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DALL SECTIONAL LIBRARY _ DIVISION OF MOLLUSKS BRITISH CONCHOLOGY, OR AN ACCOUNT OF THE MOLLUSCA WHICH NOW INHABIT THE BRITISH ISLES AND THE SURROUNDING SEAS. VOLUME IV. MARINE SHELLS, IN CONTINUATION OF THE GASTROPODA AS FAR AS . THE BULLA FAMILY. By JOHN GWYN JEFFREYS, F.R.S., F.G.S., &c. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW. MDCCCLXVII. [The right of Translation is reserved. | PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. Hee Genus III. RISSO’A*, Fréminville. Pl. I. f. 1. Bopy rather slender: mantle furnished at the upper corner (and in some species also at the lower corner) of the mouth of the shell with a minute tentacular process: head depressed above and extended in front, where it forms a long and stout snout-like projection, which is divided at the extremity into two lobes, that serve as lips; it is armed with a pair of jaws and a very short spinous tongue: tentacles wholly or partially setose or hairy; tips blunt: eyes on small prominences or tubercles, one at the outer base of each tentacle: gil/s composed of from a dozen to twenty separate strands: foot lanceolate, narrow, double-edged, broader and more or less truncated in front, some- what contracted in the middle, and pointed behind; sole grooved down the middle for about half its length towards the tail, whence it emits a glutinous thread by which the animal suspends itself to foreign bodies or to the surface of the water : opercular lobe large, divided into two wing-like expansions ; beneath it at its hinder extremity issues a short tentacular appendage, which is in some species double or triple. SHELL oblong or oval, seldom umbilicate: epidermis very shght: spire usually elongated: mouth oval or trumpet-shaped, angulated above and slightly expanded below ; its lips or mar- gins are continuous. The Rissoe are minute, but elegantly shaped :— eke eis “‘inest sua gratia parvis.” They are spread over all the globe—although the tropi- cal seas have not been so well searched as those of the northern hemisphere for such small shells. Of the 25 species known in the British Isles, 15 inhabit the littoral and laminarian zones, and 10 the coralline and deep-sea zones. Woodward says that there are altogether 70 recent and 100 fossil species. * Dedicated to M. Risso, the well-known naturalist of Nice. WOT DV. B 2 LITTORINID®. In a valuable paper by M. Morch, “ On the Homo- logy of the Buccal Parts of the Mollusca” -(Ann. and Mag. N. H., August 1865), the cheek-plates or immo- veable mandibles of this and other genera are described _as two lateral plates, without cutting-edges, composed of scaly or needle-shaped particles, which seem only of use to protect the inside of the mouth from being in- jured by the spinous tongue. ‘The opercular appendage was first noticed by Bivona. It seems strange that Philippi could not detect it, and that notwithstanding he had figured seven species (including Barleeia rubra) he should have remarked, “ Hz species omnes simillimis -animalibus incoluntur.” The pallial filament protrudes at the will of the animal from the upper or anal corner of the aperture of the shell. Hydrobia and Odostomia have similar processes. In Rissoa striatula and R. can- cellata there are two, one on each side. These, there- fore, are certainly not organs of generation. The fila- ment is found in every individual; and all the above- named genera are dicecious or unisexual. It may be an auxiliary tentacle. The spawn-cases are solitary and hemispherical. The ‘Transactions of the Imperial Academy of Sci- ences at Vienna’ for 1863 contain an elaborate and admirably illustrated monograph by Gustav Schwartz v. Mohrenstern of part of this difficult group; I hope the remaining portion will soon be published. He has provisionally adopted the views of Messrs. H. and A. Adams to the extent of considermg Alvania a distinct genus ; but his reason for so doing seems to have origi- nated in a misapprehension. According to the learned Austrian conchologist, Alvania is distinguished from Rissoa by having three caudal filaments mstead of one. The authors of the ‘Genera of recent Mollusca’ say as rw. RISSOA. 3 to Alvania, “ Operculigerous lobe winged on each side, usually with three caudal cirrhi.” Now their type of this genus (R. abyssicola) has but a single caudal fila- ment; and Barleeta rubra (which, under the name of R. fulva, is comprised in the same genus) has none at all. Of the 16 other species of Alvania enumerated by them, the animal of one only (R. reticulata or Beanit) appears to have been known to them. In their genus Cingula, however, we find R. semistriata, which noto- riously has three caudal filaments, although the charac- ters assigned to that genus are as follows :— Opercular lobe and caudal cirrhus indistinct or rudimentary.” This last-named genus comprises also Barleeia rubra, var. unifasciata. Under these circumstances it is well that Herr v. Mohrenstern has not absolutely decided on retaining the genus Alvania. I may here observe that the type of Risso’s genus Alvania (from Leach’s MS.) and 20 others out of the 23 which he described are can- cellated shells, the remaining two being fossil species and erroneously referred to the Turbo interruptus and T. parvus of Montagu. The generic characters given by Risso will apply to almost every convoluted shell with an entire mouth and horny operculum; and at the most Alvania can only be a synonym of Rissoa. The other genera proposed by Messrs. Adams are in my opinion not more maintainable. Onoba is described as having the whorls not longitudinally ribbed, and the peristome not dilated. In the type (R. striata) both these cha- racters exist to a certain extent. The only species as- signed to Ceratia (viz. R. provima) cannot be distin- guished generically from R. vitrea (placed by Messrs. Adams in Rissoa) or from R. striata. Their genus Setza is characterized as having the tentacles pilose, and the operculigerous lobe destitute of a caudal filament ; B2 A, LITTORINID. R. pulcherrima is its solitary representative. In every species of Rissoa the tentacles are pilose ; and R. pulcher- rima has an unusually long and pointed caudal filament. My examination of the Rissoe has been on the same extensive scale as that of the Pisidia. The apology frequently offered for neglecting such tiny objects is unsatisfactory and unworthy of a naturalist—as if the Creator had bestowed more care in framing leviathan than in constructing the microscopic diatom, or as if the faculty which we enjoy of observing His varied works ought to be restricted to the contemplation of great things as bemg alone worthy of our exalted notions ! Fleming gave the name of Cingula to this genus, ap- parently bemg unacquainted with the scientific literature of the continent; and he proposed another genus (Cy- clostrema) for R. Zetlandica. According to Philippi other species were separated by the Baron Bivona, under the generic title of Loxostoma. But such modest at- tempts at classification were far excelled by Leach, who repudiated Rissoa, and divided it into no less than eight genera, some of which contained the very same species as those described in others of these so-called genera. The species being numerous, it may be convenient to divide them on a conchological basis :— A. Cancellated; outer lip usually strengthened by a rib, and sometimes notched within. 1. striatula; 2. lactea ; 3. can- cellata; 4. calathus; 5. reticulata; 6. cumicoides; 7. Jef- freysi; 8. punctura; 9. abyssicola. B. Ribbed lengthwise and spirally striated ; outer lip thickened and reflected. 10. Zetlandica; 11. costata. C. Mostly ribbed lengthwise, and spirally striated; outer lip usually strengthened by a rib. 12. parva; 13. incon- spicua; 14. albella; 15. membranacea; 16. violacea; 17. costulata ; 18. striata. D. Spirally striated, or smooth ; outer lip plain. 19. proxima; ’ RISSOA. 5 20. vitrea; 21. pulcherrima; 22. fulgida; 23. soluta; 24. semistriata ; 25. cingillus. It will be seen, however, by the following description of the species, that some of them cannot be placed strictly in one group more than in another. A. Cancellated; outer lip usually strengthened by a rib, and sometimes notched within. 1. Rissoa stria/tuLA*, Montagu. Turbo striatulus, Mont. Test. Br. p, 306, t. 10. f. 5. 2. striatula, F. & Bac: p.' 73, pl: xxix. f.-7,'8. Bopy yellowish-white, with a blood-red mark over the head: mantle forming a small oval lappet or lobe on each side of the neck as in 7’rochus ; its outer edge is furnished with two thread- like and finely ciliated processes, one at each of the corners of the mouth of the shell, and which project or hang down, seemingly at the will of the animal: snout longish, narrow, cloven at the extremity: tentacles thread-shaped, somewhat flattened on the upper and lower surfaces, with blunt tips; they are clothed with a very few short cilia: eyes on small tubercles: foot squarish in front, and pointed behind; when extended it is apparently divided (as in many other, perhaps every, species of Hissoa) into two parts, anterior and posterior : opercular or caudal appendage single, rather long, but not projecting beyond the tail or point of the foot; it issues from beneath the operculigerous lobe: excrement oval, dark-green. SHELL conic-oval, with a turreted outline and a slightly twisted base, solid, opaque, somewhat glossy when the surface is not obscured by a mineral coating: sculpture, several laminar transverse ridges, 10 or 11 of which are on the body-whorl, and 3 only on each of the next three whorls; those encircling the body-whorl are very unequal in size, the 3 uppermost being by far the largest and most apart one from another; the 3 basal ridges are also widely separated, the intermediate ones being close together ; the uppermost ridge is placed at some distance from the suture; the interstices of all the ridges are crossed by numerous incurved striz, so as to give the appearance of very fine lattice-work ; these are stronger and more conspicu- * Slightly striated. 6 LITTORINID. ous on the upper than under part of the shell ; labial rib thick, sometimes double, or else having a varix on the body-whorl ; top whorls quite smooth and polished: colour that of alabaster, with a scarcely perceptible tinge of yellow and occasionally an ochreous stain : spire moderately produced and pointed : whorls 5—6, convex, the last composing rather more than two-thirds of the shell: sutwre distinct, but not deep or channelled ; the separation of the whorls is chiefly indicated by the prominent spiral ridge which surmounts each: mouth large, occupying about half the length of the spire, roundish-oval, angulated somewhat acutely above and obtusely below, and slightly ex- panded outwards ; inside plain: outer lip semicircular, forming a very narrow rim within the labial rib: inner lip broad and thick, reflected on the pillar, and united with the outer lip at the upper corner of the mouth: operculum pale horncolour, with a short lateral spire, and very delicately striated. L. 0-215. 3B. 0°15. Hasitat: Lower part of the littoral zone im the Channel Isles, and on the coasts of Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall; by no means common. It has also been found at Margate (Hanley), Tenby (Lyons), Arran Isles, co. Galway (Barlee), Miltown Malbay, co. Clare (Harvey, fide Thompson), Bantry Bay (J. G. J.), Dublin Bay (Waller), off Larne, co. Antrim (Hyndman and J. G. J.), Cumbrae, Arran, N.B. (J. Smith), Lamlash Bay (Norman). Fossil m a bone-cavern at Mardolce in Sicily (Philippi). North and west of France (De Ger- ville, Cailhaud, and others) ; Cadiz (M‘Andrew) ; south of France (Michaud and others) ; Dalmatia (Brusina) ; Spezzia (J. G. J.) ; Naples (Scacchi, fide Philippi). This, as well as R. cancellata, adheres with some tenacity to the stones on which it is found; and when detached it also spins a fine byssal thread, by means of which it suspends itself in the water. The carving of - the shell is inimitable. One of my specimens (probably a male), although full-grown, is little more than three- quarters of a line in length, and of proportionate breadth. RISSOA. 7 The Turbo striatulus of Linné appears to have been Parthenia varicosa of Forbes= Chemnitzia pallida, Phi- lippi. Da Costa described and figured the present species as T. carinatus ; and I would have adopted that original and expressive name, were it not for the consideration that, no subsequent author having done so, I have no wish to be singular, or to make any unnecessary change in the nomenclature. Turton called this shell T. montis, Michaud R. cochlea, Philippi R. labiata, and Leach Per- sephona brevis. 2. R. wac'rea *, Michaud. R. lactea, Mich. Descr. esp. Riss. p. 9, f. 11, 12; F. & H. iii. p. 76, pl. fearx, f.. 3; 4. Suet oval, compressed towards the mouth, rather thin, semitransparent and somewhat glossy when living, opaque and lustreless when dead: sculpture, slight and gently curved lon- gitudinal ribs, which are seldom continued below the periphery and are crowded near the outer lip ; there are about 20 on the last and 10 on the penultimate whorl; these ribs are crossed by fine spiral striz, 15 of which are on the last and 9 on the penultimate whorl; the ribs are more prominent than the strie, the points of intersection never being nodulous; there is sometimes, but rarely, a slight labial rib; the first two whorls are perfectly smooth : colowr whitish, with a faint tinge of yellow, in dead shells milk-white: spire abruptly pointed : whorls 5-6, moderately convex, compressed towards the front ; the last composes nearly three-fourths of the shell, and the first two are minute: sutwre sight but distinct: mouth oval, produced and angulated above, spread out below, not expanded outwards ; inside plain: owter lip rather thick: inner lip broad, reflected over the pillar, and united with the outer lip at the upper corner of the mouth, where there is a considerable thickening: operculum pale horncolour, with a short spire, and not conspicuously striated. L. 0-233. B. 0-15. Hapirat: Under stones at extreme low water of spring tides, and thrown upon the beach: St. Aubin’s * Milk-white. 8 LITTORINIDZ. Bay, Jersey (Hanley, Norman, and Dodd) ; Herm (Mac- culloch, Lukis, and Barlee) ; Barricane, north Devon (Miss Jeffreys, who never was in the Channel Isles or abroad). It is our rarest Rissoa. Sicilian tertiaries (Philippi). The only northern locality to my knowledge is Bohuslin in the south of Sweden, where Malm dredged two specimens (both dead) in different places. By his kind permission one of them, from 12 f., is now before me. Its southern range is extensive, and embraces the north and west of France (Collard des Cherres, Cailhaud, Aucapitaine, and others), Vigo, 4 f., Gijon and Faro in Algarve, and Corunna (M‘Andrew), Adriatic (Heller), Dalmatia (Brusina), northern shores of the Mediterra- nean (Michaud, J. G. J., and others), Ajaccio (Requien), Naples (Scacchi), near Catania (Philippi), Algeria (M‘Andrew and Weinkauff). Turbo cancellatus (Beudant) of Lamarck. 3. R. canceLua Ta*, Da Costa. Turbo cancellatus, Da Costa, Br. Conch. p. 104, pl. viii. f. 6,9. RB. eve- nulata, F. & H. iii. p. 80, pl. lxxix. f. 1, 2. Bopy milk-white, with a pinkish spot above the head: pallial lappet small, as in R. striatula: pallial filaments slender and microscopically ciliated, resembling minute auxiliary tentacles, one at each corner of the mouth of the shell: snout narrow and cloven at the point, extensile: tentacles cylindrical, but somewhat compressed on the upper and under sides, finely and closely ciliated all over ; they are occasionally borne erect, or now and then upturned : eyes on small tubercles : foot squarish in front, with small angular corners, contracted in the middle, and attenuated towards the tail, which is bluntly pointed: appendage short, not projecting beyond the tail, apparently bicuspid, but really consisting of three filaments, one of which is smaller than the other two and is sometimes a mere bulb. SHELL conic-oval, solid, opaque, somewhat glossy : sculpture, strong longitudinal ribs, 16 of which are on the body-whorl, * Latticed. RISSOA. 9 15 on the penultimate, 14 on the succeeding whorl, and 13 on the next, not more than half the last number being discernible on the upper whorl, when they altogether disappear ; these ribs are continued to the base, which is furnished with an an- gular projection or knob, owing to this part of the pillar being greatly thickened; there are also equally strong spiral ribs, 6 of which are on the body-whorl, 3 or 4 on the penultimate, and 2 only on each of the succeeding three whorls; the first two or three whorls are apparently quite smooth and glossy, but under the microscope exhibit extremely fine and numerous longitudinal wavy striz ; the two sets of ribs cross each other, leaving between them square cavities and forming at the points of intersection raised and rather sharp tubercles, imparting to the surface a prickly aspect ; labial rib broad, and traversed by the spiral ribs up to the mouth, the edge of which conse- quently becomes scalloped or indented: colowr yellowish-white, with often more or less of a rufous tinge, or indistinctly marked by two reddish-brown bands, a narrow one below the suture and a broad one round the periphery ; sometimes the colour is milk-white ; the throat or inside of the mouth is frequently stained by reddish-brown: spire short and acute: whorls 6—7, convex, the last occupying two-thirds of the total length ; the first two or three whorls are disproportionately small: suture broadly excavated : mouth roundish oval, expanding outwards, finely and closely ridged lengthwise on the inside of the labial rib; there are 12 of these ridges, besides usually a blunt tubercle on the lower part of the pillar: outer lip thin: inner lip forming a rather broad glaze on the pillar, which is imper- forate: operculum not very thin, having a somewhat lateral spire (as in Jittorina), and conspicuously and closely striated in a curved direction corresponding with the line of growth. 20-185: B.0-115. Var. paupercula. Dwarfed, more regularly oval and solid, with a proportionally longer spire. L. 0°135. B. 0-065. Hasitat: Rocks and stones at low water of spring tides, and the coralline zone, in the Channel Isles and on many parts of the Cornish coast; rather common, especially at Herm. Received from Sandwich (Mon- tagu) ; west bay of Portland, 15 f. (M‘Andrew and Forbes) ; Torquay (Hanley) ; Salcombe Bay (Barlee) ; BO 10 LITTORINID&. off Lundy Island (M‘Andrew) ; Manorbeer, Pembroke- shire (J. G. J.) ; Isle of Man, “ one broken specimen from deep water on the north coast ” (Forbes) ; Nymph bank, 50 f. (M‘Andrew); Bantry (Miss Hutchins, Thompson,and Barlee); Dublin Bay (‘Turton and Brown); Belfast Bay (Hyndman) ; off Larne, co. Antrim, 18-20 f. (J. G. J.); Lough Strangford, 7-20 f. (Dickie) ; Tyn- ingham sands, N.B. (Brown); Lamlash (Landsborough); Loch Fyne, and the Hebrides as far north as Stornoway (Barlee and J. G. J.).. A single dead and worn speci- men of the variety was found by me at Herm ; it may belong to a distinct species or be exotic. R. cancellata is fossil in the Sussex beds (Godwin-Austen) ; Ireland (J. Smith); Calabria (Philippi). Its living range is mostly southern, from Cherbourg (Récluz and Macé) and Morbihan (Taslé) to the Gulf of Gascony (D’Or- bigny pére, and J.G. J.), and Corunna (M‘Andrew and H.Woodward), throughout the Mediterranean (Michaud and others) ; Adriatic (Heller) ; Dalmatia (Brusina) ; Mogador, 3 f. (M‘Andrew) ; Augean (Forbes, fide M‘An- drew) ; Madeira, 15-24 f., and Canary Isles, 12-60 f. (M‘Andrew). The last-named naturalist also took some dead specimens in his Norwegian dredgings. It is active and bold, floats like its congeners, and spins a byssal thread instantaneously on being detached from a crawling position. The incessant play of the cilia that fringe the tentacles is very striking ; it appears to be caused by the action of a double row of muscles in each tentacle, arranged in the form of a siphon, which is perceptible through the transparency of the integument. The pallial filaments probably serve the purpose of sup- plementary tentacles to warn the animal of impending danger. In spite of its stoutness the shell is sometimes perforated, possibly by Murex erinaceus or M. corallinus. RISSOA. 1l This is the Turbo cimex of Donovan, Montagu, and other conchologists (but not of Linné), R. crenulata of Michaud, and Persephona Hutchinsiana of Leach. The kh. lactea of Michaud having been previously described by Lamarck as Turbo cancellatus (but subsequently to Da Costa’s publication), we must either call that species cancellata and give up the name /actea, retaining crenu- lata for the present species, or else adhere to the strict rule of priority. Convenience, as well as justice, makes the latter alternative more desirable. R. cancellata of Desmarets is the Linnean R. cimex, which (as Turbo calathiscus of Montagu) Mr. Thompson of Belfast seems to have mistaken for the species now described. 4, R. ca'tatuus*, Forbes and Hanley. R. calathus, ¥. & H. iii. p. 82, pl. Ixxviii. f. 3. SHELL more conical and coarsely sculptured than the next species (/?. reticulata); longitudinal striz more prominent ; penultimate whorl not quite so broad in proportion to the body- whorl, and having usually but 4 rows of spiral strie—although this last character is not constant, there being sometimes 5 and even 6 rows. Colour, size, and other particulars the same as in £&. reticulata. Hasirat: Guernsey and Herm; rather common. Land’s End (Hockin) ; Whitesand Bay (Mrs. Flack) ; off Penzance, 15-20 f. (M‘Andrew and Forbes) ; Shell- ness, Kent (J. G.J.); off the Mizen Head, 50 f. (M‘An- drew); Kilkee, co. Clare (Warren, fide Thompson); Isle of Man (Packe) ; co. Antrim (Hyndman and J.G. J.) ; Clyde district (Smith and Landsborough) ; Loch Car- ron (J. G. J.); Hebrides (Barlee). Coralline Crag at Sutton (S. Wood, as R. abyssicola). Drontheim, 5—40 f., and Vigo (M‘Andrew) ; Morbihan (Taslé) ; Gulf of * A wicker basket. jhe LITTORINIDE. Lyons (Martin) ; Nice (Vérany) ; Spezzia (J. G. J ee Canaries (M‘Andrew in mus. Brit.). This is a very doubtful species; and conchologists must exercise their own discretion as to admitting it. My impression is that it constitutes only a variety of R. redi- culata. The authors of the ‘ British Mollusca’ say that the two “ may usually be distinguished with readiness by the smaller size of their latticework. Every degree of reticulation, from coarse to fine, may be seen by com- paring a sufficient number of specimens. 5. R. reticuta’ta *, Montagu. Turbo reticulatus, Mont. Test. Br. p. 322,t.21.f.1. R. Beanii, F.& H. iii. p. 84, pl. Ixxix. f. 5, 6. Bopy yellowish-white: mantle furnished with a single fila- mental process: snout “ near its termination at the upper sur- face appears to have attached to it two very small similar shields, one on each side, independent of the terminal minute subcircular flat lobes: ” tentacles compressed, slender, rather long, ‘‘not setose” [?]: eyes on short light-yellow or orange pedicles: foot ‘‘subrotund, scarcely auricled, but grooved in front sufficiently to form a shallow labium, slightly constricted anteriorly at one-third the length, gently tapering to a rather obtuse lanceolate but not emarginate termination :” opercular lobe plain, moderately expanded : appendage consisting of three blunt, cylindrical, short cirri: gill composed of 12-15 single, pale-yellow, short strands, which are visible when the neck is much protruded. (Clark.) SHELL oblong, solid, nearly opaque, more or less glossy : sculpture, numerous somewhat obscure and slightly curved lon- gitudinal ribs, seldom extending to the base, and crossed by equally numerous but much more distinct and thread-like spiral ribs, which cover the surface of the last 4 whorls; the points of intersection are sometimes nodulous, but rarely on the lower part of the body-whorl; there are 6 or 7 rows of spiral striae on the penultimate whorl; labial rib thick and traversed by the spiral stric, occasionally forming a separate varix ; top whorls smooth and glozsy, showing under the microscope faint * Reticulated. RISSOA. 13 traces of punctures: colour pale yellowish-brown, with now and then two bands of a tawny hue, one immediately under the suture and the other below the periphery ; pillar-lip often stained with reddish-brown: spire acute: whorls 6-7, rather convex, and gradually enlarging, the last occupying about three- fifths of the spire; the penultimate is nearly as broad as the last whorl: sutwre slight, narrowly excavated: mouth roundish- oval, somewhat expanded outwards, finely and closely furrowed on the inside of the labial rib ; the furrows correspond with the spiral striz: outer lp thin and very narrow, as in all the other species of this section: inner lip slight and reflected on the pillar, behind which there is a narrow groove, but never a decided umbilical chink: operculum filmy, with a short spire, and finely striated in the line of growth. L.0-15. B. 0-075. Haxsitat: Nearly every part of our coasts, from the Land’s End to Lerwick, in 7-50 f.; not uncommon. Fossil in the south of Italy and in Sicily (Philippi— assuming this to be his R. tewxtilis). R. reticulata of 8. Wood, from the Coralline Crag, more resembles R. cala- thus, and may be an intermediate variety. Lovén, Sars, M‘Andrew, Danielssen, and Malm have recorded the present species as Scandinavian, from Molde in Finmark to Bohuslan in the south of Sweden, the two last-named authors giving respectively 40-60 and 20-30 f. North coast of Holland, 17 f. (Malm) ; Vigo (M‘Andrew); Gulf of Lyons (Martin); Dalmatia (Brusina,as Alvania Beant) ; Cannes (Macé); Spezzia (the Marquis Doria and J.G. J.); Algeria (Weinkauff) ; and Aigean 30-185 f. (Forbes). The sculpture of some specimens is rather stronger than that of others. Mediterranean specimens are fre- quently marked by highly coloured bands. ‘This shell is more oblong than R. cimicotdes, and not so conical (partly in consequence of the penultimate whorl being prominent in R. reticulata), and the cancellation is finer and closer. ‘The animal is active, and freely shows its points ”’ (Clark). 14 LITTORINID&. It is the R. Beanii of Hanley. R. textilis of Philippi is probably the immature state. Adams’s Turbo reticu- latus (“'T. quatuor anfractibus reticulatis, apertura sub- rotunda. Obs. color albus.”) appears to have been the young of R. striata; but that of Montagu is unquestion- ably the one now under consideration. R. reticulata of Philippi, a Sicilian fossil, is very different. Turton, in his ‘Conchological Dictionary,’ mterchanged the characters of the present species and R. punctura, and reversed the admeasurements. 6. R. crmicoi'pres *, Forbes. >] _R. cimicoides, Forb. in Rep. Br. Assoc. for 1843, p. 189. R. sculpta, F. & H. iii. p. 88, pl. lxxx. f. 5, 6. Bopy milk-white and almost transparent: snout short, bifid, of a brownish hue: tentacles slender, with blunt tips: eyes small: foot broad, squarish in front, and pointed behind. SHELL conic-oval, solid, opaque, somewhat glossy : sculpture, several stout and slightly curved longitudinal ribs, not extending to the base, and crossed by more regular and thread-like spiral striz or riblets, which cover the surface of the last four whorls ; small tubercles or nodules are formed at the points of inter- section; there are 4 rows of spiral striz on the penultimate whorl; labial rib thick (sometimes double), traversed by the spiral strive, and marked with minute and numerous lines of growth; top whorls encircled with close-set and punctured strie: colour pale yellowish-white, more or less deeply tinged with reddish-brown, and having usually an imperfect streak of the latter colour close to the labial rib on the outside, which terminates at the periphery in a broad mark, covering three of the spiral striz ; these markings ,ppear to result from two obscure bands, one below the suture and the other round the base ; apex light orange: spire sharp-pointed: whorls 6-7, sloping upwards, compressed, somewhat gradually enlarging, the last occupying about three-fifths of the spire: suture slight, but distinctly channelled: mouth more round than oval, ex- panding a little outwards, finely notched or furrowed on the inside of the labial rib ; these notches or furrows are not caused * Resembling RB. cimex. ~~ RISSOA. 15 by the impress of the spiral striz, although they correspond in number and position: outer ip thin: inner lip slight, reflected on the pillar; there is no umbilical chink: operculum filmy, with a short spire. L. 0°15. B. 0-085. Var. minma. Dwarf; spire very short. Hasrrat: Coralline zone, Guernsey (J. G. J.); Hel- ford (Hockin) ; Exmouth (coll. Clark) ; Coquet and Berwick Bay (Mennell); Cork Harbour (Wright); west coast of Ireland (Hoskyns); Larne, co. Antrim (J.G.J.); Skye and Hebrides (M‘Andrew and others) ; Aberdeen- shire coast (Dawson); Shetland (Barlee and J. G. J.). The variety was found at Plymouth by Mr. Barlee. R. cmicotdes inhabits the Aigean, 2-69 f. (Forbes) ; Dal- matia (Brusina) ; Gulf of Lyons (Martin) ; Bohuslan, 50-80 f. (Martin) ; Bergen (Lilljeborg) ; upper Norway (M‘Andrew) ; and Greenland (coll. M‘Andrew). I have no doubt that this is the R. cimicoides of Forbes, having compared specimens so named by him in the British Museum and Mr. M‘Andrew’s collection with the original description of that species, as well as with the Scotch specimens from which the description and figures of R. sculpta in the ‘ British Mollusca’ were taken. The R. sculpta of Philippi appears to have a more regularly oval shape, the larger whorls are cross-barred (“ cla- thrati”’), and the inside of the mouth is smooth. This agrees with R. calathus of Forbes and Hanley, except in the latter having the throat crenated. Lovén regarded R. abyssicola as Philippi’s shell. Pasithea nigra of Tot- ten, from Rhode Island, is allied to the present species. 7. R. Jerrrey’st*, Waller. R. Jeffreysi, Wall. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. s. 3. xiv. p. 136. SHELL conic-oval, with a somewhat turreted outline, mode- * So named out of compliment to the author of the present work. 16 LITTURINIDA. rately solid, semitransparent and rather glossy: sculpture, numerous fine longitudinal striz, which are crossed by stronger, fewer, and rib-like transverse strie, forming by their inter- section an open network; the longitudinal striz are gently curved, and they do not reach the base, although there are sometimes traces of them below the periphery; the labial rib is strong but not thick, and traversed by the spiral striz only ; of these strive 3 or 4 are more conspicuous than the rest on the body-whorl ; examined microscopically the whole surface is covered with extremely close-set spiral lines; and even by the aid of a Coddington the top whorls may be seen to have a few spiral rows of salient and reentering angles, which last prefigure the cancellated structure of the adult shell: colour clear-white : spire ending in a blunt and almost truncated point: whorls 5, convex, gradually enlarging, the last exceeding all the others put together in the ratio of nearly 5 to 3 when viewed with the mouth upwards, but when placed with the mouth down- wards these proportions are reversed ; the apex is compressed : suture very deep and channelled: mouth more round than oval, scarcely expanding outwards: outer lip thin, incurved above : wmner lip slightly reflected, and having behind it a more or less distinct umbilical chink. L. 0-1. B. 0-065, Hasrrat: Sandy ground off Unst (the most northern of the British Isles), at distances of about 8 and 30 miles from the land, in 70-85 f.; rare.. Norway (Lill- jeborg and Malm; the locality mentioned to me by the latter is Eggersbank, and the depth 150 f.); North America (M‘Andrew, by whom it was received from a correspondent) . The dried remains of the animal exhibit an orange tint in the region of the liver. Although of the same size as R. punctura, this is of a somewhat turreted shape, clear-white, and nearly transparent, the reticulation is much less crowded (resembling open lacework), the spiral strize in the middle are more prominent, the suture deeper, whorls more gradually increasing, and the apex is blunt and marked with a Vandyke pattern instead of having rows of punctures. The present case exemplifies RISSOA. a what I said in the Introduction to this work (vol. 1. p- xlvii), viz. that the nucleus of the shell often furnishes the conchologist with an important character for dis- criminating species. This part, im fact, represents the earliest stage of growth, before external conditions have had any power in influencing or modifying the structure. 8. R. puncru/ra*, Montagu. Turbo punctura, Mont. Test. Br. p. 320, t. 12. f.5. RB. punctura, F. & He. iu.p. 89, pl. lxxx. f. 8, 9. Bopy yellowish, streaked with purple (marked with a small red dot under the neck near the eyes, Clark): mantle furnished at each upper corner of the aperture of the shell with a short cylindrical process: tentacles thread-shaped, rather short, in- distinctly ringed, scalloped at the edges, and sparsely but finely setose: eyes slightly raised: foot squarish in front, and bluntly pointed behind: (opercular lobe very pale muddy-red- dish-brown, and having on each side, close to the junction of the foot with the rest of the body, an irregular, rather large, dusky or lead-coloured stripe, Clark): appendage simple and short. SHELL conic-oval (in some specimens more oblong), rather solid, nearly opaque, and somewhat glossy: sculpture, nume- rous fine longitudinal and spiral ribs or strize, which by their decussation form minute squares, andare muricated at the points of intersection ; the longitudinal ones are slightly curved and do not reach to the base; the labial rib is more or less thick, according to age, and it occasionally leaves one or two varicose excrescences on the body-whorl; sometimes it is placed close to the mouth, and at other times at a short distance from it ; the spiral ribs or strive are thread-like and usually are more conspicuous than the others; the uppermost whorls exhibit under the microscope a few rows of punctures: colour dirty white, often tinged with yellow or reddish-brown, and now and then having the last whorl partially spotted or double- banded with the latter hue ; there is frequently also a blotch of reddish-brown outside the mouth, and a similar stain on the pillar-lip: spire pointed, usually rather elongated, rarely very short: whorls 6, convex, the last occupying about three-fifths * From its punctured surface ; literally, a pricking. 18 LITTORINID&. of the spire, the first minute and somewhat prominent: suture deep: mouth roundish-oval, scarcely expanding outwards: outer lip thin, not much incurved above: inner lip reflected on the pillar and at the base, behind which is a slight depression or chink: operculum filmy, with a short spire, and delicately striated. L. 0-1. B. 0-065. Var. diversa. Longitudinal ribs finer and more prominent,— a character which gives this variety a different aspect. Hasirat: Widely distributed, in the lower part of the laminarian zone and throughout the coralline zone, from Guernsey to Unst, at a depth of from 1-95 f. The variety is from Skye and Shetland. R. punctura occurs in upper tertiary deposits in Sussex (Godwin-Austen) , _ Ayrshire (Landsborough, fide Thompson), and at Udde- valla (Malm), and in the post-glacial beds of Norway at various heights from the present level of the sea to 100 feet above it (Sars). Wood includes it (although with a doubt as to the identity of the species) im his ‘Crag Mollusca,’ from the Coralline formation at Sutton ; but his description shows that the outer lip is notched within, a character which the recent shell does not pos- sess. It inhabits Bohuslan, according to Lovén, who called it R. textilis of Philippi; Malm dredged it im the same district in 10-60 f., Danielssen at Christiansund in 40-60 f., M‘ Andrew in Nordland, and Sars at Tromso, Oxfjord, and elsewhere in Norway in 10-50 f.; Taslé found it in Brittany; Martin has taken it in the Gulf of Lyons, Macé at Antibes, Vérany at Nice, Brusina in | Dalmatia, and M‘Andrew off Orotava, Canary Isles. Of this species, again, we have two sizes, a large and small one. It appears to be the Turbo retiformis of Montagu (from Walker’s doubtful description and figure), R. puncturata of Macgillivray, R. approxima of Brown, and Turritella Dorvilleana of Leach. ; RISSOA. 19 9. R. aspyssi'coLta*, Forbes. R. abyssicola, ¥. & H. iii. p. 86, pl. xxviii. f. 1. 2, and (animal) pl. JJ. is oie Bopy whitish, with a faint tinge of yellow or saffron on the front, and microscopically speckled with flake-white: mantle rather thick-edged; pallial processes one on each side, short and not protruded beyond the mouth of the shell; snowt small and narrow, deeply cloven, carried somewhat in advance of the foot: tentacles thread-shaped, flattened, clothed with minute and short but not numerous cilia: eyes large and black, on bulbs at the lower base of the tentacles: foot squarish in front, with short angular corners, narrowing behind to a rounded and slightly bilobed tail: appendage single, placed far behind the tail, and issuing from the opercular lobe. SHELL oval, with a slight tendency to oblong and a somewhat oblique outline, rather solid, semitransparent and glossy: sculpture, numerous slight longitudinal ribs on the last three or four whorls, but not extending to the base ; they are flex- uous on the body-whorl and curved on the others; the labial rib is strong, and placed close to the mouth ; the whole surface is covered with close-set and fine, apparently (but not really) undulating spiral strive, which are as prominent although not so large as the ribs, and by their intersection give a some- what muricated appearance; these striz cross the labial rib, as in the preceding species, and reach to the outer lip; the in- terstices of the strize on the base show, under a high magnifying power, indistinct traces of longitudinal ribs; the uppermost whorls are microscopically reticulated: colowr clear-white, with occasionally a blotch of reddish-brown behind the labial rib: spire short and abrupt: whorls 5, somewhat compressed but rounded, the last occupying about two-thirds of the spire, and the first minute and flattened: sutwre deepish, and some- times slightly channelled: mouth roundish-oval, obliquely ex- panding outwards: outer lip narrow, thin, and sinuous, in- curved above: inner lip reflected on the pillar and at the base, united with the outer lip, but not forming a distinct peristome : operculum filmy, few-whorled, with a small excentric spire, and finely striated in the line of growth; through it may be seen the opercular lobe, of a yellow colour. L.0:085. B. 0:05. Hasirat: Mudin 50-70 f., Loch Fyne (where M‘An- * Inhabiting deep water. 20 LITTORINID&. drew and Forbes discovered it), Skye and Hebrides (Barlee and J. G. J.), Shetland (Forbes and Barlee); and Mr. M‘Andrew has dredged it also 15 miles south-west of Mizen Head, co. Cork. Norway (M‘Andrew) ; Bohuslan (Lovén, as R. sculpta of Philippi) ; off Vigo Bay and Malaga (M‘Andrew) ; Gulf of Lyons (Martin, as R. scabra of Philippi) ; 40 miles off Malta in 350 f. (Spratt). It is a local and somewhat rare species. It floats like its congeners, and suspends itself in the water by a single byssal thread. Mediterranean spe- cimens are smaller than ours, and have rather stronger sculpture. Two different sizes occur, as is also probably the case with every other species of Rissoa. One of my specimens shows in the middle of the last whorl a dis- tinct varix, caused apparently by a new growth having taken place after the shell had arrived at maturity. B. Ribbed lengthwise, and spirally striated; outer lip thickened and reflected. 10. R. Zerian’pica*, Montagu. Turbo Zetlandicus, Mont. in Tr. Linn. Soe. xi. p. 194, t. xiii. £3. RB. Zet- landica, F. & H. iii. p. 78, pl. Ixxx. f. 1, 2. SHELL between oval and oblong, turreted or scalariform, solid, nearly opaque, glossy when living or fresh: sculpture, fine and rather sharp longitudinal ribs, of which there are 16 on the last whorl, 15 on the penultimate, 14 on the next, and 13 on the succeeding whorl, where they usually disappear; the ribs on the body-whorl do not extend quite to the base, but are cut off by a strong keel or ridge which winds spirally round that part from the upper corner of the mouth; between this keel and the mouth is a deep groove or depression, which partly arises from the prominence of the keel, and is indistinctly ribbed across; there is also a slighter and incomplete ridge (sometimes two) near the mouth, between the basal keel and the inner lip; the labial rib is exceedingly thick and pro- * Tnhabiting the Shetland seas. RISSOA. ad minent; its edge on the side of the mouth is furrowed or fur- nished with a double ridge, the inside one of which forms the outer lip; the last four whorls are covered with spiral ridges equal in size and prominence to the longitudinal ribs, and in- tersecting them at a right angle, so as to produce a series of square excavations; the points of intersection are muricated or spiky; the last whorl has 4 of these ridges (besides that at the base), each of the next two whorls has 3, and the suc- ceeding whorl 2, the uppermost whorls being spirally and de- licately striated; the ridges extend to the mouth: colour clear- white, sometimes golden-yellow, especially the basal ridge: spure rather short, abruptly pointed: whorls 6—7, convex, the last occupying three-fifths of the spire, the first minute and rounded: swture very deep and channelled: mouth roundish- oval, considerably expanding outwards: outer and inner lips forming a continuous and slightly elevated rim. L. 0:1265. B. 0-075. Hasrrat: Sparingly found in the coralline and deep- sea zones, Guernsey (Barlee and others), Porth Curnow Cove, Cornwall (Miss Lavars), Hayle (Hockin), co. An- trim (Hyndman and J. G. J.), Lamlash, Bute (Lands- borough), Skye and Hebrides (J. G. J.), St. Fergus bay, Peterhead (Bingham, fide Brown), Aberdeenshire (Daw- son), Caithness (Gordon), Orkneys (Thomas), Shetland (Fleming and others), at depths ranging from 18-70 f. Fossil in the Coralline Crag at Sutton (Wood), and in the miocene formation near Vienna (Hornes). Living on the coast of South Sweden, in 12-75 f. (Lovén and Malm), Cherbourg (Récluz), off Vigo Bay (M‘Andrew), Antibes (Macé), Nice (Vérany), and Naples. (Philippi). With respect both to this and the next little shell, we may well say with Cicero, “ Quid potest esse aspectu pulchrius ?” The synonyms are RR. cyclostomata of Récluz, R. 0b- tusa of Brown, R. scalariformis of Metcalfe (Thorpe’s ‘British Marine Conchology’), and R. clathrata of Philippi. 22 LITTORINID&. 11. R. cosra’ra*, Adams. Turbo costatus, Ad. in Tr. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 65, t. 13. f. 13,14. BR. costata, F. & H. iii. p. 92, pl. lxxviii. f. 6, 7. Bopy clear-white: snout long, cloven vertically at the ex- tremity, and exposing the buccal disk, which is pale-red: ten- tacles slender, flattened, apparently not setose: eyes large: foot long, rounded in front, where it has a snow-white mark like the letter V, behind which it is constricted at the sides and divided across, thence somewhat expanding, and tapering to a blunt point behind; the lower lip or edge of the foot in front extends much beyond the upper lip: opercular lobe dilated into rounded lateral wings: appendage single, distinct. Suett oblong and slender, obliquely twisted, solid, nearly opaque, glossy when inhabiting clean ground, but usually lus- treless: sculpture, ridge-like, sharp, high-shouldered, and flex- uous longitudinal ribs, of which there are 9 on the last whorl, 10 on the penultimate, 11 on the next, and 12 on the suc- ceeding whorl, where they mostly disappear; the ribs on the body-whorl do not extend quite to the base, being cut off by a strong (sometimes double) keel or ridge which winds spirally round that part; between this keel and the mouth is a deep groove or depression caused by the prominence of the keel ; the labial rib is thicker than any of the rest, and its inside edge is flattened and finely notched; the last four or five whorls are covered with numerous delicate spiral strie, which cross the ribs; the top whorls are quite smooth: colowr clear- white, with a slight golden tinge: spire long and pointed: whorls 6, compressed, the last occupying three-fifths of the spire, and the first being minute and rounded: suture deep: mouth roundish-oyal, expanding outwards: outer and imner lips sinuated, continuous, and forming a complete and slightly elevated rim round the mouth: operculum ear-shaped, thin, yellowish-horncolour, with a small excentric spire, and finely striated. L. 0-125. B. 0-06. Haxsirar: Coralline and lower part of the laminarian zones ; more generally distributed in the south than in the north. Dr. Gordon and Mr. Dawson find it on the coast of Aberdeenshire ; I have dredged it in the He- * Ribbed. RISSOA. 23 brides; and Mr. Barlee sent me specimens from Shet- land. It is rather common in the Channel Isles, and occurs there at the base of seaweeds on the recess of high spring tides. Fossil in Sussex (Godwin-Austen), Largs in Ayrshire (Landsborough), Palermo and Ta- rento (Philippi). Its northern limits comprise Norway, Sweden, and Holland; and southwards it ranges along the shores of the North Atlantic as far as the Canaries (M‘Andrew), and of the Mediterranean on both sides: the depths given by different observers vary from 4—70 f. Mr. Clark remarked the rapidity and freedom of its movements. In showing that it is a true Rissoa, he said “‘it is a very simple creature.” ‘This, of course, he meant in a zoological and not psychological sense. Spe- cimens from Teneriffe and Spezzia are uncommonly small. Itis the Turbo lacteus of Donovan—in index, “ Turbo parvus (lacteus) ,’—T. crassus of Adams’s work on the Microscope, 7. plicatus of Muhlfeld, R. exigua of Michaud, and #&. carinata of Philippi. R. costata of Desmarets is the R. variabilis of Mihlfeld, and very different from the present species. C. Mostly ribbed lengthwise and spirally striated; outer lip usually strengthened by a rib. 12. BK. parva”, Da Costa. Turbo parvus, Me Costa, Br. Conch. p. 104. R. parva, F. & H. iii. p. 98, pl. lxxvi. f. 2, 6, Ixxvii. f. 6, 7, and Ixxxii. f. 1-4. Bopy pale-yellowish-white, with a purplish blotch in the middle, and sometimes more or less tinged in other parts with the latter colour: pallial filament occasionally protruded : snout narrow and deeply cloven: tentacles whitish, extensile, some- what flattened, finely scalloped at the edges, and covered with minute cilia, which are not easily perceptible unless by using * Little. 24 LITTORINID&. a strong magnifying power: eyes on short stalks, occasionally nearly sessile: foot squarish or slightly rounded in front, con- tracted in the middle, where it is apparently divided across into two unequal portions (the front being about half the size of the other portion); it tapers behind to a blunt point; sole speckled with frosted white, and finely slit from the centre down to the tail: opercular lobe large, dark-purple: appendage cylindrical, slender, rather long, and whitish, placed over the tail or hinder part of the foot, and now and then projecting beyond it; it is microscopically ciliated, and resembles a small auxiliary tentacle. SHELL conic-oval, rather solid, nearly opaque, somewhat glossy: sculpture, strong and slightly curved ribs, like but- tresses, of which there are 8 on the body-whorl, and 12 on the penultimate and next whorl (the succeeding whorls having - no ribs); the ribs do not extend to the base; their interstices are frequently cancellated, and their termination on the lower part of the last whorl defined by more or less distinct spiral strie, arising from the intensity or concentration of micro- scopical lines which cover the whole surface in that direction ; the labial rib is thick and white, placed at a short distance behind the outer lip : colowr mostly pale yellowish-white, some- times brown or chocolate, obscurely marked occasionally with rays between some of the ribs, and with a band round the base, always having a falaiform streak from the suture behind the labial rib towards the middle of the outer lip; the rays, band, and streak are chestnut-brown ; sometimes the ribs are white, the tip is pinkish, and the mouth is edged with chest- nut-brown: spire short, bluntly pointed: whorls 6-7, convex, the last occupying nearly two-thirds of the spire: sutwre rather slight, but distinct: mouth roundish-oval, somewhat expanded : outer lip thin, contracted and incurved above: inner lip reflected on the pillar and at the base, where there is no appearance of an umbilical crevice: operculum thin, whitish, with a small excentric spire, and delicately striated. L. 0-165. B, 0-1. Var. 1. interrupta. Smaller, slenderer, thinner, semitranspa- rent, and ribless, with much less convex whorls, usually marked with longitudinal rays of chestnut-colour, which are curved on the body-whorl, or divided into two rows, so as to make the mid- dle appear girdled with a whitish band ; occasionally these rays become confluent and form dark bands; labial rib slighter ; the spiral striz are sometimes distinct, although irregular. Turbo interruptus, Adams in Tr. Linn. Soe. vy. p. 3, t. i. f. 16, 17. RISSOA. 25 Var. 2. exilis. Dwarf, very slender, thin and smooth, tawny, without any conspicuous markings; labial rib wanting or ru- dimentary. Hasitat: Swarming on seaweeds and Zostera at low- water mark and throughout the Jaminarian zone. Ac- cording to Alder a variety has been taken among coral- lines from 20 f. The typical form is more common in the south, and the variety enterrupta in the north; both live together, as well as every conceivable gradation as regards shape, size, solidity, sculpture, and colour. Some are full-ribbed, some half-ribbed, and some have only the traces of ribs on one or other of the larger whorls; but the top whorls are invariably smooth. The 2nd variety was found by me in Lerwick Sound. Sars has recorded the typical form as fossil in the post- glacial beds of Norway, at heights between 40 and 200 feet; and the variety interrupta has occurred in upper tertiary deposits in Ireland (Brown), Fort Wilham (J. G. J.), Dalmuir and Clyde beds (Crosskey and others), Uddevalla (J. G. J.), Christiania district, in the newer or post-glacial strata, at 100 feet (Sars), Nice (Risso). The foreign distribution of this species and its principal variety comprises the coasts of Upper and Lower Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Dalmatia, Greece, Algeria, and the Canary Isles, from the shore to 40f. In the ‘ Zoolo- gical Record’ for 1864, von Martens questions the R. o6- scura of Philippi (which is the typical form of this species) being Mediterranean, because he had not found it there. It is not uncommon at Spezzia. Lying on a rock by the brink of a seaweed-covered pool left by the receding tide, it is no less pleasant than curious to watch this active little creature go through its different exercises—creeping, floating, and spinning. VOL. IV. C 26 ; LITTORINID. It has evidently no fear of man or fish, being fortunately unconscious that the conchologist and the blenny are its natural enemies. Its heart, however, beats fast in confinement, giving about 60 pulsations per minute. Clark informs us that “the branchial plume consists of 15-18 minute vessels attached under and to the mantle and back of the neck ;” and according to Mr. Alder the teeth are arranged in 40 or 50 rows. The spawn-capsules are semicircular, yellowish-brown, and sometimes depo- sited on the shells of other individuals. Specimens from the Hebrides and Shetland are much larger than usual, but of a paler hue. The one noticed and figured in the ‘ British Mollusca’ as R. Sarsii is an extraordinarily fine example of the variety interrupta, and not Lovén’s species of that name; it is a quarter of an inch long. Mediterranean specimens are very inferior in size to those of our coasts. Mr. Williams Hockin has noticed that now and then the ribs are slightly furrowed down the middle. This species may always be known from any of its allies by a character which Forbes and Hanley pointed out, viz. the falciform streak outside the mouth. To give all the old synonyms (including those of Adams) would be unnecessary. The modern ones are Cingula alba, Fleming, R. pulchella, Forbes, R. tristriata, Macgillivray, R. fuscata and R. discrepans, Brown, R. obscura and R. simplex, Philippi, R. Matoniana, Récluz, Sabanea paucicostata and Persephona Scotica, Leach, and R. cerasina, Brusina. Perhaps R. lineolata and R. marginata of Michaud may be added to the list. 13. R. rnconspi'cua*, Alder. f. inconspicua, Ald. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 323, pl. viii. f. 6, 7; F. & H. iii. p. 113, pl. lxxvi. f. 7, 8, and lxxxii. f. 5, 6. Bony white, with blotches of yellow ; it is also marked length- * Not remarkable. RISSOA. par wise with two lines of dark-purple or black, the upper one being on the side of the back, and the lower bordering the foot: pallial filaments pendent: snout short, wedge-like, and bilobed, tinged with muddy yellow or orange: tentacles very long and slender, hairy : eyes black, on minute yellow prominences : foot narrow and extensile, slightly labiated in front, bluntly pointed behind; sole depressed in the centre, from which a line runs to the tail: opercular lobe expanded beyond each side of the foot, and margined with deep-purple or black, forming with the lines on the upper surface a dark blotch: appendage very long and distinct, projecting above the tail. (Alder and Clark.) SHELL conic-oval, moderately solid, semitransparent, highly glossy, and sometimes having a prismatic lustre: sculpture, usually numerous fine stria-like and curved longitudinal ribs on all except the topmost whorls; these ribs are unequally dis- tributed, and occasionally are fewer and stronger on the body- whorl; labial rib thick and white in adult specimens, now and then forming a vax in the middle of the last whorl; the surface is also more or less distinctly impressed by delicate spiral, strie, especially about the periphery; the uppermost whorls are quite smooth: colour pale yellowish-white or whitish, rarely milk-white, sometimes variegated by obscure spots or short streaks of reddish-brown ; tip of the spire pink: spire mostly short and acute : whorls 6-7, somewhat convex, but not tumid; the last occupies about three-fifths of the spire: suture well defined, although not deep: mouth roundish-oval : outer lip thin, contracted at the upper corner: inner lip thick- ened and slightly reflected at the base, where there is a small umbilical crevice: operculum resembling that of the next species, except that this is fawncolour. L. 0-085. B. 0-05. Var. 1. ventrosa. Thinner, with the whorls more swollen, but having the peculiar sculpture and other characters of this species. Var. 2. variegata. Much smaller, more conical, with an an- gular periphery, smooth or having a few ribs only, with flatter whorls and distinct broad tawny longitudinal streaks or rays ; there is no umbilical cleft. 2. variegata, v. Mohrenstern, Riss. Pe, teil, £.1D, Monstr. Slightly scalariform, the last whorl being partly detached from the preceding one. les 28 LITTORINID. Hasrrar: Coralline zone everywhere ; especially com- mon in trawl-refuse at Plymouth. The 1st variety was dredged by Mr. Barlee at Exmouth and in the Hebrides, and by myself in the estuarine river Roach in Essex ; the 2nd, although widely distributed, seems more to frequent the Dorset coast ; and the monstrosity is from the west of Scotland (Barlee) and Aberdeenshire (Daw- son). Mr. Robertson has found this species in a post- tertiary deposit at Crinan; the late Dr. Woodward enu- merated it as a fossil of the Norwich Crag; and Profes- sor Sars records it from a post-glacial bed in Norway, at a height of 50 feet. It inhabits the Norwegian coast as far north as Oxfjord im the lamimarian zone (Sars), Christianiafiord (J. G. J.), the south of Sweden (Malm), the Cattegat (mus. Copenhagen), north of France (Macé, Cailliaud, and Taslé), Gulf of Lyons (Martin, fide Petit), Dalmatia (Brusina), Spezzia (J. G. J.), Corsica (Susini), and Algeria (Weinkauff). A species very closely allied to this, if not a dwarf or southern variety of it, was obtained by Mr. M‘Andrew off Teneriffe. This may have been the Turbo albus of Adams (T. albulus of Maton and Rackett, not of Fabricius), Ry Ballie of Thompson, and R. maculata of Brown ; but the specific name ¢nconspicua is in general use, and must be retamed. I regard the 2nd variety as a stunted form. If I had contented myself with examining a few speci- mens only, I should probably have arrived at the same conclusion that Herr v. Mohrenstern did, and made this variety a separate species; but the comparison on an extensive scale of both forms and of intermediate specimens has convinced me that such a distinction can- not be maintained. The shell described—or rather sha- dowed forth—by Adams as Helix variegata may not even have belonged to the present genus. All the species a RISSOA. 29 of Rissoa which can be safely identified with his descrip- tions or figures were placed by him in the genus Turbo. 14. R. auBet' La *, Lovén. 3 R. albella, Lov. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 25. RR. inconspicua, var. tenuis, F. & H. iii. p. 115, pl. lxxxni. f. 7, 8. Bopy yellowish-white, with a purplish blotch in the middle: pallial process single, issuing from the upper angle of the mouth of the shell: snout rather short, deeply cloven lengthwise, not extending as far as the foot: tentacles cylindrical, with blunt tips, usually spotted with yellow or opaque-white, and finely setose: eyes on very small tubercles: foot truncated (occasion- ally somewhat bilobed) in front, constricted near the middle, and pointed behind ; sole slightly grooved in the centre of the posterior half: appendage single, leaf-like, flat and large. SHELL conic-oval, thin, semitransparent, and glossy ; sculp- ture, usually a few minute slight spiral striz, but sometimes also rather sharp and curved longitudinal ribs, of which there are from 12 to 15 on the penultimate whorl; these ribs never cover the uppermost whorls, nor extend to the mouth, and now and then they appear on the middle whorls only ; between the labial rib (which rarely occurs on smooth specimens) and the outer lip there is a greater or less space left, so as sometimes to give this rib the aspect of a varix: colour yellowish-white of different shades, often variegated by longitudinal reddish- brown or tawny streaks, which are straight and rather nume- rous on the upper whorls, and more or less flexuous on the body-whorl; the base is occasionally marked with a broad but indistinct tawny band ; some specimens are of a bright bronze _ hue: spire varying in length, sharp-pointed: whorls 6-7, tu- mid, gradually increasing in size; the last occupies about three-fifths of the spire: sutwre remarkably deep: mouth oval or roundish-oval, not expanding: outer lip very thin, contracted and incurved at the upper corner: inner lip somewhat thickened, and reflected, especially over the base, where a small umbilical crevice is formed: operculum slightly concave, horncolour, with a short spire, and rather strongly striated. L.0-15. B. 0-075. Var. Sarsvi. Thinner, smooth, and seldom having the labial Hips, A. Sars? lov. t.'e. p. 15: * For albula, whitish. 30 LITTORINID#. Monstr. Body-whorl spirally and finely but irregularly ridged, the outer lip now and then expanded or contracted above, or a notch formed close to the suture. Hasirar: Bantry Bay at low water (Barlee). The variety is tolerably common on Zostera at Southampton, and abundant among seaweeds in the west of Scotland and east of Shetland, associated with R. parva var. in- terrupta. The monstrosity is sometimes met with in the latter district. The typical form inhabits Bohuslan (Lovén), Kiel Bay (Meyer and Mobius) and Christiania- fiord (J.G. J.) ; the variety was found by Professor Sars at Bergen. My largest specimens are those from Southampton and Loch Carron, some of them measuring 2 lines in length. A dwarf form, which is much less numerous, may be the male. The spawn-cases are generally solitary, semiglobular, membranous, and light-yellowish-brown ; the fry emerge from a large round hole at the top, which appears when they are developed. Mr. Alder was quite right in considering this distinct from R. inconspicua; but the name (tenuis) which he proposed, being unaccompanied by a published descrip- tion, must cede to one of these which Lovén has given. It is thinner and considerably larger than R. incon- spicua, the whorls aré more ventricose, the suture is much deeper, and the sculpture very different. It is possible that the present species may have been the R. similis of Brown, which was found by the Rey. William Molesworth at Padstow. 15. R. MemBrana’cea*, Adams. Turbo membranaceus, Ad. in Tr. Linn. Soe. v. p. 2, t.i. f. 12,13. FP. /a- biosa, F. & H. iii. p. 109, pl. Ixxvi. f. 5, lxxvii. f. 1-3, and Ixxsi. f. 3. Bopy pale-yellow, or slightly tinged with brown: tentacles * Membranous. RISSOA. 31 subulate, white : eyes surrounded by white spaces: foot squarish in front and pointed behind; the central or contracted part of the sides is dark-purple: opercular lobe of the same hue, and well developed : appendage conspicuous and white. (Forbes and Hanley.) SHELL conic-oblong, with an oblique outline, varying in solidity according to the nature of the habitat, semitransparent, and more or less glossy: sculpture, usually strong, prominent, somewhat curved or flexuous longitudinal ribs, from 15 to 18 of which are on the penultimate whorl; those on the last whorl extend only halfway down, and almost disappear to- wards the mouth; the upper three whorls are perfectly smooth; the rest of the surface is covered with numerous extremely minute and delicate transverse or spiral strizw, some of which on the lower part of the body-whorl are raised and form slight obsolete ridges ; these striee are never punctured or cancellated as in &. violacea and R. costulata ; the labial rib is remarkably thick, broad and white: colour whitish, with sometimes a tinge of yellow or light-brown ; the mouth is occasionally of a violet hue or edged with purplish-brown ; now and then specimens occur which are light-horncolour and marked with reddish- brown, occasionally zigzag, streaks or blotches; the apex of dark-coloured specimens is pale-violet: spire rather short, ter- minating in a sharp point: whorls 7, somewhat compressed ; the last occupies about two-thirds of the spire ; this is exceed- ingly large in proportion to the next, and considerably dilated : suture rather slight: mouth oval, widely expanding outwards: outer lip thin: inner lip very broad, reflected on the pillar and over the base (in some cases to such an extent as to form an umbilical chink) ; the angle incident on the junction of the two lips is aright one: pillar furnished near its base with a strong tooth-like projection or fold : operculum horncolour, with a very small spire, and strongly striated. L. 0-3. B. 0-125. Var. 1. minor. Much smaller, and smooth. Var. 2. venusta. More solid, with a shorter spire and stronger ribs. &. venusta, Philippi, Moll. Sic. 11. p. 124, t. xxiii. f. 4. Var. 3. elata. Body light-grey, with small white specks, mottled with brown in front: snout short and thick, bilobed at the extremity: tentacles thread-shaped and slender, setose: eyes on swellings of the tentacles at their outer base: foot rounded and double-edged in front, with angular corners, bluntly pointed behind; sole of a paler hue than the rest of the body, closely dappled with white, and having in the centre oe LITTORINID#. a short internal process (analogous to the byssiferous stylet of Mytilus ?), which lies in a slanting direction with the outer point towards the tail: opercular lobe of the same colour as the sole: appendage whitish and conspicuous. Shell thinner, with a longer spire, often smaller, and usually ribless. » Zt. elata, PRY fet, xxi. f. 3. Hasrrat: Zostera and seaweeds, from low tide-mark to a few fathoms, on nearly every part of our coasts ; although it is rather local. The 1st variety occurs at Tenby and in Dublin Bay, the 2nd was found at Poole by Mr. Barlee, and the 3rd frequents estuaries and brackish water. The typical form is fossil at Belfast (Grainger) ; Bute (Smith) ; Uddevalla (Malm); post- glacial beds in Norway, 50-150 feet (Sars) ; and Sicily (Philippi, as R. ventricosa). Its foreign range in a living state extends from Norway, where it is very large (Lovén and others) , to Malaga (M‘Andrew), Dalmatia (Brusina), Corfu (Hanley, as R. elata), Black Sea (Middendorff, as R. oblonga and R. elata), Algeria (M‘Andrew and Weinkauff), and Canary Isles (v. Mohrenstern), at depths varying from low-water to 35 f. Philippi’s specimens of his R. venusta were Venetian. The animal occasionally floats, or suspends itself by a viscous thread. The shell varies greatly in size, thick- ness, and length of spire; but it may always be known from KR. violacea and R. costulata by its wide mouth, plain and scarcely perceptible transverse strize, and the tooth or fold on the pillar. The synonyms are inconveniently numerous. Some of them are (either certainly or probably) Turbo costatus, Pulteney, 7. labiosus, Montagu, R. oblonga, R. ventri- cosa, and R. hyalina, Desmarets, R. grossa and R. fragilis, Michaud, R. turricula and R. pulla, Brown, and R. Sou- leyetiana, Récluz. R. cornea of Lovén may be also a local variety. RISSOA. oo 16. R. viota'cea*, Desmarets. R. violacea, Desm. in Bull. se. soc. phil. Paris, p. 8, pli. f. 7. R. rufi- labrum, F. & H. iii. p. 106, pl. Ixxvii. f. 8, 9. Bony orange-white, striped in front with purplish-brown : mantle not exhibiting any process: tentacles slender, setose, marked lengthwise with an orange line: eyes conspicuous on bulbs at the outer base of the tentacles: foot rounded and double- edged in front; sole constricted in the middle to such an ex- tent that the front part of the foot appears to issue from the hinder part, as if out of a sheath, and it is finely grooved lengthwise towards the tail: appendage single, short, and conical ; it proceeds from the hinder edge of that lobe of the mantle which forms the operculum. SHELL conic-oval inclining to oblong, solid, nearly opaque, rather glossy : sculpture, usually strong, prominent, and slightly curved longitudinal ribs, about 15 of which are on the penul- timate whorl, those on the last whorl being present only on the under side; there are none on the upper whorls; which are quite smooth; near the mouth is a very large and broad labial rib or callus; the interstices of the ordinary ribs and the rib- less part of the last whorl are covered with numerous rows of fine transverse strive, which are regularly and closely pune- tured: colour whitish, frequently tinged with yellow, reddish- brown, violet, or purple; some specimens are marked length- wise by reddish-brown streaks, especially on the upper part ; the tip is usually orange; the outside edge of the labial rib is mostly tawny, and the inside of the lip violet: spire short, more or less abruptly tapering to a fine point: whorls 7, rather tumid; the last occupies nearly three-fifths of the spire, and is somewhat compressed and dilated towards the mouth: suture slight, overlapping the preceding whorl: mouth roundish-oval, wide, and slightly expanding in every direction : outer lip thin: inner lip broad, reflected on the pillar and towards the base: operculum horncolour, thin, composed of three rapidly increas- ing volutions, and marked with very fine and close flexuous striz in the line of growth. L. 0-2. B. 0-1. Var. 1. ecostata. Destitute of the ordinary ribs. Var. 2. porifera. Body yellowish and stained with dark- purple on the upper side, whitish on the under side: mantle * Violet-coloured. 34 LITTORINID#. fringed with fine and short cilia, and furnished at the left hand or upper corner with a long but slight filamental process: snout comparatively large, bilobed: tentacles cylindrical, long and slender, strawcolour with a yellowish-brown streak down the middle of each, thinly clothed with fine and short hairs re- sembling those on the border of the mantle: eyes on small off- sets: foot divided into two parts; the front part 1s transversely oblong, and the hinder part is triangular, or shaped like a spear-head, and ends in a blunt point; the line of division is margined by a purple border: appendage long. Shell thinner, ribless, and horncolour, with a much shorter spire. 2. porifera, Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 24. _ Hasrrar: Laminarian zone, in Guernsey, Hants, Sussex, Dorset, and Devon; Barmouth (J. G. J.); Bantry (Barlee) ; Connemara (Farran and others) ; Belfast (Thompson and Hyndman) ; Lough Strangford, 7—20 f. (Dickie) ; west coast of Scotland, and Shetland (Barlee and J. G. J.). The Ist variety mhabits the last two districts, and the 2nd the West Voe at the Whalsey Skerries in east Shetland. ‘“ Subfossile,’ Nice (Risso) ; post-glacial bed in Norway, 50 feet (Sars). Living from Finmark to the Cattegat, in 1-40 f., as R. rufila- brum and R. porifera; north of France to Vigo, the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and igean, in 7-25 f., as R. violacea; Villafranca (Hanley), as R. rufilabrum. The animal of the variety porifera twirls about rest- lessly at intervals, using its foot as a pivot; the male is not halfas large asthe female. The shell of the ordinary form varies extremely in size, as well as in the length and sharpness of the spire. Mediterranean specimens are more narrow and slender, and their colour is much brighter, presenting the same analogy that exists between southern and northern specimens of R. costulata. That species differs from the present in having a longer and more tapering spire, a smaller base and contracted —” RISSOA. 35 mouth, and in the striz being cancellated instead of punctured. This is probably the R. Guerinit of Récluz. The same author also described it as R. lilacina, Delle Chiaje as Turbo Rissoanus, Chiereghini as 7. Mavors, Renier as T. amethystinus, and Potiez and Michaud as R. punctata. 17. R. cosrunta ta *, Alder. RF. costulata, Ald. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 324, pl. vin. f. 8,9; F. & H. iu. p. 103, pl. Ixxvii. f. 4, 5. Bopy yellowish, tinged with brown in front: snout rather long, wrinkled, and cloven at its extremity: tentacles thread- shaped, slender, retractile, finely setose, sulphur-coloured, with a greenish line or vein down the middle of each: eyes on small bulgings of the tentacles, at their outer bases: foot rounded in front, divided across in the middle, so as to make the anterior and posterior portions appear separate, bluntly pointed behind; posterior half of the sole grooved lengthwise: appendage white, retractile. SHELL conic-oblong, somewhat spindle-shaped in consequence of the apex being pointed and the base narrower than the middle, rather solid, nearly opaque, more or less glossy ; sculp- ture, strong, prominent, and nearly straight longitudinal ribs, 10 of which are on the penultimate whorl, those on the last whorl usually disappearing towards the mouth ; there are none on the upper three or four whorls, which are quite smooth ; near the mouth is a rib, much larger and broader than any of the rest; the ribs on each whorl are either continuous or arranged alternately, so as to appear dovetailed; the spaces between the ribs and the space near the mouth are covered with fine and rather numerous transverse or spiral striz, the interstices of which are delicately and closely cancellated, es- pecially at the base of the shell: colowr pale-yellowish or dirty white, often tinged with lilac, or streaked lengthwise with reddish-brown, sometimes pure-white; the ribs are mostly of a lighter hue or whitish, and are therefore conspicuous ; the inside edge of the mouth is nearly always lilac or reddish-brown; occasionally the whole surface, except the labial rib, is orna- mented by longitudinal zigzag streaks of reddish-brown, and * Slightly ribbed. 36 LITTORINID&. the ribs are encircled by a white line; the tip in worn speci- mens is frequently purplish: spire abruptly tapering to a fine point: whorls 8, convex, the lower two being equal in breadth, and the penultimate sometimes even shghtly broader than the last; the upper whorls rapidly diminish in size; and those forming the point of the spire are disproportionately small and flattened: suture rather deep: mouth roundish-oval, con- tracted and incurved above, slightly expanding at the sides and below: outer Lip thin beyond the large rib or callus which strengthens the mouth: inner lip considerably reflected on the pillar and towards the base: operculum pale-horncolour, of three rapidly increasing volutions, and finely striated. L. 0-2. B. 0-075. Hasritat: Codiuwm tomentosum and other small sea- weeds at low-water, in the Channel Isles and on the coasts of Dorset and Devon; also at Ryde (Hanley) ; Worthing (Rich) ; Manorbeer in Pembrokeshire, and Cork (J. G. J.) ; Scarborough (Bean) ; Lamlash (Lands- borough). Probably the last locality, and certainly Connemara (given by Forbes and Hanley on the late Mr. Thompson’s authority), appertains to R. violacea, instead of to the present species. R. costulata inhabits the northern and western coasts of France (Macé and others), Gijon, Corunna, and Vigo (M‘Andrew), and both sides of the Mediterranean. Specimens from that sea are smaller and more slender than those from the North Atlantic. There are two sizes everywhere, appa- rently representing a difference of sex. I found a living specimen at Lulworth which had the lower half broken off and a new mouth formed among the ruins. | It is not R. costulata of Risso (which is R. costata, Desmarets, and R. variabilis, v. Miihlfeld) , nor R. costu- lata of Searles Wood, from the Coralline Crag. Leach called the present species Persephona Goodallana and P. rufilabris, judging from his description of the former, RISSOA. ot and from typical specimens of the latter in the British Museum. It is also the R. subcostulata of v. Mobren- stern. I regard R. similis of Scacchi as a small variety. 18. R. srria’ta*, Adams. Turbo striatus, Ad. in Tr. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 66, t. 13. £.25, 26. 2. striata, ¥. & H. ii. p. 94, pl. lxxviu. f. 8, 9. Bopy white, with a tinge of yellow: pallial filament nearly hyaline, and pendent: snout rather long and narrow: tentacles cylindrical, very finely and closely ciliated : eyes black, almost sessile: foot narrow, truncated in front and slightly auricled, contracted in the middle, and tapering behind to a round point : appendage short, white, and pointed. Suet oblong, inclining to cylindric, rather solid, nearly opaque, and usually lustreless: sculpture, numerous thread- like spiral strie, of which there are about 20 on the body-whorl ; frequently the upper part of each of the three next whorls (and occasionally also the body-whorl) has a few longitudinal slightly flexuous ribs, that reach only about halfway down and are crossed by the spiral strie ; the two uppermost whorls are quite smooth and glossy : colour white or various shades of yellow, with sometimes two indistinct but broad reddish- brown bands round the middle of the last whorl, which do not extend to the mouth: spire elongated, with a blunt point: whorls 6,somewhat compressed, gradually enlarging, the last two being nearly equal in breadth, and the largest occupying about three-fifths of the spire: suture very distinct and rather deep : mouth proportionally small, having a somewhat flexuous out- line: owter lip thin, mostly strengthened outside by a thick rib: inner lip reflected, and forming with the other lip a com- plete peristome: operculum transparent, and delicately stri- ated. L.0°125. B. 0-05. Var. arctica. Without longitudinal ribs or coloured bands. R. arctica, Lovén, Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 24. Hasitat: All our coasts, under stones and at the base of seaweeds on the recess of spring tides; living in clusters. It inhabits also the laminarian and coralline zones ; and I have dredged it in upwards of 80 fathoms. * Striated. 38 LITTORINIDA. The variety is more peculiar to the north, although oc- curring everywhere with the typical form. As an upper tertiary fossil this variety has been noticed in Ireland (Brown), Clyde beds (Crosskey), Fort William (Bed- ford and J. G. J.), post-glacial deposits m Norway, 130 fect, and glacial shell-banks in Aremark, Norway, 280-460 feet (Sars), and Coralline Crag (S. Wood). Its foreign range comprises Spitzbergen (Torell), Green- land (Mller), Sea of Okhotsk and coast of Russian Lapland (Middendorff), Iceland (Steenstrup), and Scan- dinavia (Lovén and others), 0-50 f., where the ty- pical form also occurs: this last ranges from Heligo- land (Philippi) to Corunna and Vigo (M‘Andrew), and thence to the Gulf of Lyons (Martin) and the Aigean in 20 f. (Forbes). M‘Andrew found a dwarf variety at Teneriffe. The variety arctica (under the specific name aculeus, given to it by Professor Stimpson) inhabits the northern sea-board of the United States. This little creature is by no means shy or sluggish. It probably feeds on decayed seaweeds. T[emales are the better halves in point of size. Some specimens are slender, some ventricose, some of thin texture and deli- cately striated, others are distorted by bemg twisted on one side in the most lackadaisical fashion. Those from deep water are much smaller than littoral specimens. Synonyms :—R. minutissima, Michaud, R. communis, Forbes, R. gracilis, Macgillivray, R. decussata, Pyramis candidus, and P. discors, Brown, and R. pedicularis, Menke. The young is the Turbo semicostatus of Mon- tagu and Odostomia Marione of Macgillivray, and the variety is the R. saxatilis of Moller. Philippi considered a species which he described in the ‘ Zeitschrift fiir Ma- lakozoologie’ for 1849 as R. delicata (from the Red Sea) to be a tropical variety of our R. striata. RISSOA. 39 D. Spirally striated, or smooth; outer lip plain. 19. R. prox'ima*, Alder. R. proxima (Alder), F. & H. iii. p. 127, pl. Ixxv. f. 7, 8. Bopy brilliant and almost clear white, dotted with minute opaque-white flakes: mantle even, and (as well as the next species, 2. vitrea) not exhibiting the usual filamental process : snout somewhat cylindrical and extensile, quite smooth and rounded at its extremity, where it forms a rose-like disk ; when fully extended it is blotched at the sides and on the tip with claret-red: tentacles rather short, flat, strong, tapering, and minutely bulbous at the tips, each of which is clothed with six comparatively long and fine needle-shaped hairs: eyes re- markably large, black, and placed on minute and nearly semicircular lateral excrescences at the outer bases of the ten- tacles, which are so amalgamated with them as scarcely to present any prominence: foot large, fleshy, grooved and slightly labiated in front, with a deep notch or indentation, and ex- panded into large, long, arched, and pointed auricles; it is divided behind into two long distinct and diverging tails or streamers: opercular lobe close to the point of such bifurcation, and destitute of a caudal cirrus. (Clark.) SHELL closely resembling the next species (2. vitrea) in shape and size; but it is never lustrous ; and when examined with even a low magnifying power, instead of being smooth it is seen to be encircled by numerous distinct and rather spiral strie; the colour is snow-white beneath a pale-yellowish epidermis; the spire tapers more gradually, and has a some- what abruptly truncated apex; the whorls are compact, and not loosely coiled; the inner lip is more closely attached to the pillar; and the operculum is white, formed of 4 or 5 volu- tions, and marked with delicate striz in the line of growth. Hasitat: Exmouth, eight miles from shore, in 15 f., on a bottom of shells and mud (Clark); Torbay and Plymouth, in 15-20 f., with R. vitrea (J. G. J.); Fal- mouth (Barlee) ; Helford (Hockin); Cork, Bantry, and Dublin (J. G. J. and others). Mr. Searles Wood has lately found two specimens in the Coralline Crag at * The nearest, z.e. to R. vitrea. 