTING AND REARING CATER- PILLARS, Xe. - - S - = 2 = i ADDENDA AND CoRRIGENDA - - - ts = y= ALPHABETICAL INDEX - = - - - = - PAGE 95 96 97 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 109 - 111 112 113 114 115 116 1. Pyrgus Malve - - The Grizzled Skipper - 120 u. P. Oileus - = - E E : _ - - 191 | a4 P. Malvarum - - - : a S : - 122 123 FIG. Insects. 1 2 : 2 ” 3 4 ” x >» 5 ” 6 ” 7 ” 8 » 9 PLATE I. . Papilio Machaon (the swallow-tail Butterfly). . The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. . Papilio Podalirius (the scarce swallow-tail B.). . The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. . Goniapteryx Rhamni (the brimstone B.), the male. . The female. . The Caterpillar. aH 10. The Chrysalis. PLANTS. 12. ” 13. Insects.4 l. oF & bh aon aD Piants. 9. 10. ” Insects. 1. ll. Daucus Carota (wild Carrot). Prunus spinosa (Sloe), Rhamnus catharticus (Buckthorn). PLATE II. Colias Edusa (the clouded-yellow Butterfly), the male. . The female. . The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. . Colias Hyale (the pale clouded-yellow B.), the male. . The female. . The Caterpillar. . The pale female variety of C. Edusa, con- sidered by some authors as a distinct species under the name of C. Helice. Sylibum Marianum (Milk-thistle). Festuca gigantea (Giant fescue grass). PLATE III. Colias Chrysotheme? (small clouded-yellow Butterfly), the male. 2. The female. of 3. The under side. * 4. Colias Europome ? (the clouded-sulphur B.). F 5, Female. + 6. The under side. Pranrs. 7. Lotus corniculatus (Common Bird’s-foot trefoil). . Lotus major (Great Bird’s-foot trefoil). 16 INSEcTs. INSEcTs. ” PLANTS. ” INSECTS. PLATE IV. FIG — be POD aON ATS & 1. Pieris Brassicz (the large garden white Butter- fly), male. 2. The female. 3. The male, showing the under side. 4. The Caterpillar. 5. The Chrysalis. 6. Pieris Chariclea (the early large garden white B.), male. 7. The female, showing the under side. 8. The Caterpillar. 9. The Chrysalis. . Brassica oleracea (Sea Cabbage). . Tropeolum majus. 2. Tropeolum peregrinum. PLATE V. 1, Pieris Rape (the small garden white Butter- fly), male. . The female, showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. . Pieris Metra (Howard’s white B.), female. The male, showing the under side. . Pieris Napi (the green-veined white B.), male. . The female, showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. . Pieris Sabellice (the dusky-veined white B.), female. 12. The male, showing the under side. 13. Brassica Rapa (Rape). 14. Brassica campestris (common Navew) PLATE VI. 1. Euchloe Cardamines (the orange-tip Butter- fly), male. 2. The female. 3. The female. showing the under side. 4. The Caterpillar. 5, The Chrysalis. 6. Pieris Daplidice (the Bath white B.), male. 62 PAGE 20 viil INSECTS. INSECTS. ” PLANTS. ” INSECTS. ” PLANTS. INSeEcTs. FIG. ie LIST OF PLATES. The female. 8. The male, showing the under side. 9. 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 1. & Ww Pm oy) 6 7 8 10 ll. i Sw hy ~oomonqgn eu 10. a 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Is 18. oe WN The Caterpillar. The Chrysalis. Leptoria Candida (the wood-white B.). The Caterpillar. The Chrysalis. Reseda lutea (base Rocket, or wild Migno- nette). Cardamine pratensis (common meadow Ladies’ Smock). Lathyrus pratensis (Meadow Vetchling). PLATE VII. Parnassius Apollo (the Apollo or crimson- ringed Butterfly). . Showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. See pages 1] and 12 for the description of this insect. . Aporia Cratiegi (the black-veined white B.). . The female. . The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. . Sedum Telephium. Crategus Oxyacantha (Hawthorn ). PLATE VIII. Melitza Cinxia (the Glanville Fritillary Butter- fly). . Showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. . Melitzea Artemis (the greasy Fritillary B.). . Showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. - The Chrysalis. . Melitewa Athalia (the pearl-bordered like- ness B.). Showing the under side. The Caterpillar. The Chrysalis. Melitea Pyronia (a variety of M. Athalia). Showing the under side. Veronica Chameedrys (Speedwell). Scabiosa succisa (Devil’s-bit Scabious). Calluna vulgaris (common Heath). Plantago lanceolata (Ribwort). PLATE IX. - Melitaa Selene (small pearl-bordered Fritil- lary Butterfly). . Showing the under side. The Caterpillar. The Chrysalis. Melitwa Dia (the small purple Fritillary B.). PAGE 36 38 INSECTS. PLANTS. ” INSECTS. ” PLANTS. ” INSECTS. PLANTS. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 1. Dior & o to Oo oc sy a ee oo PAGE }. Showing the under side. 7. The Caterpillar. . Melitzea Euphrosyne (the pearl-bordered Fritil- lary B.). . Showing the under side. 10. The Caterpillar. A dark variety of M. Euphrosyne. A variety of M. Euphrosyne, with pale under side. (The Thalia of Haworth). Melita tessellata. Showing the under side. Viola tricolor (Heartsease). Viola canina (Dog’s violet). PLATE X. 44 Argynnis Paphia, male (the silver-washed Fritillary Butterfly). . The female. . Showing the under side. The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. . Argynnis Aglaia, male (the dark green Fritil- lary B.). . The female. . Showing the under side. « The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. . Il. Rubus Ideus (the Raspberry). 2, 12. Viola odorata (the Sweet Violet). PLATE XII. 44 . Argynnis Charlotta (a variety of A. Aglaia). . Showing the under side. . Argynnis Paphia (a beautiful female variety). . Argynnis Aphrodite. . Showing the under side. . Viola lutea (the wild yellow Heartsease). PLATE XIII. . Vanessa C. Album (the Comma Butterfly). . Showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. . Vanessa Polychloros (the great shell B.). tortoise- . Showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. . Vanessa Urticw (the small tortoise-shell B.). . Showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. « The Chrysalis. . A variety of Vanessa Urtice. . Ribes rubrum (the Red Currant). . Ulmus campestris (the Elm). . Urtica dioica (the common Stinging Nettle). INSECTS. ” PLanTs. » INSEcTs. INSEcTs. PLANTS. ” Insects. INSEcTs. FIG. es 00ST a) 108 ji "Oo. (ho! a “So me oo bo HO wo Dariqnu — m Ne LIST OF PLATES. PLATE XIV. Vanessa Io (the Peacock Butterfly). . Showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. The Chrysalis. . Vanessa Antiopa (the Camberwell Beauty). . The Caterpillar. . Salix Russelliana (the Bedford Willow). - 10. Urtica dioica (the Stinging Nettle). PLATE XV. . Vanessa Atalanta (the Red Admiral Butterfly). . Showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. . Cynthia Huntera. . Showing the under side. . Cynthia Cardui. . Showing the under side - The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. . 2. Urtica dioica (the Stinging Nettle). . Cnicus lanceolatus (the Spear-plum Thistle). PLATE XVI. - Apatura Iris (the Purple Emperor), male. . The female. Showing the under side. The Caterpillar. - The Chrysalis. . Limenitis Camilla (the White Admiral). . Showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. - The Chrysalis. - Quercus sessiliflora (the Sessile-fruited Oak). - Lonicera Periclymenum (the Common Honey- suckle). PLATE XVII. - Arge Galathea (the Marble White Butterfly). . Showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. - The Chrysalis. A dark variety of A. Galathea, . Showing the under side. - Lasiommata Algeria (the Speckled Wood Bi) s . Showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. - The Chrysalis. PLATE XVIII. . Lasiommata Megzera, male. - The female. . Showing the under side. - The Caterpillar. PAGE 52 54 58 62 66 INSEcTs. INSEcTs. PLANT. ix FIG PAGE 5. The Chrysalis. 6. Hipparchia Semele, male. 7. The female. 8. Showing the under side. 9. The Caterpillar. 10. The Chrysalis. 11. Bromis sterilis (barren Brome-grass). PLATE XIX. 68 1. Hipparchia Briseis, female. 2. Showing the under side. 3. Hipparchia Tithonus (the large Heath Butterfly). male. 4, The female. 5. Showing the under side. 6. The Caterpillar. 7. The Chrysalis. 8. Poa pratensis (Common Meadow-grass). PLATE XX. 70 1. Hipparchia Janira, male (the Meadow-brown Butterfly). 2. The female. 3. Showing the under side. 4, The Caterpillar. 5. The Chrysalis. 6. Hipparchia Hyperanthus (the Ringlet B.). 7. Showing the under side. 8. The Caterpillar. 9. The Chrysalis. 10. Poa annua (Annual Meadow-grass). PLATE XXI. 70 6, Coenonympha Davus, the small Ringlet Butterfly. 7. Showing the under side. 3. Coenonympha Polydama (the specimen formerly figured by Mr. Stephens), showing the under side, with the cream-coloured band or fascia continuous, and not interrupted as in Fig. 2. }. Coenonympha Typhon, the Marsh Ringlet B, (the specimen formerly figured by Mr. Stephens as Iphis). 2. Showing the under side. 4. The Caterpillar of C. Iphis of Godart. 5. The Chrysalis. 8. Another specimen of C. Typhon, approaching in colour on the upper side to C. Pamphilus. 9. Showing the under side of the same specimen, which is also paler and more indistinct than ordinary. 10. Aira flexuosa, or common Heath-grass. PLATE XXII. 74 1. Coenonympha Pamphilus (the small Heath Butter- fly). . Showing the under side. . Coenonympha Hero. INSEcTs. ” PLANTS. ” INSECTS. ” PLANTs. ” Insects. ” Plants » INSECTs. ” LIST OF PLATES. FIG. 4, Showing the under side. 5. Coenonympha Arcanius. 6. Showing the under side. 7. The Caterpillar. 8. The Chrysalis. 9. Oreina Cassiope (the Mountain Ringlet B.). 10. Showing the under side. 11, 12, 13. Cynosurus cristatus (Dog’s-tail grass). 14. Melica nutans (mountain Melic-grass). PLATE XXIII. 76 1. Oreina Ligea (the Arran brown Butterfly), female. 2. The male. 3. Showing the under side. 4. The Caterpillar. 5. Oreina Blandina (the Scotch Argus B.), male. 6. The female. 7. The under side of the English variety, male. 9. The under side of the Scotch variety, male. 8. The under side of the English variety, female. 10. The under side of the Scotch variety, female. 11. Poa glauca (Glaucous Meadow-grass). 12. Poa alpina (Alpine Meadow-grass). PLATE XXIV. 78 1. Hamearis Lucina (the Duke of Burgundy Fritillary Bie 2. Showing the under side. 3. The Caterpillar. 4. The Chrysalis. 5. 6. The male. i 8. Showing the under side. 9. The Caterpillar. 10. The Chrysalis. 11. Primula vulgaris (the common Primrose). Thecla Quercus (the purple hair-streak B.), female. A common variety of the male, more dusky in tint. 12. Quercus pedunculata (a variety of the common Oak). PLATE XXV. 84 1. Thecla Betule (the brown hair-streak Butterfly), female. 2. The male. 3. Showing the under side. 4. The Caterpillar. 5. The Chrysalis. 6. Thecla Pruni (the black hair-streak B.), male. 7. The female. 8. Showing the under side. 9. The Caterpillar. 10. The Chrysalis. 11. Prunus domestica (the wild Plum). 12. Betula alba (the common Birch). PLATE XXVI. 86 1. Thecla W-album, male (the white W-hair-streak Butterfly). 2. The female. INsEcTs. ” PLANTS. ” INSECTS. ” PLANT. FIG. . Showing the under side. « The Caterpillar. o 1. 1: Oa oP ow Ls 9 Ona oo & PAGE The Chrysalis. . Thecla Rubi, male (the green hair-streak B.). . The female. . Showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. 10. rN 12. The Chrysalis. Ulmus campestris (the common Elm). Rubus czsius (the common Dewberry). PLATE XXVII. Thecla Spini, male. 88 - The female. . Showing the under side. - The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. - Thecla Ilicis, female. . Showing the under side. - The Caterpillar. - The Chrysalis. . Prunus spinosa (Sloe). ° - Quercus Lex. PLATE XXVIII. 92 Chrysophanus Chrysis (the Copper Buttertly). purple-edged - The female. . Showing the under side. Chrysophanus Phleeas (the common Copper B.). . Showing the under side. - The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. & 10. Rumex acetosella (the Sorrel). PLATE XXIX. Chrysophanus dispar, male (the large Copper Butterfly). 94 . The female. . Showing the under side. A common variety of the female. The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. . Iris Pseud-acorus (the Yellow Water Iris). - Rumex palustris (the Marsh Dock). PLATE XXX. Chrysophanus Virgaurez (the scarce Copper Butterfly), male. 96 . The female. . Showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. . Chrysophanus Hippothoé (the dark under- winged or tawny Copper B.). . The female. . Showing the under side. & 10. Solidago Virgaurew (the Golden Rod), INSECTS. LIST OF PLATES. PLATE XXXI. 1. Polyommatus Argiolus, male (the Azure Blue Butterfly ). 2. The female. 3. Showing the under side. 4. Polyommatus Alsus (the Bedford Blue B.). 5. The male. 6. Showing the under side. 7. The Caterpillar. 8. The Chrysalis. 9. Polyommatus Acis (the Mazarine Blue B.), male. . The female. 11. Showing the under side. 12. Medicago denticulata ( Reticulated Medicago). 13. Astragalus Alpinus (the Alpine Milk-Vetch ). PLATE XXXII. 1. Polyommatus Arion (the large Blue Butterfly). 2. The female. 3. Showing the under side. 4. Polyommatus Alcon (the Alcon Blue B.). 5. The female. 6. Showing the under side. 7 & 8. Trifolium fragiferum (the Strawberry- headed Trefoil). PLATE XXXIII. 1. Polyommatus Adonis (the Clifden, or Azure Blue Butterfly). 2. The female. 3. Showing the under side. 4. Polyommatus Corydon (the Chalk-hill Blue B.). 5. The female. 6. Showing the under side. 7. The Caterpillar. 8. The Chrysalis. 9 & 10. Trifolium stellatum (the starry-headed Trefoil). LATE XXXIV. 1. Polyommatus Argus (the Silver-studded Blue Butterfly). . The female. . A common variety of the female. . Showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. . The Chrysalis. . Polyommatus Alexis (the common Blue B.). - The female. . Showing the under side. . A variety of the female. . An Hermaphrodite variety, having the wings of a female on one side and of a male on the other. 12. The Caterpillar. 13. The Chrysalis. 14. Cytisus Scoparius (the common Broom). 15: Medicago sativa (the cultivated Lucerne). tw _ MRP ODO OND oO — w i INSECTS. PLant. INsEctTs. INseEcTs. INSECTS. ” ” PLANTS. ” INSECTS. ” eon nnaonwn UB 2. xi PAGE PLATE XXXV. 110 . Polyommatus Eros, . Showing the under side. . Polyommatus Dorylas. . The female. . Showing the under side. 5 & 7. Hippocrepis comosa (the Horse-shoe Vetch). PLATE XXXVI. . Polyommatus Icarius. . The female. . Showing the under side. The Caterpillar of P. Icarius of Esper. Polyommatus Agestis (the brown Argus B.). The female. . Showing the under side. 3. Fragaria vesca (the Wild Strawberry). PLATE XXXVII. 114 . Polyommatus Salmacis (the Durham Argus Butterfly). . The female. . Showing the under side. . Polyommatus Artaxerxes (the Artaxerxes B.). . The female. . Showing the under side. & 8. Ononis procurrens (trailing Rest-harrow). PLATE XXXVIII. 114 . Pyrgus Malve (the Grizzled Skipper). The female. . Showing the under side. . The Caterpillar. . The Caterpillar prepared for its change to the chrysalis state. . The Chrysalis. . The white-banded variety of Pyrgus Malve, by some considered a distinct species. . Showing the under side. . Nisoniades Tages (the Dingy Skipper). . The female. 11. Showing the under side. The Caterpillar. 13. The Chrysalis. . Pyrgus Oileus. . Showing the under side. . Dipsacus fullonum (Fuller’s Teazle). 7. Eryngium campestre (Field Eryngo). te PLATE XXXIX. 12 Pyrgus ? Malvarum. Showing the under side. xii INSECTS. PLANTS. ” INSECTS. LIST OF PLATES. FIG, PAGE Ms 3. The Caterpillar when young. as PLATE XLI. 4. When in a more advanced stage. Insects. 1. Pamphila Comma, male. 5. The Chrysalis. Py 2. The female. 6. Cyclopides Paniscus in 3. Showing the under side. 7. The female. 33 4, The Caterpillar. 8. Showing the under side. a 5. Pamphila Acton, male. 9. The Caterpillar. . Bi Thertenate: 10. Cyclopides Sylvius. | = 7. Another specimen. 11. The female. | o 8. Pamphila Linea, maie. 12. The under side of the male. Ob The females 13. Althea officinalis (the Marsh Mallow), | oy aie Showietherntereide 14, Plantago major (the Greater Plantain). | i 11. The Caterpillar. : Fy 12. The Chrysalis. Piant. 13 & 14. Ornithopus perpusillus (Bird’s-foot). PLATE XL. 124 1. Pamphila Vitellius ? male. | PLATE XLII. 2. Showing the under side. Insecrs. !. Colias Myrmidone, male. 3. The supposed female (figured by Mr. Stephens ‘ 2. The female. from the English specimen as P. Bucephalus). ” 3. Showing the under side. 4. Pamphila Sylvanus, male. 9 4. Hipparchia [Oreina] Mnestra of Hubner. 5. The female | ” 5. Showing the under side. 6. Showing the under side. | ” 6. A variety of Hipparchia Janira. 7 & 8, Aira alpina (smooth Alpine Hair-grass), ” 7. A splendid variety of Argynnis Lathonia. PAGE 128 No. I.] [Price 2s. 6d. 201 rate. BRITISH BUTTERFLIES Cher Transformations, eS ARRANGED AND ILLUSTRATED IN A SERIES OF PLATES BY H. N. HUMPHREYS, ESQ. | ieee WITH CHARACTERS AND DESCRIPTIONS BY J. O. WESTWOOD, ESQ., F.LS., SEC. OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, ETC. ETC. LONDON: WILLIAM SMITH, 113, FLEET STREET. MDCCCXL. BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.- WORKS PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM SMITH, 118, FLEET STREET. SMITH’S STANDARD LIBRARY. In medium 8v0, uniform with Byron's Works, Se. Works already Publisher. THE LADY OF THE LAKE. 1s. THE LAY OF THE LAST MINSTREL. 1s. MARMION. Is. 2d. THE VICAR OF WAKEFIELD. 1s. THE BOROUGH. BY THE REV. GEORGE CRABBE. 1s. 4d. THE MUTINY OF THE BOUNTY. ls. 4d. THE POETICAL WORKS OF H. KIRKE WHITE. 1s. THE POETICAL WORKS OF ROBERT BURNS. 2s. 6d. 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TRISTRAM SHANDY. By LAURENCE STERNE. ONE VOLUME OF “VOYAGES AND TRAVELS,” CONTAINING ANSON’S VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. BLIGHW’S MUTINY OF THE BOUNTY. STEPHENS'S TRAVELS IN EGYPT, ARABIA PETRA, AND THE HOLY LAND. STEPHENS’S TRAVELS IN GREECE, TURKEY, RUSSIA, AND POLAND. These Volumes may be had separately, very neatly bound in cloth, with the contents lettered on the back, price 10s. 6d. each. Those parties who have taken in the different works as they were published, and who wish to bind them according to the a arrangement, may be supplied with the title-pages gratis, through their bookseller ; and with the cloth covers it is. each PREFACE. Durine a recent tour through Italy I first conceived a predilection for the study of entomology. Early in the Italian spring, in the months of March and April, after a winter’s residence in Rome, my favourite rambles were over the desert yet beautiful Campagna; and in these walks my attention was actively aroused by the profusion and variety of insect life, particularly of glittering butterflies, that in those early months already flitted over the flowery waste. As I stepped among tufts of the Alpine anemony, the crimson cyclamen, or purple squill, crowds of painted insects arose at every tread, as though a passing gust of wind had suddenly scattered a cloud of the many-coloured petals of the crushed flowers to the breeze. Later in the season the numbers still inereased, and their brilliancy and novelty soon determined me to attempt the formation of a collection, reserving the classification and study till my return home; when I discovered that many beautiful species of Lepidoptera which I had deemed novelties were well known as indigenous to our own island: where, however, their com- paratively unfrequent appearance had not forced them into notice, whilst in Italy their profusion had compelled attention. Such was the case with Papilio Machaon (the swallow-tail butterfly) as common on the Roman Campagna as the eabbage-white in our gardens. Mancipium Daplidice (the Bath white) and Pieris Crateegi (the black-veined white) were still more numerous; whilst the whole Campagna about mid-day received quite a golden hue from the rich orange colours of Goniapteryx Cleopatra and Colias Edusa, both of which were in such profusion that I actually took above twenty specimens of the latter species at once, upon a gigantic thistle on the road to Tivoli. Upon my return to England I found the arrangement and description of my collection not so easy a matter as I had anticipated, for want of some popular yet comprehensive and complete work upon the subject ; and I was only eventually enabled to make myself acquainted with even the British species in their different stages by reference to expensive foreign works. Feeling thus the want of some popular work in which the transformations of British Lepidoptera were accurately described and developed, with accurate portraits of each insect in its three great stages—* the caterpillar, the chrysalis, and the butterfly or moth, I planned the present work with the view of supplying the deficiency I had so much felt myself: not confining myself to Lepidoptera but extending the plan to all British insects, many of whose transformations are perhaps even more wonderful than those of * Several works exist which are nearly complete with reference to the imago or complete insect, but none representing all the British species in the three stages of larva, pupa, and imago ; the figures in Stephens, Curtis, or Donovan, being only selections. B 9 PREFACE. butterflies ; and with the able assistance of Mr. Westwood, who has kindly undertaken to describe the characters, &e. &e., I hope to make the present a more complete work than any that has hitherto appeared in this country upon the subject, whilst its price will make it attainable by the great mass of the public. In this place it is usual to put forth some argument in favour of the study of such subjects as the book treats of, but it seems searcely necessary to urge anything in favour of the delightful study of entomology. The great beauty of many tribes of insects, their wonderful and minute organisation, their extraordinary metamorphoses, and the links they add to the chain of created beings, appear to form an all-sufficient attraction. All must acknowledge the desolateness and vacancy of the mind, which, placed among the treasures of a splendid library, is unable to taste the rich fruits of reason that are piled around—unable to read. Yet, without being acknowledged or felt by the great mass of society, just such is the situation of one who has never awakened to the wonders of natural history, when he finds himself in the woods or fields. He cannot read in the beautiful book of nature, when in the summer it opensits brightest leaves, illuminated with its most gorgeous pictures, before him. The study of natural history is the learning of the characters with which the wonderful story of nature is written; and I cannot conceive a more pleasing and natural introduction to its general study than entomology, of which I think the division Lepidoptera, the first portion of which will occupy the present volume, the most easy and attractive section. The individual beauty of the inseets in every stage, the ease with which they are preserved, and the comparative facility with which a complete collection of British species may be formed, particularly of butterflies, of which we number scarcely more than eighty distinct species, render it a task of easy attainment; and carrying forth the student among trees and fields and flowers at the most delightful period of the year, its pursuit becomes very cap- tivating ; a most attractive first step towards the acquirement of a general knowledge of natural history. Many other temptations might be adduced to encourage the study of the natural history of butterflies, but i will only allude to one. Botanists are sent at vast expense to every region of the earth to collect the most beautiful flowers of every clime for the decoration of our gardens; and the efforts of scientific gardeners are exerted to naturalise them to our climate ; but though the plants of temperate regions have been found in many instances to bear the open air in our country, the gorgeous vegetation of the tropics can only be seen in England in the stove or the conservatory. Yet, though we cannot transplant the flowers of the tropies to our bleaker soil, it appears by no means impossible that we may naturalise some of their splendid insects. Their system of hybernation in the pupa case, in which state insects have been found to resist almost any degree of cold without injury, would shield them from the effects of our long winters. Their development would not take place till the warmth of summer became sufficient ; when we might see tropical butterflies flit from flower to flower, a splendid novelty to our gardens, exhibiting colours more gorgeous than anything in the vegetable empire ; and our lawns would be spangled with colours still more beautiful than those of the brightest flowers, and endowed, moreover, with the extra charm of motion. If we cannot add the humming-birds of the Brazils to our garden luxuries, it seems probable that we might import many of the brilliant butterflies, im some instances even still more wonderful specimens of tropical colouring. PREFACE. 2 vo These remarks may tempt some who have favourable opportunities to make the experiment; which with proper precaution in selecting such species as would find appropriate food in this country, (which would be easy, as several tropical plants are in most extensive cultivation here, of which it will suffice to name the potato and many species of Tropzeolum) ; and also by selecting such as appear at the coolest seasons, might surely prove successful*. A few somewhat similar experiments have already been tried with complete success in transplanting English species from a part of the country where they were abundant, to one where they were comparatively unknown ; and some few attempts have been made to naturalise continental species, but not upon a scale, or with the precaution, necessary for a fair trial. I feel quite convinced that we might easily, for instance, render the beautiful P. Podalirius, an extremely scarce if not absent species, as common as P. Machaon. In conclusion, and more particularly addressed to those whose delicate sympathies shrink from making entomology a study on account of the cruelty of killing the necessary specimens, I may repeat a few of the arguments so often urged by eminent naturalists, but still little known except to the very small number who have made entomology a pursuit. Those who have not carefully examined the subject have got a few texts from poets or moralists, which serve them on all occasions as argument on the side of the alleged cruelty. But they should recollect that poets are not always good naturalists. Milton, for instance, speaks of the leaves of the banyan as “ broad as an amazonian targe,” an assertion quite at variance with fact. On the other hand, men of science make sometimes but poor critics of art, like a celebrated French philosopher of the period of Louis XIV., who speaks of Michael Angelo and Raphael as “those Mignards of their age.” Great men of all vocations may thus occasionally make mistakes in speaking of subjects which they have not carefully studied; and even Shakspeare shows that he was no entomological anatomist, when he asserts that the insect we unheedingly tread upon “ Tn corporal suffering finds a pang as great As when a giant dies +.” Minute dissections, and the closest anatomical examinations, have proved that though insects are * Tt should be tried both with eggs and pup». + I quote this passage in its original and long-accepted meaning, although several writers upon the subject have endeavoured to twist it to a different sense (Bennett, Zoological Journal, No. 18, p. 19; Mr. Bird, Entomological Mag.,) and make it appear that Shakspeare not only made no mistake, but on the contrary understood the physiology of insects as well, at a time when entomology was unknown as a science, as the men who during the last century have devoted their entire lives to the study of the subject by means of the most minute dissections and the most careful analyses. The passage occurs in * Measure for Measure,’ when Isabella encourages the condemned Claudio to suffer death rather than dishonour. * Darest thou die ? The sense of death is most in apprehension; And the poor beetle, that we tread upon, In corporal sufferance feels a pang as great As when a giant dies.” Mr. Bird asserts that Shakspeare’s intention was to show “that death was most in apprehension, and that even a beetle, which feels so little, feels as much as a giant.’’ If Shakspeare, who is never mystical or indistinct, and had not the means of knowing that beetles felt little, had meant this, his passage would have been to the effect, that “ The dying giant, In corporal sufferance, feels no greater pang Than the poor beetle that we tread upon.’” The true meaning is very evident : Shakspeare wishes to convey that a man of courage ought to be able to look calmly upon death as the common lot of every living thing—a pang to be borne at every moment, by creatures unprovided with the moral strength of man; that at every BQ = 4 PREFACE, possessed of nerves, they have no well-defined organ representing our brain, the organ of concentrated feeling, where all the nervous conductors meet. They have instead, a chain of ganglia or bundles of neryous substance, from each of which, nerves branch out to the contiguous parts, so that the sensa- tions are not all carried to one grand central focus of acute sensibility as with us, but form, as it were, separate systems, any of which might be destroyed without communicating its sensation to the rest. Mr. Haworth, the well-known English entomologist, being in a garden with a friend who firmly believed in the acute susceptibility of insects, struck down a large dragon-fly, and in so doing accidentally severed its long abdomen from the rest of its body. The mutilated insect, after this misfortune, felt so little inconvenience or loss of appetite, that it greedily devoured two small flies. Mr. H. then contrived to form a false abdomen, to create such a balance to the rest of the body as would enable it to fly; after which it devoured another insect, and on being set at liberty, flew away with the greatest glee as if it had received no injury. It is well known that large moths found asleep in the day-time, may be pinned to the trunks of trees without their suffering a sufficient degree of pain to awake them; and only at the approach of twilight do they seek to free themselves from what they must doubtless consider an inconvenient situation *. Many other equally striking facts might be adduced to prove that cruelty is not an objection to be made to the practical study of entomology. Besides, cruelty is an unnecessary infliction of suffering, as when a person is fond of torturing creatures from mere wantonness without any useful end in view, or has recourse to circuitous modes of killing, where direct ones would answer equally well t+. The sportsman may perhaps be said to be cruel, for his primary object is amusement; and unlike the entomologist, he is not adding to the general stock of knowledge. But all dispute may be ended by a very simple expedient ; for by dipping the entomo- logical pin in prussic acid previous to piercing the insect, the effect is instantaneous. In the ensuing plates, the caterpillar, chrysalis, and imago, of every British species of butterfly will be given as far as they are known ; and amateur collectors are invited to preserve, and make careful drawings of every caterpillar they may find which is not figured in this work, carefully supplying them with proper food till the change to the pupa state. By such a course, pursued simultaneously by many individuals in different parts of the country, the gaps in the natural history of British Lepidoptera may be rapidly filled up, to which desirable object I trust the present work may conduce. He SNigele Sw At the end of the volume will be given ample directions for rearing caterpillars from the egg, and for setting out and preserving the perfect insects. incautious step we may cause that pang of death to be borne by some poor insect which feels as keenly as ourselves, though deprived of the means of expressing pain or the mental strength to overcome it; and that therefore man, the most perfect of created beings, ought not with his superior advantages to shrink from the pang which the poor beetle bears, when honour bids him face it. This is very philosophically reasoned by Tsabella, and is a strong argument to induce her brother to meet death rather than disgrace ; the simile of the beetle being only rendered inappropriate by modern discoveries in entomology ; which have proved that a crushed beetle cannot feel ‘fa pang as great as when a giant dies 3” but on the contrary that all insects are, from the nature of their structure, incapable of acute sensations of pain. H. N. H. * Vide Knowledge for the People (Zoology), and Encyclop. Brit., art. Animal kingdom. + Vide Kirby and Spence, Introduction to Entomology. BRITISH BUTTERFLIES AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. Tue beautiful tribes of Butterflies and Moths constitute one of the primary divisions or orders of winged insects, and are easily distinguished by several characters not found in any other annulose animals. The wings, four in number, are of a membranous texture, covered on both sides with innumerable minute scales, resting upon each other like the tiles of a roof, and easily removed. It is to these scales that the insects are indebted for their splendid colours, the membrane of the wing itself being colourless. The head is free,—that is, not received in a frontal cavity of the thorax,—and is furnished on each side with a large compound eye, and above with a pair of elongated antennze, variable in form, not only in the different species, but also often in the sexes of the same species, and which in the butterflies are almost always terminated by a club. The mouth occupies the lower part of the face, and appears at first sight to consist only of a long tongue, which the insect folds and unfolds in a spiral manner at will, and of a pair of scaly or hairy appendages, serving as a defence to the spiral apparatus when coiled up ; but a more minute examination shows that the mouth is much more complicated in its structure, and that it exhibits all the parts (although sometimes in a rudimental state) of the mouth of the biting insects. In fact, by denuding the front of the head of its scales, two minute triangular pieces are observed at a small distance apart above the origin of the spiral instrument, and which are the rudimental mandibles, here apparently useless, as is also the small conical upper lip placed between these two rudimental jaws, below which on each side is an oval plate soldered to the head, from the upper part of which arises one of the lateral halves of the spiral part, which in effect is composed of the two lower jaws extraordinarily elongated, and applied together so as to form a sucking tube ; at the base of each portion of this tube is a minute tubercle, which in some species is developed into an elongated pair of feelers, or maxillary palpi; the labial palpi being the large feelers between which the spiral maxille are placed when at rest, and arising from the sides of the lower lip, which, like the basal part of the maxilla, is soldered to the head. The transformations of these insects, which have attracted the attention of the most incurious observer from the earliest period, also serve to distinguish them from all other insects. The females deposit a considerable number of eggs, from which are hatched small worm-like jointed animals, furnished with a scaly head armed with a mouth and powerful jaws; six short scaly legs, attached in pairs to the three segments succeeding the head, and a variable number of short thick fleshy legs attached in pairs to the posterior segments of the body. 6 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES The appearance of these larve is extremely variable, some being smooth, others warty, some hairy, &c. Their food consists almost entirely of vegetable matter. Whulst in this state they cast their skins several times, and when full-grown this operation is again repeated ; but instead of the insect appearing as a caterpillar, it now more nearly resembles an Egyptian mummy; on minutely examining which, however, we can trace the rudiments of most of the limbs of the perfect insect, but closely applied to the body and covered by a general slender pellicle ; the future wings occupying the sides of the anterior part of the body, between which are to be observed the leg-cases and the antenna-cases. The form of these chrysalides, aureliz, or pupe (as the insects are termed in this state), varies greatly: those of butterflies may almost always, however, be distinguished by having several angular prominences in various parts of the body, whilst those of moths are conical and not angularly tubercled. This peculiarity seems dependent on the circumstance that the caterpillars of the latter tribes enclose themselves in cocoons or cases entirely of silk, or of silk mixed with various extraneous materials, in which angular prominences on the body would be inconvenient to the inclosed insect: the caterpillars of butterflies, on the contrary, rarely form cocoons, but are transformed to pupe in the open air. After remaining a certain period in this state, the time for the bursting forth of the perfect insect arrives, and after slitting the pupa skin in several directions, it disengages itself from its exuvie, gradually extends its wings, and assumes all the beautiful characteristics of its perfect state. “ Behold, ye pilgrims of this earth, behold ! See all, but man, with unearn’d pleasure gay ; See her bright robes the butterfly unfold, Broke from her wintry tomb in prime of May ! What youthful bride can equal her array ? Who can with her for easy pleasure vie ? From mead to mead with gentle wing to stray, From flower to flower on balmy gales to fly, Ts all she hath to do beneath the radiant sky.” Tuomson’s Castle of Indolence. The Lepidopterous insects were divided by Linnzeus, the great classifier of the animal and vegetable kingdoms, into three primary genera, Papilio, Sphinx, and Phalzena, each subdivided into minor groups, and corresponding with the butterflies, hawk-moths and moths of English collectors. As, however, tle number of species became more and more extended, and a more minute investigation of the characters of the species was made, it became necessary to introduce a much more extended mode of distribution, whereby the order was divided into three principal sections, Diurna, Crepuscularia, and Nocturna (corresponding with the three Linnean genera). These have been again subdivided into families, and the latter into numerous genera and subgenera. The Crepuscularia and Nocturna, or the hawk-moths and moths, are, however, much more closely allied together than either of them are to the Diurna; so that M. Boisduval, the most recent author upon the order, has proposed to adopt only two principal sections, Rhopalocera, or those with clubbed antenne (butterflies), and Heterocera or those with antennz of variable shape but never clubbed (hawk-moths and moths), This arrangement appearing to me the most natural of any yet published, I have adopted it in my “ Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects ;” but in the present work it will be convenient to adopt the previous arrangement of Latreille ; the butterflies and hawk-moths being intended to form the subjects of the present volume, whilst the moths, or the section Nocturna, will form a subsequent volume. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. a | SECTION I. LEPIDOPTERA DIURNA. ae Tur Diurnal Lepidoptera, or butterflies corresponding with the Linnwan genus Papilio, are distinguished not only by having the antenna long and slender, and terminated in a larger or smaller club, and in the terminal family hooked at the tip, but also by the want of a bristle at the base of the anterior margin of the hind wings beneath, which, passing through a loop on the under side of the fore-wings of the moths, retains them in their proper place during flight. The wings, moreover, when at rest, are mostly carried erect over the back, their upper surfaces being brought into contact. The flight of these insects is diurnal. Their caterpillars are constantly furnished with sixteen feet (six thoracic, eight ventral, and two anal). Their chrysalides are almost always naked, attached by the tail, and often by a girth round the middle of the body ; they are often angular in their form, and are scarcely ever enclosed in a cocoon. The Diurnal Lepidoptera are divisible into the six following families:—1l. Papilionide (including two sub-families, Papilionides and Pierides). 2. Heliconiide (including the Danaides). 3. Nymphalide (including the Hipparchiides, or the Satyrides of Boisduyal, or Thysanuromorpba of Horsfield, and some other minor tribes separated by Boisduval). 4. Erycinide. 5. Lycwnide. 