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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFOMCIA

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PUBLISHED BY ME. JOHN VAN VOORST.

CONCHOLOGY.

INTRODUCTION TO CONCHOLOGY; or Elements of the Natural His-
tory of Molluscous Animals. By George Johnston, M.D., LL.D.,
Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburg, author of * A
History of the British Zoophytes.* 8vo, 102 Illustrations, 2\s.

HISTORY OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA AND THEIR SHELLS. By
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F.L.S. Illustrated by a figure of each known Animal and of all the
Shells, engraved on 203 copper plates. 4 vols. 8vo., £6 10» ; royal 8vo,
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SYNOPSIS OF THE MOLLUSCA OF GREAT BRITAIN. Arranged
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HISTORY OF THE BRITISH MARINE TESTACEOUS MOLLUSCA.
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GENERA OF RECENT MOLLUSCA ; arranged according to their Or-
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MALACOLOGIA MONENSIS. A Catalogue of the MoUusca inhabiting
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GATHERINGS OF A NATURALIST IN AUSTRALASIA; being Ob-
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NATURAL mSTORT OF THE BRITISH ISLES.

Tkis Series of Works is Illustrated hy many Hundred Engravings; every
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THE RECORD OF ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE.

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Mammalia Albert Gunther, M.D., F.Z.S.

Aves Alfred Newton, MA., F.L.S.

Reptilia Albert Gitsther, M.D., F.Z.S.

Pisces Albert Gunther, M.D., F.Z.S.

Mollusca Eduard von Martens, MJ).

Crustacea C. Spence Bate, F.R.S.

Arachnida and Myriopoda... W. S. Dallas, F.L.S., M.E.S.

Insecta W. S. Dallas, F.L.S., M.E.S.

Annelida and Rotifera E. P. Wright, M.D., F.L,S.

Helmintha E. P. Wright, M.D., F.L.S.

^°^"d'^X» *?!?'?."!?!!": } E- P- W"<=". MD-. F.L.S.

The first volume consists of 634 pages, containing resumes of about
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PRINTED BY TAYLOB AND FRANCIS,
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Genus III. RISSO'A"^, Freminville. PL I, f. 1.

Body rather slender : mantle furnished at the upper comer
(and in some species also at the lower corner) of the mouth of
the shell with a minute tentacular process: head depressed
above and extended in front, where it forms a long and stout
snout-like projection, which is divided at the extremity into two
lobes, that serve as Hps ; it is armed with a pair of jaws and
a very short spinous tongue ? tentacles wholly or partially setose
or hairy ; tips blunt : eyes on small prominences or tubercles,
one at the outer base of each tentacle : gills composed of from
a dozen to twenty separate strands : foot Innceolate, narrow,
double-edged, broader and more or less truncated in front, some-
what contracted in the middle, and pointed behind ; sole
p^rooved down the middle for about half its length towards the
tail, whence it emits a glutinous thread by which the animal
suspends itself to foreign bodies or to the surface of the water :
opercular lohe large, divided into two wing-like expansions ;
beneath it at its hinder extremity issues a short tentacular
appendage, which is in some species double or triple.

Shell oblong or oval, seldom umbilicate: epidermis very
slight : spire usually elongated : mouth oval or trumpet-shaped,
angulated above and slightly expanded below ; its lips or mar-
gins are continuous.

The Rissoce are minute, but elegantly shaped : —

....." inest sua gratia parvis."

They are spread over all the globe — ^although the tropi-
cal seas have not been so well searched as those of the
northern hemisphere for such small shells. Of the 25
species known in the British Isles, 15 inhabit the littoral
and laminarian zones, and 10 the coralline and deep-sea
zones. Woodward says that there are altogether 70
recent and 100 fossil species.

* Dedicated to M. Eisso, the wellrknown naturalist of Nice.
VOL. IV. B

H LITTORINID^.

In a valuable paper by M. Morcb, '^ On the Homo-
logy of the Buccal Parts of the Mollusca '^ (Ann. and
Mag. N. H., August 1865), the cheek-plates or immo-
veable mandibles of this and other genera are described
as two lateral plates, without cutting-edges, composed
of scaly or needle-shaped particles, which seem only of
use to protect the inside of the mouth from being in-
jured by the spinous tongue. The opercular appendage
was first noticed by Bivona. It seems strange that
Philippi could not detect it, and that notwithstanding
he had figured seven species (including Barleeia rubra)
he should have remarked, '^ Hse species omnes simillimis
animalibus incoluntur.'^ The pallial filament protrudes
at the wiU of the animal from the upper or anal corner
of the aperture of the shell. Hydrobia and Odostomia
have similar processes. In Rissoa striatula and R. can-
cellata there are two, one on each side. These, there-
fore, are certainly not organs of generation. The fila-
ment is found in every individual ; and aU the above-
named genera are dioecious or unisexual. It may be an
auxiliary tentacle. The spawn-cases are solitary and
hemispherical.

The ' Transactions of the Imperial Academy of Sci-
ences at Vienna' for 1863 contain an elaborate and
admirably illustrated monograph by Gustav Schwartz
V. Mohrenstem of part of this difficult group ; I hope
the remaining portion will soon be published. He has
provisionally adopted the views of Messrs. H. and A.
Adams to the extent of considering Alvania a distinct
genus ; but his reason for so doing seems to have origi-
nated in a misapprehension. According to the learned
Austrian conchologist, Alvania is distinguished from
Rissoa by having three caudal filaments instead of one.
The authors of the ' Genera of recent Mollusca ' say as

RISSOA. 3

to Alvania, '^ OpercuKgerous lobe winged on each side,
usually with three caudal cirrhi/^ Now their type of
this genus [R. abyssicola) has but a single caudal fila-
ment ; and Barleeia rubra (which, under the name of
R. fulva, is comprised in the same genus) has none at
all. Of the 16 other species of Alvania enumerated by
them, the animal of one only [R. reticulata or Beanii)
appears to have been known to them. In their genus
Cingula, however, we find R. semistriata, which noto-
riously has three caudal filaments, although the charac-
ters assigned to that genus are as follows : — " Opercular
lobe and caudal cirrhus indistinct or rudimentary.^'
This last-named genus comprises also Barleeia rubra,
var. unifasciata. Under these circumstances it is well
that Herr v. Mohrenstern has not absolutely decided on
retaining the genus Alvania. I may here observe that
the type of Risso^s genus Alvania (from Leach's MS.)
and 20 others out of the 23 which he described are can-
cellated shells, the remaining two being fossil species
and erroneously referred to the Turbo interruptus and
T. parvus of Montagu. The generic characters given
by Risso will apply to almost every convoluted shell with
an entire mouth and horny operculum ; and at the most
Alvania can only be a synonym of Rissoa. The other
genera proposed by Messrs. Adams are in my opinion
not more maintainable. Onoba is described as having
the whorls not longitudinally ribbed, and the peristome
not dilated. In the type {R. striata) both these cha-
racters exist to a certain extent. The only species as-
signed to Ceratia (viz. R, proxima) cannot be distin-
guished generically from R. vitrea (placed by Messrs.
Adams in Rissoa) or from R. striata. Their genus Setia
is characterized as having the tentacles pilose, and
the operculigerous lobe destitute of a caudal filament ;

b2

4 LITTORINIDiE.

R. pulcherrima is its solitary representative. In every
species oiRissoa the tentacles are pilose ; and R. pulcher-
rima has an unusually long and pointed caudal filament.

My examination of the Rissoce has been on the same
extensive scale as that of the Pisidia. The apology
frequently offered for neglecting such tiny objects is
unsatisfactory and unworthy of a naturalist — as if the
Creator had bestowed more care in framing leviathan
than in constructing the microscopic diatom, or as if
the faculty which we enjoy of obser\dng His varied works
ought to be restricted to the contemplation of great
things as being alone worthy of our exalted notions !

Fleming gave the name of Cingula to this genus, ap-
parently being unacquainted with the scientific literature
of the continent; and he proposed another genus [Cy-
clostrema) for R. Zetlandica. According to Philippi
other species were separated by the Baron Bivona, under
the generic title of Loxostoma. But such modest at-
tempts at classification were far excelled by Leach, who
repudiated Rissoa, and divided it into no less than eight
genera, some of which contained the very same species
as those described in others of these so-called genera.

The species being numerous, it may be convenient to
divide them on a conchological basis : —

A. Cancellated ; outer lip usually strengthened by a rib, and

sometimes notched within. 1. striatula ; 2. lactea ; 3. can-
cellata; 4. calathiis ; 5. reticulata ; 6. cimico'ides; 7. Jef-
freysi ; 8. punctura ; 9. abyssicola.

B. Ribbed lengthwise and spirally striated ; outer lip thickened

and reflected. 10. Zetlandica; 11. costata,

C. Mostly ribbed lengthwise, and spirally striated ; outer Hp

usually strengthened by a rib. 12. parva ; 13. iricon-
spicua; 14:.albella; 15. membranacea ; IQ.violacea; 17.
costulata ; 18. striata.

D. Spirally striated, or smooth ; outer Hp plain. 19.proxima;

RISSOA. O

20. vitrea; 21. jpidcherrima; 22. fulgida; 23. soluta ;
24. semistriata ; 25. dngillus.

It will be seeiij liowever, by the following description
of the species, that some of them cannot be placed strictly
in one group more than in another.

A. Cancellated ; outer Hp usually strengthened by a rib, and
sometimes notched within.

1. RissoA STRiA^TULA*, Montagu. t>l b,

Turbo striatulus, Mont. Test. Br. p. 306, t. 10. f. 6. B. striatula, F. &
H. iii. p. 73, pi. Ixxix. f. 7, 8.

Body yellowish-white, with a blood-red mark over the head :
mantle forming a small oval lappet or lobe on each side of the
neck as in Trochus ; its outer edge is furnished with two thread-
like and finely cihated processes, one at each of the corDers
of the mouth of the shell, and which project or hang down,
seemingly at the will of the animal : snout longish, narrow,
cloven at the extremity: tentacles thread-shaped, somewhat
flattened on the upper and lower surfaces, with blunt tips ;
they are clothed with a very few short cilia : eyes on small
tubercles : foot squarish in front, and pointed behind ; when
extended it is apparently divided (as in many other, perhaps
every, species of Rissoa) into two parts, anterior and posterior :
opercular or caudal appendage single, rather long, but not
projecting beyond the tail or point of the foot ; it issues from
beneath the operculigerous lobe : excrement oval, dark-green.

Shell conic-oval, with a tm-reted outline and a slightly
twisted base, solid, opaque, somewhat glossy when the surface
is not obscured by a mineral coating : sculpture, several lannnar
transverse ridges, 10 or 11 of which are on the body- whorl,
and 3 only on each of the next three whorls ; those encircling
the body- whorl are very unequal in size, the 3 uppermost being
by far the largest and most apart one from another ; the 3 basal
ridges are also widely separated, the intermediate ones being
close together ; the uppermost ridge is placed at some distance
from the suture ; the interstices of aU the ridges are crossed
by numerous incurved striae, so as to give the appearance of
very fine lattice-work ; these are stronger and more conspicu-

* Slightly striated.

6 LITTORINIDiE.

0U8 on the upper than under part of the shell ; labial rib thick,
sometimes double, or else having a varix on the body- whorl ;
top whorls quite smooth and polished : colour that of alabaster,
with a scarcely perceptible tinge of yellow and occasionally an
ochreous stain : spire moderately produced and pointed : whorls
^-Qy convex, the last composing rather more than two -thirds
of the shell : suture distinct, but not deep or channelled ; the
separation of the whorls is chiefly indicated by the prominent
spiral ridge which surmounts each : mouth large, occupying
about half the length of the spire, roundish-oval, angulated
somewhat acutely above and obtusely below, and slightly ex-
panded outwards ; inside plain : outer lip semicircular, forming
a very narrow rim within the labial rib : inner lip broad and
thick, reflected on the pillar, and united with the outer lip at
the upper corner of the mouth : operculum pale homcolour,
with a short lateral spire, and very delicately striated. L.
0-215. B. 0-15. . ^^^

Habitat : Lower part of the littoral zone in the
Channel Isles^ and on the coasts of Dorset, Devon, and
Cornwall: bv no means common. It has also been
found at Margate (Hanley), Tenby (Lyons), Arran
1 Isles, CO. GaIway~(Barlee), Miltown Malbay, co. Clare
(Harvey, fide Thompson), Bantry Bay (J. G. J.), Dublin
Bay (Waller) , off Larne, co. Antrim (Hyndman and J.
G. J.), Cumbrae, Arran, N.B. (J. Smith), Lamlash Bay
(Norman). Fossil in a bone-cavern at Mardolce in
Sicily (Philippi) . North and west of France (De Ger-
ville, Cailliaud, and others) ; Cadiz (M 'Andrew) ; south
of France (Michaud and others) ; Dalmatia (Brusina) j
Spezzia (J. G. J.) ; Naples (Scacchi, ^c?e Philippi).

This, as well as R. cancellataj adheres with some
tenacity to the stones on which it is found ; and when
detached it also spins a fine byssal thread, by means of
which it suspends itself in the water. The carving of
the shell is inimitable. One of my specimens (probably
a male), although full-grown, is little more than three-
quarters of a line in length, and of proportionate breadth.

RISSOA. /

The Turbo striatulus of Linne appears to have been
Parthenia varicosa of ¥oYhes=Chemnitzia pallida, Phi-
lippi. Da Costa described and figured the present species
as T. carinatus ; and I would have adopted that original
and expressive name, were it not for the consideration
that, no subsequent author having done so, I have no
wish to be singular, or to make any unnecessary change
in the nomenclature. Turton called this shell T. monilis,
Michaud R, cochlea, Philippi R. lahiata, and Leach Per-
sephona brevis.

^* ^^7 2. R. lac'tea ^ (Michaud) ^ . U-

B. lacfea, Mich. Descr. esp. Eiss. p. 9, f. 11, 12; F. & H. iii. p. 76, pi.
Ixxix. f: 3, 4.

Shell oval, compressed towards the mouth, rather thin,
semitransparent and somewhat glossy when living, opaque and
lustreless when dead : sculpture, slight and gently curved lon-
gitudinal ribs, which are seldom continued below the periphery
and are crowded near the outer lip ; there are about 20 on the
last and 10 on the penultimate whorl ; these ribs are crossed
by fine spiral striae, 15 of which are on the last and 9 on the
penultimate whorl ; the ribs are more prominent than the
striae, the points of intersection never being nodulous ; there
is sometimes, but rarely, a slight labial rib ; the first two
whorls are perfectly smooth : colour whitish, with a faint tinge
of yellow, in dead shells milk-white : spire abruptly pointed :
whorls 5-6, moderately convex, compressed towards the front ;
the last composes nearly three-fourths of the shell, and the
first two are minute : suture slight but distinct : mouth oval,
produced and angulated above, spread out below, not expanded
outwards ; inside plain : outer lip rather thick : inner lip broad,
reflected over the pillar, and united with the outer lip at the
upper comer of the mouth, where there is a considerable
thickening: operculum pale homcolour, with a short spire,
and not conspicuously striated. L. 0-233. B. 0-15.

Habitat : Under stones at extreme low water of
spring tides, and thrown upon the beach : St. Aubin^s

* Milk-white.

8 LITTORINIDiE.

Bay, Jersey (Hanley, Norman, and Dodd) ; Herm (Mac-
culloch, Lukis, and Barlee) ; Barricane, north Devon
(Miss Jeffreys, who never was in the Channel Isles or
abroad). It is our rarest Rissoa, Sicilian tertiaries
(Philippi) . The only northern locality to my knowledge
is Bohuslan in the south of Sweden, where Malm dredged
two specimens (both dead) in different places. By his
kind permission one of them, from 12 f., is now before
me. Its southern range is extensive, and embraces the
north and west of France (Collard des Cherres, Cailliaud,
Aucapitaine, and others), Vigo, 4 f., Gijon and Faro in
Algarve, and Corunna (M*^ Andrew), Adriatic (Heller),
Dalmatia (Brusina), northern shores of the Mediterra-
nean (Michaud, J. G. J., and others), Ajaccio (Requien),
Naples (Scacchi), near Catania (Philippi), Algeria
(M ^Andrew and Weinkauff) .

Turbo cancellatus (Beudant) of Lamarck.

Ipl H ' 3. R. cANCELLA'TA*,(pa Costa)

Turbo cancellatus, Da Costa, Br. Conch, p, 104, pi. viii. f. 6, 9. R. cre-
nulata, F. & H. iii. p. 80, pi. Ixxix, f. 1, 2.

Body milk-white, with a pinkish spot above the head : pallial
lappet small, as in R. striatula : pallial filaments slender and
microscopically ciliated, resembling minute auxiliary tentacles,
one at each corner of the mouth of the shell : snout narrow
and cloven at the point, extensile : tentacles cylindrical, but
somewhat compressed on the upper and under sides, finely and
closely ciliated all over ; they are occasionally borne erect, or
now and then upturned : eyes on small tubercles : foot squarish
in front, with small angular comers, contracted in the middle,
and attenuated towards the tail, which is bluntly pointed :
appendage short, not projecting beyond the tail, apparently
bicuspid, but really consisting of three filaments, one of which
is smaller than the other two and is sometimes a mere bulb.

Shell conic-oval, solid, opaque, somewhat glossy : sculpture,
strong longitudinal ribs, 16 of which are on the body- whorl,

* Latticed.

RISSOA. 9

15 on the penultimate, 14 on the succeeding whorl, and 13 on
the next, not more than half the last number being discernible
on the upper whorl, when they altogether disappear ; these
ribs are continued to the base, which is furnished with an an-
gular projection or knob, owing to this part of the pillar being
greatly thickened ; there are also equally strong spiral ribs, 6
of which are on the body- whorl, 3 or 4 on the penultimate,
and 2 only on each of the succeeding three whorls ; the first
•two or three whorls are apparently quite smooth and glossy, but
under the microscope exhibit extremely fine and numerous
longitudinal wavy striae ; the two sets of ribs cross each other,
leaving between them square cavities and forming at the points
of intersection raised and rather sharp tubercles, imparting to
the surface a prickly aspect ; labial rib broad, and traversed
by the spiral ribs up to the mouth, the edge of which conse-
quently becomes scalloped or indented : colour yellowish- white,
with often more or less of a rufous tinge, or indistinctly marked
by two reddish-brown bands, a narrow one below the suture
and a broad one round the periphery ; sometimes the colour is
milk-white ; the throat or inside of the mouth is frequently
stained by reddish-brown : spire short and acute : whorls 6-7,
convex, the last occupying two-thirds of the total length ; the
first two or three whorls are disproportionately small : suture
broadly excavated : mouth roundish oval, expanding outwards,
finely and closely ridged lengthwise on the inside of the labial
rib; there are 12 of these ridges, besides usually a blunt
tubercle on the lower part of the pillar : outer Up thin : inner
lip forming a rather broad glaze on the pillar, which is imper-
forate : operculum not very thin, having a somewhat lateral
spire (as in Littorinxx), and conspicuously and closely striated
in a curved direction corresponding with the line of growth.
L. 0-185. B. 0115.

Var. paupercula. Dwarfed, more regularly oval and solid,
with a proportionally longer spire. L. 0-135. B. 0-065.

Habitat : Rocks and stones at low water of spring
tides, and the coralline zone, in the Cliannel Isles and
on many parts of the Cornish coast ; rather common,
especially at Herm. Received from Sandwich (Mon-
tagu) ; west bay of Portland, 15 f. (M'Andrew and
Forbes) ; Torquay (Hanley) ; Salcombe Bay (Barlee) ;

b5

10 LITTORINID^.

off Lundy Island (M^ Andrew) ; Manorbeer, Pembroke-
shire (J. G. J.) ; Isle of Man, '^ one broken specimen
from deep water on the north coast '^ (Forbes) ; Nymph
bank, 50 f. (M'Andrew) ; Bantry (Miss Hutchins,
Thompson, and Barlee); Dublin Bay (Turton and Brown);
Belfast Bay (Hyndman) ; off Larne, co. Antrim, 18-20 f.
(J. G. J.) ; Lough Strangford, 7-20 f. (Dickie) ; Tyn-.
ingham sands, N.B. (Brown); Lamlash (Landsborough);
Loch Fyne, and the Hebrides as far north as Stornoway
(Barlee and J. G. J.). A single dead and worn speci-
men of the variety was found by me at Herm ; it may
belong to a distinct species or be exotic. R. cancellata
is fossil in the Sussex beds (Godwin- Austen) ; Ireland
(J. Smith) ; Calabria (Philippi) . Its living range is
mostly southern, from Cherbourg (Recluz and Mace)
and Morbihan (Tasle) to the Gulf of Gascony (D^Or-
bigny pere, and J. G. J.), and Corunna (M^ Andrew and
H.Woodward) , throughout the Mediterranean (Michaud
and others) ; Adriatic (Heller) ; Dalmatia (Brusina) ;
Mogador, 3 f. (M'Andrew); ^gean (Forbes, fide M'An-
drew) ; Madeira, 15-24 f., and Canary Isles, 12-60 f.
(M^Andrew) . The last-named naturalist also took sOme
dead specimens in his Norwegian dredgings.

It is active and bold, floats like its congeners, and
spins a byssal thread instantaneously on being detached
from a crawling position. The incessant play of the cilia
that fringe the tentacles is very striking ; it appears to
be caused by the action of a double row of muscles in
each tentacle, arranged in the form of a siphon, which is
perceptible through the transparency of the integument.
The paUial filaments probably serve the purpose of sup-
plementary tentacles to warn the animal of impending
danger. In spite of its stoutness the shell is sometimes
perforated, possibly by Murex erinaceus or M. corallinus.

RISSOA. 1 1

This is the Turbo cimex of Donovan, Montagu, and
other conchologists (but not of Linne), JR. crenulata of
Michaud, and Persephona Hutchinsiana of Leach. The
R. lactea of Michaud having been previously described
by Lamarck as Turbo cancellatus (but subsequently to
DaCosta^s publication), we must either call that species
cancellata and give up the name lactea, retaining crenu-
lata for the present species, or else adhere to the strict
rule of priority. Convenience, as well as justice, makes
the latter alternative more desirable. R. cancellata of
Desmarets is the Linnean R. cimex, which (as Turbo
calathiscus of Montagu) Mr. Thompson of Belfast
seems to have mistaken for the species now described.

4. R. ca'lathus^, Forbes and Hanley. ^^| ^^

R. calathus, F. & H. iii. p. 82, pi. Ixxviii. f. 3.

Shell more conical and coarsely sculptured than the next
species {R. reticulata) ; longitudinal striae more prominent ;
penultimate whorl not quite so broad in proportion to the body-
whorl, and having usually but 4 rows of spiral striae — although
this last character is not constant, there being sometimes 5 and
even 6 rows. Colour, size, and other particulars the same as
in R. reticulata, ;

Habitat: Guernsey and Herm; rather common.
Land's End (Hockin) ; Whitesand Bay (Mrs. Flack) ;
ojff Penzance, 15-20 f. (M' Andrew and Forbes) ; Shell-
ness, Kent (J. G. J.); off the Mizen Head, 50 f. (M'An-
drewJ-'^Kilkee, co. Clare (Warren, ^c?e Thompson); Isle
of Man (Packe) ; co. Antrim (Hyndman and J. G. J.) ;
Clyde district (Smith and Landsborough) ; Loch Car-
ron (J. G. J.) ; Hebrides (Barlee) . Coralline Crag at
Sutton (S. Wood, as R. abyssicola), Drontheim, 5-40
f., and Vigo (M'Andrew) ; Morbihan (Tasle) ; Gulf of

* A wicker basket.

12 LITTORINIDiE.

Lyons (Martin) ; Nice (Verany) ; Spezzia (J. G. J.) ;
Canaries (M^Andrew in mus. Brit.) .

This is a very doubtful species; and conchologists
must exercise their own discretion as to admitting it. My
impression is that it constitutes only a variety of R. reti-
culata. The authors of the ' British Mollusca' say that
the two " may usually be distinguished with readiness by
the smaller size of their latticework. Every degree of
reticulation, from coarse to fine^ may be seen by com-
paring a sufficient number of specimens.

\\\>l. 5. R. reticula'ta "^,1 Montagu)

Turbo reticulatus, Mont. Test. Br. p. 322, t. 21. f. 1. B. Beanii, F. & H.
iii. p. 84, pi. Ixxix. f. 5, 6.

Body yellowish-white : mantle furnished with a single fila-
mental process : snout *' near its termination at the upper sur-
face appears to have attached to it two very small similar
shields, one on each side, independent of the terminal minute
subcircular flat lobes : " tentacles compressed, slender, rather
long, *' not setose " [?] : eyes on short light-yeUow or orange
pedicles: foot " subrotund, scarcely auricled, but grooved in
front sufficiently to form a shallow labium, slightly constricted
anteriorly at one- third the length, gently tapering to a rather
obtuse lanceolate but not emarginate termination : " opercvlar
lobe plain, moderately expanded : appendage consisting of three
blunt, cyhndrical, short cirri : gill composed of 12-15 single,
pale -yellow, short strands, which are visible when the neck is
much protruded. (Clark.)

Shell oblong, solid, nearly opaque, more or less glossy :
sculpture, numerous somewhat obscure and slightly curved lon-
gitudinal ribs, seldom extending to the base, and crossed by
equally numerous but much more distinct and thread-like spiral
ribs, which cover the surface of the last 4 whorls ; the points
of intersection are sometimes nodulous, but rarely on the lower
part of the body- whorl ; there are 6 or 7 rows of spiral stria?
on the penultimate whorl ; labial rib thick and traversed by
the spiral striae, occasionally forming a separate varix ; top
whorls smooth and glossy, showing under the microscope faint

* Eeticulated.

mssoA. 13

traces of punctures : colour pale yellowish-brown, with now
and then two bands of a tawny hue, one immediately under
the suture and the other below the periphery ; pillar-lip often
stained with reddish-brown : sj){re acute : whorls 6-7, rather
convex, and gradually enlarging, the last occupying about three-
fifths of the spire ; the penultimate is nearly as broad as the
last whorl : suture slight, narrowly excavated : mouth roundish-
oval, somewhat expanded outwards, finely and closely furrowed
on the inside of the labial rib ; the furrows correspond with the
spiral striae : outer lip thin and very narrow, as in all the other
species of this section : inner lip slight and reflected on the
pillar, behind which there is a narrow groove, but never a
decided umbilical chink : operculurti filmy, with a short spire,
and finely striated in the line of growth. L. 0-15. B. 0-075.

C*tn.%con

i<U-5 ,\» i±. L r 3

b '4

Habitat : Nearly every part of our coasts^ from the
Land^s End to Lerwick, in 7-50 f. ; not uncommon.
Fossil in the south of Italy and in Sicily (Philippi —
assuming this to be his R. textilis) . R. reticulata of S.
Wood, from the Coralline Crag, more resembles R. cala-
thus, and may be an intermediate variety. Loven, Sars,
M^Andrew, Danielssen, and Malm have recorded the
present species as Scandinavian, from Molde in Finmark
to Bohuslan in the south of Sweden, the two last-named
authors giving respectively 40-60 and 20-30 f. North
coast of Holland, 17 f. (Malm) ; Vigo (M^Andrew); Gulf
of Lyons (Martin) ; Dalmatia (Brusina,as Alvania Beani) ;
Cannes (Mace); Spezzia (the Marquis Doria and J.G. J.);
Algeria (Weinkauff) ; and iEgean 30-185 f. (Forbes).

The sculpture of some specimens is rather stronger
than that of others. Mediterranean specimens are fre-
quently marked by highly coloured bands. This shell
is more oblong than R. cimico'ides, and not so conical
(partly in consequence of the penultimate whorl being
prominent in R. reticulata) , and the cancellation is finer
and closer. " The animal is active, and freely shows its
points'' (Clark).

14 LITTORINID^.

It is the R. Beanii of Hanley. R. teootilis of Philippi
is probably the immature state. Adamses Turbo reticu-
latus {'' T. quatuor anfractibus retieulatis, apertura sub-
rotunda. Obs. color albus.^^) appears to have been the
young of R. striata ; but that of Montagu is unquestion-
ably the one now under consideration. R. reticulata of
Philippi, a Sicilian fossil, is very different. Turton,
in his ' Conchological Dictionary/ interchanged the
characters of the present species and R. punctura, and
reversed the admeasurements. , . .,

j)|, iL 6. R. cimicoi'des^, Forbes.

R. cimicoides, Forb. in Rep. Br. Assoc, for 1843, p. 189. R. scul;pta, F.
& H. iii. p. 88, pi. Ixxx. f. 5, 6.

Body milk-white and almost transparent : snout short, bifid,
of a brownish hue : tentacles slender, with blunt tips : eyes
small : foot broad, squarish in front, and pointed behind.

Shell conic-oval, solid, opaque, somewhat glossy : sculpture,
several stout and slightly curved longitudinal ribs, not extending
to the base, and crossed by more regular and thread-like spiral
striae or riblets, which cover the surface of the last four whorls ;
small tubercles or nodules are formed at the points of inter-
section ; there are 4 rows of spiral striae on the penultimate
whorl ; labial rib thick (sometimes double), traversed by the
spiral striae, and marked with minute and numerous Hnes of
growth; top whorls encircled with close- set and punctured
striae : colour pale yellowish-white, more or less deeply tinged
with reddish-brown, and having usually an imperfect streak of
the latter colour close to the labial rib on the outside, which
terminates at the periphery in a bnead mark, covering three of
the spiral striae ; these markings appear to result from two
obscure bands, one below the suture and the other round the
base ; apex Hght orange : spire sharp-pointed : whorls 6-7,
sloping upwards, compressed, somewhat gradually enlarging,
the last occupying about three-fifths of the spire : suture slight,
but distinctly channelled : mouth more round than oval, ex-
panding a little outwards, finely notched or furrowed on the
inside of the labial rib ; these notches or furrows are not caused

* Resembling R. cimex.

RISSOA. 15

by the impress of the spiral striae, although they correspond in
number and position : outer lip thin : inner lip slight, reflected
on the piUar ; there is no umbilical chink : opercidum filmy,
with a short spire. L. 0'15. B. 0-085. l. .- 4.-" mrn
Yar. minima. Dwarf; spire very short.

Habitat : Coralline zone^ Guernsey (J. G. J.); Hel-
ford (Hockin) ; Exmouth (coll. Clark) ; Coquet and
Berwick Bay (Mennell); Cork Harbour (Wright); west
coast of Ireland (Hoskyns); Larne^ co. Antrim (J.G.J.) ;
Skye and Hebrides (M*^ Andrew and others) ; Aberdeen-
shire coast (Dawson); Shetland (Barlee and J. G. J.).
The variety was found at Plymouth by Mr. Barlee. R.
cimicdides inhabits the JEgean, 2-69 f. (Forbes) ; Dal-
matia (Brusina) ; Gulf of Lyons (Martin) ; Bohuslan,
50-80 f. (Martin) ; Bergen (Lilljeborg) ; upper Norway
(M'Andrew) ; and Greenland (coll. M^Andrew).

I have no doubt that this is the R, cimicdides of Forbes,
having compared specimens so named by him in the
British Museum and Mr. M^Andrew^s collection with the
original description of that species, as well as with the
Scotch specimens from which the description and figures
of jR. sculpta in the ^ British MoUusca ^ were taken. The
R. sculpta of Philippi appears to have a more regularly
oval shape, the larger whorls are cross-barred ("cla-
thrati^'), and the inside of the mouth is smooth. This
agrees with R. calathus of Forbes and Hanley, except in
the latter having the throat crenated. Loven regarded
R. abyssicola as Philippics shell. Pasithea nigra of Tot-
ten, from Rhode Island, is allied to the present species.

^^ 5^* 7. R. Jeffrey'si ^,CWaileriL ^[ (X .

B. Jeffreysi, Wall, in Ann. & Mag. N. H. s. 3. xiv. p. 136.

Shell conic-oval, with a somewhat turreted outline, mode-

* So named out of compUment to the author of the present work.

16 LITTORINIDiE.

lately solid, semitransparent and rather glossy : sculpture,
numerous fine longitudinal striae, which are crossed hy stronger,
fewer, and rib-like transverse striae, forming by their inter-
section an open network; the longitudinal striae are gently
curved, and they do not reach the base, although there are
sometimes traces of them below the periphery ; the labial rib
is strong but not thick, and traversed by the spiral striae only ;
of these striae 3 or 4 are more conspicuous than the rest on the
body- whorl ; examined microscopically the whole surface is
covered with extremely close-set spiral lines ; and even by the
aid of a Coddington the top whorls may be seen to have a few
spiral rows of salient and reentering angles, which last prefigure
the cancellated structure of the adult shell : colour clear-white :
spire ending in a blunt and almost truncated point : whorls 5,
convex, gradually enlarging, the last exceeding all the others
put together in the ratio of nearly 5 to 3 when viewed with
the mouth upwards, but when placed with the mouth down-
wards these proportions are reversed ; the apex is compressed :
suture very deep and channelled : mouth more round than oval,
scarcely expanding outwards : outer lip thin, incurved above :
inner lip slightly reflected, and having behind it a more or less
distinct umbilical chink. L. 0*1. B. 0'065.

Habitat : Sandy ground off Unst (the most northern
of the British Isles), at distances of about 8 and 30
miles from the land, in 70-85 f. ; rare. Norway (Lill-
jeborg and Malm ; the locality mentioned to me by the
latter is Eggersbank, and the depth 150 f.) ; North
America (M ^Andrew, by whom it was received from a
correspondent) .

The dried remains of the animal exhibit an orange
tint in the region of the liver. Although of the same
size as R. punctura, this is of a somewhat turreted shape,
clear-white, and nearly transparent, the reticulation is
much less crowded (resembling open lacework), the
spiral striae in the middle are more prominent, the suture
deeper, whorls more gradually increasing, and the apex
is blunt and marked with a Vandyke pattern instead of
having rows of punctures. The present case exemplifies

RISSOA. 17

what I said in the Introduction to this work (vol. i.
p. xlvii) , viz. that the nucleus of the shell often furnishes
the conchologist with an important character for dis-
criminating species. This part, in fact, represents the
earliest stage of growth, before external conditions have
had any power in influencing or modifying the structure.

8. R. punctu'ra"^, (Montagu J fl-U.

Turbo punctura, Mont. Test. Br. p. 320, t. 12. f. 5. i?. punotura, F. &
H. iii. p. 89, pi. Ixxx. f. 8, 9.

Body yellowish, streaked with purple (marked with a small
red dot under the neck near the eyes, Clark) : mantle furnished
at each upper corner of the aperture of the shell with a short
cyhndrical process : tentacles thread-shaped, rather short, in-
distinctly ringed, scalloped at the edges, and sparsely but finely
setose: eyes slightly raised: foot squarish in front, and
bluntly pointed behind : {opercular lobe very pale muddy-red-
dish-brown, and having on each side, close to the junction of
the foot with the rest of the body, an irregular, rather large,
dusky or lead-coloured stripe, Clark) : appendage simple and
short.

Shell conic-oval (in some specimens more oblong), rather
solid, nearly opaque, and somewhat glossy : sculpture, nume-
rous fine longitudinal and spiral ribs or striae, which by their
decussation form minute squares, and are muricated at the points
of intersection ; the longitudinal ones are sHghtly curved and
do not reach to the base ; the labial rib is more or less thick,
according to age, and it occasionally leaves one or two varicose
excrescences on the body- whorl ; sometimes it is placed close
to the mouth, and at other times at a short distance from it ;
the spiral ribs or striae are thread-Hke and usually are more
conspicuous than the others; the uppermost whorls exhibit
under the microscope a few rows of punctures : colour dirty
white, often tinged with yeUow or reddish -brown, and now
and then having the last whorl partially spotted or double-
banded with the latter hue ; there is frequently also a blotch
of reddish-brown outside the mouth, and a similar stain on the
pniar-lip : spire pointed, usually rather elongated, rarely very
short : whorls 6, convex, the last occupying about three-fifths

♦ From it8 punctured surface ; literally, a pricking.

18 LITTORINIDiE.

of the spire, the first minute and somewhat prominent : suture
deep : mouth roundish- oval, scarcely expanding outwards :
outer lip thin, not much incurved above : inner lip reflected
on the pillar and at the base, behind which is a sHght depression
or chink : operculum filmy, with a short spire, and dehcately
striated. L. 0-1. B. 0-065. l 4-»t,h- .

Yar. diversa. Longitudinal ribs finer and more prominent, —
a character which gives this variety a diflferent aspect.

Habitat : Widely distributed, in the lower part of the
laminarian zone and throughout the coralline zone, from
Guernsey to Unst, at a depth of from 1-95 f. The
variety is from Skye and Shetland. R. punctura occurs
in upper tertiary deposits in Sussex (Godwin- Austen) ,
Ayrshire (Landsborough, fide Thompson) , and at Udde-
valla (Malm), and in the post-glacial beds of Norway
at various heights from the present level of the sea to
100 feet above it (Sars) . Wood includes it (although
with a doubt as to the identity of the species) in his
'Crag Mollusca,^ from the Coralline formation at Sutton;
but his description shows that the outer lip is notched
within, a character which the recent shell does not pos-
sess. It inhabits Bohuslan, according to Loven, who
called it R. textilis of Philippi ; Malm dredged it in the
same district in 10-60 f., Danielssen at Christiansund
in 40-60 f., M^ Andrew in Nordland, and Sars at Tromso,
Oxfjord, and elsewhere in Norway in 10-50 f. ; Tasle
found it in Brittany ; Martin has taken it in the Gulf
of Lyons, Mace at Antibes, Verany at Nice, Brusina in
Dalmatia, and M ^Andrew off Orotava, Canary Isles.

Of this species, again, we have two sizes, a large and
small one.

It appears to be the Turbo retiformis of Montagu (from
Walker's doubtful description and figure), 72. jowwc/wra^fl
of Macgillivray, R. approxima of Brown, and Turritella
Dorvilleana of Leach.

. RISSOA, ^.^'^^^ , , ^ . 19

^''- M^ ^ 9. R. ABYssi'coLA^ Forbes. \>{ ^L

R. abyssicola, F. k H. iii. p. 86, pi. Ixxviii. f. 1. 2, and (animal) pi. JJ.

Body whitish, with a faint tinge of yellow or saffiron on the
front, and microscopically speckled with flake-white : mantle
rather thick- edged; pallial processes one on each side, short and
not protruded beyond the mouth of the shell ; snout small and
narrow, deeply cloven, carried somewhat in advance of the
foot: tentacles thread-shaped, flattened, clothed with minute
and short but not numerous cilia: eyes large and black, on
bulbs at the lower base of the tentacles : foot squarish in front,
with short angular corners, narrowing behind to a rounded and
slightly bilobed tail : appendage single, placed far behind the
tail, and issuing from the opercular lobe.

Shell oval, with a slight tendency to oblong and a somewhat
oblique outline, rather solid, semitransparent and glossy:
scidpture, numerous slight longitudinal ribs on the last three
or four whorls, but not extending to the base ; they are flex-
uous on the body- whorl and curved on the others ; the labial
rib is strong, and placed close to the mouth ; the whole surface
is covered with close-set and fine, apparently (but not reaUy)
undulating spiral striae, which are as prominent although not
so large as the ribs, and by their intersection give a some-
what muricated appearance; these striae cross the labial rib,
as in the preceding species, and reach to the oater lip ; the in-
terstices of the striae on the base show, under a high magnifying
power, indistinct traces of longitudinal ribs; the iippermost
whorls are microscopically reticulated: colour clear-white,
with occasionally a blotch of reddish-brown behind the labial
rib : spire short and abrupt : whorls 5, somewhat compressed
but rounded, the last occupying about two-thirds of the spire,
and the first minute and flattened : suture deepish, and some-
times slightly channelled : mouth roundish-oval, obliquely ex-
panding outwards: outer lip narrow, thin, and sinuous, in-
curved above : inner lip reflected on the pillar and at the base,
united with the outer lip, but not forming a distinct peristome :
operculum filmy, few-whorled, with a small excentric spire,
and finely striated in the hne of growth ; through it may be
seen the opercular lobe, of a yellow colour. L. 0-085. B. 0-05.

Habitat : Mud in 50-70 i., Loch Fyne (where M'An-

* Inhabiting deep water.

20 LITTORINIDiE.

drew and Forbes discovered it), Skye and Hebrides
(Barlee and J. Gr. J.)^ Shetland (Forbes and Barlee); and
Mr.M'Andrew has dredged it also 15 miles south-west of
Mizen Head, co. Cork. Norway (M'^ Andrew) ; Bohuslan
(Loven, as R. sculpta of Philippi) ; off Vigo Bay and
Malaga (M'^ Andrew) ; Gulf of Lyons (Martin, as R.
scabra of Philippi) ; 40 miles off Malta in 350 f. (Spratt) .
It is a local and somewhat rare species.

It floats like its congeners, and suspends itself in the
water by a single byssal thread. Mediterranean spe-
cimens are smaller than ours, and have rather stronger
sculpture. Two different sizes occur, as is also probably
the case with every other species of Rissoa. One of my
specimens shovv's in the middle of the last whorl a dis-
tinct varix, caused apparently by a new growth having
taken place after the shell had arrived at maturity.

B. Eibbed lengthwise, and spirally striated ; outer lip
thickened and reflected.

' 10. R. ZETLAN'DICA^,yV[ontagU.) N<? 3^^

Turbo Zetlandicus, Mont, in Tr. Linn. Soc. xi. p. 194, t. xiii. f. 3. R. Zet-
landica, F. & H. iii. p. 78, pi. Ixxs. f. 1, 2.

Shell between oval and oblong, tnrreted or scalariform,
solid, nearly opaque, glossy when living or fresh : sculpture^
fine and rather sharp longitudinal ribs, of which there are 16
on the last whorl, 15 on the penultimate, 14 on the next, and
13 on the succeeding whorl, where they usually disappear ; the
ribs on the body-whorl do not extend quite to the base, but
are cut off by a strong keel or ridge which winds spirally round
that part from the upper corner of the mouth ; between this
keel and the mouth is a deep groove or depression, which partly
arises from the prominence of the keel, and is indistinctly
ribbed across ; there is also a slighter and incomplete ridge
(sometimes two) near the mouth, between the basal keel and
the inner lip ; the labial rib is exceedingly thick and pro-

* Inhabiting the Shetland seas. .

RISSOA. 21

minent ; its edge on the side of the mouth is furrowed or fur-
nished with a double ridge, the inside one of which forms the
outer lip ; the last four whorls are covered with spiral ridges
equal in size and prominence to the longitudinal ribs, and in-
tersecting them at a right angle, so as to produce a series of
square excavations ; the points of intersection .are muricated
or spiky ; the last whorl has 4 of these ridges (besides that at
the base), each of the next two whorls has 3, and the suc-
ceeding whorl 2, the uppermost whorls being spirally and de-
licately striated ; the ridges extend to the mouth : colour clear-
white, sometimes golden-yellow, especially the basal ridge:
spire rather short, abruptly pointed : whorls 6-7, convex, lEe
last occupying three-fifths of the spire, the first minute and
rounded : suture very deep and channelled : mouth roundish-
oval, considerably expanding outwards : outer and inner lips
forming a continuous and slightly elevated rim. L. 0-126.
B. 0-075. ,

L !^ 3 21^"^ -

Habitat : Sparingly found in the coralline and deep-
sea zones, Guernsey (Barlee and others) , Porth Curnow
Cove^ Cornwall (Miss Lavars), Hayle (Hockin), co. An-
trim (Hyndman and J. G. J.), Lamlash, Bute (Lands-
borough), Skye and Hebrides (J. G. J.), St. Fergus bay,
Peterhead (Bingham, ^6?e Brown), Aberdeenshire (Daw-
son), Caithness (Gordon), Orkneys (Thomas), Shetland
(Fleming and others), at depths ranging from 18-70 f.
Fossil in the Coralline Crag at Sutton (Wood), and in
the miocene formation near Vienna (Homes) . Living on
the coast of South Sweden, in 12-75 f. (Loven and
Malm) , Cherbourg (Recluz), oflp Vigo Bay (M^ Andrew),
Antibes (Mace), Nice (Verany), and Naples (Philippi).

With respect both to this and the next little shell,
we may well say with Cicero, '^ Quid potest esse aspectu
pulchrius T'

The synonyms are R. cyclostomata of Recluz, R. ob-
tusa of Brown, R. scalariformis of Metcalfe (Thorpe^s
'British Marine Conchology ^) , and R. clathrata of
Philippi.

H-^7

22 LITTORINID^.

11. R. costaW^, (Adams) ^°. :>/^S'

Turbo costatus, Ad. in Tr. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 65, t. 13. f. 13, 14. B. costata,
F. & H. iii. p. 92, pi. Ixxviii. f. 6, 7.

Body clear-white : sno^it long, cloven vertically at the ex-
tremity, and exposing the buccal disk, which is pale-red : ten-
tacles slender, flattened, apparently not setose : eyes large :
foot long, rounded in front, where it has a snow-white mark
like the letter V, behind which it is constricted at the sides
and divided across, thence somewhat expanding, and tapering
to a blunt point behind ; the lower lip or edge of the foot in
front extends much beyond the upper lip : ojoercular lobe dilated
into rounded lateral wings : appendage single, distinct.

Shell oblong and slender, obliquely twisted, solid, nearly
opaque, glossy when inhabiting clean ground, but usually lus-
treless : sculpture, ridge-like, sharp, high-shouldered, and flex-
uous longitudinal ribs, of which there are 9 on the last whorl,
10 on the penultimate, 11 on the next, and 12 on the suc-
ceeding whorl, where they mostly disappear ; the ribs on the
body- whorl do not extend quite to the base, being cut off by
a strong (sometimes double) keel or ridge which winds spirally
round that part ; between this keel and the mouth is a deep
groove or depression caused by the prominence of the keel ;
the labial rib is thicker than any of the rest, and its inside
edge is flattened and finely notched; the last four or five
whorls are covered with numerous delicate spiral striae, which
cross the ribs ; the top whorls are quite smooth : colour clear-
white, with a slight golden tinge: spire long and pointed:
whorls 6, compressed, the last occupying three-fifths of the
spire, and the first being minute and rounded : suture deep :
mouth roundish- oval, expanding outwards : outer and inner
lips sinuated, continuous, and forming a complete and shghtly
elevated rim round the mouth : operculum ear-shaped, thin,
yellowish-homcolour, with a smaU excentric spire, and finely
striated. L. 0-125. B. 0*06. , ^ i ^

Habitat : Coralline and lower part of the laminarian
zones ; more generally distributed in the south than in
the north. Dr. Gordon and Mr. Dawson find it on the
coast of Aberdeenshire ; I have dredged it in the He-

* Ribbed.

RISSOA. 23

brides ; and Mr. Barlee sent me specimens from Shet-
land. It is rather common in the Channel Isles, and
occurs there at the base of seaweeds on the recess of
high springtides. Fossil in Sussex (Godwin- Austen) ,
Largs in Ayrshire (Landsborough) , Palermo and Ta-
rento (Philippi) . Its northern limits comprise Norway,
Sweden, and Holland; and southwards it ranges along
the shores of the North Atlantic as far as the Canaries
(M'Andrew), and of the Mediterranean on both sides :
the depths given by different observers vary from 4-70 f.

Mr. Clark remarked the rapidity and freedom of its
movements. In showing that it is a true Rissoa, he
said ^' it is a very simple creature.^^ This, of course, he
meant in a zoological and not psychological sense. Spe-
cimens from Teneriffe and Spezzia are uncommonly
small.

It is the Turbo lacteus of Donovan — in index, ^^ Turbo
parvus {lacteus) y^ — T. crassus of Adamses work on the
Microscope, T. plicatus of Miihlfeld, R. exigua of
Michaud, and R. carinata of Philippi. R, costata of
Desmarets is the R. variabilis of Miihlfeld, and very
different from the present species.

C. Mostly ribbed lengthwise and spirally striated ; outer lip
usually strengthened by a rib.

^'' ^^^ ' 12. R. PARVA^(pa Costa.f ^"^^ \>^- 1/

Turbo 'parvus, Da Costa, Br. Conch, p. 104. R.parva, P.&H. iii. p. 98,
pi. Ixxvi. f. 2, 6, Ixxvii. f. 6, 7, and Ixxxii. f. 1-4.

Body pale -yellowish- white, with a purplish blotch in the
middle, and sometimes more or less tinged in other parts with
the latter colour : pallial filament occasionally protruded : snout
narrow and deeply cloven : tentacles whitish, extensile, some-
what flattened, finely scalloped at the edges, and covered with
minute cilia, which are not easily perceptible unless by using

* Little.

24 LITTORINIDiE.

a strong magnifying power : eyes on short stalks, occasionally
nearly sessile : foot squarish or slightly rounded in front, con-
tracted in the middle, where it is apparently divided across
into two unequal portions (the front being about half the size
of the other portion) ; it tapers behind to a blunt point ; sole
speckled with frosted white, and finely slit from the centre
down to the tail : opercular lobe large, dark-purple : appendage
cylindrical, slender, rather long, and whitish, placed over the
tail or hinder part of the foot, and now and then projecting
beyond it ; it is microscopically ciliated, and resembles a smaU.
auxiliary tentacle.

Shell conic-oval, rather solid, nearly opaque, somewhat
glossy: sculpture, strong and slightly curved ribs, like but-
tresses, of which there are 8 on the body-whorl, and 12 on
the penultimate and next whorl (the succeeding whorls having
no ribs) ; the ribs do not extend to the base ; their interstices
are frequently cancellated, and their termination on the lower
part of the last whorl defined by more or less distinct spiral
strise, arising from the intensity or concentration of micro-
scopical lines which cover the whole surface in that direction ;
the labial rib is thick and white, placed at a short distance
behind the outer lip : coZowr mostly pale yeUowish-white, some-
times browm or chocolate, obscurely marked occasionally with
rays between some of the ribs, and with a band round the
base, always having a falciform streak from the suture behind
the labial rib towards the middle of the outer lip ; the rays,
band, and streak are chestnut-brown ; sometimes the ribs are
white, the tip is pinkish, and the mouth is edged with chest-
nut-brown : spire short, bluntly pointed : whorls 6-7, convex,
the last occupying nearly two-thirds of the spire : suture rather
slight, but distinct: mouth roundish-oval, somewhat expanded :
outer lip thin, contracted and incurved above: inner lip reflected
on the pillar and at the base, vrhere there is no appearance of
an umbilical crevice : operculum thin, whitish, with a small
excentric spire, and delicately striated. L. 0-165. B. 0-1.

^ Yar. 1. interrupta. Smaller, slenderer, thinner, semitranspa-
rent, and ribless, with much less convex whorls, usually marked
with longitudinal rays of chestnut-colour, which are curved on
the body-whorl, or divided into two rows, so as to make the mid-
dle appear girdled with a whitish band ; occasionally these rays
become confluent and form dark bands ; labial rib slighter ; the
spiral striae are sometimes distinct, although irregular. Turbo
interruptusy Adams in Tr. Linn. Soc. v. p. 3, t. i. f. 16, 17.

RISSOA. 25

Yar. 2. ex^ilis. Dwarf, very slender, thin and smooth, tawny,
without any conspicuous markings ; labial rib wanting or ru-
dimentary. By tNo mea^S r<cre .v,T^*H«it: t^re, ^ £^.J)^j-ai'.

Habitat : Swarming on seaweeds and Zostera at low-
water mark and throughout the laminarian zone. Ac-
cording to Alder a variety has been taken among coral-
lines from 20 f. The typical form is more common in
the south, and the variety interrupta in the north ; both
live together, as well as every conceivable gradation as
regards shape, size, solidity, sculpture, and colour.
Some are full-ribbed, some half- ribbed, and some have
only the traces of ribs on one or other of the larger
whorls; but the top whorls are invariably smooth.
The 2nd variety was found by me in Lerwick Sound.
Sars has recorded the typical form as fossil in the post-
glacial beds of Norway, at heights between 40 and
200 feet; and the variety interruj^ta has occurred in
upper tertiary deposits in Ireland (Brown) , Fort William
(J. G. J.), Dalmuir and Clyde beds (Crosskey and
others), Uddevalla (J. G. J.), Christiania district, in
the newer or post-glacial strata, at 100 feet (Sars),
Nice (Risso) . The foreign distribution of this species
and its principal variety comprises the coasts of Upper
and Lower Norway, Sweden,, Denmark, Holland, France,
Spain, Portugal, Italy, Dalmatia, Greece, Algeria, and
the Canary Isles, from the shore to 40 f. In the ' Zoolo-
gical Record ' for 1864, von Martens questions the R. ob-
scura of Philippi (which is the typical form of this species)
being Mediterranean, because he had not found it there.
It is not uncommon at Spezzia.

, Lying on a rock by the brink of a seaweed- covered
pool left by the receding tide, it is no less pleasant than
curious to watch this active little creature go through its
different exercises — creeping, floating, and spinning.

VOL. IV. c

26 LITTORINIDiE.

It has evidently no fear of man or fisli, being fortunately
unconscious that the conchologist and the blenny are
its natural enemies. Its heart, however, beats fast in
confinement, giving about 60 pulsations per minute.
Clark informs us that '^ the branchial plume consists of
15-18 minute vessels attached under and to the mantle
and back of the neck ; '^ and according to Mr. Alder the
teeth are arranged in 40 or 50 rows. The spawn-capsules
are semicircular, yellowish-brown, and sometimes depo-
sited on the shells of other individuals. Specimens from
the Hebrides and Shetland are much larger than usual,
but of a paler hue. The one noticed and figured in the
' British Mollusca ' as R. Sarsii is an extraordinarily fine
example of the variety interrupta, and not Loven^s
species of that name ; it is a quarter of an inch long.
Mediterranean specimens are very inferior in size to
those of our coasts. Mr. Williams Hockin has noticed
that now and then the ribs are slightly furrowed down
^ the middle. This species may always be known from
any of its allies by a character which Forbes and Hanley
pointed out, viz. the falciform streak outside the mouth.
To give all the old synonyms (including those of
Adams) would be unnecessary. The modern ones are
Cingula alba, Fleming, R.pulchella, Forbes, R. tristriata,
Macgillivray, R. fuscata and R. discrepans. Brown, R.
obscura and R. simplex , Philippi, R. Matoniana, Recluz,
Sabanaa paucicostata and Persephona Scotica, Leach,
and R. cerasina, Brusina. Perhaps R. lineolata and R.
marginata of Michaud may be added to the list.

|A h 13. R. iNcoNSPi'cuA*, Alder. >n?S3

B. inconspicua, Aid. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 323, pi. yiii. f. 6, 7 ;
F. & H. iii. p. 113, pi. Ixxvi. f. 7, 8, and Ixxxii. f. 5, 6.

Body white, with blotches of yellow ; it is also marked length-

* Not remarkable.

RISSOA. 27

wise with two lines of dark-purple or black, the upper one
being on the side of the back, and the lower bordering the
foot: pallial filmnent pendent: snout short, wedge-Hke, and
bilobed, tinged with muddy yellow or orange: tentacles very long
and slender, hairy : eyes black, on -minute yellow prominences :
foot narrow and extensile, sHghtly labiated in front, bluntly
pointed behind; sole depressed in the centre, from which a
line runs to the tail : opercular lobe expanded beyond each side
of the foot, and margined with deep-purple or black, forming
with the lines on the upper surface a dark blotch : appendage
very long and distinct, projecting above the tail. (Alder and
Clark.)

Shell conic-oval, moderately solid, semitransparent, highly
glossy, and sometimes having a prismatic lustre: sculpture,
usually numerous fine stria-like and curved longitudinal ribs
on all except the topmost whorls ; these ribs are unequally dis-
tributed, and occasionally are fewer and stronger on the body-
whorl; labial rib thick and white in adult specimens, now
and then forming a varix in the middle of the last whorl ; the
surface is also more or less distinctly impressed by delicate
spiral striae, especially about the periphery ; the uppermost
whorls are quite smooth: colour pale yellowish -white or
whitish, rarely milk-white, sometimes variegated by obscure
spots or short streaks of reddish-brown ; tip of the spire pink :
spire mostly short and acute : whorls 6-7, somewhat convex, but
not tumid ; the last occupies about three-fifths of the spire :
suture well defined, although not deep : mouth roundish-oval :
outer lip thin, contracted at the upper comer ; inner lip thick-
ened and slightly reflected at the base, where there is a small
umbilical crevice : operculum resembling that of the next

species, except that this is fawncolour. L. 0'085. B. 0*05.

l"
Var. 1. ventrosa. Thinner, with the whorls more swollen,
but having the peculiar sculpture and other characters of this
species.

Yar. 2. variegata. Much smaller, more conical, with an an-
gular periphery, smooth or having a few ribs only, with flatter
whorls and distinct broad tawny longitudinal streaks or rays ;
there is no umbilical cleft. R. variegata, v. Mohrenstern, Riss.
p. 28, t. u. f. 15.

Monstr. Slightly scalariform, the last whorl being partly
detached from the preceding one.

c2

28 LITTORINIDiE.

Habitat : Coralline zone everywhere ; especially com-
mon in trawl- refuse at Plymouth. The 1st variety was
dredged by Mr. Barlee at Exmouth and in the Hebrides,
and by myself in the estuarine river Roach in Essex ;
the 2nd, although widely distributed, seems more to
frequent the Dorset coast ; and the monstrosity is from
the west of Scotland (Barlee) and Aberdeenshire (Daw-
son) . Mr. Robertson has found this species in a post-
tertiary deposit at Crinan ; the late Dr. Woodward enu-
merated it as a fossil of the Norwich Crag ; and Profes-
sor Sars records it from a post-glacial bed in Norway,
at a height of 50 feet. It inhabits the Norwegian coast
as far north as Oxford in the laminarian zone (Sars),
Christianiafiord (J. G. J.), the south of Sweden (Malm),
the Cattegat (mus. Copenhagen), north of France (Mace,
Cailliaud, and Tasle), Gulf of Lyons (Martin, j^</e Petit),
Dalmatia (Brusina) , Spezzia (J. G. J.), Corsica (Susini),
and Algeria (Weinkauff ) . A species very closely allied
to this, if not a dwarf or southern variety of it, was
obtained by Mr. M*^ Andrew off Teneriffe.

This may have been the Thirbo albus of Adams [T.
albulus of Maton and Rackett, not of Fabricius), R.
BallicB of Thompson, and R. maculata of Brown ; but the
specific name inconspicua is in general use, and must be
retained. I regard the 2nd variety as a stunted form.
If I had contented myself with examining a few speci-
mens only, I should probably have arrived at the same
conclusion that Herr v. Mohrenstern did, and made
this variety a separate species ; but the comparison on
an extensive scale of both forms and of intermediate
specimens has convinced me that such a distinction can-
not be maintained. The shell described — or rather sha-
dowed forth — by Adams as Helix variegata may not
even have belonged to the present genus. All the species

RISSOA. 29

of Rissoa which can be safely identified with his descrip-
tions or figures were placed by him in the genus Turbo.

^ 14. R. ALBELLA^, Lov^n. H z^-

E. albella, Lov. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 25. B. inconsipicua, var. tenuis, F.
& H. iii. p. 115, pi. Ixxxiii. f. 7, 8.

Body yellowish- white, with a purplish blotch in the middle :
pallial process single, issuing from the upper angle of the mouth
of the shell : snout rather short, deeply cloven lengthwise, not
extending as far as the foot : tentacles cyhndrical, with blunt
tips, usually spotted with yellow or opaque-white, and finely
setose : eyes on very small tubercles : foot truncated (occasion-
ally somewhat bilobed) in front, constricted near the middle,
and pointed behind ; sole slightly grooved in the centre of the
posterior half: appendage single, leaf-like, flat and large.

Shell conic-oval, thin, semitransparent, and glossy ; sculp-
ture, usually a few minute slight spiral striae, but sometimes
also rather sharp and curved longitudinal ribs, of which there
are from 12 to 15 on the penultimate whorl ; these ribs never
cover the uppermost whorls, nor extend to the mouth, and now
and then they appear on the middle whorls only ; between the
labial rib (which rarely occurs on smooth specimens) and the
outer lip there is a greater or less space left, so as sometimes
to give this rib the aspect of a varix : colour yellowish-white
of different shades, often variegated by longitudinal reddish-
brown or tavmy streaks, which are straight and rather nume-
rous on the upper whorls, and more or less flexuous on the
body- whorl ; the base is occasionally marked with a broad but
indistinct tawny band ; some specimens are of a bright bronze
hue : spire varying in length, sharp-pointed : whorls 6-7, tu-
mid, gradually increasing in size; the last occupies about
three-fifths of the spire : suture remarkably deep : mouth oval
or roundish- oval, not expanding: outer lip very thin, contracted
and incurved at the upper corner: inner lip somewhat thickened,
and reflected, especially over the base, where a small umbilical
crevice is formed : operculum slightly concave, horncolour,
wTth a short spire, and rather strongly striated. L. 0-15. B.
0-075. L - a-^

.U Yar. ^orm. Thinner, smooth, and seldom having the labial

' rib. R. Sarsiij Lov. I. c. p. 15.

* For albula, whitish.

30 LITTORINIDiE.

Monstr. Body-whorl spirally and finely but irregularly ridged,
the outer lip now and then expanded or contracted above, or
a notch formed close to the suture.

Habitat : Bantry Bay at low water (Barlee) . The
variety is tolerably comnion on Zoster a at Southampton,
and abundant among seaweeds in the west of Scotland
and east of Shetland, associated with R. parva var. in-
terrupta. The monstrosity is sometimes met with in
the latter district. The typical form inhabits Bohuslan
(Loven), Kiel Bay (Meyer and Mobius) and Christiania-
fiord (J. G. J.) ; the variety was found by Professor Sars
at Bergen.

My largest specimens are those from Southampton
and Loch Carron, some of them measuring 2 lines in
length. A dwarf form, which is much less numerous,
may be the male. The spawn-cases are generally solitary,
semiglobular, membranous, and light-yellowish-brown ;
the fry emerge from a large round hole at the top, which
appears when they are developed.

Mr. Alder was quite right in considering this distinct
from R. inconspicua; but the name (tenuis) which he
proposed, being unaccompanied by a published descrip-
tion, must cede to one of these which Loven has given.
It is thinner and considerably larger than jR. incon-
spicua, the whorls are more ventricose, the suture is
much deeper, and the sculpture very different. It is
possible that the present species may have been the R.
similis of Brown, which was found by the Rev. William
Molesworth at Padstow.

15. R. MEMBRANA'cEA*,(AdamS^ K^ 3^

Turho memhranaceus, Ad. in Tr. Linn. Soc. v. p. 2, t. i. f. 12, 13. B. la-
biosa, F. k H. iii. p. 109, pi. Ixxvi. f. 5, Ixxvii. f. 1-3, and Ixxxi. f. 3.

Body pale -yellow, or slightly tinged with brown : tentacles
* Membranous.

KISSOA. oi

subulate, white : eyes surrounded by white spaces : foot squarish
in front and pointed behind ; the central or contracted part of
the sides is dark-purple : opercular lobe of the same hue, and
well developed : appendage conspicuous and white. (Forbes
and Hanley.)

Shell conic-oblong, with an oblique outline, varying in
solidity according to the nature of the habitat, semitransparent,
and more or less glossy : sculpture, usually strong, prominent,
somewhat curved or flexuous longitudinal ribs, from 15 to 18
of which are on the penultimate whorl ; those on the last
whorl extend only halfway down, and almost disappear to-
wards the mouth; the upper three whorls are perfectly smooth ;
the rest of the surface is covered with numerous extremely
minute and delicate transverse or spiral striae, some of which
on the lower part of the body-whorl are raised and form slight
obsolete ridges ; these strise are never punctured or cancellated
as in B. violacea and R. costulata ; the labial rib is remarkably
thick, broad and white : co?oi*r whitish, with sometimes a tinge
of yellow or light-brown ; the mouth is occasionally of a violet
hue or edged with purplish-brown ; now and then specimens
occur which are light-horncolour and marked with reddish-
brown, occasionally zigzag, streaks or blotches; the apex of
dark-coloured specimens is pale-violet : spire rather"sliort, ter-
minating in a sharp point: zfTiorZsT, somewhat compressed ;
the last occupies about two-thirds of the spire ; this is exceed-
ingly large in proportion to the next, and considerably dilated :
suture rather shght : mouth oval, widely expanding outwards :
outer lip thin : inner lip very broad, reflected on the pillar and
over the base (in some cases to such an extent as to form an
umbihcal chink) ; the angle incident on the junction of the two
lips is a right one : pillar furnished near its base with a strong
tooth-like projection or fold : operculum homcolour, with a very
small spire, and strongly striated. L. 0-3. B. 0*125. L.= t^"""'

Var. 1. minor. Much smaller, and smooth.

Yar. 2. venusta. More solid, with a shorter spire and stronger ^^
ribs. JR. venusta, Philippi, Moll. Sic. ii. p. 124, t. xxiii, f. 4. -f^i

Yar. 3. data. Body light-grey, with small white specks, |r(.
mottled with brown in front : snout short and thick, bilobed at
the extremity: tentacles thread-shaped and slender, setose:
eyes on swellings of the tentacles at their outer base : foot
rounded and double-edged in front, with angular corners,
bluntly pointed behind ; sole of a paler hue than the rest of
the body, closely dappled with white, and having in the centre

32 LITTORINID.E.

a short internal process (analogous to the byssiferous stylet of
Mi/tilus?), which lies, in a slanting direction with the outer
point towards the tail : opercular lobe of the same colour as the
sole : appendage whitish and conspicuous. Shell thinner, with
jL^Jonger spire, often smaller, and usually ribless. B. elata,
Phii. I crt. xxiii': f. 3.

Habitat : Zostera and seaweeds, from low tide-mark
to a few fathoms, on nearly every part of our coasts ;
although it is rather local. The 1st variety occurs at
Tenby and in Dublin Bay, the 2nd was found at Poole
by Mr. Barlee, and the 3rd frequents estuaries and
brackish water. The typical form is fossil at Belfast
(Grainger) ; Bute (Smith) ; Uddevalla (Malm) ; post-
glacial beds in Norway, 50-150 feet (Sars) ; and Sicily
(Philippi, as R. ventricosa) . Its foreign range in a living
state extends from Norway, where it is very large (Loven
and others) , to Malaga (M^ Andrew), Dalmatia (Brusina),
Corfu (Hanley, as R. elata), Black Sea (Middendorff,
as R. oblonga and R, elata), Algeria (M '^Andrew and
Weinkauff ) , and Canary Isles (v.Mohrenstern), at depths
varying from low-water to 35 f. Philippics specimens
of his R. venusta were Venetian.

The animal occasionally floats, or suspends itself by a
viscous thread. The shell varies greatly in size, thick-
ness, and length of spire ; but it may always be known
from jR. violacea and jR. costulata by its wide mouth,
plain and scarcely perceptible transverse striae, and the
tooth or fold on the pillar.

The synonyms are inconveniently numerous. Some
of them are (either certainly or probably) Turbo ^status,
Pulteney, T. labiosits, Montagu, R. oblonga, R. ventri-
cosa, andi?. hyalina, Desmarets, R.grossa and R.fragilis,
Michaud, R. turricula and R. pulla. Brown, and R. Sou-
leyetiana, Recluz. R. cornea of Lov^n may be also a
local variety.

RISSOA. 33

N* 335 iQ^ B;. viola'cea"^, Desmarets. )?^ /->>/

B. violacea, Desm. in Bull. sc. soc. phil. Paris, p. 8, pi. i. f. 7. -Z?. rifji-
labrum, F. & H. iii. p. 106, pi. kxvii. f. 8, 9.

Body orange- white, striped in front with purplish-brown :
mantle not exhibiting any process: tentacles slender, setose,
marked lengthwise with an orange line : eyes conspicuous on
bulbs at the outer base of the tentacles: foot rounded and double-
edged in front ; sole constricted in the middle to such an ex-
tent that the front part of the foot appears to issue from the
hinder part, as if out of a sheath, and it is finely grooved
lengthwise towards the tail: appendage single, short, and
conical ; it proceeds from the hinder edge of that lobe of the
mantle which forms the operculum.

Shell conic-oval inclining to oblong, solid, nearly opaque,
rather glossy : sculpture, usually strong, prominent, and slightly
curved longitudinal ribs, about 15 of which are on the penul-
timate whorl, those on the last whorl being present only on the
under side; there are none on the upper whorls, which are
guite smooth ; near the mouth is a very large and broad labial
rib or callus ; the interstices of the ordinary ribs and the rib-
less part of the last whorl are covered with numerous rows of
fine transverse striae, which are regularly and closely punc-
tured : colour whitish, frequently tinged with yellow, reddish-
brown, violet, or purple ; some specimens are marked length-
wise by reddish-brown streaks, especially on the upper part ;
the tip is usually orange ; the outside edge of the labial rib is
mostly tawny, and the inside of the lip violet : spire short,
more or less abruptly tapering to a fine point : whorls 7, rather
tumid ; the last occupies nearly three-fifths of the spire, and
is somewhat compressed and dilated towards the mouth : suture
slight, overlapping the preceding whorl : mouth roundish- oval,
wide, and slightly expanding in every direction : outer lip thin :
inner Up broad, reflected on the pillar and towards the base :
operculum homcolour, thin, composed of three rapidly increas-
ing volutions, and marked with very fine and close flexuous
striae in the line of growth. L. 0'2. B. 0-1. L - Cen

Yar. 1. ecostata. Destitute of the ordinary ribs.

Var. 2. 'iMvi^era, Body yellowish and stained with dark-
purple on me upper side, whitish on the under side: mantle

* Violet-coloured.

c5

34 LlTTORINIDiE.

fringed with fine and short cilia, and furnished at the left hand
or upper comer with a long but slight filamental process : snout
comparatively large, bilobed: tentacles cylindrical, long and
slender, strawcolour with a yellowish-brown streak down the
middle of each, thinly clothed with fine and short hairs re-
sembling those on the border of the mantle : eyes on small off-
sets : foot divided into two parts ; the front part is transversely
oblong, and the hinder part is triangular, or shaped like a
spear-head, and ends in a blunt point ; the line of division is
margined by a purple border : appendage long. Shell thinner,
ribless, and horn colour, with a much shorter spire. R. porifera^
Toven, Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 24.

Habitat : Laminarian zone, in Guernsey, Hants,
Sussex, Dorset, and Devon; Barmouth (J. G. J.); Bantry
(Barlee) ; Connemara (Farran and others) ; Belfast
(Thompson and Hyndman) ; Lough Strangford, 7-20 f.
(Dickie) ; west coast of Scotland, and Shetland (Barlee
and J. G, J.). The 1st variety inhabits the last two
districts, and the 2nd the West Voe at the Whalsey
Skerries in east Shetland. ^' Subfossile,"^ Nice (Bisso) ;
post-glacial bed in Norway, 50 feet (Sars). Living
from Finmark to the Cattegat, in 1-40 f., as R. rufila-
brum and R. porifera ; north of France to Vigo, the
Mediterranean, Adriatic, and -^gean, in 7-25 f., as R.
violacea; Villafranca (Hanley), as R. rufilabrum.