40 LITTORINIDE. Sutton. Its foreign known or supposed distribution is southern and limited, as follows :—Gulf of Lyons (Mar- tin); Spezzia (Doria and J. G. J.); Ajaccio (Requien) ; Naples (Tiberi); Teneriffe (M‘Andrew). R. proxima appears to be a rare as well as “ critical” species. Besides its affinity to R. vitrea, it is nearly related to the variety arctica of R. striata. In the last- named species, however, the texture and sculpture of the shell are coarser, the spire is pointed and not trun- cated, and the suture is less deep and not so oblique. The present species may be distinguished from A. vitrea by its being striated and never glossy. May one be the male and the other the female of the same species ? It is probably the R. pupoides of Requien. I de- scribed it about twenty years ago im the ‘ Annals of Natural History’ as R. striatula, not remembering that -the name had been preengaged for a supposed Linnean species. 20. R. vi'rrea*, Montagu. Turbo vitreus, Mont. Test. Br. p. 321, t. 12. f. 3. Be vitrea, F. & H. il. p. 125, pl. lxxv. f. 5, 6. Bopy white, and appearing as if veined, with a frosty hue: snout short, cloven at the extremity, fleshcolour: tentacles thread- shaped, long and compressed, setose at the tips only, and ser- rated at the outer bases: eyes conspicuous, placed on small bulbs or eminences: foot double-edged in front and indented so deeply as to form two distinct broad lobes, rounded behind: no appendage observable. SHELL nearly cylindrical, thin, semitransparent, and of a glassy lustre: sculpture none, examined with a hand-lens; but under the microscope or even a Coddington lens the sur- face exhibits extremely fine regular and close-set spiral strie : colour of live or fresh specimens pale yellowish-white, which soon becomes bleached by exposure to the air: spire elongated and slender, ending rather abruptly in an obtuse point: whorls * Glassy. RISSOA. 41 6, convex, loosely and obliquely coiled, the last three being nearly equal in breadth, and the first minute; the body-whorl occupies nearly two-thirds of the spire: suture remarkably deep: mouth exactly oyal, small, and slightly expanding : outer _ lip thin, contracted, and incurved above: ener ip somewhat reflected, and more or less detached from the pillar: operculum few-whorled, light-horncolour, with the spire placed excen- trically. L. 0-135. B. 0-05. Hasitat: Mud in the coralline zone, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Bristol and English Channels ; Northumber- land coast (Alder); south and west of Ireland and Dub- lin Bay; Dunbar (Bingham, fide Brown); Moray Firth (Macgillivray and Macdonald); west coast of Scotland (Barlee and J. G. J.); Orkneys (Thomas) ; and Bressay in Shetland (Fleming). It is local and somewhat rare. Fossil in the Coralline Crag at Sutton (Wood). Pro- fessor Sars has dredged it of a very large size off Florden in Finmark; Malm obtained forty-five specimens, of which several were living, in 20-30 f. on the Bohuslan coast; La Hogue Bay near Cherbourg (Macé); Vigo (M‘Andrew) ; Gulf of Lyons, in the stomach of As- tropecten irregularis, with R. proxima (Martin); Spezzia (led ad:). Very active, and suspends itself by a single byssal thread, keeping the mouth of the shell closed by the operculum. Captain Brown made of this species three, which he called vitrea, crystallina, and virginea. A shell kindly given me by M. Nyst, from the Belgian tertiaries, as R. vitrea, is twice as large as our shell; it has an angu- lated periphery, a shallower and straight suture, fewer though more conspicuous spiral striz, and an acute- angled outer lip, the inner lip being closely attached throughout to the pillar. 42 LITTORINID. 21. R. putcner’rma*, Jeffreys. R. pulcherrima, Jeffry. in Ann. & Mag. N. H.’ser. 2. ii. p. 351; F. & H. iii. p. 129, pl. Ixxv. f. 1, 2. Bopy whitish, with yellow specks: snout convex, projecting beyond the foot, and bilobed at the extremity: tentacles rather short, thickly and exquisitely setose, with rounded tips: eyes large: foot slender, rounded in front, divided across in the middle by a fine line (as in many other species of /tissoa), and bluntly pointed behind; sole slightly grooved down the middle on its posterior half: opercular lobe margined on each side with dark purplish-brown: appendage very long and pointed. SHELL conical with a broad and dilated base, thin, semi- transparent, and glossy: sculptwre none: colour whitish, pret- tily variegated by 4 rows of reddish-brown spots on the body- whorl, the spots in the upper two and lower two rows (or in the upper two only) being sometimes confluent and forming short longitudinal streaks; the penultimate whorl has 2 or 3 rows, and the next 1 row: spire short, ending in a remark- ably obtuse and mammiform point: whorls 4, ventricose; the last equals three-fourths of the spire, and expands considerably _ towards the mouth: suture very deep: mouth nearly round: outer lip thin: inner lip reflected on the pillar, behind which is a small but distinct perforation: operculum thin, impressed with a few strong diverging lines ; -the nucleus of the spire is rather more central than in any of the preceding species, and resembles that of a Littorina. L. 0-075. B. 0-05. Hasitar: Among small seaweeds and on Zostera at low-water in all the Channel Isles; not uncommon. Some years ago, at Exmouth, after washing a quantity of Corallina officinalis which I had collected on that coast, | found two or three specimens of R. pulcherrima, and I was at first delighted at having discovered a new habitat; but I have since recollected that Mr. Barlee lent me for the examination sieves which he had last used in Guernsey. Such trifling accidents may cause great confusion in our ideas of geographical distribution. I have taken this pretty shell at Sestri di Levante; and * Very beautiful. RISSOA. 43 I observed it in the collections of MM. Susini from Corsica and of M. Macé at Cannes. It is exceedingly agile both in creeping and swimming, and spins a delicate thread of attachment. Mr. Clark states that this species “‘is a dwarf, nearly ribless R. inconspicua.”’ The latter, however, has a much narrower base, the spire is more tapering and sharp-pointed, and the outer lip is furnished with a rib; and the shell is never so thin in proportion to its size, and is invariably sculptured. » I have carefully compared the young and adult of each species, in order to satisfy myself as to their distinctness. Truncatella fusca of Philippi is allied to the present species. 22. R. rut'eipa*, Adams. Helix fulgidus, Ad. in Tr. oe Soe. ii. p. 254? BR. fulgida, F. & H. iii. p. 128, pl. Ixxxi. f. 1, 2 Bopy whitish, with more or less of a yellow hue, and micro- scopically suffused with flake-white points: mantle not exhi- biting any filament: snout short, bifid at the point: tentacles cylindrical but somewhat compressed, rather short, sparingly and minutely setose: eyes large in proportion, on small pro- tuberances of the tentacles, at their outer bases: foot flexible, usually rounded in front and bluntly pointed behind; sole grooved lengthwise down the middle on the posterior half. Neither Mr. Clark nor myself could detect any distinct oper- cular cirrus or appendage—although he says, ‘‘in some speci- mens I have fancied I saw a very short blunt one.” SHELL conic-oval, inclining to globular, rather thin, semi- transparent, and glossy: sculpture none, even under the micro- scope: colour pale yellow or creamy, with two reddish-brown bands on the body-whorl, one narrower just below the suture, and the other broader below the periphery; there is also a streak of the latter colour on the base ; the penultimate whorl is mostly reddish-brown: spire very snort: whorls 4, tumid; the last equals three-fourths of the spire, and is somewhat expanded towards the mouth: suture deep: mouth nearly round: outer lip thin: * Shining. 4A, LITTORINID&. inner lip having sometimes a pink tinge, thickened and slightly reflected at the base, behind which is a small chink: operculum ear-shaped, depressed in the centre, with a minute and nearly excentric spire. L. 0:035. B. 0-025. Var. pallida. Strawcolour, without the upper, and sometimes without either band, occasionally having merely a pink or reddish-brown streak on the base. Hasrrat: Abundant in the lower part of the littoral zone, among Zostera marina and small seaweeds, in the Channel Isles, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, and the south and west of Ireland. I have also found it sparingly in Langland Bay near Swansea, and Lough Larne near Belfast. Mr. Lyons noticed it at Tenby, and Mr. Nor- man in the Clyde district. The variety occurred to me feeding on Zostera at Lulworth. R. fulgida is fossil m Calabria (Philippi). It imhabits the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of France, as well as Corsica, Piedmont, Sicily, Dalmatia, and Candia. This mite of a shell is not half the size of the next species (R. soluta), from which it differs in colour, want of sculpture, shorter spire, having the last whorl more expanded, and a less distinct umbilical cleft. It is often encrusted with Melobesia polymorpha. Mr. Clark’s first impression, adopted by Forbes and Hanley, that the operculum is not spiral, was properly corrected by him in his own work. He says that the animal does not walk straight; that it “ often jerks or screws the shell a quarter of a round, and carries it almost perpendi- cularly ;” and that “on the march the eyes are always under the shell, as are usually the muzzle and foot, the ends of the tentacula only being visible.’ I frequently observed it spinning a fine transparent slimy thread, and thus hanging suspended to a bit of seaweed or to the surface of the water. It also swims freely, like its con- geners. RISSOA. AD It is the R. pygmea of Michaud, and probably R. fas- ciata of Requien. 23. R. sotvu'ta*, Philippi. R. soluta, Phil. Moll. Sic. ii. p. 130, t. xxiii. f. 18; F. & H. iii. p. 131, pl. Ixy. £3, 4. Bopy pale-yellowish-white, minutely speckled with flaky points: mantle ling the mouth of the shell: filament con- spicuous: snout short, having a pink or dull-reddish-brown tinge above, and a patch of bright sulphur-yellow on each side below: tentacles cylindrical but somewhat compressed, slender, thickly covered with fine and rather long cilia: eyes scarcely raised, usually seen within the shell: foot long and narrow, labiated in front and slightly auricled at the corners, bluntly pointed behind: appendage very long and distinct, flattish at the base, and tapering to a fine point. SHELL conic-oval, with a tendency to globoseness, solid for its size, semitransparent, and rather glossy: sculpture, extremely fine and somewhat numerous spiral strie, which are not per- ceptible except by a very strong magnifier or (in some speci- mens) undera microscope: colour uniform buff or pale-yellowish: spire very short, with a blunt point: whor/s 5, convex, the last equalling two-thirds of the spire: sutwre deep: mouth more round than oval: outer lip rather thick: immner lip reflected at the base, behind which is a small umbilical chink: operculum ear-shaped, marked with a few diverging lines of growth. 1..0:0.-7B. 0-035, Var. Aldert. Larger and thinner, with a more produced _and pointed spire. A. Alderi, Jeffr. in Ann. and Mag. N. H. ser. 3. 11. p. 127, pl. v. f. 5 a-c. Hasirat: Coralline zone in Shetland, the Hebrides, and Guernsey ; also in Dunnet Bay, Pentland Firth, and Moray Firth (Gordon), Aberdeenshire coast (Dawson), Clyde district (Webster and others), Belfast Bay (Hynd- man and J.G.J.), Dublin Bay (Kinahan), Cork (J. G. J.), Bantry Bay (Beevor), Arran Isle, co. Galway (Bar- lee), west coast of Ireland (Hoskyns), Fowey and Kings- bridge (Barlee), Helford (Hockin), Exmouth (Clark), * Loose (referring to the convolutions of the spire). 46 LITTORINID. and Plymouth (J. G. J.). The variety occurred to me in the laminarian zone at Skye, and the Whalsey Skerries in the east of Shetland. Fossil in the post-glacial beds of Norway from the present level of the sea to 100 feet above it (Sars). This author has also noticed it living on the Norwegian coasts as far north as Oxfjord in Finmark ; I found it at Etretat in Normandy, Martin in the Gulf of Lyons, Macé at Antibes, and Philippi at Sorrento and Palermo. Although local, it is not un- common. It is an active and restless little creature. I observed in this and other species of Rissoa an upward and down- ward current or movement on the surface of each ten- tacle, apparently caused by the action of the cilia. Having carefully compared British and Mediterranean specimens, I still believe that Philippi’s description and figure of R. soluta fairly represent our shell. It varies considerably in the length and compactness of the spire, as well as in the degree of sculpture. Indeed the strie cannot be detected in most specimens unless by means of qa high magnifying-power, which possibly Philippi was not in the habit of using. He especially mentioned the umbilical fissure that characterizes the present shell. Searles Wood proposed to call our species intersecta, in case its identification with Philippi’s species should prove to be erroneous; Bean gave it the MS. name of minutissima, and Martin that of globosa. The last two names I have seen in collections. 24. R. semistria’ta *, Montagu. Turbo semistriatus, Mont. Test. Br. Suppl. p. 136. RP. semistriata, F. & H. iii. p. 117, pl. Ixxx. f. 4, 7. Bopy pale-yellowish-white: pallial filament short: snout * Half-striated. RISSOA. Ad not so long as in many other species, grooved in the centre above, and deeply cloven at the extremity: tentacles cylindrical but somewhat compressed, rather long, and covered with close-set cilia: eyes on scarcely raised tubercles: foot squarish in front, ' with slightly angular corners, and tapering behind to a blunt point: appendage tricuspid and short, placed over the tail but never projecting beyond it. SHELL conic-oval, rather solid, semitransparent, and some- what glossy: sculpture, on the body-whorl below the suture about half a dozen slight spiral strive, of which the upper two close to the suture are much stronger than the rest, and about a dozen similar and distinct strie below the periphery, the intermediate space being faintly also striated or frequently quite smooth ; the other whorls exhibit the subsutural striz only: colour pale yellowish-white, with a row of reddish-brown short and broad longitudinal streaks or blotches on the upper part of each whorl, and a second row of smaller and narrower streaks on the lower part, which last are often interrupted or broken ; the other whorls are seldom marked in this way: spire rather short but pointed, with a blunt tip: whorls 6, rounded but not convex, the last occupying nearly two-thirds of the spire: sutwre slight, encircled by the uppermost and strongest stria of each whorl: mouth open, though not expanded: outer lip sharp: inner lip reflected on the pillar and base, united above with the outer lip: operculum yellowish, and thin, slightly striated. L. 0-01. B. 0-065. Var. pura. White and spotless. Hasrrar: Littoral and laminarian zones, in England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland as far north as the outer Hebrides (J. G. J.), Aberdeenshire (Dawson), Moray Firth (Gordon), and Shetland (Barlee). The variety is equally diffused, but more common in Guernsey than elsewhere. Lilljeborg found this species in Norway, and it occurs in the Cattegat ; but southwards it becomes more frequent, both on the eastern coasts of the North Atlantic and in the Mediterranean; Adriatic (von Schrockinger) ; Algeria (Weinkauff). This pretty lttle mollusk, which Clark called “a bashaw with three tails,’ congregates in family groups 48 LITTORINIDZ. on the under surfaces of stones laid bare at low water of spring tides. It swims, like its congeners, with the sole of the foot uppermost. It is possibly the Turbo scriptus of Adams, and un- questionably R. pulchra of Johnston, R. tristriata of Thompson, and R. subsulcata of Philippi. A. semistriata of the last named author, from the Red Sea, appears to be different from our species. 25. R. crneit'Lus*, Montagu. Turbo cingillus, Mont. Test. Br. p. 328, t. 12. f£.7. _R. cingillus, F. & H. iii. p. 122, pl. Ixxix. f. 9, 10, and (animal) pl. J J. f. 4. Bopy pale-yellowish-white or milk-white; sxowt semi- transparent: tentacles long, nearly cylindrical, flexible, with somewhat bulbous tips: eyes black and conspicuous, sometimes on whitish tubercles: foot narrow, but proportionally short, squarish in front and bluntly pointed behind; caudal cirrus not observed. Saett conic-oblong, rather solid, semitransparent, and somewhat glossy: sculpture, on the body-whorl from 12 to 20 slight spiral ridges, which are sharp and distinct below the periphery, but more or less obsolete above it; these ridges are scarcely perceptible on the other whorls; they are crossed by numerous fine strive in the line of growth, causing an imperfect decussation ; the last whorl is shghtly angulated: colour buff or yellowish-white, with two chocolate or reddish-brown bands on the last whorl, and one on each of the upper whorls, besides part of a second band above the suture; there is also a third, shorter band or streak at the base; and occasionally, when the bands are narrow, a fourth may be seen between the lower band and the basal streak: spire long and gradually tapering, with a blunt tip: whorls 6-7, flattened, the last occupying about two-fifths of the spire: suture distinct and slightly channelled: mouth rather small: outer lip sharp: inner lip forming a glaze on the pillar, and united with the upper lip at the outer angle : operculum horncolour, marked with diverging lines of growth. L. 0-175. B. 0-085. Var. rupestris. Creameolour or milk-white, and bandless. R. rupestris, Forbes in Ann. N. H. v. p. 107, pl. 2. f. 18. * For cingillum, a small girdle. RISSOA. 49 Hasitar: Gregarious, between tide-marks, on nearly every part of our shores. The variety is equally diffused, but nowhere so common as at Weymouth and Lulworth. -The only locality recorded for this species as fossil is Ireland, on the authority of Capt. Brown. Its foreign range probably extends from Iceland (Zoega, fide Linné), along the Scandinavian coast from Bergen, southwards to the Aigean (Forbes). It has been found in several parts of France, Spain, and the north of Italy. It appears, to subsist on decayed seaweeds. Every shade and gradation, as regards the colour and bands, may be observed ; and I have a shghtly turreted distor- tion. Linné’s description (in the 12th volume of his ‘ Sys- tema Nature’) of Helix pella may suit this species; and there is no doubt that it is the Turbo trifasciatus of Adams, and 7. vittatus of Donovan. Although all these names have precedence of that given by Montagu, I must retain his as now universally accepted. Custom wills that, in science as well as in literature, names and words in general use should be preferred to those which are obsolete, although the latter may have the claim of priority ; nor will the feeble cry of justice to the memory of the author be listened to while the loud and imperious demand of public convenience is ringing in our ears. Michaud called this species R. cingilus, and Macgillivray R. cingillata. A variety of a paler hue is Turton’s Turbo graphicus; and the variety rupestris is R. fallax of Brown. The ‘ spurious ” as follows :— 1. R. auriscalpuum (Turbo, L.) =T. marginatus, Mont. = 7. arcuatus, Dillw. = R. acuta, Desm. = R. acicula, Risso = Zippora Drummondi and Z. Drummondiana, VOL. Iv. D > or un-English species of Rissoa are 50 LITTORINIDZ. Leach: said to have been found at Dunbar by Laskey —an authority not to be relied on, seeing that Tellina carnaria, Amphidesma nitens, Siliquaria bidens, and several other exotic shells are enumerated by him from that locality; Dunbar also (Bingham, fide Brown) ; Cork (Leach). It is a common Mediterranean shell. 2. R. disjuncta (T. disjunctus, Mont.). West-Indian. 3. R. Montagui, Payr. = R. Binghami, Brown: St. Fergus’s Bay, Peterhead (Bingham, fide Brown). Medi- terranean and Adriatic. 4, R. glabrata, v. Mihlf.=R. punctulum, Phil.= R. ni- tida, Brusina: Shetland and Skye (J. G. J., m conse- quence of sifting shell-sand through sieves which were not properly cleaned after I had used them on the Pied- montese coast). Mediterranean and Adriatic. 5. R. cimex (Turbo, L.) = T. calathiscus, Mont. = Alvania Europea, A. mamillata, and A. Fremingvillea, Risso=R. cancellata, Desm.=R. granulata, Phil. : Isle of Jura (Laskey); Cumbrae (J. Smith). Mediterra- nean and Adriatic. In the same category may be placed several species of Rissoina, a genus instituted by D’Orbigny to receive certain shells allied to Rissoa, which have the lower part of the mouth slightly channelled, and the operculum furnished underneath with a process like that of Neri- tina. ‘There is no British species of Rissoina. Those erroneously recorded as such are :— 1. Rissoina Brugweri, Payr.: Scarborough (Bean). Loire-Inférieure (Cailliaud); north coast of Spain (M‘Andrew); Adriatic (Heller); Mediterranean (Pay- raudeau and others) ; AYgean (Spratt). 2. Rissoina Bryerea (Turbo Bryereus, Mont.) = T. costatus, Don.: Margate (Donovan); Weymouth (Bryer); Dunbar (Laskey) ; Cornwall, Portmarnock, and Firth of HYDROBIA. 5] Forth (Brown); Peterhead (Crombie, fide Macgillivray). West Indian. 3. Rissoina decussata (Turbo decussatus, Mont.) =R. -pyramidella, Brown: Weymouth (Bryer); Portobello Sands (Laskey) ; Dunbar (Brown). West-Indian. 4. Rissoina conifera (Turbo coniferus, Mont.): Wey- mouth (Bryer) ; north of France (De Gerville). West- Indian. 5. Rissoina denticulata (Turbo denticulatus, Mont.) : Weymouth (Bryer) ; Cornwall and Dunbar (Brown) ; Herm (Lukis). West-Indian. The following are irrecognizable :—1. Rissoa sulcata, Brown: Dunbar (Bingham). Apparently a Rissoina. 2. Rissoa candida, Brown: “ Belton Sands near Dun- bar.” Perhaps the same species as the last. 3. Rissoa lactea, Brown (not of Michaud): “Dunbar.” Another Rissoina, probably R. Chesnelit of Michaud, a native of the West Indies and Mauritius. Genus IV. HYDROBIA. (See vol. 1. p. 63.) I would remind my readers that the chief characters by which the present genus is distinguishable from Rissoa (to which it is closely allied) consist in the foot of Hy- drobia wanting the opercular appendage or caudal fila- ment, and in Ressoa being truly marine, while this lives in estuaries and brackish water only. In the latter respect both genera may be regarded as the creatures of habitat. Their shells are equally small. When I placed Hydrobia in the Paludinide, I had not sufficiently considered its systematic relations. I now withdraw it from that family. The description of the operculum (vol. i. p. 55) must be amended by omitting the words “ or paucispiral.” D2 LITTORINIDS. or ross) Hyprosia uLtv&*, Pennant. Turbo ulve, Penn. Br. Zool. iv. p. 132, t. Ixxxvi. f. 120. Rissoa ulve, F. & H. iii. p. 141, pl. lexxi. f. 4, 5, 8, 9, pl. lexxvii. f. 2, 8, and (animal) pl. JJ. f 8. Bopy light-slatecolour, dark-grey, or sootcolour, with more or less of a purple tinge, speckled with yellow, and having occasionally a few markings of purple-brown on the upper part: pallial process thread-shaped, short, and ciliated: snout nearly cylindrical, prominent, and extensile, cloven at the ex- tremity, edged in front by a purplish-brown line, and having two yellow spots in the middle: tentacles thread-shaped but somewhat compressed, long, slender, and diverging, irregularly speckled with yellow, marked across a little below the tips by a bar or ring of purplish-brown, and edged with the same colour; they are covered with fine and short, but not con- spicuous, vibratile cilia, and often (especially the left-hand ten- tacle) scalloped or serrated at the sides, like the weapon of a sword-fish, apparently in consequence of voluntary contraction ; tips rounded: eyes on small protuberances: foot lanceolate, squarish and double-edged in front with short salient cor- ners, narrower in the middle, and rounded behind; it is mar- gined with a narrow purplish-brown line ; sole ight-grey, with yellow specks: opercular lobe large and expanding on each side, darkpurplish-brown ; it has no filament, process, or ap- pendage of any kind. SHELL oblong, rather solid, opaque, and of a dullish hue: sculpture, under a hand-lens exhibiting occasionally a few slight spiral lines on the last whorl; with a higher microscopic power may be detected on all the whorls extremely fine, close-set and numerous concentric wavy striz; there are also the usual lon- gitudinal lines of growth; the body-whorl is more or less distinctly keeled in the middle: colour yellowish or reddish- brown of various shades passing into horncolour: epidermis very thin, and mostly obscure: spire rather long and tapering, with a blunt tip: whorls 7-8, compressed, the last occupying about one-half of the spire viewed in a supine position: suture well-defined although not deep: mouth oval, narrowly an- gulated above, and effuse or spread out below, where it is also somewhat angular: outer lip thin and plain: inner lip white, reflected on the pillar and over the base of the shell, behind which it forms a small cleft or umbilical chink; the * Inhabiting Ulva lactuca. ~a HYDROBIA. vo lips are continuous and make a complete peristome: operculum horny and thin, marked with flexuous and rather strong lines of growth, and having a small lateral spire of three whorls. eno 2o. B. 0-125." Var. 1. albida. Of a whitish colour. Var. 2. Barleei. Smaller and spindle-shaped, the last whorl being contracted at the base, and the mouth much smaller than usual. Lissoa Barleei, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xix. p. 310. Var. 3. octona. Smaller, thin, glossy, and horncolour, with the whorls more slowly increasing and divided by a deeper suture. Helix octona, Linn. 8. N. p. 1248. Hasirat: All our tidal rivers, inlets, and bays; cover- ing mud-flats and oozy sands in countless profusion. Var. 1 is occasionally found. Var. 2. Hebrides (Barlee and J. G. J.); the typical form occurs m Loch Carron and at Stornoway. ‘This variety is littoral—although the specimens (dead ones) which I described as Rissou Barleet were dredged in deep water, having accidentally got there. Lindstrom noticed the same variety on the eastern shores of the Baltic. Var. 3. In a large pool of brackish water, called Arnold’s Pond, near Grand Havre Bay, Guernsey. This last variety inhabits the southern shores of the Baltic; and M. Taslé sent me specimens from Brittany. It may be a distinct species ; but we do not know the effect of local conditions and consequent change of food on the shape of animals. H. ulve is fossil m a post-tertiary deposit at Belfast (Grainger), Clyde beds (Smith and Crosskey) , Norwich Crag (Woodward), Red and Coralline Crag (S. Wood), Uddevalla (J. G. J.), Norway, in post-glacial beds (with the variety Barleez) , from the present level of the sea to 130 feet above it (Sars). Its foreign range extends from Finmark to Spain and throughout the Mediter- ranean; and Dr. Philip Carpenter has recorded it as a 5A LITTORINIDZ. native of the Gulf of California, An allied species (Turbo minutus, Totten) appears to be its representative on the east coast of North America; this has a smaller and more oval shell, with convex whorls. “Tn summer it is the chief food of the grey mullet ; in winter various sea-birds feed upon it” (Hyndman). Its own subsistence is derived from Enteromorphe, Con- ferve, and other delicate seaweeds; and I can testify that it can fast a long while, having kept live specimens for many days in a vessel which contamed nothing but water, without observing any diminution of their viva- city. Males are very much smaller than females (from which my description has been taken), and their shells have no keel. The former sex is probably the Turbo subumbilicatus of Montagu. The hollow space between the two edges in front of the foot is lined with vibratile cilia, by the action of which a fluctuating motion is pro- duced when the animal is crawling, and a tremulous one when it is at rest. The feeces are elliptic. Occasionally the surface of the shell is eroded and pitted, so as to ex- pose the innermost layers; or the top whorls are trun- cated. In the latter case a rude semispiral partition is formed by the upper fold of the mantle, asin Truncatella truncatula. The spire is now and then seen to be un- naturally lengthened, evidently owing to some accident in early growth, when a fresh start had to be made. The shell is extremely variable in size and comparative con- vexity. My largest specimen (from Southampton) is upwards of four lines long. It is the Bulimus anatinus of Poiret, and Turbo muri- aticus of Beudant, generically changed by Draparnaud and Lamarck to Cyclostoma and Paludina. Orsted de- scribed it as Paludineila vulgaris. I regard also the Paludina balthica of Nilsson and P. minuta of Requien HETEROPHROSYNID®. 5D as local varieties. The Rissoa rubra of Macgillivray is certainly the present species, and not Barleeia rubra as he supposed. Family X. HETEROPHROSY'NIDA, Clark. Bopy spiral: mantle plain-edged: head snout-shaped: ten- tacles cylindrical and short, with rounded tips: eyes sessile, or nearly so: foot double-edged in front ; hinder part of the sole shightly grooved down the middle. SHELL small, conical, and spiral: operculum not spiral but increasing by concentric layers, with the nucleus on the inner side, next to the pillar; that side is strengthened by a rib, and furnished underneath with a spike-lke process or plate, which projects from the nucleus. As the name imports, these mollusks are abnormal, allied to the Littorinide, and distinguishable from that family not much more than the Turbinide are from the Trochide*. The operculum is very peculiar. It has an excentric nucleus, like that of Buccinum, and an in- ternal process analogous to that of Neritina. Although the appellation given by Mr. Clark is a long one, it must in justice and on other grounds be preferred to either of those subsequently proposed by Dr. Gray, viz. Rissoellide and Barleeiade. In the sys- tem of the latter author these families are separated by Cuaplide and several others. The Heterophrosynide are not restricted to the At- lantic Ocean: Dr. P. Carpenter has described some from the Pacific. They inhabit the laminarian zone, and ap- pear to be gregarious. * See vol. iu. p. 337. 56 HETEROPHROSYNIDE. Genus I. BARLEE'IA*, Clark. Pl. I. f. 2. Bopy stout: snout gibbous: eyes placed on small bulgings outside the tentacles, at their bases. Snety solid and smooth: mouth oval, angulated above and below: operculum solid, ear-shaped, and gibbous, having the nucleus at the lower end of the inner side. Differing from Rissoa not only in the structure of the operculum, but also in the mantle and opercular lobe of the animal in the present genus being destitute of filaments. BaRLEEIA RUBRAT, Montagu. Turbo ruber, Mont. Test. Br. p. 320. Rissoa ruora, F. & H. iii. p. 120, pl. lxxviii. f. 4, 5. Bopy yellowish-white, often transversely brindled with smokecoloured lines: snout projecting beyond the foot, cloven in front, fleshcolour or pink on the upper part: tentacles club- shaped, sparingly setose in some specimens and smooth in others, marked internally down the middle by a brownish line, or speckled with yellow: eyes rather large and black, scarcely raised, sometimes encircled by a bright sulphurco- loured line: foot lanceolate, short, rounded in front and behind ; tail very slightly bifurcated: opercular lobe dark-purplish- brown. SuELL forming a short cone, remarkably strong, semitrans- parent, and glossy: sculpture, apparently none, but under a good magnifier consisting of a few indistinct spiral strie : colour dark-red, claret, yellowish-brown, or tawny: spire bluntly pointed : whorls 55, compressed, gradually enlarging ; the last occupies three-fifths of the spire: suture slight, having fre- quently a dark band below it on each whorl, caused by the double layer of shell in that part: mouth rather small: outer lip shghtly incurved at the upper angle, thickened in full- grown specimens, and spread out at the base: inner lip re- flected on the pillar, and united with the outer lip, but not so as to form a distinct peristome: operculum dark-crimson, * Named in honour of the late George Barlee, Esq., a zealous and in- defatigable conchologist. + Red. BARLEEIA. ae composed of 5 or 6 irregularly concentric portions, the marks of division or growth being obscure ; columellar side grooved near the margin, and having a corresponding mb under- neath. L.0°125. 8B. 0°6. Var. 1. unifasctata. Creamcolour or whitish, with a broad band of reddish-brown encircling each whorl, sometimes di- vided into two narrower zones. Turbo unifasciatus, Mont. Test. Br. p. 320; F. & H. pl. lxxx. f. 3. Var. 2. pallida. White, with a faint tinge of blush colour. Hasitar: Seaweeds at low water in the Channel Isles, and on many parts of the coasts of Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall; Cork (Wright and J. G. J.); Bantry (Barlee and Norman); Connemara (Barlee and Alcock) ; Bundoran, co. Donegal (J. G. J.). The following re- quire confirmation :—Southampton (Montagu); Tenby (Lyons); Whitley, Northumberland (Fryer); Dublin Bay (Turton); Lamlash Bay, Bute (Landsborough) ; Dunbar (Laskey); Aberdeenshire (Macgillivray). Both varieties occur with specimens of the usual colour. The foreign localities are Cherbourg and adjacent coast (Macé); Rochelle (D’Orbigny pére and J. G. J.); Biar- ritz (v. Martens, fide Troschel) ; Gulf of Lyons (Michaud and Martin); Nice (Vérany); Spezzia (J. G. J.) ; Corsica (Michaud, D’Orbigny pére, and Requien) ; Dalmatia (Brusina) ; Sicily (Philippi); and Teneriffe (M‘Andrew). B. rubra is tolerably active. It occasionally secretes a shght mucous filament, by which it suspends itself from a seaweed or the surface of the water; and it also floats, with the foot uppermost, like the Ressoe. The frecal pellets are oval and whitish. The male is smaller than the female. I unfortunately misled the authors of the ‘British Mollusca’ by communicating the description which they published as that of the animal of the va- rity unifasciata; it was taken from Hydrobia ulve (as Mr. Clark suspected). The living shell of the present pd 58 HETEROPHROSYNIDZ. species is frequently encrusted by the common Melo- besia or nullipore in its earlier stage of growth. The dark-crimson colour of the operculum offers a remark- able coutrast to the white shell of the 2nd variety. In Professor Troschel’s ‘ Gebiss der Schnecken’ (vol. 1. t. x. f. 8) the lingual riband is represented as nearly similar to that of Rissoa parva. Turbo ruber of Adams (from the Pembrokeshire coast) appears to have been derived from a reddish specimen of Rissoa parva, var. interrupta. Our shell is R. fulva of Michaud, and Sabanea Binghamiana of Leach. Genus II. JEFFREY'SIA*, Alder. PL I. f. 3. Bopy slender: snout cloyen so deeply that in some species the lobes thus formed resemble a second pair of tentacles: eyes placed behind the tentacles, on their inner side, either on small bulgings or sessile. - Snett thin, smooth, and glossy: mouth oval or roundish- oval, with a complete peristome : operculum rather thin, having the nucleus on the middle of the inner side, and a short rib on the under side, which proceeds from the nucleus in the di- rection of the outer margin. The above characters show a greater departure from Rissoa than those of the last genus. According to Mr. Alder the lingual armature of Jeffreysia closely resem- bles that of the common Rissoe; and indeed we find that the animals of both genera are vegetarians. Mrs. Collings detected in the stomach of J. diaphana a species of Lythocystis allied to L. Allmani. Dr. Gray makes this synonymous with his undescribed genus Missoella. The type indicated by him, in lieu of a description, is Rissoa glabra of Brown, which is evi- dently an Odostomia (probably O. rissoides), having “a * A compliment paid to the author by his friend Mr. Joshua Alder. JEFFREYSIA, 59 slight plication at the base.” In Gray’s classified list of the Mollusca, published in 1847, Rissoella is given as a synonym of Odostomia. 1. JerrreysiaA piA’pHana™®, Alder. Rissoa? glabra (afterwards R.? diaphana), Ald. in Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 325, pl. 8. f. 1-4. J. diaphana, F. & H. iii. p. 152, pl. Ixxvi. f. 1. Bopy pale yellowish-white, faintly tinged with fleshcolour, and of a granular texture: snout expanding into two club- shaped lobes or processes, which diverge at the same angle as the tentacles; but are shorter and smaller: tentacles cylindri- cal, compressed (both the false and true tentacles are covered with vibratile cilia. Alder): eyes rather distinct than large, sessile and placed far back on the neck within the shell; each is encircled by a slight integument, so as to appear raised: foot lanceolate, somewhat bilobed in front, and angulated at each corner, rounded or bluntly pointed behind: opercular lobe mottled with brown, extending a little beyond the edges of the foot. SHELL forming a rather short and oblique cone, very thin, quite transparent, and of a somewhat iridescent lustre: sculp- ture, apparently none, but under a good magnifier consisting of delicate although obscure spiral strive; the lines of growth are equally microscopical, but finer and more numerous: colour whitish: spire having a blunt and abrupt point: whorls 43, convex, gradually enlarging; the last occupies three-fifths of the spire; first whorl rounded: sutwie deep: mouth rather large: outer lip sharp, incurved above, rounded and slightly expanded below: inner lip rather flexuous, its outline being accommo- dated to the curve of the pillar; behind it is a narrow umbi- hical chink : operculum yellowish-white, depressed in the centre, composed of + or 5 segments or layers, which are indistinctly defined, and closely striated in the same concentric direction ; the inner side forms a very obtuse angle, the opposite side being rounded; spike triangular and flattened, having its nar- rower end at the base; medial rib short, diverging from the spike at a right angle; rib on the inner side marginal and slight. L. 0-075. 3B. 0:05. Hasitat: Delesseria hypoglossum and various other * ‘Transparent. 60 HETEROPHROSYNID 2. seaweeds, at low-water mark and a little beyond it, on many parts of our coast from Shetland to the Channel Isles inclusive. It was first noticed near Dublin and at Cullercoats by Mr. Alder. The only foreign localities of which I am aware are Cape Lévi near Cherbourg (Macé), and Spezzia (J. G. J.). At the Whalsey Skerries J. diaphana occurs in com- pany with its two congeners, J. globularis and J. opalina : the scale of their comparative frequency is the order here given, the last-named being the most numerous of the three. The present species 1s very active in crawling and floating; and it spins a slimy suspensile thread. When many specimens are left for some hours in a vessel of water, they congregate in small clusters, as if actuated by a social instinct. The spawn deposited by one individual consisted of only two ova, which were enclosed in a gelatinous hemispherical case. Owing to the extreme and glassy transparency of the shell, the dark reddish-brown liver is very conspicuous, even after the animal has dried up. Perhaps this shell was the Turbo nitidus of Adams, from the Pembrokeshire coast, where it is not uncommon. 2. J. opa'tina*, Jeffreys. Rissoa (?) opalina, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 2. ii. p. 351. J. opa- lina, F. & H. iii. p. 154, pl. lxxvi. f. 3, 4; iv. (app.) p. 267, pl. exxxiii. f. 6, and (animal) pl. MM. f. 2, a0. Bopy, above, dark-grey, mottled with purplish-brown or soot- colour; below, dirty yellow: snout short, rounded, seldom pro- jecting beyond the foot; front edge finely scalloped: tentacles club-shaped, and of a paler colour [‘ very moderately setose,”’ Clark]; they appear four in number, arranged in two pairs, each tentacle being nearly equal in length and thickness; the second or lower pair are scarcely part of the snout, because they issue from the neck, like the other pair: eyes sessile, rather * Of an opal hue. JEFFREYSIA. 61 close together, and surrounded by pale rings; they are visible only through the shell: foot large, triangular, bilobed, and slightly auricled in front, bluntly pointed behind. Swett oval, extremely thin, semitransparent, highly glossy and of an opaline lustre: sculpture as in the last species: colour bronze or dark horncolour when the shell is living or contains the remains of the animal, yellowish when it is empty: spzre short, with an abrupt and blunt point: whorls 34, swollen, rapidly enlarging; the last occupies at least three-fourths of the spire, and the first is mammiform: suture broad and deep : mouth oval, capacious, and more than half the length of the spire: outer lip sharp and thin, incurved above, slightly an- gulated and expanding below: immer lip flexuous and thick- ened on the lower part of the pillar, behind which it forms a narrow umbilical chink: operculum similar to that of J. dia- phana; but the spike or apophysis is slightly curved, and oc- casionally double, so as to make two separate leaves. L. 0:1. B. 0-075. Hasirar: Guernsey and Sark, in rock-pools among Corallina officinalis (Barlee); Falmouth (Cocks and Barlee); Cumbrae, Clyde district (Norman); Skye (A. M‘Nab); Whalsey Skerries, Shetland, on Laminaria saccharina, a little beyond low-water mark (J. G. J.). Although very local, it is abundant. I found a single specimen at Lerici; and Vérany has recorded this species from Nice. At the Whalsey Skerries it especially frequents a sheltered part of the sound, close to a fish-curing station, where the offal is thrown out. The other species of Jeffreysia and Trochus helicinus are its companions. Do all these feed on decaying animal matter, or on Infu- soria produced from it? The spawn is deposited on leaves of the Laminaria; it is of a semioval shape, with a large hole im the middle. When ripe it forms a thick mass, and contains an immense number of yellowish unispiral shells which are agglutinated together by a gelatinous matrix. The adult shell resembles Hydrodia 62 HETEROPHROSYNID. similis; but it is not so turreted, and the spire has a ‘blunt instead of a sharp point. A dead specimen from Falmouth is marked with flexuous and close-set longi- tudinal striz, arising probably from a partial decay of the surface. A comparison of the description of this species with that of J. diaphana, as regards their soft parts, may serve to show that the tentacles of all the Mollusca, whether univalve or bivalve, are nothing more than a development of the mantle, endued with special sensi- bility as organs of touch or of some other less direct medium of sensation. In some cases (e. g. Chiton, Ho- malogyra, certain species of the Bulla family, and infe- rior kinds of the naked Mollusca) tentacles are entirely wanting; while in others (e. g. the present species of Jeffreysia, and most of the Pulmonobranchiata) the usual pair becomes double, as if for the purpose of in- creasing the sense of perception. In Pecten and those bivalves which have the mantle open the tentacles are numerous ; the cirri fringing the tubes of the majority of bivalves which have the mantle more or less closed appear to be supplementary organs of a similar nature ; and so are the appendages of the head and opercular lobe in Trochus, Rissoa, and many univalves, as well as the cilia that cover the body in Stilifer. But I must not get out of my depth. We cannot all be physio- logists, “ And take upon us the mystery of things, As if we were God’s spies.” 3. J. cLopuLa’Ris*, Jeffreys. J. globularis (Jeffreys, MS.), F. & H. iv. app. p. 268, pl. exxsiii. f. 5. Bopy dark-grey, finely streaked with purplish-brown, paler underneath: snout forming two short cylindrical processes, * Globular. JEFFREYSIA. 63 which resemble tentacles but are close together: tentacles cy- lindrical, rather short, with blunt tips: eyes large, round, and sessile, placed far behind the tentacles: foot lanceolate, short, deeply cloven and bilobed in front, bluntly pointed or almost round behind. Suet globosely conical (like that of Valvata piscinalis), ex- tremely thin, transparent, highly glossy, and partially irides- cent: sculpture the same as in the preceding two species: colour whitish when the shell is empty, dark horncolour when con- taining the animal or its dried remains: spire short and com- pressed ; apex blunt: whorls 34, very tumid, rapidly enlarging ; the last occupies three-fourths of the spire: suture remarkably deep : mout# roundish-ovyal, somewhat detached, half the length of the spire: outer lip sharp and thin, considerably incurved above, slightly expanding and rounded below: inner lip sepa- rated from the pillar to a greater extent than in either of the other species, so as to make the peristome more distinct: umbilicus rather narrow but deep: operculum shorter and more oval compared with that of the other species ; the marks of growth are also more conspicuous, and evidently show a concentric arrangement. L. 0-05. B. 0-065. Monstr. Partly scalariform, in consequence of the suture being excavated and becoming much broader near the mouth. Hasirat: On Laminarie at Croulin Island, m Skye (Barlee), and, with J. diaphana and J. opalina, at the Whalsey Skerries (Barlee and J. G. J.) ; rather plentiful. The tentacular processes of the snout in this species are much smaller and further apart than the true tentacles. In J. opalina the snout is very prominent, and quite distinct from the second pair of tentacles. In both species the hinder tentacles are usually borne at a right angle to the axis of the shell, and the other processes in front diverge at an angle of about 45°. 64 SKENEID&. Family XI. SKENEIDA, (Skeneade) Clark. Bopy coiled in a circle: head large and snout-shaped: ten- tacles cylindrical in one genus, and wanting in another: eyes proportionally large, either almost sessile and placed at the outer bases of the tentacles, or quite sessile and placed behind the head: foot short: opercular lobe not furnished with any process or filament. SHELL minute, circular, with a wide umbilicus: spire much depressed, or even involute: mouth round, having united edges that form a complete peristome: operculum horny, circular, and spiral. 4 There is a seeming incongruity in the above descrip- tion, with regard to the characters founded on the soft parts ; but certain genera of Bullide are provided with tentacles, while others have none. The form of the shell in the present family exhibits a greater concord- ance than that of the animal. At all events some kind of classification is indispensable: as with heraldry, so with our science, “Order is Nature’s beauty, and the way To order is by rules that Art hath framed.” The Skeneide are at present not much known, owing to their minute size. All the species hitherto described (three in number) inhabit the North Atlantic and Me- diterranean ; two are post-tertiary. Ina recent or living state they are gregarious, and are sublittoral or fre- quent the higher part of the laminarian zone. Genus I. SKE’NEA*, Fleming. PI. I. f. 4. Bopy depressed: tentacles cylindrical: eyes almost sessile, and placed at the outer bases of the tentacles. Suet having the spire very little raised: whorls cylindrical : * Named after Dr. David Skene, a friend and correspondent of Solander. SKENEA. 65 mouth placed below the spire, and more or less detached from the body-whorl: operculum many-whorled, with a central nucleus. Although the definition of this genus by its founder, Dr. Fleming, is extremely vague (‘spire depressed, and destitute of spimous processes”), common usage has established it. It originally contained three so-called species, viz. S. depressa, S. serpuloides, and S. divisa. The first of these (or S. planorbis) is the type and sole representative; the other two are synonymous, and belong to the genus Cyclostrema. More species were afterwards added, but doubtfully, by Forbes and Hanley; these have now been assigned to what I consider their proper places. The tongue of Skenea is very much like that of Rissoa. The present genus is partly Delphinoidea of Brown. SKENEA PLANOR’Bis*, Fabricius. Turbo planorbis, Fabr. Fn. Greenl. p. 894. 8. planorbis, F. & H. i. p. 156, pl. Ixxiv. f. 1-3, and (animal) pl. GG. f. 1 & La. j Bopy greyish-white: snout rounded and gibbous; tentacles long and widely divergent; they are not, as in Jtissoa, setose : eyes seated on broad and scarcely raised protuberances: foot truncated in front and rounded behind; sole marked down the middle of the posterior half with a slight groove or line. SHELL resembling in shape a miniature Helix ericetorum, thin, opaque, and seldom glossy: sculpture, only a few slight and obscure puckers in the line of growth: colour reddish-brown, or pale tawny: spire scarcely visible, unless viewed edgewise or with the mouth of the shell towards the observer; apex blunt and rounded: whorls 4, rather loosely coiled; the last much larger in proportion to the others, and occupying at least three-fourths of the shell: sutwre deep: mouth projecting out- wards, with a sharp and somewhat flexuous edge; wmbilicus forming a wide, open, and rather deep funnel, usually exposing the interior of the spire: operculum clear-white, concave, with * Flat-coil. 66 SKENEID. 7 or 8 obliquely striated turns, the last of which is propor- tionally much the largest; the under side has a small boss or nipple-shaped point in the centre. L. 0-03. 3B. 0-06. Var. 1. trochiformis. Spire more prominent, and umbilicus consequently contracted. Var. 2. maculata. Yellowish-white ; the last whorl spirally ornamented by a double row of circular reddish-brown spots, one above and the other below the periphery. Var. 3. hyalina, Clear-white and transparent. Hasirat: Plentiful under stones and on seaweeds between tide-marks all round the coast. Var. 1. Shet- land, Skye, and Lough Larne; this seems to bear the same relation to the common form as the Helix rupes- tris of Studer and Draparnaud does to the H. umbilicata of Montagu. Var.2. Channel Isles. Var. 3. Skye and Channel Isles. Fossil: Clyde beds (Smith and Cross- key); Fort William (J. G. J.); post-glacial and glacial beds in Norway, 130-380 feet (Sars). Recent: Spitz- bergen (Torell) ; Iceland (Steenstrup and Torell) ; Scan- dinavia (Lovén and others); north of France (Macé, Cailliaud and J. G. J.); Cannes (Macé); Nice (Vé- rany); Spezzia (J. G. J.); Madeira (Johnson, fide Han- ley); Greenland (Fabricius and Moller); Massachusetts (Gould, as S. serpuloides); from Cape Cod northwards (Stimpson). Although it is asublittoral species, Malm has dredged it in 10 f. on the Swedish coast, and M‘An- drew in 15-40 f. on that of Upper Norway. This little mollusk feeds upon Lichina pygmea and small Conferve. It swims with facility in an inverted posture, and occasionally suspends itself in the water by spinning a viscous thread with its foot. When crawl- ing, the shell is carried sideways, not erect. Mediter- ranean specimens are frequently spotted, hke our 2nd variety. It is the Helix depressa of Montagu. HOMALOGYRA. 67 Genus II. HO/MALOGY'RA* (formerly Omalogyra), Jeftreys: PL b..1. 5. Bopy flattened: tentacles wanting: eyes quite sessile, and placed behind the head. Suett forming a flat coil, and having an involute spire: whorls more or less angulated: mouth clasping both sides of the periphery: operculum few-whorled, with a central nucleus. The animal is unlike that of any known Pectinibran- chiate mollusk ; and, if we except Omalaxis or Bifrontia, the shell has no existing parallel among the marie uni- valves. In the latter respect it may be regarded as the analogue of Planorbis. The upper part of the body of H. atomus is partially ciliated. This character is exhi- bited to a greater extent in Stilifer, as well as in the tentacles of Trochus, Rissoa, Cecum, and other genera. Dr. Fischer was rather too positive in stating (Journ. Conch. vu. p. 365) that my observations proved, “ d’une maniére irréfragable,” the animal of the present genus to be the fry of some mollusk. The only instance ad- duced by him in support of such a conjecture is the change which many of the Nudibranchs undergo in the larval state. Their embryonic shells, however, have a rudimentary spire of scarcely a single whorl, and are all of the same size in each species, the animals are natatory, and the metamorphosis is of short duration. The shells of Homalogyra, on the contrary, have a com- plete spire of from 3 to 4 whorls, and are of various sizes (indicating different stages of growth); the animals crawl about, and they are met with at all seasons of the year. There is no more reason to suppose that Homalogyra is an immature mollusk than Skenea, Cy- clostrema, or any other minute kind. The tongue of * A flat circle. 68 SKENEIDA. H. atomus, examined by Dr. Lukis and Mr. Alder, has only a single row of teeth (as in some of the Pleuro- branchiata and sea-slugs), resembling miniature sharks’ teeth. The snout or head-lobe and position of the eyes remind us of Akera bullata. Mr. Alder remarks that “the animal is altogether of very simple structure, and one of what Milne-Edwards calls degraded forms, occu- pying a similar position among the ‘l'estacea to what Limapontia does among the naked mollusks.” I have placed it provisionally in the Skenea family. I am still of opinion that this is a legitimate but di- minutive descendant of the ancient genus HKuomphalus. From a dislike to offend the prejudices of paleeontolo- ‘gists, who treat the notion of reviving an “ extinct” genus as a scientific heresy, I have substituted another name; but so notoriously imperfect is the geological record that we ought not to be surprised if the pedigree of Huomphalus cannot be traced down to the present time. Homalogyra is an upper tertiary fossil; and several species of flat-spired shells, which have been as- signed to Solarium, occur in older formations, and may be the missing links of the genealogical cham. The description of Huomphalus in Sowerby’s ‘ Mineral Con- chology’ (vol. 1. p. 97) 1s as follows :—‘‘ An involute compressed univalve ; spire depressed on the upper part, beneath concave or largely umbilicate. Aperture mostly angular.” The tiny living representative of the great Trilobite family offers an analogy to the present case. Has all creation dwindled, and are these its last days ? Brown’s genus Planaria was founded on young speci- mens of Planorbis spirorbis and P. albus, which had been washed down by a freshwater stream into the sea. His genus Spira is characterized as “ nearly globular or semiovate,’ and comprised the fry of some common HOMALOGYRA. 69 species of Rissoa. In the ‘ Microdoride Mediterranea’ of Costa (1861) the present genus 1s described under the name of Ammonicerina. 1. Homatoeyra a’tomus*, Philippi. Truncatella atomus, Phil. in Arch. f. Nat. (1841) vii. pt. 1. p. 54, t. v. f.4. Skenea nitidissima, F. & H. iii. p. 158, pl. lxxiii. f. 7, 8. Bopy yellowish-white on the upper side, and of a paler hue underneath, nearly hyaline: snowt or head-veil short, broad, expansile and very flexible, forming in front two semicircular lobes ; these lobes are sometimes separated by an intermediate membrane, which slightly projects, so as to make the extremity appear trilobed; the front part is usually, but not always, clothed with numerous irregularly disposed cia of different lengths and sizes; when fully extended this part is so trans- parent that the foot can be seen through it: tentacles none, nor the slightest vestige of any, in whatever position or light the animal is viewed: eyes large in proportion, seated about half- way between the front edge of the shell and the extremity of the snout: foot lanceolate, slightly bilobed in front, and rounded or bluntly pointed behind: opercular lobe sometimes having on its upper margin a few cilia like those on the snout. SHELL resembling in shape a miniature Planorbis corneus, not very thin, semitransparent, and glossy: sculptwre, usually fine and close-set indistinct striz in the line of growth, but occa- sionally also some obscure ridges in the same direction on the first-formed whorls, and a few white varicose streaks on the body-whorl: colour reddish-brown or pale tawny: spire sunk below the level of the last whorl; apex blunt: whorls 3, com- pactly coiled, rounded on the upper side, and somewhat angu- lated or flattened on the under side; the last nearly enwraps all the rest, which are exceedingly small: suture deep: mouth projecting a little outwards, with a sharp and even edge; it is indented behind by the periphery: wmbilicus wide, open, and almost flat, fully exposing the interior of the spire: operculum clear-white, flat, with 3 or 4 gradually increasing turns, which are defined by a thickened edge, and obliquely but shghtly striated. L.0-0125. B. 0-035. Var, vitrea. Shell of a glassy transparency. * An atom. 70 SKENEIDE. Hasitat: Abundant almost everywhere in the upper region of the laminarian zone, just beyond low water, on seaweeds and Zostera marina. - I will mention a few localities to show the extent of distribution :—Shetland, Skye, all Ireland, Scarborough, Bristol Channel, Land’s End, Torbay, and the Channel Isles. The variety was found in Loch Fyne by Mr. Barlee. This species is fossil in the Clyde district (Crosskey), near Fort William (J. G. J.), and in post-glacial beds, Norway, from the present sea-level to 100 feet above it (Sars). Inaliving or recent state it ranges abroad from Norway, in the laminarian zone (Sars) to Bohuslan, 10 f. (Malm), Cat- tegat (mus. Copenhagen), Etretat (J. G. J.), Cherbourg and Vallognes (Macé), Provence (Petit), Nice (Vérany), Corsica (D’Orbigny pére), Sardinia (Costa), Spezzia and Sestri di Levante (J. G. J.), Sorrento (Philippi), to La- calle in Algeria (Deshayes). This little creature, on being captured and placed in a watch-glass with seawater, was at first shy ; but when left for a short time undisturbed it crawled about freely and rapidly, like a snail, with its shell raised in a slant- ing position ; and on its getting to the water's edge it turned upside down, and floated on the under surface. I observed it last year feeding on a Conferva, which it dragged into its mouth by means of its rake-like teeth. The snout was then contracted, and the rest of the body bunched up ; the front appeared to be delicately scalloped or crenellated. The heart beat quickly, about 100 per minute; but the pulsation was intermittent. It after- wards retired into its house (perhaps to digest the meal), whence it seemed to reconnoitre me through the shell, with its dark eyes, like a porter from within the window of a hall. The shell is sometimes encrusted, on one side or the other, with Polyzoa and species of Discorbina. HOMALOGYRA. 71 Spawn-capsules which are occasionally found in the up- per cavity of the last whorl in dried specimens, and which may be presumed to belong to the Homalogyra, are of a tawny colour and oval, with a wide slit or orifice at the top of each, and agglutinated together in a cluster of 5 or 6; they are much larger than the capsules that I have observed of any Rissoa. Philippi must have made a mistake (an infirmity that is common to us all) in describing and figuring this mollusk as similar to the animal of Truncatella trunca- tula ; and in the same work (Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, vil. pt. 1. p. 53, t. v. f. 7) Assiminea litorina is equally misrepresented. Instead of all these three species having the eyes seated on the inner base of the tentacles, one only (TY. truncatula) can be said to be in this cate- gory. HH. atomus has not the slightest appearance of tentacles ; and in A. litorina the eyes are placed on their tips. | The present species was regarded by the authors of the ‘ British Mollusca’ as Adams’s Helix nitidissima. But that shell is evidently the fry of Zonites radiatulus, his H. bicolor being the fry of Z. cellarius. lL. Pfeiffer referred our shell, with a doubt, to his genus Paludinella. It is the Ammonicerina simplex of Costa. 2. H. rota*, Forbes and Hanley. Skenea rota, ¥. & H. iii. p. 160, pl. lxxiii. f. 10, and Ixxxviii. f. 1, 2. Suet resembling in shape a miniature Ammonite (of the ‘section Capricorn, De Buch), thin, semitransparent, and lus- trous: sculpture, several ring-like ribs, from 20 to 25 on the last whorl of a full-grown specimen, besides 3 spiral keels (which vary in strength and are not always perceptible) and a few fine intermediate striz; one of these keels encircles the periphery, and the other two the middle of each whorl on the * A wheel. 72 SKENEID#. upper and under sides; the ribs become slightly nodulous at the points where they are crossed by the keels, and they seldom extend on either side to the periphery: colour reddish-brown or pale-tawny, the keels being of a bright golden hue: spire not so much sunk below the level of the last whorl as in H. atomus; apex blunt: whorls 3, compactly coiled, somewhat compressed, with a slope from the peripheral keel in an equal degree on both sides; the last whorl is much larger than the next, but not so disproportionately large as in the other species : suture deep: mouth slightly expanding outwards, with a thin but even edge; it has somewhat of a horseshoe shape, with the rounded end in front, the indentation behind by the peri- phery being considerable: umbilicus wide, open, and nearly flat, completely exposing the interior of the spire: operculum clear-white, rather concave, and having 2 or 3 rapidly enlar- ging turns. L.0-0115. B. 0-025. Hasitat: In rock-pools among seaweed; a scarce species, although equally diffused with H. atomus. The following list of places where it has been found may be useful to collectors :—Lerwick, Skye, Bantry Bay, Cork, Scarborough, Sandwich, Isle of Wight, Weymouth, Falmouth, Tenby, and Manorbeer in Pembrokeshire, Oxwich and Caswell Bays near Swansea, and Guernsey (J. G. J.) ; Moray Firth (Gordon) ; “ Landsborough’s Bay” im Arran, N.B. (Norman) ; co. Donegal (War- ren) ; Roundstone, co. Galway (Barlee and Alcock) ; Exmouth (Clark); Mousehole near Penzance (Templer) ; Land’s End and other parts of Cornwall (Webster); Sark (Mrs. Collings). Its exotic range is less known; it com- prises a sounding in N. lat. 55° 36’, W. long. 54° 33/, at the enormous depth of 1622 f. (Wallich), Bohuslan, in 10 f. (Malm), Gulf of Lyons (Martin), Spezzia (J. G. J.), Sardinia and the Mediterranean shores of Africa (Costa). This is the smallest known species of British shells. It is an object “Where unassisted sight no beauty sees.” ~ VERMETID2. 13 You are shown what appears a minute speck of dust. Examine it under a microscope: the wheel of Aurora’s chariot, with its refulgent spokes, must have been a - piece of ordinary workmanship compared with this ; its compactly convoluted shape, fine curved ribs, and en- circling rings of gold call forth an admiration which, if expressed with regard to human feelings, might be termed doating ; it unquestionably bears “The signature and stamp of power divine,” Mediterranean specimens of this and the last species are smaller than ours; that from Greenland 1s still larger. Clark fancied the present shell to be the spiral posterior terminal portion of Cecum trachea; but that is a very different object. I believe Montagu was acquainted with H. rota, because in a letter of his to Mr. Dillwyn, dated 8th March 1814, he mentions the discovery of a very minute Ammonite-like shell. In the Turtonian collection it was named “ Cornu Ammonis.” It is the Skenea tricarinata of Webster, and the Am- monicerina pulchella and (young) A. paueicostata of Costa, Family XI]. VERME'TID, D’Orbigny. Bopy tubular: mantle having a circular border, and closely fitting the neck: head snout-shaped: tentacles cylindrical : eyes sessile, at the bases of the tentacles, and placed more or less externally: foot short. Hermaphrodite? Suet tubular, attached or free, usually (perhaps always) spiral or convoluted when young: mouth round: operculum horny, circular, and many-whorled, with a central nucleus. I prefer following Clark, who placed in the present family the singular genus Cecum, to arranging it among VOL. Iv. E 74 VERMETID#£. the Turritellide as proposed by Forbes and Hanley, or adopting Gray’s name of Cecide. The affinity of Cecum to Vermetus is certainly very close, in respect not only of the animal, but also of the shell and operculum. Genus CHECUM®, Fleming. PI. I. f. 6. Bopy short. Suetz free, forming a curved and small cylinder, having in an early stage of growth a loose but regular coil of whorls, which afterwards falls off, the truncated extremity being then closed by a plug: opercului solid. Costa would not believe the strange metamorphosis which the shell undergoes ; but it is constant in every species. Such similitude in dissimilitude teaches us, as it did Charles Lamb, “That harmonies may be in things unlike.” From Professor Stimpson’s account of C. pulchel- lum it would seem that a fresh truncation takes place during each of the last three stages of growth, when a separate plug or septum is formed. This genus is evi- dently allied to Omalavis or Bifrontia, in the convolution of the spire and form of the operculum. Our knowledge of the animal is entirely derived from Mr. Clark’s excel- lent observations. Mr. Alder says, as to the tongue of C. trachea, “ the lateral spines, in two longitudinal rows, are slender and very numerous, with a minute plate in the centre.” The ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological So- ciety of London’ for 1858 contain an elaborate mono- graph on the recent Cecide by Dr. P. Carpenter. Fossil species occur in the Eocene and Pliocene strata of this country and Italy. * A blind gut. CECUM. 75 In his ‘ History of British Animals’ Fleming placed these shells in Orthocera (Orthoceras, a genus of fossil testaceous Cephalopoda), along with recent Foraminifera; ‘and he thus drew on himself from Philippi perhaps the most severe reproof that could be administered to a naturalist, in the comment “ horribile dictu.” The censor himself classed them among the Pteropods! Montagu called the adult Dentalium, and the young Vermiculum ; Brown gave the name of Brochus to the former, and Cornuoides to the latter. Other synonyms are Odon- tina, Zborzewsky, Odontostoma, Cantraine, Odontidium, Philippi, Corniculina, Minster, and Dentaliopsis, Clark. The fry constitute Costa’s genus Spirolidium. A. Solid and ringed ; operculum flat. 1. Cacum tTracHE'A*, Montagu. 5 ae Trachea, Mont. Test. Br. p. 497, t. 14. f. 10. CC. trachea, F. & H. ui. p. 178, pl. lxix. f. 4, and (animal) pl. KK. f. 1, a-c. Bopy white, minutely grained, with two frosted, pale-yellow- ish-white contiguous raised lines on the upper part, forming a canal or groove, the points of which terminate anteriorly at the immediate base of the eyes, and posteriorly at the furthest end of the neck: mantle very thick and fleshy: neck slender, ridged lengthwise: snout long, flat, and cloven, with fine, close, contractile annular ridges ; it is always in advance of the foot, and appears to assist in locomotion: tentacles frosted-white, rather long, divergent, at the extremities thickened, setose, and slightly clavate: eyes very minute and black ; they “ have decidedly an external bias” (relatively to the position of the tentacles): foot narrow, truncated in front when in action, sloping behind to an obtusely pointed or rather a rounded ter- mination. (Clark.) Suet of nearly equal breadth throughout, solid, opaque. and somewhat glossy: sculpture, numerous fine, regular, and * From its being marked with rings like a windpipe; the Latin word is properly ¢rachia. E2 76 VERMETID&. flattened concentric ring-like ribs, which are packed so closely as to allow very little space between them; they are some- times arranged in joints or interrupted strangulations, denoting probably the limits of successive curtailment ; under a micro- scope the entire surface (especially the interstices of the ribs) is seen to be marked lengthwise by excessively minute and crowded striz : colowr yellowish- or reddish-brown, occasionally variegated by circles of a darker hue: spzre none in the adult, its place at the posterior extremity being closed by a solid shelly plug, which slopes from the ventral margin to a bluntly conical point on the opposite or dorsal side: mouth annular, slightly contracted, and strengthened by the last-formed rib : operculum brown or dark-horncolour, consisting of about a dozen gradually increasing whorls, defined by a narrow raised spiral line or suture; they become less distinct towards the centre, which is concave. L. 0°125. B. 0-033. Hasirat: Rather common in the coralline zone of Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall; Sandwich (Walker) ; Guernsey (Barlee); Swansea, Tenby, and Barmouth Gi. Gra.) : Bantry Bay (Thompson and J. G. J.) ; Ar- ran Isle, co. Galway (Barlee) ; Clyde district (Norman and Robertson). I do not consider it a British fossil ; for I believe the shells described and figured by Searles Wood from the Coralline Crag are not this species, but his C. mammillatum. Philippi, however, has given it as a Sicilian fossil, under the name of Odontidium rugulosum ; and Professor Hoérnes includes it in his great work on the Miocene formation near Vienna. It inhabits the coast of Brittany, beyond low-water mark of spring- tides, according to Cailliaud; M‘Andrew dredged it in 8 f. at Vigo; and several authors have noticed it as Mediterranean (both on the European and African coasts) and Adriatic; on sponges from the Archipelago (Bean); Canary Isles, 50 f. (M‘Andrew); Cuba (Philippi). Clark informs us that the animal is not at all shy, and that all the specimens which he examined had an ovary. He expressed some doubt whether the branchial CACUM. L% apparatus consists of two plumes or one only. Young shells are more couvex and tapering, and their mouth is bell-shaped. 'The* fry is exceedingly curious. It is ‘long and twisted, not unlike the horn of an antelope ; its posterior termination is formed of a minute coil of two whorls. ‘The concentric ridges are then percep- tible towards the mouth only, and are very slight; the rest of the shell is quite smooth and glossy. I am in- debted to the Marquis James Doria for baby specimens which he dredged at Spezzia. This is the Dentalium imperforatum of Adams ‘On the Microscope’ (from Walker’s figure), as well as of Montagu who described the young as D. trachea; but the latter specific name is now generally used. Brown called it Brochus striatus and B. trachiformis ; Cailliaud spelt the name C. trachea. The fry is Costa’s Spirolt- dium Mediterraneum. Brochus annulatus and (young) B. reticulatus of Brown (“ Loch Strangford’) is an exotic species. - Dr. P. Carpenter found no less than 53 specimens of it by washing the common sponge of commerce from the West Indies; and Mr. Bean has some from Aden. I mention this because C. annulatum has been noticed and figured in the ‘ British Mollusca’ on the authority of a specimen received by Mr. Alder from Mr. Clark. Flem- ing’s description of his Orthocera trachea (Br. An. p. 287) evidently applies to the same foreign species. B. Thin and smooth; operculum convex. Brochina, Gray. 2. C. etaBrum *, Montagu. Dentalium glabrum, Ment. Test. Br. p. 497. C. glabrum, F. & H. iii. ps 181) pl. dx. £5. Bopy pure-white, with the lines forming the canal or groove * Smooth. 78 VERMETID&. on the neck less conspicuous than in the other species: foot carried much more laterally. It is similar in other respects, taking into account the difference of size and greater delicacy of the present species. (Clark.) Seti of nearly equal breadth throughout, not quite so much curved as in C. trachea, rather thin, transparent, and glossy: sculpture, none except under the microscope, which exhibits a slightly frosted appearance: colour clear-white: spire replaced by a rounded but not very convex shelly plug: mouth annular, thickened at its edge: operculum resembling an in- verted tea-cup without a handle, yellowish-brown, and consist- ing of about 10 regularly increasing whorls, 6 of which are raised, one above another (like circular steps), and are defined by a narrow spiral ridge; they are distinct on the crown or centre, which is depressed. L. 0-075. B. 0-01385. Hasrrat: All our coasts, from Shetland to Guernsey, in the coralline zone; common. Fossil in the Coralline Crag at Sutton (S. Wood) ; Norway, im newer or post- glacial deposits, 50-80 feet (Sars). Living in Norway (Lilljeborg) ; Mangerfiord, near Bergen, in 10-50 f. (Sars) ; Bohuslan, 10 f. (Malm); Danish coast (mus. Copenhagen) ; Brittany (Macé and Cailliaud) ; Provence (Forest, Martin, and Macé); Nice (Vérany) ; Spezzia (Doria and J. G. J.) ; Canary Isles, 12-50 f. (M‘An- drew). “J thought the Cecum trachea very active, but it is far surpassed by this animal; I put one of each in a watch-glass of sea-water, and with a camel’s-hair brush gave them a fair start, but the little one beat its compe- titor hollow, and accomplished a space of 2 inches in 55 seconds ; thus affording a proof, even in the Mollusca, that Nature compensates for the small volume of the minute beings in giving them greater energy, vivacity, and quickness.’’ (Clark.) Half-grown shells are more slender and curved, with a proportionally wider mouth. The spire of the fry has two whorls—the inner one TURRITELLIDE. 19 being sometimes broken off, so as to make the centre pervious. This species may possibly have been the Dentalium mi- - nutum of Linné, from Plancus. It is the Odontostoma levissima of Cantraine ; and itis the Brochus glabrus and B. levis of Brown, the young being his B. arcuatus, and the fry his Cornuotdes major and C. minor. Adams (‘On the Microscope’) named the last-mentioned state of growth Serpula incurvata; and Montagu called it (from another of Walker’s figures, showing the centre whorl broken off) Vermiculum pervium. Sars does not believe the S. incurvata of Adams can be the young of C. glabrum, because he has found specimens of each equally large; but it must be borne in mind that the adult are of different sizes, and that many species of mollusca have a dwarf or small variety. Besides, when the spire is truncated and gone, the shell becomes pro- portionally shorter, although it increases in diameter. Family XU. TURRITEL'LID, Clark. Bony elongated: mantle forming a slight canal or fold in front: head snout-shaped: tentacles cylindrical: eyes outside the tentacles, at their base: foot short: gills consisting of a single plume. Hermaphrodite ? SHELL spiral and turreted, many-whorled, not umbilicate: spire tapering, with a blunt apex: mouth having a thin and flexuous outer lip: operculum horny and circular. The founder of this family afterwards sacrificed it by uniting it with Vermetide. Most conchologists, how- ever, think they ought to be separate. The Turritellide, in all probability, subsist on animal food. 80 TURRITELLIDZ. Genus TURRITEL’LA*, Lamarck. PI. II. f. 1. Bopy cylindrical: mantle fringed at its edge: snout short, contractile: tentacles separated by the snout: eyes placed on slight prominences: opercular lobe entire. SHELL pyramidal, spirally ridged or striated: spire having the top whorls, when disused, partitioned off by a solid hemi- spherical plug : mouth round, or inclining to square: operculum rather solid, with numerous whorls, the outermost of which overlap one another, or are imbricated, and all are finely puckered in an oblique direction ; nucleus central. Old English naturalists called these shells “ screws.” They are not, like their human namesakes, confined to the civilized part of the globe, but are met with everywhere, in great variety. The species are numerous and prolific, inhabiting the coralline and deep-sea zones. In a fossil state they have been found in formations certainly as far back as the Greensand. Our common species is either very shy or very sluggish; it rarely shows more than its foot and the tips of its tentacles. I have been obliged to deprive it of the greater part of its shell in order to examine the soft parts. The lingual membrane is minute: each row of teeth consists of a broad central plate or rhachis, flanked on either side by three narrow and incurved pleure. Turritella has several obsolete synonyms. TURRITELLA TE'REBRA +, Linné. Lurbo terebra, Linn. S. N. p. 1239. Turritella communis, F. & H. iii. p. 172, pl. Lxxxix. f. 1-3, and (animal) pl. II. f. 4. Bony yellowish, mottled with brown and speckled with white: mantle thick, fringed on its outer and inner edges with fine filaments [arranged in a triple row, and reflected (Lovén) |: snout broad, depressed, bilobed towards the extremity, which 18 delicately scalloped round the margin [tuberculated at the * A diminutive from ¢urris, a tower. t A borer. TURRITELLA. 81 edge (Lovén)]: tentacles conical, pointed, slender, and variable inlength: eyes small, on bulbs or offsets at the outer base of the tentacles: foot lanceolate, dilated and rounded in front, bluntly angulated and abruptly terminating behind [“ grooved below ” , (F. & H.); sole marked on its hinder portion with a depressed line down the centre (Clark) ]. SHELL forming aslender and elongated pyramid, with a more or less narrow base which is somewhat angulated ; it is solid, opaque, and of a dull hue: sculpture, rather sharp spiral ridges, of which there are 3 on each of the upper whorls, and double that number on the last whorl, besides several intermediate and smaller ribs on the lower whorls, and sometimes also on the upper ones ; the whole surface is covered with fine and close- set indistinct flexuous striz in the line of growth: colour yellowish-brown of various shades, with occasionally darker longitudinal streaks: spire sharply pointed, although the tip is usually broken off: whorls 16-20, convex but compressed, shelving above and below the suture; they increase very gradually: suture distinct, becoming deeper towards the base of the spire: mouth squarish, angulated above and slightly ex- panding below: outer lip incurved on the upper side: inner lip reflected over the pillar, and in adult specimens united with the outer lip: operculum dark-horncolour with a tawny coating, composed of about 30 imbricated turns, which are invested with minute and delicate tuberculated threads arranged obliquely and sometimes projecting beyond the margin so as to make it appear spinous; the centre is slightly concave. LL. 2°25. B. 0°65. Var. 1. nivea. Snowy-white. Var. 2. gracilis. Narrower and more slender. Hasrrat: Sand and mud in 3-100 f., throughout our seas; gregarious. The lst variety is not uncommon on the west coast of Scotland and in Shetland, mixed with coloured specimens: I have also dredged it at Exmouth. The 2nd variety is local, and occasionally white ; it has been taken at Torquay with the ordinary kind by Mr. Alder, in Shetland by Mr. M‘Andrew and others, in Cork Harbour by Mr. Humphreys, and in Bantry Bay by myself. The latter variety also occurs on the coasts E5 $2 TURRITELLID &. of Spain and Portugal, and in the Mediterranean. If it had not been for an intermediate form which Mr. Barlee obtained near the Arran Isles in the west of Ireland, I should have been inclined to consider this variety a distinct species. Deshayes refers it to the 7. cornea of Lamarck; but the description, “ poimt de stries,” is surely inapplicable to our shell. Plate 449 of the ‘ En- cyclopédie Méthodique,’ cited by Lamarck, represents likewise a smooth shell. 