6. Hesperiide. The last family differs from all the others in the habit of the caterpillars rolling up leaves, within which they undergo their transformation. FAMILY I. PAPILIONIDA, Leacu. This family consists of some of the most gigantic species of butterflies, distinguished by having all the six feet in the perfect state fitted for walking, the anterior pair not being more or less rudimental ; the hind tibize have only a single pair of spurs at the tip ; the tarsal ungues are distinct and exposed ; the antennz are never hooked at the tip, the club being distinct, but variable in form; the palpi are variable, but the third joint is never suddenly slenderer than the rest and naked ; the central cell of the hind-wings is always closed behind by a nerve. The caterpillars are elongated, nearly cylindrical, and naked; the chrysalides are attached not only by the ordinary anal hooks, but also by a girth round the middle of the body. In one genus (Parnassius) it is, how- ever, inclosed in a rough cocoon. This family is divisible into two sub-families, Papilionides and Pierides. The first sub-family, Papitioniprs, has the anal edge of the hind-wings concave, or cut out to receive the abdomen ; the anterior tibize have a spur in the middle ; and the tarsal ungues are simple. The caterpillars are furnished with two fleshy retractile tentacles, forming a fork upon the back of the segment succeeding the head. 5 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES GENUS I. PAPILIO, Linwavs. The antennz are elongate, with a moderate-sized club, gradually formed and somewhat curved ; the palpi are very short, so as to be scarcely seen,—they appear only two-jointed, the third joint being almost obsolete ; the spiral tongue is long; the eyes are large and naked; the abdomen rather short, and ovate-conical ; the wings are elongate, and more or less toothed at the edges, the posterior pair being often produced into a long tail, and having the anal margin cut out to allow the motion of the abdomen ; the strong central nerve of the fore-wings emits four branches behind ; and the middle cell of the hind-wings is closed and emits six nerves. The fore-legs are alike in both sexes, the two fore-legs being fitted, as well as the four hind ones, for walking; the anterior tibiw have a single strong spur at the middle, the four hind tibie have two long spurs at the tip of each. The larvee are naked, and furnished on the neck with a fleshy furcate tentacle, which they are able to retract or exsert at will. The chrysalides are attached by the tail, and girt round the middle with a silken thread, with the head pointing upwards, and forked, or bimucronate. This genus is extremely numerous, Boisduval having described as many as two hundred and twenty-four species, exclusive of several which he has detached under other generic names. They are mostly of large size, and are found in the Tropics, only three or four species being natives of Europe. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE I. Insrcts.—Fig. 1. Papilio Machaon (the swallow-tail Butterfly). 2. The Caterpillar. 3. The Chrysalis. ce Vig. 4. Papilio Podalivius (the scarce swallow-tail B.) 5, The Caterpillar. 6. The Chrysalis. Fig. 7. Goniapteryx Rhamni (the brimstone B.,) the male. 8. The female. 9. The Caterpillar. 10. The Chrysalis, Prants.—Tig. 11. Daucus carota (wild Carrot). 12. Prunus spinosa (Sloe.) 13. Rhamnus Catharticus (Buckthorn). “ I have here introduced Papilio Podalirius, though still considered doubtful by some entomologists, as a British species. My figure is drawn from an Italian specimen of my own taken near Tivoli, which differs from the individual figured by Mr. Curtis, in having the black stripes less strongly marked*, Papilio Machaon and Goniapteryx Rhamni are from English specimens in my own collection, and I should have liked to have added G, Cleopatya from a beautiful Ttalian specimen, as in most countries of Europe it is equally common with G. Rhamni ; but no instance of its being seen in England has, I believe, yet occurred. It might however, I should think, be easily imported; but Boisduval asserts that G. Cleopatra and G. Rhamni have both been reared from the same eggs, and that the caterpillars offer no perceptible difference even in the markings ; thus inferring that the more rich colouring of G. Cleopatra is attributable to the effect of climate upon the more robust individuals. It is singular, however, if this be the case, that similar varieties do not occur in favourable climates in other parts of the world where G, Rhamni is common ; in Nepaul for instance, or parts of North America, where the slight modifications effected in G. Rhamni by climate or food are but slight. H. N. H. * The unusual darkness of the markings of Mr. Read’s English specimen of P, Podalirius, tends to confirm the really indigenous character of that specimen, which seems to be completely supported by the fact that the individuals taken farther south than the one figured in Plate I., namely in Spain and the north of Africa, have the ground colour of the wings “ toujours sensiblement plus blanc,’’ which has induced M. Godart to regard them as forming a distinct species under the name of P. Feisthamelii. J. O. W. + The variety figured by Mr. Curtis cannot be considered even an approach to G. Cleopatra. H. N. Hy ~ Jets N r _ —= — : < AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 9 SPECIES 1.—PAPILIO MACHAON. THE SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY. Plate i. fig. 1—3. Synonymrs.—Papilio (Equites Achivi) Machaon, Linn. Syst. Papilio Regine, De Geer. Gen, 6. 30. 5. Nat. ii. 750. Donovan Brit. Ins. 6, pl. 211. Lewin Brit. Butt. pl. 34. Jasonides Machaon, Hubner. Harris Aurelian, pl. 36. Westwood Ent. Text Book, tab. 4, fig. inf.; Amaryssus Machaon, Dalman, Pap. Suec. 85. 1. ditto Introd. ii. p. 332, fig. 95. 1—10. Duncan Brit, Butt. pl. 4, fig. 1. This beautiful butterfly varies from three inches to three inches and nearly three-quarters in the expanse of the wings, which are of a yellow colour with black markings, the fore wings having a large patch of black at the base ; the anterior margin is black, with three large black subcostal marks ; the nerves are also broadly black, as is also the apical margin, in which are eight yellow lunules, above which is a thick sprinkling of minute yellow scales: the posterior wings are more strongly denticulate at the edges, and produced behind into a pair of rather long tails; they are yellow, with the inner margin and a very broad apical border black, the latter with six yellow lunules, above which is a thick sprinkling of blue scales. The anal angle is ornamented with a brick- red eye, margined with yellow beneath and with blue above, the latter having also a black crescent above it. The under side of the wings is much paler than the upper, the black markings being less extended; the apical yellow lunules of the upper sides are replaced by a narrow continuous bar, above which the yellow irroration is much stronger ; the broad black apical bar of the hind wings is much paler, the black being confined to the curved margins of the bar, and in the middle of the hind wings are three triangular brick-red spots; a spot of the same colour also exists in the squarish yellow submarginal spot nearest the fore edge of the hind wings. This species is very widely dispersed, being found all over Europe, Siberia, Syria, Egypt, the coast of Barbary, Nepaul, Cachemere, and the Himalayan mountains, from which last locality I possess a specimen captured by Professor Royle, which scarcely exhibits the slightest differences when compared with English specimens. In our own country it chiefly occurs in the fenny districts of Cambridge and Huntingdonshire, but it has also been captured in Hampshire, Middlesex, Sussex, Essex, and Kent. The caterpillar is of a fine green colour, with velvety-black rings, spotted alternately with fulvous-red. It is found in June and September, there being two broods in the year according to Boisduval ; but this is doubted by Stephens, the perfect insect being taken from the beginning of May to the end of August in England. It feeds upon various umbelliferous plants, especially on the marsh-milk parsley (Selinum palustre), fennel (Anethum fceniculum), and wild carrot (Daucus carota), preferring the flowers. The fork-like tentacle on the neck is of a red colour, and emits a strongly-scented liquor when alarmed, by which it is said to drive off the Ichneumon flies. The mode in which the transformation of this butterfly is effected has been carefully investigated by Reaumur. When full-grown, the caterpillar discharges from the spinning apparatus in the middle of the under part of the mouth a small quantity of silk, forming it into a little mass which it lays hold of with its hind pair of feet ; it then attaches another thread on one side of the twig at some distance in advance of the small mound, and gradually forms it into a loop, attaching the other end of the thread to the opposite side of the twig, and holding it open by means of its fore legs ; it then spins a sufficient number of similar threads, until the loop has acquired sufficient strength for its destined use. When it is completed, the insect still holding it open by means of its fore legs, somewhat in the same way as a skein of silk is held on the hands whilst being wound off, slips its head between these legs, and thus passes the loop over Cc 10 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES its back, and by the repeated action of the anterior segments, it gradually brings it to that part of the body best calculated to balance it when it shall have assumed the chrysalis state. It sometimes however happens, that notwithstanding all its care, the threads of the loop slip off its legs. This is indeed a woful calamity to the poor larva, which has the greatest difficulty, and is sometimes unable, to collect the threads of the loop upon its legs, trying every contortion of limb to effect this purpose, but sometimes in vain. Should it however succeed, the body is stretched forward in a right line, and remains in this position until the skin is cast, being slit down the back by the contortions and annular contractions of the insect, the girth being too loose to form a material hindrance to its being slipped backwards to the tail, where it is ultimately thrown entirely off. SPECIES 2.—PAPILIO PODALIRIUS. THE SCARCE SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY. Plate i. fig. 4—6. Synonyes.— Papilio (ELquites, Achivi) Podalirius, Linn. Syst. a Nat. ii. 751. Donovan Brit. Ins. 4, pl. 109. Lewin Brit. Butt. Podalirius Europaus, Swainson. pl. 35. Curtis Brit. Entomol. pl. 578. Westwood Ent. Text Book, Tphiclides Podalirius, Hubner. pl. 4, fig. 1. Duncan Brit. Butt. pl. 4, fig. 2. This fine butterfly is about the same size as, or rather larger than, P. Machaon, varying from three inches to four inches and a half in expanse. The hind wings are also longer; the ground colour of the wings is much lighter, being straw or cream yellow. The fore wings have two broad black bars crossing them near the base, and extending half-way across the hind wings; the second of these is succeeded by a black bar extending from the costa to the middle nerve of the wing, and this by a stripe entirely crossing the wing, but gradually narrowed behind ; this is accompanied by another shorter narrower bar extending from the fore margin nearly half across the wing; the apex of the wing has a broad black edge narrowed towards the posterior angle, and divided by a narrow yellow stripe. The extremity of the hind wings is black, with a black anal patch, having a blue lunule in its middle, and bordered above with red, forming an eye. The posterior margin has four or five lunules of blue specks, and the edges are indented with yellow crescents ; the tip of the tails is also yellow. The under side is paler than the upper, the black markings being less extended; and the fascia on the middle of the hind wings is formed of two narrow black lines, the outer one being edged within with orange. Like P. Machaon, this species inhabits the whole of the Southern and temperate parts of Europe (being found plentifully near Berlin, at Moscow, and even at Hamburgh), the North of Africa, and Asia Minor. Its claim, however, to be ranked as a British species has occasioned much controversy. The great Ray says that he had found it “née male memini in Anglia ;” and Berkenhout, in his Outlines of British Natural History, that it is “yare in woods.” Dr, Abbott stated to Mr. Haworth, that he took a specimen near Clapham Park Wood, in Bedfordshire. The Rev. F. W. Hope, F. R.8., has informed me that he took a specimen near Netley ; and W. H. R. Read, Esq. has also informed me that whilst at Eton, about the year 1826 (the last year of his being at that school), he took a specimen on the wing between Slough and Datchet, previously to the month of July, when the vacation commences. This specimen, which is a very dark-coloured one, has been figured by Mr. Curtis, who gives a different date to the capture from that mentioned to me by Mr. Read himself. In my copy of Haworth’s Lepidoptera Britannica, which belonged to Donovan, I find the following pencil note in the hand- writing of the latter, opposite P. Podalirius:— One in Mr, Swainson’s cabinet, which he told me was taken by his brother-in-law, Captain Bray, I think he said in the Isle of Wight.” AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. Il The caterpillar is short and thick, especially towards the head, becoming more taper towards the tail; it is green, but varying to yellowish red, with a slender yellowish dorsal stripe, and a lateral one above the legs ; on each side are also oblique yellowish lines dotted with red; the head is small, and the neck is furnished with a forked tentacle. It feeds on the apple, peach, almond, plum, sloe, and especially on the sloe-thorn, and not on the species of Brassica, as stated by Fabricius and Stephens. GENUS II. PARNASSIUS, Larr. DORITIS, Fasr. Srepnens. The antenne are short, terminated by a straight and nearly oval club ; the palpi are longer than the head, above which they are slightly elevated, they are composed of three distinct joints of nearly equal size. The body is robust and hairy ; the wings parchment-like and sparingly clothed with scales, and of a somewhat oval form, with the edges entire; the hind pair has the anal edge entirely excised so as to allow the free action of the abdomen. The caterpillars are thick, cylindrical, covered with little setose tubercles, the segment succeeding the head being furnished with a fleshy fork-like appendage similar to that of the genus Papilio. The chrysalis is cylindric- conical, covered with a bluish powder, enveloped between the leaves in a slight silken web, and supported by several transverse threads. This is an exceedingly interesting genus, beautifully connecting the Papilionides with the Pierides. In the general appearance of the butterfly, the three-jointed palpi and short antennz, it approaches the latter; but in the characters of the larva, and especially in the curious retractile fork of the neck, and the excised hind-wings of the perfect insect, it resembles the genus Papilio. The chrysalis, with the exception of the head, resembles those of the moths of the genus Catocala, especially in the blue powder with which it is covered, whilst the mode in which it is inclosed in a kind of cocoon formed of leaves loosely fastened together, gives it some relation with the Hesperiidae. The females are further remarkable for possessing a small corneous pouch at the extremity of the abdomen, which is found in no other Lepidopterous insect. The genus Parnassius was first proposed by Latreille in his Histoire Naturelle, with P. Apollo for its type, the name of Doritis not having been published until several years subsequently, with the same type. I have accordingly followed M. Boisduval in restoring the former name to this genus, although he appears to me to have erred in giving the name of Doritis to other insects with which Fabricius was totally unacquainted. It would certainly have been preferable to have proposed a new generic name for these last butterflies. The species of Parnassius are few in number, and chiefly found in the Alpine regions of the old world. The larvee feed solitarily upon the species of Sedum and Saxifrage growing in such situations. 12 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES SPECIES 1.—PARNASSIUS APOLLO. THE CRIMSON-RINGED BUTTERFLY. Plate vii. Synonymes.— Papilio Apollo, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 754. Donovan | Doritis Apollo, Fabricius, Stephens, Duncan Brit. Butt. pl.11, fig. 1. Brit. Ins. vol. xiii. pl. 433. Haworth Ent. Trans. i. p. 332. | Parnassius Apollo, Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lep. i. 395. The expansion of the wings of this fine buttertly varies from three to three and a half inches. The wings are white, the base and fore margin of the anterior being dotted with black, the apex of the fore wings being transparent, and preceded by a transverse sinuous row of blackish dots ; the dise of the fore wings is also marked with five black spots ; the posterior wings have two large eye-like spots on the disc of a red colour, surrounded with black, the centre being white ; there are also two other smaller black spots often united together at the anal angle of the hind-wings. The under side of the fore wings differs in having the innermost black spot, and sometimes also the apical one, often marked with red in the middle, whilst the hind wings differ in having four red spots at the base edged with black ; the two spots also at the anal angle of these wings is also red, edged with black, with a white middle. The caterpillar is of a velvety black colour, pubescent, with orange-coloured dots, and small blue tubercles ; the neck is furnished with a yellow forked appendage, capable of being entirely withdrawn into the segment. It feeds on Saxifrage and Crassulacew. The butterfly is common in most of the alpine regions of Europe ; but it appears to be very questionable how far it is truly a British species, the original specimen, supposed to have been captured in one of the Hebrides, having been received in a box of insects from Norway. Mr. Duncan, however, states that he had been assured that it had been noticed on the wing in some part of the west coast of Scotland in the summer of 1834. The second sub-family of the Papilionide, PIERIDES, has the anal edge of the hind wings formed into a gutter to receive the abdomen; the anterior tibia do not possess a spur in the middle ; and the tarsal ungues are one or two-dentate. The caterpillars are not furnished with a nuchal fork. They are slightly pubescent, and rather slender at each end of the body. GENUS III. GONIAPTERYX, Westrw. GONEPTERYX, Leacz. The antenne are rather short and robust, terminated by a club gradually formed, commencing nearly at the middle of the antennz, the apex not compressed and slightly truncate ; the scales on the front of the head form an erect tuft ; the palpi are as long as the head, distinctly three-jointed, the third joint small; the wings are ample, the anterior angulated at the tip, and the posterior nearly in the middle of the hind margin ; the fore legs are alike in both sexes, the tibie not armed with a spur in the middle, and the tarsal ungues bifid, with slender AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 13 pulvilli. The larve are elongated, slightly pubescent, attenuated at each end. The chrysalis is gibbose, much bent, terminated like a spindle at each extremity, always attached by the tail and by a transverse girth across the middle. M. Boisduval rejects Dr. Leach’s name for this genus, Gonepteryx (misquoted by the former under the name Gonopteryx), because it is too much like Gonoptera, proposed long afterwards by Latreille for another genus of Lepidoptera; and because names ending in pfteriv have but little euphony, and ought only to be used in Ichthyology, where they are more prevalent. All these reasons appear to me insufficient: I have, therefore retained Dr. Leach’s name with a slight alteration, making it more in accordance with its Greek derivatives yore an angle, and arepov a wing. SPECIES 1.—GONIAPTERYX RHAMNI. THE BRIMSTONE BUTTERELY. Plate i. fig. 7—10. Synonymrs.— Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Rhamni, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. Goniapteryx Rhamni, Westw. Introd. Geu. Syn. p. 87. p. 765. Donovan Brit. Ins. 5, pl. 145. Lewin Brit. Butt. pl. 31. Rhodocera Rhamni, Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lep. 1, p. 602. Albin Brit. Ins. pl. 3, fig. 3 e. h, Anteos Rhamni, Hubner, Gonepteryx Rhamni, Leach, Stephens, Curtis, Duncan, Brit. Butt. Ganoris Rhamni, Dalman. pl. 5, fig. 1. This butterfly varies in expanse from two inches to three inches and a half. The male has the upper side entirely sulphur-yellow, and the female greenish white, with an orange spot at the extremity of the discoidal cell of each wing, and some very minute ferruginous points at the place of union of the nerves with the margins of the wings. The under side of the wings is paler than the upper, especially in the males ; and the orange discoidal spot is replaced by a ferruginous dot, whitish in the centre, between which and the marginal ferruginous points is a row of fuscous spots. . Mr. Curtis has figured a variety of this insect captured near Peckham, with the upper wings variegated with orange, slightly asin G. Cleopatra; thus proving the correctness of the statement made to me by M. Boisduval, that he had reared G. Rhamni and Cleopatra from eggs deposited by the female of the former, the larve producing the latter offering no variation from those from which the latter were reared. (See also his Hist. Nat. Lepid. i. p. 602.) To no species of butterfly can we apply with greater effect, but with a little alteration, Mrs. Barbauld’s beautiful image of the origin of the snowdrop :— As if “ Flora’s breath, by some transforming power, Had changed” a flower into a butterfly. Sporting about in some flowery nook in the very first sunny days of February and March, this butterfly looks more like the petals of the primrose over which it hovers, floating on the breeze, than a living creature. These early specimens have survived the winter, and produce eggs from which a fresh brood of butterflies is produced in May, and another in the autumn, some of which last again survive the winter. The caterpillar is green, finely shagreened with black scale-like dots on the back, with a whitish or pale-green line on each side, the upper edge of which is shaded off into the general colour. It feeds on the buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus), and the berry-bearing alder (Rhamnus frangulus), as well as on Rhamnus alaternus. The chrysalis is green, with several reddish dots ; it is very gibbous in the middle, and attenuated like the end of 14 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES a boat in front; it is attached by the tail on a perpendicular branch, and fastened with a loose silken thread round the middle of the body ; the pupa state lasts about a fortnight. This butterfly occurs commonly in various parts of England, as far north as York, Windermere, and Newcastle ; but Mr. Duncan states that it has not yet been found in Scotland. ° GENUS IV. COLIAS, Fasrrcis. The species of this genus, like the preceding, are distinguished by the brilliant yellow or orange colour of their wings ; but they are more or less bordered at the tips with black, and are never angulated. The fore wings exhibit also on both sides a discoidal black spot, and the posterior a central spot, which is orange above and generally silvery beneath. The antennz are short, nearly straight, gradually clavate to the tip, which is truncate ; the palpi are shorter than in Goniapteryx ; the head has no frontal tuft ; the fore wings are sub-triangular, and the posterior are rounded ; the fore-legs are alike in both sexes; the tarsal ungues bifid, and the pulvilli very minute. (A highly magnified figure of the ungues and their appendages is given in the Crochard Edition of the Reégne Animal, Insectes, pl. 132, fig. 3, c). The caterpillar is naked, elongate, cylindric, very finely setose and tubercled ; the chrysalis rather short, subangulated, gibbous, slightly beaked in front, attached by the tail and by a girth behind the thorax. From the great similarity of some of the numerous species of this genus and their apparent variation, much confusion has occurred in the investigation of the British species ; Mr. Stephens describing four (exclusive of P. Paleno, Linn., a reputed British species, and P. Helice, Haw., a presumed variety of C. Edusa), whilst Mr. Curtis only admits two. The Rev. W. Bree has published a memoir on the British species in the Magazine of Natural History, No. 26. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE II. Insects. —Fig. 1. Colias Edusa (the clouded-yellow Butterfly), the male. 2. The female. 3. The Caterpillar. 4. The Chrysalis. Ke Fig. 5. Colias Hyale (the pale clouded-yellow B.,) the male. 6. The female. 7. The Caterpillar. se Fig. 8. The pale female variety of C, Edusa, considered by some authors as a distinct species under the name of C. Helice. 9. Prants.—Fig. 9. Sylibum Marianum (Milk-thistle). 10. Festuca gigantea (Giant fescue grass). In this plate I have given both male and female of two of our most brightly-coloured native butterflies, and have been careful, by placing C. Edusa and C. Hyale on the same plate, to show the marked and striking difference of the two species, the former being of a rich orange- colour, whilst the latter is ofa pale sulphur 3 notwithstanding which, by bad colouring and other defects, they have been completely confused in many other works. They are all from fine specimens, particularly the female Edusa, from the collection of Mr. Westwood. The C. Helice, or pale female variety of C. Edusa, is from an Italian specimen in my own collection, but it differs in no respect from the pale English varieties. H. N. H. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 15 SPECIES 1.—COLIAS EDUSA. THE CLOUDED-YELLOW BUTTERFLY. Plate 2, fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 Synonymes.—Papilio Edusa, Fabricius Ent. Syst. v. iii., part 1, p. Papilio Hyale, Esper. Donovan Brit. Ins. 2, pl. 43, fig. sup. ¢. 206. Donovan Brit. Ins. 7, pl. 238, fig. 2 (female). Harris Aurelian, Papilio Electra, Lewin, pl. 32 (and Linn, Syst. Nat. ii. 764, teste pl. 29, fign. g, fig. m. 9. Newman Ent. Mag. 1, 85). Colias Edusa, Stephens, Curtis, Duncan Brit. Butt. pl. 5, fig. 2. The expansion of the wings of this species varies from nearly two inches to two inches and a half. The upper surface of the disc of the wings in both sexes is a rich orange colour, the males having a round discoidal black spot on the fore wings, and a broad black apical margin irregularly toothed within, extending through both wings, with several narrow orange lines running through the black border, indicating the place of the nerves ; the dise of the hind wings is somewhat darker, with a large discoidal brighter-coloured orange patch. The upper side of the female differs in having the broad apical border marked with several irregular yellow spots, and more indistinctly indicated in the hind wings, which are darker and yellower than in the males. Beneath, both sexes are nearly alike, the disk of the fore-wings being lighter orange, with a black discoidal spot, the margins greenish, with a row of blackish spots at some distance from the apical margin ; the hind wings are greenish, with a round silver discoidal spot surrounded with red, and accompanied by a smaller silvery dot ; between this and the apical margin is a row of brownish red dots. Most modern Entomologists are agreed in regarding the Papilio Helice of Hubner and Haworth, figured by Stephens (Illustr. Haust. pl. 2*, and our fig. 8), as a variety of the female of Colias Edusa, from which it differs in having the ground colour of the disc of the wings, as well as the spots in the black apical margin, yellowish white. No corresponding variety of the male has yet been observed. The insect figured in the next plate, under the questionable name of Colias Chrysotheme, has also been regarded by Mr. Curtis as a variety of C. Edusa. The caterpillar of C. Edusa, which feeds upon Medicago lupulina, various species of Trifolium, and other leguminous plants, is green, with a lateral stripe varied with white and yellow, and with an orange dot on each segment. The chrysalis is green, with a lateral yellow line and several ferruginous dots. Boisduval gives Europe, Egypt, the coast of Barbary, Nepaul, Cachemere, Siberia, and North America, as the localities of this species. Mr. Burchell is stated by Mr. Duncan to have found it in South Africa ; but this I apprehend must have been the species described by Boisduval, from the Cape of Good Hope and Caffraria, under the name of C. Electra of Linnzus, by whom also the Cape of Good Hope was given as its locality. Hence, from the similarity of the two species, it is that I have hesitated to consider our English species as the true C. Electra, as stated by Mr. Newman. This is one of those species of butterflies whose periodical appearance (every three or four years, as stated by some writers) has so much perplexed Entomologists. Various opinions have indeed been suggested by authors, in order to account for this singular circumstance,—such as the failure of their natural enemies, the Ichneumonidz, or insectivorous birds—an increased temperature—or the dormant state of the eggs until called forth by some latent coincidences. All these opinions are, however, but merely conjectural ; nor can the matter be cleared up until a more minute inquiry into the habits of the species has been made. 16 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES SPECIES 2.—COLIAS HYALE. THE PALE-CLOUDED YELLOW BUTTERFLY. Plate ii. fig. 5—7. Synonymrs.— Papilio (Danai Candidi) Hyale, Linn, Syst. Nat. ii. Le Soufre, Ernst. Pap. d'Europe. p. 764. Lewin Brit. Butt. pl. 33. Donovan Brit. Ins. 7 pl. 238, fig. 1 (male). Colias Hyale, Ochsenheimer, Leach, Stephens, Curtis, Brit. Ent. pl. 242 ; Duncan Brit. Butt. pl. 6, fig. 1. Papilio Paleno, Esper. 1, pl. 4, fig. 2. Fischer Entomol. de la Russ. Lepid. pl. 11, fig. 1, 2. (Colias P.) This species is from two inches to nearly two inches and a quarter in expanse. Its upper surface is of a sulphur colour in the males, or of a cream colour in the females ; in other respects the sexes are nearly alike, having a black discoidal spot and an irregular, broad, black, apical margin, in which is an interrupted series of spots of the same colour as the ground of the wings; the hind wings are darker on the disc, with an orange- coloured discoidal spot, and the margin is very slightly and irregularly marked with black. The fore wings are beneath whitish yellow, with the apex orange yellow, having a row of transverse blackish marks parallel with, but at some distance from, the apical margin ; the discoidal spot is black, with a yellowish middle ; the hind wings beneath are orange yellow, with a large silvery spot, accompanied by a minute eye-like dot surrounded with reddish, and between these and the apex of the wings is a row of small blackish spots. The caterpillar, which feeds on Medicago, various species of Trifolium, and other leguminose plants, is of a velvety green colour, with two lateral yellow stripes, and with black dots on the segments ; the chrysalis is green, with a yellow lateral line. Although very abundant on the Continent (where it appears to be double-brooded, May and August, or September, being the times of its appearance), and extending to the north of Africa, Siberia, Cachemere, and Nepaul, this butterfly is much rarer in England than the preceding ; the coasts of Kent, Sussex, and Suffolk, having furnished the greatest number of specimens. Others have been found in Epping Forest, and near Halvergate in Norfolk. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE III. Insects.—Fig. 1. Colias Chrysotheme ? (small clouded-yellow Butterfly), the male. 2. The female. 3. The underside. ss Fig. 4. Colias Europome ? (the clouded sulphur B.) 5, Female. 6. The underside. Prants.—Fig. 7. Lotus corniculatus (common bird’s-foot trefoil). 8. Lotus major (great bird’s-foot trefoil). In this plate I have figured Colias Europome ? and Colias Chrysotheme? C. Europome is evidently a distinct species, but is by many denied to be British ; as, however, it is found in many English collections, this work would not be complete without it. It is from the Haworth specimens in the collection of Mr. Stephens. The caterpillar is unknown. C. Chrysotheme ? is occasionally found, but is by many deemed a small variety of C. Edusa; and in Mr. Stephens’s cabinet a small true Edusa is placed next to it, in which there is scarcely any perceptible difference. The discovery of the caterpillar, which is unknown, would solve the question. It should be sought for near the coast, where the trefoils are abundant, which are its probable food. I have placed it in the same plate with Europome to show the completely distinct colour of the latter species, Europome being of a decided citron, whilst Chrysotheme and Edusa are of a rich full orange. The colour of Kuropome is exactly midway between the pale sulphur of Hyale and the orange of Edusa, and perfectly distinct from both. I would therefore propose as English names, clouded orange for Edusa, clouded sulphur for Hyale, and clouded citron for Europome, as being more descriptive of the insects than those which, from being now in use, I have adopted above. H. N. H. WORKS PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM SMITH, CONTINUED, ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF FROISSART. In two thick Volumes, price 36s, SIR JOHN FROISSART’S CHRONICLES OF ENGLAND, FRANCE, SPAIN, &c. Turis Edition is printed from the Translation of the late Taomas Jounes, Esq., and collated throughout with that of Lorp BrerNners; numerous additional Notes are given, and the whole embellished with One Hundred and Twenty Engravings on Wood, illustrating the Costume and Manners of the period, chiefly taken from the illuminated MS. copies of the Author, in the British Museum, and elsewhere. COMPANION TO FROISSART. 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WASHINGTON IRVING. | THE VICAR OF WAKEFIELD. By OLIVER GOLDSMITH TRISTRAM SHANDY. By LAURENCE STERNE. ONE VOLUME OF “VOYAGES AND TRAVELS,” CONTAINING ANSON’S VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. BLIGH’S MUTINY OF THE BOUNTY. STEPHENS’'S TRAVELS IN EGYPT, ARABIA PETRA, AND THE HOLY LAND. STEPHENS’S TRAVELS IN GREECE, TURKEY, RUSSIA, AND POLAND. These Volumes may be had separately, very neatly bound in cloth, with the contents lettered on the back, price 10s. 6d. each. Those parties who have taken in the different works as they were published, and who wish to bind them aecording to the ae arrangement, may be supplied with the title-pages gratis, through their bookseller ; and with the cloth covers at ly. each, AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 17 SPECIES 3.—COLIAS EUROPOME? THE CLOUDED SULPHUR BUTTERFLY. Plate 3, fig. 4—6. Synonymes.— Papilio Europome, Villers Ent.2, 17, 19,and 4, 408, Papilio Paleno, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2,764? Hubn. Pap. pl. 86, fig. 19? Esper Schmetterl. J, pl. 42, Suppl. 18, fig. 1, 2, and pl. 100, | 434,435? Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lep. 1, p. 645? cont. 55, fig. 5? Haworth Lep. Brit. p. 13. Stephens Mlust. Eurymus Europome. Swainson Zool. Ilust. n. ser. pl. 70. Haust. pl. 1 *. In the opinion of the best modern Entomologists, Papilio Europome and Paleno are identical; the latter especially inhabits Sweden, as well as the Alps and Pyrenees. Martyn, in his Aurelian’s Vade-Mecum, introduced P. Paleno as a British species; and Mr. Haworth, in his Lepidoptera Britannica, P. Europome, on the authority of the cabinets of Francillon and Swainson. In the Butterfly Collector's Vade-Mecum, it is said to occur in meadows and roadsides near Ipswich ; and in the Entomological Magazine, it is stated to have been noticed in the meadows near the confluence of the Avon and Severn, flying with great swiftness in August. Its claim, however, to be regarded as indigenous, is still denied by several of our principal Entomologists; and Mr. Curtis asserts that Mr. Stephens’ specimens from the collection of Francillon, mentioned above, and figured by him in his Illustrations, pl. 1 *, are identical with the North American C. Philodice. Mr. Swainson also, as quoted above, has described and figured the individuals in his father’s collection, which had been mended with the heads of Goniapteryx Rhamni, and which he states that he could not distinguish from C. Philodice. As however there is a great resemblance between C. Philodice and C. Europome (or Paleeno), and as the latter is a native of Sweden, and therefore not unlikely to occur in England, we have not thought it proper to reject it, especially since we have admitted Papilio Podalirius and Parnassius Apollo. The following is a translation of M. Boisduval’s description of the Swedish species C. Paleno, or Europome, which it will be serviceable to compare with that of Mr. Stephens, drawn from the asserted American specimens :— “* Rather smaller than C. Hyale. Upper side of the wings of a slightly greenish yellow, with a rather broad black border, slightly sinuated on the inside, narrowed in the hind wings, and often not extending beyond the middle of the limb ; the anterior having at the extremity of the discoidal cell a small blackish circle, oblong, more or less marked, rarely wanting, or replaced by a blackish dot ; the posterior wings with a small whitish discoidal spot. The under side of the fore wings differs from the upper in having the margin replaced by greenish yellow or reddish colour, and in the small discoidal circle being more decided. The under side of the hind wings is entirely of a reddish yellow, or greenish, with a silvery white discoidal spot, slightly circled with ferruginous. The fringe of the four wings and the costa of the anterior beneath is bright rose-coloured. The body is of a blackish yellow or greenish, with the prothorax rosy, the antennz rosy, with the club darker coloured and yellow at the tip. The female differs from the male in having the ground colour of the wings nearly white or yellowish-white on the upper side.” The larva is described by Zetterstedt as pubescent, green, with yellow lines and black dots. The pupa is unknown. SPECIES 4.—COLIAS CHRYSOTHEME? THE SMALL CLOUDED YELLOW BUTTERFLY. Plate 3, fig. 1—3. Synonymes.—Papilio Chrysotheme, Esper, 1, pl. 65, fig. 8, 4? Colias Chrysotheme, Stephens, Ilustr. Haust. pl. 2, fig. 1, 2. Colias Edusa, var. Curtis, Duncan. The insects regarded as this species by Stephens have been considered by several subsequent writers as small D 18 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES varieties of C. Edusa*. The figures indeed given of C. Chrysotheme, especially those of Boisduval (Icon. Hist. des Lépidopt. pl. 9, fig. 3, 4) differ materially from those of Stephens ; and as C. Chrysotheme is described as « native of Hungary, Syria, and Southern Russia, it is most probable that that species is not a native of England. Boisduyal has indeed noticed a character which will satisfactorily decide the specific identity of the English specimens with C. Chrysotheme or C. Edusa, the genus being divisible into two groups, C. Edusa belonging to the first, in which the males are provided with a glandular space or sac at the anterior edge of the hind wings near the base, whilst in the second group, to which C. Chrysotheme belongs, they are destitute of this sac. The following is a translation of Boisduval’s description of the true C. Chrysotheme, which I have here introduced in order that it may be compared with Mr. Stephens’s description of the supposed English species :— “Figure of C. Edusa, but about one fourth smaller. Upper side of the wings of a paler yellow, with the margin browner, divided in the fore wings by fine yellow nerves; the fore wings having moreover the costa broadly yellow. The discoidal spot is narrower, transverse, slightly marked, and edged with a little red. The under side of the fore wings nearly as in C. Edusa and the allied species, except that the discoidal spot of the fore wings has the centre rather pupilled with silver. The female is much paler than the female of C. Edusa, and the yellow orange colour only occupies the disk of the fore wings, and the yellow spots which divide the dark margin are larger, more marked, and of a much paler yellow colour.” The generic name Colias appears to have inappropriately derived by Fabricius from xoA‘as, a word used by ' the Greeks for some kind of fish. Mr. Stephens gives Norfolk or Epping Forest as the locality of one of his British specimens. GENUS V. PIERISt+, Scuranx. PONTIA, Srepuens, &c. In its present restricted state this genus consists of species, which from their common occurrence in our gardens throughout the summer, have attracted our earliest attention ; their almost uniform white colour, and the places where they mostly frequent, having led to their receiving the ordinary name of Garden Whites. From the preceding genus they are distinguished by the more acute tip of the fore-wings, and by their longer and slenderer antennze, which are terminated by a broad compressed and obtuse club. The palpi are short, three- jointed, nearly cylindrical, with the terminal joint as long as or rather longer than the second. The legs are long, slender, and alike in both sexes, the anterior pair being perfect. The tarsi are terminated by two equal-sized hooklets much curved, each having a small tooth on its under side ; between these hooklets is a long fleshy pulvillus, and each is laterally defended by a long conical hirsute appendage. The details of this curious structure are represented in the Crochard edition of the Régne Animal, * It is to be observed that M. Boisduval describes no other variety of C. Edusa than the C. Helice. Can the small English specimens be C. Myrmidone ? + Derived from Mepts, plural Mepides, the Muses, a poetical licence similar to that used in giving the name Parnassus to the genus having P, Apollo for its type. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS, 19 now in course of publication. Curtis describes the claws as unidentate or bifid; but I have found their structure uniform in all the species I have examined, agreeing also in this respect with the black-veined white and orange- tipped butterflies. The wings are opake, and thickly clothed with scales, thus disagreeing with the black-veined white and Apollo. The upper wings are at once distinguished from those of all the other Pierides by having only one very short vein omitted close to the apex of the wing from the third branch of the postcostal nerve ; this peculiarity, not hitherto noticed by Lepidopterists, will further distinguish this genus from the black-veined white, in which the same typical arrangement exists, but the short nerve above mentioned is considerably longer and more distinct. From Goniapteryx Rhamni, in which the arrangement of the veins is nearly as in P. Cratzgi, they are at once separated by the form and colour of the wings. From the orange-tipped butterfly they are distinguished by the shape and variegated colours of the wings, and especially by the apical veins of the fore wings, which are more numerous in that insect than in Pieris; the palpi also differ as well as the transformations. The Bath white, which is united with the orange-tipped butterfly in the genus Mancipium, by Stephens and Curtis, is certainly referable to this genus, with which it is united by Boisduval and Ochsenheimer. The caterpillars are cylindric and fleshy, with numerous minute points, or larger tubercles, which emit pale hairs, and are arranged in regular transverse series. The chrysalis is angulated with a short process in front of the head, and with a projecting lateral appendage behind (not in front of, as described by Stephens) each of the wing-cases. They are generally to be found attached to walls by a little tuft of silk at the tail and by a girth round the middle of the body. They do not constantly place themselves in one position with the head upright, but undergo this state in various positions. The genus is very extensive, the species being distributed over most parts of the globe, but especially in the intertropical parts of the old world, the Western hemisphere bemg comparatively poor in species. In the great number of the species there exists a considerable number of natural divisions as pointed out by Boisduval and Lacordaire. The caterpillars of such species as have been observed in the preparatory states, feed on the Crucifere, especially the species of Brassica, as well as on the Resedacew, Tropeolums, and Capparide. They sometimes abound to a very great extent, especially when their’ natural enemies have failed; at such times our cabbages, cauliflowers, &c. become a prey to them, but their taste is so accommodating that they freely devour imported plants belonging to allied natural families. The prevailing colour is white, of a more or less clear hue, with a black edge at the extremity of the fore wings. The females in our indigenous species are mostly marked with black spots in the posterior part of the disk of the fore wings. Some of the exotic species are much more varied in their colours. The number of British species of this genus has been the subject of much recent inquiry, it having, until within the last fifteen years, been considered that there were but three—P. Brassicze, Rapi, and Napz, exclusive of P. Daplidice and Cardamines. In 1827, however, Mr. Stephens increased the number to seven in his Ilustra- tions, separating P. Chariclea from P. Brassice, P. Metra from P. Rape, and P. Napee, and Sabellicee from P. Napi. It is proper, however, to state that all these supposed new species had been indicated by previous authors, as will be noticed from the synonymes given below. The propriety of their separation has, however, been questioned by several writers, amongst whom the Rev. W. T. Bree has published some observations in opposition to the views of Mr. Stephens in Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, vol. 3, contending that as p 2 20 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES the three old established species are exceedingly variable, these supposed new species ought only to be regarded as varieties of them. It is with the view of stating the grounds upon which these species rest, and of directing attention to the elucidation of the question that we have given figures of all the species, in some instances from the collection of Mr. Stephens himself. No generic names have been so completely unsettled as the synonymous ones of Pontia and Pieris, a defect which has resulted from the want of some settled principle regulating the adoption of names of genera when an old established genus has been cut up into several others. In the works of Stephens, Curtis, and others, Pieris is the generic name used for the black-veined white, and Pontia for the garden white butterflies. Boisduval, adopting the French mode of nomenclature, has employed the name Pieris for the genus of the garden whites, with which he has also associated the black-veined white and. the Bath white butterflies, whilst he has given the name of Pontia to a few exotic species. Ochsenheimer, on the other hand, in pursuance of the German nomen- clature, has given all the whites, including the black-veined, the Bath white, the orange tip, and the small wood white, under the name of Pontia. Such confusion as this is disgraceful, and ought to be no longer tolerated, although numberless other instances (in which the very commonest insects are known by three different generic names in England, Irance, and Germany) might be adduced to prove the necessity for some decisive step to remedy the evil. In one respect naturalists (with the exception of a few vain persons who hesitate not to displace old specific names to make way for others of their own) are agreed in adopting the name first proposed for any genus or species, and to reject all subsequent ones proposed for the same group or species as synonymes. In the present instance, therefore, by the adoption of this principle alone we shall be able to remedy the defect pointed out. The name Pieris was first proposed by Schrank for all those butterflies which Linnzus had united together under the sectional name of Danai Candidi, including the brimstone and clouded-yellow butterflies with the whites, as well as the Parnassii. About the same time Fabricius prepared the manuscript of his Systema Lepidopterorum, in which he gave the name of Pontia to the black-veined white and garden whites, and that of Colias to the brimstone and clouded yellows. But this work has never been published, and a very short generic abstract alone was given by Illiger some years afterwards in his Entomological Magazine. Of these two last-mentioned names Colias is adopted by all entomologists for the clouded-yellow butterflies, aid were we therefore to adopt the other Fabrician name Pontia, we should do injustice to Schrank, because Colias and Pontia are together synonymous with Pieris, which would thus be thrown out of use, but which on the contrary ought to be used for the great bulk of the white butterflies ; other generic names being given to such aberrant species (but few in number) as may be required to be separated from the rest. In any case, the mode in which these names have been used has been erroneous, for if we consider the black- veined-white as the type of Pieris, it is also the strict type of Pontia, and therefore is synonymous therewith > or if on the other hand we regard the garden whites as the types of Pieris, as we contend ought to be done, the black-veined white ought either to receive a new generic name or be generically termed Pontia. In this view of the subject, and still further in order to remedy the confusion above alluded to, we consider it necessary entirely to reject the name Pontia except as a synonyme ; to employ Pieris for the garden whites, as the natural types of the great body of the genus; and to give other generic names to such of the species of whites as have been separated therefrom. * Dalman, in 1816, united all the Danai Candidi into one genus named Ganoris. iieaagy : ie ‘i ji" il a) ssh my wy it nid eon ; ' er wl Bemes, iy Be, 2 ayy ipnrwnp fy BT, ve Vos sana iat AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 21 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IV. Insrcts.—Fig. 1. Pieris Brassice (the large garden white Butterfly), male. 2. The female. 3. The male, showing the under side. 4. The Caterpillar. 5, The Chrysalis. Fig. 6. Pieris Chariclea (the early large garden white B.) male. 7. The female, showing the under side. 8. The Caterpillar. 9. The Chrysalis. Prants.—Fig. 10. Brassica oleracea (Sea Cabbage). 11. Tropzolum majus. 12. Tropxolum peregrinum. T have in this plate given three separate portraits of our commonest butterfly, Pieris Brassice, in order to enable young collectors to ascertain at once the different markings and characters that distinguish this species from the other common white butterflies of the garden, which he would be apt to consider not worthy of attention, unless pointed out as distinct and well-defined species. On the same plate I have placed the insect most nearly resembling Pieris Brassic, viz. Pieris Chariclea, which, however nearly resembling the former species, possesses distinctive marks sufficient in the opinion of most entomologists to make it a separate species. In addition to the difference of size, it will be seen that the black mark at the tips of the anterior wings is not indented with pointed arches as in P. Brassice, and on the underside the secondary wings are not thinly sprinkled with black specks as in P. Brassiew, but thickly powdered with them, giving them a much more dusky appearance. No difference has as yet been satisfactorily ascertained in the respective caterpillars, which would determine the point whether P. Chariclea is to be considered a distinct species or a mere variety. But in Albin’s old and curious work, P. Chariclea is figured as the common cabbage, and as its caterpillar and chrysalis are likewise figured, I have given accurate copies of them in the present plate. If it could be ascertained that the caterpillar is the one from which the butterfly was raised, it would assist in determining the question, as it presents some points of difference with that of P. Brassice, as will be seen on comparison; and that it is the identical caterpillar which produced the butterfly figured with it is highly probable, as it appears from Albin’s descriptions of his plates that it was his custom to make a drawing of a caterpillar immediately after taking it, another after it assumed the chrysalis form, and another on its perfect development ; and this is the way in which his plates were produced, for he seems to have been so poor an entomologist, that even in the case of the common cabbage white butterfly, he would not have known what larva belonged to it by any other means. Another reason for considering Albin’s butterflies as produced from the caterpillars drawn, is the circumstance that they made their appearance in the middle of April, thus agreeing with the time of appearance of P. Chariclea. The plants in this plate are Brassica oleracea, the little plant from which all our garden cabbages, cauliflowers, brocoli, &c. &c., have been obtained by the arts of horticulture ; Troprolum majus, erroneously known as the common Nasturtium* ; and Troprolum peregrinum. I intend to confine myself to indigenous plants; but in the present instance, the voracious appetites of the caterpillars represented, which greedily devour almost all succulent plants, have tempted me to introduce the Tropeolum majus to enliven the plate, and I was then induced to add the T. peregrinum, as much less known, and as a hardy annual well worthy of general cultivation in our gardens. H. N. H. SPECIES 1.—PIERIS BRASSICA. THE LARGE GARDEN WHITE BUTTEREFLY. Plate iv. fig. 1—5. Synonymes.— Papilio (Danai Candidi) Brassice, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 759. Donovan Brit. Ins. vol. 13, pl. 446. Lewin Brit. Pieris Brassica, Schrank, Latreille, Boisduval, Zetterstedt. Butt. pl. 25. Haworth. Ganoris Brassice, Dalman. Pontia Brassica, Fabricius, Ochsenheimer, Leach, Stephens, Curtis, Catophaga Brassice, Hubner. Jermyn, Duncan Brit. Butt. pl. 7, fig. 1, 2. This is one of the commonest species of butterflies, occurring in all parts of the country. It varies in the expanse of its wings from two and a half to two and three-quarter inches. The upper side of the wings is white, the fore wings having a broad black patch occupying the apex of the upper side, being larger in the females than in the males, with its inner edge more or less distinctly notched ; there is also a small black patch on the fore edge of the hind wings on the upper side. The under side of the fore wings is marked in both sexes with two black * When the Troprolum was first introduced from Chili, it was called Indian-cress, from the circumstance of its being eaten in salads by the natives, and the name of Nasturtium, that of our common water-cress, was inadvertently given to it. 22 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES discoidal spots beyond the middle of the wings (which also appear on the upper side of these wings in the female), and the under side of the hind wings is dull yellow, covered with very minute black irroration. The black apex of the fore wings is represented on the under side by a yellowish mark. Sometimes, but rarely, the males have a black spot on the dise of the anterior wings above. The caterpillar of this species has been described as greenish yellow, with three yellow lines, but the entire ground colour of the caterpillar is uniformly greenish yellow, the segments being almost covered with black tubercles, varying in size and emitting white hairs (three of the larger ones on each side of each segment forming a triangle) ; but these tubercles are so placed as to leave a clear line on each side above the legs and one down the back ; the head, fore legs, and anal segment, are also black. The chrysalis is pale greenish spotted eg with black, with three yellow lines. “The larve of this insect,” observes Mr. Haworth, ‘* multiply so much in dry seasons as to make great havoc amongst our cabbages, &c. Small birds destroy incredible numbers of them as food, and should be encouraged. I once observed a Titmouse (Parus major) take five or six large ones to its nest in a very few minutes. In inclosed gardens, sea-gulls with their wings cut are of infinite service. I had one eight years, which was at last killed by accident, that lived entirely all the while upon the insects, slugs, and worms, which he found in the garden. Poultry of any sort will soon clear a piece of ground, but unless they are of the web-footed kind they do much damage by scratching the earth.”—(Lepid. Britann. p. 8.) Great numbers of these caterpillars are also destroyed by a very minute species of Ichneumon-fly (Microgaster glomeratus), which deposits a considerable number of its eggs in the body of the living caterpillar, which are soon hatched, and produce minute footless grubs, that continue feeding upon the fat internal parts of the caterpillar, which, notwithstanding their presence, feeds on as though unconscious of any injury. When, however, the time for its assuming the pupa state arrives it creeps up the adjacent walls, but instead of changing to a chrysalis, the little parasite grubs burst through its skin, which shrivels up into a small compass, arrange themselves close together by the side of the exuvie of the caterpillar they have destroyed, and each spins for itself a little oval cocoon of yellow silk, which ignorant persons mistake for the eggs of the caterpillar and destroy, thus foolishly killing their benefactors. In a short time the little parasites appear in their new form of active four-winged ichneumon flies. The transformations of this species have been carefully investigated by Swammerdam and Reaumur, whose researches, in conjunction with the anatomical details of the same species published by Herold, have left nothing to be desired on the subject. The first of these authors chose this species to illustrate his history of ‘* An Animal in an Animal, or the Butterfly hidden in the Caterpillar; which is a third particular example, serving as an additional illustration to the second method of the third order or class of natural transformations.” The observations of this most indefatigable and celebrated author had for their object the proof of the natural production of insects from eggs laid by parents of the same species, and of the natural transformations of insects ; and it is impossible to conceive more conclusive proofs, than are contained in his writings and figures, against the old theories of spontaneous generation and absolute metamorphosis. The eggs of this butterfly observed by Swammerdam are oval, with fifteen small longitudinal ridges converging to the centre of the smaller extremity of the eggs; the ribs themselves, and the membrane of the egg between them, being also divided crosswise by regular grooves or channels. These eggs are deposited in clusters on the leaves of cabbages, &c., the larger end being applied to the surface of the leaf. After several changes of the AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 23 skin, the caterpillar prepares to undergo its change to the chrysalis state, and spins a little hillock of silk, which it seizes firmly with the hooks of its anal feet. It has still, however, to construct a silken girth across the middle of its body, which it effects ina manner the most simple and least liable to accidents of the three modes adopted for this purpose by the different kinds of caterpillars which fasten themselves by girths. The swallow-tail butterfly presents us with one of these modes, in which, owing to the comparatively slight flexibility of the body, the caterpillar is forced to hold the skein of silk open by means of its fore legs. The species of hair-streaked butterflies (Thecla) offer another mode, as will be detailed in our observations on that genus ; but the caterpillars of this genus have a very flexible body, so that they are able to throw back the head until it extends to the back of the fifth segment of the body, its fore legs being elevated in the air, it then applies the spinneret of its lower lip to the surface on which it is stationed, close to one of the first pair of fleshy prolegs, and has only to carry its head over the body to the opposite side to fix the other end of the thread. It then causes its head to return by the same route, emitting a second silken thread in like manner, one end of which it fastens at the spot at which the first was terminated, and the other end where the first was commenced. By repeating this mancuvre a certain number of times, the skein of silk becomes sufficiently strong to bear the insect, and Reaumur states that it is composed of about fifty threads, as he had observed a caterpillar spin thirty-eight, and about a dozen had been already spun when he commenced the observation. The number of these threads being completed, it only remains for the caterpillar to disengage its head from beneath the skein; a thing which might appear difficult, but which is easily effected by the caterpillar: to effect this it brings the head close to the surface on one side, where the threads are all fastened together, where in fact there is less liability to separate them from each other, which would be the case were the head to be withdrawn whilst it lies upon the middle of the back of the caterpillar, when the threads are of course loosest. It is then carefully withdrawn. The skein might be supposed to be too loose for the chrysalis, being spun over the body when that is doubled ; but the future movements both of the caterpillar and chrysalis require that the skin should not be too tight, but should allow a little play in all directions ; moreover the body, of course with the head turned back, as in the operation of spinning the skein, was stretched out, so that its natural diameter was considerably reduced. Having thus completed its skein, it reposes quietly at full length, or rather its body contracts in length and becomes thicker, and at length the skin of the fore part of the back bursts and the head of the chrysalis appears ; by continued writhing of the body the slit is enlarged and the skin pushed backwards beneath the skein of silk and thrown off at the tail, in the manner described under P. Rape. This butterfly appears in the perfect state about the middle of May, or earlier if the weather be favourable according to Stephens. It deposits its eggs at the end of the month, the caterpillars from which are soon hatched and feed together until the end of June, when they change to chrysalides, which period lasts from seven to about sixteen days (according to the heat of the weather). The perfect butterfly appearing therefore in July, and depositing eggs which produce caterpillars which become full-fed so as to undergo their change to chrysalis in the autumn, in which state they remain till the following May. It is very common throughout Europe, and is also found in Egypt, Barbary, Siberia, Nepaul, and even Japan. The individuals from the two latter localities are, however, doubtfully regarded by Boisduyal as distinct. D4 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES SPECIES 2.—PIERIS CHARICLEA. THE EARLY LARGE WHITE BUTTERFLY. Plate iv. fig. 6—9. Pontia Chariclea, Steph. Ilust. Brit. Ent. Haust. 117, pl. 3*, fig. 2. Duncan Brit. Butt. pl. 8, fig. 1. The Great White Butterfly, Albin Ins. pl. 1. Synonymrs.—Pontia Brassice Precox, Haworth MSS. quoted in Steph. Catal. This supposed species, ‘hitherto confounded with the preceding or unnoticed by entomologists, is considerably smaller than it,” varying in expanse from two and a quarter to two and a half inches, and although with the same general style of marks, is distinguished from P. Brassicw by the dissimilar colour of the apical spot on the anterior wings above, which is ash coloured, without any internal indentations, and in the female deeply clouded with black ; the cilia of all the wings is pale yellowish-white ; the ground colour of the under side of the hind wings is more intense, and they are more deeply irrorated with black. The time of the appearance of this insect is stated by Mr. Stephens to be early in April, occurring in the same fields as P. Brassicee ; and in an extensive series of large whites forwarded to him by the Rev. W. T. Bree, captured between the 28th April and 23rd May, all the specimens taken previously to the 17th May agreed with Chariclea, whilst those subsequently taken were P. Brassicw, with the exception of a wasted P. Chariclea. We agree with the arguments used by Mr. Stephens against the opinion that the early appearance of these butterflies can be supposed to affect either their size, colour, or form of their markings ; it still, however, remains to be proved whether these characters be constant or merely variable. We trust that our figures will be of service in directing attention to the specific rank of the butterfly. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE V. Insects.—Fig. 1. Pieris Rapz (the small garden white Butterfly), male. 2. The female, showing the under side. 3. The Caterpillar. 4. The Chrysalis, Fig. 5. Pieris Metra (Howard’s white B.), female. 6. The male, showing the under side. Fig. 7. Pieris Napi (the green-veined white B.), male. 8. The female, showing the under side. 9. The Caterpillar. 10. The Chrysalis. Fig. 11. Pieris Sabellic (the dusky-veined white B.), female. 12. The male, showing the under side. Prants.—Fig. 13. Brassica Rapa (Rape), 14. Brassica campestris (common navew). Pontia Rape and Pontia Napi, figured in this plate, are both so obviously distinct from the species given in the previous plate, as well by their markings and character as from the decided difference of the caterpillars, that further remark is unnecessary in the description of the plate. Beneath P. Rape I have placed the variety or sub-species known as P. Metra, and under P. Napi a corresponding variety or sub-species distinguished by some as P. Sabellicw, the caterpillars of which have not beep yet proved to differ. H. N. H. SPECIES 3.—PIERIS RAPH. THE SMALL GARDEN WHITE BUTTERFLY. Plate v. fig. ]—4. Synonymrs.—Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Rape, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. Pieris Rape, Latreille, Boisduval, Zetterstedt. 759. Haworth. Lewin Brit. Pap. pl. 26. Wilkes, pl. 97. Ganoris Rape, Dalman. 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Ag far as possible, care will be taken that the Engravings shall be pl with their respective Descriptions ; but notice than others, aced in the same Number as some species require a more lengthened it will sometimes happen that this cannot be accomplished, as in the present instance, - ; q uty ra . Po : : \ : a ore = . ¥ , : - wri Lge pe « ie > - 7 7 i P A > g p= 6 —* ea 7 7 2 4 _ nd . ——— a 7 Sua - - a 7 - 7 - _— > 7 Al a : a 2 r ‘a Fe ‘ A : nH i ; o © 7 - a , _ 7 ‘ > -_ ; re : a _ con 7 ie i ' = > = = ie o - % - : it” a — ae 7 “Rs . I _ vis 7 _ : > = 7 J Omg - 7s : B \ : a _ : : a - ee ' ; - Dae = 7 ’ a 7 - 7 7 a’ a) = a x a ie in = ; - 7 "4 aaa oe , ; 7 - . = = a o> a . 7 y - - - ait =e See 7 , - es & ww S na aot oo 1a 7 5- nn ae a oD — — Fai » = - 10 nee? ua, ©. Sous Gelinas © 7 a “6 - a 7 7 mimes « @-¢ jit: «&° Mihai: ied i @& Oo Ga Siow (1 OR 7 —_ > a Y gfe ts a eos > =i ot Gate: 24! Gee” @aaaaass 7 - : wi gue - thd oxen mo >

Ganoris Napi, Dalman. | | | Cataphaga Napi, Hubner. This species is at once distinguished by the green colour of the parts of the wings adjoining the veins on the under side ; whence the English name of the species. It varies in the expansion of its wings from one and one- third to two inches. The wings are white above, except at the base, which is generally black ; the tip is also dusky ; the apex of the branches of several of the subcostal nerves marked with small triangular spots. The males have generally a black spot between the midde and apex of the wing. The females have the apical dark mark larger, and have also two large black spots towards the posterior margin ; the hinder one being connected with a black dash on the inner margin. On the under side the fore wings of the males have the tip yellow, the nervures dusky, and two black spots corresponding with those of the females. In both sexes the hind wings are pale-yellow beneath, with the veins broadly margined on each side with dusky-greenish, and the hind wings have a small dusky mark on the costal edge above. The fore wings in the females are more rounded than in the males. This is a very common and very variable insect, being found, especially at the middle of May and beginning of July, in gardens and pastures, the larva feeding on the Navew and other species of Brassica, Reseda, Raphanus, and other plants. It is pubescent, of an obscure green colour on the back, but brighter on the sides, with the spiracles red, placed upon a small yellow spot on each segment. The chrysalis is greyish, or yellowish-green, with black spots. Amongst the varieties of this insect should also most probably be arranged the Papilio Napee of Esper, distinguished by being of a larger size than the ordinary specimens of P. Napi, varying from 1? to 2+ inches in expanse ; “the male has the upper surface of the wings milk-white, with the tip, a spot, and two or three triangular dashes on the hind margin of the anterior, black ; beneath, the latter have slightly dilated greenish nervures, with two cinereous spots placed transversely, and a yellowish tip ; the posterior wings are pale-yellowish, with a deeper costal streak ; the basal nervures above, dilated and greenish. The female has the tip of the anterior wings and three spots, one of which is subtriangular, and placed on the thinner edge of the wings, black or dusky, and the posterior wings are clearer yellow. The nervures on the under surface of the posterior wings are more or less dilated in different specimens.” Such is the description given by Mr. Stephens ; who however adds, “I think with Godart that it may only be a very large variety of P. Napi, but as it appears to have characters sufficient to constitute a distinct species, the determination of this point must be left for future investigation.” The caterpillar and chrysalis have not been observed, nor have any circumstances connected with the time or place of its appearance been given, so that we have less ground for considering it as distinct than exists in respect to P. Chariclea and Metra. E 2 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES bo le 2) SPECIES 6.—PIERIS SABELLICZ. THE DUSKY-VEINED WHITE BUTTERFLY. Plate v. fig. 11, 12. Synonymes.—Papilio Sabellice, Petiver Papil. pl. 1, tig. 17, 18, 4: fig 15,16, 9 P. Bryonie, Godart Enc. Méth. 9, p. 162, No. 146. 3 5 hg. tu, ao Pontia Sabellice, Steph. Mlust. Haust. 1 p. 22, pl. 3*, fig. 3, 4. P. Napi, var. Haworth, Boisduval, Zetterstedt. Duncan Brit. Butt. pl. 8, fig. 3. This supposed species differs from P. Napi (to which it is otherwise closely allied in general markings and appearance), not only in having the veins on each side strongly margined with brown, but in the form of the fore wings, which Mr. Stephens describes as being nearly of the form of those of P. Cardamines ; but this is not quite correct, the apex of these wings being as acute as in P. Napi, but the lower portion of the outer margin of the wing is greatly dilated. In my specimen of the female, the difference in the form of the wings when compared with a male of P. Napi (in which the expansion, measured from tip to tip, is precisely similar,) is most striking ; for on measuring the expanse from the base to the apex of the middle branch of the medial wing- vein of this specimen of P. Sabellicw, each wing is found to be more than 1+ line longer than the same portion of the wing in P. Napi: thus making a difference of nearly a quarter of an inch across this part of the wing, although the measure between the tips is alike. It is true that the females of P. Napi are described as having the “ anterior wings more rounded than the male,” but Mr. Stephens also describes and figures a male with the characters of P. Sabellice. Such a character, if found permanently in conjunction with the dark margins of the veins of the wings both on the upper and under surface, we should certainly deem of specific value, although Boisduval gives it as a variety of P. Napi, describing only the female ; whilst Zetterstedt describes both sexes of this as variety B. of P. Napi, but adds that the females were most abundant. He however states, that he had repeatedly captured the true males of P. Napi united with the females of his variety B. (or P. Sabellice). He had also reared a female of his var. B. from a yellowish-green chrysalis, very similar to the ordinary chrysalis of P. Napi, on the 20th of June. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VI. Insects.—Fig. 1. Euchloe Cardamines (the orange-tip Butterfly), male. 2. The female. 3. The female, showing the under side. 4. The Caterpillar. 5. The Chrysalis. “ Fig. 6. Pieris Daplidice (the Bath white B.), male. 7. The female. 8. The male, showing the under side. 9. The Caterpillar. 10. The Chrysalis. Fig. 11. Leptoria Candida (the wood-white B.) 12, The Caterpillar. 13. The Chrysalis. Piants.—Fig. 14. Reseda lutea (base Rocket, or wild Mignonette). 15. Cardamine pratensis (common meadow Ladies’ Smock). 16. “ Lathyrus pratensis (meadow Vetchling). As the male and female of two of the species represented in the above plate present marked differences, T have in both instances given portraits of both sexes, as well as an under side view, which will enable the young collector to distinguish at once the female of E, Cardamines from the inale of P. Daplidice, which from their similarity in some respects he might have otherwise mistaken. The figures of P. Daplidice are from Italian specimens in my own collection, which differ in no respect from the indigenous specimens which I have seen. The E, Cardamines and 1. Sinapis are from British specimens, and I shall in future endeayour to have all the plates drawn from British specimens only. TH. N. H. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 2 SPECIES 7.—PIERIS DAPLIDICE. THE BATH WHITE BUTTERFLY. Plate vi. fig. 6—10. Synonymrs.—Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Daplidice, Linn. Syst. Nat. Pieris Daplidice, Schrank, Latreille, Boisduval, Zetterstedt. ii. 760. Lewin Brit. Papil. pl. 28. Donov. Nat. Hist. Brit. Ins. Sunchloe Daplidice, Hubner (Verz. bek. Schmet.). 6, pl. 200. The Slight greenish Halfmourner, Petiver Pap. pl. 2, fig. 8, Pontia Daplidice, Fabricius, Ochsenheimer, Steph. H]., Curtis | male. Brit. Entomol. pl. 48. Vernoun’s Greenish Halfmourner, Petiver Pap. pl. 2, fig. 9, Mancipium Daplidice, Stephens Nom., Duncan Brit. Butt. pl. | female. 9, fig. 2: This very rare butterfly varies in the expansion of its wings from an inch and two-thirds, to nearly two inches. The wings are of a white colour, those of the males being rather more cream-coloured. The upper side of the fore wings is blackish at the base, and is marked with a rather large, discoidal black spot at the extremity of the discoidal cell, in which the transverse veins appear of a white colour. The apex of these wings is irregularly biack, the dark colour being broadest towards the front margin, extending only to the middle branch of the mediastinal vein, and being irrorated with white, having also four irregular white spots in the black patch, which is darker in the females than in the males; the females have moreover a small black patch near the inner margin of the fore wings; the upper side of the hind wings is white, but exhibits traces of the marking on the under side, in consequence of their slight transparency: indeed in the female, these traces are more or less distinctly marked with black scales, especially along the edge. On the under side the markings are alike in both sexes, the male having the spot on the inner edge of the fore wings, which is wanting on the upper side in this sex. The marks of the fore wings on the under side are of a greenish colour. The under side of the hind wings is yellowish-green or greenish (in some females), with three large white spots forming a triangle towards the outer base of the wing, succeeded by an irregular white bar beyond the middle of the wing, traversed by yellowish veins and with five white clavate spots on the outer margin. The male moreover differs from the female in the form of the fore wings, which are more acute at the apex than in any other species of this genus *, and with the external margin slightly concave, instead of being convex, as in the female. This remarkable sexual difference, hitherto I believe unnoticed in this species, occurs as we have seen, but in a less striking degree, in P. Napi and Sabellice. The caterpillar, which feeds upon various wild Resedacee and Cruciferw, such as wildwoad, base rocket, and cabbage, is, according to Beisduval, of an ashy blue colour, covered with small black granules, with four white longitudinal stripes, marked at each incision with a lemon-coloured spot. The belly and legs are whitish, with a yellow spot above each of them. The chrysalis is greyish dotted with black, with several reddish stripes. Our figures of the larva and pupa (carefully copied from Hubner) differ in their colours from the individuals described and figured by Boisduval in his ‘ Collection Ieonographique des Chenilles d'Europe.’ On the Continent, two broods of this insect appear in the course of the year +. It is found in dry and sandy situations, and is very common, especially in the more southern part of the continent of Europe, as well as in Barbary, Asia Minor, and Cachmere. In this country it is very rare. According to Ray, it was formerly taken by Vernon near Cambridge ; and Petiver records it as having been taken near Hampstead. Lewin informs us * Notwithstanding this circumstance, the species is placed by Stephens at the head of his section division of Pontia, characterised by having “the anterior wings distinctly rounded at the tip,’’ in contradistinction from the typical species, P. Brassica, &c., in which they are described as “obtusely angled.’’ + In April and May and afterwards in August, according to Godart; but Boisduval gives April and May, and June and July, as the time of its appearance. Mr. Stephens captured his specimen however in the middle of August. 30 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES that it was named the Bath White, from a piece of needle-work executed at Bath by a young lady, from a specimen of this insect said to have been taken near that city. Mr. Haworth, in his Lepidoptera Britannica, (pref. p. xxvi.) states, that it had been taken in the preceding June (uot May as mentioned by Stephens) in White Wood, near Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire. Mr. Stephens captured it on the 14th August 1818, in the meadow behind Dover Castle, where other specimens have since been captured (Entomol. Mag. iii, 409). According to Mr. Dale, a specimen was also taken about the same time near Bristol. Our recent English entomologists have been singularly unfortunate in respect to the generic relations of this insect. Mr. Curtis first proposed forming it and P. Cardamines, L., into a section of the genus Pontia, having the wings variegated beneath, and the terminal point of the palpi shorter than the second. Subsequently, Mr. Stephens, although noticing Mr. Kirby’s observations on the peculiarity of the metamorphosis of P. Cardamines, adopted this section under the name Mancipium—Hubner. In none of his characters of the section, however, except the trivial one of the variegated under surface of the wings, is there any agreement between P. Daplidice and Cardamines. The labial palpi in a female of Daplidice which I have dissected, have the second and third joints of equal length, although Savigny and Curtis figure the third as scarcely more than half the length of the second ; the anterior wings of the female Daplidice are not rounder than those of P. Napi, whilst we have seen that they are much more acute in the males. At the same time, the character of the transformations of the two species is totally distinct (see Plate VI., those of P. Daplidice agreeing with the rest of the genus). Moreover, the antenne in Daplidice are terminated by a suddenly formed flat club, which is even broader than in P. Napi, whilst in P. Cardamines the club is long, and gradually formed; and lastly, the veins of the fore wings * are arranged as in Pieris Napi, differing from those of P. Cardamines. GENUS VI. EUCHLOE?t, Hunyers ANTHOCHARIS, Borspuvat. This genus is closely allied to Pieris in many respects, but differs in others, which are considered as of primary importance ; the palpi are especially distinct, the second joint being very long and the third very minute, not being more than one-fourth of the length of the preceding {. The antennz are short, and terminated by a gradually formed oval compressed club ; the fore-wings are much more dilated and rounded at the tips, and in order to support this increased expanse, the third branch of the postcostal vein emits from its upper side two distinct veins§. The under wings form a slight channel for the abdomen. The wings are somewhat transparent, so as to show the markings of the under side when viewed from above. They are generally ornamented with a bright orange spot at the tip in one or both sexes, and on one or both of their surfaces. * In the specimens of P. Daplidice, the wings of which I have examined and denuded of scales, the third branch of the postcostal nerve is destitute of the short branch emitted (not omitted, as misprinted in p. 19, line 6) close to the apex of the fore wing in the other species of Pieris ; but the position of this little branch varies in the different species of Pieris, and it is sometimes even wanting, as I have more recently discovered ; indeed, I possess specimens, one fore wing of which possesses this short branch, and the other wants it. Typically speaking, however, it is the character of Pieris. + Derived from the Greek et very, and xAo7 the green herb, in allusion to the spotted green wings. } Boisduval describes the last joint of the palpi as ‘*& peine aussi long que le précédent.’’—(Hist. Nat. Lep. 1, 556.) But my description is taken from a carefully dissected specimen of E,. Cardamines. § Boisduval figures Anthocharis Antevippe (Hist. Nat. Lep. pl. 18, fig. 8.) with only one vein from this third branch, as in Pieris. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 31 The caterpillars are much more slender than those of Pieris ; pubescent and attenuated at each end of the body. The chrysalis is naked, strongly boat-shaped, and more or less curved, pointed at each end; destitute of lateral points. Boisduval states that the segments of the chrysalis are immoveable. SPECIES 1.—EUCHLOE CARDAMINES. THE ORANGE-TIPPED BUTTERFLY. Plate vi. fig. 1—5. Synonymrs.— Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Cardamines, Linn. Syst. Anthocharis Cardamines, Boisduval, Godart. Nat. ii. pl. 761. Lewin’s Papil. pl. 30. Harris’s Aurelian, pl. 22, Pieris Cardamines, Schrank, Latreille, and Zetterstedt. fig, gh. Wilkes Brit. M. & B. pl. 99. Donovan Brit. Hist. pl. 169. Ganoris Cardamines, Dalman. Mancipium Cardamines, Stephens, Duncan, Brit. Butt. pl. 10, Euchloe Cardamines, Hubner. Verz. bek. Schm. 1816. fig. 1, 2. This beautiful insect varies in the expanse of its wings from 1+ to 2 inches. The ground colour of the wings is white; on the upper side the base is black; there is a black semicircular mark at the extremity of the discoidal cell, and the apex is black, with pale spots along the margin. In the males, the space between the discoidal spot and the dark apex is suffused on both surfaces with bright orange, which is entirely wanting in the females; the upper surface of the hind wings is white, but exhibits the traces of the markings which ornament the under side ; the cilia is marked with seven black dots. The fore wings on the under side are yellowish at the base, and the dark apical spot is pale grey varied with green ; the under wings on this side in both sexes are marbled with white and green, the veins being edged with yellow. Mr. Stephens describes several varieties,—one having a black spot on the upper surface of the hind wings, and another with the black lunule of the fore wings almost obliterated. Mr. Haworth also describes a variety of the male having the orange spot almost obliterated above ; and Boisduval mentions a variety of the female having an orange spot on the under side of the fore wings. The larva is green, slightly pubescent, very finely dotted with black, with a white lateral stripe. It feeds upon Cardamine impatiens (whence its specific name), Turritis glabra, Brassica campestris, &c. The chrysalis is at first green, but in a few days it assumes a yellowish grey colour with brighter coloured stripes. This is a very abundant species, sporting about sunny lanes and pastures, and open places in woods, in the early spring. Mr. Stephens states that of six pup of this species, two came to perfection at the end of May, one in the beginning and one at the end of June, and the other towards the middle of July : thus accounting for the apparently long continuance of the insect in the perfect state. GENUS VII. LEPTORIA,* Husner. LEUCOPHASIA, Srepuens. This genus is at once distinguished from its allies by the very peculiar form of the wings, which are narrow, elongated, and slender, the anterior being rounded at the tip, and the posterior slightly grooved. The head is of moderate size, with the eyes large and prominent; the palpi short, the base joint being very large and broad, the second small and square, and the third very small and rather oval; the antenne are terminated by a rather * Evidently derived from the Greek Aemos, slender, in allusion to the delicate form of the wings. 