The animal of the variety porifera twirls about rest-
lessly at intervals, using its foot as a pivot ; the male is
not half as large as the female. The shell of the ordinary
form varies extremely in size, as well as in the length
and sharpness of the spire. Mediterranean specimens
are more narrow and slender, and their colour is much
brighter, presenting the same analogy that exists between
southern and northern specimens of R. costulata. That
species differs from the present in having a longer
and more tapering spire, a smaller base and contracted

RISSOA. 35

moutli^ and in the striae being cancellated instead of
punctured.

This is probably the R. Guerinii of Recluz. The same
author also described it as R. lilacina, Delle Chiaje as
Turbo RissoanuSj Chiereghini as T> Mavors, Renier as
y. amethystinuSj and Potiez and Michaud as R, punctata,

N* 3*t 17. R. cosTULATA^, AMcr. yi- i ?^

R. costulata, Aid. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 324, pi. yiii. f. 8, 9 ; P.
k H. iii. p. 103, pi. Ixxvii. f. 4, 5.

Body yellowish, tinged with brown in front : snout rather
long, wrinkled, and cloven at its extremity : tentacles thread-
shaped, slender, retractile, finely setose, sulphur- coloured, with
a greenish Hne or vein down the middle of each : eyes on small
bulgings of the tentacles, at their outer bases : foot rounded in
front, divided across in the middle, so as to make the anterior
and posterior portions appear separate, bluntly pointed behind;
posterior half of the sole grooved lengthwise ; appendage white,
retractile.

Shell conic- oblong, somewhat spindle-shaped in consequence
of the apex being pointed and the base narrower than the
middle, rather solid, nearly opaque, more or less glossy ; sculp-
ture, itrongy prominent, and nearly straight longitudinal ribs,
10 of which are on the penultimate whorl, those on the last
whorl usually disappearing towards the mouth; there are none
on the upper three or four whorls, which are quite smooth ;
near the mouth is a rib, much larger and broader than any of
the rest; the ribs on each whorl are either continuous or
arranged alternately, so as to appear dovetailed; the spaces
between the ribs and the space near the mouth are covered
with fine and rather numerous transverse or spiral striae, the
interstices of which are delicately and closely cancellated, es-
pecially at the base of the shell: coZoi^r pale-yellowish or dirty
white, often tinged with Hlac, or streaked lengthwise with
reddish -brown, sometimes pure- white ; the ribs are mostly of
a Hghter hue or whitish, and are therefore conspicuous ; the
inside edge of the mouth is nearly always lilac or reddish-brown;
occasionally the whole surface, except the labial rib, is orna-
mented by longitudinal zigzag stre^^ of reddish-brown, and

* Slightly ribbed.

Uu^ <fa l*^»-«II-«i^ Mf^/X^ Si^^y^l^ -ri^A ; ^♦«-M>w . ^
OD •'^ LITTORINID^.

the ribs are encircled by a white line ; the tip in worn speci-
mens is frequently purplish : spire abruptly tapering to a fine
point: wTiorls 8, convex, the lower two being equal in breadth,
and the penultimate sometimes even slightly broader than the
last ; the upper whorls rapidly diminish in size ; and those
forming the point of the spire are disproportionately small
and flattened : sw^t^r*? rather deep : mouth roundish-oval, con-
tracted and incurved above, slightly expanding at the sides
and below: outer lip thin beyond the large rib or callus
which strengthens the mouth : inner lip considerably reflected
on the pillar and towards the base : operculum pale-horncolour,
of three rapidly increasing volutions, and finely striated. L. 0-2.
B. 0-075.

y

Habitat : Codium tomentosum and other small sea-
weeds at low-water, in the Channel Isles and on the
coasts of Dorset and Devon ; also at Ryde (Hanley) ;
AYorthing (Rich) ; Manorbeer in Pembrokeshire, and
Cork (J. G. J.) ; Scarborough (Bean) ; Lamlash (Lands-
borough). Probably the last locality, and certainly
Connemara (given by Forbes and Hanley on the late
Mr. Thompson's authority), appertains to R. violacea,
instead of to the present species. R. costulata inhabits
the northern and western coasts of France (Mace and
others), Gijon, Corunna, and Vigo (M*^ Andrew), and
both sides of the Mediterranean. Specimens from that
sea are smaller and more slender than those from the
North Atlantic. There are two sizes everywhere, appa-
rently representing a difference of sex.

I found a living specimen at Lulworth which had the
lower half broken off and a new mouth formed among
the ruins.

It is not R. costulata of Risso (which is R. costata,
Desmarets, and R. variabilis , v. Miihlfeld) , nor R. costu-
lata of S carles Wood, from the Coralline Crag. Leach
called the present species Persephona Goodallana and
P. rufilabris, judging from his description of the former.

^,^v v^ L^.-'-*!^^"^'^ "."vc g:. j><r.'itf-f . RissoA. 37

and from typical specimens of the latter in the British
Museum. It is also the R, subcostulata of v. Mohren-
stern. I regard R. similis of Scacchi as a small variety.

•^'.547 18. R. sTRiA'TA*,(Adams.> ^- ^^

Turbo striatus, Ad. in Tr. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 66, 1. 13. f. 25, 26. R. striata,
F. & H. iii. p. 94, pi. Ixxviii. f. 8, 9.

Body white, with a tinge of yellow : pallial filament nearly
hyaline, and pendent : snout rather long and narrow : tentacles
cylindrical, very finely and closely ciliated : eyes black, almost
sessile : foot narrow, truncated in front and shghtly auricled,
contracted in the middle, and tapering behind to a round point :
appendage short, white, and pointed.

Shell oblong, inclining to cylindrical, rather solid, nearly
opaque, and usually lustreless: sculpture, numerous thread-
Hke spiral striae, of which there are about 20 on the body- whorl ;
frequently the upper part of each of the three next whorls
(and occasionally also the body- whorl) has a few longitudinal
sUghtly flexuous ribs, that reach only about halfway down
and are crossed by the spiral striae ; the two uppermost whorls
are quite smooth and glossy : colour white or various shades of
yellow, with sometimes two indistinct but broad reddish-
brown bands round the middle of the last whorl, which do not
extend to the mouth: spire elongated, with a blunt point:
whorls 6, somewhat compressed, gradually enlarging, the last two
being nearly equal in breadth, and the largest occupying about

? three-fifths of the spire : suture very distinct and rather deep :
mouth proportionally small, having a somewhat flexuous out-
line : outer lip thin, mostly strengthened oiitside by a thick
rib : inner lip reflected, and forming with the other Hp a com-
pTete peristome : operculum transparent, and deUcately stri-

^ ated. L. 0-125. B. 0-05. L^^n,^.

Yar. arctica. Without longitudinal ribs or coloured bands.
R. arctica, Loven, Ind. MoU. Scand. p. 24.

Habitat : All our coasts, under stones and at the

base of seaweeds on the recess of spring tides ; living in

clusters. It inhabits also the laminarian and coralline

zones ; and I have dredged it in upwards of 80 fathoms.

* Striated.

. ua>«« *»'» v\^

'^ 38 ^^ LITTORINIDiE.

The variety is more peculiar to the north, although oc-
curring everywhere with the typical form. As an upper
tertiary fossil this variety has been noticed in Ireland
(Brown), Clyde beds (Crosskey), Fort William (Bed-
ford and J. G. J.), post-glacial deposits in Norway, 130
feet, and glacial shell-banks in Aremark, Norway,
280-460 feet (Sars), and Coralline Crag (S. Wood).
Its foreign range comprises Spitzbergen (Torell), Green-
land (MoUer), Sea of Okhotsk and coast of Russian
Lapland (MiddendorflF), Iceland (Steenstrup), and Scan-
dinavia (Loven and others), 0-50 f., where the ty-
pical form also occurs : this last ranges from Heligo-
land (Philippi) to Corunna and Vigo (M*^ Andrew), and
thence to the Gulf of Lyons (Martin) and the ^gean in
20 f. (Forbes) . M^Andrew found a dwarf variety at
Teneriffe. The variety arctica (under the specific name
aculeus, given to it by Professor Stimpson) inhabits the
northern sea-board of the United States.

This little creature is by no means shy or sluggish.
It probably feeds on decayed seaweeds. Females are
the better halves in point of size. Some specimens are
slender, some ventricose, some of thin texture and deli-
cately striated, others are distorted by being twisted on
one side in the most lackadaisical fashion. Those from
deep water are much smaller than littoral specimens.

Synonyms : — R. mmutissimaj Michaud, R. communis^
Forbes, R. gracilis, Macgillivray, R. decussata, Pyramis
y^ candidus, and P. discorSj Brown, and R. pedicularis,
Menke. The young is the Turbo semicostatus of Mon-
tagu and Odostomia Marionce of Macgillivray, and the
variety is the R. saxatilis of Moller. Philippi considered
a species which he described in the ' Zeitschrift fiir Ma-
lakozoologie ^ for 1849 as R. delicata (from the Red Sea)
to be a tropical variety of our R. striata.

RISSOA. 39

D. Spirally striated, or smooth ; outer lip plain.
N<: ^4^^ 19. R. PRox'iMA^.cAlder.) W(. G&.

R. proxima (Alder), F. & H. iii. p. 127, pi. Ixxv. f. 7, 8.

Body brilliant and almost clear white, dotted with minute
opaque-white flakes ; mantle even, and (as well as the next
species, B. vitrea) not exhibiting the usual filamental process :
snout somewhat cylindrical and extensile, quite smooth and
rounded at its extremity, where it forms a rose-like disk ; when
fully extended it is blotched at the sides and on the tip with
claret-red: tentacles rather short, flat, strong, tapering, and
minutely bulbous at the tips, each of which is clothed with
six comparatively long and fine needle-shaped hairs : eyes re-
markably large, black, and placed on minute and nearly
semicircular lateral excrescences at the outer bases of the ten-
tacles, which are so amalgamated with them as scarcely to
present any prominence : foot large, fleshy, grooved and slightly
labiated in front, with a deep notch or indentation, and ex-
panded into large, long, arched, and pointed auricles; it is
divided behind into two long distinct and diverging tails or
streamers : opercular lobe close to the point of such bifurcation,
and destitute of a caudal cirrus. (Clark.)

Shell closely resembling the next species {B. vitrea) in
shape and size ; but it is never lustrous ; and when examined
with even a low magnifying power, instead of being smooth
it is seen to be encircled by numerous distinct and rather spiral
striae; the colour is snow-white beneath a pale-yellowish
epidermis ; the spire tapers more gradually, and has a some-
what abruptly truncated apex ; the whorls are compact, and
not loosely coiled ; the inner lip is more closely attached to
the pillar ; and the operculum is white, formed of 4 or 5 volu-
tions, and marked with delicate strise in the line of growth.

Habitat : Exmouth, eight miles from shore, in 15 f.,
on a bottom of shells and mud (Clark) ; Torbay and
Plymouth, in 15-20 f., with R. vitrea (J. G. J.) ; Fal-
mouth (Barlee) ; Helford (Hockin) ; Cork, Bantry, and
Dublin (J. G. J. and others). Mr. Searles Wood has
lately found two specimens in the Coralline Crag at

* The nearest, i. e. to R, vitrea.

40 LITTORINID^.

Sutton. Its foreign known or supposed distribution is
southern and limited, as follows : — Gulf of Lyons (Mar-
tin); Spezzia (Doria and J. G. J.); Ajaccio (Requien);
Naples (Tiberi); Teneriffe (M' Andrew).

jR. proxima appears to be a rare as well as ^' critical ^'
species. Besides its afl&nity to R. vitrea, it is nearly
related to the variety arctica of R. striata. In the last-
named species, however, the texture and sculpture of
the shell are coarser, the spire is pomted and not trun-
cated, and the suture is less deep and not so oblique.
The present species may be distinguished from R. vitrea
by its being striated and never glossy. May one be the
male and the other the female of the same species ?

It is probably the i?. pupoides of Requien. I de-
scribed it about twenty years ago in the ^Annals of
Natural History ' as R, striatula, not remembering that
the name had been preengaged for a supposed Linnean
species. . . -^

^ - 1 ^ < 20. R. vi'TREA-^,(Montagu.) K» Ti\<\

Turbo vitreus, Mont. Test. Br. p. 321, t. 12. f. 3. E. vitrea, F. & H.
iii. p. 125, pi. Ixxv. f. 5, 6.

Body white, and appearing as if veined, with a frosty hue :
snout short, cloven at the extremity, fleshcolour: tentacles thread-
shaped, long and compressed, setose at the tips only, and ser-
rated at the outer bases: eyes conspicuous, placed on small
bulbs or eminences : foot double-edged in front and indented
so deeply as to form two distinct broad lobes, rounded behind :
no appendage observable.

Shell nearly cylindrical, thin, semitransparent, and of a
glassy lustre : sculpture none, examined with a hand-lens ;
but under the microscope or even a Coddington lens the sur-
face exhibits extremely fine regular and close-set spiral striae :
colour of live or fresh specimens pale yellowish-white, which
soon becomes bleached by exposure to the air : spire elongated
and slender, ending rather abruptly in an obtuse point : whorls

* Glassy.

RISSOA. 41

6, convex, loosely and obliquely coiled, the last three being
nearly equal in breadth, and the first minute ; the body-whorl
occupies nearly two-thirds of the spire : suture remarkably
deep : mouth exactly oval, small^ and slightly expanding : outer
lip thin, contracted, and incurved above : inner lip somewhat
reflected, and more or less detached from the pillar : operculum
few-whorled, light-horncolour, with the spire placed excen-
tricaUy. L. 0-135. B. 0-05.

Habitat : Mud in the coralline zone, Dorset, Devon,
Cornwall, Bristol and English Channels ; Northumber-
land coast (Alder) ; south and west of Ireland and Dub-
lin Bay; Dunbar (Bingham, ^c?e Brown); Moray Firth
(Macgillivray and Macdonald) ; west coast of Scotland
(Barlee and J. G. J.) ; Orkneys (Thomas) ; and Bressay
in Shetland (Fleming) . It is local and somewhat rare.
Fossil in the Coralline Crag at Sutton (Wood). Pro-
fessor Sars has dredged it of a very large size off Floroen
in Finmark; Malm obtained forty-five specimens, of
which several were living, in 20-30 f. on the Bohuslan
coast ; La Hogue Bay near Cherbourg (Mace) ; Vigo
(M ^Andrew) ; Gulf of Lyons, in the stomach of As-
tropecten irregularis, with R. proxima (Martin) ; Spezzia
(J.G. J.).

Very active, and suspends itself by a single byssal
thread, keeping the mouth of the shell closed by the
operculum.

Captain Brown made of this species three, which
he called vitrea, crystallina, and virginea. A shell kindly
given me by M. Nyst, from the Belgian tertiaries, as
R. vitrea, is twice as large as our shell ; it has an angu-
lated periphery, a shallower and straight suture, fewer
though more conspicuous spiral striae, and an acute-
angled outer lip, the inner lip being closely attached
throughout to the pillar.

43 LITTORINID^.

^^^^ 21. R. PULCHER'RiMA-^,(,Jeffreys.) tV^i^6

i?. pulcherrima, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 2. ii. p. 351 ; F. & H.
iii. p. 129, pi. Ixxv. f. 1, 2.

Body whitish, with yellow specks : snout convex, projecting
beyond the foot, and bilobed at the extremity : tentacles rather
short, thicldy and exquisitely setose, with rounded tips : eyes
large: foot slender, rounded in front, divided across in the
middle by a fine line (as in many other species of Bissod), and
Ijluntly pointed behind ; sole slightly grooved down the middle
on its posterior half: opercular lobe margined on each side
with dark purplish-brown : appendage very long and pointed.

Shell conical with a broad and dilated base, thin, semi-
transparent, and glossy : sculpture none : colour whitish, pret-
tily variegated by 4 rows of reddish-brown spots on the body-
whorl, the spots in the upper two and lower two rows (or in
the upper two only) being sometimes confluent and forming
short longitudinal streaks ; the penultimate whorl has 2 or 3
rows, and the next 1 row : spire short, ending in a remark-
ably obtuse and mammiform point : whorls 4, ventricose ; the
last equals three-fourths of the spire, and expands considerably
towards the mouth : suture very deep : mouth nearly round :
outer Up thin : inner lip reflected on the pillar, behind which
is a small but distinct perforation : operculum thin, impressed
with a few strong diverging lines ; the nucleus of the spire is
rather more central than in any of the preceding species, and
resembles that of a Littorina. L. 0*075. B. 0*05.

Habitat : Among small seaweeds and on Zostera at
low-water in all the Channel Isles; not imcommon.
Some years ago, at Exmonth, after washing a quantity
of Corallina officinalis which I had collected on that
coast, I found two or three specimens of R. pulcherrima,
and I was at first delighted at having discovered a new
habitat; but I have since recollected that Mr. Barlee
lent me for the examination sieves which he had last
used in Guernsey. Such trifling accidents may cause
great confusion in our ideas of geographical distribution.
I have taken this pretty shell at Sestri di Levante ; and

* Very beautiful.

RISSOA. 43

I observed it in the collections of MM. Susini from
Corsica and of M. Mace at Cannes.

It is exceedingly agile both in creeping and swimming,
and spins a delicate thread of attachment. Mr. Clark
states that this species ^' is a dwarf, nearly ribless R.
inconspicua/' The latter, however, has a much narrower
base, the spire is more tapering and sharp-pointed, and
the outer lip is furnished with a rib ; and the shell is
never so thin in proportion to its size, and is invariably
sculptured. I have carefully compared the young and
adult of each species, in order to satisfy myself as to their
distinctness. Truncatella fusca of Philippi is allied to
the present species.

^* 351 22. R. ful'gida^, [Adams. K ^^

Helix fulgidus, Ad. in Tr. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 254? B. fulgida, R & H.
iii. p. 128, pi. Ixxxi. f. 1, 2.

Body whitish, with more or less of a yellow hue, and micro-
scopically suffused with flake-white points : mantle not exhi-
biting any filament : snout short, bifid at the point : tentacles
cyhndrical but somewhat compressed, rather short, sparingly
and minutely setose : eyes large in proportion, on small pro-
tuberances of the tentacles, at their outer bases : foot flexible,
usually rounded in fcont and bluntly pointed behind; sole
grooved lengthwise down the middle on the posterior half.
Neither Mr. Clark nor myself could detect any distinct oper-
cular cirrus or appendage — although he says, " in some speci-
mens I have fancied I saw a very short blunt one."

Shell conic-oval, inclining to globular, rather thin, semi-
transparent, and glossy : sculpture none, even under the micro-
scope : colour pale yellow or creamy, with two reddish-brown
bands on the body-whorl, one narrower just below the suture,
and the other broader below the periphery; there is also a streak
of the latter colour on the base ; the penultimate whorl is mostly
reddish-brown: spire very short: whorls 4, tumid; the last equals
three-fourths of the spire, and is somewhat expanded towards
the mouth : suture deep : mouth nearly round : outer lip thin :

* Shining.

44 LITTORINID^.

inner lip having sometimes a pink tinge, thickened and slightly
reflected at the base, behind which is a small chink : operculum.
ear-shaped, depressed in the centre, withTa minute and nearly
excen trie spire. L. 0-035. B. 0-025. L^t^t-^'^.

Yar. pallida. Strawcolour, without the upper, and sometimes
without either band, occasionally having merely a pink or
reddish-brown streak on the base.

Habitat : Abundant in the lower part of the littoral
zone^ among Zostera marina and small seaweeds^ in the
Channel Isles, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, and the south
and west of Ireland. I have also found it sparingly in
Langland Bay near Swansea, and Lough Larne near
Belfast. Mr. Lyons noticed it at Tenby, and Mr. Nor-
man in the Clyde district. The variety occurred to me
feeding on Zostera at Lulworth. R. fulgida is fossil in
Calabria (Philippi). It inhabits the Atlantic and
Mediterranean coasts of France, as well as Corsica,
Piedmont, Sicily, Dalmatia, and Candia.

This mite of a shell is not half the size of the next
species {R. soluta) , from which it differs in colour, want
of sculpture, shorter spire, having the last whorl more
expanded, and a less distinct umbilical cleft. It is often
encrusted with Melobesia polymorpha. Mr. Clark^s first
impression, adopted by Forbes and Hanley, that the
operculum is not spiral, was properly corrected by him
in his own work. He says that the animal does not
walk straight; that it " often jerks or screws the shell
a quarter of a round, and carries it almost perpendi-
cularly j " and that " on the march the eyes are always
under the shell, as are usually the muzzle and foot, the
ends of the tentacula only being visible.' ' I frequently
observed it spinning a fine transparent slimy thread, and
thus hanging suspended to a bit of seaweed or to the
surface of the water. It also swims freely, like its con-
geners.

RISSOA. 45

It is the R.pygmaa of Michaud^ and probably R. /as-
ciata of Requien.

K?352. 23. R. solu'ta-^, riiilippi. K ^^^

i?. soluta, Phil. Moll. Sic. ii. p. 130, t. xxiii. f. 18 ; F. & H. iii. p. 131,
pi. kxv. f. 3, 4.

Body pale-yellowish-white, minutely speckled with flaky
points : mantle lining the mouth of the shell : filament con-
spicuous: snout short, having a pink or dull-reddish-brown
tinge above, and a patch of bright sulphur- yellow on each side
below : tentacles cylindrical but somewhat compressed, slender,
thickly covered with fine and rather long cilia : eyes scarcely
raised, usually seen within the shell : foot long and narrow,
labiated in front and slightly auricled at the corners, bluntly
pointed behind : appe^idage very long and distinct, flattish at
the base, and tapering to a fine point.

Shell conic-oval, with a tendency to globoseness, solid for
its size, semitransparent, and rather glossy: sculpture, extremely
fine and somewhat numerous spiral striae, which are not per-
ceptible except by a very strong magnifier or (in some speci-
mens) under a microscope: colour uniform buffer pale-yellowish:
s^plre very short, with a blunt point : whorls o, convex, the last
equalling two-thirds of the spire : suture deep : mouth more
round than oval : outer Up rather thick : inner lip reflected at
the base, behind which is a small umbilical chink : operculum
ear-shaped, marked with a few diverging lines of growth.
L. 0-05. B. 0-035. l - -2-*^^ ■

Var. AMen. Larger and thinner, with a more produced
and pointed spire. E. AMeri, Jeffi*. in Ann. and Mag. N. H.
.ser. 3. iii. p. 127, pi. v. f. 5 a-c.

Habitat : Coralline zone in Shetland, the Hebrides,
and Guernsey ; also in Dunnet Bay, Pentland Firth, and
Moray Firth (Gordon), Aberdeenshire coast (Dawson),
Clyde district (Webster and others) , Belfast Bay (Hynd-
man and J. G. J.), Dublin Bay (Kinahan), Cork (J. G.
J.),Bantry Bay (Beevor), Arran Isle, co. Galway (Bar-
lee) , west coast of Ireland (Iloskyns) , Fowey and Kings-
bridge (Barlee), Helford (Hockin), Exmouth (Clark),

* Loose (referring to the conrolutions of the spire).

46 LITTORINIDiE.

and Plymouth (J. G. J.) . The variety occurred to me
in the laminarian zone at Skye, and the Whalsey Skerries
in the east of Shetland. Fossil in the post-glacial beds
of Norway from the present level of the sea to 100 feet
above it (Sars). This author has also noticed it living
on the Norwegian coasts as far north as Oxfjord in
Finmark ; I found it at Etretat in Normandy, Martin
in the Gulf of Lyons, Mace at Antibes, and Philippi at
Sorrento and Palermo. Although local, it is not un-
common.

It is an active and restless little creature. I observed
in this and other species oiRissoa an upward and down-
ward current or movement on the surface of each ten-
tacle, apparently caused by the action of the cilia.

Having carefully compared British and Mediterranean
specimens, I still believe that Philippics description and
figure of R. soluta fairly represent our shell. It varies
considerably in the length and compactness of the spire,
as well as in the degree of sculpture. Indeed the
strise cannot be detected in most specimens unless by
means of a high magnifying-power, which possibly
Philippi was not in the habit of using. He especially
mentioned the umbilical fissure that characterizes the
present shell. S carles Wood proposed to call our species
intersect a, in case its identification with Philippics species
should prove to be erroneous; Bean gave it the MS.
name of minutissima, and Martin that of globosa. The
last two names I have seen in collections.

f ^^ 24. R. sEMisTRiA'TA'^,(^ontagu) NJ*. wr3

Turbo semistriafus, Mont, Test. Br. Suppl. p. 136. B. semistriata, F. &
H. iii. p. 117, pi. Ixxx. f. 4, 7.

Body pale-yellowish-white : pallial filament short : snout
* Half-striated.

RISSOA. 47

not so long as in many other species, grooved in the centre above,
and deeply cloven at the extremity : tentacles cylindrical but
somewhat compressed, rather long, and covered with close-set
cilia : eyes on scarcely raised tubercles : foot squarish in front,
with sHghtly angular corners, and tapering behind to a blunt
point : appendage tricuspid and short, placed over the tail but
never projecting beyond it.

Shell conic -oval, rather solid, semitransparent, and some-
what glossy : sculpture, on the body- whorl below the suture
about half a dozen slight spiral striae, of which the upper two
close to the suture are much stronger than the rest, and about
a dozen similar and distinct striae below the periphery, the
intermediate space being faintly also striated or frequently
quite smooth ; the other whorls exhibit the subsutural striae
only : colour pale yellowish-white, with a row of reddish-brown
short and broad longitudinal streaks or blotches on the upper
part of each whorl, and a second row of smaller and narrower
streaks on the lower part, which last are often interrupted or
broken ; the other whorls are seldom marked in this way :
spire rather short but pointed, with a blunt tip : whorls 6,
rounded but not convex, the last occupying nearly two-thirds
of the spire: suture slight, encircled by the uppermost and
strongest stria of each whorl: mouth open, though not expanded:
outer lip sharp : inner Up reflected on the pillar and base,
united above with the outer lip : operculum yellowish, and thin,
sHghtly striated. L. 0-01. B. 0-065. ,

Yar. pur a. White and spotless.

Habitat : Littoral and laminarian zones, in England^
Wales, Ireland, and Scotland as far north as the outer
Hebrides (J. G. J.), Aberdeenshire (Dawson), Moray
Firth (Gordon), and Shetland (Barlee). The variety is
equally diffused, hut more common in Guernsey than
elsewhere. Lilljeborg found this species in Norway,
and it occurs in the Cattegat ; but southwards it becomes
more frequent, both on the eastern coasts of the North
Atlantic and in the Mediterranean; Adriatic (von
Schrockinger) ; Algeria (Weinkauff) .

This pretty little moUusk, which Clark called "a
bashaw with three tails,^^ congregates in family groups

48 LITTORINIDiE.

on the under surfaces of stones laid bare at low water
of spring tides. It swims, like its congeners, with the
sole of the foot uppermost.

It is possibly the Turbo scriptus of Adams, and un-
questionably R. pulchra of Johnston, R. tristriata of
Thompson, and R. subsulcata of Philippi. R, semistriata
of the last named author, from the Red Sea, appears to
be different from our species. - .

^M 25. R. ciNGiL Lus ^, Montagu, ^^f^?4•

Turbo cingillus, Mont. Test. Br. p. 328, t. 12. f. 7. R. cingillm, F. & H.
iii. p. ] 22, pi. Ixxix. f. 9, 10, and (animal) pi. J J. f. 4.

Body pale -yellowish -white or milk-white; snout semi-
transparent : tentacles long, nearly cylindrical, flexible, with
somewhat bulbous tips : eyes black and conspicuous, sometimes
on whitish tubercles : foot narrow, but proportionally short,
squarish in front and bluntly pointed behind ; caudal cirrus
not observed.

Shell conic-oblong, rather solid, semitransparent, and
somewhat glossy : sculpture, on the body-whorl from 12 to 20
slight spiral ridges, which are sharp and distinct below the
periphery, but more or less obsolete above it ; these ridges are
scarcely perceptible on the other whorls ; they are crossed by
numerous fine striae in the line of growth, causing an imperfect
decussation ; the last whorl is slightly angulated : colour buff
or yellowish-white, with two chocolate or reddish-brown bands
on the last whorl, and one on each of the upper whorls, besides
part of a second band above the suture ; there is also a third,
shorter band or streak at the base ; and occasionally, when the
bands are narrow, a fourth may be seen between the lower
band and the basal streak : spire long and gradually tapering,
with a blunt tip : whorls 6-7, flattened, the last occupying
about two-fifths of the spire : suture distinct and shghtly
channelled : mo^ith rather small : outer lip sharp : inner Up
forming a glaze on the pillar, and united with the upper lip at
the outer angle : operculum horncolour, marked with diverging
lines of growth. L. 0-175. B. 0085. l^jit^mny.

Var. rupestris. Ureamcolour or milk-white, and bandless.
R. rupestrisj Forbes in Ann. N. H. v. p. 107, pi. 2. f. 13.

* For cinff ilium, a small girdle.

RISSOA. 49

Habitat : Gregarious, between tide-marks, on nearly
every part of our shores. The variety is equally diffused,
but nowhere so common as at Weymouth and Lulworth.
The only locality recorded for this species as fossil is
Ireland, on the authority of Cap t. Brown. Its foreign
range probably extends from Iceland (Zoega, fide Linne) ,
along the Scandinavian coast from Bergen, southwards
to the ^gean (Forbes) . It has been found in several
parts of France, Spain, and the north of Italy.

It appears to subsist on decayed seaweeds. Every
shade and gradation, as regards the colour and bands,
may be observed j and I have a slightly turreted distor-
tion.

Linnets description (in the 1 2th volume of his ' Sys-
tema Naturae ^) of Helix pella may suit this species ; and
there is no doubt that it is the Turbo trifasciatus of
Adams, and T. vittatus of Donovan. Although all these
names have precedence of that given by Montagu, I
must retain his as now universally accepted. Custom
wills that, in science as well as in literature, names and
words in general use should be preferred to those which
are obsolete, although the latter may have the claim of
priority ; nor will the feeble cry of justice to the memory
of the author be listened to while the loud and imperious
demand of public convenience is ringing in our ears.
Michaud called this species R. cingilus, and Macgillivray
R. cingillata. A variety of a paler hue is Turton^s
Turbo graphicus ; and the variety rupestris is R. fallax
of Brown.

The ^' spurious " or un-English species of Rissoa are
as follows : —

1. R. auriscalpium [Turbo, L.) = J', marginatus, Mont,
= T. arcuatus, Dillw. == R. acuta, Desm. = R. acicula,
Risso = Zippora Drummondii and Z. J)rummondiana,

VOL. IV. n

50 LITTORINIDiE.

Leach : said to have been found at Dunbar by Laskey
— an authority not to be relied on, seeing that Tellina
carnaria, Amphidesma nitens, Siliquaria bidens, and
several other exotic shells are enumerated by him from
that locality; Dunbar also (Bingham, fide Brown) ;
Cork (Leach) . It is a common Mediterranean shell.

2. R.disjunda [T. disjunctus, M.oni.). West-Indian.

3. R. Montagui, Payr. = R. Binghami, Brown : St.
Ferguses Bay, Peterhead (Bingham, ^</e Brown) . Medi-
terranean and Adriatic.

4. R. glabrata, v. Miihlf. = R. punctulum, Phil. = R. ni-
tida, Brusina : Shetland and Skye (J. G. J., in conse-
quence of sifting shell- sand through sieves which were
not properly cleaned after I had used them on the Pied-
montese coast) . Mediterranean and Adriatic.

5. R. cimex {Turbo, L.) = T. calathiscus, Mont. =
Alvania Europea, A. mamillata, and A. Fremingvilleaj
Risso=i?. cancellata, Desm.=i?. granulata, Phil. : Isle
of Jura (Laskey) ; Cumbrae (J. Smith) . Mediterra-
nean and Adriatic.

In the same category may be placed several species of
Rissoma, a genus instituted by D^Orbigny to receive
certain shells allied to Rissoa, which have the lower part
of the mouth slightly channelled, and the operculum
furnished underneath with a process like that of Neri-
Una. There is no British species of Rissoina. Those
erroneously recorded as such are : —

1. Rissoina Bruguieri, Payr.: Scarborough (Bean).
Loire-Inferieure (Cailliaud) ; north coast of Spain
(M^Andrew); Adriatic (Heller); Mediterranean (Pay-
raudeau and others) ; ^gean (Spratt) .

2. Rissoina Bryerea {Turbo Bryereus, Mont.) = T.
co5/a^2/5, Don.: Margate (Donovan); Weymouth (Bryer);
Dunbar (Laskey) ; Cornwall, Portmarnock, and Firth of

HYDROBIA. 51

Forth (Brown) ; Peterhead (Crombie, fide Macgillivray) .
West Indian.

3. Rissoina decussata (Turbo decussatus, Mont.) =R.
pyramidella, Brown : Weymoiith (Bryer) ; Portobello
Sands (Laskey) ; Dunbar (Brown). West-Indian.

4. Rissoina conifer a {Turbo coniferus, Mont.): Wey-
mouth (Bryer) ; north of France (De Gerville) . West-
Indian.

5. Rissoina denticulata [Turbo denticulatus, Mont.) :
Weymouth (Bryer) ; Cornwall and Dunbar (Brown) ;
Herm (Lukis). West-Indian.

The following are irrecognizable : — I. Rissoa sulcata,
Brown: Dunbar (Bingham). Apparently a Rissoina.
2. Rissoa Candida, Brown : " Belton Sands near Dun-
bar.'' Perhaps the same species as the last. 3. Rissoa
lactea, Brown (not of Michaud) : " Dunbar.^^ Another
Rissoina, probably R. Chesnelii of Michaud^ a native of
the West Indies and Mauritius.

Genus IV. HYDROBIA.

(See vol. i. p. 63.)

I would remind my readers that the chief characters
by which the present genus is distinguishable from Rissoa
(to which it is closely allied) consist in the foot of Hy-
drobia wanting the opercular appendage or caudal fila-
ment, and in Rissoa being truly marine, while this lives
in estuaries and brackish water only. In the latter
respect both genera may be regarded as the creatures of
habitat. Their shells are equally small.

When I placed Hy drobia in the PaludinidcBj I had not
sufficiently considered its systematic relations. I now
withdraw it from that family. The description of the
operculum (vol. i. p. 55) must be amended by omitting
the words '^ or paucispiral."

d2

52 LITTOllINIDiE..

H^V Hydrobia ulv^^, Pennant. N«3^q

Turbo ulv(B, Penn. Br. Zool. iv. p. 132, t. Ixxxvi. f. 120. Hissoa ulva, F.
& H. iii. p. 141, pi. Ixxxi. f. 4, 5, 8, 9, pi. Ixxxvii. f. 2, 8, and (animal)
pi. JJ. f. 8.

Body light- slatecolour, dark-grey, or sootcolour, with more
or less of a purple tinge, speckled with yellow, and having
occasionally a few markings of purple-brown on the upper
part : pallial process thread-shaped, short, and cihated : snout
nearly cylindrical, prominent, and extensile, cloven at the ex-
tremity, edged in front by a purplish-brown line, and having
two yellow spots in the middle : tentacles thread-shaped but
somewhat compressed, long, slender, and diverging, irregularly
speclded with yellow, marked across a little below the tips by
a bar or ring of purplish -brown, and edged with the same
colour ; they are covered with fine and short, but not con-
spicuous, vibratile cilia, and often (especially the left-hand ten-
tacle) scalloped or serrated at the sides, like the weapon of a
sword-fish, apparently in consequence of voluntary contraction ;
tips rounded: eyes on small protuberances: foot lanceolate,
squarish and double-edged in front with short salient cor-
ners, narrower in the middle, and rounded behind ; it is mar-
gined with a narrow purplish-brown line ; sole light-grey, with
yellow specks : opercular lobe large and expanding on each
side, darkpurplish -brown ; it has no filament, process, or ap-
pendage of any kind.

Shell oblong, rather solid, opaque, and of a dullish hue :
sculpture, under a hand-lens exhibiting occasionally a few slight
spiral lines on the last whorl ; with a higher microscopic power
may be detected on all the whorls extremely fine, close-set and
numerous concentric wavy striae ; there are also the usual lon-
gitudinal lines of growth; the body-whorl is more or less
distinctly keeled in the middle : colour yellowish or reddish-
brown of various shades passing into horncolour : epidermis
very thin, and mostly obscure : spire rather long and tapering,
with a blunt tip : whorls 7-8, compressed, the last occupying
about one-half of the spire viewed in a supine position : suture
well-defined although not deep: mouth oval, narrowly an-
gulated above, and eff'use or spread out below, where it is
also somewhat angular: outer lip thin and plain: inner lip
white, reflected on the pillar and over the base of the shell,
behind which it forms a small cleft or umbilical chink; the

* Inhabiting Ulva lactuca.

HYDROBIA. aS

lips are continuous and make a complete peristome : operculum
horny and thin, marked with flexuous and rather strong lines
of growth, and having a small lateral spire of three whorls.
L. 0-25. B. 0-125.

Var. 1. alhida. Of a whitish colour.

Yar. 2. Barleei. Smaller and spindle-shaped, the last whorl
being contracted at the base, and the mouth much smaller
than usual. Rissoa Barleei, Jeifr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xix.
p. 310.

Var. 3. octona. Smaller, thin, glossy, and horncolour, with
the whorls more slowly increasing and divided by a deeper
suture. Helix octona, Linn. S. N. p. 1248.

Habitat : All our tidal rivers, inlets, and bays ; cover-
ing mud-flats and oozy sands in countless profusion.
Var. 1 is occasionally found. Var. 2. Hebrides (Barlee
and J. Gr. J.) ; the typical form occurs in Loch Carron
and at Stornoway. This variety is littoral — although
the specimens (dead ones) which I described as Rissoa
Barleei were dredged in deep water, having accidentally
got there. Lindstrom noticed the same variety on the
eastern shores of the Baltic. Var. 3. In a large pool
of brackish water, called Arnold's Pond, near Grand
Havre Bay, Guernsey. This last variety inhabits the
southern shores of the Baltic; and M. Tasle sent me
specimens from Brittany. It may be a distinct species ;
but we do not know the eflPect of local conditions and
consequent change of food on the shape of animals.
H. ulvce is fossil in a post-tertiary deposit at Belfast
(Grainger) , Clyde beds (Smith and Crosskey) , Norwich
Crag (Woodward), Red and Coralline Crag (S. Wood),
Uddevalla (J. G. J.), Norway, in post-glacial beds (with
the variety Barleei) , from the present level of the sea to
130 feet above it (Sars). Its foreign range extends
from Finmark to Spain and throughout the Mediter-
ranean j and Dr. Philip Carpenter has recorded it as a

54 LITTORINIDiE.

native of the Gulf of California, An allied species
(Turbo minutus, Totten) appears to be its representative
on the east coast of North America ; this has a smaller
and more oval sheU, with convex whorls.

" In summer it is the chief food of the grey muUet ;
in winter various sea-birds feed upon it " (Hyndman) .
Its own subsistence is derived from Enteromorphcej Con-
fervcSj and other delicate seaweeds; and I can testify
that it can fast a long while, having kept live specimens
for many days in a vessel which contained nothing but
water, without observing any diminution of their viva-
city. Males are very much smaller than females (from
which my description has been taken), and their shells
have no keel. The former sex is probably the Turbo
subumbilicatm of Montagu. The hollow space between
the two edges in front of the foot is lined with vibratile
cilia, by the action of which a fluctuating motion is pro-
duced when the animal is crawling, and a tremulous one
when it is at rest. The faeces are elliptic. Occasionally
the surface of the shell is eroded and pitted, so as to ex-
pose the innermost layers ; or the top whorls are trun-
cated. In the latter case a rude semispiral partition is
formed by the upper fold of the mantle, as in Truncatella
truncatula. 'I'he spire is now and then seen to be un-
naturally lengthened, evidently owing to some accident
in early growth, when a fresh start had to be made. The
shell is extremely variable in size and comparative con-
vexity. My largest specimen (from Southampton) is
upwards of four lines long.

It is the Bulimus anatinus of Poiret, and Turbo muri-
aticus of Beudant, generically changed by Draparnaud
and Lamarck to Cyclostoma and Paludina. Orsted de-
scribed it as Paludinella vulgaris. I regard also the
Paludina balthica of Nilsson and P. minuta of Requieii

HETEROPHROSYNIDiE. 55

as local varieties. The Rissoa rubra of Macgillivray is
certainly the present species, and not Barleeia rubra as
he supposed.

Family X. HE'TEROPHROSY'NIDiE, Clark.

Body spiral : mantle plain-edged : head snout-shaped : ten-
tacles cylindrical and short, with rounded tips : eyes sessile, or
nearly so : foot double-edged in front ; hinder part of the sole
slightly grooved down the middle.

Shell small, conical, and spiral : operculum not spiral but
increasing by concentric layers, with the nucleus on the inner
side, next to the pillar ; that side is strengthened by a rib, and
furnished underneath with a spike -like process or plate, which
projects from the nucleus.

As the name imports, these mollusks are abnormal,
allied to the Littorinidcej and distinguishable from that
family not much more than the Turbinid<B are from the
Trochidce'^. The operculum is very peculiar. It has
an excentric nucleus, like that of Buccinurrij and an in-
ternal process analogous to that of Neritina.

Although the appellation given by Mr. Clark is a
long one, it must in justice and on other grounds be
preferred to either of those subsequently proposed by
Dr. Gray, viz. Rissoellidce and Barleeiadce. In the sys-
tem of the latter author these families are separated
by Cuaplida and several others.

The Heterophrosynid(£ are not restricted to the At-
lantic Ocean : Dr. P. Carpenter has described some from
the Pacific. They inhabit the laminarian zone, and ap-
pear to be gregarious.

* See vol. iii. p. 337.

56 HETEROPHROSYNIDiE.

Genus I. BARLEE'IA*, Clark. PL I. f. 2.

Body stout : snout gibbous : eyes placed on small bulgings
outside the tentacles, at their bases.

Shell solid and smooth : mouth oval, angulated above and
below : operculum sohd, ear-shaped, and gibbous, having the
nucleus at the lower end of the inner side.

Differing from Rissoa not only in the structure of the
operculum, but also in the mantle and opercular lobe
of the animal in the present genus being destitute of
filaments. i<fet)

J)l.U. Barleeia RUBRA t,(Montagu] W*J5^

Turbo ruber, Mont. Test. Br. p. 320. Bissoa rubra, F. & H. iii. p. 120,
pi. Ixxviii. f. 4, 5.

Body yellowish- white, often transversely brindled with
smokecoloured lines : snout projecting beyond the foot, cloven
in front, fleshcolour or pink on the upper part : tentacles club-
shaped, sparingly setose in some specimens and smooth in
others, marked internally down the middle by a brownish
line, or speckled with yellow : eyes rather large and black,
scarcely raised, sometimes encircled by a bright sulphurco-
loured line : foot lanceolate, short, rounded in front and behind ;
tail very slightly bifurcated : ojpercular lobe dark-purplish-
brown.

Shell forming a short cone, remarkably strong, semitrans-
parent, and glossy: sculpture, apparently none, but under a
good magnifier consisting of a few indistinct spiral striae : colour
dark-red, claret, yellowish-brown, or tawny: spire bluntly
pointed : whorls 5|, compressed, gradually enlarging ; the last
occupies three-fifths of the spire : suture slight, having fre-
(|uently a dark band below it on each whorl, caused by the
double layer of shell in that part : mouth rather small : outer
lip slightly incurved at the upper angle, thickened in full-
grown specimens, and spread out at the base : inner lip re-
flected on the pillar, and united with the outer lip, but not
so as to form a distinct peristome : operculum dark-crimson,

• Named in honour of the late George Barlee, Esq., a zealous and in-
defatigable conchologist.
t Red.

BARLEEIA. 57

composed of 5 or 6 irregularly concentric portions, the marks
of division or growth being obscure ; columellar side grooved
near the margin, and having a corresponding rib under-
neath. L. 0-125. B. 0-6.

Yar. 1. umfasciata. Creamcolour or whitish, with a broad
band of reddish -brown encircling each whorl, sometimes "di-
vided into two narrower zones. Turbo unifasciatus, Mont.
Test. Br. p. 320 ; F. & H. pi. Ixxx. f. 3.

Yar. 2. pallida. White, with a faint tinge of blush colour.

Habitat : Seaweeds at low water in the Channel
Isles^ and on many parts of the coasts of Dorset^ Devon,
and Cornwall; Cork (Wright and J. G. J.); Bantry
(Barlee and Norman); Connemara (Barlee and Alcock);
Bundoran, co. Donegal (J. G. J.). The following re-
quire confirmation : — Southampton (Montagu) ; Tenby
(Lyons); Whitley^ Northumberland (Fryer); Dublin
Bay (Turton) ; Lamlash Bay, Bute (Landsborough) ;
Dunbar (Laskey) ; Aberdeenshire (Macgillivray) . Both
varieties occur with specimens of the usual colour. The
foreign localities are Cherbourg and adjacent coast
(Mace); Rochelle (D^Orbigny pere and J. G. J.) ; Biar-
ritz (v. Martens, ^^eTroschel); Gulf of Lyons (Michaud
and Martin) ; Nice (Verany) ; Spezzia (J. G. J.) ; Corsica
(Michaud, D^Orbigny pere, and Requien) ; Dalmatia
(Brusina) ; Sicily (Philippi) ; and Teneriffe (M^Andrew) .

B. rubra is tolerably active. It occasionally secretes
a slight mucous filament, by which it suspends itself
from a seaweed or the surface of the water ; and it also
floats, with the foot uppermost, like \\iQRissoce. The faecal
pellets are oval and whitish. The male is smaller than
the female. I unfortunately misled the authors of the
^British MoUusca^ by communicating the description
which they published as that of the animal of the va-
rity unifasciata ; it was taken from Hydrobia ulvce (as
Mr. Clark suspected) . The living shell of the present

d5

58 HETEROPHROSYNIDiE.

species is frequently encrusted by the common Melo-
besia or nullipore in its earlier stage of growth. The
dark-crimson colour of the operculum offers a remark-
able contrast to the white shell of the 2nd variety. In
professor TroscheFs ^ Gebiss der Schnecken ' (vol. i. t. x.
f. 8) the lingual riband is represented as nearly similar
to that of Rissoa parva.

Turbo ruber of Adams (from the Pembrokeshire coast)
appears to have been derived from a reddish specimen
of Rissoa parva, var. interrupta. Our shell is R. fulva
of Michaud^ and Sabancea Binghamiana of Leach.

Genus II. JEFFREY'SIA*, Alder. PI. I. f. 3.

Body slender : snout cloven so deeply that in some species
the lobes thus formed resemble a second pair of tentacles :
eyes placed behind the tentacles, on their inner side, either on
small bulgings or sessile.

Shell thin, smooth, and glossy: mouth oval or roundish-
oval, with a complete peristome : operculum rather thin, having
the nucleus on the middle of the inner side, and a short rib
on the under side, which proceeds from the nucleus in the di-
rection of the outer margin.

The above characters show a greater departure from
Rissoa than those of the last genus. According to Mr.
Alder the lingual armature of Jeffreysia closely resem-
bles that of the common Rissoa; and indeed we find
that the animals of both genera are vegetarians. Mrs.
CoUings detected in the stomach of J. diaphana a species
of Lythocystis allied to L. Allmani.

Dr. Gray makes this synonymous with his undescribed
genus Rissoella. The type indicated by him, in lieu of
a description, is Rissoa glabra of Brown, which is evi-
dently an Odostomia (probably 0. rissoides), having ^*^a

* A compliment paid to the author by his friend Mr. Joshua Alder.

JEFFREYSIA. 59

slight plication at the base/^ In Gray^s classified list
of the Mollusca, published in 1847, Rissoella is given
as a synonym of Odostomia.

f^? 3ta 1. Jeffreysia dia'phana^,( Alder/ f'- ^5)

Rissoa ? glabra (afterwards i?. ? diaphana), Aid. in Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 325,
pi. 8. f. 1-4. J. diaphana, F. & H. iii. p. 152, pi. Ixxvi. f. 1.

Body pale yellowish-white, faintly tinged with fleshcolour,
and of a granular texture: snout expanding into two club-
shaped lobes or processes, which diverge at the same angle as
the tentacles, but are shorter and smaller : tentacles cylindri-
cal, compressed (both the false and true tentacles are covered
with vibratile cilia. Alder) : eyes rather distinct than large,
sessile and placed far back on the neck within the shell ; each
is encircled by a slight integument, so as to appear raised :
foot lanceolate, somewhat bilobed in front, and angulated at
each comer, rounded or bluntly pointed behind: opercular
lobe mottled with brown, extending a little beyond the edges
of the foot.

Shell forming a rather short and oblique cone, very thin,
quite transparent, and of a somewhat iridescent lustre : sculp-
ture, apparently none, but under a good magnifier consisting of
delicate although obscure spiral striae ; the lines of growth are
equally microscopical, but finer and more numerous: colour
whitish: spiVe having a blunt and abrupt point: whorls 4^,
convex, gradually enlarging ; the last occupies three-fifths of
the spire; first whorl rounded: suture deep: mouth rather large :
outer lip sharp, incurved above, rounded and slightly expanded
below : inner lip rather flexuous, its outline being accommo-
dated to the curve of the pillar ; behind it is a narrow umbi-
lical chink : operculum yellowish-white, depressed in the centre,
composed of 4 or 5 segments or layers, which are indistinctly
defined, and closely striated in the same concentric direction ;
the inner side forms a very obtuse angle, the opposite side
being rounded ; spike triangular and flattened, having its nar-
rower end at the base ; medial rib short, diverging from the
spike at a right angle ; rib on the inner side marginal and
sHght. L. 0-075. B. 0-05.

Habitat : Delesseria hypoglossum and various other
* Transparent.

CO HETEROPHROSYNID^E.

seaweeds, at low- water mark and a little beyond it, on
many parts of our coast from Shetland to the Channel
Isles inclusive. It was first noticed near Dublin and
at Cullercoats by Mr. Alder. The only foreign localities
of which I am aware are Cape Levi near Cherbourg
(Mace), and Spezzia (J. G. J.).

At the Whalsey Skerries /. diaphana occurs in com-
pany with its two congeners, J. globularis and /. opalina :
the scale of their comparative frequency is the order
here given, the last-named being the most numerous
of the three. The present species is very active in
crawling and floating ; and it spins a slimy suspensile
thread. When many specimens are left for some hours
in a vessel of water, they congregate in small clusters, as
if actuated by a social instinct. The spawn deposited
by one individual consisted of only two ova, which were
enclosed in a gelatinous hemispherical case. Owing to
the extreme and glassy transparency of the shell, the
dark reddish-brown liver is very conspicuous, even after
the animal has dried up.

Perhaps this shell was the Turbo nitidus of Adams,
from the Pembrokeshire coast, where it is not uncommon.

t>^ h 2. J. opa'lina^, Jefireys. N*», JU

Rissoa (?) opalina, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 2. ii. p. 351. J. opa-
lina, F. & H. iii. p. 154, pi. Ixxvi. f. 3, 4; iv. (app.) p. 267, pi. cxxxiii.
f. 6, and (animal) pi. MM. f. 2, a-b.

Body, above, dark-grey, mottled with purplish -brown or soot-
colour ; below, dirty yellow : snout short, rounded, seldom pro-
jecting beyond the foot ; front edge finely scalloped : tentacles
club-shaped, and of a paler colour [" very moderately setose,"
Clark] ; they appear four in number, arranged in two pairs,
each tentacle being nearly equal in length and thickness ; the
second or lower pair are scarcely part of the snout, because
they issue from the neck, like the other pair : eyes sessile, rather

* Of an opal hue.

JEFFREYSIA. 61

dose together, and surrounded by pale rings ; they are visible
only through the shell: foot large, triangular, bilobed, and
slightly auricled in front, bluntly pointed behind.

Shell oval, extremely thin, semitransparent, highly glossy
and of an opaline lustre : sculpture as in the last species : colour
bronze or dark horncolour when the shell is living or contains
the remains of the animal, yellowish when it is empty : spire
short, with an abrupt and blunt point : whorls 3|, swollen,
rapidly enlarging ; the last occupies at least three-fourths of
the spire, and the first is mammiform : suture broad and deep :
mouth oval, capacious, and more than half the length of the
spire : outer lip sharp and thin, incurved above, slightly an-
gulated and expanding below : inner lip flexuous and thick- ti^'^
ened on the lower part of the pillar, behind which it forms a
narrow umbilical chink : operculum similar to that of J. dia-
phana ; but the spike or apophysis is slightly curved, and oc-
casionally double, so as to make two separate leaves. L. 0*1.
B. 0-075.

Habitat : Guernsey and Sark, in rock-pools among
Carallina officinalis (Barlee) ; Falmouth (Cocks and
Barlee) ; Cumbrae, Clyde district (Norman) ; Skye (A.
M^Nab) ; Whalsey Skerries, Shetland_, on Laminaria
saccharina, a little beyond low-water mark (J. G. J.).
Although very local, it is abundant. I found a single
specimen at Lerici ; and Verany has recorded this species
from Nice.

At the Whalsey Skerries it especially frequents a
sheltered part of the sound, close to a fish-curing station,
where the oiFal is thrown out. The other species of
Jeffrey sia and Trochus helicinus are its companions. Do
all these feed on decaying animal matter, or on Infu-
soria produced from it? The spawn is deposited on
leaves of the Laminaria ; it is of a semioval shape, with
a large hole in the middle. When ripe it forms a thick
mass, and contains an immense number of yellowish
unispiral shells which are agglutinated together by a
gelatinous matrix. The adult shell resembles Hydrobia

62 HETEROPHROSYNIDyE.

similis; but it is not so turreted, and the spire has a
blunt instead of a sharp point. A dead specimen from
Falmouth is marked with flexuous and close- set longi-
tudinal striae^ arising probably from a partial decay of
the surface.

A comparison of the description of this species with
that of J. diaphana, as regards their soft parts, may
serve to show that the tentacles of all the Mollusca_,
whether univalve or bivalve, are nothing more than a
development of the mantle, endued with special sensi-
bility as organs of touch or of some other less direct
, medium of sensation. In some cases (e. g. Chiton, Ho-
malogyra, certain species of the Bulla family, and infe-
rior kinds of the naked Mollusca) tentacles are entirely
wanting ; while in others {e. g. the present species of
Jeffreysia, and most of the Pulmonobranchiata) the
usual pair becomes double, as if for the purpose of in-
creasing the sense of perception. In Pecten and those
bivalves which have the mantle open the tentacles are
numerous ; the cirri fringing the tubes of the majority
of bivalves which have the mantle more or less closed
appear to be supplementary organs of a similar nature ;
and so are the appendages of the head and opercular
lobe in Trochus, Rissoa, and many univalves, as well as
the cilia that cover the body in Stilifer. But I must
not get out of my depth. We cannot all be physio-
logists,

" And take upon us the mystery of things,
As if we were God's spies."

|>\ ^ ■ 3. J. globula'ris^, Jeffreys. N* 3l»^

J. glohularis (Jeffreys, MS.), F. & H. iv. app. p. 268, pi. cxxxiii. f. 5.

Body dark-grey, finely streaked with purplish-brown, paler
underneath: snout forming two short cyhndrical processes,

* Globular.

JEFFREYSIA. 63

which resemble tentacles but are close together : tentacles cy-
Hndrical, rather short, with blunt tips : eyes large, round, and
sessile, placed far behind the tentacles : foot lanceolate, short,
deeply cloven and bilobed in front, bluntly pointed or almost
round behind.

Shell globosely conical (like that of Valvata piscinalis), ex-
tremely thin, transparent, highly glossy, and partially irides-
cent : sculpture the same as in the preceding two species : colour
whitish when the shell is empty, dark horncolour when con-
taining the animal or its dried remains : spire short and com-
pressed ; apex blunt : whorls 3|, very tumid, rapidly enlarging ;
the last occupies three-fourths of the spire : suture remarkably
deep : mouth roundish-oval, somewhat detached, half the length
of the spire : outer Up sharp and thin, considerably incurved
above, sHghtly expanding and rounded below : mner lip sepa-
rated from the piUar to a greater extent than in either of the
other species, so as to make the peristome more distinct :
umbilicus rather narrow but deep : operculum shorter and
more oval compared with that of the other species ; the marks
of growth are also more conspicuous, and evidently show a
concentric arrangement. L. 0-05. B. 0-065.

Monstr. Partly scalariform, in consequence of the suture
being excavated and becoming much broader near the mouth.

Habitat : On Laminaria at Croulin Island,, in Skye
(Barlee), and, with /. diaphana and /. opalina, at the
Whalsey Skerries (Barlee and J. G. J.) ; rather plentiful.

The tentacular processes of the snout in this species are
much smaller and further apart than the true tentacles.
In J, opalina the snout is very prominent, and quite
distinct from the second pair of tentacles. In both
species the hinder tentacles are usually borne at a right
angle to the axis of the shell, and the other processes
in front diverge at an angle of about 45°.

64 SKENEID^.

Family XI. SKENE'ID^, {Skeneadce) Clark.

Body coiled in a circle : head large and snout-shaped : ten-
tacles cylindrical in one genus, and wanting in another : eyes
proportionally large, either almost sessile and placed at the
outer bases of the tentacles, or quite sessile and placed behind
the head : foot short : opercular lobe not furnished with any
process or filament.

Shell minute, circular, with a wide umbilicus : spire much
depressed, or even involute : mouth round, having united edges
that form a complete peristome: operculum horny, circular,
and spiral.

There is a seeming incongruity in the above descrip-
tion, with regard to the characters founded on the soft
parts ; but certain genera of Bullidce are provided with
tentacles, while others have none. The form of the
shell in tlie present family exhibits a greater concord-
ance than that of the animal. At all events some kind
of classification is indispensable : as with heraldry, so
with our science,

" Order is Nature's beauty, and the way
To order is by rules that Art hath framed."

The Skeneidce are at present not much known, owing
to their minute size. All the species hitherto described
(three in number) inhabit the North Atlantic and Me-
diterranean ; two are post -tertiary . In a recent or living
state they are gregarious, and are sublittoral or fre-
quent the higher part of the laminarian zone.

Genus I. SKE'NEA^ Fleming. PI. I. f. 4.

Body depressed: tentacles cylindrical: ei/es almost sessile,
and placed at the outer bases of the tentacles.

Shell having the spire very little raised : whorls cylindrical :
* Named after Dr. David Skene, a friend and correspondent of Solander.

SKENEA. 65

mouth placed beIo"W the spire, and more or less detached from
the body- whorl : operculum many-whorled, with a central
nucleus.

Although the definition of this genus by its founder,,
Dr. Fleming, is extremely vague ('' spire depressed^ and
destitute of spinous processes '') , common usage has
established it. It originally contained three so-called
species, viz. S. depressa, S. serpuloides, and S. divisa.
The first of these (or S. planorbis) is the type and sole
representative; the other two are synonymous, and belong
to the genus Cyclostrema. More species were afterwards
added, but doubtfully, by Forbes and Hanley; these
have now been assigned to what I consider their proper
places. The tongue of Skenea is very much like that
of Rissoa.

The present genus is partly Delphinoidea of Brown.

'** ^^S Skenea PLANOR'Bis^,(Fabriciusj ^^'l^ *

Turbo planorbis, Fabr. Fn. Groenl. p, 394. 8. planorbis, F. & H. iii. p. 156,
pi. Ixxiv. f. 1-3, and (animal) pi. GQ. f. 1 & la.

Body greyish-white : snout rounded and gibbous; tentacles
long and widely divergent ; they are not, as in Rissoa, setose :
eyes seated on broad and scarcely raised protuberances : foot
truncated in front and rounded behind ; sole marked down the
middle of the posterior half with a slight groove or line.

Shell resembling in shape a miniature Helix ericetorum, thin,
opaque, and seldom glossy : sculpture, only a few slight and
obscure puckers in the line of growth : colour reddish-brown,
or pale tawny: s/)irg scarcely visible, unless viewed edgewise
or with the mouth of the shell towards the observer ; apex
blunt and rounded : whorls 4, rather loosely coiled ; the last
much larger in proportion to the others, and occupying at least
three-fourths of the shell : suture deep : mow^A projecting out-
wards, with a sharp and somewhat flexuous edge ; umbilicus
forming a widej open, and rather deep funnel, usually exposing
the interior of the spire : operculum clear-white, concave, with

* Flat-coil.

..^ ^ -rf^rw^cLx .4^»-. »>'-'^ •'^i "T "^ ""'^^ "^"^ ""^^' r^^ :^' ,

66 SKENEIDiE.

7 or 8 obliquely striated turns, the last of which is propor-
tionally much the largest ; the under side has a small boss or
nipple-shaped point in the centre. L. 0-03. B. 0-06.

Yar. 1. trochiformis. Spire more prominent, and umbilicus
consequently contracted.

Yar. 2. maculata. Yellowish-white ; the last whorl spirally
ornamented by a double row of circular reddish-brown spots,
one above and the other below the periphery.

Yar. 3. hyalina. Clear- white and transparent.

Habitat : Plentiful under stones and on seaweeds
between tide-marks all round the coast. Var. 1. Shet-
land, Skye, and Lough Lame ; this seems to bear the
same relation to the common form as the Helix rupes-
tris of Studer and Draparnaud does to the H. umbilicata
of Montagu. Var. 2. Channel Isles. Var. 3. Skye and
Channel Isles. Fossil : Clyde beds (Smith and Cross-
key); Fort William (J. G. J.); post-glacial and glacial
beds in Norway, 130-380 feet (Sars). Recent : Spitz-
bergen (Torell) ; Iceland (Steenstrup and Torell) ; Scan-
dinavia (Loven and others) ; north of France (Mace,
Cailliaud and J. G. J.) ; Cannes (Mace) ; Nice (Ve-
rany); Spezzia (J. G. J.); Madeira (Johnson, ^c?e Han-
ley) ; Greenland (Fabricius and Moller) ; Massachusetts
(Gould, as S. serpuloides) ; from Cape Cod northwards
(Stimpson) . Although it is a sublittoral species, Malm
has dredged it in 10 f. on the Swedish coast, and M^ An-
drew in 15-40 f. on that of Upper Norway.

This little moUusk feeds upon Lichina pygmcea and
small Confervce. It swims with facility in an inverted
posture, and occasionally suspends itself in the water by
spinning a viscous thread with its foot. YVhen crawl-
ing, the shell is carried sideways, not erect. Mediter-
ranean specimens are frequently spotted, like our 2nd
variety.

It is the Helix depressa of Montagu.

HOMALOGYRA. 67

Genus II. HO'MALOGY'RA-^^ (formerly Omalogyra),
Jeffreys. PI. I. f. 5.

Body flattened: tentacles wanting: eyes quite sessile, and
placed behind the head.

Shell forming a flat coil, and having an involute spire :
ivhorls more or less angulated : mouth clasping both sides of
the periphery : operculum few-whorled, with a central nucleus.

The animal is unlike that of any known Pectinibran-
chiate moUusk ; and^ if we except Omalaxis or Bifrontia,
the sheU has no existing parallel among the marine uni-
valves. In the latter respect it may be regarded as the
analogue of Planorbis. The upper part of the body of
H. atomus is partially ciliated. This character is exhi-
bited to a greater extent in Stilifer, as well as in the
tentacles of Trochus, Rissoa, Ccecunij and other genera.
Dr. Fischer was rather too positive in stating (Journ.
Conch, vii. p. 365) that my observations proved, " d^une
maniere irrefragable/^ the animal of the present genus
to be the fry of some mollusk. The only instance ad-
duced by him in support of such a conjecture is the
change which many of the Nudibranchs undergo in the
larval state. Their embryonic shells, however, have a
rudimentary spire of scarcely a single whorl, and are
all of the same size in each species, the animals are
natatory, and the metamorphosis is of short duration.
The shells of Homalogyra, on the contrary, have a com-
plete spire of from 3 to 4 whorls, and are of various sizes
(indicating different stages of growth) ; the animals
crawl about, and they are met with at aU seasons of
the year. There is no more reason to suppose that
Homalogyra is an immature mollusk than Skenea, Cy-
clostrema, or any other minute kind. The tongue of

* A flat circle.

68 SKENEIDiE.

H. atomus, examined by Dr. Lukis and Mr. Alder, has
only a single row of teeth (as in some of the Pleuro-
branchiata and sea-slugs) , resembling miniature sharks'
teeth. The snout or head-lobe and position of the eyes
remind us of Akera hullata. Mr. Alder remarks that
" the animal is altogether of very simple structure, and
one of what Milne-Edwards calls degraded forms, occu-
pying a similar position among the Testacea to what
Limapontia does among the naked moUusks.^' I have
placed it provisionally in the Skenea family.

I am still of opinion that this is a legitimate but di-
minutive descendant of the ancient genus Euomphalus,
From a dislike to oflPend the prejudices of palaeontolo-
gists, who treat the notion of reviving an "extincf
genus as a scientific heresy, I have substituted another
name; but so notoriously imperfect is the geological
record that we ought not to be surprised if the pedigree
of Euomphalus cannot be traced down to the present
time. Homalogyra is an upper tertiary fossil ; and
several species of flat-spired shells, which have been as-
signed to Solarium, occur in older formations, and may
be the missing links of the genealogical chain. The
description of Euomphalus in Sowerby's ' Mineral Con-
chology ' (vol. i. p. 97) is as follows : — '^ An involute
compressed univalve ; spire depressed on the upper part,
beneath concave or largely umbilicate. Aperture mostly
angular .'' The tiny living representative of the great
Trilobite family offers an analogy to the present case.
Has all creation dwindled, and are these its last days ?
Brown's genus Planaria was founded on young speci-
mens of Planorbis spirorbis and P. albus, which had
been washed down by a freshwater stream into the sea.
His genus Spira is characterized as '^ nearly globular or
semiovate,'' and comprised the fry of some common

HOMALOGYRA. 69

species of Rissoa. In the ' Microdoride Mediterranea '
of Costa (1861) the present genus is described under the
name of Ammonicerina.

'^*31*> 1. HoMALOGYRA a'tomus ^i Philippi.) H* 1°

Truncafella afomus, Phil, in Arch. f. Nat. (1841) vii. pt. 1. p. 54, t. r.
f. 4. Skenea nitidissima, F. & H. iii. p. 158, pi. Ixxiii. f. 7, 8.

EoDY yellowish-white on the upper side, and of a paler hue
underneath, nearly hyaline : snout or head- veil short, broad,
expansile and very flexible, forming in front two semicircular
lobes ; these lobes are sometimes separated by an intermediate
membrane, which slightly projects, so as to make the extremity
appear trilobed ; the front part is usually, but not always,
clothed with numerous irregularly disposed cilia of different
lengths and sizes ; when fully extended this part is so trans-
parent that the foot can be seen through it : tentacles none, nor
the slightest vestige of any, in whatever position or light the
animal is viewed : eyes large in proportion, seated about half-
way between the front edge of the shell and the extremity of
the snout: foot lanceolate, slightly bilobed in front, and
rounded or bluntly pointed behind : opercular lobe sometimes
having on its upper margin a few cilia like those on the snout.

Shell resembhng in shape a miniature Planorbis cornens,
not very thin, semitransparent, and glossy : sculpture, usually
fine and close-set indistinct striae in the hue of growth, but occa-
sionally also some obscure ridges in the same direction on the
first-formed whorls, and a few white varicose streaks on the
body- whorl : colour reddish-brown or pale tawny : spire sunk
below the level of the last whorl ; apex blunt : whorls 3, com-
pactly coiled, rounded on the upper side, and somewhat angu-
lated or flattened on the under side ; the last nearly enwraps
all the rest, which are exceedingly small : suture deep : mouth
projecting a Httle outwards, with a sharp and even edge ; it is
indented behind by the periphery ; umbilwus wide, open, and
almost flat, fully exposing the interior of the spire : operculum
clear- white, flat, with 3 or 4 gradually increasing turns, which
are defined by a thickened edge, and obliquely but slightly
striated. L. 0-0125. B. 0-035.

Yar. vitrea. Shell of a glassy transparency.
* An atom.

70 SKENEIDiE.

Habitat : Abundant almost everywhere in the upper
region of the laminarian zone, just beyond low water,
on seaweeds and Zoster a marina. I will mention a few
localities to show the extent of distribution : — Shetland,
Skye, all Ireland, Scarborough, Bristol Channel, Land's
End, Torbay, and the Channel Isles. The variety was
found in Loch Fyne by Mr. Barlee. This species is
fossil in the Clyde district (Crosskey), near Fort William
(J. G. J.), and in post-glacial beds, Norway, from the
present sea-level to 100 feet above it (Sars). In a living
or recent state it ranges abroad from Norway, in the
laminarian zone (Sars) to Bohuslan, 10 f. (Malm), Cat-
tegat (mus. Copenhagen), Etretat (J. G. J.), Cherbourg
and Vallognes (Mace) , Provence (Petit) , Nice ( Verany) ,
Corsica (D'Orbignypere), Sardinia (Costa), Spezzia and
Sestri di Levante (J. G. J.), Sorrento (Philippi), toLa-
calle in Algeria (Deshayes) .

This little creature, on being captured and placed in
a watch-glass with seawater, was at first shy ; but when
left for a short time undisturbed it crawled about freely
and rapidly, like a snail, with its shell raised in a slant-
ing position ; and on its getting to the water's edge it
turned upside down, and floated on the under surface.
I observed it last year feeding on a Conferva, which it
dragged into its mouth by means of its rake-like teeth.
The snout was then contracted, and the rest of the body
bunched up ; the front appeared to be delicately scalloped
or crenellated. The heart beat quickly, about 100 per
minute ; but the pulsation was intermittent. It after-
wards retired into its house (perhaps to digest the meal),
whence it seemed to reconnoitre me through the shell,
with its dark eyes, like a porter from within the window
of a hall. The shell is sometimes encrusted, on one
side or the other, with Polyzoa and species of Discorbina.

HOMALOGYRA. 71

Spawn- capsules whicli are occasionally found in the up-
per cavity of the last whorl in dried specimens, and which
may be presumed to belong to the Homalogyra, are of a
tawny colour and oval, with a wide slit or orifice at the
top of each, and agglutinated together in a cluster of
5 or 6 ; they are much larger than the capsules that I
have observed of any Rissoa.