7. ¢erebra abounds in almost every newer tertiary and quaternary deposit here and abroad, occasionally at great heights, as on Moel Try- faen; of which we have accounts from many a concho- logist «« And him that vexed his brain, and theories built Of gossamer upon the brittle winds, Perplexed exceedingly: why shells were found Upon the mountain-tops, but wondering not Why shells were found at all, more wondrous still!” It inhabits a considerable part of the European seas, from the Loffoden Isles to the Aigean and the African shores of the Mediterranean, at depths varying from 5 to 100 f. The “ Auger” of Pennant. It sometimes attains the length of 3 inches. In aged specimens the outer lip is very thick, bemg formed of numerous layers. The whorls are sometimes flattened, or scalariform. This common species was described and figured as English by Lister, whom Linné quotes for it in the ‘Fauna Suecica;’ and that work is cited im his ‘ Sys- tema Nature, where Turbo terebra was first named, with “ Habitat im O. Europeo.” No such references are given in Linné’s description of Turbo ungulinus, which may therefore have been exotic. Our shell was called by Risso not only Turritella communis, but T. striatula and by many other names. Itis the T. Linnei TRUNCATELLID. 83 of Deshayes: the fry was probably Adams’s Turbo strigatus. Turbo duplicatus of Linné, as well as his 7. imbricatus , and T. exoletus (the last bemg T. cinctus of Da Costa) are tropical species of Turritella; they were erroneously introduced by Lister, Leach, Da Costa, and Montagu into the list of British shells. Two arctic species of the present or an allied genus occur in our glacial formation, viz.:—T. polaris of Beck= T. erosa, Couthouy, at Bridlington (Woodward), and Elie in Fife (Rev. Thomas Brown, fide Geikie) ; and T. reticulata of Mighels and Adams=T. lactea, Moller, at King Edward in Aberdeenshire (Jamieson). The former of these has also been found in a fossil state by Mr. Searles Wood in the Coralline Crag at Sutton, and by Principal Dawson in Canada. Family XIV. TRUNCATEL'LID, Gray. Bopy elongated : mantle plain-edged : head forming a cylin- drical, contractile, and bilobed snout: tentacles conical, sepa- rated by the snout: eyes sessile, or nearly so, placed a little above (rather than outside) the bases of the tentacles: foot short, and rounded at each end: gills consisting of a single plume. Suett cylindrical: spire truncated on the animal arriving at maturity, the opening thus made being filled up with a fresh layer of shell: mouth oval, with a complete peristome: oper- culum horny, ear-shaped, with a very short spire, having its nucleus on the columellar or inner side of the mouth, near the base of the shell. There is a great gulf between this family and the Twr- riteiide. Perhaps it is owing to a fault in the system of classification—our motto being “ nil deest nisi clavis ” 8-4 TRUNCATELLIDE. (as in the mysterious frontispiece that represents the Domus Nature in ‘ Ripley revived,’ by Eirenzeus Phi- lalethes) ; or perhaps the intermediate space is occu- pied by exotic and fossil forms. At any rate I can place the Truncatellide nowhere else. The European seas have only a single generic and specific representative, which appears not to be found north of the English Channel. Genus TRUNCATEL'LA%, Risso. — Pl. II. f. 2. Generic characters those of the family. The habits of these mollusks are littoral. They live chiefly on the brink of high-water mark, under stones and decaying sea-weeds, which are periodically covered by the sea; and in this sense they may be termed am- phibious. Considerable doubt has been entertained by many naturalists whether 7’runcatella is marine or ter- restrial, and whether it is furnished with gills hke Lit- torina, or with an air-pouch like Melampus. The careful and long-continued experiments made by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, which were published in the 5th volume of the ‘Zoological Journal,” seem to prove that it is truly marine, one of his specimens having lived 14 weeks constantly immersed in sea-water; and Mr. Clark has given us full particulars of the branchial apparatus. Lowe proposed at one time to call this genus Hrpeto- metra (from its peculiar mode of creeping) ; Christo- phori and Jan have given it the name of Choristoma, Leach those of Zeanoé, Glaucothoé, and (according to Gray) Truncatula; the young constitutes the genus Fidelis of Risso. * Diminutive from ¢runcatus, cut off. TRUNCATELLA. 85 TRUNCATELLA TRUNCA'TULA *, Draparnaud. Cyclostoma truncatulum, Drap. Tabl. Moll. p. 115. 7. Montagui, F. & H. ili. p. 817, pl. xcix. f. 1, and (animal) pl. FF. f. 10. Bopy very pale yellowish-white, with grey specks: snout long, narrow, and very extensile, annulated when at. rest, auricled at each end; it is finely grooved down the middle: tentacles short, broad, flat, and somewhat triangular : eyes black, with white pupils, on expansions of the tentacles: foot roundish- oval and thick. Suet forming a short and turreted cylinder, nearly equal in breadth throughout; it is rather thin, semitransparent, and glossy: sculpture sometimes none, in other specimens more or less distinct and strong longitudinal ribs on all or part of the whorls; under a good magnifier may also be detected faint traces of spiral and close-set striz : colour pale yellowish-brown or tawny, with a creamy tint: spze haying an extremely blunt tip in the young, and abruptly truncated in the adult; the line of fracture where the first-formed whorls were rubbed off is conspicuous: whorls 64 in the young, and 33 only in the adult ; although rounded they are compressed, especially in the middle of each, and increase very gradually, the penulti- mate whorl being in fact a trifle broader than the last; the original whorls are fragile, and (like the milk-teeth of certain Mammalia) deciduous at the proper season: suture deep: mouth small in comparison with the size of the last whorl ; it is somewhat contracted above, rounded and expanded below: outer lip reflected, and not very thin: znner lip thickened in full-grown specimens, and a little detached from the pillar ; there is no chink behind it, much less an umbilicus: operculum thin, yellowish, marked with slight flexuous striz in the line of.crowth. iL. 0:175. 5B..0-06, Hasitat: Muddy shores near high-water mark, under stones, at Southampton, and at Salcombe, Plymouth, and in other parts of South Devon (Montagu) ; Weymouth (Bryer and others); Poole (Maton and Rackett) ; New- haven (J. G. J.); Guernsey (Lukis). It is rather plentiful in the backwater behind Portland Island. * Having a small truncation. 86 TRUNCATELLID&. Laskey says that he dredged it off Dunbar, Fleming that he found a specimen in the cavity of a dead Spa- tangus purpureus from the Firth of Forth, Macgillivray that it has been taken in sea-sand from Cruden in the Moray Firth, and Thompson that Mrs. Hancock obtained a young shell of this species at Bundoran in co. Donegal ; Bean enumerates it in his list of Scarborough shells. I suspect that there has been some mistake as to the specimens from all these last five places. A large West- Indian species (7. succinea, C. B. Adams) has been often mistaken for ours. Philippi records the present species as fossil in Sicily ; and I found specimens in a quaternary or more recent deposit near Martigues in the Département of Bouches-du-Rhone. It inhabits the Atlantic shores of France, both sides of the Mediter- ranean, as well as the Adriatic and Al‘gean seas; and M‘Andrew has noticed it at Malaga and Lancerote. It creeps slowly, in the fashion of a caterpillar. The action of the foot is thus described by Clark :—* on the march maintaining posteally and anteally the oval con- tour, with a vermicular motion, like an advance of one half to the other; this action gives an apparent crease, simulating an incised transverse line, but on the step being completed, the foot becomes entire.” I could not detect any pulsation: the gill-pouch was transparent, and appeared to be filled with air. The shell varies considerably in bulk. Possibly the smooth kind, which is smaller than the other, may be the male, and the ribbed kind the female; the transition from one kind to the other, however, is very gradual. Helix subcylindrica of Linné may be this species ; but “ Habitat in aquis dulcibus Europe borealis ” makes it rather doubtful. Montagu called the adult shell Turbo truncatus, and the young T. subtruncatus ; Risso SCALARIIDA. 87 distinguished the smooth and ribbed forms as Trunca- tella levigata and T. costulata, and the young as Fidelis Theresa. The last. appears to be the 7. Desnoyersi of , Payraudeau. Lowe gave this species the name of 7. Montagu, his T. truncatula from Madeira being diffe- rent. The young is Macgillivray’s Hulima nitidissima. According to Philippi our shell is Cyclostoma concinnum of Scacchi, and the young is Paludina strigilata of Pareyss. The corresponding name for each state of growth bestowed by Leach on this polyonomatous shell are Zeanoé nitida and Glaucothoé Montaguana. Dra- parnaud, in his ‘'Tablean des Mollusques,’ expressed his _ belief that his Cyclostoma truncatulum ought to consti- tute a distinct genus, an opinion of which Risso un- skilfully availed himself. Family XV. SCALARTIDE, (Scalaride) Broderip. Genus SCALA’RIA *; Lamarck. PI. II. f. 8. Bopy screw-shaped: mantle plain-edged, forming an inci- pient or slight fold at the base of the shell: head short, snout- shaped, furnished with a cylindrical and retractile proboscis : tentacles awl-shaped, with blunt tips: eyes on short stalks, at the outer bases of the tentacles: foot lanceolate, double-edged in front; sole grooved down the middle: gills consisting of a single plume. Sexes separate. Suet turreted, longitudinally ridged or plaited, and often also transversely striated: spire elongated and pointed ; apex slightly inflected: mouth nearly round, with a complete and thickened peristome, angulated below : operculum horny, ear- shaped, few-whorled, and having the nucleus on the columellar or inner side of the mouth but not far from its centre. * From scala, a ladder. 88 SCALARIIDA. In this family and genus occurs for the first time a retractile proboscis or ‘ haustellum,” instead of a con- tractile snout or “rostrum.” Morch* suggests that there may be no greater difference between. these two organs than between along and ashort siphon. The ar- mature of the tongue is very simple, and consists of a single row of uniform teeth on each side without any in the middle; it agrees nearly with that of Homalogyra and the Bulla tribe. Without presuming to disparage the labours of those conchologists who may be termed odontological systematists, I think an undue importance has been given to this character as a basis of classifica- tion for the Gastropoda. The alimentary and masti- cating organs of all animals depend on the nature of their food; and every division of the Gastropoda con- tains some kinds which are phytophagous and others which are sarcophagous or zoophagous. Scalaria be- longs to the latter class. According to Dr. Gould, a specimen of S. Grenlandica which Mr. Couthouy kept alive for the purpose of examination ‘“‘ fed eagerly upon fresh beef, especially if somewhat macerated.” The animal of every species of Sca/aria emits a purple dye, hike Planorbis corneus, lanthina, and Aplysia. The use of this secretion is not sufficiently known t. Montagu made some curious experiments with the dye of S. com- munis, showing that the colour is changed by the appli- cation of mineral acids, and that it is not affected by cream of tartar, nor materially by either volatile or fixed alkali; that it is not diminished by putrefaction, nor fixable by any then known astringent ; it resisted for some months the action of the air and sun; but being exposed for a whole summer to the solar rays in a south * Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3rd ser. xvi. p. 397. + See vol. i. (Introduction) pp. xxxv and xxxvi. SCALARIA. . 89 aspect, it almost vanished. Ever since the cultivation of conchology (in the limited sense of the word and not as a science), the true “‘ wentletrap ”’ or “‘ windeltreppe ”’ - has been regarded as an object of especial admiration for its graceful shape and exquisite sculpture ; it fetched at one time as high a price as some of the rarest cones and cowries, which (in my opinion) it far excels in beauty. Lamarck states that the ridges which adorn the shell are marks of growth, each forming in succes- sion the border of the mouth. This is probably the case, if we consider them marks of periodical rather than annual growth: a full-grown S. communis has about 100 of these ridges, and we can hardly suppose that it lives as many years. The number of varices or stronger ridges, distributed at intervals and observable in S. Tur- tone and other species, may indicate the age. Scalarie inhabit every sea, although frequenting more the Indian Ocean. About 200 species have been described, recent and fossil. Weare told by Nyst that many of the latter occur in the cretaceous and tertiary formations; one has been recorded from the Coral Rag, and another as Silurian. Among the synonyms are Scala of Klein (pre-Lin- nean), Scalarus of Montfort, and Clathrus of Oken. 1. Scatarra Tur 'tona*, (Turtonis) Turton. Turbo Turtonis, Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 208, f. 97. S. Turtonis, F. & H. iii. p. 204, pl. lxx. f. 1, 2. Bopy dark-coloured: proboscis long: eyes placed on promi- nent tubercles: foot white behind and underneath, folded in front when withdrawn into the shell. (Bivona, fide Philippi). Suett slender, solid, opaque, somewhat glossy: sculpture, slightly curved, flattened, and more or less imbricated longi- * Named after a daughter of Dr. Turton. 90 SCALARIIDA. tudinal ridges, 12 being on the last whorl, 11 on the penulti- mate, and 10 on the next, after which they diminish in number; these ridges are broader and foliaceous at the top of each whorl ; they are not continuous throughout the spire, but are usually disposed in alternate order, and some of them, at irregular intervals, are double or multiple, so as to form broad and strong varices ; the interstices of the ribs are finely and closely stri- ated in a spiral direction: colour light yellowish-brown, with 3 purplish-brown or coffeecoloured bands on the body-whorl and 2 on each of the other whorls; of the 3 bands the upper two are above the periphery and sometimes confluent, the third (which is generally broader) encircling the base: spzre tapering gradually to a fine point: whorls 15-16, rounded, although compressed, and increasing very gradually : suture well defined, but not deep: mouth more round than oval, angulated above, and much more so below: outer lip encircled or strengthened by the last-formed ridge, having a slight sinus near the upper part, and somewhat reflected : ener lip broad, extremely thick at the base and lower angle of the mouth; there is no umbi- licus behind it: operculum dark-horncolour, having about 6 turns, rather concave, and strongly striated in the line of growth; it resembles that of a Littorina, but the nucleus is more central. L. 1°75. B. 0-5. Haxitat: Coralline zone in Guernsey (Lukis); Devon and Cornwall (Turton and others) ; Tenby (J. G. J.) ; Laugharne, Carmarthenshire (Barlee, and Lindsay) ; estuary of the Mersey (Collingwood) ; Scarborough (Bean and Leckenby); Aberdeen (Macgillivray) ; Clyde district (Forbes and others) ; co. Down (Thompson) ; Dublin Bay (Turton and others); south of Ireland (Ball and others) ; co. Galway (Barlee). It is by no means common. Dr. Turton states that “in many parts of Ireland, but especially about Balbriggan, they are found crawling among the rocks”! In a fossil state this species has been recorded from the Belfast deposit by Hyndman and Grainger, under the name of S. Tre- velyana; Ireland, Ayr, and Bute (Smith); Nice (Risso); Sicily (Philippi). It inhabits the North Atlantic from SCALARIA. 9] Bergen (Lovén and others) to Madeira (M‘Andrew), and every part of the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Aigean, at depths ranging between 5 and 45 f. Several specimens having the operculum were in Mr. Clark’s collection, from Exmouth: I wish he had given us an account of the animal. Young shells have the base somewhat angulated. It was possibly the Turbo ambiguus of Linné, described as inhabiting the Mediterranean, and very like 7. cla- thrus (but flesheolour, with 3 reddish-brown bands, and having twice as many ribs) ; this, however, is said to be umbilicate, a character that belongs to none of the European species. Risso appears to have given our shell the specific names of Turtonia and (as fossil) elegans, Michaud that of tenuicosta, Bivona planicosta, Scacchi plicata, Broun alternicosta, and Leach Turtoniana. 2. S. commu'nis*, Lamarck. S. communis, Lam. An. s. Vert. vi. (2) p. 228; F. & H. iii. p. 206, pl. Ixx. f. 9, 10. Bopy milk-white, irregularly streaked with black or mottled with dark-purple on the upper part: mantle thick, tight about the neck, its margin forming a round collar: snout vertically cloven in the centre, whence the proboscis (which is white) frequently protrudes asif in search of food: tentacles long and slender [black, Alder]: eyes on the inner side of small bulbs or excrescences [white spaces, Alder], which rise from the outer bases of the tentacles: foot, when fully extended, long and narrow, somewhat angulated and notched or bilobed in front, with a very slight rounded auricle at each corner, and tapering behind to a point; it is often carried far beyond the head; sole marked in the middle from one end to the other with a groove or impressed line. [Male organ long, bent, and pointed, of a dusky hue (Clark). ] SHELL more conical than the last species, solid, opaque, and of rather a dull hue: sculpture, slightly curved longitudinal * Common. 92 SCALARIIDA. ridges, which are reflected or folded backwards, but not flat- tened as in S. Turtone; there are 9 on the last whorl, 10 on the penultimate, and 8 on the next, diminishing in number towards the apex; the ridges are somewhat broader at the top of each whorl, and cemented to those in the preceding whorl, so as to make the series continuous in an oblique direction ; they do not (unless very rarely) form varices, nor is one larger than any of the others except in the course of growth; under a good magnifying-power their interstices are seen to be some- times marked with a few extremely slight and indistinct spiral striz, and occasionally also with delicate and close-set longi- tudinal strize or impressed lines, which latter especially cover the ridges; the first 3 or 4 whorls are quite smooth: colour varying from cream to fawn, with frequently (as in S. Turton) 3 purplish-brown or coffeecoloured bands on the body-whorl, and 2 on each of the other whorls; these bands, however, are not continuous, but broken and divided into short streaks ; sometimes the shell is beautifully mottled all over with pur- plish-brown, although retaining the lowest band; apex light- brown: spire rather abruptly tapering to an apparently fine point; apex flattened, slightly reversed or inflected, but not so decidedly as in the genus Aclis: whorls 15-16, convex, gradually enlarging: suture deep: mouth more round than oval, more or less angulated above and below: outer lip encircled and strengthened by the last-formed ridge, somewhat reflected: emner lip broad, extremely thick at the base and lower angle of the mouth; no umbilicus: operculum dark-horncolour, having about 6 turns, concave in the middle, and marked with coarse flexuous strice in the line of growth. L. 1:5. B. 0:6. Hasirar: English, Bristol, and St. George’s Chan- nels; all the coasts of Ireland; Kent (Montagu and others); Dogger bank (Rich); Scarborough (Leckenby); Leith (Da Costa); Dunbar (Laskey); Clyde district (Hennedy and others). It is usually an inhabitant of the coralline zone; but Mr. Sturges-Dodd found living specimens at very low tides in Pontac Bay, Jersey. Es- tuarine deposit at Selsea, Sussex (Godwin-Austen); Ire- land (Smith) ; post-glacial bed in Norway, 50 feet (Sars); North Italian tertiaries (Brocchi); Sicily (Phi- lippi). Its foreign range, as recent, extends from Fin- SCALARIA. 93 mark (Lilljeborg) to the Canary Isles (M‘Andrew) in the North Atlantic, as well as throughout the Mediter- ranean, Adriatic, and Aigean. ‘The depths given by _ different authors vary from 8-40 f.; and Mr. M‘An- drew found this species alive on the shore at Vigo and Gibraltar. Montagu says that the purple dye issues from a gland behind the head: the great beauty of its colour was first noticed by Plancus in Mediterranean specimens. The shell is the “ small stair-case ” of Petiver, “ bastaard wenteltrapje” of the Dutch according to Klein, “ barred wreath ’’ of Pennant, and “false wentletrap” of Da Costa, the “true wentletrap” bemg S. scalaris or pretiosa. Our shell barely exceeds 2 inches in length. It is the Turbo clathrus of the 10th and previous edi- tions of the ‘ Systema Nature,’ as well as of the ‘ Fauna Suecica ;’ but the species so named in the 12th edition of the ‘Systema’ is described as having the base encircled by a spiral keel or ridge, and is consequently not the British species. Da Costa called it Strombiformis clathratus, ap- parently from a habit, im which he indulged with a most inconvenient pertinacity, of substituting new names for old; the latter specific name, not having been adopted by any subsequent writer, must be considered obsolete. Gmelin and Mohr evidently mistook the Turbo clathrus of Linné for his 7. clathratus, which is a Trophon. 3. 8. Trevetya!na*, Leach. S. Trevelyana, (Leach, M.S.) Winch, on the Geology of Lindisfarn, Ann. Phil. new ser. iv. p. 484; F. & H. 11. p. 218, pl. lxx. f. 7, 8, and (animal) pl. FF. f. 1-3. Bopy yellowish-grey or pale-fawncolour, with a faint tinge of purple, minutely streaked and speckled with white: snout * Named in honour of the discoverer, Miss Emma Trevelyan. 94. SCALARITD.E. broad and semicylindrical, slightly cloven in the middle, and delicately stippled with brown: tentacles gradually tapering, although rather short, margined on each side with a purplish- brown line, and streaked with white underneath: eyes small, round, and black, immersed in bulgings at the outer bases of the tentacles: foot very long and slender, extending far be- yond the head, in front somewhat rounded and with small an- gular corners, bilobed behind; on the upper side a long fur- row runs from the hinder edge of the operculum to the tail, as in Trochus, with a well-defined ridge on each side of it. SHELL conical and of about the same proportions as S. com- munis, much thinner than that or the preceding species, opaque, somewhat glossy: sculpture, longitudinal ridges, arranged usually in continuous but oblique rows, as in S. communis ; they are, however, narrower, less folded, and more flattened, and are occasionally varicose; the upper part of each ridge is broader and generally (especially towards the point of the spire) expands into a short spur-like projection, so as to give a turreted appearance to the shell; there are 14 ridges on each of the last two whorls, 13 on the next, diminishing in number upwards ; the interstices of the ridges are delicately and mi- croscopically striated in a spiral direction; the first 4 or 5 whorls are smooth and polished: colour fawn; the ridges are white: spire tapering to an apparently fine point; apex as in the last species: whorls 14-15, convex, increasing gradually : suture deep: mouth considerably more angulated below than above, the pillar being somewhat strait, especially in the young: outer lip thick, formed of the last ridge: inner lip rather thin above, and less connected than usual with the outer lip, thickened and broad below ; behind it is a depres- sion, but no umbilicus: operculum light-horncolour, having about 6 turns, the inner ones being defined by a slightly raised edge ; it 1s concave in the middle, and marked with coarse flexuous striz in the line of growth. L. 1. B. 0-4. Hasirar: Shetland, in 75-100 f. (M‘Andrew and others); Orkneys, 15-100 f. (Thomas); Moray Firth (Gordon); Firth of Forth (Gerard); northern coasts of England, from Berwick to Scarborough (Johnston and others) ; Macgilligan, co. Londonderry (Thompson) ; co. Cork (Humphreys and Wright); off Mizen Head and Cape Clear in 50-60 f., and on the Nymph bank SCALARIA. 95 in 50-55 f. (M‘Andrew); Arran I., co. Galway (Barlee) ; Tenby (Lyons); Laugharne, Carmarthenshire (Lind- say); Plymouth (Jordan); Hayle (Miss Hockin); 15 miles from the Land’s End in 50 f. (M‘Andrew, fide Forbes). Norwich Crag (Wigham, Thomas, and Wood- ward); Red Crag (S. Wood). It has been dredged off Christiansund in 60 f. by Danielssen, and in 40-50 f. by Sars, in Christianiafiord by Asbjornsen, off Bohuslan by Lovén, and in 40-80 f. by Malm, and in the Kattegat, with Crania anomala, by the last-named writer; Tiberi procured it in an immature state from coral-fishers at Naples. The animal is extremely shy; it takes alarm and shuts itself up, even when you touch the table on which the vessel containing it stands. Like its congeners it emits a purple dye. The denticles of the tongue are slender and curved. The shell may be distinguished from that of S, Turtone by its smaller size, greater delicacy of texture, finer and more numerous ribs (each of which is generally furnished on the upper part with a short spur), and by its pretty fawn- or fleshcolour variegated by white ribs. My largest specimen is not much more than 1} inch long. Some are more elongated than others; those from Ireland have a broader base and faint traces of bands, disposed as in the preceding two species, but of the same colour as the body of the shell, although of a somewhat darker hue. Distortions occur in which the spire is more or less bent; and one has a distinct but narrow umbilicus. This species was first described by Dr. Johnston, in the Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club for 1841. In Thorpe’s (or Hanley’s) ‘ British Marine Conchology’ the specific name is spelt Treveliana. S. frondicula of Searles Wood, from the English and 96 SCALARIID®. Belgian Crag formations, is closely allied to it, if not the same shell. . 4. S. cratHra'tuta*, Adams. Turbo clathratulus, Ad. Micr. t. 14. f. 19. 8. clathratula, F. & H. iii. p- 209, pl. lxx. f. 3, 4. Bopy clear-white, with a very faint dusky tinge on the upper part, and thickly interspersed with minute opaque- white flakes: mantle fleshy, even with the mouth of the shell: snout very short, compressed and crescent-shaped: proboscis long and strong, frequently protruded: tentacles of moderate length, and divergent: eyes very black, placed not on offsets, but on scarcely raised eminences at the outer bases of the ten- tacles, of which they form part: foot often carried considerably in advance of the head and tentacles; it is short, narrow, in front nearly semicircular and with a minute auricle at each corner, and tapers gradually behind to a slender rounded termi- nation; hinder half of the sole deeply grooved in the middle lengthwise, with a depression in the centre. (Clark and Alder.) Suett elegantly pyramidal, rather thin, semitransparent, and glossy: sculpture, fine, sharp, laminar, erect, and curved longitudinal ridges, set rather obliquely, either in a continuous or alternate order; each is nearly of the same height and size throughout, and very seldom are any of them varicose ; there are 18 on each of the last two whorls, and 16 or 17 on the next, diminishing in number upwards; their interstices are spirally but indistinctly and irregularly striated, as in the other species, and on the upper part of the body-whorl some fine longitudinal striz may occasionally be observed; the first 3 or 4 whorls are smooth and polished: colour uniform, snow- white: spire finely tapering ; apex like that of the other species : whorls 12-13, convex, gradually enlarging: suture deep: mouth inclining to oval, decidedly angulated below: outer lip incurved above, and slightly expanding: inner lip reflected, especially at the base: operculum yellowish-brown, having from 4 to 5 turns, concave in the middle, and marked with strong flexuous striz in the line of growth, L. 0-6. B. 0:02. Hasirar: Sparingly distributed throughout all our seas, from the Shetland to the Channel Isles. It pro- * Small-barred: diminutive of clathrata, from the Linnean specific name clathrus. SCALARIA. 97 perly belongs to the coralline zone ; but Mr. Clark found a living specimen “in the middle of the littoral district, at the roots of the Corallina officinalis, at Exmouth.” ‘ Mr. Humphreys took a dead one from the stomach of a Red Gurnard at Cork. Fossil in the Coralline Crag, Sutton (S. Wood); Belgian Crag (Nyst). Professor Hornes has described and figured a miocene species, from the Vienna basin, under the name of S. clathratula, supposing it to be our species; Iregard them as distinct. The only foreign locality known to me, north of Great Britain, is Bohuslan, where Malm dredgeditim70f. It inhabits the coasts of France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Algeria, at depths ranging from 4 to 86 f. “This creature is very free in showing its peculia- rities ” (Clark). He noticed the usual purpuriferous vein behind the neck. According to him the operculum is white: in a specimen from his collection the colour of that appendage is yellowish-brown. The shell isa most graceful object. It appears to be the Turbo lamellosus of Delle Chiaje, S. pulchella of Bivona, and S. Georgetina of Kiener. Mr. M‘Andrew dredged two fragments of S. Grenlan- dica in 38 f. off Duncansby Head in the north of Scot- land. Although these fragments have every appearance of being recent, I must request the reader to bear in mind the remarks which I made in the Introduction to vol. 1. (pp. xciv—xevi) with respect to the difficulty of distinguishing fossil from recent shells procured under similar circumstances. Not more than 30 miles below Duncansby Head Mr. Robert Dawson traced a newer tertiary deposit of great extent, containing Pecten I[s- landicus and other arctic species. S. Grenlandica is not uncommon in the high northern seas of both hemi- spheres, its southern limit in Europe being Bergen, It VOL. IV. F 98 PYRAMIDELLID. occurs in the glacial or post-glacial beds of Aberdeen- shire (Jamieson), at Bridlington (Forbes), as well as in the Norwich and Red Crag. ‘The shell has remarkably strong and conspicuous spiral striz between the ridges, and its base is encircled by a keel. I have a specimen of S. pseudoscalaris, Brocchi, which the late Miss Lavars of Penzance picked up in Porth- curnow cove near the Land’s End, together with S. Turtone, S. communis, and S. clathratula. Its nearest ally is S. communis, from which it may be known by the more conical shape, sharper ridges, and basal keel or ridge. This species may be British; for Taslé has re- corded it from Morbihan, and Aucapitaine and Fisher from the Charente-Inférieure. Acirsa borealis of Beck has been dredged in 18-20 f. off the coast of Antrim by Mr. Hyndman, Mr. Waller, and myself, and on the Aberdeenshire coast, from 3 to 8 miles from land, in 30-45 f., by Mr. Dawson. This species has not been found living south of Iceland. It is the S. Eschrichti of Holboll (fide Moller), and Tur- ritella Hibernica of Waller. Morch’s genus Acirsa seems to connect the present family with the next. Family XVI. PYRAMIDELULIDA, Gray. Bopy spirally twisted: head furnished with a long cylin- drical and retractile proboscis; flap (“mentum” of Lovén) extensile, but rarely projecting beyond the foot: tentacles conical or triangular, flattened, and smooth, with more or less inflated tips: eyes sessile at the inner base of the tentacles, and placed near to each other: foot lanceolate, and double- edged in front. Branchial apparatus consisting of a single gil-plume. Tongue unarmed or toothless. ACLIS. 99 SHELL small, conical or pyramidal, smooth or variously sculp- tured: spire pointed, with an inflected and mostly a reversed apex: mouth oval, somewhat angulated but not channelled _ below: outer lip thin: operculum ear-shaped, with a short imperfect spire of very few whorls; nucleus excentric, on the inner side near the base. This family contains several genera, some of which (especially Odostomia) abound in prolific species. They are widely diffused over the present marine area of our globe, and appear to have had an equally extensive range in periods which we call geological. The Pyramidellide inhabit all the zones, and are probably sarcophagous, not zoophagous or predaceous. ‘Their shells are grace- ful in shape, and often beautifully sculptured ; but, being minute, they can be appreciated by those only who have accustomed themselves to see “ Form in things which to the eye Half-read is but deformity— Grandeur in mean things and small, And God’s great handiwork in all!” Although it does not appear that any direct obser- vations have been made as to the reproductive system of the Pyramidellide, it may be inferred from an un- published drawing by Moller of the soft parts and oper- culum of Monoptygma albulum (Turbo albulus, Fabri- clus), which is allied to Acis and belongs to the present family, that the sexes are distinct. In that drawing (for a tracing of which I am indebted to Dr. Morch) the male organ is very conspicuous. Genus I. ACLIS*, Lovén. Pl. II. f. 4. Bopy slender: tentacles long, approximating at their bases : eyes placed rather more on the outer than the inner base of the tentacles. *. A small javelin. F2 100 PYRAMIDELLIDA. Suet elongated: mouth slightly expanded, and having a more or less complete peristome: pillar never furnished with any fold or tooth. Perhaps this is an ill-assorted genus. More infor- mation is desirable to clear up some doubts as to the organization of its component species. Leach’s genus Alvania, adopted by Searles Wood, subsequently to Lovén’s publication, for Aclis suprani- tida, comprised (according to Risso, who first described that genus on Leach’s authority) only certain species of Rissoa. In Leach’s own work the type of Alvania is -R. striata. 1. Acuis u'ntca*, Montagu. Turbo unicus, Mont. Test. Br. p. 299, t. 12. f.2. A. unica, F. & H. iii. p. 222, pl. xe. f. 4, 5. Bopy clear-white, with very minute and close-set flaky specks: mantle furnished with a cylindrical filament (as in Rissoa) at the upper angle of the mouth of the shell: “ muz- zle slender and rather long; having the first half from the neck, on its upper part, clothed with a very close tunic or tight overlay; the disk is smooth, compressed, bevelled to a fine edge, and almost circular, with a median vertical fissure on the under surface, in which I have often seen the delicate white corneous plates, jaws, and lingual riband:” tentacles moderately long, flat, rounded or obtuse at the tips, quite smooth even under high magnifying powers, and divergent : eyes large and black, not on peduncles or prominences, but fixed each on the centre of the base of either tentacle, with very little external inclination, and widely apart; on the march the eyes are usually carried within the margin of the shell: foot slender, greatly hollowed out in front, and deeply labiated, having distinct, long, arched linear auricles which play or vibrate when the animal is crawling, beneath [behind ?] which it is slightly constricted ; it terminates in a rounded, rather broad point; no median line is apparent in any part of the sole: opercular lobe simple. (Clark.) SHELL needle-shaped, thin, semitransparent, somewhat * Unparalleled, ACLIS. > a glossy: sculpture, numerous delicate and flexuous longitu- dinal ribs, crossed by as many fine spiral ridges or striz, and producing by their mutual intersection an exquisitely reticu- lated appearance; the ribs are usually stronger on the upper ‘ whorls ; apex smooth and polished: colour white, witha faint tinge of yellowish-brown in live or fresh specimens: spire elegantly tapering to a blunt point, which when viewed side- ways appears button-shaped, and projects a little beyond the succeeding part of the spire; if viewed from above it appears slightly inflected: whorls 9-10, moderately convex, and gra- dually increasing; the first whorl and half of the next form the apex of the spire: sutwre deep, rather oblique: mouth exactly oval; effuse below: outer lip slightly flexuous, incurved above: inner lip thin, adhering to the pillar, connected with the outer lip at the upper corner; there is no umbilicus, but the base is narrowly depressed behind the pillar [: eperculuin “light yellow and suboval, with distinct grossly spiral turns ” (elon) 0-115) B. 0-02. Hasrrat: Local in the littoral zone. I will enu- merate some of the places where this species has been noticed :—Haroldswick Bay in Unst (Dawson); Moray Firth (Murray, fide Gordon); Hebrides (J. G. J.); Dunbar (Bmgham, fide Brown); Lamlash (Lands- borough); Northumberland and Durham (Alder) ; Scar- borough (Bean and J. G. J.); Dublin Bay (Turton) ; Cork (J. G. J.); Sandwich (Walker and J.G. J.); Bar- mouth, Tenby, and coast of Gower (J. G. J.); Cornwall and Devon (Montagu and others); Guernsey (Barlee and J.G. J.).. Mr. Clark found ‘the living specimen from which his description was taken in Littleham cove near Exmouth, at low-water mark, on the margin of a deep and quiet rock-pool, among débris of small decayed shells mixed with sand and mud that had an offensive odour. Loire-Inférieure (Cailliaud) ; Spezzia Gd; “This creature is not at all shy; it remained lively for thirty-six hours, and gave every facility for good ex- 102 PYRAMIDELLIDA. amination ; it readily creeps up the deepest glasses, and, however often brushed down, starts again with unabated vigour” (Clark). It is the Turbo albidus of Adams’s work on the Mi- croscope (from Walker’s figure), and Turritella Clealan- diana of Leach. The latter writer was of opinion that unicus is a very improper name for aspecies.” Surely no shell has a better claim than the present to be con- sidered alone of its kind, or unparalleled, which is the the meaning of the name. It once belonged to the genus Turbo, afterwards to Turritella, then to Chemnitzia (or Odostomia), since to Aclis, and it was last trans- ferred to Rissoa. Our dainty Ariel has long served many masters, and perhaps it is time that he should have his liberty. Should such an emancipation take place, and a new genus be required for the distinction of this unique species, Graphis might be a suitable name. 2. A. as'caris*, Turton. Turbo ascaris, Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 217. A. ascaris, F. & H. iii. p. 219, pl. Ixxxviii. f. 8. Suett forming an elongated and slender cone, rather solid for its size, semitransparent, and somewhat glossy: sculpture, strong spiral ridges, of which there are 5 on the body-whorl, and three or four on each of the other whorls ; the uppermost ridge on each whorl is placed at some little distance from the suture ; the base of the shell is smooth; some slight and flex- uous longitudinal striz or wrinkles may be detected by using a Coddington lens: colour milk-white: spire tapering to ap- parently a fine point: whorls 8—9,convex in the middle, but com- pressed or sloping on the upper part of each towards the suture ; they enlarge rather suddenly : swtwre deep and rather oblique: mouth exactly oval, effuse below: outer lip slightly flexuous, incurved above, more or less thickened near the edge, so as occasionally to form a varix in an earlier stage of growth: inner lip somewhat thickened and adhering to the pillar, re- * A tapeworm. ACLIS. 103 flected near the base; it is imperfectly connected with the outer lip at the upper corner ; behind it is a small and nar- row umbilical chink. L.O-l. B. 0°025. Hasrrat: East Shetland, 82 f. (M‘Andrew); Aber- deenshire (Dawson); west coast of Scotland (Barlee) ; Scarborough (Bean); Barmouth, Tenby, and Ply- mouth (J. G. J.); Burrow Island (Beevor); Exmouth (Barlee); Bude (Lindsay); Guernsey (Lukis, Barlee, and J. G. J.); Dublin Bay (Warren and Alder); Bun- doran (Mrs. Hancock, fide Thompson); Arran Isle, co. Galway (Barlee); Seafield, in the west of Ireland (Tur- ton). Coralline Crag, Sutton, with A. supranitida (coll. Wood in mus. Brit.). Bergen (coll. Lovén in mus. Stockh.), and in 70 f. (Lilljeborg); Quinéville, near Cherbourg (Macé); Loire-Inférieure (Cailliaud). It appears to be the Pyramis acutissimus of Brown, “found on Belton sands, near Dunbar, by General Bingham.” 3. A. suprant'trpa*, S. Wood. Alvania supranitida, 8. Wood, Cat. Crag Moll. Aclis supranitida, F. & He in.-p.'320, pl. xe: £22, ch. Bopy slender | “ entirely white” (Hanley) |: head not beaked [not snout-shaped]: proboscis long, strong, and retractile: ten- tacles cylindrical, slender, somewhat inflated at the top, close together at the base [‘‘subulate and truncated ” (Hanley) |: eyes immersed at the base of the tentacles, and placed rather laterally [‘‘ placed far back, sessile, and rather distant ” (Han- ley) |: foot having the “mentum” [or upper edge] somewhat detached, narrower than the sole, and extended [* tail simple and obtuse ” (Hanley) |: opercular lobe ample, of a different shape on each side, being on the right larger and forming 3 or 4 folds, on the left produced into a single rounded lobe which is folded behind; sole tongue-shaped, truncated in front: tongue unarmed ? (Lovén.) SHEtx ten times greater in bulk than A. ascaris, and other- wise differing from that species in not being so slender, and in * Exceedingly glossy. 104 PYRAMIDELLID®. having a much broader base ; it is distinctly and deeply um- bilicate in every stage of growth ; sometimes there are 5 ridges on each whorl, at other times 3 only on the body-whorl and 2 on each of the other whorls, occasionally none on the body- whorl and 2 or 3 on each of the upper ones, or else there are no ridges at all and the whole surface is quite smooth and glossy; the suture is more deeply excavated, and nearly straight; this species has 12 whorls, and the mouth is more round than oval. L. 0:25. 3B. 0-1. Hasirat: Occasionally procured by dredging and trawling, as well as by examining drifted shell-sand, Aberdeenshire and the Hebrides (Dawson), Aberdeen (Macgillivray), Blackpool (Kenyon), Belfast (Hynd- man and Waller), Dublin Bay (J. G. J.), Bantry Bay (Miss Hutchings, fide Leach, and Hanley), Barmouth (J.G.J.), Tenby (Lyons and J.G.J.), Langland Bay near Swansea (J.G.J.), Bude (Lindsay), Land’s End (Hockin), Falmouth (Cranch, fide Leach, and Hockin), Plymouth (Prideaux, fide Leach, and J. G. J.), Hastings (Leach), and Guernsey (Hanley, Lukis, and J. G. J.). Coralline Crag (S.Wood). Bohuslan (Lovén and Lilljeborg, and, in 12 f., Malm) ; Cattegat, 10-20 f. (Malm) ; Brittany (Taslé and Cailliaud); Vigo Bay, 8f., and Madeira(M‘An- drew); Gulf of Lyons (Martin); Algeria (Weinkauff). This shell is Brown’s Turritella minor, the type of which I examined in the collection of the late Mr. Lyons at Tenby ; but I certainly should not have recognized it by the description. That gives the length as 2 of an inch, and the breadth “not an inch.” The specific name minor is obsolete and very incorrect. It is apparently the Turritella nivea and T. nitida of Leach, and perhaps also his Alvania glabra (according to Wood), and Alvania albella. Weinkauff described the present species in the ‘ Journal de Conchyliologie’ for 1862 as the Turritella umbilicata of Dunker. ACLIS. 105 4. A. Wattz'ri*, Jeffreys. SHELL forming an elongated cone, very thin, transparent, and lustrous: sculpture, none to the naked eye or with a low - magnifying power, but under a Coddington lens may be de- tected a few faint and obscure spiral raised lines and very fine flexuous marks of growth: colowr white: spire tapering to a blunt point, which is unmistakeably introverted: whorls 10, rather convex in the middle, with a slope above and below: suture deep and nearly straight: mouth roundish-oval, con- siderably dilated at the base: outer lip flexuous, prominent, and somewhat expanding: inner lip nearly straight, and re- - flected at the base, apparently wanting on the upper part of the pillar, and therefore separate from the outer ip: wmbilicus small but distinct: operculum filmy, wrinkled in the line of growth, composed of three turns, the last and outermost of which is disproportionately large ; the line of division between these whorls is raised or ledge-like. LL. 0°135. B. 0-05. Hasirat: East Shetland, 40-45 miles off the Whalsey Skerries, in 78 f., one live and three dead specimens. Coralline Crag, Sutton (coll. S. Wood in mus. Brit.), a single specimen, mixed with dA. ascaris. Lilljeborg has dredged the present species off Molde in Norway, at a depth of 70 f. ; and I found a specimen among some small shells procured by Dr. Wallich in 1622 f.+, about 100 miles N.E. of Hamilton’s Inlet, Labrador. All that I could see of the animal in the living Shet- land specimen were two black eyes, which were visible through the shell, as in Jeffreysia and Hulima; it ap- peared to be in a dying or collapsed state. The abys- mal specimen from North America is much larger than any of those from the European.seas and the Coralline Crag. The shell is distinguishable from A. supranitida by being of a much smaller size (intermediate between * Named in honour of Edward Waller, Esq., of Aughnacloy, co. Tyrone, an assiduous and good British conchologist. Perhaps the specific name ought, classically, to be Vadleri. . t See vol, ii. pp. ix and x of the Introduction. F5 106 PYRAMIDELLID&. that of the latter species and of A. ascaris), thinner and of a more delicate texture, and exquisitely polished, having the whorls less convex, the outer lip more ex- panded, and the pillar-lip nearly straight and spread out at the base, and in the umbilicus being contracted. 5. A. Guiso'na*, Clark. Chemnitzia Gulsone, Clark in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3rd ser. vi. p. 459. Odostomia Gulsone, F. & H. iv. (app.) p. 281, pl. exxxii. f. 6. Bony flake-white, with a faint tinge of yellow: mantle even with the shell: neck very long, cylindrical (like that of Odo- stomia spiralis), and finely wrinkled across ; the vertical fissure of the mouth lies under the tentacular membrane: tentacles thick, broad, short, not very membranous, rounded at the tips, each of which has a minute flake-white lobe or inflation ; they are united by an intermediate membrane: eyes black, not very near together, immersed close to the base of the tentacles, on minute white circles; they do not in the least invade the area of the neck, but rather infringe on the tentacles: foot exceed- ingly short, narrow, deeply bifurcated in front, rounded be- hind when at rest, and a little lengthened in action ; the front edge (or mentum) is long, slender, grooved at the margin in front and on each side, the upper and lower surfaces being entire: opercular lobe plain: ler light green: ovary very pale red, and granular: branchial plume narrow and curved, con- sisting of about 15-18 rather coarse, opaque, pale drab strands : heart and auricle intense snow-white. (Clark.) SHELL slender, rather cylindrical than conical, very thin, transparent, and lustrous: scu/pture, none: colour clear white : spire gradually tapering to a blunt and nearly globular point, which is decidedly introverted but not sinistral: whorls 6-7, convex: suture deep, rather oblique: mouth roundish-oyal, having the outer base somewhat truncated and deeply sinuated or almost notched: outer lip remarkably flexuous, prominent, and expanding: inner (or pillar) lip short, nearly straight, and slightly reflected near the base, not united with the outer lip ; behind it is a slight depression and narrow chink, but no umbilicus [: operculum ‘an almost invisible film, pear-shaped * Named out of compliment to Mrs. Gulson, a lady at Exmouth, to encourage her inclination for natural history. ODOSTOMIA. 107 or suboval, with a narrow border of pale bistre with a pinkish hue; the striz of increment radiate as in most of the other Chemnitzie” (Clark)]. L. 0-065. B. 0-025. Var. tenuicula. Comparatively diminutive, and more slender. Hasitat: Coralline zone in Shetland and Skye (Bar- lee and J. G. J.); off Larne, co. Antrim (Hyndman and J. G. J.); Falmouth (Barlee and Hockin); Helford (Hockin); Fowey (Barlee); Exmouth (Clark and Bar- lee); Weymouth and Sandwich (J. G. J.); and Guern- sey (Barlee and J. G. J.).. The variety, which may be the male, is from Lamlash Bay (Bean); L. Strangford (Waller); Land’s End (Hockin); and Guernsey (J. G. J.). A, Gulsone has been found by Mr. 8. Wood in the Coralline Crag at Clacton, and dredged in Vigo Bay by Mr. M‘Andrew. It is rare. Mr. Clark noticed that the animal seldom protrudes its eyes and tentacles. He mentions “a rudimental denticle on the pillar-hp.” I have minutely examined more than 20 specimens, but could not detect any such process. This and A. unica are aberrant forms of Aclis. Each has peculiar characters, which render their systematic allocation very difficult. Having suggested another generic name for A. unica, m the event of its bemg considered necessary to separate it from the present genus, I would also venture in the like contingency to propose the generic name of Menippe for A. Gulsone. Genus II. ODOSTO’MIA *, Fleming. PI. IT. f. 5. Bopy usually slender: mantle plain-edged, somewhat folded on the right, so as to form a slight canal: snout (or head- flap) projecting beyond the foot: proboscis long, issuing from a slit just below the space in front between the tentacles; it * Mouth of the shell furnished with a tooth; per syncopen for Odon- tostomia. ; 108 PYRAMIDELLIDZ. is only evolved when feeding: tentacles triangular and folded inwards (not unlike an ass’s ears), united at their base by an intermediate membrane ; tips bulbous and ciliated: eyes im- mersed in the skin or outer integument, and placed on the neck a little behind the tentacles. Suett forming a cone of various lengths: spire having the first or top whorls sinistral and turned backwards: mouth ex- panding at the base: inner lip very rarely united with the outer lip: pillar usually straight and furnished in the middle with a single tooth or plait: operculum semitestaceous, having a thin flap on the outer side and a short apophysis or process underneath the nucleus of the spire. The name and limits of this peculiar genus have been the subject of much controversy. - The history of its name is as follows. In the Supple- ment to the 4th, 5th, and 6th editions of the ‘ Encyclo- pedia Britannica’ (published at intervals between 1818 and 1824) will be found the article “ Conchology,” by Dr. Fleming. The genus Odostomia is there described as consisting of certain species of marine shells, placed by British writers in the genus Turbo, in which the columella is furnished with a tooth. ‘ The Turbo inter- stincta, unidentata, plicata, Sandivicensis, and insculpta of Montagu are of this genus.” ‘This article was sepa- rately republished, with plates, in 1837. Fleming’s ‘Philosophy of Zoology’ (1822) enumerates Odostomia as one of the genera of the “ marine Turbonide ;”” and it is therefore most probable that the number of the Encyclopedia which contained the article ‘‘ Concho- logy” had then appeared. In 1862 Risso (Hist. Nat. Eur. mér. iv. p. 224) formed the genus Turbonilla, on the MS. authority of Leach, for three fossil species ; all are described as longitudinally ribbed, and one of them furnished with a fold. In Turton’s ‘ Enumeration of Marine Shells found on the Devonshire coast ’ (1829) Odontostoma was proposed by him as the generic name, ODOSTOMIA. 109 and is thus characterized : “‘ Shell conic oval ; pillar with a single tooth or fold towards the middle; operculum none. Includes Turbo unidentatus and others.” This _ description, in respect of the absence of an operculum, is obviously wrong. Fleming’s ‘ History of British Animals’ (1828) gave a more correct definition of the present genus. The 7th volume of the ‘ Edinburgh En- cyclopeedia’ (1830), under the head “‘ Conchology,” has full descriptions of the genus Odostomia and of the above- named species of Montagu; but Pupa and other land- shells are by some mistake confounded with them. Alcide D’Orbigny’s account of the Mollusca, in the Supplement to Barker-Webb and Berthelot’s Natural History of the Canary Isles (1839 or 1840), gives Chem- nitzia as a subgenus of Melania; it is adequately de- fined, the animal being described as “‘ inconnu,” and the shell as intermediate between Hulima and Bonellia or Niso. The Turbo elegantissimus of Montagu (T. lac- teus, L.) is the sole type of D’Orbigny’s subgenus. Much more precise and accurate, however, was the de- finition by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1840, of his genus Par- thenia, which corresponds with Chemnitzia. Three more synonyms are Pyrgiscus, Philippi (Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1841), Orthostelis, Aradas and Maggiore (Atti Accad. Gioenia, 1841), and Lowonema, Phillips (Paleoz. Foss. Cornwall, 1841) ; to which may be added, in part, Ja- minia of Brown (not of Leach or Risso), Turbonella of Leach, and for certain species Hulimella of Forbes, and Auriculina of Gray. Clark proposed, but never pub- lished, the significant name Monoptazis for the whole group of species. It is evident that the generic name Odostomia is prior to all the others which I have enume- rated; and I am inclined to thmk that the definition 110 PYRAMIDELLID&. given by its founder was sufficient. At all events that name is universally recognized. The next question is, what are the limits of this genus ? i. e. do the species furnished with a tooth (whatever may be their sculpture) belong to Odostomia, the ribbed species without a tooth to Turbonilla or Chemnitzia, and the smooth and toothless species to Hulimella? I can- not admit any such distinction ; nor can I draw a line between Odostomia and Chemnitzia, or between either of them and Hulimella. I have detected the tooth in several so-called species of Chemnitzia, e. g. fenestrata, lactea (or elegantissima), pusilla, and gracilis ; Philippi described his C. densecostata as having the aperture ““ superne subplicata ;””? and Clark observed im a speci- men of O. acicula (Eulimella acicula, ¥. & H.) a de- cided pillar-fold.””? This last observation I will confirm. Every naturalist is aware that a generic character which pervades the species taken as a whole may not be pos- sessed by all of them. In the present case there are other characters that serve as ties of union; and not a single character can be found to distinguish any one of the three supposed genera from its allies. The group of shells now under consideration—call it a single genus or a collection of genera—appears to be intimately related to Aclis on one side, and less closely on the other side to Ianthina, which leads through Sti- lifer to Eulima. Montagu suggested the conchological affinity of O. spiralis and other species to Tornatella (or Acteon)—a view that has been lately advocated by A. Adams, Clark, and Mérch on malacological grounds. But that genus has not a retractile proboscis, nor is the apex of its shell either reversed or inverted; and the operculum is constructed on a different plan from that of Odostomia. Their lingual ribands are also very ODOSTOMIA. KY distinct, although this may depend on the nature of their food. For our knowledge of the animal we are mainly in- _ debted to Professor Lovén, Mr. Clark, and Mr. Alder. An admirable paper by the first of these writers, on the genus Turbonilla of Leach (Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1846), illustrated by figures of the animal, shell, and operculum, forms the groundwork, and is especially de- serving of careful study. Mr. Clark has supplied us with elaborate details of many species. Although he exalted the science of malacology as the only method of natural classification, he could not help remarking on the singular sameness of his descriptions, and admitted that “indeed it is difficult to divest oneself of the idea that all of them appertain to the same animal ” *. Sometimes his power of observation with the microscope must have been more acute than at other times. I can- not otherwise account for his stating that the tentacles of several species which he described are ‘‘ setose”’ or “setaceous.” This is but partially the case; and the following account by Mr. Alder of a remarkable pecu- liarity of the structure of the animal will probably explain Mr. Clark’s meaning. ‘“ There exists near the apex of each ear-shaped tentacle, just within the mner margin, a circular area or lobe, set with strong vibratile cilia, which are in constant motion during the life of the animal, giving that part the appearance of a revolv- ing wheel, while no cilia are to be found on the other part of the tentacle, except a few rigid, immoveable setz at the apex. In one species, O. Eulimoides | O. pallida), I have observed the vibratile cilia to extend in a line from the disk down the centre of the tentacle, but con- fined to a very limited space. These ciliated disks are * Ann. & Mag. N. H. Dec. 1850. bbe PYRAMIDELLID. very curious, and no doubt indicate the seat of a parti- cular function; probably they are a modification of the organs of smelling. They have not been observed in other genera.”” The snout ( mentum” or chin, Lovén) corresponds in position with the head of a Rissoa, but has a different office. It is like the snout of a pig; useful for finding food, not for eating it. The head of an Cdostomia occupies the central space between the tentacles in front; it consists of a true proboscis, which is protruded only now and then, and appears to be suc- torial. There are no jaws or spiny tongue. Some species of Odostomia, particularly those of the typical kind, inhabit the coasts at low-water mark, lurking beneath loose stones, and at the base of Corallina offici- nalis and small seaweeds in rock-pools ; others are found in the laminarian zone; a few occur in deep water, beyond the range of vegetable life. In all probability they subsist on polyparia and other animal substances of a soft nature, because the tongue or lingual riband is edentulous. I think M. Petit must have been mistaken in saying (Journ. Conch. viii. p. 250) that they live on seaweeds. Two of our most common species (O. pallida and O. unidentata) are frequently met with on the “ears” of living Pecten maximus and P. opercularis ; and, from their habitual proximity to the excretory pas- sage of the scallop, it may not be unreasonable to infer that they subsist on its feces. Mr. Norman was of opinion that specimens of O. pallida, which he dredged in the Firth of Clyde, fed on a red sponge (Halichrondria farinaria, Bowerbank) that occasionally covers P. oper- cularis. I have often taken specimens from the ears or wings of scallops which had no such incrustation. The shell is usually white ; but a few species are banded with reddish-brown, or tinged more or less deeply with that ODOSTOMIA. aS colour. The inversion of the apex was first pointed out y Montagu. That this part of the spire is likewise sinistral, or turns to the left hand instead of to the right, has been since ascertained, and is a still more anomalous fact: it is a good and constant feature of the genus. Owing to the species being generally so prolific and widely diffused, it is excessively difficult to define their exact limits, and to say which forms are specific and which varietal. I endeavoured to perform this undertaking in a monograph which was inserted between eighteen and nineteen years ago in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History.2 With the aid of subsequent experience and greater opportunities of com- parison, I will now revise my work, professing (and indeed intending, so far as human nature permits) to treat my own discoveries with a share of Justice not less rigorous than that which I measure out to my brother conchologists. I have no ambition to be a species- maker, much less have I any desire to invite that appel- lation. I will do my best, by descriptions and figures, to help collectors in making out what I consider true species. But I must at the same time confess having been not seldom puzzled by intermediate forms; when I almost fancied that these paradoxical lines in the ‘ Passionate Pilgrim’ had reference to my perplexity :— “‘ Reason, in itself confounded, Saw division grow together ; To themselves yet either neither, Simple were so well compounded ; That it cry’d, how true a twain, Seemeth this concordant one.” To show how other conchologists have failed in deter- mining certain species, let me instance O. plicata, Mont. Macgillivray mistook for it a worn O. spiralis, S. Wood 114 PYRAMIDELLID®. and Lovén O. conoidea, and Malm O. aldella. Again, Turbo unidentatus of Montagu is a different species of Odostomia from T. unidentatus of Turton, as well as from O. unidentata of Fleming, while the shell described by Hanley, in ‘ British Marme Conchology,’ as the last- named species, does not agree with any of the above. But, as I ask forbearance for my own faults, /Equum est Peccatis veniam poscentem reddere rursus. The geographical distribution of the species is very extensive. Many species in public and private collec- tions are undescribed, and an infinitely greater number remains undiscovered in the South Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Pacific Oceans, notwithstanding the la- bours of Philippi, A. Adams, Pfeiffer, C. B. Adams, Gould, Stimpson, P. P. Carpenter and others. Few species have been detected in the arctic seas; and they are equally rare in glacial deposits. The geological re- lations of the genus have not been sufficiently inves- tigated. The European species were placed by writers of the _ Linnean school in Turbo, Helix, and Voluta; by the followers of Lamarck they were assigned to Eulima, Melania, Turritella, Phasianella, and Rissoa. The following synopsis may be useful for the more easy discrimination of our native species:— A. Oval or oblong, smooth, spirally striated, or (rarely) reti- culated ; pillar slightly curved, and invariably furnished with a tooth. (Typical.) 1. minima; 2. nivosa ; 3. trun- catula; 4. clavula; 5. Lukisi; 6. albella; 7. rissoides ; 8. pallida; 9. conoidea; 10. wmbilicaris ; 11. acuta; 12. conspicua ; 13. unidentata ; 14. turrita; 15. plicata; 16. insculpta ; 17. diaphana; 18. obliqua ; 19. dolioliformis ; 20. decussata. B. Elongated, longitudinally ribbed, or reticulated; pillar ODOSTOMIA. 15 straight, and seldom furnished with a tooth. (Turbonilla or Chemnitzia.) 21. clathrata ; 22. indistincta ; 28. in- terstincta; 24. spiralis; 25. ewimia; 26. fenestrata ; 27. excavata ; 28. scalaris; 29. rufa; 30. lactea ; 31. pusilla. * C. Elongated, smooth and polished ; pillar straight, very rarely furnished with a tooth. (Hulimella.) 32. Scille; 38. acicula; 34. nitidissima. A. Typical. 1. Ovosrom1a m1/n1MA%*, Jeffreys. O. minima, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3rd ser. i. p. 45, pl. i. £3. Suett forming an oblong cone, very thin, transparent and lustrous: sculpture, a few slight longitudinal wavy strie: colour clear white: spire gradually tapering to a blunt, nearly globular, and inverted point: whorls 4-5, convex ; the last is proportionally broader than the next, and exceeds in length the rest of the spire when the shell is placed with its mouth upper- most: suture deep, scarcely oblique: mouth exactly oval, slightly expanded but entire at the base; it occupies nearly one-third of the shell: owter lip somewhat flexuous, but neither prominent nor expanded : inner lip thin, adhering to the upper slope of the base and slightly reflected below ; it is united with the outer lip so as to form a continuous but indistinct peri- stome: umbilicus small and narrow: tooth or fold slight and seldom visible: operculum pale yellow, delicately striated in the line of growth; spire consisting of 2-3 whorls. L. 0°05. B. 0:025. Hasrtat: Living on decayed fronds and at the base of Laminarie, procured by grappling just beyond low- water mark, in Lerwick Sound, and at Kyleakin in Skye (Barlee) ; dead in Shetland and the Hebrides, 50-60 f. (J.G.J.); St. Mawes, Falmouth (Hockin) ; in dredged sand from Guernsey (Waller). It either is rare or from its minuteness has escaped observation. This is the shell noticed by Forbes and Hanley in the Appendix to their work (p. 282) as allied to Achs Gul- * Smallest. 116 PYRAMIDELLIDA. sone. From that shell it is distinguishable by its smaller size, conical rather than cylindrical shape, having fewer whorls and flexuous striz, and especially in the mouth being entire instead of notched at the base, and in the outer lip not being expanded nor united with the inner lip. It is the smallest known species of Odostomia. The Chemnitzia minima of Hornes, from the miocene formation near Vienna, is different from this. 2. O. nivosa*, Montagu. Turbo nivosus, Mont. Test. Br. (ii.) p. 826. O. cylindrica, F. & H. iii. p. 20/, pl. xevi. £7, Suet forming a cylindrical cone, not very thin, transparent and glossy: sculpture, 2 or 3 narrow spiral ridges on the peri- phery, and a single stronger one immediately below the suture of each whorl, besides close-set and extremely fine but obscure flexuous strie in a longitudinal direction; one of the spiral ridges usually encircles the base of each upper whorl; under a microscope the whole surface appears more or less covered with numerous indistinct fine spiral lines: colowr white, with occasionally a shght fulvous tint: spire tapering to an abrupt rounded and inverted point, the apex being sunk or involved in the extremity of the spire: whorls 4-5, somewhat com- pressed ; the last exceeds all the rest in length and bulk: suture rather deep, distinctly marked by the uppermost spiral ridge: mouth oval, much narrower above than below, where it is expanded ; it is scarcely equal in length to one-fourth of the spire: outer lip flexuous, inflected and contracted at the upper part: enner lip not very thin, adhering to the pillar, slightly reflected over the base, and occasionally united with the outer lip: umbilicus none; but a narrow chink may be observed in aged specimens: tooth small, usually concealed behind. the pillar: operculum yellowish, strongly striated or furrowed in the line of growth, the striz being more close-set and flexuous towards the outer side; spire very short and nearly terminal. L. 0:0625, 3B. 0:0325, Hasrrar: The lower part of the littoral zone, and the * Snowy, for snow-white ; properly nivea. ODOSTOMIA. n17 upper part of the laminarian zone, in the Channel Isles and south of England; Ilfracombe, and Kilkee in the west of Ireland (Alder); Cork and co. Antrim (J.G. J.); Dublin Bay (B. W. Adams); Scarborough (Bean) ; Clyde district (Norman, Bean, and Robertson) ; Skye (Barlee) ; outer Hebrides (J. G. J.) ; Aberdeenshire (Macgillivray) ; Dunnet Bay, Pentland Firth (Gordon); Cruden in the Moray Firth, and Hillswick Bay in Unst (Dawson); Lerwick (Barlee). Specimens from the last two places are larger than any of those from our southern coasts. Montagw’s type, with “ nivosus” in his hand-writing, is still preserved in the British Museum; and his de- scription confirms its identity with the present species. Alder described and figured this shell as O. cylindrica. Macgillivray gave it another name (Anne) in honour of one of his daughters. It reminds one of Dr. Johnston’s review of the Professor’s “‘ History of the Molluscous Animals of the counties of Aberdeen, Kincardine, and Banff” (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1843), in which the fre- quent mention of his children by the author is noticed in a good-natured way, concluding with a fervent “God bless them !” 3. O. rRUNCA'TULA™®, Jeffreys. O, truncatula, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 2nd ser. v. p. 109; F. & H. p. 294, pl. xcvi. f. 8. Suet having a considerable resemblance to O. nivosa in shape; but it is of a far greater size, proportionally much thinner, and of a more delicate texture ; it has no spiral ridges at the base, nor the peculiar single one at the top of each whorl, although the whole surface of the present species is more or less covered obscurely with remote spiral lines ; the longitudinal striz are stronger and impart sometimes a * Slightly lopped or cut off. 118 PYRAMIDELLID. puckered appearance to the upper part of each whorl; the colour is often yellowish in fresh specimens ; the whorls are 6 or 7, and flatter or more compressed than in O. nivosa; the suture is channelled, and gives a turreted aspect to the spire ; the mouth is longer in proportion to its breadth ;» the outer lip is emarginate or notched near its junction with the body-whorl; the tooth is plait-like or twisted ; and the operculum is con- spicuously striated. L. 0-175. 3B. 0-065. Hasitar: Among trawl-refuse from Plymouth (Bar- lee and Jordan), and Falmouth (Miss Vigurs, fide Cocks) ; dredged in St. Mawe’s Creek, near Falmouth (Hockin), and in 20 f. on the Turbot-bank, near Larne, co. Antrim (J. G. J.). The proportion of length to breadth varies con- siderably in the Plymouth specimens. Mr. Clark called this a variety of the last species. But each has its own characters, and I have not yet seen any connecting link ; the difference of size also, considered with regard to the habitat (see vol. ii. p. 27), would disincline me to unite these species. The present species is in shape not un- like the young of Truncatella truncatula. 4. O. cLa’vuLa *, Lovén. Turbonilla clavula, Loy. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 18. Eulimella clavula, F. & H. iii. p. 314, pl. xeviii. f. 8. Bopy clear frosted-white: neck greatly protruded, showing on the mouth a canal or groove bounded by two parallel lon- gitudinal lines: snout very narrow, not grooved nor bilobed, but rounded at the extremity [rounded, bilobed (Lovén)], carried just before the foot : tentacles extraordinarily short and broad [mutually connected in front, and vibrating very actively (Lovén) |, swelling out behind like a minute leaf; they are not divergent, but borne straight and close together; each termi- nates in two white inflations, viz. one quite apical, and the other immediately below it, both being nearly semicircular and as if soldered to the external sides of the points or tips: eyes * A twig; more correctly clavulus, a small nail? ODOSTOMIA. 119 at the inner bases of the tentacles, not very close together: foot flexible, more or less concave in front, with longish au- ricles, below which it is gradually constricted; the margins are thin, and often folded upwards; it is either bluntly or ‘ sharply pointed behind; when the animal is in motion there is on each side of the foot a marginal series of about eight very minute glossy points. Animal very active and free. (Clark.) SHELL nearly cylindrical, with a rounded and produced base, thin, transparent and polished: sculpture, extremely fine and close-set longitudinal striz, which can only be detected by the aid of the microscope and in certain lights: colour clear white: spre turreted, and apparently truncated at the point, which is rounded and inverted: whorls 4-5, rather convex, although compressed and gradually enlarging; the last two are almost equal in breadth, and the body-whorl somewhat exceeds in length the rest of the spire: swtwre nearly straight, slightly channelled above ; it is defined on the under side by a narrow rim, arising from the double layer of shell in that part, the upper edge of the lower whorl being soldered on the peri- phery of the preceding whorl: mouth oval, expanded below ; it occupies about one-third of the shell: outer lip rounded but not prominent, contracted and somewhat sharply inflated above, just below the periphery: inner lip not perceptible on the upper slope of the base, shghtly reflected and but little curved below: umbilicus very small and narrow, but distinct: tooth or fold inconspicuous or scarcely discernible: operculum thin, finely striated. L. 0-08. 3B. 0-04. Haszitat: Dredged off Teignmouth (Clark) ; Torbay (Battersby and J. G. J.); Brixham (Hanley) ; Ply- mouth (Barlee) ; other parts of south Devon (Webster); Hebrides (Barlee and J. G. J.). It is rare, and occurs in muddy sand, between 6 and 50 f. Lovén discovered it on the coast of Sweden, in mud, among Pennatule, at a depth of 30 f. On reexamining his description and a specimen with which he favoured me, I observe that the whorls are more convex, and the suture consequently deeper, than in our shell; but such characters perhaps vary in this as they do in other species of Odostomia. 120 PYRAMIDELLID#. 5. O. Lu'Kkisi*, Jeffreys. O. Lukisi, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3rd ser. iii. p. 112, pl. iii. f. 19 a, b. Suett nearly cylindrical, solid, opaque, glossy: sculpture, only very slight and almost microscopical scratch-like longi- tudinal striz : colour ivory-white: spire abruptly terminating: whorls 5-6, convex, compact, gradually enlarging: the penul- timate one projects a little, and is nearly as broad as the last, which occupies about three-fifths of the shell: suture rather deep : mouth oval, contracted above and expanded below, some- what exceeding in length one-third of the spire; throat quite smooth: outer lip incurved on the periphery: «inner lip thickened and spread on the pillar, joining the outer lip at the upper corner of the mouth, and slightly reflected on the lower side : wnbilicus small but distinct : tooth small, prominent, and placed opposite the umbilicus: operculum yellowish, with a white streak in the line of the spire, very slightly striated across ; flap broad; there is the same groove and corresponding ridge as in O. conotdea. L. 0-1. B. 0:045. Hasitat: Guernsey, 18-20 f., dead, and Lulworth, 10-12 f., living (J. G. J.); among seaweeds at low- water mark on the south Devon coast, living (Webster); Cornwall (Hockin) ; Dogger bank (J. G. J.); Bun- doran, co. Donegal, in drift shell-sand (Waller) ; Oban, dredged in 20-25 f. (M‘Kenzie) ; Skye and Shetland (Barlee and J. G. J.). This shell is remarkable for its ivory whiteness and solidity, in which respects it agrees with O. conotdea; but that species has a more or less distinct peripheral keel, the suture is not so deep, and the throat or inside of the outer lip is invariably grooved, like the barrel of ~ arifle. Should the latter, however, prove not to bea permanent character, this species may be regarded as a sublittoral variety of O. conoidea. The umbilicus is de- veloped in the adult only of the present species. From * Named in honour of the late Dr. F. C, Lukis, an excellent naturalist at Guernsey. ODOSTOMIA. pba the next species (O. albella) this differs in colour, tex- ture, abrupt termination of the spire, greater convexity of the whorls, contraction of the outer lip, the presence of an umbilicus, and prominence of the tooth. 6. O. avper'Lta*, Loven. Turbonilla albella, Lov. Ind. Moll. Scand. p.19. 0. réssoides, var. (pro- visionally), F. & H. iii. p. 286, pl. xevi. f. 5. Bopy creamcolour, streaked with sulphur, sometimes clear white, gelatinous, and of a granular texture under a high magnifying-power: snowt or mentum narrow, not always ex- tended beyond the foot: tentacles leaf-like, rather short and thick: eyes small, placed close together: foot short, squarish in front, narrow or constricted in the middle, broader and bluntly pointed behind ; sole edged with yellow. Suet cylindro-conical, rather thin, semitransparent, and of a dullish hue: sculpture, as in O. rissoides; the young exhibit faint spiral strie under a microscope: colowr pale yellowish-white, variegated in fresh specimens by reddish- brown blotches on the upper part, which represent the dried remains of the animal: spire tapering to a blunt point; the apex shows distinctly the reversed and inverted embryonic nucleus: whorls 5-6, rounded but somewhat compressed, gradually enlarging; the last occupies about three-fifths of the shell: suture shallow but incised; below it each whorl appears encircled by a narrow band, as in O. rissoides: mouth oval, contracted on the outer side, slightly expanded and ob- tusely angulated at the base; it usually equals in length one- third of the spire: outer lip slightly curved: inner lip not much spread on the pillar, nor united above with the outer lip, thickened and slightly reflected on the lower side: wmbr- licus none, although there is sometimes a narrow chink behind _the inner lip: tooth small, retired and nearly hidden within the pillar: operculum yellowish, marked with white down the spire, finely and deeply striated in the line of growth, the strize becoming very close towards the nucleus ; flap not stri- ated; groove and ridge as in O. conoidea; spire very short, indistinct, and nearly terminal. L. 0-115. 3B. 0:05. Hasitat: Underneath loose stones at low-water mark * Whitish ; properly albula. VOL. IV. G 122 PYRAMIDELLIDZ. and in the laminarian zone, on various parts of our coast from Guernsey to Shetland. Fossil in the boulder-clay of Caithness (Peach), and at Uddevalla, 40 feet above the sea-level (Malm) ; post-glacial shell-bank at Kir- koén, Norway, 50 feet (Sars, as O. plicata, Malm). Living in Norway (M‘Andrew, Sars, and others), Sweden (Lovén and Malm), coasts of Denmark (mus. Copenh.), La Hougue Bay, near Cherbourg (Macé), Loire-Infé- rieure (Cailliaud), Sardinia (Vérany) ; Cailliaud gives the laminarian zone, Sars 10-40 f., and Danielssen 30-40 f. as the range of depth. In Shetland and the Hebrides it lives between tide- marks in company with Rissoa striata and R. cingillus ; it floats im a supine position, like its neighbours. At Guernsey and Filey I found this species in the same spot as O. rissoides. When scalded, the colour of the animal becomes bright orange. Owing to Mr. Clark having included in his description not only the present species, but also O. rissoides and pallida, with their varieties, I have been unable to make any use of it, and therefore rely on my own notes as to the soft parts. 7. O. r1ssoi'pEs *, Hanley. O. rissoides, Hanl. in Proce. Zool. Soc. pt. xii. p. 18; F. & H. iii. p. 284, pl. xevi. f. 4, and xciv. f. 7 (as O. nitdda, var. ?). SHELL conic-oblong inclining to oval, thin, transparent, and glossy : sculpture, microscopical only, and consisting of very fine and numerous, but irregular and scratch-like strize in the line of growth, besides still finer and less distinct spiral strie : colour pale yellowish-white or whitish: spre turreted, and tapering to a blunt point; the nucleus is concealed: whorls 5, convex, rapidly enlarging; the last occupies two-thirds of the shell: suture rather deep ; ; in living or fresh specimens the dark spiral band noticed in other species is observable below the suture on the top of each whorl: mouth regularly oval, * Having the aspect of a Qissoa. ODOSTOMIA. 