32 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES abruptly formed obconical compressed club ; the thorax is very small, and the abdomen very long and slender. Like its allies, the wings of the female are more rounded at the tip than those of the male. The discoidal cell in both the fore and hind wings is very short, scarcely extending beyond one-fourth of the length of the wing from the base ; this cell is closed by a transverse vein. The arrangement of the veins of the fore wings is peculiar, differing from every other English butterfly. The postcostal vein, instead of emitting several distinct branches in front, emits but one which branches off at the apex of the discoidal cell ; but this branch emits four veins in front, so that in effect an equal support is given to the membrane of the wing, as though these veins had separately branched off from the main postcostal vein*. The ungues are distinet and bifid. The caterpillar is slender, attenuated at each end, very slightly pubescent. The chrysalis is angulated, spindle- shaped, nearly resembling that of E. Cardamines, but not bent in the middle, and with the segments moveable. The habits of the species materially differ from those of Pieris, the perfect butterfly frequenting woods, as its English name indicates, and its larva feeding on leguminous herbs. SPECIES 1.—LEPTORIA CANDIDA, Westwood. Plate vi. fig. 11—13. Synonymes.— Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Sinapis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. | Leucophasia Sinapis, Stephens, Boisduval. Duncan Brit. Butt 760. Lewin Papil. pl. 29. Donovan Brit. Ins. vol. viii. pl. 280, | pl. 10, fig. 3. fig. 2. Harris Aurel. pl. 29, fig. t. u. Ganoris Sinapis, Dalmun, Zetterstedt. Pontia Sinapis, Fabr., Ochs., Leach. | Leptoria Sinapis, Hubner, Verz, bek. Schmett. Pieris Sinapis, Schrank, Latreille, Godart. Leucophasia Loti, Renner. Conspect. p. 4. Papilio Candidus, Retzius (Gen. et. Sp. Ins. De Geer). p. 30. This delicate little butterfly varies in the expanse of its wings from 1+ to 13 inches. The wings are of a pure white colour on the upper side, with a roundish dark blackish spot occupying the tip of the fore wings, and which in the females is of a paler greyish colour. In some specimens, however, this apical patch is entirely wanting*. The under side of the fore wings has the fore margin greyish coloured, interrupted by a more or less distinct whitish crescent-like mark, placed at the extremity of the discoidal cell, the base and tip of these wings being of a very pale yellowish green ; the under side of the hind wings is slightly stained with greenish yellow, with the veins and two irregular and often interrupted transverse bars of a greyish ash colour. The caterpillar is described by Boisduval as green, with the dorsal vessel rather darker, and a lateral yellow stripe situated above the feet. The chrysalis is at first of a greenish yellow, but subsequently of a whitish grey, with red dots on the sides and upon the wing-cases (Collect. Iconogr. des Chenilles d'Europe). The caterpillar feeds upon Vicia cracca, and on the species of Lotus, Lathyrus and Orobus growing in woods. 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Those parties who have taken in the different works as they were published, and who wish to bind them according to the en arrangement, may be supplied with the title-pages gratis, through their bookseller ; and with the cloth covers at 1s, each. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 33 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VII. Insrcts.—T'ig. 1, Parnassius Apollo (the Apollo or crimson-ringed Butterfly). 2. Showing the underside. 3. The Caterpillar. 4. The Chrysalis. See pages 11 and 12 for the description of this insect. Ce Fig. 5. Aporia Crategi (the black-veined white B.). 6. The female. 7. The Caterpillar. 8. The Chrysalis. Prants.—Fig. 10. Sedum Telephium. 11. Crategus oxyacantha (Hawthorn). Though not in the order of the latest arrangements, I have given Aporia Crategi and Parnassius Apollo together, as from many features of resem- blance, the semitransparency of a portion of the wings, &c. &c., they group better than they would have done in their respective places. The remarkably perfect specimen from which Parnassius Apollo is drawn, I took upon the Mount Cenis a few summers ago in the month of July, where it is found in such abundance that I captured between thirty and forty specimens in less thau half an hour. Aporia Crategi, male and female, are from specimens taken near Tivoli. The under side of Aporia Crategi is generally described as closely resembling the upper surface, but in my female specimen, in addition to the brown veinings which usually distinguish it from the male, the anterior wings are of a deeper cream-colour, and the posterior ones inclining to pale yellow. The larva and pupa are both from Hiibner. Of the plants I have only to remark, that the red variety of the hawthorn is given instead of the more common white, as affording a better contrast to the colours of the insects. Both the caterpillars are from Hubner. H. N. H. GENUS VIII. APORIA*, Hisner. PIERIS, Srevuens. This genus is closely allied to the garden white butterflies, but is distinguished from them not only by its habits subsequently detailed, but also by various peculiarities in its structure. The palpi are rather short, with the basal joint longest and most robust, the second and third of nearly equal length, the third being, however, much slenderer than the second; the antenn are terminated by a gradually formed slightly compressed club ; the wings are almost diaphanous, surrounded by a distinct nerve, the cilia being very short, and the discoidal cell in all the wings being closed, the fore wings are somewhat triangular, but with the apex and posterior angle rounded off; the apical nervure, which is the third anterior branch of the postcostal, is forked more strongly than in the garden whites; the legs and ungues are formed as in the same insects. The larva is elongated, slightly fusiform, hirsute ; and the chrysalis is angulated, but not boat-shaped, with an obtuse beak in front of the tail, conical, attached in the same manner as all the other Pierides. The palpi have been relied upon as the chief character of the genus, but from the variations which are found even in the British species of garden whites, it appears to me an unsatisfactory one. The antenna and subdiaphanous wings are of more importance. I must refer to my observations under Pieris for the reasons which have induced me to reject the name of Pieris used for this insect by Stephens and others, and to employ one proposed long ago for it by Hubner. It is on this account that I have also rejected Donzel’s name, Leuconeat. * Probably derived from the Greek Gropia, destitutus sum, from the nakedness of the wings. + M. Donzel was induced to form this insect into a genus intermediate between Pieris and Parnassius, chiefly from the peculiarity which he observed, that the female carries the male when flying together coupled. He further states that it differs from Pieris in having ten distinct terminal nerves, whilst there are only nine in Pieris; he, however, overlooks the small apical branch which also exists in Pieris, although it is sometimes necessary to denude the wing of scales before it can be seen in that genus. Fr 34 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES SPECIES 1.—APORIA CRATZEGI, Hiihner. THE BLACK-VEINED WHITE BUTTERFLY. Plate vii. fig. 5—8. Synonymes.—Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Crategi, Linn, Syst. Nat. Pieris Crategi, Schrank, Latreille, Boisduval, Zetterstedt, Stephens, ii. 758. Lewin Papil. pl. 24. Donovan Brit. Ins. vol. xiii. pl. 454. | Curtis B. E. pl. 360. Duncan Brit. Butt. pl. 11, fig. 2. Albin Brit. Ins. pl. 2, fig. 2, a—d. Wilkes M. & B., pl. 95. Pontia Crategi, Fabr., Ochs., Leach. Harris Aurelian, pl. 9, fig. g—k. Luconea Crategi, Donzel, Aun. Soc. Ent. de France, 1837, p. 80. Aporia Crategi, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. This remarkable insect varies in the expanse of its wings from 21 to 23 inches. The wings are entirely of a white cream-colour, and are alike on both sides, the veins being black and more or less dilated, their extremities on the fore wings being accompanied by triangular dusky spots. In the female the veins of the fore wings are generally of a brownish hue. The caterpillar is at first black, but is afterwards thickly clothed with whitish hairs, with the sides and belly of a leaden grey colour, marked with two longitudinal red or yellow stripes. The chrysalis is of a greenish white, with two lateral yellow lines and a great number of black dots. This is a very destructive insect on the Continent, its larva feeding in society under a silken web not only on the white thorn (Cratzegus oxyacantha), but also on the Prunus spinosa, the cherry-pear, and other fruit trees. M. Kollar has given a long and interesting account of its proceedings in his work on obnoxious insects, to which I must refer the reader, and of which a translation illustrated with woodcuts has recently been published by the publisher of this work. De Geer has also given an account of its transformations. It is fortunate, however, that this insect is of uncommon occurrence in this country, so that hitherto we have not experienced any of the injuries which it is capable of inflicting, and which led Linnzus to call it the pest of gardens. Pallas also relates in his travels that he saw this butterfly fiying in such vast abundance in the environs of Winofka, that he at first took them for flakes of snow. It appears in this country somewhat periodically, being found plentifully in the New Forest in Hampshire, and at Combe wood in Surrey, although I have never scen it in the latter place during many years’ collecting. It has also been taken at Chelsea, Muswell Hill, Herne Bay, Glanville’s Wooton, Dorset, Euborne, Berkshire, and other parts of the south of England. In France there appear two broods, one in the spring, the other in autumn. ‘Their periodical appearance may probably be owing to the failure in the preceding year of their natural enemies, but the cultivator ought to take advantage of their appearance in the winged state in order to prevent their increase, as the destruction of one female butterfly would prevent the deposition of a certain number of eggs, and the mischief attendant thereupon. FAMILY II. NYMPHALIDA, Swarnson. This, which is the third family of the butterflies, is in effect the second British family, there being no indigenous species of the second family Heliconiidaw. The butterflies of which it is composed are for the most part very beautifully coloured, and of very robust structure; so that their flight is powerful and quick. They may be said to be of the middle size ; few equalling the giant size of some of the Papilionide. Their chief AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 35 characteristics, however, consist in the very short fore feet in both sexes, which are quite unfitted for walking, and in the chrysalides being simply suspended by the tail. The antenne have the extremities generally furnished with a more or less distinct club, which is never hooked ; the hind legs have only a simple pair of spurs at the extremity of the tibiew, and the posterior wings have a goove to receive the abdomen. There is scarcely any variation in the arrangement of the veims of the wings throughout the genera of this family, if we except the more or less complete closing of the discoidal cell of the hind wings. The caterpillars are variable in their structure, but in general they are clothed with numerous strong spines; others have the body smooth with the head or tail forked. The chrysalides are naked, and often armed with small conical protuberances. They are also often ornamented with golden or silvery spots. It will be observed that, by the arrangement of the butterflies here adopted, the Papilionide are far removed from the Lyczenide, which agree together in the girthed condition of the chrysalis, and in the fore feet being fitted like the others for walking. | M. Boisduval has endeavoured to obviate this objection by introducing the Lycznide between the Papilionide and Heliconiide, whilst Dr. Horsfield has commenced the arrangement of the butterflies with the Lyczenide, followed by the Papilionide. As, however, I consider the Papilionide as the types of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, and consequently as most worthy to be placed at the head of the section; and as there certainly exists a natural transition from the Papilionide to the Heliconiide and Nymphalidz (see my Introduction to Mod. Classif. of Insects, v. 2, p. 8342—353), I have adopted the arrangement of Stephens and other English authors. Some of the genera of this family recede from the others in having the club of the antennz slender and very gradually formed, the larvee smooth, with an anal fork and the pupa smooth. These have been separated by Dr. Horsfield as one of the five primary groups of butterflies ; but the genera thus characterised, Apatura, Hipparchia, &c., possess so few characters in common, and are in other respects so closely allied to the typical Nymphalide, that it is not material, in a work of such confined limits as the present, to separate them therefrom. GENUS IX. MELITAA*, Fasnicius. This genus is distinguished from the majority of the family by the very large and flattened club of the antenne and the naked eyes. The palpi are long, ascending, and wider apart at the tip than at the base. The second joint is by far the largest, the third joint being small but variable in shape. The head is of moderate size; the fore wings rather long and triangular, but with the outer margin always rounded ; the hind wings are rounded, and generally destitute of silvery markings. The fore legs are spurious in both sexes‘? ; the four hind legs are terminated by tarsi, described as having double nails, or with simple claws furnished with an unguiform * A fanciful name, probably derived from ped, honey, from the ground colour of the wings; or perhaps from MeArraia, the name of an ancient town in Thessaly. + Mr. Curtis describes them as similar in the sexes, imperfect, hairy, and four or five jointed ; his pl. 386, fig. 8, represents the fore leg as very hairy,and 8b the tarsus as composed of three joints. The anterior tarsi, however, offer a most tangible character for the determination of the sexes. Their structure, now for the first time described, is as follows :—In the males they are not only very much more hairy than in the females, as pointed out by Zetterstedt, but entirely destitute of articulations, whilst in the females they are much less hairy, and distinctly composed of five joints, even without denuding them of scales, each of the joints having two short spines at the extremity on the inside. Mr. Curtis’s description is, therefore, that of the female, and his fig. 8 that of the male fore leg, but his fig. 8 b must, I apprehend, be erroneous. F2 36 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES appendage ; the ungues are, however, simple, acute, and strongly curved, each with an external pubescent, curved and bifid appendage on the outside, and there is a large fleshy pulvillus between the ungues. The characters laid down by Entomologists for the separation of this genus from the next, appear to me by no means satisfactory ; indeed, the French and Germans seem to rely chiefly on the presence or absence of silvery spots on the under side of the wings; they accordingly unite Euphrosyne and Selene with Argynnis, of which, indeed, they are made the types both by Htibner and Ochsenheimer, which is thus made to contain very distinct groups. The fact, however, appears to me to be that the Fritillaries, as these spotted butterflies are called, instead of forming two genera, constitute a number of sub-genera of equal rank. With this view I propose the following arrangement, upon external characters alone, of the British Fritillaries. 1. Fore wings with the anterior margin straight or slightly concave ; exterior margin rounded. Artemis. 2. Fore wings with the anterior and exterior margins rounded ; not silvery beneath. Athalia, Cinxia. 3. Anterior and exterior margins of the fore wings rounded ; hind wings silvered beneath. Euphrosyne, Selene. 4. Fore wings broad with simple veins, the fore margin rounded, and the outer margin concave. Lathonia. 5. Fore wings broad with dilated discoidal veins in the males, and with the outer margin generally concave. Paphia, &c. This distribution appears to me to be confirmed by the structure of the palpi; thus, Artemis and Cinxia materially differ from each other in this respect, although Mr. Stephens places them in the same subsection. As, however, our English species constitute two, at first sight tolerably distinct, groups, founded on a general uniformity and smallness of size, and rounded outer margin of the fore wings in Melitea, and a larger size, generally accompanied by a concave outer margin to the fore wings in Argynnis, I shall adopt the arrangement of our English authors. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VIII. Insects.—Fig. 1. Melitea Cinxia (the Glanville Fritillary Butterfly). 2. Showing the under side. 3. The Caterpillar. 4. The Chrysalis. hd Fig. 5. Melitwa Artemis (the greasy Fritillary B.). 6. Showing the under side. 7. The Caterpillar. 8. The Chrysalis. “s Fig. 9. Melitwa Athalia (the pearl-bordered likeness B.). 10. Showing the under side. 11, The Caterpillar. 12. The Chrysalis. pe Fig. 13. Melita Pyronia (a variety of M. Athalia). 14. Showing the under side. Prants.—Fig. 15. Veronica Chameedrys (speedwell). 16. Scabiosa succisa (devil’s-bit, scabious), 17. Lattuna vulgaris (common heath). se Fig. 18. Plantago lanceolata (ribwort). The plan of this work is to give as far as possible an entire genus upon each plate, so as to present the points of difference of each species in juxta position, without having to refer backwards and forwards, during which operation the eye can scarcely carry minute differences with sufficient accuracy for the purposes of comparison. The advantage of this arrangement is particularly shown in the present plate, containing a large portion of the genus Melitwa. The three species, Cinxia, Athalia, and Artemis, which occurring in successive pages would appear to the inexperienced eye precisely similar, are now, placed side by side, made clearly to display their differences of marking. Cinxia, with its range of black spots upou the border of the posterior wings; Artemis, with a somewhat similar range of spots, but varied by a central band of markings of a lighter colour upon both anterior and posterior wings ; and Athalia, deprived entirely of the range of spots, thus at once appear, even without reference to the under sides, so distinct as to enable the most unpractised eye to distinguish them at a glance. The differences of the caterpillars are still more slight, but it will be perecived that that of Cinxia has the head and legs brown, in that of Artemis the legs only are brown, und it has the additional distinction of a row of white markings along the side, while in that of Athalia, the legs and head are black and the spines only are brown, The caterpillars of Cinxia and Athalia are from Godart, that of Artemis from Hiibner. H. N. H. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. wo) “I SPECIES 1.—MELITZA ARTEMIS, THE GREASY FRITILLARY. Plate viii. fig. 5—8. Synonymrs.—Papilio Artemis, Fabricius, Lewin Brit. Papil. Papilio Maturna, Esper. pl. 15, Harris Aurel. pl. 28, fig. e—i. Papilio Lye, Borkhausen. Melitea Artemis, Fabricius, Ochsenheimer, Hiibner, Stephens, Papilio Matutina, Thunberg. Duncan Brit. Butt. pl. 13, fig. 2. Papilio Lucina, Wilkes Eng. Ins, pl. 114. This very distinct species varies in the expanse of its wings from 11 to nearly 2 inches. The wings on the upper side are of a darkish orange colour, varied especially from the base to beyond the middle of the wing with black and straw-coloured markings, which are succeeded on both wings by a broad orange bar, ornamented in the fore wings of fine specimens with a row of small straw-coloured dots, and on the hind wings with a similar row of black dots; this bar is followed by a row of black lunules, between which and the black margin of the wing is a row of orange or straw-coloured spots. The fore wings beneath are of a paler and more obscure orange colour, with the black and straw-coloured marks almost obliterated, except at the tip, which is pale. The hind wings beneath have three yellowish bands margined with thin black lines, the first near the base, irregular and oblique ; the second broader and curved in the middle of the wing, and the third composed of marginal lunules, between which and the preceding bar is a row of black dots, each surrounded with a pale circle. The specimens vary considerably in the intensity and size of the markings. One of these varieties is figured by Mr. Duncan, in his British Butterflies, plate 14, fig. 2, but mistaken for Melitea Cinxia. Two others are figured by Mr. Dale in Loudon’s Mag. of Nat. Hist. No. 34. The fore wings have the anterior margin straight or rather slightly concave, the palpi are comparatively short, with the terminal joint nearly half as long as the preceding, and attenuated to the tip. The caterpillar is very spiny ; black above, and yellowish beneath, with a row of small white dots down the back and sides, the legs are red-brown, the head and spines of the body black. — It feeds on the Deyil’s-bit Scabious, and both the species of Plantain. When full grown it draws several blades of grass together, and fastens them at the top with threads, suspending itself, according to Moses Harris, in the centre beneath. The chrysalis is pale with dark spots. The caterpillars are hatched in the autumn, the young brood passing the winter under a common web. They are full fed in April. The chrysalis state continues about a fortnight, and the butterfly is found in the months of May, June, and July, in swampy places, and is thence called the Marsh Fritillary by Bingley. The following localities have been given for it. Near Brighton ; Enborne, Berks; Beachamwell, Norfolk ; Clapham Park, Bedfordshire ; Glanville’s Wootton and Dartmoor ; Ambleside ; Monk’s Wood, Huntingdonshire ; Eriswell, Mildenhall, and near Beccles, Suffolk ; near Haverfordwest, near Durdam, and near Belford, Northumberland. Near “ Coleshill, Woodstock, and Coventry.” (Rev. W. T. Bree.) Parruio Maturna of Linnzeus, a species closely allied to Artemis, but differing especially in the dark markings of the under side of the fore wings, and the want of the row of black dots near the margin of the hind ones, has been recorded by Stewart and others as a native species, but on insuflicient authority, having been mistaken for P. Maturna, Fabricius, or M. Athalia. 38 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES SPECIES 2.—MELITJA CINXIA. THE GLANVILLE FRITILLARY. Plate viii. fig, ]—4. Synonymrs.—Papilio Cinzia, Linn. Lewin Pap. pl. 14. Dono- van, pl. 242, fig. 1. Wilkes Brit. Ins. pl. 111. Harris Aurelian, pl. 16, fig. a—f. Melitea Cinvia, Ochsenheimer, Boisduval, Stephens, Curtis. Schenis Cinaia, Hiibn. (Verz. bek. Schm.) Papilio Delia, Hitbner, Papil. Papilio Piloselle, Esper. Papilio Trivia, Schrank. Papilio Abbacus, Retzius. This butterfly varies from 14 to nearly 2 inches in the expanse of the wings. The upper surface of the wings is uniformly fulvous, with numerous black markings; the base and costal edge of the fore wings is black, with fulvous dots; the discoidal cell has a broad central and apical black bar, with a fulvous middle; beyond this, there are four waved bands of black, the last being marginal ; the same markings exist in the hind wings, besides which there is a row of round black dots on a fulvous ground near the margin of the wing. The fore wings, beneath, are fulvous, with the black spots nearly obliterated ; the apex being very pale yellow with black dots ; and the hind wings have three broad and very irregular pale yellow bars edged with thin black lines, and marked with black dots, between the basal and middle one of which is an irregular fulvous bar, and between the middle and apical ones is a row of fulvous eyes, with a black dot for a pupil. The fore wings have the costal margin evidently rounded ; the palpi are long, with the last joint more than half the length of the second joint, and very acute at the tip. The caterpillar is intensely black, very slightly spotted with white; the head and _prolegs fulvous. The chrysalis is brownish, with rows of fulvous tubercles on the back. The butterfly is rare. It appears in June and July (Harris says the middle of May). The caterpillars are hatched in the autumn, living in societies under a kind of tent formed by drawing together the tips of the leaves on which they feed, and covering them with a web. It is found in meadows near woods, especially in the South of England. Near Ryde and the Sand-rock Hotel, Isle of Wight ; Dover, Birchwood, Dartford, Kent. It has also occurred in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. ‘* Once taken by Mr. Walhouse near Leamington.”—Rey. W. T. Bree. SPECIES 3—MELITZA ATHALIA. THE PEARL-BORDERED LIKENESS FRITILLARY. Plate viii. fig. 9—12. Synonyues.— Papilio Athalia, Esper. Papilio Dictynna, Lewin, pl. 14, fig. 5,6. Haworth, Jermyn.’ Melitea Athalia, Ochsenheimer, Stephens, Duncan Brit. Butt. Papilio Maturna, Fabricius, Wilkes, pl. 112. (The Heath pl. 12, fig. 2. Fritillary.) Harris Aurel. pl. 38, fig. f. g. Cinelidia Athalia, Hiibner, (Verz. vek. Schmet.) The White May Fritillary, Petiver. This species is nearly an inch and three quarters in expanse. The upper surface of the wings is black, the fore wings having two fulvous bars across, and one at the extremity of, the discoidal cell, and with a narrow bar behind the middle of the preceding ; there are also three curved rows of fulvous spots between the middle and external margin of the wing, the third of which has the markings much smaller than the two preceding bars ; these markings also run across the hind wings, the base of which is black, with a very few small spots. Beneath, the fore wings are fulvous, with slight black marks indicating the situation of the principal markings on the upper side; the spots along the outer margin and at the apex are straw-coloured. The hind wings beneath are fulvous at the base, which colour extends nearly to the middle of the wings ; nearly at the base is an irregular bar of four straw-coloured spots, succeeded by a single spot of the same colour, all having a slender edge of black ; a broad curved bar of straw-colour runs nearly across the middle of the wing, margined with black lines, and having a slender black line running irregularly through it towards the base ; this bar is succeeded by a row of AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 39 vo fulvous lunules ; the margin of the wing consisting also of straw-coloured lunules edged with black, and haying a thin scolloped line of black running through it close to the margin. Several varieties of this species are described by Mr. Stephens, varying in the size of the fulvous markings, whereby they either become confluent from their larger size, or are almost obliterated by the black becoming more prominent. The caterpillar is black and spiny, with two white dotted lines on each segment, and white tubercles on the sides. It feeds on the narrow and broad-leaved plantain, and according to Wilkes on the common heath. The butterfly appears from the beginning of May to July, frequenting heaths, marshes, &c. 1t is rare near London, but abundant in some parts of Devonshire, Dartmoor, and near Bedford, Coombe Wood, Hartley Wood, Essex, Apsley Wood, Bedfordshire, Caen Wood, Middlesex, and Faversham. Metirma Pyronta, Hubner, Stephens, or the Papilio Eos, Haworth, is considered by Ochsenheimer, Curtis, and Stephens, to be a variety of this species. That it is not a distinct species I infer from the irregularity and want of tessellation in the markings, the typical individuals of all the fritillaries being more or less distinctly tessellated. Our figures, plate 8, fig. 13, 14, are copied from representations of this beautiful insect given by Mr. Stephens (Illust. Haust. pl. 4*, fig. 1,2). The specimen figured was taken by Mr. Howard at Peckham in June 1803, and is rather more than an inch and a half in expanse, with the fore wings above deep fulyous ; the veins, blotches in the middle, a waved streak and marginal band black ; hind wings above black, with a waved bar of six fulvous spots beyond the middle ; beneath, the fore wings are fulvous, but paler at the tips, with two black spots at the base, and a broad black bar in the middle divided by fulvous veins, and with a row of black lunules near the margin ; hind wings fulvous at base, with about eight confluent black patches ; the middle of the wing occupied by a broad whitish band, intersected by blackish veins, followed by a row of fulvous lunules with black - edgings ; the outer margin straw-coloured, with a row of ochraceous lunules in the middle. Parito TESSELLATA, serotina, subtus straminea, or the Straw May Fritillary of Petiver (Papil. pl. 3, fig. 11, 12, and our plate 9, fig. 13, 14), is also now considered by Stephens and Curtis as a variety of P. Athalia. In Petiver’s time it was “ pretty common in Caen Wood,” where Athalia also occurred. It is paler above than that species, and the fore wings are more fulvous beneath ; the hind wings beneath are entirely straw-coloured, with black veins; at the base are three large yellow spots edged with black ; a broad curved fascia of straw-yellow runs across the middle of the wings, edged with black, and with an irregular black line running through the middle of it; this is succeeded by a row of black lunules, and the margin is straw-yellow with a black vandyked line running along it. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IX. Insects.:—Fig. 1. Melitwa Selene (small pearl-bordered Fritillary Butterfly). 2. Showing the under side. 3. The Caterpillar. 4. The Chrysalis. ig. 5. Melitwa Dia (the small purple Fritillary B.) 6. Showing the under side. 7. The Caterpillar. wv Fig. 8. Melitea Euphrosyne (the pearl-bordered Fritillary B.) 9. Showing the under side. 10. The Caterpillar. Gi Fig. 11. A dark variety of M. Euphrosyne. ce Fig. 12. A variety of M. Euphrosyne, with pale under side, (The Thalia of Haworth.) ee Fig. 13. Melitaa Tessellata. 14, Showing the under side. a Ey Puants.—Fig. 15. Viola Tricolor (Heartsease). 16. Viola canina (Dog’s violet). Two of the insects figured in this plate, M. Selene and M. Euphrosyne, are so much alike on the upper side, that it is difficult in a drawing to render them very distinct. The two individuals from which the drawings were made were indeed somewhat different in colour, but that is not a 40 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES constant difference, and can therefore be no guide. The markings, however, on the posterior wings are somewhat different, those of Selene being of a rather more regular character, and the dot near the base round and distinct, whilst in Euphrosyne it is almost always shaded off indistinctly into the dark colour at the base of the wing. Ihave noticed also, and endeavoured to have it expressed in the plate, that the rings of white upon the antennz are broader in Selene, giving them a lighter and more checkered appearance. But though there is some difficulty in distinguishing the insect on the upper side, it will be scen that the under sides are very dissimilar. Both specimens are from the collection of Mr. Westwood. The Caterpillars are from Hiibner. The dark variety of Euphrosyne, which on the under side is the same as in ordinary specimens, is from the collection of Mr, Westwood, and the pale variety is the one figured by Mr. Stephens. Melitwa Dia, the petite violette of the French, so called from the beautiful purple blush that suffuses the posterior wings on the under side, is from the specimen in the collection of Mr. Stephens, and the Caterpillar likewise from Hiibner. Melitza Tessellata is from the old and somewhat coarse etching of Petiver, and perhaps does not convey a very accurate idea of the insect, but I have been induced to give it, in order that this and the preceding plate might contain all the small Fritillaries reputed British. H. N. H. SPECIES 4.—MELIT@A SELENE. THE APRIL OR SMALL PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY. Plate ix. fig. 1—4. Syvonymrs.— Papilio Selene, Fabricius. P. Silene, Haworth. Papilio Euphrasia, Lewin Pap. pl. 13. Melitea Selene, Stephens. Curtis Brit. Ent. pl. 386. Duncan Papilio Euphrosyne, var. Esper. Brit. Butt. pl. 13, fig. 3. (AZ. Silene.) Harris Aurelian, pl. 31, fig. i-k Argynnis Selene, Ochsenheimer, Boisduval, Hiibner. © (Verz.) This species varies in its expanse from 1% to nearly 2 inches. Jt is fulvous on the upper side, spotted with black ; four irregular bars run across the discoidal cell, succeeded first by a single spot extending from the costa, and then an interrupted row of four spots, then a row of seven small round black dots, and a row of black lunules reaching to the margin, which is edged with black ; the hind wings are similarly marked beyond the middle, but the base is black, with numerous fulvous angular shaped marks, amongst which a spot on the centre ‘of the discoidal cell, with a round black dot in the middle, is most conspicuous. The fore wings on the under side are nearly marked as above, except that the spots are smaller, and the apex is varied with ferruginous and straw- coloured ; the hind wings beneath are most beautifully tesselated with white, straw-colour, buff, dark ferruginous, and silver, the several markings being edged with black lines and the veins being black. The red mark in the middle of the discoidal cell, with a black dot in the centre, is here conspicuous, succeeded by an oblong silvery patch, between which and the outer angle are three smaller silvery patches, there being also a marginal row of six wedge-shaped silvery marks on the outer margin. The hind wings, as shown in our figures 2 and 9, are much narrower than in M. Euphrosyne ; so that the space between the longitudinal veins is narrower, and the markings consequently not so broad, The caterpillar is black, with a pale lateral stripe; the spines are half yellow, and two on the neck are larger than the rest, and project forwards. The chrysalis is dirty greyish-coloured. This species is common in various places in the South of England; Dartmoor, Lyndhurst, Newcastle, and Durham, have also been mentioned as its localities. ,It frequents heaths and waste grounds. Although occasionally captured in May and July, the beginning of June appears to be the period for the exclusion of the first brood, the second being produced in August and September *, It is liable to vary considerably ; Mr. Stephens describes a specimen with the upper surface of the wings whitish. * In Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., No. 21, are some observations by the Rev. T. W. Bree relative to the double broodedness of this species ; in reply to which, Mr. Newman stated, in No, 22, that this species appears in the summer fifteen days later than M. Euphrosyne, and lasts till the end of July, after which it never reappears. Mr. Dale, however (Ent. Mag. 1, 357), speaks of it as double-brooded, and that the two broods vary in the same manner as those of M. Euphrosyne. —- AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 41 Papitio Tnaxta of Hiibner and of Haworth, is also considered by Mr. Stephens as an accidental variety of this species, although it has been questioned whether the Thalia of Haworth may not be a variety of Euphrosyne. The latter variety is copied, in our plate 9, fig. 12, from Mr. Stephens’s figure drawn from Mr. Haworth’s specimen, and is thus described by Mr. Stephens :—“ Wings, above, pale fulvous, irregularly spotted with black ; anterior, beneath, pale, varied with yellowish and ferruginous towards the tips, with some obsolete black and dusky spots on the disc ; posterior wings variegated with ferruginous, yellowish, and greenish, with the pupil of the ocellus very large; the discoidal silvery spot produced to the hinder margin, and the usual marginal spots lengthened inwardly ; the usual fasciee are obliterated, but the silvery spot at the base is somewhat apparent.” SPECIES 5.—MELITHA EUPHROSYNE. THE PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY. Plate ix. fig. 8—10. Synonymes.—Papilio Euphrosyne, Linnzus. Lewin Pap. pl. 13. | Donovan pl. 312. | Argynnis Euphrosyne, Ochsenheimer, Boisduval, Hiibner. (Verz.) Melitea Euphrosyne, Leach, Stephens, Curtis, Duncan Brit. Harris Aurelian, pl. 40, fig. e, f. Butt. pl. 15, fig. 2. | This species is closely allied to the last, but is rather larger, varying from 1% to nearly two inches, and having the hind wings far less strikingly variegated on the under side. The upper side of all the wings so closely resembles those of M. Selene, that no further description is required of them ; the under side of the fore wings is also similar to that of the same species, but the black markings are not so distinct, and the apex of the wing has the buff much deeper and the ferruginous marks much paler. The hind wings, beneath, have all the markings much less distinct than in Selene, there being moreover only one small patch towards the base, a large spot at the apex of the discoidal cell, and seven marginal wedge-shaped marks of silver. The centre of the discoidal cell is rusty red, with a yellowish spot in the centre, having a black dot in the middle ; between the central and marginal silvery spots is a row of round rusty-red dots. Mr. Stephens mentions several varieties of this species; in one of which the silvery marginal spots are wanting ; another, with “ the basal half of all the wings, above, black, spotted with fulvous, with large black spots on the anterior wings beneath,” seems in some degree to resemble the specimen figured in our plate 9, fig. 11, from my-collection, in which all the black markings on the upper side of the fore wings are suffused, except the row of submarginal round spots ; the markings on the hind wings are somewhat more distinct. The underside scarcely differs from typical individuals. The Rev. Mr. Bird possesses another yariety nearly white. This species is the most abundant of all the Fritillaries, especially in woods in the southern parts of the kingdom ; it is also found plentifully in various parts of Scotland. The larva is black and spiny, with two rows of orange dots on the back. _ It feeds on various kinds of violet, and there are two broods in the year, the butterfly first appearing in May and again at the beginning of autumn*. * The Rey. W. T. Bree published some observations relative to the double-broodedness of this species in Loudon’s Mag. of Nat. Hist., No. 21, in reply to which, Mr. Newman, in the next number of the same work, stated that at Birch Wood, Kent, this butterfly appears at the end of May by thousands, and lasts till the end of June, but that it never reappears afterwards. Mr. Dale, however (Ent. Mag. 1, 357), speaks of it as double-brooded, and states that the spring brood varies very much in its markings, and that the September brood varies in colour, being much yellower. 42 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES SPECIES 6.—MELITAA DIA. Plate ix. fig. 5—7. Synonymes.— Papilio Dia, Linneus, Stewart, Turton. Melitea Dia, Stephens, Jermyn. Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. v. 751, fig. 124. Argynnis Dia, Ochsenheimer, Hiibner. (Verz.) This species, which is also closely allied to M. Selene, is about an inch and three quarters in expanse. The upper surface of both pair of wings has the black spots and markings larger and stronger, the base of the posterior being nearly black ; so that the whole assumes a darker appearance than in M. Selene. But the principal difference consists in the under side of the posterior wings, which are of a brownish purple, interspersed with darker markings of the same colour, and numerous irregular semi-metallic spots ; of which there are six or seven of small size at the base, intermixed with minute yellowish dots ; a band composed of silvery and yellowish spots ; then a purplish white streak, in which is a series of circular spots slightly pupillated ; and finally, in the margin is a series of silvery lunules. The caterpillar is black, with the spines white and reddish; the back greyish, with a longitudinal line. It feeds on the Viola odorata, and there are two broods in the year. Found by Mr. Weaver several times in Sutton Park, near Birmingham, and also near Alderley, in Cheshire, by Mr. Stanley. GENUS X. ARGYNNIS*, Fasrictus. Referring to the observations under the genus Melitzea relative to the characters of that and the present genus, we may define this to be distinguished chiefly by the larger size of the insects, the silvery spots which ornament the under side of the wings, which are broad and of ample size, the ordinarily concave posterior margin of the fore wings, the tessellated appearance of their upper surface, and the dilatation of the branches of the median and the anal vein of the fore wings in the males of most of the species. The antenne are terminated by a suddenly-formed broad compressed, or rather spoon-shaped, club; the head is broad, the eyes are large and naked, the fore legs rudimental +. The ungues of the four posterior tarsi are formed as in Melitzwa, and their structure has been carefully illustrated in the Crochard Edition of the Regne Animal, Insects, plate 135. I have purposely omitted all mention of the form of the palpi in the above characters, as this character does not appear to me of any value in separating the Fritillary butterflies into two genera, the true types of Melita, or those without silvery spots, having the terminal joint as large and acute as it is in the typical Argynnes, whilst Mr. Stephens has observed that Lathonia and Euphrosyne agree together in their palpi. Lathonia moreover differs from the other Argynnes in several other important respects, so that it must evidently be regarded as an intermediate form: I therefore place it at the head of the genus, in order that it may be brought into connexion with the silvery spotted Melitxe. “A fanciful name, being one of the denominations of Venus (Vollm. Vodlst. Worterb. der Mythol. Stuttg. 