Philippi must have made a mistake (an infirmity that
is common to us all) in describing and figuring this
mollusk as similar to the animal of Truncatella trunca-
tula ; and in the same work (Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte,
vii. pt. i. p. 53, t. V. f. 7) Assiminea litorina is equally
misrepresented. Instead of all these three species
having the eyes seated on the inner base of the tentacles,
one only {T. truncatula) can be said to be in this cate-
gory. H. atomus has not the slightest appearance of
tentacles ; and in A. litorina the eyes are placed on their
tips.

The present species was regarded by the authors of
the 'British Mollusca^ as Adamses Helix nitidissima.
But that shell is evidently the fry of Zonites radiatulus,
his H. bicolor being the fry of Z. cellarim. L. PfeifFer
referred our shell, with a doubt, to his genus Paludinella.
It is the Ammonicerina simplex of Costa.

'^*37t 2. H. ROTA ^,( Forbes and Hanley.) f^-?* •

SJcenea rota, F. & H. iii. p. 160, pi. Ixxiii. f. 10, and Ixxxviii. f. 1,2.

Shell resembling in shape a miniature Ammonite (of the
section Capricorni, De Buch), thin, semitransparent, and lus-
trous : sculpture, several ring-Hke ribs, from 20 to 25 on the
last whorl of a full-grown specimen, besides 3 spiral keels
(which vary in strength and are not always perceptible) and
a few fine intermediate striae ; one of these keels encircles the
periphery, and the other two the middle of each whorl on the

* A wheel.

72 SKENEIDiE.

upper and under sides ; the ribs become slightly nodulous at
the points where they are crossed by the keels, and they seldom
extend on either side to the periphery : colour reddish-brown
or pale-tawny, the keels being of a bright golden hue : spire
not so much sunk below the level of the last whorl as in H.
atomus ; apex blunt : whorls 3, compactly coiled, somewhat
compressed, with a slope from the peripheral keel in an equal
degree on both sides ; the last whorl is much larger than the
next, but not so disproportionately large as in the other species :
suture deep : mouth slightly expanding outwards, with a thin
but even edge ; it has somewhat of a horseshoe shape, with
the rounded end in front, the indentation behind by the peri-
phery being considerable: umbilicus wide, open, and nearly
flat, completely exposing the interior of the spire : operculum
clear- white, rather concave, and ha\dng 2 or 3 rapidly enlar-
ging turns. L. 0-0115. B. 0-025.

Habitat : In rock-pools among seaweed ; a scarce
species^ although equally diffused with H. atomus. The
following list of places where it has been found may be
useful to collectors : — Lerwick, Skye, Bantry Bay, Cork,
Scarborough, Sandwich, Isle of Wight, Weymouth,
Falmouth, Tenby, and Manorbeer in Pembrokeshire,
Oxwich and Caswell Bays near Swansea, and Guernsey
(J. G. J.) ; Moray Firth (Gordon) ; " Landsborough's
Bay^' in Arran, N.B. (Norman); co. Donegal (War-
ren) ; Bound stone, co. Gal way (Barlee and Alcock) ;
Exmouth (Clark); Mousehole near Penzance (Templer);
Land^s End and other parts of Cornwall (Webster); Sark
(Mrs. CoUings) . Its exotic range is less known ; it com-
prises a sounding in N. lat. 55° 36', W. long. 54° 33',
at the enormous depth of 1622 f. (Wallich), Bohuslan,
in 10 f. (Malm), Gulf of Lyons (Martin), Spezzia
(J. G. J.), Sardinia and the Mediterranean shores of
Africa (Costa).

This is the smallest known species of British shells.
It is an object

" Where unassisted sight no beauty sees."

VERMETIDtE.

73

You are shown what appears a minute speck of dust.
Examine it under a microscope : the wheel of Aurora's
chariot, with its refulgent spokes, must have been a
piece of ordinary workmanship compared with this ; its
compactly convoluted shape, fine curved ribs, and en-
circling rings of gold call forth an admiration which, if
expressed with regard to human feelings, might be
termed doating ; it unquestionably bears

" The signature and stamp of power divine."

Mediterranean specimens of this and the last species
are smaller than ours ; that jfrom Greenland is still
larger. Clark fancied the present shell to be the spiral
posterior terminal portion of Caecum trachea ; but that
is a very different object. I believe Montagu was
acquainted with H. rota, because in a letter of his to
Mr. Dillwyn, dated 8th March 1814, he mentions the
discovery of a very minute Ammonite-like shell. In the
Turtonian collection it was named " Cornu Ammonis.^'

It is the Skenea tricarinata of Webster, and the Am-
monicerina pulchella and (young) A, paucicostata of
Costa.

Family XII. VERME'TID^, D'Orbigny.

Body tubular : mantle having a circular border, and closely
fitting the neck : head snout-shaped : tentacles cylindrical :
eyes sessile, at the bases of the tentacles, and placed more or
less externally : foot short. Hermaphrodite ?

Shell tubular, attached or free, usually (perhaps always)
spiral or convoluted when young : mouth round : operculum
homy, circular, and many-whorled, with a central nucleus.

I prefer following Clark, who placed in the present
family the singular genus Cacum, to arranging it among

VOL. IV. E

74 VERMETID^.

the TurritellidcB as proposed by Forbes and Hanley, or
adopting Gray's name of Ccecidce. The affinity of Caecum
to Vermetus is certainly very close, in respect not only
of the animal, but also of the shell and operculum.

Genus C^CUM^ Fleming. PI. I. f. 6.

Body short.

Shell free, forming a curved and small cylinder, having in
an early stage of growth a loose but regular coil of whorls,
which afterwards falls off, the truncated extremity being then
closed by a plug : operculum soHd.

Costa would not believe the strange metamorphosis
which the shell undergoes ; but it is constant in every
species. Such similitude in dissimilitude teaches us, as
it did Charles Lamb,

" That harmonies may be in things unlike."

From Professor Stimpson's account of C. pulcheU
lum it would seem that a fresh truncation takes place
during each of the last three stages of growth, when a
separate plug or septum is formed. This genus is evi-
dently allied to Omalawis or Bifrontia, in the convolution
of the spire and form of the operculum. Our knowledge
of the animal is entirely derived from Mr. Clark^s excel-
lent observations. Mr. Alder says, as to the tongue of
C. trachea, ^^ the lateral spines, in two longitudinal rows,
are slender and very numerous, with a minute plate in
the centre." The ' Proceedings of the Zoological So-
ciety of London ' for 1858 contain an elaborate mono-
graph on the recent C(Bcid(B by Dr. P. Carpenter. Fossil
species occur in the Eocene and Pliocene strata of this
country and Italy.

* A blind gut.

CMCVM, 75

In his ^ History of British Animals ' Fleming placed
these shells in Orthocera [Orthoceras, a genus of fossil
testaceous Cephalopoda)^ along with recent Foraminifera;
and he thus drew on himself from Philippi perhaps the
most severe reproof that could be administered to a
naturalist^ in the comment " horribile dictu/'' The censor
himself classed them among the Pteropods ! Montagu
called the adult Dentalium, and the young Vermiculum;
Brown gave the name of Brochus to the former^ and
Cornuoides to the latter. Other synonyms are Odon-
tina, Zborzewsky, Odontostoma, Cantraine^ Odontidiurrij
Philippic Corniculina, Miinster, and Dentaliopsis , Clark.
The fry constitute Costa^s genus Spirolidium.

A. SoHd and ringed ; operculum flat.
N<! ^js 1. CiEcuM trache'a"^, Montagu.

Dentalium Trachea, Mont. Test. Br. p. 497, t. 14. f. 10. C. trachea, F.
& H. iii. p. 178, pi. Ixix. f. 4, and (animal) pi. KK. f. 1, a-c.

Body white, minutely grained, with two frosted, pale-yellow-
ish-white contiguous raised lines on the upper part, forming a
canal or groove, the points of which terminate anteriorly at
the immediate base of the eyes, and posteriorly at the furthest
end of the neck : mantle very thick and fleshy : neclc slender,
ridged lengthwise : snout long, flat, and cloven, with fine, close,
contractile annular ridges ; it is always in advance of the foot,
and appears to assist in locomotion : tentacles frosted-white,
rather long, divergent, at the extremities thickened, setose,
and sHghtly clavate : eyes very minute and black ; they " have
decidedly an external bias " (relatively to the position of the
tentacles) : foot narrow, truncated in front when in action,
sloping behind to an obtusely pointed or rather a rounded ter-
mination. (Clark.)

Shell of nearly equal breadth throughout, solid, opaque,
and somewhat glossy : sculpture, numerous fine, regular, and

* From its being marked with rings like a windpipe ; the Latin word
is properly trachia.

e2

76 VERMETIDiE.

flattened concentric ring-like ribs, which are packed so closely
as to allow very little space between them ; they are some-
times arranged in joints or interrupted strangulations, denoting
probably the limits of successive curtailment ; under a micro-
scope the entire surface (especially the interstices of the ribs)
is seen to be marked lengthwise by excessively minute and
crowded striae : colour yellowish- or reddish-brown, occasionally
variegated by circles of a darker hue : spire none in the adult,
its place at the posterior extremity being closed by a solid
shelly plug, which slopes from the ventral margin to a bluntly
conical point on the opposite or dorsal side : mouth annular,
shghtly contracted, and strengthened by the last-formed rib :
operculum brown or dark-horncolour, consisting of about a
dozen gradually increasing whorls, defined by a narrow raised
spiral line or suture ; they become less distinct towards the
centre, which is concave. L. 0'125. B. 0-033.

Habitat : Rather common in the coralline zone of
Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall; Sandwich (Walker);
Guernsey (Barlee) ; Swansea, Tenby, and Barmouth
(J. G. J.) ; Bantry Bay (Thompson and J. G. J.) ; Ar-
ran Isle, co. Galway (Barlee) ; Clyde district (Norman
and Robertson) . I do not consider it a British fossil ;
for I believe the shells described and figured by S carles
Wood from the Coralline Crag are not this species, but
his C. mammillatum. Philippi, however, has given it as a
Sicilian fossil, under the name of Odontidium rugulosum ;
and Professor Homes includes it in his great work on
the Miocene formation near Vienna. It inhabits the
coast of Brittany, beyond low-water mark of spring-
tides, according to Cailliaud ; M^ Andrew dredged it in
8 f. at Vigo ; and several authors have noticed it as
Mediterranean (both on the European and African
coasts) and Adriatic ; on sponges from the Archipelago
(Bean); Canary Isles, 50 f. (M^Andrew) ; Cuba (Philippi).

Clark informs us that the animal is not at all shy,
and that all the specimens which he examined had an
ovary. He expressed some doubt whether the branchial

CiECUM. 11

apparatus consists of two plumes or one only. Young
shells are more convex and tapering, and their mouth
is bell-shaped. The fry is exceedingly curious. It is
long and twisted,, not unlike the horn of an antelope j
its posterior termination is formed of a minute coil of
two whorls. The concentric ridges are then percep-
tible towards the mouth only, and are very slight ; the
rest of the shell is quite smooth and glossy. I am in-
debted to the Marquis James Doria for baby specimens
which he dredged at Spezzia.

This is the Dentalium imperforatum of Adams ' On
the Microscope ^ (from Walker^s figure) , as well as of
Montagu who described the young as D. trachea ; but
the latter specific name is now generally used. Brown
called it Brochus striatus and B. trachiformis ; Cailliaud
spelt the name C. trachcea. The fry is Costa's Spiroli-
dium Mediterraneum.

Brochus annulatus and (young) B. reticulatus of Brown
(" Loch Strangford ") is an exotic species. Dr. P.
Carpenter found no less than 53 specimens of it by
washing the common sponge of commerce from the
West Indies ; and Mr. Bean has some from Aden. I
mention this because C, annulatum has been noticed and
figured in the ' British Mollusca ' on the authority of a
specimen received by Mr. Alder from Mr. Clark. Flem-
ing's description of his Orthocera trachea (Br. An. p. 237)
evidently applies to the same foreign species.

B. Thin and smooth ; operculum convex. Brochina, Gray.

e^.) ''^^ ^^7^^ 2. C. GLABRUM^,(Montagu.) |?l^o

Dentalium glahrum, Mont. Test. Br. p. 497. C. glabrum, F. & H. iii.
p. 181, pi. Ixix. f. 5.

Body pure-white, with the lines forming the canal or groove

* Smooth.

78 VERMETID^.

on the neck less conspicuous than in the other species : foot
carried much more laterally. It is similar in other respects,
taking into account the difference of size and greater deHcacy
of the present species. (Clark.)

Shell of nearly equal breadth throughout, not quite so
much curved as in C. trachea, rather thin, transparent, and
glossy: sculpture, none except under the microscope, which
exhibits a slightly frosted appearance : colour clear- white : spire
replaced by a rounded but not very convex shelly plug : inouth
annular, thickened at its edge : operculum resembling an in-
verted tea-cup without a handle, yellowish-brown, and cpnsist-
ing of about 10 regularly increasing whorls, 6 of which are
raised, one above another (like circular steps), and are defined
by a narrow spiral ridge ; they are distinct on the crown oi
centre, which is depressed. L. 0-075. B. 0-0135.

Habitat : All our coasts^ from Shetland to Guernsey,
in the coralline zone ; common. Fossil in the Coralline
Crag at Sutton (S. Wood) ; Norway, in newer or post-
glacial deposits, 50-80 feet (Sars) . Living in Norway
(Lilljeborg) ; Mangerfiord, near Bergen, in 10-50 f.
(Sars) j Bohuslan, 10 f. (Malm) ; Danish coast (mus.
Copenhagen) ; Brittany (Mace and Cailliaud) ; Provence
(Forest, Martin, and Mace) ; Nice (Verany) ; Spezzia
(Doria and J. G. J.) ; Canary Isles, 12-50 f. (M^An-
drew).

" I thought the C(BCum trachea very active, but it is
far surpassed by this animal ; I put one of each in a
watch-glass of sea-water, and with a cameFs-hair brush
gave them a fair start, but the little one beat its compe-
titor hollow, and accomplished a space of 2 inches in
55 seconds ; thus affording a proof, even in the MoUusca,
that Nature compensates for the small volume of the
minute beings in giving them greater energy, vivacity,
and quickness.' ' (Clark.) Half- grown shells are more
slender and curved, with a proportionally wider mouth.
The spire of the fry has two whorls — the inner one

TURRITELLIDiE. 79

being sometimes broken off, so as to make the centre
pervious.

This species may possibly haye been the Dentalium mi-
nutum of Linne, from Plancus. It is the Odontostoma
kBvissima of Cantraine ; and it is the Brochus glabrus and
B. kevis of Brown, the young being his B. arcuatus, and
the fry his Cornuoides major and C. minor. Adams
[^ On the Microscope ') named the last-mentioned state
of growth Serpula incurvata; and Montagu called it
(from another of Walker^s figures, showing the centre
whorl broken off) Vermiculum pervium. Sars does not
believe the S. incurvata of Adams can be the young of
C. glabrum, because he has found specimens of each
equally large ; but it must be borne in mind that the
adult are of different sizes, and that many species of
mollusca have a dwarf or small variety. Besides, when
the spire is truncated and gone, the shell becomes pro-
portionally shorter, although it increases in diameter.

Family XIII. TURRITEULIDiE, Clark.

Body elongated: mantle forming a slight canal or fold in
front : head snout-shaped : tentacles cylindrical : eyes outside
the tentacles, at their base : foot short : gills consisting of a
single plume. Hermaphrodite ?

Shell spiral and turreted, many-whorled, not umbilicate :
spire tapering, with a blunt apex : moiUh having a thin and
flexuous outer lip : operculum horny and circular.

The founder of this family afterwards sacrificed it by
uniting it with Vermetidce. Most conchologists, how-
ever, think they ought to be separate. The Turritellidce ,
in all probability, subsist on animal food.

80 TURRITELLIDiE.

Genus TURRITEL'LA^ Lamarck. PL II. f. 1 .

Body cylindrical: mantle fringed at its edge: snout short,
contractile : tentacles separated by the snout : eyes placed on
slight prominences : opercular lobe entire.

Shell pyramidal, spirally ridged or striated : spire having
the top whorls, when disused, partitioned off by a solid hemi-
spherical plug : mouth round, or inclining to square : operculum
rather solid, with numerous whorls, the outermost of which
overlap one another, or are imbricated, and all are finely
puckered in an oblique direction ; nucleus central.

Old English naturalists called these shells ^' screws."
They are not, like their human namesakes, confined
to the civilized part of the globe, but are met with
everywhere, in great variety. The species are numerous
and prolific, inhabiting the coralline and deep-sea zones.

In a fossil state they have been found in formations
certainly as far back as the Greensand. Our common
species is either very shy or very sluggish; it rarely
shows more than its foot and the tips of its tentacles.
I have been obliged to deprive it of the greater part of
its shell in order to examine the soft parts. The lingual
membrane is minute : each row of teeth consists of a
broad central plate or rhachis, flanked on either side
by three narrow and incurved pleurae.

Turrit ella has several obsolete synonyms.

^\ "jO • TURRITELLA Te'rEBRA f, LiuUC. K'f 4S0 .

Turbo ferebra, Linn. S. N. p. 1239. Turrifella communis, F. & H. lii.
p. 172, pi. Ixxxix. f. 1-3, and (animal) pi. II. f. 4.

Body yellowish, mottled with brown and speckled with
white : mantle thick, fringed on its outer and inner edges with
fine filaments [arranged in a triple row, and reflected (Loven)]:
snout broad, depressed, bilobed towards the extremity, which
is delicately scalloped round the margin [tubereulated at the

* A diminutive from turris, a tower. t A borer.

TURRITELLA. 81

edge (Loven)] : tentacles conical, pointed, slender, and variable
in length : eyes small, on bulbs or offsets at the outer base of the
tentacles : foot lanceolate, dilated and rounded in front, bluntly
angulated and abi-uptly terminating behind [" grooved below "
(F. & H.) ; sole marked on its hinder portion with a depressed
line down the centre (Clark)].

Shell forming a slender and elongated pyramid, with a more
or less narrow base which is somewhat angulated ; it is solid,
opaque, and of a dull hue : sculpture, rather sharp spiral ridges,
of which there are 3 on each of the upper whorls, and double
that number on the last whorl, besides several intermediate
and smaller ribs on the lower whorls, and sometimes also on the
upper ones ; the whole surface is covered with fine and close-
set indistinct flexuous striae in the line of growth: colour
yellowish -brown of various shades, with occasionally darker
longitudinal streaks : spire sharply pointed, although the tip
is usually broken off: whorls 16-20, convex but compressed,
shelving above and below the suture; they increase very
gradually : suture distinct, becoming deeper towards the base
of the spire : mouth squarish, angulated above and slightly ex-
panding below : outer lip incurved on the upper side : inner
lip reflected over the pillar, and in adult specimens united with
the outer lip : operculum dark-horncolour with a tawny coating,
composed of about 30 imbricated turns, which are invested with
minute and delicate tuberculated threads arranged obliquely
and sometimes projecting beyond the margin so as to make it
appear spinous; the centre is slightly concave. L. 2-25.
B. 0-65.

Var. 1. nivea. Snowy-white.

Var. 2. gracilis. Narrower and more slender.

Habitat : Sand and mud in 3-100 i., throughout our
seas ; gregarious. The 1st variety is not uncommon on
the west coast of Scotland and in Shetland, mixed with
coloured specimens : I have also dredged it at Exmouth.
The 2nd variety is local, and occasionally white ; it has
been taken at Torquay with the ordinary kind by Mr.
Alder _, in Shetland by Mr. M^ Andrew and others, in
Cork Harbour by Mr. Humphreys, and in Bantry Bay
by myself. The latter variety also occurs on the coasts

e5

82 TURRITELLIDiE.

of Spain and Portugal, and in the Mediterranean. If it
had not been for an intermediate form which Mr. Barlee
obtained near the Arran Isles in the west of Ireland, I
should have been inclined to consider this variety a
distinct species. Deshayes refers it to the T. cornea
of Lamarck ; but the description, " point de stries/^ is
surely inapplicable to our shell. Plate 449 of the ' En-
cyclopedic Methodique/ cited by Lamarck, represents
likewise a smooth shell. T. terebra abounds in almost
every newer tertiary and quaternary deposit here and
abroad, occasionally at great heights, as on Moel Try-
faen ; of which we have accounts from many a concho-
logist

" And him that vexed his brain, and theories built
Of gossamer upon the brittle winds,
Perplexed exceedingly why shells were found
Upon the mountain-tops, but wondering not
Why shells were found at all, more wondrous still ! "

It inhabits a considerable part of the European seas,
from the Loffoden Isles to the ^gean and the African
shores of the Mediterranean, at depths varying from
5 to 100 f.

The " Auger '' of Pennant. It sometimes attains the
length of 3 inches. In aged specimens the outer lip is
very thick, being formed of numerous layers. The whorls
are sometimes flattened, or scalariform.

This common species was described and figured as
English by Lister, whom Linnd quotes for it in the
' Fauna Suecica ] ' and that work is cited in his ' Sys-
tema Naturse,^ where Turbo terebra was first named,
with " Habitat in O. Europseo.^' No such references
are given in Linnets description of Turbo ungulinus,
which may therefore have been exotic. Our shell was
called by Risso not only Turritella communis, but T.
striatula and by many other names. It is the T. Linncei

TRUNCATELLIDiE. 83

of Deshayes : the fry was probably Adamses Turbo
strigatus.

Turbo duplicatus of Linne, as well as his T. imbricatus
and T. ewoletm (the last being T. cinctus of Da Costa)
are tropical species of Turritella ; they were erroneously
introduced by Lister^ Leach, Da Costa, and Montagu
into the list of British shells.

Two arctic species of the present or an allied genus
occur in our glacial formation, viz. : — T.polaris of Beck =
T. erosa, Couthouy, at Bridlington (Woodward), and
Elie in Fife (Rev. Thomas Brown, fide Geikie) ; and T.
reticulata of Mighels and Adams = 7^. lactea, MoUer, at
King Edward in Aberdeenshire ( Jamieson) . The former
of these has also been found in a fossil state by Mr.
S carles Wood in the Coralline Crag at Sutton, and by
Principal Dawson in Canada.

Family XIV. TRUNCATE L'LID^, Gray.

Body elongated : mantle plain-edged : head forming a cylin-
drical, contractile, and bilobed snout : tentacles conical, sepa-
rated by the snout : eyes sessile, or nearly so, placed a httle
above (rather than outside) the bases of the tentacles : foot
short, and rounded at each end: gills consisting of a single
plume.

Shell cylindrical : spire truncated on the animal arriving
at maturity, the opening thus made being filled up with a fresh
layer of shell : mouth oval, with a complete peristome : oper-
culum horny, ear- shaped, with a very short spire, having its
nucleus on the columellar or inner side of the mouth, near the
base of the shell.

There is a great gulf between this family and the Tur-
ritellidds. Perhaps it is owing to a fault in the system
of classification — our motto being ^^ nil deest nisi clavis ''

84 TRUNCATELLID^.

(as in the mysterious frontispiece that represents the
Domus Nature in ' Ripley revived/ by Eirensens Phi-
lalethes) ; or perhaps the intermediate space is occu-
pied by exotic and fossil forms. At any rate I can place
the TruncatellidcB nowhere else. The European seas
have only a single generic and specific representative,
which appears not to be found north of the English
Channel.

Genus TRUNC ATEL'LA ^ Risso. PI. II. f. 2.
Generic characters those of the family.

The habits of these moUusks are littoral. They live
chiefly on the brink of high-water mark, under stones
and decaying sea- weeds, which are periodically covered
by the sea ; and in this sense they may be termed am-
phibious. Considerable doubt has been entertained by
many naturalists whether Truncatella is marine or ter-
restrial, and whether it is furnished with gills like Lit-
torinay or with an air-pouch like Melampus, The careful
and long-continued experiments 'made by the Rev. R.
T. Lowe, which were published in the 5th volume of the
^Zoological Journal,^ seem to prove that it is truly
marine, one of his specimens having lived 14 weeks
constantly immersed in sea-water ; and Mr. Clark has
given us full particulars of the branchial apparatus.

Lowe proposed at one time to call this genus Erpeto-
metra (from its peculiar mode of creeping) ; Christo-
phori and Jan have given it the name of Choristoma,
Leach those of Zeano'e, Glaucotho'e, and (according to
Gray) Truncatula; the young constitutes the genus
Fidelis of Risso.

* Diminutive from truncatus, cut off.

TRUNCATELLA. 85

N^^-js Truncatella trunca'tula ^, Draparnaud. \[--j\

Cyclostoma truncatulum, Drap. Tabl. Moll. p. 116. T. Montagui, F. & H.
iii. p. 317, pi. xcix. f. 1, and (animal) pi. FF. f. 10.

Body very pale yellowish-white, with grey specks : snout
long, narrow, and very extensile, anniilated when at rest,
auricled at each end ; it is finely grooved down the middle :
tentacles short, broad, flat, and somewhat triangular : eyes black,
with white pupils, on expansions of the tentacles : foot roundish-
oval and thick.

Shell forming a short and turreted cylinder, nearly equal
in breadth throughout ; it is rather thin, semitransparent, and
glossy : sculpture sometimes none, in other specimens more or
less distinct and strong longitudinal ribs on all or part of the
whorls ; under a good magnifier may also be detected faint
traces of spiral and close-set striae : colour pale yellowish-brown
or tawny, with a creamy tint : spire having an extremely blunt
tip in the young, and abruptly truncated in the adult ; the
line of fracture where the first-formed whorls were rubbed off
is conspicuous : whorls 6| in the young, and 3| only in the
adult ; although rounded they are compressed, especially in
the middle of each, and increase verj^ gradually, the penulti-
mate whorl being in fact a trifle broader than the last ; the
original whorls are fragile, and (like the milk-teeth of certain
Mammalia) deciduous at the proper season : suture deep :
mouth small in comparison with the size of the last whorl ; it
is somewhat contracted above, rounded and expanded below :
outer lip reflected, and not very thin : inner lip thickened in
full-grown specimens, and a little detached from the pillar ;
there is no cMnk behind it, much less an umbilicus ; operculum.
thin, yellowish, marked with slight flexuous striae in the line
of growth. L. 0-175. B. 0-06.

0-'

Habitat : Muddy shores near high-water mark, under
stones, at Southampton, and at Salcombe, Plymouth, and
in otTier parts of South Devon (Montagu) ; Weymouth
(Bryer and others) ; Poole (Maton and Rackett) ; New-
haven (J. G. J.) ; Guernsey (Lukis) . It is rather
plentiful in the backwater behind Portland Island.

* Having a small truncation.

86 TRUNCATELLIDiE.

Laskey says that he dredged it off Dunbar, Fleming
that he found a specimen in the cavity of a dead Spa-
tangus purpureus from the Firth of Forth, Macgillivray
that it has been taken in sea-sand from Cruden in the
Moray Firth, and Thompson that Mrs. Hancock obtained
a young shell of this species at Bundoran in co. Donegal;
Bean enumerates it in his list of Scarborough shells.
I suspect that there has been some mistake as to the
specimens from all these last five places. A large West-
Indian species [T. succinea, C. B. Adams) has been
often mistaken for ours. Philippi records the present
species as fossil in Sicily ; and I found specimens in a
quaternary or more recent deposit near Martigues in
the Departement of Bouches-du- Rhone. It inhabits the
Atlantic shores of France, both sides of the Mediter-
ranean, as well as the Adriatic and jEgean seas ; and
M*^ Andrew has noticed it at Malaga and Lancerote.

It creeps slowly, in the fashion of a caterpillar. The
action of the foot is thus described by Clark : — " on the
march maintaining posteally and anteally the oval con-
tour, with a vermicular motion, like an advance of one
half to the other ; this action gives an apparent crease,
simulating an incised transverse line, but on the step
being completed, the foot becomes entire. ^^ I could not
detect any pulsation : the gill-pouch was transparent,
and appeared to be filled with air. The shell varies
considerably in bulk. Possibly the smooth kind, which
is smaller than the other, may be the male, and the
ribbed kind the female; the transition from one kind
to the other, however, is very gradual.

Helix subcylindrica of Linne may be this species ;
but " Habitat in aquis dulcibus Europae borealis " makes
it rather doubtful. Montagu called the adult shell
Turbo truncatuSj and the young T. subtruncatus; Risso

SCALARIIDiE. 87

distinguished the smooth and ribbed forms as Trunca-
tella Icevigata and T. costulata, and the young as Fidelis
Theresa. The last appears to be the T. Desnoyersii of
Payraudeau. Lowe gave this species the name of T.
Montagui, his T. truncatula from Madeira being diffe-
rent. The young is Macgillivray^s Eulima niiidissima.
According to Phihppi our shell is Cyclostoma concinnum
of Scacchi_, and the young is Paludina strigilata of
Pareyss. The corresponding name for each state of
growth bestowed by Leach on this polyonomatous shell
are Zeano'e nitida and Glaucotho'e Montaguana. Dra-
pamaud, in his ' Tableau des MoUusques/ expressed his
belief that his Cyclostoma truncatulum ought to consti-
tute a distinct genus, an opinion of which Risso un-
skilfully availed himself.

Family XV. SCALARI'ID^, (Scalaridw)
Broderip.

Seal cL t I-, - ■ i

Genus SCALA'RIA^ Lamarck. PL II. f. 3.

Body screw-shaped : mantle plain-edged, forming an inci-
pient or slight fold at the base of the shell : head short, snout-
shaped, furnished with a cylindrical and retractile proboscis :
tentacles awl- shaped, with blunt tips : eyes on short stalks, at
the outer bases of the tentacles : foot lanceolate, double-edged
in front ; sole grooved down the middle ; gills consisting of a
single plume. Sexes separate.

Shell turreted, longitudinally ridged or plaited, and often
also transversely striated : spire elongated and pointed ; apex
slightly inflected : mouth nearly round, with a complete and
thickened peristome, angulatcd below : operculum homy, ear-
shaped, few-whorled, and having the nucleus on the columeUar
or inner side of the mouth but not far from its centre.

* From scala, a ladder.

88 SCALARIIDiE.

In this family and genus occurs for the first time a
retractile proboscis or '' haustellum/^ instead of a con-
tractile snout or "rostrum/' Morch"^ suggests that
there may be no greater difference between these two
organs than between a long and a short siphon. The ar-
mature of the tongue is very simple, and consists of a
single row of uniform teeth on each side without any in
the middle ; it agrees nearly with that of Homalogyra
and the Bulla tribe. Without presuming to disparage
the labours of those conchologists who may be termed
odontological systematists, I think an undue importance
has been given to this character as a basis of classifica-
tion for the Gastropoda. The alimentary and masti-
cating organs of all animals depend on the nature of
their food ; and every division of the Gastropoda con-
tains some kinds which are phytophagous and others
which are sarcophagous or zoophagous. Scalaria be-
longs to the latter class. According to Dr. Gould_, a
specimen of S. Groenlandica which Mr. Couthouy kept
alive for the purpose of examination " fed eagerly upon
fresh beef, especially if somewhat macerated/' The
animal of every species of Scalaria emits a purple dye,
like Planorbis corneus, lanthina, and Aplysia. The use
of this secretion is not sufficiently known f. Montagu
made some curious experiments with the dye of S. com-
munis, showing that the colour is changed by the appli-
cation of mineral acids, and that it is not affected by
cream of tartar, nor materially by either volatile or fixed
alkali; that it is not diminished by putrefaction, nor
fixable by any then known astringent ; it resisted for
some months the action of the air and sun ; but being
exposed for a whole summer to the solar rays in a south

* Ann. & Mag. N. II. 3rd ser. xvi. p. 397.

t See vol. i. (Introduction) pp. xxxv and xxxvi.

SCALARIA. 89

aspect_, it almost vanished. Ever since the cultivation
of conchology (in the limited sense of the word and not
as a science), the true " wentletrap " or " windeltreppe ''
has been regarded as an object of especial admiration
for its graceful shape and exquisite sculpture ; it fetched
at one time as high a price as some of the rarest cones
and cowries, which (in my opinion) it far excels in
beauty. Lamarck states that the ridges which adorn
the shell are marks of growth, each forming in succes-
sion the border of the mouth. This is probably the
case, if we consider them marks of periodical rather than
annual growth : a full-grown S. communis has about 100
of these ridges, and we can hardly suppose that it lives
as many years. The number of varices or stronger
ridges, distributed at intervals and observable in S. Tur-
tonce and other species, may indicate the age. ScalaricB
inhabit every sea, although frequenting more the Indian
Ocean. About 200 species have been described, recent
and fossil. We are told by Nyst that many of the latter
occur in the cretaceous and tertiary formations; one
has been recorded from the Coral Rag, and another as
Silurian.

Among the synonyms are Scala of Klein (pre-Lin-
nean), Scalarus of Montfort, and Clathrus of Oken.

^*^l 1. ScALARiA Tur'ton^"^, [Twrtonis) Turton. ^^7'

Turbo Turtonis, Turt. Conch. Diet. p. 208, f. 97. S. Turtonis, F. & H.
iii. p. 204, pi. Ixx. f. 1, 2.

Body dark-coloured : proboscis long : eyes placed on promi-
nent tubercles : foot white behind and underneath, folded in
front when withdrawn into the shell. (Bivona, Jlde Philippi).

Shell slender, solid, opaque, somewhat glossy: sculpture,
slightly curved, flattened, and more or less imbricated longi-

* Named after a daughter of Dr. Turton.

90 SCALARlIDiE.

tudinal ridges, 12 being on the last whorl, 11 on the penulti-
mate, and 10 on the next, after which they diminish in number;
these ridges are broader and foliaceous at the top of each whorl ;
they are not continuous throughout the spire, but are usually
disposed in alternate order, and some of them, at irregular
intervals, are double or multiple, so as to form broad and strong
varices ; the interstices of the ribs are finely and closely stri-
ated in a spiral direction : colour light yellowish-brown, with
3 purplish-brown or coffeecoloured bands on the body-whorl
and 2 on each of the other whorls ; of the 3 bands the upper
two are above the periphery and sometimes confluent, the third
(which is generally broader) encircling the base : spire tapering
gradually to a fine point : whorls 15-16, rounded, although
compressed, and increasing very gradually : suture well defined,
but not deep : mouth more round than oval, angulated above,
and much more so below : outer lip encircled or strengthened
by the last-formed ridge, having a slight sinus near the upper
part, and somewhat reflected : inner lip broad, extremely thick
at the base and lower angle of the mouth ; there is no umbi-
licus behind it: operculum dark-horncolour, having about 6
turns, rather concave, and strongly striated in the line of
growth ; it resembles that of a Littorina, but the nucleus is
more central. L. 1*75. B. 0-5.

Habitat : Coralline zone in Guernsey (Lukis) ; Devon
and Cornwall (Turton and others) ; Tenby (J. G. J.) ;
Laugharne, Carmarthenshire (Barlee, and Lindsay) ;
estuary of the Mersey (Collingwood) ; Scarborough
(Bean and Leckenby) ; Aberdeen (Macgillivray) ; Clyde
district (Forbes and others) ; co. Down (Thompson) ;
Dublin Bay (Turton and others); south of Ireland (Ball
and others) ; co. Galway (Barlee) . It is by no means
common. Dr. Turton states that "in many parts
of Ireland, but especially about Balbriggan, they are
found crawling among the rocks ^' ! In a fossil state
this species has been recorded from the Belfast deposit
by Hyndman and Grainger, under the name of S. Tre-
velyana ; Ireland, Ayr, and Bute (Smith) ; Nice (Risso) ;
Sicily (Philippi) . It inhabits the North Atlantic from

SCALARIA. 91

Bergen (Lovenand others) to Madeira (M^ Andrew), and
every part of tlie Mediterranean, Adriatic, and ^gean,
at depths ranging between 5 and 45 f.

Several specimens having the operculum were in Mr.
Clark's collection, from Exmouth : I wish he had given
us an account of the animal. Young shells have the
base somewhat angulated.

It was possibly the Turbo ambiguus of Linne, described
as inhabiting the Mediterranean, and very like T. cla-
thrus (but fleshcolour, with 3 reddish-brown bands, and
having twice as many ribs) ; this, however, is said to be
nmbilicate, a character that belongs to none of the
European species. Risso appears to have given our shell
the specific names of Turtonia and (as fossil) elegans,
Michaud that of tenuicosta, Bivona planicosta, Scacchi
plicata, Broun alternicostaj and Leach Turtoniana.

N!46-N 2. S. commi/nis*, Lamarck. H 7(

8. communis, Lam. An. s. Vert. vi. (2) p. 228 ; F. & H. iii. p. 206, pi. Ixx.
f. 9, 10.

Body milk-white, irregularly streaked with black or mottled
with dark-purple on the upper part : mantle thick, tight about
the neck, its margin forming a round collar : snout vertically
cloven in the centre, whence the proboscis (which is white)
frequently protrudes as if in search of food : tentacles long and
slender [black. Alder] : eyes on the inner side of small bulbs
or excrescences [white spaces, Alder], which rise from the
outer bases of the tentacles : foot, when fully extended, long
and narrow, somewhat angulated and notched or bilobed in
front, with a very slight rounded auricle at each corner, and
tapering behind to a point ; it is often carried far beyond the
head ; sole marked in the middle from one end to the other
with a groove or impressed line. [Male organ long, bent, and
pointed, of a dusky hue (Clark).]

Shell more conical than the last species, solid, opaque, and
of rather a dull hue : sculpture^ sHghtly curved longitudinal

* Common.

92 SCALARIIDiE.

ridges, which are reflected or folded backwards, but not flat-
tened as in S. Turtonce ; there are 9 on the last whorl, 10 on
the penultimate, and 8 on the next, diminishing in number
towards the apex ; the ridges are somewhat broader at the top
of each whorl, and cemented to those in the preceding whorl,
so as to make the series continuous in an oblique direction ;
they do not (unless very rarely) form varices, nor is one larger
than any of the others except in the course of growth ; under
a good magnifying-power their interstices are seen to be some-
times marked with a few extremely slight and indistinct spiral
striae, and occasionally also with delicate and close-set longi-
tudinal strice or impressed lines, which latter especially cover
the ridges ; the first 3 or 4 whorls are quite smooth : colour
varying from cream to fawn, with frequently (as in S. Turtonce)
3 purplish-brown or cofi'eecoloured bands on the body-whorl,
and 2 on each of the other whorls ; these bands, however, are
not continuous, but broken and divided into short streaks ;
sometimes the shell is beautifully mottled all over with pur-
plish-brown, although retaining the lowest band; apex light-
brown : S2)ire rather abruptly tapering to an apparently fine
point ; apex flattened, slightly reversed or inflected, but not so
decidedly as in the genus AcUs: whorlsl5-16, convex, gradually
enlarging : suture deep : mouth more round than oval, more or
less angulated above and below : outer lip encircled and
strengthened by the last-formed ridge, somewhat reflected:
inner lip broad, extremely thick at the base and lower angle
of the mouth ; no umbilicus : operculum dark-homcolour,
having about 6 turns, concave in the middle, and marked with
coarse flexuous striae in the line of growth. L. I'O. B. 0*6.

Habitat : English, Bristol, and St. George^s Chan-
nels; all the coasts of Ireland; Kent (Montagu and
others); Dogger bank (Rich); Scarborough (Leckenby);
Leith (Da Costa) ; Dunbar (Laskey) ; Clyde district
(Kennedy and others) . It is usually an inhabitant of
the coralline zone ; but Mr. Sturges-Dodd found living
specimens at very low tides in Pontac Bay, Jersey. Es-
tuarine deposit at Selsea, Sussex (Godwin- Austen) ; Ire-
land (Smith) ; post-glacial bed in Norway, 50 feet
(Sars) ; North Italian tertiaries (Brocchi) ; Sicily (Phi-
lippi). Its foreign range, as recent, extends from Fin-

SCALARIA, 93

mark (Lilljeborg) to the Canary Isles (M 'Andrew) in
the North Atlantic, as well as throughout the Mediter-
ranean, Adriatic, and ^gean. The depths given by
different authors vary from 8-40 f. ; and Mr. M'An-
drew found this species alive on the shore at Vigo and
Gibraltar.

Montagu says that the purple dye issues from a gland
behind the head : the great beauty of its colour was
first noticed by Plancus in Mediterranean specimens.
The shell is the " small stair-case '^ of Petiver, " bastaard
wenteltrapje^^ of the Dutch according to Klein, ''^ barred
wreath " of Pennant, and "false wentletrap'^ of Da Costa,
the ''true wentletrap^^ being S. scalaris or pretiosa.
Our shell barely exceeds 2 inches in length.

It is the Turbo clathrus of the 10th and previous edi-
tions of the ' Systema Naturae,^ as well as of the ' Fauna
Suecica ; ' but the species so named in the 12th edition of
the 'Systema^ is described as having the base encircled by
a spiral keel or ridge, and is consequently not the British
species. Da Costa called it Strombiformis clathratus, ap-
parently from a habit, in which he indulged with a most
inconvenient pertinacity, of substituting new names for
old ; the latter specific name, not having been adopted
by any subsequent writer, must be considered obsolete.
Gmelin and Mohr evidently mistook the Turbo clathrus
of Linne for his T. clathratus, which is a Trophon,

N» ^P^ 3. S. Trevelya'na^, 'Leach: ^ ■']\ ■

S. Trevel^ana, (Leach, M.S.) Winch, on the Geology of Lindisfarn, Ann.
Phil, new ser. iv. p. 434 ; R & H. iii. p. 213, pi. Ixx. f. 7, 8, and (animal)
pi. FF. f. 1-3.

Body yellowish-grey or pale-fawncolour, with a faint tinge
of purple, minutely streaked and speckled with white : snout

* Named in honour of the discoverer, Miss Emma Trevelyan.

94 SCALARIIDiE.

broad and semicylindrical, slightly cloven in the middle, and
delicately stippled with brown : tentacles gradually tapering,
although rather short, margined on each side with a purplish-
brown line, and streaked with white underneath : eyes small,
round, and black, immersed in bulgings at the outer bases of
the tentacles : foot very long and slender, extending far be-
yond the head, in front somewhat rounded and with small an-
gular comers, bilobed behind ; on the upper side a long fur-
row runs from the hinder edge of the operculum to the tail,
as in Trochus, with a well-defined ridge on each side of it.

Shell conical and of about the same proportions as S. com-
munis, much thinner than that or the preceding species, opaque,
somewhat glossy : sculpture, longitudinal ridges, arranged
usually in continuous but oblique rows, as in S. communis ;
they are, however, narrower, less folded, and more flattened,
and are occasionally varicose ; the upper part of each ridge is
broader and generally (especially towards the point of the
spire) expands into a short spur-like projection, so as to give
a turreted appearance to the shell ; there are 14 ridges on each
of the last two whorls, 13 on the next, diminishing in number
upwards ; the interstices of the ridges are delicately and mi-
croscopically striated in a spiral direction ; the first 4 or 5
whorls are smooth and polished : colour fawn ; the ridges
are white : spire tapering to an apparently fine point ; apex
as in the last species : whorls 14-15, convex, increasing
gradually : suture deep : mouth considerably more an^iulated
below than above, the pillar being somewhat strait, especially
in the young : outer lip thick, formed of the last ridge : inner
lip rather thin above, and less connected than usual with the
outer lip, thickened and broad below ; behind it is a depres-
sion, but no umbilicus : operculum light-horncolour, having
about 6 turns, the inner ones being defined by a slightly raised
edge ; it is concave in the middle, and marked with coarse
flexuous striaj in the line of growth. L. 1. B. 0*4.

Habitat : Shetland, in 75-100 f. (M'Andrew and
others) ; Orkneys, 15-100 f. (Thomas) ; Moray Firth
(Gordon) ; Fii'th of Forth (Gerard) ; northern coasts of
England, from Berwick to Scarborough (Johnston and
others) ; Macgilligan, co. Londonderry (Thompson) ;
CO. Cork (Humphreys and Wright); off Mizen Head
and Cape Clear in 50-60 f., and on the Nymph bank

SCALARIA. 95

in 50-55 f. (M^Andrew) ; Arran I., co. Galway (Barlee) ;
Tenby (Lyons) ; Laugharne^ Carmarthensliire (Lind-
say); Plymouth (Jordan); Hayle (Miss Hockin); 15
miles from the Land^s End in 50 f. (M*^ Andrew, fide
Forbes) . Norwich Crag ( Wigham, Thomas, and Wood-
ward); Red Crag (S. Wood). It has been dredged off
Christiansund in 60 f. by Danielssen, and in 40-50 f. by
Sars, in Chris tianiafiord by Asbjornsen, off Bohuslan
by Loven, and in 40-80 f. by Malm, and in the Kattegat,
with Crania anomala, by the last-named writer ; Tiberi
procured it in an immature state from coral-fishers at
Naples.

The animal is extremely shy ; it takes alarm and shuts
itself up, even when you touch the table on which the
vessel containing it stands. Like its congeners it emits
a purple dye. The denticles of the tongue are slender
and curved. The shell may be distinguished from that
of S. TurtoTKB by its smaller size, greater delicacy of
texture, finer and more numerous ribs (each of which
is generally furnished on the upper part with a short
spur) , and by its pretty fawn- or fleshcolour variegated
by white ribs. My largest specimen is not much more
than IJ inch long. Some are more elongated than
others; those from Ireland have a broader base and
faint traces of bands, disposed as in the preceding two
species, but of the same colour as the body of the shell,
although of a somewhat darker hue. Distortions occur
in which the spire is more or less bent ; and one has a
distinct but narrow umbilicus.

This species was first described by Dr. Johnston, in
the Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalists^ Club
for 1841. In Thorpe^s (or Hanley^s) ' British Marine
Conchology^ the specific name is spelt Treveliana. S.
frondicula of S carles Wood, from the English and

96 SCALARIID^.

Belgian Crag formations, is closely allied to it, if not
the same shell. ^ . i 4-1 4- i

()in'- 4. S. clathra'tula"^, (Adams.) »V? 4©^^

Turbo clathratulus. Ad. Micr. t. 14. f. 19. 8. clathratula, F. & H. iii.
p. 209, pi. Ixx. f. 3, 4.

Body clear- white, with a very faint dusky tinge on the
upper part, and thickly interspersed with minute opaque-
white flakes : mantle fleshy, even with the mouth of the shell :
snout very short, compressed and crescent-shaped : proboscis
long and strong, frequently protruded : tentacles of moderate
length, and divergent : eyes very black, placed not on offsets,
but on scarcely raised eminences at the outer bases of the ten-
tacles, of which they form part : foot often carried considerably
in advance of the head and tentacles ; it is short, narrow,
in front nearly semicircular and with a minute auricle at each
corner, and tapers gradually behind to a slender rounded termi-
nation ; hinder half of the sole deeply grooved in the middle
lengthwise, with a depression in the centre. (Clark and Alder.)

Shell elegantly pyramidal, rather thin, semitransparent,
and glossy : sculpture, fine, sharp, laminar, erect, and curved
longitudinal ridges, set rather obliquely, either in a continuous
or alternate order ; each is nearly of the same height and size
throughout, and very seldom are any of them varicose ; there
are 18 on each of the last two whorls, and 16 or 17 on the
next, diminishing in number upwards ; their interstices are
spirally but indistinctly and irregularly striated, as in the other
species, and on the upper part of the body- whorl some fine
longitudinal striae may occasionally be observed ; the first 3
or 4 whorls are smooth and polished : colour uniform, snow-
white : spire finely tapering ; apex like that of the other species :
whorls 12-13, convex, gradually enlarging : suture deep :
mouth inclining to oval, decidedly angulated below : outer lip
incurved above, and slightly expanding: inner lip reflected,
especially at the base : operculum yellowish-brown, having
from 4 to 5 turns, concave in the middle, and marked with
strong flexuous striaB in the line of growth. L. 0*6. B. 0-02.

Habitat : Sparingly distributed throughout all our
seas, from the Shetland to the Channel Isles. It pro-

* Small-barred: diminutive of clathrata, from the Linnean specific
name clathrus.

SCALARIA. 97

perly belongs to the coralline zone ; but Mr. Clark found
a living specimen '' in the middle of the littoral district,
at the roots of the Corallina officinalis, at Exmouth/'
Mr. Humphreys took a dead one from the stomach of
a Red Gurnard at Cork. Fossil in the Coralline Crag,
Sutton (S. Wood); Belgian Crag (Nyst). Professor
Homes has described and figured a miocene species,
from the Vienna basin, under the name of ^. clathratula,
supposing it to be our species ; I regard them as distinct.
The only foreign locality known to me, north of Great
Britain, is Bohuslan, where Malm dredged it in 70 f. It
inhabits the coasts of France, Spain, Portugal, Italy,
and Algeria, at depths ranging from 4 to 36 f.

^^This creature is very free in showing its peculia-
rities '^ (Clark) . He noticed the usual purpuriferous vein
behind the neck. According to him the operculum is
white : in a specimen from his collection the colour of
that appendage is yellowish-brown. The shell is a most
graceful object.

It appears to be the Turbo lamellosus of Delle Chiaje,
S. pulchella of Bivona, and S, Georgetina of Kiener.

Mr. M*^ Andrew dredged two fragments of S. Grmnlan-
dica in 38 f. off Duncansby Head in the north of Scot-
land. Although these fragments have every appearance
of being recent, I must request the reader to bear in
mind the remarks which I made in the Introduction to
vol. i. (pp. xciv-xcvi) with respect to the difficulty of
distinguishing fossil from recent shells procured under
similar circumstances. Not more than 30 miles below
Duncansby Head Mr. Robert Dawson traced a newei
tertiary deposit of great extent, containing Pecten Is-
landicus and other arctic species. S. Grcenlandica is not
uncommon in the high northern seas of both hemi-
spheres, its southern limit in Europe being Bergen. It

VOL. IV. F

98 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

occurs in the glacial or post-glacial beds of Aberdeen-
shire (Jamieson), at Bridlington (Forbes), as well as in
the Norwich and Red Crag. The shell has remarkably
strong and conspicuous spiral striae between the ridges,
and its base is encircled by a keel.

I have a specimen oi S. pseudoscalaris, Brocchi, which
the late Miss Lavars of Penzance picked up in Porth-
curnow cove near the Land^s End, together with S,
TurtoncBj S. communis , and S, clathratula. Its nearest
ally is S. communis, from which it may be known by the
more conical shape, sharper ridges, and basal keel or
ridge. This species may be British ; for Tasle has re-
corded it from Morbihan, and Aucapitaine and Fisher
from the Charente-Inferieure.

Acirsa borealis of Beck has been dredged in 18-20 f.
off the coast of Antrim by Mr. Hyndman, Mr. Waller,
and myself, and on the Aberdeenshire coast, from 3 to
8 miles from land, in 30-45 f., by Mr. Dawson. This
species has not been found living south of Iceland. It
is the S, Eschrichti of Holboll [fide Moller), and Tur-
ritella Hibernica of Waller. Morch's genus Acirsa seems
to connect the present family with the next.

S. ^vseu^si^*-^^ JJ. 107. ^ ^ .1 . ^. Xlo -

Family XVI. PYKAMIDEL'LID^, Gray.

Body spirally twisted : head furnished with a long cylin-
drical and retractile proboscis; flap ("mentum" of Loven)
extensile, but rarely projecting beyond the foot: tentacles
conical or triangular, flattened, and smooth, with more or less
inflated tips : eyes sessile at the inner base of the tentacles,
and placed near to each other : foot lanceolate, and double-
edged in front. Branchial apparatus consisting of a single
gill-plume. Tongue unarmed or toothless.

ACLIS.

99

Shell small, conical or pyramidal, smooth or variously sculp-
tured : sjpire pointed, with an inflected and mostly a reversed
apex : mouth oval, somewhat angulated but not channelled
below : outer lip thin : operculum ear-shaped, with a short
imperfect spire of very few whorls ; nucleus excentric, on the
inner side near the base.

This family contains several genera, some of which
(especially Odostomia) abound in prolific species. They
are widely diffased over the present marine area of our
globe, and appear to have had an equally extensive range
in periods which we call geological. The Pyramidellidce
inhabit all the zones, and are probably sarcophagous,
not zoophagous or predaceous. Their shells are grace-
ful in shape, and often beautifully sculptured ; but, being
minute, they can be appreciated by those only who have
accustomed themselves to see

" Form in things which to the eye
Half-read is but deformity —
Grandeur in mean things and small,
And God's great handiwork in all ! "

Although it does not appear that any direct obser-
vations have been made as to the reproductive system
of the Pyramidellid(2j it may be inferred from an un-
published drawing by Moller of the soft parts and oper-
culum of Monoptygma albulum {Turbo alhulus, Fabri-
cius) , which is allied to Aclis and belongs to the present
family, that the sexes are distinct. In that drawing
(for a tracing of which I am indebted to Dr. Morch)
the male organ is very conspicuous.

Genus I. ACLIS ^, Loven. PL II. f. 4.

Body slender : tentacles long, approximating at their bases :
eyes placed rather more on the outer than the inner base of
the tentacles.

* A small javelin.

f2

100 PYRAMIDELLID^.

Shell elongated : mouth slightly expanded, and having a
more or less complete peristome : pillar never furnished with
any fold or tooth.

Perhaps this is an ill-assorted genus. More infor-
mation is desirable to clear up some doubts as to the
organization of its component species.

Leach's genus Alvania, adopted by S carles Wood,
subsequently to Loven's publication, for Aclis suprani-
tida, comprised (according to Risso, who first described
that genus on Leach's authority) only certain species of
Rissoa. In Leach's own work the type of Alvania is
R. striata. c»om»c^i^ oA^Uu^ , a . aAa^» U A^«> *^nlcx^
\>\''\'L- 1. AcLis u'nica*, Montagu. (^•415

Turbo unicus, Mont. Test. Br. p. 299, t. 12. f. 2. A. unica, F. & H. iii.
p. 222, pi. xc. f. 4, 5.

Body clear- white, with very minute and close-set flaky
specks: mantle furnished with a cylindrical filament (as in
Rissoa) at the upper angle of the mouth of the shell : " muz-
zle slender and rather long, having the first half from the
neck, on its upper part, clothed with a very close tunic or tight
overlay; the disk is smooth, compressed, bevelled to a fine
edge, and almost circular, with a median vertical fissure on
the under surface, in which I have often seen the dehcate
white corneous plates, jaws, and hngual riband : " tentacles
moderately long, flat, rounded or obtuse at the tips, quite
smooth even under high magnifying powers, and divergent :
eyes large and black, not on peduncles or prominences, but
fixed each on the centre of the base of either tentacle, with
very little external inclination, and widely apart ; on the march
the eyes are usually carried within the margin of the shell :
foot slender, greatly hollowed out in front, and deeply labiated,
having distinct, long, arched linear auricles which play or
vibrate when the animal is crawhng, beneath [behind ?] which
it is slightly constricted ; it terminates in a rounded, rather
broad point ; no median line is apparent in any part of the
sole: opercular lobe sim-ple. (Clark.)

Shell needle-shaped, thin, semitransparent, somewhat
* Unparalleled.

ACLIS. 101

glossy: sculpture, numerous delicate and flexuous longitu-
dinal ribs, crossed by as many fine spiral ridges or striae, and
producing by their mutual intersection an exquisitely reticu-
lated appearance ; the ribs are usually stronger on the upper
whorls ; apex smooth and polished : colour white, with a faint
tinge of yellowish-brown in live or fresh specimens: spire
elegantly tapering to a blunt point, which when viewed side-
ways appears button-shaped, and projects a little beyond the
succeeding part of the spire : if viewed from above it appears
slightly inflected : whorls 9-10, moderately convex, and gra-
dually increasing ; the first whorl and half of the next form
the apex of the spire : suture deep, rather oblique : mouth
exactly oval, efiuse below : outer lip slightly flexuous, incurved
above : inner lip thin, adhering to the pillar, connected with
the outer lip at the upper corner ; there is no umbilicus, but
the base is narrowly depressed behind the pillar [ : operculum
" light yellow and suboval, with distinct grossly spiral turns "
(Clark)]. L. 0-115. B. 0-02. Lr4.^^. ^^^^.

Habitat : Local in the littoral zone. I will enu-
merate some of the places where this species has been
noticed : — Haroldswick Bay in Unst (Dawson) ; Moray
Firth (Murray, fide Gordon); Hebrides (J. Gr. J.);
Dunbar (Bingham, fide Brown) ; Lamlash (Lands-
borough) ; Northumberland and Durham (Alder) ; Scar-
borough (Bean and J. G. J.) ; Dublin Bay (Turton) ;
Cork (J. G. J.); Jandwich (Walker and J. G. J.); Bar-
mouth, Tenby, and coast of Gower (J. G. J.) ; Cornwall
and Devon (Montagu and others); Guernsey (Barlee
and J. G. J.) . Mr. Clark found the living specimen
from which his description was taken in Littleham
cove near Exmouth, at low-water mark, on the margin
of a deep and quiet rock-pool, among debris of small
decayed shells mixed with sand and mud that had an
offensive odour. Loire-Inferieure (Cailliaud) ; Spezzia
(J. G. J.).

'^ This creature is not at all shy ; it remained lively
for thirty-six hours, and gave every facility for good ex-

102 PYRAMIDELLID^..

amination ; it readily creeps up the deepest glasses, and,
however often brushed down, starts again with unabated
vigour"^ (Clark).

It is the Turbo albidus of Adamses work on the Mi-
croscope (from Walker^s figure), and Turritella Clealan-
diana of Leach. The latter writer was of opinion that
" unicus is a very improper name for a species/' Surely
no shell has a better claim than the present to be con-
sidered alone of its kind, or unparalleled, which is the
the meaning of the name. It once belonged to the
genus Turbo, afterwards to Turritellaj then to Chemnitzia
(or Odostomia)y since to Aclis, and it was last trans-
ferred to Rissoa. Our dainty Ariel has long served
many masters, and perhaps it is time that he should
have his liberty. Should such an emancipation take
place, and a new genus be required for the distinction of
this unique species, Gr aphis might be a suitable name.

\\-'ji.. 2. A. As'cARis^,(Turton) N*'4.f

Turbo ascaris, Tiirt. Conch. Diet. p. 217. A. ascaris, F. & H. iii. p. 219,
pi. Ixxxviii. f. 8.

Shell forming an elongated and slender cone, rather solid
for its size, semitransparent, and somewhat glossy : sculpture,
strong spiral ridges, of which there are 5 on the body- whorl,
and three or four on each of the other whorls ; the uppermost
"ridge on each whorl is placed at some little distance from the
suture ; the base of the shell is smooth ; some slight and flex-
uous longitudinal striae or wrinkles may be detected by using
a Coddington lens : colour milk-white : Sjnre tapering to ap-
parently a fine point: whorls 8-9, convex in the middle, but com-
pressed or sloping on the upper part of each towards the suture ;
they enlarge rather suddenly : suture deep and rather obHque :
mouth exactly oval, eff'use below : outer lip slightly flexuous,
incurved above, more or less thickened near the edge, so as
occasionally to form a varix in an earlier stage of growth :
inner lip somewhat thickened and adhering to the pillar, re-

* A tapeworm.

ACLIS, .103

fleeted near the base; it is imperfectly connected with the
outer lip at the upper corner ; behind it is a small and nar-
row umbilical chink. L. 0-1. B; 0-025. L ^ ^i" •^-h- ■"^ stutXc

Habitat : East Shetland, 82 f. (M ^Andrew) ; Aber-
deenshire (Dawson) ; west coast of Scotland (Barlee) ;
Scarborough (Bean) ; Barmouth,, Tenby, and Ply-
mouth (J. Gr. J.); Burrow Island (Beevor); Exmouth
(Barlee); Bude (Lindsay); Guernsey (Lukis, Barlee,
and J. Gr. J.) ; Dublin Bay (Warren and Alder) ; Bun- i»«^
doran (Mrs. Hancock, fide Thompson) ; Arran Isle, co.
Galway (Barlee) ; Seafield, in the west of Ireland (Tur-
ton) . Coralline Crag, Sutton, with A. supranitida (coll.
Wood in mus. Brit.). Bergen (coll. Loven in mus.
Stockh.), and in 70 f. (Lilljeborg) ; Quineville, near
Cherbourg (Mace); Loire-Inferieure (Cailliaud).

It appears to be the Pyramis acutissimus of Brown,
"found on Belton sands, near Dunbar, by General
Bingham.'' Ad is m»nov . 6*z»wn .

N*4.i5 3. A. suprani'tida^, S. Wood. I^^*'?^. •

Alvania siipranitida, S. Wood, Cat. Crag Moll. Aclis supranitida, F. &
H. iii. p. 320, pi. xc. f. 2, 3.

Body slender [" entirely white " (Hanley)] : head not beaked
[not snout-shaped] : proboscis long, strong, and retractile : ten-
tacles cylindrical, slender, somewhat inflated at the top, close
together at the base [" subulate and truncated " (Hanley)] :
eyes immersed at the base of the tentacles, and placed rather
laterally [" placed far back, sessile, and rather distant " (Han-
ley)] : foot having the "mentum" [or upper edge] somewhat
detached, narrower than the sole, and extended [" tail simple
and obtuse " (Hanley)] : opercular lobe ample, of a different
shape on each side, being on the right larger and forming 3 or
4 folds, on the left produced into a single rounded lobe which
is folded behind; sole tongue-shaped, truncated in front:
tongue unarmed ? (Loven.)

Shell ten times greater in bulk than A. ascaris, and other-
wise diflering from that species in not being so slender, and in

* Exceedingly glossy.

104 PYRAMIDELLID^.

having a much broader ba^ ; it is distinctly and deeply um-

bilicate in every stage of growth ; sometimes there are 5 ridges

I on each whorl, at -other times 3 only on the body-whorl and

2 on each of the other whorls, occasionally none on the body-

I rwhorl and 2 or 3 on each of the upper ones, or else there are

' no ridges at all and the whole surface is quite smooth and

: glossy; the suture is more deeply excavated, and nearly

straight ; this species has 12 whorls, and the mouth is more

round than oval. L. 0-25. B. 0-1. , , r

Habitat : Occasionally procured by dredging and
trawling, as well as by examining drifted shell-sand,
Aberdeenshire and the Hebrides (Dawson), Aberdeen
(Macgillivray) , Blackpool (Kenyon), Belfast (Hynd-
man and Waller), Dublin Bay (J. G. J.), Bantry Bay
(Miss Hutchm^s, fide Leach, and Hanley), Barmouth
(J.G. J.),Tenby (Lyonsand J.G.J.) , Langland Bay near
Swansea (J.G. J,), Bude (Lindsay) , Land^s End (Hockin),
Falmouth (Cranch, fide Leach, and Hockin) , Plymouth
(Pridesiux, fide Leach, and J. G. J.), Hastings (Leach),
and Guernsey (Hanley, Lukis, and J. G. J.). Coralline
Crag (S.Wood). Bohuslan (Loven and Lilljeborg, and,
in 12 f., Malm) ; Cattegat, 10-20 f. (Malm) ; Brittany
(Tasle and Cailliaud); Vigo Bay,8f., and Madeira(M'An-
drew); Gulf of Lyons (Martin); Algeria (WeinkaufF).

This shell is Brown^s Turritella minor, the type of which
I examined in the collection of the late Mr. Lyons at
Tenby ; but I certainly should not have recognized it
by the description. That gives the length as ^ of an
inch, and the breadth "not an inch." The specific
name minor is obsolete and very incorrect. It is
apparently the Turritella nivea and T. nitida of Leach,
and perhaps also his Alvania glabra (according to Wood) ,
and Alvania albella. Weinkauff described the present
species in the 'Journal de Conchyliologie ^ for 1862 as
the Turritella umbilicata of Dunker.

ACLIS. 105

tx^ 4i(, 4. A. Walle'ri^ Jeffreys. ^\ 71

Shell forming an elongated cone, very thin, transparent,
and lustrous : sculpture, none to the naked eye or with a low
magnifying power, but under a Coddington lens may be de-
tected a few faint and obscure spiral raised lines and very fine
flexuous marks of growth : colour white : spire tapering to
a blunt point, which is unmistakeably introverted : whorls 10,
rather convex in the middle, with a slope above and below :
suture deep and nearly straight : mouth roundish- oval, con-
siderably dilated at the base : outer lip flexuous, prominent,
and somewhat expanding : inner lip nearly straight, and re-
flected at the base, apparently wanting on the upper part of
the pillar, and therefore separate from the outer lip : umbilicus
small but distinct : operculum filmy, wrinkled in the line of
growth, composed of three turns, the last and outermost of
which is disproportionately large ; the line of di^'ision between
these whorls is raised or ledge-Hke. L. 0-135. B. 0-05.

Habitat : East Shetland, 40-45 miles off the Whalsey
Skerries, in 78 f., one live and three dead specimens.
Coralline Crag, Sutton (coll. S. Wood in mus. Brit.),
a single specimen, mixed with A. ascaris. Lilljeborg
has dredged the present species off Molde in Norway,
at a depth of 70 f. ; and I found a specimen among some
small shells procured by Dr. Wallich in 1622 f.f, about
100 miles N.E. of Hamilton's Inlet, Labrador.

All that I could see of the animal in the living Shet-
land specimen were two black eyes, which were visible
through the shell, as in Jeffrey sia and Eulima; it ap-
peared to be in a dying or collapsed state. The abys-
mal specimen from North America is much larger than
any of those from the European seas and the Coralline
Crag. The shell is distinguishable from A. supranitida
by being of a much smaller size (intermediate between

* Named in honour of Edward Waller, Esq., of Aughnadoy, co. Tyrone,
an assiduous and good British conchologist. Perhaps the specific name
ought, classically, to be Valleri.

t See vol. ii. pp. ix and x of the Introduction.

f5

106 PYRAMIDELLIDJi:.

that of the latter species and of A. ascaris), thinner and
of a more delicate texture,, and exquisitely polished,
having the whorls less convex, the outer lip more ex-
panded, and the pillar-lip nearly straight and spread out
at the base, and in the umbilicus being contracted.

I'^'l^ 5. A. GuLso'N^^iClark.) N?4»«

Chemnitzia Gulsonce, Clark in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3rd ser. vi. p. 459.
Odostomia (xulsonce, F. & H. iv. (app.) p. 281, pi. cxxxii. f. 6.

Body flake-white, with a faint tinge of yellow : mantle even
with the shell : nech very long, cylindrical (like that of Odo-
stomia spiralis), and finely wrinkled across ; the vertical fissure
of the mouth lies under the tentacular membrane : tentacles
thick, broad, short, not very membranous, rounded at the tips,
each of which has a minute flake-white lobe or inflation ; they
are united by an intermediate membrane : ei/es black, not very
near together, immersed close to the base of the tentacles, on
minute white circles ; they do not in the least invade the area
of the neck, but rather infringe on the tentacles : foot exceed-
ingly short, narrow, deeply bifurcated in front, rounded be-
hind when at rest, and a little lengthened in action ; the front
edge (or mentum) is long, slender, grooved at the margin in
front and on each side, the upper and lower surfaces being
entire : opercular lobe plain : liver light green : ovart/ very pale
red, and granular: branchial plume narrow and curved, con-
sisting of about 15-18 rather coarse, opaque, pale drab strands :
heart and auricle intense snow-white. (Clark.)

Shell slender, rather cylindrical than conical, very thin,
transparent, and lustrous : sculpture, none : colour clear white :
sp>ire gradually tapering to a blunt and nearly globular point,
which is decidedly introverted but not sinistral : whorls 6-7,
convex: suture deep, rather oblique: mouth roundish-oval,
having the outer base somewhat truncated and deeply sinuated
or almost notched : outer lip remarkably flexuous, prominent,
and expanding : inner (or pillar) lip short, nearly straight, and
slightly reflected near the base, not united with the outer lip ;
behind it is a slight depression and narrow chink, but no
umbilicus [ : operculum " an almost invisible film, pear-shaped

* Named out of compliment to Mrs. Gulson, a lady at Exmouth, to
encourage her inclination for natural history.

ODOSTOMIA. 107

or suboval, with a narrow border of pale bistre with a pinkish
hue ; the striae of increment radiate as in most of the other
Chemnitzioe'' (Clark)]. L. 0-065. B. 0-025.

Yar. tenuicula. Comparatively diminutive, and more slender.

Habitat : Coralline zone in Shetland and Skye (Bar-
lee and J. Gr. J.) ; off Larne, co. Antrim (Hyndman and
J. G. J.); Falmouth (Barlee and Hockin); Helford
(Hockin); Fowey (Barlee); Exmouth (Clark and Bar-
lee); Weymouth and Sandwich (J. G. J.); and Guern-
sey (Barlee and J. G. JT)'. Tlie variety, which may be
the male, is from Lamlash Bay (Bean) ; L. Strangford
(Waller); Land^s End (Hockin); and Guernsey (J. G. J.).
A. GulsoncB has been found by Mr. S. Wood in the
Coralline Crag at Clacton, and dredged in Vigo Bay by
Mr. M^Andrew. It is rare.

Mr. Clark noticed that the animal seldom protrudes its
eyes and tentacles. He mentions " a rudimental denticle
on the pillar-lip.'^ I have minutely examined more than
20 specimens, but could not detect any such process.

This and A. unica are aberrant forms of Aclis. Each
has peculiar characters, which render their systematic
allocation very difficult. Having suggested another
generic name for A, unica, in the event of its being
considered necessary to separate it from the present
genus, I would also venture in the like contingency to
propose the generic name of Menippe for A. Gulsonce.

Genus II. ODOSTO'MIA^ Fleming. PI. II. f. 5.

Body usually slender : mantle plain-edged, somewhat folded
on the right, so as to form a slight canal: snout (or head-
flap) projecting beyond the foot : proboscis long, issuing from
a sHt just below the space in front between the tentacles ; it

* Mouth of the shell furnished with a tooth ; per syncopen for Odon-

°\

O.

108 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

is only evolved when feeding : Untades triangular and folded
inwards (not unlike an ass's ears), united at their base by an
intermediate membrane ; tips bulbous and ciliated : eyes im-
mersed in the skin or outer integument, and placed on the
neck a little behind the tentacles.

Shell forming a cone of various lengths : ij)ive having the
first or top whorls sinistral and turned backwards : mouth ex-
panding at the base: inner lip very rarely united with the
outer lip : pillar usually straight and furnished in the middle
with a single tooth or plait : operculum semitestaceous, having
a thin flap on the outer side and a short apophysis or process
underneath the nucleus of the spire.

The name and limits of this peculiar genus have been
the subject of much controversy.