25 not much expanded nor at all angulated below; it usually equals in length two-fifths (sometimes nearly one-half) of the spire: outer ip curved and rather prominent: inner lip very slight on the upper part, forming a mere film on the pillar, ‘thickened and somewhat reflected on the lower part: wmbilicus usually none, although in specimens which have a short spire there is a more or less developed chink or indentation: tooth small and partly concealed: operculum like that of O. albella. L. 0-125. B. 0:0625. Var. 1. alba. Thinner; spire produced; suture deeper and more oblique; umbilical chink very distinct. 0. alba, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 2nd ser. ii. p. 337, and 3rd ser. 11. pl. i. mi20, a, 0: Var. 2. nittda. Whorls more ventricose, and umbilicus distinct. O.nitida, Alder, in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 326, mi. vii. f.5; F. & H. in. p. 280, pl. xeiv. f. 6. Var. 3. glabrata. Nearly oblong; nucleus of spire exposed and mammillary ; suture deep. O. glabrata, F. & H. iii. p. 283, pl. xeviii. f. 3 (not Heliw glabrata of vy. Muhlfeld, nor Ressoa glabrata—afterwards punctulum—of Philippi). Var. 4. dubia. Oval, and of a more solid consistency ; body- whorl longer than usual; umbilical chink distinct; tooth stronger and rather more conspicuous. O. dubia, Jetir. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3rd ser. 11. p. 338. Var. 5. ewilis. Smaller and more slender; spire elongated, and suture slight. Hasitat: The lower part of the littoral zone and throughout the laminarian zone, on all our coasts. Var. 1. Oxwich Bay near Swansea, Guernsey, Skye, and Shetland (J. G. J.) ; Sark (Barlee) ; South Devon (Webster); co. Antrim (Waller). Var. 2. Shetland (Barlee) ; South Devon (Webster). Var. 3. Tynemouth (Alder). Var. 4. Lower part of the lamimarian zone in many places. Var. 5. South Devon (Webster). The foreign localities are Bohuslin (Lovén, in mus. Stockh.) and 15-380 f. (Malm, as O. albella); Danish coasts (mus. Copenh.); Etretat (J.G.J.); Morbihan (Taslé); Loire- G2 124. PYRAMIDELLID. Inférieure (Cailliaud) ; Spezzia (J. G. J.) ; and Algiers (Weinkauff). | This is a common and therefore variable species. It may be recognized, in comparison with O. albella, by its more oval and less cylindrical shape, its usually thinner texture and greater lustre, more convex whorls, deeper suture, and having the mouth rounded and never angu- lated at the base; the last whorl is larger in proportion to the rest. Shetland specimens are very fine. Scalari- form and stunted distortions sometimes occur. Macgillivray described it as O. scalaris, which specific name would be entitled to priority, if Philippi had not used it for another well-known species. It is apparently the Rissoa glabra of Brown, and Turbonelia transparens of Leach. The fry is probably Helix resupinata of Montagu, from Walker’s figure 24. 8. O. pau'tipa *, Montagu. Turbo pallidus, Mont. Test. Br. (ii.) p. 325, t. 21. £4. O. eulimoides, F. & H. ii. p. 273, pl. xev. f. 1-3. Bopy white, covered with minute yellow specks: snout narrow, expanded and rounded in front, marked down each side with a pale-yellow line: tentacles bevelled and pointed like an awl; each has also a yellow longitudinal line; tips inflated and white: eyes placed somewhat apart: foot short, truncated, and slightly notched in front, where it is indistinctly auricled at each corner, terminating behind in an abrupt and short point. SHELL somewhat spindle-shaped, in consequence of the elongation and angularity of the base, rather solid, nearly opaque, and moderately glossy: sculpture, fine and close-set microscopical spiral striz; these may be detected with a lens of ordinary power: colour milk-white, with a faint orange or purplish tinge on the upper part of live specimens, derived from that of the liver; immature specimens are often yel- lowish: spire finely and regularly tapering to a blunt point ; * Pale. ODOSTOMIA. 125 nucleus concealed: whorls 6—7, rather compressed, rapidly en- larging ; the last occupies nearly two-thirds of the shell: suture more or less oblique, not deep, but distinct ; the marginal band is observable in young specimens only: mouth more oblong than ‘ oval, contracted above, considerably expanded and angulated below ; its length is about three-sevenths of the whole spire: outer lip gently curved, not very prominent: «ner lip very slight on the upper part, forming a mere film on the pillar, thickened and decidedly reflected on the lower part, where it is nearly straight: wmbilicus none; the chink, when it exists, is extremely narrow or small: tooth strong, partly concealed ; it is (as usual) placed on the pillar in the middle of the inner lip, just where the reflexion of the latter commences: oper- culum as in the last two species; the ridge is well marked, and the striation very distinct. L. 0-2. 3B. 0-1. Var. 1. crassa. Smaller and thicker; some of the spiral strive confluent and forming elevated ridges. O. crassa, Thomp- son, in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xv. p. 315, pl. xix. f. 5. Var. 2. notata. Whorls more convex ; spiral strie more con- spicuous. 0. notata, Jeffr. op. cit. 2nd ser. 11. p. 336, Var. 3. angusta. Thinner and more slender. Jeffr. op. ct. ord ser. i. pl. i. f, 18, a, 6. Monstr. Cylindrical, with flattened whorls; or having the spire turreted. Hasrtar: Chiefly (if not only) on the ears of Pecten opercularis and P. maximus, in the coralline zone ; it is widely distributed and rather common. ‘The trawl- refuse at Plymouth and Brixham is especially produc- tive of this shell. Var. 1. Birterbuy Bay, Connemara (M‘Calla, fide Thompson, and Barlee); Torquay (Han- ley). Var. 2. Five miles east of Lerwick, im 40f. (J. G. J.); a single specimen. Var. 3. Several places from Guernsey to Shetland, but rare; a specimen of this last variety is nearly a quarter of an inch long, and not a line in breadth. The monstrosities were dredged by Mr. Barlee in Birterbuy Bay. Fossil at Belfast, in a newer pliocene deposit (Grainger) ; Clyde beds (Cross- 126 PYRAMIDELLID. key). Recent: Mangerfiord (Sars); upper Norway, 15-70 f. (M‘Andrew and Barrett, as O. plicata); Bohus- lan, and the variety crassa on Pecten maximus (Lovén) ; Gottenburg, 12-20 f. (Malm); coasts of Denmark (mus. Copenhagen); Loire-Inférieure (Cailliaud); Arcachon (Fischer, as O. conoidea); Vigo (M‘Andrew); Gulf of Lyons (Martin); Nice (Macé); Spezzia (J..G. J.); Dal- matia (Brusina, as O. Novegradensis). The variety an- gusta has been dredged by M. Jean Susini at Ajaccio. Differs from O. rissotdes in its larger size, solid tex- ture, and milk-white colour; the spire is more tapering, -and the base is poited or angulated; the whorls are not so convex; and the mouth is considerably expanded below the pillar, where the mner lip becomes nearly straight, instead of being curved as in that species. I have no doubt that this was Montagu’s Turbo pal- lidus, judging from his detailed description and figure : although he at first says that the pillar-lip is ‘“ destitute of any tooth,” in the Supplement to his work (p. 133) he expressly notices the “ridge or lengthened denticle on the columella” of that shell, as well as of O. spiralis, _unidentata, interstincta, and plicata. But the specimen now in the British Museum, which has the name “ pali- dus’? in Montagu’s handwriting affixed to the under side of the tablet, is a broken and worn Rissoa parva, var. interrupta. It is unfortunately too probable that when Dr. Leach rearranged this part of the national collection, sufficient care was not taken to preserve the identical specimens which had belonged to the first- named excellent zoologist, and that in the present case the type may have been lost, and replaced by the wretched substitute now on the museum tablet. It is the Voluta ambigua of Maton and Rackett, Turbo unidentatus of Turton (not of Montagu), O. unidentata ODOSTOMIA. pag of Fleming and Macgillivray, O. Eulimoides of Hanley, and Turbonilla oscitans of Lovén. The variety crassa seems to be Brown’s Jaminia pullus. 9. O. conoi’pEA*, Brocchi. Turbo conoideus, Brocchi, Conch. Foss. Subap. ii. p. 659, t. xvi. f. 2. O. conoidea, F. & H. ii. p. 260, pl. xev. f. 4. Bopy clear bluish-white throughout, with faint streaks of flake-white: snout or mentum grooved lengthwise and cloven at the extremity, so as to form a lobe on each side, divided by a narrow depressed line, and resembling a second pair of ten- tacles: proboscis issuing at the termination of the groove close under the eyes and below the centre of the tentacular veil: tentacles flat, bevelled, not very short (“ slightly setose,” Clark); tips moderately large, rounded, inflated, and flake-white: eyes very black, situated exactly at the internal bases of the ten- tacles, immersed in the skin, so close to each other that a hair can scarcely be. laid between them (‘‘I never saw the eyes so contiguous in any other mollusk,” Clark): foot large, rather long, membranous, gently reflected at the sides on itself (which reflexion it in some measure retains on the march), deeply arched in front, causing the flanks to be pointed, and gradually tapering behind to a bluntly angular point; sole slit in the middle in front. (Lovén, Clark, and J. G. J.) Suett oblong-conical, with a narrow and somewhat pointed base, solid, nearly opaque, of a polished lustre: sculpture. the usual microscopical lines of growth, besides a sight impressed line round the periphery, which is more or less distinctly keeled, especially in young or immature specimens: colow ivory- white: spire tapering to an abrupt extremity ; nucleus con- cealed and twisted inwards: whorls 8, nearly flat, and gradually enlarging; the last constitutes about one-half of the shell: suture narrow and slightly channelled ; it slopes downwards from the peripheral keel on each of the upper whorls: mouth oval, contracted above, somewhat expanded but scarcely an- gular below: its length is about one-third of the whole spire : outer lip gently curved, inflected just below the periphery ; inside deeply grooved in the direction of the spire, like the barrel of a rifle; the grooves are 8 or 9 in number and ter- minate in small denticles or notches within the mouth; they * Having a conical appearance. 128 PYRAMIDELLIDA. are often visible outside: inner lip adhering to the pillar above the tooth, and joining the outer lip at its upper angle, reflected and curved below the tooth: umbilicus small but deep, partly covered by the reflexion of the inner lip: tooth strong, promi- nent and conspicuous, placed just behind the umbilicus; it winds round the pillar from one end of the spire to the other, like the worm of a corkscrew: operculum yellowish-brown, of equal proportionate solidity with that of Cyclostoma elegans, and exquisitely sculptured by close-set flexuous striz in the line of growth ; it has a curved groove down the middle, which ends in the spire of the operculum, and gives to the portion thus separated in front a cornucopia-shape ; this groove is deep and very distinct ; side-flap rather broad, widening with the growth of the operculum, and divided from the spiral part by a narrow line. L. 0-25. B. 0-1. Var. australis. Smaller and narrower. Hasrrat: Coralline and deep-sea zones, in mud, from 25 to 80 f., throughout Shetland and Scotland; Isle of Man (Forbes, as O. plicata apparently). It is locally plentiful in the Clyde district and Hebrides. The variety has a southern range, comprising the Channel Isles, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Galway, and Cork ; in rock- pools, Falmouth (Barlee, and Miss Vigurs, fide Cocks) ; among Zostera, Jersey (Dodd). This species was ori- ginally described as a fossil by Brocchi from the Sub- apennine tertiaries, and it has been recorded by Philippi from basaltic tufa at Militello, by Nyst (as O. plicata) from Belgium, and by Searles Wood (under the latter name) from our Coralline Crag ; the Rev. H. W. Cross- key has found it in the Clyde beds, and M. Macé in an upper miocene deposit near Antibes. The ordinary or typical form inhabits the North Sea, from Hammerfest, 40 f. (Sars), to Gottenburg, 12 f. (Malm); and the variety is distributed along the European coasts of the Atlantic from Brittany, in the laminarian zone (Cailliaud), to Gibraltar, 8-30 f. (M‘Andrew), every part of the Medi- ODOSTOMIA. 129 terranean, from 10 to 50 f. (Seacchi and others), the Adriatic (Brusina, as O. Nagli), the ASgean, 7-41 f. (Forbes and Spratt), perhaps the Red Sea (Philippi), and the Canaries, 12-60 f. (M‘Andrew). “The animal is vivacious, displays the eyes on the march, and makes rapid progression. The head and cloven muzzle nearly resemble those organs in Jef/reysia diaphana” (Clark, MS.). The front side of the foot is fringed with microscopical and extremely short cilia, which are in astate of incessant motion when the animal is crawling. Brocchi imagined that this species was terrestrial or lacustrine, and belonged to the genus Au- ricularia [Auricula] of Lamarck. The shell is cer- tainly not very unlike Melampus bidentatus. It is probably the O. plicata of Flemmg—certainly that of 8S. Wood,—and the Turbonilla plicata of Lovén. Scacchi described and figured it as Rissoa polita. Han- ley called it O. unidentata, myself O. eulemoides, and Leach Alvania Cranchiana. The typical form appears to be the Odontostomia erythrea of Pinlippi as well as his O. sicula (cf. Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1849 and 1851). 10. O. umsrtica/ris*, Malm. Turbonilla umbilicaris, Malm, Giotheb. k. Vet. Handl. (new series) no. viii. pe t28) ple. £410. < Suet forming a short cone, thin, transparent, and remark- ably glossy: sculpture, none except under a high microscopical power, when some extremely slight spiral strixe are discernible in a favourable light: colour clear white, with a very faint bluish tint: spire short, ending in a rather blunt and rounded point, owing to the inversion of the apex : whorls 5-6, convex, very compact, gradually enlarging; the last occupies three- fifths of the shell; sutwre deep, imparting a shghtly turreted appearance to the whorls; owing to the transparency of the shell the periphery of each of the upper whorls appears like a * Umbilicate. Gib 130 PYRAMIDELLID. narrow band round the top of the succeeding whorl: mouth oval, expanding below ; it somewhat exceeds in length one- third of the spire: outer lip slightly reflected, not much spread over the ‘pillar, nor extending to the upper part of the outer lip; it is more or less angulated below: wmbdlicus very dis- tinct although small: tooth small, prominent, and placed op- posite the umbilicus: operculum yellowish and rather solid, closely and finely striated across; it is divided lengthwise about one-third the distance from the pillar by a curved groove, which forms a ridge on the under side ; inner side straight ; flap narrow; spire consisting of 2 or 3 whorls. L. 0-1. B. 0-05. Var. elongata. Spire more produced. Hasrrar: Coralline zone, in Torbay (Battersby) ; south of Devon (Webster) ; Land’s End (Hockin); Oban (M‘Kenzie); Loch Fyne, west of Scotland, and Lerwick (Barlee); Aberdeenshire (Dawson); Shetland (M‘An- drew). Of the variety I found a single specimen by dredging in Zostera-ground at Southampton. The only extra-British localities to my knowledge are the coast of Bohuslan, in 12 f. (with Mytilus Adriaticus) and also in 20f., as well as on Eggers Bank, Norway,in150f. (Malm), and in Finmark (Lilljeborg); the Norwegian specimens are of unusually large size, but possess all the characters of the species. It seems to be everywhere rare. Malm has well remarked that this species is easily distmguished from any other by its conspicuous um- bilicus, glossy surface, and convex whorls. 11. O. acu’ta*, Jeffreys. O. acuta, Jefir. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 2nd ser. ii. p. 338; F. & H. iii. p- 269, pl. xevii. f. 8, 9. Bopy dirty white, speckled with pale-yellow, red, brown or leadcolour points, which are irregularly distributed over many of the external organs: manile folded at the upper angle of the mouth of the shell, so as to form a tubular canal: snout slender, * Pointed. ODOSTOMIA. 13] deeply channelled or hollowed out lengthwise, and having a spoon-shaped extremity: tentacles moderately long, and di- vergent; each has a flake-white longitudinal line in the middle, running from base to point; edges slightly folded; tips less white and inflated than in allied species: eyes rather close together in the centre behind the tentacles: foot short, of a more opaque white than the rest of the body; it is excavated in front, and so deeply divided or lobed as occasionally, when fully extended, to present the appearance of a second pair of short tentacles ; it terminates behind in a more or less obtuse point. (Clark.) SHELL pyramidal, with a broad base, rather solid but semi- transparent, and lustrous: sculpture, extremely fine and rather numerous microscopical spiral stric, and still more minute and close-set flexuous lines of growth; a slight peripheral keel is also observable in every stage of growth, but especially in young and half-grown specimens: colowr whitish, with a tinge of pink or fleshcolour: spire gradually tapering; nucleus ex- posed and inverted on the back, in nearly a horizontal posi- tion: whorls 6 (besides the embryonic ones), rounded although compressed, compact and gradually enlarging ; the last occu- pies about one-half of the shell: suture very narrow and slightly excavated, sloping a little downwards in consequence of the peripheral keel: mouth roundish-oval, contracted above, and somewhat expanded but scarcely angular below; its length is less than a third of the whole spire: outer lip gently curved, inflected just below the periphery : inner lip adhering to the pillar above the tooth, and joining the outer lip at its upper angle, slightly reflected and more or less curved below the tooth: umbilicus developed and conspicuous, although small ; its entrance is through a channel behind the lower part of the inner lip: tooth strong and prominent, placed just behind the umbilical opening; in construction and extent it resembles that of the last species: operculum yellowish-brown, finely and closely striated; the curved groove is unusually distinct. L. 0:175. B. 0-075. Var. wmbilicata. Shell larger, stronger, and white, with a broad base and usually a wider and deeper umbilicus; peri- pheral keel obscure. O. umbilicata, Alder, in Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club, i. p. 359. Hasitatr: Coralline zone in various parts of the sea, especially in South Devon. Cornwall, Dorset, the Chan- Loe PYRAMIDELLIDZ. nel Isles, Ireland, west of Scotland, Aberdeenshire, and Shetland may also be mentioned as localities. The variety was taken at Tynemouth by Mr. Alder, in Ban- try Bay by Mr. M‘Andrew, and in St. Catherime’s Bay, Jersey, by the Rev. Mr. Norman. Mr. Searles Wood’s collection of Crag shells in the British Museum contains a specimen of the typical form. Its known distribution in a living state beyond our seas is as follows :—Upper Norway (M‘Andrew); Bohuslan (coll. Lovén in mus. Stockh., 10-30 f., Malm and Lilljeborg); Loire-Infé- rieure (Cailliaud); north coast of Spain, 30 f., Cape Trafalgar, and Teneriffe (M‘Andrew); Spezzia (J.G. J.). - According to Clark, the animal is lively, active, and bold. He says that in some of his Exmouth specimens the throat of the shell is grooved. I have failed to detect this character in any of the specimens (at least 100) which I have examined. The umbilicus is visible even in the young. This species may be distinguished from O. umbilicaris by its greater solidity, the periphery being always keeled, the spire much longer, and the whorls compressed instead of convex. From O. conoidea it differs in its smaller size, pyramidal shape, wider base, and in the throat or inside of the outer lip being usually af not invariably) smooth. 12. O. consprcua*, Alder. O. conspicua, Ald. in Trans. Tynes. Nat. Field Club, i. p. 359; F. & H. ili. p. 263, pl. xev. f. 6. ‘ SHELL forming an elongated cone with rather a broad base, solid, opaque, glossy and of a polished appearance: sculpture, fine and numerous, but irregular microscopical spiral strie, and still more minute and close-set flexuous lines of growth ; the periphery is slightly but distinctly keeled or angulated, as is also the base of each of the upper whorls: colour pale cho- * Remarkable. ODOSTOMIA. 1380 colate, or creamcolour stained with madder: spire pyramidally tapering ; nucleus exposed and lying in nearly a horizontal position across the apex: whorls 8 (besides 2, which are em- bryonic and reversed), flattened; the last occupies about one- half of the shell: sutwre narrow, but excavated, sloping down- * wards in consequence of the peripheral keel: mouth rhomboidal, contracted above, considerably expanded and angulated below; its length somewhat exceeds a third of the whole spire: outer lip obtuse-angled in the middle, and incurved just below the periphery ; the inside or throat is finely but obscurely grooved in the direction of the spire: enner lip slight on the upper part, where it adheres to the pillar and joins the outer lip, reflected and nearly straight on the lower part, the angle at the base being very remarkable: umbilicus extremely small, and almost covered by the lower part of the inner lip: tooth strong, pro- minent and conspicuous, placed opposite and behind the um- bilicus ; it forms a sharp fold or ridge, which winds along the pillar throughout the spire. L. 0°35. B. 0°15. Haxrrat: Coralline zone, off Whitburn, and Douglas in the Isle of Man (Alder) ; Herm, on the shell-beach (Metcalfe) , and Guernsey, in 18-20 f. (J. G. J.); Larne, co. Antrim (Hyndman, fide Alder); Loch Fyne (A. M‘Nab) ; Aberdeenshire (Dawson) ; Shetland (Barlee). Bohuslan (Lovén in mus. Stockh., and Malm in mus. Gottenb.) ; La Hougue Bay, Brittany (Macé) ; Lisbon (M‘Andrew); Gulf of Lyons (Martin); Spezzia, in 10-12 f. (J. G. J.); Adriatic (Nardo) ; Sardinia and Naples (Tiberi). By far the largest and rarest species in this section ; it deserves its specific name. Independently of size, the whorls are less compact than in O. acuta, the keel is stronger, the mouth squarish, and the umbilicus reduced almost to nothing. It is the O. unidentata of Hanley, in Thorpe’s ‘ British Marine Conchology.’ Malm mistook for this species an old and imperfect specimen of the next. 134 PYRAMIDELLID#. 13. O. univenta'ta *, Montagu. Turbo unidentatus, Mont. Test. Br. (ii.) p. 324, 0. unidentata, KF. & H. iii, p. 264, pl. xev. f. 7, 8. Bopy clear bluish-white: snout compressed, bevelled at the margin, and truncated in front: tentacles short, broad, awl- shaped, “ setose” [?], blunt, with a fine transparent line down the middle of each: eyes close together, sunken in the mem- brane which connects the tentacles: foot short, truncated in front and slightly eared, sloping behind to a broad, obtuse, lance-shaped point; sole in front flake-white, behind hyaline, with a fine longitudinal line along the centre of the posterior half; it is divided from the upper disk by a shallow groove, giving the foot a labiated aspect. (Clark.) Swett, a rather long cone with a broad base, solid, almost opaque, and glossy: sculpture, microscopical and slight but close-set spiral stria, and a more or less distinct keel round the periphery, as well as at the base of each of the upper whorls: colour milk-white, with a bluish tint in immature specimens: spire shortish; nucleus exposed, twisted in some specimens backwards, and in others forwards: whorls 6, besides those of the embryonic nucleus; they gradually enlarge, and are nearly flat; the last equals in length the rest of the spire ; suture narrow but distinct, defined above by the peripheral keel, from which it slopes downwards: mouth squarish, ex- panded and forming nearly a right angle at the inner base ; its length is about a third of the whole spire: outer lip nearly semicircular, incurved (but not much) just below the periphery: inner lip extremely thin on the upper part, where it adheres to the pillar but does not join the outer lip, reflected and nearly straight on the lower part, the angle at the base being well marked: umbilicus none, although there is sometimes a small chink: tooth large, strong, prominent and conspicuous, placed as in several of the species last described; it is continued throughout the spire: operculum as in O. conoidea. L, 0-2. Boe. Var. elata. Spire more elongated, and base narrower. Hasirat: Under stones at low-water mark of spring tides, and on old oyster-shells and Pecten maximus in the laminarian and coralline zones, on every part of our * Single-toothed. ODOSTOMIA. 135 coasts. Fossil in the Clyde beds (Crosskey), and in the glacial and post-glacial formations in Norway at the re- spective heights of 400-460 feet and 50-100 feet (Sars). Its foreign distribution is doubtful, because this species has not been satisfactorily identified by some continental authors. For instance, Petit has recorded it from the Gulf of Lyons on the authority of M. Martin, and Vé- rany from Nice; but in both these cases I ascertained that O. pallida had been mistaken for the present species. I must for the same.reason question the locality of Al- geria given by M. Weinkauff. The following, however, may be relied on :—Norway as far north as Hammer- fest, in 10-50 f. (Sars) ; Stromstad, Bohuslaén, on an oyster from 12 f. (Rubenson, fide Malm); and Loire- Inférieure (Cailliaud). From Mr. Clark’s account the animal differs little from that of O. acuta. The shell may be distinguished from that and other allied species by its squarish mouth and nearly rectangular base, and from O. conspicua by its smaller size, colour, and smooth throat. I found a living specimen which had lost all the upper part of the spire. It is the Sabanea Montaguana of Leach, taking his synonymy as my guide: his description is so vague and almost unintelligible, that it would serve for any of the smooth species. 14. O. rurRi'Ta*, Hanley. O. turrita, Hanl. in Proce. Zool. Soc. pt. xii. p.18. O. wnidentata, var. ?, F. & H. iii. p. 267, pl. xcv. f. 9. Bopy white, with a bluish tinge, and transparent, covered with exceedingly minute granules, which give the surface (especially the foot)a frosted appearance: snout narrow, rounded * Turreted. 136 PYRAMIDELLID&. in front, a little in advance of the foot: tentacles rather long and leaf-like, with blunt tips: eyes very small, placed close together on the middle of the neck between the tentacles at their inner base: foot rather broad, more or less indented (and now and then-deeply bilobed) in front, obliquely truncated and irregularly bilobed behind. Saett forming a somewhat cylindrical cone, strong and solid, semitransparent and glossy: sculpture none, unless ex- amined with a magnifying-power, when the surface appears covered by fine and regular spiral striz; the periphery is slightly keeled: colour pale yellowish-white or whitish, with a dark border below the suture in each whorl as in many other of the smooth and semitransparent species: spire rather long, turreted, and abruptly terminating ; nucleus exposed, usually twisted forwards: whorls 5-6 (besides those composing the nucleus), convex, and gradually enlarging ; the last forms one- half of the spire, and scarcely exceeds the next in breadth: suture narrow, but well defined: mouth squarish, not much expanded or angulated at the inner base ; it is proportionally small, and its length is scarcely a third of the whole spire: outer lip projecting but little beyond the periphery, below which it is considerably incurved towards the pillar, thus contracting the mouth: imner lip thin, and adhering to the pillar on the upper part, without joining the outer lip, thickened, reflected, and gently curved on the lower part, the basal angle being usually shght: wmbelicus none: tooth small, not prominent, nor very conspicuous: operculum of a thinner texture and less strongly striated than that of O. conotdea or the last species. L. 0:125. B. 0:05. Var. striolata. More conical, with a shorter spire and larger mouth; the periphery is bluntly angulated; the tooth is stronger, and prominent; and the spiral striz are unusually distinct. 0. striolata, (Alder) F. & H. iii. p. 267, pl. xev. f. 5. Hasirat: Under stones and in rock-pools at low-water mark, and among seaweeds in the laminarian zone ; it is widely distributed and not uncommon. A specimen of the variety was found by Mr. Alder in shell-sand from Ilfracombe; Mr. Norman has taken it in Bantry Bay, and Mr. Hockin at the Land’s End. I noticed the typical form in the Royal Museum at Copenhagen (from the ODOSTOMIA. 137 Cattegat), and also among shells collected by M. Cail- liaud in Brittany, by M. Macé at Cannes, and by Mr. M‘Andrew (of a smaller size) off Teneriffe ; it was like- “wise procured by me while dredging in the Gulf of Spezzia. The animal floats, like a Jeffreysia ; and, when crawl- ing, it has the same habit of withdrawing its eyes, which are visible through the shell. It appears to be inactive, because Foraminifera are sometimes seen attached to living specimens. This species is remarkable for its contracted mouth ; it is much more slender than O. uni- dentata, the peripheral keel is less distinct, the base is scarcely angulated, and the tooth is proportionally smaller and not so prominent or conspicuous. Although variable in size, it never attains half the dimensions of that species. | I have united O. striolata with the present species, in consequence of finding intermediate forms which may belong to one or the other. IJ must also refer to it the varieties a and 6 of O. plicata, described in my mono- graph. 15. O. puica’ta *, Montagu. Turbo plicatus, Mont. Test. Br. (i1.) p. 325, t.21.f.2. 0. plicata, F. & H. iii. p. 271, pl. xeviii. f. 1, 2. Bopy whitish, with minute and close-set yellow specks : snout small, wedge-shaped, flexible and extensile: tentacles leaf-like, and presenting three equal-sized, angular and flat- tened sides, which are folded a little inwards; tips rounded but not much inflated: eyes not quite so close together as in some other species, seated on the tentacles, at their inner bases: foot squarish in front and bluntly pointed behind ; sole slightly grooved lengthwise on the posterior half. SHELL slender, with a narrow and attenuated base, thin, * Furnished with a plait or fold. 138 PYRAMIDELLID®. transparent, and of a lustrous polish: sculpture none, except microscopical and extremely slight but numerous spiral striz, which can only be detected at certain angles of light; peri- phery not keeled or angulated: colour very pale yellowish- white or whitish, with a dark border below the suture, caused by a thickening of that part: spire long and finely tapering to a blunt point ; nucleus exposed, and twisted in different direc- tions: whorls 5-6 (exclusive of the nucleus), rounded but much compressed, and gradually enlarging; the last occupies rather more than one-half of the shell if viewed with the mouth upwards, and about two-fifths if viewed with the mouth down- wards: sutwre slight, somewhat more oblique than in the last species: mouth oval, inclining to oblong, narrow and acute- angled above, rounded and scarcely expanded below ; its length equals a third of the whole spire: owter lip rather flexuous, ‘not projecting beyond the periphery : inner lip thin, adhering to the pillar on the upper part, and united with the outer lip ; the lower portion is thickened, reflected, and curved: umbilicus none, although full-grown specimens have a narrow chink: tooth small, more prominent and conspicuous than in the last species: operculum thicker on the inner than the outer side of the mouth, coarsely striated, and sometimes haying a white streak down the middle, L. Ol. B. 0-04. Hasrrar: Under loose stones and among seaweeds at low-water mark, in the Channel Isles, South Devon, Dorset, Cornwall, and Bristol Channel, as well as at Fish- guard, Barmouth, and Cork; it is tolerably abundant in the sublittoral zone at Exmouth. These are all the places which I can vouch for; O. turrita has been frequently mistaken for the present species. This probably has only a southern range, comprising the north of France (J. G.J., Macé, Taslé, and Cailliaud), Provence (Martin), Antibes (Macé), Nice (Vérany), Spezzia (J. G. J.), Corsica (Susini), and Dalmatia (Brusina). Weinkauff has enumerated it among his Algerian shells. The characters by which this species may be known from the last are, narrower and slenderer, thin, trans- parent, and much more glossy, having a longer and ODOSTOMIA. 139 tapering spire, a slight suture, nearly flat whorls, a dif- ferently shaped mouth, and no peripheral keel. ) It is the Voluta plicatula of Dillwyn, and apparently ‘ the EHulima unidens of Requien, Turbonella angusta of Leach, and O. vitrea of Brusina. 16. O. rnscuLe’ta *, Montagu. Turbo insculptus, Mont. Test. Br. Suppl. p. 129. 0. insculpta, F. & H. ili. p. 289, pl. xcvi. f. 6. Bopy opaque frosted-white, with a rather large patch of dull claret-red on the back: mantle having the usual fold at the upper angle of the aperture of the shell: snout short, cloven nearly to the eyes, each lobe being deeply curved outwards: tentacles coalescing at their bases, very broad and short; tips very small, white, and slightly inflated: eyes close together : foot deeply notched in front, forming at each corner a divergent acute auricle, behind which it becomes a little constricted, and terminates in two symmetrical distinct pointed tails or streamers, which describe an angle of separation equal to that of the fore and middle fingers when placed as far apart as pos- sible. (Clark.) SHELL somewhat cylindrical, with a narrow base, thin, semi- transparent and glossy: sculpture, distinct and regular spiral incised lines or narrow grooves, which cover the lower three- fourths or even more of the last whorl, and the lower half of each of the preceding whorls; these lines are not micro- scopical, but visible to a sharp eye without a lens; the upper part of each whorl below the suture is marked by fine, slight, and numerous flexuous lines in a longitudinal direction, which by crossing the upper rows of spiral striee produce in the latter an imperfectly punctured appearance; the whole surface is also sculptured with microscopical and close-set spiral stric, which can only be detected in “live” or fresh specimens and at a certain incidence of light: colowr pale white, assuming an ivory lustre in “dead” or faded specimens: spire long, some- what turreted, and having a truncated apex ; nucleus obliquely declining, and concealed: whorls 6, convex although more or less compressed ; each has a narrow and thick rim immediately below the suture ; the rate of their enlargement is rather quick, the last occupying about one-half of the shell: sutwre narrow, * Engraved. 140 PYRAMIDELLID. slightly channelled, and somewhat oblique: mouth irregularly oblong, owing to the inflexion and curvature of the outer lip ; it is acute-angled above (but not so sharply as in O. plicata), and decidedly expanded below; its length equals a third of the whole spire: outer ip remarkably flexuous, retreating at the upper corner of the mouth, where it forms a deep sinus, and inflected in the middle, so as to contract the mouth on that side: ¢nner lip as in the last species ; the lower part, however, is more reflected and straight in the present species: umbilicus small and narrow: tooth—or rather an oblique fold—retired and inconspicuous, although always present: operculum re- markably thin, light-horncolour, narrow, and obliquely striated. (This description of the operculum is taken from Mr. Clark’s account.) L. 0-15. B. 0:0625. Hasirat: Coralline and deep-sea zones, throughout the British seas, from 10 to 85 f.; not common. I have noted 26 localities. Coralline Crag, Sutton (S. Wood); post-glacial shell-banks near Drontheim, 60-80 feet (Sars). It has been found livmg at Drébak in Chris- tianiafiord, in 50 f., and at the Loffoden Isles, in 50- 100 f., by Sars, at Kullen in South Sweden by Orsted (and named by Lovén Turbonilla obliqua), at Gotten- burg, in 16 f., by Malm (who described it as T. War- reni), and in Brittany by Cailliaud and Taslé. The incised revolving lines round the lower part of each whorl readily serve to recognize this species in comparison with any of the foregoing. It is in all probability the Turbo divisus of Adams, with rather more doubt Pyramis nivosus of Brown, and unquestionably Turbonella transparens of Leach, if re- liance is to be placed on the authenticity of his type in the British Museum. But, in his ‘ Mollusca of Great Britain,’ the last-named species is described as “ very smooth,” and the few other characters there given are common to all its congeners of the present section. ODOSTOMIA. 141 17. O. pia/pHana%, Jeffreys. O. diaphana, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 2nd ser. ii. p. 841; Sowerby, iil. Ind. pl. 17. £. 28. Bony brilliant frosted subhyaline-white : mantle forming a conspicuous tubular fold at the upper angle of the aperture of the shell: snout short, cloven in the centre almost to the eyes ; each segment or lobe has an outward curve equal to an angle of 40°: tentacles strong, rather long, without much auriform folding, roundish and taper, terminating in minute circular snow-white inflated tips; instead of the tentacles moderately diverging on each side of the snout, they are widely curved and carried at a right angle to the axis of the shell: eyes close together, at the internal basal angles of the tentacles: foot long, broad, and thin, rather concave in front, shghtly auricled, and when fully extended reaching beyond the body-whorl in front; it terminates in a distinct bifurcation, which is very apparent in slow march, but, on a quicker pace being attained, the fork in some measure decreases in consequence of the greater extension of the foot. (Clark ; as Chemnitzia obliqua.) Swett inclining to spindle-shaped, very thin, nearly trans- parent, and lustrous: sculpture none, except slight flexuous and numerous microscopical striz in the line of growth: colour whitish: spire rather long, abruptly truncated ; nucleus ob- liquely declining and concealed, raised in front and twisted backwards: whorls 4, convex, and rapidly enlarging; the last occupies two-thirds of the shell; the upper part of each is encircled by a thickened rim: suture narrow, but well defined, and oblique: mouth rather oblong than oval, narrow and acute- angled above, expanded below ; its length exceeds two-fifths of the whole spire : outer lip flexuous, retreating at the upper corner of the mouth, where it forms a rather deep sinus, and projecting in the middle: imner lip extremely slight on the upper part, thickened, and gently curved, but very Little reflec- ted, on the lower part: wmbilicus developed in the adult only, when it is small and inconspicuous, being approached by a narrow canal or groove from the base: tooth consisting of an insignificant and retired fold: operculum extremely thin, ex- cept on the inner side, light-yellow, scored obliquely by fine and close-set flexuous lines, and having a distinct but short and nearly terminal spire of two minute whorls ; it resembles in shape a Cristellaria. L. 0-1. B. 0-05. * Transparent. 142 PYRAMIDELLID&, Haxrrat : Coralline zone, 12—50f., Guernsey (J. G. J.), Fowey (Barlee), Exmouth (Clark), Hebrides (J. G. J.), Aberdeenshire (Dawson) , Shetland (Barlee and J. G. J.); it is both local and rare. I am not aware of any geo- logical or foreign locality. This species differs from O. insculpta in bemg more spindle-shaped than cylindrical, of a thinner texture, quite smooth instead of spirally striated, having fewer whorls (the last being disproportionately large), with a more oblique suture, and in the umbilicus being nar- row and inconspicuous. It is certainly not the young of O. obligua, as Forbes and Hanley supposed. The present species is in every state of growth more slender (in consequence of the whorls not being so tumid); nor is it ever striated, like that species ; the umbilicus also is smaller, and the nucleus of the spire less prominent. Mr. Clark’s description of the animal of O. obliqua was taken from a specimen of O. diaphana, which is now in the fine collection of Mr. Leckenby at Scarborough. 18. O. osxi’qua*, Alder. O.? obliqua, Alder in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 327, pl. viii. f. 12. O. obliqua, F. & H. iii. p. 291, pl. xevi. f. 1. Bopy clear white, with a slightly frosted appearance: man- tle occasionally forming a small conduit or fold at the upper angle of the aperture of the shell: snowt short, cloven as far as the eyes, having the segments curved to the right and left: tentacles short, bevelled, not broad, tapering to a fine point, and having small white inflated tips ; they are carried in front of the head with an angular divergence of about 75°: eyes close together, at the united internal bases of the tentacles: foot short, concave in front, slightly auricled, terminating obtusely behind. (Clark.) Suet shaped like that of a miniature Limnea of the stag- nalis type, extremely thin, transparent, and glossy : sculpture, * Slanting. ODOSTOMIA. 143 fine and close-set stria, which become stronger and more re- mote on the base: colour whitish: spire long and tapering, somewhat turreted; nucleus partly exposed, and prominent, twisted upwards in front, and sloping towards the back : whorls - 5 (including the uppermost, from which the nucleus springs), tumid, and very rapidly enlarging; the last constitutes more than two-thirds of the shell: sutwre deep and oblique: mouth oblong or pear-shaped, narrow and contracted above, consi- derably expanded or effuse below ; it exceeds in length two- fifths of the whole spire: outer lip flexuous, retreating, and sinuated at the upper corner of the mouth, where it is incurved on the periphery: ‘nner lip receding (almost concealed from view), and remarkably thin on the upper part, thickened and reflected, but not much curved, on the lower part ; it forms an obtuse angle or point at the base: wmbilicus none, or consist- ing of an oblique depression, which sometimes ends in a small chink : tooth, only a slight and obscure fold: operculum as in the last species, but less strongly striated. L.0-2. 3B. 0-075. Var. Warreni. Smaller; having the basal strie more dis- tinct, and the umbilicus more developed. Rissoa Warren, Thompson, in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xv. p. 315, pl. xix. f. 4. O. Warrenii, ¥. & H. iii. p. 292, pl. xevi. f. 2, 3. Hasitat: Tynemouth (Alder), west of Scotland (Barlee), Aberdeenshire (Dawson), Skye, Shetland, Cork, Bantry, Caswell Bay near Swansea, Exmouth, Falmouth, Guernsey, and Herm (J. G.J.), Herm (Han- ley), west of Ireland (Thompson, fide Alder), Helford (Hockin). Its foreign range appears to be, Loken in South Sweden, 20 f. (Malm); and Etretat in Normandy, at the same depth (J. G. J.). The variety has been taken in Dublin Bay by the late Mr. 'T. W. Warren, on the Turbot-bank off Larne, co. Antrim (Waller), Bir- terbuy Bay, co. Galway, Burrow Island near Kingsbridge, and in rock-pools at Gwyllyn-vase near Falmouth (Bar- lee), living at low-water mark at Budleigh Salterton near Exmouth (Clark), Land’s End and Falmouth (Hockin). M. Macé found the variety at Cannes; Mr. Hanley dredged it at Villafranca, and I at Spezzia. 144 PYRAMIDELLID 2. A monstrous specimen, from Guernsey, of this com- paratively rare species has a remarkably thick and strong varix or rib-like callosity in the middle of the body-whorl. Mr. Alder noticed the striz on the typical form. This species may be the Auriculina exilissima of Bru- sina, from Melada in Dalmatia. 19. O. potroLiror/Mis*, Jeffreys. O. dolioliformis, Jeffr. in Ann, & Mag. N. H. 2nd ser. ii. p. 342; F. & H. iii. p. 301, pl. xevii. f. 5. Bopy hyaline pale azure: mantle slightly channelled at the upper angle of the shell on the right side: snout considerably in advance of the foot when the animal is in active motion, scarcely extending to its front edge when at rest: tentacles proportionally larger than in other species, not so triangular, nor furnished with such broad lateral membranes, nor do they coalesce so decidedly as in other species to form a veil; the tip of each has a point of flake-white: eyes as usual: foot ap- parently divided into two parts; the anterior or front portion is constricted, slender, attenuated, and very extensile, slightly auricled and notched, and nearly clear white; the posterior or hinder portion is somewhat oval, short, broad, fleshy, of an opaque pale drab, and divided in the middle by a deep longi- tudinal fissure or groove, that seems almost to separate this portion into two equal lobes, which terminate together in a rounded point with a narrow central notch. (Clark.) SHELL oval, resembling Doliwm perdix in shape, rather thin, semitransparent, and somewhat glossy: sculpture, about 20 remote and sometimes wavy spiral striz, which are almost perceptible by the naked eye ; the microscopical lines of growth are numerous and very slight; these do not cross the strive, nor impart any “ quasireticulated”’ appearance, as noticed by Mr. Clark: colowr whitish, with a faint tinge of yellow in live specimens: spire remarkably short; nucleus twisted horizon- tally in different directions: whorls 3 only, besides those of the nucleus or apex; they are ventricose, but compressed to- wards the suture and front edge, and suddenly enlarge; the last occupies nearly the whole of the shell when viewed with * Having the aspect of a small species of Doliwm. ODOSTOMIA. 145 the mouth upwards, and at least two-thirds of it when viewed in an opposite position: swtwre channelled, rather oblique: mouth roundish-oval, not contracted above, slightly expanded below; it considerably exceeds in length one-half of the whole ‘spire: outer lip abruptly incurved on the periphery: ener lip thin on the upper part (where it is united with the outer lip), broad, thickened, a little reflected, almost straight, and shel- ving outwards on the lower part, which is more than thrice as long as the other: wmbilicus consisting of a narrow, although distinct, depression, which terminates in a small chink: tooth strong, conspicuous, like a short thorn, projecting from the middle of the inner or pillar-lip: operculum, according to Mr. Clark, cartilaginous and flexible, with the striz of growth ar- ranged in elliptical curves, as in O. pallida. LL. 0:075. B. 0:05. Hasitat: Aberdeenshire (Dawson); Hebrides (Bar- lee) ; Scarborough (Bean and J. G. J.); Barmouth, Tenby, Swansea, Sandwich, Paington, and Guernsey (J. G. J.); littoral zone, Exmouth (Clark); Burrow Island (Barlee); Hayle and Land’s End (Hockin). Local and rare. M. Taslé has found this species at Morbihan in Brittany; and I dredged it in the Gulf of Spezzia. It is impossible to determine Walker’s shell, fig. 55, which Montagu named Turbo Sandvicensis. 'The cha- racteristic word “reticulatis,’” used by Walker in his short diagnosis, with reference to the whorls, is appli- cable to O. decussata, but not to the shell which I have now described; if the figure were the sole criterion, I should be disposed to assign it to the present species. 20. O. pecussa'ta*, Montagu. Turbo decussatus, Mont. Test. Br. (ii.) p. 322, t. 12. f. 4. O. decussata, F. & H. iii. p. 303, pl. xcvii. f. 6, 7. Bopy clear white, except the head, which is pale-pink or red: snout small, somewhat cylindrical, narrow, and attenuated * Divided crosswise. VO LV. H 146 PYRAMIDELLIDZ. towards the point, where it assumes a clavate or hammer-like appearance, becoming thick, angular, bevelled to a sudden edge, and straight or truncated in front: tentacles very short, not much folded, terminating in indistinct flake-white lobes; the lateral membranes, which are not so extensive as in other species, coalesce and form a shallow veil: eyes very close to- gether, exactly at the internal bases of the tentacles, ‘ not immersed, but a little elevated on minute prominences:” foot rather broad and truncated in front, without the usual ear- shaped points at the corners, becoming a little constricted be- hind, and having a very rounded extremity: opercular lobe simple. (Clark.) Suett conic-oblong with a rather narrow base, thinnish, semitransparent and somewhat glossy : sculpture, rather strong longitudinal ribs, which are flexuous on the body-whorl and extend to the base, and are curved on the next two whorls, the upper ones being smooth; there are about 25 ribs on the last whorl, 20 on the penultimate, and 15 on part of the ante- penultimate whorl, where the ribs cease altogether ; the inter- stices of these ribs are crossed by finer and thread-like spiral or transverse striz, of which about a dozen may be counted on the body-whorl, 7 or 8 on the next, and 5 or 6 on the suc- ceeding whorl; the striz do not extend to the suture; the mu- tual intersection of the ribs and striz gives a finely cancellated or reticulated appearance: colour whitish: spire produced, slightly turreted; nucleus raised in front or on one side, and twisted inwards: whorls 4 (besides those forming the nucleus), convex, and rather quickly enlarging; the last occupies nearly three-fifths of the shell: swtwre deep and channelled, some- what oblique: mouth oval, scarcely contracted above or ex- panded below; its length is almost two-fifths of the whole spire: outer lip not much curved, abruptly inflected on the periphery: inner ip thin on the upper part, continuous with the outer lip in adult specimens, thickened, reflected, and in- clining to straight on the lower part, which is twice as long as the other: wmbilicus slight, forming a narrow chink behind the inner or pillar-lip: tooth very retired and inconspicuous, consisting of a narrow oblique fold, which on breaking the shell may be seen winding round the pillar: operculum rather thin and delicately striated. L. 0-125. B. 0-05. Hapitrat: Coralline zone on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall (Montagu, Barlee, and others) ; Guernsey, ODOSTOMIA. 147 Barmouth, Bantry Bay, co. Antrim, Oban, and Shet- land (J. G. J.); Dublin Bay (Turton and Kinahan) ; co. Galway (Barlee); Clyde district, in nullipore (Nor- ‘man); and Moray Firth (Gordon). Not uncommon. Coralline Crag at Sutton (S. Wood). Département of Morbihan (Taslé). The exquisite latticework of this shell is more than worthy of the following lines attributed to Bishop Mant :— “These by the microscopic glass Surveyd, you'll see how far surpass The works of nature, in design And texture delicately fine, And perfectness of every part, Each effort of mimetic art.” Perhaps Adams’s description of Turbo pellucidus, to which I formerly referred the present species, may be too vague for identification: it is, ‘'T. quinque anfrac- tibus reticulatis, apertura subrotunda. Obs. Color al- bus.” It would suit as well a bleached Rissoa punctura. Our shell is the Heliz arenaria of Maton and Rackett ; and it is possibly, but little more than guessingly, Brown’s Pyramis spirolinus. If the ‘Illustrations of the Recent Conchology of Great Britain and Ireland ’ had been written in the seventeenth century, some al- lowance might be made for the abundance of its errors, both of graphic and pictorial delineation ; but it is of modern date. The task of scrutinizing this author’s nu- merous ill-defined and often questionable species, and the mental torture caused by hammering at the horrible names which he invented, are enough to give any one not having nerves of catgut a most excruciating head- ache. His stilted and often ungrammatical language, too, hardly suits the present age; “ his words are a very fantastical banquet, just so many strange dishes.” Why H 2 148 PYRAMIDELLIDA. © could he not say grooved instead of “ sulcated,” length- wise and not “longitudinally,” and for “ undulated” wavy ? and how do the whorls (or “ volutions,” as he calls them) ‘“ oblique towards the suture ?”’ B. Turbonilla or Chemnitzia. 21. O. cratuRa'ta*, Jeffreys. O. clathrata, Jeffr.im Ann. & Mag. N. H. 2nd ser. ii. p. 345; F. & H. il. p. 258, pl. xely. i 4. SHELL cylindro-conical, solid, opaque, and not so glossy as most of its congeners: sculpture, somewhat flexuous, strong and fiattened longitudinal ribs, of which there are about 20 on the body-whorl, extending to the base; their interstices are of the same breadth as the ribs, and crossed by short transverse strie or much smaller ribs, of which there are 3 rows on the last whorl, and 2 on each of the upper whorls; these trans- verse striz occupy the middle or greater part of the last whorl and the lower half of each of the other whorls; the topmost or apical whorl is smooth: colour white, in one specimen stained with pale reddish-brown: spire elongated and tapering to an abruptly pointed extremity; nucleus raised on one side and twisted inwards: whorls 6-7, evenly convex; the last occupies more than two-fifths of the shell: swtwre rather wide and deep, somewhat oblique: mouth roundish-oval, or regularly oval, very little contracted above or expanded below; length about one-fourth of the whole spire: outer lip rounded, sharply inflected below the periphery: znner lip retreating obliquely (but not very thin) on the upper part, where it is united with the outer lip, so as to form a nearly complete peristome, scarcely reflected and gently curved on the lower part: wmbilicus de- veloped more than in the allied species, and consisting of a narrow depression and chink behind the pillar-lip: tooth or fold none. L. 0°165. 3B. 0:05. Hasirat: Birterbuy Bay, co. Galway, where Mr. Barlee and I found two specimens by dredging in about 15 f. Hanley procured it at Malta, I at Spezzia, and M*‘Andrew at Orotava. It is evidently very rare. * Latticed. ODOSTOMIA. 149 Although I have only seen very few examples of this species, they all agree in shape, texture, sculpture, and other characteristics. It is intermediate between O. -decussata and O. indistincta, but has perhaps a greater affinity to the latter. From O. decussata it differs in having a more elongated spire, much fewer, stronger, and more prominent longitudinal ribs, with short trans- verse interstitial striz, which are confined to part of each whorl, instead of the whole surface being finely reticulated.: from O. indistincta it may be known by its more conical and less cylindrical outline, and being proportionally broader, having the apex of the spire obliquely pomted imstead of abruptly truncated, the whorls more convex, and the suture larger ; the longitu- dinal ribs are thicker, broader, and flattened ; and there are but three rows of spiral strize on the body-whorl, and two on each of the upper whorls. It is also a more solid shell than either of the above-named species. 22. O. inpistincta *, Montagu. Turbo indistinctus, Mont. Test. Br. Suppl. p. 129. Chemnitzia indi- stincta, F. & H. iii. p. 255, pl. xeiv. f. 2, 3. Bopy nearly clear white, with a pale yellowish tinge, over- spread or powdered with minute snow-white flakes or lemon- coloured points: snout long, rather narrow, with a rounded extremity ; it is somewhat grooved on its upper surface as far as the tentacular veil, where the slit for the issue of the pro- boscis is marked by a slight prominence: tentacles very short, united at the bases; their thin edges are unrolled on the march, which gives them a very large subtriangular, broad, leafy aspect, instead of the usual ear-shaped figure ; tips large and inflated: eyes very black, conspicuous, and close together : foot large, long and extensile, thin, nearly transparent, either truncated or concave in front (depending on the will or action of the animal), with very large auricles, which in progression * Obscure (metonymically). 150 PYRAMIDELLID®. are used as feelers; the edges are often folded inwards; it ends in a needle-point: opercular lobe simple and obscure. (Clark. ) Suett cylindrical and slender, rather thin, semitransparent and glossy : sculpture, numerous and close-set fine longitudinal ribs, which are flexuous on the body-whorl, curved on the middle ones, and oblique on those near the apex; they dis- appear towards the base ; their interstices in nearly the lower half of each whorl are crossed by extremely short transverse or spiral strive, of which there are from 6 to 8 rows on the last whorl, 3 or 4 on the middle whorls, and 2 only on each of the top whorls; in worn specimens the decussation thus produced gives a punctured appearance ; the base exhibits microscopic spiral lines, and the apex is quite smooth: colour _ white: spire considerably elongated, and gradually tapering to an abruptly truncated extremity ; nucleus twisted inwards: whorls 7-8, convex, depressed below the suture and also on the upper part of the spire; they shelve abruptly downwards towards the suture on the lower side; each has the usual thickened rim immediately below the suture; the last occupies about two-fifths of the shell: sutwre narrow and deep, nearly straight on the upper part of the spire, becoming somewhat oblique on the lower part: mouth oval, contracted above and considerably expanded below; length not one-fourth of the whole spire: outer lp flexuous, retreating and forming a sinus above, incurved below the periphery: «nner lip extremely thin on the upper part, reflected and nearly straight below: wmbi- heus consisting of a slight depression which ends in a small narrow chink: tooth or fold none: operculum having a thin flap, and obliquely striated. L. 0:165. B. 0-04. Var. brevior. Proportionally smaller, with a shorter spire and more convex whorls. Haxsirat: Various places from Guernsey to Shetland, in from 4 to 40 f.; “not uncommon alive in rock-pools”’ at Cumbrae (Norman). The variety is equally distributed, and, according to Mr. Clark (who erroneously considered it O. clathrata), it inhabits “a peculiar district of shelly mud, between the laminarian and coralline zones in 10 fathoms water, off Teignmouth.’’ Sars has recorded this species as occurring in a post-glacial shell-bank at ODOSTOMTA. 151 Kirkoén in Norway, at a height of 50 feet above the level of the sea; and Searles Wood gives it as a Coral- line Crag fossil. It has been taken in a living or recent ‘ state by Sars in Christianiafiord, in 10-50 f., by Malm in 12 f. on the coast of Bohuslin, by Cailhaud in the Département of Loire-Inférieure, by M‘Andrew off Gibraltar and in the Mediterranean, by Martin in the Gulf of Lyons, by me at Spezzia, by Acton (on the au- thority of Dr. Tiberi) at Naples, by Tiberi at Magnisi in Sicily (of a much smaller size than usual), and by M‘Andrew among the Canary Isles, in 40-60 f. The synonyms are Turritella truncata of Fleming, Rissoa Ballie of Thompson, Terebra speciosa of Bean (from a broken specimen), and Chemnitzia curvicostata of Searles Wood. 23. O. intERSTINC'TA*, Montagu. Bp] ro) Turbo interstinctus, Mont. Test. Br. (ii.) p. 324, t. 12. f. 10. O. inter- stincta, F. & H. iii. p. 296, pl. xevii. f. 1. Bopy white and transparent: snout small, narrow and slender: tentacles varying in length, rather broad, with a small white bulb on each at the tip; they are retractile, as in Rissoa: eyes small, rather close together, at the inner base of the tentacles, sometimes withdrawn under the shell when the animal is crawling: foot short and narrowish, truncated or slightly indented in front, with small auricles, behind which it is constricted for about one-third of its length ; tail bluntly pointed. SHEL conic-oblong, rather solid, semitransparent and glossy: sculpture, numerous strong and slightly curved longitudinal ribs, broader than the interstices, about 20 on the body-whorl; these are cut off at the periphery by two (very rarely three) rows of obscure spiral striz, which are placed close together below the periphery, and cross the interstices of the ribs in such a manner as to form oval cavities or punctures having their greater axis in the direction of the spire; each of the * Punctured here and there. 152 PYRAMIDELLID. upper whorls is similarly marked just above the suture ; the base of the shell is almost always smooth: colour white: spwre more or less elongated, and tapering to a blunt extremity ; nucleus smooth, higher on one side and twisted inwards: whorls 5-6, compressed rather than convex, shelving abruptly towards the suture, each having a thickened rim round the top; the last occupies more than one-half of the shell: suture narrow, but deeply excavated, scarcely oblique: mouth oval, somewhat con- tracted above and much expanded below ; its length equals, and in some cases exceeds, one-third of the whole spire: outer lip tlexuous, slightly sinuated above, where it is gently incurved on the periphery : inner lip undistinguishable and apparently wanting on the upper part, not much reflected (although slo- ping inwards) and nearly straight below, terminating in a rect- angular base, like O. wnidentata: umbilicus none, or consisting at the most of an indistinct and narrow chink, which, how- ever, becomes considerably developed in aged specimens: tooth short and retired, but strong: operculum flexible, with a very thin flap, closely and finely striated in the line of growth, and presenting the usual triangular ridge on the pillar-side and a minute almost terminal spire. L. 0:125. B. 0-04. Var. 1. terebellum. Mauch larger, with an elongated spire ; ribs set more obliquely, especially on the body-whorl; tooth prominent. Chemnitzia terebellum, Philippi, Moll. Sic. ii. p. 138, t. axivk 12; Var. 2. suturalis. Much smaller, more cylindrical and nar- rower; ribs finer, decidedly curved, or even flexuous, on the body-whorl, and occasionally covering the base. Jtissoa striata (afterwards changed to £&. suturalis), Phil. /. ¢. i. p. 154, t. x. 1, Os Hasitrat: Everywhere, in the laminarian and coral- line zones; nestling among stones and old shells, and occasionally at the base of seaweeds in rock-pools at spring tides. Post-glacial shell-banks in Norway, 0-100 feet (Sars). Extensively distributed over the North Atlantic and Mediterranean, from the Loffoden Isles, 10-50 f. (Sars), and Bohuslan, 10-20 f. (Malm), along the north coast of France (De Gerville and others), to Spezaia (J. G. J.), at depths varying from 8 to 20 f. ey) ODOSTOMIA. 15 Var. 1. Oxwich Bay near Swansea, and Cork Harbour (J. G. J.). Fossil at Palermo (Philippi). Living in Norway (Lovén), Denmark (mus. Copenh.), Loire-In- , férieure (Cailliaud), Arcachon (Fischer, as O. Moulin- siana), Gulf of Lyons (Martin), Antibes (Macé), and m sand from Rimini (J. G. J.). Var. 2. Many parts of our coasts, from Shetland to Guernsey, in the coralline zone. Searles Wood has described and figured the latter variety from the Coralline Crag as O. pupa of Dubois. This is not uncommon in the Mediterranean, and M‘Andrew has dredged it off Orotava. It is the O. 0b- longa of Macgillivray. This species cannot be well mistaken for O. indistincta (although the two names are inconveniently similar), if their shape and sculpture be compared; the other species has, moreover, a truncated apex and is never fur- nished with a tooth. In distorted examples of the pre- sent species from Guernsey and co. Antrim the base is contracted, causing an expansion of the outer lip and a deep umbilicus. The following description of Adams’s Turbo inter- stinctus (Linn. Trans. 1795) evidently does not apply to O. interstincta :—“'T. testa levi, quinque anfractibus costa tenui interstinctis. Obs. Color albus, apertura subrotunda.”” Our shell is not smooth, nor are the whorls divided by a shght rib; and the mouth is not roundish. That description may have been taken from @ worn specimen of Rissoa semistriata. ‘The present species is much more likely to have been his Turbo ca- naliculatus. It is also apparently Rissoa Deshayesiana of Récluz, whose collection I unfortunately have not yet, in accordance with his kind promise, had the privilege of seeing. Brown’s Pyramis Lamarckii, P. lacteus, and Jaminia obtusa, and Leach’s Turbonella Montaguana may ems) 154 PYRAMIDELLIDA. also be referred to the same category of probable syno- nyms. The variety terebellum agrees with Requien’s too succinct notice of Chemnitzia perlata. 24, O. sprraLis*, Montagu. Turbo spiralis, Mont. Test. Br. (ii.) p. 323, t.12.f.9. 0. spiralis, F. & H. iii. p. 299, pl. xevii. f. 2, and (animal) pl. FF. f. 8, 9. Bopy clear white, delicately suffused with snow-white points of different sizes [white (Lovén), sulphur-yellow (F. & H.)]: snout of moderate length [narrow and entire(Lovén) |, flattened, and rounded in front, extending from the tentacular membrane beyond the foot: tentacles united at the base in front and widely diverging, short, flat and broad, “ setose”’ [?], with a snow- white line from base to point and a round flake-white dot at each of their tips: eyes large and black [near each other (Lo- vén) |, placed behind the fork of the tentacles, on their internal angles: foot rather broad, slightly auricled, and sinuated on each side; sole slightly grooved lengthwise in the middle [notched in front (Lovén) |; tail rounded when the animal is at rest or at half stretch, and bluntly pointed in full march. (Clark. ) SHELL conic-oval, inclining to oblong, with a wide base which is somewhat angulated, rather solid, semitransparent and glossy: sculpture, numerous strong and straight or slightly curved longitudinal ribs, broader than the interstices, about 30 on the body-whorl; they are cut off at the periphery by the first of a series of spiral striz that revolve round the base and are in number from 6 to 8; these strive are often closely punc- tured, owing to a decussation in that part by longitudinal ribs which have otherwise disappeared, and they become less distinct as they approach the base ; the apex of the shell is quite smooth: colour white: spire pyramidal, and ending in a blunt point; nucleus obliquely twisted inwards: whorls 5-6, convex but flattened, rapidly enlarging, and abruptly shelving towards the suture; the last occupies about three-fifths of the shell: sutwre narrow and deeply excavated, nearly straight: mouth irregularly rhomboidal, forming an acute angle above and considerably expanded below ; its length equals two-fifths of the whole spire: outer lip sinuous, contracted on the upper part, sloping upwards to the under side of the periphery : inner * Wreathed. ODOSTOMIA. 155 lip more or less distinct on the upper part of the pillar, accord- ing to the degree of maturity of the specimen, in other respects like O. interstincta, but not so straight on the lower part as in that shell, and terminating in an obtuse angle: wmbilicus con- sisting of a more conspicuous chink than in the last-named species: tooth very short, blunt and obscure, being seated far within the pillar : operculum as in O. interstincta ; the inner side is sightly notched to receive the tooth. L. 0:125. B. 0-05. Hasirat: Equally distributed with the last species, and inhabiting the same zones. Fossil: Dalmuir (Robertson and Crosskey); glacial and_ post-glacial shell-banks in Norway, the former at 400-460 feet, and the latter at 50-100 feet (Sars). Recent: Norway, as far north as Oxfjord in Finmark, 10-40 f. (Sars) ; Swe- den, 10-17 f. (Lovén and Malm); Cattegat (mus. Co- penh.) ; Loire-Inférieure, among Corallina officinalis (Cailliaud) ; Rochelle (D’Orbigny pére) ; off Gibraltar, 8-30 f. (M‘Andrew). 7 Specimens in my collection from Shetland are covered with Discorbina globularis. Some are distorted in the same way as those which I noticed when treating of O. interstincta. The strize which encircle the base of the shell distinguish the present from any other species. It is the Voluta pellucida of Dillwyn. carinatus of Turton, not of Pennant.) 4, gracilis. Slender, thinner, and spirally ridged. Monstr. 1. contrarium. Spire reversed. (Murex contra- rius, Linn.=F. sinistrorsus, Desh.) 2. acuminatum. Spire elongated. 3. sealariforme. Whorls more or less detached. - 4, cinctum. Encircled with a sharp ridge at the top or in the middle of the lower whorls, now and then bicarinated. 5. sul- catum. Lower whorls furrowed in the middle, and outer lip notched, like a Pleurotoma. 6. Babylonicum. Spire turreted. (FP. Babylonicus, Brown.) 7. compressum. Squeezed in at the sides; mouth narrow. 8. voluteforme. Shaped lke a Voluta. (Buccinum undatum has an analogous form.) 9. varicoswm. Former outer lip, sometimes two or three, persistent. 10. con- tortum. Spire twisted on one side or inwards. 11. suffultum. Basal ridge continued to the periphery. 12. broperculatum. Having two opercula. Hasirat: Coralline zone, from Cornwall (Couch) and the south-eastern coast of England northwards to Shet- land, where it lives also in the laminarian and deep-water zones; on the western coast it ranges from Fishguard and Barmouth (J. G. J.) to Shetland ; throughout Ire- land, from Bantry Bay (Humphreys) eastward to Dublin Bay, and along the North Channel. It has not been found, or noticed, in Devon or the Bristol Channel ; but Pulteney gives Dorset, and Dodd Pontac in Jersey, as localities. The 1st variety seems peculiar to the Cheshire coast ; the 2nd to deep water outside the Dogger bank ; the 3rd to the south and south-east of Ireland, Dublin Bay (O’ Kelly, fide Turton) , the Hebrides, and Shetland ; the 4th was dredged off Cape Clear. The monstrosities are chiefly from Kent and Lincolnshire; Mr. Hyndman has noticed one having an intorted spire as found at Groomsport by Mr. Vance. F*’. antiquus occurs in most, if not all, of our raised beaches (including Moel Tryfaen, Wexford, and Stornoway) ; Belfast (Grainger); boulder- clay at Wick (Peach) ; Clyde beds (Smith and others) ; Mammalian and Red Crag (S. Wood); Belgian Crag 326 MURICID®. (Nyst). Var. striata, Kelsey Hill (Prestwich) ; Nor- wich Crag (Woodward); Uddevalla (J.G. J.).. Monstr. contrarium, Wexford (Sir H. James); Kelsey Hull (Prestwich); Aberdeenshire Crag-beds (Jamieson) ; Sicily (Philippi); Red Crag (S. Wood); Antwerp Crag (Nyst). Monstr. contortum, Red Crag (S. Wood). The present distribution of this species extends from Havosund (Sars) to the Boulonnais (Bouchard), and further south- wards to the Loire-Inférieure (Cailliaud), and the Cha- rente-Inférieure (Cassaigneaud, fide Aucapitaine, and Des Moulins, fide Fischer) ; depths 20-40 f. The 77i- tonium antiquum of Middendorff is apparently a different species, having the upper part of the whorls more or less flattened, and being destitute of the spiral sculpture. The monstrosity contrarium has been recorded as taken by Michaud at Barcelona, and by M‘Andrew as living on the shore at Vigo; I have it from Sicily. This is a good bait for codfish, and a favourite deli- cacy of the lower working-classes in London. At Bil- lingsgate it is sold under the name of ‘ almond” or “red whelk ;” according to Rutty’s History of Dublin the Irish call it ‘ barnagh,” the tail [liver] being said to be more fat and tender thana lobster. The egg-cases or capsules overlap one another in an imbricated fashion, each being firmly attached by its base to the underlying capsule; they are deposited in clusters of from a dozen to a hundred, the capsules in each cluster being equal in size. Those which compose one cluster, however, are not half as large as those forming another cluster, although in both cases the fry are in the same state of maturity. When they are dry, the upper or convex side shrivels, and is wrinkled or pitted; the under or flat side (which by contraction becomes concave) is of a silky texture, and divided across by a few lines; the opening is a wide slit, FUSUS. 327 lying just under the top which makes a narrow flap. Before leaving the capsule the fry are perfectly formed, with conspicuous tentacles, eyes, and operculum ; their shell has two whorls, the first bemg smooth, and the ’ other showing a few slight incipient strie. Each cap- sule produces only from two to four fry. The latter end of winter seems to be the spawning-season: on the 26th of Janvary 1861 I examined fresh capsules which con- tained merely eggs immersed in a glairy liquid; and seven days aiterwards I found in other capsules full- sized and living young whelks. The spawn and fry have been well described and figured by Baster in his ‘Opuscula subseciva.’ The sculpture of the adult shell differs according to the locality and nature of the ground; sometimes it is coarse, and at other times scarcely per- ceptible. Specimens from Kiel Bay are stunted and “ depauperated,” owing probably to the admixture of fresh water from the Baltic. In Shetland and at Ber- wick the fishermen make an elegant lamp of the shell, suspending it horizontally, mouth upwards, by a string round the middle, from a nail in the wall; the cavity contains oil, and the canal a wick. Now and then giants are seen, 7 or 8 inches long. The body-whorl of the female is larger than that of the male. Chemnitz knew the reversed form as a Crag fossil of Harwich; and he deplored in moving terms the indolence and apathy of naturalists in not procuring live specimens of this ‘‘ most delicate monster.” It is still very rare. Not only the spire of the shell, but also the curve of the operculum is reversed. I am not aware of any explanation of the phenomenon having been offered on _ physiological grounds. Many of the spiral mollusca are lable to this remarkable kind of malformation. Moquin-Tandon has enumerated 38 species of French land and freshwater 328 MURICIDZ. shells, usually dextral, that have been noticed as hete- rostrophe, and 5 sinistral species of which orthostrophe specimens have been discovered. I have been able to add a few more examples from our own fauna. Conditions of habitability (such as the depth and mimeral ingredients of water, the soil, food, and climate) do not afford any clue to the solution of the problem ; for the normal and abnormal forms live together. Nor, if such be the agents, can we tell “Why all these things change, from their ordinance, Their natures and preformed faculties To monstrous quality.” This is the ‘ whelke ” (par éminence) of Lister, and Buccinum magnum of Da Costa. Pennant and others of the old English school of conchology mistook it for the Murex despectus of Linné; the fry is M. decollatus of Pennant, but not of Gmelin. The Tritonium anti- guum of Fabricius is F. Jslandicus. Bolten founded his genus Neptunea, and Swainson his genus Chrysodomus on the present species. F. despectus is an arctic species, having a bathyme- trical range of 8-160 f.; its southern limit is Christian- sund, in lat. 63° 7’. I procured two live specimens in the Billingsgate market, mixed with F. antiquus. It seems that a vessel sailed from Hull for the long-line fishery at Iceland, and took a quantity of our common whelks as bait; that when the supply was exhausted, the fishermen used refuse portions of fish to catch fresh whelks on the spot; and that, on bringing their cargo of fish to England, some of the Iceland whelks that remained found their way into the London fish-market. This is one way of accounting for the casual introduction of foreign species into the British fauna. FF. despectus is mentioned by Mr. 8. Wood (as a carinated variety of FUSUS. 329 his Trophon contrarius) from the glacial bed at Brid- lington, and by Forbes (as F. tornatus of Gould) from Bramerton, Dalmuir, and Bridlington ; it was first de- scribed by Linné, in his ‘ Wastgétha Resa,’ as an Ud- ‘ devalla fossil. It is the Murex carinatus of Pennant. Donovan figured a half-grown and much cleaned (or “ doctored”) specimen under the name of MV. despectus (M. subantiquatus, Maton and Rackett), supposing it to be Orcadian, on the vague belief of a friend. Pennant’s shell (from the Portland cabinet) and that of Donovan are now in my collection. F. fornicatus (Tritonium fornicatum, Fabr.) was also figured as a British species, but without any authority, by Donovan ; he at first referred it to the Murex anti- quus of Linné, but subsequently called it M. duplicatus. This is Greenlandic. 2. F. Norve'eicus*, (Norvagicus) Chemnitz. Strombus Norvagicus, Chemn, Conch. Cab. xi. p. 218, t. 157. f. 1497-8. fF, Norvegicus, F. & H. iii. p. 428, pl. evii. & eviii. f. 7-9. Bopy pale orange or yellowish-white, irregularly streaked with purple: mantle thickened on the pillar-side of the shell; head-veil broad: pallial tube rather long, curved, and wide: tentacles conical, short, and flattened, bordered outside by a narrow line of purple, widely diverging ; tips sometimes dark purple: eyes proportionally small, on bulbs or offsets at the outer base of the tentacles, where the latter are much swol- len: foot huge, oblong, double-edged, and rounded in front, with small angular corners, very broad at the sides, and rounded or bluntly pointed behind: verge large: odontophore having an oblong rhachis, armed with five small equal cusps or points which occupy the entire base; pleure large, the base very long and sloping, middle deeply and widely exca- vated, outer fang hooked, inner fang smaller and tooth-like. Suett shaped like a Voluta (the body-whorl and mouth being disproportionately large, compared with the spire, which is abruptly attenuated) ; it is of a porcellanous texture, not * Norwegian. 330 MURICID. very solid, nearly opaque, and somewhat glossy: sculpture, extremely slight, close-set, and minute spiral strie, which are stronger and more perceptible on the base and near the sum- mit of the shell; some of these striz in the middle of the last whorl form obscure ridges; top whorl smooth; there is no basal ridge or keel: colour pale yellowish-white or creamy : epidermis very thin, light yellowish-brown: spire short; apex bulbous, of an amber tint, larger than in the last species: whorls 5-6, tumid; the last is considerably produced or elon- gated towards the base, and occupies three-fourths of the shell: sutwre wide and deep: mouth angularly oval, capacious, and widely expanding outwards ; length (including the canal, which appears to be part of the mouth) nearly three-fifths of the shell: canal very short, wide, open, nearly straight, and ending in a large and obliquely curved notch: outer lip semi- circular, not contracted above; edge reflected, and in aged specimens thickened by the addition of many layers; inside smooth and brilliantly polished, sometimes having at the base a lovely tinge of pale fleshcolour: tner lip usually consisting of only a thin glaze, which is spread over the greater part of the lower side of the body-whorl ; in aged specimens it is con- siderably thickened and folded over the lower part of the pillar and the canal; it has (as well as the inside edge of the outer hip) a prismatic lustre: pillar gently curved in the middle, and slightly angulated where the canal commences: operculum small, light horncolour, rhomboidal with three rounded corners, the fourth or basal corner being angular and forming the nu- cleus; layers of increase oblique; a few slight lines radiate upwards from the base. L. 4:25. B. 2°5. Hasitat: Coasts of Yorkshire, Durham, and Nor- thumberland, in 50-60 f. (Bean and others); Shetland, in fine muddy sand, 70-85 f., at a distance of from 40 to 50 miles from land (J. G. J.).. The locality of Bute, given by the late Mr. James Smith, must be a mistake. A variety having the spire rather longer, and approach- ing F. Turtoni, occurs in the glacial shell-mounds at Ud- devalla; Norwich Crag (Middleton and Fitch, fide Woodward). This species ranges from Spitzbergen and the north-eastern coast of Greenland (Torell) to Norway (Spengler, fide Chemnitz, and others), at a depth of 100 f. FUSUS. 