1836). } The fore legs are described by Curtis as ‘¢ alike in both sexes.’’ They differ, however, in the sexes, in the same manner as the fore legs of Melitawa described in a preceding page. I have represented their structure in P, Paphia, in my Introd. to Mod. Classific. vol. 2 p. 353, fig. 98, PTA MeN hee AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 43 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XI. Insects.—Fig. 1. Argynnis Adippe, female (the high brown Fritillary Butterfly). 2. Showing the under side. 3. The Caterpillar. of Fig. 4. Argynnis Lathonia (the Queen of Spain Fritillary B.). 5. Showing the underside. 6. The Caterpillar. 7. The Chrysalis. Prants.—Fig. 9. Anchusa officinalis (the Alkanet). 10. Onobrychis sativus (the Common Sainfoin), I have not thought it worth while to give both male and female of A. Adippe, as they are very similar, the male being merely a little smaller, of a somewhat richer colour, and having two of the nervures of the anterior wings slightly thickened. At first sight, the insect appears very like A. Aglaia, but, upon examination, it will be found that the markings are much more open; and on the under side the difference is rendered more distinct by the brown ocellated spots of the posterior wings, in which it more nearly resembles A. Lathonia, A. Lathonia is, however, very distinct from every other species of this genus, both by the fine regular spotting of the wings on the upper side, and also by the profusion of metallic marks on the under side of the posterior wings, which in some brilliant varieties taken on the Continent, form one united plate of silver. A. Tiathonia is from a specimen in my own possession; A. Adippe from the collection of Mr. Westwood ; and the Caterpillars are from Godart. H. N. H. SPECIES 1.—ARGYNNIS LATHONIA. THE QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY. Plate xi. fig. 4—7. Synonymes.— Papilio Lathonia, Linueus, Lewin pl. 12. Dono- Papilio Principissa. Linneus, olim. van Brit. Ins. vol. iii., pl. 73. Papilio Latonia, Denn. and Schiff. Argynnis Latonia, Zetter- Argynnis Lathonia, Fabricius, Oschenheimer, Leach, Stephens, | stedt. Curtis, Duncan Brit. Butt. pl. 16, fig. 2. Papilio Lathona, Hiibner. (Pap.) Issoria Lathonia, Hiibner, (Verz.) This exquisite insect is generally about two inches in expanse. The upper surface of the wings is fulyous- orange, with numerous very distinct and mostly rounded black spots; those of the apex of the fore wings uniting with the dark margin and inclosing several small paler buff patches. The anal and median veins are not dilated in the males. Beneath, the fore wings are marked nearly as above, except that the apex of the wing has a broad ferruginous patch, at the base of which is a silvery spot, succeeded by two small eyes, between which and the margin are several oval silver patches; the hind wings on this side are pale buff varied with reddish brown, ornamented with numerous silvery patches, varying greatly in size and form, of which there are about fourteen between the base of the wings, and a row of seven dark brown ocelli with silvery pupils, between each of which and the margin of the wing is a large silvery patch. The caterpillar, according to Godart, is greyish-brown, with a white dorsal line spotted with black, and with two brownish-yellow lines on the sides ; the spines and legs pale yellow; it feeds on heartsease, sainfoin, and borage. The pupa is varied with brownish and greenish, and ornamented with metallic spots. The perfect insect appears in August and September; but, according to Godart, the later specimens survive the winter, and again appear in Spring. Mr. Dale says there are two broods (Ent. Mag. i. 356). By Petiver it is recorded as occurring again in May ; but Mr. Stephens’ specimens captured in the middle of August were much faded, so that he is led to believe that the species is double-brooded. This butterfly, although still accounted a great rarity, occurs in numerous situations wide apart. The following are some of its localities :—Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire ; Stoke-by-Nayland, near Wisbeach ; Halvergate, Norfolk ; Battersea Fields, Dover, Colchester ; Birch Wood, Kent ; Hertford. SPECIES 2.—ARGYNNIS ADIPPE. THE HIGH-BROWN FRITILLARY. Plate xi. 1—3. Synonymes.— Papilio Adippe, Linnzus, Esper, Lewin’s Pap. Argynnis Adippe, Fabricius, Oschenheimer, Stephens, Duncan pl. 30. Donovan Brit. Ins. pl. 448. Harris’s Aurelian, pl. 28, fig. | Brit. Butt. pl. 16, fig. 1. Sth Acidalia Adippe, Hiibner. (Verz.) This species varies in the expanse of the wings from 2! to 2? inches. The upper surface is uniformly of a rich fulvous-orange, except at the base, which is greenish, with numerous black markings, many of which assume s 44 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES a crescent shape, especially the row running near the outer margin of the wing, and which are united to two slender marginal black lines. The fore wings in the males have the two inner branches of the median veins strongly dilated in the middle, the anal vein being scarcely dilated. The under side of the fore wings almost resembles the upper, except that the spots towards the apex of the wing assume a rich brown colour, some being marked with silver spots. The hind wings are on this side varied with buff, ferruginous, and brown ; at the base are about seven silvery patches, disposed somewhat in a circle, beyond which is an irregularly curved row of about nine or ten silvery patches varying in size, succeeded by a row of rusty red spots, some of which have the centre silvery ; there is also a row of seven submarginal silvery wedge-shaped spots. In both sexes the outer edge of the fore wings is slightly concave. Several varieties of this species have been observed, in which the spottings of the wings become more or less confluent. The caterpillar is at first red, but subsequently olive-green, with a white line down the back, and white spots on the sides. It feeds on the heartsease and sweet violet. The chrysalis is reddish, with silvery spots. This state lasts about a fortnight: the butterfly appears at the end of June or beginning of July. The butterfly frequents heaths and the borders of woods, and is far from uncommon in most of the southern counties of England. Godart, Ochsenheimer, and Curtis, consider it doubtful whether this insect be the P. Adippe of Linneus, considering that the A. Niobe of Hiibner, &c., is the true Adippe. Professor Zetterstedt has, however, shown the correctness of the ordinary opinion respecting the names of this species. The true Niobe, which Stewart gives as British, and of which Mr. Dale possesses a specimen, which he obtained from the professedly indigenous collection of Dr. Abbot, is indeed very similar to our common Adippe, but it is rather smaller, with the base of the wings above more dusky, and the posterior beneath much more strongly variegated with yellow (or rarely silver) spots: but a more important character is the very slight incrassation of the veins of the fore wings of the males. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE X. Insects.—Fig. 1. Argynnis Paphia, male (the silver-washed Fritillary Butterfly). 2. The female. 3. Showing the under side. 4. The Caterpillar. 5. The Chrysalis. ce Fig. 6. Argynnis Aglaia, male (the dark green Fritillary B.) 7. The female. 8. Showing the under side. 9. The Caterpillar. 10. The Chrysalis. Prants.—Fig. 11. 11. Rubus Ideus (the Raspberry). 12. 12. Viola odorata (the Sweet Violet). This plate contains only two species, but as they are two of the most remarkable and distinct of the larger Fritillaries, I have thought it advantageous to give three figures of each, particularly as the males and females present such differences of marking and colour as might lead the young collector to consider them as different species. The male of A. Paphia, it will be seen, is of a much brighter colour than the female, and the nervures of the anterior wings are thickened into broad black stripes, not found in the female. 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Gd. each. Those parties who have taken in the different works as they were published, and who wish to bind them according to the above arrangement, may be supplied with the title-pages gratis, through their bookseller ; and with the cloth covers e at ly. each, AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 45 SPECIES 3.—ARGYNNIS AGLAIA. THE DARK GREEN FRITILLARY. Plate x. fig. 6—10. Synonymes.— Papilio Aglaia, Linnzus. Lewin Pap. pl. 11. Argynnis Aglaia, Ochsenheimer, Stephens, Jermyn, Duncan Brit. Donovan pl. 302. Wilkes ph 115. Harris Aurelian pl. 26, | Butt. pl. 15, fig. 1. fig. o—p. Acidalia Aglaia, Hubner. (Verz.) This species is closely allied tc the preceding, which it very much resembles, especially on the upper side of the males, differing however in several characters which do not appear to have been previously attended to. The two inner branches of the median vein are much more slightly dilated in the males, the anal vein being on the contrary more strongly dilated; the outer margin of the fore wings in the males is almost straight, or scarcely perceptibly concave, whilst that of the females is distinctly rounded, and the hind wings are destitute beneath of the rich-coloured row of eyes between the two outer rows of silvery spots; it is, occasionally, also rather wider in expanse of the wings than A. Adippe. The general colour is also paler, with the marginal band darker- coloured. The females are much paler than the males, with the submarginal row of spots above still paler. Beneath, the hind wings are varied with green and yellow, with about seven silvery spots at the base, an irregular row of seven silver spots beyond the middle of the wing, and a row of seven submarginal transverse spots of silver, bordered above with greenish crescents. Parmrio Cuarnorta of Haworth (Lep. Brit. p. 32; Sowerby Brit. Misc. pl. 11; Bree in Loudon’s Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 750; Arg. Caroletta, Jermyn), represented in our pl. 12, fig. 1, 2, is regarded by Stephens and Curtis as a variety of this species, differing from it in having two of the costal spots on both sides of the fore wings united, and only nineteen instead of twenty-one silvery spots on the under side of the hind wings, several of the ordinary spots at the base being confluent. Several specimens of another still more striking variety (at first given by Stephens as a variety of Adippe) have also been captured, in which the upper surface of the fore wings is almost entirely of a dark brownish black, except a bright linear fulvous mark, and beyond it a much smaller mark of the same colour ; with a row of faint tawny spots running parallel with the hinder margin. The hinder wings have the markings considerably more distinct. Beneath, the ground colour of the fore wings is dark ferruginous, and that of the hind wings pea-green, with twenty-one silvery spots. This variety has been figured by Curtis (Brit. Ent. pl. 290), and by the Rev. W. T. Bree (Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 749), and has been taken near Ipswich and Birmingham. Mr. Curtis mentions a variety intermediate between this and the preceding; and in the Magazine of Natural History (No. 26), a pale buff-coloured variety is mentioned with the spots and markings very faint. The caterpillar is blackish, with a whitish line down the back and another at the side, above which is a row of eight small red spots. It feeds on the dog’s-violet. The perfect insect appears in July and August. It is a common species, and is found throughout the whole kingdom, frequenting heaths, meadows, woods, and downs. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XII. Insects.—Fig. 1. Argynnis Charlotta (a variety of A. Aglaia). 2. Showing the under side. on Fig, 3. Argynnis Paphia (a beautiful female variety). oa Fig. 4. Argynnis Aphrodite. 5. Showing the under side. Prants.—Fig. 6. Viola lutea (the wild yellow heart’s-ease). As the Fritillaries are remarkable for accidental variations of colour and marking, I have devoted this plate to two of the most striking varieties known in England. A. Charlotta, which some consider a distinct species, appears something between A. Aglaia and A. Adippe: it i 46 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES however, most strongly resembles Aglaia, particularly on the under side. It differs from both in having one of the numeral figures on the costa of the anterior wings (which in the former species are said to resemble 1536) obliterated by its confluence with the next; and on the under side, the six basal silver spots of the posterior wings of Aglaia are in A. Charlotta united into three larger ones. These characteristic differences are constant in different individuals, which seems to entitle A, Charlotta to rank ut all events as a sub-species. Specimens taken recently by Mr. Weaver at Sutton Park, and near York, agree perfectly in these characters. The variety of A. Paphia is from the specimen in the British Museum taken by Mr. Dale forty years ago, which is I believe unique. A. Aphrodite having been captured in England, I have thought it well to give a figure of it also in this place, though I do not consider it a British insect. Its having been captured at Upton Wood is no proof of its indigenous character : a splendid Brazilian insect was recently caught in the conservatories of Messrs. Loddiges of Hackney, imported no doubt in its preparatory state in a parcel of plants; and I know a fine collection of exotic beetles all caught alive in the London Docks. H. N. H. SPECIES 4.—ARGYNNIS APHRODITE. Plate xii. fig. 4—5. Synonymes.—Papilio (Nymph.) Aphrodite, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3, p. 144. Argynnis Aphrodite, Bree in Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd Ser. vol. iy. p. 131. Suppl. Mlust. pl. 10. An account of the capture of a specimen of this North American insect having recently appeared, we have added a figure of it, without, however, wishing thereby that it should be inferred that the species in question is a native of our island. The specimen described by Mr, Bree is represented in the plate above referred to as being nearly 3} inches in expanse. It is described by him as being of a rich fulvous colour, chequered and spotted with black on the upper surface. The black spots and markings on the second pair of wings are neither so large nor so strongly developed as in the corresponding wings of A. Paphia, Aglaia, and Adippe, to which latter species it more nearly approaches on the under surface ; having the second pair of wings adorned with numerous silver spots on a buff-coloured ground, which is dark towards the base of the wings and becomes lighter towards the outer extremities, with a marginal row of semicircular silver spots. From Mr. Bree’s account, there appears to be no reason to doubt that the insect in question was taken by James Walhouse, Esq. of Leamington, in Upton Wood, a few miles from that town, in the summer of 1833, and was presented to Mr. Bree’s son, in whose possession it now is, by Moreton J. Walhouse, Esq., the brother of the captor. Mr. Bree considers that this specimen could neither have been imported from America nor have flown across the Atlantic. It appears to me, however, not improbable that it might have been imported either in the egg or chrysalis state from America attached to American plants. In a subsequent page of the same volume, Mr. Bladon mentions his having seen a Fritillary near Pontypool, which he conjectures must have been this species. There are several very closely allied American species, including the present—if, indeed, they are not merely varieties of each other. I mention this because the specimens of Aphrodite in the British Museum are larger than the figure above referred to. SPECIES 5.—ARGYNNIS PAPHIA. THE SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY. Plate x. fig. l—5. Synonymes.— Papilio Paphia, Linneus. Lewin Pap. 9. Dono- | Curtis. Duncan Brit. Butt. pl. 14, fig. 1. van 7, pl. 247. Wilkes, pl. 110. Harris Aurelian, pl. 34, fig. k—n. Argyronome Paphia, Hubner. (Verz. d. bek. Schmett.) Argynnis Paphia, Wabricius (type species), Ochsen., Stephens, This is the largest of our strictly British Fritillaries, varying from 2} to 3 inches in the expanse of the wings, which are of a fulvous colour in the male on the upper side, but paler and tinged with greenish in the female, with numerous black spots and bars, there being three distinct rows of spots along the outer margin, the most AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 47 external of which are diamond-shaped ; besides which, the males have the anal vein and the three branches of the median vein strongly dilated and black in the middle. The under side of the fore wings is paler, with black marks ; but those adjoining the outer margin are almost obliterated, and replaced near the tip with greenish scales. The hind wings are greenish, with two short silvery bars near the base, a narrower one running obliquely across the middle of the wing, and another marginal one ; between the two last is a row of green circles, and another of green lunules forming the inner margin of the marginal band. A fine variety of this species, which has been regarded as a distinct species and figured by Ernst, is in the British Museum, from which our plate 12, fig. 3, was taken. It was captured many years ago by Mr. Dale, and is a female, and has the upper surface of the wings very dark, with some whitish spots at the tips of the fore wings. Similar individuals have not unfrequently been met with on the Continent, where they are known under the ordinary name, ‘“‘e Valaisien.” Their specific identity with A. Paphia has been demonstrated in a remarkable manner—Hubner having figured (pl. 190, fig. 935, 936) a specimen apparently female, the right wings of which are coloured as in the variety and the left as in the type of the species. A still ore remarkable specimen has been figured by M. Wesmael in the 4th volume of the Bulletin of the Academy of Brussels, in which the right wings were those of the male type, except that the marginal row of spots were as large as in the female ; the left fore wing exhibited a complete melange of the male and female, as well as of the variety and typical individuals, the ground colour being fulvous as in the male, but the markings, especially at the tip, dark as in the female, with the white spots of the variety, the upper side of the hind wings entirely coloured as in the variety. Another gynandromorphous individual is mentioned by Ochsenheimer, the right wings of which are those of the male, and the left those of the female. In Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, the capture of an English specimen is noticed, according with Ochsenheimer’s description. The caterpillar is light brown, with a row of yellow spots on the back. The spines are long, the two next the head being longer than the rest. It feeds on the dog’s-violet, raspberry, and nettle. The chrysalis is grey, with the tubercles gilt. This is an abundant species, especially in the south of England, occurring also in Scotland. It flies in July. GENUS XI. VANESSA*, Fasrictus. This genus may be considered as comprising the most beautiful and highly ornamented of our British butterflies, distinguished generically from the preceding Nymphalide by having the eyes pubescent and the wings angulated, by which latter character, as well as by the more sudden formation of the club, they are separated from the terminal genera of the family. The head is narrower than the thorax, with the eyes large, lateral, and densely clothed with very fine hairs: the labial palpi are of moderate length, contiguous and parallel to each other, being obliquely elevated in front of the head, and three-jointed, the middle joint being much the longest, and the third short, and when denuded of its scales and hair, somewhat pointed at the tip. The antenna are ® More probably Phanessa, being derived from édvns, one of the Greek names of love. Hederich Mythol. Lex. 1724. Vollm, Vollst. Worterb. 1316, H2 48 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES rather long, slender, and terminated by an abruptly-formed, short, somewhat cylindrical club, never flattened nor spoon-shaped. The body is very robust, and well-formed for sustaining the powerful flight of these insects. The wings are of large size, with the outer margin not only scalloped, but the anterior have the third and sometimes the last scallop but one, strongly angulated (the tip being, as it were, falcated), and the posterior have the middle of the outer margin also equally angulated. The discoidal cell in both pairs of wings is closed by an oblique vein. The fore legs are very short and rudimentary, so as to be quite unfitted for walking; they are composed of the ordinary parts, except that the tarsal portion is formed into a flat inarticulate plate which, as well as the tibia, is very densely clothed with hairs. The hind feet are long and strong, the tarsi of the ordinary size, five-jointed, and terminated by two curved ungues, on the outside of which is a pair of similarly formed membranous appendages bifid at the base, the under division being very short: between the ungues is a short pulvillus or cushion. * The caterpillars are long, cylindric, and clothed with numerous bristly spines, arranged in whorls round the body, each segment (except that immediately following the head) having a whorl of these spines. The head is generally entire, but in some of the species it is bituberculated. The pupa is considerably angulated, with the head bituberculated ; and it is adorned with silvery and golden hues. It is suspended by the tail. The genus is of considerable extent, but none of the exotic species exceed those of our own country in beauty ; indeed, it is impossible to find more exquisite contrasts of colour or delicacy in pencilling than is exhibited by some of our British species. The caterpillars are gregarious in some of the species, but those of the rest live solitarily ; the different species of Urtica afford nourishment to the caterpillars of several of them. In their perfect state, several of the species are Jong-lived, and are often to be seen in the autumn, especially delighting to frequent the dahlia, Michaelmas daisy, and other composite flowers. Ivy also, when in flower, is a particular favourite with them; and some are very fond of ripe fruit; V. Atalanta being even said to be sometimes very destructive to it, especially cherries, by extracting the juice, probably taking advantage of previous injuries occasioned by birds, wasps, and flies. This unusual propensity is occasioned by a very beautiful apparatus forming part of the spiral tongue (or maxille), which has recently been described by Mr. G. Newport in his valuable article “ Insect,” in the Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology. This consists of a great number of minute papilla along the anterior and lateral margins of the spiral tongue, in the form of little, elongated, barrel- shaped bodies, terminated by three smaller papill arranged around their anterior extremity, with a fourth one a little larger than the others, placed in their centre. These papille are arranged in two rows along the lateral and anterior surface of each maxilla near its extremity for about one sixth of its whole length, there being seventy- four in each maxilla or half of the spiral tongue. Judging from their structure, and from the circumstance that they are always plunged deeply into any fluid when the insect is taking food, Mr. Newport suggests that they are probably organs of taste. They are largely developed in this genus, but in Pontia and Sphinx Ligustri they are scarcely perceptible. There are also some curious appendages arranged along the inner anterior margin of each maxilla in the shape of minute hooks, which when the proboscis is extended serve to unite the two halves together. In this genus they are described by Mr. Newport as faleated, and furnished with an additional tooth a * De Geer, Memoires, tom. i. p. 652, and tab. 20, fig. 12, describes and figures the hind tarsi of V. C. Album as furnished with four ungues of equal size and form ; and in the Crochard edition of the Régne Animal, Insectes, pl. 135, fig. 3 e, the lateral appendage of the ungues of V. To, Antiopa, Urtice, &c. is represented as forming only a simple and undivided piece; but in P, Atalanta these lateral appendages are distinctly bifid, the inner division being about half the length of the exterior. 7 é 0 ‘ - ‘ i a wey Lou hens Reine: a0 *- : i “yi. 2 ie i_ : 7 i eo = i *. t » w ys i = eS } ’ \ : a ¥ * 4 ed a = : i i a AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 49 little beyond the apex ; they are so exceedingly minute, and arranged so closely together, that their true form is with difficulty distinguished. They lock across each other like the teeth in the jaws of some fishes, and Mr. Newport considers that the points of the hooks in one half of the proboscis are inserted when the organ is extended into little depressions between the teeth of the opposite side, so that they form the anterior surface of the canal. That they really form the anterior surface of the canal or tube, seems evident from the distinctness with which coloured substances are observed to pass along the tube when the insect is taking food. It occasionally happens that some of these insects survive the winter, passing that period of the year in a state of lethargy. It has been generally supposed that these are females, which had been produced late in the preceding autumn, and which, although impregnated at that time, had not deposited their eggs, but waited until the renewal of the season brought forth a fresh supply of food for their offspring. M. Boisduval, however, opposes this, stating that these individuals had entered their lethargic state at a much earlier period (having observed V. Polychloros and Urtice in this state in August), and that their impregnation does not take place until the following spring. Mr. Brown also opposes the ordinary opinion in Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, No. 39, founding his observations on the Lepidoptera of Switzerland. The Rev. W. T. Bree, however, whose practical knowledge of the subject renders his opinion of so much weight, opposes the statements of Mr. Brown, and supports the generally-received opinion in a subsequent number (42) of the same Magazine. The true Fabrician type of this genus is Pap. Io; but Ochsenheimer introduced P. Levana and P. Cardui (which Fabricius placed in the genus Cynthia) into the genus, forming the latter and P. Atalanta into a first section, thus making P. Cardui stand as the type of the genus. Hubner, also, in his Verzeichniss, gave P. Cardui as the true Vanessa; P. Atalanta, under the subgeneric name Pyrameis; C. Album, under that of Polygonia (since changed by Mr. Kirby to Grapta) ; P. Polychloros, Urticze, and Antiopa under that of Eugonia; P. Io, under that of Inachis; and P. Levana, under that of Araschnia. Until, however, a careful revision of all the exotic species belonging to the ill-constructed Fabrician genera Cynthia and Vanessa be made, it is impossible to decide on the propriety of the establishment or the extent of these groups. The British species form three evidently natural divisions, which appear to me to be equivalent in value to those which I have proposed amongst the Fritillaries. 1. Fore wings with the anal margin very strongly emarginate ; posterior wings with a short tail. Caterpillars gregarious, with two tubercles on the head. C. Album. 2. Fore wings with the anal margin nearly straight ; posterior with a strong angular prominence in the middle of the hind margin. Caterpillars gregarious, without the two tubercles on the head. Urtiew, Polychloros, Antiopa, Io. 3. Hind wings rounded and scalloped. Caterpillars solitary, without the two tubercles on the head. Atalanta. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIII. Insects.—Fig. 1. Vanessa C. Album (the Comma Butterfly.) 2. Showing the under side. 3, The Caterpillar, 4. The Chrysalis. Fig. 5. Vanessa Polychloros (the great tortoise-shell B.). 6. Showing the under side. 7. The Caterpillar, 8. The Chrysalis. ig. 9. Vanessa Urticw (the small tortoise-shell B.). 10. Showing the under side. 11. The Caterpillar. 12. The Chrysalis. a a 13. A variety of Vanessa Urtice. Prants.—Fig. 14. Ribes rubrum (the red currant), 15. Ulmus campestris (the elm). 16. Urtica dioica (the common stinging nettle). When I first turned my attention to natural history and began to collect insects, I imagined V. Polychloros to be nothing more than large faded specimens of V. Urticw, and they are certainly very similar at a first glance, but placed side by side, as they will be found in the present plate, the student will have no difficulty in finding sufficient marks of distinction. Whilst in the preparatory larva state, the species present but 50 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES little similarity, which is in fact still less than appears on the plate ; for the larva of V. Urtice, represented with light yellowish markings, becomes nearly all black previous to itschange. I have also given the singular variety of V. Urticae taken near Coventry, and intend, in a supplementary plate at the end of the volume, to give some other varieties of different species which have been communicated to me, aud also some new species ascertained to be British since the commencement of this work, particularly Colias Myrmidone, of which Mr. Stephens possesses a specimen taken near Dover. H. N. H. SPECIES 1.—VANESSA C. ALBUM. THE COMMA BUTTERFLY. Plate xiii, fig. 1—4. Synonymrs.— Papilio C. Album, Linnxus, Lewin Brit. Papil. pl. | Butt. pl. 17, fig, 1. Westwood Mod. Class. v. ii. p. 353, fig. 98. 1. 5. Donovan Br. Ins. 6, pl. 199. Albin Ins. pl. 54. Harris Aure- Polygonia C. Album, Hiibner. (Verz. bek. Schmett). lian, pl. 1, fig. a—d. Comma C, Allum, Rennie Conspect. Vanessa C. Album, Ochsenheimer, Curtis, Stephens, Duncan Brit. Vanessa (s—g. Grapta), Kirby, Fauna Am. Bor. p. 292. This is the smallest species of the genus, measuring only from 13 to rather more than 2 inches in the expanse of its wings. Its form is also quite unlike that of any of the other species, having both the exterior and anal margins of the fore wings strongly emarginate as well as the former scalloped. In its general colour and markings, however, it bears so strong a resemblance to V. Polychloros, that it might at first be easily regarded as a distorted and stunted variety of that species. The wings above are of a tawny-orange colour, with the broad outer margins dark-coloured. There is a black bar running across the middle, and a broader one at the extremity of the discoidal cell, and between the latter of these and the tip of the wings is another abbreviated and more indistinct dark bar. On the posterior part of the dise of the fore wings are also three round black spots, and a dusky patch near the anal angle. The hind wings are dark at the base, with three black discoidal spots and a row of deep crescents in the broad dusky border. On the under side all the wings are of a greyish ashen colour, with very numerous more or less distinct transverse and irregular dark dashes, and a darker brown irregular bar! running across the wings, between which and the outer margin are two irregular rows of dull greenish marks, with a small black dot in the middle (these markings, vary, however, greatly in intensity in different individuals) ; in addition to which the dise of the hind wings is ornamented with a white mark like a C. This species is subject to an extraordinary variation in the form of its wings. In some specimens the incision in the outer margin of the fore wings (extending from the first branch of the median vein to the main branch of the postcostal vein) is so deep that it forms nearly a semicircle, whilst in others it is scarcely more than a sextant ; the other indentations being equally varied. Mr. Haworth alludes to this, observing ‘‘ Femina paullo pallidior et subinde minus laciniata.” (Lep. Brit. p. 26.) The larva is not gregarious, of a brownish-red colour, the back being reddish in front, with the hinder part white; it is remarkable for having the sides of the head produced above into two conical tubercles, which as well as the spines on the segments of the body are bristly. It feeds on various trees and plants, especially hops, nettles, elm, willow, honeysuckle, &c. The chrysalis is fleshy- coloured or brownish, narrowed in the middle, and spotted with gold. Harris says it remains in this state about fourteen days. There are two broods in the year, the first appearing in June, and the second in August or September. The latter brood are said to be of a paler colour than the summer ones. This is by no means an uncommon species, being generally distributed. Near London, Hertford, York, Fifeshire, &c., are recorded localities ; and the Rev. W. T. Bree informs us that in some years it is not uncommon in many parts of Warwickshire. De Geer (who as well as Réaumur, Mémoires, tom. i. pl. 27, has given a very exact account of this species in its different states, Mémoires, tom. i. p. 298, pl. 20, fig. 1—12.) observes that it evidently passes the winter in the perfect state, as specimens are occasionally observed in the first days of spring. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 5 SPECIES 2.—VANESSA POLYCHLOROS. THE GREAT TORTOISE-SHELL BUTTERFLY. Plate xiii. fig. 5—8. Synonymes.—Papilio Polychloros, Linneus, Haworth, Lewin Vanessa Polychloros, Ochsenheimer, Curtis, Stephens, Duncan Papil. pl. 2. Donovan Brit. Ins. vol. viii. pl. 278. Albin Ins. | Brit. Butt. pl. 17, fig. 2. pl. 55. Wilkes, pl. 108. Eugonia Polychloros, Hiibner (Verz. bek. Schmett.) This species is larger than either the preceding or following, with both of which it agrees in the general character of its markings, the wings measuring from 2} to 3 inches in expanse. On the upper side all the wings are of a dull orange-colour, darker at the base. The anterior have four black subquadrate spots on the posterior part of the disc, and three larger abbreviated fasciw on the costal edge. The outer margin is dark, with an irregular pale line. The hind wings have a large black costal spot, and the outer margin is obscure, with dull blue crescents, and two slender pale lines, parallel to the margin. The under sides of all ite wings are clouded with numerous fine black transverse streaks and lines, the basal half being darkest ; or rather,’ there is a very broad ash- coloured fascia beyond the middle of both wings. Beyond this, and parallel with the outer margin, is a row of dull bluish Iunules ; the hind wings have a small white dot in the middle. There are several varieties, arising from the greater or less extent of the black markings. The caterpillar feeds on the elm, and is gregarious, at least previous to the first moulting of the skin, the young brood living beneath a common silken web. It is blackish or brownish, with a lateral yellow line, and the spines subramose and yeliow. The chrysalis is flesh-coloured, with golden spots, and is attached to the bark of the trees on which the larvee feed. The perfect insect appears in the middle of July * ; but some individuals survive until the following spring, when they appear in a faded state. It is occasionally very abundant, breeding in the environs of the metropolis where elms abound. I have taken it at Chelsea, and it used to be found in Copenhagen Fields, and numerous other localities in the South of England have been given. Mr. Duncan also says that it had been found as far north as Dunkeld, and in many intervening places. It is, however, very uncertain in its appearance. Réaumur has given ample illustrations of the transformations of this species in his Mémoires, tom. i. pl. 23. SPECIES 3.—VANESSA URYICH. THE SMALL TORTOISE-SHELL BUTTERFLY. Plate xiii. fig. J—13. Synonymrs.—Papilio Urtice, Linnzeus, Lewin Pap. pl. 3. Vanessa Urtice, Fabricius, Ochsenheimer, Stephens, Duncan Donovan Brit. Ins. vol. ii. pl. 55. Albin Ins. pl. 4, f. 6. Wilkes | Brit. Butt. pl. 19, fig. 1. Tos. pl. 107. Harris Aurelian, pl. 2, fig. inn. Eugonia Urtice, Hiibner (Verz. bek. Schmett). This very beautiful but most abundant species varies in the expanse of its wings from 1° to 24 inches. The wings above are of arich orange colour ; the anterior dark at the base, with three short broad costal bars, between which the ground colour of the wings is paler; behind these are three unequal-sized round spots. The exterior margin of all the wings is black, with a row of blue lunules, and two pale slender parallel submarginal lines. The basal half of the hind wings is also black. Beneath, the orange colour is replaced by pale stone colour, and the two smaller posterior discoidal spots are wanting. The margins of all the wings on this side are freckled with brown, having a row of black lunules. Various varieties have been described and figured in which the black * On the Continent, it is stated to appear in the spring and at the close of the summer; but I apprehend that the early spring specimens are the remnants of the preceding years, and not a distinct brood. 59 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES spots are either more or less obliterated, or are enlarged, so as to become confluent. A fine individual of the latter kind is figured by the Rev. W. T. Bree in the New Series of the Magazine of Nat. Hist. Suppl. pl. 15; and our fig. 13, in which the second and third costal black bars are united, whilst the two round discoidal spots are wanting, the hind wings are uniformly obscure, The caterpillars of this species are found on the common nettle in the beginning of June and the middle of August ; they are gregarious in the early period of their lives, and are dusky-coloured, varied with green and brown, with paler lines down the back and sides, and with the head black, the body beset with strong branched black spines. The chrysalis is brownish, with golden spots on the neck, and sometimes entirely golden. This golden appearance, which suggested to the early naturalists the names of Chrysalis from the Greek, and Aurelia from the Latin names for gold, and which is so conspicuous in the pupz of this and the other species of this genus, is owing simply to the shining white membrane immediately below the outer skin, which being of a trans- parent yellow, gives a golden tinge to the former. Its appearance, however, was seized upon by the alchemists as a natural argument in favour of the transmutation of metals ; nor was it until the researches of Réaumur in France, and of Ray and Lister in England, that its real nature was discovered, the last-named author having imitated it by putting a small piece of black gall in a strong decoction of nettles ; this produces a scum, which, when left on cap-paper, will exquisitely gild it, without the application of the real metal. Réaumur also mentions that, for producing this appearance, it is essential that the inner membrane of the chrysalis should be moist ; whence may be explained the disappearance of the gilding so soon as the fluids within the body have been absorbed by the formation of the limbs of the butterfly (British Cyclop., art. Aurelia). The perfect insect is very abundant, and appears in the beginning of July and September, often surviving the winter, and coming abroad the first warm days, having been noticed in the Isle of Wight even so early as the 8th of January. It is distributed all over the kingdom, extending to the northern extremity of Scotland, in which country it is known under the name of the Devil’s or Witch’s Butterfly! In the south of Europe it continues on the wing through the winter ; and according to Mr. Brown (Mag. Nat. Hist. No. 9), it would appear that none of the specimens of this species hybernate in Switzerland and re-appear in the spring. Mr. Stephens possesses a most remarkable specimen of this species, having five wings, the fifth of small size, being implanted on the dise of one of the hind wings, which it resembles in its markings. It was captured by Mr. Doubleday near Epping. This species afforded the great anatomist Swammerdam materials for a most elaborate memoir on the structure of the larva, and the mode of its transformation to the pupa state. THis figures occupy two folio plates (34 and 35) in his great work on insects. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIV. Insects.—Fig. 1. Vanessa To (the Peacock Butterfly). 2. Showing the under side. 3. The Caterpillar. 4. The Chrysalis. ” Fig. 5. Vanessa Antiopa (the Camberwell Beauty). 6. The Caterpillar. Prants.—Fig. 8. Salix Russelliana (the Bedford Willow). 9. 