The history of its name is as follows. In the Supple-
ment to the 4th, 5th, and 6th editions of the ^ Encyclo-
paedia Britannica^ (published at intervals between 1818
and 1824) will be found the article " Conchology/' by
Dr. Fleming. The genus Odostomia is there described
as consisting of certain species of marine shells, placed
by British writers in the genus TurbOy in which the
columella is furnished with a tooth. " The Turbo inter-
stincta, unidentata, plicata, Sandivicensis, and insculpta
of Montagu are of this genus.'' This article was sepa-
rately republished, with plates, in 1837. Fleming's
^ Philosophy of Zoology ' (1822) enumerates Odostomia
as one of the genera of the ^^ marine Turbonidce ; " and
it is therefore most probable that the number of the
Encyclopaedia which contained the article ^^Concho-
logy " had then appeared. In 1862 Risso (Hist. Nat.
TEur. mer. iv. p. 224) formed the genus Turbonilla,
on the MS. authority of Leach, for three fossil species;
all are described as longitudinally ribbed, and one of
them furnished with a fold. In Turton's ' Enumeration
of Marine Shells found on the Devonshire coast ' (1829)
Odontostoma was proposed by him as the generic name,

ODOSTOMIA. 109

and is thus characterized : " Shell conic oval ; pillar with
a single tooth or fold towards the middle; opercuhim
none. Includes Turbo unidentatus and others/^ This
description, in respect of the absence of an operculum,
is obviously wrong. Fleming^ s * History of British
Animals ' (1828) gave a more correct definition of the
present genus. The 7th volume of the ' Edinburgh En-
cyclopaedia' (1830), under tlie head '^ Conchology,"' has
full descriptions of the genus Odostomia and of the above-
named species of Montagu ; but Pupa and other land-
shells are by some mistake confounded with them.
Alcide D^Orbigny's account of the MoUusca, in the
Supplement to Barker- Webb and Berthelot's Natural
History of the Canary Isles (1839 or 1840), gives Chem-
nitzia as a subgenus of Melania ; it is inadequately de-
fined, the animal being described as ^' inconnu,'' and the
shell as intermediate between Eulima and Bonellia or
Niso. The Turbo elegantissimus of Montagu (T. lac-
teus, L.) is the sole type of D'Orbigny^s subgenus.
Much more precise and accurate, however, was the de-
finition by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, in the ' Proceedings
of the Zoological Society' for 1840, of his genus Par-
thenia, which corresponds with Chemnitzia. Three more
synonyms are Pyrgiscus, Philippi (Wiegmann's Archiv,
1841), OrthosteliSj Aradas and Maggiore (Atti Accad.
Gioenia, 1841), and Loxonema, Phillips (Palseoz. Foss.
Cornwall, 1841) ; to which may be added, in part, Ja-
minia of Brown (not of Leach or Risso), Turbonella of
Leach, and for certain species Eulimella of Forbes, and
Auriculina of Gray. Clark proposed, but never pub-
lished, the significant name Monoptaxis for the whole
group of species. It is evident that the generic name
Odostomia is prior to all the others which I have enume-
rated ; and I am inclined to think that the definition

110 PYRAMIDELLID^.

given by its founder was sufl&cient. At all events that
name is universally recognized.

The next question is^ what are the limits of this genus ?
i. e. do the species furnished with a tooth (whatever may
be their sculpture) belong to Odostomia, the ribbed
species without a tooth to Turbonilla or Chemnitzia, and
the smooth and toothless species to Eulimella ? I can-
not admit any such distinction ; nor can I draw a line
between Odostomia and Chemnitzia, or between either
of them and Eulimella. I have detected the tooth in
several so-called species of Chemnitzia, e. g. fenestrata,
lactea (or elegantissima) , pusilla, and gracilis ; Philippi
described his C, densecostata as having the aperture
^^ superne subplicata ; '^ and Clark observed in a speci-
men of O. acicula [Eulimella acicula, F. & H.) ^^ a de-
cided pillar-fold/^ This last observation I will confirm.
Every naturalist is aware that a generic character which
pervades the species taken as a whole may not be pos-
sessed by all of them. In the present case there are
other characters that serve as ties of union'; and not a
single character can be found to distinguish any one of
the three supposed genera from its allies.

The group of shells now under consideration — call it
a single genus or a collection of genera — appears to be
intimately related to Aclis on one side, and less closely
on the other side to lanthina, which leads through Sti-
lifer to Eulima. Montagu suggested the conchological
affinity of O. spiralis and other species to Tornatella (or
Actaon) — a view that has been lately advocated by A.
Adams, Clark, and Morch on malacological grounds.
But that genus has not a retractile proboscis, nor is the
apex of its shell either reversed or inverted; and the
operculum is constructed on a different plan from that
of Odostomia. Their lingual ribands are also very

ODOSTOMIA. Ill

distinct, although this may depend on the nature of
their food.

For our knowledge of the animal we are mainly in-
debted to Professor Loven, Mr. Clark, and Mr. Alder.
An admirable paper by the first of these writers, on the
genus Turhonilla of Leach (Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forh.
1846), illustrated by figures of the animal, shell, and
operculum, forms the groundwork, and is especially de-
serving of careful study. Mr. Clark has supplied us
with elaborate details of many species. Although he
exalted the science of malacology as the only method of
natural classification, he could not help remarking on
the singular sameness of his descriptions, and admitted
that "indeed it is difficult to divest oneself of the
idea that all of them appertain to the same animal ^^ *.
Sometimes his power of observation with the microscope
must have been more acute than at other times. I can-
not otherwise account for his stating that the tentacles
of several species which he described are ^'' setose ^^ or
^' setaceous.''^ This is but partially the case ; and the
following account by Mr. Alder of a remarkable pecu-
liarity of the structure of the animal will probably
explain Mr. Clark^s meaning. " There exists near the
apex of each ear-shaped tentacle, just within the inner
margin, a circular area or lobe, set with strong vibratile
cilia, which are in constant motion during the life of
the animal, giving that part the appearance of a revolv-
ing wheel, while no cilia are to be found on the other
part of the tentacle, except a few rigid, immoveable setse
at the apex. In one species, 0. Eulimoides [O. pallida],
I have observed the vibratile cilia to extend in a line
from the disk down the centre of the tentacle, but con-
fined to a very limited space. These ciliated disks are
* Ann. & Mag. N. II. Dec. 1850.

113 PYRAMIDELLIDyE.

very curious, and no doubt indicate the seat of a parti-
cular function ; probably they are a modification of the
organs of smelling. They have not been observed in
other genera/' The snout ('^ mentum " or chin, Loven)
corresponds in position with the head of a Rissoa, but
has a different office. It is like the snout of a pig;
useful for finding food, not for eating it. The head of
an Odostomia occupies the central space between the
tentacles in front ; it consists of a true proboscis, which
is protruded only now and then, and appears to be suc-
torial. There are no jaws or spiny tongue. Some
species of Odostomia, particularly those of the typical
kind, inhabit the coasts at low-water mark, lurking
beneath loose stones, and at the base of Corallina offici-
nalis and small seaweeds in rock-pools ; others are found
in the laminarian zone ; a few occur in deep water,
beyond the range of vegetable life. In all probability
they subsist on polyparia and other animal substances
of a soft nature, because the tongue or lingual riband is
edentulous. I think M. Petit must have been mistaken
in saying (Journ. Conch, viii. p. 250) that they live on
seaweeds. Two of our most common species {0.pallida\l
and O. unidentata) are frequently met with on the
^' ears '^ of living Pecten maximus and P. opercularis ;
and, from their habitual proximity to the excretory pas-
sage of the scallop, it may not be unreasonable to infer
that they subsist on its faeces. Mr. Norman was of
opinion that specimens of 0. pallida, which he dredged
in the Firth of Clyde, fed on a red sponge {Halichrondria
farinaria, Bowerbank) that occasionally covers P. oper-
cularis. I have often taken specimens from the ears or
wings of scallops which had no such incrustation. The
shell is usually white ; but a few species are banded with
reddish-brown, or tinged more or less deeply with that

ODOSTOMIA. 113

colour. The inversion of the apex was first pointed out
by Montagu. That this part of the spire is likewise
sinistral, or turns to the left hand instead of to the
right, has been since ascertained, and is a still more
anomalous fact : it is a good and constant feature of
the genus. Owing to the species being generally so
prolific and widely difi'used, it is excessively difficult to
define their exact limits, and to say which forms are
specific and which varietal. I endeavoured to perform
this undertaking in a monograph which was inserted
between eighteen and nineteen years ago in the ' Annals
and Magazine of Natural History.^ With the aid of
subsequent experience and greater opportunities of com-
parison, I will now revise my work, professing (and
indeed intending, so far as human nature permits) to
treat my own discoveries with a share of justice not
less rigorous than that which I measure out to my
brother conchologists. I have no ambition to be a species-
maker, much less have I any desire to invite that appel-
lation. I will do my best, by descriptions and figures,
to help collectors in making out what I consider true
species. But I must at the same time confess having been
not seldom puzzled by intermediate forms; when I almost
fancied that these paradoxical lines in the ' Passionate
Pilgrim^ had reference to my perplexity: —

" Reason, in itself confounded,
Saw division grow together ;
To themselves yet either neither,
Simple were so well componnded ;

That it cry'd, how true a twain,
Seemeth this concordant one."

To show how other conchologists have failed in deter-
mining certain species, let me instance O.plicata, Mont.
Macgillivray mistook for it a worn O. spiralis j S. Wood

114 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

and Loven 0. conoidea, and Malm O. albella. Again,
Turbo unidentatus of Montagu is a different species of
Odostomia from T. unidentatus of Tnrton, as well as from
O. unidentata of Fleming, while the shell described by
Hanley, in ^British Marine Conchology/ as the last-
named species, does not agree with any of the above.
But, as I ask forbearance for my own faults,

jEquum est
Peccatis veniam poscentem reddere rursus.

The geographical distribution of the species is very
extensive. Many species in public and private collec-
tions are undescribed, and an infinitely greater number
remains undiscovered in the South Atlantic, Indian,
Southern, and Pacific Oceans, notwithstanding the la-
bours of Philippi, A. Adams, Pfeiffer, C. B. Adams,
Gould, Stimpson, P. P. Carpenter and others. Few
species have been detected in the arctic seas ; and they
are equally rare in glacial deposits. The geological re-
lations of the genus have not been sufficiently inves-
tigated.

The European species were placed by writers of the
Linnean school in Turbo, Helix, and Voluta; by the
followers of Lamarck they were assigned to Eulima,
Melania, Turritella, Phasianella, and Rissoa.

The following synopsis may be useful for the more
easy discrimination of our native species : —

A. Oval or oblong, smooth, spirally striated, or (rarely) reti-

culated ; pillar slightly curved, and invariably furnished
with a tooth. (Typical.) 1. minima ; 2. nivosa ; 3. trun-
catula ; 4. clavula ; 5. Lukisi ; 6. alhelJa ; 7. rissoides ;
8. pallida; d.conoidea; 10. umbili car is; 11. acuta; 12.
conspicua ; 13. unidentata ; 14. turrita ; Ib.plicata; 16.
insculpta; 17. diaphana; IS. obli qua ; 19 . dolioliformis ;
20. decussata.

B. Elongated, longitudinally ribbed, or reticulated; pillar

ODOSTOMIA.

115

straight, and seldom furnished with a tooth. (Turhonilla
or Chemnifzia.) 21. clathrata ; 22. indistincta; 23. m-
terstincta ; 24. spiralis ; 25. eximia ; 26. fenestrata ; 27.
excavata-, 28. scalar is ; 29. riif a; SO.lactea; ^l.pusilla,
C. Elongated, smooth and polished ; pillar straight, very rarely-
furnished with a tooth. {Eulimella.) 32. Scillce-, 33.
acicula ; 34. nitidissima.

A. Typical.
Hfifai ^i^i 1. Odostomia mi'nima"^, Jeffreys. p^ 7

0. minlTm, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3rd ser. i. p. 45, pi. ii. f. 3.

Shell forming an oblong cone, very thin, transparent and
lustrous : sculpture, a few slight longitudinal wavy striae :
colour clear white : spire gradually tapering to a blunt, nearly
globular, and inverted point : whorls 4-5, convex ; the last is
proportionally broader than the next, and exceeds in length the
rest of the spire when the shell is placed with its mouth upper-
most: suture deep, scarcely oblique: mouth exactly oval,
slightly expanded but entire at the base ; it occupies nearly
one-third of the shell : outer lip somewhat flexuous, but neither
prominent nor expanded : inner lip thin, adhering to the upper
slope of the base and slightly reflected below ; it is united with
the outer lip so as to form a continuous but indistinct peri-
stome : umbilicus small and narrow : tooth or fold slight and
seldom visible : operculum pale yellow, delicately striated in
the line of growth ; spire consisting of 2-3 whorls. L. 0*05.

Habitat : Living on decayed fronds and at the base
of Laminaria, procured by grappling just beyond low-
wat^r mark, in Lerwick Sounds and at Kyleakin in Skye
(Barlee) ; dead in Shetland and the Hebrides, 50-60 f.
(J. G. J.) ; St. Mawes, Falmouth (Hockin) ; in dredged
sand from Guernsey (Waller) . It either is rare or from
its minuteness has escaped observation.

This is the shell noticed by Forbes and Hanley in the
Appendix to their work (p. 282) as allied to Aclis Gul-

* Smallest.

116 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

8071(2. From that shell it is distinguishable by its smaller
size, conical rather than cylindrical shape, having fewer
whorls and flexnous striae, and especially in the mouth
being entire instead of notched at the base, and in the
outer lip not being expanded nor united with the inner
lip. It is the smallest known species of Odostomia.
The Chemnitzia minima of Homes, from the miocene
formation near Vienna, is different from this.

>^--\>- 2. O. Nivo'sA^,i,Montagu:) N* 4.50

Turbo nivosus, Mont. Test. Br. (ii.) p. 326. 0. cylindrica, F. & H. iii.
p. 287, pi. xcvi. f. 7. ^. , . _ ,

Shell forming a cylindrical cone, not very thin, transparent
and glossy: sculpture, 2 or 3 narrow spiral ridges on the peri-
phery, and a single stronger one immediately below the suture
of each whorl, besides close-set and extremely fine but obscure
"flexuous striae in a longitudinal direction ; one of the spiral
ridges usually encircles the base of each upper whorl ; under
a microscope the whole surface appears more or less covered
with numerous indistinct fine spiral lines : colour white, with
occasionally a slight fulvous tint : spire tapering to an abrupt
rounded and inverted point, the apex being sunk or involved
in the extremity of the spire: whorls 4-5, somewhat com-
pressed ; the last exceeds all the rest in length and bulk :
suture rather deep, distinctly marked by the uppermost spiral
ridge: mo w/7i oval, much narrower above than below, where
it is expanded ; it is scarcely equal in length to one-fourth of
the spire : outer lip flexuous, inflected and contracted at the
upper part : inner lip not very thin, adhering to the pillar,
slightly reflected over the base, and occasionally united with
the outer lip : umbilicus none ; but a narrow chink may be
observed in aged specimens^: tooth small, usually concealed
behind the pillar: operculum yellowish, strongly striated or
furrowed in the line of growth, the stria) being more close-set
and flexuous towards the outer side; spire very short and
nearly terminal. L. 0-0625. B. 0-0325. ,

Habitat : The lower part of the littoral zone, and the

* Snowy, for snow-white ; properly nivea.

ODOSTOMIA. 117

upper part of the laminarian zone, in the Channel Isles
and south of England; Ilfracombe, and Kilkee in the
west of Ireland (Alder); Cork and co. Antrim (J. G. J.);
Dublin Bay (B. W. Adams) ; Scarborough (Bean) ;
Clyde district (Norman, Bean, and Robertson) ; Skye
(Barlee) ; outer Hebrides (J. G. J.) ; Aberdeenshire
(Macgillivray) ; Dunnet Bay, Pentland Firth (Gordon);
Cruden in the Moray Firth, and Hillswick Bay in Unst
(Dawson); Lerwick (Barlee). Specimens from the last
two places are larger than any of those from our southern
coasts.

Montagu's type, with " nivosus ^^ in his hand-writing,
is still preserved in the British Museum ; and his de-
scription confirms its identity with the present species.
Alder described and figured this shell as O. cylindrica.
Macgillivray gave it another name (Anna) in honour of
one of his daughters. It reminds one of Dr. Johnston^s
review of the Professor^s '^ History of the Molluscous
Animals of the counties of Aberdeen, Kincardine, and
Banff'' (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1843), in which the fre-
quent mention of his children by the author is noticed
in a good-natured way, concluding with a fervent " God
bless them ! ''

^'.A^\ 3. O. trunca'tula"^, (Jeffreys) K*!^-

0. truncatula, Jefifr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 2nd ser. v. p. 109 ; F. & H.
p. 294, pi. xcvi. f. 8.

Shell having a considerable resemblance to 0. nivosa in
shape ; but it is of a far greater size, proportionally much
thinner, and of a more deHcate texture ; it has no spiral ridges
at the base, nor the peculiar single one at the top of each
whorl, although the whole surface of the present species is
more or less covered obscurely with remote spiral hnes ;
the longitudinal strias are stronger and impart sometimes a

* Slightly lopped or cut off.

l)h.i>.'l.«.i^ n^rvw*. L^-rn. sf^.JD^.^.Z^Sr . 5"^*^ ^rw*^>-

118 PYRAMIDELLID^.

puckered appearance to the upper part of each whorl ; the
colour is often yellowish in fresh specimens ; the whorls are
6 or 7, and flatter or more compressed than in 0. nivosa ; the
suture is channelled, and gives a turreted aspect to the spire ;
the mouth is longer in proportion to its breadth ; the outer lip
is emarginate or notched near its junction with the body- whorl;
the tooth is plait-like or twisted ; and the operculum is con-
spicuously striated. L. 0*175. B. 0"065.

Habitat : Among trawl-refuse from Plymouth (Bar-
lee and Jordan), and Falmouth (Miss Vigurs, fide
Cocks) ; dredged in St. Mawe^s Creek_, near Falmouth
(Hockin), and in 20 f. on the Turbot-bank, near Larne,
CO. Antrim (J. G. J.).

The proportion of length to breadth varies con-
siderably in the Plymouth specimens. Mr. Clark called
this a variety of the last species. But each has its own
characters, and I have not yet seen any connecting link ;
the difference of size also, considered with regard to the
habitat (see vol. iii. p. 27), would disincline me to unite
these species. The present species is in shape not un-
like the young of Truncatella truncatula.

w^.-ij 4. O. cLA'vuLA*,Qjoven) Nf >t-32.

Turhonilla clavula, Lov. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 18. Eulimella clavula,
F. & H. iii. p. 314, pi. xcviii. f. 8.

Body clear frosted- white : neck greatly protruded, showing
on the mouth a canal or groove bounded by two parallel lon-
gitudinal lines : snout very narrow, not grooved nor bilobed,
but rounded at the extremity [rounded, bilobed (Loven)],
carried just before the foot : tentacles extraordinarily short and
broad [mutually connected in front, and vibrating very actively
(Loven)J, swelling out behind Hke a minute leaf; they are not
divergent, but borne straight and close together ; each termi-
nates in two white inflations, viz. one quite apical, and the
other immediately below it, both being nearly semicircular and
as if soldered to the external sides of the points or tips : eyes

* A twig ; more correctly clavultts, a small nail ?

ODOSTOMIA. 119

at the inner bases of the tentacles, not very close together :
foot flexible, more or less concave in front, with longish au-
ricles, below which it is gradually constricted ; the margins
are thin, and often folded upwards ; it is either bluntly or
sharply pointed behind ; when the animal is in motion there
is on each side of the foot a marginal series of about eight
very minute glossy points. Animal very active and free.
(Clark.)

Shell nearly cylindrical, with a rounded and produced base,
Dhin, transparent and polished : sculpture, extremely fine and
close-set longitudinal striae, which can only be detected by
the aid of the microscope and in certain lights : colour clear
white : spire turreted, and apparently truncated at the point,
which is rounded and inverted : whorls 4-5, rather convex,
although compressed and gradually enlarging; the last two
are almost equal in breadth, and the body-whorl somewhat
exceeds in length the rest of the spire : suture nearly straight,
slightly channelled above ; it is defined on the under side by a
narrow rim, arising from the double layer of shell in that part,
the upper edge of the lower whorl being soldered on the peri-
phery of the preceding whorl : mouth oval, expanded below ;
it occupies about one-third of the shell : outer lip rounded but
not prominent, contracted and somewhat sharply inflated above,
just below the periphery: inner lip not perceptible on the
upper slope of the base, slightly reflected and but little curved
below : umbilicus very small and narrow, but distinct : tooth
or fold inconspicuous or scarcely discernible : operculum thin,
finely striated. L. 0-08. B. 0-04. , ^

Habitat : Dredged off Teigiimouth (Clark) ; Torbay
(Battersby and J. G. J.) ; Brixham (Hartley) ; Ply-
mouth (Barlee) ; other parts of south Devon (Webster);
Hebrides (Barlee and J. G. J.) . It is rare, and occurs
in muddy sand, between 6 and 50 f. Loven discovered
it on the coast of Sweden, in mud, among Pennatulce, at
a depth of 30 f. On reexamining his description and a
specimen with which he favoured me, I observe that the
whorls are more convex, and the suture consequently
deeper, than in our shell ; but such characters perhaps
vary in this as they do in other species of Odostomia.

120 PYRAMIDELLID.E.

^1^ 5. O. Lu'kisi^ Jefireys. ^^ 4^^-

0. Lukisi, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3rd ser. iii. p. 112, pi. iii. f. 19 a, b.

Shell nearly cylindrical, solid, opaque, glossy : scidjpture,
only very slight and almost microscopical scratch-like longi-
tudinal strife : colour ivory-white : spire abruptly terminating :
whorls 5-6, convex, compact, gradually enlarging : the penul-
timate one projects a little, and is nearly as broad as the last,
which occupies about three- fifths of the shell: suture rather
deep : mouth oval, contracted above and expanded below, some-
what exceeding in length one-third of the spire ; throat quite
smooth : outer lip incurved on the periphery : inner lip
thickened and spread on the pillar, joining the outer lip at the
upper corner of the mouth, and slightly reflected on the lower
side : umbilicus small but distinct : tooth small, prominent, and
placed opposite the umbilicus: operculum yellowish, with a
white streak in the line of the spire, very slightly striated
across ; flap broad ; there is the same groove and corresponding
ridge as in 0. cono'idea. L. 0-1. B. 0-045. ]^^ _ w^^^,.

Habitat : Guernsey, 18-20 f., dead, and Lulworth,
10-12 f., living (J. G. J.) ; among seaweeds at low-
water mark on the south Devon coast, living (Webster);
Cornwall (Hockin) ; Dogger bank (J. G. J.) ; Bun-
doran, co. Donegal, in drift shell-sand (Waller) ; Oban,
dredged in 20-25 f. (M^Kenzie) ; Skye and Shetland
(Barlee and J. G. J.).

This shell is remarkable for its ivory whiteness and
solidity, in wbich respects it agrees with 0. cono'idea ;
but that species has a more or less distinct peripheral
keel, the suture is not so deep, and the throat or inside
of the outer lip is invariably grooved, like the barrel of
a rifle. Should the latter, however, prove not to be a
permanent character, this species may be regarded as a
sublittoral variety of O. cono'idea. The umbilicus is de-
veloped in the adult only of the present species. From

* Named in honour of the late Dr. F. C. Lukis, an excellent naturalist
at Guernsey.

odostomia;

121

the next species (O. albella) this differs in colour, tex-
ture, abrupt termination of the spire, greater convexity
of the whorls, contraction of the outer lip, the presence
of an umbilicus, and prominence of the tooth.

^y«?4i^ 6. O. ALBEL'LA*,QLoven]) j^l^

Turbonilla albella, Lov. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 19. 0. rissoides, yar. (pro-
visionally), F. & H. iii. p. 286, pi. xcvi. f. 5.

Body creamcolour, streaked with sulphur, sometimes clear
white, gelatinous, and of a granular texture under a high
magnifying-power : snout or mentum narrow, not always ex-
tended beyond the foot : tentacles leaf-Hke, rather short and
thick : eyes small, placed close together : foot short, squarish
in front, narrow or constricted in the middle, broader and
bluntly pointed behind ; sole edged with yellow.

Shell cylindro- conical, rather thin, semitransparent, and
of a dullish hue : sculpture, as in 0. rissoides; the young
exhibit faint spiral strias under a microscope: colour pale
yellowish-white, variegated in fresh specimens by reddish-
brown blotches on the upper part, which represent the dried
remains of the animal : spire tapering to a blunt point ; the
apex shows distinctly the reversed and inverted embryonic
nucleus : whorls 5-^, rounded but somewhat compressed,
gradually enlarging; the last occupies about three-fifths of
the shell : suture shallow but incised ; below it each whorl
appears encircled by a narrow band, as in 0. rissoides : moutJi
oval, contracted on the outer side, slightly expanded and ob-
tusely angulated at the base ; it usually equals in length one-
third of the spire : outer lip sHghtly curved : inner lip not
much spread on the piUar, nor united above with the outer
lip, thickened and slightly reflected on the lower side : umbi-
licus none, although there is sometimes a narrow chink behind
the inner lip : tooth small, retired and nearly hidden within
the pillar : operculum yellowish, marked with white down the
spire, finely and deeply striated in the line of growth, the
strise becoming very close towards the nucleus ; flap not stri-
ated ; groove and ridge as in 0. conoidea ; spire very short,
indistinct, and nearly terminal. L. 0*115. B. 0*05. j. * >4->^-rn .

Habitat : Underneath loose stones at low- water mark

* Whitish ; properly albula.
VOL. IV. ' G

122 PYRAMIDELLID^.

and in the laminarian zone^ on various parts of onr coast
from Guernsey to Shetland. Fossil in the boulder-clay
of Caithness (Peach) ^ and at Uddevalla, 40 feet above
the sea-level (Malm) ; post-glacial shell-bank at Kir-
koen, Norway, 50 feet (Sars, as O. plicata, Malm).
Living in Norway (M' Andrew, Sars, and others), Sweden
(Loven and Malm), coasts of Denmark (mus. Copenh.),
La Hougue Bay, near Cherbourg (Mac^), Loire-Infe-
rieure (Cailliaud), Sardinia (Verany) ; Cailliaud gives
the laminarian zone, Sars 10-40 f., and Danielssen
30-40 f. as the range of depth.

In Shetland and the Hebrides it lives between tide-
marks in company with Rissoa striata and R. cingillus ;
it floats in a supine position, like its neighbours. At
Guernsey and Filey I found this species in the same
spot as 0, rissoides. When scalded, the colour of the
animal becomes bright orange. Owing to Mr. Clark
having included in his description not only the present
species, but also O. rissoides and pallida, with their
varieties, I have been unable to make any use of it, and
therefore rely on my own notes as to the soft parts.

J..-|i 7. O. rissoi'des *,(Hanley^ Mf^SA

0 rissoides, Hani, in Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. xii. p. 18 ; F. & H. iii. p. 284,
pi. xcvi. f. 4, and xciv. f. 7 (as 0. nitida, var. ?).

Shell conic-oblong inclining to oval, thin, transparent, and
glossy: sculpture^ microscopical only, and consisting of very
fine and numerous, but irregular and scratch-hke striae in the
line of growth, besides still finer and less distinct spiral striae :
colour pale yellowish -white or whitish: spire turreted, and
tapering to a blunt point ; the nucleus is concealed : whorls 5,.
convex, rapidly enlarging ; the last occupies two-thirds of the
shell : suture rather deep ; in hving or fresh specimens the
dark spiral band noticed in other species is observable below
the suture on the top of each whorl : mouth regularly oval,

* Haying the aspect of a Rissoa.

ODOSTOMIA. 123

not much expanded nor at all angulated below; it usually
equals in length two-fifths (sometimes nearly one-half) of the
spire : outer lip curved and rather .prominent : inner lip very
slight on the upper part, forming a mere film on the pillar,
thickened and somewhat reflected on the lower part : umhilicus
usually none, although in specimens which have a short spire
there is a more or less developed chink or indentation : tooth
small and partly concealed : operculum like that of 0. alhella.
L. 0-125. B. 0-0625. i . ^.

Yar. 1. alba. Thinner; spire produced; suture deeper and
more oblique ; umbilical chink very distinct. 0. alba, JefFr.
in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 2nd ser. ii. p. 337, and 3rd ser. iii. pi. iii.
f. 20, a, h.

Yar. 2. nitida. Whorls more ventricose, and umbilicus
distinct. 0. nitida, Alder, in Ann. & Mag. jS". H. xiii. p. 326,
pi. viii. f. 5 ; E. & H. iii. p. 280, pi. xciv. f. 6.

Yar. 3. glabrata. Nearly oblong ; nucleus of spire exposed
and mammillary ; suture deep. 0. glahrata, P. & H. iii. p. 283,
pi. xcviii. f. 3 (not Helix glahrata of v. Miihlfeld, nor Rissoa
glahrata — afterwards punctulum — of Philippi).

Yar. 4. dubia. Oval, and of a more solid consistency ; body-
whorl longer than usual ; umbilical chink distinct ; tooth
stronger and rather more conspicuous. 0. dubia, Jeffr. in Ann.
& Mag. N. H. 3rd ser. ii. p. 338.

Yar. 5. exilis. Smaller and more slender; spire elongated,
and suture slight.

Habitat: The lower part of the littoral zone and
throughout the laminarian zone, on all our coasts.
Var. 1. Oxwich Bay near Swansea, Guernsey, Skye,
and Shetland (J. G. J.) ; Sark (Barlee) ; South Devon
(Webster); co. Antrim (Waller). Var. 2. Shetland
(Barlee) ; South Devon (Webster) . Var. 3. Tynemouth
(Alder) . Var. 4. Lower part of the laminarian zone in
many places. Var. 5. South Devon (Webster). The
foreign localities are Bohuslan (Loven, in mus. Stockh.)
and 15-30 f. (Malm, as O. albella) ; Danish coasts (mus.
Copenh.) ; Etretat (J. G. J.) ; Morbihan (Tasle) ; Loire-

g2

124 PYRAMIDELLID^.

Inferieure (Cailliaud) ; Spezzia (J. G. J.) ; and Algiers
(Weiukauff).

This is a common and therefore variable species. It
may be recognized, in comparison with 0. albella, by its
more oval and less cylindrical shape, its usually thinner
texture and greater lustre, more convex whorls, deeper
suture, and having the mouth rounded and never angu-
lated at the base ; the last whorl is larger in proportion
to the rest. Shetland specimens are very fine. Scalari-
form and stunted distortions sometimes occur.

Macgillivray described it as O. scalaris, which specific
name would be entitled to priority, if Philippi had not
used it for another well-known species. It is apparently
the Rissoa glabra of Brown, and Turbonella transparens
of Leach. The fry is probably Helix resupinata of
Montagu, from Walker^s figure 24.

!^ 8. O. pal'lid A *, Montagu. ^o ^,r^

Turbo pallidus, Mont. Test. Br. (ii.) p. 325, t. 21. f. 4. 0. eulimoides, F.
& H. iii. p. 273, pi. xcv. f. 1-3.

Body white, covered with minute yellow specks : snout
narrow, expanded and rounded in front, marked down each
side with a pale-yellow line : tentacles bevelled and pointed
like an awl ; each has also a yellow longitudinal hne ; tips
inflated and white : eyes placed somewhat apart : foot short,
truncated, and slightly notched in front, where it is indistinctly
auricled at each corner, terminating behind in an abrupt and
short point.

Shell somewhat spindle-shaped, in consequence of the
elongation and angularity of the base, rather solid, nearly
opaque, and moderately glossy: sculpture, fine and close-set
microscopical spiral striae ; these may be detected with a lens
of ordinary power : colour milk-white, with a faint orange or
purpHsh tinge on the upper part of hve specimens, derived
from that of the liver; immature specimens are often yel-
lowish : spire finely and regularly tapering to a blunt point ;

* Pale.

ODOSTOMIA. 125

nucleus concealed : whorls 6-7, rather compressed, rapidly en-
larging ; the last occupies nearly two-thirds of the shell : suture
more or less oblique, not deep, but-distinct ; the marginal band
is observable in young specimens only : mouth more oblong than
oval, contracted above, considerably expanded and angulated
below ; its length is about three-sevenths of the whole spire :
outer lip gently curved, not very prominent : inner lip very
slight on the upper part, forming a mere film on the pillar,
thickened and decidedly reflected on the lower part, where it
is nearly straight : umbilicus none ; the chink, when it exists,
is extremely narrow or small : tooth strong, partly concealed ;
it is (as usual) placed on the pillar in the middle of the inner
lip, just where the reflexion of the latter commences : oper-
culum as in the last two species ; the ridge is well marked,
and the striation very distinct. L. 0-2. B. 0-1. s L. (:>nym.

Var. 1. crassa. Smaller and thicker; some of the spiral
strise confluent and forming elevated ridges. 0. crassa, Thomp-
son, in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xv. p. 315, pi. xix. f. 5. r ^, ^i, , ,

Var. 2. notata. "Whorls more convex ; spiral strise more con-
spicuous. 0. notata, Jeffr. op. cit. 2nd ser. ii. p. 336.

Yar. 3. angusta. Thinner and more slender. Jeffr. op. cit.
3rd ser. iii. pi. iii. f. 18, a, h.

Monstr. Cylindrical, with flattened whorls ; or having the
spire turreted.

Habitat : Chiefly (if not only) on the ears of Pecten
opercularis and P. maximus, in the coralline zone ; it is
widely distributed and rather common. The trawl-
refuse at Plymouth and Brixham is especially produc-
tive of this shell. Var. 1. Birterbuy Bay, Connemara
(M^Calla, ^fi?e Thompson, and Barlee); Torquay (Han-
ley) . Var. 2. Five miles east of Lerwick, in 40 f.
(J. G. J.); a single specimen. Var. 3. Several places
from Guernsey to Shetland, but rare; a specimen of
this last variety is nearly a quarter of an inch long, and
not a line in breadth. The monstrosities were dredged
by Mr. Barlee in Birterbuy Bay. Fossil at Belfast, in
a newer pliocene deposit (Grainger) ; Clyde beds (Cross-

126 PYRAMIDELLID^.

key) , Recent : Mangerfiord (Sars) ; upper Norway,
15-70 f. (M^Andrew and Barrett, as 0.^/ic«^fl); Bohus-
lan, and the variety crassa on Pecten maximus (Loven) ;
Gottenburg, 12-20 f. (Malm); coasts of Denmark (mus.
Copenhagen); Loire-Inferieure (Cailliaud); Arcachon
(Fischer, as 0. conoidea); Vigo (M*^ Andrew); Gulf of
Lyons (Martin) ; Nice (Mace) ; Spezzia (J. G. J.) ; Dal-
matia (Brusina, as O. Novegradensis) . The variety au-
gust a has been dredged by M. Jean Susini at Ajaccio.

Differs from 0. rissoides in its larger size, solid tex-
ture, and milk-white colour ; the spire is more tapering,
and the base is pointed or angulated; the whorls are
not so convex ; and the mouth is considerably expanded
below the pillar, where the inner lip becomes nearly
straight, instead of being curved as in that species.

I have no doubt that this was Montagu's Turbo pal-
lidttSj judging from his detailed description and figure :
although he at first says that the pillar-lip is " destitute
of any tooth,'' in the Supplement to his work (p. 133)
he expressly notices the " ridge or lengthened denticle
on the columella " of that shell, as well as of O. spiralis,
unidentata, interstincta^ and plicata. But the specimen
now in the British Museum, which has the name ^^ pali-
dus'' in Montagu's handwriting affixed to the under
side of the tablet, is a broken and worn Rissoa parva,
var. interrupta. It is unfortunately too probable that
when Dr. Leach rearranged this part of the national
collection, sufficient care was not taken to preserve the
identical specimens which had belonged to the first-
named excellent zoologist, and that in the present case
the type may have been lost, and replaced by the
wretched substitute now on the museum tablet.

It is the Valuta ambigua of Majfeon and Backett, Turbo
unidentatus of Turton (not of Montagu) , O. unidentata

u»^w^^e*<m u^ »'• *^^ "^^' y'-'^ "^^ ' v^T

ODOSTOMTA. 127

of Fleming and Macgillivray, O. Eulimoides of Hanley^
and Turhonilla oscitans of Loven. The variety crassa
seems to be Brown's Jaminia pUllus.

Nf 423 9. O. coNoi'DEA*,(Brocclii.) H "^^

r^rio conoideus, Brocchi, Conch. Foss. Subap. ii. p. 659, t. xvi. f. 2. 0.
conoidea, F. & H. iii. p. 260, pi. xcv. f. 4.

Body clear bluish-wliite throughout, with faint streaks of
flake-white : snout or mentum grooved lengthwise and cloven
at the extremity, so as to form a lobe on each side, divided by
a narrow depressed line, and resembling a second pair of ten-
tacles : proboscis issuing at the termination of the groove close
under the eyes and below the centre of the tentacular veil :
tentacles flat, bevelled, not very short (" slightly setose," Clark) ;
tips moderately large, rounded, inflated, and liake-white : eyes
very black, situated exactly at the internal bases of the ten-
tacles, immersed in the skin, so close to each other that a hair
can scarcely be laid between them ("I never saw the eyes
so contiguous in any other mollusk," Clark) : foot large, rather
long, membranous, gently reflected at the sides on itself (which
reflexion it in some measure retains on the march), deeply
arched in front, causing the flanks to be pointed, and gradually
tapering behind to a bluntly angular point ; sole slit in the
middle in front. (Loven, Clark, and J. G. J.)

Shell oblong- conical, with a narrow and somewhat pointed
base, solid, nearly opaque, of a polished lustre : sculpture, the
usual microscopical lines of growth, besides a slight impressed
line round the periphery, which is more or less distinctly keeled,
especially in young or immature specimens: colour ivory-
white : spire tapering to an abrupt extremity ; nucleus con-
cealed and twisted inwards : whorls 8, nearly flat, and gradually
enlarging ; the last constitutes about one-half of the shell :
suture narrow and slightly channelled ; it slopes downwards
from the peripheral keel on each of the upper whorls : inouth
oval, contracted above, somewhat expanded but scarcely an-
gular below : its length is about one-third of the whole spire :
outer lip gently curved, inflected just below the periphery ;
inside deeply grooved in the direction of the spire, like the
barrel of a rifle ; the grooves are 8 or 9 in number and ter-
minate in small denticlea.or notches within the mouth ; they

* Having a conical appearance.

128

PYRAMIDELLIDyE.

are often visible outside : inner lip adhering to the pillar above
the tooth, and joining the outer lip at its upper angle, reflected
and curved below the tooth : umbilicus small but deep, partly
covered by the reflexion of the inner lip : tooth strong, promi-
nent and conspicuous, placed just behind the umbilicus ; it
winds round the pillar from one end of the spire to the other,
like the worm of a corkscrew : operculum yellowish-brown, of
equal proportionate solidity with that of Cyclostoma elegans,
and exquisitely sculptured by close- set flexuous striae in the
line of growth ; it has a curved groove down the middle, which
ends in the spire of the operculum, and gives to the portion
thus separated in front a cornucopia-shape ; this groove is
deep and very distinct ; side-flap rather broad, widening with
the growth of the operculum, and divided from the spiral part
by a narrow line. L. 0-25. B. 0-1. i it , ^ ^„

Yar. australis. Smaller and narrower.

Habitat : Coralline and deep-sea zones^ in mud, from
25 to 80 f.j throughout Shetland and Scotland; Isle of
Man (Forbes, as 0. plicata apparently) . It is locally
plentiful in the Clyde district and Hebrides. The variety
has a southern range, comprising the Channel Isles,
Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Galway, and Cork ; in rock-
pools, Falmouth (Barlee, and Miss Vigurs, fide Cocks) ;
among Zoster a, Jersey (Dodd). This species was ori-
ginally described as a fossil by Brocchi from the Sub-
apennine tertiaries, and it has been recorded by Philippi
from basaltic tufa at Militello, by Nyst (as O. plicata)
from Belgium, and by S carles Wood (under the latter
name) from our Coralline Crag ; the Rev. H. W. Cross-
key has found it in the Clyde beds, and M. Mace in an
upper miocene deposit near Antibes. The ordinary or
typical form inhabits the North Sea, from Hammerfest,
40 f. (Sars), to Gottenburg, 12 f. (Malm) ; and the variety
is distributed along the European coasts of the Atlantic
from Brittany, in the laminarim zone (Cailliaud), to
Gibraltar, 8-30 f. (M' Andrew), every part of the Medi-

ODOSTOMIA. 1 29

terranean^ from 10 to 50 f. (Scacchi and others) _, the
Adriatic (Brusina, as 0. Nagli), the -^gean, 7-41 f.
(Forbes and Spratt), perhaps the Red Sea (Philippi)^
and the Canaries, 12-60 f. (M^Andrew).

"The animal is vivacious, displays the eyes on the
march, and makes rapid progression. The head and
cloven muzzle nearly resemble those organs in Jeffrey sia
diaphana" (Clark, MS.). The front side of the foot is
fringed with microscopical and extremely short cilia,
which are in a state of incessant motion when the animal
is crawling. Brocchi imagined that this species was
terrestrial or lacustrine, and belonged to the genus Au-
ricularia [Auricula] of Lamarck. The shell is cer-
tainly not very unlike Melampus bidentatus.

It is probably the 0. plicata of Fleming — certainly
that of S. Wood, — and the Turbonilla plicata of Loven.
Scacchi described and figured it as Rissoapolita. Han-
ley called it O. unidentata, myself 0. eulimoides, and
Leach Alvania Cranchiana, The typical form appears
to be the Odontostomia erythreea of Philippi as well as
his 0. sicula (cf. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849 and 1851).

K? 4s^ 10. O. uMBiLicA'Ris^,(Malm) f^ 1^

Ttirbonilla timhilicaris, Malm, G-otheb. k. Vet. Handl. (new series) no. Tiii.
p. 128, pi. 2. f. 10.

Shell forming a short cone, thin, transparent, and remark-
ably glossy : sculpture, none except under a high microscopical
power, when some extremely slight spiral striae are discernible
in a favourable light : colour clear white, with a very faint
bluish tint : spire short, ending in a rather blunt and rounded
point, owing to the inversion of the apex : whorls 5-6, convex,
very compact, gradually enlarging ; the last occupies three-
fifths of the shell ; suture deep, imparting a slightly tiirreted
appearance to the whorls ; owing to the transparency of the
shell the periphery of each of the upper whorls appears like a

* Umbilicate.

G 5

ft^«. (yxd^l gC;xl lr,n<V ''^^ ^t^ f>^'^-

130 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

^T^' .

narrow band round the top of the succeeding whorl : mouth
oval, expanding below ; it somewhat exceeds in length one-
third of the spire : outer lip slightly reflected, not much spread
over the pillar, nor extending to the upper part of the outer
lip ; it is more or less angulated below : umbilicus very dis-
tinct although small : tooth small, prominent, and placed op-
posite the umbilicus : operculum yellowish and rather solid,
closely and finely striated across ; it is divided lengthwise
about one-third the distance from the pillar by a curved groove,
which forms a ridge on the under side ; inner side straight ;
flap narrow ; spire consisting of 2 or 3 whorls. L. 0-1.
B. 0-05. , ^

Var. elongata. Spire more produced.

Habitat : Coralline zone, in Torbay (Battersby) ;
south of Devon (Webster); Land^s End (Hockin) ; Oban
(M^Kenzie) ; Loch Fyne, west of Scotland, and Lerwick
(Barlee)j Aberdeenshire (Dawson); Shetland (M^ An-
drew). Of the variety I found a single specimen by
dredging in Zostera-^oundi at Southampton. The only
extra-British localities to my knowledge are the coast of
Bohuslan, in 13 f. (with Mytilus Adriaticus) and also in
20f., as well as on Eggers Bank, Norway, in 1 50 f. (Malm),
and in Finmark (Lilljeborg); the Norwegian specimens
are of unusually large size, but possess all the characters
of the species. It seems to be everywhere rare.

Malm has well remarked that this species is easily
distinguished from any other by its conspicuous um-
bilicus, glossy surface, and convex whorls.

Ip^ IV 11. O. acu'ta"^, JeflPreys. YiK^iS

0. acuta, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 2nd ser. ii. p. 338 ; R & H. iii.
p. 269, pi. xcvii. f. 8, 9.

Body dirty white, speckled with pale-yellow, red, brown or
leadcolour points, which are irregularly distributed over many
of the external organs : mantle folded at the upper angle of the
mouth of the shell, so as to form a tubular canal : snout slender,

* Pointed.

ODOSTOMIA. 131

deeply channelled or hollowed out lengthwise, and having a
spoon-shaped extremity: tentacles moderately long, and di-
vergent ; each has a flake-white longitudinal line in the middle,
running from base to point ; edges slightly folded ; tips less
white and inflated than in allied species : eyes rather close
together in the centre behind the tentacles : foot short, of a
more opaque white than the rest of the body ; it is excavated
in front, and so deeply divided or lobed as occasionally, when
fully extended, to present the appearance of a second pair of
short tentacles ; it terminates behind in a more or less obtuse
point. (Clark.)

Shell pyramidal, with a broad base, rather solid but semi-
transparent, and lustrous : sculpture, extremely fine and rather
numerous microscopical spiral striae, and still more minute and
close-set flexuous lines of growth ; a slight peripheral keel is
also observable in every stage of growth, but especially in
young and half-grown specimens : colour whitish, with a tinge
of pink or fleshcolour : spire gradually tapering ; nucleus ex-
posed and inverted on the back, in nearly a horizontal posi-
tion : whorls G (besides the embryonic ones), rounded although
compress'ed^'^ompact and gradually enlarging ; the last occu-
pies about one-half of the shell : suture very narrow and
slightly excavated, sloping a little downwards in consequence
of the peripheral keel : moM^^oundish-oval, contracted above,
and somewhat expanded but scarcely angular below ; its
length is less than a third of the whole spire : outer lip gently
curved, inflected just below the periphery : inner lip adhering to
the pillar above the tooth, and joining the outer lip at its upper
angle, slightly reflected and more or less curved below the
tooth ; umbilicus developed and conspicuous, although small;
its entrance is through a channel behind the lower part of the
inner lip : tooth strong and prominent, placed just behind the
umbilical opening; in construction and extent it resembles
that of the last species : operculum yellowish-brown, finely and
closely striated ; the curved groove is unusually distinct.
L. 0-175. B. 0-075. i^^^ifc s*>^t^-

Yar. umhilicata. Shell larger, stronger, and white, with a
broad base and usually a wider and deeper umbilicus ; peri-
pheral keel obscure. 0. umhilicata, Alder, in Trans. Tyneside
Nat. Field Club, i. p. 359.

Habitat : Coralline zone in various parts of the sea^
especially in South Devon. Cornwall, Dorset, the Chan-

132 PYRAMIDELLID^.

nel Isles, Ireland, west of Scotland, Aberdeenshire, and
Shetland may also be mentioned as localities. The
variety was taken at Tynemouth by Mr. Alder, in Ban-
try Bay by Mr. M^Andrew, and in St. Catherine's Bay,
Jersey, by the Rev. Mr. Norman. Mr. Searles Wood's
collection of Crag shells in the British Museum contains
a specimen of the typical form. Its known distribution
in a living state beyond our seas is as foUows : — Upper
Norway (M^Andrew); Bohuslan (coll. Loven in mus.
Stockh., 10-30 f.. Malm and Lilljeborg); Loire-Infe-
rieure (Cailliaud); north coast of Spain, 30 f., Cape
Trafalgar, and TeneriflPe (M'Andrew); Spezzia (J. G. J.).
According to Clark, the animal is lively, active, and
bold. He says that in some of his Exmouth specimens
the throat of the shell is grooved. I have failed to detect
this character in any of the specimens (at least 100)
which I have examined. The umbilicus is visible even
in the young. This species may be distinguished from
O. umbilicaris by its greater solidity, the periphery being
always keeled, the spire much longer, and the whorls
compressed instead of convex. From 0. conoidea it
differs in its smaller size, pyramidal shape, wider base,
and in the throat or inside of the outer lip being usually
(if not invariably) smooth.

V-*1^ 12. O. coNSPi'cuA^, Alder, (sta.) ^^4^

0. conspicua, Aid. in Trans. Tynes. Nat. Field Club, i. p. 359 ; F. & H.
iii. p. 263, pi. xcv. f. 6.

Shell forming an elongated cone with rather a broad base,
sohd, opaque, glossy and of a polished appearance : sculpture,
fine and numerous, but irregular microscopical spiral striae,
and stiU more minute and close-set flexuous lines of growth ;
the periphery is slightly but distinctly keeled or angulated, as
is also the base of each of the upper whorls : colour pale cho-

* Bemarkable.

ODOSTOMIA. 133

colate, or creamcolour stained with madder : spire pyramidally
tapering ; nucleus exposed and lying in nearly a horizontal
position across the apex : whorls 8 (besides 2, which are em-
bryonic and reversed), flattened; the last occupies about one-
half of the shell : suture narrow, but excavated, sloping down-
wards in consequence of the peripheral keel : mouth rhomboidal,
contracted above, considerably expanded and angulated below;
its length somewhat exceeds a third of the whole spire : outer
lip obtuse-angled in the middle, and incurved just below the
peripher}^ ; the inside or throat is finely but obscurely grooved
in the direction of the spire : inner lip slight on the upper part,
where it adheres to the pillar and joins the outer lip, reflected
and nearly straight on the lower part, the angle at the base
being very remarkable : umbilicus extremely small, and almost
covered by the lower part of the incer lip : tooth strong, pro-
minent and conspicuous, placed opposite and behind the um-
bilicus ; it forms a sharp fold or ridge, which winds along the
pillar throughout the spire. L. 0*35. B. 0-15. ^« fe^\^^ [►14'e

Habitat : Coralline zone^ off Whitburn, and Douglas
in the Isle of Man (Alder) ; Herm, on the shell-beach
(Metcalfe) , and Guernsey, in 18-20 f. (J. G. J.) ; Lame,
CO. Antrim (Hyndman, fide Alder) ; Loch Fyne (A.
M^Nab) ; Aberdeenshire (Dawson) ; Shetland (Barlee).
Bohuslan (Loven in mus. Stockh., and Malm in mus.
Gottenb.) ; La Hougue Bay, Brittany (Mace) ; Lisbon
(M ^Andrew) ; Gulf of Lyons (Martin) ; Spezzia, in
10-12 f. (J. G. J.) ; Adriatic (Nardo) ; Sardinia and
Naples (Tiberi).

By far the largest and rarest species in this section ;
it deserves its specific name. Independently of size, the
whorls are less compact than in O. acuta, the keel is
stronger, the mouth squarish, and the umbilicus reduced
almost to nothing.

It is the O. unidentata of Hanley, in Thorpe^s ^ British
Marine Conchology.^ Malm mistook for this species an
old and imperfect specimen of the next.

134 PYRAMIDELLID^.

' '^ 13. O. unidenta'ta^, Montagu. K*. 41-7

Turbo unidentatus, Mont. Test. Br. (ii,) p. 324. 0. unidentata, F. & H.
iii. p. 264, pi. xcv. f. 7, 8.

Body clear bluish- white : snout compressed, bevelled at the
margin, and truncated in front: tentacles short, broad, awl-
shaped, " setose " [?], blunt, with a fine transparent line down
the middle of each : eyes close together, sunken in the mem-
brane which connects the tentacles : foot short, truncated in
front and slightly eared, sloping behind to a broad, obtuse,
lance-shaped point ; sole in front flake-white, behind hyaline,
with a fine longitudinal line along the centre of the posterior
half ; it is divided from the upper disk by a shallow groove,
giving the foot a labiated aspect. (Clark.)

Shell, a rather long cone with a broad base, solid, almost
opaque, and glossy: sculpture, microscopical and slight but
close-set spiral striae, and a more or less distinct keel round
the periphery, as well as at the base of each of the upper
whorls : colour milk-white, with a bluish tint in immature
specimens : spire shortish ; nucleus exposed, twisted in some
specimens backwards, and in others forwards : whorls 6, besides
those of the embryonic nucleus ; they gradually enlarge, and
are nearly flat ; the last equals in length the rest of the spire ;
suture narrow but distinct, defined above by the peripheral
keel, from which it slopes downwards : mouth squarish, ex-
panded and forming nearly a right angle at the inner base ;
its length is about a third of the whole spire : outer lip nearly
semicircular, incurved (but not much) just below the periphery:
■■ inner lip extremely thin on the upper part, where it adheres
to the pillar but does not join the outer lip, reflected and nearly
straight on the lower part, the angle at the base being well
marked : umbilicus none, although there is sometimes a small
chink : tooth large, strong, prominent and conspicuous, placed
as in several of the species last described; it is continued
throughout the spire : operculum as in 0. condidea. L. 0*2.
B.0-1. I*^1t^ir^^.

Var. elata. Spire more elongated, and base narrower.

Habitat : Under stones at low- water mark of spring
tides, and on old oyster-shells and Pecten maximus in
the laminarian and coralline zones, on every part of our
* Single-toothed.

ODOSTOMIA. 135

coasts. Fossil in the Clyde beds (Crosskey) , and in the
glacial and post-glacial formations in Norway at the re-
spective heights of 400-460 feet and 50-100 feet (Sars).
Its foreign distribution is doubtful, because this species
has not been satisfactorily identified by some continental
authors. For instance, Petit has recorded it from the
Gulf of Lyons on the authority of M. Martin, and Ve-
rany from Nice ; but in both these cases I ascertained
that 0. pallida had been mistaken for the present species.
I must for the same reason question the locality of Al-
geria given by M. Weinkauff. The following, however,
may be relied on : — Norway as far north as Hammer-
fest, in 10-50 f. (Sars) ; Stromstad, Bohuslan, on an
oyster from 12 f. (Rubenson, fide Malm) ; and Loire-
Inferieure (Cailliaud).

From Mr. Clark^s account the animal differs little
from that of 0. acuta. The shell may be distinguished
from that and other allied species by its squarish mouth
and nearly rectangular base, and from O. conspicua by
its smaller size, colour, and smooth throat. I found a
living specimen which had lost all the upper part of the
spire.

It is the SabaruBa Montaguana of Leach, taking his
synonymy as my guide : his description is so vague and
almost unintelligible, that it would serve for any of the
smooth species.

5M-
Nf-fz^ 14. O. turri'ta*, Hanley. |f»^-^^*

0. turrita, Hani, in Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. xii. p. 18. 0. unidentata, var. ?,
F. & H. iii. p. 267, pi. xcv. f. 9.

Body white, with a bluish tinge, and transparent, covered
with exceedingly minute granules, which give the surface
(especially the foot) a frosted appearance : snout narrow, rounded

* Turreted.

136 PYRAMIDELLID.f:.

in front, a little in advance of the foot : tentacles rather long
and leaf-like, with blunt tips : eyes very small, placed close
together on the middle of the neck between the tentacles at
their inner base : foot rather broad, more or less indented (and
now and then deeply bilobed) in front, obliquely truncated and
irregularly bilobed behind.

Shell forming a somewhat cylindrical cone, strong and
solid, semitransparent and glossy : sculpture none, unless ex-
amined with a magnifying-power, when the surface appears
covered by fine and regular spiral striae; the periphery is
slightly keeled : colour pale yellowish-white or whitish, with
a dark border below the suture in each whorl as in many other
of the smooth and semitransparent Species : spire rather long,
turreted, and abruptly terminating ; nucleus exposed, usually
twisted forwards : whorls 5-6 (besides those composing the
nucleus) , convex, and gradually enlarging ; the last forms one-
half of the spire, and scarcely exceeds the next in breadth :
suture narrow, but well defined : mouth squarish, not much
expanded or angulated at the inner base ; it is proportionally
small, and its length is scarcely a third of the whole spire :
outer lip projecting but little beyond the periphery, below which
it is considerably incurved towards the pillar, thus contracting
the mouth : inner lip thin, and adhering to the pillar on the
upper part, without joining the outer lip, thickened, reflected,
and gently curved on the lower part, the basal angle being
usually slight: umbilicus none: tooth small, not prominent,
nor very conspicuous : operculum of a tTiihner texture and less
strongly striated than that of 0. condidea or the last species. '
L. 0-125. B. 0;05. Sc^ *^U^^it: -^ j^^.

Var. striolata.y^M.OTQ conical, with a shorter spire and larger
mouth ; the periphery is bluntly angulated ; the tooth is
stronger, and prominent ; and the spiral striae are unusually
distinct. 0, striolata, (Alder) F. <fe H. iii. p. 267, pi. xcv. f. 5.

Habitat : Under stones and in rock-pools at Ibw-water
mark, and among seaweeds in the laminarian zone ; it is
widely distributed and not uncommon. A specimen of
the variety was found by Mr. Alder in shell-sand from
Ilfracombe ; Mr. Norman has taken it in Bantry Bay,
and Mr. Hockin at the Land's End. I noticed the typical
form in the Royal Museimi at Copenhagen (from the

ODOSTOMIA. 137

Cattegat), and also among shells collected by M. Cail-
liaud in Brittany, by M. Maee at Cannes, and by Mr.
M^ Andrew (of a smaller size) off Teneriffe ; it was like-
wise procured by me while dredging in the Gulf of
Spezzia.

The animal floats, like a Jeffrey sia ; and, when crawl-
ing, it has the same habit of withdrawing its eyes, which
are visible through the shell. It appears to be inactive,
because Foraminifera are sometimes seen attached to
li\4ng specimens. This species is remarkable for its
contracted mouth ; it is much more slender than O. uni-
dentata, the peripheral keel is less distinct, the base is
scarcely angulated, and the tooth is proportionally
smaller and not so prominent or conspicuous. Although
variable in size, it never attains half the dimensions of
that species.

I have united 0. striolata with the present species,
in consequence of finding intermediate forms which may
belong to one or the other. I must also refer to it the
varieties a and b of O. plicata, described in my mono-
graph.

^''■A^^ 15. O. PLicA'TA^'.Montagu.^ HOf

Turbo plicatus, Mont. Test. Br. (ii.) p. 325, 1 21 . f. 2. 0. pUcata, F. & H.
iii. p. 271, pi. xcviii. f. 1, 2.

Body whitish, with minute and close-set yellow specks :
snout small, wedge-shaped, flexible and extensile : tentacles
leaf-like, and presenting three equal-sized, angular and flat-
tened sides, which are folded a little inwards ; tips rounded
but not much inflated : eyes not quite so close together as in
some other species, seated on the tentacles, at their inner
bases : foot squarish in front and bluntly pointed behind ; sole
slightly grooved lengthwise on the posterior half.

Shell slender, with a narrow and attenuated base, thin,
* Furnished with a plait or fold.

138 PYRAMIDELLID^.

transparent, and of a lustrous polish : sculpture none, except
microscopical and extremely slight but numerous spiral striae^
which can only be detected at certain angles of light ; peri-
phery not keeled or angulated : colour very pale yellowish-
white or whitish, with a dark border below the suture, caused
by a thickening of that part: spire long and finely tapering to
a blunt point ; nucleus exposed, and twisted in different direc-
tions : whorls 5-6 (exclusive of the nucleus), rounJed but
much compressed, and gradually enlarging ; the last occupies
rather more than one-half of the shell if viewed with the mouth
upwards, and about two-fifths if viewed with the mouth down-
wards : suture slight, somewhat more oblique than in the last
species -7 mouth oval, inclining to oblong, narrow and acute-
angled above, rounded and scarcely expanded below ; its length
equals a third of the whole spire : outer lip rather flexuous,
not projecting beyond the periphery : inner lip thin, adhering
to the pillar on the upper part, and united with the outer lip ;
the lower portion is thickened, reflected, and curved : umhilims
none, although full7grown specimens have a narrow chink :
tooth small, more prominent and conspicuous than in the last
species : operculum thicker on the inner than the outer side of
the mouth, coarsely striated, and sometimes having a white
streak down the middle. L. 0-1. B. 0-04.

Habitat: Under loose stones and among seaweeds
at low- water mark, in the Channel Isles, South Devon,
Dorset, Cornwall, and Bristol Channel, as well as at Fish-
guard, Barmouth, and Cork; it is tolerably abundant in
the sublittoral zone at Exmouth. These are all the places
which I can vouch for ; 0. turrita has been fre.quently
mistaken for the present species. This probably has
only a southern range, comprising the north of France
(J. G. J., Mace, Tasle, and Cailliaud), Provence (Martin),
Antibes (Mace), Nice (Verany), Spezzia (J. G. J.),
Corsica (Susini), and Dalmatia (Brusina). Weinkauff
has enumerated it among his Algerian shells.

The characters by which this species may be known
from the last are, narrower and slenderer, thin, trans-
parent, and much more glossy, having a longer and

ODOSTOMIA. 139

tapering spire, a slight suture, nearly flat whorls, a^if-
ferently shaped mouth, and no peripheral keel.

It is the Valuta plicatula of Dillwyn, and apparently
the Eulima unidens of Requien, Turbonella angusta of
Leach, and O. vitrea of Brusina.

Ht^f^ 16. O. insculp'ta ■^, Montagu. K 7"+

Turho inaculptus, Mont. Test. Br. Suppl. p. 129. 0. inscidpta, F. & H.
iii. {). 289, pi. xcvi. f. 6.

Body opaque frosted-white, with a rather large patch of dxiU
claret-red on the back : mantle having the usual fold at the
upper angle of the aperture of the shell : snout short, cloven
nearly to the eyes, each lobe being deeply curved outwards :
tetUacles coalescing at their bases, very broad and short ; tips
very small, white, and slightly inflated : eyes close together :
foot 'deeply notched in front, forming at each comer a divergent
acute auricle, behind which it becomes a little constricted,
and terminates in two symmetrical distinct pointed tails or
streamers, which describe an angle of separation equal to that
of the fore and middle fingers when placed as far apart as pos-
sible. (Clark.)

Shell somewhat cylindrical, with a narrow base, thin, semi-
transparent and glossy : sculpture^ distinct and regular spiral
incised lines or narrow grooves, which cover the lower three-
fourths or even more of the last whofl, anT theTower half of
each of the preceding whorls ; these Tines are not micro-
scopical, but visible to a sharp eye without a lens ; the upper
part of each whorl below the suture is marked by fine, slight,
and numerous flexuous lines in a longitudinal direction, which
by crossing the upper rows of spiral strias produce in the latter
an imperfectly punctured appearance; the whole surface is
also sculptured with microscopical and close-set spiral striae,
which can only be detected in " Hve " or fresh specimens and >
at a certain incidence of light : colour pale white, assuming an
ivory lustre in " dead " or faded specimens : spire long, some-
what turreted, and having a truncated apex ; nucleus obliquely
declining, and concealed : whorls 6^ convex although more or
less compressed ; each has a narrow and thick rim immediately
below the suture ; the rate of their enlargement is rather quick,
the last occupying about one-half of the shell : suture narrow,

* Engraved.

140 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

slightly channelled, and somewhat oblique : mouth, irregularly-
oblong, owing to the inflexion and curvature of the outer lip ;
it is acute- angled above (but not so sharply as in 0. plicata)^
and decidedly expanded below ; its length equals a third of
the whole spire : outer lip remarkably flexuous, retreating at
the upper corner of the mouth, where it forms a deep sinus,
and inflected in the middle, so as to contract the mouth on fHat
side : inner lip as in the last species ; the lower part, however,
is more reflected and straight in the present species : umbilicus
small and narrow: tooth — or rather an oblique fold — retired
and inconspicuous, although always present: operculum re-
markably thin, light-horncolour, narrow, and obliquely striated.
(This description of the operculum is taken from Mr. Clark's
account.) L. 0-15. B. 0-0625. ^.j^^^Uti. 4^--

Habitat : Coralline and deep-sea zones^ throughout
the British seas^ from 10 to 85 f. ; not common. I have
noted 26 localities. Coralline Crag, Sutton (S. Wood);
post-glacial shell-banks near Drontheim, 60-80 feet
(Sars) . It has been found living at Drobak in Chris-
tianiafiord, in 50 f., and at the Loffoden Isles, in 50-
100 f., by Sars, at Kullen in South Sweden by Orsted
(and named by Loven Turbonilla obliqua), at Gotten-
burg, in 16 f., by Malm (who described it as T. War-
renii) , and in Brittany by Cailliaud and Tasle.

The incised revolving lines round the lower part of
each whorl readily serve to recognize this species in
comparison with any of the foregoing.

It is in all probability the Turbo divisus of Adams,
with rather more doubt Pyramis nivosus of Brown, and
unquestionably Turbonella transparens of Leach, if re-
liance is to be placed on the authenticity of his type in
the British Museum. But, in his ' Mollusca of Great
Britain,^ the last-named species is described as '^ very
smooth,'^ and the few other characters there given are
common to all its congeners of the present section.

ODOSTOMIA. 141

Nf44i 17. O. DiA'pHANA^.yrejareys.) ^l^-

0. diaphana, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N.H. 2nd ser. ii. p. 341 ; Sowerby,
111. Ind. pi. 17. f. 23.

Body brilliant frosted subhyaline-white ; mantle forming a
conspicuous tubular fold at the upper angle of the aperture of
the shell : snout short, cloven in the centre almost to the eyes ;
each segment or lobe has an outward curve equal to an angle
of 40° : tentacles strong, rather long, without much auriform
folding, roundish and taper, terminating in minute circular
snow-white inflated tips ; instead of the tentacles moderately
diverging on each side of the snout, they are widely curved
and carried at a right angle to the axis of the shell : eyes close
together, at the internal basal angles of the tentacles: foot
long, broad, and thin, rather concave in front, shghtly auricled,
and when fully extended reaching beyond the body-whorl in
front ; it terminates in a distinct bifurcation, which is very
apparent in slow march, but, on a quicker pace being attained,
the fork in some measure decreases in consequence of the
greater extension of the foot. (Clark ; as Chemnitzia obliqua.)

Shell inclining to spindle-shaped, very thin, nearly trans-
parent, and lustrous : sculpture none, except slight flexuous
and numerous microscopical striae m the line of growth : colour
whitish : spire rather long, abruptly truncated ; nucleus ob-
liquely declining and concealed, raised in front and twisted
backwards : whorls 4, convex, and rapidly enlarging ; the last
occupies two-thirds of the shell ; the upper part of each is
encircled by a thickened rim : suture narrow, but well defined,
and oblique : mouth rather oblong than oval, narrow and acute-
angled above, expanded below ; its length exceeds two-fifths
of the whole spire : outer lip flexuous, retreating at the upper
corner of the mouth, where it forms a rather deep sinus, and
projecting in the middle : timer lip extremely slight on the
upper part, thickened, and gently curved, but very little reflec-
ted, on the lower part : umbilicus developed in the adult only,
when it is small and inconspicuous, being approached by a
narrow canal or groove from the base : tooth consisting of an
insignificant and retired fold : operculum extremely thin,~ex-
cept on the inner side, ligH- yellow, scored obliquely by fine
and close-set flexuous lines, and having a distinct but short
and nearly terminal spire of two minute whorls ; it resembles
in shape a Cristellaria. L, 0-1. B. 0*05. ,

142 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

Habitat : Coralline zone,12-50f., Guernsey (J. G. J.),
Fowey (Barlee), Exmouth (Clark), Hebrides (J. G. J.),
Aberdeenshire (Dawson), Shetland (Barlee and J. G. J.);
it is both local and rare. I am not aware of any geo-
logical or foreign locality.

This species differs from O. insculpta in being more
spindle-shaped than cylindrical, of a thinner texture,
quite smooth instead of spirally striated, having fewer
whorls (the last being disproportionately large), with
a more oblique suture, and in the umbilicus being nar-
row and inconspicuous. It is certainly not the young
of O. ohliqua, as Forbes and Hanley supposed. The
present species is in every state of growth more slender
(in consequence of the whorls not being so tumid) ; nor
is it ever striated, like that species ; the umbilicus also
is smaller, and the nucleus of the spire less prominent.
Mr. Clark^s description of the animal of 0. obliqua was
taken from a specimen of 0. diaphana, which is now in
the fine collection of Mr. Leckenby at Scarborough.

"]H 18. O. OBLiWA"^,[Alder}) n* 44.x

0. ? ohliqua, Alder in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 327, pi. viii. f. 12. 0.
obliqua, F. k H. iii. p. 291, pi. xcvi. f. 1.

Body clear white, with a slightly frosted appearance : Tnan-
tle occasionally forming a small conduit or fold at the upper
angle of the aperture of the shell : snout short, cloven as far
as the eyes, having the segments curved to the right and left :
tentacles short, bevelled, not broad, tapering to a fine point,
and having small white inflated tips ; they are carried in front
of the head with an angular divergence of about 75° : eyes close
together, at the united internal bases of the tentacles : foot
short, concave in front, sUghtly auricled, terminating obtusely
behind. (Clark.)

Shell shaped hke that of a miniature Limncea of the stag-
nalis type, extremely thin, transparent, and glossy : sculpture,

* Slanting.

ODOSTOMIA. 143

fine and close- set striae, which become stronger and more re-
mote on tnelbase : colour whitish : spire ion^ and tapering,
somewhat tiirreted ; nucleus partly exposed, and prominent,
twisted upwards in front, and sloping towards the back : whorh
5 (including the uppermost, from which the nucleus springs),
tumid, and very rapidly enlarging ; the last constitutes more
than two-thirds of the shell : suture deep and oblique : mouth
oblong or pear-shaped, narrow and contracted above, consi-
derably expanded or effuse below ; it exceeds in length two-
fifths of the whole spire : outer lip flexuous, retreating, and
sinuated at the upper corner of the mouth, where it is incurved
on tEe periphery : inner lip receding (almost concealed from
view), and remarkably thin on the upper part, thickened and
reflected, but not much curved, on the lower part ; it forms an
obtuse angle or point at the base : umbilicus none, or consist-
ing of an oblique depression, whicH sometimes ends in a small
chink : tootJi, only a slight and obscure fold : operculum as in
the last species, but less strongly striated. L. 0-2. B. 0-075. t*^-^

Yar. Warreiii. Smaller; having the basal strise more dis-
tinct, and the umbilicus more developed. Rissoa Warreni,
Thompson, in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xv. p. 315, pi. xix. f. 4.
0. Warrenii, F. & H. iii. p. 292, pi. xcvi. f. 2, 3. \e^% - a ^^

Habitat : Tynemouth (Alder), west of Scotland
(Barlee), Aberdeenshire (Dawson), Skye, Shetland,
Cork, Bantry, Caswell Bay near Swansea, Exmouth,
Falmouth, Guernsey, and Herm (J. G. J.), Herm (Han-
ley), west of Ireland (Thompson, fide Alder), Helford
(Hockin) . Its foreign range appears to be, Loken in
South Sweden, 20 f. (Malm) ; and Etretat in Normandy,
at the same depth (J. G. J.). The variety has been
taken in Dublin Bay by the late Mr. T. W. Warren, on
the Turbot-bank off Lame, co. Antrim (Waller), Bir-
terbuy Bay, co. Galway, Burrow Island near Kingsbridge,
and in rock-pools at Gwyllyn-vase near Falmouth (Bar-
lee), living at low-water mark at Budleigh Salterton
near Exmouth (Clark), Land^s End and Falmouth
(Hockin). M. Mace found the variety at Cannes ; Mr,
Hanley dredged it at Villafranca, and I at Spezzia.