33] (specimens from Vadso being very large); Iceland (Steenstrup); sea of Okhotsk (Middendoff). The Ud- devalla form (F. Largillierti, Petit) has been recorded from Newfoundland by Petit on the authority of M. ‘Largilliert, and from Greenland by Mérch on the autho- rity of Herr Jorgensen. The egg-cases were first noticed by Professor King, and figured by Mr. Howse. ‘They are solitary. Each forms a compressed hemisphere, measuring about an inch in diameter; it is of a dirty lemoncolour, semitransparent, attached by the whole of its base to the inside of old bivalve shells and other flat substances, and edged by a rim or strip of membrane. The upper surface is covered with a thin whitish crust, which breaks up into crystal- line particles, and it is finely corrugated ; the underside is satiny. Ova pink or bright fleshcolour. There are in each capsule from two to four perfect fry, which make their escape through a slit in the rim. The shell has the expressive name of “ wide mouth” among the north- country fishermen. It is the type of Morch’s subgenus Volutopsius, and of Gray’s genus Stroméella. 3. F. Turto n1*, Bean. F. Turtoni, Bean in Mag. N. H. viii. p. 493, f. 61; F. & H. iii. p. 431, pl. ev. f. 3, 4, and evi. f. 2-4. Bopy white, with purple markings (Howse): odontophore having a small plain oblong rhachis without any cusp ; pleurse irregularly triangular, the base broad and straight, inner side sloping outwards, outer fang shaped like a canine tooth, inner fang short and cloven. Sexy of an elegant shape (not unlike that of F. antiquus, monstr. acuminatum, but having a much shorter and straight canal and a shallower suture), rather solid, nearly opaque, * Named in honour of Dr. Turton. aor MURICID#. scarcely glossy: sculpture, slight and flattened, but conspicuous and regular spiral ridges, which are numerous on the body- whorl, and consist of about 15 on each of the preceding whorls; they become less distinct on the upper part of the body-whorl; top whorl smooth; there is an obscure basal ridge or keel: colour whitish, tinged inside with purple: epzdermis thin, bright yellow passing into olive-green: spire elongated and tapering; apex remarkably conical: whorls 7-8, convex and somewhat angulated in the middle, compressed and shelving upwards to the suture; the last slopes towards the base, and occupies about two-thirds of the shell: suture distinct but not deep: mouth angularly oval, expanding outwards; length (including the canal) about one-half of the shell: canal extremely short, wide, and open, almost straight, and ending in a large, deep, and obliquely curved notch: owter lip semicircular and pro- _ minent, not contracted above ; edge somewhat reflected ; inside or throat smooth and polished, often purplish-brown: tner lip consisting of a porcellanous glaze, which varies in thickness according to the age of the individual; it is broad, but does not extend far beyond the pillar as in the last species: pillar flexuous: operculum large, horncolour, forming a long and oblique triangle with a pointed apex and rounded base ; layers of increase close-set; a few impressed lines radiate upwards from the nucleus. L. 4°75. B. 2°5. Hasirat: With F. Norvegicus, on soft ground, in the coralline zone of Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumber- land. I dredged a capsule in 78 f. on the east coast of Shetland; the same haul yielding the other species and its capsule. Wadsd, 100 f.; two large specimens (Sars). This fine shell was discovered by a naturalist who has just passed away, full of years, after a long and zealous career. Old Bean of Scarborough (as he was familiarly called) did much by example and kind assistance to promote the cultivation of natural history in the north of England ; and he was just and true in all his dealings —not a common virtue in these times. The capsules of F. Turtoni are pale orange, either solitary, or two together and attached side by side, not to’ each other, but to a rather broad membranous substratum ; they are FUSUS. 300 triangularly oval, the base being the narrowest part, and consist of an outer filmy sheath and an mner and thick fibrous case; the latter resembles in structure a cocoa- nut husk ; the opening is a wide slit at the top. Mr. ‘Howse found six young in one capsule. The fry are almost cylindrical and of a dark reddish-brown hue. The shell goes by the name of “ long neck”’ among the Staithes fishermen. F. Turtoni is distinguishable from F. Norvegicus in having a longer spire, shallower suture, compressed whorls, much stronger sculpture, a conical apex, different colour, greater solidity, and especially in the shape of the operculum. 4. F. Isuan'picus*, Chemnitz. F, Islandicus, Chemn. Conch. Cab. iv. p. 159, t. 141. f. 1312-3. Suet regularly spindle-shaped, in consequence of the elon- gation of the base, not very solid for its size, nearly opaque, slightly glossy: sculpture, numerous spiral ridges, which are somewhat flattened on the body-whorl, but prominent on the upper whorls and the base; there are about 14 on the penul- timate and each of the next four whorls, besides a few shght intermediate striz ; they do not extend to the margin below the suture ; the upper two whorls are smooth; lines of growth extremely fine and close-set: colour white beneath the epi- dermis (Icelandic specimens have a pale flesh tint): epidermis cortical (like the bark ofa birch-tree), fawncolour or yellowish- brown: spire elongated and gradually tapering ; apex stiliform, and exhibiting a prominent bulbous point, which is broader than the first regular whorl: whorls 9, convex, compressed upwards ; the last is attenuated towards the base, and occupies three-fifths of the shell: sutwre well defined and rather broad, but not deep: mouth (exclusive of the canal) oval, not expand- ing outwards as in the last two species ; length (including the canal) rather more than two-fifths of the shell: canal very long, more or less straight, semitubular, ending in a wide and curved notch: outer lip nearly semicircular and somewhat flexuous, slightly contracted above; edge rather thin; inside * Teciatn 334 MURICID. smooth and polished: inner lip forming a glaze, the limit of which is parallel with the outer lip, not spread on the lower side ; it becomes thicker towards the base, and lines the inner side of the canal: pillar slightly curved, and bevelled inwards: operculum(in a specimen from Iceland) pear-shaped, and rather thick, with oblique layers of increase. L. 5:5. 3B. 2. Hasitat: South-eastern coast of Shetland, 40-50 miles from land, in 78 f.; two specimens only were procured, both dead, but one in an excellent state of preservation. Mr. Walpole possesses a specimen from the Wexford coast. Sars, Lovén, and Danielssen have taken this species, together with F. gracilis, on many parts of the Norwegian coast, north of Christiansund, in 40-100 f.; M‘Andrew and Barrett also dredged both in Finmark, in 30-50 f.; Iceland (Chemnitz, Mohr, and Steenstrup); Faroe Isles (Mérch); Greenland (Fabricius, as Tritonium antiquum, Moller, and Pingel). It is much larger than the next species (F. gracilis), which has been confounded with it by many authors ; F. Islandicus is more spindle-shaped, bemg produced and attenuated towards the base; the canal is much longer, and in some specimens quite straight ; the whorls are more rounded ; the apex is stiliform and prominent; and the ridges are less crowded, and are sharper or more raised, especially on the upper whorls. The odon- tophore differs nearly as much from that of F. gracilis as the latter does from F. propinquus in the same respect. The pleuree in F. Islandicus and F. gracilis are exactly similar ; but the rhachis in the present species 1s broader, and has three distinct and nearly equal points at the base. In F. propinquus the pleure have a more deeply lobed fang in front; and the rhachis is still broader and straight behind, with cuspidations as in F. Is- dandicus. Dr. Jonas pointed out the distinction between F. Js- FUSUS. 30D landicus and F. gracilis (which latter he described as F. Listeri) in the ‘ Transactions of the Society of Natural Sciences at Hamburg.’ The young of the present shell appears to be the F. Sabint of Hancock; Buccinum ' Sabinii of Gray is another species. Dr. Mérch tells me that he regards F. Islandicus as bearmg the same re- lation to F. gracilis as F. despectus does to F. antiquus. The Tritonium Islandicum of Lovén is F. Berniciensis. 5. F. era'cinis*, Da Costa. Buccinum gracile, Da Costa, Br. Conch. p. 124, t. vi. f.5. F. Islandicus, F. & H. iii. p. 416, pl. citi. f. 1, 3, and (animal) pl. SS. f. 2. Bopy white, with frequently a tinge of pale yellow: pallial tube short but broad, upturned when the animal crawls: pro- boscis cylindrical, very long and muscular, fleshcolour on the underside: tentacles triangular and flattened, short, with rounded tips; they diverge in consequence of being separated by the head-veil, which forms an intervening membrane: eyes small and black, nearly sessile, about halfway up the tentacles, on their outer side: foot oblong, squarish and double-edged in front, with angular corners, expanded at the sides, and bluntly pointed behind. Suet broader near the base than towards the other extremity, rather solid, almost opaque, somewhat glossy: sculpture, nume- rous slight spiral ridges, which are defined on the upper whorls by impressed lines; there are about 16 on the penultimate whorl, 14 on the antepenultimate, 12 on the next, 10 on the next, 8 on the next, and 6 on the next whorl, the upper two whorls being smooth; the ridges extend to the suture on each side; lines of growth curved and very fine: colour white (with rarely a tinge of fleshcolour) beneath the epidermis: this is membranous, usually yellowish-brown, lemoncolour, or even of a paler hue in specimens from deep water; the epidermis is frequently wanting below the periphery, near the upper part of the inner lip, so as to expose a broad triangular patch the base of which is uppermost: spzre elongated and abruptly tapering ; apex irregularly mammiform, and twisted in front, but not prominent or forming a bulbous point as in the last * Slender. 336 MURICID&. species: whorls 9, less convex than in F. Islandicus, but likewise compressed upwards; the last is much broader towards the base, and occupies more than two-thirds of the shell: suture narrowish, and slightly channelled: mouth oblong-oval, narrower than in the last species, and acute-angled above ; length (including the canal) rather more than half the shell: canal very much shorter than in /. Jslandicus, turning some- what abruptly to the left, wide, and two-thirds open, ending in a large and obliquely curved notch: outer lip rounded and slightly flexuous, not projecting so much as in the last species, nor contracted or incurved above; edge sharp ; inside smooth and polished: ¢nner lip forming a glaze, the limit of which is coextensive with the outer lip: pillar curved, and bevelled inwards ; it is sharply angulated at the commencement of the canal’: operculum triangularly oblong, rather solid, yellowish- brown or horncolour, marked with fine and close-set lines of growth, and lengthwise with a few slight and irregular strie or impressed lines, which radiate from the nucleus. L. 3. B. 1726, Var. convoluta. Smaller, narrower, and somewhat cylin- drical, more solid, with a longer spire, having sharper ridges and a deeper suture; mouth proportionally smaller. Hasirar: Coralline and deep-sea zones, on all our coasts, from 20 to 145 f.; common on the northern fishing-banks, but rare in the south of England. The late Lord Vernon procured a specimen in the Scilly Isles, and Dr. Lukis one at Guernsey. The variety occasionally occurs in rather shallower water. F. gracilis has been found in quaternary deposits at Kelsey Hill (Prestwich), Macclesfield and Moel Tryfaen (Darbi- shire), and Wexford (James). I do not consider the Crag specimens which have been referred to this species by Searles Wood, Woodward, and Nyst identical with the above. These last agree with the North-American form, which is smaller, more tumid, and has a short spire. If such should prove to be distinct, it might be called curtus. The present species appears to inhabit Behring’s Straits. (Wossnessenski, fide Middendorff), White Sea FUSUS. oor and coasts of Russian Lapland (Middendorff), Iceland (Chemnitz), Faroe Isles (Mérch), Norway, as far north as Havosund, 30-100 f. (Sars and others), Sweden (Lo- vén and Malm), the Cattegat (Jonas), Boulonnais ' (Bouchard), Pirou in Brittany (De Gerville), and Loire- Inférieure, 25-30 f. (Cailliaud). Of many hundred specimens which I have at different times examined, the males were more numerous than the females. One had no operculum nor the usual lobe by which that part is formed. The capsules are solitary, small, membranous, pouch-shaped, and attached by a broad base to stones and corallines; their surface is microscopically and closely reticulated; orifice extremely large, and sometimes having the edge partly stained with pink. Each capsule contains only a single embry- onic shell, which is transparent, and through it may be seen the orange liver and two unequal-sized plumes of pale yellow gills. My largest specimens (from the Dog- ger bank and Exmouth) are nearly four inches long. Specimens from deep and still water are thinner than those from the coast line; others are more slender. Monstrosities now and then occur, viz. some of the ridges being prominent and keel-like; spire twisted on one side or downwards; penultimate whorl swollen ; apex broken off and replaced by a shelly plug; or the operculum aborted and concave. This whelk is occa- sionally brought to Billingsgate market, mixed with the common eatable kinds; but it is not saleable. The fishermen call it ‘ borer.” Lister first made known the present species, giving it a compound name (Buccinum angustius &c.); and it is comprehended in Linné’s description of Murex corneus, which now represents the F. ignarius of Lamarck, a Me- diterranean shell. Chemnitz distinguished it, as a sub- VOL. IV. Q 338 MURICID. species, from F. Islandicus: he says that it is smaller and slenderer, has a shorter beak (canal), and that its oper- culum, when held against the light, 1s of a honeycolour. Pennant and his followers called it, after Linné, Murex corneus. W. Wood went further back, and adopted the first specific name given by Lister. The Buccinum gracile of Costa is the species at present known as F. corneus. 6. F. proprn’quus*, Alder. F. propinquus, Ald. Cat. Moll. North. & Durh. (Trans. Tynes. Nat. Field Club), p. 63; F. & H. iii. p. 419, pl. cui. f. 2, and (animal) pl. SS. f. 1. Bopy milk-white, faintly tinged with light brownish-yellow : pallial tube cylindrical, rather long: head extremely short : tentacles conical, tapering to a rather fine point, and diverging ; lower half disproportionately thickened: eyes on small bulbs or offsets at the top of the stalks or enlarged portions of the tentacles: foot oval and thick, broader, rounded, and double- edged in front, bluntly pointed behind: verge falciform and flattened, on the right-hand side above the foot. SuExt resembling /. gracilis in shape, but narrower, thinner, less opaque, and somewhat more glossy: sculpture, numerous fine spiral ridges, which extend to the suture on each side ; they are rather sharp (often alternately large and small) on the lower two whorls, flattened, broader, and defined by im- pressed lines on the upper whorls; the penultimate and ante- penultimate whorls have quite as many ridges as in the last species, but each of the preceding whorls in this has only 7 or 8 the first two whorls are smooth; lines of growth microscopic, curved, and close-set: colour white: epidermis yellowish-brown of various shades according to the habitat, being very pale and almost creamcolour in specimens from deep water, and below the periphery often of a still lighter hue; it is thin and hispid on the ridges, rising into small whitish thorn-like points ; as in the last species, it is generally wanting outside the mouth, where a bare triangular patch is exposed: spire elongated, turreted, and gradually tapering ; apex blunt, but regularly spiral and compressed, never mam- miform or distorted: whorls 8-9, not so convex as in the last * Resembling (sc. F. gracilis). FUSUS. 339 species, and rather slowly increasing ; the last occupies a little more than five-eighths of the shell: sutwre narrow, deeply channelled: mouth oblong-oval, acute-angled above ; length (including the canal) nine-sixteenths of the shell : canal rather short and wide, turning to the left, half open, ending in a large and obliquely curved notch: outer lip rounded and slightly flexuous, not projecting so much as in J’. gracilis, but more contracted or incurved above; edge sharp and thin; in- side smooth and polished: znner lip forming a thin glaze: pillar curved, bluntly angulated at the commencement of the canal: operculum triangularly oblong, with an oblique con- tour, thin, yellowish-brown or light horncolour, somewhat concave and furrowed lengthwise at the distance of about one- third from the outer lip, marked with fine and numerous but irregular lamin of growth, and sometimes with a few slight impressed lines down the middle, which radiate from the mucieus. L:)1-75. 3B. 0°75. Var. turrita. Smaller and thinner, more slender and almost eylindrical, with a longer spire. Tritonium turritum, Sars, Arct. Moll. Norg. in Vet. Forh. Christ. (1858) p. 39. Hazsrrat: Muddy and sandy ground in the coralline and deep-water zones on the coasts of Yorkshire, Dur- ham, and Northumberland,Berwick Bay, Aberdeenshire, Hebrides, and Shetland ; New Brighton, near Liverpool (Collingwood) ; Dublin Bay (Kinahan); Cork (Hum- phreys, fide Walpole). The variety is from 78 f. off the east of Shetland. Fossil in the Wexford raised beach (Sir H. James); glacial beds, Aberdeenshire, at a height of 150-200 feet (Jamieson). Finmark, 20-150 f. (Sars, M‘Andrew, and Barrett); Kullaberg, in South Sweden (Lilljeborg); Cattegat (Jonas, as F. Listeri, var.). The shell of the female is more tumid than that of the male. Capsules solitary, and attached to the in- side of old bivalves; they are hemispherical, and resemble those of F. gracilis, but have a smaller and oval orifice; the base is margined by a narrow membrane. Embryo the colour of a pomegranate. In Q2 340 MURICID. a young monster from Shetland the last two whorls are unnaturally swollen, so as to be not unlike the F. ven- tricosus of Gray—if that species be not identical with his Buccinum Sabinii, although the latter is described as having the inside of the outer lip “ shghtly crenated.” The smaller size and more delicate texture, finer and closer sculpture, longer, turreted, and regularly tapering spire, deeper suture, hispid epidermis, less abrupt cur- vature of the canal, and especially the symmetrical apex will readily serve to discriminate this from the last species. It was discovered by the late Sir Walter Trevelyan at Seaton, and noticed by Brown as a variety of F. gracilis. Its recognition as a species is due to the lamented Joshua Alder*. This admirable naturalist was so be- loved by all his friends, that to each may be said of him,— “ Nulli flebilior quam tibi.” F. Islandicus, var. pygmeus, of Gould (a North-Ame- rican species) seems to bear the same relation to F. pro- pinquus as his F. Islandicus does to F. gracilis. 7. F. pucctna'tus+,;Lamarck. F. buccinatus, Lam. An. s. V. vii. p. 132. Suett differing from that of /. propinguus in being much larger, more ventricose and solid, and in having a conical and shorter spire ; the whorls are more convex, and the last occupies eight-elevenths of the shell; the ridges on the back of the canal are stronger; the surface is covered with microscopic spiral strize, which intersect the equally fine lines of growth, so as to produce a slight and partial decussation ; the epidermis is membranous and deciduous, fibrous near the outer lip, never hispid, and of a brownish-yellow colour; the alternation of * Died 21st January 1867, aged 74. t Shaped like a Buccinwm. FUSUS. 341 size in the spiral ridges gives a lineated appearance to that part of the epidermis on the body-whorl which is of a paler colour and situate below the periphery; the canal is propor- tionally shorter, much wider, and more open; the outer lip is sinuated in the’middle; operculum ambercolour. L, 2°25. pb. 1°15. Hasirat: Exmouth (coll. Clark); Torquay (King) ; Brixham and Plymouth (Jordan); Bantry Bay (Hum- phreys and J. G. J.); Waterford, Wexford, and Dublin coasts (Walpole). It mhabits sandy ground in the coralline zone, and was in most of the above instances procured by trawling; I dredged it n about i8f. Belle- ile, Morbihan (Delaunay, fide Taslé, as F. propinguus); Loire-Inférieure, with #. gracilis (Caillaud, as the same) ; Gulf of Gascony (D’Orbigny pére) ; ? south-west of France (Fischer, also as F. propinguus); Gulf of Lyons, from the stomach of a gurnard (Martin). The fry are as distinct from those of F. propinguus as the adult of each from the other. Lamarck gave no habitat ; but his description is quite suitable to the present species. His reference to Born’s figure of F. vulpinus was conjectural and erroneous. B. Decussated by longitudinal striz or ribs and spiral ridges. 8. F. Bernicien’sis*, King. F. berniciensis, King in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xviii. p. 246; F. & H. iii. _p. 421, pl. cv. f. 1, 2, and evi. f. 1. Bopy white or creamcolour, with a slight tinge of flesh- colour: mantle sometimes edged with brown: pallial tube ex- tensile, occasionally protruded beyond the canal, with an ex- panded or trumpet-shaped opening: proboscis exceedingly long, measuring nearly two inches even when contracted after the death of the animal: tentacles conical, rather short, and close * From Bernicia, the ancient name of the kingdom said to have been founded by Ida and comprising some of the northern English counties. 342 MURICIDZ. together, with bluntly pointed tips: eyes small and black, seated on the top of long stalks, about halfway up the tentacles: foot lanceolate, thick, rounded and double-edged in front ; tail either pointed or blunt and somewhat truncated: odontophore long; rhachis square, armed below with a single projecting spine; pleurze comb-shaped, and deeply serrated. SHELL forming a spindle of moderate length, rather solid, nearly opaque, not glossy: sculpture, numerous thread-like spiral ridges, which are alternately large and small on the lower whorls and equal in size on the upper whorls; there are about 6 of each size on the penultimate and each of the two preceding whorls, and 5 or 6 of the larger size only on each of the next two whorls; the larger ridges extend to the base and suture; the surface is also covered with minute and close-set curved longitudinal striz, which by crossing the ridges pro- duce a slight decussation, especially towards the apex; the first two whorls are smooth and glossy: colowr pinkish-white : epidermis rather thick, brownish-yellow, or sometimes fawn- colour, risimg into crowded prickly points on the ridges, so as to give a regularly hispid appearance: sprre tapering to a blunt point ; apex symmetrical and compressed, resembling that of the last two species: whorls 8, convex and in the middle tu- mid, rather slowly enlarging; the last occupies about two- thirds of the shell: sutwre deep: mouth oval; upper corner nearly rectangular; length (including the canal) about four- sevenths of the shell: canal of moderate length, wide, nearly straight, two-thirds open, ending in a large and obliquely curved notch: outer lip semicircular, flexuous, incurved above ; edge somewhat thickened, reflected, and expanded; inside pinkish, slightly grooved beneath the larger ridges: imner lip forming a more or less thick glaze (according to the age of the individual), which is spread over a considerable part of the underside of the shell; it is reflected over the lower part of the pillar and inner side of the canal: pillar curved, slightly angulated at the commencement of the canal: operculum ear- shaped, rather thin, amber or light horncolour, somewhat con- cave, marked with fine and close-set oblique striz in the line of growth and with a few impressed lines which radiate from the nucleus. L. 3:25. B. 1°625. Var. elegans. More slender, and the spire elongated. Harirar: Muddy or soft ground in the coralline zone, on the coasts of Yorkshire and Northumberland ; FUSUS. 343 Aberdeenshire (Bell, fide Dawson). Mr. Barlee pro- cured the variety from the outer haaf or fishing-banks on the east of Shetland; and I dredged it there in fine sand, at depths of 78-100 f., with F. Norvegicus and ' Buccinopsis Dalei, It is a rare species. Norway (Rasch, fide Lovén, as Tritonium Islandicum) ; Vadso, 140 f. (Danielssen) ; Loffoden Isles and Christiansund (Sars). The last-named author likewise gives the north coast of Russia and north-west America, but without citing any authority. The young, when fresh caught and living, look like tiny rose-buds. The colour of full-grown specimens (especially of the inside) is not less beautiful; these may vie with ee eee “the dappled shells, That drink the wave with such a rosy mouth.” 9. F, renestra'tus*, Turton. F. fenestratus, Turt. in Mag. N. H. vii. p. 351. Buccinum fusiforme, WH. & H. ii. p. 412, pl ex. £. 2, 3: Bopy uniform white, or yellowish-white with the exception of the branchial tube, the upper or convex surface of which is deep grey with rather close-set black transverse streaks, its extremity being white: head narrow: tentacles rather short and pointed: eyes on the outer side of the tentacles, at about one-fourth of their length: foot large, truncated in front, acute-angled on every side. (Sars.) Suett having a short base and long spire, rather thin, semi- transparent, lustreless: sculpture, curved longitudinal ribs, which do not extend to the lower part of the body-whorl ; there are from 20 to 25 on that whorl, 18 on each of the next two, and 12-15 on each of the next two whorls, where they cease ; the whole of the shell is encircled by thread-like spiral ridges or striz, of which there are from 18 to 20 on the body- whorl, 8 on each of the next two, 6 on each of the next two, and 4 on the next whorl, the top whorl being smooth and * Latticed, like a window. O44: MURICID. glossy; a few small intermediate striz traverse also all or some of the whorls; the points of intersection on the ribs are slightly nodulous: colowr pale yellowish-white or whitish : epidermis rather thin, brownish-yellow, rising into numerous fine prickles on the spiral striz ; the same bald triangular patch is observable below the periphery near the mouth as in several allied species: spire elegantly tapering to a blunt point; apex button-shaped, symmetrical and much compressed, like that of the last three species: whorls 8, convex, gradually enlarging ; the last occupies five-eighths of the shell: suture deep: mouth angularly oval; length (including the canal) about one-half of the shell: canal short, very wide, bending to the left, two- . thirds open, ending in a large and obliquely curved notch: outer lip nearly semicircular, flexuous, abruptly incurved above; edge sharp; inside plain: inner lip forming a thin glaze on _ the pillar, but not spread over the underside of the shell: pillar deeply curved, bevelled inwards, and sharply angulated at the commencement of the canal: operculum (in a Norwegian speci- men) pear-shaped, light brown, with the nucleus as in other species of Fusus. L. 1:7. B. 0°8. Hasirat: “ Outside Cork Harbour,” in 40 f., with Buccinum Humphreysianum, and in the stomachs of haddock and red gurnard (Humphreys); very rare. Two living specimens were dredged between Cape Clear and Newfoundland by the master of a vessel on her voyage from Bristol (Stutchbury); Finmark, 30-160 f. in sand (M‘Andrew and Barrett); Mangerfiord and Vadsé, 50-100 f. (Sars); Christiansund, 50 f. (Danielssen). Buccinum fusiforme of Broderip; but as it belongs to the genus Fusus, that specific name is of course in- appropriate. I proposed at one time to change it for Broderipi, not being then aware that Turton had de- scribed the shell under the name which I have now adopted: Murex fenestratus of Chemnitz is a species of Triton. F. latericeus of Moller (an arctic species) was found by Sir Henry James in the Wexford deposit; it is the Tritonium incarnatum of Sars. NASSIDA. O45 Pyrula Carica was wrongly given by Turton, in his ‘Conchological Dictionary, as a Dublin-Bay shell; it is a native of the North-American coasts. His relation of the supposed discovery made my eyes when youthful expand with prospective joy, not unmixed with wonder. Now the latter feeling is almost extinct—perhaps both of them. Family XXIX. NAS’/SID”, Stimpson. Bopy spiral, usually short; in other particulars agreeing with the last two families. Sexes also separate. SHELL conic-oval or oblong, of small size, variously sculp- tured: spire more or less turreted: canal short and abrupt: pillar plicated : operculum horny, increasing by semielliptical or curved layers; nucleus blunt and terminal. This family has been founded lately, by Professor Stimpson, on an odontological basis, ‘‘on account of the arched form and very numerous denticles of the rhachi- dian tooth of the lingual ribbon.”” Mr. Macdonald had previously adduced another character of the same kind, in distinguishing Nassa from Buccinum, viz. “ the ab- sence of smaller denticles between the two principal fangs of the pleure.” The shells of Nasside differ from those of Buccinide and Muricide in having the pillar plicated; the nucleus of the operculum is placed as in the last-named family. Genus I. NASSA*, Lamarck. PI. VI. f. 4. Bopy short: pallial tube narrow and extended: tentacles of moderate length : eyes placed on stalks from one-third to half the way up the tentacles: foot large, in front broad and with an- gular corners; tail cloven, and furnished with two tentacle- like processes: [odontophore; rhachis broad, arched, pecti- nated ; uncinus having a tooth at the base. (Lovén.)| * A wicker basket, with a narrow neck, for catching fish. Q 5 346 NASSID. SHELL solid: spire having a regular nipple-shaped apex: mouth oval: outer lip strengthened by a rib, and furrowed in- side: inner lip expanded and thick, having a small ridge or tooth-like process on the upper part: canal truncated, recurved, and deeply notched: pillar furnished at the base with a single retired plait or fold: operculum ear-shaped or oval, serrated on the outer edge, and occasionally also on the inner edge near the base. The animal of N. mutabilis, with its forked tail, was well described and figured by Colonna in 1575: it was in his time esteemed at Naples as a palatable and diges- tible morsel; and this popular taste is still the same. The generic name originated with Klein, but it was properly applied by Lamarck. According to Woodward there are 210 recent, and 19 fossil species; the latter are comparatively modern. The recent species chiefly inhabit shallow water—although I have taken N. ineras- sata living on the shore and at a depth of 90 fathoms, aud Capt. Beechey found it dead at 145 fathoms. Risso, in his unscientific fashion, quadrupled the genus. 1. Nassa RETICULA'TA*, Linné. Buccinum reticulatum, Linn. 8. N. p. 1204. N. reticulata, F. & H. iii. p. 388, pl. eviii. f. 1, 2, and (animal) pl. LL. f. 3. Bopy yellowish, mottled with dark brown or sootcolour, sometimes variegated by minute flake-white points: mantle loose about the neck: pallial tube long and narrow: tentacles widely separated by an intermediate flap or head-veil, awl- shaped, long and slender, more than twice as thick below the eyes as above them: eyes small, on the top of rather long stalks, about one-third of the way up the tentacles, and form- ing part of them: foot long and broad, squarish, rounded, or bilobed, and double-edged in front, with triangular and pointed corners, notched behind: caudal appendages short ; when the animal is in motion these are folded back over each side of the notch at the tail: odontophore rather long; [rhachis haying * Reticulated or net-like. NASSA. 347 the corners produced in front, and smooth-edged on each side ; uncinus having a plain shaft. (Loven.) | SHELL having a broad base, thick, opaque, nearly lustreless : sculpture, strong, but not prominent, and slightly flexuous lon- - gitudinal ribs, of which there are from 15 to 20 on the body- whorl, 20 to 25 on the penultimate whorl, and nearly as many on the next whorl, the number gradually decreasing on the upper whorls ; these ribs are crossed by rather deep and wide spiral strie, 12 to 15 encircling the body-whorl (besides those at the base), 6 the penultimate, 5 the antepenultimate, and 4 each of the preceding whorls, except those constituting the apex, which are quite smooth and glossy ; the basal portion is separated from the rest of the body-whorl by a broad groove (as if pinched up), and has half a dozen spiral ridges ; a tu- bercular decussation is produced by the intersection of the ribs and striz ; the whole surface is also covered with fine micro- scopic spiral lines : colowr buff, with a narrow band of purplish- brown below the suture on each whorl, and now and then traces of a broader band in the middle of the body-whorl and of another at the base, which are discernible only near the outer lip ; fresh specimens are more or less distinctly marked with fine thread-like spiral lines of yellowish-brown, some of which are interrupted and form rows of spots ; in such cases the number of these lines or rows is from two to four on each ridge; the mouth is white: epidermis extremely thin and membranous: spire rather short, ending in an abrupt point ; apex formed of the two first whorls, and nipple-shaped : whorls 10, the last or body-whorl more convex than the others, but compressed towards the suture; the body-whorl occupies about two-thirds of the shell: suture slight: mouth irregularly oval ; length (including the canal) about five-twelfths of the shell : canal rather narrow, obliquely turning to the left, and ending ina remarkably deep notch, which is very conspicuous when the shell is placed mouth downwards: outer lip squeezed in and acute-angled above, curved in the middle and below, with a thick edge which is scalloped at the bottom ; inside thickened, and regularly fluted with from 8 to 12 tooth-like processes : inner lip forming a fine enamel, which is spread over a consi- derable part of the underside of the shell and folded behind the pillar; it is more or less tuberculated, one tubercle or tooth being more prominent and placed near the upper angle of the mouth: pillar nearly semicircular, furnished at the base with a retired flexuous fold or plait: operculum ear-shaped, light 348 NASSID#. horncolour, serrated on the outer edge, and often also on the inner edge near the base ; the serrature arises from the laminz of which the operculum is composed being spinous or angu- lated at their external margins ; lines of growth numerous and obliquely elliptical. L. 1:25. B. 0-7. Hasitrat: Sand at low-water mark, and in the lami- narian zone, throughout the British Isles; common. It occurs in many of our quaternary deposits, including those at Selsea, Moel Tryfaen, and Belfast ; Norway, 0-440 feet (Sars); Uddevalla (J. G. J.); Baltic pro- vinces of Prussia (Lehmann, fide Rosmer); French and Italian tertiaries (Basterot, Brocchi, and others); marine beds of the Vienna basin (Hérnes). An inhabitant of the North Atlantic (from Bejan near Drontheim to Gibraltar) , the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Black Sea, at depths of 0-70 f. The “small lattic’d Whelk” of Petiver. At the recess of each tide this mollusk buries itself in the sand in a slanting position, its lurking-place being betrayed by a little hillock. It also gets into lobster-pots, for the sake of the bait. Bouchard-Chantereaux attributes to this, as well as to other whelks, the habit of piercing and devouring bivalves. According to M. Lespés N. reticulata 1s preyed upon by a parasitic Trematode (Cer- caria sagittata) which infests its liver. Its spawn-cases are deposited on the leaves of Zostera and on various other things which are left dry only at spring tides ; the capsules are arranged in rows, and so closely that they overlie each other ‘like the brass scales of the cheek-band of a hussar”’ (Johnston). They are compressed pouches, each of the size of a large spangle, supported on a very short stalk, with a small opening at the top to allow the fry toescape. Mr. Peach described and figured the capsules in the Reports of two Cornish Societies for 1843 and NASSA. 349 1844; and he has given us some amusing particulars of the fry. These behaved themselves like the fry of other Gastropods, skipping about and whirling round by means of their ciliated lobes, apparently in a state of pleasur- able excitement; but it seems that the exercise was compulsory, or necessary to prevent the attacks of a swarm of Infusoria, which made short work of any tired or feeble infant Nassa. The shell varies considerably in size and in the length of the spire; an adult speci- men, from Mr. Clark’s collection, is not half an inch long. Linné gave the Mediterranean as the only locality known to him. The present species is the Buccinum cancellatum &c. of Lister, B. vulgatum of Gmelin, and probably the B. tessulatum of Olivi; B. reticulatum of the last-named author may be the next species. The young appears to be the B. pullus of Pennant but not of Linné. 2. N. ni'tipa*, Jeffreys. Bopy greyish, with a slight tinge of purple, and closely speckled with flake-white: pallial tube cylindrical, very long, slender, and flexible: tentacles flattened, tapering to a fine point: eyes small, on stalks conjoied with the tentacles on their outside; these stalks are about half the length of the tentacles, so that the eyes are placed about the middle of the latter : foot broadly lanceolate, squarish and double-edged in front, with small and pointed corners, blunt and wedge-shaped behind ; tail forked and ridged: appendages rather short and yellowish. Suet differing from J. reticulata in the following particu- lars :—It is smaller, narrower, and remarkably glossy ; the ribs are much fewer, viz. 10 to 12 on the. body-whorl, 15 on the next, 16 or 17 on the next, and 18 on the next whorl, when they diminish in number upwards; occasionally the ribs are varicose ; the spiral striz or ridges are also less numerous, * Glossy. 350 NASSIDA. being 10 on the body-whorl (besides the basal ridges), 4 on the penultimate and antepenultimate, and 3 on each of the preced- ing whorls ; the apical whorls are quite smooth and lustrous ; the basal portion is smaller, and has only three or four ridges ; the ribs being much more prominent than the strie, the lower half of the shell never displays the tubercular’ or cancellated appearance of the other species, although the upper whorls in this are somewhat nodulous; the surface is microscopically marked with close-set longitudinal lines and a few less dis- tinct spiral lines: colour purplish on a yellowish-white ground, with the ribs of the latter hue ; the purple bands and lines are brighter in this species, the lines being from two to three in number : epzdermis inconspicuous, or obscured by an earthy in- crustation: spire turreted: whorls flattened ; apex more glo- bular than in the last species: suture deeper: mouth propor- tionally larger: canal not so abruptly recurved: outer lip strengthened by the last-formed rib, ridged within by the undersides of the spiral striz; the intermediate furrows are sometimes stained with purple: inner lip much thinner, and never tuberculated: pillar having a slighter fold: operculum oval, more solid, but smaller. L.1. B. 0-5. Haxsrrat: Muddy estuaries of the Thames and Orwell rivers, in 3-5 f.; abundant. Brittany (Cailliaud) ; Gulf of Lyons (Martin and J. G. J.); Bonifacio, with N. reticulata (Susini); Mogador, in mud (M‘Andrew) ; Adriatic (Nardo). Among a number of specimens which I dredged in the Roach River, one had two eyes on the right-hand tentacle ; the eyes were smaller than usual, and close together. This was noticed by Montagu as a variety of N. reti- culata. I propose it as a distinct species with some misgiving ; for, although I have not yet seen any inter- mediate form, it has not been ascertained that the two live together, and the present form seems to be peculiar to brackish water and mud. Both these last conditions, however, prevail in Kiel Bay, where N. reticulata occurs in a depauperated state. The difference between that NASSA. 301 species and N. nitida is not less than between N. incras- sata and N. pygmea. Kiener’s variety of N. reticulata is evidently not our shell: he distinguishes it solely by the spiral striae bemg less marked. 8. N. rncrassa’ta*, Strom. Buccinum (Incrassatum), Strom in Kong. Norsk. Vid. Selsk. Skr. iv. p- 369, t. xvi. f. 25. WV. incrassata, F. & H. iii. p. 391, pl. eviii, f. 3, 4, and (animal) pl. LL. f. 1. Bopy yellowish of various shades, closely and minutely but irregularly speckled or marked with black; there are also some milk-white flakes scattered over different parts: pallial tube cylindrical, very long and flexible, projecting when the animal is in motion, and recurved when it is at rest; this serves as an auxiliary tentacle or organ of touch, as well as to supply the gills with water: head extremely small, of a pinkish hue: proboscis thicker towards the point: tentacles thread- shaped, rather long, with rounded tips: eyes on stalks con- joined with the tentacles at their outer base, each stalk being nearly equal in length to that part of the tentacle which is above the eyes: foot triangular and expansile, slightly in- dented in front, with a small ear-shaped lobe or flap at each corner, bluntly pointed behind; tail forked, or furnished with two short flattened prongs or cirri; in specimens from deep water the foot is largely bilobed behind, but has no point at the tail, which is merely cloven in the middle: odontophore narrow ; [rhachis having the corners incurved and produced in front, edge smooth on each side; uncinus broad, with a large single-spined tooth at the base. (Lovén.) ] SHELL, although small, stout and thick, opaque, somewhat glossy: sculpture, strong but not prominent, obliquely curved longitudinal ribs, from 15 to 18 on each of the last three whorls, the number decreasing on the upper whorls; that which margins the outer lip is extremely large and broad; the ribs are crossed by conspicuous spiral ridges or striae, of which there are from 12 to 16 on the body-whorl, 9 to 11 on the penultimate whorl, the number proportionally dimi- nishing upwards; the ridges below the suture are narrow and close together, those in the middle of each whorl being broader and more apart; in some specimens the ridges are * Thickened. 352 NASSIDA. finer and more thread-like than usual; the intercrossing of the sculpture produces a tubercular or nodulous decussation, the tubercles being transversely elongated; top whorls quite smooth and glossy ; the basal part is separated from the rest of the body-whorl by a deep and oblique groove (as if pinched up), and has about a dozen oblique ridges or strive, which become slight and indistinct towards the base; the whole sur- face (especially the interstices of the ridges) is covered with microscopic and close-set longitudinal lines: colour pale buff or yellowish-white, passing into purple, pink, orange, or brown, and often variegated by three broad and interrupted bands of reddish-brown, or by a narrow and broken white zone ; it is occasionally milk-white; the base has a purplish-brown or chocolate blotch, the mouth is white (rarely pinkish), and the tip frequently purple or pink: epidermis thin and somewhat _ fibrous, usually abraded but sometimes retained in the inter- stices of the ridges: spzre rather short, and abruptly termi- nating in a nipple-shaped point: whorls 8-9, convex, indis- tinctly angulated in the middle, and rapidly enlarging; the last occupies about three-fifths of the shell: suwtwre rather deep: mouth oval, comparatively small, acute-angled above ; length (including the canal) nearly one-half of the shell: canal narrowish, obliquely recurved to the left, ending in a re- markably deep notch, which is very conspicuous when the shell is placed with its mouth downwards: outer lip somewhat com- pressed and nearly straight above, semicircular in the middle ; edge rather thin, and slightly reflected outwards ; inside thick- ened, as well as strengthened by the labial rib, and fluted by 8-10 narrow plaits: immner lip forming a thick coat of enamel, which is spread over a considerable portion of the under side of the shell, and folded behind the pillar; it has just below the outer lip a plait or ridge-like process that partially winds round the upper part of the pillar, and a few other irregular and obliquely transverse processes of the same kind (or wrinkles) towards the base: pillar curved, furnished at the base with a flexuous fold: operculum ear-shaped, light horn- colour, more or less serrated on the outer edge, and often deeply jagged or notched on the inner edge near the base ; lines of growth numerous, and obliquely elliptical. LL. 0:6. B. 0:3. Var. 1. major. Much larger. 2. minor, Dwarf. 3, simu- lans. One of the ribs on the body-whorl varicose. NASSA. 350 Hasitrat: Everywhere, on stony ground, from low- water mark to 145 f. (Beechey). Var 1. Channel Isles. Var. 2. Filey Brigg; west coast of Scotland, 50-60 f. ; Lerwick Sound. Var. 3. Whitburn (Alder); Conne- mara (Barlee); Lerwick (J. G. J.). This last variety, although varicose, differs from N. pygmea in the angu- larity of the whorls, and in sculpture. Fossil in all our quaternary deposits ; Norwich Crag (Witham, jide Woodward); Red and Coralline Crag (S. Wood); glacial and postglacial Norwegian beds, 0-460 feet (Sars) ; Uddevalla, 40 feet (Malm and J.G.J.); upper, middle, and lower Crag at Antwerp (Nyst); Italian tertiaries (Brocchi and others); Vienna basin (Hornes). The present distribution in space of this common species is not less extensive, viz. from Iceland (Steenstrup) and Finmark (Sars and others) to the Azores (Drouet) and throughout the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Aigean ; depths, shore (M‘Andrew) to 100 f. (Malm). N. incrassata is a very active mollusk, and now and then changes its crawling position by leisurely floating with its foot upwards. It often gets into lobster- and whelk-pots. In the half-grown shell the outer lip is excavated within and folded inwards. The spawn-cases are solitary, yellowish, and shaped like a round flask, with a small neck or opening at the top. It is the “small Gibraltar Ruggle” of Petiver. Out of 14 synonyms which I have collated it may be un- necessary to specify more than Buccinum minutum, Pen- nant, B. ambiguum, Pulteney, B. Ascanias, Bruguiére, B. macula, Montagu, B. coccinella, Lamarck, and ap- parently B. asperulum, Brocchi. JB. incrassatum of the ‘Mineral Conchology ’ is a different species. 354 NASSIDE. 4. N. pyc/mma*, Lamarck. Ranella pygmea, Lam. An. s, V. vii. p. 154. WN. pygmea, F. & H. iii. p. 394, pl. eviii. f. 5, 6, and (animal) pl. LL. f. 2, as NV. varicosa. Bopy more slender and invariably of a much lighter colour than that of NV. incrassata ; the pallial tube and tentacles are longer ; the anterior processes of the foot are larger and more recurved ; and the tail is not only forked, but has two long and pointed diverging filaments. (Clark and F. & H.) SHELL not so stout and thick as the last species, of a more delicate texture, and decidedly glossy: sculpture as in LN, incras- sata, but the ribs are finer; there are from 15 to 22 on the body-whorl, 15 or 16 on the penultimate whorl, 12 on the next, becoming gradually less upwards; the labial mb is larger, and one or more of the whorls are varicose, or have extra labial ribs denoting previous periods of growth or repose; the spiral ridges or strie are likewise fewer, never exceeding 12 on the body-whorl, and 6 on the preceding whorl; points of cancel- lation granular, instead of elongated tubercles; basal ridges fewer and stronger: colowr uniform yellowish-white with a tawny tinge; the labial rib and varices are nearly white and very conspicuous; mouth purplish-brown throughout (there being no basal spot as in the last species) ; apex never purple or pink, although sometimes ambercolour: spire less abrupt: whorls evenly rounded, instead of angulated: suture not quite so deep: mouth less contracted: canal broader: outer hp not so much compressed above ; inside fluting more prominent and tooth-like: inner lip thicker at the edge; plaits fewer, and not so wrinkly: pillar having a sharper fold: operculwm more deeply serrated on the inner edge. L. 0°45. B. 0°225. Hasitat: Coralline zone on the South Devon, Dorset, and Cornish coasts ; Connemara (Alcock); Bantry Bay (M‘Andrew, fide Thompson); Dublin Bay (Kinahan) ; co. Antrim (Waller). Brick-earth on the Nar, West Norfolk (Rose); Belfast deposit, with N. icrassata (Grainger). Norway, with the last species, 10-40 f. (Danielssen and Asbjérnsen) ; Bohuslan(Lovén) ; and,with the same, 4-100 f. (Malm); French coasts of the Atlantic and Mediterranean (Lucas, fide Lamarck and others) ; * From its pigmy size as a Ranella. NASSA. + 19 )9) Spain and Portugal, 4-30 f. (M‘Andrew); Italy (Costa and others); Algiers, 6-10 f. (M‘Andrew and Wein- kauff); Black Sea and Crimea (Middendorff); Aigean, 27 f. (Forbes). ' Dr. Goodall told me that Turton introduced himself to him at Torquay, by sending in his card on which was written “Sic pictores Coi,’ accompanied with speci- mens of this shell. It reminds us somewhat of the epilogue in one of the Idyls of Theocritus, in which Menalcas is supposed to be presented with a xadov doTpaxov as a compliment. The learned Provost of Eton, however, was anything but a piping shepherd. It is the Buccinum tuberculatum and Tritonia varicosa of Turton, and (according to Fischer) the B. tritonium of De Blainville in the ‘ Faune Francaise.’ Some tropical species of Nassa and of the allied genus Planazxis have been erroneously described as European. Such are :— N. hepatica: Weymouth (Pulteney); Lough Strang- ford (Brown) ; St. Germain-sur-Ay (De Gerville). West Indies. : N. ambigua: Weymouth (Bryer); Cork Harbour (Humphreys); Portmarnock, Dublin Bay (Turton) ; Herm (Lukis); north of France (De Gerville and Bou- chard-Chantereaux); Toulon (Martin). A common West- Indian shell. Planaxis lineatus=Buccinum pediculare, Lam., in- serted in several local lists as English and French: an abundant West-Indian shell. P. Brasilianus= Hima levigata, Leach (Syn. Moll. Gr. Brit.), said to be from Plymouth (Prideaux or Cranch) : South America. 356 NASSID A. Genus II. COLUMBEU/LA*, Lamarck. Pl. VI. £.5. Bopy more extended than in the last genus: pallial tube very long and flexible: tentacles short and cylindrical: eyes on the outer base of the tentacles: foot long and thick, sometimes cloven at the extremity, but without any caudal processes: [odontophore ; rhachis crescentic, laminar, bent forward (?); uncinus having a double hook at the point, and furnished with a round wing-like lobe before the base. (Lovén.) | SHELL varying in thickness: mouth contracted and narrow : outer lip slightly sinuated on the upper part: tner lip not expanded, nor thick: pillar haying a single fold at the base: canal deeply notched: operculum horny, roundish-oval, plain- edged ; nucleus rounded, and obscurely concentric, placed near the base. . This connects the Nasside with the Pleurotomatide. We have but one or two species of Columbella, although several inhabit the coasts of North America. Two species (C. rustica and C. minor) are Mediterranean. De Montfort capriciously changed the generic name to Columbus. A. Outer lip thickened and furrowed inside; apex of the spire regularly nipple-shaped. 1]. CoLuMBELLA HALIZ'ETIt}, Jeffreys. « rs v Bopy whitish, delicately suffused with fleshcolour: pallial tube cylindrical, broader and expanded at the orifice, which is plain-edged ; when the animal crawls, this part projects in front, and is straight, and nearly as long as the shell; when it is placed on its back the tube is coiled round and (as if un- easily) twisted about from side to side: anus at the upper corner of the mouth of the shell, on the outside; I frequently observed fecal pellets expelled from it: tentacles short, cylin- drical, close together at their base, and diverging outwards ; tips blunt: eyes small, black, and globular, at the outer base * Diminutive of colwmba, a dove. t+ From the yacht ‘Osprey,’ by means of which this interesting species was discovered. COLUMBELLA. 357 of the tentacles; they appeared to be sessile and not placed on any stalk or protuberance: foot lanceolate, long, narrow, and thick, truncated, or bilobed and double-edged in front, with angular corners, considerably expanding towards the tail, which is in some specimens blunt and in others cloven. SHELL between oval and oblong, rather solid, nearly opaque, glossy : sculpture, narrow and rather sharp longitudinal ribs, from 12 to 16 on the body-whorl, 14 to 20 on each of the two preceding whorls, and nearly as many on the next whorl, where they cease and are replaced by a remarkable kind of orna- mentation which will be noticed presently ; the ribs are flexuous on the body-whorl, and do ‘not extend to the base, curved on the upper whorls ; labial rib broad and thick ; the whole sur- face is covered with numerous spiral striz, which are minutely and closely beaded, in consequence of their being decussated by microscopic lines of growth; the strie at the base are stronger than elsewhere ; the three or four top whorls that form the apex have a dichotomous kind of sculpture, the lower half of each being closely and minutely striated lengthwise, and the upper half striated spirally with a Vandyke or scallop pattern : colour whitish, more or less distinctly but irregularly mottled with reddish-brown: epidermis, none perceptible : spire. somewhat turreted, varying in length, never slender ; apex swollen, nipple-shaped and abrupt: whorls 8, compressed but rounded, rapidly enlarging ; the last occupies two-thirds of the shell: suture rather deep: mouth oval, comparatively small; length (including the canal) three-sevenths of the shell: canal rather broad, abruptly bending to the left, and ending in an obliquely curved notch: outer lip flexuous al- though not much curved, somewhat expanding outwards; the sinus on the upper part is very slight, but distinct ; inside thickened, and fluted by half a dozen tooth-like plaits, the lowermost of which is the strongest : inner lip forming a glaze on that side of the mouth, not much spread over the underside of the shell; its outer edge is thickened and well defined ; some specimens have two or three obscure tubercles near the base, as in typical species of Columbella: pillar curved, furnished at the base with a strong and sharp flexuous fold: operculum roundish-oval, thin; lines of growth semicircular. L. 0°35. B. 0°17. Hasitat: Gravelly sand, in 85-95 f. about 25 miles N.N.W. of Unst, with Limopsis aurita, Trochus amabilis, 358 NASSIDA. and Cylichna alba; extremely local, and nearly as rare. The deep-sea soundings taken by Capt. Hoskyns in H.M.S. ‘Porcupine’ off the west coast of Ireland yielded a very young specimen. Vienna tertiaries (Hornes, as C. corrugata); Faluns of Touraine (Cail- liaud). I also noticed in the Gottenburg Museum a very young specimen procured by the Curator, Dr. Malm, from the Eggers bank in Norway at a depth of 150 f. The animal is very lively and active. When placed in a vessel of seawater it creeps rapidly to the surface, being apparently actuated rather by a necessity of better aérating its gills than by a curiosity to see the outer world. It also floats, like the Rissoe. It is sometimes preyed on by other zoophagous mollusks, judging from the perforation of its shell. The discovery of this ter- tiary fossil, as well as of Limopsis aurita, in a living state, within a very circumscribed part of our sea-bed, shows the imperfection of the zoological record, and militates strongly against the doctrine of the successive creation of species. We must do more than scrape here and there to justify the conclusion somewhat hastily formed by certain naturalists that all the British marine mol- lusca are known; and after all, what an insignificant proportion do these bear to the marine mollusca of the whole globe! Hornes referred his shell to the Bucctnum corrugatum of Brocchi; but that is evidently a species of Nassa, and, according to Philippi, one of the innumerable vari- eties of N. variabilis. To this section of Columbella belong :—1. Buccinum cinctum, Pulteney, as from Weymouth (Bryer), which is West-Indian: 2. Purpura picta, Turton (not of Scacchi), as from the British Channel; Cork Harbour (Humphreys); Gulf of Lyons (Martin); this also is COLUMBELLA. 359 West-Indian: 3. Voluta hyalina, Montagu, as from Dunbar (Laskey); young of C. /actea, a common West- Indian shell. The V. heteroclita of Montagu, a sinis- trorsal shell, troduced on the last more than suspi- cious authority, is likewise exotic. B. Outer lip thin and smooth ; apex of the spire irregularly coiled. TZ'hesbia (one of the sea-nymphs of Hesiod). 2. C. nana*, Lovén. I Tritonium ?nanum, Loy. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 12. Mangelia nana, FE. & H. iii. p. 461, pl. exii. f. 8. Bopy milk-white, all but the gills and liver, which are light brown: tentacles cylindrical, rather short [slender (Lovén) |: eyes proportionally large, placed on the tentacles, close to their outer bases: foot narrow and thin: [odontophore having a pleural spine almost like that of ‘‘ Manglia costata.’’ (Lovén.) | SHELL spindle-shaped, resembling Fusus gracilis in minia- ture, thin, semitransparent, and glossy: sculpture, numerous fine and narrow spiral impressed lines, of which there are about a dozen on the penultimate whorl; they are closely and regularly punctured, so as to form rows of circular dots ; top whorls very closely and microscopically corrugated in the same direction: colow uniform milk-white: epidermis, none per- ceptible: spire tapering ; apex abruptly twisted: whorls 44-53, convex and evenly rounded, rather suddenly enlarging; the last occupies about three-fifths of the shell: swtwre deep, some- what oblique: mouth irregularly oblong, acute-angled above ; length (including the canal) two-fifths of the shell: canal rather broad, inclining a little (but not abruptly) to the left, and ending in a slight and obliquely curved notch: outer lip flexuous, retreating at the upper part, but without exhibiting any fissure or notch; it folds inwards rather than outwards ; edge sharp and thin; inside quite smooth: wner lip slight, narrow, and even: pillar flexuous ; fold obscure: operculum, none that I could detect in the moistened animal of a specimen from which I have taken an imperfect description of the soft parts. L. 0-25. 3B. 0°125. Hasitar: Shetland, in the coralline zone, rare (J. * Dwarf / 360 PLEUROTOMATID. G. J., M‘Andrew and Forbes, and Barlee) ; Orkneys (Thomas, fide F.& H.). Finmark (Lovén); Christian- sund, 30-40 f. (Lilljeborg); Upper Norway (M‘Andrew and Barrett). It is variable in size. We do not know the exact position, in a generic point of view, of this delicate little shell. In 1841 I named it Fusus albus. The Pleurotoma nanum of Scacchi is a very different species. Our shell is allied to C. Holbdéllii; but that has a small shield-like operculum, and is longitudinally ribbed at the top. The last-named species is one of our glacial fossils ; it has been dredged by Mr. Waller, Mr. Hyndman, and myself on the Turbot bank, co. Antrim, in 20-25 f., by Mr. Norman and myself in the Hebrides, at a depth of 60 f., and by Mr. Dawson off the Aberdeenshire coast. I found it also in the Fort William deposit. It inhabits every part of the Arctic seas, from Bergen, northwards, and the United States. The late Professor Gould de- scribed it as Buccinum rosaceum. This species was erroneously placed by Morch in the genus Mitrella (as “ Mitsella”’’) of Risso. Family XXX. PLEUROTOMA'TIDA, (Pleu- rotomacea) Loven. Bopy spiral, more or less elongated: mantle forming a short fold above the head for excretal purposes, the fold occupying a fissure or notch in the outer lip of the shell: pallial tube not protruded much beyond the canal of the shell: head small: proboscis retractile: tentacles placed far apart, with slender points: eyes on the extremity of stalks, which are conjoined with the lower portion of the tentacles, and placed outside them: foot lanceolate, double-edged in front, with a pointed tail: gills arranged in two unequal-sized plumes : odontophore having no central tooth [‘ rhachis edentula,” Lovén]; pleure DEFRANCIA. 361 consisting of spines, which are arranged in a single row on each side and terminate in sharp points. Sexes distinct. SHELL spindle-shaped, or forming a lengthened cone with a pointed base: spire tapering or turreted: mouth oblong : ‘outer lip fissured or notched: canal nearly straight: pillar smooth: operculum (when present) like that of Zrophon or Fusus. This family ought to be separated from the Conide, with at least as much justice as Muricide and Nasside have been removed from the Buccinide. According to Lovén the proboscis in Conus is not retractile. Wood- ward enumerated 430 recent and 878 fossil species of Pleurotoma; the geographical and bathymetrical distri- bution of the former is very extensive. Genus I. DEFRAN'CIA%, Millet. Pl. VII. f. 1. SHELL spindle-shaped: spire tapering; apex somewhat stiliform (as in Cerithiopsis), finely pointed, and minutely re- ticulated: mouth open: outer lip fissured at its junction with the periphery ; inside grooved: operculum none. M. Millet constructed the present genus from some shells of the “calcaire grossier,”’ which have the outer lip “sinué a sa partie supérieure,” in contradistinction to Pleurotoma, in which the outer lip is notched at the side. ‘The apex of the spire is also very different. There is, besides, a certain diversity of form and sculpture in each of these groups of species, although they are ‘all affin’d and kin.” Defrancia was used by Bronn for a genus of Polyzoa ; but that is a synonym of Pelagia, Lamouroux. * Named in honour of M. Defrance, a well-known French naturalist and geologist. VOL. IV. R 362 PLEUROTOMID. 1. Derrancia TERES*, Forbes. Pleurotoma teres, Forbes in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiv. p. 412, pl. ii. f. 3. Mangelia teres, KF. & H. iii. p. 462, pl. exii. f. 1, 2, and (animal) pl. RR. f. 3. Bopy white, minutely frosted: pallial tube rather short: head (or mentum) wedge-like, never protruded beyond the foot: tentacles nearly cylindrical, of moderate length, widely diverging, slightly scalloped at the edges; tips blunt: eyes small, on short stalks at the outer base of the tentacles: foot deeply indented and angulated in front, with ear-shaped and pointed corners which occasionally curl inwards and are very flexible; it is expanded at the sides, and tapers to a fine point behind. SHELL slender, rather thin, semitransparent, and somewhat glossy: sculpture, numerous cord-like spiral ridges, which are nearly always much broader than their insterstices; from 20 to 25 of these ridges encircle the body-whorl, 8 to 10 the next whorl, 6 or 7 the next, and others at the same rate of decrease the remaining whorls; many of those on the body-whorl and all on the upper whorls are alternately large and small ; the top whorls are minutely and closely reticulated by curved cross striz in an exquisitely beautiful fashion ; the wide groove immediately below the suture (which indicates the former course of the fissure characteristic of this genus) is marked with close-set curved striz in the line of growth; the rest of the surface is thickly covered with oblique and microscopic lines in the same direction: colour pale yellowish-white, prettily but irregularly spotted with reddish-brown; the spots appear to be produced by interrupted longitudinal streaks; some specimens are spotless; apex yellowish-brown: spzre elon- gated and finely tapering: whorls 10, convex and evenly rounded ; the last occupies three-fifths of the shell viewed mouth upwards, and about one-half of the shell in the contrary position: suture very deep, formed by the fissural groove: mouth pear-shaped; length a little more than two-fifths of the shell: canal rather broad, a little inclining to the left, and ending in a slight and obliquely curved notch: outer lip semi- circular, furrowed within by the underside of the ridges; edge thin, scalloped or indented by the spiral sculpture: fissure re- markably distinct and broad, extending some way along the suture ; its course can be traced throughout every part of the * Rounded or well-turned. DEFRANCIA. 363 spire except at the apex (the fissure being apparently formed subsequently to the embryonic growth) by the striated groove, which is of a thinner substance than the other part of the shell: inner lip very slight and narrow : pillar long and nearly Sairaicht. L. 0-b. B. 0:2. Hasirat: Shelly and sandy ground, in 15-85 f., Shetland and the west of Scotland (Forbes and others) ; Orkneys, in 15 and 80 f. (Thomas, fide F. & H.); co. Antrim (Hyndman); Connemara, 14 f. (Barlee and J. G. J.); deep-sea soundings off the west of Ireland (Hoskyns) ; Berwick Bay (Mennell); Durham and Northumberland (Abbes, Howse, and Alder); Plymouth (Jordan); Cornwall (Peach, Cocks, and Hockin): not common. Apparently an Appulian and Calabrian fossil, as the Pleurotoma Renieri of Scacchi (Philippi). It has both a northern and southern range, comprising Norway (Lovén, as P. boreale, and others), Sweden (Malm), north.of Spam (M‘Andrew), both sides of the Medi- terranean (Testa, as P. Trecchi, Philippi, M‘Andrew, and Martin), Augean (Forbes), Adriatic (Barbieri, fide Brusina, as Raphitoma Barbierii) , and Madeira and the Canaries (M‘Andrew); depths 18-120 f. It crawls slowly, and floats in a supine position like many of its congeners. My largest specimen is three- quarters of an inch long. 2. D. era'citis*, Montagu. Murex gracilis, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 267, t. 15. f£.5. Mangelia gracilis, F, & H. iii. p. 473, pl. exiv. f. 4, and (animal) pl. RR. f. 8. Bopy white, closely but irregularly speckled with pink and flake-white: pallial tube somewhat extensile, usually short : head bulbous: tentacles extremely short—mere points above the eyes ; below the eyes they are cylindrical and stout: eyes * Bieader! R 2 364 PLEUROTOMIDS. proportionally large, on long stalks conjoined with the ten- tacles: foot rounded in front, with small angular corners, pointed behind. Suet of anelegant shape, rather solid, opaque, moderately glossy: sculpture, several strong longitudinal ribs, which are usually oblique on the body-whorl and straight on the upper whorls; the rib near the mouth, which is placed at a little dis- tance from the outer ip, is much longer and broader than the rest ; In some specimens a similar rib or varix may be observed in the middle of the body-whorl; there are from 14 to 16 ribs on this as well as on the penultimate whorl, 12 on the next, and at the same rate of decrease upwards; the top whorls are ribless; the ribs do not extend much below the periphery, nor across the sutural groove ; all the whorls except that at the top (but including the sutural groove) are encircled by flat- tened or thread-like spiral ridges, which are very close-set and mostly alternate in size; the second whorl from the top (and sometimes also the succeeding whorl) has but a single ridge, which being in the middle imparts a keeled aspect to that part ; top whorl reticulated ; a slightly nodulous, but not can- cellated, appearance is produced by the intersection of the ribs and ridges; the whole surface is microscopically and densely granulated lengthwise, especially in the insterstices of the ridges: colour pale fawn, passing into reddish-brown, or indis- tinctly streaked lengthwise with the latter colour; the peri- phery is marked by a white band, and the part below the suture is sometimes margined by a reddish-brown line which is occasionally interrupted so as to become a row of spots ; the lines which separate the ribs are paler, and the ridges often of a dark hue; apex yellowish-white: spire elongated: whorls 10-11, moderately convex, the upper ones somewhat angu- lated; the last occupies three-fifths of the shell: suture broad and rather deep, formed by the fissural groove: mouth pear- shaped and long; length nine-twentieths of the shell: canal rather long, broad, and expanded at the opening ; it is some- what twisted or bent backwards, and ends in a deepish and curved notch: outer lip rounded; inside thickened, finely and closely furrowed; edge rather sharp, notched by the spiral ridges; it is often deeply coloured within: fisswre deep and broad, incurved at the further extremity ; it is defined out- wardly by a sharp angular point; its previous course is indi- cated by a closed groove similar to that of the last species: inner lip slight and narrow, furnished very near the top of DEFRANCIA. 365 the mouth with a small tubercle or tooth: pillar long and flexuous. L.1. B. 0:375. Hasitat: Not uncommon in the coralline zone ‘on the coasts of Guernsey, Cornwall, Devon, Bristol Channel, Ireland (west, south, and east), and the Clyde district ; Anglesea (M‘Andrew) ; Coldingham Bay, Berwickshire (Maclaurin); Dunbar (Laskey); Orkneys (Forbes); Shetland (Barlee and J. G. J.). Italian ter- tiaries (Philippi and Calcara). Its present known dis- tribution is entirely southern as regards the British Isles, and comprises the sea-board of the Atlantic from Cherbourg to the Canary Isles, the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Augean; depths recorded by Forbes and M‘Andrew 4-80 f. Like all its molluscan kindred, it prefers, when in captivity, darkness to light. My largest British speci- men is from Unst, my smallest from Guernsey; some from Corsica are very diminutive. The tubercle on the upper part of the inner lip and the angulated point on the outer lip at the commencement of the fissure are especially noticed by Millet among the characters of his genus Defrancia. It is not the Murex gracilis of Brocchi, nor that of Scacchi. Donovan described our shell as M. emargi- natus, Michaud as Pleurotoma Comarmondi, Bronn as P. suturale, and Costa as P. Cyrilli; Chiereghini called it M. Poelarius. The young appears to be P. fallax of Forbes, and is the Fusus Branscomdi of Clark. D. sinuosa (Murex sinuosus, Mont.) is allied to the present species ; it is anative of the west coast of Africa. Bryer is reputed to have found it at Weymouth, Laskey at Dunbar, De Gerville at Quinéville in the north of France, and Martin in Provence. 366 PLEUROTOMID. 8. D. Leurro'yi*, Michaud. Pleurotoma Leufroyi, Mich. in Bull. Soe. Linn. Bord. ii. (1828) p. 121, f.5,6. Mangelia Leufroyi, F. & H. iii. p. 468, pl. xiii. f. 6, 7, and (animal) pl. RR. f. 1, as I. Lefroyt. Bopy white, with a faint tinge of yellow (‘‘ sometimes slightly tinged with purple,” F. & H.): pallial tube conical, short, not protruded beyond the canal of the shell: tentacles cylindrical, rather short (“long and slender,” F. & H.), with blunt tips; they widely diverge, and sometimes assume the shape of the letter V: eyes on thick stalks united with the tentacles at their outer base: foot (‘ very large and expanded,” F. & H.) broader and indented in front, with small ear-shaped corners, bluntly pointed behind. Suet broad towards the base, more or less solid according to habitat (being much thicker in the lower part of the littoral zone than in deep water), and for the same reason either opaque or semitransparent, rather glossy : sculpture, several strong curved longitudinal ribs, which extend to the base but do not cross the fissural groove or subsutural area; the body-whorl has from 14 to 18 ribs, the next 14 to 16, the next 12 to 14, and the next 10 to 12, when they rapidly decrease in number, disappearing towards the apex; the rib immediately behind the mouth is not disproportionately large ; all the whorls ex- cept those which compose the apex are encircled by fine thread- like ridges or striz, which are very close-set and occasionally alternate in size; of these may be counted more than 30 on the body-whorl, 12 on the next, 8 on the next, 6 on the next, and so on; the third whorl from the top sometimes is indis- tinctly keeled in the middle ; fissural groove not only having 3 or 4 slight spiral ridges, but crossed by numerous fine curved strie ; the points of intersection on the upper whorls form oblong nodules, with the major axis in the direction of the spire, and are now and then muricated or prickly; the whole surface is microscopically and closely marked by the lines of growth ; top whorls exquisitely reticulated by curved strie, which cross each other diagonally, like the wirework of a fire-guard: epidermis thin, yellowish-brown, persistent only in the fissural groove: colour whitish, passing into cream- colour, variegated by irregular purplish- or reddish-brown blotches, which are arranged in two very broad zones or bands * A complimentary dedication by Professor Michaud to his friend M. Leufroy, DEFRANCIA. 367 on the body-whorl (one above and the other below the peri- phery), and in a single band on one or more of the upper whorls; the spiral strive are generally lineated with purplish- or reddish-brown ; apex pink, orange, or reddish-brown: spire _ rather short; apex proportionally much smaller than the succeeding part, and of a different appearance: whorls 8-9, swollen, rapidly enlarging: the last occupies two-thirds of the shell: suture deep: mouth pear-shaped, sinuated above, and expanding outwards; length from the commencement of the fissure to the extremity of the canal about half the shell : canal rather short, wide, nearly straight, and ending in an ob- liquely rounded but not conspicuous notch: outer lip curved ; inside more or less thickened, and slightly furrowed; edge rather sharp, finely and closely notched by the spiral strie : fissure wide but not very deep, forming an incurved notch rather than a slit; it is defined outwardly by an angular point: mner lip slight, frequently exhibiting an attrition by the foot in that part instead of the usual layer deposited by the mantle: pillar rather long and flexuous. L. 0:6. B. 0°25. Var. carnosula. Pale fleshcolour; length sometimes eight- and even nine-tenths of an inch, . Hasirat: Stony ground, from low-water mark of spring tides at Herm (Gallienne) to 90 f. off Unst (J. G. J.); local. I will mention the principal places where it has been taken :—Guernsey (Metcalfe and others); Falmouth (Hockin); Whitburn (Abbes, fide Alder) ; Connemara (Barlee and J. G. J.); Cork (Humphreys) ; co. Antrim (Hyndman and Waller); west of Scotland (Smith and others); Orkneys (Thomas, fide F. & H.); Shetland (Fleming and others). The variety is from the last-named district. Glacial deposit at Wick (Peach); Red Crag (S. Wood); upper tertiaries of - Italy (Philippi, Calcara, and Hoérnes). Inhabiting the coasts of Bergen (Sars), Bohuslan, 20-30 f. (Malm), Brittany (Delaunay, fide Taslé), Corunna (M‘Andrew and H. Woodward), Gibraltar, 10 f., and Canary Isles, 12 f. (M‘Andrew), Mediterranean (Michaud and 368 PLEUROTOMID. others), Adriatic (Chiereghini and others), and Aigean (Forbes). It frequently turns upon its back and floats. The shell varies in size and in the length of the spire. Spe- cimens from the Clyde district resemble those of the Mediterranean in their deep but bright colour. Fleming described this species as Pleurotoma sinuosa, supposing it to be the Murex sinuosus of Montagu ; it is the P. zonalis of Delle Chiaje, P. inflata of Cristofori and Jan, P. concinna of Scacchi, Fusus Boothii of Brown, and (according to Nardo) Murex caudicula of Chiere- ghini. P. Leufroyi of Hornes appears different. 4. D. tinga’ris*, Montagu. Murex linearis, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 261, t. 9. £4. Mangelia linearis, F. & H. iii. p. 470, pl. exiv. f. 1-3, and (animal) pl. RR. f. 6. Bony white, with occasionally a faint tinge of yellow or fleshcolour, and sometimes minutely speckled with flake-white : pallial tube varying in compactness and length, with a wide opening: head very small, short, and flat: tentacles conico- cylindrical, extensile, occasionally saffroncolour, with bulbous tips: eyes rather prominent, about halfway up the tentacles, on the usual stalks: foot expansile, sometimes narrow and very long, more or less deeply cloven in front, with triangular and recurved corners, tapering behind to a fine point. Seti very much smaller than D. Leufroyi, and of a narrower shape, always solid, opaque, and not so glossy: sculpture, strong, curved, and buttress-like longitudinal ribs, which extend not only to the base but to the suture; the body-whorl and the next have each about a dozen, the next about 10, and in the same proportion upwards ; these ribs are traversed by thread-like spiral striz, of which about a dozen are on the body-whorl, 5 or 6 on the next, 4 or 5 on the next, and so on; crests of the ribs muricated ; third whorl slightly keeled in the middle, and top whorls reticulated, asin the last species ; the entire surface is microscopically and closely reti- culated, and the lines of growth are rather distinct: colour * Marked with lines. DEFRANCIA. 369 yellowish-white, variegated by reddish-brown lines which wholly or partially decorate the spiral strive ; apex orange or purple: spire rather long ; apex shaped as in the last species: whorls 8-9, rather convex; the last occupies three-fifths of _ the shell: suture deep: mouth pear-shaped, angulated above, and contracted; length nearly half that of the -shell: canal rather short, moderately open, and turning to the left; notch obliquely rounded, and somewhat distinct: outer lip curved ; inside thickened, and furrowed or toothed, the uppermost and lowermost teeth being the largest ; edge sharp, crenellated by the spiral strive: fisswre as in the last species: inner lip slight and retired: pillar long and flexuous. L. 0°35. B. 0-175. Var. equalis. Bopy white, microscopically frosted: palhal tube rather short and wide: tentacles of moderate length above the eye-stalks, compressed on the upper and under sides: eyes proportionally large, black, placed on longish stalks: foot leaf-shaped, indented in front, with angular corners, broad and expanded towards the sides, and obtuse-angled behind. SHett broader than the typical form, with the whorls more rounded ; ribs more numerous, and not so prominent or rug- ged; spiral strie closer and finer; apex yellowish-white ; coloured lines regularly distributed, and of a paler hue; in some specimens these markings are very faint or altogether wanting. L.0°5. B.0:225. Mangela linearis, vars. inter- media and pallida, F. & H. iu. pp. 471, 472. Hasirat: .Laminarian, coralline, and deep-water zones, on all our southern coasts, and occasionally also in the north. The distribution of the variety, which is equally common, is the reverse of this. Fossil in Ive- land (J. Smith); post-glacial bed in Norway, 0-100 feet (Sars); Italian tertiaries (Philippi and Calcara). The typical form and the variety have an extensive range throughout the north Atlantic, from Iceland (Steen- strup) and Finmark (Sars) to Madeira and the Canaries (M‘Andrew), as well as in the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Aigean; depths 8-70 f. The animal is sluggish; it has the same habit of float- ing as its smaller congeners. The spawn-cases are se- RO 370 PLEUROTOMIDE. parate, hemispherical, membranous, and thin, one-fifth of an inch in diameter, with a small oval hole im the centre. They are attached at the base to the inside of old bivalve shells and to other smooth surfaces. Each capsule contains from 200 to 300 fry. These are of a brown colour and exquisitely reticulated, each having a single whorl, globular, and partially umbilicate, with a roundish mouth and an incomplete canal like that of Ianthina. The fry, when in the capsule, are very rest- less, and gyrate freely by means of their ciliated front lobes. The young shell may be distinguished from that of D. Leufroyi by its microscopical texture, as I have described in the account of each. Among the numerous synonyms are Murex elegans of Donovan, Pleurotoma versicolor (cluding D. pur- purea, var. Philberti) of Scacchi, Fusus multilinearis of Brown, F. Buchanensis of Macgillivray, Mangelia Cran- chiana of Leach, and Raphitoma rosea of Brusina. Cla- vatula linearis of S. Wood is unknown to me as a recent species. 