10. Urtica dioica (the Stinging Nettle). The little Cynthia Hamsteadensis, of Petiver, appears out of its place in this plate ; but the next (where it would not have appeared much less so) was too crowded to admit it, and I did not like to omit it altogether here, particularly as Mr. Stephens has inserted it in his work after C. Cardui. 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These Volumes may be had separately, very neatly bound in cloth, with the contents lettered on the back, price 10s. 6d. each. Those parties who have taken in the different works as they were published, and who wish to bind them according to the above arrangement, may be supplied with the title-pages gratis, through their bookseller ; and with the cloth covers at ly. each, ' THE LADIES’ MAGAZINE OF GARDENING. BY MRS. LOUDON. IN MONTHLY NUMBERS, ROYAL 8yo, WITH COLOURED PLATES. The First Number will be published on January 1st, 1841, price Ercutecn-Pence. _ As this work is intended solely for Amateurs, and especially for the use of } ady Gardeners, I cannot tell exactly of what it will consist till I see what . my readers desire. I have, however, formed the following general plan for sonducting it; though, of course, it may be greatly modified and altered by circumstances. _ I shall give in each Number a Plate, drawn and coloured in the same style as those in my LAprns’ Frower-Garpen, of one or more Ornamental Plants ; which either are in the country, or may easily be obtained. In choosing these, [ shall studiously avoid all garden varieties of Dahlias and other Florists’ Flowers ; and I shall endeavour never to figure any plants that have already appeared in any of the English Botanical Periodicals. With each Plate figured I shall give a Scientific and Popular Description, with any particulars that I may be able to obtain of it, with regard to its culture and manage- ment; and the scientific part of this description will be nearly all the science hat I shall attempt to introduce into the work. I shall then give any Papers that may be sent to me on Floriculture, on Laying Out or Decorating Flower- ardens, or on any other subjects that my correspondents may choose to write upon : andI shall conclude the First Part with two Papers—one on the History and Culture of some Favourite Plant which may be in flower at that time; and the other, on some Insect or other Animal connected with gardens. _ The Second Part will consist of Reviews, Queries and Answers, Retro-= ective Criticism, Visits to the Nurseries, Extracts from Gardening Books, &e. ; concluding with a Floral Calendar of Plants in Flower, and Operations Culture, for the current month. Having thus given a rapid sketch of my plan, I have only to invite all Ladies fond of Gardening to send me the results of their own experience, or any Questions as to Floriculture, Laying Out or Planting Flower-Gardens, Names of Plants or Insects, &e., which they may wish answered; and I think I may venture to promise that I shall generally be able to obtain for them the inform- ation they desire. TL have only to add, that all Communications, Books, &c., intended for the Lapies’ Magazine or GARDENING, must be addressed tome, at my Publisher’s, 113, Fieet-street. : J. W. LOUDON. _ Bayswater, November 20th, 1840, LONDON : BRADBURY AND EYANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS, “* . . “ * ; i : - its AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 53 SPECIES 4.—VANESSA ANTIOPA. THE WHITE BORDER, OR CAMBERWELL BEAUTY. Plate xiv. fig. 5—6. Synonymes.—Papilio Antiopa, Linnwus, Haworth, Lewin Papil. Vanessa Antiopa, Ochsenheimer, Stephens. Duncan Brit. Butt. pl. 1. Donovan Brit. Ins. vol. iii, pl. 89. Harris Aurel. pl. 12, fig. | pl. 18, fig. 2. Curtis Brit. Ent. vol. ii. pl. 96 (V. Antiope). a—e. Wilkes, pl. 113. Eugonia Antiopa, Hiibner (Verz. bek. Schmett.) This fine species varies in the expanse of its wings from 2% to 3! inches. The wings are on the upper side of arich claret black, with the apical margin and two costal spots near the extremity of the fore wings, of a white or whitish colour, slightly speckled with black ; the white margin is preceded by a series of blue spots, on a black bar. Beneath, the wings are dark brown, with a very great number of slender transverse black lines. The white margin and costal spots areas on the upper side ; but the black subapical bar, with its blue spots, is almost obliterated. The hind wings are marked in the centre with a minute white spot. The pale margin of the wings varies to deepish yellow. The caterpillar, which is gregarious, is of a black colour, with squarish dorsal spots, and the abdominal prolegs of a red colour *. It feeds on the willow and birch, always selecting the highest branches, according to Ifarris, and is found at the beginning of July. The chrysalis is blackish, spotted with fulvous, and is dentated. The perfect insect appears at the beginning of August, but sometimes survives the winter, and deposits its eggs in the following spring. It appears to be distributed nearly over the whole of the kingdom, having been found as far north as Ayrshire. It must now, however, be considered as one of our rare butterflies, although about seventy years ago it appeared in such immense numbers throughout the kingdom that the Aurelians of that day thence gave it the name of the Grand Surprise. Since that period, however, it has become rare, appearing, however, periodically, after a lapse of eight, ten, or more years. “ To suppose they come from the Continent is an idle conjecture, because the English specimens are easily distinguished from all others by the superior whiteness of their borders. Perhaps their eggs in this climate, like the seeds of some vegetables, may occasionally le dormant for several seasons, and not hatch until some extraordinary but undiscovered coincidences awake them into active life.” (Haworth Lep. Britann. p.28.) It received its English name of the Camberwell Beauty from having been observed at that village, to which it was attracted by the willows, which grew there in profusion. SPECIES 5.—VANESSA 10. THE PEACOCK BUTTERFLY. Plate xiv. fig. 1—4. Synonymes.— Papilio Io, Linneus, Haworth, Lewin Papil. pl. 4. Vanessa Io, Fabricius, Ochsenheimer, Stephens, Duncan Brit. Butt. Donovan Brit. Ins. pl. 206. Albin, pl. 4, f. 5. Wilkes, pl. 106. | pl. 18, fig. 1. Harris Aurelian, pl. 8, fig. f—k. Inachis Io, Hiibner (Verz. bek. Schmett.) This very beautiful insect, which measures from 2% to 3 inches in the expansion of its wings, may be considered as one of the commonest of our butterflies. The fore wings on the upper side are of a dark but rich red colour. The costa is varied with black and yellowish buff patches, the base of the costa being marked with black and yellowish transverse streaks, Near the apex of the wings is a very large eye, in which red, black, yellowish-buff, and leaden blue are agreeably blended. The outer margin of the wing is dark brown ; and there are five blue spots, three of which appear in the eye and two below it. The hind wings are of a darker red, the * De Geer has illustrated the transformation of this species in his Mémoires, tom. i. pl. 21, and has figured several varieties in the spines of the larve ; these spines do not exist on the segment succeeding the head. I 54 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES base and apex being brown ; ncar the outer angle is a very large eye, with a black centre, in which are several blue markings. ‘This is surrounded by a whitish circle, which is deeply margined witb black towards the base of the wing. All the wings beneath are dark brown, with black transverse streaks ; the anterior having five small pale marks, representing the blue dots of the upper side, and the posterior having a broad central darker bar, margined with black, within which is a small central white spot. The caterpillar, which is gregarious, spinose, black, spotted with white, and with the hind legs red, feeds on the common stinging-nettle, aud is found at the beginning of July. The chrysalis is greenish, dotted with gold, and dentated. The imago appears in the middle of July, and often survives until the following spring, when the female deposits its eggs. Although very abundant in England, it appears not to extend further north than the Frith of Forth ; and in the south of Scotland it is but sparmegly seen. This butterfly and its preparatory states have formed the subject of one of the most interesting of the “ Mémoires” of Reaumur, by whom it was selected as an example to illustrate the manner in which the butterflies which are merely suspended by the tail in the chrysalis state effect their transformations. If the proceedings of the swallow-tail or cabbage butterflies on assuming the pupa state (see ante, pp. 9 and 23) have excited our admiration, the mode in which these caterpillars change to suspended chrysalides is far more extraordinary. Like the former, each constructs a small button of silk, to which it firmly attaches itself by the hooks of the hind feet. When this is effected, the head is permitted to hang downwards. Whilst thus suspended, it succeeds, after at least twenty-four hours’ contortion, in forming a slit down its back, through which the head of the chrysalis is protruded, and the caterpillar skin gradually pushed upwards to the tail. A delicate operation has still to be performed : the caterpillar was suspended by the hooks of its own hind legs to the silken button ; but not only has the still partially enclosed chrysalis to disengage itself entirely from the skin of the caterpillar, and attach itself to the silken button, but also to get rid of the old and no longer necessary caterpillar skin. To effect these objects, the chrysalis carefully withdraws its tail from the skin, seizing hold of the outside of the latter by pressing two of the rings of its body together, and enclosing between them part of the old skin. By repeating this proceeding, it at length pushes its tail upwards, till it reaches the silken button, to which it fastens itself by means of the hooks with which the tail of the chrysalis is furnished. We now see the chrysalis suspended head downwards, by the side of the old caterpillar skin, which it ultimately gets rid of by a succession of gyrations, which burst the silken threads holding the caterpillar skin, and which, no longer supported, falls to the ground. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XV. Insects.—Fig. 1. Vanessa Atalanta (the Red Admiral Butterfly). 2. Showing the under side. 3. The Caterpillar. 4. The Chrysalis. Mig Fig. 5. Cynthia Huntera. 6. Showing the under side. 5 Fig. 7. Cynthia Cardui. 8. Showing the under side. 9. The Caterpillar. 10. The Chrysalis. Prsnts.—Fig. 1. 2. Urtica dioica (the Stinging Nettle), 3. Cnicus lanccolatus (the Spear-plum Thistle). Cynthia Huntera has no greater claim to be considered a British species than Argynnis Aphrodite. But, as in that case, I avail myself of the fact of its having been taken in England, to introduce so beautiful an insect in this work. The under side presents an extremely elegant variation of the colouring of C, Cardui. I am compelled unavoidably to give here a third portrait of the unornamental nettle, as it is the only food of the insects which it accompanies. H. N. Il. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. or Gr SPECIES 6.—VANESSA ATALANTA. THE RED ADMIRAL, OR ALDERMAN BUTTERFLY. Plate xv. fig. 1—4. Synonymes.— Papilio Atalanta, Linneus, Haworth, Lewin Papil. | Vanessa Atalanta, Fabricius, Stephens, Curtis. Duncan Brit. pl. 7. Donovan vol. viii. pl. 260. Albin, pl. 3. Wilkes, pl. 105. | Butt. pl. 20, fig. 1. Harris Aurelian, pl. 6. f. a—h. Pyrameis Atalanta, Hiibner (Verz. bek. Schmett.) \ Ammiralis Atalanta, Rennie. This remarkably rich-coloured butterfly is one of the commonest of our native species. It varies in the expanse of its wings from 2; to 3 inches. The ground colour of the upper surface of the fore wings is intense velvety blue-black, brownish at the base ; having an irregular oblique central bar of bright red, slightly curved on the side nearest the tip of the wing, and formed as it were of large squarish confluent patches; it does not quite extend to the anal angle of these wings. Between the fascia and the apex of the fore wings is a large costal white spot, beyond which is a curved row of five white spots, of which the first and fourth are the largest. Still nearer the margin of the wing is an obscure bluish wave. The hind wings are blackish brown above, with a broadish red margin, in which are four black dots, and there are two obscure confluent blue spots at the anal angle. On the under side the fore wings are black, the base with several narrow red and bluish transverse stripes ; the red oblique bar is here present but more broken, between which and the large costal white spot is a horse-shoe blue mark. The apex is ashy-brown, with two small brown eyes with white centres and two white spots. The hind wings on this side are brown and most beautifully mottled with black and grey, with a large triangular pale spot in the middle of the costal margin, and two transverse and wedge-shaped discoidal black marks. Near the margin of the wing is a row of four obscure eye-like patches. In some specimens the red bar of the fore wings bears a small white dot near its hinder extremity : these, according to Mr. Haworth, are the females. This species differs from all the foregoing, not only in the form of the wings, of which the anterior are less strongly angulated, and the posterior rounded, but also in several other characters, especially the form of the palpi and the habit of the caterpillars. Hence Mr. Kirby suggests in the Fauna Boreali Americana (p. 294) that it “seems rather to belong to the genus, or perhaps sub-genus, Cynthia ; at any rate it forms a connecting link between it and Vanessa.” The caterpillar is of a dusky-green colour, with a yellowish dorsal line and also a pale line on each side above the feet. The chrysalis is brownish or blackish, beneath grey with golden spots. The caterpillar feeds on the common nettle, especially preferring the seeds, and is found in July ; the imago is abundant wherever this plant is common—it appears at the beginning of August, and survives the winter, the female depositing her eggs in the following spring. According to Sepp, the caterpillar shortly after it is hatched selects a nettle-leaf, which it draws together with threads into a roundish hollow form, leaving for the most part an opening into the interior both before and behind, thus serving both for shelter and food until it is almost devoured, when it selects a fresh leaf and proceeds with it in the same manner, one caterpillar only being found on a single leaf, thus indicating a peculiar liking for a solitary life ; a circumstance confirmed by the eggs being laid singly and apart, whereas caterpillars hatched from eggs deposited in clusters are gregarious. The caterpillar state lasts about five weeks. The species appears to be very widely distributed. I have received specimens from North America, which, although slightly differing from our native individuals, I cannot regard as specifically distinct. Such is also the opinion of Mr. Kirby, who has described his American specimens under this name. At also occurs throughout Europe and along the African shores of the Mediterranean. It delights in the flowers of the ivy and dahlia, and is a remarkably bold insect, whereof some remarkable instances are mentioned in Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History (No. 20). 56 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES GENUS XII. CYNTHIA, Fasrictus. This genus, or perhaps rather sub-genus, differs chiefly from Vanessa in the form of the wings, the anterior pair being very slightly angulated at the tip, whilst the hind ones are rounded and scalloped, and in certain trivial distinctions, as in the club of the antennze, which is very short and compressed, and in the palpi, which are long, deflexed, pointed and beak-like; the second joint, with the posterior half, pilose. The caterpillar and chrysalis resemble those of Vanessa. By Curtis, it is united with the last-named genus. As, however, C. Carduiis not one of the types of the genus as established by Fabricius, it is perhaps best to retain it, consider- ing the exotic species Papilio Arsino¢ and Cinone as the types of the two sections into which it is divided, and regarding Cardui as an aberrant species leading to Vanessa. SPECIES 1.—CYNTHIA CARDUI. THE PAINTED LADY. Plate xv. fig. 7—10. Synonymes.— Papilio Cardui, Linneus, Fabricius, Haworth, Vanessa Cardui, Godart, Latreille, Meigen, Hubner (Verz. bek. Lewin Pap. t. 6, f. J-4. Donovan’s Ins. v. 9, tab. 292. Shaw Nat. Schmett). Miscell. 9, tab. 430. Panzer Faun. Ins. Germ. 22. 19. Wilkes | Cynthia Cardui, Fabricius, Kirby (F. B. A.), Stephens, Duncan, Papil. t. 107, f. 1. Albin Ins. t. 56. Harris Aurelian t. 11, fig. e—f. | Brit. Butt. te bo ea a Libythea Cardui, Lamavek. | This elegant insect in its markings might at first sight be mistaken for a mottled and faded Atalanta; so closely allied are the two species together, although perfectly distinct both in habits and markings ; being in fact widely separated in the Linnwan system, one belonging to the Nymphales Phalerati, and the other (C. Cardui) to the N. gemmati, in consequence of the wings being marked with eye-like spots. It varies in the expanse of its wings from 2s to 25 inches. The fore wings on the upper side are at the base brown; the disk tawny orange *, with three somewhat square black spots ; the apex blackish, with five white spots, the largest of which is on the costa, and the four others form a curved line, between which and the margin is a slender whitish line. The hind wings above have the base and costal margin brown ; the disk fulvous, with numerous black marks arranged, as it were, in four transverse rows, the second forming a row of round darker-coloured spots, the fourth being marginal, the margin itself whitish. Beneath, the fore wings are nearly marked as above, but the fulvous colour is more diffused ; the dark spots are smaller, aud the apex of the wing is dark stone-colour, instead of black. The hind wings below are beautifully mottled with paie olive brown, yellowish bul, and white, the veins being white: near the hind margin isa row of slender blackish-blue marks, above which are four beautiful eyes, the two middle ones being smaller than the outer ones, which are circled with black. The markings vary in size in different individuals, Mr. Stephens having described several varieties. The caterpillar is spined, of a brown colour, with interrupted lateral yellow lines; it is solitary, and feeds on the Carduus lanceolatus, and other species of the same genus, us well as on the nettle, mallow, artichoke, &c. It is found in the middle of July. Like that of V. Atalanta, it draws up the leaves upon which it is feeding with its threads, and like it, is solitary in its habits. The chrysalis is brown, with ash-coloured lines and golden spots. * The tawny orange marks on the right forewing bear a tolerably good resemblance to a map of England and Ireland. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. at This is one of those species of butterflies remarkable for the irregularity in its appearance ; in some years occurring plentifully even in the neighbourhood of London, after which it will disappear for several years. Indeed, instances are on record in which, owing to the vast numbers, migration has become necessary ; and in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles for 1828, an account is given of an extraordinary swarm which was observed in the preceding May in one of the cantons of Switzerland, the number of which was so prodigious that they occupied several hours in passing over the place where they were observed. The precise causes for this pheno- menon were not investigated, and the time of the year isremarkable Like V. Atalanta, the species is very widely dispersed, being an inhabitant of North America, New South Wales, Java, both extremities of Africa, Brazil, &c. There are numerous notices relative to this butterfly contained in Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History Nos. 4, 13, 18, 26, 31, and 39, to which I must refer the reader. SPECIES 2.—_CYNYHIA HUNTERA. HUNTER’S CYNTHIA. Plate xv. fig. 5, 6. Synonymes.—Papilio Huntera, Fabricius, Herbst, Abbot and Cynthia Huntera, Kirby, Fauna Bor. Amer. p. 296.(1837.) West- Smith, Ins. Georgia, vol. i. t. 9. wood in Drury Ins. 2nd edit. (1837). Papilio Cardui Virginiensis, Drury Ins. i. p. 15, fig. 1. Vanessa Huntera, Dale in Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. Papilio Tole, Cramer. | 332. Stephens. This American species, although closely allied to the preceding, cannot be considered as its Transatlantic repre- sentative, as Drury imagined by calling it Cardui Virginiensis. It measures about 2% inches in the expanse of the wings, which are of a less brilliant tawny orange colour than those of P. Cardui; brown at the base, the orange disk much broken in the fore wings by blackish irregular bars, the apex blackish with a long white costal spot, and four dots near the apex, white, between which and the margin is a pale broken rivulet. Beyond the middle of the hind wings is a slender interrupted brown bar, succeeded by four indistinct eyelets, a black sub- marginal bar, and two very slender marginal dark lines. But the great beauty of the insect consists in the under side of the wings, the anterior being elegantly varied with white, orange, brown and black, with two eyes near the apex. The disk of the hind wings is white, with the veins and many lines and bars of brown; these form a double scallop beyond the middle of the wing, succeeded by a white bar of the same form, the terminal part of the wing being brown and ornamented by two very large eyes, margined with black ; between these and the margin is a slender bar, and two dark thin marginal lines. The caterpillar of this butterfly is described by Drury as green, with black rings round the body, and as feeding, about New York, on the wild balsam; appearing about the end of July or beginning of August. According to Abbot, however, the caterpillar is brown, with the incisions and lateral line yellow: it has also two dorsal lines formed alternately of white and red points. It feeds upon the Gnaphalium obtusifolium. The chrysalis state is assumed at the end of April or beginning of May. The butterfly appears in about ten days. Like C. Cardui, its caterpillar folds and spins the leaves of the plants on which it feeds, together ; and the perfect insect appears about once in five or six years in very great abundance ; at other times they are scarce. An instance of the capture of this butterfly by the late Captain Blomer in Pembrokeshire has been recorded by Mr. Dale in the work above mentioned. 58 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES CYNTHIA HAMPSTEDIENSIS. ALBIN’S HAMPSTEAD-EYE. Plate xiv. fig. 7. Synonyues.— Papilio oculatus Ziampstediensis ex aureo fuscus, | Hipparchia Hampstediensis, Jermyn. Petiver Pap. pl. 5, f. 2. Haworth, p. 54. | Cynthia ITampstediensis, Stephens lll. pl.5,f. 3,4. Brit. Butt. 20. This butterfly is represented by Petiver, the only authority for the species, as about 2 inches in expanse, or of the size of Hipparchia Aceria : the fore wings are brown, with three transverse sub-costal spots ; two elongate ones near the hinder margin, and the margin itself yellow ; at the apical and anal angle is a large ocellus. The hind wings are brown, with a yellow margin, and with two large ocelli near the hind margin. Beneath the fore wings are yellowish, with brown cloudings, and with a row of brown sub-marginal lunules. The posterior are dull yellow, with darker cloudings of brown at the base, with a small ocellus near the anal angle, and a row of four brown spots, between which and the margin is a nearly obsolete row of brown lunules. The only instance of the capture of this otherwise unknown insect was recorded more than a century ago by the faithful Petiver, from whose representation our figure is taken ; its capture is noticed by him in these words: ‘“ Albin’s Hampstead Eye, where it was caught by this curious person, and is the only’one I have yet seen.” Like Aphrodite and Huntera, I have no doubt that it is an exotic species which had been accidentally brought to this country. I have followed Mr. Stephens in giving this as a species of Cynthia rather than as an Hipparchia, as it is evidently allied to Cynthia Orythia. Cynrara Levanca (Papilio L., Linn.; Vanessa L., Ochsenh.), a Continental species, being 14 inches in the expanse of its wings (which are fulvous-coloured, varied with black and yellow above, the anterior having also several white spots, and beneath reticulated with whitish yellow, fulvous, brown and yellowish,) is imdicated as British by Turton, Syst. Nat. p. 42; but no specimen captured in this country is known to be in existence. GENUS NXIIi. APATURA*, Fasrictus. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVI. Insects.—Fig. 1. Apatura Iris (the Purple Emperor), male. 2. The female. 3. Showing the under side. 4. The Caterpillar. 5. The Chrysalis. 7 Fig. 6. Limenitis Camilla (the White Admiral), 7. Showing the under side. 8. The Caterpillar, 9. The Chrysalis. Prants.—Fig. 10. Quercus Sessiliflora (the Sessile-fruited Oak). = Fig. 11. Lonicera Periclymenum (the Common Honeysuckle). The Purple Emperor is the most favourite butterfly of English collectors, partly from its comparative rarity and the difficulty of capture even when discovered, and partly in consequence of its being the only British Butterfly of large size that exhibits a blue tint. The beautiful purple loss exists, however, only in the male, and only in certain lights. I have endeavoured to have the beautiful effect it produces imitated in the fig. 1, of Plate 16; but art cannot do justice to the fitful flashes of rich colour which every change of light produces upon this insect; leaving it at one moment all sober brown, the colour of the female, and the next tinging it with a flush of the richest metallic purple. As in flying downward the purple is nearly constant over a large portion of the wings, I have chosen that position as the one most capable of conveying, in a drawing, some idea of the beauty of the insect. The female, generally somewhat larger in size, and of a paler brown, is represented beneath. * More properly Apaturia, a name of Venus, from ardétn. Vollm. Vollst. Worterb. p. 271. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 59 Only this solitary species of the genus Apatura is found in England; but on the Continent I have met with several others, particularly the beautiful ‘Mars Changeant’ of the south of France, which, though of a brighter brown, greatly resembles the present species, both in the purple gloss, aud in the markings of the under side. Limenitis Camilla has been placed in this Plate to show the affinity which exists between these two genera, on comparing the under sides. The Butterflies are from fine specimens in the British Museum. The Caterpillars and Chrysalides are from Hiibner and Godart. H.N.H. The insects composing this splendid genus are at once distinguished from all the preceding genera of this family by having the antennze very gradually thickened towards the tips into a club, whilst it is separated from Hipparchia by their being straight and not curved, and by the robust structure of the insects. It agrees with the Fritillaries in having naked eyes, by which character it is at once separated from Limenitis. The palpi are close together and compressed, so as to form an elongated beak pointed at the tip. The body is robust, the wings powerful, the anterior having the posterior margin entire, and the hind wings scalloped. The discoidal cell of the wings is not closed; the fore legs are rudimental, with the tarsi articulated ; thus differing from Vanessa. The four hind legs are terminated by two strong ungues, defended at the side by bifid membranous appendages. The larva somewhat resembles a slug, having the body thickest in the middle, fleshy, destitute of spines, except a pair on the crown of the head and the bifid tail. The chrysalis is compressed, with the head-case bifid. This variation in the form of the larva has induced Dr. Horsfield to unite this genus with Hipparchia and some others into a distinct primary division of the diurnal Lepidoptera named Thysanuromorpha, from a supposed resemblance to the forked-tailed Thysanure, or spring-tailed insects! The only British species is the following : SPECIES 1.—APATURA IRIS. THE PURPLE EMPEROR. Plate xvi. fig. 1—5. Synonymes.— Papilio Iris, Linnwus, Haworth. Donovan, pl. 37. Apatura Tris, Ochsenheimer, Leach, Stephens. Curtis, pl. 338. Lewin Papil. pl. 16. Wilkes, pl. 120. Harris Aurelian, pl. 3, fig. Dunean, Brit. Butt. pl. 21. sup. Dozocopa Iris, Hubner. (Verz. bek. Schmett.) This fine insect varies in the expanse of its wings from 2F to 31 inches. The wings of the male are above of a blackish hue, with a splendid purple blush varying according to the position from which they are seen, and marked in the middle and towards the hinder margin with white spots, the inner ones forming the curved upper extremity of a bar which runs across the hind wings nearly to the anal angle; this angle itself being orange, with two black spots, above which is an ocellus. The under side of the fore wings is varied with grey, orange, fulvous, and black, there being an interrupted, curved, white fascia across the wings, behind which is a black eye with a lilac centre surrounded by a broad orange circle in which are two white spots. The hind wings on this side are grey, with a broad white bar attenuated towards the anal angle, on each side broadly ferruginous ; the anal angle ferruginous, above which is a black eyelet with a lilac pupil and orange iris. The wings of the female are brown, destitute of the purple lustre, but marked as in the male. The caterpillar is green, with pale yellow lateral oblique stripes. It feeds on the broad-leaved sallow, and is found at the end of May. The chrysalis is of a pale green colour. The perfect insect is found in the middle of July in woods, in various parts of the South of England. Epping Forest, Great and Little Stour Woods, Wrabness, and Ramsay, Essex ; Badly, Dodnash, and Raydon Woods, in Suffolk ; Clapham Park Wood, Beds; Brinsop Copse, Heref.; Enborne Copse, Berks; near Warminster, Wilts; Christchurch, Hants; Monkswood, Camb., near 60 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES Hertford, and Coombe and Darenth Woods,—have been given as its localities: to which we may add that it is “occasionally though rarely seen in Warwickshire, near Doncaster, and in the Isle of Wight.” (Rev. W.T. Bree, MSS.) Owing to the habit which the Purple Emperor exhibits of fixing his throne on the summit of a lofty oak, from the utmost sprigs of which, on sunny days, he performs his aerial excursions ; defending his territory against a rival emperor with the greatest energy ; it is necessary to use a bag net fixed at the end of a slender rod twenty or thirty feet long. He is exceedingly bold, and will almost suffer himself to be pushed off his seat. The females are much rarer, and do not take such lofty flights as the males. GENUS XIV. LIMENITIS *, Fanricis. This genus is closely allied to Apatura, but differs in its general weaker formation, and in the hinder margin of the fore wings being rounded, and not concave as in the Purple Emperor ; the hind wings are more rounded, and the eyes are pubescent. By these characters, and by the gradual formation of the straight club of the antenna, it is distinguished from all the other genera of this family ; the palpi are not contiguous, as long as the head, not pointed at the tip and clothed with scales and hair; the hind wings have the discoidal cell open ; the fore legs are short in both sexes ; the tarsi formed of a single joint clothed with long hairs and terminated by a small single unguis ; the four hind legs are formed as in Apatura. The larvee are long, cylindric, with several pairs of obtuse hirsute spines on the back, and lateral fascicles of hairs. The chrysalis has the head also beaked, and is very gibbose beneath. It is suspended by the tail. The close relation of this genus and Apatura in the perfect state is sufficient to prove that they are not referable to separate primary groups of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, on account of the differences in their caterpillar state. SPECIES 1.—LIMENITIS CAMILLA. THE WHITE ADMIRAL. Plate xvi. fig. 6—9. Papilio Camilla, Linneus, Saworth, Lewin Papil. pl. 8. Donovan Limenitis Camilla, Leach, Curtis Brit. Ent. pl. 124. © Duncan Ins. 8, pl. 244. Harris Aurelian, pl. 30, fig. m, n. Brit. Butt. pl. 20, fig. 2. Hubner (Verz. bek. Schmett). Papilio Sibilla, Fabricius, Stewart. The wings of this species measure from 2 to 2} inches in expanse. The upper surface is dull black, with a curved interrupted row of white spots extending from near the middle of the costa of the fore wings to the anal angle of the hind ones ; in addition to which the anterior have several additional small spots near the apex, and the posterior have an obscure reddish spot at the anal angle, within which are two black dots. 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By LAURENCE STERNE, ONE VOLUME OF “VOYAGES AND TRAVELS,” CONTAINING ANSON’S VOYAGE ROUND THE WORL BLIGH’S MUTINY OF THE BOUNTY. D. STEPHENS’S TRAVELS IN EGYPT, ARABIA PETRAZA, AND THE HOLY LAND, STEPHENS’S TRAVELS IN GREECE, TURKEY, RUSSIA, AND POLAND. These Volumes may be had separately, very neatly price 10s. 6d. each. Those parties who have taken in the different works a to the above arrangement, may be supplied with the title-pag at 1s. each. bound in cloth, with the contents lettered on the back, s they were published, and who wish to bind them according res gratis, through their bookseller ; and with the cloth coyers 10 AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 61 The fore wings also exhibit near the anal angle several additional white spots; and the anal edge of the hind wings is pale bluish. A remarkable variety in which the white spots on the wings are nearly effaced, the white band being also entirely or nearly obliterated, as well as the dark mark on the under side, is figured by the Rey. W. T. Bree, in Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, vol. v. p. 667. The specimen was taken near Colchester, by Dr. MacLean. Mr. Ingall also possesses a similar specimen from the same neighbourhood. The caterpillar is green, with the head, legs, and dorsal tubercles reddish. It feeds on the honeysuckle. A careful figure of it, from an original drawing in the collection of M. Boisduval, is given in the Crochard edition of the Régne Animal, Ins. pl. 137, fig. 4. ‘The chrysalis has the head beaked and bifid, and a very large and prominent dorsal appendage. It is brownish or green with golden spots. The butterfly appears in July, and is a rare species, although formerly more abundant ; it appears widely distributed over the southern parts of the kingdom. Near Peterborough ; near Ipswich ; Hartley Wood, Essex ; near Rye ; Coombe Wood ; near Finchley ; Birchwood, Kent ; Enborne Copse, Berks ; New Forest : “ abundantly in woods near Winchester ; also a specimen in the Isle of Wight.” Rev. W. T. Bree, MSS. “The graceful elegance displayed by this charming species when sailing on the wing is greater perhaps than can be found in any other we have in Britain. There was an old aurelian of London so highly delighted at the inimitable flight of Camilla, that long after he was unable to pursue her he used to go to the woods and sit down on a stile for the sole purpose of feasting his eyes with her fascinating evolutions.” (Haworth, Lep. Brit. p. 30.) The remaining British species belonging to the family Nymphalide constitute a group of very great extent ; the number of the European species being considerably greater than one-third of the whole of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of Europe. They form the genus Hipparchia of Fabricius (together with part of his genus Melanitis, or the subsequently-named genus Satyrus of Latreille, or Erebia of Dalman). By Boisduval they are formed into a distinct tribe, Satyrides (Satyride, Swainson), and by Hiibner into a stirps named Driades; whilst by Dr. Horsfield they are considered as the types of one of the five primary divisions of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, most of the other Nymphalide belonging to one of his other primary divisions. These butterflies are of the middle size, with the wings ornamented beneath with eye-like spots, and entire or scalloped, but never angulated, nor with the outer margin of the fore wings concave. They have the discoidal cell of the hind wings closed, whilst the base of one or more of the longitudinal veins of the fore wings is dilated and vesiculose. The arrangement of these veins offers no difference between this genus and the other Nymphalide. The two fore legs are minute and rudimental in both sexes ; the antenne are terminated by a curved club, which is generally slender and spindle-shaped, but in a few species very distinct ; the eyes are either naked or hairy; the palpi are not close together, the under side being clothed with long hairs. But the most characteristic mark of distinction consists in the form of the caterpillars, which are attenuated at the posterior extremity, and pisciform, with the tail terminated by a small fork ; the body is destitute of spines, and is generally pubescent, with the head more or less rounded, and sometimes heart-shaped. The chrysalis is but very slightly angulated, and almost destitute of prominent tubercles. The species feed exclusively upon the different species of grasses, and are consequently widely dispersed almost over the whole globe. 62 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES The relations of these insects with the other tribes of Diurnal Lepidoptera are very interesting. In the habit of the caterpillars as well as of the imago, as suggested by Mr. Curtis, they approach Pieris (Pontia) ; but the supposed resemblance with the Melita appears to me to be very slight. Boisduval has more correctly indicated the relation of their larvee with those of Morpho and Brassolis, as well as with Apatura, and of the imago with Biblis. The distribution of these insects has hitherto been but little attended to. By Mr. Curtis (who has in these insects alone departed from his usual plan of giving only one illustration of each genus) they are formed into a single genus, divided into two groups, from the hairy or naked eyes. Mz. Stephens, by a more careful examination of the structure of the different species, has divided the genus into five sections, in the following manner :— A.—Eyes pubescent ; wings, especially the posterior, more or less denticulated ; palpi moderately hairy; frequent woods, lanes, and highways. Algeria, Megewra, B.—Eyes naked ; the wings, especially the posterior, more or less dentated ; palpi moderately hairy ; frequent heaths, commons, and meadows ; subdivided from the form of the club of the antenne, and of the wings. Semele, Galathea, Tithonus, Junira, Hyperanthus. C.—Eyes naked ; anterior wings entire, rounded, posterior dentated ; palpi hairy, terminal joint short, obtuse ; frequent mountainous districts or swampy heaths. Ligea, Blandina. D.—Hyes naked ; wings elongate, pilose, entire ; palpi very hairy ; frequent mountainous districts. Cassiope. E.—Eyes naked ; wings entire ; palpi slender, moderately hairy ; terminal joint very long, acute ; frequent boggy heaths and marshy places in mountain districts. Polydama, Davus, Hero, Ascanius, Pamphilus. M. Boisduyal, in his beautiful ‘ cones des Lépidopteres,” has divided these insects into four genera :—Arge (the group typified by Galathea) ; Erebia, corresponding with the mountain groups, (Stephens’ sections C. and D.) ; Chionobas, an Arctie group; and Satyrus, formed of the remainder, and divided into nine races. M. Duponchel, in a memoir published in the Annals of the French Entomological Society for 1833, has regarded these insects as constituting but a single geuus, and as divisible into nine groups, characterised by the variations in the dilatations at the base of the veins of the wings (a character entirely neglected by our English authors), and the form of the antenne. The following are his groups, with the names of the English species belonging to each. 1. Graminicotes, Galathea. 2. Ericicones, Phedra. 3. Rupicotes, Briseis and Semele. 4. Herpicours, Janira and Tithonus. 5. Victcones, Megera and /Egeria. 6. Ramicoues, Hyperanthus. 7. Dumicotes, Hero, Ascanius, Iphis, Davus, and Pamphilus. 8. Arcricotes (no British species), And 9. ALprcotes, Cassiope, Blandina, and Ligea. The great extent, of the group, and the variation in the characters noticed above, to which others of still greater importance (but which have been neglected by preceding authors) must be added, induce me, after much consideration, to break up the old genus Hipparchia, instead of treating it as I have done the Fritillaries and Vanesse, and to adopt a plan of distribution intermediate between those of Boisduval and Duponchel. The genera Arge (Graminicoles, Dup.), Chionobas (Areticoles, Dup.), and Krebia of Boisduval (Alpicoles, Dup.), appear to me to be natural groups, although there isa marked difference in the form of the wings of Blandina and Cassiope, belonging to the last-mentioned group : but the genus Satyrus of Boisduval is a complete magazine, comprising species with naked and hairy eyes; smooth and pubescent larva ; one, two, or three of the veins dilated at the base, &c. From this mass I therefore propose to detach the Vicicoles of Duponchel, haying, in 0 AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 63 addition to his characters, the eyes hairy, and his Dumicoles, additionally distinguished by the glabrous larvee and very Jong terminal joint of the palpi. I thus leave together all the species which have the anal vein of the fore wings not swollen, the mediastinal and median alone being more or less dilated. This group will, therefore, correspond with Mr. Stephens’ section B., after the removal of Galathea. These groups are further confirmed by the variations in the structure of the fore fect in the different sexes ; a character which has been neglected by all previous authors, except Mr. Curtis, who, without noticing the variations or even the sexual distinctions in this part, merely describes the fore tarsi of the genus as four-jointed ; while Zetterstedt states that the males have the fore legs pilose, and the females almost naked, without mentioning the difference in the number of their joints or in their formation. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVII. Insects.—Fig. 1. Arge Galathea (the Marbled White Butterfly). 2. Showing the under side. 3. The Caterpillar. 4. The Chrysalis. Fig. 5. A dark variety of H. Galathea. 6. Showing the under side. 2 Fig. 7. Lasiommata /®geria (the Speckled Wood Butterfly). 8. Showing the under side. 9. The Caterpillar. 10. The Chrysalis. Fig. 1, Arge Galathea, from an English specimen in Mr. Westwood’s cabinet, is exactly identical with several which I took in Italy, in the neighbourhood of Civita Vecchia; and yet the varieties found on the Continent (by many considered distinct species) are almost numberless. The present it would seem, however, is the type of the species, as it is by far most abundant and constant. In England the species does not seem so prone to variation, but several varieties have nevertheless occurred ; one of the most remarkable of which is the dark one, No. 5 and 6 of this Plate, first figured and described by the Rey. W. T. Bree in the Magazine of Natural History. The dark markings of this handsome species are generally described as black, but they are infact a deep rich brown. This want of exact accuracy in entomological descriptions exists also in other species : for instance, the dark portion of the apex of the anterior wings of Cynthia Cardui, generally described as black, is also a full, rich brown ; and this is not the case in pale specimens only, but on the contrary is still more evident in the most strongly marked individuals. This may be at once very plainly illustrated by comparing the markings in question with those of a really pure black in V. Urtice, or P. Machaon, or many others. The absence of accurate discrimination in describing dark colours is perhaps not of much consequence, and yet, as it might so easily be corrected, it appears desirable that attention should be called to it. [will mention one instance where, in consequence of this defect, the description might almost apply to some other insect. In the Naturalists’ Library, Entomology, vol. iii., Vanessa Atalanta is described as having ‘‘ the upper side of a deep black, with a deep silky gloss,’’ &c. &c. The rest of the description is accurate ; but that portion which makes the entire ground deep black, is quite the contrary. The fact is that the ground of the posterior wings is a fine rich silky brown, and the anterior wings are of the same colour from the base as far as the red band, beyond which the ground colour is intense violet, approaching to black, but not black. L. Mgeria is from a very brightly-marked specimen in the collection of Mr. Westwood, very much brighter than the individuals which I have been in the habit of taking on the Continent; the light markings of which, instead of being of a light, clear straw-colour, are generally of a dusky orange. The Caterpillars and Chrysalides are from Godart. H.N.H. ARGE *, Scuranx. ee This genus is distinguished by having the eyes naked ; the antenna elongated, with a long and slender spindle- shaped club gradually commenced ; the palpi are composed of attenuated joints, the last of which is distinctly pointed and naked at the tip, the under side of the preceding joints clothed with long hairs; the hind wings are dentated ; the mediastinal vein alone of the fore wings is vesiculous at the base, both above and beneath. The * Probably derived from ’Apyijs, albus, from the prevailing white colour, or else from ’Apyds, o¢iosus, from the weak flight of the insect. K 2 64 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES fore legs, in both sexes, are so extremely minute as not to be visible amongst the hairs upon the breast ; those of the female are still more minute than those of the male, but shorter and thicker in proportion to their size; they are alike clothed with scales, and the tarsal portion is not articulated. The larve have the body slightly thickened in the middle, cylindric, attenuated to the tail, which is forked. The chrysalis is destitute of tubercles. The perfect insects are found in grassy places in woods. This genus is exclusively composed of the species (numerous on the Continent, but of which only one has been found in England) which have the ground-colour of the wings white, marked with black spots; hence they are called by the French Leucomélaniens, White Satyrs and Semi-devils. They constitute the group Graminicoles of Duponchel. M. Lefebvre has published a valuable memoir on this group in the first volume of the Annals of the Entomological Society of France. SPECIES 1.—ARGE GALATHEA. THE MARBLED WHITE, OR MARMORESS. Plate xvii. fig. 1—6. Synonymes. — Papilio Galathea, Linneus, Haworth. Lewin Hipparchia Galathea, Leach, Stephens, Curtis, Duncan Brit. Papil. pl. 28. Donovan Brit. Ins. vol. viii. pl. 258. Wilkes, pl. | Butt. pl. 23, fig. 1. 100, Hfarris Aurelian, pl. 11, fig. g—k. Arge Galathea, Boisduval, Hiibner. Satyrus Galathea, Latreille, Duponchel. This singularly-marked butterfly, which from the contrasts of its colours was called the ‘ half-mourner” by our early aurelians, varices in the expanse of its wings from 2 to 2+ inches. Its colours, which are yellowish white and almost black, are distributed in nearly equal proportions over the wings. The ground colour on the upper side is almost black, with one large whitish oval spot near the base of the costa, succeeded by four long whitish patches, the two middle ones being nearest the apex of the wings and smaller than the others ; between these and the apex are two smaller white spots, and there is a row of white submarginal spots. The hind wings have a large oval whitish spot near the base, succeeded by a very broad bar of the same colour, and with a row of sub- marginal white crescents varying in size. The markings on the under surface of the wings are nearly similar, except that the blackish markings are much paler, especially in the hind wings, where they are irrorated with buff. Moreover, the fore wings have a small black eye, with a white centre near the tip; and the posterior wings have five eyes placed just above the white submarginal crescents (the third crescent from the outer angle of the wings not having an eye), and the eye nearest the anal angle being doubled. The female differs in being of a larger size and in having the under surface of the wings of a yellower hue than in the males. Some specimens in the British Museum are so strongly characterised in this respect, that I at first thought it probable they constituted a distinct species. Varieties of this species are described both accidental and apparently permanent. Of the former, one of the most singular is represented in our pl. 17, fig. 5, 6, from a specimen taken near Dover, and kindly communicated to us by the Rev. W. T. Bree, who has published a notice of it in Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, vol. v. p. 335. A similar variety is also figured by Ernst, Pap. d'Europe, 1, pl. 30, fig. G0. The black marks in this variety are very greatly suffused over the largest portion of the wings. An apparently permanent variety, with pale yellowish brown markings in lieu of the black ones, is described by Stephens. The Arge Procida of Herbst is esteemed by Boisduval also AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 65 as a local variety, owing to climate: the black markings in this are much more extended, especially on the upper surface of the wings. In like manner, Boisduval regards the Arge leucomelas of Esper as another local variety, in which the hind wings on the under side have the black markings replaced by so very pale a shade of buff as to cause the wings to appear almost white, the eyelets being always absent. The caterpillar ‘is yellowish green, with a darker line down the back and on each side. It feeds on the cat’s-tail grass. The perfect insect appears in Jnne and July. It especially frequents damp open places in woods, and although local, it seems to be distributed over the greater part of England: it has not, however, been found in Scotland. LASIOMMATA*, Wesrwoop. This genus is at once distinguished from all the other Hipparchiides by having the eyes thickly clothed with hairs, in addition to which the palpi are very slender, moderately clothed to the tip beneath with long hairs, the terminal joint being very short; the wings, especially the posterior pair, are denticulated, and considerably varied, the fore wings with one, and the hind ones with five or six eyes; the antenne are straight, distinctly annulated with black and white, and with the club pyriform; the mediastinal and median vein are more or less swollen at the base, the anal one being simple. The fore legs, although considerably smaller than the intermediate ones, are yet very conspicuous ; they are of equal length in both sexes, but those of the males are comparatively slender and more densely clothed with long slender hairs; the tarsal portion in the male is simple, but in the female it is broader and articulated with several short strong spines at the tips of the joints on the under side; the larva of L. Megewra is elongated, villose, with two short points at the tail; and the pupa -is short, thick, with small angular points, and two points at the head; it is suspended by the tail. The chrysalis of L. Mera, according to M. Marloy, is suspended by the tail in the open air ; it is naked and angular with two points on the head, and with broad brown bands on the wing-covers. This genus corresponds with the first section of Hipparchia, of Curtis and Stephens, and with Duponchel’s fifth group Vicicoles, the species being stated to occur in the neighbourhood of habitations. Stephens more correctly states that they frequent woods, lanes, and highways. They form Hiibner’s two groups, Pararge and Dira. SPECIES 1—LASIOMMATA AGERIA. THE SPECKLED WOOD, OR WOOD ARGUS BUTTERFLY. Plate xvii. fig. 7—10. Synonymes.— Papilio A’geria, Linneus, Haworth, Lewin Papil. | Hipparchia A’geria, Fabricius, Ochsenheimer, Leach, Stephens, pl. 19. Donovan Brit. Ins. 14, pl. 498. Wilkes Engl. Butt., | Curtis ; Duncan, Brit. Butt. pl. 23, fig. 4. pl. 103. Harris Aurelian, pl. 41, fig. f—i. Sepp. 1, tab. 6. | Satyrus Aigeria, Latreille, Boisduval, Duponchel. Pararge Ageria, VWiibner (Verz. bek. Schmett). This butterfly varies in the expanse of its wings from 14 to 2 inches. The ground colour of the wings on the upper side is brown. The fore wings are marked with a number (ten or eleven in the strongest marked * Derived from the Greek Adowos, hirtus, and dupa, oculus, from the hairiness of the eyes. 6 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES individuals) of pale buff patches of variable size, placed irregularly; the one nearest the apex of the wing being ornamented with a black eye, having a white dot in the centre ; the hind wings are more sparingly marked with pale patches, but in the centre towards the margin they have three larger eyes placed in a bar of pale buff. On the under side, the brown colour in the fore wings is more clouded, the apex being much paler with the eye near the tip, whilst the hind wings are more varied with lighter and darker undulations, the outer angle being paler, and a row of six white dots, varying in size near the hinder margin (which has sometimes a purplish tinge), the larger ones replacing the others of the upper side. There is great variation in the size and number of the pale spots, as well as of the clouding of the under surface of the wings, and the females are generally ornamented with larger and more numerous spots than the males. The caterpillar of this species is green, with white longitudinal lines, and a spined tail. It feeds upon grasses, preferring the common couch-grass, and is found in March, May, and June, the perfect insect appearing in April, June, and August, there being several broods in the course of the year. It delights in lanes and glades of woods, and is a common species, occurring from Dover to the north of Scotland. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVIII. Insects.—Fig. 1, Lasiommata Megara, male. 2. The female. 3. Showing the under side. 4. The Caterpillar. 5. The Chrysalis. s Fig. 6. Hipparchia Semele, male. 7. The female. 8. Showing the under side. 9. The Caterpillar. 10. The Chrysalis. Prants.—lig. 11. Bromis sterilis (barren Brome-grass). The insects figured on this plate are all from English specimens in Mr. Westwood’s, or my own collection, and the caterpillars are from Godart. Hipparchia Briseis, a common species on the Continent, having been on one occasion discovered in England, I shall take the opportunity of giving a figure of it in this work, and intended that it should have appeared in juxtaposition with H. Semele on the present plate. But the space does not admit of it, and it will therefore be given in the next. H.N.H. SPECIES 2.—LASIOMMATA MEGARA. THE WALL BUTTERFLY. Plate xviii. fig. l—5. Synonymrs. — Papilio Megera, Linneus, Lewin Papi). pl. 21. | Hipparchia Megera, Ochsenheimer, Leach, Stephens, Curtis. Donovan Brit. Ins. 8, pl. 279. Sepp. v. 2,pl. 2,3. Wilkes, 53, pl. 102. | Satyrus Megera, Latreille, Boisduval, Duponchel. Papilio Megera, Haworth. | Dira Megera, Wiibner (Verz. bek, Schmett.) | Papilio Mera, Berkenhout. Harris Aurelian, pl. 27, fig. a—g. This pretty butterfly varies in the expanse of its wings from 14 to nearly 2 inches. The ground colour of the upper surface of the wings is of a fulvous yellow, with several transverse irregularly undulating brown bars, the base of the hind wings being also brown, as well as the margin of all the wings. Near the tip of the fore wings is a large black eye with a white pupil; and the hind wings have a row of from three to five black eyes, varying in size, the middle ones also having a white pupil. The male differs in having a broad oblique brown bar extending across the middle of the hind part of the fore wings. On the under side, tie fore wings are nearly marked as above, except that the brown bars are more slender, and the broad oblique bar of the male is wanting. The ocellus is surrounded by a brown ring, and accompanied by another minute ocellus. The under wings are beautifully freckled with ashy and brown, with many waved darker marks, forming a broadish curved bar across the middle of the wings, beyond which is a row of six beautiful eyes, that at the anal angle being double, succeeded by a row of darker waves. The caterpillar is slender, pubescent, and of a light green colour, with darker lines on the back and sides. It AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS, 67 is found at the beginning of May and August, and feeds on grasses. The imago appears in July and August, and is a common and widely-dispersed species, frequenting lanes and road-sides, delighting to settle on walls, (whence its ordinary English name), flying off when approached, and settling at a short distance, again to be disturbed at the approach of the passer-by. Papri1o Mara (Linneus), a species closely allied to the preceding, and placed in the same subgenus Dira by Hiibner, has been introduced into the English list of butterflies, in consequence of Linneus having erroneously referred Wilkes’ figure of Megera to Mera, which evidently induced Berkenhout to give Megzera under the name of Mera. Although similar to Megzera in its markings, it is at once distinguished by the more distinct club of the antennz, a character pointed out by Zetterstedt. HIPPARCHIA*, Fasnricuus. This genus is distinguished from the preceding with which it agrees, in having the mediastinal and median veins above more or less dilated at the base, in the naked eyes. The wings are generally considerably variegated, and more or less denticulated, especially the hinder pair, and the palpi moderately hairy. The antenne vary in the construction of the club, which in some species is long, slender, and fusiform, and in others abrupt and broad. The fore legs are of comparatively moderate length, and distinctly visible in both sexes, those of the males being much more densely clothed with hair, and those of the females rather larger. The tarsal portion is simple in the males, but articulated in the females, without however the short spines at the tips of the joints beneath observed in the Lasiommate}. This genus comprises the greater part of Stephens’ section B of Hipparchia, and with Duponchel’s Ericicoles (Phaedra, &c.), Rupicoles (Briseis, Semele, &c.), Herbicoles (Janira and Tithonus, &c.), and Ramicoles (Hyperanthus, &c.) The larve are conical, with the head round, and the tail bifurcate ; they are marked with several longitudinal black stripes. M. Marloy, who has published a short notice on the larva of these insects in the Annals of the Entomological Socicty of France for 1838, mentions that the chief cause why these larve are so seldom met with is, that they conceal themselves and remain inactive during the day, but come forth to feed by night, when they may be found in great numbers with the help of a lamp. The caterpillars of Briseis and Semele form large cocoons under ground, composed of grains of earth fastened together with a little silk ; their chrysalides are short, ovoid, glabrous, contracted, with the head obtuse and the tail pointed. Janira differs from the preceding, in having the chrysalides naked, angular with the head bifid,and suspended head downwards. The larva of Tithonus, according to Boisduval, has the hairs of the body bifid. * Unmeaningly derived, by Fabricius, from the Greek ‘Immapxia, prefectura equitum. + The tarsi above described are those of Semele. Those of Janira are shorter (although conspicuous) and very slightly pilose, with the tarsal portion in the males short and slightly compressed, but longer in the females, and articulated. n other respects they are nearly alike in size and appearance. In Tithonus they are very minute in both sexes, but rather larger in the females, and very slightly hairy in the tarsal part, more elongated than in the male, and thick at the tip. The same minuteness of size occurs also in Hyperanthus, thus confirming the subdivisions established on other characters. 68 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES SPECIES 1.—HIPPARCHIA SEMELE. THE GRAYLING. Plate xviii. fig. 6—10. Synonymes.— Papilio Semele, Linneus. Lewin Papil. pl. 17. Dono- van Brit. Ins. pl. 259. Haworth. Harris Aurelian, pl. 44, fig. d, e. Satyrus Semele, Latreille, Boisduval, Duponchel. Hipparchia Semele, Ochsenheimer, Leach, Stephens, Duncan, Eumenis Semele, Hiibner. Brit. Butt. pl. 22, fig. 1, 2. | This is the largest of our common British Hipparchiz, measuring from 2+ to more than 2! inches in expanse. The fore wings on the upper side are of a dull brown colour, with a broad interrupted bar of various size near the extremity, in which are two black eyes ; the hind wings are brown at the base with a brighter coloured bar near the margin, having a single black eye with a white centre near the anal angle; on the under side, the fore wings are darker at the base, with the extremity yellowish or pale buff, terminated by a narrow dusky margin The two ocelli are here distinct, the anterior one being largest ; the under wings on this side are marked with very numerous short, slender, transverse, white, brown, and black streaks ; the basal half is darkest, and is terminated by a very irregular broad paler bar ; near the anal angle is a nearly obsolete eyelet. The markings vary greatly in size as well as in the intensity of their colours ; and the females have the marks and eyes larger, but paler. The caterpillar is green or grey, with the belly and legs brownish ; it is rather more than an inch long ; its body is thick, hard, and conical, with five blackish longitudinal lines, the dorsal one being the darkest. It forms acocoon in the earth, according to M. Marloy. The butterfly, which appears in July, is rarer than the preceding, owing to its preferring certain localities, such as heaths (Newmarket, Gamlingay, and Salisbury Plain, for example) ; and rocky places, such as Arthur's Seat, near Edinburgh; and stony places, near Durham and Castle Eden Dene. Mr. Wailes also observed it frequently on the sea-coast, near South Shields, where the magnesian limestone occurs, although not found on the opposite side of the Tyne, where there is no limestone. Papo Prxpra of Linneeus appears to have been introduced by Turton as a British species without sufficient authority. It has all the wings on the upper side of a deep uniform brown, the fore ones with two large ocelli, and the hinder ones with a single minute one near the anal angle. It measures 2> inches in the expanse of its wings. Paritio Atcyonn of Esper has also been erroneously given as a native of Scotland, by Stewart, who mistook Blandina for it. It has the wings brown with a whitish bar, the anterior having two ocelli on each side, and the posterior beneath marbled, with a white angular bar and a single ocellus. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIX. Insects.—Fig. 1. Hipparchia Briscis, female. 2. Showing the under side. CS Fig. 3. Hipparchia Tithonus (the large Heath Butterfly), male. 4. The female. 5, Showing the under side. 6. The Caterpillar. 7. The Chrysalis. Prants.—Fig, 8. Poa pratensis (Common Meadow Grass). 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Those parties who have taken in the different works as they were published, and who wish to bind them according to the above arrangement, may be supplied with the title-pages gratis, through their booksellers ; and with the cloth covers at 1s. each. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 69 SPECIES 2.—HIPPARCHIA BRISEIS. Plate xix. fig. 1, 2. Synoyymrs.— Papilio Brisets, Linnzus, Fabricius. Ernst Pap. 1, pl. 21, fig. 36,a—d. Naturforscher, 10, tab. 2, fig.3, 4. Hipparchia Briseis, Ochsenheimer. This fine species measures about 24 inches in the expansion of the wings, which are denticulated, and of a brown colour, having a greenish gloss, The anterior have an interrupted row of pale buff spots near the outer margin, which are extended across the hind wings: moreover the fore wings are marked with two black ocelli with a white centre. The under surface of the fore wings is more varied with brown and buff than the upper, especially towards the base, and is marked on the costa with two blackish spots, and the tip is freckled. The hind wings also on this side are freckled with short transverse streaks. A very irregular paler bar runs across the middle of the wing, succeeded by a darker waved one in which are several rudimental ocelli. The caterpillar is smooth, thick, and greyish-coloured, conical, with five longitudinal dark lines, the dorsal one being the darkest: the head is round and red, It forms a cocoon under ground, according to M. Marloy. We have introduced this common Continental species for the first time as an English insect, a specimen having been reared by A. Lane, Esq., from the larva which was found feeding on grass near Newington. The perfect insect was exhibited at the meeting of the Entomological Society on the 7th of October, 1839, the larva having been captured on the 11th of August preceding. SPECIES 3.—HIPPARCHIA TITHONUS. THE GATE-KEEPER, OR LARGE HEATH BUTTERFLY. Plate xix. fig. 3—7. Synonymes.— Papilio Tithonus, Linn. (Mantissa), Lewin Pap. Papilio Tithonius, Villars (not his Piloselle). pl. 22. Harris Aurelian, pl. 44, fig. f, g. Papilio Herse, Hiibner, Pap. Hipparchia Tithonus, Ochsenh., Steph., Curtis ; Duncan, Brit. Papilio Phedra, Esper. Butt. pl. 23, fig. 2, 3. Papilio Piloselle, Fabricius, Haworth ; Donovan, Brit. Ins. v. 12, Pyronia Tithonus, Hiibner (Verz. bek. Schmett.) pl. 405. This common butterfly varies from 13 to nearly two inches in the expanse of its wings, the ground colour of which on the upper side is of an ochre yellow, with a broadish brown margin. The base of all the wings is also brown; near the apex of the fore wings is a large black eye, in which are two small white dots; near the anal angle of the hind wings is also a nearly obsolete eye, more strongly marked in the female. The male is distinguished by its smaller size, more obscure colouring, and by having a broad brown oblique patch in the middle of the posterior disc of the fore wings. The fore wings on the under side are coloured as on the upper, except that the brown patch is wanting in the males: the hind wings, on the contrary, are of a golden brown at the base and margin, with an irregular waved greyish-buff band running across the middle, having a brown patch near the outer angle in which are two small eyes, and another patch and ocellus towards the anal angle, sometimes accompanied by one or two small white ocelli. The size of these ocelli, as well as their number, varies in different specimens. The caterpillar is greenish, pubescent, with a reddish line on each side, and a brownish head. It feeds on the annual meadow-grass, and also (according to Haworth) on the Hieracium Pilosella. It is found in this -state in the beginning of June, and the butterfly appears in the middle of July. It is a very abundant species, frequenting pasture lands and lanes throughout the kingdom. L 70 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XX. Insects.—Fig. 1. Hipparchia Janiva, male (the Meadow-Brown Butterfly). 2. The female. 3. Showing the under side. 4. The Caterpillar. 5, The Chrysalis. #4 Fig. 6. Hipparchia Hyperanthus (the Ringlet Butterfly). 7. Showing the under side. 8. The Caterpillar. 9. The Chrysalis. Prant.—Fig. 10. Poa annua (Annual Meadow Grass). H. Hyperanthus has been grouped with H. Janira upon this plate to display the singular resemblance of the male insect of the two species on the upper side, while they are so strikingly different beneath. H.N. H. SPECIES 4.—HIPPARCHIA JANIRA. THE MEADOW BROWN BUTTERFLY. Plate xx. fig. 1—5. Synonymrs.—Papilio Janira, Linnzus, (male,) Turton, Stewart. Papilia Jurtina Linneus, (female,) Lewin Pap. pl. 18 ; Donovan, Hipparchia Janira, Ochsenheimer, Stephens, Leach, Curtis; | 1. pl. 320. Haworth ; Harris Aurelian, pl. 32, fig. a—e. Duncan, Brit. Butt. pl. 24, fig. 1, 2. Papilio Hyperanthus, Wilkes, 53, pl. 101. Albin, pl. 53, fig. a—e. Epinephile Hyperanthus, Hiibner (Verz. bek. Schmett.) This most abundant species varies in the expanse of its wings from 1} to 2 inches. As its English name imports, the prevailing colour of the wings on the upper side is obscure brown or almost black, especially in the males. Both sexes have a small black eye, with a white centre, placed on a small fulvous patch near the tip of the fore wings ; and the female has a large fulvous patch beneath the ocellus, which is sometimes also slightly visible in the males: on the under side, the wings are brighter coloured, the fore ones being dark orange yellow, lighter beyond the middle, and with the margin pale brown. The ocellus near the apex is also here present ; the basal half and the margin of the hind wings are tawny brown, separated by a broad irregular paler bar in which are from one to three minute dark dots. The markings of this species, however, greatly vary in size, as well as occasionally in colour ; and the ocellus of the fore wings is sometimes without and sometimes with two white dots ; occasionally also it is accompanied by one or two black spots beneath, as in fig. 2. The caterpillar is pubescent, green, with white longitudinal lines, and the tail is forked. It feeds on several species of grass, especially Poa pratensis. The chrysalis is naked and angular, suspended by the tail, with two sharp points at the head. The butterfly, which is to be found in every meadow and grassy lane, is one of the commonest of our English species, and occurs all over the kingdom. Mr. Knapp, the author of the pleasing Journal of a Naturalist, notices that it appears but little affected by the diversity of seasons, being equally copious in damp and cheerless summers as in the driest and most arid ones. Indeed, in 1826, which was exceedingly parched, the number of these butterflies was so great as to attract the attention of different persons. Linneus mistook the sexes of this butterfly for different species ; but their specific identity has long been unquestionably established. In such cases the name given to the male specimens is retained instead of that of the female. SPECIES 5—HIPPARCHIA HYPERANTHUS. THE RINGLET BUTTERFLY. Plate xx. fig. 6—9. Synonymes.—Papilio Hyperanthus, Linueus, Lewin Pap. pl. | Papilio Polymeda, Scop.; Wiibner, Pap. 20; Donovan, Brit. Ins. 8, pl. 271; Haworth; Harris Aurelian, Satyrus Hyperanthus, Boisduyai. pl. 35, fig. d—h (not of Wilkes). Enodia Hyperanthus, Hiibner (Verz. bek. Schmett.) Hipparchia Hyperanthus, Ochsenheimer, Leach, Stephens, Curtis, Duncan, This plain-coloured butterfly varies in the expanse of its wings from 1} to nearly 2 inches. The upper surface of all the wings is dark brown, without any shade or mark except one or two small and more or less AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 71 distinct ocelli near the hind margin of the fore wings, and with several similar ocelli near the margin of the hind wings. On the under side, the ground colour of the wings is rather paler, but uniform ; whilst the ocelli of the upper side are here repeated in the hind wings, but greatly increased in size, there being generally two near the outer angle, and three between the middle and the anal angle. But these ocelli vary in an endless manner ; in some the ocelli being not only very large and connected together, but also accompanied by smaller ocelli attached to them ; whilst in others the ocelli are obliterated, the fore wings being without any spots, and the hind wings with only three minute white spots. Every intermediate variety is found. The caterpillar is pubescent, of a greyish white colour, with a slender black dorsal line ; and sometimes it is entirely blackish. It feeds on the Poa annua, and other grasses, keeping during the day at the roots. The perfect insect appears at the end of June, and is found in damp grassy places about woods and lanes, and seems to be generally dispersed throughout the country. COZNONYMPHA, Hupner. This genus comprises the smallest species of the Hipparchiides, distinguished from all the rest by several evident characters: the wings are entire and not denticulated, the anterior pair having the three veins (medias- tinal, median, and anal) strongly and equally swollen, the eyes naked, the palpi slender, moderately hairy with the last joint very long and acute, the antenne annulated with grey and brown with a decided club. The fore legs (in C. Pamphilus) are of comparatively moderate length, those of the males very densely clothed with long hairs, those of the females almost naked, with the tarsi long and articulated, almost resembling a perfect foot ; whilst the tarsi of the males are very short and simple. The larvze are completely glabrous and shining; thus differing from the larvae of all the preceding species of this subfamily. This genus, to which I have applied Hiibner’s name (C. cenonympha), corresponds with Stephens’ section E, and with Duponchel’s group Dumicoles. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXI. Insects.—Fig. 6. C. anonympha Davus, the small Ringlet Butterfly. 7. Showing the under side. Fig. 3. Cenonympha Polydama (the specimen formerly figured by Mr. Stephens), showing the under side, with the cream- coloured band or fascia continuous, and not interrupted as in Fig. 2. s Fig. 1. Ccenonympha Typhon, the Marsh Ringlet Butterfly (the specimen formerly figured by Mr. Stephens as Iphis). 2. Show- ing the under side. 4. The caterpillar of C. Iphis of Godart. 5. The chrysalis. z 2 ig. 8. Another specimen of C. Typhon, approaching in colour on the upper side to C. Pamphilus. 9. Showing the under side of the same specimen, which is also paler and more indistinct than ordinary. Piant.—Fig. 10. Aira Flexuosa, a common Heath-grass. The species here figured with some of their most prominent variations have been the subject of some confusion, and have been at different times subdivided into more distinct species than there are varieties in the present plate. It is now the opinion of several entomologists, more particularly of Mr. Stephens, who is one of the best authorities upon the subject, that they can only form two distinct species, viz. C. Davus and C. Typhon or Polydama—the continuity or interruption of the cream-coloured band or fascia on the under side of the hind wings, with other trifling differences of marking, being no longer considered specific distinctions. These two species may be generally distinguished by the following characteristics :—C. Davus always has the little rings more or less defined on the upper side, and is of a dull brown with a slight inclination to Te 72 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES grey ; on the under side, the markings are very strong and perfect, and in the darker parts inclining to an olive green. C. Typhon or Polydama bas the little rings very slight, and in some cases altogether deficient on the upper side, whilst the ground colour is somewhat paler, and instead of tinclining to grey, inclines rather to tawny ; and on the under side all the markings are paler and less distinct. Davus is found in Lancashire, more particularly in the neighbourhood of Manchester, where Polydama is seldom or never seen; whilst Polydama is confined to Yorkshire, Cumberland, and South Wales. Notwithstanding these distinctions both of markings and locality, I should myself feel almost tempted still farther to simplify the matter, and to refer the two reputed species to one ; the different localities being rather an argument in favour of uniting the species than separating them, for it is well known that the insect of the mountain and the same insect of the plain beneath have always different characters sufficiently constant for specific distinction, if there were not abundant general evidence of identity. The specimens figured in the present Plate, seem sufficient evidence that they may be all referred to one species ; for though there is a wide difference between Typhon fig. 9, and Davus fig. 7, yet the connecting links are not wanting: and indeed atx the intermediate gradations might pe selected from any hundred specimens indiscriminately taken. Davus seems the type of the genus; there, all the markings are complete, distinct, and unclouded; in Polydama, fig. 3, they are already somewhat paler and less defined; in Typhon, fig. 2, the broad band or fascia on the hind-wing is broken up into two irregular marks ; while in fig. 9 the whole is fainter, and some of the marks have disappeared altogether, As the caterpillars of these Butterflies are at present unrecorded in this country, I hope some of our subscribers in the neighbourhood of Manchester, and others in Yorkshire, Cumberland, or Wales, will endeavour to forward specimens to us in the course of the next season* which will decide the question, and they shall be carefully figured and described in our supplemental plates. They must be sought during the fine nights of June, as they only feed after sunset ; and when discovered, some care must be used, as they drop from the blade of grass (on which they are feeding) directly it receives the slightest touch. H.N.H. SPECIES 1.—CGZENONYMPHA DAVUS. THE SMALL RINGLET BUTTERFLY. Plate xxi. fig. 6, 7. Synonymes.— Papilio Davus, Fabricius, Haworth, Jermyn (but Papilio Musarion, Borkhausen. not of Godart). Maniola Tiphon, Schrank (not P. Tiphon, Esper., nor P. Typbon Hipparchia Davus, Ochsenheimer, Curtis, Stephens. of Haworth). Papilio Tullia, Hubner, Pap. 243, 244. Papilio Hero, Donovan Brit. Ins. 6, pl. 186. Lewin pl. 25, Papilio Philovenus, Esper. fig. 5, 6 (but not P. Hero of Linneus). This plain-coloured butterfly varies in the expanse of its wings from 15 to 1{ inches. On the upper side they are of a brownish ochre colour, the base being rather darker and the fringe of a pale grey ; parallel to the outer margin of the fore wings are the rudiments of two eyes, and occasionally with one or two smaller ones. Traces also of several eyes appear near the margin of the hind wings. Beneath, the fore wings have the basal half of a somewhat brighter ochre; this is succeeded by a narrow irregular pale bar (narrowed to the hinder margin), the space between which and the outer margin of the wings is greyish brown, with only two larger ocelli, and sometimes with one, two, or three additional smaller ones. The hind wings beneath are dark brownish grey at the base, the outer margin of which is angulated : this is followed by a broad irregular whitish central bar; this is succeeded by brownish grey usually ornamented with six large ocelli, having a black iris surrounded by a whitish or fulvous ring, with a small silvery central dot. The markings on the under side of the wings vary in size, and the eyes in number; sometimes the whitish middle bar is interrupted in the centre and the anal ocellus is generally doubled. The outer edge of the hind wings is whitish and the fringe brownish. This species is so closely allied to the P. Typhon of Haworth, that it is possible that it may ultimately prove to be a local variety of it. The specimen described by Mr. Haworth was captured near Manchester in the month of July. Since that time it has been plentifully taken in the marshes between Stockport and Ashton, near that town. Trafford and White Moss, also near Manchester, and Shorn Moor, Yorkshire, have likewise been given as its localities. * These or any other communications may be forwarded to our publishers. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 73 Papitio Potypama of Haworth (Polymeda of Jermyn but not of Scopoli, the last-named author having given that name to Hyperanthns) is considered by Curtis as a variety of Davus; whilst Mr. Stephens at first gave it as a distinct species, but subsequently, in the Appendix to the first volume of his lustrations, asserted it to be a variety of Typhon of Haworth. It measures about an inch and a half in the expanse of its wings, the fore pair of which, on the upper side, are of a greyish ochre, with two obscure blind eyes; the hind wings above are brown, but with the inner edge broadly whitish or buff, with a small obscure eyelet near the anal angle. The fore wings beneath are of a brownish ochre, blackish at the base and ashy at the tips, with an abbreviated whitish fascia across the middle, between which and the outer margin are two eyes of small size: the hind wings beneath have a broad basal bar of greyish brown externally dentated, terminated by a whitish irregular bar, sometimes almost interrupted in the middle, beyond which the wings are ashy, with six small eyes surrounded with a whitish ring, three of which are usually much smaller than the others. The ocelli, as well as the ground- colour of the wings, vary considerably. This variety—or species, as it may be considered —was first found in the county of York in the month of June, and subsequently on the 2st of July, 1809, by the Rev. W. T. Bree, on the moors between Bala and Festiniog, North Wales, in company, however, with a specimen of Typhon, Haw. Mr. Weaver also found Polydama plentifully in North Wales in 1827 ; whilst he found Typhon still more profusely in Cumberland one month earlier. According to Mr. Wales, however, both Typhon and Polydama occur plentifully on damp heaths in Northumberland in the beginning of July. Mr. Curtis, on the other hand, states that it is taken near Manchester in company with Davus—‘ Non nostrum tantas componere lites.” Our figure 3, in plate 21, is taken from the specimen which was represented by Mr. Stephens, Llustr. Haust. 1, pl. 7, fig. 3. SPECIES 2.—CQENONYMPHA TYPHON, Haworth, THE SCARCE HEATH BUTTERFLY. Plate xxi. figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, and 9. Synonymes.—Papilio Typhon, Haworth, Jermyn, Curtis. Godart, according to Curtis, the species described by those authors Papilio Tiphon, Esper. (according to Stephens, but disputed by | being the Hero of Fabricius). Curtis). Satyrus Davus, Godart. Papilio Iphis (Wien V.?) Borkhausen, Jermyn, Stephens, Iluat. Hipparchia Polydama, var., Stephens, Syst. Cat. and Tllust. Haust. 1, pl. 7, fig. 1, 2, (but not of Ochsenheimer, Hubner, nor | Haust. 1, App. p. 148. This species (if indeed it be specifically distinct from Davus and Polydama) varies from 14 to 12 inches in expanse. On the upper side the wings are usually of a rusty grey or ochre colour, having the base brownish. The hind wings are generally darker, and without any trace of rudimental eyes, but sometimes with distinct ocelli varying in number near the tip; on the under side the fore wings are dusky at the base, with the disc rusty ochre, followed by an abbreviated, irregular white stripe; the outer part of the wing being greenish ash, and bearing generally two (but sometimes as many as five) small eyes, which are occasionally obsolete: the hind wings beneath are of a greenish-brown at the base, with an irregular, interrupted whitish bar beyond the middle of the wing, succeeded by an ochre shade in the female, but greenish-brown in the male, and generally ornamented with six small eyes, but their number is liable to great variation. The females are further distin- guished by having the wings paler and more ochreous, and marked on the upper side with a large pale blotch on the disc of all the wings. 