144 PYRAMIDELLID.E.

A monstrous specimen, from Guernsey, of this com-
paratively rare species has a remarkably thick and
strong varix or rib-like callosity in the middle of the
body-whorl. Mr. Alder noticed the striae on the typical
form.

This species may be the Auriculina exilissima of Bru-
sina, from Melada in Dalmatia.

k-jcf. 19. O. DOLioLi¥OR'Mis'^,(Jefireys.) Nf 4AA

0. doUoliformis, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 2nd ser. ii. p, 342 ; F. & H.
iii. p. 301, pi. xcvii. f. 5.

Body hyaline pale azure : mantle slightly channelled at the
upper angle of the shell on the right side : STiout considerably
in advance of the foot when the animal is in active motion,
scarcely extending to its front edge when at rest: tentacles
proportionally larger than in other species, not so triangular,
nor furnished with such broad lateral membranes, nor do they
coalesce so decidedly as in other species to form a veil ; the
tip of eaoli has a point of flake-white : eyes as usual : foot ap-
parently divided into two parts ; the anterior or front portion
^ is constricted, slender, attenuated, and very extensile, slightly
auricled and notched, and nearly clear white ; the posterior
or hinder portion is somewhat oval, short, broad, fleshy, of an
opaque pale drab, and divided in the middle by a deep longi-
tudinal fissure or groove, that seems almost to separate this
portion into two equal lobes, which terminate together in a
rounded point with a narrow central notch. (Clark.)

Shell oval, resembling Dolium perdix in shape, rather thin,
semitransparent, and somewhat glossy: sculpture, about 20
remote and sometimes wavy spiral striae, which are almost
perceptible by the naked eye j the microscopical lines of growth
are numerous and very slight ; these do not cross the striae,
nor impart any " quasireticulated " appearance, as noticed by
Mr. Clark : colour whitish, with a faint tinge of yehow in Hve
specimens : spire remarkably short ; nucleus twisted horizon-
tally in different directions : whorls 3 only, besides those of
the nucleus or apex ; they are ventrico?e,'l)ut compressed to-
wards the suture and front edge, and suddenly enlarge ; the
last occupies nearly the whole of the shell when viewed with

* Haying the aspect of a small species of Dolium.

ODOSTOMIA. 145

the mouth upwards, and at least two-thirds of it when viewed
in an opposite position : suture channelled, rather oblique :
mouth roundish-oval, not contracted above, slightly expanded
below ; it considerably exceeds in length one-half of the whole
spire : outer Up abruptly incurved on the periphery : inner lip
thin on the upper part (where it is united with the outer lip),
broad, thickened, a little reflected, almost straight, and shel-
\dng outwards on the lower part, which is more than thrice as
long as the other : umbilicus consisting of a narrow, although
distinct, depression, which terminates in a small chink : tooth
strong, conspicuous, like a short thorn, projecting from the
middle of the inner or pillar-lip : operculum, according to Mr.
Clark, cartilaginous and flexible, with the striae of growth ar-
ranged in elliptical curves, as in 0. pallida. L. 0*075.

Habitat: Aberdeenshire (Dawson); Hebrides (Bar-
lee) ; Scarborough (Bean and J. Gr. J.) ; Barmouth,
Tenby, Swansea, Sandwich, Paington, and Guernsey
(J. G. J.) ; littoral zone, Exmouth (Clark) ; Burrow
Island (Barlee) ; Hayle and Land^s End (Hockin) .
Local and rare. M. Tasle has found this species at
Morbihan in Brittany ; and I dredged it in the Gulf of
Spezzia.

It is impossible to determine Walker's shell, fig. 55,
which Montagu named Turbo Sandvicensis. The cha-
racteristic word '*^ reticulatis,'' used by Walker in his
short diagnosis, with reference to the whorls, is appli-
cable to O. decussata, but not to the shell which I have
now described; if the figure were the sole criterion, I
should be disposed to assign it to the present species.

N*.44^ 20. O. DECUssA'TA-^,(Montagu) K "/q

Turho dectcssatus, Mont. Test. Br. (ii.) p. 322, t. 12. f. 4. 0. decussata,
F. k H. iii. p. 303, pi. xcvii. f. 6, 7.

Body clear white, except the head, which is pale-pink or
red : snout small, somewhat cylindrical, narrow, and attenuated

* Divided crosswise.
VOL. IV. H

146 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

towards the point, where it assumes a clavate or hammer-like
appearance, becoming thick, angular, bevelled to a sudden edge,
and straight or truncated in front : tentacles very short, not
much folded, terminating in indistinct flake-white lobes ; the
lateral membranes, which are not so extensive as in other
species, coalesce and form a shallow veil : eyes very close to-
gether, exactly at the internal bases of the tentacles, " not
immersed, but a little elevated on minute prominences : " foot
rather broad and truncated in front, without the usual ear-
shaped points at the comers, becoming a little constricted be-
hind, and having a very rounded extremity: opercular lobe
simple. (Clark.)

Shell conic-oblong with a rather narrow base, thinnish,
semitransparent and somewhat glossy : sculpture, rather strong
longitudinal ribs, which are flexuous on the body-whorl and
extend to the base, and are curved on the next two whorls, the
upper ones being smooth ; there are about 25 ribs on the last
whorl, 20 on the penultimate, and 15 on part of the ante-
penultimate whorl, where the ribs cease altogether ; the inter-
stices of these ribs are crossed by finer and thread-like spiral
or transverse striae, of which about a dozen may be counted on
the body- whorl, 7 or 8 on the next, and 5 or 6 on the suc-
ceeding whorl ; the striae do not extend to the suture ; the mu-
tual intersection of the ribs and striae gives a finely cancellated
or reticulated appearance : colour whitish : spire produced,
slightly turreted ; nucleus raised in front or on one side, and
twisted inwards : whorls 4 (besides those forming the nucleus),
convex, and rather quickly enlarging ; the last occupies nearly
three-fifths of the shell : suture deep and channelled, some-
what oblique: mouth oval, scarcely contracted above or ex-
panded below ; its length is almost two-fifths of the whole
spire : outer lip not much curved, abruptly inflected on the
periphery : inner Up thin on the upper part, continuous with
the outer lip in adult specimens, thickened, reflected, and in-
clihingToTslraight on theTower part, which is twice as long
as the other : iimhilicus slight^ forming a narrow chink behind
the inner or pillar-lip : tooth verj' retired and inconspicuous,
consisting of a narrow oblique fold, which on breaking the
shell may be seen winding round the pillar : operculum rather
thin and delicately striated. L. 0-125. B. 0*05.

Habitat : Coralline zone on the coasts of Devon and
Cornwall (Montagu, Barlee, and others) ; Guernsey,

ODOSTOMIA. 147

Barmouth, Bantry Bay, co. Antrim, Oban, and Shet-
land (J. G. J.); Dublin Bay (Turton and Kinahan);
CO. Galway (Barlee) ; Clyde district, in nuUipore (Nor-
man); and Moray Firth (Gordon). Not uncommon.
Coralline Crag at Sutton (S. Wood). Departement of
Morbihan (Tasle).

The exquisite latticework of this shell is more than
worthy of the following lines attributed to Bishop
Mant : —

" These by the microscopic glass
Survey'd, you'll see how far surpass
The works of nature, in design
And texture delicately fine,
And perfectness of every part,
Each effort of mimetic art."

Perhaps Adamses description of Turbo pellucidus, to
which I formerly referred the present species, may be
too vague for identification : it is, " T. quinque anfrac-
tibus reticulatis, apertura subrotunda. Obs. Color al-
bus.'^ It would suit as well a bleached Rissoa punctura.
Our shell is the Helix arenaria of Maton and Rackett ;
and it is possibly, but little more than guessingly.
Brown's Pyramis spirolinus. If the 'Illustrations of
the Recent Conchology of Great Britain and Ireland '
had been written in the seventeenth century, some al-
lowance might be made for the abundance of its errors,
both of graphic and pictorial delineation ; but it is of
modern date. The task of scrutinizing this author's nu-
merous ill-defined and often questionable species, and the
mental torture caused by hammering at the horrible
names which he invented, are enough to give any one
not having nerves of catgut a most excruciating head-
ache. His stilted and often ungrammatical language,
too, hardly suits the present age ,* '^ his words are a very
fantastical banquet, just so many strange dishes.'' Why

h2

148 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

could he not say grooved instead of '^ sulcated/^ length-
wise and not '^longitudinally/^ and for "undulated'^
wavy? and how do the whorls (or 'Solutions/' as he
calls them) " oblique towards the suture ? ^^

B. Turhonilla or Chemnitzia.
^•74^- 21. O. clathra'ta"^, (Jeffreys'. U^. Ar^y

0. clathrata, Jeflfr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 2nd ser. ii. p. 345 ; F. & H.
iii. p. 258, pi. xciv. f. 4.

Shell cylindro-conical, solid, opaque, and not so glossy as
most of its congeners : sculpture, somewhat flexuous, strong
and flattened longitudinal ribs, of which there are about 20 on
the body-whorl, extending to the base ; their interstices are
of the same breadth as the ribs, and crossed by short transverse
strijE or much smaller ribs, of which there are 3 rows on the
last whorl, and 2 on each of the upper whorls ; these trans-
verse striae occupy the middle or greater part of the last whorl
and the lower half of each of the other whorls ; the topmost
or apical whorl is smooth: colour white, in one specimen
stained with pale reddish-brown : spire elongated and tapering
to an abruptly pointed extremity ; nucleus raised on one side
and twisted inwards : whorls 6-7, evenly convex ; the last
occupies more than two-fifths of the shell : suture rather wide
and deep, somewhat obhque : mouth roundish-oval, or regularly
oval, very little contracted above or expanded below ; length
about one-fourth of the whole spire : outer lip rounded, sharply
inflected below the periphery : inner lip retreating obliquely
(but not very thin) on the upper part, where it is united with
the outer lip, so as to form a nearly complete peristome, scarcely
reflected and gently curved on the lower part : umUlicus de-
veloped more than in the allied species, and consisting of a
narrow depression and chink behind the pillar-lip : tooth or
fold none. L. 0-165. B. 0-05.

Habitat : Birterbuy Bay, co. Galway, where Mr.
Barlee and I found two specimens by dredging in about
15 f. Hanley procured it at Malta, I at Spezzia, and
M'Andrew at Orotava. It is evidently very rare.

* Latticed.

ODOSTOMIA. 149

Although I have only seen very few examples of this
species_, they all agree in shape, texture, sculpture, and
other characteristics. It is intermediate between O.
decussata and O. indistinda, but has perhaps a greater
affinity to the latter. From O. decussata it differs in
having a more elongated spire, much fewer, stronger,
and more prominent longitudinal ribs, with short trans-
verse interstitial striae, which are confined to part of
each whorl, instead of the whole surface being finely
reticulated : from O. indistincta it may be known by its
more conical and less cylindrical outline, and being
proportionally broader, having the apex of the spire
obliquely pointed instead of abruptly truncated, the
whorls more convex, and the suture larger ; the longitu-
dinal ribs are thicker, broader, and flattened ; and there
are but three rows of spiral striae on the body-whorl, and
two on each of the upper whorls. It is also a more
solid sheU than either of the above-named species.

N»AA7 22. O. INDISTINCTA"^, (Montagu.) H^ 7^

Turho indistinctus, Mont. Test. Br. Suppl. p. 129. Chemnitzia indi-
stincta, F. & H. iii. p. 255, pi. xciv. f. 2, 3.

Body nearly clear white, with a pale yellowish tinge, over-
spread or powdered with minute snow-white flakes or lemon -
coloured points : snout long, rather narrow, with a rounded
extremity ; it is somewhat grooved on its upper surface as far
as the tentacular veil, where the slit for the issue of the pro-
boscis is marked by a slight prominence : tentacles very short,
united at the bases ; their thin edges are unrolled on the
march, which gives them a very large sub triangular, broad,
leafy aspect, instead of the usual ear-shaped figure ; tips large
and inflated : eyes very black, conspicuous, and close together :
foot large, long and extensile, thin, nearly transparent, either
truncated or concave in front (depending on the will or action
of the animal), with very large auricles, which in progression

* Obscure (metonymically).

150 PYRAMIDELLIDvE.

are used as feelers ; the edges are often folded inwards ; it
ends in a needle-point : opercular lobe simple and obscure.
(Clark.)

Shell cylindrical and slender, rather thin, semitransparent
and glossy : sculpture, numerous and close-set fine longitudinal
ribs, which are flexuous on the body-whorl, curved on the
middle ones, and obhg^ue on those near the apex ; they dis-
appear'towards the base"; "their interstices in nearly the lower
half of each whorl are crossed by extremely short transverse
or spiral striae, of which there are from 6 to 8 rows on the
last whorl, 3 or 4 on the middle whorls, and 2 only on each
of the top whorls ; in worn specinfens the decussation thus
produced gives a punctured appearance ; the base exhibits
microscopic spiral lines, and the apex is quite smooth : colour
white : spire considerably elongated, and gradually tapering
to an abruptly truncated extremity ; nucleus twisted inwards :
whorls 7-8, convex, depressed below the suture and also on
the upper part of the spire ; they shelve abruptly downwards
towards the suture on the lower side ; each has the usual
thickened rim immediately below the suture ; the last occupies
about two-fifths of the shell : suture narrow and deep, nearly
straight on the upper part of the spire, becoming somewhat
oblique on the lower part : mouth oval, contracted above and
considerably expanded below ; length not one-fourth of the
' whole spire : outer lip flexuous, retreating and forming a sinus
above, incurved bfelow the periphery : inner lip extremely thin
on the upper part, reflected and nearly straight below : umbi-
licus consisting of a slight depression which ends in a small
narrow chink ; tooth or fold none : operculum liaving a thin
flap, and obliquely striated. L. U-165. B. 0-04. |_ . (>,rvi-n ,

Var. brevior. Proportionally smaller, with a shorter spire
and more convex whorls.

Habitat : Various places from Guernsey to Shetland,
in from 4 to 40 f.; '^not uncommon alive in rock-pools^' at
Cumbrae (Norman) . The variety is equally distributed,
and, according to Mr. Clark (who erroneously considered
it O. clathrata) , it inhabits " a peculiar district of shelly
mud, between the laminarian and coralline zones in 10
fathoms water, oflf Teignmouth.'' Sars has recorded
this species as occurring in a post-glacial shell- bank at

ODOSTOMTA. 151

Kirkoen in Norway, at a height of 50 feet above the
level of the sea; and Searles Wood gives it as a Coral-
line Crag fossil. It has been taken in a living or recent
state by Sars in Christianiafiord, in 10-50 f., by Malm
in 12 f. on the coast of Bohuslan, by Cailliaud in the
Departement of Loire-lnferienre, by M^Andrew off
Gibraltar and in the Mediterranean, by Martin in the
Gulf of Lyons, by me at Spezzia, by Acton (on the au-
thority of Dr. Tiberi) at Naples, by Tiberi at Magnisi
in Sicily (of a much smaller size than usual), and by
M*^ Andrew among the Canary Isles, in 40-60 f.

The synonyms are Turritella truncata of Fleming,
Rissoa Ballice of Thompson, Terebra speciosa of Bean
(from a broken specimen), and Chemnitzia curvicostata
of Searles Wood.

^^^k/t^ 23. O. interstinc'ta"^, (Montagu) ol. -^f.

Turbo interstinctus, Mont. Test. Br. (ii.) p. 324, t. 12. f. 10. 0. inter-
stineta, F. k H. iii. p. 296, pi. xcvii. f. 1.

Body white and transparent: snout small, narrow and
slender: tentacles varying in length, rather broad, with a
small white bulb on each at the tip ; they are retractile, as in
Rissoa : eyes small, rather close together, at the inner base of
the tentacles, sometimes withdrawn under the shell when the
animal is crawhng : foot short and narrowish, truncated or
shghtly indented in front, with small auricles, behind which
it is constricted for about one-third of its length ; tail bluntly
pointed.

Shell conic-oblong, rather solid, semitransparent and glossy:
sculpture, numerous strong and slightly curved longitudinal
ribs, broader than the interstices, about 20 on the body-whorl;
these are cut off at the periphery by two (very rarely three)
rows of obscure spiral striae, which are placed close together
below the periphery, and cross the interstices of the ribs in
such a manner as to form oval cavities or punctures having
their greater axis in the direction of the spire ; each of the

* Punctured here and there.

152 pyramidellidte.

upper whorls is similarly marked just above the suture ; the base
of the shell is almost always smooth : colour white : spire more
or less elongated, and tapering to a blunt extremity ; nucleus
smooth, higher on one side and twisted inwards : whorls ^-Qj
compressed rather than convex, shelving abruptly towards the
suture, each having a thickened rim round the top ; the last
occupies more than one-half of the shell: suture narrow, but
deeply excavated, scarcely oblique : mouth oval, somewhat con-
tracted above and much expanded below ; its length equals, and
in some cases exceeds, one-third of the whole spire : outer lip
flexuous, sHghtly sinuated above, where it is gently incurved
on the periphery : inner lip undistinguishable and apparently
wanting on the upper part, not much reflected (although slo-
ping inwards) and nearly straight below, terminating in a rect-
angular base, like 0. unidentata : umhilicus none, or consisting
at the most of an indistinct and narrow chink, which, how-
ever, becomes considerably developed in aged specimens : tooth
short and retired, but strong : operculum flexible, with a very
thin flap, closely and finely striated in the line of growth, and
presenting the usual triangular ridge on the pillar-side and a
minute almost terminal spire. L. 0-125. B. 0*04. \t^.^ ._ ^

Yar. 1. terebellum. Much larger, with an elongated spire ;
ribs set more obliquely, especially on the body- whorl ; tooth
prominent. Chemnitzia terebellum, Philippi, Moll. Sic. ii.
p. 138, t. xxiv. f. 12.

Yar. 2. suturalis. Much smaller, more cylindrical and nar-
rower ; ribs finer, decidedly curved, or even flexuous, on the
body-whorl, and occasionally covering the base, liissoa striata
(afterwards changed to R. suturalis), Phil. Z. c. i. p. 154, t. x.
f. 8.

Habitat : Everywhere^ in the laminarian and coral-
line zones ; nestling among stones and old shells, and
occasionally at the base of seaweeds in rock-pools at
spring tides. Post-glacial shell-banks in Norway, 0-100
feet (Sars). Extensively distributed over the North
Atlantic and Mediterranean, from the Loffoden Isles,
10-50 f. (Sars), and Bohuslan, 10-20 f. (Malm), along
the north coast of France (De Gerville and others), to
Spezzia (J. G. J.), at depths varying from 3 to 20 f.

ODOSTOMIA. 153

Var. 1. Oxwich Bay near Swansea, and Cork Harbour
(J. G. J.). Fossil at Palermo (Philip pi). Living in
Norway (Loven), Denmark (mus. Copenli.), Loire-In-
ferieure (Cailliaud), Arcaclion (Fischer, as 0. Moulin-
siana), Gulf of Lyons (Martin), Antibes (Mace), and in
sand from Rimini (J. G. J.). Var. 2. Many parts of
our coasts, from Shetland to Guernsey, in the coralline
zone. S carles Wood has described and figured the latter
variety from the Coralline Crag as 0. pupa of Dubois.
This is not uncommon in the Mediterranean, and
M*^ Andrew has dredged it off Orotava. It is the 0. ob-
longa of Macgillivray.

This species cannot be well mistaken for 0. indistincta
(although the two names are inconveniently similar),
if their shape and sculpture be compared ; the other
species has, moreover, a truncated apex and is never fur-
nished with a tooth. In distorted examples of the pre-
sent species from Guernsey and co. Antrim the base is
contracted, causing an expansion of the outer lip and a
deep umbilicus.

The following description of Adamses Turbo inter-
stinctus (Linn. Trans. 1795) evidently does not apply to
O. interstincta : — " T. testa laevi, quinque anfractibus
costa tenui inters tinctis. Obs. Color albus, apertura
subrotunda.^^ Our shell is not smooth, nor are the
whorls divided by a slight rib ; and the mouth is not
roundish. That description may have been t<aken from
a worn specimen of Rissoa semistriata. The present
species is much more likely to have been his Turbo ca-
naliculatus. It is also apparently Rissoa Deshayesiana
of Recluz, whose collection I unfortunately have not yet,
in accordance with his kind promise, had the privilege
of seeing. Brown^s Pyramis Lamarckii, P. lacteus, and
Jaminia ohtusa, and Leaches Turbonella Montaguana may

h5

154 PYRAMlDELLIDiE.

also be referred to the same category of probable syno-
nyms. The variety terebellum agrees with Requien*s too
succinct notice of Chemnitzia perlata,

1^' 24. O. spiRALis"^j(Montagu) rv* ^^,

Turbo spiralis, Mont. Test. Br. (ii.) p. 323, t. 12. f. 9. 0. spiralis, F.
& H. iii. p. 299, pi. xcvii. f. 2, and (animal) pi. FF. f. 8, 9.

Body clear white, delicately suffused with snow-white points
of different sizes [white (Loven), sulphur-yellow (F. & H.)] :
snout of moderate length [narrow and entire (Loven)], flattened,
and rounded in front, extending from the tentacular membrane
beyond the foot : tentacles united at the base in front and widely
diverging, short, flat and broad, " setose " [?], with a snow-
white hue from base to point and a round flake- white dot at
each of their tips : eyes large and black [near each other (Lo-
ven)], placed behind the fork of the tentacles, on their internal
angles : foot rather broad, slightly auricled, and sinuated on
each side ; sole slightly grooved lengthwise in the middle
[notched in front (Loven)] ; tail rounded when the animal is at
rest or at half stretch, and bluntly pointed in fuU march.
(Clark.)

Shell conic-oval, inchning to oblong, with a wide base
which is somewhat angulated, rather solid, semi transparent
and glossy : sculpture, numerous strong and straip:ht or slightly
curved longitudinal ribs, broader than the interstices, about 30
on the body-whorl ; they are cut off at the periphery by the
first of a series of spiral stria} that revolve round the base and
are in number from 6 to 8 ; these striae are often closely punc-
tured, owing to a decussation in that part by longitudinal
ribs which have otherwise disappeared, and they become less
distinct as they approach the base ; the apex of the shell is
(juite smooth : colour white : spire pyramidal, and ending in a
blunt point ; nucleus obliquely twisted inwards : whorls 5-6,
convex but flattened, rapidly enlarging, and abruptly shelving
towards the suture ; the last occupies about three-fifths of the
shell : suture narrow and deeply excavated, nearly straight :
mouth irregularly rhomboidal, forming an acute angle above
and considerably expanded below ; its length equals two-fifths
of the whole spire : outer lip sinuous, contracted on the upper
part, sloping upwards to the under side of the periphery : inner

* Wreathed.

ODOSTOMIA. 1 55

lip more or less distinct on the upper part of the pillar, accord-
ing to the degree of maturity of the specimen, in other respects
like 0. interstincta, but not so straight on the lower part as in
that shell, and terminating in an obtuse angle : umbilicus con-
sisting of a more conspicuous chink than in the last-named
species : tooth very short, blunt and obscure, being seated far
within the pillar : operculum as in 0. interstincta ; the inner side
is slightly notched to receive the tooth. L. 0-125. B. 0*05.

Habitat : Equally distributed with the last species,
and inhabiting the same zones. Fossil : Dalmuir
(Robertson and Crosskey) ; glacial and post-glacial
shell-banks in Norway, the former at 400-460 feet, and
the latter at 50-100 feet (Sars) . Recent : Norway, as
far north as Oxfjord in Finmark, 10-40 f. (Sars) ; Swe-
den, 10-17 f. (Loven and Malm) ; Cattegat (mus. Co-
penh.) ; Loire-lnferieure, among Corallina officinalis
(Cailliaud) ; Rochelle (D^Orbigny pere) ; off Gibraltar,
8-30 f. (M^Andrew).

Specimens in my collection from Shetland are covered
with Discorbina globularis. Some are distorted in the
same way as those which I noticed when treating of O.
interstincta. The striae which encircle the base of the
shell distinguish the present from any other species.

It is the Valuta pellucida of Dillwyn. A worn speci-
men was described by Macgillivray as O. plicata.

N« 44^ 25. O. EXl^MIA*,(^Jeffreys.^ btor.

Rissoa eximia, Jeifr, in Ann. & Mag. N. H. new ser. iv. p. 299. Chem-
nitzia eximia, F. & H. app. p. 278, pi. xc. f. 1 (as E. eximia).

Shell oblong, rather solid, semitransparent and glossy :
sculpture, fine curved longitudinal ribs, which do not reach the
base ; 15 or 10 of them may be counted on the last whorl ;
these (or more frequently their interstices) are crossed by 3
spiral striae or finer ribs, which traverse the middle of this
whorl, and give a partially cancellated appearance to the shell ;
the next whorl has 2 or 3 similar striae near the base, the

* Uncommon.

156 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

lowermost being partly concealed by the suture ; the succeed-
ing whorl exhibits 2 striae only ; the top whorl is smooth ;
colour white : spire tapering to a rounded point ; nucleus glo-
bular, and twisted inwards in various directions : whorls 4r-5,
very convex and almost tumid, gradually enlarging ; the last
occupies more than haK the shell : suture veiy deep, and nearly
straight : mouth proportionally small, oval, expanded below ;
its length scarcely equals one-third of the whole spire : outer
Up rounded, recurved on the lowermost spiral stria : inner lip
nearly indistinct on the upper part, gently curved and shghtly
reflected below, and terminating at the base in an obtuse-an-
gled point: umhilicus extremely small and narrow, but distinct :
tooth minute, somewhat retired, and obscure. L. 0*06. B. 0-03.

Habitat : The deep-water zone m east Shetland from
60° to 61° N. lat. ; also in the Minch, off Loch Ewe,
Ross-shire, in 60 f. (J. G. J.).

This minute shell, not much larger than 0. minima,
was discovered by Mr. Barlee. 1 have never found living
specimens, although some had evidently not long been
vacated by the animal. Sars has recorded this remark-
able species as fossil in post-glacial shell-banks near
Skien in the Christiania district, at a height of 100 feet,
and as living at Oxford, Bergen, and Christianiafiord ;
Lilljeborg also dredged it at Bergen, and obligingly gave
me a specimen for comparison.

Clark described it as Chemnitzia Barleei — a well-de-
served compliment to the discoverer, but an unnecessary
synonym. Turbonilla eximia of A. Adams, one of his
recent discoveries in Japanese waters, is not the present
species. Pyr^^Wr^^i^^w^o,

U-'^f 26. O. fenestra'ta"^, (Forbes.) v<*,j>c5o

0. fenestrata, (Forbes) Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 2nd ser. ii. p. 345.
Chemnitzia fenestrata, F. «&; H. iii. p. 249, pi. xciii. f. 6, 7.

Body nearly clear white, with a frosted aspect ; the neck is
marked on each side, as far as the tentacles, with a pale lead-

* Covered with latticework, like a window.

ODOSTOMIA. 157

coloured stripe of unequal breadth, which is composed of very
minute points so as to give the stripes a mottled look ; a tinge
of the same colour pervades the basal portion of the tentacles
and upper surface of the foot : mantle having a small offset at
the upper angle : snout long and slender, greatly thickened at
its base, and much compressed towards the other extremity,
which is slightly funnel-shaped : tentacles comparatively long
and slender, united at the bases, and having very distinct white
inflated tips : eyes conspicuous, close together, and imbedded
at the inner angles of the tentacles : foot in slow march short,
broad and obtuse ; but when the pace is accelerated it becomes
attenuated and extends to the bottom of the penultimate whorl;
it makes in front a concave sweep, ending on the right and left
in very slight ear-shaped points ; it has a somewhat lanceolate
shape behind. (Clark.)

Shell forming an elongated pyramid, rather solid, almost
opaque, glossy : sculpture, numerous fine and oblique or
sometimes tlexuous longitudinal ribs which do not reach to the
base ; the last whorl lias about 20 of these ribs ; they are in-
terrupted at the periphery and crossed by 3 prominent spiral
ridges placed near together, which occupy the middle of the
body-whorl, and there is also another but slighter spiral ridge
(and occasionally a 5th, rudimentary one) below the periphery;
the lower part of each of the upper whorls has 2 ridges ; the
points where the ridges cross the ribs are nodulous or tuber-
cular ; the top whorl is smooth : colour whitish : spire remark-
ably turreted, in consequence of each whorl being broader at
the base than the upper part of the succeeding whorl, and ap-
pearing to overlap the suture in an imbricated manner ; nucleus
somewhat excentric and prominent, abruptly twisted inwards :
whorls 8-9, compressed or shelving upwards towards the suture,
and moderately convex on the lower part ; the last occupies
about one-third of the shell : suture deep and slightly oblique :
mouth proportionally small, rhomboid- oval, contracted above,
wide, slightly expanded, and decidedly angulated below; length
scarcely exceeding one-sixth of the spire : outer Up gently
rounded, recurved on the lowermost of the 3 main spiral ridges,
by all of which it is notched or indented at the edge : inner lip
forming on the upper part of the pillar a thin film which is
united with the outer lip, on the lower part nearly straight and
not much reflected, terminating in a rectangular point : umbi-
licus wanting, or now and then represented by a minute and
narrow chink : tooth or fold none in any of the specimens (more

mC' Y^**-'^'*^ " '^ ^^

158 PYRAMIDELLID.E.

than e50) which I have examined : operculum thin, exquisitely
and closely striated in the line of growth. L. 0-15. B. 0-05.

Habitat : Muddy ground,, in 7-12 f., Dartmouth
(M^Andrew and Forbes), Southampton (M 'Andrew),
Exmouth (Clark and Barlee), Torbay (Hanley and
others), Fowey (Barlee), Falmouth (Hockin), St. Cathe-
rine's Bay, Jersey (Norman). Loire-Inferieure (Cail-
liaud) j Vigo Bay, 4 f. (M 'Andrew) ; Spezzia (Marquis
J. Doria and J. Gr. J.) ; in sand from Bimini, nearly 40
years ago (J. G. J.) ; Algiers (WeinkaufF).

A specimen which I dredged in Torbay exemplifies
the mode of growth under accidental conditions. It
had been broken ; and a new outer whorl smaller than
the preceding one was added, followed by another which
increased in size at the usual rate ; so that the shell had
the appearance of being double, one placed above the
other. The egg-capsule is semiglobular, attached by its
round and broad base, membranous and thin ; when the
fry are developed, they find their way out through an
oval hole in the centre of the upper part, which then
becomes enlarged from what was at first a narrow slit.

This is the Turbonilla Weinkauffi of Professor Dunker.
Parthenia fenestrata, lately described by Mr. Arthur
Adams, from Japan, is a different species; such du-
plicate names must be changed.

IpV-n^' 27. O. EXCAVA'TA*,(Philippi.) N<» 45-2

Eissoa excavata, Phil. Moll. Sic. i. p. 154, t. x. f, 6. 0. excavata, F. & H.
iii. p. 305, pi. xcvii. f. 3, 4.

Shell pyramidal, solid, opaque, rather glossy: sculpture,
prominent spiral ridges, of which there are 3 on the main part
of the body-whorl, and 2 short ones on the base, the last being
close behind the pillar-lip ; the 3 principal ridges are equi-
distant, one just below the suture, another in the middle, and
the lowermost encircling the periphery; each of the other

* Hollowed out.

ODOSTOMIA. 159

whorls has 2 similar ridges, representing the upper two of the
body-whorl ; all the ridges are crossed obliquely by sharp and
raised longitudinal ribs, which extend to the base and impart
a strongly and deeply cancellated appearance, the points of in-
tersection being nodulous or tubercular; of the longitudinal
ribs about 25 may be counted on the last whorl of a full-grown
individual; the top whorl is smooth: colour white: spire
tapering to a bluntly rounded point ; nucleus somewhat ex-
centric, and t^\dsted inwards: whorls 6, turreted, flattened
(except for the angularity caused by the excavated sculpture),
and gradually enlarging ; the last occupies rather more than
half the shell: suture broad and remarkably deep, slightly
oblique : mouth squarish-oval, not contracted above, expanded
and angulated below; length about one-third of the spire:
outer Up projecting, marked by four angular points, being the
terminations of the spiral ridges ; it is abruptly recurved on the
peripheral ridge : inner lij) slight on the upper part, but united
with the outer lip, reflected and almost straight below, where it
also joins the outer lip at a right angle : umbilicus narrow and
contracted, but distinct: tooth small and retired, although visible
in ever^^ specimen, and>\^nding round the pillar. L.0*15. B.0-06.

Habitat : Coralline zone m Jersey (Dodd) , Guernsey
(Metcalfe, Barlee, and J. G. J.), Falmouth (Hockin),
Fowey and Buitow Island (Barlee), Exmouth (Clark),
Miltown-Malbay, co. Clare (Harvey and Humphreys),
Turbot-bank, off Larne (Waller), Lamlash Bay, N.B.
(Landsborough, Bean, and Norman). Cailliaud has
taken it, among Corallina officinalis, in the Departement
of Loire-Inferieure, Gay at Toulon, Mace at Cannes and
Antibes, the Marquis J. Doria and myself at Spezzia,
von Schrockinger and Brusina in the Adriatic, Philippi
in Sicily, and Weinkauff at Algiers in 5-20 f. Mediter-
ranean specimens are much smaller than ours.

Professor Harvey, the discoverer of this species on
our coasts, proposed to call it Cingula sculpta\ Mr.
Thompson of Belfast described it as Rissoa Harveyi\
and in Mr. Hanley's ^British Marine Conchology" it
bears the name of Parthenia turrit a, Metcalfe, MS.

160 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

r* 7^' 28. O. scALA^Ris^XPhilippi.) }^*l/\^S3

Melania (afterwards Chemnitzia) scalaris, Phil. Moll. Sic. i. p. 157,
t. ix. f. 9. C. scalaris, F. & H. ill. p. 251, pi. xciv. f. 5, and (animal)
pi. FF. f. 5.

Body nearly clear frosted-white, or pale red-brown [of a
brownish-madder hue (F. & H.)] : mantle having a small cloven
fold at the upper angle of the mouth of the shell : snout deeply
notched in front, with the segments gently curved : tentacles
rather long, strong, and divergent ; they do not quite coalesce
at their bases, being separated by a distinct groove which is the
continuation of one on the snout from the point where the
notch ceases ; terminal bulbs not much developed : eyes black,
not very close together : foot short, slightly auricled, and bluntly
pointed behind. (Clark.)

Shell forming a very elongated cone, moderately solid,
opaque, rather glossy: sculpture, numerous laminar longitu-
dinal ribs, varying in number from 25 to 30 on the body- whorl ;
they are sometimes nearly straight, at other times set obliquely,
or curved, occasionally flexuous, and they seldom extend to the
base ; their interstices are crossed by tine and more close-set
spiral striae, which are often arranged in pairs and cover the
base ; no cancellation is produced, because the ribs are always
more prominent than the striae; the top whorl is, as usual,
smooth : colour pale-yeUowish or creamy, with frequently 2 or
3 faint tawny bands round the last whorl (one broader in the
middle, another below the periphery, and sometimes a third
under. the suture) ; the preceding whorls have only the upper
band or that and the middle one: sjnre tapering somewhat
abruptly to a rounded point, which forms the nucleus or crown ;
this is remarkably prominent, and, although twisted inwards,
it exposes nearly the whole of the reversed portion of the spire :
whorls 8 (exclusive of the nucleus), turreted, convex but com-
pressed, and gradually enlarging ; the last occupies about two-
fifths of the shell : suture deep, slightly oblique : mouth irre-
gularly rhomboidal, owing to the angular shape of the pillar-
side ; it is somewhat contracted above and expanded below ;
length about a fourth of the spire : outer lip rounded, not much
projecting, incurved a little below the periphery: inner lip
adhering to the upper slope of the pillar (although scarcely
perceptible), straight below, and slightly reflected towards the
base, where it shelves inwards: umbilicus or tooth none: oper-

* Eesembling a flight of steps.

ODOSTOMIA. 161

culiwi thin and flexible, irregularly striated ; spire extremely
short, minute and ;terminal. L. 0-25. B. 0-085. I,««^^=^ qMi

Yar. riifescens. . Body white, slightly tinged with brown :
snout rather narrow and bilobed : tentacles longish, lanceolate,
and set well apart : eyes placed almost centrally at the bases of
the tentacles : foot oblong, lanceolate, obtusely angled in front,
triangular behind. (F. & H.) Shell longer in proportion to
its breadth, and thinner, having the whorls more convex and
the ribs crowded and slighter, so as to give a less turreted ap-
pearance ; colour more uniformly tawny, with darker bands.
Chemnitzia rufesceyis, (Forbes) F. &> H. iii. p. 253, pi. xciv.
f. 1, and (animal) pi. FF. f. 6.

Habitat : Coralline zone, Guernsey (Hanley, Barlee^
and J. Gr. J.), Land's End (Hockin), Dartmouth (M'An-
drew), Torquay (Battersby), Exmouth (Clark), Tenby
(Lyons), Milford Haven (Forbes and M'Andrew) , Good-
wick Bay, Pembrokeshire (J. G. J.), Dublin coast (Ball
and Warren, fide Thompson, as Eulima Jeffrey sii) . Its
foreign distribution extends from Cherbourg (Mace) to
Vigo Bay and Gibraltar (M'Andrew) , and throughout
the Mediterranean, to the ^gean, at depths varying
from 8 to 35 f. The variety has a more northern habi-
tat, viz. Lough Strangford (Dickie), co. Antrim (Hynd-
man, Waller, and J. G. J.), Aberdeenshire (Macgilli-
yrsij and Dawson), west coast of Scotland, and Shet-
land. A specimen of ''this variety is in Mr. Searles
Wood^s collection of Crag fossils in the British Museum.
Sars has dredged it in Finmark, Daniel5>sen and others
in the lower parts of Norway, Loven and Malm in
Bohuslan, Totten and Professor Adams in Massachusetts,
and Stimpson in New England. These give a bathy-
metrical range of 20-60 f. for the European, and 3 f. for
the last-named American locality.

One of my specimens in Mr. Clark's collection from
Exmouth has the sculpture of the body-whorl the
same as that of the variety, while the sculpture of the

162 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

rest of the shell is as usual in the typical form. The
Milford specimens appear also to be intermediate.

The variety is the Turritella indistincta of Fleming,
T. interrupt a of Totten, and Eulima decussata of Mac-

gilhvray. Pyr<|#5f«4.'» i«t»^4h.'(retHK) C» ^4- ^- H^*^^**"*^^

^l-]^- 29. O. RUFA^, Philippi. ^:^S^

Melania (afterwards Chemnitzid) rufa, Phil. Moll. Sic. i. p. 156, t. ix. f. 7.
C. rufa, F. & H. iii. p. 245, pi. xciii. f. 4.

Body of a clear pale -azure colour, irregularly aspersed with
snow-white flakes : snout extending from the conjoined ten-
tacular membrane to a little beyond the foot, and forming a
sort of head- veil ; it is long, flat, and bilobed : tentacles short,
broad, very little folded, and diverging; tips rounded: eyes
placed on the inner bases of the tentacles : foot large, mode-
rately long, auricled in front, tapering behind to a point when
at full stretch, but rounded when at rest. (Clark.)

Shell forming an attenuated cone, moderately soHd, opaque,
and glossy : sculpture, narrow and shallow longitudinal ribs,
from 20 to 30 on the body- whorl ; they are nearly straight,
and never reach the base, being sharper and more distinct on
the upper whorls ; their interstices are crossed, and the base
encircled, by rather broad impressed lines, of which there are
from 8 to 10 below the periphery, and 4 to 6 above it ; these
lines, when magnified, appear double, or sometimes composed
of several threads ; the whole surface is covered with micro-
scopic and close-set striae in the line of growth ; nucleus
quite smooth : colour pale-fawn or tawny, with frequently a
narrow reddish-brown or orange band round the middle of
each whorl: spire greatly elongated, tapering to a rounded
point which forms the nucleus ; this is remarkably prominent
and exposes the reversed and compact spire of the embryo,
which bends downwards on the first regular whorl in various
directions: whorls 10-13 (exclusive of the nucleus), convex
although more or less compressed, and gradually enlarging ;
the last occupies from a third to a fourth of the sheU : 5m-
ture narrow and deep, slightly obHque : mouth irregularly
rhoraboidal, acute- angled above and expanded below ; length
from a fifth to a sixth of the spire : outer Up somewhat con-
tracted, very little incurved below the periphery : inner lip

* Eeddish.

ODOSTOMIA. 163

forming a thin film on the upper slope of the pillar, slightly
reflected and nearly straight below : umbilicus none, except a
slight depression of the base in adult specimens: tooth very
retired, sHght, and indistinct, formed on the pillar near its
junction with the upper slope of the base : operculum as in the
last species. L. 0-35. B. 0-1. y^^Jk :r ic**^-

Yar. fulvocincta. Body whitish : snout long and bilobed :
tentacles leaf- like, rather short and broad, set well apart : eyes
email, sessile on the inner bases of the tentacles : foot squarish
in front, with small angular corners, and pointed behind.
Shell more slender than the typical form, with a narrower
base, and of a thinner texture : colour whitish, the band being
always present and more conspicuous : whorls not so much
compressed. Turritella fulvocincta, Thompson in Ann. <fe Mag.
jN". H. v. p. 98. Chemnitzia fulvocincta, F. & H. app. p. 276,
pi. xciii. f. 3, and (animal) pi. FF. f. 4, as U. rufa.

Habitat : Coasts of Cornwall^ Devon^ and Dorset, in
trawl-refuse and at comparatively small depths ; Lang-
land and Oxvrich Bays near Swansea, in 15 f., and Fish-
guard in 8 f. (J. G. J.) ; Tenby (Lyons) ; Anglesea
(M^ Andrew) . A local or rare species. Coralline Crag at
Sutton, according to S. Wood; but his specimens appear
to belong to a different and probably an extinct species.
It has an extensive range southward, along the Atlantic
coasts of France, Spain, Portugal, Madeira, and the
Canary Isles, and also throughout the Mediterranean
and Adriatic, at depths of from 8 to 30 f. The variety
occurs on our northern, Scotch, and Shetland coasts,
from the Dogger bank to Unst, at various depths from
30 to 90 f., and in the north, east, and south of Ireland*
Sars has recorded it as fossil from a post-glacial shell-
bank at Skien, 70-80 feet above the sea ; he and many
other Scandinavian naturalists have enumerated the
game variety as living in Sweden and Norway, at depths
of from 20 to 60 f.

My largest specimen, which is from Exmouth, mea-
sures half an inch in length ; and a fragment of another

164 PYRAMIDELLID.E.

(from Shetland) represents even a larger size. I regard
the typical form as southern or inhabiting shallower
water, and the variety as northern or inhabiting greater
depths.

This may be the Turbo simillimus of Montagu, which
he described from a specimen (probably a bleached and
worn one) said to have been found by Laskey on the
shores of Jura — although he omitted to notice the in-
terstitial striae. It is the Pyramis crenatus of Brown,
Chemnitzia fasciata of E-equien, and Turritella Banmo-
niensis of Leach, whose Turbonella Hibernica may be
the variety.

With respect to the species described by me in the
' Annals and Magazine of Natural History * (ser. 2. ii.
p. 347) as O. formosa, and well figured by Forbes and
Hanley (pi. xciii. f. 5) as Chemnitzia formosa, I am
bound to say that I am not satisfied about the origin of
the specimen on which the description and figure were
founded. I received it from the late Mr. G. B. Sowerby
as having been collected at Shellness in Kent; but I
suspect that he was misinformed, and that the shell is
exotic. The other specimens which I referred to this
species are 0. rufa, var. fulvocincta. O. formosa is cer-
tainly distinct, however, from any other known species ;
it is remarkably slender, with flattened whorls and a
deeply channelled suture, which makes the spire appear
scalariform. t-^^^,^; u ^ \ *^t.^

\V^^ 30. O. LAc'TEA-^,(Ijinne.) w^.-v^^r

Turbo lacteus, Linn. S. N. p. 1238. Chemnitzia elegantissima, F. & H.
iii. p. 242, pi. xciii. f. 1, 2.

Body clear white : mantle even, with hardly a trace of the
usual branchial fold : snout or upper flap -skin (mentura) deeply
grooved in the middle on the upper surface, and entire at the

* Milk-white.

ODOSTOMIA. 165

extremity, which is rounded when at rest, and apparently-
truncated when carried before the foot on the march : tentacles
short, very bluntly pointed and leaf-like, having large and
extremely flexible lateral membranes which coalesce for half
their height, and are capable of instantaneously assuming
various shapes : eyes at a little distance from the internal line
of the tentacular bases : foot truncated in front, very slightly
auricled, narrow, not very long, attenuated and tapering be-
hind to a rounded broad termination : opercular lobe obscure.
(Clark.)

Shell forming a greatly elongated cone, rather solid, nearly
opaque, and glossy: sculpture, strong, narrow, and close -set
longitudinal ribs, from 20 to 25 on the last whorl ; they are
more or less curved or flexuous, and placed obliquely, and
they terminate abruptly a little below the periphery, the base
being perfectly smooth ; although no other sculpture is visible
with a low magnifying-power, the whole surface of a live spe-
cimen exhibits under the microscope extremely numerous spiral
lines ; the first whorl is glabrous : colour milk-white, with a
shght bluish tinge in live specimens : spire tapering to a
rounded point; embryonic nucleus as in the last species:
whorls 12 (exclusive of the nucleus), moderately convex, and
gradually enlarging ; the last occupies from a fourth to a third
of the shell : suture narrow and deep, slightly oblique : mouth
irregularly rhomboidal, longer and more expanded at the base
than in 0. imfa, but similar in all other respects : outer lip
gently rounded, except under the periphery, where it is very
slightly incurved and shelves outwards : intur lip forming a
thin glazing or layer on the upper slope of the pillar, very
little reflected and nearly straight below, where it is more ex-
tended than in the last species : umbilicus none : tooth usually
wanting ; but in some specimens an obscure tubCTcIe miay b"e
detected on the upper part of the pillar, far within the mouth :
operculum as in the last two species, sometimes slightly notched
on the inner side to accommodate the tooth when present.
L. 0-35. B. 0-1. Lc^tr^ruK,^,

Var. paullula. Dwarfed and depauperated.

Habitat : English, Bristol, and St. George^ s Chan-
nels, all Ireland, and the west coast of Scotland, as far
north as Loch Ewe; Aberdeen (Macgillivray) ; Dunbar
(Laskey,.^6?g Brown); Sandwich (Walker); Roach River^

166 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

Essex (J. G. J.). A common but most elegant shell.
It is found living at low-water mark of spring tides, and
in the laminarian zone, as well as dredged without the
animal in the coralline zone. Post- tertiary deposit in
Sussex (Godwin- Austen) ; ? Norwich Crag (W igham, fide
S. P. Woodward); ? Coralline Crag (S.Wood); Italian
tertiaries (Eisso, as Turbonilla plicatula, and Philippi).
The variety has occurred to me in several localities ; this
is far less slender or needle-shaped than the Chernnitzia
gracilis'^ of Philippi, for which I at one time mistook
it. Beyond our shores the present species is widely
distributed, from Tromso in Finmark (Sars) to the
Canary Isles (D^Orbigny and M^Andrew), and in every
part of the Mediterranean and Adriatic; ^gean (Forbes).
The Red Sea is given by Philippi, on the authority of
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, but, it seems, erroneously.
No mollusk is at present known to be common to the
Red Sea and Mediterranean. The depths recorded by
various authors range from the shore to 50 f.

One of my specimens, which wants the first 4 whorls,
has no fewer than 12 left, and is nearly six-tenths of an
inch long. Mr. Bretherton says, in the ' Zoologist ^ for
1858, that it will continue lively in the aquarium for
at least a month.

There can surely be no valid reason why any well
ascertained name, given by the '^ princeps naturae curio-
sorum^^ (TToSe? hrj KeWi TLfiKoraToi) to a species de-
scribed in his ' Systema Naturae,^ should sink into ob-
livion. In the present instance there is no ambiguity
of definition, no question of identification, no risk of
increasing the confusion which unfortunately pervades
our scientific nomenclature. If the author, indeed, had

* Not Turbo gracilis of Brocchi, which is a miocene fossil, nor C. gra-
eilis of De Koninck, which is palaeozoic.

ODOSTOMIA. 167

been obscure or local, instead of cosmopolitan, I should
have hesitated at adopting the name in preference to
one subsequently proposed by some naturalist of
equal reputation, but which was in general use. It is
true that the restoration of ancient names, however ac-
credited, may for a time cause some inconvenience, and
oblige many to go to school again ; but is not the latter
a condition of scientific and even intellectual existence ?
Let us, therefore, not be too indolent, nor too selfish.
Posterity has its claims ; and I write (as every one does
on a subject of natural history) not only for this gene-
ration, but for all those to succeed it. After Linne,
this species was (although loosely) described and figured
by Pennant as Turbo albus, by Donovan as T. acutuSy
by Adams as T. subarcuatus, by Montagu as T. elegan-
tissimus, by Scacchi as Rissoa turritella, and by Philippi
as Melania Campanella. Risso misquoted Montagu in
describing his Eulima elegantissima, which appears to
be our E. polita. A specimen having the ribs some-
what more oblique than usual was described by Leach
as Cerithium Spencerianum.

H'i^S'f* 31. O. pusil'l A ^(Philippi.) M^t

Chemnitzia ipudlla, Phil. Moll. Sic. ii. p. 224, t. xxviii, f. 21.

Body differing from that of 0. lactea in the following parti-
culars : — the snout has a palish purple streak on either side ;
each of the tentacles is marked with a similar streak ; when
spread, they have the lateral membranes united almost to the
tips, which are minute and acutely pointed, so that the ten-
tacles then appear like a single united leaf; the foot is much
longer, extending on the march to the last whorl but two, and
terminating in almost a needle-point ; whilst in the other
species, under the same circumstances, it is quite rounded, and
does not reach beyond the last or body-whorl. (Clark and
Bretherton.)

* Little.

168 PYRAMIDELLIDJE.

Shell shorter and more cylindrical than 0. Jactea, being of
nearly equal breadth throughout, instead of pyramidal and
becoming gradually broader towards the base ; it is also more
solid ; the ribs are always curved, but not set obliquely, and they
do not terminate quite so abruptly below the periphery ; the
whorls, although equal in number, are more rounded and com-
pact, those near the apex rapidly increasing, so as to give that
part a quasi- truncated appearance ; the base is usually more
contracted ; and the tooth (or rather the fold or plait) is fre-
quently visible, just below the angle formed by the pillar with
the upper slope of the base, and by breaking the shell this may
be traced winding round the pillar. L. 0*275. B. 0-075.

Habitat : With the last species, but hitherto noticed
as found only in the undermentioned places : — St.
Catherine's Bay, Jersey (Norman) ; Guernsey, Lul-
worth, and Torbay (J. G. J.) ; Littleham Cove, Ex-
mouth (Clark) ; Burrow Island (Barlee) ; Falmouth
(Hockin); Barrycane, North Devon (Miss Jeffreys); and
Ilfracombe (Alder). Loire-Inferieure, among Zostera
marina (Cailliaud) ; Gibraltar (M'Andrew) ; Gulf of
Lyons (Martin); Cannes (Mace); Spezzia (Marquis J.
Doria and J. G. J.) ; Tarento (Philippi) ; and Algiers
(Weinkauff).

According to Mr. Bretherton, this species creeps
quickly over the sand at the bottom and along the sides
in an aquarium, but very frequently falls off" the slippery
surface of the glass ; the shell is dragged rather than
borne. In comparing it with what Mr. Clark appro-
priately calls its stately congener (O. lactea), size is not
the only distinctive mark. A specimen of the present
species as large as an ordinary one of the other, pre-
sents all the peculiar characters which I have pointed
out. In at least 100 specimens of each examined by
me, not one occurred of an intermediate kind.

Chemnitzia pusilla of the late Professor Adams (1850),
from Jamaica, is a diff*erent species.

X l*>

ODOSTOMIA.

C. Eulimella.

'^•^*^^ 32. O. SciLL.E^(Scacclii.)

169

Hot-

Melania Scilla, Scacchi, Notizie int. alle Conch, p. 51, no. 147. Euli-
mella Scillce, F. & H. iii. p. 309, pi. xcviii. f. 5, 6, and (animal) pi. FF.
f. 7, as Chemnitzia M' Andrei.

Body milk-white, microscopically speckled with flake-white :
snout gibbous in front, with an auricle or lobe on each side :
tentacles short, often folded inwards like a young and undeve-
loped leaf, protruded horizontally : eyes small, black, placed
close together behind the tentacles : foot long and broad, trun-
cated in front, with rather acute angles or corners, abruptly
ending behind in a minute point or tail.

Shell forming a greatly elongated cone with a comparatively
broad base, rather solid, semitransparent and of a polished
lustre : sculpture none, except lines of growth ; the microscope,
however, shows an infinite number of excessively minute and
close-set spiral striae, which permeate the tissue of the shell
and are apparently connected with its structure : colour, that
of glass in live specimens, becoming white in dead ones : spire
tapering to a rounded point ; nucleus exposed, twisted hori-
zontally across the top of the first reg*ular whorl, and resembling
a young Spirialis retroversus : whorls 11-12 (exclusive of the
nucleus), gradually enlarging, flattened (especially on the
upper part), more or less angulated on the lower part and at
the base of the shell, which is remarkably depressed and con-
tracted inwards ; the last whorl occupies about one-third of
the sheU : suture very narrow, slightly excavated, and nearly
straight ; it appears, like many of its congeners, edged by
a darkish band on the upper part of each whorl, owing to the
periphery of the preceding whorl being visible through the
partial transparency of the shell: mouth irregularly rhomboidal,
contracted above and expanded below ; length between a fourth
and a fifth of the spire : outer lip curved, except the upper side,
which shelves gently outwards a little below the periphery :
inner Up, a mere film on the upper slope of the base, somewhat
reflected and straight below : umbilicus usually none, although
the above-mentioned depression of the base sometimes produces
a small central cavity : tooth obscure, in one specimen like that
of 0. pusilla. L. 0*35. B. 0-1. Veu^i^ - io -n, ^ .

Yar. compactilis. SheU thinner, much smaller, and not so
strongly keeled. L. 0-1. B. 0-03.

* Dedicated to the memory of an Italian naturalist and poet of the
17th century.

VOL. IV. I

170 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

Habitat : Muddy sand in 12-87 L, Shetland and
west of Scotland; Aberdeenshire (Dawson); Whitburn
(Abbes and Howse, fide Alder) ; Berwick Bay and off
Coquet Island (Mennell) ; Lame, co. Antrim (Hynd-
man and Waller) _, perhaps from a post-glacial deposit ;
Land^s End (Hockin). Of the variety Mr. Barlee
dredged one specimen, and I another, in the Hebrides ;
it may be a distinct species. The typical form is fossil
at Gravina in South Italy (Scacchi), and Palermo (Phi-
lippi) . Taken on many parts of the Scandinavian coast
from Finmark to Bohuslan, in 15-200 f. (Loven and
others), Croisic in Brittany (Cailliaud), Madeira, in
18-24 f., and the Canaries, in 20 f. (M^Andrew).

When crawling, the animal trails its long shell hori-
zontally behind it. The upper portion of the spire is
now and then twisted a little on one side, as in species
of Eulima.

I named this well-marked shell Eulima crassula, and
Forbes E. MacAndrei.

lA-lb. 33. O. ACi'cuLA^, Philippi. n*. -<v^«

Melania (afterwards Eulima) acicula, Phil. Moll. Sic. i. p. 158, t. ix. f. 6.
Eulimella acicula, F. & H. iii. p. 311, pi. xcviii. f. 9, 10.

Body nearly clear frosted-white, mixed with minute snowy
flakes : mantle having the usual small fold at the upper corner :
snout rather long, very broad, square in front, where it is deeply
notched in the middle so as to divide that part into two minute
roundish lobes ; it is grooved the whole length, the groove being
continued towards the neck, just separating the tentacles at
their basal centre ; at its upper surface, close to the base, is
the orifice for the proboscis: tentacles diverging almost at a
right angle, and resembling short, broad, minute leaves, each
marked with an opaque-white stripe or vein through the middle;
they bevel toafine edge,and can, with theirlarge flexible margins

* A small piu for a head-dress, used by Italian women in ancient and
modern times.

ODOSTOMIA. 171

[like the tentacles of all other species of Odostomia'], simulate
ear- shaped folds ; tips but slightly developed : eyes v^ry black,
not quite close to each other, and placed a little behind the
inner bases of the tentacles : foot long (often extending on the
march to the antepenultimate whorl) and very thin, square in
fi'ont and expanding at the corners into rather sharp -pointed
auricles, behind which it is gradually constricted towards the
upper part of the body, and terminates in a narrow slender and
acute point. (Clark.)

Shell forming an attenuated and somewhat cylindrical cone,
rather thin, semitransparent and of a polished lustre : sculpture,
none to the naked eye or when examined with a hand lens,
although, by applying the microscope with a high power, spiral
striae similar to those observable in 0. Scillce may be here also
detected : colour clear white or glassy in live specimens, milk-
white in dead ones : spire gradually tapering to a blunt point ;
nucleus like that of the last species : whorls 8-9 (besides the
nucleus), regularly increasing in size ; they are usually flat-
tened, but never angulated ; the last occupies from nearly half
to a third of the shell : suture very narrow, slightly excavated,
somewhat oblique, and margined in the manner described in
my account of other species : mouth irregularly and obliquely
rhomboidal, contracted or narrow above and expanded below ;
length about one -fourth of the spire : outer lip gently curved
on the lower part, shelving or sloping downwards from a little
below the periphery : inner lip imperceptible above the pillar,
slightly reflected and straight (but now and then recurved or
twisted) below : umbilicus none : tooth or fold rarely developed :
operculum thin, and most delicately striated, with a very short
spire. L. 0-175. B. 0-05. I«n<i1t ~ 3'»^">.

Yar. 1. turris. ^^hell of nearly equal breadth throughout,
with rather convex whorls. Parthenia turris, Porbes, in Rep.
Br. Assoc. 1843, p. 188.

Yar. 2. ventricosa. 'shell of a thinner or delicate texture,
with tumid whorls and a deep suture. Parthenia ventricosa,
Foib. I. c. Eulimella affinis, F. & H. iii. p. 313, pi. xcviii. f. 7. :

Yar. 3. ohellscus. l^eYL smaller and narrower, with more
compact whorls. 0. oheliscus, Jeifr. in Ann. <fe Mag. N. H.
3rd ser. i. p. 46, pi. ii. f. 5.

Habitat : Sand, with an admixture of mud, in the
coralline zone, on different parts of the British coasts ;

i2

172 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

local and by no means common. Peach has found it in
the boulder-clay of Caithness, and Philippi in a post-
tertiary bed at Palermo. It ranges north and south,
from Upper Norway (M*^ Andrew and Barrett) and Ber-
gen (Sars), through the Mediterranean and Adriatic, to
the ^gean (Forbes), at depths of from 10 to 41 f. The
1st variety was procured by me in the Hebrides, and by
Forbes in the ^gean ; it resembles the Chemnitzia niti-
dissima of Searles Wood, a Crag fossil. The 2nd variety
is rather widely distributed in our seas, from Guernsey
to Shetland ; and it has been recorded as Dalmatian by
Brusina, -^gean by Forbes, and Algerian by Weinkauff
under Dunker^s name of Eulima subcylindrica. This
variety has also been found by M ^Andrew in Upper
Norway, by Loven in Bohuslan, by Martin in the Gulf
of Lyons, by Mace at Antibes, and by Duminy at
Ajaccio. Upwards of twenty years ago I referred the
latter variety to the Eulima qffinis of Philippi, but (as
I am now convinced) erroneously. The size of that
species is stated by him to be more than half as large
again as 0. acicula ; and he compared it with E. nitida.
I had previously described it under the name of Euli-
mella gracilis, and Requien as Eulima turritellata. My
present and more matured opinion coincides with that
of Clark and Malm in uniting it with 0. acicula^ because
some specimens evidently form a passage from one to
the other, and the distinction rests only on a single and
variable character, viz. the comparative convexity of the
whorls. The 3rd variety was dredged by Mr. Barlee in
Skye and Shetland, and by Mr. Waller on the north-east
coast of Ireland.

Specimens from Tarbert in Loch Fyne are more or
less eroded, and sometimes truncated, owing probably
to certain chemical properties or ingredients of the water

ODOSTOMIA. 173

in that inland gulf being unsuitable to tbe uniform com-
position of the shell. O. Scillce is much larger and more
conical than the present species^ and has an angulated
base.

The typical form is the Turbonilla producta of Loven
andj apparently, the Pyramis Imvis of Brown.

N« 4^5 34. O. NiTiDis'siMA^j (Montagu.) r 7^ '

7}urho nifidissimus, Mont. Test. Br. (ii.) p. 299, t. 12. f. 1. Aclis nitidis-
dma, F. & H. iii. p. 223, pi. xc. f. 6, 7.

Shell needle-shaped, very thin, transparent and lustrous :
sculpture, none in worn specimens such as are usually picked
out of shell-sand from the beach, but in live or fresh specimens
it consists of extremely fine and regular spiral striae or im-
pressed lines, which are slightly flexuous, rather widely and
not close-set ; they are easily discernible with a Coddington
lens : colour clear white : spire gracefully tapering to a blunt
point ; nucleus entirely exposed and twisted obliquely upwards
in various directions, resembhng a miniature Spirialis : whorls 7
(besides the nucleus), very convex, and gradually enlarging ;
the last occupies rather more than one-third of the shell : suture
wide and deep, decidedly obhque, and microscopically notched
across : mouth regularly oval, not much expanded below ; length
about one-sixth of the spire : outer lip rounded, inflected just
below the periphery : inner lip not so much curved, adhering
to the upper slope of the base, where it is united with the outer
hp, not reflected below : umbilicus and tooth none : operculum
rather soHd, dehcately striated in the hue of growth, and having
a narrow flap. L. 0-1. B. 0-02. I fk ^ / ^l

Habitat : Guernsey, Cornwall, Devon, Ireland (west,
south, and east), Scarborough, Berwick, Moray Firth,
Pentland Firth, West of Scotland, and Shetland, from
5 to 30 f. It has not occurred in any of our post-tertiary
or quaternary deposits. I recognized in Professor Lill-
jeborg's collection at Upsala specimens which he had
dredged at Mangerfiord in Finmark, in M. Cailliaud^s
collection at Nantes smaller specimens found by him at
* Most glossy.

174 lANTHINID^.

low water among Gigartina mammillosa and Corallina
officinalis on tlie Plateau du Four in Lower Brittany,
and in M. Martina's collection at Martigues other speci-
mens similar to the last from Cape Couronne in the
Gulf of Lyons; and I took this species myself at
Spezzia.

It is the most slender of all the Odostomice. My
largest specimen (Zetlandic), which is a line and a
quarter in length_, has a diameter in the widest part
equal to one-fifth only of that dimension.

Odo-^fo^vv^i^- Ida^rrii.^-^ U ■ \oz,"* "nT- Zl-v

Family XVII. lANTHI'NID^, Deshayes.

Recluzia is the only genus besides lanthina that has
any good claim to be a member of this select and pecu-
liar group ; and as the systematic position of the former
genus is somewhat doubtful, I will content myself with
giving the characters of lanthina only.

De Blainville called the family Oxystoma, Brown Ian-
thinea, and Agassiz lanthinoidce.

Genus lAN'THINA^ Bolten. PI. III. f. 1.

Body globular, with a short posterior convolution : mantle
folded at the base of the shell, and expanding into two irregular
flaps or lobes, that probably serve as imperfect natatory organs
(" epipodial fins," Morch), and are fringed with fine ciha : head
consisting of a thick, cylindrical, and occasionally swollen muz-
zle, terminating in a cloven mouth, which is encircled with
minute and flexible cilia ; and it is provided with a pair of carti-
laginous jaws and a spinous tongue ; this latter organ is armed
with very long and awl-shaped uncini or lateral teeth, arranged
in two rows, but it has no rhachis or central tooth : tentacles
conical, each furnished at its base with a short finger-shaped

* From its violet colour.

lANTHINA. 175

offset or prong, so as to make the tentacles appear double or
forked : eyes either wanting or said to be in certain species very-
small and indistinct and placed on the offsets of the tentacles :
foot narrow, elongated, rounded in front and tapering behind ;
it secretes a large oblong foam -like apparatus, formed of air-
cells and serving as a float to keep the animal always buoyant :
gills 2, unequal in size.

Shell shaped like a Helix, with a broad and imperforate
base, always of a purplish-blue or violet colour, but differently
tinted according to the species : epidermis none : spire short,
the last whorl being disproportionately large ; apex styliform,
and obliquely twisted on one side, but never heterostrophe :
mouth somewhat triangular, and wide ; lips disconnected : pillar
more or less straight, ending in an angular point. No oper-
culum.

Did Edmund Spenser ever see lanthinae in their native
haunts ? or were they visible to his inner eye only,, when
he wrote,

" So likewise are all watr'y living wights,
Still tost and turned with continuall change,
Never abyding in their stedfast plights " ?

Such is the wandering and restless course of the Ian-
thina, floating passively on the surface of the ocean, with
its shell downwards and its foot to the skies, the con-
tinual sport of winds and waves, and driven hither and
thither without choice, without hope of reaching any
goal. But woe to them if they approach the shore !
That is not the haven where those sailors would be ; for
here they are inevitably wrecked and stranded : it is
thus that we claim one kind of lanthina as a product of
the British seas.

The earliest notice which we find of this remarkable
moUusk, or " blue snail,^^ is in the ' Opusculum de Pur-
pura ' of Fabio Colonna (one of the many noble authors
whose writings are not less illustrious than their names) ,
published at Rome in 1616. It contains a fair repre-

176 lANTHINID^.

sentation of the naked animal, with its forked tentacles,
and the cellular apparatus or float by which it is sus-
pended in the water. This apparatus he compares to a
mass of cartilaginous and glassy foam, or to a cluster of
small soap-bubbles, such as the Neapolitan boys were
in the habit of making for their amusement and launch-
ing out of a window, balloon fashion, which he, perhaps
feelingly, called '^jocum non jucundum ! ^^ The beau-
tiful purplish-blue dye which is copiously emitted by the
lanthina, staining not only the hands of those who col-
lect it but also white paper and linen, and which gives
the shell its permanent colour, was likewise the theme
of his learned and accurate observation. But either the
simplicity or the prurience of the scientific language
used in his time unfortunately prohibits the above ex-
cellent treatise being now reproduced at greater length.
Even some of the works of Linne, whose style was more
severe than loose, are not free from what in the present
day would be reckoned faults of indecency. Nearly a
century after the date of Colonna's work Breyn again
figured the animal of lanthina^ although badly. Further
information seems to have been wanting until 1757,
when Carburi, a noted Greek mechanician, briefly re-
described it in a letter to Marco Foscarini. He men-
tions a strange notion entertained by his countrymen,
viz. that the lanthina produces the Fe/e//a, a well known
kind of oceanic Hydrozoa, which usually accompanies
the lanthina and is wafted along by means of its erect
gnomon-like crest. They consequently gave it the name
of " Armenistarimane," compoimded of two Hellenic
words signifying mother of the sail-berry. That idea
must ha-ve originated in the mollusk being sometimes
found attached to the hydrozoon, as if the latter issued
from it. Carburi had often seen this, and he observed

lANTHINA.

177

that the lanthina held the Velella by its mouth, not
unfrequently swallowing half of it ; he also on several
occasions discovered young VelellcB in the stomach of
an lanthina. In 1776 the celebrated Eastern traveller
Forskal gave, among other interesting particulars of the
lanthina J an account of its fry. The species which he
examined was evidently a viviparous one, /. communis.
He says that each of the fry has in front of its shell two
transverse roundish lobes (vela) , covered with vibratory
cilia, with which it rowed itself through the water. His
further statement that the float adheres to the mantle
of the animal, and his supposition that the ovary or
matrix is placed in the proboscis, are incorrect. The
figure given by Bosc is merely a copy of Colonna^s ; he
hazarded the unwarrantable assertion that the lanthina
absorbs the air contained in its float-cells and refills them
at pleasure. Admirable details of the anatomy were
published in the ' Memoires ' of Cuvier, who acknow-
ledged the aid he received in these investigations from
three zealous naturalists, MM. Homberg, Savigny, and
Peron. He regarded the float as the rudiment of an
operculum, transmuted by organic action ; and he be-
lieved that the animal could withdraw it into its shell, as
well as that some individuals have naturally no float, or
that it is only developed at a certain age or at a parti-
cular season of the year. All these opinions would un-
questionably have been modified, if not renounced, by
the illustrious zoologist, had better opportunities oc-
curred to him of examining the organization of this
mollusk. Mr. Bennett tells us (Med. Gaz. 1834, p. 233)
that when the lanthina was purposely irritated, it had
no power of withdrawing the float, which always remained
stationary, even when the animal retired into its sheM.
Subsequent experiments have shown that this apparatus

i5

178 ianthinidtE.

is necessary to the existence of the animal. While on
this part of the subject I would call especial attention
to a paper by Dr. E-eynell Coates, which appeared in
the ' Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia ' for 1826, entitled ^^ Remarks on the float-
ing apparatus, and other peculiarities of the genus Ian-
ihina." The author^s observations were made during a
voyage to the East Indies. As to the mode in which
the float is constructed, or rather repaired, he says that
on a living specimen being placed in a tumbler of sea-
water, and a portion of the appendage being removed
by scissors, the animal very soon commenced supplying
the deficiency in the following manner : — the foot was
advanced upon the remaining vesicles until about two-
thirds of it rose above the surface of the water ; it was
then expanded to the uttermost, and thrown back
upon the water, like the foot of a Limncea when about
to swim; in the next place it was contracted at the
edges, and formed into the shape of a hood, enclosing a
globule of air, which was slowly applied to the exitremity
of the foot. A vibratory movement could now be per-
ceived throughout the foot, and when it was again
thrown back to renew the process, the globule was
found enclosed in its newly constructed envelope. The
vesicular membrane is evidently secreted by the foot,
and is probably of the same nature as the byssus and
glutinous filaments of other moUusca. The shape of
the float varies according to the species. He adds, ^^ It
does not appear that the janthinse ever sink below the
surface, when they remain attached to the vesicle ; but
when they are entirely separated, they immediately fall
to the bottom of the tumbler, and are unable afterwards
to rise from their position, and though they continue to
be vigorous for some time, they generally die in a few

lANTHINA. 179

days/^ Mr. Arthur Adams has also furnished some
important information"^ with respect to the habits of
the lanthina and the structure of its float. He says,
" The animal floats shell downwards, with the vesicular
buoy above it directed backwards. The anterior part of
the foot is mobile, free, rounded and dilated, and the
sides are usually folded inwards, forming a shallow cup,
which embraces the smooth anterior rounded end
of the float. When the animal wishes to bring its head
to the surface of the water, this part of the foot is made
to glide over the back of the float. Thus the animal
can raise and lower itself at pleasure by means of its
own float.'^ .... '^When the animal is weakly or
dead, the float readily becomes detached, for there is no
organic connexion between it and the foot.^^ [I may
suggest, by way of parenthesis, that when an lanthina is
snapt up by a fish, its float would be detached and re-
main on the surface of the water. This may account
for the number of loose floats observed by Mr. Adams,
Dr. Wallich, and others.] " When a portion is cut off',,
the float is enlarged at the end next the foot of the ani-
mal, and is not regenerated at the excised part.'^ ...»
^^ With a pair of sharp-pointed scissors I made incisions
into the floats, and allowed the air to escape, when the
animals gradually descended, and remained helpless at
the bottom of the vessel : the floats were not regenerated
or renewed during the period the animals remained alive.
Crepitating portions, when separated, continue buoyant
until the vesicles of which they are composed gradually
collapse from the escape of the air with which they are
distended ; and the floats, when pounded in a mortar,
are readily reduced to a mucus.^^ Professor Lacaze-
Duthiers has very lately (Ann. Sc. Nat. Dec. 1865)
* Ann. & Mag. N. H. Dec. 1862.