5. D. reticuta’ta*, Renier. Murex reticulatus, Renier, Tav. alf. conch. Adr, p. 2. Bopy white, with a few scattered and minute flake-white specks, and having a tinge of yellow in front and a streak of the same colour down the upper part of the foot ; the tissue, examined microscopically, appears veined: pallial tube exten- sile, and therefore varying in length: head broad, deeply cloven in front, with an angular ridge on each side: tentacles rather long, slender above the eye-stalks, with pointed tips : eyes black and distinct; stalks about half the length of the tentacles: foot large and broad, deeply notched or bilobed in front, with recurved ear-shaped corners, finely pointed behind ; this last character (as well as others derived from parts of an expansile nature) depends on the state of activity of the animal * Reticulated. DEFRANCIA. orl when observed, the tail being sometimes sharply pointed, and at other times bluntly angular or even rounded in the same individual. Suxtt having the last whorl produced into a rather long _ beak, of a thin texture between the ribs, semitransparent, partially glossy (especially the fissural groove and the inter- stices of the ribs, which frequently are glistening): sculpture, longitudinal and spiral ribs, nearly equally prominent, and forming by their intersection oblong spaces in a transverse di- rection; the points of junction are prickly; of the longitu- dinal ribs there are usually 15 or 16 on the body-whorl, and one or two less on the penultimate whorl, the number dimin- ishing in that proportion upwards; they extend to the base, but never cross the fissural groove ; the spiral ribs are slighter, 15 or 16 on the body-whorl, 5 on the next, 4 on the next, and so on; sometimes a very fine intermediate stria is obser- vable between some of the spiral ribs; the third whorl from the top, and part of the second whorl are bluntly keeled by the first spiral rib, and all the apical whorls are exquisitely reticulated ; the surface is faintly marked with microscopic and distant lines of growth, but not reticulated: colour yel- low, irregularly mottled or streaked with purplish-brown ; apex: yellowish-brown: spire long and turreted; apex very small, slender, and distinct: whorls 9-10, convex; the last occupies three-fifths of the shell: sutwre deep: mouth as in the last species, but not so much contracted; length nearly half that of the shell: canal rather long, wide, more or less reflected at its extremity ; notch obliquely rounded, not conspicuous outside: outer ip curved; inside thickened, and fluted by about 10 tooth-like ridges; edge sharp, crenel- lated by the spiral ribs: jfisswre deep, broad, and incurved ; its former course is distinctly traceable: inner lip slight and re- tired : pillar long, in some cases nearly straight, and in others flexuous. L.0°5. B. 0-2. Var. formosa. Pure snow-white, or with a slight tinge of fleshcolour or pink, and occasionally encircled by a pale band below the periphery ; spire elongated; whorls tumid. an- gelia purpurea, var. asperrima, F. & H. in. p. 467, pl. exii. f. 5 (not Fusus asperrimus of Brown). Hasitat: Coralline zone, at Guernsey (J. G. J.); Plymouth (Jordan); Falmouth (Hockin) ; Birterbuy ole PLEUROTOMID. Bay, co. Galway (Walpole) ; Cork (Humphreys) ; co. Antrim, in 60 f. off Loch Ewe, and in 43 f. on the Shetland coast (J. G. J.).. The variety is from Fal- mouth (Cocks and Barlee); Shetland, 78-86 f. (Barlee and J. G.J.). D. reticulata belongs to our Red and Coralline Crag (S. Wood, as Clavatula cancellata), and to the Italian tertiaries (Philippi and Calcara). It is spread along the north-Atlantic coasts, from Brittany (Collard des Cherres and Taslé) to Gibraltar (M‘An- drew), and throughout the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Augean, at depths of from 4 to 35 f. The variety has been dredged by Lilljeborg in Norway, by Lovén and Malm in Bohuslan (by the latter in 40 f.), and by Forbes in the Algean (as var. spinosa) in 105 f. This species varies remarkably in size. An Irish adult specimen is only three lines long; another, from Shetland (the varietal form), measures nearly an inch and a quarter. Those from the Mediterranean are of two kinds, one like ours, and the other (which is more usual) having a shorter spire and very tumid whorls, and averaging three-quarters of an inch in length. The latter may therefore be considered the typical form. The variety is extremely beautiful, and almost “ para- gons description;” it will be figured in the next volume. It is the Murex cancellatus of J. Sowerby (not Pleu- rotoma cancellata of Caleara, nor Fusus cancellatus of Mighels and Adams, both of which appear to be also species of Defrancia), M. echinatus of Brocchi, Pleuro- toma Cordiert of Payraudeau, P. rude of Scacchi, and P. purpureum of Philippi—not M. purpureus of Mon- tagu; I described the present species as P. scabrum, under the impression that it was distinct from the Mediterranean shell and not merely a variety. DEFRANCIA. 3/0 6. D. purpv/rea*, Montagu. Murex purpureus, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 260, t.9. f.3. Mangelia pur- purea, F.& H. i. p. 465, pl. exin. f. 3, 4. Bopy whitish, with a tinge of purple, minutely and closely speckled with flake-white: pallial tube cylindro-conical, rather long: head conical, short: tentacles spike-shaped, very short above the eye-stalks, and bluntly pointed: eyes placed about one-third of the way down the tentacles, from which part the tentacles increase considerably in thickness: foot squarish in front, with angular corners (to each of which a ridge runs from the neck or back of the head, forming an inverted V), pointed behind. Suet less fusiform than the last species, owing to the base not being so much produced or elongated, rather solid, nearly opaque, and of a‘somewhat dull hue: scv/ptwre, numerous and crowded, but not prominent, longitudinal and spiral ribs, which produce by their mutual decussation a granular (not prickly) appearance ; the interstices are very narrow, and do not form any oblong spaces; of the longitudinal ribs there are from 20 to 24 on the body-whorl, and 18 to 20 on the next; they ex- tend to the base, and nearly to the suture; the spiral ribs are narrower and thread-lhke, 24 to 28 on the body-whorl, and about a dozen on the next whorl, besides a few slight inter- mediate strie; the third whorl and part of the second are bluntly keeled, and all the top whorls are finely reticulated ; the microscopic texture is closely but indistinctly frosted: colour purplish brown, chocolate, or reddish-brown, sometimes varie- gated with white, fawncolour, pale yellow, or occasionally pure white, now and then encircled by a pale narrow zone below the periphery ; top orange or pale yellow: spire long, tapering, and somewhat turreted ; apex as in the allied species, but more slender: whorls 12, convex and rounded; the last occupies rather more than half the shell: suture deep: mouth narrowly pear-shaped, contracted above to form the fissural sinus ; length two-fifths of the shell: canal rather short, wide, and expanding towards the orifice; it bends a little to the left ; notch broad and rounded, scarcely visible outside: outer lip gently curved ; inside white and thickened, fluted by about 15 tooth-like ridges ; edge sharp, notched by the spiral ribs: fissure deep, rather narrow, and incurved ; its previous course * Purple. 374 PLEUROTOMID. is not so conspicuous in this as in the last species, being partly covered by the sculpture: inner lip slight and retired: pillar flexuous. L. 1. B. 0-4 Var. 1. Philberti. Bony pale yellowish-white, more or less tinged in front with purplish-brown, and covered with minute round flake-white dots: pallial tube cylindrical, rather long, projecting, and somewhat curved; it is of a darker hue than the rest of the body: tentacles forming compressed cylinders, rather long above, the eye-stalks: eyes on the tops of short stalks, which are amalgamated with the tentacles: foot elon- gated and thin; front deeply indented or notched in the middle, and expanding at each corner into an arched lobe or auricle; hinder part broad, and abruptly pointed. Swern dwarf, more solid, and particoloured; ribs less numerous, but not in proportion to the size of the shell. L. 0-4. B. 0-2. Pleurotoma Philberti, Michaud in Bull. Soc. Linn. Bord. i. p- 261, f. 2, 3. Var. 2. oblonga. Bony light grey, mottled with purple: pallial tube long, purplish-brown, finely wrinkled: tentacles rather short, cylindrical, light grey; lower portion speckled with white: eyes on long stalks amalgamated with the ten- tacles, about halfway up the latter: foot narrow; front in- dented in the middle, with angular corners ; hinder part finely pointed; sole white. Snezzt of the same size as the other variety, but having the spire much shorter and not turreted ; the body-whorl is proportionally much larger ; sculpture finer, and not so tubercular, Hasitat: Chiefly in the coralline zone and deeper water, on stony and shelly ground, along the coasts of Guernsey, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, and Shetland; Lundy Island (M‘Andrew); Isle of Man (Forbes) ; Cork (Humphreys). The first variety is mostly confined to the laminarian zone, and is more diffused: J dredged it off Croulin Island, Skye, in 30-40 f., close to the shore; and I found it m the Channel Isles under stones, and among Zostera at low-water mark; Mr. Peach and Mr. Norman have also procured it on the recess of the tide, the former at Paignton, and the latter in the Clyde district. The 2nd variety appears to be peculiar to the PLEUROTOMA. OVD Channel Isles; I obtained it alive by dredging off St. Ca- therine’s Bay, Jersey, in 10-12 f., and dead at Guernsey, m18f. Fossil (var. Philberti)? Ireland (Smith); Coral- _ line Crag (Wood); Touraine, south of France, and Italy (Hornes and others). The range of this species and the variety Philberti, as recent, comprises Christiansund, 30-50 f. (Danielssen), Bergen (Sars), Bohuslan, 18-50 f. (Malm), north Atlantic, from Normandy to Madeira and the Canaries, Mediterranean, Adriatic, and /Aigean ; shore to 55 f. The animal is sluggish. Very young shells of the typical form are extremely slender and finely pointed. There are several obsolete or useless synonyms. Man- gelia purpurea of Risso can scarcely be this species; he described it as subfossil only. Genus II. PLEURO/TOMA#*; Lamarck. Pl. VII. f. 2. SHELL forming a more or less lengthened cone: spire tur- reted; apex regular and blunt: mouth narrow: outer lip notched at the side, below its junction with the periphery ; inside smooth: operculum possessed by some species, and re- sembling in shape an elongated pear, with the nucleus or point at the base. Although the notch in the outer lip of British species is usually slight, such is not the case in P. nivalis, which has as deep a slit as many typical species of Pleurotoma ; the depth of the notch or slit is merely a comparative character. This genus has been very unscientifically and need- lessly divided by authors, and has received various names. Mangelia (correctly Mangilia, from Mangili, an Italian naturalist) is one of these synonyms, and has been attributed to Risso on Leach’s authority; but Risso * From a notch in the side of the lip. 376 PLEUROTOMID#. did not notice either the canal at the base or the notch in the outer lip, and his description might serve for Risso- ina, species of which he in fact included in Mangelia. A. Inoperculated. 1. Prevrotoma striota’ta*, (Scacchi) Philippi. P. striolatum, Phil. Moll. Sic. ii. p. 168, t. xxvi. f. 7. Mangelia strio- lata, F. & H. iii. p. 483, pl. cxiv. A. f. 1, 2. Bopy white, minutely and closely speckled with flake-white, and marked with 8 or 9 bright pink spots on the pallial tube, which is short and rather open or scoop-shaped : tentacles short and thread-shaped above the eye-stalks: eyes placed very near the tips of the tentacles: foot truncated in front, very slightly -auricled at the corners, and tapering behind to a point; the sole has no medial groove. (Clark.) Suet slender, rather solid, semitransparent, not glossy, except in dead and rubbed specimens: sculpture, flexuous and prominent longitudinal ribs, which are remarkably high- shouldered or angulated at the top of each whorl, and extend to the suture and base; there are 9 or 10 on the body-whorl, and one less on the penultimate whorl, decreasing at the same rate upwards; the whole surface (with the exception of the apex) is traversed by fine and numerous spiral strie, which are discernible with a low magnifying-power, but not by the naked eye; the third whorl is marked with numerous longi- tudinal strie, besides the spiral strize (which latter are stronger than usual), but there is no appearance of reticulation ; the first and second whorls are smooth and glossy: colour buff or pale yellow, sometimes variegated by several obscure and narrow bands of reddish-brown; and occasionally the periphery is encircled by a broader purplish band, and the upper part of each whorl (just below the suture) has a second band of a purplish hue: spere long, tapering, and turreted; apex some- what mammiform, but not having the peculiar character of any Defrancia: whorls 9, moderately convex, angulated by the ribs; the last whorl occupies rather more than one-half of the shell: suture deep: mouth contracted, exhibiting the labial notch near the upper part; length five-twelfths of the shell: canal rather long and wide; basal notch obliquely rounded : * Slightly striated. PLEUROTOMA. Ole outer lip not much curved, somewhat inflected; edge thin and plain: dabial notch rather short, very distinct, and incurved ; it is situate below the periphery, to which the upper corner of the outer lip is attached: inner lip retired, forming a mode- , rately thick glaze: pillar flexuous. L. 0-6. B. 0-2. Hasitat: Corallime zone at Exmouth (Clark and J.G. J.) ; Torbay (Alder); Falmouth and Land’s End (Hockin) ; Weymouth and Guernsey (Hanley); Good- wick Bay, Pembrokeshire, 20 f. (J.G.J.); Bantry Bay, 12-15 f. (M‘Andrew); Connemara (Forbes and others) ; west coast of Scotland (Smith and others); co. Antrim (Hyndman). Fossil in Sicily (Philippi and Calcara). Living in Christiansund, 30-40 f. (Danielssen); Norway (Lilljeborg, fide Danielssen) ; Loire-Inférieure (Cailliaud) ; Vigo and south coast of Portugal, Madeira, and Canary Isles, 8-60 f. (M‘Andrew) ; Mediterranean, 8-50 f. (Philippi and others). P. Smithit of Forbes, P. Farrani of Thompson, Fusus elegans of Brown and Leach, and Mangelia Loveneana of Reeve. This last-named author made also a great many other so-called species from the late Mr. Cuming’s collection, which will not stand the test of criticism ; but the excellent illustrations that form the chief merit of his ‘ Conchologia Iconica ’ amply compensate for such failures. Mangelia striolata of Risso is apparently P. attenuata. P. accincta (Murex accinctus, Mont.), one of Las- key’s pseudo-discoveries, is West-Indian. 2. P. arrenva'ta*, Montagu. Murex attenuatus, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 266, t. 9. f.6. Mangelia at- tenuata, F. & H. iii. p. 488, pl. exiil. f. 8, 9, and (animal) pl. RR. f. 5. Bopy white, with flaky specks [there are a few pink or red * Attenuated. 378 PLEUROTOMID. spots near the extremity of the pallial tube (Clark)]: pallial tube rather more slender than usual: tentacles awl-shaped, comparatively very long, close together at their bases: eyes on bulgings, very low down, and not far from the origin of the tentacles: foot truncated and acutely angulated, with auricles in front (F. & H), [when fully extended, as long as the shell (Clark) }. SHELL slender, attenuated towards each extremity, rather thin, semitransparent, very glossy: sculpture, fine, sharp, nar- row, and flexuous longitudinal ribs, which extend to the base as well as to the suture, being apparently continued along the spire in an uninterrupted line; there are 9 on the body-whorl, and usually the same number on the next whorl, after which they dwindle upwards; the whole surface (except the apex) is covered with very slight microscopic and close-set spiral striz, which can be detected only by a high magnifying-power; the third whorl is keeled in the middle, and has rather numerous and curved longitudinal riblets, the first two whorls being quite smooth: colour pale tawny, encircled by several reddish-brown lines and by a chestnut band below the peri- phery, sometimes also by a narrow and obscure band just below the suture; the ribs are paler: spire long and gradually tapering ; apex as in the last species: whorls 9-10, moderately convex, somewhat angulated by the ribs ; the last whorl occu- pies four-sevenths of the shell: suture rather deep: mouth contracted ; length three-sevenths of the shell: canal straight, rather long and wide ; basal notch rounded: outer lip flexuous, incurved; edge narrow, sharp, and plain: labial notch small and shallow but distinct, situate as in the last species: inner lip retired, forming a tolerably thick glaze: pillar nearly straight. L.0°6. 3B. 0-2. Haxsirar: Gravelly and muddy sand in the coralline zone, on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall (Montagu, Couch, and others); Guernsey (Forbes); Sark (Barlee); Bideford (Montagu); Scarborough (Bean); Goodwick Bay, Barmouth, and Bantry (J. G. J.) ; Cork (Hum- phreys) ; Connemara (Alcock) ; Dublin Bay (Turton) ; Lough Strangford (Dickie) ; Oban (Barlee) ; Hebrides (M‘Andrew and Forbes). Fossil in Calabria and Tarento (Philippi); Professor Geikie’s statement that it had been PLEUROTOMA. 379 found in the Bute deposit by Mr. Crosskey is erroneous. Its present distribution is mostly southern—although Lovén and Malm have dredged it in the south of Sweden, , and Sars has recorded it with doubt from Oxfjord— Atlantic coasts of France, Spain, and Portugal, from Boulogne to Gibraltar ; Teneriffe (M‘Andrew); Mediter- ranean, Adriatic, and Augean: depths 2-40 f. This elegant shell differs from P. striolata in beng more slender, and highly polished ; the ribs are not an- gulated at the top, nor is the spire turreted ; the surface is smooth; and the linear markings are very peculiar. My finest specimen (for which I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Battersby, who dredged it, at Torquay) is three-quarters of an inch long. It appears to be the Mangelia striolata of Risso, P. Villierst of Michaud, P. gracilis of Scacchi, and P, nu- perrimum of Tiberi. 8. P. costa'ta*, Donovan. Murex costatus, Don. Br. Sh. ii. pl. xci. see ale costata, KF. & H. ii. p. 485, pl. exiv. A. f. 3-5, and (animal) pl. RR. f. 4. Bopy clear white, with a bluish tinge, more or less closely speckled with light purplish-brown or yellow, or with irregular flakes of milk-white: pallial tube cylindrical, rather long and flexible, exhibiting a notch-lke fold at the opening: tentacles rather short, with bulbous tips, doubled in thickness for the lower half by the eye-stalks: eyes rather large, placed on swollen terminations of the stalks: foot elongated, narrow, and thick, in front truncated, gently curved, or slightly indented with small angular corners, attenuated and finely pointed be- hind; when the animal is at rest, the sole is strangulated or divided across in the middle: [odontophore, pleural spine strong, with the head or top folded back, and the side indented and gaping or incuryed. (Lovén.)| SHELL agreeing in many particulars with that of P. atte- * Ribbed. 380 PLEUROTOMID. nuata; but this is much smaller, thicker, less slender, not attenuated towards either extremity,.nor glossy; the base is considerably broader in proportion; the ribs are stronger, blunter, and more angulated, and there are only 7 (or at the most 8) on the body-whorl; their interstices are somewhat concave; the spiral striz are closer and finer: colour less regular, with the lines and bands broader, sometimes mottled, or the upper part of the shell chocolate, and the lower yellowish; the outside of the mouth and the throat or inside of the outer lip usually exhibit a purplish-brown blotch: spire less taper: whorls not so convex, the last occupying three-fifths of the shell: sutwre not so deep: mouth much narrower ; length two- fifths of the shell: canal more curved, shorter, and broader : outer lip continuous with the inner lip, considerably thickened within, where it is frequently furnished with a narrow white ledge ; edge not so thin or sharp: labial notch much deeper: mer lip thickened, and reflected above: pillar flexuous. L. 0:45. B. 0-185. Haxsitat: Generally distributed ; living at low-water mark of spring tides, in rock-pools, on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall (Clark and Templer), in 95 f., on fine sand, off Unst (J.G.J.), and in 145 f. off the Mull of Galloway (Beechey). The “ P. coarctata” of Forbes is merely the northern, and consequently larger, form of this common species. Fossil in the glacial deposit at Wexford (Sir H. James); Belfast (Grainger) ; Red and Coralline Crag (Wood); Norway, 70-80 feet, retain- ing its coloured band (Sars); Lillo near Antwerp (De Wael); Antibes (Macé). Finmark to Bohuslan, 10—70f. (Sars, Lovén, and others); Zealand (mus.Copenh.); Brit- tany (De Gerville and others); Arcachon (Fischer) ; Rochelle (D’Orbigny pére); Spain and Portugal, 7-12 f. (M‘Andrew); Provence (Gay); Spezzia (J. G.J.); and probably every part of the Mediterranean and Adriatic, as P. teniata and under other less known names. The Murex costatus of Pennant is a mixture of small shells belonging to different genera. Da Costa’s Bucci- PLEUROTOMA. 3881 num costatum is P. septangularis. The present species is probably Fusus fasciatus, F. pyramidatus, and F. cras- sus of Brown, and the young his F. minimus; Hanley _ described it.as P. Metcalfei;and Leach as Mangelia Pen- nantiana. P. lineolata (Mangelia lineolata, Risso) = P. multi- lineolatum, Desh.=Fusus lineatus, Brown, is a Mediter- ranean and Adriatic shell, closely allied to P. costatum ; it was described and figured by Leach as Mangelia lineata and recorded from Cork on the authority of Dr. Drum- mond. P. proximum (Murex proximus, Mont.)is West-Indian. Laskey pretended to have found it on “ 'Tyningham sands, near Dunbar.” The specimen in the British Museum, marked “‘ mus. Montagu,” however, is a worn P. nebula, and quite unlike the description and figure given by the author. 4, P. ruevto’sa*, Philippi. P. rugulosum, Phil. Moll. Sic. ii. p. 169, t. xxvi. f. 8. SHELL at first sight mistakeable for a small and stumpy P. costata ; but the following characters will serve to distinguish it. The present species is more solid, and has a broader base and shorter spire; the ribs are thicker, and angulated near the top of each whorl, so as to give a turreted appearance to the shell ; another and peculiar difference is that, instead of the spiral striz being uniform, some of them are larger and more raised than the rest, viz. about a dozen on the body-whorl, and 4 on the preceding whorl; the colour is tawny, or yellowish- white, with sometimes an obscure reddish-brown band on the periphery ; the whorls are only 7 in number, and end abruptly; the canal is truncated ; and the outer lip is remarkably thick, and never has a ledge on the inside. L. 0-25. B. 0-125. Hasitar: Bay in St. Merryn Parish, Cornwall (Hoc- * Slightly wrinkled. 382 PLEUROTOMIDA. kin) ; Padstow (Goodall, fide Leach). Fossil in Sicily and Calabria (Philippi and Calcara). Au inhabitant of the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and AXgean seas. Mangelia Goodalliana, Leach (whose typical specimen is in the British Museum), and Raphitoma Sandrii, Brusina. 5. P. pracuy'stoma*, (brachystomum) Philippi. P. brachystomum, Phil. Moll. Sic. ii. p. 169, t. xvi. f. 10. Mangelia brachystoma, F. & H. iii. p. 480, pl. exiv. f. 5, 6, and (animal) pl. RR. ia. Bopy whitish, minutely speckled with flake-white [ purplish- white (F. & H.)]: pallial tube cylindrical and long, projecting in front: tentacles short, with blunt tips: eyes large, on the thickened end of stalks which are two-thirds the length of the tentacles: foot very long and narrowish, truncated or indented in front, with a rather large flap or auricle at each corner, bluntly pointed behind. SHELL cylindrical, and pointed at each extremity, solid, nearly opaque, of a rather dull aspect: sculpture, strong, broad, rounded, and rather prominent longitudinal ribs, from 7 to 9 on each of the last three whorls ; they extend to the base, but not quite to the suture, the space below which is strongly and spirally sculptured; the whole surface (except the apex) is covered with thread-like spiral ridges, which are finely and closely reticulated by microscopic longitudinal strize, making the crests of the principal ridges (especially of those below the suture) beaded and the surface roughened; these ridges are more or less wavy and of different sizes, the larger and more conspicuous numbering about 15 on the body-whorl, 5 or 6 on the next whorl, and decreasing upwards; the third whorl has several minute curved striz in the line of growth, their interstices being pitted, or the striz granulated, by the intersection of four or five equally minute spiral strie; the top whorls are smooth and glossy: colour yellowish-white, orange, or occasionally deep reddish-brown; paler specimens sometimes exhibit traces ofa broad orange band below the periphery: spire turreted, and gradually tapering to a some- what abrupt and blunt point: whorls 8-9, moderately convex, * Short-mouth. PLEUROTOMA. 383 somewhat flattened or shelf-like at the top, and angulated by the ribs; the last whorl occupies six-elevenths of the shell : suture deep: mouth narrow, compressed and acute-angled above, and broader in the middle; length nearly four-elevenths of the shell: canal short, straight, and wide, expanding at the ‘extremity in full-grown specimens; basal notch obliquely in- curved: outer lip flexuous, slightly bent inwards; edge sharp and muricated by the extremities of the spiral strie: labial notch small and short, situate on the shelf-like ledge at the top of the body-whorl: nner lip retired, finely polished; pillar short and nearly straight. L.0:275. B. 0-1. Hasrrat: Mud among stones, and muddy sand, in 10-60 f., Weymouth (Thompson), Exmouth (Clark), Torquay (Battersby and J.G.J.), Plymouth (Barlee and Jordan), Falmouth (Barlee and Hockin), Cornwall (M‘Andrew), Whitburn (Alder), Dogger bank (Men- nell), Bantry (Barlee), co. Antrim (Waller), Oban, Skye, and Loch Carron (J. G. J., Forbes, and others), Moray Firth (Gordon), Aberdeenshire (Dawson), Wick (Peach), Shetland (M‘Andrew and others). Newer tertiaries at Tarento (Philippi). Christiansund, 40-50 f. (Danielssen) ; Bohuslan (Lovén, and in 16-50 f. Malm); Loire-Inférieure (Cailliaud); Arcachon (Fischer); Co- runna to Gibraltar, 8-30 f. (M‘Andrew); Malaga (M‘An- drew) to Naples (Philippi) on the European coast of the Mediterranean, in 10-50 f., and on the North African coast, in 35 and 36 f. (M‘Andrew and Weinkauff); Adria- tic (Brusina); Aigean (Forbes, fide Reeve, as P. Cycla- densis) . Most of the specimens which I received from the late Mr. Clark under this name belong to a dwarf and deep- water variety of P. nebula. The Clavatula brachystoma of Searles Wood appears to be an extinct species. Lovén described our shell as Mangilia tiarula. 384: PLEUROTOMID#. 6. P. ne'puta*, Montagu. Murex nebula, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 267, t. 15. f.6. Mangelia nebula, F, & H. iii. p. 476, pl. exiv. f. 7, and (animal) pl. RR. f. 7. Bopy whitish, minutely speckled with yellow: pallial tube long and narrow: head small and compressed: tentacles short, diverging, cylindrical from the base to the eyes, and after- wards becoming less than half the size to the tips: eyes small and black, seated externally on the top of the thickened part of the tentacles, about one-third from their extremities: foot long and broad, truncated or slightly indented in front, with small and obscure angular corners, gradually tapering behind to a blunt point. Suett forming an elongated cone having its base or greater diameter just above the periphery, and abruptly attenuated ~ towards the canal; it is solid, opaque, and of a rather dull and rough aspect: sculpture, strong, broad, rounded, and somewhat prominent longitudinal ribs, from 10 to 12 on the body-whorl, diminishing by degrees upwards; they are flexuous on the body-whorl, and nearly straight on the upper whorls; they scarcely extend to the base, and never to the suture, the space below which is spirally sculptured and is margined on the upper whorls by two close-set wavy rows of bead-like strie ; the whole surface (except the apex) is covered with very numerous spiral striz, which are crossed by microscopic and oblique longitudinal striz, and reticulated as in the last species; the spiral strize are equal in size, and three times as many as in P. brachystoma; the third whorl has three rows of granu- lated striae, the top whorls being smooth and glossy: colour chocolate, with the ribs sometimes of a paler hue: spire some- what turreted, gradually tapering to a rather fine point: whorls 10-11, moderately convex, somewhat compressed towards the top of each and sloping downwards; they are angulated by the ribs; the last whorl occupies five-elevenths of the shell : suture rather shallow: mouth lozenge-shaped, compressed and acute-angled above, broader in the middle; length four-elevenths of the shell: canal short and wide, turning a little to the left, expanding at the extremity; basal notch incurved, and con- spicuous outside: outer lip gently curved, slightly bent in- wards; edge sharp, and closely muricated by the points of the spiral strie: labial notch rather deep, placed a little below the * From its smoky hue. PLEUROTOMA, 385 slope which surmounts the last whorl: inner lip as in the pre- ceding species: pillar flexuous. L. 0:55. B. 0:2. Var. 1. abbreviata. Dwarfed, of the usual colour. Var. 2. lactea. » Also dwarfed, white or yellowish-white. Var. 3. elongata. Bopy pale yellowish-white or whitish, marked with purplish-brown or flake-white spots of different sizes, which appear opaque when the animal is examined as a transparent object: pallial tube cylindrical, long and extensile: head semicircular, very small: tentacles short, cylindrical, and (without the eye-stalks) slender; the free extremities are re- markably short and finger-like, with rounded tips: eyes pro- minent, on nearly oval bulbs at the top of long and thick stalks which are conjoined with the tentacles, on their outer side (like a spliced rope), and extend from two-thirds to three-fourths of their length: foot very long and flexible, rounded in front, with short triangular or ear-shaped corners, narrower in the middle, and bilobed or obliquely truncated behind: verge falci- form, situate behind the right-hand tentacle. Suxrtt larger, and having the spire more elongated, of a thinner and more delicate texture: sculpture finer and smoother: colour yel- Jowish-white with the interstices of the ribs purplish-red, sometimes wholly milk-white. L. 0°75. Haxsitat: Common in sand on all the coasts of the south of England, Wales, and Ireland, from low-water mark of spring tides to the depth of a few fathoms ; Scarborough (Bean); Coldingham Bay, Berwickshire (Maclaren, fide Johnston); Clyde district (Smith); Lam- lash (Landsborough); Moray Firth(Macdonald). Var. 1. Coralline zone at Exmouth (Clark); Falmouth and co. Galway (Barlee); Whitburn (Alder). Var. 2. Aber- deenshire (Dawson). Var. 3. Deep water, Guernsey (Hanley and J. G. J.); Plymouth (Jordan) ; Exmouth (Clark); Arran Isle, co. Galway (Barlee); Hebrides and Shetland, in 30-90 f. (Barlee and J. G. J.). Iam by no means certain that this last variety may not be specifically distinct ; but I prefer reducing to increasing the number of species, unless some valid and persistent VOL. IV. S 386 PLEUROTOMID. character can be made out. The typical form has occurred in a fossil state at Moel Tryfaen (Trimmer), Macclesfield (Darbishire), Italian tertiaries (Philippi and Calcara) ; and the variety elongata in the glacial drift of Caithness (Jamieson). The geographical distribution of this species at present is as follows :—As to the typical form, from the north of France (De Gerville and others) to Madeira (M‘Andrew), throughout the Mediterranean (Risso and others), Adriatic (Heller and others), and fMigean (Spratt); depths 4-25 f.: as to the variety _ elongata, from Finmark (Sars) to Gottenburg, 10-30 f. (Malm), Brittany (Cailliaud), and Vigo (M‘Andrew). The animal is exceedingly active ; it gives out a very dark purple dye, like that of Scalaria communis. Be- tween thirty and forty years ago I observed the present species burrowing in sand at Oxwich, near Swansea, on the recess of a high tide; and I also procured it by dredging on the same coast. The Rev. R. N. Dennis tells me that specimens from Seaford Bay, when placed in a basin of sea-water, crawled to the edge and sus- pended themselves by a thread. A monstrosity which I found at Tenby (where P. nebula is very abundant) has the spire twisted and curved on one side. Among the synonyms may be mentioned P. Ginnania- num of Philippi (who, by the by, omitted to notice the spiral striz), P.-ngra-of Potiez-and—Michaud, and Raphitoma polita-of-Brusina. According to Vérany it is the Mangelia costulata of Risso’s collection. Clavatula nebula of Searles Wood is not our species. 7. P. paviea'ta*, Philippi. P. levigatum, Phil. Moll. Sie. i. p. 199, t. xi. f. 17. Bopy clear white, speckled all over with opaque white: pal- * Rubbed smooth; properly devigata. PLEUROTOMA. 387 lial tube long and cylindrical: head short, cloven in front: tentacles cylindrical, mere club-shaped and slender points above the eyes, three or four times as thick below them: eyes placed outside the tentacles, at the extremities of very long stalks, wwhich are conjoined with the tentacles in the usual manner: foot elongated, truncated or bilobed in front, with angular corners, bluntly pointed or sometimes swallow-tailed behind: odontophore simple; pleurse diamond-shaped, with a minute notch just below the middle on the inner side. SHELL spindle-shaped, having the base broader than the apex, rather solid, nearly opaque, of a dull but smooth aspect: sculpture, broad and rounded, although not prominent, some- what flexuous longitudinal ribs, which are more or less wanting on the body-whorl and do not extend to the base or suture ; there are 10 or 11 on each of the preceding three whorls ; the space below the suture is girded by a thickened rim, and is always ribless; the whole surface (except the apex) is covered with exceedingly numerous and fine spiral striw, which are crossed and indistinctly beaded by still more delicate flexuous stric in the line of growth; the spiral striz on the body- whorl alternate in size, but elsewhere are equal; the third whorl has four rows of spiral strive, which are not beaded as in the foregoing two species; top whorls quite smooth and lustrous: colour yellow, variegated with chocolate; the former colour is more perceptible as a broad band round the upper part of the body-whorl, and on the ribs in the other whorls, the interstices of the ribs in all the whorls being of the darker colour; apex chocolate: spire tapering to a somewhat abrupt point: whorls 9-10, moderately convex and rounded, shelving upwards, not angulated by the ribs; the last whorl occupies seven-twelfths of the shell: suture shallow: mouth obliquely lozenge-shaped, compressed and acute-angled above, broader at about one-third from the upper part ; length five-twelfths of the shell: canal very short, wide, and trun- cated, turning slightly but abruptly to the left; basal notch incurved, conspicuous on the outside: outer lip curved; edge blunt and even: labial notch broad and rather deep, placed below the sutural rim: inner lip slight, but more spread and not so retired as in many other species: pellar broad and filexuous. L.0°6. 3B. 0-225. Var. minor. Dwarfed or stunted, and more slender. L. 0°3. ip. 0-1. Hasirar: Between tide-marks in Belgrave Bay, s2 388 PLEUROTOMID2. Guernsey (Gallienne). The variety or smaller form inhabits the coralline zone, and occurs in the Channel Isles also, and on the coasts of Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall; Connemara (Alcock). North Atlantic, from Cherbourg (De Gerville and Macé) to Gibraltar, and westward to the Azores (M‘Andrew) ; both sides of the Mediterranean, the Adriatic, and Aigean: depths 2- 15: f. When the tide goes out this little mollusk burrows in the sand, but not deeply, in a slanting position ; and it rises to the surface when the tide comes in, like several other univalves of similar habits. Dead shells thrown up on a sandy beach, and rolled about by the waves, become polished by the attrition and appear smooth. The chief differences between P. brachystoma, P. nebula, and P. levigata consist in the first being small and cylindrical, and having some of the spiral striz larger and more prominent than the rest; the second forms an elongated cone, the spiral striz being equal in size and more numerous; the present species is spindle- shaped and smoother, the body-whorl is nearly ribless (especially near the mouth), and the suture is thickened by a strap-lke rim. This is the P. Metcalfei of Hanley, and apparently the Raphitoma polita of Brusina. B. Operculated. 8. P. niva’uis*, Lovén. P. nivale, Loy. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 14. Bovy milk-white: head prominent, and slightly cloven in front: mouth or proboscidal orifice knob-like, and placed in the middle beneath the tentacular membrane: tentacles very * Snow-white. PLEUROTOMA. 389 short, cylindrical, and diverging, with blunt tips; they are somewhat curved and resemble the prongs of a dung-fork: eyes none, nor any eye-stalks: foot long and slender, truncated in front, and obtuse-angled behind; sole broad: verge falcate, ,on the right hand: [odontophore composed of thin and some- what curved spine-shaped pleuree, with a large head which is excavated or gapes on the lower side. (Lovén.) | SHELL elegantly spindle-shaped, attenuated towards each end, the axis or greater diameter being nearer the base and formed of the upper portion of the body-whorl; it is of a deli- eate and rather thin texture, semitransparent, and not glossy : sculpture, numerous oblique longitudinal ribs, which are plait- like and slight on the lower two whorls (nearly wanting on the last), more prominent and nodulous on the upper whorls ; they neither extend to the base nor to the suture, and occupy only the middle portion of each whorl; the whole surface (except the apex, which is quite smooth and glossy) is covered with fine and close-set spiral strize, some of which on the body- whorl alternate in size ; lines of growth microscopic and flex- uous ; colow uniform milk-white: spire gradually tapering to a blunt point: whorls 10, convex, somewhat angulated in the middle, and compressed or slightly excavated below the suture ; the last whorl occupies about one-half of the shell: suture shallow: mouth of an irregular shape, long and narrow, acute- angled above; length nearly one-third of the shell: canal rather short, but slender, very wide and open, bending a little to the left, and ending in an obliquely curved notch: outer lip rounded from the labial notch to the base, with a thin and even edge: labial notch broad, deep, and remarkably distinct ; it is placed considerably below the junction of the outer lip with the periphery: inner lip consisting of a thin glaze or polish, which is spread over the pillar; its limit is coextensive with the outer lip: pillar broad and flexuous: operculum pear- shaped, having the point or nucleus at the base on the inner side; it is rather small, ambercolour, and marked with ellip- tical lines of increase, like the valves of a Pinna. L. 0°85. B. 0°25. Hapitat: Fine muddy sand, east of Shetland, im 78 f.: apparently very rare; for several dredging-voyages which I have made in these seas yielded only one live and three dead specimens. Its discoverer, Professor Lovén, re- 3890 PLEUROTOMID2. corded it as Norwegian (Bergen to Finmark) ; and it has also been taken on the same coast by M‘Andrew and Barrett, Danielssen, Sars, and Lilljeborg, at depths of from 30 to 150 f. My largest specimen of this graceful and remarkable species exceeds an inch in length. As Lovén well observed, it is allied to P. torquatum of Philippi, a Calabrian fossil; but the dimensions and figure given in the latter’s work represent a much less slender shell. The lines of growth vary in strength, and are not so conspicuous in living as in dead speci- mens. 9, P. seprancuta/ris*, Montagu. Murex septangularis, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 260, t. 9. f.5. Mangelia (Bela) septangularis, F. & H. iii. p. 458, pl. exii. f. 6, 7, and (animal) pl. PT. Bopy white, powdered with minute flake-white points: mantle rather thick at the edges: pallial tube fleshy, extending beyond the canal of the shell: head compressed, narrow, with a vertical fissure below it, from which the retractile proboscis issues: tentacles short, “ setose ’’ [? |, coalescing at their bases: eyes on the external points of thick stalks annexed to the ten- tacles, at about two-thirds of their length: foot rather narrow, truncated in front, and slightly auricled, moderately long, with the termination nearly as broad behind as in front, without a trace of a distinct point, although the tail is often more or less notched. (Clark.) Suet forming an elongated cone with a produced base, re- markably thick, opaque, somewhat glossy: sculpture, strong, angular, and rather prominent longitudinal ribs, which extend to the suture but not to the base; they are flexuous on the body-whorl, and nearly straight on the upper whorls, where they usually form a continuous series along the spire; their interstices are concave; the labial rib is very large, and aged specimens frequently have a similar rib or varix on the middle of the body-whorl; there are from 7 to 9 ribs (usually 7 only) on the body-whorl, and one less on the next whorl, the number * Heptagonal, or having seven angles. PLEUROTOMA. 391 diminishing in the same ratio upwards; the whole surface (except the apex, which is quite smooth and glossy) is covered with extremely fine and close-set mimute spiral strie, which become stronger towards the base; these spiral strie are par- _tially decussated by irregular microscopic lines of growth: colour chestnut or reddish-brown, the ribs being (probably from attrition) of a paler hue or sometimes whitish; throat or in- side cf the outer lip purplish: spire extending to an abrupt point: whorls 8-9, moderately convex, but compressed towards the base and strongly angulated by the ribs; the last whorl occup-es nearly three-fifths of the shell; the first two or three are cy.indrical, and the topmost whorl is button-shaped : suture slight: mouth irregularly oblong, acute-angled above; length about two-fifths of the shell: canal short, nearly straight, extremely wide and open, truncated at the point, and ending in a curved notch: outer lip flexuous, with a sharp and even edge; it seems to form a wedge-like margin to the labial rib: lbial notch very broad, but shallow, placed at some distanee from the upper corner of the mouth: ¢ner lip forming a porcellanous glaze, and occasionally thickened above so as to preduce a pad or callus at the junction of the two lips: pillar curved in the middle, and nearly straight below: oper- culum as in the last species, sometimes folding inwards or con- cave cown the middle. L. 0°55. 3B. 0-2. Hasirat: Laminarian and coralline zones, in 7-25 f., or our southern and western coasts (including the Bristol Channel), from Guernsey (J.G.J.) to Anglesea (M‘Andrew), all Ireland, and the west of Scotland ; Firth of Forth (Forbes, MS.), ? Dunbar (Laskey). ? Fossil in Ireland (Forbes); south of Italy and Palermo (hilippi and Caleara). The only northern locality that I can find recorded is Bergen, on the excellent authority of Professor Sars: the distribution south of Britain is ‘ery extensive, and comprises the coasts of France, Spain, and Portugal, the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Migean; Madeira and the Canary Isles (M‘Andrew, as P. secalinum). Bathymetrical range 6-40 f. My finest specimens were collected in Langland 392 PLEUROTOMID. Bay near Swansea; one measures three-quarters of an inch in length, and is proportionally broad and stout. An operculum in a Scotch specimen is shaped like a weaver’s shuttle, and has the nucleus nearly cen- tral and the lines of growth irregularly elliptical. This is the Buccinum costatum of Da Costa, Murex septangulatus of Donovan, and P. egeensis of Forbes ; to these may probably be added the following synonyms —Mangelia Ginnania, Risso, P. Bertrandii, Payrauleau, P. heptagona, Scacchi, and P. costulatum, Cantraine. P. secalinum of Philippi appears to be a dwarf form, having the ribs less angular and the spiral striz more distinct. The name proposed by Da Costa takes prece- dence of that which I have adopted and which is » well known; but we have another still more common svecies called costata: let the older name, therefore, be con- signed to oblivion, so far as it relates to the present species. 10. P. rura*, Montagu. Murex rufus, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 263. Mangelia (Bela) rufa, F. ie iii. p. 454, pl. exii. f. 3-5, and (animal) pl. TT. f. 4. Bopy white, speckled with chalky flakes, and Kavind a slight tinge of purple: pallial tube rather long: tentades cylindrical; upper part (above the eye-stalks) extremdy short, club-shaped, and of a bluish hue: eyes black and dx- tinct, on the top of thick stalks: foot thick and broad, slighty rounded in front, and bluntly pointed behind. Suett oblong-fusiform, solid, nearly opaque, lustrele sculpture, flexuous and rather narrow longitudinal ribs, whi extend to the suture but seldom to the base, and often beco indistinct or are entirely absent towards the mouth ; the upp part of each rib is angular; there are usually 14 or 15 on ea of the last five whorls, becoming more numerous and threa like on the preceding whorl, and disappearing on the to whorls; the ribs are narrower than their interstices; th * Reddish, > - PLEUROTUOMA. 393 w hole surface (except the apex, which is smooth and glossy) is covered with numerous and fine spiral striz or lines, many of which are double; the spiral striz or lines on the ledge or shelf below the suture are slighter and obscure, the strongest being those on the upper whorls; they are nowhere decussated by the microscopic dines of growth: colour purplish-brown, the ribs being frequently paler ; inside of the mouth occasion- ally of a rich purple: spire turreted, and regularly tapering ; apex twisted: whorls 7, rather convex, shelving abruptly to the suture, so as to give the turreted aspect to the spire; the last whorl occupies three-fifths of the shell: sutwre rather deep: mouth shaped as in P. septangularis, but not so acute-angled above; length two-fifths of the shell: canal as in the last species, except that the basal notch is more rounded: outer lip arched, with a thin and even edge; it is slightly angulated above: labial notch small, but distinct, forming an indentation in the infrasutural shelf: iner lip somewhat expanded, and presenting a polished appearance: pel/ar broad and flexuous : operculum ear-shaped, and elongated, marked lengthwise by a furrow on the pillar side; layers of increase numerous and obliquely curved. L.0°5. B. 0-2. Var. 1.- lactea. Bopy milk-white; pallial tube short and rather broad: tentacles cylindrical, very short and club-shaped above the eyes, much thicker below them: eyes proportionally large, on the top of stalks which are amalgamated with the tentacles : foot rounded in front, with small angular corners, bluntly pointed behind. Seri milk-white. Var. 2. semicostata. Lower whorls ribless; shell often larger than the usual size. Var. 3. Ulideana. Shell orange-brown or fawncolour, with stronger sculpture. P. Ulideana, Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nedt. xv. p. 316, pl xx, f. 2. Var. 4. Cranchii. Ribs twisted. Fusus Cranchi, Brown, Ht. p. 6, pl. v. £. 5. Var. 5. angusta. Shell narrower, and slender, with sharp and oblique ribs. Hasitrat: Sand in the laminarian and coralline zones, on our eastern, southern, and western coasts, the Bristol and St. George’s Channels, all round Ireland, and the west of Scotland; Scarborough (Bean and J. G. J.) ; so c 94 PLEUROTOMIDA. Northumberland and Durham (Alder and others); Aber- deenshire (Dawson); Durness, Sutherlandshire (Mrs. M‘Pherson, fide Gordon). Var. 1. Guernsey, living with P. levigata in Belgrave Bay, and dredged in 18 f. (Gallienne and J. G. J.); Exmouth (Clark): a small form of this pretty variety, mostly having the upper part of the spire tinged with purplish-brown, was pro- cured by Mr. Hyndman from Port Ballintrae, co. Antrim. Var. 2. Channel Isles and Fishguard (J.G.J.). Var. 3. Connemara (Farran); Clyde district (Kyton); Oban, Loch Carron, and Skye (Barlee and J. G. J.).. Var. 4. Falmouth (Cranch, fide Brown), and Plymouth (Cranch, fide Leach). Var. 5. Exmouth (Clark); Tenby and Manorbeer (J. G. J.). As a post-glacial or quaternary fossil this species has been in most cases mistaken for P. pyramidalis, Strom; I have identified P. rufa from only the Belfast deposit. A somewhat similar remark apples to their foreign distribution in a living state. Sars dredged some very large specimens of P. rufa (mixed with the other species) in Finmark; Macé and Taslé have correctly included it in their lists of Breton shells, Dr. D’Orbigny found it at Rochelle, and Fischer gives Arcachon as a locality; French coast (Potiez and Michaud). It is the P. nigra of the last-named authors, and Fusus fuscus of Brown; the young is Turton’s Murer chordula. Leach described the 4th variety as Bela Cran- chiana. P. pyramidalis is not uncommon as a post-tertiary fossil, in the Clyde beds, as well as at Macclesfield, Moel Tryfaen, Bridlington, Kelsey Hill, Wexford, and Fort William, and in Aberdeenshire and Caithness ; Norwich Crag (Woodward); Uddevalla (J.G.J.); Canada (Dawson and Bell). It inhabits the arctic seas from ~ PLEUROTOMA. O9D Bergen to Spitzbergen in one hemisphere, and from Cape Cod to Greenland in the other. This species differs from P. rufa in having a longer body-whorl, a smaller and more abruptly tapering (but not turreted) spire, an oblique and shallow suture, and shghter ribs. It is the Fusus pleurotomarius of Couthouy, and Defrancia Vahlii of Beck in Moller’s Index. 1]. P. rurrrcura*, Montagu. Murex turricula, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 262, t.9.f1. Mangelia turri- cula, F. & H. iii. p. 450, pl. exi. f. 7, 8, and (animal) pl. TT. f. 2. Bopy creamcolour, faintly suffused with brown, and some- times closely covered with very minute chalk-white specks: head small and thick: pallial tube cylindrical and very long, sometimes projecting in front like a horn: tentacles cylindrical, extremely short above the eyes, with blunt tips: eyes small, placed on the extremities of stalks which are nearly three- fourths of the length of the tentacles and are annexed to (but not amalgamated with) them, giving to this part of the ani- mal the shape of an elongated and irregular cone: foot large and broad, truncated or bilobed in front, with small angular corners, and bluntly pointed or rounded behind: [odontophore, pleural spine straight, with a conical head and the side exca- vated and open. (Lovén.) | Suet. oblong-fusiform, rather solid, semitransparent, and lustreless: sculpture, strong, sharp, and narrow, but not very prominent longitudinal ribs ; these are angular on the top of each whorl, curved on the body-whorl, and nearly straight on that portion of the other whorls which lies below the sutural ledge or step; they extend to the suture and mouth, but not to the base; each of the last five whorls has from 12 to 15 ribs, the next has more, and on the preceding whorl they become fine and close-set strize and are separated by the stronger spiral strie ; they disappear towards the apex; the ribs are much narrower than their interstices; the whole surface (except the apex, which is quite smooth and glossy) is thickly covered with fine, and usually equal-sized, spiral strise (with frequently slighter intermediate strix), which are more * A turret. 396 PLEUROTOMID. crowded on the base as well as on the top or upper shelf of each whorl; the second whorl has only three of these spiral strie, and two are more prominent than the rest on all the top whorls; on the third whorl and the top of the fourth the longitudinal ribs and spiral striew, being equal in size, intersect each other and produce a cancellated appearance, the interspaces being excavated; the points of junction on the edge of the shelf at the top of each whorl are slightly nodulous ; micro- scopic lines of growth slight: colowr milk-white or tinted with yellow: spire remarkably turreted or scalar, gradually tapering to a small but truncated point: whorls 7-8, convex, each having on the upper part a wide step-like shelf, which is strongly angulated ; the last whorl occupies four-sevenths of the shell: sutwre not deep, but well defined by a wavy line: mouth oblong, angular above; length three-sevenths of the shell: canal short and wide, nearly straight, ending in an obliquely rounded notch: outer lip angular at the top, and sloping downwards with a gentle curve; edge slightly crenel- lated by the points of the spiral strive: labial notch small, having its greatest depth in the angle of the infrasutural shelf: inner lip rather large, presenting (as usual in this section of Pleurotoma) a smooth and polished surface; pillar broad and flexuous, sloping inwards to a rather sharp edge: operculum ear-shaped and elongated, marked lengthwise by a furrow on the inner or pillar side, and sometimes by one or two slight strie in the same direction; layers of growth numerous and oblique ; nucleus at the base, on the inner side. L. 0°65. B. 0°25. Var. rosea. Fleshcolour or reddish-brown. Tritoniwm roseum (Sars), Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 12. Hasirat: Sand, at various depths, in the Bristol Channel, and in the western, eastern, and northern parts of England and Wales, and on all the Irish, Scotch, and Zetlandic coasts. Donovan gives Brighton and Wey- mouth as localities; but I am not satisfied that this species has been found in any of our southern counties. The variety is from Oban. P. turricula has been noticed in all our quaternary deposits (including that at Selsea), and in the Norwich and Red Crag; Uddevalla (J.G. J.); Canada (Dawson). Its present range is mostly northern, PLEUROTOMA. 397 and comprises Greenland, Spitzbergen, Iceland, Scandi- navia, Heligoland (Frey and Leuckart), the Boulonnais (Bouchard-Chantereaux), Cherbourg and La Hougue (De Gerville), and the United States (Mighels and ; Stimpson) ; depths 10-150 f. The length of the spire is a very uncertain character. Monstrosities are rare; I have one in which the mouth and canal are considerably curved. A specimen in my cabinet, from the body-whorl of which a large piece had been at one time taken away, exhibits a peculiar sort of repair : the renewed portion has no trace of longitudinal ribs, although the spiral sculpture is replaced. The largest specimens I have ever seen were dredged in from 50 to 60 f. off the Dogger bank on the Yorkshire coast ; they measure three-fourths of an inch in length, and about one-third of an inch in breadth. One from Shet- land is as long, but narrower. It.is probably the Turbo albus of Pennant, certainly the Murex angulatus of Donovan, and the Fusus turri- cola of Fleming and Forbes; the fry is apparently Adams’s Buccinum minutum. Leach also placed it in the genus Buccinum. Through the kindness of Dr. Morch I have compared the types of Moller’s Green- landic species with British specimens in my own collec- tion; and I would refer the Defrancia nobilis, scalaris, and exarata of the last-named author to the present species. Fusus discors, discrepans, and castaneus of Brown may be placed in the same category. The Mu- rex turricula of Brocchi (which is also a Pleurotoma) is very different from ours, and must have another specific name. 398 PLEUROTOMIDA. 12. P. Trevetya'na*, (Trevellianum) Turton. P. Trevellianum, Turt. in Mag. N. H. vii. p.351. Mangelia Trevelliana, H&E amp. 452, pl..exu. f. 1, 2. SHELL approaching P. turricula, but essentially distinct. This is smaller, and more oval than oblong; the spire is not so decidedly and abruptly turreted or scalar; the whorls are rounded; the sculpture is very much finer and closer (there being twice as many longitudinal ribs); and the whole surface is decussated, in consequence of the ribs and spiral striz being equal-sized and intercrossing ; the second whorl is marked by minute and numerous spiral lines; the colour is uniformly milk-white ; the canal is shorter ; the labial notch is deeper ; and the operculum has a strong ledge on the inner side, and is microscopically striated (as well as slightly reticulated) lengthwise. L. 0°45. B. 0:2. Hasitat: With P. turricula in the stomachs of had- docks, Scarborough (Bean); muddy sand outside the Dogger bank, on the Yorkshire coast, in 50-60 f. (Lec- kenby) ; Durham and Northumberland (Alder and others) ; Berwick Bay (Mennell); Firth of Forth (M‘An- drew); Aberdeenshire (Macgillivray and others); Eda Sound, Orkneys (Thomas, fide F. & H.); Shetland (Forbes and others); west coast of Scotland (Barlee and J.G.J.). Fossil m the Clyde beds (Brown and Cross- key); Hebrides (J. G. J.); Turbot-bank, co. Antrim (Hyndman and others); boulder-clay, Wick (Peach) ; Bridlington (Woodward); Bramerton (Witham, fide Woodward); Uddevalla (J. G. J.); glacial deposits in Norway, 50-240 feet (Sars); Canada (Dawson). This species is exclusively northern, and is distributed from Zealand to Spitzbergen, along the coast of Greenland westward to Massachusetts; west coast of North Ame- rica (P. Carpenter) : depths 8—200 f. For my largest specimen I am indebted to my able * A complimentary dedication to Sir Walter Trevelyan, Bart. CYPRAIDA. 399 and assiduous fellow-labourer, Mr. Robert Dawson, of Cruden, who dredged it off Kinnaird’s Head ; it is five lines and a half in length. Synonyms: “P. reticulata, Brown, Fusus decussatus, Couthouy (not P. decussata of Lamarck, which is a Grignon fossil), and Defrancia Woodiana, Moller. American specimens are much smaller than ours, as is also the case with Purpura lapillus and Buccinum un- datum. Family XXXI. CYPRAEIDA, (Cypreade) Fleming. Bopy oval or oblong: mantle expanded over the back of the shell in the form of two lobes (one on each side): pallial tube projecting or recurved: head furnished with a retractile proboscis or a contractile snout: tentacles cylindrical or awl- shaped: eyes on short stalks, which are conjoined with the tentacles, as in the last family: foot tongue-shaped, double- edged in front, weg e-shaped or bluntly pointed behind: gills arranged in a single plume: odontophore long, partly contained in the visceral cavity; rhachis 1-cusped ; uncini 3-cusped. Sexes distinct. SHELL having invariably an external spire in the young state: spire short, usually concealed in the adult ; axis nearly horizontal: mouth very long: canal short and somewhat truncated: no epidermis, nor any operculum. These are animal-eaters, and are said to subsist prin- cipally on zoophytes. Individuals of the same species vary greatly in size; the young, before the outer lip is formed, has been in many cases considered a distinct species. 400° CYPREIDA. Genus I. MARGINEL’LA*, Lamarck. Pl. VII. f. 3. Bopy oval: mantle pustulated:; head furnished with a re- tractile proboscis. SHELL conic-oval, smooth and polished: spire visible in every state of growth: mouth nearly as long as the shell, narrow, channelled at the base only: pillar plicated. Risso proposed the genus Erato for the reception of our only species; but I agree with Deshayes and Phi- lippi that Hrato cannot be distinguished from Marginella. MaARrGINELLA La&vist, Donovan. Voluta levis, Don. Br. Sh. v. pl. clxv. M. levis, F. & H. iii. p. 502, pl. exiv. B. f. 4, 5, and (animal) pl. NN. f. 8, 9. Bopy milk-white, closely and minutely speckled all over with orange, pink, and black; these markings are arranged in various patterns: mantle thick, forming two flaps which cover from one-half to two-thirds of the shell, leaving the back only exposed ; these flaps or lobes are elegantly tessel- lated with purplish-brown, and are more or less studded with small pale yellow pustules or nipple-shaped tubercles of dif- ferent sizes; the front and lower portions of each side are often marked with purplish-brown spots: pallial tube rather long, folded in a cylindrical form: proboscis white and cylin- drical, more than half an inch long: tentacles extensile, usually rather short, with blunt tips, forked at their bases and widely diverging : eyes on short stalks: foot long and slender, slightly rounded in front, with angular corners, contracted in the middle and tapering to a blunt point or tail: verge very large, bent and triangular. Sueti harp-shaped, solid, opaque, porcellanous and highly lustrous: sculpture, none except linear marks of growth, and a few slight and microscopic spiral strize on the top whorls: colour milk-white, with a pale orange-brown tint and a pink outer lip in southern specimens: spire prominent, although blunt; apex somewhat globular and excentric: whorls 5-6 ; the last is gibbous, and occupies 13 of the shell: suture very slight and indistinct: mouth nearly equal in width * A diminutive; of margo, a rim, ft Smooth ; properly Zevis. = MARGINELLA. 401 throughout, incurved and acute-angled above; length coex- tensive with that of the body-whorl: canal wide and open, slightly bending to the left : owter lip thick and broad, forming a distinct rim which is continued round the base; inside closely notched, or furnished with about 15 small teeth : inner lip apparently wanting: pillar flexuous, having two or three slight transverse plaits or folds at the base (the lowermost being the strongest or most conspicuous), besides a row of minute tubercles above the plaits, which exceed in number the teeth of the outer lip. L. 0-4. 3B. 0°25. Var. oblonga. Pure white, more elongated, and compressed in front. Hasitat: Sandy ground, from 12 to 85 f., on every part of our coast, from Guernsey to Unst; local. Las- key gives Dunbar; but his specimen in the British Museum is M. Maugerie, a tropical species. The va- riety is Zetlandic. M. levis occurs in the Red and Coralline Crag, and (according to Woodward) in the Norwich Crag also; Pont le Roy, in the Faluns of Touraine (Cailhaud); Vienna basin (Hornes); Italian and Grecian tertiaries (Brocchi and others). Brittany (Delaunay, fide Taslé); Corunna to Gibraltar (M‘An- drew); both sides of the Mediterranean, the Adriatic, and Aigean: depths 8-55 f. The animal is very lively and active, a great beauty, and by no means bashful. When on the march it carries the branchial tube in an upturned position. One pair, having crawled out of the water in a glass jar, coupled for seven or eight hours; their union was cruelly dissolved by immersion in boiling-water. The size of the shell is extremely variable. The outer lip is at first thin and sharp; then it becomes inflected, and has a plain edge; afterwards the lip is thickened and notched. This is the Cyprea Voluta of Montagu, Voluta cy- preola of Brocchi, and M. Donovani of Payraudeau ; 402 CYPREIDA. the young is probably Voluta pallida of Adams (not of Linné), and it agrees with the type im my possession of Turton’s V. fusiformis. M. catenata and M. alba were erroneously described as British by Colonel Montagu, M. catenata on the au- thority of Swainson and Laskey, and WM. alba on the unsupported testimony of the last-named witness ; both species are common in parcels of West-Indian shells. Genus II. CYPR#’A*, Linné. Pl. VII. f. 4. Bony like that of Marg inella. Suett oval, usually smooth and polished: spire in most species covered over and concealed when the shell is full- grown: mouth narrow, stretching from one end of the shell to the other, and channelled at the top and bottom: outer lip folding inwards: pillar notched or tuberculated. Mucianus and Rondelet supposed that this shell-fish was the famous éyevnis, which is said by Herodotus to have arrested, at the instance of Venus, the course of Periander’s ship, and to have thus prevented the exe- cution of his barbarous design With regard to the Cor- cyrian youths. Hence the name of Cyprea or Concha Venerea. The éyevnis of Aristotle was evidently the sea-lamprey or lumpsucker. The young shell has a prominent spire, like that of Marginelia, which it resembles in shape also; in the adult or perfect state the spire is covered and usually concealed by successive layers of porcellanous matter, and the shell then exhibits a close affinity to Ovula. The outer lip in the earlier state of growth is thin and has a sharp edge; it is subsequently folded inwards and thickened, so as to contract the mouth. Brugwieére * More correctly Cypria ; from Cypris, one of the names of Venus. CYPREA. 403 stated, and Lamarck believed that, as the animal in- creased in size, it was obliged to leave its shell, in order to make a new and more capacious one. The notion of , Sowerby and Reeve, that Cyprea can absorb the outer lip and form another, is not less fanciful. Such hypo- theses were founded on the circumstance that full-grown shells are often smaller than half-grown specimens ;_ but the difference of size in individuals of the present family offers a simple explanation. In a very curious report by Dr. Briickmann of Brunswick (1722) on the “ Concha Venerea” and another shell, it is mentioned that, by applying the former closely to the ear, “ sie konnten das Meer brausen horen.” The embryology of Cyprea must be somewhat anomalous; for Mr. A. Adams observed at Singapore some fry, supposed to belong to C. annulus, adhering in masses to the mantle of that mollusk, or swimming (some in rapid gyrations, and others with abrupt jerking movements) by means of their head- lobes. Some of the ancient Greeks called this well-known shell yotpos, and the Romans porcus or porculus; the old English name is “ gowrie” (now “ cowry’’), and the French “ pucelage ” or ‘‘ pou-de-mer.” While tropical seas are enriched by so many and such beautiful species, our own has but a single puny repre- sentative of the genus. Cypra#a Evrop#!a*, Montagu. C. Europea, Mont. Test. Br. (ii.) p. 88;° F. & H. iii. p. 495, pl. exiv. a. f. 6-9, and (animal) pl. NN. f. 5-7. Bopy of various hues, the predominant ones being yellow, brown, and pink; it is sometimes marked with transverse stripes or lines: mantle very large, spread (in the adult) over * European. 404 CYPREIDA. the back or upper part of the shell, which it oftens covers completely ; it is more or less studded with conical or wart- like processes, some of which frequently are branched and others longer than the rest; colour pale orange-brown with the papille yellow or white, and occasionally variegated by red spots and a few purplish blotches: pallial tube conico- cylindrical, rather long, projecting horizontally or somewhat upturned ; this is also studded with papille, and is orange or light yellowish-brown ; edges of the orifice slightly reflexed : proboscis long: tentacles long, flexible, tapering to a blunt point, and widely diverging ; they are speckled with yellow: eyes on short stalks at the outer bases of the tentacles: foot expansile, so as to be twice the length of the shell, in front truncated, with small angular corners, behind rounded or obtuse-angled; it is pale yellowish-brown, and edged with a rather broad border of a lighter tint ; sole whitish, yellow, or orange: verge large, orange: jaws elliptical and horny: odontophore short. SHELL roundish-oval, solid, opaque, and glossy : sculpture, from 20 to 25 fine thread-like ribs, which cross the back of the shell or body-whorl, and are continued within the mouth ; a few of these ribs anastomose, or are shorter and placed between others of full length ; those at each end are fork-like ; their interstices (especially on the underside of the shell) are microscopically pustulated: colowr pale reddish-brown or fleshcolour (sometimes whitish) above, often variegated by three purplish-brown spots along the back, one at each end and the third in the middle; the underside of the shell is white ; ribs paler in highly coloured specimens: spzre very short, more or less concealed in the adult; apex of young shells (in which alone it is visible) not unlike that of Natica: whorls, apparently a single one which enwraps all the others ; in the young between 3 and 4 may be counted: sutwre in the early state of growth slight, afterwards coated over: mouth slit-like, nearly of the same width throughout, and somewhat arched: canal very short and straight, exhibiting on the outside a conspicuous notch: outer lip very thick, broad, and rounded; edge notched by the ribs: inner lip scarcely perceptible: pillar gently curved, angulated or ridged on the outside, with a cavity or depression underneath ; inside traversed by the ribs, and notched. L. 0-45. B. 0-35. Hasrrar: All our coasts, on stony and coral ground, CYPRAA. 4.05 from low-water mark to 100 f. Dead shells are com- mon on sandy beaches, having been washed up by the tide and waves from the laminarian zone. Fossil in most quaternary and upper tertiary deposits in Europe, as far back as the Coralline Crag and Vienna basin, but not found in the Clyde or other glacial beds. The range of this species, in a recent or living state, extends from Drontheim to Gibraltar, and throughout the Mediter- ranean, Adriatic, and Aigean; depths 0-100 f. “Tt is surprising to see with what facility the expan- ded animal withdraws itself—foot, mantle, head, and tube—through the narrow opening of the shell”’ (Clark’s MS.). Like Buccinum undatum it continually discharges an immense quantity of clear slime. Couch says that it often gets into crab-pots; so that it seems to be fond of all kinds of animal food. The colour and spots ap- pear on the shell when it is half-grown. Northern spe- cimens, whether from shallow or deep water, are almost invariably plain—although I have a spotted one, dredged alive in 86 fathoms. Those from the south are more frequently spotted; but bathymetrical conditions do not seem to affect the colour. Young shells are trans- parent and ribless. The variation in size is very great. A specimen from Shetland is 5} lines in length, while another from Guernsey measures barely 23 limes; the bulk of the former is therefore five times that of the latter. Some are more globular than others; and mon- strosities or misshapen forms now and then occur. Spanish and Mediterranean specimens are remarkably small. According to Lister these pretty playthings of chil- dren used to be called “nuns” at Hartlepool: he dis- tinguished ours from the Jamaica shell (C. pediculus) by not having a furrow along the back. Linné noticed 4.06 CYPREIDZ. three geographical varieties of his C. pediculus, viz. In- dica, Europea, and Anglica, the last being without spots. Our species is the C. arctica, (Solander) Pulte- ney, C. coccinella, Lamarck, C. mediterranea and C. Europea, Risso, and C. norvegica, Sars. The half-grown shell is C. bullata of Pulteney, and the young (before the outer lip is formed) is Bulla diaphana of Montagu and B. candida of Macgillivray.. Among other provincial names are “ John-o’-Groat’s buckie ” and “ sea-cradle.” The present species is the type of Gray’s genus Trivia. C. pediculus has been erroneously recorded as Kuro- pean by Turton and Collard des Cherres. C. moneta (the money-cowry of South Africa) has been picked up on the shore near Bangor, co. Down (Hyndman), in Provence (Martin, fide Petit), and at Algiers (Wein- kauff) ; but these cases by no means prove that it in- habits either the Irish sea or the Mediterranean. Genus III. O'/VULA*, Bruguiére. Pl. VII. f. 5. Bopy oblong: mantle pustulated or smooth: head fur- nished with a contractile snout. Suett forming a complete spindle, glossy, but spirally striated: spire very short, perceptible in the young only, and concealed in the adult: mouth extending the whole length of the shell, channelled at each end: outer ip in some species folded inwards and notched or thickened, in other species prominent and thin: pillar smooth. The difference between a retractile proboscis and a contractile snout is not, in my opinion, so important, taken by itself, as to justify the separation of this genus from the Cypreide. The passage from Cyprea to Ovula is very gradual; and these genera are closely allied, as regards both the animal and the shell. The genus * From ovulum, a little egg. OVULA. 407 Simnia of Leach’s MS. was founded on the solitary species which our seas produce; the two Mediterranean species assigned to it by Risso (if they are not iden- tical) have the outer lip inflected, with a notched edge ; although he describes that genus as having the mouth thin. Ovuta pa’ruta*, Pennant. Bulla patula, Penn. Br. Zool. iv. p. 117, t. lxx. f. 854A. O. patula, F. & H. ui. p. 498, pl. exiv.s. f. 1, 2, and (animal) pl. NN. f. 1-4. Bopy. yellowish-white tinged with brown: mantle smooth, loose about the neck, and having two lateral lobes, which are reflected on the back of the shell, so as at times to cover the whole of it ; these lobes are striped transversely with pale red-brown or brownish fine lines, interrupted by small spots or dots: pallial tube not extending one-eighth of an inch beyond the canal or beak of the shell |‘ rather long,” F. & H.|: head consisting of a rather large and moderately long contractile muzzle (not a proboscis), the mouth being placed at its extremity underneath, with a concave disk which is marked in a star-like fashion with white lines on very fine plates ; at the bottom of this disk is a vertical orifice, within which is the buccal mass, containing two strong white semi- circular jaws with a short rough lingual riband running between them: tentacles rather long and conical, somewhat bluntly pointed ; they are white, and their extremities pale brown tipped with white: eyes on very large broad stalks (which are considerably raised) on the external angles of the tentacles: foot very large, exceeding the limits of the shell [‘‘ scarcely broader than the shell,” F. & H.]; it is truncated or subangular in front [its frontal angles are rounded,” F. & H.|, marked lengthwise with intensely flake-white lines, which, when the animal is at rest or not fully extended, corrugate into distinct folds or plaits, and the front margin of the foot then seems notched; it expands considerably beyond the right side of the shell, and tapers behind, termi- nating in a sharpish [{‘“ obtuse,” F. & H.| point, much beyond the posterior part of the shell ; sole grooved down the middle : gills coarsely pectinated, forming a single plume: verge large and flat, curved, and ending in a point. (Clark, MS.) * Open. 408 CYPREIDA. SHELL forming a short spindle, thin, semitransparent, and glossy: sculpture, minute, delicate, and rather close-sect spiral strie, which are more conspicuous at’ the extremities and in young shells; they are somewhat wavy, and slightly reticu- lated by microscopic lines of growth: colour pale yellowish- white, sometimes orange, and occasionally tinged with pink: spire excentric, visible only in young shells, extremely short, lying within the level of the upper canal ; it exhibits under a strong magnifying-power a finely punctured appearance, like the apex of Lissoa Jeffreysi: whorls, apparently a single tumid one which envelopes all the rest ; in the young may be counted 3 convex whorls, the first of which is blunt and mammiform: suture in the early state of growth slight, afterwards covered over: mouth large and wide, somewhat expanding, of an irregular shape in consequence of the periphery projecting into it ; it is narrower above than below : upper canal semitubular, expanding outwards, and having the inner side or wall more or less twisted, thickened, and white: lower canal very short and broad, usually straight; notch obliquely but not deeply incurved: outer lip flexuous ; edge plain and prominent, now and then thickened within: pular excavated or indented, and girded by a twisted ridge. s PMS Wares ton ss Hasitat: Coralline zone, on the coasts of Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall; Guernsey (J. G. J.); co. Gal- way (Barlee); Macgilligan, co. Londonderry (Mrs. R. A. Hyndman, fide Thompson); Turbot bank, co. Antrim (Waller); Sound of Mull (Bedford). Mr. Horace Mar- ryat found it living among tufts of Tubularia indivisa, in the Gouliot caves at Sark, at low water. Laskey gives “ Porto-bello sands ;” but such a locality seems improbable. M. Martin has taken this species in the Gulf of Lyons, regarding it as the young of O. carnea (Bulla carnea, Gmelin), of which the O. Adriatica of Sowerby is perhaps a variety. If the present species should prove to be also a variety of O. carnea (which differs only in its outer lip being inflected and the edge notched), Pennant’s name patula BULLIDA. 