74 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES The varieties of this species are very numerous, not only in the markings, but also the ground-colour of the wings. One of the most striking is represented in our Plate 21, fig. 8, 9. This butterfly was first taken in June, in Yorkshire, near Beverley. Many years afterwards it was again found by Mr. Haworth ina marsh near Cottingham, in the same county. It also occurs in Scotland, Wales, Cumberland, Northumberland, the Shetland Islands, and other parts of the North of Great Britain. It was found by Mr. Weaver in Cumberland, unaccompanied by Polydama, which he had found in North Wales nearly a month earlier; although, according to Mr. Wailes, both occur in company in Northumberland. It will be seen by the synonymes how great a confusion has prevailed as to the specific name of the insect. Mr. Stephens first described it under the name of Iphis, which he afterwards altered to Polydama, regarding it as identical with the Polydama of Haworth, which he had also at first considered as distinct. If Polydama, however, be a variety of Davus, some other name must be given to this species ; and although the synonymes of Esper (to Tiphon) are disputed, and the change of the name to Typhon not perhaps strictly correct, yet I have thought it best to recur to the name imposed on the species by my lamented friend and tutor in Entomology, Mr. Haworth—instead of giving it a new specific name, which would otherwise have been rendered necessary. The caterpillar and chrysalis are copied from Godart’s figures of C. Iphis; but the synonymes of the species so named have been so confused, that we are not quite certain whether it be identical with Typhon or not. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXII. Insects. —Fig. 1, Cononympha Pamphilus (the small Heath Butterfly). 2. Showing the under side. S Fig. 3. Cenonympha Hero, 4. Showing the under side. 7 Fig. 5. Canonympha Arcanius. 6. Showing the under side. 7. The Caterpillar. 8. The Chrysalis. : Fig. 9. Oreina Cassiope (the Mountain Ringlet B.). 10. Showing the under side. Prants.—Figs. 11, 12, 13. Cynosurus cristatus (Dog’s-tail grass). Fig. 14. Melica nutans (mountain Melic-grass). C. Pamphilus is from a specimen in the possession of Mr. Westwood. C. Hero and O. Cassiope from the collection of Mr. Stephens. The caterpillar of Arcanius is from Godart, who describes it as feeding upon Melica ciliata, which, not being an English species, I have represented it upon M, nutans. H.N.H. SPECIES 3.—CQZENONYMPHA ARCANIUS. Plate xxii. fig. 5—8. Synonymes.— Papilio Arcanius, Linn. ? Hubner (P. Arcania). Hipparchia Arcanius, Jermyn, Stephens, Curtis, Brit. Ent. pl. 205x. This butterfly measures an inch and a half ini the expanse of its wings; the fore pair of which are tawny, with the front edge and outer margin brown, having a small obscure eye near the tip; the hind wings are brown, palest across the middle, with a narrow orange stripe at the anal angle, and three or four very indistinct ocelli. The fore wings beneath have the front and outer edges slightly brown, with a short pale ochreous stripe towards the apex, where there is an ocellus with a black iris (sometimes accompanied by a smaller eye). The hind wings beneath are orange brown at the base, terminated in an irregular margin beyond the middle of the wing, having an ocellus with a black iris and silver pupil at the superior extremity ; a broad whitish irregular band beyond is succeeded by a bright tawny margin, in which are two large and two or three small ocelli, with a silver line running near the margin of the wing. Such is the description of the only specimen of this butterfly at present in any British collection—and even AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 75 its claims as a real native are questioned. Mr. Curtis, to whom it belongs, states that it “ was captured by Mr. Plastead, it is understood, on the borders of Ashdown Forest ;” but Mr. Stephens (Illust. Brit. Ent. Haust. 4. 379) doubts its authenticity. It is an abundant species on the Continent, appearing in the months of June and July. The caterpillar is green, with a red mouth, a darker green line down the back, a pale-yellow line down each side, and another above the feet. It feeds upon Melica ciliata. A hybrid between C. Arcanius and C. Hero has been described and figured by Schummell (Beitrage z. Entomol. Schlesische Faun. pl. 9, f. 5), having the upper side of Arcanius, and the underside of Hero. It was found in 1809 near Gerlachsdorf. SPECIES 4.—CCENONYMPHA HERO. THE SILVER-BORDERED RINGLET BUTTERFLY. Plate xxii. fig. 3—4. Synonymes.— Papilio Hero, Linneus, Haworth Ent. Trans. (not | of Fabricius, nor of Donovan, who figures Davus under that name.) Hipparchia Hero, Ochsenheimer, Stephens, Curtis, Brit. Ent. pl. P. Melibeus, Ernst. 205. Papiho Sabeus, Fabricius. This species measures about an inch and a half in the expanse of its wings, which are of a fulvous brown colour, the fore wings being paler along the fore edge, with an orange stripe close to the posterior margin, near to which are two small indistinct orange ocelli, with brown pupils ; the hind wings have also a narrow orange stripe near the outer margin, above which are four large black ocelli having minute whitish pupils, and sur- rounded by a broad orange ring. The fore wings beneath are coloured as on the upper side, except that there is a narrow silver stripe adjoining the orange sub-marginal one, and which is also continued through the hind wings, which have an irregular whitish bar rather beyond the middle, succeeded by orange, in which are seven ocelli of various size: the two nearest the anal angle being confluent and smallest ; the iris being black, with a white pupil, and surrounded by an orange circle. This is one of our rarest insects; a female taken by Mr. Plastead near Withyam, on the borders of Ashdown Forest, Sussex, and now in Mr. Curtis's collection, being the only specimen in British collections until recently, when it appears to have been again taken in Sussex; Mr. Stephens stating, in the Appendix to the Lepidopterous volumes of his Illustrations, that he had obtained a specimen from the neighbourhood of Lamberhurst. SPECIES 5.—CCENONYMPHA PAMPHILUS. THE SMALL HEATH BUTTERFLY. Plate xxii. fig. 1—2. Synonyars.—Papilio Pamphilus, Linneus. Lewin Papi. pl. 23, Hipparchia Pamphilus, Ochsenheimer, Leach, Stephens, Curtis ; fig. 3,4. Haworth, Stewart, Harris, Aurelian, pl. 21, fig. e—h. Duncan, Brit. Butt. pl. 26, fig. 3. De Geer Mém. 2, pl. 2, fig. 3. Papilio Nephele, Wiibner, Pap. This, which is one of the commonest of our British butterflies, varies in the expanse of its wings from 1+ to 14 inches. The wings on the upper side are of a pale tawny or fulvous colour, with the entire margins brownish ; the anterior pair having an indistinct ocellus near the tip, sometimes accompanied by a still smaller one, or by one or more black spots. The hind wings have sometimes also an obsolete ocellus near the anal angle. On the under side the fore wings are fulvous, with the base and apex ashy, a rather large ocellus being placed near the tip, having a black iris and white pupil, and surrounded by whitish. The hind wings are brown at the base and ashy at the tips, with an abbreviated whitish band across the middle, beyond which are several minute, indistinct 76 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES ocelli. Varieties occur in which the ocelli are more or less obliterated, and in the males the dusky edging of the wing is more decided than in the females. The caterpillar feeds upon Cynosurus cristatus, and is found at the beginning of May and August. It is greenish, with a dusky line down the back and a pale line down each side. The perfect insect is found abundantly on heaths and dry pasture lands, appearing at the beginning of June and September. Moses Harris also states, that there is a brood in April, making three in the course of one year. OREINA *, Westrwoop. This genus is distinguished from the other British species of Hipparchiides by having none of the veins of the wings dilated at the base. The antenna are slender, with a more or less globular or pyriform club. The eyes are naked, the palpi having the wings varying in shape, the anterior being either rounded or elongate, and the posterior denticulated or entire. The fore feet in the males of Blandina are very small, so as not to be visible among the hairs of the breast, and very densely hairy ; those of the female, on the other hand, are comparatively long, quite visible, slender, naked, and with the tarsal portion articulated. This genus, to which Boisduval inappropriately applied Dalman’s generic name of Erebia (which is a synonyme of Hipparchia or Satyrus) is composed of species for the most part natives of mountainous districts ; hence I have applied to it a name derived from the Greek in allusion to this habitat. The Continental species are very numerous and very difficult to determine. Boisduval states, that they exclusively inhabit the Alpine mountains, and the mountain districts of central Europe, being but very rarely found on the plains, except where the vegetation has an alpine character. They are not found on the mountains of the north of Europe (where they are replaced by the species of Chionobas), nor on the mountains of the south of Europe. They constitute Duponchel’s ninth and last group, named from the same circumstance Alpicoles ; which that author suggests may be formed into two divisions, from the entire and denticulated wings: indeed by Stephens they are, from this circumstance, separated into two groups, forming his sections C and D of Hipparchia. The species with denticulated hind wings are termed Epigea by Hiibner, whilst those with entire wings are his Melampias. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIII. Insects.—Fig. 1. Oreina Ligea (the Arran brown Butterfly) female. 2. The male. 3. Showing the under side. 4. The Caterpillar. a Fig. 5. Oreina Blandina (the Scotch Argus B.) male. 6. The female. 7. The under side of the English variety, male. 9. The under side of the Scotch variety, male. 8. The under side of the English variety, female. 10, The under side of Scotch variety, female. Prants.—Fig. 11. Poa Glauca (Glaucous Meadow-grass). ry Fig. 12. Poa alpina (Alpine Meadow-grass). Ihave been enabled from the fine cabinet of Mr, Stephens to enrich the present plate with a variety of specimens illustrative of the distinctions of the Scotch and English varieties of O. Blandina. It will be seen that, in the English specimens, the light band on the hind wing is ashy grey, broad in the female, and narrow in the male, and that in the female the grey band is repeated towards the base of the wing. 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STEPHENS’S TRAVELS IN GREECE, TURKEY, RUSSIA, AND POLAND. These Volumes may be had separately, very neatly bound in cloth, with the contents lettered on the baek, price 10s. Gd. each. Those parties who have taken in the different works as they were published, and who wish to bind them according to the above arrangement, may be supplied with the title-pages gratis, through their booksellers ; and with the cloth covers at 1s. each. | aa AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. “I i | SPECIES 1.—OREINA LIGEA. THE ARRAN BROWN BUTTERFLY. Plate xxiii. fig. 1—4. Synonymes.— Papilio Ligea, Linneus; Sowerby, Brit. Miscell. ;| = Papilio Alevis, Esper. pl. 2. | Papilio Philomela, Hiibner, Papil., Esper. Hipparchia Ligea, Ochsenheimer ; Stephens, Hust. Haustell. 1, Erebia Ligea, Dalman, Boisduval. pl. 6, fig. 1, 2,3; Duncan, Brit. Butt. pl. 25, fiz. 1. | Epigea Ligea, Hiibuer (Verz. bek. Schmett.) This rare butterfly measures from 1+ to 2 inches in the expanse of its wings, which are of a dark rich brown, all the wings having a broad oblong patch of red near the outer margin, within which, on the fore wings, are four eyes, black (with white pupils in the females), the two nearest the apex confluent, and in the hind wings three ocelli, which are also blind in the males. On the under side the wings are of a paler brown, and the band is brighter in the fore wings, but almost obsolete in the hind ones, which are ornamented beyond the middle with an abbreviated and irregular white band, between which and the hind margin are three black ocelli, with white pupils, each surrounded by a red ring. The fringe of all the wings is alternately brown and white. Taken in the Isle of Arran by the late Sir Patrick Walker and Alexander Macleay, Esq., in July or August. It is described as occurring in France and Sweden, and as appearing in meadows and open spaces of woods. The caterpillar is green, with a dusky line down the back, with several white lines along the sides. SPECIES 2:—OREINA BLANDINA. THE SCOTCH ARGUS BUTTERFLY. Plate xxiii. fig. 5—10. Synonymes. — Papilio Blundina, Fabricius ; Sowerby, British Hipparchia Blandina, Ochsenheimer ; Stephens ; Curtis; Duncan, . Miscell. 1, pl. 7? Donovan, vol. 12, pl. 426. Brit. Butt. pl. 25, fig. 2. Epigea Philomela, Hiibner. This species varies in the expanse of its wings from 13 to 2 inches. The upper side of all the wings is of a dark uniform brown colour, the fore wings having a dark orange patch near the apex, the lower part being narrower than the upper, from which it is ordinarily separated by a constriction in the middle of the patch. The upper part of this patch bears a united pair of black eyes, having white pupils, and the lower part has a single eye similar in colour but smaller, which is occasionally obliterated. The hind wings are ornamented with a curved bar (or rather a united series of round marks), of obscure orange near the hinder margin, in which are generally three small black eyes with white pupils, and a black dot in the outer part of the bar. Specimens occasionally occur with as many as five ocelli on the fore wings. Others have only two ocelli in the hind wings. The fringe of all the wings is brownish, but paler and interrupted in the females. On the under side the fore wings are of a somewhat redder brown with an orange bar ocellated as above; the hind wings have the base greyish brown, succeeded by a broad irregular red-brown bar, which extends beyond the middle of the wings ; this is again succeeded by arather narrower greyish bar,in which are three minute rudimental ocelli; and the margin of the wing is brown. ‘The colouring of these bars varies considerably, not only according to the localities where the specimens are taken, but also in the sexes, as represented in the upper series of figures in Plate 23. Ordinarily, however, the specimens taken in Scotland have the bars more indistinctly marked. There are numerous Continental species closely allied to this insect, but the descriptions and figures of Ernst, Hiibner, &c. of these insects are not sufficiently accurate to enable a correct judgment to be formed whether the English specimens be specifically distinct from the Scotch ones. : Messrs. Stephens and Curtis only mention the island of Arran and Castle Eden Dean as the localities for this M 78 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES species; but Mr. Duncan adds, that ‘it occurs in some plenty over a district of considerable extent in Dumfries-shire near Minto in Roxburghshire, occasionally near Edinburgh, and probably in most of the southern counties of Scotland. Mr. Wailes informs us that it exists in profusion in one or two places in the magnesian limestone district not far from Neweastle. The caterpillar is light green with brown and white longitudinal stripes ; head reddish. The egg is ribbed, and of a whitish colour speckled with brown.” SPECIES 3—OREINA CASSIOPE. THE SMALL RINGLET, BUTTERFLY. Plate xxii. fiy. 9—10. Synonyars.—Papilio Cassiope, Fabricius. Papilio Zthiops minor, Villars. Hipparchia Cassiope, Ochsenheimer ; Stephens, Hlustr. Haust. 1, | Papilio Melampus, Esper. pl. 8, figs. 1, 2,3; Curtis ; Dunean, Brit. Butt. pl. 24, fig. 3. | . Var.—Papilio Mnemon, Haworth Ent. Trans. 1, 332. Melampias Cassiope, Uiibner. This species differs from the two preceding species of this group in having the wings much more elongated : the hind pair being also entire and not denticulated. The fore wings generally measure 1+ or 1+ inches in expanse. The wings above are of a brown colour with a silky gloss; the fore wings having a red bar near the extremity interrupted by the veins, and net extending to the margins of the wings: in this bar are generally four small black dots with obscure pupils; but specimens occur with only three, two, or even no ocelli, whilst in others the bar itself is reduced to a few red spots. The hind wings have also a red bar near the extremity, bearing three similar eyelets. On the under side the fore wings are redder brown, with the red band marked with four black spots, whilst the hind ones are ashy or coppery-brown, with three black spots, each surrounded by a slender red ring. Variations occur in the number and size of the spots as well as of the band. The mountainous districts of Cumberland and Westmoreland are the only localities yet indicated for this small species, upon which Mr. Curtis makes the following observations :—‘* The males in forward seasons have appeared as early as the 11th of June; but last year (1829), when Mr. Dale and myself visited Ambleside, they were later, the first being taken the 18th of June, and they did not become plentiful till the 25th. They are found amongst the coarse grass that covers considerable spaces abounding with springs on the sides of mountains. They only fly when the sun shines, and their flight is neither swift nor continued, for they frequently alight amongst the grass ; and, falling down to the roots, tlicir sombre colour perfectly conceals them. The females are later, and have been taken even in August. We found the males on Red Skrees, a mountain near Ambleside ; and Mr. Marshall took them at Gable-hill and Stye-head, between Wastwater and Borrowdale.” Iiprarcni, Myxsrra of Ochsenheimer was introduced into the list of English species without authority in the 2nd Edition of the Butterfly Collector's Vade-Mecum, on the examination of a variety of Oreina Cassiope in the British Museum, in which the fascia on the fore wings has only two eyelet spots. Mr. Stephens, however, corrected the error in his Illustrations (Haustell, vol. i. p. 63); but Mr. Curtis has subsequently given Mnestra as a British species in the second edition of his Guide, but accompanied by a mark of interrogation. That gentleman has, however, recently observed to me in a note, ‘* You will observe that Mnestra Hub. ? is queried, and it may be only the female of Cassiope.” The true Mnestra, as carefully figured by Boisduyal in his Icones Historiques des Lepidopteres d'Europe, v. i. pl. 35, figs. 1—4, has the dise of the under side of the fore wings in both sexes rich red brown—the four wings are also “ proportionnellement assez courtes arrondies.” It is found in various parts of Switzerland, especially near the Great and Little St. Bernard. The males have the red band of the fore wings unspotted, and in the females it has two eyes on each side. ‘ AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 79 FAMILY III. ERYCINID&. This family of butterflies is distinguished by the males having only four ambulatory fect, whilst the females have six, or in other words, the fore legs of the males are rudimental, whilst they are perfect in the females ; the anal edge of the hind wings is but slightly prominent, the discoidal cell is either open, or closed either entirely or partially by a false nervure. The claws of the tarsi are minute and scarcely perceptible. The caterpillars are very short, pubescent or hairy, and the chrysalis is short and contracted. The insects of this family are of small size, and almost exclusively confined to South America. They are often very brilliant and varied in their colours, their wings being mostly marked with spots. They, however, exhibit a certain appearance of weakness in their formation quite unlike that of Nymphalidze. M. Lacordaire, nevertheless, informs us that the flight of the South American species is very rapid, and that the majority rest with their wings extended on the under side of the leaves. The only British species which belongs to this family (forming, indeed, an aberrant group therein), is the small fritillary known to collectors under the name of the Duke of Burgundy, which differs from all the Nymphalidee (in which family it has been arranged by Stephens, Curtis, &c.,) in several important respects, especially the perfect structure of the fore legs in the female, the minute simple ungues, the posterior tibiz destitute of spurs, the onisciform larva, and the girt chrysalis. In its general appearance, however, as well as in its colours and markings, it bears a more immediate resemblance to the small fritillaries of the genus Melitcea, but the relation is one of analogy and not of affinity, the general appearance alone constituting the resemblance, whilst in its more important structural characteristics it possesses no real relation with the Melitcee. How far it would be advisable (as has been suggested to me by Mr. Stephens) to invert the arrange- ment of the genera constituting the family Nymphalidee, in order to bring the Hipparchiides into conjunction with the Pierides, and thus terminate the family with the Melitaez (which would be thus brought into connexion with the present family), can only be determined when a complete analysis has been made of the family Nymphalidas— a task which it is to be feared no lepidopterist is yet able to accomplish. Such a step would, moreover, completely overturn the arrangement of Dr. Horsfield, and the natwral transition of the genera which he laboured to propound. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIV. Tysects.—Fig. 1. Hamearis Lucina (the Duke of Burgundy Fritilary B.). 2. Showing the under side. 3. The Caterpillar. 4. The Chrysalis. ig. 5. Thecla Quercus (the purple hair-streak B.), female. 6. The male. 7. A common variety of the male, more dusky in tint. 8. Showing the under side. 9. The Caterpillar. 10. The Chrysalis. zr ca Prants.—Fig. 11. Primula vulgaris (the common Primrose), 12. Quercus pedunculata (a variety of the common Oak). I have described fig. 1 as the female T. Quercus, a fact said to be ascertained by a careful dissection. But as in every other instance among diurnal Lepidoptera, the fine metallic tints, similar to the brilliant purple marks on the fore wings of this insect, are only displayed by the male— as in the purple Emperor, all the genus Lycwna, &c., &c.—this assertion is against general analogy. Both insects are from specimens in the British Museum, and the larve are from Hiibner. H. N. H. The only British genus is the following :— m 2 80 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES HAMEARIS, Hisnern. (NEMEOBIUS, Srevuens.) This very interesting genus is distinguished from all the preceding by the small size of the insects, as well as from all the Nymphalide by the nature of its transformations. The head is rather small, with the eyes hairy, and the short palpi not extending beyond the tuft of hairs on the forehead ; they are slender, and three-jointed, the second joint long, and the third small and sub-globose. The antenne are slender, and terminated by an abrupt compressed club, The fore wings are short and somewhat triangular, the front margin being nearly straight, the hind wings are rounded and denticulated. The veining of the wings is peculiar, and has not been before described. In the fore wings the veins are arranged as in Argynnis; the postcostal vein superiorly emitting two branches before reaching the transverse vein which closes the discoidal cell. A third branch is emitted at the place of the junction of the transverse with the postcostal veins: this third branch superiorly emits two branchlets: the posteostal vein after emitting this third branch is simple, and extends to below the tip of the wing. In the hind wings the vein which corresponds with the postcostal one emits an outward branch (which extends to the outer angle of the wing), at a considerable distance below the place from whence the interior branch of this postcostal vein is emitted.* Whereas in the other fritillaries the outward branch originates considerably nearer the base of the wing than the inward branch. The fore legs are short, imperfect, and thickly clothed with hair in the males, the tarsal portion being destitute of articulations. In the female the fore legs, on the contrary, are as perfect as the others, and clothed with short scales: the tarsi being as long as the tibiw, composed of five distinct joints, terminated by minute simple claws and pulvilli. The tibie of the hind feet are destitute of spurs. Mr. Stephens, with philosophical tact, pointed out the propriety not only of separating this genus from the other fritillaries, but also noticed its variance in several respects with the characters of the family Nymphalide, in which he placed it, such as the simplicity of the claws and posterior tibiz. THe was, however, unacquainted with the caterpillar and chrysalis states. These have, however, since been figured by Mr. Curtis (copied from Hiibner), and fully prove the correctness of Mr. Stephens’ suggestion of the distinction between this genus and the other Nymphalide, the caterpillar being onisciform, and the chrysalis not only attached by the tail, but also fastened by a girth across the middle of the body. The only British species is HAMEARIS LUCINA. THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY. Plate xxiv. fig. 1—4. Synonyurs.— Papilio Lucina, Linnens ; Lewin, Br. Pap. pl. 15 5 | 12, fig. 1; Boisduval, Hist. Nat. Lep. vol. 1. pl. 2B, fig. $8; West- Donovan, Brit. Ins. vol. 7, pl. 242, f. 2; Harris, Aurelian, pl. 27, | wood, Introd. to Mod. Classif. of Ins. vol. 2, p. 357, fig. 99, 12—14. fig. i—o; Haworth, (not of Wilkes, pl. 114, which represents Artemis. ) Hamearis Lucina, Hiibner; -Curtis, Brit. Ent. pl. 316. Nemeobius Lucina, Stephens ; Horstield; Duncan, Brit. Butt. pl. Melitea Lucina, Ochsenheimer ; Leach: Jermyn, This pretty little butterfly varies in the expanse of its wings from 1 to 11 inches. On the upper side the ground colour, of the wings is brown, ornamented with numerous orange-coloured marks and spots, forming in the fore-wings three transverse series. The one nearest the base of the wings is most irregular, forming two strong curves; in the second, the spots are of unequal size, the two nearest the costa being very * T have only found this peculiarity in several species of Erycinidie (see Boisduval, Hist. Nat. Lep., Pl. 20, 21.) AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. Sl minute, and the two following the largest ; the terminal row, consists either of a series of oval spots, with a black dot in the centre of each, or orange crescents. The cilia is alternately black and white; the hind wings are brown, with about four small irregular pale spots, and a submarginal row of spots or lunules as in the fore wings. Beneath, the wings are much more varied in their colours, the ground colour being much paler: the orange spots again appear, but are separated from each other by black marks towards the hind margin of the fore wings; the hind wings are ornamented towards the base with an abbreviated bar, formed of four or six white oblong spots; this is succeeded by an orange bar, which is followed by an irregular white bar, formed of nine unequal-sized white patches. Along the margin is a row of fulvous ocelli, with a black dot in the middle of each, edged behind with white. The ground colour of the wings of the female is black instead of brown, with the markings larger and brighter coloured; the latter in the males are occasionally almost obliterated, except the marginal ones. The following account of the preparatory states of this interesting insect, is quoted by Mr. Curtis, from Hiibner’s valuable work on the European Lepidoptera :—“ The eggs are found solitary, or in pairs, on the under ' surface of the leaves of Primula veris and elatior at the beginning of summer; they are almost globular, smooth, shining, and pale yellowish-green. The caterpillar feeds on the leaves: its head is roundish, heart-shaped, smooth, shining, and bright ferruginous, black only on the mouth and about the eyes: its body is almost oval, but long, depressed, and set with rows of bristly warts; the other parts are set with feathery hairs; on the back, at least from the fourth joint to the tail, there is a black dot on each joint, and on the sides similar, but less distinct spots : the colour is pale olive orange ; its feet are rusty brown; the spiracule black ; claws and belly whitish. It moves very slowly, rolls itself up when disturbed, and remains in that state a long time. Soon after the middle of summer it becomes a pupa, not only fastening its body by the apex, but also by spinning a cord across its middle ; in this state it remains until the end of the following spring. Hubner, who reared it from the egg, says also that the caterpillar throws off five skins before it becomes a pupa, and its appearance, at different ages, varies con- siderably. The larva represented, (and copied in our plate xxiv. fig. 3,) he found on a prima in his own garden.” Coombe Wood; Darenth, Kent; Boxhill; Dulwich ; the New Forest ; and in Dorsetshire, Berkshire, and Northamptonshire, are given for the localities of this rather uncommon species; and Mr. Duncan adds, that it has been also taken as far north as the neighbourhood of Carlisle, by Mr. Heysham. FAMILY IV. LYCANIDA, Leacn. The present family, (corresponding with the Polyommatide of Swainson and the Vermiform Stirps of the butterflies of Dr. Horsfield), comprises a numerous assemblage of small and weak, but beautiful creatures, dis- tinguished by the minute size of the tarsal claws; the apparent* identity in the fore tarsi of both sexes, the fore * The fore tarsi have been described by Messrs. Curtis, Stephens, &c., as identical in both sexes; but in examining the Indian Thecla Isocrates, I discovered that the tarsus of the males consists of a long simple joint ; and I subsequently found the same to be the case in Polyommatus Corydon. 82 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES legs being fit for walking ; the hind tibie with only one pair of spurs ; the antenna not distinctly hooked at the tip; the last joint of the palpi is small and naked; the anal edge of the hind wings slightly embraces the abdomen ; the discoidal cell of the hind wings is apparently closed by a slender vein. The caterpillars bear a very considerable resemblance to wood-lice, the head being retractile, and the feet very minute ; the body is oval and depressed ; the chrysalis is short, obtuse at each end, and girt round the middle as well as attached by the tail. The family comprises several distinct groups, namely, such as are known to collectors under the names of blues, coppers, and hair-streak butterflies, respectively distinguished in our indigenous species by their varied tints of blue, fiery-red, or dusky, with slender lines on the under side of the wings.. In many of the exotic species, however, these colours run beyond the limits of their respective groups, thus forming a series. The majority have the entire under surface of the wing, or at least the anal angle, ornamented with beautiful eye-like spots of various colours. Some of the exotic species are amongst the most lovely of the butterfly tribes. In many of these, the hind wings are produced into very long tails. Their flight is varied, some delighting to sail over the tops of oaks and other trees, on which they have passed their preparatory states, whilst others are feeble and slow in their motions, flying over low grass and herbage. Dr. Horsfield has investigated the transformations of many of these insects, in his Lepidoptera Javanica, the larvee of which vary very considerably in their form, some exhibiting a much slighter resemblance to wood-lice than others ; some are very rough on the upper surface of the body ; and that of Thecla Xenophon, a Javanese species, has several rows of fascicles of hairs. They have hitherto been observed to feed only upon the leaves of different plants and trees in the larva state; but a beautiful Indian species (Theela Isocrates) resides within the fruit of the pomegranate—several (seven or eight) being found within one fruit, in which, after consuming the interior, they assume the pupa state, having first eaten as many holes as there are insects through the rind of the fruit, and carefully attached its foot-stalk to the branch by a coating of silk, in order to prevent its falling. (Westwood, in Trans. Entomological Society, vol. ii. pl. 1.) I have already (in p. 35) referred to the arrangements which have been proposed by various authors, in order to bring this family, with its girt chrysalis, into connexion with the Papilionide, in which the chrysalis is also girt. Weare not sufficiently advanced in the knowledge of exotic Lepidoptera to determine the soundness of these different views. GENUS XXI. THECLA, Fasricius. This genus, as characterised by our English species, is at once known from the two following by the very gradually formed club to the antennz, the short terminal joint of the palpi, the hairy eyes*, the short triangular fore wings and hind wings generally furnished with a short tail and strongly scalloped near the anal angles, and by the under surface of the wings being generally ornamented with one or two delicate lines of a pale colour on a * Mr. Curtis, Brit. Ent. pl. 264, represents the eyes of this genus as naked, although he describes them correctly. AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 83 dark ground. This last-mentioned peculiarity has led to the insects of this genus being named by collectors *hair-streak butterflies.” No genus has ever more strongly proved the great advantages to be derived from a minute, analytical examination of the different organs of insects than the present. For want of such an examination in the structure of the feet, which in this group affords sexual differences, the males of the beautiful species represented in our 24th Plate are described in all previous works on English butterflies as the females, and vice-versa. Even by Messrs. Curtis and Stephens, who introduce the structure of the fore feet into the characters of the genus, they are described as ‘alike in both sexes.” For our knowledge of the peculiarities existing in these organs in the different sexes we are indebted to Dr. Horsfield, who was accordingly enabled to determine the sexes of the species with precision. The male anterior tarsus consists of a single long joint ; which is as long as the entire articulated tarsus of the female, and when covered with scales might easily be regarded as similarly articulated. The intermediate thigh is also furnished with a remarkable tooth near the extremity, and there is a corresponding notch in the tibia. In preceding pages (9 and 23), I have described the two different plans adopted by elongated Caterpillars in order to effect their transformation beneath a girth across the middle of the body. The caterpillars of the present family, by their short wood-louse form, at first sight present far more apparent obstacles to the accomplishment of such a proceeding. We have only to fancy to ourselves a very stout little man with his arms bound to his sides, and his legs tied together, laid upon his belly on the ground, and whilst in that situation compelled to attach a rope on each side of his body, carrying it across his back and then undressing himself. Reaumur has, however, so carefully and circumstantially described the proceedings of a species of this genus*, that we are enabled to bring the whole process before our mind’s eye. When the period for the transformation of the insect is arrived, the caterpillar attaches itself by the tail, and shortening the fore part of the body by contracting the segments considerably, it emits an arched thread from the extended spinneret of its mouth, which it attaches at one side of the head: it then carries the thread to the other side, having the instinct to extend it to a fit length in order that when the process is complete the body may neither be too much tightened nor too loose for support. After attaching a number of threads by passing the head backwards and forwards, emitting a continuous thread from the mouth during the process, a skein of between 50 and 60 threads (as Reaumur supposes) is formed, of a fit length, attached at each end at the sides of the head ; which, as already stated, is drawn considerably backwards, owing to the great contraction of the anterior segments of the body. In this consists the chief difference between the proceedings of these insects and those of the swallow-tailed and cabbage butterflies, described in our previous pages, the head of the caterpillars of those species, owing to the slender form of the body, being thrown over the back, or greatly elevated. During the process of spinning this skein of thread, the caterpillar has contrived to insinuate its head beneath them, so that the skein rests upon the scaly back of the head, and when the skein is completed it gradually pushes the front of its body beneath the skein, pressing its body down as closely as possible, until it contrives that the middle of the body shall be girt by the skein. The difficulty is apparently increased by the very great delicacy of the threads, and by the body of the larva being clothed with strong short bristles. When completed, the skin of the caterpillar bursts, and the pupa appears, the process of getting rid of the old skin being similar to that adopted by the other girt caterpillars of the butterflies mentioned above. * Linneus gives Reaumur’s insect as his Papilio Pruni, but thisit can scarcely be, for Reaumur’s description does not accord with that species, and Reaumur found his larve on the elm. BRITISH BUTTERFLIES og ra The caterpillars of this genus are not found on herbaceous plants, but frequent trees and shrubs, over which the perfect insects fly. The species are very numerous, although we possess but very few ; and even amongst those some very peculiar distinctions occur. Thus, in Thecla Quercus (contrary to the general rules of insect colouring), the female puts on the “imperial purple : ” the fulvous patch in the fore wing of the female of Thecla Betule is found in the females of some exotic species, the males of which are adorned with the purple tint, whereas the males of Thecla Betulz are obscurely coloured. The males of Thecla Rubi, Spini and W-album are distinguished by having a small ovate glabrous patch at the extremity of the discoidal cell of the fore wings on the upper side*. Th. Rubi differs from all the rest in not having the hind wings tailed, and by the underside of the wings being neither marked with the slender pale hair-streak, nor by an ocellus at the anal angle. Dr. Horsfield, who has described twenty-six species of these insects, found in Java, has divided the genus into two subgenera, Thecla proper and Amblypodia. Unfortunately, however, he did not investigate the peculiarities of the veins of the wings of his subgenera and sections, a character which the reader need scarcely be reminded has been already shown, in the pages of this work, to be of primary importance in determining natural groups. Although previously so greatly neglected, this character supplies the means of dividing our English species into two primary groups}, which ought, perhaps, consistently to be considered as distinct subgenera, supported as they are by some other characters. It is, however, perhaps more advisable (until the exotic series of species is carefully investigated), to leave the genus entire, indicating the groups into which the British species are divisible. This plan is also adopted, because the investigation of the peculiarities in the veining of the wings is attended with great difficulty, the scales having to be carefully removed from the surface of the wings. It is certainly remark- able that we should find, in species so closely allied together as all the British Thecle are, such a variation in the veins ; more especially as we have seen that nearly all the Nymphalide, varying as they do, so greatly in their preparatory as well as perfect forms, exhibit an identity in the arrangement of these veins—but Nature, in every extensive group, shows us the impropriety of trusting to a single character, which, in some tribes, may be most important and constant, whereas, in others, it may become variable and of secondary importance. Retaining Thecla Betule as the true Fabrician type of the genus, I divide it in the following manner : I. Those in which the postcostal vein of the fore wings emits two branches before its union with the ordinary transverse vein, and a third branch beyond its union therewith; this third branch sending forth a superior branchlet. Males without a patch at the extremity of the discoidal cell of the fore wings ; antenna: with the club very gradually formed. Sp. 1. Thecla Betule. 2. 'Thecla Quercus. | IL. Postcostal vein of the fore wings emitting, in both sexes, three simple branches before and none after its union with the ordinary transverse vein. Males with a thickened patch at the extremity of the discoidal cell of the fore wings; antenne with the club more suddenly ‘formed. A, with the hind wings tailed. 3. Thecla Pruni. 4. Thecla W-Album. 5. Thecla Spini. 6. Theela Tiicis. B, with the hind wings not tailed. 7. Thecla Rubi. * This is produced by the dilatation of the base of the 2nd and 3rd branches of the postcostal vein. + Hiibner unites all the Thecle into one family (Fam. C. Armati), of his Adolescentes, separating Rubi under the generic name of Lycus, and (Quereus under that of Bithys ; the remainder forming his Strymon. Ochsenheimer gives our Thecla as the third family of Lycena, separating, however, Rubi from the rest, and uniting it with the second family, containing the Coppers. WORKS PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM SMITH, CONTINUED. ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF FROISSART. In two thick Volumes, price 36s. SIR JOHN FROISSART’S CHRONICLES OF ENGLAND. FRANCE, SPAIN, &c. 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