180 lANTHINID^.

confirmed the observations of Dr.Coates and Mr. Adams.
He had an opportunity in 1862 of examining several
living specimens which were blown ashore in the Bay of
BoulifF near Calles in Algeria. They were placed in an
aquarium, where they commenced to put their damaged
floats in repair. The float is formed with tolerable re-
gularity, the cells of which it is composed being poly-
gonal, owing to their mutual pressure. The original
form of the cells, however, is circular, as may be seen
in those on the extremities of the float. The foot of the
animal is divided into two distinct parts. The hinder
and larger part is flat, and to this the float adheres ;
the anterior part is rounded in front, and it is this part
which constructs the float. Without the beautiful draw-
ings which accompany the paper it will be difficult to
give a clear idea of the modus operandi. The anterior
part of the foot is extremely flexible, and the animal has
the power of causing its extremity to assume a cup-
shape ; when in this position the foot is laid on the float
at the spot where a new cell is to be added, the edges of
the foot embrace the float, and the extremity or point is
raised up, out of the water, in the cup-shape already
mentioned, so as to collect a small portion of air. The-
animal is now seen to move the foot backwards and for-
wards, as if to secure the firm attachment to the float
of a glutinous film or layer which at the same time
exudes from the foot. When the animal removes its
foot, this glutinous film has become a cell and remains
attached, with its imprisoned air-bubble. M. Lacaze-
Duthiers noticed that all the specimens which had lost
their floats, although perfectly alive, remained at the
bottom of the water, and that some of the more lively
crept with the foot, slowly and painfully, up the sides of
the vessel, and on reaching the top they turned on their

lANTHINA. 181

backs, but usually without being able to make a new
float ; these fell again heavily to the bottom and soon
died. He never saw any swim, like other Gastropods.
Clark combated the idea that the float or vesicular mass
attached to the foot is a hydrostatic apparatus ; and he
asserted that this organ is '^ the membranous vehicle of
the contents of the ovarium and matrix, that has de-
scended from under the mantle, and fixed itself to the
foot, for a very obvious purpose of the animal economy
in reference to the puUi in the genial season.^^ I will
not comment on this curious assertion further than by
observing that every lanthina of both sexes, viviparous
as well as oviparous, has a float, and that the mode of
its construction was fuUy explained more than a quarter
of a century before Mr. Clark wrote. lanthina can
scarcely be considered gregarious, their locomotion
being almost involuntary. It is only when driven to-
gether by winds or currents that they appear to congre-
grate in shoals near coast lines. Some of the old
naturalists must have drawn largely on their bank of
imagination in making up their accounts of the lanthina.
Bom gravely assures us that it lives in the depths of
the sea, and in stormy weather rises to the surface,
shining with a phosphoric light. I do not know where
he got this idle tale. All modem naturalists, who have
observed the lanthina during long voyages, speak of its
appearance in fine weather, dotted here and there over
the ocean. Dr. Wallich says that in actual calms it
was easy enough to see its floating standard, partly
raised above the surface, but at other times it was only
by dint of the keenest watching and getting gradually
accustomed to detect the outline of the float, that he
could distinguish it from the surrounding foam ; and he
further remarks that the colour of the shell so nearly

182 lANTHINID^.

approaches that of the waters of the open sea as to
render it almost invisible, except at close quarters — as,
for instance, from the gunwale of a boat. Mr. Benson
(Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3rd ser. vi. p. 405) compares the
float, seen under these circumstances, to a minute flock
of cotton, broad at one end and pointed at the other.
It is still a question whether any species of lanthina is
furnished with eyes. Risso describes the animal as
having " les yeux p^doncules ; '^ but his authority is not
infallible. Lesson and Rang also placed the eyes at the
points of the tentacular prongs ; D^Orbigny at the outer
base of the tentacles. According to Arthur Adams, the
" eyes are very small and indistinct, and are placed on
a short peduncle on the outside of the conical tentacles.^'
He, however, has since given a diff'erent account, as fol-
lows : — " The animal is entirely blind. I sought in vain
for eyes, both at the base and apex of the longer, ex-
ternal, pointed tentacle, and likewise at the truncated
apex of the inner and shorter tentacular process. No
trace of eyes was visible, although an accidental dark
round spot of pigment may have been mistaken for
these organs.^' My own examination of specimens,
preserved in spirits, of /. communis and /. globosa induces
me to agree with the last observation : I could not detect
any vestige of eyes. The habitat of the lanthina is de-
termined by the nature of its food, which principally
consists of Velellce and similar animals. Coates indeed
found that some were cannibals, having in their digestive
tube shells of other lanthina, whose diameter was three
times that of the oesophagus in its usual state. Its zoo-
phagous tastes appear to be even more varied. "Al-
though doubtless the chief food of lanthina consists of
Physalice, Porpitce, and Velellce, which are usually seen
floating in its society, on the surface, in calm weather.

lANTHINA. 183

yet an occasional Barnacle does not seem to come amiss
to the blind Snail of the Ocean. From the stomachs
of several I extracted fragments of the tufted feet of
Lepas ; and in one which I examined the JLejofl^-remains
occupied the entire length of the oesophagus/^ (A.
Adams.) Mr. Benson says that when the snout is pro-
truded, the flexible cilia round the mouth are extended
and agitated with great rapidity, apparently in search
of food. The top of the living shell is now and then
crowned with a cluster of Lepas pectinata or of L. fas-
cicularis. I may also mention, on the authority of Mr.
Benson and Dr. Wallich, that the float is often infested
with a small swimming crab of a brilliant blue colour
like that of the shell ; this uses the float as a raft.

The sexes of lanthina are separate. Fritz Miiller has
minutely described the spermatozoa of the male, which
are clothed with long delicate microscopical hairs or
filaments, forming a swimming-apparatus. As in Litto-
rina, so in the present genus, some species are oviparous,
and others viviparous. In the former case the eggs,
when excluded from the ovary, are enclosed in cells, and
attached (probably by the foot of the parent) to the
under side of the float, from which they hang thickly
but separately. Achille Costa computed the number
produced in the breeding- season by each individual at
no less than a million. Owing to the pelagic and wan-
dering habits of the animal, its own float would certainly
be the best nidus it could have, if indeed any other were
at hand at the time of parturition. Professor Costa
(not Achille) erroneously stated that the egg-cases at-
tached to the float belong to another mollusk. It re-
minds one of the famous controversy, which so long
disturbed the peace of conchologists, about the supposed
parasite that inhabited the shell of Argonautaj and (cue-

184 lANTHINID^.

koo-like) laid its eggs there. According to Philippi
(Handbucli, p. 179) the fry of /. communis, before it
is excluded from the matrix, has an operculum, and its
velum or hood is furnished with vibratile cilia and two
large black eyes. Embryonic shells of this species and
of /. rotundata which I have examined under a micro-
scope are nautiliform, of a yellowish-brown colour, and
resemble in shape those of Stilifer. I could not discover
an operculum in any of the specimens, although the
mouth was closed by a film of dried animal matter. The
lanthinttj when irritated, discharges a beautiful purple
or violet- coloured liquid in considerable quantities.
Captain Cook observed that each individual yields about
a tea-spoonful. This liquid, says Mr. Adams, '^ is at
first equally difiPased, but shortly sinks to the bottom in
the form of a deposit, leaving the water pellucid. The
bag or reservoir containing the colouring- fluid is visible
through the skin on the back of the neck ; and the fluid
is poured direct into the branchial cavity, and makes its
escape from under the free edge of the mantle. My
dyeing operations with this purple fluid were not crowned
with success, the beautiful colour fading gradually away,
leaving magenta and mauve yet possessors of the field.^^
It was suggested, in a review of the first volume of the
present work, which appeared in the * Parthenon ' of 21
June 1862, that the colour of this fluid is due to chloride
of gold, and that the secretion is of a poisonous nature.
I am no chemist ; and I regret that my literary glean-
ings have not enabled me to solve the former problem.
The origin of the colouring-matter of shells and other
animal productions, as well as of that of vegetables,
seems to be involved in nearly equal obscurity. Liebig
attributed the red and blue colours of flowers to am-
monia; but whence is the ammonia derived? We

lANTHIXA. 185

know that gardeners can produce differently tinted
flowers in an Hydrangea or a Dahlia by the empirical
application to the soil of certain mineral admixtures.
Cannot Nature do as much for marine animals by a
prescient combination of similar ingredients in the sea-
water ? With respect to shells Mr. C. Stewart has satis-
fied me that Littorina ohtusata, when calcined or even
subjected to the heat of a lamp-flame, quite loses its
colour, which, he remarks, would not be the case if that
colour had a mineral for its base. But many minerals
possess an intense colour which they lose entirely when
heated to a certain temperature. This phenomenon has
been lately explained by M. Wyrouroff of Moscow in the
Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Paris. The late
Professor Forchhammer, in a lecture on the metals in
ashes of plants (Report of the Danish Association of
Agriculturists, 1855) stated that manganese constitutes
the colouring-matter of the brown rings or bands and
lip of certain snails (e. g. Helix nemoralis) , — the snail
getting the manganese from the plants on which it feeds,
and these again from the soil. He also confirmed a
discovery previously made by chemists, that the field and
garden slugs contain copper, which occurs in wheat and
other cultivated plants. Here I must for the present
leave the question. The oceanic distribution of 7a^^^^ma
is coextensive with that of the temperate and torrid
zones, although it especially frequents the latter. None
have been found in the arctic or antarctic seas, or in a
fossil state. Five species occasionally visit our shores,
being brought hither by the Gulf-stream and a continu-
ance of westerly gales. One only I regard as British,
and that not without considerable doubt.

The systematic position of the genus is scarcely set-
tled. Its founder, Bolten, associated with it several

186 lANTHINID^.

widely dissimilar shells. Lamarck defined the genus
and made it recognizable. It was at one time placed
by the last-named author in his class Heteropoda, a di-
vision based on the anomalous character of the foot and
pelagic nature of the animal ; but this class was repu-
diated by Cuvier, and is not maintainable in a scientific
point of view. The organization of lanthina does not
difier in any essential respect from that of other Gas-
tropods. Its synonyms are not numerous; they are
chiefly mere MS. names, viz. Neritoidea, Humphreys,
lanthinus, De Montfort, Amethistina, S chintz, lodes,
Leach, and Achates, Gistel. The old Dutch naturalist
Rumph called it " Quallebootje/^ translateable as the
boat of a Holothuria ; and De Montfort agreed with
him in the propriety of the name, believing that lan-
thina had a greater affinity to that animal than to the
MoUusca !

V^ll IaNTHINa[rOTUNDa'ta^, Leach.3 N?3^3

I. rotundata (Leach, MS.), Dillwyn, Contributions towards a History of
Swansea (1840), p. 59. /. communis, F. & H. ii. p. 549, pi. Ixix. f. 6, 7,
& cxxxiii. f. 1.

Shell forming a depressed cone above and a shorter one
below, somewhat globular, with a bluntly angulated periphery,
thin, semitransparent, and glossy : sculpture, minute and close-
set spiral striae, which are often wavy and interrupted by the
flexuous lines of growth ; the base exhibits stronger interme-
diate spiral strice : colour white, tinged with purple or mauve
on the upper side, deepening into violet beneath ; a broad and
deeper-hued band sometimes encircles the base, which is then
whitish, like the upper side ; the apex or nucleus is pale am-
ber-colour : spire abrupt : whorls 4 (besides 3 which consti-
tute the stiUform apex), swollen and bulging outwards, com-
pressed and sloping towards the suture ; the last is three or
four times the size of all the rest put together ; the apex or
nucleus (which resembles in shape the shell of /S'^rZt/c^r Turtoni)

* Kounded.

lANTHINA. 187

is partly sunk within the spire, and obliquely turned in various
directions : suture rather slight' but distinct : mouth irregularly
triangular ; the base of the triangle is the pillar, the lower part
of which is reflected outwards, and forms a more or less sharp
angle : outer Up gently incurved below the periphery, widely
and deeply sinuated in the middle : inner lip consisting of a
white film, which lines the upper side of the base within the
mouth and is folded back on the under side over the pillar ;
this is twisted and nearly perpendicular. L. 1*2. B. 1-35.

Habitat : Occasionally cast on shore, from July to
November, in the south and west of England and Ire-
land, and the Bristol Channel. To these localities may
be added the north of Ireland (Turton and Thompson),
Portrush, co. Antrim (Turton and Brown), Loch Ryan
(James Smith), and Skye (Forbes, MS.). The foreign
distribution of this species is doubtful ; I can only ven-
ture to give Brittany (Cailliaud and Tasle) , Madeira and
the Canary Islands (M^Andrew) , and probably the Azores
(Drouet) . Dr. Morch informs me that no lanthina or
other oceanic animal has been observed on the shores of
Denmark.

When I found living specimens on the Welsh coast
(nearly forty years ago) I was a boy, and cared for the
shells only ; the animal did not then interest me. Clark's
description of the latter is generic ; and that given by
Forbes and Hanley seems to represent some species of
the oviparous section, because it mentions the egg-
vesicles. The present species is certainly viviparous.
Young as well as adult specimens contain perfectly
formed fry of a whorl and a half. The shell is some-
times distorted, owing to an imperfectly repaired frac-
ture, or to the mantle having been injured. In ' Lou-
don's Magazine of Natural History ' for July 1834 will
be found an interesting notice by Dr. Turton of the
appearance of this lanthina in the small coves about the

188 lANTHINIDiE.

Land^s End. He says it is there " occasionally wafted,
by a gentle south-west wind, in prodigious fleets, aU
alive, and borne upon the water by their clusters of tough
bubble-like vesicles. By the retreating waves most of
them are carried back into the ocean ; so that it re-
quires a fortunate combination of tide, wind, and wave
to see them in all their splendour. This mostly happens
about the months of July and August. The fishermen^s
wives call them bullhorns.'^ According to M. Drouet
the inhabitants of Pico in the Western Isles give these
shellfish the name of " agoa viva,^^ and pretend that
they fasten themselves on the limbs of persons bathing.
Did they not mean the Physalittj or some animal of the
Medusa kind ?

I do not consider the present species the Helix jan-
thina of Linne or /. fragilis (afterwards communis) of
Lamarck. That has a smaUer and lilac-coloured shell,
with a sharp peripheral keel; and it is exotic. Our
shell is the /. Brittanica of Leaches later MS., and /.
communis of the Index to Wood^s Supplement and of
Brown's Illustrations ; the young has been figured and
described by Reeve as /. Smithia. One manuscript
name is as good as another; in adopting rotundata I
select the oldest.

Other species which have been carried northwards by
the Gulf-stream, and driven ashore on our southern and
western coasts, are /. communis y I. globosa of Swainson
(a tropical species), /. pallida of Harvey (Straits of
Magellan) , and /. exigua of Bruguiere, from Chili and
the South Atlantic. With respect to the last species,
the late Professor Harvey told me that he once received
a box of specimens, at least 500 in number, which a
relation of his had picked up in a single day on the beach
at Kilkee in county Clare, not one of them containing

STILIFERID^. 189

the animal. Several Spirula were found at the same
time. It shows the capability of certain shells keeping
afloat during so extensive a voyage and for such a long
time as must here have been the case. No species of
lanthina, except rotundata, has been noticed on our
shores with the animal, alive or dead, in its shell.

Family XVIII. STILIFE'EIDtE, {Styliferidce)
H. & A. Adams.

None but the typical genus Stilifer being known, it
is superfluous to repeat the characters, which will be
presently given in the generic description. This family
is evidently distinct from any other, in respect of the
quasi-parasitic habits of the animal, its tongueless and
suctorial mouth, and the absence of an operculum.

Genus STI'LIFER^ Broderip. PI. III. f. 2.

Body spiral, covered with ciUa : mantle folded od the right-
hand side, so as to form a slight branchial canal, and spread
over the base of the shell: head snont-hke, furnished with
side-lobes, and terminating in an unarmed and suctorial mouth :
tentacles cylindrical : eyes sessile, placed on the neck behind
the tentacles : foot tongue-shaped, and partly tubular, with a
sht in the sole : gill one only ? Sexes separate.

Shell oval or elongated, not umbilicate : sjpire compact, with
a stiliform and excentric apex : mouth roundish or oval ; lips
disconnected : operculum none.

The shell resembles the nucleus of that of lanthina ;
and the animal is also destitute of an operculum ; but

* Stake-bearing ; or from its style-like apex.

190 STILIFERIDiE.

that mollusk has a denticulated or spinous tongue, and
the body is not ciliated. Their habits also are very dif-
ferent. Eulima, although allied to the present genus,
has a smooth body and an operculum, and it is not pa-
rasitic ; nor is the apex of its shell style-like or irregular.
For the discovery of this curious mollusk science is
indebted to the indefatigable labours of Dr. Turton.
In the ^Zoological JoumaP for October 1825 an article
by him, entitled "Description of some new British
Shells,'^ comprised one which he named Phasianella
stylifera, and of which he says, " we found a dozen of
these beautiful little shells alive, and attached to the
spines of the Echinus esculentus, dredged up in Torbay.^^
Not many years afterwards Mr. Broderip made known
the peculiar nature of the animal, in consequence of
Mr. Cuming having brought home, amongst other con-
chological rarities, specimens of another species {S. aste-
ricola) burrowing or imbedded in a tropical kind of star-
fish. Mr. Arthur Adams subsequently published an ac-
count of another species [S. ovoideus) having the same
apparently parasitic habits ; and our British species (>S^.
Turtoni) has been repeatedly observed attached to several
kinds of Echinus. Another species [S. Orbignyanus)
having been detected by M. Hupe enclosed in the basal
portion of the spines of a Cidaris, which had been en-
larged for its accommodation. Dr. Fischer suspected that
Stilifer is not a true parasite, and does not feed on the
Echinoderms infested by it. I have come to a similar
conclusion, from a careful and long- continued observa-
tion of living individuals of S. Turtoni ; and I believe
that Stilifer subsists on the excretions of Echinoderms.
This opinion is founded on the facts that all the Sti-
lifers, British and foreign, which I have seen (and they
were numerous) invariably occupied only the area of

STILIFER. 191

the vent or anal orifice of Echinoderms, and that some
which I watched with close and almost unremitting
attention for many hours, although they were most lively,
nestling or slowly crawling about among the spines of
an Echinus J never attempted to touch with the proboscis
or mouth either the protruded suckers or the pedicel-
lari(B of the Echinus j or any part of its investing mem-
brane. As far as I have been able to observe, the Sti-
lifer does not put its host to the slightest inconvenience.
No Stilifer has been noticed in any other habitat ; and
its connexion with seaeggs and starfishes is evidently
neither accidental nor merely for the purpose of shelter.
The suctorial proboscis, as well as the want of a den-
ticulated tongue in S. Tktrtoni, strengthens the sup-
position that its food consists of extremely soft or semi-
fluid matter, and not of organisms which have any degree
of solidity. DentaliuMj which preys on hard-shelled
Foraminifera, has a complicated lingual apparatus ; and
even the little Rissoa, that feeds on seaweeds, often of
the most delicate and filmy texture, possesses a pair of
horny jaws, besides a tongue armed with a strong cen-
tral tooth, flanked on each side by a formidable row
of serrated lateral teeth. Stilifer has nothing like
a jaw or tooth. For these reasons I do not consider
Stilifer a true parasite, nor yet an epizoic organism, like
Montacuta substriata, deriving its nutriment from the
vicinity of the animal to which it attaches itself — but as
holding an intermediate relation. Its scavenger-habits
are not unlike those of the dung-beetle. I would recom-
mend those who care to pursue this inquiry to consult
Hupe's paper in the ' Revue et Magasiu de Zoologie '
for March 1860, and Fischer's monograph on the genera
Stilifer and Entoconcha in the ' Journal de Conchylio-
logie ' for April 1864. They may also see in the ' Report

192 STILIFERID^E.

of the Britisli Association/ published in 1865^ some
further remarks of mine on the subject. In the ' Record
of Zoological Literature' for 1864 Mr. Greene says
that the " opinion '^ which I have above expressed is
'' by no means proven/' It is impossible to prove an
opinion ; but the facts on which mine was based remain
undisputed. The spawn of S. Turtoni is deposited on
the upper surface of the Echinus on which it settles.
Although the present distribution of Stilifer is very ex-
tensive, no species appears to have been discovered in
a fossil state.

Various have been the positions which conchologists
have from time to time assigned to this remarkable
moUusk in their systems of classification. Turton, as
we have seen, placed it in Phasianella ; Fleming in Ve-
lutina, although he pointed out the incongruity of the
allocation; Reeve at first between Turritella and Ceri-
thium, but recently between his Canalifera and Turbu
nacea ; Macgillivray among his Turbinina, next to La-
cuna; Forbes and Hanley, as well as Woodward, in
Pyramidellidcs ; H. & A. Adams as a distinct family
between Eulimidce and Cerithiopsida ; Clark in Pyra-
midellidce, between Aclis and Scalaria ; and Gray also
in the same family between his genus Hyala {Rissoa
vitrea) and Entoconcha. I am inclined to agree with
Messrs. Adams in making Stilifer the type of a separate
family; but it is much more difficult to say to what
other families it has the nearest affinity. PyramidellidcEj
as represented in our seas by Odostomia, ought not to be
far ofi" ; and lanthinidcs have similar relations to it, in
respect of the nucleus or apex of the shell. Homalogyra
has sessile eyes, placed on the neck, as in Stilifer, and
it is also finely ciliated all over ; but in that genus the
animal has no tentacles, and the shell is discoid and

STILIFER.

193

operculate. The presence or absence of an operculum
is, to a limited extent^ a good generic character, although
certain allied genera (e. g. Mangilia and Conus) com-
prise species some of which have an operculum and
others not. The stiliform spire in the present genus,
although remarkable, is not peculiar to it, nor to Odo-
stomia or lanthina. Melampus bulladides has the apical
whorls formed in the same mammillated fashion ; and in
several genera of the Bullidce the shell exhibits the same
feature. These, however, may be regarded as cases of
analogy rather than of affinity. The first formed whorls
or nucleus of the spire, in many univalves, cease to be
occupied by the animal after it has attained a certain
growth, being too small for its requirements, — like a
householder, who usually moves, once at least during
his life, into a tenement larger than the one he at first
inhabited. In the case of the Mollusca above referred
to, the original and now useless tenement remains affixed
to the new one ; but in Bulimus decollatus, some species
of Clausilia, and in Truncatella truncatula the topmost
story is knocked off and replaced by another roof. Cce-
cum glahrum and O. trachea even undergo a partial meta-
morphosis, the shell of each having at first a regular
spire, and when this is lost becoming a slightly curved
cylinder. The genera Leptoconchus of Riippell and
Campulotus of Guettard [Magilus of De Montfort) also
appear to be related to Stilifer in their quasi-parasitic
habits. The first-named genus is destitute of an oper-
culum, except in its younger state ; the second has an
operculum at all ages. The conjecture of the late Pro-
fessor D^Orbigny that Stilifer ought to merge in Eulima,
because the latter may likewise be parasitic, has no
foundation. It is true that species of Eulima have been
found in the stomachs oi Holothuri(B; aod the " trepang,^^

VOL. IV. K

194 STILIFERIDiE.

or dried '' beche de mer/^ of which the Japanese are so
fond, frequently contains these shells. But this is not
a case of parasitism : the Eulima feeds the Holothuria,
instead of feeding upon it.

The name of this genus has been of late years, pro-
bably from carelessness, incorrectly spelt with a y, viz.
Stylifer. Although the Greek orthography is followed
in our word style, the Latin word is stilus, and not sty-
lus ; it is, of course, from the Latin that Stilifer is de-
rived. Broderip was too good a scholar to have made
such a mistake. It has been lately suggested that the
name is compounded of the Greek words aruXo? and
^e/Oft) j but if that were so the name would be Stylipher,
as in osnophorum. Whether it is correct to form a
generic name with an adjective, may be open to doubt ;
but use has sanctioned it in the present instance, as well
as in SpirifeVj Stiliger, Lobiger, lanthina, Vitrina, and
many other names of general acceptation. Fleming sug-
gested that the Phasianella stilifera of Turton " should
probably constitute a new genus — Stylina/' This was
prior to Broderip^s publication. However, Fleming's
suggestion was not accompanied by any diagnosis ; and
the name Stilina had been twelve years previously en-
gaged by Lamarck for a tropical genus of stony Polypes.
Its adoption for the moUusk also would, moreover, be
contrary to the law of usage, Stilifer having now been
recognized for between thirty and forty years. I am
aware that this is one of the questions of scientific no-
menclature upon which naturalists are by no means
agreed. I do not pretend to set myself up as a judge,
and my opinion may be taken for what it is worth.

STILIFEtt. 195

5Vi\'iffc< stx\'if<^ (.TMvt'^')

N^ 477 Stilifer Turto'ni"^, Broderip. H'"??

Fhmianella stylifera, Turton in Zool. Journ, ii. p. 367, t. xiii, f. 11. Sti-
lifer Turtoni, Brod. in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 61. Stylifer Turtoni,
R & H. iii. p. 226, pi. xc. f. 8, 9, and (animal) pi. 00. f. 5.

Body white and delicately stippled ; cilia innumerable, ar-
ranged in scale-like bundles, and in constant action : mantle
thickened at its edges ; canal terminating in an oval or roundish
hole; head-lohes {which, perhaps maybe expansions of the foot,as
in Natica) rounded and flattened, nearly transparent, one on
each side, and placed a little below the mouth : snout rather long
when extended, but usually folded or curling inwards, like an
elephant's trunk, slightly bilobed at the extremity ; it lies
between the tentacles and the foot : tentacles club-shaped,
somewhat compressed, thick, and rather long, sometimes en-
larged towards the tips (which are blunt), widely diverging,
but united at their bases ; they are more or less strangulated
or constricted, usually at about one-fourth of the distance
from their bases ; the cilia with which they are covered seem
to produce a circulating current : eyes exceedingly small, placed
at some distance behind the tentacles : foot elongated, in front
bulbous and forming a creeping disk, behind somewhat tubu-
lar and tapering to a fine point; the sole is slit backwards
down the middle for more than three-fourths of its length, the
opening or commencement of the slit being of an oval shape :
male organ spiked and resembhng an auxiliary tentacle.

Shell globosely conical or oval, with an obliquely rounded
base, thin, semitransparent, and lustrous : sculpture, micro-
scopical and flexuous lines of growth, and a few extremely
slight and indistinct spiral striae : colour light reddish-brown
or amber, which appears to be superficial, as it soon fades and
becomes whitish : spire divided into two parts, the first-formed
part or nucleus consisting of a minute and very short cylinder,
which is erect, although twisted slantingly in different direc-
tions ; the other part or main body of the spire is short and
abruptly separated from the nucleus : whorls 3-4 (besides 2-3
which compose the stiliform apex), very tumid, and rapidly
enlarging ; the last is enormous in proportion to the others :
suture rather slight, but distinct : moutli more round than oval,
not much expanded at the base : outer lip thin, inflected just
below the periphery, whence it slopes obliquely downwards :
inner lip consisting of an almost invisible film on the upper

* Named after Dr. Turton.

K 2

196 STILIFERTD^.

part, thicker below and folded back over the pillar, which is
deeply curved and flexuous. L. 0*15. B. 0-1.

Habitat : On Echini in several parts of the British
seas^ from 20 to 80 f. : viz. on E. esculentus, Linn., or E.
sphcera, MiilL, Torbay (Turton); on E.saxatilis, Linn., or
E, miliaris, Lam., Plymouth (Stewart and others) ; on
trawl-refuse containing E. esculentus from Plymouth (J.
Gr. J.); Falmouth (Miss Vigurs, j^c?e Cocks); Filey (Miss
Backhouse, ^^e Leckenby); onE.saxaUlis, Scarborough
(Bean); on E. esculentus, Cullercoats (Alder); on E.
saxatilis, or an allied species for which Mr. Norman has
proposed the name of pictus, Sunderland (Howse) ; on
E. esculentus, Berwick (Johnston) ; on E. Drobachiensis,
Miill., or E. neglectus, Lam. (if the former is not E.
Flemingii of Ball), Shetland, 40 miles N.E. of the
\^Tialsey Skerries, in 78 f. (J. G. J.) ; Dublin, mixed
with Lacuna divaricata (Humphreys). The shell de-
scribed by Professor Macgillivray, in his ' Molluscous
Animals of Aberdeen, Kincardine, and BaniF,^ as Stylina
stylifera, and stated to have been found by one of his
pupils " adhering to an Actinia brought up by the lines,^^
was the young of a common West-Indian land shell,
belonging to the Cyclophoridce. The habitat alone might
liave induced a suspicion that this shell was not our
fStilifer ; and I had an opportunity of ascertaining what
it really was. The foreign distribution of S, Turtoni is
little known. According to Loven it inhabits E. neglectus
on the Swedish and Norwegian coasts ; Asbjornsen
found it on E. esculentus at Drobak and from fishing-
grounds at two other places in Christianiafiord ; Sars
in Finmark; Malm on E. neglectus at Loken in the
Gotha estuary; and M^Andrew in the Canary Isles.
Fischer has recorded it as not uncommon on E. lividus
near the mouth-onening ; but he cites no authority for

STILIPER. 197

sucli a strange habitat, E. lividus excavates holes in
slate and gneissic rocks^ within tide-marks, its mouth
and the whole of the lower surface being pressed closely
to the stone. A parallel instance of the same species
of moUusk infesting different Echinoids is that of Mon-
tacuta substriata, which has been observed not only on
Spatangm purpureus J but also on S. meridionalis, Amphi-
detus ovatus, Brissus lyrifer, Echinus esculentus, and
Cidaris hystrix.

The Shetland specimens (a pair) were attached by the
foot to an Echinus, on its upper surface at the base of
the spines. They did not adhere firmly to the Echinus,
like the Caligus to a codfish, but frequently shifted their
places by creeping between the spines. I gently moved
one of the specimens with astifi^ cameFs-hair brush, and
placed it in a glass tube with sea-water. It was at first
very sluggish or timid, and evidently unaccustomed to
its new quarters, and lay at the bottom of the tube ; it
afterwards recovered itself, and crept up the side by
means of the anterior portion of its foot, very slowly
and by an imperceptible movement ; the other part of
the foot was not applied to the glass, but rested on the
mantle. The foot was occasionally twisted about and
contracted, as if through uneasiness. The animal was
never wholly withdrawn into the shell, although I irri-
tated for that purpose. The slit in the foot probably
serves for the admission of water into some tubular cavity
or vessels which permeate this organ; it Avould have
the efi'ect of enlarging and swelling the foot, so as to
protect the Stilifer from being crushed by the spines of
the Echinus. The force exerted by the Echinus in
moving its spines may be insufficient to counteract even
the slight pressure of the Stilifer against them at
their base. The upper part of the sea-egg was covered

198 STILIFERIDiE.

with about 40 clusters of spawn, in various stages of de-
velopment_, evidently belonging to the pair of Stilifers
above mentioned. The fecundity of this species must be
very great ; and the shell therefore ought not to be rare.
I counted at least 100 fry in one of the clusters of spawn ;
so that one sea-egg would yield in a single year a pro-
spective harvest of 4000 specimens — enough to supply
almost all the conchologists in the world, unless some of
them were more greedy than usual. Moreover one of
the adult Stilifers appeared to be full of spawn, which
was perceptible through the transparent shell. Since an
Echinus could barely accommodate half a dozen indivi-
duals when they arrived at maturity, what would have
become of the rest, supposing they escaped being the prey
of other animals ? Would they have migrated, and
formed colonies on other sea-eggs? The Stilifer possesses
both a foot and eyes ; and appropriate quarters are by
no means wanting in the same part of the sea-bed whence
I procured the specimens which have given rise to the
above remarks. The spawn-masses are oval, each en-
veloped in a gelatinous case. When detached, and ex-
amined under a microscope, the fry was seen to have
three lobes, the larger two of which were in front ; the
lobes were finely ciliated, the cilia being rather long,
and their points sometimes touching the surface of a
small glass tube which contained the detached fry.
These rapidly whirled about by the aid of their cilia,
on which they now and then rested. They occupied
nautiloid shells of a single whorl, into which (unlike the
adult) they were capable of entirely withdrawing. The
embryogeny of Stilifer has also been noticed by Dr.
Otto Semper in Siebold and KoUiker's ^ Zeitschrift fiir
wissenschaftliche Zoologie' for 1864, and placed by
him in the same category with that of Eulima and So-

STILIFER. 199

larium ; but he scarcely gave any other result of his ob-
servations. The late Mr. Stewart of the College of
Surgeons (whose untimely death is still deplored by all
who study the British Echinodermata) was of opinion
that >S^. Turtoni infests Echini for the sole purpose of
depositing its spawn. We know, from the observations
of Mr. Peachy that Lamellaria perspicua resorts to the
shore between tide-marks at Wick, every spring, and
makes a nidus for its spawn in Leptoclinum. pimdatum,
one of the compound Tunicata. But Lamellaria is not,
like Stilifer, restricted to a particular habitat. The
former attaches itself to the underside of loose stones,
and is also found generally distributed over the sea-bed,
except perhaps in the spawning-season. Very few in-
dividuals of the species of Echinus on which S. Turtoni
has been taken are covered with spawn ; and Stilifers of
all ages, from one to half a dozen, occur on Echini, and
nowhere else. The Shetland specimens are larger than
those from Plymouth. One found by Miss Backhouse
is said to be f of an inch long ; I have not seen it.
Mr. Alder has failed to detect, notwithstanding repeated
examination, any traces of a denticulation or spinous
tongue. He says that " the otolites are circular, with a
central dot, that the gill consists of a single series of trian-
gular lobes, and that the mouth breaks up into squarish
angular fragments, not crystalline, perhaps horny/'

The name of the present species has been spelt in two
ways. We have S. Turtoni of Broderip and S. Turtonii
of Loven. The former seems to be correct, according
to a precedent of inverted translation which we find in
the case of Galenus becoming Galen. I am not
aware, however, of any rule for Latinizing modern pro-
per names. Euphony is often consulted in such mat-
ters, and is preferable to pedantry — although it would

200 EULIMID^.

certainly be desirable to have a uniform mode of spell-
ing. Some purists contend that the specific name given
by the discoverer, if subsequently adopted as generic,
ought to be also retained ; so that our shell would be
Sfilifer stilifer. Examples of such a reduplication of
the name under similar circumstances occur in Volva
volva and Turricula turricula. But it would be very in-
convenient to substitute the generic name for that of
Turtoni, which is so familiar to all conchologists, — to say
nothing of the inelegance of this method of nomencla-
ture, or of its being contrary to one of the rules recom-
mended by a committee of the British Association.
Dr. Johnston called this species Stylifer globosus, and
Brown Stylifer astericola : the latter confounded it with
the tropical species of that name.

Family XIX. EULI'MID^, H. & A. Adams.

This, too, is a case where the description of the typical
genus will suffice. I do not know aay other ; Leios-
traca, H. & A. Adams (not Leiostracm, Albers), which
has Eulima bilineata for its sole representative, is un-
distinguishable from Eulima.

Genus EULI'MA^ Risso. PI. III. f. 3.

Body spiral and smooth : mantle having a rudimentary bran-
chial fold : snout forming a bilobed flap or mentum : proboscis
long, cylindrical, and retractile ; it consists of an outer and
inner tube : tentacles awl-shaped, approximating at their bases :
eyes almost sessile, placed at the external bases of the tentacles,
or nearly behind them on the neck : foot lanceolate, double-
edged, as well as truncated and usually bilobed in front : gills
supposed to consist of a single plume. No tongue. Male organ
small, flat, and curved like a sickle.

* A compound of a Greek and a Latin word, signifying finely polished.

EULIMA. 201

Shell awl-shaped, many-wliorled, polished and lustrous,
not umbilicate: spire finely tapering to a regular point, with
an extremely shght suture or line of separation between the
whorls: mouth pear-shaped; lips discontinuous: operculum
horny, with a short and incomplete spire, having its nucleus on
the columellar or inner side.

From the absence of a spinous tongue, or " odonto-
phore/^ it may be inferred that the mode of feeding is
suctorial, as in Odostomia and Siilifer. It also shows
that this organ is not indispensable for the classification
of the Gastropoda. Forbes says that the animal of
Eulima creeps with the foot greatly in advance of the
head, which is almost always concealed beneath the
front edge of the shell, the tentacles alone protruding.
Scacchi and Philippi noticed the peculiarity of the eyes
being apparently withdrawn, and peeping out under
cover of the shell. The shell has an enamelled surface,
shining like porcelain. There are many species, recent
and fossil. None inhabit very high latitudes.

Other names of this genus are PasitheUy given by Dr.
Lea, and Balcis, by Dr. Leach.

^^■'\\oa^ 1. Eulima P0Li'TA*,(^Linne.) M. -in

Turbo politus, Linn. S. N. p. 1241. E. poliia, F. & H. iii. p. 229, pi. xcii.
f. 1, 2, and (animal) pi. KK. f. 3 a, 36.

Body whitish ; front tinted with pale yellow, and more or
less speckled with golden-yellow or bright orange: mantle
fleshy, with a plain margin, not reflected over any part of the
shell: snout or mentum flattish, not much extended, marked
with a golden-yellow streak, like the letter V inverted : pro-
boscis strap-shaped : tentacles short, but slender, and pointed,
slightly diverging outwards ; every part except the base is
streaked lengthwise with golden-yellow or orange, and the
whole is covered with a transparent gelatinous sheath : eyes
large, black, and round, placed close together on slight and
minute eminences, each of which is encircled by a ring of

* PoUshed.

k5

202 eulimidtE.

golden-yellow, on a level with the base of the tentacles ; this
part is seldom protruded, although the eyes are conspicuous
through the shell : foot small and mostly short, squarish and
broader in front, with angular corners or lobes edged with
yellow, narrower towards the middle, and shai-ply rounded
behind ; the inner fold or groove formed by the front edges is
closely lined with vibratory cilia in constant and rapid motion ;
sole flake-white, slightly furrowed down the middle : gill or
branchial plume small, narrow and finely pectinated, having
12-15 short strands with a central vein ; it issues on the left
side and ascends obliquely to the right : liver purplish.

Shell club-shaped, solid, opaque, and extremely glossy:
sculpture, none if examined with a hand lens ; but the micro-
scope shows the entire surface to be covered with countless
and close-set longitudinal striae, which are crossed by less
numerous and distinct but equally fine spiral lines, so as to
produce a partial decussation ; the periphery is more or less
keeled or angulated, especially in immature specimens : colour
ivory-white : spire long, somewhat cylindrical, and sharp-
pointed ; the upper part is occasionally curved : ivhorls 15-18,
nearly fiat, compact and gradually enlarging, except the last,
which occupies about one-third of the spire ; the fii'st is semi-
globular, and it appears to be inverted and to have a bright
spot or nucleus in the centre : suture slightly oblique, defined
more by the darker colour of the line where one whorl envelopes
the periphery of the next above it than by any groove : mouth
acute-angled above, widening and expanded below ; its length
equals about one-fourth of the shell : outer lip flexuous, with
a rather thick edge, not inflected on the periphery, but sloping
from it downwards : inner lip consisting of a broadish porcel-
lanous deposit, which is considerably thickened behind the
pillar ; this last is flexuous : operculum thin, pale yeUowish-
homcolour, marked with microscopical and numerous flexuous
strise in the line of growth. L. 0*75. B. 0-2,

Habitat : Every part of the British seas, from Unst
to Jersey, in muddy sand, 7-50 f. ; Mull of Galloway
145 f. (Beechey) . Fossil in post-glacial beds, Norway,
50-80 ft. (Sars), Red and Coralline Crag (Wood),
Sicily (Deshayes and Philippi) , Miocene formation near
Vienna (Homes). It ranges from Finmark (Sars) to
the ^gean (Forbes), at depths varying from 2-80 f.

EULIMA.

203

A closely allied species^ from Puget Sound, lias been
described by Dr. P. Carpenter, in the ' Proceedings of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia '' for
1865, as E. mica/ts; respecting which he observes, ^^ An
E. polite varietas Pacifica ? '^

This would be a beautiful object for the aquarium,
with its pencilled tentacles, golden markings, and its
bright eyes peering through the porcelain shell, which
«lowlj trails along the ground. The spire is seldom
perfect: the top w^horls, being useless, are broken off;
and the truncated portion is covered by a shelly plate,
formed by the hindmost lobe of the mantle. I have a
specimen containing the animal, but liaving only three
whorls left. Sometimes the shell exhibits several varices,
caused by a repetition of the outer lip at successive
periods of growth. My largest example is more than
an inch long and of proportionate breadth.

It appears to be the Turbo Icevis of Pennant, and is
the Strombiformis albus of Da Costa, Rissoa Boscii of
Payraudeau, E. elegantissima (and perhaps also E. gla-
berrimd) of Risso, Melania Gervillii of Collard des
Cherres, and E, anglica of G. B. Sowerby.

N*i^t<^ 2. E. interme'dia"^, Cantraine. H 17

E. intermedia, Cantr. Mai. M^d. (Suppl.) p. 14.

Body milk-white : mantle rather thin ; edges even with the
mouth of the shell: tentacles cylindrical, rather short and
diverging, with blunt tips : eyes small and black, placed close
together on short bulbs ; they are always conspicuous (and
open ; do moUusks ever sleep?) ; each is encircled by a dark-
orange disk : foot shortish, slightly cloven in front, and bluntly
pointed behind, expanded towards the sides.

Shell smaller than E. pol'ita, having a narrower base, and
consequently more spindle-shaped ; it is not quite so solid,

* Intermediate, ♦. e. between E. polita and E. distoria.

204 EULIMID.E.

and live specimens are semitransparent : sculpture consisting
of extremely fine and obscure microscopical spiral lines only ;
there is no peripheral keel at any stage of growth : colour less
white in live specimens : spire proportionally shorter, and
never twisted : whorls 15-16, more compact and less flattened
than in the other species : suture marked by a broad clear
band : mouth narrower : outer lip rather more deeply sinuated
above: inner lip slighter and thinner. L. 0-45. B. 0-125.

Yar. rubro-tincta. Half the usual size and sometimes a
little curved ; upper part exhibiting the pink ramifications of
the liver.

Habitat : With the last species, from 20 to 73 f., in
Shetland (J. Gr. J.) ; west of Scotland (Barlee, Nor-
man, and J. G. J.) ; Coquet and Berwick Bay (MenneU);
Arran Isles, co. Galway (Barlee) ; Cork (Humphreys) ;
Exmouth (Clark); Plymouth (Barlee); Falmouth (Miss
Vigurs, fide Cocks) ; Guernsey (Barlee and J. G. J.) .
The variety occurs in Loch Fyne, Shetland, and the
Channel Isles. Red Crag at Walton-on-the-Naze
(Wood) ; Palermo (Philippi) ; tertiaries of Sienna and
Pelora (Cantraine) ; upper Miocene at Biot near Antibes
(Mace) . Distributed in a living state along the coasts
of the North Atlantic, from Finmark (Sars) to the
Canary Isles (M*^ Andrew), and throughout the Medi-
terranean (Cantraine, Philippi, and others) and Adriatic
(Brusina) to the ^gean (Forbes) ; the recorded depths
range from 1 5 to 60 f.

The animal floats ; and it remains suspended in that
posture, by means of a byssal thread, the operculum
then closing the mouth of the shell. It differs from
that of E. polita in the tentacles being white instead of
tipped with orange ; nor has the head- flap any coloured
V-shaped mark. The upper whorls of the shell are
empty in this and every other species of Eulima that I
have observed in a living state.

I am inclined to refer to this species the E. suhulata

y^ CViXWryfi- incK-vv^ ^^•VMe>'i \_' ^t.i5rcnr<*^

EULIMA. 205

of Risso. Philip pi described and figured our shell as
E. nitida, under the impression that it was the Melania
nitida of Lamarck ; but that is much more slender, and
belongs to the Paris Basin. Although all the colourless
Eulimae are much alike, it must not be forgotten that
the fauna of the Eocene period was very different from
that which now exists in temperate latitudes.

V ^ e«iim<v e{r *xi(i'* . Fork** C» Ai^frrf * v - <|*««tU«5»w

IV-A73 3' E. distor'ta"^, Deshayes. r'lj

Melania distorta (Desh.), Philippi, Moll. Sic. i. p. 158, t. ix. f. 10. E.
distorta, F. & H. iii. p. 232, pi. xcii. f. 4, 5, and (animal) pi. KK. f. 4.

Body whitish, mottled with reddish-brown [" rubrum '*
(Philippi) ; " yellow, beautifully variegated with carmine,
which forms an irregular band on each side " (Alder); *' flake-
or pure white, and the anterior part of the body is marked
irregularly with 15-20 distinct minute red dots " (Clark)] :
snout, or mentum, narrow and projecting beyond the foot :
tentacles long and slender, placed close together at their origin,
and diverging at an acute angle [" white " (Alder) ; " the
bases and about a third of their lower parts of a brilUant ver-
milion colour" (F. (feH.)]; tips flake-white, and bulbous:
eyes black, placed on slight bulgings of the tentacles at their
outer base [" parvos " (Philippi) ; " very large " (Alder)] :
foot elongated, rounded in front, and bluntly pointed behind :
[liver " green " (Alder) ; " yellow, red, pink, light-green and
white " (Clark)].

Shell much smaller, slenderer and thinner than either of
the foregoing two species ; it is nearly transparent : sculpture,
none to be detected, even by the aid of the microscope : colour
dear white : spire narrow, more or less curved, so as to give
the shell a distorted appearance : whorls 10-15, flattened :
suture marked by a fine line: mouth as in E. intermedia.
L. 0-2. B. 0-05.

Yar. gracilis. Rather larger, more tapering, and scarcely
(if at aU) distorted. F. & H. iii. p. 233, pi. xcii. f. 6.

Habitat : Widely diffused (although local) from low-
water mark of equinoctial tides in rock-pools, among

* Distorted.

206 EULIMIDiE.

Zoster a and under stones, at Jersey, to a sandy bottom in
the greatest depths of the North Sea. The variety in-
habits deep and sheltered water at Oban, and in Loch
Fyne and Shetland. Sars has enumerated this species as
a post-glacial fossil from a shell-bank at Kirkoen in Nor-
way, 50 feet above the present level of the sea, and
Calcara from Altavilla in Sicily; Mace found the variety
in an upper Miocene bed at Biot near Antibes. Both
the typical and varietal forms are generally distributed
in the North Atlantic, from Finmark to the Canaries,
as well as throughout the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and
Archipelago, at depths of from 10 to 140 f. A Mazatlan
shell in Mr. M'Andrew's collection, from Dr. P. Car-
penter, cannot be distinguished from ours.

This species was evidently known to Montagu ; for
he says, '^ minute specimens [of E, polita] are some-
times found on oysters and scallops. In this infant
state they are of exquisite polish, and when the animal
is alive, frequently appear mottled with pink and pale-
green; are also somewhat arcuated and very seldom
found perfectly straight .^^ The discrepancies in the
several descriptions of the animal which I have collated
show a considerable variation of colour; Clark^s and
mine agree best with that of Philippi in Wiegraann^s
Archiv for 1841, viz. that the body is ornamented with
purple-red or crimson confluent spots and points, which
colouring extends to the base of the tentacles. The
animal is agile, and swims well for a moUusk. Malm
tells us that the easiest way to procure specimens is by
allowing the dredged silt to stand in a tub for an hour,
when they may be seen floating on the surface of the
drained water. The shell is sometimes truncated to
such an extent as to have only four whorls left, the
uppermost being plugged ofi*.

EULIMA. 207

I consider this species to be the Rissoa sinuosta of
Scacchi, although Philippi makes that a synonym of
his E. nitida. Chiereghini named it Turbo curvatus,
and Leach Balds arcuata, Macgillivray mistook it for
E. polita, i s-Vcf 1

N<>/vii 4. E. sTENo'sTOMA"^, Jeffreys. r "^"j '

E. $tenostoma, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3rd ser. ii. p. 128, pi. v. f. 7.

Body milk-white : mantle thin, stippled with brown : snout
crescent-shaped, bilobed, flexible, and transparent, projecting
.a httle beyond the foot : tentacles rather long and slender, with
rounded tips ; they diverge at an angle of about 2b° ; at the
base of each is a patch of flake-white : eyes entirely wanting
in all the specimens (at least a dozen) examined by me at
diflerent times : foot broad, squarish, and slightly bilobed in
front, narrowing behind to a bluntly rounded point.

Shell spike-shaped, slender, thin, transparent, glossy and
of a brilliant lustre : sculpture, extremely slight and close-set
spiral lines, which are discernible only under the microscope
and in certain lights ; the surface when examined by the aid
of a strong lens or hand magnifier appears quite smooth and
pohshed : colour milk-white : spire elongated, ending abruptly
in a blunt and semiglobular point : whorls 9, drawn out and
gently swelling ; the last occupies nearly one-half of the spire :
suture oblique, defined by a rather broad hem or border of flake-
white, which is encircled underneath by a clear and narrow
line ; this hem or border arises from a thickening of the shelly
material to form the suture or commissure: mouth narrow,
extending from a sharp angle above to an expanded and rounded
base; the inner or columellar side represents a very obtuse
angle : outer lip flexuous, with a rather thin edge, receding at
the top and advancing outwards towards the base : inner lip
reflected and twisted over the lower part of the pillar : oper-
culum filmy, pale yellowish -horncolour, marked with slight
flexuous striae in the hue of growth. L. 0-35. B. 0*085.

Habitat : Fine sandy mud, in 75-90 f.^ 45-50 miles
S.E. by E. of the Whalsey Skerries, Shetland (J. G. J.);
30 miles off the same coast, in 82 f. (M^Andrew).
Upper Norway (Loven and M^Andrew).

* Having a narrow mouth.

lA'll

208 EULIMID^.

It is as beautiful as it is scarce. The animal is active,
and will not stay in the water. Ovary of a briglit pink
hue; I did not observe it in every individual. The
liver is orange. No eyes could be detected, although
they were very conspicuous in specimens of E. distorta
and E. bilineata (both of smaller size than the present
species) taken at the same time and from the same
ground ; nor could such organs be subcutaneous, because
the tissues of the animal are transparent and were
thoroughly examined. The shell resembles a large
Achatina acicula.

5. E. subula'ta^, Donovan. n» ^.ys-

Turbo suhulafus, Don. Br. Sh. pi. clxxii. E. subulata, F. & H. iii. p. 235,
pi. xcii. f. 7, 8.

Shell awl-shaped, rather thin, semitransparent, of a polished
lustre : sculpture, numerous fine spiral lines, visible only under
the microscope ; examined as a transparent object, the texture
appears delicately stippled in the line of growth: colour
yellowish-white, variegated by narrow tawny spiral bands,
which are arranged on the body- whorl in 3 double sets or
pairs, one below the suture, another round the periphery, and
the third encircHng the base ; these sets are sometimes more
or less confluent, so as to form single broad belts, or they
diverge near the mouth, in which latter case the outer edges
unite and the bands are not continued to the outer lip ; each
of the succeeding six whorls has only 2 bands : spire tapering
to a fine point : whorls 12-13, rounded but compressed, the
last occupying about three-sevenths of the spire: suture
obhque, defined by a narrow dark hue: mouth contracted,
acute-angled above, and rounded but not much expanding
below ; edges thickened : outer lip folded inwards at the upper
part, and slightly flexuous : inner lip reflected over the whole
pillar, which is decidedly flexuous : operculum very thin, pale
drab, and rather coarsely striated. L. 0-5. B. 0-1.

Habitat : Coralline zone in Devon, Dorset, and Corn-

* Awl-shaped.

EULIMA. 209

wall (Da Costa and others); estuary of the Dee (Colling-
wood) j Isle of Man, 25 f. (Forbes) ; Scarborough
(Bean); Anglesea (M^Andrew); Bantry Bay, sometimes
in the gizzard of Scaphander lignarius (Humphreys) ;
dredged oiF Cork (M^Andrew) ; Youghal and Dublin
(Ball, ^c^e Thompson); Dundrum, co. Down (Thompson);
Orkneys, 12 f., and Shetland, 5-90 f. (Forbes) . I sus-
pect that all the more northern localities should be re-
ferred to E. bilineata, instead of to the present species.
This is not the E. subulata of S carles Wood (a Crag
shell), nor that of Nyst; and I doubt the identification
with it of the species described and figured under the
same name by Homes from the Miocene formation of
Vienna. Our species occurs on all the coasts of France,
Spain, Portugal, Italy, Dalmatia, Greece, and North
Africa, from 2 to 140 f. ; and M^Andrew has taken it
near Madeira in 18-24 f. The Norwegian localities
given by Loven and Danielssen for this species probably
belong to E. bilineata.

It is the Strombiformis glaber of Da Costa. I do not
know why aU modern British conchologists have repu-
diated that specific name. Donovan, with more inge-
nuity than ingenuousness, misquoted his predecessor,
and endeavoured to show that the latter had contravened
the Linnean rule by making the specific name a sentence
instead of a single word. But such was not the case ;
and Da Costa's description is quite as appropriate and
complete as that of Donovan. However, since the older
name has never been adopted, I will not revive it. Pay-
raudeau called it Melania Cambessedesii, G. B. Sowerby
E. lineata, Forbes Melania Donovani, Renieri Turbo fas-
ciatus, MUhlfeld (according to Philippi) Helix flavocincta,
and Leach Balcis testacea. E. subulata of Risso and
Delle Chiaje differ from this and from each other.

210 , EULIMIDiE.

l^^nn 6. E. BiLiNEA'TA^(Alder.) f<Ui^.

E. lineata (as probably of Sowerby, but proposed to be changed to bili-
neata). Aid. Cat. Moll. North. & Durh, in Trans. Tyn. Nat. Field Club,
p. 47. A', bilineata, F. & H. iii. p. 237, pi. xcii. f. 9, 10, and (animal)
pi. KK. f. 5.

Body whitish, with a faint tinge of yellow: snout rather
narrow, seldom projecting beyond the foot : tentacles rather
long : eyes small and black, persistent after death, when they
are distinctly seen through the shell : foot having a slight ear-
shaped expansion at each corner in front, finely pointed behind.

Shell a miniature resemblance of E. subulata, with 10-11
whorls. It is proportionally more solid and not so slender ;
and the coloured bands are fewer and differently arranged.
The present species has a well-marked pair of bands round
the middle of the last whorl, besides sometimes an obscure
band just below the suture ; and the upper whorls are encircled
by a pair, or occasionally by a single band. The pair on the
body-whorl converge (instead of diverging) towards the mouth.
There is also in some specimens a tawny streak or blotch at
the base (apparently representing the lowermost set of bands
in the allied species), which stains the lower part of the pillar-
lip. The mouth is not so narrow, and the outer lip is more
flexuous. L. 0-3. B. 0-075.

Habitat : Locally but widely dispersed^ from low-
water mark at Jersey under loose stones (Dodd), to
82 f. off the east coast of Shetland in muddy sand (J.
G. J.). Montagu and many other writers mistook it
for a small variety of the last species ; and the published
accounts of its distribution are therefore somewhat con-
fused. The present species has been taken by Loven,
Sars_, M*^ Andrew, and Malm on the Scandinavian coasts,
at depths of from 15 to 200 f.; and Martin found it among
the refuse of fishing-boats in the Gulf of Lyons. I have
verified all these instances of foreign localities.

The animal crawls at a tolerably fast pace, and gets
out of the water whenever it is immersed. My largest
specimen is not quite ^ of an inch long. The

* Having two thread-like marks.

NATICID^. 211

relation of this species to the last appears to be nearly-
similar to that which Tellina pusilla bears to T. do-
nacina.

Family XX. NATI'CIDiE, Swainson.

Body spirally rolled into a more or less globular form : mantle
rather thin : snout (or mentum) wedge-shaped, forming part
of the front lobe of the foot : proboscis long and retractile,
usually concealed : tentacles triangular, flattened, and pointed,
widely separated, and pressed against the front of the shell by
the anterior flap or extension of the foot : eyes either immersed
in the skin (one at the outer base of each tentacle, and very
small) or wanting: foot thick and largely developed, folded
back over the front of the shell in the shape of a broad flap or
hood, and behind over the base of the shell, so as to cover the
greater part of it : gills divided into 2 plumes : odontophore,
or lingual riband, short and straight [rhachis 1-toothed ; pleurae
having 3 uncini (Loven)]. Sexes distinct : verge sickle-shaped.

Shell globular or inclined to oval, smooth or finely striated
in a spiral direction : spire blunt, usually very short : epidermis
slight: mouth large, semicircular: outer lip thin: opercxdum
ear-shaped and few-whorled, with the spire on the inner side
of the mouth, near the base of the pillar.

In general aspect the animal resembles that of the
Bullida, especially in the hood-like expansion of the
foot in front. But other parts, as well as the shell, are
dissimilar : so that the relation of the two families mav
be merely one of analogy, such as occurs in many
distinct groups of the Mollusca whose habits of life are
the same. Both these families are zoophagous. The
NaticidcB live in sand. While preying on weaker shell-
fish, they are in their turn devoured by the flounder,
haddock, and cod. It is geologically an ancient family,
dating (according to M. Pictet) from the upper Silurian
epoch. De Blainville called it Hemicyclostomay Menke
Sigaretea.

212 NATICIDiE.

Genus NA'TICA^ Adanson. PI. III. f. 4.

For generic characters see those of the family.

I thought of separating one species {N. Islandica),
because it has a thinner shell and scarcely any umbili-
cus, and of adopting the genus Globulus of Sowerby, or
Bulbus of Brown (not of Humphreys) , for which Morch
lately substituted Amauropsis. But in all other charac-
ters, both of animal and shell, it agrees with Natica ; and
I have therefore considered it best, on the whole, not to
increase the number of genera.

Probably the vrjptT7]<; of Aristotle, which Casaubon
interpreted as natex. The shell was merely enumerated
by Aristotle among univalves, and said to be inhabited
by a kind of hermit crab. Of Nerites it is fabled that
he was the son of Nereus and Doris, and that Venus,
indignant at his refusal to accompany her to Heaven,
metamorphosed him into a beautiful shell. Pliny would
have us share his marvellously facile belief that the
nerite swims with the mouth of its shell uppermost,
raising the front or outer lip to serve as a sail, and thus
catching the breeze. The word natice is therefore sup-
posed to be derived from the natatory habit of this
shell-fish, according to the Bolognese Professor, Aldro-
vandi, the fruit of whose laborious investigations of the
natural history known to the ancients was not inferior
to the similar compilation of Pliny. Natica seems thus
to have acquired the vernacular synonyms of "Schwimm-
schnecke ^' in the German, and " svomskiael " in the
Danish language. The pretty spots with which some
species of Natica (e. g. N. millepunctata) are ornamented
attracted the attention of Olivi, who, in his ' Zoologia

* Perhaps an emendation of the word natice^ given to this shell by
Aldrovandi, and derived from its supposed natatory habit.

NATICA. 213

Adriatica/ endeavoured to explain the action of light
and temperature on the colouring-glands of the Mol-
lusca ; but^ although the development and intensity of
colour may be stimulated by the above-mentioned agents,
his conjectures contributed nothing to the elucidation of
a problem so difficult as this. The observations of Bal-
dassini (' Memoria sopra le conchiglie considerate come
parte integrante del corpo dei moUuschi ') show that the
intensity of colour in a shell depends on the age, food,
and health of the mollusk. Gould says that the Naticce
are very voracious, and play a conspicuous part in de-
vouring the dead fish and other animals which are thrown
up by the tide. The small circular holes with which
bivalve shells are often drilled are also (according to
him) the work of these Gastropods, and made by them
to gain an entrance to the animal apparently so well
secured against such a foe. Their foot is so large as to
completely envelope their prey. When moving, they
burrow just below the surface of the sand; and their
resting-place is generally indicated by a small heap, re-
sembling that made by a mole. The foot is permeated
by numerous tubular canals or vessels, which absorb
water like a sponge (probably through pores opening
inwardly) and thus cause this organ to be enormously
distended. Mr. Osier suspected, with scarcely any
reason, that Natica and Tanthina are insectivorous ; he
imagined that the foot of the one and the float of the
other might be baits to attract the prey which these
mollusks were unable to pursue ! The eyes, when
present, are subcutaneous, and have escaped the notice
of most naturalists ; those of N. Alderi have been de-
scribed by Mr. Clark. Being always covered, they can
be of little, if any, use as organs of vision. The nidus
or matrix of the spawn is strap-shaped and convoluted,

214 NATICID^.

assuming a quoit-like form ; it is of a gelatinous
consistency, but rendered tolerably firm by the admix-
ture of grains of sand. These curious bodies may often
be seen lying on the sand at low water of spring-tides
in summer. They have been mistaken for zoophytes,
and were placed by Solander and Ellis in the genus
Flustra, by Pallas in Eschara, and by Lamarck in Dis-
copora. " The cells are arranged in quincunx order "
(Gould).

The Rev. L. Guilding (Linn. Trans, vol. xvii.) divided
this genus into Natica and Naticina, the former having
a shelly, and the latter a horny operculum. Gray pro-
posed to adopt the genus Neverita of Risso for the
species with a horny operculum; but Risso retained
Natica for these, and his description and figure of Ne-
verita represent a different kind of shell (apparently
Natica olla), which has the umbilicus closed by a solid
pad. In all our species the operculum is horny. Reeves^s
list contains 137 recent species of Natica. There are
many obsolete generic synonyms.

A. Shell rather thin, with a produced spire ; umbihcus small.
p-1^ * 1. Natica Islan'dic A ■^,(XTmelin) U^.^t^

Nerita Islandica, G-rael. ed. S. N. p. 3675. Natica helicoides, F. &ir, iii,
p. 339, pi. c. f. 6.

Body pale yellowish-white, minutely and closely speckled
with flake-white: snout broad and large, with rounded cor-
ners : Untacles small ; they either project at the sides of the
front foot-lobe, or are pressed back by it on the outer lip of
the shell ; eyes, none observable : foot narrower at the sides,
expanded and forming short ear-shaped lobes in front, thicker
and folded back behind into an angular point.

Shell conic oval, less solid than any other recent British
species of Natica, semitransparent, not glossy when fresh and

* Icelandic.

NATICA. 216

covered with the epidermis; base somewhat attenuated and
angular : sculpture, apparently none ; but the lens discloses
numerous slight spiral strise, irregularly disposed and often
wavy ; by the aid of a microscope may also be seen much more
numerous and still finer lines of growth, which, however, do
not produce any decussation of the surface : colour milk-white
under the epidermis, which is pale-yellow or lemon- colour in
young specimens, brownish-yellow in the adult : spire turreted,
abruptly and bluntly pointed : whorls 5-7, rounded but com-
pressed ; the last occupies nearly five-sixths of the spire ; the
first is very minute, and scarcely projects beyond the second :
suture rather oblique, deeply and conspicuously channelled or
grooved inwards, so as to leave a narrow ledge at the top of
each whorl and to give the appearance of their partly over-
lapping one another: mouth equal in area to one-third of the
shell, and in length to two-thirds of the spire, expanding and
somewhat angulated at the base : outer lip incurved above, and
joining the inner lip, which is spread over the pillar and almost
conceals a narrow and small umbilicus : opetrulum thin, golden-
yellow, minutely, very finely, and closely striated in the line
of growth ; whorls 4, defined by a raised edg-e or rim, the last
disproportionately large. L. 1. B. 0*65.

Habitat : Rare^ in the coralline zone, from 7 to 79 f.,
Shetland (Bailee, M^Andrew, and J. G. J.)j Orkneys
(Thomas) ; Wick (Peach) ; Aberdeenshire (Macgillivray,
Gordon, and Dawson) ; Banff (Edwards) ; Firth of Forth
(Knapp); Berwick Bay (Johnston); Northumberland
coast (King) ; Sunderland (Howse) ; Scarborough (Lec-
kenby); Cork (Humphreys). In most of these cases
the specimens were caught by fishermen, or taken from
the stomachs of haddocks. It occurs in most of our
quaternary or post-glacial beds in Scotland, Ireland,
and Yorkshire ; Norwich and Red Crag (Lyell and S.
Wood); Uddevalla (Lyell and others); Christiansund,
30-40 feet (Sars) ; Gardiner, in the State of Maine
(Lyell). Recent in Scandinavia, Iceland, Faroe Isles,
coasts of Russian Lapland and the White Sea, Spitz-
bergen, Greenland, Massachusetts northwards to Canada,

216 NATICIDiE.

Icy Cape, and Behring^s Straits, at depths ranging from
3 to 60 f.

It is more sluggish than any of the other Naticce
which I have examined. A specimen dredged by Mr.
Barlee and myself in Shetland is more than an inch
and a half long and an inch broad. Mr. Edwards of
Banff got another specimen nearly as large from the
stomach of a cod.

Olafsen and Povelsen accurately described this shell
in the account of their journey through Iceland, 1772.
The Latin part of this description was republished by
Miiller and Gmelin ; and the latter gave a name to the
species. It is the N. helicoides of Johnston, N. cana-
liculata of Gould (not of Lamarck), N, exulans of
Loven's MS. (according to Gould), and N. cornea of
Moller.

\\

B. Shell more or less solid, with a short or compressed spire ;
umbilicus of v9,rious sizes.

1^^ ■ 2. N. Grcenlan'dica"^, Beck. Nf j^o

N. grcunlandica (Beck), Moller, Ind. Moll. Gr. p. 7. Is.puulla, F. & H.
iii. p. 341, pi. c. f. 7.

Body creamcolour -. tentacles very short : et/es not percep-
tible, if any : foot smaller than in many other species.

Shell globose, resembling that of typical species of Helixy
moderately solid, almost semitransparent, lustreless : sculpture,
consisting only of extremely fine and obscure spiral striae and
equally minute but more numerous lines of growth: colour
white under the epidermis, which is creamcolour : spire short,
slightly prominent : whoi'ls 4-5, tumid ; the last occupies
eight-ninths of the spire ; apex always eroded : suture nearly
straight, very narrowly excavated inwards : mouth equal in
area to one-third of the shell, and in length to five-eighths of
the spire, expanding and rounded or slightly angulated at the
base : outer lip somewhat incurved above, and having a bevelled

* Inhabiting Greenland.

NATICA. 217

edge: inner lip broad, considerably thickened on the lower
part, and forming a callous ridge just below the junction of the
outer lip with the periphery ; it is reflected over the pillar
and a great part of the u7nbiUcus ; this is narrow, and further
contracted by a broad and obliquely twisted buttress, issuing
outwards towards the base from the centre of the cavity on
the side of the pillar: operculum thin, lemoncolour, closely
and irregularly striated in the line of growth, and marked in
every direction with microscopical short and curved scratch-
like lines ; spire irregular, defined by a broad chalky-white
suture, and terminating in a minute nucleus. L. 0-85.
B. 0-85.

Habitat : Not uncommon in muddy sand, at a con-
siderable distance from the coasts of Northumberland,
Durham, and Yorkshire, in 40-60 f. (Bean and others) ;
Shetland (Barlee). Fossil in the Scotch "drift'' for-
mation (Smith and others) ; 20-25 f. on the Turbot-
bank, co. Antrim (J. G. J.) ; Bridlington (Wood) ; Kel-
sey Hill, near Hull (Prestwich) ; Norwich Crag (Wood-
ward); Uddevalla (J. G. J.); glacial and post-glacial
beds in Norway, the former at 0-460 and the latter at
30-40 feet (Sars); "post-pliocene'' deposits, Canada
(Dawson) . Recent on the coasts of Scandinavia, Faroe
Isles, Iceland, Greenland, White Sea, and Sea of
Okhotsk, north-east and south-west America, from the
shore to 150 f.

It appears to be a delicate animal, as it soon dies
when kept with other and more hardy mollusks. The
fishermen at Staithes call it the "white snail." Mr.
Howse tells me that it takes the bait freely, and that,
when the lines are drawn, it gripes or drives the hook
into its body and is thus caught. Very young speci-
mens of this Natica have a semicircular pad on the out-
side of the pillar, which projects over the umbilicus and
covers part of it ; this grows into the buttress or ridge-
like process mentioned in my description of the shell.

VOL. IV. L

218 NATICID.E.

It is the N. pusilla of Gould, but not of the original
describer. Say, which latter species is oval and very much
smaller than ours, having a calcareous operculum and
the umbilicus completely closed by a pad. N. nana
of MoUer appears to differ from Say's shell merely in
having a horny operculum. Our shell is the N. livida
of Bean, N, borealis of Gray, N. Gouldii of Philippi,
N. alba and N. lactea of Loven's MS. according to
Philippi, and N. bulbosa of Reeve; probably also the
N. Beverlii of Leach, being one of the " invertebrate ani-
mals discovered by HisMajesty's Ship Isabella '^ [!] , and
described in ' Sir John Ross's Voyage to Baffin's Bay.'
It is difficult to decide, from the too short diagnosis given
by Broderip and Sowerby, whether their N. pallida is
the present species or N. Islandica. Morch placed N,.
Groenlandica in the genus Mamma of Klein, an olla
podrida of Nerita, Natica, Dolium,, Buccinum, Turbo, and
Purpura, We cannot say of such systematists, " Et
quo antiquius, eo melius."

A-1^- 3. N. soRDiDA^^Philippi.) ^^. ?^'»

y. sordida, Phil. Moll. Sic. ii. p. 139, t. xxiy. f. 15; F. & H. iii. p. 334,
pi. c. f. 5, 8, and (animal) pi. PP. f. 3.