4.09 has the precedence. Our shell varies in thinness, in comparative length and breadth, and in the turgidity of the body-whorl. O.carnea is not uncommon in the Mediterranean ; the young is probably Risso’s Simnia “niceensis. Order IV. PLEUROBRANCHIATA, Gray. (See Vol. III. p. 200.) In the same year that Dr. Gray proposed the name which I have adopted for this order, Professor Lovén pub- lished another name, viz. Pomatobranchia. I now place it immediately after the Siphonobranchiata, and post- pone the Pulmonobranchiata (as being more perfect Gastropods) not only to the present order, but also to the Nudibranchiata and Pellibranchiata. I accidentally omitted in page 265 “ Order III. SIPHONOBRAN- CHIATA.” The families Cerithiopside to Cypreide inclusive belong to the last-named order; and the num- bers prefixed to them (viz. XXVI. to XXXI.) ought therefore to be I. to VI. Family I. BUL'LID, (Bullade) Clark. Bopy gelatinous, generally divided into separate parts or lobes, and not always containable within the shell: head snout-shaped : tentacles either united and forming a hood or head-veil, or consisting of two distinct and broad lappets: eyes, when present, sessile or subcutaneous, at the base of the tentacles or at the sides of the head : foot usually large, some- times expanded on each side, like fins (epzpodia) which serve for swimming, as well as behind into a single lobe (meta- podium), so as to cover the crown or apex of the shell: gills forming a single triangular plume, which is placed across the back on the right side, and protected by the shell: gizzard peculiar to most (if not all) genera, and composed of several VOL. IV. T 410 BULLID®. (usually three) calcareous or horny plates Both sexes com- mon to each individual. Suert convolute, external or intakeal epidernas thin: spire mostly short, frequently truncated or concealed: mouth extending the whole length of the shell, or the greater part of it; it is entire (2. e. not channelled) at the base: outer lip having a prominent and sharp edge: operculum very seldom present. As to the characters founded on the tongue, Lovén says, “'Typus armature lingualis vagus :” this is not a strong recommendation of the odontological system. The structure and anatomy of Bulla, Scaphander, and Philine have been admirably investigated by Cuvier ; he first showed the affinity of the last-named genus to Aplysia. Some of the Bullide are zoophagous, others feed indifferently on fresh or decayed animal matter. The former swallow their prey (which chiefly consists of other mollusca) entire; and the calcareous plates of the gizzard, moved by muscles of great strength, serve to crush the most solid shells. This family does not appear to be ancient. According to Mr. Searles Wood a species of Bulla has been found in the Cornbrash, and another in the Wealden formation. Many are tertiary ; and the existing members of this group have a very wide geographical and bathymetrical range. Most of them are truly marine, while a few prefer brackish water; all live in sand and ooze or in “the slimy bottom of the deep.” Bonanni whe Grualtion called the present family “ nux marina,” D’Argenyille “ gondole,” and Pennant “ dip- per.” It is the Bulleina of Macgillivray. Genus I. CYLICH'NA*, Lovén. Pl. VIII. f. 1. Bopy containable within the shell: mantle thickened at the * A medicine-box. CYLICHNA. All edge: head depressed: tentacles united with the head, and forming together an elongated and right-angled disk, which is recumbent on the front of the shell: eyes none (?) : foot very long, expansile behind: gizzard calcareous. Suet altogether external, and cylindrical ; spire concealed : mouth extending the whole length of the shell, contracted above and widening below: pillar furnished with a more or less obscure fold: operculum none. Lovén included in this genus several species of Utri- culus. Cylindrella, Swainson, has priority of publi- cation ; but that author gave the same name to a genus of Conide, and Pfeiffer also applied it to a genus of Helicide : the latter application has been confirmed by general usage. 1. Cyzticuna acumina’ta*, Bruguiére. Bulla acuminata, Brug. in Enc. Méth. (Vers) t. vi. p. 876. no. 9. Ovula ? acuminata, F. & H. iii. p. 500, pl. exiv. zB. f. 3, as O. acuminata. Suett regularly spindle-shaped, or forming an elongated oval which is pointed above and broad below; it is thin, almost transparent, and glossy: sculpture, slight spiral strisze at each end, and very faint microscopic lines in the same di- rection on the intermediate space; the stria near the apex are fewer and more remote than those near the base: epidermis in- conspicuous: colour clear white : mouth very long, commencing at the top in a short and slightly recurved spike, and gra- dually widening towards the base, where it is expanded and rounded: outer lip flexuous, with a sharp edge: mner lip consisting of a mere film on the upper part and in the middle, but thickened and reflected at the base, so as to give the pillar the appearance of having a short fold: pillar twisted, and bending a little to the left. L.0°15. 3B. 0-075. Hasrirat: Muddy sand in the coralline zone, on the coasts of Cornwall (M‘Andrew, Barlee, and Hockin) ; Plymouth among trawl-refuse, and dredged off the Arran Isles in co. Galway (Barlee) ; south of Ireland (M‘Andrew) ; co. Antrim, 25 f. (Hyndman and Waller) ; * Pointed. 412 BULLID. Loch Fyne and west of Scotland (Barlee, Alder, and J.G. J.) ; Banff (Edward, fide Gordon) ; Aberdeen- shire (Dawson) ; Wick (Peach); Shetland (Barlee and J.G.J.). It is somewhat rare. Coralline Crag at Sutton (Wood); black or lower Crag at Antwerp (Nyst) ; Dax (Grateloup) ; Italian tertiaries (Soldani, Brocchi, Cantraine, Philippi, and Calcara). Inhabiting the coast of Norway (Danielssen, 40 f., and Lilljeborg) ; Sweden (Lovén, and Malm who found this species and Mytilus Adriaticus living together in 12f.) ; Gibraltar, 20 f. (M‘Andrew) ; both sides of the Mediterranean, in many places, at depths of from 20 to 35 f. (Plancus and others) ; Adriatic (Chiereghini, v. Schrockinger, and Brusina) ; Aigean, 40 f. (Forbes). Lovén has examined the animal, and ascertained that it is undoubtedly a Cylichna. The shell differs generically from Ovula in the mouth not being channelled or open at the upper end. It appears to be the type of De Montfort’s genus Rhizorus, founded on the Nux marina minuscula of Soldani, and named by the former R. Adelaidis. According to Nardo it is the Bulla fucicola of Chiere- ghini. Not B. acuminata of the ‘ Mineral Conchology,’ which is a Barton fossil. 2. C. nit1'puLta*, Lovén. C. nitidula, Loy. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 10; F. & H. iii. p. 515, pl. exiv. c. f. 6. Bopy clear white. SHELL oblong and somewhat elongated, attenuated behind or towards the top, thin, semitransparent, glossy and slightly iridescent : sculpture none, even under the microscope ; lines of growth extremely slight, forming wrinkles towards the top: epidermis inconspicuous: colour clear white: mouth narrow above and in the middle, and wide at the base, where it. is Rather glossy. CYLICHNA. 413 expanded and rounded: outer lip gently curved; the upper part projects beyond the apex or crown; this latter part is considerably contracted, and encircled by a solid rim, and it exhibits a very small opening through which part of the involute spire is indistinctly visible: inner lip usually slight, but thickened in older specimens, a little reflected below: pillar short, and furnished with a small slight tooth-like fold near the base; it is somewhat curved to the left. L. 0-125. B. 0:06. Hasitat: On the same kind of sea-bottom as the last species, in 30-50 f., Loch Fyne and the west coast of Scotland (Barlee and J. G. J.) ; off Larne, co. Antrim, and outside the Dogger bank (J.G.J.) ; Berwick Bay (Johnston,as Bulla umbilicata) ; Banff (Edward, fide Gor- don); Aberdeenshire coast (Dawson) ; Shetland (Barlee and J.G.J.). It is more local than rare. Danielssen records this species as Norwegian, and Lovén, Malm,and Lilljeborg from the south of Sweden: depths 12—40 f. 3. C. umBruica'ta*, Montagu. Bulla umbilicata, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 222, t.7.f.4. C. wmbtlicata, FR. & H. 11 p. 519, pl. exiv. c. £ 8,9. SHELL oblong, not so much attenuated behind as the last species, more solid, nearly opaque, and glossy but not pris- matic: sculpture, slight and sometimes wavy spiral striz or impressed lines, which vary in strength and remoteness on the body, and are more or less close-set near the base; they are visible in fresh specimens by means of a low magnifying- power, but are not easily observable in rubbed specimens picked out of drift sand: epidermis brownish-yellow, liable to peel off: colour creamy, becoming bleached and white in dead shells: mouth somewhat open at the top, contracted and narrow in the middle, pear-shaped and wide at the base, where it is expanded and rounded: outer lip gently curved ; the upper part is obliquely truncated, but it does not project so far beyond the apex or crown as in the last species: apex twisted and somewhat contracted, encircled by a solid white rim (periomphalus, Loyén), and exhibiting a perforation in the * Umbilicate, or provided with a navel. 4.14. BULLID&. centre, like that of C. nitidula: inner lip asin the last species : pular short and thick, furnished with a rather strong tooth- like fold near the base; it has a sharp curve to the left. L. 0°125. B. 0-065. Var. conulus. Larger, narrower at the apex, and conical ; the upper angle of the outer lip is higher and more projecting. Bulla conulus, 8. Wood, Crag Moll. pt. i. p. 173, pl. 21. f. 2 a-c. C. conulus, F. & H. i. p. 517, pl. exiv. co. f. 7. Hasitat: With C. nitidula in the north, and south- wards to Cornwall, as well as on our eastern and western coasts, and in Ireland; local, but extensively diffused. Of the variety a simgle specimen only has occurred, and was dredged by me in Deal Voe, Shetland, at a depth of about 10f.; it is not uncommon in the Coralline Crag at Sutton (Wood), and in the Belgian tertiaries (Nyst). The typical form is fossil in a post- glacial deposit at Skien in Norway, 100 feet (Sars) ; Bordeaux and Asti (Cantraine); and Italian tertiaries (Brocchi and others). The geographical range of this species is considerable, comprising the Scandinavian coast, from the Loffoden Isles (Sars) to Bohuslan (Lovén and Malm), the oceanic shores of France (Récluz, Taslé, and Cailliaud), Vigo Bay and Gibraltar (M‘An- drew), both sides of the Mediterranean (Cantraine and others), the Adriatic (Brusina), and Zgean (Forbes) ; depths 4-50 f. Weimkauff gives the variety conulus as common at the entrance of and inside the harbour of Algiers, in from 10 to 20 f. Differs from C. nitidula in bemg somewhat broader in proportion to its length, and not so much attenuated behind, being spirally striated instead of smooth, having frequently a conspicuous epidermis, in the upper angle of the outer lip not bemg so prominent, the apical perforation being larger, and the columellar fold more distinct. CYLICHNA. 415 This appears to be the Bulla Blainvilliana of Récluz, and Volvaria subcylindrica of Brown. The C. strigella of Lovén was founded on fresh specimens of the present _ species, having the strie more distinct than usual. I do not regard the variety as the Bulla conulus of Des- hayes (an Eocene and Miocene species), which is repre- sented as much narrower at the top and wider at the bottom, with the apex abruptly truncated, and the spiral striz more remote. 4, C. cyLtinpra’cEA*, Pennant. Bulla cylindracea,Penn. Br. Zool. iv. p. 117, t. Ixx.f.85. _€. Cea aced, F, & H. iii. p. 508, pl. cxiv. s. f. 6, and (animal) pl. VV. f. 3 Bopy milk-white, pale strawcolour, or dirty white with a faint tinge of yellowish-brown: [* mantle not thick, rarely produced beyond the front and lateral margins of the shell; itis edged with aseries of minute red papille”’ (Clark): ] head snout-like, broad, wrinkled across, and truncated or slightly cloven in front: tentacles united with the head, and forming a kind of hood, which folds back over the front of the shell, and is indistinctly bilobed above: eyes, none that Mr. Clark, Mr. Alder, or myself could detect, although I carefully ex- amined many specimens for that purpose; but Forbes and Hanley say, after describing the tentacles, “some way in front of their bases are two very minute and obscure eyes: ”’ foot rather short, assuming various shapes, being sometimes triangular and at other times square, oval, or oblong, occasion- ally semicylindrical and wedge-shaped in front, where it meets the edge of the snout or head-flap ; it is slightly folded up at the sides, and usually broader behind, which part is furnished with two angular points: verge small, conical, and hyaline: gizzard composed of three minute shelly plates, imbedded in a muscular mass ; these are semicylindrical and narrow. Suett forming a long cylinder'of nearly the same breadth throughout, solid, opaque, and rather glossy : sculptwre, nume- rous fine and wavy spiral strie, which are visible in fresh specimens by the aid of an ordinary lens, but being slight easily disappear: epidermis brownish-yellow, darker at the base: colour white under the epidermis, and haying a bluish * Meaning cylindrical, but not a classical word. 416 BULLIDZ. or slaty tinge in worn specimens: mouth narrow and of equal width in the upper and middle portions, pear-shaped and very wide at the base, which is rounded although some- what truncated: outer lip nearly straight in the middle, with a curved slope at each end; the outer corner at the top is bluntly rectangular, and not prominent; inner corner ob- liquely incurved: apew twisted and slightly contracted, ob- liquely truncated, encircled by a solid white rim or keel, and concave in the centre ; perforation small and indistinct: inner lip conspicuous, sometimes thickened, and partly folded over the apex: pillar short, curved or somewhat twisted, and having a broad fold at the base; it abruptly turns to the left. io.) 1B. 0-2. Var. linearis. Shell somewhat shorter, nearly smooth and decidedly glossy, marked at each end with yellowish-brown _ spiral lines, which are few and remote at the top, and close- set at the bottom; apex invariably perforated and exhibiting part of the internal spire. Monstr. Base irregularly cup-shaped, with the edge re- flected. Hasitat: Muddy sand in the coralline zone, on all our coasts, from Guernsey to Unst; rather common. I obtained the variety in Loch Fyne and Shetland ; it may be specifically distinct. The monstrosity is from Tenby. This species occurs in the Clyde beds (Smith) ; Red and Coralline Crag (Wood) ; Antwerp crag (Nyst) ; French tertiaries (Grateloup and Mayer) ; Nice (Risso) ; Italian tertiaries (Brocchi and others); Vienna basin (Hornes) ; Rhodes (Hedenborg, fide Hornes). Its diffusion, as recent, extends from Vads6 in East Fin- mark (Danielssen) to Madeira and the Canaries (M‘An- drew), and throughout the Mediterranean (Risso and others), Adriatic (Brocchi and Cantraine), and Aigean (Forbes) ; depths recorded 3-160 f. Its habits are sluggish ; and its progress is painfully slow, although by means of its foot it can crawl up the side of a glass vessel. When irritated it emits a saffron- coloured liquid. The head and the front of the foot, CYLICHNA. 417 bemg of the same length, make a broad wedge, which probably serves for probing the muddy sand in quest of prey, like the snout of a pig grubbing for earthworms. The apex of,specimens from tenacious mud in Loch ’ Fyne and Shetland is coated with a thick and prominent crust, having the appearance of a blunt spire; this may be owing to an accumulation in that part of feeces and slime mixed with fine sand and mud, which had been trailed along in the progress of the animal. It is the Bulla Olwa of Gmelin, B. cylindrica of Bruguiére, Pulteney, and Donovan (not of Chemnitz), B. convoluta of Brocchi, and Cylindrella alba of Swain- son; the young is the Bulla producta of Brown, and Bullina producta of Macgilhvray. The Bulla cylin- dracea of Da Costa is Marginella pallida, a2 common West-Indian shell. 5. C. atpa*, Brown. Volvaria alba, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. & I. p. 3, pl. xix. f. 48-44. Bopy clear white, with a faint tinge of fleshcolour on the upper part: mantle thick, extending as a prominent fold or process at each extremity of the shell: head thick, bilobed in front: tentacles forming an entire and rather short disk in ex- tension or continuation of the head, and folded back over the front of the shell: eyes, none perceptible: foot lozenge-shaped , short, bluntly rounded in front, and opposed to the head (so as to make together a blunt wedge), expanded and rounded behind, with an angular lobe on each side in that part: [odontophore, rhachis small, compressed, erect, broader above, with the cutting-point slightly produced and jagged ; uncini 6, the first by far the largest and having the base extended on each side, with the cutting-point strong, bent inwards, and jagged or notched on the inner side, the others minute and shaped like curved claws (Lovén):| gizzard like that of CO. cylindracea; but the plates in the present species are oblong, thicker, gibbous (instead of rounded) on the upper side, with a boss in the centre, and more convex beneath. * White. £18 BULLIDA, SHELL forming ashort cylinder, or oblong, broader in the mid- dle, and less solid than in the last species, semitransparent, and decidedly glossy: sculpture, numerous and close-set but ex- tremely fine and slight spiral strie, which can only be de- tected by the aid of a strong magnifier: epidermis, a pellucid creamy film: colour white: mouth more open than in UC. cylindracea, although having the same shape: outer lip gently curved throughout ; it is higher at the top than in the last species, and at the outer corner it recedes or slopes more abruptly ; inner corner obliquely incurved: apea twisted (not contracted); it is encircled by a strong and angulated rim, and concave in the centre, with a minute perforation in some specimens : inner lip forming at the upper end a thick fold, which is reflected on the apex and usually covers the perforation ; it is conspicuous, but thin, in other parts: pi/lar short, broad, curved and twisted to the left, with an obscure plait. L. 0-35. B. 0-175. Hapirat: Fine sand, in 84-95 f., about 25 miles N.N.W. of Unst, with Limopsis aurita and other rare mollusca. It is one of our post-glacial fossils, and has been found at Greenock (Stewart Kerr, fide Brown), Paisley and Lochgilphead (Crosskey), Dalmuir (Robert- son), and Annochie in Aberdeenshire (Jamieson) ; Mammaliferous Crag near Norwich (Witham, fide S. Wood as Bulla cylindracea, var. monstrosa) ; Norway 2-40 feet (Sars). Its existing range is arctic and high northern, and comprises Norway, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Greenland, and North-east America; west coast of North America (P. Carpenter) : depths 10-160 f. The most southern hmit appears to be Bergen. This lives with C. cylindracea; and its movements are equally slow. In one Norwegian specimen the colour of the epidermis is brownish-yellow, as in the other species. I have figured the tongue, from a drawing kindly made for me by my late friend Mr. Alder. It is the Bulla triticea of Couthouy, and B. corticata (Beck) of Moller. UTRICULUS. 419 C. striata (Bulla striata, Brown)=B. insculpta, Totten=B. Reinhardi, (Holboll) Moller= C. propingua, Sars, is one of the Clyde-bed fossils; but it does not now exist in vour seas. The late Mr. Thompson of ‘ Belfast erroneously noticed this arctic species as found at Bangor, co. Down, by Mr. Hyndman. It inhabits the eastern coasts of North America, Greenland, and Finmark, Genus IT, UTRI'CULUS*, Brown. Pl. VIII f. 2. Bopy containable within the shell: mantle slightly thickened at the edges: head broad: tentacles separate and triangular : eyes minute, placed at the base of the tentacles: foot oblong or oval, shorter than the shell, more or less divided or bilobed behind: [odontophore, according to Lovén’s description of that organ in his Amphisphyra globosa, having the rhachis broad and nearly rectangular, with the cutting-point transverse and jagged ; the uncinus is single, claw-shaped, slender, expanded at the base, and winged outside :] gizzard small, horny. Suet altogether external, forming a short cylinder, or globular: spire exposed, mostly truncated: whorls angulated or keeled, the first being nipple-shaped: mouth usually ex- tending the whole length of the shell, narrow at the upper part, and expanding in front: pllar furnished at the base with a small fold or plait : operculum none. This genus differs from Cylichna in the tentacles being separate, eyes. distinct, gizzard horny, and the shell having a visible spire with a mammillar apex. It is the Bullina of Risso and De Blainville, and perhaps of Férussac also ; but that name has been appropriated to another genus allied to Aplustrum. I regard Am- phisphyra of Lovén as a synonym of the present genus. Brown had many years previously proposed the objec- tionable name Diaphana; but he afterwards cancelled * A husk of grain. 420 BULLID&. or discarded it in favour of Utriculus, which has also precedence of Amphisphyra. A. Shell cylindrical or oblong, and solid. 1. Urricunus mMamMi.ya'tus*, Philippi. Bulla mammillata, Phil. Moll. Sic. i. p. 122, t. vii. f. 20. Cylichna mammillata, F. & H. iii. p. 514, pl. exiv. c. f. 4. 5. Suet forming a short cylinder, somewhat constricted in the middle, and having the same breadth at each end; it is semi- transparent and glossy: sculpture, minute and rather slight strie, which vary in number and contiguity, and im fresh specimens examined under a microscope appear delicately and closely punctate: epidermis inconspicuous: colour clear white: spire truncated, and encircled by a narrow and solid rim; it _ is sunk below the level of the apical rim or periomphalus: whorls 2-3; the last (as usual in this genus) envelopes all the rest ; the penultimate whorl exhibits the outside rim only ; the innermost is globular, prominent, and turned inwards or inflected, but not reversed: suture deep: mouth narrow above, more contracted in the middle, pear-shaped and wide at the base, which is rounded: outer lip flexuous, curved and folded inwards in the middle; the upper part projects a little beyond the apex; outer corner rounded; inner corner receding and incurved, so as to make the suture transversely excavated in tront: inner lip continuous with the outer lip above, where it is slightly folded on the apex, as well as on the pillar below: pillar short, flattened, and curved: fold indistinct. L. 0-1. B. 0°05. Hasirat: Laminarian and coralline zones in the Channel Isles, Devon, and Cornwall; co. Galway (Barlee) ; Turbot bank, co. Antrim (Waller) ; Hebrides and west coast of Scotland (J. G. J. and others) ; Dunbar (Brown); Aberdeenshire (Macgillivray and Dawson) ; Shetland (Barlee and J, G.J.). Fossil at Dalmuir (Crosskey) ; post-glacial beds in Norway, 30-50 feet (Sars); Bordeaux (Cantraine) ; Sicily (Philippi and Calcara). Recent: Grip, Finmark, in * Furnished with a nipple; not a classical word. UTRICULUS. 4.21 the stomach of an Astropecten Miilleri, and southwards to Christiansund (Sars) ; Norway (Lilljeborg) ; Bohus- lan, with Mytilus Adriaticus (Malm); Loire-Inférieure (Cailhaud); Qrotava in the Canaries (M‘Andrew) ; Mediterranean, from the Gulf of Lyons (Martin) to Sicily (Philippi) ; Algiers (Weinkauff) ; Adriatic (von Schroéckinger and Brusina); Ai%gean (Forbes): depths 7 to 60 f. It is the Bulla striatula (sec. typ. in mus. Brit.) of Forbes, B. minuta of Macgillivray, and B. truncatula of myself. 2. U. trunca'tuLus*, Bruguiére. Bulla truncatula, Brug. in Enc. Méth. (Vers) t. vi. p. 3877. no. 10. Cy- lichna truncata, F. & H. ii. p. 510, pl. exiv. s. f. 7, 8, and (animal) pl VY.£.4. Bopy nearly clear white, with often a tinge of brownish- yellow on the upper part, and minutely frosted: mantle lining the mouth of the shell, and forming an excretal canal at the posterior extremity: head squarish, depressed, cloven and slightly advanced in front of the foot: tentacles large, flat, triangular and rather long, with pointed tips, usually folded or curling back towards the front of the shell [ “lying like the ears of a hare close to each side of the neck ” (Clark) |, but carried nearly erect when the animal is crawling: eyes very small and round, apparently sunk within the outer integu- ment, placed rather close together in the middle between the head and tentacles: foot oblong, indented in front, and rounded or occasionally nicked behind | *‘ this organ is at times considerably reflected laterally on itself and the front of the shell, and, when the animal is quiescent, assuming a quadri- lobate form ” (Clark’s MS.)]|: gizzard cartilaginous, enclosing three oval corneous yellowish-brown plates, which are studded with squarish black tubercles of different sizes. SHELL forming a conical cylinder, narrow on the upper half, more or less deeply constricted in the middle, and expanding on the lower half; it is nearly opaque, and glossy: sculpture, numerous longitudinal striz or fluted ribs on the upper half ; * Truncated ; diminutive. 422 BULLIDA. these are often sharp at the apex, not so distinct in the middle of the shell, and usually disappear towards the base, where they are replaced by lines of growth; the spire is frequently striated across, like an Ammonite: epidermis filmy: colour white: spire involute, abruptly truncated, and encircled by a narrow and solid rim or rounded keel: whorls 3-4, gradually decreasing in size towards the centre of the apex ; the first or innermost whorl is globular: suture deep: mouth narrow tor more than half its length on the upper part, pear-shaped and very wide at the base, which is rounded: outer lip gently curved, and folded inwards in the middle; the upper part projects (sometimes considerably) beyond the apex; outer corner rounded ; inner corner receding and obliquely incurved : inner lip slight, continuous with the outer lip above, where it is folded a little over the apex, as well as over the pillar, be- hind which it forms a small and narrow umbilical chink: pillar short, thick, and flattened: fold tooth-like and strong. Aviso. Gb. 0-075, Var. pellucida. Smaller, shorter, thinner, more transparent, and less strongly ribbed (sometimes quite smooth); epidermis slightly prismatic. Volvaria pellucida, Brown, Il. p. 4, pl. xix. f. 45, 46. Hasirat: Everywhere (chiefly in the laminarian zone) on muddy ground and at the base of seaweeds, from low-water mark to 15 f. The variety appears to be northern, having been noticed by Brown from Dun- bar, and found at Aberdeen by Macgillivray, and in Shetland by myself. This species occurs in the Coral- line Crag (Wood) ; post-glacial beds, Norway, 0-100 feet (Sars); Courtagnon (Bruguiére); Italian tertiaries (Brocchi and others); Vienna basin (Hornes). It ranges from Oxfjord in Finmark (Sars) to the Canary Isles (M‘Andrew), and throughout the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Aigean ; depths 4-100 f. Rather active and fond of floating with its shell down- wards. Professor Lovén having informed me that it possesses an operculum, I carefully dissected and exa- mined several live specimens, but I could not detect UTRICULUS. 423 any. Those from Kiel Bay, which Dr. H. A. Meyer kindly gave me, when I looked over his collection at Hamburg, have a brownish-yellow epidermis. Walker described it as Bulla crassa, &c., Adams as - B. truncata (nine years after Bruguiére’s publication), Maton and Rackett as B. retusa, Schroter (according to Menke’s Synopsis) as B. ieverensis, Scacchi (according to Philippi) as B. cylindrica, Chiereghini (according to Nardo) as B. cylindracea, Philippi as B. semisulcata, and Brusina apparently as Cylichna leptoeneilema. ‘The B. truncata of Gmelin is a different species. 3. U. ostu'sus*, Montagu. Bulla obtusa, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 228, t. 7. £.3. Cylichna obtusa, F. & Ein. p: 512, pl. exty. c. f. 1-3. Bopy whitish: head remarkably short: tentacles placed laterally and standing up like ears, rounded above, and not terminating in points like those of U. truncatulus: eyes not perceptible. (Alder.) SHELL forming an oblong cylinder, constricted in the middle, and becoming broader towards the base ; it is usually opaque, and rather glossy: scwlpture, numerous slight lines of growth ; and in young and fresh shells may be sometimes detected under the microscope extremely close-set and fine wavy spiral lines ; spire indistinctly striated across: epidermis skin-like, cream- colour passing into brownish-yellow : colowr white : spire short, but very variable in that respect, being in some cases almost truncated, while in others it is more or less extended: whorls 4, slightly angulated at the top; those in the middle gradually enlarge ; the apical or central whorl is globular and turned inwards: sutwre deep and narrowly excavated : mouth flexuous ; upper half narrow; lower half wide, with a rounded base : outer lip gently curved, never extending to the apex; it re- cedes above, so as to leave a space between the outermost whorl and the next, and is contracted and inflected in the middle ; outer corner rounded; inner corner obliquely in- curved: inner lip thicker than in the last species, continuous with the outer lip above; it is reflected over the pillar, behind * Blunt. 4.2.4, BULLIDA. which it occasionally forms a small umbilical chink: pillar ae flattened, and curved: fold obscure. L. 0-225. B. Var. Lajonkaireana. Smaller and proportionally narrower, with the spire more produced. Bulla Lajonkaireana, Baste- rot, Mém. géol. Bord. (1825) p. 22, t. 1. f. 25. Hasirat: Muddy estuaries (such as those of the Solent, Thames, Wash, Humber, Mersey and Dee, Sol- way Firth, Severn, Shannon, Belfast Lough, Loch Fyne, and the Firths of Clyde and Forth), and im brackish water on many other parts of our coast from Jersey to Unst; gregarious at low-water mark, and ranging thence to 15 f. The variety mhabits deeper water in the open sea, off the Channel and Shetland Isles (20-85 f., J. G. J.); it has a wide distribution, as fossil, from our Co- ralline Crag (Wood) to the Vienna basin (Hoérnes). The typical form is recorded from the Mammalian Crag at Bramerton (Wood), and has been found by the Rev. H. W. Crosskey at Dalmuir and Oban. Its extra-British habitat, as recent, appears to be limited, and comprises Iceland (Torell), Denmark (mus. Copenh.), Holland (Menke), Normandy (Macé), Loire-Inférieure (Cailli- aud), Bay of Biscay (D’Orbigny pére and Fischer), from Massachusetts Bay southwards to New England (Gould and Stimpson, as Bulla obstricta), and probably Green- land (Moller, as B. turrita). Mr. Bretherton says (‘ Zoologist,’ p. 6236) that it feeds on Hydrobie (which abound on the sand-banks where the present mollusk is found), and that it lives in sand, slowly moving about with the head-disk and fore part of the shell buried, and leaving a very distinct trail. It is to be regretted that this gentleman did not describe the animal. I have given a figure of it from a drawing by Mr. Alder. Judging from the contents of the stomachs of mullets caught in Lough Larne, that UTRICULUS. 425 fish must commit as great ravages among the Ufriculi as the latter are said to do with regard to the Hydrobie. This is the Voluta alba &c. of Walker, Bulla Regul- _ biensis of Adams on the Microscope, B. minuta of Wood- ward, and the U. plicatus and U. discors of Brown; the fry is apparently B. denticulata of Adams. The second of these names, although prior to that given by Mon- tagu, is local and obsolete. B. Shell globular or oval, and thin. 4, U. ventro'sus*, Jeffreys. Amphisphyra globosa, Jefir. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3rd ser. i. p. 47, pl. i. f. 6 (not A. globosa of Lovén). SHELL globosely ear-shaped (not unlike a Velutina), nearly transparent, glossy, and slightly prismatic: sculpture, numerous fine, curved, minute longitudinal striz, which are very close- set on the upper edge of the body-whorl; these striz are crossed by a few indistinct spiral lines, but not so as to make the surface reticulated : epidermis inconspicuous: colour whitish, with a faint tinge of reddish-brown near the outer lip: spire small, truncated, and flat: whorls 3, shghtly angu- lated at the top; the last is disproportionately large, and the first or central whorl is oval and intorted: swtwre very deep and channelled: mouth expanded, nearly oval, contracted above by the projection of the periphery; base even and curved: outer lip semicircular; the upper part is on a level with the spire ; outer corner rounded ; inner corner not receding, nor incurved, as in the last species (but my solitary specimen is imperfect in this part): inner lip forming a whitish film, which is spread over the upper part of the underside ; it is folded over the pillar, behind which it forms a narrow umbi- lical groove: pillar slight and curved: fold obscure. L, 0-125. iB. Ok. Hasitat: Mr. Barlee procured a single specimen by dredging off Glenelg in Skye; this is now in my col- lection. I tried the same ground with Mr. Norman % Bellying out. 426 BULLID&. last year, in the hope of confirming the discovery; but we were unsuccessful. Its nearest ally appears to be the Amphisphyra globosa of Lovén (a Scandinavian species) : our shell, however, is ear-shaped, instead of globosely oval, the spire 1s pro- portionally broader, the mouth much wider, and the sculpture peculiar, U. globosus exhibiting only the lines of growth. 5. U. expan’sus*, Jeffreys. Amphisphyra expansa, Jeffr. in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1864, p. 330. Bopy gelatinous, clear white, sprinkled all over with minute _ black specks: head or snout broad, bilobed in front: tentacles large, triangular or ear-shaped, expanding sideways: eyes none: foot oval, cloven in front, widely, deeply, and evenly forked behind: ovary yellowish-brown. Suet barrel-shaped, narrower at the top, dilated and some- what angular at the sides, and expanding towards the base ; it is nearly transparent, glossy, and slightly prismatic: sculp- ture apparently none; but under the microscope may be seen a few slight and indistinct spiral lines and a frosted appearance: epidermis inconspicuous: colour whitish, except the nucleus or embryonic whorl, which is brownish-yellow: spire abruptly truncated: whorls 3-4, compact, and angulated at the top; the first is oval, twisted inwards, and slightly projects beyond the rest: suture deep and channelled: mouth pear-shaped, not extending to the spire; base expanded and rounded : outer lip flexuous ; outer corner bluntly angular; inner corner receding and incurved: ziner lip folded over the pillar, wanting on the upper part: pillar nearly straight above, and curved below: fold obscure: umbilicus narrow and groove-like, but well de- fined by the flexure of the inner ip. LL. 0°225. B.0-175. Hasirat: Muddy sand in 43 f. near Fetlar Island, and in 82 f. between 40 and 50 miles 8.S.E. of the Whalsey or Out Skerries, both localities being in Shet- land; rare. Professor Sars informs me that in 1865 his son dredged this species off the Loffoden Isles. * Spread out. UTRICULUS. 427 This little creature is bold, and crawls rapidly. The absence of eyes is a remarkable character; and there can be no question of the fact, so far as the best optical instruments, long and patient examination under the most favourable circumstances, and the concurrent tes- timony of three practised observers (Mr. Waller, Mr. Peach, and myself) can establish it. Living specimens of U. expansus and U. hyalinus were placed side by side, and fully displayed themselves. The latter had distinct eyes at the base of the tentacles, outside the shell. The other, which was three times as large and equally exposed to view, showed no trace of eyes anywhere, al- though it was carefully examined in every position, in order to detect them. They could not have been sub- cutaneous ; because the tissues of the animal were almost transparent, and I used a high microscopic power, by means of which the internal structure was clearly seen. . Similar anomalies in respect of these so-called visual organs occur in the genera Eulima, Natica, and Pleurotoma among our native mollusks. 6. U. nya'tinus*, Turton. Bulla hyalina, Turt. in Mag. N. H. vii. p. 353. Amphisphyra hyalina, F, & H. iii. p. 521, pl. cxiv. p. f. 1, 2, and (animal) pl. UU. f. 2. Bopy white, with a faint tinge of brownish-yellow: head large and broad, deeply cloven or bilobed in front: tentacles triangular, flanking the head, folded back or carried erect at the will of the animal: eyes very small, but distinct and black, widely separated ; when the animal is crawling they are out- side the shell, some way behind the head; when it is at rest this part of the animal is to some extent withdrawn, and the eyes are seen through the front of the transparent shell: foot oblong, rounded in front (where it is broader than in the middle), and unequally forked behind, like the tail of a shark: gill-plume pale yellow: ovary brown. Suett cylindric-oval, dilated in the middle, and nearly * Glassy. 428 BULLIDA. equally broad at each end; it is quite transparent and lustrous : sculpture, very slight and indistinct spiral lines (perceptible towards the spire only) and the usual marks of growth: epi- dermis inconspicuous: colour clear white, except the nucleus or embryonic whorl which is brownish-yellow: spire abruptly truncated: whorls 3-4, angulated at the top; the first is oval, twisted inwards, and slightly prominent: suture deep and channelled: mouth rather narrow on the upper part and very wide below; in full-grown specimens it never extends to the spire, and is shorter than in the last species; base expanding and obliquely rounded: outer lip flexuous, contracted and in- flected at about one-third of its length from the top; outer corner bluntly angular ; inner corner considerably receding and incurved: inner lip folded over the pillar, elsewhere want- ing: pillar short, almost straight above, and curved below: fold obscure: umbilicus distinct and deep, although small. L. 0-2. B. 0°125. Hasrtat: Living in the laminarian zone, on various parts of the British coast, and dead in deeper water. I will mention a few localities (out of about thirty which I have noted), to show the extent of distribution :— Guernsey, Cornwall, Dorset, South Devon, South Wales, Donegal, Galway, Cork, Dublin, west and east of Scot- land, Shetland, and the north of England. Fossil at Dalmuir (Crosskey and Robertson) ; post-glacial bed in Norway, 50 feet (Sars) ; Sparebakken near Christi- ania (Robertson). Its existing range abroad comprises Kiel Bay (Meyer and Mobius), Sweden (iovén and Malm), Norway (Danielssen and others), Iceland (Torell), Greenland (Moller and others), Massachusetts (Gould), New England (Stimpson), Madeira and Canaries (M‘An- drew) ; depths 10-60 f. The animal differs from that of U. expansus in having eyes, and in the extremity of the foot being unevenly lobed or heterocercal ; the shell may be distinguished by its smaller size, want of angularity in the middle, and by its larger and more conspicuous umbilicus. ACERA. 429 U. pellucidus of Brown is the adult, his U. minutus the half-grown shell, and his U. candidus the young ; Gould described this species as Bulla debilis, and Moller as B. subangulata. It is not the B. hyalina of Gmelin. Genus III. A’CERA*, (Akera) Miller. Pl. VIII. f. 3. Bopy gelatinous, not containable within the shell: mantle forming at the rear a cylindrical or thread-shaped process, which occupies a slit in the front of the spire when the animal is at rest: head snout-like and extensile: tentacles none: eyes placed on each side of the head, near the front: foot very large and flexible, expanding into broad wing-like lobes (one on each side), which fold back over the shell and front of the body, a great part of which is covered by them: gizzard horny. SHELL tumid, very thin and elastic: spre exposed, and trun- cated: whorls angulated or keeled at the top; the first is nipple-shaped, and the last is partly separated from the pre- ceding one: suture deeply excavated: mouth occupying nearly the whole length of the shell, open in front and contracted behind: pillar sharp-edged: no operculum. Perhaps this and Bulla subsist on soft ‘organisms ; their gizzards seem adapted to such food, not being, like the calcareous millstones with which Scaphander and Philine are provided, strong enough to crush hard shells. The odontophore or tongue of Acera is broad, and has numerous spines in each row; that of Utriculus is narrow, and has only two spnes narow. The shell consists of two layers—the inner one membranous, and the outer testaceous. It is not the “ Acére” or Bulla carnosa of Cuvier (Acera, Lamarck), which belongs to the Aplysia family and is shelless. Leach called the present genus Eucampe. * Without horns (or tentacles). 430 BULLIDA. AcrEra BULLA'Ta*, Miller. Akera bullata, Mill. Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 242, no. 2921; F. & H. iii. p- 527, pl. exiv. p. f. 4-6, and (animal) pl. VV. f. 6. Bopy varying in colour from greyish or nearly clear white to pale yellowish-white or orange, covered with minute and numerous flake-white or dark specks, and usually streaked in front with interrupted lines of purplish-brown: mantle spread over the underside of the shell, and partly over the spire or crown: head, when the animal is crawling, attenuated, and sheathed underneath by the side lobes of the foot ; it is wedge- shaped and bilobed in front (so that occasionally the corners assume the shape of ears or tentacles), and margined by a narrow purplish-brown line: eyes small and black, but always perceptible: foot oblong, swollen at its base ; side lobes or flaps slightly tuberculated; front rounded and narrower than the posterior portion, where the foot dilates and is truncated at the extremity, with angular corners: [odontophore, rhachis minute, erect, broader at the base, which is produced on each side, having the top expanded and compressed on the upper part, the cutting-edge bent downwards and one-cusped, with a notched crest on each side; uncini about 21, forming long hooks which are longer in the middle row, the first furnished on the inner side with short wings and jagged, the rest always more slender (Lovén):] gizzard composed of a dozen triangular plates. Suett forming a short oval, dilated in the middle, and almost equally broad at each end, semitransparent and glossy: sewlp- ture, extremely fine, close-set, and wavy microscopic spiral striz, which pervade the whole surface: epidermis filmy but distinct, brownish-yellow of different shades: colour, under the epidermis, whitish with sometimes a faint tinge of green: spire truncated, sometimes slightly prominent : whorls 6, ridged or keeled at the top; the first is globosely oval and intorted : suture deep and channelled, with sloping sides; it is slit or narrowly open in front for a considerable distance, so as to disconnect the outer part of the body-whorl from the preceding whorl, and to make the shell elastic when held between the thumb and fingers: mouth somewhat contracted above, and very wide below, with a rounded base; it extends nearly the whole length of the shell: outer lip flexuous, folding inwards * Inflated’ ACERA. 431 on the upper part; outer corner rounded; inner corner in- curved at the further extremity: wmner lip consisting of a rather thin glaze on the pillar and within the mouth: pillar slightly folded, and projecting ; there is no umbilicus. L. 1-25. B. 0°8. Var. nana. Undistinguishable except by its dwarf size. Hasirat: Oozy ground and mud-flats (often among Zostera) in the laminarian zone, m many estuaries, and along our southern, Irish, Scotch, and Zetlandic coasts ; Walton-on-the-Naze (W. B. King); Orwell River (Clarke); Scilly Isles (Lord Vernon); Guernsey (Han- ley); Jersey (Dodd). It is gregarious. The variety occurs in Lough Larne and Balta Sound at low-water mark and in 3-5 f. (J. G. J. and M‘Andrew); Norway (Lovén). Mr. Grainger found the typical form in the Belfast deposit. The foreign distribution of this species extends from Oxfjord in Finmark (Sars) to Vigo Bay (M‘Andrew), the French and Italian coasts of the Me- diterranean, the Adriatic, and Aigean; depths recorded 2-20 f. A. bullata flits about, like a Pteropod, by means of its ample and flexible foot-lobes. The account given by Olivi of its swimming and migratory habits is very in- teresting, and helps to explain the sudden appearance and disappearance of certain marine mollusca in parti- cular localities. ‘“‘ The fishermen call them sea-snails, and assured us they were very lively in warm weather, and sometimes quitted their shells; this circumstance, however, is to be doubted” (Montagu). Mr. Hynd- man says that when touched they give out a purple liquid. The fact of Acera having eyes was, I believe, first noticed by me in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History ’ for September 1859. The head bears a fanciful resemblance to the snout of a restored Dino- 432 BULLIDA. therium. According to Professor Lovén the egg-case of the present mollusk may be compared to a rope twisted in different ways. I have some remarkably large specimens of the shell, which the late Dr. Farran procured in Connemara; they are upwards of an inch and a half in length, and nearly an inch and a quarter in breadth. The flounder appears to feed on it, Muller having taken the shells from the stomach of one caught in the Cattegat. This is probably the Bulla canaliculata of Linné ; but his diagnosis being too concise, and no habitat given, there may be some doubt as to the identification. It is the Voluta Jonensis of Pennant, B. voluta parva &c. of Chemnitz, B. akera of Gmelin, B. Norvegica of Bru- guiére, B. resiliens of Donovan, B. fragilis of Lamarck, Eucampe Donovani of Leach, and B. elastica of Danilo and Sandri. Genus IV. ACTA/ON™*, (Acteon) De Montfort. jog DS gs oe Bony fleshy, containable within the shell: head contractile, squarish, depressed, and cloven in front: tentacles ear-shaped or lobular: eyes placed in the middle of the head, below the tentacles: foot oblong, cloven in front, but not expanding at the sides: [odontophore, rhachis none; uncini 11, shaped like long broken hooks, the largest of which form the middle row, inner side resembling a rounded wing, outer side having a notched crest at the bending (Lovén). | SHELL moderately solid, oval, spirally striated: spire pro- minent and bluntly pointed: whorls rounded, and connected throughout ; the first is twisted inwards: suture well marked, but not excavated: mouth occupying about two-thirds of the shell in length: pillar furnished near the base with a ridge- like fold, which is continued within the spire : operculum fitting the irregular shape of the mouth, and altogether horny (not * A mythological name. ACT.EON. 433 partly testaceous, as in Odostomia); spire small, with the nu- cleus on the inner side at the base of the shell, ear-shaped, and defined or separated from the greater part of the operculum by a furrow on the upper- and a ridge on the underside. This generic name and its synonym Tornatella were applied by Grateloup, Nyst, and Sismonda to species of Odostomia; and their shells have certainly a degree of similarity. But the apex of the spire in Acteon is re- cular, instead of being reversed ; and the animal is dif- ferent from that of Odostomia. (See page 110 of this volume.) Nearly twenty years ago Mr. Alder pointed out the affinity of Acteon to Bulla; and his views have been confirmed by the observations of other concholo- ‘gists. Indeed Linné at first placed our typical species in Bulla, although he afterwards removed it to Voluta. The operculum was described by Turton, in his little treatise entitled “ Conchology, arranged on the amended system,” which was published in 1829. Delle Chiaje was the first to make known the animal. The present genus exhibits also a slight analogy to Melampus ; but the spire of that shell is hollow, and has no internal partition. Acteon has an extensive distribution, both in time and place; according to Woodward it comprises 16 recent and 70 fossil species. It is the genus Tornatella of Lamarck and Speo of Risso. The name Acte@on was used by Oken (subse- quently to De Montfort’s work) for a genus allied to Aplysia, which is now recognized as the Elysia of Risso. Acton Torna'tiLis*, Linné. Voluta tornatilis, Linn. 8. N. p. 1187. Tornatella fasciata, F. & H. i. p. 523, pl. exiv. p. f. 8, and (animal) pl. VV. f. 7, as T. ¢ornatilis. Bopy pale yellowish-white, with a slight purplish tint and * Turned in a lathe. VOL. IV. U 434: BULLIDA. minute specks of flake-white: mantle thick, sometimes folded over part of the underside of the shell, and forming an angular lobe or process just below the junction of the outer lip with the body-whorl of the shell: head large and broad, deeply bilobed in front, and extending (when the animal is in motion) beyond the foot: tentacles large, leaf-like or obtusely trian- cular, either carried erect or partly reflected on the front of the shell: eyes black, minute, and sometimes concealed beneath the outer integument, or “‘ immersed in the skin: ” foot large and widely expanded, bilobed in front, with small but sharp angular corners on each side of that part, bluntly pointed be- hind ; the lobes of the head, the tentacles, and the front of the foot occasionally correspond in position, so as to present a triple row of curves: verge scimitar-shaped and thick, placed behind the right-hand tentacle: [gzl/s consisting of a single long and coarsely pectinated plume (Clark). | SHELL conical above, somewhat attenuated at the base, and barrel-shaped in the middle; it is opaque and rather glossy: sculpture, numerous fine spiral impressed lines, which are more or less distinctly punctate on the upper part; at the base (where the lnes become broader and groove-like) they are crossed by finer and close-set longitudinal striz; the spiral lines are not quite regular in their relative distance, and some are deeper than others; in one specimen I counted 70 on the body-whorl, 12 on the penultimate, 8 on the next, and 4 on the preceding whorl, the top whorls being eroded: epidermis inconspicuous: colour light pink or fleshcolour, with three white bands on the body-whorl, and one beneath the suture on each of the other whorls; those on the body-whorl are thus disposed—a narrow one beneath the suture, a second and broader band on a level with the top of the outer lip (which band is usually continued round the base of the upper whorls), and the third (which is equally broad, but occasionally want- ing) encircling the middle of the body-whorl; the latter two bands are often defined by lines of a deeper pink: spire short and conical: whorls 7-8, compressed although convex ; the last (as usual in this family) is disproportionately large, but the rest gradually decrease in size towards the apex ; the first is tumid and obliquely intorted: suture fine and apparently slight, but seen to be narrowly channelled by looking down upon the spire: mouth narrowly and irregularly pear-shaped, acute-angled above and obtuse-angled below, with the base rounded and effuse or expanding outwards ; length two-thirds ACTON. 435 of the shell: outer ip gently curved, not folding inwards : immer lip forming a thin glaze on that part of the body-whorl which lies within the mouth, and broadly reflected over the lower part: pillar very short and flexuous: fold or plait tooth- _like and strong, winding obliquely along the pillar: operculum horny, long and wing-like ; the inner part has the aspect of a Cristellaria, with a nearly terminal spire ; the whole surface of the operculum is marked by puckered lines of growth, and the outer part is slightly and irregularly scored by curved and other scratch-like strie. L. 0-75. B. 0-4. Var. 1. subulata. Smaller and narrower, with an elongated spire. A. subulatus, 8. Wood, Crag. Moll. pt. 1. p. 170, t. xix. f 7 a, 6: Var. 2. tenella. Bony milk-white : foot lanceolate and slender. SHELL smaller, thinner, semitransparent, more glossy, and of a paler hue, sometimes without bands; the young have the middle of each whorl smooth. A. tenellus, Lovén, Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 11. Var. 3. bulleformis. Smaller and regularly oval, with a much shorter spire. Hasrrat: Sandy bays, at low-water mark of spring tides, to about 20 f.; not uncommon, and widely dis- tributed. Capt. Beechey dredged a dead specimen in 145 f. off the Mull of Galloway. Var. 1. Fishguard and the Hebrides ; rare. Var. 2. Muddy sand in 80- 90 f., Shetland. Var. 3. Loch Fyne, m mud, 40-50 f. (A. M‘Nab). This species occurs in a fossil state at Belfast (Grainger); boulder-clay in Caithness (Peach) ; Red and Coralline Crag at Sutton (Wood); post-glacial beds in Norway, 50-100 feet, some specimens retaining their coloured bands (Sars); lower Crag of Antwerp (Nyst); Italian tertiaries (Scacchi and others); Germany, Greece, and Vienna Basin (Hornes). The Ist variety is described by Wood from the Red Crag at Sutton. A. tornatilis ranges from the Loffoden Isles (Sars), and Iceland (Steenstrup), to the A%gean (Forbes); depths recorded 10-100 f. The variety ¢enella inhabits sandy U2 436 BULLID®. mud in deep water on the Scandinavian coast (Lovén and M‘Andrew). ; It makes a shallow hole or burrow in the sand, and is rather sluggish. Forbes and Hanley say that, when handled, it gives out a milky fluid tinged with purple. My largest specimen is not quite an inch in length. Very juvenile conchologists call these shells “ barrels.”’ This is the Turbo ovalis of Da Costa, Auricula bifas- ciata of Martini, and Speo bifasciatus of Risso (his S. tornatilis being fossil and apparently a different species); the young is Tornatella pusilla of Forbes, T. pellucida of Macgillivray, and possibly T. puncto-striata of Professor C. B. Adams from Massachusetts; the fry 1s T. globu- laris of Forbes. Voluta heteroclita of Montagu, said to be from Dun- bar, is one of Laskey’s more than suspicious discoveries ; it is described as having a reversed spire and being a quarter of an inch long. Forbes and Hanley refer this, with doubt, to the present genus. It may be a young exotic land shell, of the Achatina family. Genus V. BULLA*, Klem. Pl: VIII. 1. 5. Bopy gelatinous or fleshy, not containable within the shell: mantle thickened at its edges, and folded behind: head snout- shaped: tentacles more or less distinct, but forming a continua- tion of the head: eyes not perceptible in every species; when present they are placed at the base of the tentacular disk: foot very large, expanded on each side in the shape of broad lobes or flaps, which serve as fins for swimming, and cover part of the shell and of the upperside of the body: gizzard composed of 3 horny equal-sized oval plates. SHELL oval: spire involute, usually concealed: mouth ex- tending the whole length of the shell: pillar sometimes fur- nished with a fold or plait: operculum none. * A bubble. BULLA. 4.397 Bulla was also used by Rumph, previously to Klein, but not in a generic sense. De Montfort cites 32 ver- nacular names by which the shell was known in different ‘countries ; he called the genus Bullus. Leach proposed Haminea or Haminea and Rowxania for our two indige- nous species ; the first of these names was given in Tur- ton’s tract on conchology. A. Thin ; crown imperforate, and spire wholly concealed. 1. Buta uy'patis*, Linné. B. hydatis, Linn. 8. N. p. 1183; F. & H. iii. p. 530, pl. exiv. p. f. 7, and (animal) pl. UU. f. 3. Bopy gelatinous, when fully extended and in motion of an elongated oval shape and nearly as long again as the shell ; colour variable, usually a mixture of purplish-brown, cinereous, and orange-yellow, disposed in minute granular or confluent specks: head large, notched in front: tentacles united, so as to form a small squarish lobe or disk, somewhat narrower and indented behind: eyes very distinct, placed far back on the tentacular disk, and not very close together [‘‘ closely set,’’ F. & H.|; they are black, and each lies in the centre of a minute circular lucid spot: foot sinuous, capable of being considerably dilated and extended; the side-lobes are often reflected over the greater part of the shell: gizzard encircled by a cartila- ginous or muscular ring, with the alimentary canal issuing from its centre; plates dark purplish-brown or chocolate, somewhat resembling the shells of a Chiton. (Montagu and Clark). Suert roundish-oval, fragile, semitransparent and glossy : sculpture, extremely numerous, delicate, spiral striz, besides lines of growth; the strie are scarcely perceptible unless with microscopic aid: epidermis yellowish-brown, thicker than is usually the case in this family: colour greenish-yellow, with the crown and pillar white: spre concealed; the crown or apex is obliquely indented or slightly umbilicate: mouth irre- cularly elliptical, rather narrow (although not much contracted) above, and pear-shaped below; total length exceeding that of * A water-coloured gem. 438 BULLIDA. the spire: outer lip more or less curved, not folding inwards ; it projects beyond the crown: wner lip forming a broad and flexuous glaze: pillar short, solid, smooth, and curved. L.1. B. 0°75 Var. globosa. Smaller, thinner, globular, pale yellowish- green or creamcolour. Hasitat: Mud-flats and ooze in the littoral and laminarian zones, on the coasts of Hants, Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall; Sark, in 15-20 f. (J.G.J.); Jersey (Dodd and Jordan); Manorbeer, near Tenby (J. G. J.); Birterbuy Bay, co. Galway (Farran); Bantry Bay (Mrs. Puxley and Leach); Cork Harbour (Humphreys); Bal- briggan in Dublin Bay (Turton); ? Scarborough (Bean); ? Dunbar (Laskey). A local species. The variety was taken by Mr. Clark at Exmouth. It is impossible to define exactly the geological and geographical range of B. hydatis; because two European species have been confounded by authors under that name. It is said by Cantraine and others to occur in the Italian tertiaries ; and there is no doubt that it inhabits the Atlantic shores of France and Portugal, both sides of the Mediterranean, the Adriatic, and Aigean, at depths of 0-69 f.; Canary Isles (M‘Andrew). More than thirty years have elapsed since I had the good fortune to observe, in company with my late friend Mr. William Clark, hundreds of these creatures, in the shallow and slushy pools left by the tide near high-water mark on Dawlish Warren; soon afterwards, owing to a shifting of the sands, these pools disappeared, and with them the Bulla. When it swam or floated, the side-lobes of the foot were withdrawn from the shell and spread out like a pair of fins. The shell is occasionally distorted, having either a rude spiral groove below the apex or a depression behind the pillar. BULLA. 439 It is the B. ampulla of Pennant (not of Linné), B. navicula of Da Costa, B. cornea of Lamarck (who erro- neously referred to it the B. Cranchui of Leach), B. pa- pyracea of Ulysses’ Travels (fide Dillwyn), and Haminea Cuvieri of Leach; the young appears to be the B. utri- culus of Risso (not of Brocchi), and, according to Scacchi, the B. pisum of Delle Chiaje. B. elegans (H. elegans) of Leach is much smaller, ob- long, narrower, and more solid, with the outer lip not projecting beyond the crown. Dr. Leach records it from Tenby, Swansea, and the Devon coast ; but I believe he was misinformed as to at least the first two of these places. I have it in the Turtonian collection. Mr. Lukis and Mr. Macculloch found it at Herm, and I dredged a fragment in Guernsey; so that this species may be looked for on our southern coasts. It is common in the Mediterranean, and is probably the H. folliculus of Menke. Another species, equally doubtful as a native of our seas, is B. dilatata of Leach. This differs from B. hy- datis in its much smaller size, depressed shape, micro- scopical and more close-set spiral sculpture, and in its widely expanded mouth, the upper corner of which pro- jects far beyond the crown, in a wing-like fashion. Fal- mouth (Leach); Dublin Bay (coll. Turton); Cork Har- bour (Humphreys); Loire-Inférieure (Cailliaud); Lede — Rhé, in the Gulf of Gascony (J. G. J.); Grand Canary (M‘Andrew). B.pemphis of Philippi (from the Red Sea) and B. virescens of Sowerby (from Pitcairn’s Island) are allied to the present species. 44.0 BULLID. B. Solid; crown perforated and exposing part of the spire. 2. B. urri’cutus*, Brocchi. B. utriculus, Brocchi, Conch. foss. Subap. i. p. 633, t. 1. f. 6a, 6. B. Cranchii, F. & H. iii. p. 533, pl. exiv. pv. f. 8, 9, and (animal) pl. VV. i. 2. Bopy greyish-white, faintly tinged above with brownish- yellow: mantle thick, protruded behind, and folding over the crown of the shell as well as partly over its underside: head very large and flexible, wedge-shaped in front: tentacles tri- angular or ear-shaped, turned back over the front of the shell, and covering nearly one-third of it: eyes, none perceptible : foot squarish, truncated in front, rounded behind, and forming on each side a broad triangular flap, which is folded over part of the head and tentacles: ovary yellow, visible through the shell. SHELL oval, with a tendency to become cylindrical, rather solid, semitransparent and glossy: sculpture, numerous spiral striz or impressed lines, which are visible to the naked eye ; towards each end they are stronger, and alternately large and small (sometimes two or three smaller strie between two of the larger size), and they are throughout closely punctate in consequence of the interstices being crossed by fine longitudinal striee ; the spiral striae are much slighter in the middle of the shell, which in the young is usually quite smooth: epidermis reddish-brown; it is chiefly persistent on the spiral strie, which are therefore darkly lineated: colour pale yellowish or creamcolour, occasionally milk-white: spre partly exposed ; crown perforated, and obliquely encircled by a thick angular rim: mouth as in the last species, but narrower ; its length exceeds that of the spire: outer lip not much curved in the middle, nor folding inwards; it projects a little beyond the crown: inner lip slight: pillar short, thick, and flexuous ; at its base is a rather strong fold, which makes the lower part of the mouth appear channelled ; behind the pillar is a small and groove-like umbilicus. L. 0:5. B. 0:3. Var. oblonga. Smaller, longer in proportion to its breadth, and more cylindrical. Haxirat: Muddy sand in 20-86 f., Plymouth (Pri- * A husk of grain. BULLA. 441 deaux, fide Leach); Torbay and Plymouth (coll. Turton); Falmouth (Cranch, fide Leach, Cocks, and Hockin) ; Dogger bank (Parke); Scarborough (Bean); Northum- _ berland (Alder); Berwick Bay (Johnston and Mennell); Arran. Isles, co. Galway (Barlee); Cork Harbour (Hum- phreys); co. Antrim (Hyndman); western coasts of Scotland (Barlee and others) ; Moray Firth (Gordon) ; Aberdeen (Macgillivray); Shetland (M‘Andrew and others). I dredged a single specimen of the variety in Loch Fyne. 8B. uériculus occurs in the Antwerp Crag and Bordeaux tertiaries (Nyst); upper miocene bed near Antibes (Macé); Italian tertiaries (Brocchi and others) ; Vienna basin (Hornes). Its present distribution extends from Finmark (Sars) to the Canary Isles (M‘Andrew), both sides of the Mediterranean (Cantraine, Weinkauff, and others), Adriatic (Brocchi and Brusina), and A’gean (Forbes); depths 20-140 f. Its habits are sluggish. The head supports the front of the shell, while the foot forms the base of the living cushion. In the north it seems to be a favourite food of the haddock. This species was at first considered by Brocchi the B. striata of Bruguiére. Leach called it B. Cranchii, Johnston B. punctura, and Nyst B.utricula. B.modesta of Risso is probably the young. It may also be the B. puncto-striata of Mighels and Adams, from the eastern coasts of North America. B. striata was described by Turton as British, under the name of B. alba. I cannot, on such authority, recog- nize it as indigenous. His specimens (two in number) have evidently been acted upon by muriatic acid, so as nearly to remove the outer and coloured layer. Dr. Gordon kindly sent me for inspection two specimens collected in North Uist and at Durness. How they got as) 442 BULLIDA. so far north is not easily explicable. I entertain a high opinion of Dr. Gordon’s accuracy ; but I must reserve my faith in the present case until I see a living specimen from Scotch waters. B. striata inhabits the Mediter- ranean, Adriatic, and Black Sea; and Drouet has re- corded it from the Azores. The only other Atlantic habitat, of which I am aware, is Faro in Algarve, where M‘Andrew procured it. B. media of Philippi (a common West-Indian shell) was erroneously described by Montagu as B. ampulla of Linné, the locality which he gave bemg Falmouth Har- bour. Possibly B. utriculus was meant. Laskey must have been determined to find it also at Dunbar; for it figures in his list of the shells of North Britain ! “Genus VI. SCAPHANDER*%*, De Montfort. PV Ite 4. Bopy fleshy, not containable within the shell: mantle thick, folded behind: head oblong, broad, and depressed: tentacles united, and forming part of the head: eyes wanting: foot di- lated, with narrow and reflected side-lobes: gizzard large, composed of 3 calcareous plates; the larger two (which form the sides) are ear-shaped or triangular, and the smallest (which lies between the others) is irregularly oval, and doubled. SHELL pear-shaped or oval, spirally striated: spire involute, entirely concealed in the adult; crown obliquely truncated, perforated in the young: mouth extending the whole length of the shell, contracted behind, and expanding in front: pillar smooth, and blunt-edged: operculum none. The curious gizzard was described and figured by the Cavalier Gioeni in 1783 as the type of a new family of multivalve shells, to which he proposed to give his own name! Modern naturalists have been more modest, and have contented themselves with striving for a sort of * A boatman; badly compounded. s SCAPHANDER. 4.45 vicarious immortality, by associating the names of their wives with their real or supposed discoveries. Gioenia, as a genus, was adopted by Bruguiére ; Retz substituted for it Tricla. This strange mistake was exposed and rectified by Draparnaud. An obsolete synonym of the present genus is Assula of Schumacher. ScAPHANDER LIGNA’RIUs*, Linné. Bulla lignaria, Linn. 8. N. p. 1184. S. lignarius, F. & H. iii. p. 556, pl. exiv. r. f. 3, and (animal) pl. VV. f. 5, as S. dignaria. Bopy fleshcolour, orange, brownish-yellow, or creamcolour : mantle folded over the underside of the shell and the lower part of the crown or apex: head shield-like, wedge-shaped and rounded or slightly indented in front: tentacles forming a single squarish lobe, being a continuation of the head; this lobe has angular or ear-shaped corners on the upper or hinder part: eyes, none perceptible: foot bulky, of an oval shape, squarish, corresponding and coextensive with the head in front, expanded and bluntly notched behind; the side-lobes fre- quently overlap part of the shell: [odontophore, rhachis wanting; uncini arranged in a single row, claw-shaped, crenellated on the hinder margin towards the point; outer side winged, with a crest at the base (Lovén). | SHELL pear-shaped, peaked or acuminated at the top, and expanded at the base, rather solid, nearly opaque, and some- what glossy: sculpture, numerous spiral striz or fine grooves, which (owing to the size of the shell) are very conspicuous ; they are equally strong in every part, and are equidistant, except at the top (where they become more or less crowded), and also except an occasional slighter intermediate stria ; the interstices of the spiral strie or grooves are crossed by fine and close-set longitudinal strize, which often give the former a punctate appearance ; the whole surface is covered with close-set microscopic spiral lines and with equally numerous and minute longitudinal striae, producing by their intersection a slight cancellation; epidermis orange or tawny, passing into chestnut : colowr, under the epidermis, yellowish-white or * From its colour resembling that of fir-wood. 4.4.4, BULLID. creamcolour; young and half-grown specimens are often adorned with narrow reddish-brown zones, parallel and alter- nating with the white spiral strie and their walls: spire loosely coiled, not exposed in the adult, being coated over by successive deposits from the hinder lobe of the mantle: crown obliquely indented, and encircled by an angular rim; it is perforated in the young and fry, so as to show the outer part of the spire: mouth narrow above, and dilated below, with a rounded base ; its length exceeds that of the spire: outer hp not much curved in the middle ; it projects beyond the crown, forming in that part an obtuse angle: inner lip broad and flexuous, consisting of a rather thick glaze: pillar arched, visible throughout by holding the shell upside down. L. 2°33. B. 1:5. Var. 1. alba. White, with a creamcolour epidermis. Var. 2. curta. Smaller and shorter, but not having the compactly convoluted spire and comparatively small mouth of S. lLibrarvus. Hasirat: All our coasts: it usually frequents the coralline zone, ranging as deep as 90 f.; but. Dr. Lands- borough says that “at Whiting Bay, in Arran, it may be taken by digging in the sand at ebb tide.” The Ist variety is generally diffused, but rare. Var 2. Shetland. This species occurs in the quaternary and upper tertiary beds at Belfast (Grainger) ; Greenock (Robertson) ; and the Red and Coralline Crag (Wood) ; as well as throughout Belgium, France, Italy, Germany, and the southern parts of Europe. Its distribution, in a living state, extends from Finmark (Danielssen and. Sars) to Gibraltar (M‘Andrew), and through the Medi- terranean, Adriatic, and Aigean; depths 8-60 f. This voracious mollusk does not despise any kind of animal food, from minute Foraminifera to the sea-mouse or Aphrodita, the spines of which I found in the gizzard of one individual. Corbula gibba is evidently a favour- ite morsel; and I have observed Dentalium entalis, Odostomia rufa, and Ditrupa arietina in other specimens. SCAPHANDER. 445 George Humphreys mentions Cylichna cylindracea also. The Dentalium and Ditrupa, when sticking in the giz- zard, look like spits through joints of meat. Accor- ding to Landsborough (‘ Zoologist,’ 1843, pp. 87, 88) « though they seem to indulge very freely as to quantity, they appear to be wiser than our biped gourmands ; for they keep to one dish. In every one of the specimens I procured, the capacious gullet was filled with the fry of Mactra subtruncata. The gullet was in the form of a cornsack, quite distended, for each contained some scores of these little bivalve shells in an unbroken state. The sack, however, gradually emptied itself mto the gizzard ; and in this shelly mill the shells and their contents were reduced to powder, or rather a fine paste, well fitted, no doubt, to be wholesome nutriment for the industrious little marine miller.” The plates of the gizzard are white, with the middle portion of the inside brownish-yellow and raised, the centre bemg white and ground down by use. The side-plates slope from a boss in the centre to a sharp edge; and the intermediate or small plate resembles an opera hat: in the young it is not unlike Ancylus lacustris. Among other wonderful tales of the sea, the Guernsey fishermen will tell you that the Scaphander bites off a portion of the outer lip of its shell, when it finds itself a prisoner im the trawl- net! It is preyed on by the haddock. A monstrosity in my collection has the crown deeply and widely channelled. Risso described it as S. lignarius and S. giganteus ; the fossil shell of the same species is probably his S. targionius. Bulla zonata of Turton and S. Browni of Leach are the young; I once thought (but wrongly) that the former might be S. hbrarius of , Lovén. | 446 RULLIDA. Of the last-named species I obtained a very young specimen in my Shetland dredgings. S. librarius is much smaller than S. lignarius, of an oval shape, having the spire compactly coiled, and the mouth con- sequently more contracted. It mhabits the Scandina- vian coasts, in from 20 to 150 f., and (fide Torell) Iceland. Genus VII. PHILI'/NE*, Ascanius. Pl. VIII. f. 7. Bopy semioval, gelatinous and slimy, not containable within the shell: mantle shield-like, covering the shell and gill-plume: head oblong, wedge-shaped in front: tentacles not distinct, but forming part of the head: eyes wanting: foot broad, folded on each side as a flap, which together with the pallial disk and head give the animal a quadrilobate appear- ance: gizzard composed of three calcareous plates, which in some species are shuttle-shaped and equal in size, and in other species are similar to those of Scaphander: odontophore without any rhachis or central tooth; the uncini are claw- shaped, and arranged in single or double file. SHELL wholly internal (being concealed under the mantle), and thin: spe loosely coiled, small, and truncated: mouth very large and open, not always as long as the spire: pillar sharp-edged, flexuous, and visible throughout. A description and figure of this genus by Professor Ascanius were published in the 33rd volume of the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm for 1772, the species on which it was founded being the Bulla aperta of Linné. The ‘ Zoo- logical Journal’ for 1827 contains a valuable and in- teresting account by Mr. Clark of several British species _ which he examined in a living state. * Possibly from ‘‘le Philin ” of Adanson, a fancy name, applied by him to a species of Cymbium. It should be Phylline, if derived from the leaf-like appearance of the shell; but that name was given by Oken to a genus of parasitic Annelids. PHILINE. 447 It is the genus Lodaria of Miiller, and Budlea of La- mark; the former was carelessly referred by Rang to the shelless genus Acera (“ acére”’) of Cuvier. A. Having a chain-like or punctate sculpture; spire con- ; spicuous, 1. PuHILIne scaBra*, Miller. Bulla scabra, Mull. Zool. Dan. ii. p. 41, t. Ixxi. f. 10-12. P. scabra, F. & H. i. p. 543, pl. cxiv. £. f. 4, 5, and (animal) pl. VV. f. 1, as Bullea scabra. Bopy elongated, whitish or creamcolour, sometimes minutely speckled with black : mantle folded over the crown and under- side of the shell, ending behind in two angular points: head large, broad, and gibbous; the upper part or tentacular disk is rounded behind, and marked lengthwise by a slight darkish line of division: foot oval and very large, wedge-shaped in front, and rounded behind; side-lobes broad: gizzard-plates shuttle- shaped and equal-sized, having a flat rib down the middle with a small depression on each side : | odontophore armed with two rows of uncini; inner ones much the larger, lobed on the inside and jagged; outer ones minute and plain-edged (Lovén). | SHELL resembling in shape a miniature Scaphander ligna- rius, but more cylindrical ; it is of a delicate texture, semi- transparent, and of a glistening and iridescent lustre : sculp- ture, numerous and close-set spiral and parallel rows of minute oval dots which are interwoven and arranged like the links of a chain; some of these rows being intermediate, and ap- parently squeezed or compressed at the sides, become merely fine lines; the front edge or base of the mouth and top of the outer lip are exquisitly fringed with sharpish points, like short teeth of a comb: colowr clear white when the shell is ex- tracted from the animal, afterwards becoming milk-white : spire slightly prominent: whorls 3; the body-whorl (as usual in this genus) is disproportionately large and voluminous ; the other two are small, with an indistinct and thickened nucleus: sutwre deep and channelled: mouth acute-angled above, and greatly expanded below, with a squarish base: outer lip gently curved, folding inwards on the upper part ; * Scratched, 448 BULLID&. the top of this lip is below the spire ; inner corner cloven or excavated, so as to cause a disjunction of the suture in front and a partial separation of the body-whorl from the next: inner lip forming a rather thick and broad glaze. L. 0-2. B. Ovl. Hasitat: Living in sand at low-water mark of spring tides, Gwyllyn vase, Falmouth (Barlee and Miss Vigurs, fide Cocks) ; Hayle and Falmouth (Hockin) ; Porthcur- now Cove, near the Land’s End (Miss Lavars) ; Mounts Bay, Penzance (Templer) ; Scarborough (Bean and J. G. J.) ; Northumberland coast (Alder) ; Dogger bank, Coquet, and Berwick Bay (Mennell) ; Berwick (John- ston) ; Tenby (Lyons) ; Cork, in stomach of the black sole (Humphreys) ; co. Galway (Barlee) ; co. Antrim (Hyndman and Waller); west of Scotland and the Hebrides (Barlee and others) ; Moray Firth (Gordon) ; Aberdeenshire (Macgillivray and Dawson); Shetland (Forbes and others) : muddy sand and mud, 3-835 f. Coralline Crag, Sutton (Wood) ; glacial bed in Norway, 50-70 feet (Sars); Nice (Risso); Palermo (Philippi). Inhabiting Greenland (Moller) ; Iceland (Steenstrup) ; Scandinavia, from the Loffoden Isles (Sars) to Kulla- berg in Skane (Lilljeborg) ; Vigo Bay (M‘Andrew); Gulf of Lyons (Martin); Spezzia (Doria); Sicily (coll. Petit) : depths recorded 15-140 f. From the stomachs of a flounder (Muller) and had- dock (Gordon). A comparatively gigantic specimen was kindly presented to me by my old and esteemed friend Mr. Waller, who dredged it at Groomsport ; it measures four lines by two and a quarter. Very distinct from Bulla scabra of Chemnitz, which does not even belong to the present genus. Dillwyn called our shell B. pectinata ; Risso described it (ap- parently) as Scaphander patulus; Leach (according to PHILINE. 449 Turton) gave it the name of S. catenatus; it is the Bullea granulosa of Sars, partly the Bullea angustata of Philippi, Bullea catena and Bullea catenulifera of - Macgillivray, and Bulla dilatata of S. Wood. P. lima (Utriculus Lima) of Brown is stated by him to have been found by Mr. Stewart Kerr at Greenock ; and it would therefore be a glacial fossil of the Clyde beds. It is allied to P. scabra, but differs from that species in having a smaller and compact crown, a more produced spire, and a less patulous mouth. It is the Bulla lineolata of Couthouy, and probably the Bullea punctata of Moller (not of Clark), its existing distribution being confined to the eastern coasts of North America and to Greenland. 2. P. cate'na*, Montagu. Bulla catena, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 215, t. 7. f.7. P. catena, F. & H. lil. p. 545, pl. exiv. 5. f. 6,7, and (animal) pl. UU. f. 4, as Bullea catena. Bopy on the upper part yellowish-white ; the shield or anterior portion, and the lateral lobes caused by the reflexion of the foot on the back, are sprinkled with close-set very minute reddish-brown points; the posterior part of the body is divided into one or two digitations. (Clark.) SHELL oval, compressed and expanding outwards, of delicate but not fragile texture, semitransparent and glossy: sculpture, numerous and close-set spiral rows of minute links, arranged in a chain-like fashion, which vary in shape from roundish- oval to oblong, besides occasional intermediate lines as in P. scabra; the edge of the mouth (especially at its base and on the upper part of the outer lip) is finely scalloped by the continuation of the spiral sculpture: colour as in the last species: spire extremely small, but prominent: whorls 2-3, similar (except in size) to those in the last species: suture narrow, deep, and channelled: mouth equalling about three-fourths of the circumference of the shell, broadly oval, contracted above by the periphery, with a bluntly rounded (or almost truncated) * From its chain-like sculpture. 4.50 BULLID®. base: outer lip flexuous, slightly indented or concave in the middle ; the top is level with the spire, the shell being placed mouth downwards ; inner corner cloven, and producing the same partial disconnexion of the body-whorl as in the last species : inner lip forming a broad and thickened glaze. L. 0°15. B. O-1. Var. zona. Rather more depressed, with a belt of clear white in the middle, taking in from eight to ten of the chain- like rows. Hazitat: Exmouth, alive in rock-pools at the time of the lowest spring tides (Clark ); on different parts of the coasts of South Devon, Cornwall, and Dorset (Montagu, Tyacke, fide Forbes’s MS., J. G. J., and others) ; Guernsey (Barlee and J.G.J.); Tenby (J. Adams and J. G. J.) ; Manorbeer near Tenby, and Langland Bay near Swansea (J. G. J.) ; Scarborough (Bean and J. G. J.) ; Northumberland (Alder) ; Ber- wick Bay (Johnston) ; Cork (Humphreys, from the stomach of a sole, and J. G. J.) ; Miltown-Malbay, co. Clare (Harvey, fide Thompson) ; Arran Isles, co. Gal- way (Barlee) ; Bundoran, co. Donegal (J. G. J.) ; Dub- lin Bay (Walpole and J. G. J.) ; Lamlash, Isle of Bute (Landsborough) ; Skye (Barlee); Firths of Forth and Clyde (Brown); Shetland (Barlee). The variety is from Bigberry Bay, near Plymouth (Montagu), and Guernsey (coll. Turton and J.G.J.). P. catena occurs in the Coralline Crag at Sutton (Wood, as Bullea sculpta) ; Palermo (Calcara, as B. punctata). Its extra- British distribution, as a recent species, appears to be southern, and comprises the Loire-Inférieure (Cailliaud), Mediterranean, from the Gulf of Lyons (Martin) to Sicily (Maravigna and Philippi), and Aigean, in 119 f. (Forbes). The gizzard resembles that of P. scabra, but is smaller and has a shorter midrib. My largest specimens PHILINE. 