Body fleshcolour or pale tawny : snout strong and very large,
whitish except at the extremity, which is reddish -brown : ten-
tacles having fine and tapering points : eyes, none perceptible :
foot enormous, very slimy, truncated or cloven in front, and
rounded behind.

Shell globose, inclining to oval, thick and solid, opaque,
somewhat glossy : sculpture, minute, irregular, flexuous, and
shght spiral lines, which are stronger or more conspicuous
below the suture of the body-whorl and on the base : colour
buff, passing into chestnut : epidermis thin, of a lighter shade
than the main colour of the shell : spire short, slightly pro-
minent; apex abraded or decorticated: whorls 5-6, tumid

* Dirt-coloured.

NATICA. 219

and rapidly enlarging ; the last occupies ten-elevenths of the
spire ; the upper part of each (especially of the body -whorl)
is compressed or sometimes flattened, so as to present a bluntly
angular edge in front : suture rather straight, very narrowly
excavated inwards : mouth equal in area to nearly one-third
of the shell, and in length to two-thirds of the spire, expand-
ing and decidedly angulated at the base : outer lip gently in-
curved above, and having a blunt edge : inner lip broad and
remarkably thick, forming above a callosity or small protu-
berance, which is separated from the outer lip at its origin by
a short and shallow groove ; it is reflected over the pillar and
upper part of the umbilicus, and has a stain of pale chocolate ;
the middle portion is spread further backwards and forms an
ang-ular pad: umhilicus rather large and deep, for the most
part open; a broad ridge winds spirally inwards down the
centre and towards the base of the shell ; it exhibits also two
or three parallel indistinct grooves and some striae : operculum
homcolour, narrowly edged with pearl-white, microscopically
and closely striated in the line of growth ; last whorl (as
usual) excessively large, defined by a white overlapping suture ;
termination or nucleus of the spire concave. L. 1*3. B. 1'2.

Habitat : Muddy sand in 7-90 i., Shetland (M 'An-
drew^ Barlee^ and J. G. J.) ; west of Scotland (Forbes
and others); Moray Firth (Gordon); Firth of Forth
(Knapp); Dunbar (Laskey); Exmouth_, dredged with
N. catena (Clark) ; St. George^s Channel^ between Scilly
and the Smalls (M ^Andrew); Lough Strangford (Dickie);
Dublin Bay (Kinahan) ; Youghal (Miss E. Ball, fide
Thompson); Cork (Humphreys); between Cape Clear
and Baltimore (M'Andrew) ; Arran Isle, co. Galway
(Barlee). Fossil in the south of Italy and in Sicily
(Philippi); Coralline Crag (Wood, as N. cirriformis of
Sowerby and probably A^. proximo) . Its foreign range
in a living state appears to be entirely southern, viz.
south-west of France (Fischer); Gibraltar, 12 f., and
Malaga, 30 f. (M*^ Andrew); Corsica (Susini); Naples
and Palermo (Scacchi and Philippi) ; Algiers, caught
by a fishing-line in deep water (WeinkauflP) .

l2

220 NATICID^.

In Shetland also it occasionally takes or sucks the
fish-baits. Its horny jaws are large; and when ex-
panded they form a triangular plate. The size of my
largest specimen is 1 j^^y x ^q inch. This species differs
from N. Groenlandica in size^ solidity, colour, and the
umbilicus.

It is perhaps the Nerita Icevida of Laskey (Mem.
Wern. Soc. i. p. 409), who says, " It bears some resem-
blance to N. glaucina \_N. catena], but has a more pro-
duced apex, and is divested of the markings of that
shell.'^ It appears to be the N. glaucina ? of Scacchi.
Swainson^s N. sordida is N. plumbea of Lamarck, an
exotic species, to which Philippi erroneously referred
the European shell.

[>(.^^ 4. N. CATE'NA^,\Pa Costa.> Nf^-^a

Cochlea catena, Da Costa, Br. Conch, p. 83, t. v. f. 7. N. monilifera,
F. k H. iii. p. 326, pi. c. f. 1, and (animal) pi. PP. f. 6 (by mistake

as N. canrena).

Body yellowish or drab, with a purpHsh tinge on the upper
part, and faintly lineated with purplish -brown : snout fleshy :
mouth or orifice of the proboscis globular, small, lying under-
neath the snout; tentacles rather long, slender, and pointed,
placed in the middle above the snout, and nearly concealed by
the front lobe of the mantle : [eyes -' so excessively minute as
scarcely to be visible" (Clark) :] foot very voluminous, and when
at rest enveloping the greater part of the shell, divided across
so as to form two unequal portions, the posterior of which is
the larger, bluntly pointed behind ; front lobe notched or in-
dented in the middle : male organ situate under the right ten-
tacle : ovary pale yeUow : liver didl olive.

Shell globose, and somewJiat resembling an AmpuUaria in
shape, moderately thick and solid, opaque, glossy : sculpture,
microscopical and very close-set flexuous spiral striae : colour
pale yellowish -white or buff, ornamented with a row of red-
dish-brown or light chocolate short, oblique, or zigzag, longi-
tudinal streaks at the top of each whorl, and sometimes (fre-

* From Its chain-like rows of spots.

NATICA. 221

quently in immature specimen.s) with also one or two similar
rows round the periphery of the last whorl : epidermis very
thin, buffcolour, to be seen only within the umbilicus, having
been rubbed off in other parts by the continual friction of the
sand which this species inhabits : spire short, slightly promi-
nent ; apex entire, flattened : whorls 7, tumid and rapidly en-
larging ; the last occupies eleven-fourteenths of the spire :
sutui'e nearly straight, rather deep, and well defined : mouth
of the same relative dimensions as in the last species, slightly
expanding and angulated at the base : outer lip rather sharply
incurved above, and having a blunt edge: inner lip broad,
not very thick on the upper part of the pillar, forming a
slight ridge along that corner of the mouth, and a white solid
pad or callus in the middle, which projects over that side of the
umbilicus ; the inner layer is more or less tinged with reddish-
brown, and sometimes also the inside rim of the upper part of
the body- whorl : umhilicus rather large and deep, for the most
part open, marked with several slight obliquely spiral grooves :
operculum homcolour, microscopically and closely striated in
the line of growth, giving a fibrous appearance ; in other re-
spects like that of i^. sordida. L. 1-4. B. 1-4.

Var. conico-ovalis. Spire somewhat elongated or drawn
out.

Habitat : Large sandy bays from Jersey (Dodd) to
Unst (J. G. J.), at low- water mark of spring tides and
down to about 10 f. ; common. Shells inhabited by
hermit crabs (which had probably carried them into
deeper water) were dredged by Mr. Hyndman off the
Mull of Cantire in 40 L, and by Professor Dickie in
Lough Strangford, from 15 to 25 f. ; this shows the
advisability of recording in dredging-lists whether the
species so procured were living or dead. A specimen
of the variety was taken by me on Rossilly sands near
Swansea; and M. Martin obtained the same variety on
the coast of Provence. This species is said to occur in
almost every upper tertiary fossiliferous bed in England,
Scotland, and Ireland, including the deposit near Mac-
clesfield, 500-600 feet (Darbishire) , that on the Sussex

222 NATICID^.

coast (Godwin- Austen) , Clyde beds (Smith), Mamma-
lian and Red Crag (Wood) . The account of its geolo-
gical distribution is not satisfactory. N. catena does
not appear to inhabit any part of the arctic seas, like
other !Mollusca whose remains are found in formations
for that reason assigned to the glacial period. More-
over the coloured markings of this species are not exhi-
bited in the Crag shells so named by Mr. S. Wood,
although they are retained in his N. millepunctata. Its
foreign range extends from Bohuslan (Loven) to Corsica
(Requien) .

It was first described and figured by Lister, and is
the '^ English chain-headed sea Button-shell '' of Petiver.
Specimens in Macgillivray^s collection from Aberdeen
measure full two inches in length and breadth. I
dredged at Guernsey a small one the spire of which is
reversed or sinistrorsal. The fry are globular, orange-
colour, and umbilicate ; they assume the purplish-brown
markings after they are excluded from the leathery
band noticed in my account of the genus, and which in
the present case when dry looks not unlike a piece of
thin Scotch oaten bread. Bouchard-Chantereaux informs
us that the sexual coition lasts many hours ; and that
the spawn-envelope consists of a great number of rounded
cells, each containing from 12 to 15 fry, which emerge
in succession at an interval of two or three days after
at least two months of foetal life. The eggs are laid
usually in March and April, and the young are produced
in May and June. This mollusk was justly admired by
Mr. Clark, who says, ^^ When just taken, in vigour, and
immersed in sea-water, it is scarcely possible to con-
template a more beautiful and interesting object, with
its shell rising as a globular pyramid from its immense
circular disk, elegantly marked with fine dark lines on

NATICA. 223

a clear-drab ground.'' It is not always so sluggish as
it seems. According to Mr. Bretherton C^ Zoologist '
for 1858, p. 6232) it crawls quickly in pursuit of its
prey (chiefly Mactra and TellirKB), which it seizes by
means of its large and flexible foot, and, after drilling
their shells with its tongue, devours them while buried
in the sand. This will account for most of the small
round holes that are so often seen in bivalve shells
thrown up on the beach. I am not disposed to concur
in the opinion commonly entertained by naturalists that
the front of the tongue is worn away by use. That
portion is firmly and intimately connected with the
jaws; and it would be difiicult to explain how such a
union could be dissolved or a new attachment formed
from time to time. The present species differs from
the last in its larger size and plumper form, the whorls
not being compressed at the top, its deeper and wider
suture, the umbilicus being grooved instead of ridged,
and particularly in the coloured streaks and the different
hue of the pad formed by the inner lip.

It is the Nerita glaucina of Pennant, Pulteney, and
Donovan, but not of Linne, which is now considered a
tropical species — although under that name Linne evi-
dently included our shell with several others. Dale
called it Cochlea parva, Forbes Natica Nicolii. Potiez
and Michaud referred it to the N. ampullaria of La-
marck, Loven to his N. collaria, Deshayes to his N.
castanea, and Forbes and Hanley to his N. monilifera.
Without discussing the question which, if any, of these
Lamarckian species the one now under consideration
may have been, I prefer following Alder and Searles
Wood in adopting the older name given by Da Costa.

224 NATICIDiE.

K-if.

5. N. ALDE'RiMForbes) f^^ ^t>4

K Alderi, Forb. Mai. Mon. p. 31, pi. ii. f. 6, 7. N. nitida, F. & H. iii.
p. 330, pi. c. f. 2-4, and (animal) pi. PP. f. 5, as N. Alderi.

Body creamcolour, spotted or streaked with reddish- or
purplish-brown : snout broad, thick, and flexible, margined by
a line of purplish-brown: tentacles sharp- pointed, tipped or
edged with the same colour : [_eyes " distinctly visible, im-
mersed in the centre of the anterior bases of the tentacula "
(Clark) :] foot expansile, minutely veined.

Shell conic-globose, inclining to oval, very thick and solid,
opaque, glossy : sculpture numerous and minute lines of growth,
which are not discernible without a magnifying-power ; oc-
casionally a few slight spiral striae may also be observed :
colour buff, adorned with spiral rows of reddish-brown or light
chocolate spots and streaks ; of these there are 5 on the body-
whorl, and 1 on each of the next two or three whorls ; all the
rows except the middle one on the body- whorl (which is com-
posed of short zigzag longitudinal streaks) are usually formed
of blunt arrow-headed spots, the uppermost row being fre-
quently more dark-coloured and conspicuous than the rest;
the umbilicus and inner lip are also stained with reddish-brown
or light chocolate : epidermis yellowish-brown and somewhat
fibrous, preserved within the umbilicus only : spire short, but
prominent, ending in a blunt point : whorls 6, convex, com-
pressed, and shelving upwards towards the suture ; the last
occupies eleven-twelfths of the spire : suture oblique and
slight : mouth equal in length to nine-twelfths of the spire,
scarcely expanding, and bluntly angulated at the base : outer
lip sloping from the periphery, and having a blunt edge : inner
lip broad, forming a very thick ridge or callosity at the upper
angle of the mouth, and a large thick pad in the middle, which
is obtusely triangular and projects over the upper side of the
umbilicus ; this part is narrow and oblique, two-thirds open,
separated on the lower side by a slight ridge, between which
and the pad are some obscure and smaller ridges : operculum
light-horncolour, striated as in the last species, and marked
with a few indistinct revolving lines; spire defined by an
overlapping and raised edge. L. 0*7. B. 0-65.

Var. 1. lactea. Shell milk-white.

* Dedicated to Mr. Joshua Alder of Newcastle-on-Tyne, a distinguished
British zoologist.

NATICA. 225

Var. 2. subovalis. Smaller, and of a somewhat oval shape,
with a longer spire ; fawncolour or whitish.

Var. 3. ventricosa. More globose, and short-spired.

Habitat : Everywhere, in sand, from the extreme
verge of low- water mark to the greatest depth within
the line of soundings. Var. 1. Widely distributed, but
not common. Var. 2. Shetland and west of Scotland,
in deep water (J. Gr. J.) ; Silverpits on the north-eastern
coast of England (Rich). Var. 3. Hebrides (J. G. J.).
Fossil in many of our quaternary deposits (Smith and
others) ; glacial and post-glacial beds in Norway, 0-440
feet (Sars). Its range, as a recent species, comprises
the North Sea from the Loffoden Isles southwards, the
western coasts of the North Atlantic, the Adriatic, and
both sides of the Mediterranean ; depths recorded from
various places 5-80 f.

It glides swiftly along by means of its broad foot.
Mr. Dennis writes me word that it is a very ravenous
moUusk, and that, when placed in a basin of sea- water
with Scrobicularia alba or other small bivalves, it will,
as soon as night falls, pierce the shells and commence
devouring its prey. The spawn-case is not so tough and
leathery as that of N. catena ; one now before me mea-
sures an inch and a quarter in diameter, the circular
hole at the top being half an inch. The pad in very
young shells covers about one-half of the umbilicus,
although this latter part is nearly closed in some speci-
mens from Shetland. The ground-colour varies from
pure white to dark orange; occasionally the spots are
confluent, or they are replaced by broad bands, or else
by a white zone at the top of each whorl ; now and then
the upper whorls only are encircled by a single row of
spots ; and the streak outside the umbilicus is not unfre-
quently wanting. Specimens procured by Mr. Jordan

l5

226 NATICIDiE.

at Falmouth not only exhibit an irregular style of co-
louring, but the last whorl has a tendency to diverge
from the one above it in almost a scalariform fashion.
The present species differs from N. catena in its smaller
size and comparatively greater solidity, more produced
and pointed spire, slighter suture, diversified arrange-
ment of the coloured markings, and contracted umbilicus.
This species was described in the ^ Fauna Suecica,''
and in the second edition of that work bears the name
of Nerita glaucina. It seems to have been mistaken by
all the old writers on British conchology for the young
of Natica catena. The Nerita nitida of Donovan is a
common tropical shell. Indeed he admitted that the
authority on which he at first hesitated to insert that
species in his work was '^ vague ;^^ and his statement
that '^the same kind was discovered, in the course of
last summer, upon the coast of Scotland near Caithness,^'
is not so satisfactory to me, as evidence that the exotic
shell which he figured is British, as it appears to have
been to him. In Loudon's Magazine for April 1836,
Forbes adopted the name nitida for our shell, believing
it to be Donovan's species ; but two years afterwards, in
his ^ Malacologia Monensis,' he substituted for it Alderi.
I am rejoiced at being thus able to cut the Gordian
Knot by perpetuating a name endeared to all lovers of
British marine zoology. Philippi at first called the pre-
sent species intermedia ; this he subsequently cancelled
in favour of marochietisiSj under an erroneous impression
that the European species was Nerita marochiensis of
Gmelin (founded on the Neritce Maroccance of Chemnitz) ,
said to inhabit Morocco, the West Indies, and Guiana.
Philippics mistake originated with Menke. Nor is our
species N. castanea of Lamarck, as Bouchard-Chante-
reaux supposed, nor N.pulchella of Risso, to which Lov^n

NATICA. 227

has assigned it. According to the last-named author it
is the N. similis of Koch. Leach named it N. La-
mar ckiana. Nerita pellucida and N. alba of Adams (Linn.
Trans, iii. p. Q7) were possibly the fry of this species.
Natica immaculata of Totten is allied to the variety
lactea, but has a much more open umbilicus.

^' 3 Sri- 6. N. Montacu'ti ^, (Montagui) (Forbes.) |^^ • " ^.

K Montagui, Forb. Mai. Mon. p. 32, pi. ii. f. 3, 4; R & H. iii. p. 330
pi. ci. f. 3, 4, and (animal) pi. PP. f. 4.

Body pale brownish-yellow, creamcolour, or whitish with a
brownish or yellowish-brown tint above, whitish underneath ;
snout very broad, light-brown, and rounded in front : tentacles
moderately long and pointed, white; they are sometimes
carried nearly erect, or project sideways : eyes, none observable :
foot capable of great dilatation, and, when fully extended,
occupying twice the area of the shell ; anterior portion divided
above into two ear-shaped or triangular lobes, and edged with
reddish- or purplish-brown ; middle portion squarish in front,
with a slight indentation in the middle and rather sharp
corners ; posterior portion oval, with a rounded tail.

Shell globular, thick and sohd, opaque, having very little
gloss ; sculpture, none except minute irregular hues of growth :
colour fawn of various shades passing into buff or reddish -
brown ; there is often a whitish band round the top of each
whorl : epidermis yellowish-brown, usually preserved within
the umbilicus only ; spire short, with a blunt point : whorls
5-6, tumid, enlarging more gradually than in N. Alderi ; the
last whorl occupies nine-tenths of the spire : suture nearly
straight, wide and narrowly channelled : mouth equal in length
to nearly four-fifths of the spire, not much expanded, and
bluntly angulated at the base ; throat reddish-brown : outer
lip gently incurved on the periphery, having a rather thick
edge: inner lip white, irregularly spread over the pillar,
forming a small callosity or tooth-hke process at the upper
angle of the mouth, besides a sHght pad in the middle, being
the termination of the umbihcal ridge, the lower part is very
thick: umbilicus rather large and roundish, not much contracted
by the inner hp ; it has on that side a strong and wide ridge,

* Named in memory of the author of ' Teatacea Britannica.'

228 NATICIDiE.

winding into the interior of the spire, and separated from the
base of the shell by a deep furrow, which notches the pillar :
operculum homcolour, somewhat more solid than in other
British species, microscopically and very closely striated in the
line of growth ; spire concave, defined by an overlapping and
raised edge. L. 0-5. B. 0*475.

Yar. 1. albula. Whitish.

Yar. 2. conica. Spire more produced.

Habitat : Not uncommon on a sandy or gravelly
bottom mixed with mud, and among nuUipore, in 15-
90 f., throughout the Scotch, Irish, and north of England
coasts ; Isle of Man and Devon (Forbes) ; Plymouth
(Jordan) ; Cornwall (Peach, M*' Andrew, and Hockin) ;
110-140 f. off the Mull of Galloway (Beechey, fide
Thompson) ; in the stomachs of gurnards at Cork
(Humphreys) . Both the varieties are Zetlandic. Clyde
beds (J. Smith) ; Aberdeenshire (Jamieson) ; post-gla-
cial deposits in Norway, 0-80 feet (Sars). Philippics
shell, of which he found a single specimen at Palermo,
and doubtfully referred by him to the Nerita helicina of
Brocchi, although it is not that species, may be ours,
and fossil also. Its foreign range is entirely northern,
from Iceland (Steenstrup and Torell) and Finmark
(Sars) to the south of Sweden (Loven and others);
depths 3-70 f.

N. Montacuti sometimes swims in an inverted posi-
tion ; and it emits a thick slime from its foot. The jaws
are small and thin; tongue thickly but not sharply
spinous, with an unarmed and curled point at the inner
extremity. This is the smallest of our native Naticce.
It is, besides, distinguishable from N. Alderi by its
colour, more globular shape, shorter spire, tumid whorls
(the last of which is not so disproportionately large,
viewed with the mouth downwards), wider and chan-
nelled suture, and by the umbilicus being rounder and

NATICA. 229

more open^ and furnished with a broad ridge, which is
defined on the lower side by a deep groove.

It is the Nerita rufa of Montagu ; but Born^s species
of that name (which belongs to the present genus) is a
large tropical shell. Macgillivray described our species
as Natica rutila, and the young as N. squalida. I have
ventured, for the sake of uniformity, to slightly alter
the spelling of the specific name given by Forbes. Mon-
tagues ancestor in Domesday Book was Drogo de Monte
acuto, afterwards Montacute and Montagu ; the La-
tinized form of the name is therefore Montacutus, and
not MontaguiLS. Thus we have the well-known genus
Montacuta.

One of the most common shells in our newer tertiary
and quaternary formations is the Nerita affinis of
Gmelin, alias Natica clausa of Broderip and Sowerby.
I will mention only a few of the localities, to show the
extent of oscillation to which the area of the British
Isles and of the surrounding sea has been subjected
within a comparatively recent period : — Mammalian and
Red Crag, not much above the present level of the sea
(S.Wood); Moel Tryfaen, 1330-1360 feet (Darbishire);
dredged in 25 f. = 150 feet, off Lame, co. Antrim, and
from a raised sea-beach near high-water mark, at Fort
William (J. G. J.) ; Clyde district, at a considerable
height (Watson and others) ; Shetland sea-bed, 80 f. =
480 feet (Barlee). It now inhabits the circumpolar and
northern ocean in both hemispheres, its southern limit
on this side of the Atlantic being Drobak in Christiania-
fiord (Sars), with a bathymetrical range from the shore
to 150 f. It occurs in a fossil state throughout Scan-
dinavia and Canada ; and Dr. Van Geuns discovered it
in a pliocene bed near Palermo. I need not particu-
larize the synonyms of this species.

230 SOLARIID^.

Another relic of the glacial epoch is N. Smithii of
Brown, a specimen of which was found by the late
Duchess of Argyll at Ardincaple near Helensburgh.
This is the N. fiava of Gould and N. aperta of Loven,
as well as probably N. fragilis of Leach and N. glacialis
of Danielssen — an arctic species. Finmark, in 40-60 f.,
is its most southern known habitat.

The following species of Natica and allied genera
have been wrongly introduced into the British fauna : —

1. Nerita nitiday Donovan =iV«/icma lactea, Guilding;
West Indies.

2. Nerita intricata, Don. = Natica Valenciennesii,
Payr. ; Mediterranean.

3. Nerita tuberosissimaj Mont. ; West Indies.

4. Nerita virginea, Linn.; West Indies. This is
perhaps also the Nerita glabrissima (horresco referens !)
of Brown = Nerita sulcata of Turton, not of Born =
Natica Browniana of Leach.

Family XXI. SOLARI'ID^, Chenu.

Genus ADEOR^BIS^ Searles Wood. PL III. f. 5.
Animal unknown.

Shell small, trochiform with a flattened base, poreellanons,
few-whorled, deeply umbihcate: spire depressed: mouth ob-
liquely rhombic, angulated above and slightly notched or
emarginate below : operculum horny, having an excentric or
lateral spire.

The position of this family and genus is unsatisfactory;
we want more information as to both. The animal of
the typical genus, Solarium, is thus described by Reeve

* Approaching a circle.

ADEORBIS. 231

in his ' Elements of Concliology : ^ — " disk small^ oval^
elevated on a short pedicle^ and furnished at its hinder
extremity with a small horny operculum ; head flattened,
and prolonged into two tentacles, at the base of each of
which is a short pedicle, supporting the eyes ; the mantle
is reflected into a collar around the aperture/^ And he
remarks that it dififers from Turbo and Trochus in the
head not being snout-shaped, " but prolonged, some-
what after the manner of Buccinum and Purpuraj into
two elongated tentacles/' The family is called Archi-
tectonicid(S by Messrs. Adams, and Architectomidce by '
Dr. Gray ; the former place it near Eulimidce. S carles
Wood was anticipated in giving a name to the present
genus. In an " Enumeration of Marine Shells '^ found
on the South Devon coast, published in 1829 (a copy
of which was presented to me by Dr. Turton "from
the author ''), the genus Tornus, signifying a turner's
wheel or lathe, was characterized as follows : — " Shell
orbicular, depressed, aperture oval or roundish; pillar
none. Operculum horny. Includes Helix subcarinataJ'
This publication was anonymous, a circumstance which
may deprive the author of the right of precedence
according to the laws of scientific nomenclature. I
therefore retain Adeorbis, although the other name is
preferable. Perhaps this genus should merge in Sola-
rium. Many species assigned to it by Mr. S. Wood and
others must be removed from it, and placed in different
genera.

k'^i^t:; Adeorbis subcarina'tus^, (Montagu) rH

Helix subcarinatay Mont. Test. Br. p. 438, t. 7. f. 9. A. subcarinata, F.
&H. ii. p. 541, pi. Ixviii. f. 6-8.

Shell nearly circular, solid, semitransparent when fresh,

* Somewhat keeled.

232 SOLARIID^.

and having very little gloss : sculpture, strong and prominent,
but narrow, spiral ridges, of which there are 6 on the body-
whorl, 2 on the next, and none on the upper two whorls,
which are quite smooth and polished ; the ridges on the body-
whorl are thus disposed, — 1 close to the sutural line, 2 below
it, 1 on the periphery, and 2 encircling the base ; the inter-
stices of all the ridges are crossed by numerous longitudinal
striae, which are sometimes curved or flexuous ; there are also
still more numerous microscopical lines that traverse the
whole surface obliquely ; the effect of all these markings is an
exquisitely beautiful ornamentation : colour white, with some-
times a yellowish- or reddish-brown stain, apparently the re-
mains of an epidermis : spire extremely short : whorls 3|-4,
compressed, rapidly enlarging; the upper part of the body-
whorl slopes towards the peripheral ridge, which forms a sort
of keel ; this whorl, viewed with the mouth downwards, oc-
cupies more than two-thirds of the spire : suture well defined,
but not deep, in consequence of the upper part of each whorl
shelving towards the next: mouth large, indented by the
ridges ; outer lip projecting far beyond the other lip, rounded
and sharp-edged ; upper angle or comer acute : inner lip re-
flected on the upper part of the base (where it joins the outer
lip) and slightly over the umbilicus, thickened and angulated
on the under side, below which it makes a straight course
outwards, where it ends in a small notch ; this is very con-
spicuous when the shell is held on one side, with the spire
from the observer : umbilicus rather large, obliquely sloping
inwards, defined by the lower basal ridge, and striated length-
wise, more strongly as the shell advances in age : operculum
thin, obliquely striated in the line of growth ; spire extremely
small, comprising several minute and close-set turns, and not
unlike that of the operculum of a Natica ; the outer whorl is
disproportionately large. L. 0*04. B. 0-1.

Habitat : Laminarian and coralline zones, Sandwich
(Walker and J. G. J.) ; Dover (Lyons, fide Montagu) ;
Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, and Bristol Channel (Mon-
tagu and others) ; Guernsey and Barmouth (J. G. J.) ;
Irish coasts (Turton and others) ; Lamlash Bay, Bute
(Norman) ; Aberdeenshire (Dawson). Red and Coral-
line Crag (S. Wood) ; Belgian tertiaries (Nyst, as A.
supranitida) ; Dax (Basterot) ; Martillac (Grateloup) ;

VELUTlNIDiE. 233

Carubbare, near Rbegio (Philippi) . It inbabits all the
coasts of France (D^Orbigny pere and others) ; Vigo Bay,
4 f. (M*^ Andrew) ; Corsica (Duminy, fide Requien) ;
Algiers (WeinkauflF) ; Mogador, 3 f. (M^Andrew) ; Sicily
(Philippi) ; Adriatic (v. Schrockinger) ; iEgean (Forbes) .

Although this pretty little shell is by no means rare
— indeed it is very common at Guernsey — the animal
has not yet been discovered. Through the kindness of
Mr. M^Andrew, who dredged a living specimen at Mo-
gador, I am fortunately able to describe the operculum.
For an account of the false operculum, which has misled
systematists as to the position of this genus, I would
refer to page Iv of the Introduction to the first volume
of the present work.

It is the Trochus rugosus of Brown, Delphinula trigo-
nostoma of Basterot, and D. minuta of D^Orbigny pere.

Family XXII. VELUTINID^, Gray.

Body semioval : mantle notched in front, or folded so as to
form a short branchial canal : snout or mentum prominent :
proboscis retractile, issuing from a vertical slit in the middle of
the tentacular veil : tentacles widely apart, and separated by a
veil-like membrane : eyes on bulbs or tubercles at the outer
bases of the tentacles : foot oblong, double-edged in front :
gills double, formed of unequal-sized plumes (Cuvier, Bou-
chard-Chantereaux, and others ; *' single," Clark): odontophore
long, flat, and coiled ; rhachis 1 -toothed ; pleurae consisting
of 3 claw-shaped and similar uncini, or of a single very large
one. Sexes distinct.

Shell ear-shaped : spire lateral, small, and very short :
mouth occupying nearly the entire base of the shell, and ex-
posing the interior of the spire.

The use of the pallial notch or fold is to conduct water
to the gills.

234 VELUTINID^.

Genus I. LAMEL'LARIA^ Montagu. PI. III. f. 6.

Body depressed : mantle shield-like, completely enveloping
and concealing the shell : snout small.

Shell internal, white, and very thin : epidermis filmy.

This resembles a Doris (one of the sea-slugs) in ap-
pearance; and no one who is unacquainted with the
varied structure of the MoUusca would suspect that the
soft body of the Lamellaria had an internal spiral shell
to protect its vital organs. It usually inhabits the
lowest margin of the littoral zone, but is sometimes
found in very deep water,

'* Lying with simple shells."

The anatomy of the genus has been most carefully
worked out by Dr. Bergh of Copenhagen.

Lamellaria, as a genus, was instituted by Montagu
(Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. pt. 2. p. 184), and divided into
two sections, the former being represented by Pleuro-
branchus memhranaceus, and the latter by L. perspicua.
The genus Pleurohranchus having been afterwards esta-
blished by Cuvier, Menke in his ^ Synopsis ' restricted
the present genus to the species comprised in Montagu's
second section. It forms part of the genus Sigaretus of
Cuvier, and is the Coriocella of De Blainville. Leach
called it Marsenia, H. & A. Adams Cryptocella ; Gray
made out of it three genera, viz. Ermea for L. perspicua,
Lamellaria (which he placed in another family with Cy-
prcea) for L. tentaculata — these, by the bye, being dif-
ferent sexes of the same species, — and Marsenina for
L. prodita. Both he and Troschel consider that Lamel-
laria (or Marsenia) and Marsenina belong to diflferent
families, their opinion being based on the differences of

♦ From the plate-like or scaly shape of the mantle.

LAMELLARIA.

235

the lingual apparatus. According to Macdonald the
genera Br omnia of D^Orbigny, Echinospira of Krohn,
and Calcarella of Souleyet, as well as his own genus
Jasonilla, are the young of exotic species of Lamellaria.
Lamarck's genus Sigaretus has an external and opercu-
lated shelly and belongs to the Naticidce ; it was founded
on the Sigaret of Adanson, being the Helioo haliotoidea
of Linne. A great deal has been written on the histo-
rical part of this subject, with more or less correctness.
I do not claim any merit for endeavouring to elucidate
it ; nor, while making the attempt, do I feel that I incur
the satirical reproach of Persius : —

Scire tuum nihil est, nisi te scire hoc sciat alter ;

which Gifford renders,

" Is science only useful as 'tis shown,
And is thy knowledge nothing if not known ? "

n*!3(|o Lamellaria PERSPi'cuA'^,tLinne.) K)^-

Helix perspicua, Linn. S. N. p. 1250. L. perspicua, F. & H. iii. p. 355,
pi. xcix. f. 8, 9, and (as L. tentaculata) f. 10 ; (animal) pi. PP. f. 1 and
(as the last-named species) f. 2.

Body varying greatly in cdlour, which is sometimes lemon
with oval clear specks or else tessellated with milk-white, light-
yellowish mottled with reddish spots and a few white flakes,
orange or whitish with orange blotches interspersed with flake-
white spots, or in other cases reddish-brown or umber speckled
with a few irregular yellow dots, which are darker in the centre:
mantle thickly studded with large and coarse roundish-oval
warty tubercles or pustules of nearly the same size, each sur-
rounded by a border of flake-white and having a small dark
speck in the middle; underneath are two lobes which fold
nearly halfway over the foot : jpallial sinus narrow, deep, and
short : snout semicircular and thick, cloven at the point, and
projecting beyond the foot : tentacles awl-shaped, rather long,
slender, and finely pointed, slightly scalloped at the edges,
diverging at an angle of about 30°; they are never carried

* Transparent.

236 VELUTINIDiE.

erect, but pressed downwards by the mantle : eyes black, placed
on extremely short offsets ; they are seldom visible from the
outside, in consequence of their being covered by the edge of
the mantle, but are exposed when the animal floats or swims :
foot large and long, squarish in front with a short triangular
lobe at each corner, bluntly pointed behind.

Shell resembling in shape a very small Haliotis without
holes (although it is more raised or convex), of a somewhat
membranous consistency, transparent when fresh, and of a
more or less iridescent lustre: sculpture, minute, irregular,
but distinct lines of growth, which are especially conspicuous
just below the suture, and more numerous microscopical spiral
striae, that sometimes become confluent and form stronger lines :
colour clear white, with occasionally either a darker or a paler
zone on the upper part of the body- whorl : spire oblique,
very small, placed near the end of the shell : whorls 2^-3,
tumid, the last occupying eleven-twelfths of the spire (viewed
with the mouth downwards) ; the first whorl is apparently
semidetached from the next, and twisted: suture wide and
deep : mouth expanding outwards, exceeding in length five-
sixths, and in breadth seven-tenths of the shell ; its base is
entire : outer lip sloping from the periphery, with a curved
outline, but somewhat contracted ; edge thin : inner lip nearly
semicircular, forming on the pillar a thin glaze, slightly stri-
ated lengthwise, and continuous with the upper edge of the
outer lip. L. 0-65. B. 0-45.

Male. Body white, with a few flake-white spots on the head,
yellowish with black spots, or plain dirty white : verge falci-
form. Shell much smaller and flatter, with the spire placed
somewhat less obliquely, and having a proportionally larger
mouth.

Yar. lata. Shell smaller, broader, more compressed, but
not flattened as in the last form, nor contracted in front.

Habitat : Adhering to the under surface of loose
stones, and in rock-pools, at low-water mark of spring
tides, in the laminarian zone, as well as in the coralline
and deep-sea zones down to 87 f. ; generally diffused
throughout our seas. Both sexes are found together.
I dredged the variety in deep water off Unst ; it may
be the Bulla latens (Strom) of Miiller's ' Prodromus,^

LAMELLARIA. 237

and Sigaretus Stromii of Sars. Fossil in the Coralline
Crag at Sutton (S. Wood); Palermo (Philippi). Abroad
this species ranges from Norway (Loven and others) to
Madeira and the Azores (M^Andrew), and throughout
the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and ^gean (Linne, v.
Schrockinger, Forbes, and others), the coasts of the
United States (Gould and Stimpson), and Canada
(D'Urban) ; shore to 69 f.

The mantle, tentacles, and foot assume different posi-
tions when the animal is quiescent and in active motion.
It swims or floats with apparent ease. The gill-plume
(whether single or double I could not make out) is of
a yellowish- brown colour. Mr. Daniel found constantly
in the stomach portions of branched corallines, probably
indicating that the Lamellaria feeds on Polyzoa. Ac-
cording to Mr. Peach the female eats a round hole in a
jelly-like compound Ascidian [Leptoclinum punctatum) ,
for the purpose of making her nest and depositing in it
her eggs. This nest is pot-shaped, and covered by a
circular lid ; it is at first bright yellow, which after some
time fades and changes, becoming at last dirty white.
As the embryo increases in size the nest rises up beyond
the surface of the Ascidian, having been previously
covered on all sides. The spawn is deposited from
February to May ; it arrives at maturity in four or five
weeks. The embryo, when enclosed and swimming in
the glairy matrix, is of a somewhat triangular shape ; the
front portion is trilobed, each lobe being furnished with
delicate vibratile cilia which are in constant motion ; the
central portion is granular, and the hinder bluntly
pointed. On the pot-lid bursting open, and the fry
emerging, the latter is found to have a pellucid nautili-
form shell, retaining in other respects the appearance
of its foetal state, and destitute of tentacles, eyes, or foot.

238 VELUTINID.E.

Mr. PeacVs excellent observations were continued re-
gularly for ten years. Every season the Lamellariay as
if impelled by the same instinct which takes the salmon
to the river, and the herring to shallower water, migrated
inshore and sought its proper spawning-ground. Mr.
Kennedy had previously to Mr. Peach, (^ Zoologist ^ for
1853, p. 4185) noticed this instinctive habit in Lamel-
laria. The only mistake Mr. Peach appears to have
made — a very pardonable one — was in supposing that
his specimens belonged to the species called tentaculata
by Forbes and Hanley. They are undoubtedly the
typical form, which I have ascertained to be the female.
That the other form is the male is manifest from the
descriptions of M. Bouchard and Dr. Johnston. The
epidermis of the shell becomes blistery if soaked in water,
like that of some exotic snails.

The types of both Montagu's species are in the British
Museum, and represent the two sexual forms. The male
is the Marsenia complanata of Leach, the female his M.
producta. The latter is the Bulla haliotoidea of Mon-
tagu, and has half a dozen other less known-synonyms.

Genus II. VELUTI'NA^ Fleming. PI. III. f. 7.

Body compressed : mantle thick or puffy : snout large and
gibbous.

Shell external, yellowish-brown, not very thin : epidermis
thick, velvety.

Indicated by Fabricius in 1780. It was founded on
the Bulla velutina of O. F. Miiller by Dr. Fleming, in
his 'Philosophy of Zoology,' 1822; and M. de Blain-
ville, apparently without any knowledge of Fleming's
prior publication, proposed the same generic name for

* Ve ety ; name (not classical) derived from the epidermis.

VELUTINA. 239

that species, in his ' Manuel de Malacologie et de Con-
chyliologie/ 1825. Brown called it Galericulum. There
are but few species known of this genus or oi Lamellaria.

r^, 5a<t 1. Yelutina plica'tilis^_, Miiller. U.>^

Bulla pHcatilis, Miill. Prod. Zool. Dan. p. 242. V. flexilis, F. & H. iii.
p. 350, pi. xcix. f. 6, 7, and (animal) pi. 00. f. 6.

Body bright orange, sometimes speckled with yellow ; back
and tentacles of a paler hue : mantle tumid, partly reflected
over the spire and hinder edges of the mouth of the shell ;
branchial opening large, on each side of the head : snout broad :
tentacles cylindrical, rather long ; tips blunt : eyes small and
black, on swollen oflsets ; foot lanceolate, broad, and rounded
in front with large ear-shaped corners, bluntly pointed behind :
gills pale-red, forming a single plume.

Shell more oblong than oval, nearly membranous, semi-
transparent, having scarcely any lustre: sculpture, obscure
spiral striae and irregular lines of growth ; the apex is micro-
scopically and closely striated in a spiral direction: colour
yellowish, becoming yellowish-brown or coppery in aged spe-
cimens ; apex usually whitish : epidermis tough, but easily
separated into slight fibrous plaits: spire obliquely twisted
upwards : whorls 2|, ventricose in fresh, but compressed (from
collapse) in dried specimens; the last occupies almost the
whole of the shell : suture deep, and exposing a considerable
part of the penultimate whorl : mouth oval, placed below the
periphery, expanding outwards, and equalling in length
foar-fifths of the shell ; base rounded : outer lip not much
curved, reflected when the shell is dried — often so much so as
to form a blunt and thickened edge : inner lip semicircular,
dark orange, of a uniform width, thick, shghtly reflected, and
forming with the outer hp a complete peristome. L. 0-5.
B. 0-35.

Habitat : Among Tubularia indivisa and other zoo-
phytes^ on stony or hard ground, in the coralline zone,
Northumberland and Durham (Alder and others), He-
brides and west of Scotland (Forbes and others) , Aber-
deen (Macgillivray), Dunnet Bay, Caithness (Peach),
* Flexible.

240 VELUTINID^.

Orkneys (Goodsir and Forbes), Tresta Voe, Shetland
(J. G. J.) ; no less rare than local. Scandinavia (Miiller
and others); Iceland (Steenstrup) ; Greenland (Morch) ;
Kamptschatka (S teller, j^^e MiddendorfF) , and perhaps
the Kurile Islands (Pallas).

Lives in company with V. Icevigata. Both seem fond
of floating, and of getting out of the water if confined
in a vessel. The middle plate of the tongue in the pre-
sent species is much deeper and proportionally narrower
than in V, Icevigata ; and it has fewer notches, the
central one of which does not extend half way down,
instead of to the base as in the other species ; and the
first side-plate has no claw, nor are the second and third
pleurae so long or so much incurved.

It is perhaps the Helia: coriacea of Pallas, and un-
doubtedly the Bulla flexilis of Montagu. Miiller's de-
scription is not less full and precise than that of his B.
velutina, the identity of which, as the type of this genus,
has never been questioned. Gray raised the present
shell to generic rank as Velutella.

V^lV 2. V. l^vigVta* (Pennant.) Ke3^i

Helix lavigatuml, Venn. Br. Zool. iv. p. 140, pi. Ixxxvi. f. 139. V. la-vi-
gafa, R & H. iii. p. 347, pi. xcix. f. 4, 5, and (animal) pi. 00. f. 7.

Body milk-white, or whitish with a frosted appearance
(caused by fine anastomosing lines), sometimes having a faint
yellowish or pinkish hue ; mantle pale yellow, often puckered
(as if distended with water) ; border sUghtly reflected upon
the shell or extending beyond its edges ; pallial sinus narrow,
leading to a small round hole, which constitutes the branchial
opening : snout broad, thin, somewhat bilobed, and longer than
the front edge of the foot : tentacles contractile and varying in
length (usually short, and widely diverging) ; tips blunt : eyes
small and black, placed on tubercles : foot broad and thick,
truncated or gently curved in front, with ear-shaped corners,

* Smooth.

VELUTINA. 241

deeply indented and narrowed on each side, and rounded or
bluntly pointed behind when at rest; it occupies nearly all
the aperture of the shell ; when extended, the sole is shaped
like a shoe : [gills arranged in two plumes, which are unequal
in size (Clark) :] male organ falciform, short and yellow, issu-
ing on the right-hand side of the head.

Shell triangularly oval, not so thin as the last species, semi-
transparent, lustreless except when the epidermis has been
removed, or (as is sometimes the case) has failed to grow :
sculpture, conspicuous and regular, but slight, spiral ridges,
and numerous minute longitudinal striae, which cross the ridges
in the early stages of growth ; there are also the usual lines
of increase : colour whity-brown, tinged with fleshcolour or
pink (especially in southern specimens) : epidermis tough,
yellowish-brown, folded on the ridges of the shell, and longi-
tudinally fibrous: spire twisted upwards: whorls 3^, ventri-
cose, the last occupying nearly the whole of the shell and ex-
panding outwards : suture deeply channelled, so as to expose
a considerable portion of the penultimate whorl: mouth
roundish -oval, dilated, placed a little below the periphery, and
equalling in length seven-eighths of the shell, slightly angu-
lar above and rounded below ; inside white, pale orange, or
fleshcolour : outer lip forming almost an arc of a circle ; the
edge, being thin and covered by the epidermis, shrinks when
the shell is dried, and is usually broken or cracked : inner lip
lying at a lower level than the other, flexuous, and mostly
white, broadly reflected on the upper part of the pillar (where
it joins the outer lip), having elsewhere a thick edge ; behind
it is a slight umbilical depression or chink. L. 0-8. B. 0*7.

Yar. Candida. White.

Habitat : Everywhere beyond tide-marks, on hard
ground. The variety occurred to me on the coasts of
Antrim, the Hebrides, and Shetland. Fossil in the
Clyde beds (Smith and others) ; Mammalian Crag at
Thorpe (S. Wood); post-glacial deposits at Uddevalla
(J. G. J.), and in Norway, 30-120 feet (Sars). Inha-
biting the North Atlantic, from Greenland, Spitzbergen,
Lapland, and Kamptschatka to Vigo (M ^Andrew) and
Spezzia (J. G. J.), with a range from low- water mark

VOL. IV. M

242 VELUTINID^.

to 150 f. ; United States (Gould and others) ; Canada
(D'Urban) ; North Pacific (Stimpson and P. Car-
penter) .

'^ The animal discharges a very copious and tenaci-
ous clear white slime/^ Clark. According to Fabricius
this secretion is frothy (like that of Helix aspersa) , and
serves the Velutina for concealment. Its locomotion is
slow; and its sedentary habit may be presumed from
Foraminifera being frequently attached to the shell.
This presumption, however, is not quite tantamount to
a fact, because (as Mr. Alder reminds me) Foraminifera
and Polyzoa are found on the carapace and legs of some
of the smaller crabs, which are anything but stationary
animals. Greenland specimens of V. laevigata are very
much larger and thicker than ours. Extremely young
shells have a small umbilical cavity.

The Helix lavigata of Linne appears to be a lost
species. It is described as of the size of a pea, trans-
parent, very smooth, nearly oval, and glossy, with scarcely
any umbilicus. He placed it next to Limncea auricularia ;
no habitat is given. Pennant appears therefore to have
considered the present species a freshwater kind. His
description and figure almost sufl&ce to identify our
shell; but were it not so, it would be inexpedient to
change the familiar specific name of Icevigata. It is
the Bulla velutina, Miiller, Helix haliotdides, Fabricius
(not of Miiller, nor H. haliotdidea of Linne), V. capu-
lo'ideay De BlainviUe, V. vulgaris, Fleming, V. striata,
Macgillivray, V. rupicola, Conrad, Galericulum ova-
turn, Brown, V. Mulleri, Deshayes, and V, haliotdidea,
Stimpson.

V. undata of J. Smith ( V. zonata, Gould) is fossil in
the Clyde beds, the Mammalian Crag at Bramerton,
Uddevalla, and Canada ; it inhabits the arctic seas of

CANCELLARIID^. 243

both continents. Another high-northern species, V.
lanigera of Moller {V. elongata, Forbes and Goodsir),
has been found by Mr. S carles Wood, according to
Forbes, in the Mammalian Crag at Thorpe.

Family XXIII. CANCELLAEI'ID^, {Cancel-
lariadoe) Forbes and Hanley.

Body regularly spiral : mantle Jidiwmg an incomplete or ru-
dimentary branchial fold: head snout- shaped, and short:
proboscis long, retractile : tentacles awl-shaped : eyes on stalks
amalgamated with the tentacles at their outer base : foot lan-
ceolate, comparatively small : gills double. Sexes separate.

Shell turbinated, more or less umbilicate : spire erect :
mouth grooved within at the base, and having continuous lips :
pillar plaited, or else furnished with a single fold or a tuber-
cle : operculum homy, not spiral, but increasing by semieUiptic
obhque layers.

In Troschel's classification of the Gastropoda, founded
on the structure of their lingual apparatus, the present
family is arranged alongside of the VelutinidcB, Sigare-
tida, and Naticida ; the same natural position is in-
dicated by their shells. But it is questionable whether
the odontophore affords constant characters to distin-
guish species; for, in the supplement to his excellent
and elaborate treatise, the learned German Professor
notices a difference as to the development of the notches
in the teeth of certain specimens of Trichotropis borealis.
The typical genus, Cancellaria, is not British, although
abounding elsewhere in recent and fossil species of ele-
gant shape and beautiful sculpture. It is said to have
no operculum. So little, however, is known of the
animal of that genus that I cannot compare it with the
soft parts of Trichotropis ; and I will therefore omit this
part of the description, in treating of the latter genus.

M 2

244 CANCELLARIIDJi:.

Genus I. TOREL'LIA*, Loven, MS. PI. IV. f. 1.

Shell globose, covered with a velvety epidermis : spire very
short ; apex depressed : mouth roundish, furnished with a
blunt tubercle on the pillar, at its base ; groove internal,
scarcely perceptible [: operculum horny (Loven)].

One species only has been discovered ; it is Zetlandic
and Scandinavian, and appears to be very rare.

r n' ToRELLiA VESTi^TAt J Jeffreys. ^♦4r*

Recluzia aperta, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3rd ser. iii. p. 114, pi. iii.
f. 22 a-c.

Shell intermediate in shape between that of a Littorina
and a Natica, rather thin, semitransparent, and of a dull hue :
sculpture, numerous fine spiral stria?, besides more close-set
and minute longitudinal striae, which are chiefly discernible
on the base ; these latter cross the spiral striae and form short
rows in their interstices : colour chalky- white : epidermis pale
yellowish-brown, velvety, and marked like the surface of the
shell : spire conical, with a blunt apex : whorls 5-6, tumid
and rapidly enlarging ; the last occupies three-fourths of the
spire (viewed mouth downwards), and is considerably dilated :
suture deeply and narrowly channelled : mouth nearly round,
expanding and somewhat funnel-shaped ; the basal groove is
extremely short, and is not indicated by any notch in the outer
margin: outer lip semicircular and sharp-edged: inner lip
somewhat flexuous, broad, and folded back over the pillar, from
which it is for the most part separate : pillar curved, having
at its base a callous protuberance, below which is the short
groove above mentioned : umbilicus rather small, narrow, and
oblique, partly concealed by the reflexion of the inner lip.
J.. 0-6. B. 0-6.

Habitat : East coast of Shetland (Barlee) ; a single
dead specimen. Although perfect, it is not in good
condition. Professor Loven showed me at Stockholm
a specimen which he had dredged alive on the coast of

* A well-merited compliment to Dr. Otto Torell, of Lund, the recent
explorer of the Arctic Ocean at Spitzbergen.
t Clothed, sc. with a thick epidermis.

TRICHOTROPIS. 245

Norway : he said the animal has the produced lips and
lingual dentition of Capulus, and that the operculum is
like that of Trichotropis, and supported by a rounded
lobe on each side.

When I first described this remarkable shell, I erro-
neously supposed it to belong to the genus Recluzia of
M. Petit, and that it might be the Natica aperta of
Loven. I have therefore now withdrawn these generic
and specific names, and substituted others in their stead.

Genus II. TRICHO'TROPIS^ Broderip and Sowerby.
PI. IV. f. 2.

Shell conical, covered with a horny epidermis, which rises
into bristly points on the ridges encircling the whorls : spire
more or less elongated, with a pointed apex : mouth angularly
oval, furnished with an obhque and blunt fold on the pillar,
near its base ; groove shallow, conspicuous, but not indicated
outside by any notch : operculum pear-shaped, small, formed
of curved laminae in the Hne of growth, with a nearly terminal
nucleus.

Trichotropis makes an approach to the canaliferous
univalves or Siphonobranchiata. It inhabits stony
ground in the coralline zone and sometimes in deeper
water. " Lingual dentition similar to Strombus ; teeth
single, hamate, denticulated; uncini 3, I denticulate,
2 and 3 simple,'^ Woodward. The species are mostly
arctic and antarctic ; one has been described and figured
by M. Petit from the Mauritius.

fcf» ^91 Trichotropis BOREA'Lisf, Broderip and Sowerby. ?^ 1^

T. borealis, Brod. & Sow. in Zool. Journ. iv. p. 395. T. borealis, F. & H
iii. p. 361, pi. ci. f. 5, 6, and (animal) pi. II. f. 1.

Body creamcolour, or milk-white, minutely and irregularly
speckled with pale yellow : mantle thick ; branchial fold ex-

* Haying hairy keels. t Northern.

246 CANCELLARIID^.

tremely short, and widely open : snout short, deeply hilobed,
placed between the tentacles so as to keep them far apart : ten-
tacles rather long and tapering, with blunt tips, much thicker on
the lower third portion : eyes small and black ; stalks about
one-third the length of the tentacles : foot thick and narrow,
rounded and double-edged in front, with a small triangular
lobe at each corner, angulated and wedge-shaped behind.

Shell turreted, somewhat spindle-shaped or pointed at each
end, with the base much shorter than the apex ; it is solid,
opaque, and lustreless : sculpture, several spiral cord-like
ridges or ribs, of which 3 or 4 on the body-whorl, and 2 on
each of the upper whorls are the strongest and most promi-
nent ; between these are smaller ribs, viz. 3 between the suture
and the uppermost of the principal ridges on the body-whorl,
1 between that and each of the next two or three ridges, and
4 or 5 between the lowest ridge and the basal peak ; the whole
surface is also covered with microscopic spiral lines ; besides
the spiral sculpture the shell is closely and obliquely traversed
lengthwise by fine thread-like strise, so that the crests of the
ridges and smaller ribs are delicately beaded : colour whitish,
sometimes tinged with reddish-brown: epidermis pale yel-
lowish-brown, forming thorn-like points or bristles on the
crests of the principal ridges ; these bristles are sometimes
double : spire considerably elongated and finely pointed : whorls
7, moderately convex, but having a sharply angulated appear-
ance, owing to the prominence of some of the spiral ribs ; the
last occupies seven-twelfths of the spire (viewed mouth down-
wards), and is somewhat dilated ; top whorl smooth and
glossy, twisted upwards: suture deep, channelled between the
lower two or three whorls but not between the upper ones :
mouth inversely pear-shaped, somewhat expanding outwards,
not much more than half the length of the spire ; inside white,
pale orange, or yellowish-brown ; the basal groove is angular,
but not indicated by any notch in the outer margin : outer lip
rounded, incurved on the periphery, with thin and scalloped
edges, and fringed by the epidermis ; the inside, or throat of
the mouth, is grooved beneath the spiral ridges : inner
lip flexuous, broad, and reflected on the pillar, to which it is
for the most part attached : pillar also flexuous, having near
its base a blunt fold, which extends obliquely upwards along
the spire ; below this fold is the short siphon al canal : umbi-
licus small, narrow, and curved : operculum obliquely oval,
with a pointed termination, yellowish-brown, composed of

TRICHOTROPIS. 247

flexuous laminae, and irregularly striated; nucleus small,
seldom if ever retained, in consequence of the terminal portion
being easily broken off. L. 0-6. B. 0-325.

Yar. acuminata. Spire much longer and more tapering.

Habitat: Hard ground, in the coralline and deep-
sea zones, on our northern coasts, from the Dogger
bank to the extremity of the Shetland Isles ; local, but
not rare. It is tolerably plentiful in the west of Scot-
land. North Channel, Irish Sea (Hyndman and J. G. J.) ;
Lough Strangford (Dickie) ; co. Galway (Barlee) . The
variety is Zetlandic. Fossil on Moel Tryfaen, 1330-
1360 feet (Darbishire) ; Clyde beds (Crosskey) ; " Ire-
land, Bute, Richmond '^ (Smith); Cruden, Aberdeen-
shire, " from Crag beds '' ( Jamieson) ; Mammalian Crag
at Bridlington, and Coralline Crag (Wood) ; post-glacial
deposits in Norway, 0-80 feet (Sars) ; Uddevalla (J. G.J.);
Canada (Dawson) . Living in the Arctic Ocean of both
hemispheres, Sitka Island, Iceland, Faroe Isles, Norway,
United States, and Canada; depths recorded 5-150 f.

In crawling it swaggers from side to side. The verge
is falciform, above the right-hand tentacle. Stimpson
says that the shell is frequently found in the stomachs
of haddocks in Casco Bay. Nothing can exceed the
beauty of the sculpture with which the shell is decorated ;
it is a piece of really dainty work. My largest specimen
measures seven lines in length, and belongs to the
variety. Sometimes (either the spire or the mouth is
twisted on one side. North American specimens are
larger, thinner, and have more tumid whorls.

The discoverer of this shell was Capt. Laskey, who
figured it in the 1st volume of the ^Memoirs of the
Wernerian Society ; ' he considered it the young of
Pennant^ s Murex carinatus. For the same reason
which I gave for changing the specific name of Torellia,

248 APORRHAIDiE.

borealis must replace carinata in the present case ; and
it has, besides, the advantage of being in general use.
It is the Fusus umbilicatus of Smith, F. Laskeyi of
Macgillivray, Trichotropis costellatus of Conthony, T.
acuminata of myself, T. atlantica (Beck) of Moller, and
T. cancellata of Hinds.

T. insignis of Middendorff occurs in the post-glacial
deposit at Bridlington, and was noticed by Searles
Wood as a variety of T. borealis. It inhabits Behring's
Straits.

Admete or Cancellaria viridula {Tritonium viridtdum
of Fabricius) is also extinct in these seas, its shell being
not uncommon in the Bridlington bed, as well as in the
Red and Coralline Crag at Sutton. It survives in more
northern latitudes, and on the east coast of North
America. J. Sowerby described and figured this shell
as Murex costellifer ; it is the Admete crispa of Moller,
and has other names as a species of Cancellaria. Tros-
chel regards A. viridula as distinct from A. crispa, and
the genus Admete as the type of a family distinct from
that of Cancellaria.

Family XXIV. APOREHA'IDtE, Troschel.

Body spiral : mantle large and loose, forming a very short
branchial fold at the partially channelled base of the shell,
which it lines : snout cylindrical, contractile, notched in front :
tentacles awl-shaped, separate : eyes on bulgings or short stalks,
at the outer base of the tentacles : foot small, lanceolate : gills
arranged in a single narrow plume : odontophore enveloped in
a sheath, straight ; rhachis single ; pleurae or uncini 3, plain-

Shell, when young, spindle-shaped, never umbilicate : spire
turreted and tapering: mouth widely expanding: operculum

APORRHAIS.

249

small, horny, pear-shaped, increasing by semiellipticallayers ;
nucleus nearly terminal, at the base of the mouth.

Included, with Strombus, in "Les Ailees'' of Lamarck.

Genus APORRHA'JfS^ Da Costa. PI. IV. f. 3.

Shell sculptured with nodulous ribs and fine spiral striae :
spire ending in a blunt button-shaped point : whorls numerous :
mouth angulated : outer lip usually dilated into several digi-
tations or wing-like processes, each of which is narrowly and
slightly grooved and terminates in an angular point or spike :
Imse forming a shallow and beak-like rudimentary canal.

A shell-fish so peculiar and common in the Archi-
pelago as A. pes-pelecani must have been known to " the
father of natural history.^^ He mentions it as one of
the univalves possessing an operculum [eTTiKaXvfifia or
7ra>/ta) which makes such shells bivalve. The muzzle
seems to be of an intermediate kind between the snout-
like head of Trichotropis and the true proboscis of Pur-
pura. The difference of shape in the immature shell
was pointed out by Lamarck; and its resemblance to
that of Ceinthium was urged by Swainson as a reason
for merging the last-named genus in the Strombid(e.

Aporrhais of Aldrovandi and Aporrais of Gualtieri is
the Pterocera of Lamarck. Petiver was the first to use
the present name in its restricted sense ; and the genus
was sufficiently defined by Da Costa. The Aporrhais
of Klein was one of the Valuta family. Klein^s genera
ought not to be recognized; they are ill- compounded,
and much too extensive. In some cases each of his
species comprises several modern genera. On the other
hand, he calls Murex a class, and divides it into two

* Probably the uTroppaXs of Aristotle, so named from the spht or rag-
ged shape of the outer lip.

M 5

250 aporrhaidtE.

genera^ viz. Murex frondosus and Murex costosus. The
present genus is his Pes anserinus. Philippi more cor-
rectly, but unnecessarily, renamed it Chenopus,

p-^'i 1. Aporrhais PEs-PELECA'Ni*_,[Linne.) ^^-4^^

Stromhus pes pelecani, Linn. S. N. p. 1207. A. pes-pelecani, F. & H. iii.
p. 188, pi. Ixxxix. f. 4, and (animal) pi. II. f. 3.

Body creamcolour, mottled in front with purplish-brown,
or light purplish-brown, with white flakes and specks : snout
extending far beyond the foot, often pinkish, minutely speckled
with yellow or white dots ; edges sometimes yellow ; extremity
cloven perpendicularly : tentacles diverging, fleshcolour, with a
scarlet or white hne down the middle, speckled like the snout ;
tips blunt, sometimes dark brown : eyes small, black, placed
on prominent bulbs : foot extensile, narrow, white (occasionally
spotted with pink), attached to the rest of the body by a broad
and thick neck or stalk, square in front and rounded behind :
verge long, strap-shaped, recurved, and yellow : odontophore
short [; rhachis broad and convex above, narrower below, the
front or cutting edge having a central spire and notched on
each side ; uncini, Ist nearly transverse, with its upper margin
folded, 2nd and 3rd claw-like, slender, elongated, and inter-
crossing with those on the opposite side. (Loven)].

Shell having an irregularly triangular or shoulder-of -mut-
ton shape, with a jagged outline, sohd, opaque, somewhat
glossy : sculpture, short longitudinal ribs, which are thick and
nodose or tubercular on the lower whorls, thin and curved on
the upper whorls, becoming more numerous and very fine to-
wards the point of the spire ; there are 3 rows of nodules on
the body-whorl, those of the uppermost row being the
largest, those of the middle row next in size, and those of the
lowest row small, bead-like, and more or less confluent ; the
rows are continued and project in the form of ridges on the
pterygoid or wing-hke processes of the outer lip (all of which
jire similarly strengthened), like the joints of a bat's wing ;
each of the next two or three whorls has only 2 rows, viz. one
of large nodules in the middle, the other (which is frequently
indistinct) of small beads close to the suture ; the entire sur-
face of the shell is covered with delicate and close-set impressed

* Pdioan'a foot.

APORRHAIS. 251

spiral lines or striae : colour pale yellowish- white, sometimes
tinged with iieshcolour or reddish-brown : spire elongated ;
apex compressed : whorls 12, convex, aU but the last of those
near the apex angulated in the middle ; the body-whorl is
twisted upwards, and occupies more than five-eighths of the
spire ; the first two or three whorls are tumid, quite smooth,
and glossy: suture distinct, deeper between the upper than
between the lower whorls ; mouth narrow, shaped like a lance-
head with the point downwards : outer lip large, white, micro-
scopically granulated inside ; it is expanded into a broad flap
in front, a triangular and incui'ved process at the base, and
another triangular process at the upper corner of the mouth ;
the flap has 3 angular processes, the uppermost being larger
than either of the other two, which approximate ; each of these
different processes (5 in number) is grooved in the middle,
but the smallest process (which is situate next to the base, and
is sometimes rudimentary) less distinctly ; the process above
the outer lip diverges from the spire, and seldom extends higher
than within six whorls from the apex : inner lip spread like
a white enamel over the under side of the last and penultimate
whorls, as weU as over the basal process or beak, behind which
it is folded so as to make a slight cavity : operculum closely
laminated, with an obscure and irregular nucleus, faintly stri-
ated lengthwise. L. 1-85. B. (to the extreme point of the
outer lip) 1-25.

Var. alhida. Whitish.

Habitat : Coralline zone (occasionally the deep-sea
zone also) on all our coasts. The variety was found by
Mr. Waller in Dublin Bay, and by myself in Shetland.
This common shell has been recorded from the upper
Miocene, Pliocene, and almost every newer tertiary and
quaternary deposit in Europe, from the sea-level to
1360 feet above it. North Atlantic from Finmark and
Iceland to Gibraltar, the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and
^Egean, at various depths between 5 and 100 f.

It is shy, slow, and awkward in its movements, tmsting
about its long neck and foot in order to gain a creeping
posture. Among other fanciful names given to this
odd-looking shell are ^' blobber-lipt Edinburgh whilk ''

252

APORRHAID^.

of Petiver, " aile de chauve-souris femelle ^^ or ^' patte
d^oye '' of D^ Avila, and '' zamarugola " of the Venetians,
by the poorer class of which people the animal was —
perhaps is still — eaten. According to Mr. Couch, So-
laster papposus also reckons it an agreeable kind of food :
when the soft portion has been digested, the empty shell
is rejected, and becomes the habitation of a Sipunculus,
which narrows the too capacious entrance with aggluti-
nated sand. Specimens from deep water are smaller
than those from the coast. The top of old but living
shells which had lost their upper story is sometimes
closed by a semispiral plug or septum of new shelly
matter ; the apex is very seldom perfect in full-grown
specimens. When the outer lip is complete the sub-
sequent growth takes place by adding fresh layers inside ;
so that the age of the individual is probably shown by
the number of such layers. In immature specimens
the commencement of the pterygoid or wing-like flap
of the outer lip is defined by a rib of enamel along the
mouth, which likewise lines the canal at the base as
well as the upper process of the flap. Still younger
specimens, before any sign of the flap appears, have the
outer lip flexuous, with a wide and deep sinus at the
upper part, and a long straight canal at the base. In
this stage of growth they strongly resemble Fusi. The
fry form a short cylinder. Monstrosities are not un-
common, especially in the shape and relative size of the
digitated processes ; the basal point, however, is always
formed like a spear-head.

Da Costa altered the specific name to quadrifidus.

AFORRHA'is. 253

N*49(> 3. A. Macan'dre^"^, JeflPreys. , /

^. pes-carbonis, F. & H. iii. p. 186, pi. Ixxxix. f. 5, 6.

Body whitish, with a triangular patch of light pink on the
neck : snout not extending as far as the foot, tinged on the
upper side with pink, and divided down the front by a flake-
white hne or streak : tentacles sometimes curved like the horns
of an ox, one on each side of the snout, speckled towards the
tips with flake-white, and marked on the upper side by a white
line down the middle ; tips blunt, and yellow : eyes prominent,
on short tubercles or stalks : foot narrow, in front obtusely
rounded or nearly truncated, with a short angular corner at
each side, behind pointed.

Shell much smaller and of a more delicate shape and finer
texture than the last species ; when young it is thin, transpa-
rent, and glossy : sculpture nearly similar ; but the ribs on the
last two whorls are less knotty ; the riblets on the upper whorls
are more numerous ; the spiral striae are stronger and fewer
on the lower part of the body- whorl and on the back of the
outer lip, and are sometimes alternately large and small: colour
whitish, sometimes having a pale fawn tinge : spire rather
short ; it does not taper as in the other species, nor is the apex
so liable to be broken off : whorls 7-8, convex, but not angu-
lated : suture less distinct between the lower whorls, owing to
the above want of angularity : mouth proportionally shorter
and wider: outer lip relatively larger, more palmated and
flatter, divided into 4 processes, besides the basal point ; all
these form spikes, and far exceed in length the digitated pro-
cesses of A. pes-pelecani ; in the present species the upper-
most spike frequently extends beyond the spire in a parallel
direction, and is bent backwards; the lowermost spike has
about the same length, and is also finely pointed, being
slightly curved outwards ; the three spikes which belong to
the pterygoid flap or expansion project considerably, and are
separate ; the smaller two resemble the fork made by divided
fingers ; all the spikes are similarly grooved ; the inside of
the outer lip is microscopically pustulated: inner lip thin,
spread over the lower side of the last three whorls; basal

♦ Named in honour of the discoverer, Mr. Robert M'Andrew, who hjw
done so much to increase our knowledge of the MoUusca of the European

254 APORRHAlDiE.

fold long and narrow : operculum slighter than that of A.pes-
pelecani, but agreeing with it in other respects. L. 1'2. B. (to
the furthest spike of the pterygoid flap) 1.

Habitat : Muddy sand in 40-85 f. on the east coast
of Shetland, at a distance from land of 6-50 miles
(M^Andrew, Barlee, and J. G. J.) ; it is gregarious,
although very local. M*^ Andrew and Barrett dredged a
single dead specimen off the coast of Upper Norway, at
a depth of 70 f. ; but no Scandinavian zoologist appears
to have met with it.

This mollusk is not so inactive as its associate, A.pes-
pelecani. Its faeces are oval and brownish. Mon-
strosities of the shell sometimes occur : one has the top
spike double or forked, another has four digitated pro-
cesses on the outer lip, and in a third the top spike is
attached to the lower five whorls. Some specimens are
much smaller than others; I have given the average
dimensions.

A. pes-carbonis of Brongniart (a fossil of the upper
Miocene formation of Bordeaux and Antwerp) is equally
small, but a much stronger shell ; and the basal process
is short, spear-head-shaped and incurved, as in ^. pes-
pelecani. The present species differs from A. Serresiana
(a Mediterranean shell) in its smaller size, delicate tex-
ture, fewer and rounded (instead of angulated) whorls,
and in the spire being much less tapering. Size alone
is, of course, not an infallible criterion of distinctness —
especially if we take into account the depth of water and
distance from land ; but it is remarkable that Zetlandic
specimens of Pecten aratus (P. Bruei), P. Testce, P.
septemradiatus, var. Dumasii, Tellina balaustina, and
many other species are larger than those from the south
of Europe. If Philippi had not described his Chenopus
desciscens (a Palermitan and Calabrian fossil) as having

CERTTHlIDiE. 255

four keels or rows of tubercles on the last whorlj I
should have been inclined to consider our shell identical
with it.

Family XXV. CERITHriD^, {CerWiiadce)
Fleming.

Body spiral, elongated : mantle fringed at its outer edges,
and forming in front a very short semitubular fold, which is
not protruded beyond the notch in the shell : head snout-like
and contractile ; there is no proboscis : tentacles awl-shaped,
separate at the base, and connected by a sinuous veil or mem-
brane : eyes placed on bulgings outside the base of the ten-
tacles : foot lanceolate: giU-plume single, composed of triangular
I)lates : jaws or cheek-plates triangular : odontoplwre very short
and straight, spinous ; teeth 3.1.3. Sexes distinct.

Shell pyramidal, nearly always tuberculated, sometimes
furnished with varices or persistent edges of the mouth, never
umbihcate : spire tapering to a fine point : whorls numerous :
stiture slight : mouth small ; groove at the base short and re-
curved : operculum horny, nearly circular, and spiral, with few
whorls ; nucleus not quite central, but on the inner side of
the mouth.

An extremely prolific and widely diflPused family,
having perhaps few genera, although these abound in
species both recent and fossil. The latter are almost
countless. Deshayes, a long time ago, enumerated
between 400 and 500 fossil species of Cerithium ; and
they have since multiplied beyond all reasonable bounds.
Quousque ? Their sculpture is very elegant and diver-
sified ; Lamarck recommended it to architects as a pat-
tern for the ornamentation of columns. With respect
to the animal, I would advise conchologists to study
the careful observations of my friend Mr. Berkeley, on
the anatomy of C. telescopium, in the 5th volume of the
' Zoological Journal.'

256 CERITHIIDiE.

This family lias some relations to Turritellidce and
Scalariida ; but, in the present state of our knowledge,
it is impossible to make a complete system of arrange-
ment for the Mollusca, or one which will fit every group
into its proper place.

Genus CERI'THIUM^ Adanson. PL IV. f. 4.