451 are from Galway and Shetland, and measure nearly two lines in length. Montagu refers the Bulla punctata of Adams (Linn. Trans.) to this species: I believe he was right in doing so. It is probably the Bullea angustata of Bivona (according to Philippi), and the Scaphander catenatus of Leach’s ‘ Synopsis.’ 8. P. ancura'ta*, Jeffreys. SHELL rhomboidal, depressed, fragile, transparent and glossy: sculpture, numerous rows of very fine spiral strize, composed of oval and almost microscopic dots, and appearing punctate ; the upper part of the body-whorl is angulated or margined by a sharpish keel, between which and the suture is a flattened space marked with 5 of the spiral striz and sloping towards the spire; there is also a tendency to angularity in other parts ; edge of the mouth plain or smooth: colour clear white, becoming opaque in dead specimens which have been picked out of shell-sand; occasionally one or two transparent zones may be seen, as in the variety of P. catena: spire extremely small, shightly prominent: whorls 2-3, conspicuous ; the outer edge of each is keeled or ridged: sutwre deep and channelled: mouth squarish, remarkably wide and large, nearly truncated at the base: outer ip forming an obtuse angle at the junction of the front and base; the top is higher than the spire, and it projects outwards (but all my specimens are more or less broken in this part); inner corner deeply and widely cloven, so as to make the disjunction of the outer whorl from the next very conspicuous: inner lip forming a narrow but thick ledge or fold, behind which is a slight depression. L. 0-1. B. 0-075. Hasitat: Larne, co. Antrim, Hebrides, and Shet- land, in 60-80 f. (J. G. J.); Aberdeenshire (Dawson). It is apparently rare. The keeled spire will serve to distinguish this from any other species of Philine in the present section. * Angular. 452 BULLIDA. 4. P. quapra'ta*, Searles Wood. Bullea quadrata, 8. Wood in Ann. N. H. iii. p. 461, pl. vii. fil. P. quadrata, F. & H. iii. p. 541, pl. exiv. u. f. 2, 3. Bopy whitish and semitransparent : head rounded : tentacles not separate: eyes wanting: foot oblong, symmetrical and even with the head in front: gizzard minute ; plates elliptical. SHELL squarish-oval, convex, contracted or compressed on the upper part below the spire, and bluntly angulated in the middle ; it is not very thin, is semitransparent, and when fresh of a glistening lustre: sculpture, numerous rows of fine spiral strize, which are composed of minute oval dots and ap- pear punctate ; these strie are irregularly disposed, being in some parts more close together than in others, and they here and there form intermediate and slight lines ; the upper part of the body-whorl is thickened and rounded, and the middle is furnished with a blunt and slight spiral rib, which is usually visible also within the mouth ; the top of the outer lip is de- licately scalloped: colow’ white, crystalline when extracted from the animal: spire small, more or less sunken ; apex ob- scure: whorls 2-3, rounded; the inner ones are minute: suture deep: mouth broadly oval, contracted above by the periphery, and expanded below, with the base obliquely curved and somewhat truncated: it occupies about two-thirds of the underside of the shell: owter lip nearly straight in front and forming an obtuse angle at the junction of that part with the base ; the top is rather higher than the spire, and projects outwards; outer corner bluntly angular or rounded; inner corner receding and acute-angled, but not exhibiting any further disjunction of the outer whorl from the next: inner lip broad and thick. L. 0:25. B. 0°2. Hasirar: Mud and sand, Dogger bank (Mennell and J. G. J.); Whitburn (Abbes and Howse, fide Alder) ; Arran Isles, co. Galway (Barlee); Moray Firth (Gor- don) ; Aberdeenshire (Dawson) ; Orkneys, 12-40 f. (Thomas, fide Forbes); Shetland, 3-76 f. (M‘Andrew and others) ; Coralline Crag, Sutton (Wood) ; post- glacial beds in Norway, 60—100 feet (Sars). Its exist- * Square. s PHILINE. 453 ing distribution beyond our seas, as at present known, includes Nordland and Finmark, from 20 to 150 f. (Lovén and others), Greenland (Sars), and Massachu- setts Bay (Stimpson). The young and fry are more globose than the adult ; in the former the spire is proportionally smaller and more depressed or umbilicate, and in the latter it is rudimentary and consists of only half a whorl. The fry is perfectly smooth: and very glossy. In all these respects the present species differs from P. angulata. It is the P. scutulum of Lovén, and P. formosa of Stimpson, the types of which I have examined. 5. P. puncta’ta*, Clark. Bullea punctata, Clark in Zool. Journ. ii. p. 339. P. punctata, F. & H. ill. p. 547, pl. cxiv. E. f. 8, 9, and (animal) pl. UU. f. 5, as B. punctata. Bopy oblong-oval, above dirty white, marked with the finest. longitudinal dark close lines, mixed with minute streaks and points, giving the whole surface a dark cloud- coloured sombre aspect [*‘ tinged and speckled with reddish- brown on a yellowish ground,” F. & H., ex fig. Alder]; hinder part digitated or lobed, and yellowish-white [“ Its capital disk seems different in shape, and much shorter and broader than that of catena, and the margin of the mantle is not laminated,” F. & H.|; gizzard minute, cylindrical, and yellow. (Clark.) SHELL oval, convex, but somewhat compressed in the middle, of delicate texture, nearly transparent, and glossy : sculpture, extremely numerous and close-set spiral rows of minute rings or impressed circular dots, which are not united or chain-like, but appear punctate; edge of the mouth plain at its base and slightly scalloped at the top of the outer lip : colour as in all the foregoing species: spire very small, but pro- minent: whorls 2, similar to those of the other species: suture narrow, deep, and channelled: mouth regularly oval, rounded at the base: outer lip flexuous, widely indented or slightly concave in the middle ; the top lies somewhat below the spire ; outer corner bluntly angulated, and projecting ; inner corner * Punctured ; not a classical word. 4,54: _ BULLIDA. cloven and causing a disconnexion of the outer whorl from the next: inner lip narrow, folding over the pillar, behind which is a depression or approach to anumbilicus. L.0:1. B. 0-075. Hasitat: With P. catena at Exmouth (Clark); Tor- bay (Clark and J. G. J.); Burrow Island, near Saltash (Barlee and Hanley); Land’s End and Hayle (Hockin); Whitesand Bay and Guernsey (J. G. J.); Scarborough ‘Bean and J. G. J.); Northumberland coast, with P. catena, “rarely found alive in pools among the rocks within tide-marks” (Alder); bays near Swansea, Barmouth and Bundoran (J. G. J.); Miltown-Malbay, co. Clare (Harvey); Kilkee in the same county, and ~ Bundoran (Mrs. Hancock, fide Thompson) ; Bantry Bay (Norman); Dublin Bay (Warren and B. W. Adams) ; Cumbrae (Landsborough and Robertson); The Minch (J. G. J.); Loch Maddy (M‘Intosh) ; Aberdeenshire (Macgillivray and Dawson); off Troup Head on the same coast, in 60 f. (Thomas, fide F. & H.); Shetland (J. G. J.). Florden in Norway (Sars, as P. pusiila) ; Bohuslan (Malm, as P. guadrata); Algiers, 35 f. (M‘An- drew); Aigean, 119 f. (Forbes, as Bullea alata). An examination of the types has enabled me to determine the above synonyms. B. Sculpture latticed; spire conspicuous. 6. P. pruino'sa*, Clark. Butlea pruinosa, Clark in Zool. Journ. iii. p. 339. P. pruinosa, F. & TH. iii. p. 549, pl. cxiv. F. f. 1, 2. Bopy oblong (‘‘ convex above, flat beneath,” Clark ; «‘ parum depressum,”’ Lovén); it is white, the tentacular disk and all the margins being speckled with snowy points: mantle open along the back, extended behind, and indented in the middle; * Like hoar-frost. PHILINE. 455 margin jagged: mouth having a transverse orifice, and armed with a pair of horny jaws: tentacles united to form a large squarish-oval disk, which is notched in front: foot very large ; sole as broad as it is long, somewhat exceeding half the length _ of the whole body ; it is indented on each side in front; side- lobes wing-like, thick, and folding back, with jagged edges: gizzard none; but, instead of this organ, the stomach is fur- nished with two horny and finely shagreened plates, one on each side: gills arranged in a single coarsely pectinated plume, situate under the shell. (Loven, and Clark’s MS.) SHELL oval, tumid, but compressed or pinched in below the apex, more solid than any of its congeners, nearly opaque, glossy in the young only: sculpture, numerous strong and irregular longitudinal wrinkly striz (fringed at their edges) and finer spiral striz, which by intercrossing give the surface a reticulated and frosty aspect, or that of lacework ; the reti- culation is less distinct in full-grown specimens; the very young have spiral rows of circular dots, as in P. punctata ; edges of the mouth plain: colowr white, with frequently a broad tawny band round the middle and a tinge of the same hue on the upper part; these markings are rather evanescent, and appear to be superficial: spire very small, sunk below the apex ‘or crown, which is considerably thickened: whorls 23, irregularly twisted and indistinct: sutwre deep and excavated : mouth oval, contracted above by the periphery and inflexion of the outer lip, curved below; it occupies about two-thirds of the under surface: outer lip flexuous, widely indented in the middle, and bending inwards above ; edge often thick ; the top slightly exceeds the crown in height; outer corner rounded; inner corner receding and acute-angled: amner lip broad and rather thick on the upper part, occasionally forming in the middle a tooth-like process or fold (in one specimen converted into a cluster of minute pearls), behind which is a distinct um- bilical groove or depression. L. 0:25. 3B. 0-2. Var. dilatata. Nearly smooth, more expanded and some- what angular at the sides, and abruptly attenuated towards the crown. L. 0-075. B. 0-05. Hasirat: Dredged off Budleigh Salterton (Clark); Plymouth (Webster) ; Falmouth, in trawl-refuse (Miss Vigurs, fide Cocks); Whitburn, dredged and from the stomachs of fish (Howse, fide Alder); Loch Fyne and 456 BULLID®. Hebrides (Barlee and others); Firth of Forth (Fleming, fide F. & H.); Moray Firth (Gordon); Aberdeenshire (Dawson) ; Shetland (Barlee and J. G. J.): depths 18- 70 f. Bohuslin (Lovén); Norway, in 30-60 f., sandy mud (Danielssen). The variety is from Shetland. “The animal flaps the sides of the foot upwards and downwards, as if beating the water, with considerable quickness, especially when first taken from the sea.” (Clark’s MS.) The fry is devoid of sculpture ; it differs from that of P. quadrata (which is also smooth) m being much smaller at the top, and in having the sides angulated and projecting. C. Smooth; spire conspicuous. 7. P. ni't1pa*, Jeffreys. SHELL oblong, convex, very thin and fragile, nearly trans- parent, and of a polished lustre: sculpture, none on the body- whorl; but the spire has two keels or ridges, one at the outer edge of each whorl, and the other in the middle, giving this part an angulated appearance: colour clear-white, becoming opaque in dead specimens: spzre flattened, placed somewhat obliquely ; it is quite exposed and occupies the top of the shell: whorls 23, irregularly twisted, but distinct: suture deep and excavated: mouth oval, truncated above, wide and rounded below; its area equals about two-thirds of the under surface: outer lip expanded, squarish at the top, and gently curved in the middle; it is level with the spire, viewed mouth down- wards, and is below it, viewed mouth upwards; outer corner angular and projecting ; inner corner considerably receding and acute-angled: inner lip forming a broad glaze on the upper part, and reflected on the pillar; there is no umbilical groove or depression. L. 0:075. 3B. 0-05. Hasirat: Skye (J. G. J.); Haroldswick Bay, Unst * Glossy. PHILINE. 457 (Dawson). It is as yet rare. My Skye specimen has the remains of the mantle still adhering to the spire on the outside, showing that the shell is internal. Being minute, I have carefully compared all the specimens (half a dozen) with the fry of other species of Phiiine, as well as with those of Utriculus and Acera. I cannot identify this with any of them. In the last two genera the fry has the same cylindrical shape as the adult, and the first whorl or nucleus of the spire is nipple-shaped. Phyline sinuata of Stimpson (from 6 f., sand, in Bos- ton Harbour) appears to be allied to the present species ; but the spire of the North-American shell is represented as rovnded instead of carinated or angular. | D. Smooth; spire indistinct. 8. P. aperta*, Linné. Bulla aperta, Linn. 8. N. p.1183. P. aperta, F. & H. iii. p. 539, pl. exiv. z. f. 1, and (animal) pl. UU. f. 1, as Bullea aperta. Bopy broadly oval, rather convex above and flat underneath, shmy, and of a consistency between gelatinous and fleshy, pale yellowish-white or sometimes nearly clear white, with nume- rous minute snowy specks: mantle shield-like, with a mem- branous margin in front, and forming behind an angular lobe which covers the crown of the shell: head or anterior disk somewhat elongated, gently curved or squarish in front (now and then slightly notched in the middle of this part), and truncated behind: tentacles, or eyes, none: foot flexible, usually rounded in front, with a membranous margin; side-lobes thickened and folded back; these lobes, with the head-disk and pallial shield, give a quadripartite appearance to the animal: gizzard composed of three calcareous plates, united by a strong cartilage ; they are concave on the outside, and covered over with a thin tightly stretched membrane ; two of the plates, which flank the sides, have the shape of an inequilateral tri- angle, and are equal-sized ; the third is smaller and lozenge- * Open. VOL. IV. x 458 BULLID. shaped, lying at the base between the two lateral plates; each plate has two small holes (muscular impressions?) in the middle : odontophore, rhachis wanting ; uncini 12-15, arranged in a single row, claw-shaped, and furnished on the inner side with a jagged crest. SHELL squarish oval, depressed in front, very thin and fra- gile, semitransparent, glossy, and iridescent: sculpture, plait- like and irregular lines of growth, and a few extremely slight and more irregular spiral lines, which latter are not discern- ible except with a lens and at certain angles of light; the texture, examined under a microscope, resembles curdled milk : colour whitish, with sometimes two or three clear streaks across the back: spire very loosely coiled, with the nucleus extremely small and concealed by a shelly deposit from the hinder lobe of the mantle ; it is always more or less indented, and in the young is slightly umbilicate: mouth roundish-oval, of enor- mous size compared with that of the convoluted portion, and occupying seven-eighths of the under surface; it is obliquely — truncated above, and rounded below: outer lip dilated, with a sinuous and very thin edge; the upper part slopes outwards, and projects considerably beyond the spire; inner corner re- ceding and acute-angled: inner lip spread over the pillar, and forming at the angle where it meets the outer lip a thick and shapeless callus: pillar sharp and flexuous ; there is no um- bilical groove or depression. L. 0°85. B. 0°7. Var. patula. Smaller, with the mouth larger and more expanded. Hasrrat: Sand, from low-water mark of spring tides to 50 f., on all our coasts between the Firth of Forth (Forbes) and Jersey (Dodd). It seems to attain its largest dimensions in the Bristol Channel; specimens which I found in Swansea Bay are nearly an inch and a quarter in length. The variety is from Tenby, Dub- lin Bay, and Connemara. I am not aware that this species has occurred in a fossil state except at Belfast, where Mr. Grainger observed it. Its existing distri- bution comprises the Atlantic sea-board from Upper Norway to the Canaries, the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Aigean, at depths varying from 4 to 110 f.; speci- PHILINE. 459 mens from the Cape of Good Hope (the original locality given by Linné), Australia, and New Zealand appear to be specifically, identical with those from the north of ‘Kurope. Its burrow or track is not unlike the run of a mole. When placed in a dish of sea-water, its gliding motion is so slow and gradual as to be perceptible only by marking the distance traversed. Mr. Daniel detec- ted sessile Foraminifera in its gizzard; one now before me contains an Echinocyamus pusillus. Sometimes the plates of the gizzard, instead of being convex on the inner side, become concave by the continual process of shell-crushing. According to Lovén the fry is enclosed in a spiral shell, and swims by means of a vibratile head- veil or lobe; it is eyeless, but furnished with an oper- culum; the eggs are extremely numerous, and arranged in a single row, forming a very long and loosely twisted rope like a necklace ; these are enveloped in oval gelati- nous and transparent capsules. Another, but less pre- cise, description of the spawn has been lately published in the ‘Comptes Rendus’ by Lacaze-Duthiers (who, however, does not allude to Lovén’s account) ; and he notices some double embryos. The gizzard was first made known and figured by Colonna, who mistook it for an operculum. Miller gave full particulars of this eurious instrument; but he left it to posterity to inquire its use. Strange to say, this great zoologist seems to have imagined that the shell of this species (which he calls Bulla candida) belonged to some other mollusk, which had served as food for his Lobaria! The spire is visible in Baltic specimens, and consists of between two and three whorls ; this is clearly shown in the admirable illustrations which accompany the first volume of the work of Meyer and Mobius on the fauna of Kiel Bay. X2 4.60 BULLID&. Plancus says that the fishermen in his time called this shell “amygdala marina” (sea-almond); it is the Philine quadripartita of Ascanius, Lobaria quadriloba of Miller, Bulla bulla of Da Costa, and Bullea plan- ciana of Lamarck ; the fry is Bulla emarginata of Adams. In Gmelin’s edition of the ‘ Systema Nature’ it is placed among the Testacea as Bulla aperta, and among the Mollusea as Lobaria quadriloba. Among the synonyms quoted by Martini in his ‘ Conchyhen-Cabinet,’ is the fanciful one of ‘‘ unguis humana,” derived from Colonna ; the genders are thus treated somewhat in the German fashion. Pfeiffer named the South African specimens Bullea Capensis, and Philippi B. Schroeteri. These, like the European, vary in convexity, size of the con- voluted portion, and height of the outer lip. J have in vain attempted to discover a single character by which they can be distinguished. And now, good Reader, I should be sorry. if you have complained of my being too voluminous. I never pro- fessed to make this a manual; nor have I yet quite done. Let me remind you of the advice given by Seneca (De Ira, Lib. mi. c. 31. § 3), “Age potius gratias pro his que accepisti: reliqua expecta, et non- dum plenum te esse gaude. Inter voluptates est, su- peresse quod speres.”’ The next volume will complete the work, and contain an account of the few remaining Pleurobranchiata, the Nudibranchs (by Mr. Alder), the marie Pulmono- branchs, the Pteropods, and the Cephalopods, a Sup- plement to the volumes already published, and other useful matter, besides plates (plain and coloured) by Mr. ANNOUNCEMENT. 461 Sowerby, to represent all the species and remarkable varieties of British shells. Most of these plates are engraved, and,the colouring is in progress. 4 ERRATA. Page 28, limes 12-13 from bottom, omit the words “R. Ballie of Thompson.” » 4%, line 14 from bottom, for “LL. 0:01” read “ L. 0-1.” », 90, line 6 from bottom, for ‘‘ Cuaplide” read “ Capulide.” 68, line 5 from top, for “ Akera” read “ Acera.” » 84, line 6 from bottom, for ‘‘ Christophori” read “ Cristofori.” 5, 91, line 16 from top, for “ Broun” read “ Bronn.” » 108, line 7 from bottom, for “1862” read “ 1826.” 167, line 13 from top, for “was (although loosely)” read “ (with others) was.” 193, line 3 from top, for “ Mangilia” read “ Pleurotoma.” 209, line 4 from bottom, for “‘ Renieri”’ read ‘“‘ Renier.’’ . 217, line 12 from bottom, for ‘south-west ” read ‘ north-west.” 265, after CERITHIOPSID &, for “ Gray” read “ P. P. Carpenter.” 301, Trrron nopirerus. In strictness the specific name ought to be NODIFER. 314, lines 5 and 12 from top, for “ L. brunnea”’ read ‘ L. minima.” 356, line 15 from top, for ‘‘ Pleurotomatide”’ read “ Pleurotomide.” 359, line 15 from top, for “ Manglia ” read “ Mangilia.” 360, for “‘ PLEUROTOMATID A” read ‘‘ PLEUROTOMID &.” Pleurotoma is certainly feminine (from zAevpdoy and sop), and not (as Philippi would have it) neuter. J was at first misled by his stating that those who make Pleurotoma a noun of the first declension, and of the feminine gender, offend against the laws of grammar (Moll. Sic. 11. p. 165, footnote). Anatomia, apotome, and epitoma or epitome, formed from the same verb (réuvw), are all feminine. 381, line 4 from top, omit the words ‘‘ Hanley described it as P. Metcalfe.” line 8 from top, for “ P. costatum” read “ P. costata.” » » line 12 from top, for “ P. proximum” read “ P. proxima.” 386, lines 7-8 from bottom, omit the words “and Raphitoma polita of Brusina.” line 8 from bottom, omit the words “ P. nigra of Potiez and Michaud.” 388, line 9 from bottom, for “‘ Hanley” read *‘ Reeve.” 397, line 14 from bottom, after “ probably” add “and in part.” 399, line 13 from bottom, for ‘wegde-shaped” read “ wedge- shaped.” ; ”? 9 ” ” 462 TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION. Taste of seographical and geological distribution. (See Vol. I. pp. 314-820, Vol. ILI. pp. 377-880.) Species. Gastropoda (continued from vol. iil. p. 380). Rissoa striatula.......... lactose st -seet.. ort COIAMINE tance kes reticulata cimicoides ........ Jeffreysi punctura abyssicola Fetlandies « oo. ods costata PIV, chs crosses 5 inconspicua albella membranacea .... ViGlAGOR. 361k. be des costulata striata 7 Se» ole 6.08). ee ¢ @ ie me o 2 PEER CI hens at nid yee, myn’ pulcherrima fulgida . semistriata cingillus ee Hydrobia ulve.......... Barleeia rubra Jeffreysia diaphana opalina........ globularis...... Skenea planorbis ee eer wre ew ee eevee ewer Homalogyra atomus .... Ob. alae arene Czecum trachea.......... | Northern. | Southern. Vol. Il. p. 448-451, and Extra-European localities. North Africa. | North Africa, Madeira, and | Canaries. I Canaries. North Africa. Greenland. North America. Canaries. | | North Africa, and Canaries. North Africa, and Canaries. North Africa, and Canaries. North Africa, and Canaries. North Africa. North Africa. Greenland, Northern Asia, and Canaries. Canaries. North Africa. North Africa. Canaries. Madeira, Greenland, Massachusetts. North Africa. North Africa. North Africa, and Canaries. Canaries. and TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION. 463 Species. % = Se Extra-European localities. (e) el i ae AREER ll Oat cs 2 Ce fi Gastropoda, (continued). Turritella terebra........ si North Africa. Truncatella truncatula.... = North Africa, and Canaries. Scalaria Turtonze........ es North Africa, and Madeira. communis ...... ae North Africa, and Canaries. Trevelyana...... ae clathratula ...... ae North Africa. eA ANTES). cok Sick s wees Ae FRG tor std Wore ies ki supranitida ........ == North Africa, and Madeira. PV MIGER | 5 28 ho 61346 Galsonw! so esc bce d's eer Odostomia minima ...... PAVOSAr ss 6 3's truncatula .... Glayula—i i... ERIS 655,50 va gibella. ii 2s-2: ae rissoides...... ahs North Africa. pallida <..... =e conoidea = North Africa, and Canaries; | ? Red Sea. umbilicaris .. AGIAN PANS, ar Savers a Canaries. conspicua .... unidentata.... BUELL sia) oe se plicata ....<.. insculpta diaphana .... obliqua ...... dolioliformis. . decussata .... clathrata indistincta.... interstincta spiralis ...... eximia We fenestrata .... excavata...... scalaris ...... taeteae ee oc pusilla ...... ? North Africa. Canaries. North Africa. Canaries. Canaries. Canaries. North Africa. North Africa. North Africa, and United States. North Africa, Madeira, and Canaries. North Africa, Madeira, and - Canaries. North Africa. 4.64 Species. Gastropoda (continued). Odostomia Scille........ acicula nitidissima Janthina rotundata ...... Shiliter Turtoni;. i... .... Eulima polita intermedia .. distorta stenostoma subulata bilineata Natica Islandica Ss wie aye eee ee oe > as 8 » 6» le Groeenlandica...... SOMES § chs sivas os catena Alderi Bontacubl |. <.é..00%« Adeorbis subearinatus .... Lamellaria perspicua i el) Ss ee ee) Velutina plicatilis levigata ........ Torellia vestita .......... Trichotropis borealis Aporrhais pes-pelecani Macandree .... Cerithium metula........ reticulatum perversum .... Cerithiopsis tubercularis . . Barleei...... pulchella .... Metaxa | Northern. Southern. TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION. Extra-European localities. Madeira and Canaries. North Africa. Madeira and Canaries ; ? Azores. Canaries. North Africa. North Africa, Madeira, and Canaries. North Africa, Madeira, and Canaries; ? Mazatlan. North Africa, and Madeira. Northern Asia and North America. Northern Asia and North! America (east and west). | North America. North Africa. | North Africa. North Africa, Madeira, Azores, and North America. Greenland and Northern Asia. Northern Asia and North America (east and west). North America and Northern Asia. North Africa. United States. | North Africa, Madeira, and! Canaries. North Africa, Madeira, Cana- ries, and North-west Ame- rica. North Africa, Madeira, Ca-; naries, Azores, and United’ States. North Africa, Madeira, and Canaries. | TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION. Species. “Gastropoda (continued). Cerithiopsis costulata .... - Purpura lapillus ee ee ew ee Buccinum undatum...... Humphreysianum Buccinopsis Dalei ...... Triton nodifer cutaceus Murex erinaceus aciculatus:../3. 2.3% Lachesis minima Trophon muricatus Barvicensis truncatus Fusus antiquus Norvegicus Turtoni gracilis propinquus buccinatus........ Berniciensis fenestratus........ Nassa reticulata nitida eevee ee 2 @ ewe oe ee ee we pygmea i Columbella halixeti...... nana Defrancia teres DERI. os 42's. Leufroyi:...2).. linearis reticulata .. purpurea....... Pleurotoma striolata | Northern. Souther n. pper U aT ertiary. Extra-European localities. Greenland. North Africa, Azores,Northern: Asia, North America (east! and west), and Mexico. North America. ?Sea of Okhotsk and Behring’s, Straits. North Africa, and Azores. North Africa, and Canaries. North Africa, Madeira, and | Azores. North Africa, Madeira, and Canaries. North Africa, and Madeira. ? Massachusetts. North America. Greenlandand Seaof Okhotsk. Greenland. Northern Asia. North Africa. North Africa. North Africa, Madeira, and Azores. North Africa. North Africa, Madeira, and Canaries. North Africa, Madeira, and Canaries. North Africa, Madeira, and | Canaries. North Africa, Madeira, and Canaries. North Africa. North Africa, Madeira, and Canaries. Madeira and Canaries. 4.66 | | | + Marginella levis ........ —|;—|— Southern Upper Tertiary i ol a Species. — } Zi Gastropoda (continued). Pleurotoma attenuata ....) — | — costata ...... —{j—-j— rugulosa .... — brachystoma..} — | — Tea Ts oi a! ss —j;—}|— levigata ....) — | — nivalis ......| — septangularis | — | — ?— matiic dee = — turricula ....| — — Trevelyana ..| — ie Cyprea Europxa........| — | — | — Ovula patulas. 4.0.0} — Cylichna acuminata...... Sa ee nitidula ........) — umbilicata...... —|-—|— hs lO eee Aare eRe —- —_ Utriculus mammillatus ..} — | — | — truncatulus ....| — | — | — obtustia.. 3... — — ventrosus’...... expansus ...... — hyalinug /..,¢. — == Acera bullata ..........) —|—|— Acton tornatilis........ — |—|— Bulla hydatis .......... —|— WEIGHS. Ss. = — 1 Scaphander lignarius ....| — | — | — Philine scabra ..........| — | — | — CADENA S.J sie clive’ al Von Gone angulata ........ quadrata ....°.... — Te punctate...) = | pruimosa fs .5..5 — WGA. Se Deke See aperta .......... mares (ama tise Total 182 | 160| 126; 93 TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION. Extra-European localities. North Africa, and Canaries. North Africa. North Africa. North Africa, and Madeira. North Africa, and Azores. North Africa, Madeira, and Canaries. Greenland and United States. North America (east and west). North Africa. North Africa. North Africa. North Africa. North Africa, Madeira, and Canaries. North America(eastand west). North Africa, and Canaries. North Africa, and Canaries. North-east America ; ? Green- land. Madeira, Canaries, and North America. North Africa. North Africa, and Canaries. North Africa, and Canaries. North Africa. Greenland and Massachusetts. North Africa. North Africa, Madeira, Ca- naries, Cape of Good Hope, Australia, and New Zea- land. > TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION. 467 This Table (excluding doubtful cases) shows, with regard to the British seas, 114 northern and southern, 46 peculiarly northern, and 12 pecularly southern species; 10 other species have not yet been noticed on any foreign coast. The followimg species occur in our newer tertiaries, viz. :—Turritella polaris, T. reticulata, Scalaria Grenlandica, Acirsa borealis, Natica affinis, N. Smith, Velutina undata, V. lanigera, Trichotropis insignis, Admete viridula, Cerithium tuberculatum, Buc- cinum Grenlandicum, B. plicosum, Trophon clathratus, T. craticulatus, Fusus despectus, F, latericeus, Columbella Holbollu, Pleurotoma pyramidalis, Cylichna striata, and Philine lima; all these, except Cerithium tuberculatum, inhabit the arctic seas. Of the species given in the present Table as fossil, 24 are peculiarly northern, and 4 peculiarly southern; the rest are common to both divisions. INDEX to VOL. IV. The synonyms, as well as the names of spurious species, and of species, genera, and other groups which are not described in this volume, are in italics —The figures in smaller type refer to the page in which the description of species, genera, and higher groups will be found. Acera, Cuy., 447. Acera, Lam., 429. Acrra, Mill., 429, 431, 457. bullata, Miill., 68, 430, 431. Achates, Gistel, 186. Achatina, 436. Acirsa, Morch, 98. borealis, Beck, 98. Acuis, Lov., 99, 102, 107, 110, 192. ascaris, Turt., 102, 103, 105, 106. Gulsonx, Clark, 106, 107, 115. supranitida, 8S. Wood, 100, 103, 105.. unica, Mont., 100, 107. Walleri, Jeffr., 105. Acton, De Montf., 110, 432, 433. subulatus, 8. Wood, 485. tenellus, Lov., 435. tornatilis, L., 433, 435. tornatilis, var. tenella, 435. Acteon, De Mont., 482. AprorBis, 8. Wood, 230, 231. subcarinata, F. & H., 231. subearinatus, Mont., 231. supranitida, S. Wood, 252. Admete, 248. erispa, MOll., 248. viridula, Fabr., 248. Akera, Miill., 429. bullata, Miill., 450. Alvania, Leach, 2, 3, 100. albella, Leach, 104. Beani, Brus., 13. Cranchiana, Leach, 129, Europea, Risso, 50. Fremingvilleana, Risso, 50, glabra, Leach, 104. mamillata, Risso, 50. supranitida, 8. Wood, 103. VOL. IV. Amauropsis, Morch, 212. Amethystina, Schintz, 186. Ammonicerina, Costa, 69. paucicostata, Costa, 73. pulchella, Costa, 73. simplex, Costa, 71. Amphidesma nitens, 50. Amphisphyra, Lov., 419, 420. expansa, Jeffr., 426. globosa, Jeffr., 425. globosa, Lov., 419, 425, 426. hyalina, F. & H., 427. Ampullaria, 220. | Ancylus lacustris, 445. Anomia, 309. Aplustrum, 419. Aplysia, 88, 410, 429, 433, Aporrais, Gualt., 249. AporruAip&, Trosch., 248, 274. Aporrhais, Aldr., 249. Aporruais, Da Costa, 249, 295. Macandree, Jeffr., 253, 294. pes-carbonis, Brongn., 254. pes-carbonis, F. & H., 253. pes-pelecani, L., 249, 250, 254, 264. guadrifidus, Da Costa, 252. Serresiana, 254, 294. Aporrhais, Klein, 249, Aquillus, De Montté., 305. Architectomide, Gray, 231. Architectonicide, H. & A. Adams, ake Argonauta, 183. Assiminea litorina, 71. Assula, Schum., 443. Auricula, Lam., 129. bifasciata, Mart., 436. Auriculina, Gray, 109. exilissima, Brus., 144. Y 470 Balcis, Leach, 201. arcuator, Leach, 207. testacea, Leach, 209. Barweetra, Clark, 56. rubra, Mont., 2, 3, 55, 56, 57. rubra, var. unifasciata, 3, 57. Barleeiade, Gray, 55. Bela Cranchiana, Leach, 394. Bifrontia, 67, 74. Bittium, Leach, 256. Bonellia, 109. Brochina, Gray, 77. Brochus, Brown, 75. annulatus, Brown, 77. arcuatus, Brown, 79. glabrus, Brown, 79. levis, Brown, 79. reticulatus, Brown, 77. striatus, Brown, 77. - trachiformis, Brown, 77. Brownia, D’Orb., 235. Buccina, 285. Buccinw4, Flem., 273, 296, 297, 345, 361. Buccivopsis, Jeffr., 297, 298. Dalei, J. Sow., 298, 343. Buccinum, L., 55, 218, 231, 274, 284, 290, 297, 298, 315, 322, 345, 397. acuminatum, Brod., 287. ambiguum, Pult., 353. anglicum, Gm., 283. angustius &e., List., 337. Ascanius, Brug., 353. asperulum, Brocchi, 353. Bornianum &c., Chemn., 287. breve, Ad., 283. brunneum, Don., 314. cancellatum &c., List., 349. carinatum, Phipps, 287. carinatum, Turt., 287. ciliatum, Fabr., 294, 295, 296. cinctum, Pult., 358. coccinella, Lam., 353. Cornubiense, Pet., 283. corrugatum, Brocchi, 358. costatum, Da Costa, 381, 392. crassum, Nyst, 300. Dalei, J. Sow., 298. decussatum, Penn., 296. deforme, Reeve, 298. fusiforme, Brod., 295, 3438, 344. glaciale, L., 287, 295. gracile, Costa, 338. - gracile, Da Costa, 335. INDEX. Buccinum (continued). Grenlandicum, Ch., 293, 294, 295, hemastoma, IL., 283. Humphreysianum, Benn., 288,293, 294, 295, 344. Humphreysianum, Moll, 295. imperiale, Reeve, 287. incrassatum, J. Sow., 358. (Incrassatum), Strom, 351. Labradorense, Reeve, 293. leve, Ad., 288. lapillus, L., 276. macula, Mont., 353. magnum, Da Costa, 328. minimum, Mont., 313. minimum, Turt., 314. minutum, Ad., 397. minutum, Penn., 353. ovum, Turt., 300. pediculare, Lam., 355. plicosum, Menke, 296. porcatum, Da Costa, 310. porcatum, Gm., 293. porcatum, Pult., 296. pullus, L., 349. pullus, Penn., 349. purpuro-buccinum, Da Costa, 283. Puxleianum, Leach, 295. reticulatum, L., 346. reticulatum, Ol., 349. rosaceum, Gould, 360. rubrum, Pot. & Mich., 314. Sabinii, Gray, 3365. striatum, Penn., 286. striatum, Phil., 294. tessulatum, Ol., 349. tritonium, De Bl., 355. (truncatum), Strom, 319. tuberculatum, Turt., 355. undatum, L., 280, 284, 285, 289, 290, 291, 293, 297, 323, 325, 399, 405. undatum, var. Zetlandica, Forbes, 286, 294. ventricosum, Kien., 294, vulgare, Da Costa, 293. vulgatum, Gm., 349, Bulbus, Brown, 212. Bulbus, Humphr., 212. Bulimus anatinus, Poir., 54. decollatus, 193. Butta, Klein, 62, 88, 410, 429, 433, 436, 438. acuminata, Brug., 411. Bua (continued). acuminata, J. Sow., 412. akera, Gm., 432. alba, Turt., 441. ampulla, L., 439, 442. -ampulla, Penn., 439. aperta, L., 446, 457, 460. Blainvilliana, Récl., 415. bulla, Da Costa, 460. canaliculata, L., 482. candida, Mill., 459. carnea, Gm., 408. carnosa, Cuv., 429. catena, Mont., 449. conulus, Desh., 415. conulus, 8, Wood, 414. convoluta, Brocchi, 417. cornea, Lam., 439. corticata, Beck, 418. Cranchii, Leach, 439, 440, 441. crassa &c., Walk., 423. cylindracea, Chier., 423. cylindracea, Da Costa, 417. cylindracea, Penn., 415. cylindrica, Brug., 417. cylindrica, Chemn., 417. cylindrica, Scacchi, 423. debilis,-Gould, 429. denticulata, Ad., 425. dilatata, Leach, 439. dilatata, 8S. Wood, 449. elastica, Dan. & Sandri, 482. elegans, Leach, 439. ~ emarginata, Ad., 460. flexilis, Mont., 240. fragilis, Lam., 432. fucicola, Chier., 412. hyalina, Gm., 429. hyalina, Turt., 427. hydatis, L., 437, 438, 439. zeverensis, Schr., 423. insculpta, 'ott., 419. Lajonkaireana, Basterot, 424. latens, Strom, 2386. lignaria, L., 443. lineolata, Couth., 449. mammillata, Phil., 420. media, Phil., 442. minuta, Macg., 421. . minuta, Woodw., 425. modesta, Risso, 441. navicula, Da Costa, 439. Norvegica, Brug., 432. obstricta, Gould, 424. INDEX. 47] Buua (continued). obtusa, Mont., 423. Oliva, Gm., 417. papyracea, Ulysses, 439. patula, Penn., 407. pectinata, Dillw., 448. pemphis, Phil., 439. pisum, Delle Ch., 439. plicatilis, Mill., 239. producta, Brown, 417. punctata, Ad., 451. puneto-striata, Migh. & Ad., 441. punctura, Johnst., 441. Regulbiensis, Ad. (Micr.), 425. Reinhardi, Holb., 419. resiliens, Don., 432. retusa, Mat. & Rack., 425. scabra, Chemn., 448. scabra, Mill., 447. semisulcata, Phil., 4238. striata, Brug., 441, 442. striatula, Forb., 421. subangulata, MOll., 429. triticea, Couth., 418. truncata, Ad., 423. truncata, Gm., 423. truncatula, Brug., 421. truncatula, Jefty., 421. turrita, Moll, 424. umbilicata, Mont., 413. utricula, Nyst, 441. utriculus, Brocchi, 489, 440, 441, 442. utriculus, Risso, 439. velutina, Mill., 238, 240, 242. virescens, Sow., 439. voluta parva &e., Chemn., 432. zonata, Turt., 445. Bullade, Clark, 409. Bullea, Lam., 447. alata, Forb., 454. angustata, Biv., 451. angustata, Phil., 449. aperta, F. & H., 457. Capensis, Pf., 460. catena, K. & H., 449. catena, Macg., 449. catenulifera, Maeg., 449. granulosa, Sars, 449. planciana, Lam., 460. pruinosa, Clark, 454. punctata, Cale., 450. punctata, Clark, 449, 453. punctata, Moll., 449. 472 INDEX. Cerithium (continued). angustissimum, Forb., 272. arcticum, Morch, 2738. bicinetum, Sars, 258. cancellatum, Brown, 263. costatum, Da Costa, 264. creperum, S. Wood, 272. cribrarium, 8. Wood, 272. Crosseanum, Tib., 272. Danicum, Beck, 260. Emersonii, C. B. Adams, 257. ferrugineum, Brug., 261. Bullea (continued). quadrata, 8. Wood, 452. scabra, F. & H., 447. Schroeteri, Phil., 460. sculpta, Wood, 450. Bulleina, Macg., 410. Buin, Clark, 64, 193, 211, 409, 410. Bullina, Fér., 419. Bullina, Risso, 419. producta, Macg., 417. Bulius, De Montf., 437. Cecide, Gray, 74. Czcum, Flem., 67, 73, 74. annulatum, Brown, 77. glabrum, Mont., 77, 79, 193. mammillatum, S. Wood, 76. pulchellum, Stimps., 74. trachea, Caill., 77. trachea, Mont., 73, 74, 75, 78, 193. Calcarella, Soul., 235. Campulotus, Guett., 193. Canalifera, Reeve, 192. Cancellaria, 243, 248. viridula, 248. Cancellariade, F. & H., 243. CancELLARmDa, F. & H., 243. Capulide, 5d. Capulus, 245. Cassis testiculus, L., 296. Ceratia, Ad., 3. Cerithiade, Flem., 255. CeriTuip#, Flem., 255. Cerituropsip®, P. Carp., 192, 265, Barleei, Jeffr., 268. costulata, Moll., 272. Metaxa, Delle Ch., 271. nivea, Jeffr., 273. pulchella, Jeffr., 269. tuberculare, F. & H., 266. tubercularis, Mont., 265, 266, 269, on tubercularis, monstr. Clarkii, 258, 267. tuberculata, P. Carp., 268. Cerithium, Adanson, 192, 249, 255, 256, 263, 265, 266, 267. acicula, Brus., 268. adversum, F. & H., 261, 263. afrum, Dan. & Sandri, 261. angustinum, M‘Andrew, 272. fuscatum, L., 264. Greenei, C. B. Adams, 267. Henkelii, Nyst, 268. Henkelusti, Nyst, 268. Latreilit, Payr., 260. lima, Brug., 261. metula, Lov., 256, 269. metula, var., Malm, 2738. minimum, Brus., 268. Naiadis, Woodw., 273. nitidum, M‘Andr. & Forb., 258. perversum, L., 256, 261, 263, 267. pygmeum, Phil., 268. reticulatum, Da Costa, 258, 260, 261, 263, 265. scabrum, Ol., 261. Spencerianum, Leach, 167. subulatum, Mont., 264. telescopium, 255. trilineatum, Phil., 270. tuberculatum, L., 264. vulgatum, Brug., 264. Ceritium, Prév., 256. : _ Chemnitzia, D’Orb., 102, 109, 110, Cerrituiopsis, F. & H., 261,265,361. | 115, 148. Barleei, Clark, 156. curvicostata, S. Wood, 151. densecostata, Phil., 110. elegantissima, F. & H., 110, 164, 273 eximia, F. & H., 158. Fasciata, Req., 164. fenestrata, F. & H., 110, 156. formosa, F. & H., 164. fulvocincta, F. & H., 163. gracilis, De Kon., 166. gracilis, Phil., 110, 166. Gulsone, Clark, 106. indistincta, F. & H., 149. lactea, 110. M ‘Andrei, F. & H., 169. minima, Horn., 116. INDEX. Chemnitzia (continued). nitidissima, S. Wood, 172. obliqua, Clark, 141, pallida, Phil., 7. perlata, Req., 154. pusilla, C. B. Adams, 168. pusilla, Phil., 110, 167. rufa, Phil., 162, 163. rufescens, Forb., 161. scalaris, Phil., 160. terebellum, Phil., 152. Chemnitzie, 107. Chenopus, Phil., 250. desciscens, Phil., 254. Chiton, 62, 437. Choristoma, Crist. & Jan, 84. Chrysodomus, Sw., 328. Cingula, Flem., 4. alba, Flem., 26. sculpta, Harv., 159. Clathrus, Oken, 89. Clausilia, 193. Clavatula brachystoma, 8. Wood, 383. cancellata, 8. Wood, 372. linearis, S. Wood, 370. nebula, 8. Wood, 386. Cochlea catena, Da Costa, 220. parva, Dale, 223. CotumBetia, Lam., 356, 358. corrugata, Horn., 308. haliveti, Jeffr., 356. Holbéllii, 360. lactea, 359. minor, 356. nana, Lov., 359. rustica, 356. Columbus, De Montf., 356. Concha Venerea, 402, 403. Conide, 361. Conus, 198, 361. Corbula gibba, 444. Coriocella, De Bl., 234. Corniculina, Minst., 75. Cornuoides, Brown, 75. major, Brown, 79. minor, Brown, 79. Crania anomala, 95. Cryptocella, H. & A. Adams, 234. Cyclophoride, 196. Cyclostoma, 54. concinnum, Scacchi, 87. elegans, 128. truncatulum, Drap., 85, 87. Cyclostrema, 65, 67. . 473 Cyclostrema, Flem., 4. Cyuicuna, Lov., 410, 412, 419. acuminata, Brug., 411. alba, Brown, 358, 417. conulus, F. & H., 414. eylindracea, Penn., 415, 417, 418, 445. cylindracea, var. monstrosa, S Wood, 418. leptoencilema, Brus., 423. mammillata, F. & H., 420. nitidula, Lov., 412, 413, 414. obtusa, F. & H., 423. propingua, Sars, 419. striata, Brown, 419. strigella, Lov., 414. truncata, F. & H., 421. umbilicata, Mont., 413. Cylindrella, Sw., 411. alba, Sw., 417. Cymbium, 446. Cypraa, L., 234, 402, 403, 406. annulus, 4038. arctica, Sol., 406. bullata, Pult., 406. candida, Macg., 406. coccinella, Lam., 406. Europa, Mont., 403, 406. mediterranea, Risso, 406. moneta, 406. | norvegica, Sars, 406. pediculus, L., 405, 406. pediculus, var. Anglica, L., 406. pediculus, var. Huropea, L., 406. pediculus, var. Indica, L., 406. Voluta, Mont., 401. | Cypreade, Flem., 399. Cypraip&, Flem., 399, 406, 409. | Derrancta, Mill., 361, 365, 372, 376. exarata, MOll., 397. gracilis, Mont., 363. Leufroyi, Mich., 366, 368, 570. linearis, Mont., 368. nobilis, MOll., 397. | purpurea, Mont., 373. purpurea, var. Philberti, 370. reticulata, Ren., 370, 372. reticulata, var. spinosa, Forb., 372. scalaris, MOll., 397. | — sinwosa, Mont., 365. teres, Forb., 362. Vahlii, Beck, 395. Woodiana, M@ll., 399. 4.74, Delphinoidea, Brown, 65. Delphinula minuta, D’Orb., 233. trigonostoma, Basterot, 233. Dentaliopsis, Clark, 75. Dentalium, '75, 191, 445. entalis, 444. glabrum, Mont., 77. emperforatum, Ad., 77. minutum, L., 79. trachea, Mont., 75, 77. Diaphana, Brown, 419. Doliwn, 218. perdix, L., 144, 296. Doris, 234 Echinospira, Krohn, 235. Elysia, Risso, 453. Entoconcha, 191, 192. Erato, Risso, 400. Ermea, Gray, 234. Erpetometra, Lowe, 84. Eucampe, Leach, 429. Donovani, Leach, 482. Evuuma, Risso, 105, 109, 110, 114, 170, 190, 193, 194, 198, 200, 201, 204, 427. acicula, Phil., 170. affinis, Phil., 172. anglica, Sow., 203. bilineata, Ald., 200, 208, 209, 210. crassula, Jeftr., 170. decussata, Macg., 162. distorta, Desh., 203, 205, 208. elegantissima, Risso, 176, 203. glaberrima, Risso, 203. intermedia, Cantr, 203. Jeffreysit, Thomps., 161. lineata, Sow., 209, 210. MacAndrei, Forb., 170. micans, P. Carp., 203. nitida, Phil., 172, 205, 207. nitidissima, Macg., 87. polita, L., 167, 201, 203, 204, 206, 207 stenostoma, Jeffr., 207. subcylindrica, Dunk., 172. subulata, Delle Ch., 209. subulata, Don., 208, 210. subulata, Risso, 204, 209. subulata, 8. Wood, 209. turritellata, Req., 172. unidens, Req., 139. Evuutm2, 205. | Eulimella, Forb., 109, 110, 115, 169. | INDEX. Eulimella (continued). acicula, F. & H., 110, 170. affinis, F. & H., 171. clavula, F. & H., 118. gracilis, Jeffr., 172. Scille, F. & H., 169. Evurmipa, H. & A. Adams, 192, 200, 231. Euomphalus, Sow., 68. Fust, 252. Fusus, Brug., 288, 295, 297, 312, 315, 322, 323, 344, 361. albus, Jeffr., 360. antiquus, L., 289, 290, 323, 325, 328, 335. antiquus,monstr.acuminatum,325. asperrimus, Brown, 371. Babylonicus, Brown, 325. Berniciensis, King, 299, 323, 335, 341. Boothii, Brown, 368. Branscombii, Clark, 365. Broderipi, Jeffr., 344. buccinatus, Lam., 340. Buchanensis, Macg., 370. cancellatus, Migh. & Ad., 372. castaneus, Brown, 397. cinereus, Say, 296. corneus, L., 338. Cranchii, Brown, 393. crassus, Brown, 381. curtus, Jeftr., 336. decussatus, Brown, 322. decussatus, Couth., 399. despectus, L., 328, 335. discors, Brown, 397. discrepans, Brown, 397. echinatus, J. Sow., 317. elegans, Brown, 377. Fabricii, (Beck) Moll., 322. fasciatus, Brown, 381. fenestratus, Turt., 343. Forbesi, Strickl., 296. fornicatus, Fabr., 329. fuscus, Brown, 394. gracilis, Da Costa, 323, 334, 335, 336, 338, 339, 340, 359. Islandicus, Chem., 321, 323, 328, 333, 334, 335, 336, 338. Tslandicus, F. & H., 335. Islandicus, Gould, 340. Largillierti, Pet., 331. Laskeyi, Macg., 248. INDEX. Fusvus (continued). latericeus, MOI, 344. lavatus, Basterot, 312. lignarius, Lam., 337. lineatus, Brown, 381, Trsteri, Jonas, 330. Listeri, var., Jonas, 339. minimus, Brown, 381. multilinearis, Brown, 370. Norvegicus, Chemn., 299, 329, 332, | 333, 343. pleurotomarius, Couth., 395. propinquus, Ald., 323, 334, 338, 340, 341. pygmeus, Gould, 340. pyramidatus, Brown, 381. Sabini, Hance., 335. scalariformis, Gould, 321. scalariformis, Nyst, 322. sinistrorsus, Desh., 325. subnigris, Brown, 314. tornatus, Gould, 329. turricola, Flem., 397. turriculatus, Desh., 314. Turtoni, Bean, 330, 331, 332, 333. ventricosus, Gray, 340. vulpinus, Born, 341. Fidelis, Risso, 84. Theresa, Risso, 87. . Galericulum, Brown, 239. ovatum, Brown, 242. Gioenia, Brug., 443. Glaucothoé, Leach, 84. Montaquana, Leach, 87. Globulus, Sow., 212. Graruis, Jeffr., 102. Haliotis, 236. tuberculata, 304. Haminea, Leach, 437. Cuvier, Leach, 439. elegans, Leach, 439. folliculus, Menke, 489, Haminea, Leach, 437. Helicide, 411. Helix, 114, 175, 216. arenaria, Mat. & Rack., 147. aspersa, 242, bicolor, Ad., 71. coriacea, Pall., 240. depressa, Mont., 66. ericetorum, 65. flavocincta, Muhlf., 209. | Helix (continued). fulgidus, Ad., 48. glabrata, v. Mihlf., 125. haliotoidea, L., 235, 242. haliotoides, Fabr., 242. haliotoides, Miill., 242. janthina, L., 188. levigata, L., 242. levigatum, Penn., 240. nemoralis, 185. nitidissima, Ad., 71. octona, L., 53. pella, L., 49. perspicua, L., 235. resupinata, Mont., 124. rupestris, 66. subcarinata, Mont., 231. subcylindrica, L., 86. umbilicata, 66. variegata, Ad., 28. Hemicyclostoma, De Bl., 211. HetTeropurosynip&, Clark, 55. Hima levigata, Leach, 355. Hindsia angusticostata, Pease, 305. Homatoeyra, Jeffr., 62, 67, 68, 71, 88, 192. atomus, Phil., 67, 68, 69, 71, 72. rota; Birk& Hi Aga 73: Hyala, Gray, 192. Hyprosta, 2, 51. similis, 62. ulvee, Penn., 52, 53, 57. ulve, var., Barleei, 53. Hyprosia, 424. Iantuina, Bolten, 88, 110, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178,179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 193, 194, 213, 370) Britannica, Leach, 188. communis, Lam., 177, 182,184,188. communis, Wood, 186, 188. exigua, Brug., 188. fragilis, Lam., 188. globosa, Swains., 182, 188. pallida, Harv., 188. rotundata, Leach, 184,186,188,189. Smithie, Reeve, 188. Tantuine&, 175, 181, 182. LIanthinea, Brown, 174. Tantuinip#&, Desh., 174, 192. Lanthinoide, Agass., 174. Lanthinus, De Montf., 186. Iodes, Leach, 186. 476 Jaminia, Brown, 109. obtusa, Brown, 153. pullus, Brown, 127. Jasonilla, Macd., 235. JerrreysiA, Ald., 58, 61,62, 105, 157. diaphana, Ald. 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 129. globularis, Jeffr., 60, 62. opalina, Jeffr., 60, 63. Lacuesis, Risso, 312, 315. minima, Mont., 313. Lacuna, 192. divaricata, 196. ‘LameuiariA, Mont., 199, 234, 235, 237, 238, 239. perspicua, L., 199, 234, 235. prodita, 234. tentaculata, Mont., 235, 238. _ Lampusia, Schum., 501. Leiostraca, H. & A. Adams, 200. Leiostracus, Alb., 200. Leptoconchus, Riipp., 193. Limapontia, 68. Limnea, 178, 274. auricularia, 242. stagnalis, 142. Limopsis aurita, 357, 358, 418. Liomesus, Stimps., 298. Littorina, 9, 42, 84, 90, 188, 27 obtusata, 185. Littorine, 279. Littorinide, 55. Lobaria, Mill., 447, 459. quadriloba, Mill., 460. Loxonema, Phill., 109. Loxostoma, Biv., 4. Mactra subtruncata, 445. Mactre, 223. Mana, Jeffr., 295. Magilus, De Montf., 193. Mamma, Klein, 218. Mangelia, Leach, 297, 375. Mangelia, Risso, 376. attenuata, F. & H., 377. brachystoma, F. & H., 382. costata, F. & H., 379. costulata, Risso, 386. Cranchiana, Leach, 370. Ginnania, Risso, 392. Goodalliana, Teach, 382. gracilis, F. & H., 363. Lefroyi, F. & H., 366. INDEX. |. Mangelia (continued). Leufroyi, F. & H., 366. linearis, F. & H., 368. linearis, vars. intermedia and pal- lida, F. & H., 369. lineata, Leach, 381. lineolata, Risso, 381. Loveneana, Reeve, 377. nana, F. & H., 359. nebula, F. & H., 384. Pennantiana, Leach, 381. purpurea, F. & H., 373. purpurea, var. asperrima, F. & H., 371. purpurea, Risso, 375. (Bela) rufa, F. & H., 392. (Bela) septangularis, F. & H., 390. striolata, F. & H., 376. striolata, Risso, 377, 379. teres, F. & H., 362. Trevelliana, F. & H., 398. turricula, F. & H., 395. Mangilia, Lov., 193, 375. costata, 359. tiarula, Lov., 383. Mareinetua, Lam., 400, 402. alba, Mont., 402. catenata, Mont., 402. Donovani, Payr., 401. levis, Don., 400, 401. Maugerie, 401. pallida, 417. Marsenia, Leach, 234. complanata, Leach, 238. producta, Leach, 238. Marsenina, Gray, 234. Melampus, 84, 433. bidentatus, 129. bulleoides, 193. Melania, 109, 114. acicula, Phil., 170. Campanella, Phil., 167. Campessedesti, Payr., 209. distorta, (Desh.) Phil., 205. Donovani, Forb., Gervillii, Coll., 203. Matoni, Gray, 264. nitida, Lam., 205. rufa, Phil., 162. scalaris, Phil., 160. Scille, Scacchi, 169. Menipre, Jeffr., 107. Mitrella, Risso, 360. Mitsella, Morch, 360. Montacuta substriata, 191, 197. Monoptaxis, Clark, 109. Monoptygma albulum, Fabr., 99. Murex, L., 249, 265, 297, 305, 306, 309. accinctus, Mont., 377. aciculatus, Lam., 310, 312, acuminatus, Penn., 260, adversus, Mont., 263. angulatus, Don., 397. antiquus, L., 323, 329, Bamffius, Don., 321. Bamffius, Mont., 321. Barvicensis, Johnst., 318. borealis, Reeve, 322. cancellatus, J. Sow., 372. carinatus, Penn., 247, 325, 329. carinatus, Turt., 325. caudicula, Chier., 368. chordula, Turt., 394. cinguliferus, Lam., 310. clathratus, L., 319. contrarius, L., 325. 4 corallinus, Scacchi, 10, 310, 312. corneus, L., 337. corneus, Penn., 338. costatus, Don., 379. costatus, Penn., 380. costellifer, J. Sow., 248. costosus, K1., 250, cutaceus, L., 305. decollatus, Gm., 328. decollatus, Penn., 328. decussatus, Gin., 310. despectus, Don., 329. despectus, L., 328. duplicatus, Don., 329. echinatus, Brocchi, 372. elegans, Don., 370. emarginatus, Don., 365. erinaceus, L., 10, 282, 305, 306, 308, 309. fenestratus, Chemn., 344, frondosus, K1., 250, inconspicuus, Sow., 312. gracilis, Brocchi, 365. gracilis, Mont., 363. gracilis, Scacchi, 365. gyrinus, Mont., 315. linearis, Mont., 368. Massen@, Delle Ch., 314. Metaxa, Delle Ch., 271. muricatus, Mont., 316, 319. nebula, Mont., 384. » | | | | | | INDEX. 4.77 | Murex (continued). pileare, L., 3805. Poelarius, Chier., 365. proximus, Mont., 381. purpureus, Mont., 373. reticulatus, Ren., 370. rostratus, Ol., 322. rufus, Mout., 392. seaber, O1., 260. septangularis, Mont., 390. septangulatus, Don., 392. sinuosus, Mont., 365, 368. subantiquatus, Mat. & Rack., 529. subulatus, Mont., 264. Tarentinus, Lam., 310. torosus, Lam., 310. Tritonis, L., 303. trunculus, L., 275, 306. tubercularis, Mont., 266. turricula, Brocchi, 397. turricula, Mont., 395. variabilis, Crist. & Jan, 318. | Muricipw, Flem., 274, 296, 297, 345, 361. Mytilus, 32. Adriaticus, 130, 412, 421. Nassa, Lam., 345, 349, 355, 358. ambigqua, 399. hepatica, 355. incrassata, Strom, 314, 346, 351, 353, 354. mutabilis, 346. nitida, Jeffr., 349, 351. pygmea, Lam., 351, 353, 354. reticulata, L., 346, 348, 349, 350, Sol. variabilis, 358. varicosa, F. & H., 354. Nassip#, Stimps., 274, 34.5, 356, 361. Natica, Adanson, 195, 212, 215, 214, 217, 218, 230, 404, 427. alba, Lov., 218. Alderi, Forb., 213, 224, 227, 228. Alderi, var. lactea, 224, 227, ampullaria, Lam,, 223. aperta, Lov., 230, 245. Beverlii, Leach, 218. borealis, Gray, 218. Browniana, Leach, 230. bulbosa, Reeve, 218. canaliculata, Gould, 216. canaliculata, Lam., 216, 478 Narica (continued). canrena, L., 220. castanea, Lam., 223, 226. catena, Da Costa, 219, 220, 222, 225, 226, 289. cirriformis, Sow., 219. elausa, Brod. & Sow., 229. collaria, Lam., 223. cornea, MOll., 216. exulans, Lov., 216. flava, Gould, 230. fragilis, Leach, 230. glacialis, Dan., 230. glaucina?, Scacchi, 220. Gouldii, Phil., 218. Greenlandica, Beck, 216, 218, 220. helicoides, Johnst., 214, 216. immaculata, Tott., 227. antermedia, Phil., 226. Islandica, Gm., 212, 214, 218. lactea, Loy., 218. Lamarckiana, Leach, 227. livida, Bean, 218. marochiensis, Phil. 226. millepunctata, 8. Wood, 212, 222. monilifera, Lam., 220, 223. Montacuti, Forb., 227, 228. Montagui, Forb., 227. nana, MOIL, 218. Nicolti, Forb., 223. nitida, F. & H., 224. olla, 214. pallida, Brod. & Sow., 218. plumbea, Lam., 220. proxima, 8. Wood, 219. pulchella, Risso, 226. pusilla, Gould, 216, 218. rutila, Macg., 229. similis, Koch, 227. Smithii, Brown, 230. sordida, Phil., 218. sordida, Sow., 220. sgualida, Macg., 229. Valenciennesii, Payr., 238. Natica, 213, 228, 279. Naricipa, Sw., 211, 235, 243. Naticina, Guild,, 214. lactea, Guild., 230. Nautilus, 280. Neptunea, Bolt., 328. Nerita, 218. affinis, Gm., 229. alba, Ad., 227. glabrissima, Brown, 230. - INDEX. Nerita (continued). glaucina, L., 220, 223, 226. glaucina, Penn., 225. helicina, Broechi, 228. tntricata, Don., 230. Islandica, Gmel., 214. levida, Lask., 220. marochiensis, Gm., 226. nitida, Don., 226, 230. pellucida, Ad., 227. rufa, Mont., 229. sulcata, Born, 230. sulcata, Turt., 230. tuberosissima, Mont., 230. virginea, L., 230. Nerite Maroccane, Chemn., 226. Neritina, 55, 280. Neritoidea, Humphr., 186. Nesea, Risso, 312. mamillata, Risso, 314. Neverita, Risso, 214. Niso, 109. Nudibranchiata, 409. Nux marina minuscula, Sold., 412. Ocinebra erinacea, Leach, 310. Odontidium, Phil., 75. rugulosum, Phil., 76. Odontina, Zborz., 75. Odontostoma, Cantr., 75. levissima, Cantr., 79. Odontostoma, Turt., 108. Odontostomia, 107. erythrea, Phil., 129. sicula, Phil., 129. Opostomia, Flem., 2, 58, 59, 99, 102, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 114, 116, 119, .271j>992):198;° 201, 433. acicula, Phil., 110, 115, 170, 172. acuta, Jeffr., 114, 130, 138, 135. alba, Jeffr., 123. albella, Lov., 114, 121, 123. Anne, Macg., 117. clathrata, Jeffr., 115, 148, 150. clavula, Lov., 114, 118. conoidea, Brocchi, 114, 120, 121, 126, 127, 132, 134, 136. conoidea, F. & H., 127. conspicua, Ald., 114, 132, 135. crassa, Thomps., 125. cylindrica, Ald., 116, 117. decussata, Mont., 114, 145, 149. ‘diaphana, Jeffr., 114, 141, 142. INDEX. Opostomtia (continued). . dolioliformis, Jeffr., 114, 144. dubia, Jeffr., 123. eulimoides, F. & H., 124. Eulimoides, Hanl., 111, 127. eulimoides, Jeffr., 129. excavata, Phil., 115, 158. eximia, Jeffr., 115, 155. fenestrata, Forb., 115, 156. formosa, Jeffr., 164. glabrata, F. & H., 123. Gulsone, F. & H., 106. indistincta, Mont., 115, 149, 153. insculpta, Mont., 114, 139, 142. interstincta, Mont., 115, 126, 151, 153, 155. interstincta, var. terebellum, 152, 154. lactea, L., 115, 164, 167, 168. Lukisi, Jeffr., 114, 120. Marione, Macg., 38. minima, Jeffr., 114, 115, 156. Moulinsiana, Fisch., 153. Nagli, Brus., 129. nitida, Ald., 123. nitida, var. ?, K. & H., 122. nitidissima, Mont., 115, 173. nivosa, Mont., 114, 116, 117, 118. notata, Jeffr., 125. Novegradensis, Brus., 126. obeliscus, Jeffr., 171. obliqua, Ald., 114, 142. oblonga, Macg., 153. pallida, Mont., 111, 112, 114, 122, 124, 135, 145. plicata, Flem., 129. plicata, Macg., 155. plicata, Mont., 118, 114, 122, 126, 128, 137, 140. pupa, Dub., 153. pusilla, Phil., 115, 167, 169. rissoides, Han., 58, 114, 121, 122, 126. rufa, Phil., 115, 162, 165, 444. rufa, var. fulvocincta, 165. scalaris, Macg., 124. scalaris, Phil., 115, 160. Scille, Scacchi, 115, 169, 171, 173. spiralis, Mont., 110, 113, 115, 126, 154. striolata, Ald., 186, 1387. truncatula, Jeffr., 114, 117. turrita, Hanl., 114, 135, 138. umbilicaris, Malm, 114, 129, 132. | | Opostomia (continued). umbilicata, Ald., 13). unidentata, Flem., 114, 126. unidentata, Hanl., 129, 133. unidentata, Mont., 112, 114, 126, 134, 137, 152. unidentata, var. ?, F. & H., 185. vitrea, Brus., 139. Warrenii, F. & H., 148. Opvostomi#, 174. Omalaxis, 67, 74. Omalogyra, Jeffr., 67. Onoba, Ad., 3. Orthocera, 75. trachea, Flem., 77. Orthoceras, 79. Orthostelis, Ar. & Magg., 109. Ovua, Brug., 402, 406, 412. acuminata, F. & H., 411. ? acuminata, F. & H., 411. Adriatica, Sow., 408. carnea, Gm., 408. patula, Penn., 407, 408. Oxystoma, De Bl., 174. Paludina, 54. balthica, Nilss., 54. minuta, Req., 54. strigilata, Par., 87. Paludinella, Pfeiff., 71. vulgaris, Orst., 54. Paludinide, 51. Parthenia, Lowe, 109. fenestrata, A. Ad., 158. turris, Forb., 171. turrita, Metc., 159. varicosa, Forb., 7. ventricosa, Forb., 171. Pasithea, Lea, 201. nigra, Tott., 15. Pecten, 62, 316. aratus, 254. Bruei, 254. Islandicus, 97. maximus, 112, 125, 126, 134. opercularis, 112, 125. septemradiatus, var. Dumasit, 254. Teste, 254. Pellibranchiata, 409. Persephona brevis, Leach, 7. Goodallana, Leach, 36. Hutchinsiana, Leach, 11. rufilabris, Leach, 36. Scotica, Leach, 26. 480 INDEX. Pes anserinus, Kl., 250. | PLEUROTOMA (continued). Phasianella, 114, 192. gracilis, Seacchi, 379. stylifera, Turt., 190, 194, 195. heptagona, Scacchi, 392. Pune, Asc., 410, 429, 446, 451, inflata, Crist. & Jan, 368, 457. levigata, Phil., 386, 388, 394. angulata, Jeffr., 451, 453. levigatum, Phil., 386. aperta, L., 457. Leufroyi, Hérn., 368. catena, Mont., 449, 450, 454. Leufroyi, Mich., 366. formosa, Stimps., 453. lineolata, Risso, 381. lima, Brown, 449. Metcalfei, Reeve, 388. nitida, Jeffr., 456. multilineolatum, Desh., 381. pruinosa, Clark, 454. nanum, Seacchi, 360. punctata, Clark, 453. nebula, Mont., 381, 383, 384, 386, pusilla, Sars, 454. 388. quadrata, S. Wood, 452, 454, 456. nebula, var. elongata, 385, 386. quadripartita, Asc., 460. nigra, Pot. & Mich., 394. scabra, Miill., 447, 449, 450. nivale, Lov., 388. scutulum, Lov., 453. nivalis, Lov., 375, 388. Phyline sinuata, Stimps., 457. nuperrimum, Tib., 379. Pinna, 389. Philberti, Mich., 374. Pisidia, 4. proxima, Mont., 381. Planaria, Brown, 68. purpureum, Phil., 372. Planaxis, 355. pyramidalis, Strom, 394. Brasilianus, 355, Renieri, Scacchi, 363. lineatus, 355. reticulata, Brown, 399. Planorbis, 67. rude, Seacchi, 372. albus, 68. rufa, Mont., 392, 394, 395. corneus, 69, 88. vugulosa, Phil., 381. spirorbis, 68. rugulosum, Phil., 381. PLEUROBRANCHIATA, Gray, 409. scabrum, Jeffr., 372. Pleurobranchus, Cuy., 234. secalinum, Phil., 391, 392. Pleurobranchus membranaceus, 234, septangularis, Mont., 881, 390, Pievrotoma, Lam., 325, 361, 375, ¢ 397, 427. sinuosa, Flem., 368. accincta, Mont., 377. Smithii, Forb., 377. egeensis, Forb., 392. | striolata, Phil., 376, 379, attenuata, Mont., 377, 379. striolatum, Phil., 376. Bertrandii, Payr., 392. suturale, Bronn, 365. boreale, Lov., 363. teniata, 380. brachystoma, Phil., 382, 384, 388. teres, Forb., 362. brachystomum, Phil., 382. torquatum, Phil., 390. cancellata, Cale., 372. Trecchi, Testa, 363. coarctata, Forb., 380. Trevellianum, Turt., 398. Comarmondi, Mich., 365. | Trevelyana, Turt., 398. concinna, Scacchi, 368. turricula, Mont., 395, 396, 398. Cordieri, Payr., 372. Ulideana, Thomps., 393. costata, Don., 379, 381, 392. versicolor, Scacchi, 370. costulatum, Cantr., 392. Villiersi, Mich., 379. Cycladensis, Reeve, 383. zonalis, Delle Ch., 368. Cyrilli, Costa, 365. | Pleurotomacea, Loy., 360. decussata, Lam., 399. | PLEevRoToMID#, 356, 360. fallax, Forb., 365. | Pomatobranchia, Lov., 409. Farrani, Thomps., 377. Pterocera, Lam., 249. Ginnanianum, Phil., 386. Pulmonobranchiata, 409, INDEX. Pupa, 109. Purpura, Brug., 218, 231, 249, | 274, 275, 279, 280, 281, 290, | 322 | hemastoma, ., 278, 282. _ imbricata, Lam., 277. lapillus, L., 275, 276, 278, 280, 282, 309, 399. lapillus, var. imbricata, 277. lapillus, Risso, 283. picta, Scacchi, 358, picta, Turt., 358. Purpura, 275, 280. Purpure anglicane, List., 283. PyYRAMIDELLIDA, Gray, 98, 99, 192. Pyramis acutissimus, Brown, 103. candidus, Brown, 38. crenatus, Brown, 164. discors, Brown, 38. lacteus, Brown, 153. levis, Brown, 173. Lamarckii, Brown, 153. nivosus, Brown, 140. spirolinus, Brown, 147, Pyrgiscus, Phil., 109. Pyrula Carica, 345. Ranella pygmea, Lam., 354. Raphitoma Barbierti, Brus., 363. polita, Brus., 388. rosea, Brus., 370. Sandrii, Brus., 382. Recluzia, Petit, 174, 245. Rhizorus, De Montf., 412. Adelaidis, De Montf., 412. Rissoa, Frém., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 20, 23, 29, 46, 49, 50, 51, 56, 58, 62, 65, 67, 68, 71, 100, 102, 112, 114, 151, 191, 258. abyssicola, Forb., 3, 4, 11, 15, 19. acicula, Risso, 49. aculeus, Stimps., 38. acuta, Desm., 49. albella, Lov., 4, 29. Alderi, Jeftr., 45. approxima, Brown, 18. arctica, Lov., 37. auriscalpium, L., 49. Ballie, Thomps., 151. Barleei, Jeffr., 53. Beanii, Hanl., 3, 12, 14. Binghami, Brown, 50. Boscii, Payr., 203. calathus, F. & H., 4, 11, 13, 15. 1 431 | Rissoa (continued). cancellata, Da Costa, 2, 4, 6, 8 10, 11. cancellata, Desm., 11, 50. candida, Brown, 51. carinata, Phil., 23. cerasina, Brus., 26. cimex, L., 11, 50. cimicoides, Forb., 4, 18, 14, 15. cingillata, Macg., 49. cingillus, Mont., 5, 48, 122. cingillus, var. rupestris, 48, 49, cingilus, Mich., 49. clathrata, Phil., 21, cochlea, Mich., 7. communis, Forb., 38, cornea, Lov., 32. costata, Ad., 4, 22. ‘ costata, Desm., 23, 36. costulata, Ald., 4, 31, 32, 34, 35, 6. costulata, Risso, 36. costulata, 8. Wood, 36, crenulata, Mich., 8, 11, erystallina, Brown, 41, cyclostomata, Récl., 21. decussata, Brown, 38. delicata, Phil., 38. Deshayesiana, Récl., 153. discrepans, Brown, 26. disjuncta, Mont., 50. elata, Phil., 32. excavata, Phil., 158. exigua, Mich., 23. eximia, Jeffr., 155, fallax, Brown, 49. fasciata, Req., 45. fragilis, Mich., 32. fulgida, Ad., 5, 43, 44. fulva, Mich., 3, 58. fuscata, Brown, 26. glabra, Brown, 58, 124. glabrata, v. Mihlf., 50, 123. globosa, Mart., 46. gracilis, Macg., 38. granulata, Phil., 50. grossa, Mich., 32. Guerinii, Récl., 35. Harvey, Thomps., 159. hyalina, Desm., 32. inconspicua, Ald., 4, 26, 28, 30, 43. inconspicua, var. tenuis, F.& H., 29. intersecta, S. Wood, 46. Jeffreysi, Waller, 4, 15, 408. labiata, Phil., 7. ’ 482 Rissoa (continued). labiosa, F. & H., 30. lactea, Brown, 51. lactea, Mich., 4, 7, 11. lilacina, Récl., 35. lineolata, Mich., 26. maculata, Brown, 28. marginata, Mich., 26. Matoniana, Récl., 26. membranacea, Ad., 4, 30. minutissima, Bean, 46. minutissima, Mich., 38. Montagui, Payr., 50. nitida, Brus., 50. oblonga, Desm., 32. obscura, Phil., 25, 26. obtusa, Brown, 21. parva, Da Costa, 4, 23, 58. parva, var. interrupta, 24, 25, 30, 58, 126. pedicularis, Menke, 38. polita, Scacchi, 129. porifera, Lov., 34. proxima, Ald., 3, 4, 39, 40, 41. pulchella, Forb., 26. pulcherrima, Jeffr., 4, 5, 42. pulchra, Johnst., 48. pulla, Brown, 32. punctata, Pot. & Mich., 35. punctulum, Phil., 50, 123. punctura, Mont., 4, 14, 16, 17, 18, 147 puncturata, Macg., 18. pupotdes, Req., 40. pygmea, Mich., 45. pyramidella, Brown, 51. reticulata, Mont., 3, 4, 11, 12, 13. reticulata, Phil., 14. reticulata, S. Wood, 13. rubra, F. & H., 56. rubra, Macg., 55. rufilabrum, F. & H., 33, 34. rupestris, Forb., 48. Sarsii, Lov., 26, 29. saxatilis, MOll., 38. scabra, Phil., 20. scalariformis, Metce., 21. sculpta, F. & H., 14, 15. sculpta, Phil., 15, 20. semistriata, Mont., 3, 5, 46, 153. semistriata, Phil., 48. similis, Brown, 30. similis, Scacchi, 37. : | | | INDEX. Rissoa (continued). simplex, Phil., 26. sinuosa, Seacchi, 207. soluta, Phil., 5, 44, 45. Souleyetiana, Récl., 32. striata, Ad., 3, 4, 14, 37, 38, 100, 122. striata, var. arctica, 37, 40. striata, Phil., 152. striatula, Jeffr., 40. striatula, Mont., 2, 4, 5, 8. subcostulata, v. Mohr., 37. subsulcata, Phil., 48. sulcata, Brown, 51. suturalis, Phil., 152. tenuis, Ald., 30. textilis, Phil., 13, 14, 18. tristriata, Macg., 26. tristriata, Thomps., 48. turricula, Brown, 32. turritella, Scacchi, 167. ulve, F. & H., 52. variabilis, v. Mihlf., 28, 36. variegata, ¥. Mohr., 27. ventricosa, Desm., 32. venusta, Phil., 31, 32. violacea, Desm.,4, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36. virginea, Brown, 41. vitrea, Mont., 3, 5, 39, 40, 41, 192. vitrea, Nyst, 41. vulgatissima, Clark, 260. Warreni, Thomps., 143. Zetlandica, Mont., 4, 20. Rissoa ? diaphana, Ald., 59. ? glabra, Ald., 59. ? opalina, Jeffr., 60. Rissow, 1, 4, 57, 58, 358. Rissoella, Gray, 58, 59. Rissoellide, Gray, 55. Rissoina, D’Orb, 50, 51, 376. Bruguieri, Payr., 50, Bryerea, Mont., 50. Chesnelii, Mich., 51. conifera, Mont., 51. decussata, Mont., 51. denticulata, Mont., 51. Rozxania, Leach, 437. Sabanea Binghamiana, Leach,58. Montaguana, Leach, 135. paucicostata, Leach, 26. Scala, Klein, 89. ScauariA, Lam., 87, 88, 192. WA” INDEX. Scauaria (continued), alternicosta, Bronn, 91. elathratula, Ad., 96, 97, 98. communis, Lam., 88, 89, 91, 94, 98, 386. - elegans, Risso, 91. Eschrichti, Holb., 98. frondicula, 8S. Wood, 95. Georgetina, Kien., 97. Grenlandica, 88, 97, 296. planicosta, Biv., 91. plicata, Scacchi, 91. pseudoscalaris, Brocchi, 98. pulchella, Biv., 97. tenuicostata, Mich., 91. Treveliana, Hanl., 95. Trevelyana, Leach, 90, 93. Turton, Turt., 89, 92, 95, 98. Turtonia, Risso, 91. Turtoniana, Leach, 91. Turtonii, Lov., 199. Turtonis, Turt., 89. ScaLari#, 89. Scalaride, Brod., 87. Scanarup#, 87, 256. Scalarus, Montf., 89. ScapHAnDER, De Montf., 410, 429, 442, 445, 446. Brownii, Leach, 445. catenatus, Leach, 449, 451. giganteus, Risso, 445. librarius, Lov., 444, 445, 446. lignaria, F. & H., 443. lignarius, L., 209, 443, 446, patulus, Risso, 448, targionius, Risso, 445. Scrobicularia alba, 225. Serpula incurvata, Ad., 79. Setia, Ad., 3. ; Sigaretea, Menke, 211. Sigaretide, 243. Sigaretus, Cuv., 234. Sigaretus, Lam., 235. Strimii, Sars, 237. Siliquaria bidens, 50. Simnia, Leach, 407. niceensis, Risso, 409. SreHoNOBRANCHIATA, 265, 409. Sxene, Flem., 64, 65, 67, 68. depressa, 65. divisa, 65. nitidissima, F. & H., 69. planorbis, Fabr., 65. 483 SKENEA (continued). rota, F. & H., 71. serpuloides, 65, 66. tricarinata, Webst., 73. Skeneade, Clark, 64. SKENEIDA, 64. Sonarip#, Chenu, 230. Solarium, 68, 198, 230, 231. Speo, Risso, 433. bifasciatus, Risso, 436. tornatilis, Risso, 436. Spira, Brown, 68. Spirialis, 173. Spirifer, 194. Spirolidium, Costa, 75. Mediterraneum, Costa, 77. Spirule, 189. Sriuirer, Brod.,62,67, 110, 184, 189, 190, 191, 192, 198, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201. astericola, 190. Orbignyanus, 190. ovoideus, A. Adams, 190, stilifer, 200. Turtoni, Brod., 186, 190, 191, ' 192, 195, 196, 199, 200. STinirerip#, 189. Sritirers, 190, 198, 199. Stiliger, 194. Strombella, Gray, 331. Strombide, 249. Strombiformis alius, Da Costa, 203. clathratus, Da Costa, 93. costatus, Da Costa, 264. glaber, Da Costa, 209. reticulatus, Da Costa, 258. Strombus, 245. Strombus Norvagicus, Chemn., 329. pes pelecant, L., 250. turboformis, Mont., 264. Stylifer, Sow., 194. astericola, Brown, 200. globosus, Johnst., 200. Turtoni, F. & H., 195. Styliferide, H. & A. Adams, 189. Stylina, Flem., 194. stylifera, Macg., 196. Tellina ballaustina, 254. carnaria, 50. donacina, 211. pusilla, 211. | | Telline, 223. | Terebra speciosa, Bean, 151. 484, Tussi, Jeffr., 359. Torenuia, Lov., 244, 247. vestita, Jeffr., 244. Tornatella, Lam., 110, 433. fasciata, Lam., 433. globularis, Forb., 436. pellucida, Macg., 436. puncto-striata, C. B. Adams, 436. pusilla, Forb., 436. tornatilis, F. & H., 483. Tornus, Turt., 231. Tricnotroris, Brod. & Sow., 243, 245, 249, 265, 277. acuminata, Jeftr., 248. atlantica, (Beck) MOll., 248. borealis, Brod. & Sow., 243, 245, 248. cancellata, Hinds, 248. carinata, 248. costellatus, Couth., 248. insignis, Midd., 248. Tricla, Retz, 443. Triforis, Desh., 256. pee De Montf., 300, 301, 305, cutaceus, L., 303, 308. elegans, Thomps., 305. nodifer, Lam., 301, 303. nodiferum, Lam., 301. Tritongs, 300. Tritonia varicosa, Turt., 355. Tritonium, Link, 301. Tritonium, Miill., 274. antiquum, Fabr., 328. antiquum, Midd., 326. antiquum, MOll., 334. eburneum, Sars, 299. fornicatum, Fabr., 329. incarnatum, Sars, 344. Islandicum, Lovy., 335, 348. ootdes, Midd., 299. ovum, Midd., 300. roseum, Sars, 396. turritum, Sars, 339. undatum, Fabr., 293. viridulum, Fabr., 248. Tritonium? nanum, Lov., 359. Trivia, Gray, 406. Trochi, 279. Trochide, 5D. Trochus, 62, 67, 231. amabilis, 357. fragarioides, 282. helicinus, 61. INDEX. Trochus (continued). perversus, L., 256, 261. punctatus, L., 260. rugosus, Brown, 233. tessellatus, 282. Tropuon, ? De Montf., 93, 315, 321, 322, 323, 361. Bamffium, F. & H., 319. Barvicense, F. &H., 318. Barvicensis, Johnst., 317, 318. clathratus, F. & H., 319. clathratus, L., 319, 320, 321, 322. clathratus, var. Gunneri, 321. contrarius, S. Wood, 321. craticulatus, Fabr., 322. eraticulatus, L., 322. echinatum, F. & H., 316. muricatus, Mont., 316, 318, 319. muricatus, Nyst, 317. Syracusanus, 322. truncatus, Strém, 319, 321, 322. TRUNCATELLA, Risso, 84. atomus, Phil., 69. costulata, Risso, 87. Desnoyersti, Payr., 87. fusca, Phil., 43. levigata, Risso, 87. Montagui, Lowe, 85. succinea, C. B. Adams, 86. truncatula, Drap., 54,71, 85, 118, 193. truncatula, Lowe, 87. TRUNCATELLIDA, Gray, 83, 84. Truncatula, Leach, 84. Turbinacea, Reeve, 192. Turbinide, 55. Turbinina, Macg., 192. Turbo, 29, 102, 108, 114, 218, 231. acutus, Don., 167. albidus, Ad., 102. albulus, Fabr., 28, 99. albulus, Mat. & Rack., 28. albus, Ad., 28. albus, Penn., 167, 397. ambiguus, L., 91. amethystinus, Ren., 35. arcuatus, Dillw., 49. ascaris, Turt., 102. auriscalpium, L., 49. Bryereus, Mont., 50. calathiscus, Mont., 11, 50. canaliculatus, Ad., 153. cancellatus, Da Costa, 8. cancellatus, Lam., 8, 11. Turbo (continued). carinatus, Da Costa, 7. cimex, Don., 11. cimex, L., 50. : cinctus, Da Costa, 83. “ cingillus, Mont., 48. clathratulus, Ad., 96. clathratus, L., 93. clathrus, L., 91, 938. coniferus, Mont., 51. conoideus, Brocchi, 127. cornea, Lam., 82. costatus, Ad., 22. costatus, Don., 50. costatus, Pult., 32. crassus, Ad., 23. curvatus, Chier., 207. decussatus, Mont., 51, 145. denticulatus, Mont., 51. disjunctus, Mont., 50. divisus, Ad., 140. duplicatus, L., 83. elegantissimus, Mont., 109, 167. exoletus, L., 83. fasciatus, Ren., 209. gracilis, Brocchi, 166. graphicus, Turt., 49. wmbricatus, L., 83. indistinctus, Mont., 149. insculpta, Flem., 108. insculptus, Mont., 139. interruptus, Ad., 24. interruptus, Mont., 3. interstincta, Flem., 108. interstinctus, Ad., 153. interstinctus, Mont., 151. labiosus, Mont., 32. lacteus, Don., 23. lacteus, L., 109, 164. levis, Penn., 203. lamellosus, Delle Ch., 97. LTinnei, Desh., 82. marginatus, Mont., 49. Mavors, Chier., 35. membranaceus, Ad., 30. minutus, Tott., 54. monilis, Turt., 7. muriaticus, Beud., 54. nitidissimus, Mont., 173. nitidus, Ad., 60. nivosus, Mont., 116, ovalis, Da Costa, 456. pallidus, Mont., 124, 126. parvus, Da Costa, 23. INDEX. | | | | | | | Turbo (continued). parvus (lacteus), Don., 23. parvus, Mont., 3. pellucidus, Ad., 147. planorbis, Fabr., 65. plicata, Flem., 108. plicatus, Mont., 137. plicatus, v. Mihlf., 28. politus, L., 201. punctura, Mont., 17. reticulatus, Ad., 14. reticulatus, Mont., 12. retiformis, Mont., 18. Rissoanus, Delle Ch., 35. ruber, Ad., 58. ruber, Mont., 56. Sandivicensis, Flem., 108. Sandivicensis, Mont., 145. scriptus, Ad., 48. semicostatus, Mont., 38. semistriatus, Mont., 46. simillimus, Mont., 164. spiralis, Mont., 154. striatulus, L., 7. striatulus, Mont., 5. striatus, Ad., 37. strigatus, Ad., 83. subarcuatus, Ad., 167. subtruncatus, Mont., 86. subulatus, Don., 208. subumbilicatus, Mont., 54. terebra, L., 80, 82. trifasciatus, Ad., 49. truncatus, Mont., 86. Turtonis, Turt., 89. ulve, Penn., 52. ungulinus, L., 82. unicus, Mont., 100. unidentata, Flem., 108. 485 unidentatus, Mont., 109, 114, 134. unidentatus, Turt., 114, 126. unifasciatus, Mont., 57. vitreus, Mont., 40. vittatus, Don., 49. Zetlandicus, Mont., 20. Turbonella, Leach, 109. angusta, Leach, 139. Hibernica, Leach, 164. Montaguana, Leach, 153. transparens, Leach, 124, 140. Turbonide, Flem., 108. Turbonilla, 115, 148. albella, Lov., 121. Leach, 108, 110, 111, 4.86 Turbonilla (continued). clavula, Lov., 118. eximia, A. Adams, 156. obliqua, Lov., 140. oscitans, Lov., 127. plicata, Lov., 129. plicatula, Risso, 166. producta, Lov., 173. umbilicaris, Malm, 129. Warrenti, Malm, 140. Weinkauffi, Dunk., 158. Turricula turricula, 200. TuRRITELLA, Lam., 80, 83, 102, 114, 192, 273. Clealandiana, Leach, 102. communis, Risso, 80. Danmoniensis, Leach, 164. Dorvilleana, Leach, 18. fulvocincta, Thomps., 163. - Hibernica, Wall., 98. indistincta, Flem., 162. interrupta, Tott., 162. lactea, MOl1., 83. minor, Brown, 104. nitida, Leach, 104. nivea, Leach, 104, polaris, Beck, 83. reticulata, Migh. & Ad., 83. striatula, Risso, 82. terebra, L., 80, 82. truncata, Flem., 151. umbilicata, Dunk., 104. Turritella? costulata, Moll, 272, 273. Turritevuips, Clark, 74, 79, 83, 256. Urricunt, 424. Urricutus, Brown, 411, 419, 420, 429, 457. candidus, Brown, 429. discors, Brown, 425. expansus, Jeffr., 426, 427, 428. hyalinus, Turt., 427. Lima, Brown, 449. mammillatus, Phil., 420. minimus, Brown, 429. obtusus, Mont., 423. pellucidus, Brown, 429. plicatus, Brown, 425. truncatulus, Brug., 421, 423. INDEX. Urricuius (continued). ventrosus, Jeffr., 425, 426. Valvata piscinalis, 63. Velutella, Gray, 240. Vexutina, Flem., 192, 238, 242, 425 capuloidea, De Bl., 242. elongata, Forb. & Goods., 243. flecilis, F. & H., 239. haliotoidea, Stimps., 242. levigata, Penn., 240, 242. lanigera, MOll., 243. Miilleri, Desh., 242. plicatilis, Mull., 239. rupicola, Conr., 242. striata, Macg., 242. undata, J. Smith, 242. vulgaris, Flem., 242. zonata, Gould, 242. | Ve.utinip®, Gray, 233, 243. Vermetip#&, D’Orb, 73, 79. Vermetus, 74. Vermiculum, Mont., 75. pervium, Mont., 79. Vitrina, 194. Voluta, 114, 249, 329, 433. alba &e., Walk., 425. ambigua, Mat. & Rack., 126. cypreola, Brocchi, 401. Susiformis, Turt., 402. heteroclita, Mont., 359, 436. hyalina, Mont., 359. Jonensis, Penn., 432. levis, Don., 400. pallida, Ad., 402. pallida, L., 402. pellucida, Dillw., 155. plicatula, Dillw., 139. tornatilis, L., 433. Volutopsius, Morch, 331. Volva volva, 200. Volvaria alba, Brown, 417. pellucida, Brown, 422. subcylindrica, Brown, 415. | Zeanoé, Leach, 84. nitida, Leach, 87. Zippora Drummondiana, Leach, 49. Drummondii, Leach, 49. Zonites cellarius, 71. radiatulus, 71. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Coho UE He Co bo ahr Coho eR Co 8S ee 1. 1s, Odontophore of C. alba. 2. 3. . Marginella lews. EXPLANATION OF FRONTISPIECE. PLATES. Ianthina and float. Prater VILE Cylichna cylindracea. Utriculus obtusus. Acera bullata. Fig. 4. ee: 6, 7 END OF VOL. IV. PuaTeE I, . Rissoa parva. Fig. 4. Skenea planorbis. . Barleeva rubra. 5. Homalogyra atomus. . Jeffreysia diaphana. 6. Caecum trachea. Puate II, . Turritella terebra. Fig. 4. Aclis supranitida. . Truncatella truncatula. 5. Odostomia spiralis. . Scalaria communis. PuaTe Ii, : . Lanthina rotundata. Fig. 5. Adeorbis subcarinatus. . Stilifer Turtoni. 6. Lamellaria perspicua. . Lulima polita. 7. Velutina levigata. » Natica catena. PuatE IV. . Torellia vestita. Fig. 4. Cerithiwm reticulatum. . Trichotropis borealis, 5. Cerithiopsis tubercularis. . Aporrhais pes-pelecant. PLATE V, . Purpura lapillus. Fig. 4. Triton cutaceus. . Buccinum undatum. 5. Murex erinaceus. . Buccinopsis Dalei. PuaTE VI. . Lachesis minima. Fig. 4. Nassa reticulata. . Trophon muricatus. 5. Columbella halieeti. . Fusus antiquus. PuaTE VIL. . Defrancia linearis. Fig. 4. Cyprea Europea. . Pleurotoma turricula. 5. Ovula patula, Acteon tornatilis, . Bulla hydatis. Scaphander lignarius. . Philine aperta. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. Vo IV. 9 - ) ED ee? aera ee a7 slg ] Rissoa parva. ?.Barleera rabra. 3.Jettrevsia daphana qh, Seneca Planorhis.3 Honral —~VIAa GeMMS . 6. Oak LNAI trach a Tarvitella terebra. CLS SUpran Ihid a of re 4 ~ > a ~ - °F. Se ; 2 Trancatela truncatala.?.Scalaria communis 4. VUdostomina spiralis ® ° oo . . ; ; ean * . a“ oy : ‘¢- . niin We chge® “ gi : . ~ . a. 2 ‘ : “4 Z ; ‘ ‘ y —_" s* » ' , ta . * wt . i F Sats , : * ¥ 2 7 * % : 5 4 wee « Jo . ae 4 " ~~ ¥ - oe t «! ae . gre " + 4 - “ih 4 a4 ‘ an : ‘ ' ‘ } r be . % tad , ; “ ‘oa - %% & i = ~~, " . or ni’ LS * > ¥ -.% y —s ¥ a ee ie a472.4 . “ a OF ae | . z ‘ we ‘ fe + ht A we e~ . - a? “ me os ‘ F P 7 a oer , . o / 4 ¢ ae | ‘ Deh. \ wt * ‘ i : .- . f= . . mie) 42 tah & . Y e tS she ee + a . “ere - . Plane te. Vol. IV. llanthina vrotandata. 2. Suliter lurtoni.3.Eulima polit, 4: Natica catena. 5 Adeorbis snbcarinatus. 6.lLamellaria perspicaa. 7. Velatina levigata’. te eeu ws Torellia vestita. 2.Trichotropis borealis. 3. Aporrhats pes-pelecant Cerithiume reticalatum. 5. Cerithiopsis tubercularis. a » : ‘ , ~*~ ‘¥ - ; Lae . G * ~ ’ | «% » . f Vs ” : = ’ > . ‘ ~~ : “4 “ ‘ ' ~ ty . = \ ~) ¥ pe ‘ ye “* ~ 4 * * a3 ar : “ee. SE ’ ” ‘ 2 ye + - 5 = VoL TV. aie ARLE VAUD aerate LMTTL . 7 L TUL CLM Cc Bu a) vy Z. Ly Si W 1. Parpnra Lapill: # Triton cutacens. inaceus. > TON. ae ti re) . Voorst. wal Voul NTA Pub. by ake oteabeet ate ae ace a AD ihe core VoL IV. Plate V1. US antiguas. fis 3: AMS. “ue s minima. 2. Trophon mar 4 Nassa reticulata. 5. Columbella halive L Lachesi i. HS Ww by Van Voor haw 1b as Plave Wil. Vol. 1. Detraneia linearis, 2.Plenrotoma turricala, 3. Marginela levis. #4. Cyprea kuropea. 5. Ovala patala. aed J G,Doawere Pob. oy Van Voorst. ae 1 Cylichna cylindracea, 1’0 dowophore of C.atha. 2. Vtriculus obtasas. 3 Acera ballata 4Acteon tornatilis, & Balla hyvdatis. 6 Scaphander lignarius 7. Philine aperta. Pub.by Van Voorst. PUBLISHED BY MR. JOHN VAN VOORST. CONCHOLOGY. INTRODUCTION TO CONCHOLOGY;; or Elements of the Natural His- tory of Molluscous Animals. 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The object of the ‘ Record’ is to give, in an annual volume, reports on, and abstracts of, the various zoological publications which have appeared in the preceding year, to acquaint zoologists with the progress of every branch of their science in all parts of the globe, and to form a repertory which will retain its value for the student of future years. The several departments of the work have been undertaken by the following authors :— BUTANE cc assc cowed beuleo van ALBERT GuntTHeER, M.D., F.Z.S. Pe aah ee Cade hc Kom vine nce AtFrep Newron, M.A., F.L.S. PRR IN ces cohnaescurckpnvyh dane ALBERT GUNTHER, M.D., F.Z.S. TOON, sciclinwteh sicwht ea enepadnk he ALBERT GuntuH_ER, M.D., F.Z.S. COICO EE a ea et epee EDUARD VON Martens, M.D. RFPUBEOB EG sc ccaaecianies a0 cum essten C. Spence Bare, F.R.S. Arachnida and Myriopoda... “W. 8. Dauuas, F.L.S., M.E.S. DSBOHG. vanigs eekbtec aden easaecbnd W. S. Dattas, F.L.S., M.E.S, Annelida and Rotifera ...... bs Wricur, M.D., F.L.S. TICIRUINCHE ccnsvesssecacseaedcns E. P. Wrieat, M.D., F.L.S. Echinodermata, Ccelenterata and Protozoa eo ae wy E. P. Waicut, M.D., F.L.S. The first volume consists of 634 pages, containing résumés of about 25,009 pages of the Zoological Literature of 1864, with references to more than 5000 species described as new. The second volume consists of 798 pages, containing résumés of about 35,000 pages of the Zoological Literature of 1865, with references to more than 7000 species described as new. The price of a volume is 30s. All communications, papers, or memoirs should be addressed to “ The Editor of the Zoological Record, care of Mr. Van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row, London.” JOHN VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW. ha J Oty Lie | | ei uN rs) 7 wh is i " A 1h « ar ” IAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS NX Sh N\ Saiuvual NOILNLILSNI NOILNLILSNI LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN IWS S3IYVedlT INSTITUTIO? 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