Body slender : head broad and short : \_mentum, distinct,
nearly free in front, actively vibrating : (Loven)] foot notched
or bilobed in front : opercular lobe simple.

Shell as described in the account of the family.

The difierence between a true canal, indicated by an
outside notch, and a mere groove inside the base of the
shell was not unobserved by Linne, who says of his
Trochus perversus [C. perversum), ^'^ columella basi pro-
minula, at non in canalem evidentem." Deshayes sepa-
rated this and other sinistrorsal species as a distinct
genus (7V2/bm), because the mouth is apparently divided
into three orifices. Their structure, however, is essen-
tially the same as that of the smaller dextrorsal species,
which Leach called Bittium. Colonna first applied the
name Cerithium to this kind of shell ; Prevost spelt it
(perhaps more corectly) Ceritium. There is no end of
synonyms ; and if I were to give all in every genus and
species which I describe, this work would be unneces-
sarily swollen to twice its present size.

hlc^for\\c\{o- \metiAcL CL6vcr»^

f\'io 1. Cerithium me'tulaI, Loven. ^! 3<|<|

a metula, Lov. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 23; F. & H. iii. p. 198, pi. xci.
f. 8, 4.

Body thick and muscular, milk-white : palUal fold distinct :

* Probably from Kepanov, a small horn ; hence Keparivt], buccina.
t An obelisk.

CERITHIUM. 257

head rounded, never much protruded : tentacles slender, but
short, separated by an intermediate membrane, widely diverg-
ing outwards and usually curved, apparently annulated, owing
to their contractility; edges flattened, and scalloped or slightly
serrated ; tips blunt and rounded : eyes black, very small,
seated on bulbs outside the thickened and broad bases of the
tentacles :/ooilong, narrow, and angular, truncated and^double-
edged in front, with ear-shaped or triangular corners, pointed
behind.

Shell shaped like a miniature obeHsk, solid, opaque, glossy
and somewhat prismatic; base slightly concave: scul/pture,
thread-like spiral ridges, of which 4 or 5 are on the last whorl,
and three on each of the preceding whorls except the first two ;
there are also some slight and microscopic intermediate striae
and lines of growth ; the ridges are crossed by numerous curved
and fine ribs, producing nodules or small tubercles at the points
of intersection; the spaces between the ribs are depressed;
the base is usually devoid of all the principal markings ; the
first whorl and a half are smooth, and the next in succession
has one ridge only, besides close-set longitudinal ribs : colour
pale yellowish-white : spire greatly elongated ; apex bulbous
and twisted obliquely, shghtly exceeding in breadth the first
regular whorl: whorls 18-20, compressed, gradually increasing ;
the last occupies a quarter of the shell : suture slight, defined
merely by the peripheral ridge : mouth bluntly rhombic, with
a deep and rather wide groove at the base, which bends
abruptly to the left, but does not form a complete canal ; the
entire length of the mouth scarcely exceeds one-sixth of the
spire : outer lip curved, thin, and indented by the spiral
ridges : inner lip forming a thickish glaze on the pillar, which
is short and flexuous : operculum thin, pale-yellowish, rather
coarsely striated in the hue of growth ; spire indistinct, with
a minute nucleus. L. 0-8. B. 0-2.

Habitat : Gravelly sand with mud, on the Shetland
fishing-banks, in 45-96 f. (M'Andrew, Forbes, Barlee,
and J. G. J.) ; rare. Post-glacial formation in Norway,
0-36 feet (Sars). Norwegian coasts, from Bergen to
OxQord, in 20-150 f. (v. Duben, Sars, Loven, M^An-
drew and Barrett, Danielssen, Asbjornsen, and Lillje-
borg) ; Villa franca (Hanley) ; United States (C. B.
Adams, as C. Emersonii, according to Danielssen) .

258 CERITHIID^.

It is sluggish, but not shy ; the tentacles are some-
times folded back against the front of the shell, as in
Natica. Professor Sars dredged an abnormal specimen
in Mangerfiord, which had only two ridges on each
whorl, in that respect analogous to the monstrosity
Clarkii of Cerithiopsis tubercularis ; he named his shell
Cerithium bicinctum, with a doubt as to its being speci-
fically distinct.

Described and figured by M'Andrew and Forbes as
C. nitidum. ^.^ . - i ^ , . ^ ^ ^

[\' ^0 2. C. reticula'tum"^, Da Costa. ^^'^r'

Strombiformis retkulatus, Da Costa, Br. Conch, p. 117, pi. viii. f. 13. C.
reticulatum, F. & H. iii. p. 192, pi. xci. f. 1, 2, and (animal) pi. II. f. 2.

Body yellowish- white or whitish, mottled and streaked with
purplish-brown or faintly tinged with pink [ashcolour, speckled
with brown (Phihppi)] ; the tentacles and foot are of a paler
colour, the former spotted with purplish-brown, and the latter
with flake-white : mantle not furnished with any filament or
process : pallial fold wide, open, and scalloped at its edges,
hning the notch at the base of the shell : head nearly cylin-
drical, long, strongly and closely wrinkled across (unless when
fully extended), or marked with dark bars : mouth vertically
cloven and bilobed when the animal is crawling, but expansile
and forming a circular disk when it is feeding or at rest;
underneath is a pink stripe on each side: tentacles slender,
although not pointed, somewhat compressed above and below,
shghtly serrated or jagged at their edges ; a double line of pink
frequently runs down each tentacle in a siphonal form : eyes
rather large in proportion, placed on short pale-coloured off-
sets or bulbs : foot long, squarish or gently curved and double-
edged in front, with shght angular comers, attenuated towards
the tail, which is sometimes rounded and rather broad, at other
times bluntly pointed ; sole finely grooved down the middle :
opercular lobe expanded on each side, and extending beyond
the operculum at the hinder end of the foot ; I could not de-
tect any such cirral process as is presented by Rissoa, notwith-
standing the statement of Loven, " An. Rlssoce lobo operculi-
gero utrinque subalato, cirro postico rotundato-lanceolato."

* Reticulated.

CERITHIUM. 259

Shell forming an extremely elongated pyramid with a
narrow base, rather solid, opaque, having scarcely any gloss :
sculpture, thread-like spiral ridges, of which from 8 to 10 are
on the last whorl (4 above the periphery, and the rest below
it), 4 on each of the preceding 7 or 8 whorls, 3 on each of the
next two whorls, 1 or 2 on each of the upper two whorls, where
they cease ; the ridges are crossed by strong longitudinal ribs,
which make the former nodulous ; of these ribs there are about
20 on the penultimate whorl ; they do not extend to the outer
lip nor below the periphery; besides the above sculpture, close-
set longitudinal striae are perceptible with a magnifying power,
and some of the ribs (but never more than one on a whorl) are
varicose or unnaturally distended ; the first whorl and a half
are smooth and glossy : colour chestnut or reddish-brown of
various shades, often dusky ; the nodules sometimes whitish
from friction : spire drawn out to a considerable length ; apex
bulbous, and twisted obliquely : whorls 15-16, rather convex ;
rate of increase very gradual, the last whorl equalling nearly
one- third of the sheU: suture deep, defined by the peripheral
ridge: mouth triangular; basal groove rather wide, but not
deep, turning abruptly to the left, not exhibiting any notch on
the outside; the entire length of the mouth does not much
exceed one-fifth of the spire : outer lip rounded, and slightly
reflected ; inside indented by the spiral ridges : inner lip form-
ing a fine glaze, which is thicker on the pillar ; the latter is
very short and flexuous : operculum stouter than in the last
species, obliquely and coarsely striated ; its spire is composed
of about half a dozen whorls, which are defined by an imbri-
cated or overlapping edge. L. 0*5. B. 0-125.

Yar. 1. simplex. Shell rather thinner, and glossy, without
any varix ; colour yeUowish-white, the ridges marked by
purplish-brown lines.

Var. 2. lactescens. Becoming milk-white.

Habitat : Very common in the littoral and lamina-
rian zones, on the southern and western coasts of England,
Wales, and Scotland, as well as all round Ireland;
Sandwich (Montagu). Var. 1. Sark (Barlee); Guernsey
and Herm, living under stones and in rock-pools at low-
water mark, and dead in 20 f. (J. G. J.) : this is more
frequent than the typical kind in the south of Europe.

^60

CERITHIIDiE.

Var. 2. Land's End (Hockin) . C. reticulatum is fossil
in the brick- earth of the Nar^ west Norfolk (Rose) ;
Lochgilphead (Geikie) ; post-glacial beds in Norway,
20-200 feet (Sars) ; Uddevalla (J. G. J.) ; tertiaries of
the south of France and Italy (Potiez and Michaud,
Brocchi, Scacchi, and Philippi). Its present distribu-
tion in a living state extends from the Loffoden Isles
(Sars) to the Canaries (M^Andrew)^ and throughout the
Mediterranean, Adriatic, and JEgean; recorded range
of depth, shore to 140 f.

It crawls actively and quickly by means of its long
foot, and occasionally suspends itself by a byssal fila-
ment to a bit of floating seaweed or to the side of the
vessel in which it is kept. It seems to be not very par-
ticular in its diet, feeding on all sorts of animal and
vegetable matters, especially such as are putrid or de-
caying ; ''^ we observed it sucking in ropes of moUuscan
mucus with great gusto and avidity/' Clark. The shell
varies extremely in size; it is usually sombre-looking,
and may be called sad ; but

" Oh, idle thought !
In nature there is nothing melancholy.'*

Monstrosities have been noticed by Mr. Thompson of
Belfast and Mr. Cocks. In some specimens the spiral
ridges, in others the longitudinal ribs are the stronger
or more conspicuous. The spire, being long, is apt to
be twisted on one side.

'^ The small needle whelke '' of Borlase, Murex acumi-
natus of Pennant, M. scaber of Olivi, C. Latreillii of
Payraudeau, C. Danicum of Beck (according to Orsted) ,
and Rissoa vulgatissima of Clark. The Trochus punc-
tatus of Linne might be this species, but for the descrip-
tion ^' anfractibus serie triplici punctorum ; '' our shell
^as never less than four rows. Bruguiere gives Guada-

CERITHIUM. 261

loupe as the habitat of his C. lima, a name which many
subsequent writers have adopted for the European
species^ which may be his C. ferrugineum. C. afrum of
Danilo and Sandri appears to be nothing more than a
small and dark-coloured sort of this most variable shell.
I have the same from the Adriatic ; Brusina erroneously
referred it to the genus Cerithiopsis. Forbes and Hanley
say that ^' the specific name scabrum was undoubtedly
prior to that of reticulatum.'^ My copies of Da Costa^s
and Olivias publications show_, however_, that reticulatum
is fourteen years older than scabrum,

W^ 3<^^ 3. C. PERVER'srM"^_,(Linne.) pro.

Trochus perverstis, Linn. S. N. p. 1231. C. adversum, F. & H. p. 195,
pi. xci. f. 5, 6.

Body slender : Jiead broad, short ; proboscis capable of being
concealed ? (recondenda ?) : mentum distinct, in front somewhat
detached, and actively vibrating : tentacles long, cyhndrical,
slender, somewhat club-shaped at the top, separated at the
base, connected by a flexuous veil : eyes on very short stalks
or processes, at the base of the tentacles : ojoercular lohe simple.
(Loven.)

Shell sinistrorsal, forming a more or less elongated pyramid,
with a narrow and somewhat contracted base, sohd, opaque,
rather glossy : sculpture, rows or bands of small and close-set
tubercles (about 25 in the lowest row), produced by the
mutual decussation of spiral and longitudinal ribs ; of these
rows there are usually 3, sometimes 4, on the body-whorl above
the periphery ; the tubercles on that whorl are generally oblong
with the greater axis in the direction of the spire, the others
being granular or bead-like ; each of the next 5 or 6 whorls
has 3 rows, the next 5 or 6 whorls have 2 rows each, the
following 3 or 4 whorls are not tuberculated, but exhibit
very minute and numerous longitudinal striae, which are
encircled in the middle by a delicate spiral thread, in such
a manner as to make the primary whorls appear keeled or
angulated ; the nucleus or top whorl is smooth and glossy ;
the middle row (when there are 3) is frequently smaller

* Turned the wrong way.

262 CERITHIIDiE.

than either of the other two, and high up on the spire this
is always the case, preparatory to the middle row being
squeezed out or disappearing ; the base of the shell is girded
by 3 strong spiral ridges, two just below the periphery, and
the third very short and winding obliquely round the semitu-
bular and recurved groove or fluting at the extreme base ; the
uppermost of the basal ridges is occasionally beaded : colour
dark chestnut, fading into yellowish-brown ; tubercles mostly
of a lighter hue : spire tapering to a fine point ; apex as in the
last species, but reversed : whorls 15-16, compressed, gradually
enlarging ; the last nearly equals one-third of the shell : suture
narrowly excavated : mouth squarish ; groove narrow and deep,
turning abruptly to the right ; it is nearly closed above, in
consequence of the inner lip overlapping one side of the groove
and of the outer lip being contracted into a small but deep
sinus on the other side ; the relative length of the mouth is
the same as in the last species : outer lip semicircular and pro-
minent, slightly reflected in the middle, having the upper and
lower corners contracted into a small and deep sinus or inden-
tation, and considerably retreating on the upper side where it
joins the periphery ; edge scalloped by the spiral ridges ; inside
smooth : inner lip broad, forming a thick pad or deposit on the
pillar, with which it makes an obtuse angle ; this Hp is united
with the other at the upper corner of the mouth : pillar short,
strong, and curved: operculum rather thin, obliquely and
irregularly striated; spire small, indistinct, with a circular
and many-whorled nucleus. L. 0-35. B. 04.

Yar. pallescens. Whitish, faintly tinged with yellowish-
brown.

Habitat : Southern and western coasts of England
and Wales, the Channel Isles, and all Ireland ; Sand-
wich (Walker and J. G. J.) ; Clyde district (Smith and
Norman); Dunbar (Laskey); Aberdeenshire (Dawson);
Caithness (Gordon); Orkneys (Forbes and M'Andrew);
Shetland (F. & H.). Not uncommon in the lower part
of the littoral zone, and down to the coralline. I dredged
the variety at Guernsey. Italian tertiaries (Brocchi and
Philippi); Irish beds (Smith); Coralline Crag (S.Wood);
post-glacial formation in Norway, 120 feet (Sars) . The
present distribution of the larger or typical form ranges

CERITHIUM. 263

from Brittany (Cailliaud) to Madeira and the Canary-
Isles (M*^ Andrew), and throughout the Mediterranean,
Adriatic, and ^gean (shore to 69 f.) ; that of the smaller,
which is our form, is more extensive (shore to 100 f.),
and comprises also the Scandinavian coast from Chris-
tiansund (Danielssen) and Bohuslan (Loven and Malm)
to Hsellebsek in Zealand (mus. Copenh.) . West coast
of North America {Cooler, fide P. Carpenter).

The shell is never varicose. Linne noticed that in
this species also there is no canal as there is in Buc-
cinum.

I can see no other difference than that of size between
Mediterranean and British specimens, said to belong to
two species, viz. C. perversum and C. adversum. They
agree in shape, sculpture, colour, form of the mouth,
and all other particulars. The greater size of the former
shows a deviation from the general rule ; the same ex-
ception appears in C. reticulatum also. It must be
observed, however, that size is an extremely variable
character in the genus Cerithium and its allies. I have
specimens of C reticulatum and of the present species
from the south of Europe smaller than any from the
north. The only distinction pointed out by the authors
of the * British Mollusca ' between C. perversum and C.
adversum is that the latter is ^' far scarcer and less dif-
fused.^^ Besides the name {Murex adversus) given by
Montagu, this shell has 11 others, which my readers will
not thank me for specifying. It is almost time that the
tedious and useless practice of repeating obsolete syno-
nyms should cease.

The " large, subpeUucid, white variety ^^ of the last
species, noticed by Montagu on Bryer's authority from
Weymouth, and on Laskey^s authority as Scotch, is
West-Indian. C. cancellatum of Brown (having four

264 CERITHIIDiE.

rows of tubercles on each whorl) , said to have been found
at Lindisfarne, is likewise tropical. C. fuscatum of
UmiiQ^Melania Matoni, Gray, was given by Pulteney as
one of Bryer^s Weymouth shells ; it inhabits brackish
water in Senegal, and is not British.

C. tuberculatum, Jj\mi.,= C.vulgatum, Bruguiere, was
recorded by Pennant as Northumbrian, and by the late
Mr. W. Thompson as Irish. These localities are more
than questionable, and must have originated in some
mistake; but I dredged in the summer of 1865 a few
dead specimens on the coast of Jersey. M. Cailliaud
states that he has frequently found rolled specimens on
the beach in different places of the Departement of Loire-
Inferieure. I believe the occurrence of this species
under the above circumstances in the Channel Isles and
Brittany is owing to geological changes, by which the
sea-bed has been upheaved and lowered, so as to make
the shells semifossil. C. tuberculatum is common every-
where in the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and ^gean, as
well as on the coasts of Spain, Portugal, and the Ca-
naries, from the shore to 50 f. Sars mentions a speci-
men having been taken at Bergen from the throat of a
codfish.

C. costatum {Strombiformis costatus, Da Costa=>S>/row-
bus turboformis, Montagu) should also be rejected as
exotic; it is a common West- Indian shell. Dillwyn
mistook C. reticulatum for this species; Leach was as
far wide of the mark in considering it the young of
Aporrhais pes-pelecani.

C. subulatum {Murex subulatus, Mont.) must be con-
signed to the same limbo. Laskey is reported to have
found it at Scalasdale in the sound of Mull !

C- s/'uXficJruxt^ ^ V COL . w ^-zia.

CERITHIOPSIDiE. 265

Family XXVI. CEEITHIOFSID^, Gray.

Contains only the

Genus CERITHIOP'SIS*, Forbes and Hanley.
PI. IV. f. 5.

Body spiral, elongated : mantle plain-edged : paUial tube
lining the canal at the base of the shell, but not protruded
beyond it: head short and broad, furnished with a retractile
proboscis: tentacles cylindrical: eyes placed on bulgings in
front of the tentacles, at their base : foot lanceolate, byssiferous :
opercular lobe simple. [Teeth 3.1.3; central large, bifid ;
lateral linear. (Alder.)]

Shell more or less cylindrical and slender, closely tuber-
culated or beaded, never varicose, nor umbilicate : sj)ire taper-
ing to an abrupt but elongated point : whorls numerous, the
earliest very slender in proportion to the rest : suture narrow,
excavated: mouth small: canal extremely short, truncated,
and straight : operculum horny, ear-shaped, having an incom-
plete spire ; nucleus nearly terminal, at the inner base of the
mouth.

The Siphonobranchiata here commence. The shell
has a distinct, although exceedingly short canal, instead
of a mere groove, as in Trichotropis and Cerithium ; the
base of Cerithiopsis is truncated, and notched outside,
while in the other genera the base is entire. The canal
in the present genus and its allies is a semitubular
sheath, to receive the branchial fold of the mantle.
Montagu pointed out the difference between Cerithium
reticulatum and Cerithiopsis tubercularis in nearly simi-
lar terms. Woodward made Cerithiopsis a subgenus of
Cerithium ; Clark went further, and merged Cerithiopsis
in Murex. Perhaps the separation of Cerithium and
Cerithiopsis into two families may be an equally extreme
mode of classification. The present genus contains

* Having the aspect of Cerithium.
VOL. IV. N

266 CERITHIOPSID.E.

many species ; and doubtless more have been placed or
retained in Cerithium, owing to a misapprehension of
the distinctive characters.

^- 1. CeRITHIOPSIS TUBERCULA'RIS'^JMontagU.) N/* 400

Murex tubercularis, Mont. Test. Br. p. 270. C. tuherculare, F. & H. iii.
p. 365, pi. xci. f. 7, 8, and (animal) pi. 00. f. 1, 2.

Body white, with three broad longitudinal stripes of dark
grey [the lateral ones composed of minute brown points
(Clark)], one along the neck, and another on each side : jpallial
tube extremely short : head small and compressed : tentacles
rather short, slightly inflated at the base [" banded or ringed
with lead-colour " (P. & H.)] ; tips blunt : eyes black, placed
rather close together [behind each are some sulphur-coloured
points (Clark)]: foot thick, squarish, and double-edged in
front, with small angular corners ; from each comer runs a
series of transverse flake-white plates (like those of the gill-
plume), which are imbedded in the tissue ; the foot is usually
protruded considerably beyond the head ; it becomes attenu-
ated behind, and ends in a blunt point; sole perforated in
the middle, whence a narrow but deep groove extends to the
tail : ojpercular lohe margined with yellow on each side.

Shell cyhndro-pyramidal, with a narrow and somewhat
contracted base, which gives the cyhndrical shape ; it is
solid, opaque, and glossy : sculpture, rows of small and close-
set tubercles (from 20 to 25 in the lowest row), caused by
the mutual decussation of spiral and longitudinal ribs ; of these
rows there are 3 on the body- whorl, above the periphery;
the tubercles on that whorl are oblong, and have their greater
axis in the line of the spire (by reason of the transverse ribs
being broader there) ; the other tubercles are granular or bead-
like, and proportionally equal in size ; each of the preceding
8 whorls has also 3 rows ; the first 4 or 5 whorls are quite
smooth ; the base of the shell (which is slightly excavated) is
girded by 2 strong, rather broad and obliquely twisted spiral
ridges, one just below the periphery, and the other very short
and winding round the canal ; occasionally the upper of the
basal ridges is indistinctly beaded, and in that case the lon-
gitudinal ribs may be traced below it : colour dark-chestnut
or chocolate : spire somewhat turreted ; the terminal portion

* Covered with tubercles.

CERITHIOPSTS. 267

becomes suddenly very much n9,rrower, and consists of 4 or 5
whorls ; apex twisted a little downwards : ivhorls 13-14, com-
pressed, the last exceeds one -third of the shell : suture nar-
rowly channelled: mouth oval, truncated at the base; its
length, with respect to that of the spire, is as 2 to 7 : canal
nearly tubular, and exhibiting outside a deep and rounded
notch at the base — quite different from what appears in any
species of Cerithiwm : outer lip semicircular and rather promi-
nent, having a thick edge, which is scalloped by the spiral
ridges ; inside smooth ; this lip is contracted at the upper cor-
ner of the mouth into a small sinus (formed by an indentation
of one of the ridges), but it does not retreat or slope backwards
as in CeritJdum perversum : inner lip rather broad, forming a
rather thick fold on the lower part of the pillar, and continu-
ous with the outer hp at the upper corner : pillar extremely
short, and nearly straight : operculum thin, marked with very
delicate and minute flexuous striae ; spire excentric, minute.
L. 0-25. B. 0-085.

Yar. nana. Dwarf and spindle-shaped. (Is this the male ?)

Monstr. Clarkii. Lower and middle whorls having but two

rows of tubercles, all of which are oblong ; the earlier whorls

have the usual number of rows.

Habitat : Under stones in the lower part of the lit-
toral zone^ and hard ground in the laminarian and
coralline zones, along our southern and western coasts,
including the Channel Isles, Bristol Channel, and St.
George's Channel, all Ireland, the west of Scotland, and
Shetland'; Sandwich {Boys, fide Montagu) . The variety
is from Guernsey, Ban try Bay, and other places. The
monstrosity was taken by Mr. Clark at Exmouth, and
by me at Guernsey. Fossil: ^^ Ireland; Clyde''' (J.
Smith) ; Coralline Crag at Sutton (Wood) ; Belgian ter-
tiaries (Nyst). Its extra-British habitat ranges from
Christiansund (Lilljeborg), southward to Fayal in the
Azores (Drouet), and throughout the Mediterranean
and Adriatic, at depths of from 1 0 to 60 f. ; Charlestown
Harbour in South Carolina (C. B. Adams, as Cerithium
Greenei) . Malm found a specimen of the monstrosity

n2

268 CERITHIOPSID^.

at Loken in the south of Sweden, and Martin another
in the Gulf of Lyons.

The animal crawls and swims actively and with ap-
parent ease. When at rest, it spins a fine transparent
thread, which issues from the opening in the centre of
the foot-sole, its end being attached by the point of the
foot to some foreign substance. I drew the shell up by
this thread with a came? s -hair brush, and kept it thus
suspended in the water for several seconds, the foot
being doubled up. Several other univalves and many
bivalves possess the same faculty of anchoring them-
selves. There are giants as well as dwarfs among the
shells of this species. My largest specimen is barely
3^ lines long ; but Mr. Norman has one from the Clyde
district measuring half an inch.

Philippi described and figured it as Cerithium pyg-
mceum, and Nyst as C. Henkelusii (afterwards Henkelii) ;
C. acicula and C. minimum of Brusina appear also to be
the same as our species. Cerithiopsis tuberculata of P.
Carpenter, from the west coast of North America, is dif-
ferent. "The elegant subpellucid white variety ^^ no-
ticed by Montagu as having been found by Laskey near
Dunbar, was probably an exotic shell.

ip\'^^ • 2. C. Barlee'i^ Jeffreys, f^^^,

Shell forming an elongated pyramid with a broadish base
(which is excavated), thinner than the last species, nearly
semitransparent, and glossy : sculpture, that of G. tubercularisj
except in not having any basal ridge, and in the whole surface
being marked by numerous microscopical lines of growth ; the
top whorls are also glossy, but the succeeding two, instead of
being smooth, are finely and closely striated in the direction
of the spire : colour pale yellowish-white, with a faint tinge

* In memory of my late friend and brother conchologist, Mr. George
Barlee.

CERITHIOPSIS. 369

of brown : sj^ire regularly tapering ; the terminal portion be-
comes abruptly narrower, as in the preceding species : whorls
12, compressed; the last slightly exceeds one-third of the
shell : suture deeply channelled : mouth irregularly rhomboidal,
truncated at the base, but not so abruptly as in the last species :
canal semitubular, somewhat curved, exhibiting outside a deep
and obliquely rounded notch at the base ; length of the mouth,
compared with that of the spire, as 1 to 4 : outer lip forming
an obtuse angle, with a gentle curve, not prominent, having a
thin edge, which is scalloped by the spiral ridges; inside
grooved from the same cause ; this lip is inflected at the upper
corner of the mouth on the peripheral ridge, without forming
a distinct sinus, nor does it retreat or slope backwards : inner
lip rather broad, thicker on the lower part of the pillar, con-
tinuous with the outer lip at the upper comer : pillar very
short, slightly curved : operculum thin, yellowish, without any
perceptible spire, very faintly striated. L. 0-3. B. O'l.

Habitat : Among trawl-refuse at Plymouth (Barlee
and Jordan) ; Falmouth (Hockin) ; Cork (Wright) ; co.
Galway (Barlee and J. G. J.) . It is either rare or has
not been sought for.

This interesting addition to the European fauna has
somewhat the aspect of Cerithium metulaj which young
specimens especially resemble in colour; but the shell
of the present species is a pyramid rather than an obe-
lisk, the ridges are more strongly tuberculated, the apex
is very different (partaking of the generic character),
and there is a true canal. It may be known from Ceri-
thiopsis tubercularis by its colour, much wider base,
having no basal keel, and by some of the upper whorls
being finely striated in the line of the spire.

hI'AfiZ. 3. C. pulchel'la"^, Jeffreys. fl.^i .

C. pulcheila, Jeffr. in Ann, & Mag. N. H. 3rd ser. ii. p. 129, pi. v. f. 8 a-c.

Shell forming a short cylinder, rather solid, nearly semi-
transparent, and glossy: sculpture, 4 spiral thread-like and

* Pretty little.

270 CERITHIOPSID^.

equidistant ridges on the body-whorl, the uppermost of which
is close to the suture and retreats considerably, the lowermost
encircles the periphery, and the two middle ones are more
prominent ; these ridges are crossed by numerous longitudinal
ribs of the same size (from 20 to 25 in the lower of the mid-
dle rows), which intersect the ridges so as to form a lattice-
work of excavated squares ; the points of intersection are
sometimes nodulous ; each of the preceding 5 or 6 whorls has
the upper 3 ridges, and is cancellated like the body-whorl;
occasionally the penultimate whorl exhibits the 4 spiral ridges ;
top whorls smooth ; below the peripheral ridge there is a small
and very slight ridge or keel, obhquely winding round the
base (which is excavated), and the longitudinal ribs are in that
part more or less distinct ; the whole surface is covered by some
fine microscopic spiral lines or striae : colour yellowish-brown,
the base having frequently a darker or reddish-brown hue ;
the body-whorl now and then exhibits two or three obscure
bands of the latter colour : spire turreted ; the terminal por-
tion is pinched up and very small : whorls 10, rather convex ;
the last occupies two-fifths of the shell : suture wide and deep :
mouth obliquely rhomboidal, abruptly truncated at the base ;
its length in proportion to that of the spire is as 2 to 7 : canal
extremely short, rather more open than in the last two species,
producing a corresponding notch at the base : outer lip semi-
circular and somewhat prominent, having the edge scalloped
by the four spiral ridges, apparently smooth within ; at the
upper corner of the mouth it forms a small sinus or inden-
tation as in C. tuhercularis : inner lip narrow and slight, re-
flected on the pillar, continuous with the outer lip : piUar
very short, slightly curved: operculum filmy, nearly smooth.
L. 0-175. B. 0-075.

Monstr. Much narrower, and of an elegant slender shape,
quite or almost destitute of longitudinal ribs on the last two
whorls, the spiral ridges being consequently very conspicuous.

Habitat : Coralline zone in Plymouth and Guernsey
(J. G. J.); Falmouth (Barlee); Cornwall (Hockin);
Turbot bank, co. Antrim (Waller). Villafranca (Han-
ley). The monstrous form was found by Mr. Hockin
at the Land's End; it has some relation, or at least a
resemblance, to the Cerithium trilineatum of Philippi.

CERITHIOPSIS. 271

This differs from both the preceding species in its
more cylindrical shape, cancellated sculpture, shorter
and turreted spire, and in having fewer whorls.

Kf4oi 4. C. METAXA*,iJ)elle Chiaje.) H «^«-

Murex Metaxa, Delle Ch. Mem. iii. p. 222, t. xlix. f. 29-3].

Shell forming an elongated cylinder, solid, opaque, glossy
when fresh : sculpture, 5 strong and rather broad spiral ridges on
the body- whorl, and 4 on each of the other whorls, except on
those at the apex, which are quite smooth ; the two ridges on
the middle of the body- whorl, and the upper two on the other
whorls, are more prominent than the rest ; all the ridges are
crossed by fine longitudinal ribs (about 25 on the lowest ridge),
which by decussation produce sharpish tubercles, and give
a muricated aspect to the shell ; the peripheral ridge, however,
is less tuberculated and sometimes smooth ; the base (which
is rounded in adult specimens) is obHquely girded by a slight
ridge : colour pale yellowish-brown : spire finely tapering, and
greatly extended ; the terminal part is not so disproportionately
small or narrow as in any of the species before described:
whorls 14-15, convex and rounded, the last occupying one-
third of the shell, viewed with the mouth upwards : suture
wide and deep: mouth small, roundish- oval, abruptly and
widely truncated at the base ; its length in proportion to that
of the spire is as 1 to 5 : cfinal extremely short, and rather
wide, open, and terminating in a deep notch : outer lip semi-
circular, but not prominent ; edge scalloped by the five ridges ;
inside smooth ; upper side contracted into a small sinus :
mner lip rather slight, reflected on the pillar, and continuous
with the outer lip at the upper corner of the mouth : pillar
very short, more or less curved. L. 0*25. B. 0-075.

Habitat : Guernsey, 22 f. (Lukis and J. G. J.) ;
Herm (Barlee and Norman) ; Land's End, and St. Mer-
ryn near Padstow (Hockin) ; Shetland (Barlee) . It is
a scarce shell. Coralline Crag at Sutton (S. Wood).
Sestri di Levante (J. G. J.); Naples (Delle Chiaje and

* The name of an Italian naturalist, author of a monograph on the
serpents of Rome and its vicinity.

272 CERITHIOPSIDiE.

Scacchi); Bona^ among coral-refuse (Tiberi); Algiers
(Weinkauff); ^gean (Forbes); Pantellaria, Smyrna,
Madeira, and Orotava in the Canary Isles (M ^Andrew) :
depths 7-60 f.

It may be known from every other British species of
Cerithiopsis by its extremely elongated spire, narrow
shape, muricated sculpture, having five spiral ridges on
the last whorl and four on each of the preceding ones,
and by the whorls being convex and rounded.

The synonyms are Cerithium angustissimum, Forbes,
C. creperum and C. cribr avium, S. Wood, C. angustinum,
M'Andrew, and C. Crosseanum, Tiberi.

\\4\' 5. C. cosTULA'TA"^,\Moller.) ^o ^^a-

Turritella'i costulata, Moll. Ind. Moll. G-roenl. p. 10.

Shell resembling in shape a slender obehsk, solid, semi-
transparent, and glossy : sculpture, curved, sharp, and promi-
nent longitudinal ribs ; there are about 16 on the body-whorl,
which are cut off at the periphery by a spiral ridge, giving the
base an angulated appearance ; the ribs are traversed and in-
dented by thread-like impressed lines or striae (3 on the body-
whorl, and 2 or 3 on each of the other whorls), besides finer and
slighter intermediate striae in the interstices of the ribs as well as
on the base ; the latter (which is somewhat excavated) is encir-
cled by a narrow ridge ; the second whorl from the apex is closely
striated lengthwise, the first being smooth : colour white :
spire finely tapering ; the terminal part is very slender in pro-
portion to the rest of the spire ; the point is blunt, and obliquely
twisted inwards : whorls 12, rather convex, the last occupying
about one-third of the sheU : suture wide and deep : mouth
small, roundish-oval, slantingly truncated at the base; its
length, compared with that of the spire, is only as 1 to 6 :
canal short, wide, and open, ending in a deep notch at the
base : outer lip curved and slightly inflected ; edge and inside
smooth ; upper side not contracted : inner lip rather slight,
reflected on the pillar, and continuous with the outer hp at
the upper corner of the mouth : pillar curved. L. 0*4. B. 0*1.

* Slightly ribbed.

BUCCINID^. 273

Habitat : Shetland, 82^86 f., in fine mnddy sand
(J. G. J.) ; very rare. Fossil on the Turbot bank, near
Larne, 20-25 f. (Hyndman, WaUer, and J. G. J.);
Boulder-clay, Wick (Peach); Uddevalla (J. G. J.).
Living in Upper Norway (M^Andrew and Barrett, as
Chemnitzia elegantissima, Loven, Danielssen, and Malm) ;
Vaderoarne in South Sweden, 80-100 f. (Malm, as Ceri-
thium metula, var.) ; Iceland (Torell) ; Greenland (Mol-
ler), and in 65 f. (Holboll,;?^?^ Morch) ; long. 54° 33' W.,
lat. 55° 36' N. in 1622 f., from which extraordinary
depth a fragment was procured by means of the ^ Bulldog'
sounding-machine (Wallich).

Morch changed the name given by the discoverer to
Cerithium arcticum, because the latter had described the
shell as Turritella'^ costulata, it not being Lamarck's
nor Risso's so-called species. But the present species
is not a Turritella (as, indeed, Moller suspected) ; and
the reason assigned by Morch is, therefore, insufficient.
I described the fossil shell as Cerithiopsis niveau and
S. P. Woodward proposed to name the recent one Ceri-
thium Naiadis,

Family XXVII. BUCCINID^, Fleming.

Body spiral, short: mantle large, forming a head-veil in front,
plain -edged : pallicd tube cylindrical, protruded beyond the
canal of the shell : head smaU, wedge-shaped : proboscis re-
tractile, long, and cyhndrical: tentacles conical or triangular,
separated by the head- veil : ei/es placed outside, some way up
the tentacles : foot short : opercular lobe roundish-oval and
simple : gills forming two long unequal-sized plumes : odonto-
phore long and straight ; central tooth armed below and on
each side with spines or crested points, squeezed and bent
backwards above ; lateral teeth small and separate, each ending
in a hook. 8exes separate ; verge falciform.

n5

274 BUCCINID^.

Shell oval, spirally sculptured ; base strengthened by an
oblique ridge : epidermis, if present, velvety or membranous:
spire short ; body- whorl consequently large : mouth oval : pillar
twisted : canal short and recurved : operculum horny, oval,
never spiral, increasing by concentric or elliptical layers ;
nucleus placed within the edge, at the outer side of the mouth.

The ^ Purpurif eres ' of Lamarck. Adanson noticed that
the shell of the male is usually smaller than that of the
female,, and that the former has a longer spire and more
whorls although not so tumid. He included this family
and the Muricidae in his genus Purpura. Miiller out-
bid Adanson by composing his genus Tritonium of the
same extensive groups, and throwing Aporrhaidce and
Nassidce into the bargain ; his Buccinum is our Limncea.
The egg-cases are membranous ; those of Buccinum are
cup-shaped, and piled one upon another like the cells
of a honeycomb ; in Purpura they are separate, resemble
grains of barley, and are placed upright. Although the
lingual riband in all the Rhachiglossata (which com-
prise the Siphonobranchiata) is armed with spinous
teeth, none of this division appear to have the jaws
(cheek-plates or immoveable mandibles, Morch) with
which the Tsenioglossata (including the Pectinibran-
chiata) are provided. The muscle by which the body
is attached to the pillar of the shell in families of the
present order is unusually strong.

Genus I. PUR'PURA^ Bruguicrc. PI. V. f. 1.

t

Shell conic-oval, thick, destitute of an epidermis: spire
sharp- pointed: whorls vaovo; or less compressed: obiter Up tuber-
culated within. : pillar flattened, sloping inwards with a sharp
edge : canal narrow.

'O*

* Tlie name of a shell-fish from which the Tyriaii dye {Trop<l>voa) was
extracted ; erroneously applied to this genus.

PURPURA. 275

The Purpura of the Romans,, from which they pro-
cured their famous colour^ was Mureos trunculus, a com-
mon Mediterranean shell ; it is the principal subject of
Colonna^s essay. A similar dye is yielded by the two
European species of the present genus. It is secreted
by an organ which Lacaze-Duthiers considers a kidney,
urea having been detected in the liquid by chemical
analysis. I shall have occasion to say more about this
when I treat of P. lapillus. Another point of resem-
blance, common to the ancient and modern PurpurcB, is
their power of drilling holes in the shells of other mol-
lusca, for the purpose of feeding on them. The mussel
is especially the prey of P. lapillus. A living naturalist
was mistaken in supposing that it invariably chooses
that part of the mussel-shell from which the epidermis
had been previously removed — as if the latter could be
any impediment to its operations. The late Mr. Osier
imagined that " the perforation is eflPected by a succes-
sion of strokes, following each other at intervals shorter
than a second : '' perhaps he was thinking of a wood-
pecker. Neither is the discovery of the perforating-
faculty possessed by whelks a new one as is generally
believed. It was mentioned more than twenty-two
centuries ago, by Aristotle, in the 4th chapter of the 4th
book of his wonderful ^ History of Animals.^ He there
describes the stout proboscis of the iropcpvpa (which he
compares to that of the gadfly) and its use, as well as
its sharp minute and slender teeth, like those of snails.
Nor was he ignorant of its acute sense of smell, evi-
denced by the 'Trop(f)vpa being attracted from a consider-
able distance by the bait laid for its capture. He like-
wise noticed the honeycomb-mass of spawn deposited by
that shell-fish ; and all his observations are marked by
a degree of accuracy which scientific men now-a-days

276 BUCCINID^.

might well endeavour to emulate. What does Shake-
spears say of the boasted discoveries of the present age ?

" If* there be nothing new, but that, which is.
Hath been before, how are our brains beguil'd,
Which, labouring for invention, bear amiss
The second burden of a former child ! "

pigrv- Purpura LAPiL'LUS*JLinne.) K? SlS

Buccinum lajpillus, Linn. S. N. p. 1202. P. lapillus, F. & H. iii. p. 380,
pi. cii. f. 1-3, and (animal) pi. LL. f. 4.

Body varying in colour from white to yellowish, with a faint
tinge of brown, and minutely speckled with flake-white : mantle
thick, with sometimes a brown margin': pallial tvihe short, not
much nor often protruded : head small : proboscis short : ten-
tacles conical, rather long and tapering ; the part above the
eye is much more slender than the lower part (which is tumid
and rounded), and is from one-half to one-third of the entire
length: eyes small, although conspicuous from their dark
colour, slightly raised on long and thick stalks (''ommato-
phori," Loven), which are amalgamated with the lower part
of the tentacles : foot oblong, rounded at each end, or bluntly
angular behind, double-edged in front, with ear-shaped corners;
sole divided lengthwise by a slight fold or crease : opercular
lobe short.

Shell forming a short cone with a bluntly pointed base,
thick, opaque, nearly lustreless : sculpture, numerous flattened
spiral ridges, which are sometimes thread-like, or alternately
large and small, and always become sharper near the apex ;
the surface is also covered with rather close-set striae in the
line of growth ; these latter are sometimes wavy where they
are interrupted by the spiral ridges, so as to produce a more
or less distinctly fimbriated appearance; embryonic whorls
quite smooth and glossy ; the base is encircled by an obhquely
twisted keel : colour most variable, usually whitish, pale orange,
reddish-brown, or dark chocolate, often banded, and the base
stained with reddish-brown ; one specimen (from Shetland)
has the body -whorl white and the upper whorls marked with
narrow brown bands in the interstices of the ridges : sjnre
regularly but suddenly tapering; apex blunt and rounded,
twisted on one side : whorls 6-7, convex, although compressed

* A pebble.

PURPURA. ^n

apwards ; the last occupies from two-thirds to five-sixths of
the shell : suture rather slight, deeper towards the apex : mouth
oval, somewhat contracted by the pillar; its length is from
one-half to two-thirds of that of the spire : canal deep, exhibit-
ing outside a corresponding and oblique notch: outer lip curved,
bevelled on the inside to a rather sharp edge (which is slightly
indented by the ridges in young shells), notched or tubercu-
lated within, sloping above from the periphery : inner lip broad,
continuous with the outer lip at the upper corner of the mouth:
pillar broad and smooth, angulated where the canal begins ;
between the lower part of the pillar and the basal ridge there
is an oblique cavity as in Trichotropis : operculum dark horn-
colour ; hues of increase distinct ; nucleus placed nearer the
base than in the middle of the outer side ; it exhibits under-
neath four or five irregularly elliptical layers, being apparently
the marks of annual growth. L. 1-5. B. 1.

Var. 1. imbricata. Longitudinal striae more developed, and
forming a flounce-Kke ornamentation. P. imbricata, Lam. An.
8. Vert. vii. p. 244.

Yar. 2. major. Larger and having a longer spire. L. 2*5.
B. 1-25,

Var. 3. minor. Smaller, more strongly ridged, with a
shorter spire and wider mouth. L. 0*75. B. 0-5.

Monstr. Spire reversed, scalariform, or having scarcely any
canal.

Habitat : Gregarious everywhere on rocks and stones,
exposed to the tidal waves of

*' the sea, that fleets about the land,

And like a girdle clips her solid waist."

Here it gets abundance of food, which mainly consists
of mussels, limpets, and sessile barnacles. It sometimes
finds its way into deeper water. The 1st variety was
dredged by Mr. M^Andrew on an oyster-bed from 4 to
7 f. in Rhoscollyn Bay, near Anglesea ; Mr. King, the
natural-history dealer, also found it near Holyhead, and
Dr. Knapp in the Firth of Forth. Var. 2. Off the
Mumbles Head, near Swansea, in 18 f. (J. G. J.).
Var. 3. Burrafirth Caves, Shetland (J. G. J.) . A speci-

278 BUCCINIDiE.

men of the reversed monstrosity is in the collection of
the late Mr. Bean at Scarborough. Many years ago he
sent his little granddaughter to the pier on an errand,
and on her return he scolded her for loitering. She
held up her pinafore to wipe her eyes, when down fell
some of these whelks which she had picked up ; his quick
eyes lit on a left-handed specimen, and it is needless
to say that he at once forgave her. A scalariform speci-
men occurred to me in Swansea Bay ; and one almost
without a canal was given to me by Mr. Dillwyn as
Irish. The last may possibly be a hybrid between this
species and a Littorina. P. lapillus has been recorded
as fossil in the Red Crag and every subsequent deposit,
including Moel Tryfaen ; post-glacial formation in Nor-
way, 0-100 feet (Sars). Its foreign distribution in a
living state comprises the Arctic seas of both hemi-
spheres, the European coasts of the North Atlantic
(0-20 f.) southwards to Santander (E. J. Lowe), Corunna
and Vigo (M'Andrew) ; Mogador, a dwarf state or
variety, abundantly, with P. hcemastoma (R. T. Lowe) ;
Canada (D^Urban) ; United States (Gould and others) ;
Mexico (Brit. Mus.) ; north-west coast of America (P.
Carpenter). Senegal, TenerifFe, and Fayal in the
Azores, as well as the coast of Brittany, are given by
Adanson as localities for the present species ; he also
described and figured P. hamastoma. The variety im-
bricata was noticed by Fabricius as Greenlandic ; and I
have taken it in the south-west of France.

This mollusk has a shambling gait, and sedentary
habits; it seems to be always eating, or digesting its food.
Lister, however, observed it early in the morning, at the
commencement of June, otherwise engaged, viz. in per-
petuating its species on a dry rock after the tide had
receded. It is very destructive to mussel-beds, and is

PURPURA. 379

said by Linne to eat the dead fish left in fishermen's
nets. I have seen it busily feeding on Balanus bala-
no'ides, its strong proboscis being inserted between the
opercular valves of the barnacle. According to Mr.
Osier, it also devours Littorina, Trochi, Naticce, and
even its own kind. From what I have observed of the
mode by which it perforates the shell of a mussel, I am
inclined to agree with Mr. A. Hancock that it uses its
tongue. The siliceous spines with which this organ is
closely studded would scrape a hole in any layer of car-
bonate of lime, however compact. I cut off the end of
the proboscis of a Purpura^ while it was attacking a
mussel ; the part thus lopped still remains in the hole,
with the front of the tongue exposed. The hole is
shaped like an inverted cone, and exhibits under the
microscope extremely fine scratch-like striae, as if caused
by the rasping action of the lingual apparatus. I believe
the movement to be rotatory, because the sides of the
hole are quite even. The process is an extremely slow
one. Mr. Osier states that, after watching for some
hours a Purpura attached to a limpet, he found the per-
foration incomplete; and Mr. Spence Bate and Mr.
Bretherton noticed that it took two days to get through
the shell of a moderate-sized mussel. It does not ap-
pear that the prey is destroyed by any poisonous secre-
tion of the whelk, after it has gained access to the
interior. The proboscis is at first thrust into the hole
which it had drilled, and the whelk eats in that way ;
but when, from the death of the mussel or limpet, the
former gapes or the latter separates from the rock, the
Purpura devours the remainder by the natural opening.
Perhaps they exercise some abstinence in the winter and
early spring, to make up for their continual gormandi-
zing during the warmer portion of the year. Mr. Peach

280 BUCCINID^.

informs me that on the coast of Caithness_, throughout
the winter, the Purpur(B assemble in clusters low down
towards the sea, where they are left dry at spring tides
only, and that they also huddle together in crevices of
the rocks ; he could hardly find a single individual in
the usual summer habitat in the course of an hour^s walk
which he took along the shore in the middle of March.
Their voracity and cannibal propensities begin at a very
early age. Dr. Carpenter has shown (and his observa-
tions are confirmed by Mr. Busk, Professor Huxley,
and Dr. Dyster) that the embryo of P. lapillus, before
it leaves the nidus or capsule, swallows the yelk around
it. The observations of Claparede on the development
of Neritina coincide with those of Carpenter as to Pur-
pura. Koren and Danielssen, however, give a different
account of the matter. They say that each capsule is
at first hermetically closed, and filled with a liquid,
which is as transparent as water, viscous, and resembles
the white of a bird's e^^ ; in this liquid are enveloped
a mass of eggs, 60 or even more ; in process of growth
these eggs agglomerate, and form from 20 to 40 embryos,
which are developed in the same manner as those of
Buccinum undatunij the shell taking the shape of a
Nautilus, and that at the end of the 9th or 10th week,
and not before, the fry quit the capsule. The latter
then bursts at the top, and shows an open split. The
capsule adheres to the rock, sometimes to Balani or to
the shells of other PurpurcBj by a short and narrow
stalk, which is connected with a membranous and broad
base ; each is distinct and separate. They are slightly
striated across. At one time they were classed among
the Polypes, and called Hydra triticea ; Ellis gave them
the name of sea-cups. Mr. Peach has furnished some
interesting particulars of the embryogeny of P. lapillus.

PURPURA. 281

According to him it deposits its spawn all the year
round,, but more actively from January to April. Spawn
which he collected in January 1843 was hatched four
months afterwards ; he took 47 fry from a single cap-
sule. They soon began to assume the peculiar habit of
their parents, '^ by getting out of the water, where they
vi'ould remain for hours, answering to the period of the
ebb and flow of the tide.^' Cailliaud counted 245 cap-
sules which had been produced by a single Purpura
about the same time ; each capsule contained from 16
to 28 perfect embryos [making therefore an average
total of 5390] : they were hatched in turn by the parent,
which (as he supposes) thus not only supports them by
her nutritious moisture, but protects them against
accidents. 1 have only seen the Purpura covering with
her shell the egg-cases while they were being laid. M.
Cailliaud adds that some of the inhabitants of St. Michel-
Chef-Chef eat this shell-fish after the spawning-season.
It does not seem to be anywhere else an article of food —
although our remote ancestors were probably less fasti-
dious in their tastes; for the shells are found in the
refuse-heaps or kitchenmiddens of ^ Picts ^ houses^ near
Wick, mixed with shells of the common periwinkle, and
occasionally of the limpet and mussel. Within the period
of civilization this mollusk has been made useful in
another way ; and a great deal has been published con-
cerning the purple dye which is yielded by our Purpura j
as well as by that of the Greeks and Romans. The Vene-
rable Bede mentions it, in terms of admiration, in his
Ecclesiastical History of England : as to its permanency,
he says, ^' quo vetustior, eo solet esse venustior.^^ The
subject has been since discussed, in both an economical
and philosophical point of view, by a crowd of writers,
English, French, Norwegian, Spanish, Italian, German,

283 BUCCINIDiE.

and Dutch, each contributing something to our know-
ledge. Professor Lacaze-Duthiers has lately given an
excellent resume. From all these publications and my
own observations I may state that the dye-stuff, when
extracted from the living animal, is of the consistency
of cream, and at first colourless or more or less yellowish ;
exposed, in a moist state, to the light of the sun, it
passes through all the dififerent shades of green to violet,
then to a beautiful purple, and ultimately becomes
crimson ; the colour is photogenic or produced by solar
action. A smell of garlic is given out during the pro-
cess. Linen was formerly stained or marked with it.
The liquor contained in the egg-capsules is also purpu-
riferous, and tastes like the strongest pepper. P. h<K'
mastoma dinAMurex erinaceus possess the same colouring-
matter. When amusing himself by some experiments
as to the faculty of hearing possessed by the mollusca,
Dr. Johnston ascertained that neither this kind of whelk,
the periwinkle, nor the common banded snail appeared
to be affected by loud and harsh noises about them.
M. Susini, however, informs me that at Corsica Trochus
tessellatus or T. fragarioides (which is there gathered
by the fishermen, and after being scalded eaten with a
pin, like our periwinkle) invariably drops down from
the rock when any one approaches it. The shell of
the male P. lapillus is longer, more slender, and has a
finely tapering spire, with a plicated but not tubercular
throat. Specimens from brackish water in the Solent
and River Orwell are smaller and of a thinner texture.
In one from Guernsey there is a strong fold on the
upper part of the pillar, extending inwards. Occasionally
the shell is truncated at the top, or the first whorls are
broken and deserted, the animal occupying the re-
mainder. In aged specimens the throat has not unfre-

PURPURA. 283

quently a succession of tubercular rows, forming internal
varices. None of the specimens which I have seen
from Canada and the United States are as large as ours ;
and I am consequently disposed to take a view opposite
to that which Forbes suggested, viz. that this species is
of American origin, and was introduced to the European
shores during the glacial epoch. The common character
of the fossils of that period in both continents shows
that a close connexion by continuity then existed
throughout the circumpolar area; and there is no evi-
dence that any migration took place from one continent
to the other. We must go back to the antecedent epoch
in order to trace the origin of this species ; and we there
find that it occurs for the first time in the Red Crag of
Suffolk. It is remarkable how the numerous varieties
figured by Mr. S carles Wood from that formation cor-
respond with those of the adjacent coast.

The present species was named by Lister Purpur(S
anglican(By or " white couvins j " it is the Buccinum
Cornubiense of Petiver, '' le sadot '' of Adanson, ^^ the
purple-marking whelke '' of Borlase, B. purpuro-bucci-
num of Da Costa, B. anglicum of Gmelin, and B. angli-
canum of Lamarck ; the vulgar name in Ireland, accord-
ing to Smith and Rutty, is " horse winkles : '' the fry
is probably jB. breve and B, lave of Adamses papers in
the ^ Linnean Transactions.^ The P. lapillus of Risso
is Buccinum hcemastoma of Linne. This latter species
inhabits the North Atlantic, from Brest southwards to
the Azores (including the coast of Senegal), as well as
the Mediterranean and Archipelago ; Morch gives the
Brazils as a locality, in the sale catalogue of the Count de
Yoldi^s collection of shells. Between forty and fifty
years ago Mr. Charles Macculloch picked up three speci-
mens of this sheU near St. Peter's Port, Guernsey, at

284 BUCCINIDiE.

the lowest point of a spring tide. Mr. Lukis had these
specimens ; two were living, and are now in his or his
late son's collection; the third (which was dead) Mr.
Lukis kindly presented to me. Not being an eatable
shell-fish, French sailors would hardly take the trouble
of bringing it from the coast of Brittany, and throwing
it overboard, for the purpose of puzzling English con-
chologists.

Genus II. BUC'CINUM^ Linne. PL V. f. 2.

Shell oval, not so thick as that oi Purpura: spire bluntly
pointed: whorls more or less tumid: outer lip sometimes
slightly grooved within, never tuberculated : pillar rounded :
canal wide.

The bucca or buccina of the Romans was the same as
the Ki]pv^ of Aristotle and the Greeks, and represented
the large Triton nodiferus, which was the trumpet used
in land- and sea-fights, as well as for setting the watch
and calling together assemblies of the people : —

" Buccina cogebat priscos ad verba Quirites."

This line of Propertius was misquoted by Linne (who
was apparently misled by Buonanni), so as to make
the buccina a war-trumpet only. The type of the
present genus, as established by Linne, is our common
whelk t^ B. undatum. It has been grotesquely meta-
morphosed into an heraldic emblem, and forms part
of the armorial bearings of the ancient family of
Shelley. In blazoning their coat of arms, old Gwillim
enjoins us to glorify God for the infinite variety of
Nature's workmanship, " manifest even in the very shells
of fishes,'' which he considers " things of meanest

* Corrupted from buccina, the classical name of a shell-trumpet.
t An old English word : —
" Horns whelk'd and wav'd like the enridged sea." — K. Lear, iv. 6.

BUCCINUM. 285

reckoning/' In his orderly fashion he placed these in
the lowest rank, but the cherub, unicorn, and phoenix
foremost in the scale of creation. The Buccina affect
principally, if not exclusively, the temperate and colder
seas of both hemispheres. Dr. Stimpson has given a
review of the northern species in the ^ Canadian Natu-
ralist' for October 1865. Whether all those which he
reckoned distinct will stand the test of a more extensive
examination of this extremely variable group is ques-
tionable. , ^^^^)

K!4<|2- 1. BucciNUM unda'tum"^, Linne. ^i.i-L.

B. undatum, Linn. S. N. p. 1204; F. & H. iii. p. 401, pi. cix. f. 3, 5, and
(animal) pi. LL. f. 5.

Body varying in colour from dirty white to yellowish,
speckled or streaked with black : mantle rather thick, folded
over the pillar of the shell : pallidl tube extensile, protruded
an inch or more beyond the canal, recurved, and obliquely
truncated at the extremity : head small, narrowish : proboscis
very long and powerful, enclosing a muscular sheath, within
which lies the tongue : tentacles flattened, long, and pointed,
abruptly thickened at the base : eyes very small, placed nearly
one-third of the way up the tentacles : foot oblong, with
shelving sides, capable of considerable expansion and disten-
tion, rounded in front, with small ear-shaped corners, and
bluntly pointed behind : verge large and fleshy, with a short
point at the extremity [: odontophore; central tooth armed with
7 cusps or points in a comb- like manner ; shaft of the side tooth
having 3 notches, the lowest being the largest. (Loven)].

Shell conical above the periphery or centre of the body-
whorl, and somewhat truncated at the base, more or less sohd
(according to the habitat), opaque, and usually lustreless :
sculpture, numerous fine thread-like spiral ridges, some of
which are much stronger than others and are arranged in
bands (from 3 to 7 small ridges between every large one) ;
the whole surface is covered with extremely delicate and close-
set longitudinal striae, which seldom, however, cross the spiral
ridges so as to cause any decussation ; the upper portion of
the body -whorl and of the four or five preceding whorls is often
* Waved.

286 BUCCINID^.

strengthened by curved ribs or folds (like buttresses), of which
there are from 12 to 15 on the penultimate whorl ; top whorl
smooth ; the base is girded by a very large, strong, and ob-
liquely twisted keel : colour mostly yellowish-white, tinged
with reddish-brown, sometimes white banded with the latter co-
lour, or reddish-brown with a pink tinge and beautifully mot-
tled with white ; inside yellow, white, pale reddish-brown or
chocolate : epidermis pale brownish-yellow, rather thin, usually
rising into close-set laminar folds, corresponding with the
longitudinal striae, which form short spinous processes on the
spiral ridges : spire regularly tapering ; apex blunt and irre-
gular, or mammiform : whorls 7-8, rounded ; the last occupies
about two-thirds of the shell : suture deep : mouth oval, and
somewhat expanded ; length about one-half that of the spire :
canal open and deep, exhibiting outside a similar and oblique
notch: outer lip semicircular, flexuous, and having a large
sinus or bay in the middle ; it slopes outwards from the peri-
phery ; edge reflected and thickened in full-grown specimens ;
inside slightly and indistinctly grooved : inner lip broad, con-
sisting of a rather thick glaze on the pillar and adjacent part
of the body- whorl: pillar smooth and highly polished, mi-
croscopically freckled or pustulated by the lower fold of the
mantle: operculum pale brownish-yellow, rather solid, more
or less concave towards the nucleus ; the layers of growth are
laminar and numerous, resembling the epidermis in texture.
L. 3-25. B. 2.

Yar. 1. jiexuosa. More slender, with a produced spire ;
whorls apparently twisted, in consequence of the ribs being
obliquely curved.

Yar. 2. littoralis (King). Yentricose ; spire shorter, and
body-whorl disproportionately large ; longitudinal plaits
strong; throat often coffeecoloured.

Var. 3. paupercula. Dwarf and depauperated.

Yar. 4. striata. Thinner than usual, with the longitudinal
ribs nearly obliterated. (B. striatum, Pennant, Br. Zool. iv.
p. 121, t. Ixxiv. f. 91.)

Yar. 5. pelagica (King). Twice the usual size, and also
thinner, with a longer spire and proportionally smaller mouth.

Yar. 6. Zetlandica (Forbes). Smaller, and of a thin and
delicate texture, destitute of longitudinal ribs; epidermis
smooth and membranous.

Monstr. 1. sinistrorsum. Spire reversed. 2. carinatum.

BUCCINUM. 287

Upper part of each whorl encircled by a keel or more promi-
nent spiral ridge. {B. caririatum, Turton, Conch. Diet. p. 13,
pi. xxvi. f. 94.) 3. imperiale. Body-whorl compressed and
elongated, so as to give it the shape of a Valuta. (B. imperiale,
Reeve, Conch. Icon. iii. pi. ii. f. 8.) 4. acuminatum. Spire
extending to a considerable length ; whorls flattened, and the
periphery consequently angulated. (B. acuminatum, Broderip
in Zool. Joum. v. p. 44, pi. iii. f. 1, 2.) 5. conico-operculatum.
Operculum patelliform or conical. 6. hioperculatum and ^W-
ojMrculatum. Having two or three opercula.

Habitat : Every kind of ground, in all parts of the
British seas, from the shore to the greatest known
depth. The 1st variety is peculiar to hard ground in
the coralline zone, throughout the Hebrides, Orkneys,
and Shetland ; it is not common. 2nd, among stones
and on mud, in the higher part of the laminarian zone,
north of England, as well as Ireland, Scotland, and
Shetland. 3rd, brackish water at Southampton and
Ipswich. 4th, coralline zone of England, Wales, and
Ireland; not common. 5th, Dogger bank; Mr. Leckenby
has a specimen 6i inches long. 6th, soft ground in the
deep-water zone, west of Ireland, outer Hebrides, Ork-
neys, and Shetland ; I have a specimen of a pure white
colour. Besides these, whicl^ I regard as the principal
varieties, others have been described by Professor King
and Mr. A. Hancock. In horticultural language, the
species is very much given to sporting. The monstrosities
have been noticed in the following places : — 1, coasts of
Kent, Sussex, Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire ; it is the B,
Bornianum &c. of Chemnitz. I have both solid and thin
specimens of this monstrosity. 2, with the last, and at
Exmouth, Sunderland, and in the west and south of
Ireland ; not B. carinatum of Phipps, which is B. gla-
ciale. 3, Kent and Sussex. 4, the same, and in various
other places, as far north as Aberdeen (Macgillivray) ;
this was mistaken by Turton for B. glaciale ; the upper

288 BUCCINID^.

whorls are more or less regular. 5 and 6, Kent and
Sussex; in a bioperculate specimen, procured by Mr.
Rich, one of the opercula is conical and borne on a
cylindrical stalk-like lobe, the other being of the usual
shape ; in a second specimen one operculum is longitu-
dinally oval with the nucleus nearly terminal (as in
Fusus), the fellow operculum being placed at a right
angle to it. Other monstrosities are found, of a less
marked kind. Every abnormal growth of the shell can
be distinguished from those of a specific or varietal sort
by examining the apex or nucleus ; this will be seen to
be regular, the malformation having subsequently taken
place, and being in most instances caused by some
injury to the outer edge of the mantle. The typical
form and variety striata have been recorded from every
recent geological formation in the northern latitudes of
both hemispheres, and as far back as the Coralline Crag ;
Palermo (Philippi) . Mr. James Smith found the mon-
strosity carinatum fossil at Bute, and Mr. Grainger at
Belfast. The geographical range of the species at the
present time appears to be restricted to the North At-
lantic, from the North Cape (Sars) and Iceland (Steen-
strup) to Bochelle (D^Orbigny pere and Aucapitaine) ,
and Massachusetts (Gould) ; Gulf of Lyons, in the
stomach of a Trigla gurnardus (Martin) . The variety
Zetlandica is Scandinavian, and was mistaken by Loven
and others for B. Humphrey sianum ; Iceland (Torell) .
The monstrosity acuminatum was procured by the late
M. Bernardi in the north of France. American speci-
mens of the common sort are smaller than European ;
and Stimpson endeavours to show that they belong to
distinct species, because of '* a fades difficult to de-
scribed^ If the supposed difference cannot be defined
by any words or delineation, and the only substitute

BUCCINUM. 289

offered is the nearly exploded idea of representation of
species,, it is a pity that naturalists should be so unneces-
sarily perplexed.

In Scotland and Shetland this common shell-fish is
called '^buckie/' in the Isle of Man (according to
Forbes) ^^mutlag/' in HoUand ^'wulk'' (Born), in
France '^ bouche-aurore " (Lamarck), at Brest ^^ grosse
bigorne '' and at BocheUe " burgau morchon '' (De
Montfort), and in La Manche "ran"" (De Gerville).
The animal emits a thin and copious slime. From its
size and toughness it makes a good subject for anato-
mical demonstration — although Cuvier has left very
little to be known about that part of its history. It
burrows in the sand, like Natica catena-, and its foot
is similarly traversed by numerous canals, which admit
of its being distended by water : this enters by an
orifice at the upper comer of the mouth of the shell,
and finds its way, through the abdominal cavity, into
the vascular system of the foot. When it burrows, the
end of the pallial tube or siphon is either exposed or
but slightly covered by the sand, so as to supply the
gills with water or air as the case may require. Beu-
dant^s experiments show that it cannot live in fresh
water. The formation of two opercula by the same
individual appears to be congenital, and not owing to
an injury of the opercular lobe, which would cause an
aborted or defective growth ; for in some of these mon-
strous specimens the twin opercula are so large that
they are doubled or folded inwards, side by side, in
order to fit the mouth of the shell. This moUusk is
very voracious, and is often caught on the fishermen^s
hooks. Orsted tells us, in his interesting treatise " De
regionibus marinis,'^ that great numbers of B. undatum
and Fusus antiquus are collected in the Cattegat for

VOL. IV. O

390 BUCCINIDiE.

fish-bait, by putting a dead cod into a wicker basket
and letting it down on a muddy bottom; it is soon
taken up half filled with whelks. The same method is
adopted for their capture on the English and Irish
coasts. The whelk afibrds an illustration of the lex
talionis ; fishes in their turn devour it with equal greedi-
ness. I have seen between 30 and 40 shells of B. unda-
tum extracted from the stomach of a single cod. After
the shell has been cleared out and ejected by the fish,
it makes a convenient habitation for the hermit-crab.
Other nations have not quite so great a fancy as ours
for eating the whelk : perhaps it is an indigenous taste ;
for when the Romans were in this country, they seem
to have acquired it — being one which they could not
gratify in Italy. Shells of B. undatum, mixed with
those of the oyster, have been noticed among the ruins
of a Roman station at Richborough. At the enthroni-
zation feast of William Warham, Archbishop of Canter-
bury, on the 9th of March 1504, there were provided
" 8000 whelkes at 55. ^ 1000.'' In the shell-fish market
at Billingsgate the present species goes by the name of
the " white " or '^ common '^ whelk, in contradistinc-
tion to Fusus antiquuSj which is there called the " red '^
or " almond '^ whelk ; they are brought chiefly from
Whitstable, Ramsgate, Margate, Grimsby, and Harwich.
My obliging informant Mr. Baxter says, " Wilks must
be sold the same day we receive them at market in the
summer, being the day after they are caught; if
the supply is greater than the demand, we boil them,
and they keep good for several days.'' Evidence was
given before a select committee of the House of Com-
mons in the Session of 1866, on the ' ^Tiitstable oyster-
fishery extension BiU,' that the whelk-fishery on a sandy
flat in that bay yielded J12000 a year, — ^part of the

BUCCINUM. 291

produce being disposed of -in the London market for
foodj and tlie rest sent to tlie cod-fishing banks for bait.
They are seldom eaten in the northern part of our isles.
At Dieppe and Nantes they may occasionally be seen
exposed for sale in the fish-markets. The embryology
of B. undatum has been investigated by Baster and
many other writers. Its curious spawn-cells are figured
in Ellis^s ^ Corallines ' as ^^ Alcyoniumj seu Vesicularia
marina of Bauhin; '' they were also called " Sea wash
balls/^ because of their being used instead of soap by
sailors to wash their hands. Dr. Johnston compares
this Tesicular mass to the nest of the humble-bee. It
is composed of numerous cartilaginous pouches^ of the
shape and size of a large split pea, piled irregularly one
upon another, and attached by their edges at the base.
Cailliaud counted 544 of these cells in one of the spawn-
masses. Each cell contains at first several hundred
eggs, which are afterwards so greatly reduced in number
that only from 15 to 30 fry come to maturity. The
process by which this reduction takes place has been
disputed by Scandinavian and English physiologists,
not less as to Buccinum than with respect to Purpura.
Koren and Danielssen state that the eggs are at
first spherical, that they afterwards separate into dis-
tinct portions, and then amalgamate or agglomerate and
assume a different shape. Sir John Lubbock, on the
contrary, ascertained that the more advanced embryos
swallow the other yelks whole, and in such quantities
as to become greatly distended ; his paper in the ^ Report
of the British Association' for 1860 contains a represen-
tation of " a young embryo in the act of swallowing an
egg." Dr. Mcintosh observed two specimens of the
variety littoralis, on the 19th of October 1863, in the act
of depositing spawn under a stone, about midtide, in a

o2

292 BUCCINIDJE.

rock-pool at St. Andrews. An egg-case, extruded from
one of these whelks, which he held in his hand, was
quite soft, and fell into the water like a ball of jelly.
Before the fry leaves its cell, it is furnished with two
rounded and ciliated lobes in front, a proboscis, eyes,
foot, gills, heart, otolites or ear-stones, and other organs,
besides a perfectly formed shell of two whorls and an
operculum. The spawning-season takes place, accord-
ing to the latitude and climate, between October and
May ; about two months are required for the develop-
ment of the fry. The shells vary exceedingly in thick-
ness ; some are solid and coarsely ribbed ; others are thin,
and their sculpture is very delicate. Sometimes the top
of the shell is broken off, and the opening is closed by a
plug. In young specimens the nucleus of the operculum
is more central than in the adult, the lateral extension of
growth being inwards or towards the pillar. Mr. Dennis
and Mr. Norman believe that the scalariform distortion
of the whorls, which is not unfrequent, is occasioned by
an annelid occupying the suture ; but the epidermis in
such cases may be traced covering that part, and the
distinction between post hoc and propter hoc may apply
to the opinion of the above naturalists, as well as to the
arguments of lawyers. The shell is the "roaring buckie^'
of Scotch bairns. Wordsworth has amplified this idea
in the following pretty lines : —

*' I have seen
A curious child, who dwelt upon a tract
Of inland ground, applying to his ear
The convolutions of a smooth-lipp'd shell ;
To which, in silence hush'd, his very soul
Listen'd intensely, and his countenance soon
Brighten' d with joy : for murmurings from within
Were heard, — sonorous cadences, whereby,
To his belief, the monitor express'd
Mysterious union with its native sea."

BUCCINUM. 293

Landor's verses express a similar idea as entertained
by children of a larger growth. In the 30th Problem
of Buonanni will be found a satisfactory explanation of
this phenomenon,, on acoustic principles.

It is the B. vulgare of Da Costa, B. porcatum of
Gmelin, and B. Labradorense of Reeve. The Tritonium
undatum of Fabricius is B, Grcenlandicum.

K* 4*3 2. B. Humphreysia'nxjm*, Bennett.

B. Humphreysianum, Benn. in Zool. Joum. i. p. 298, pi. xxx. (upper
figures) ; F. & H. iii. p. 410, pi. ex. f. 1.

Body whitish or yellowish-white, speckled with black:
pallial tube cylindrical : tentacles conical, contractile and
therefore varying in length, widely diverging, and separated
by an intermediate membrane : eyes on short stalks or
protuberances: foot broadly lanceolate, rounded or slightly
bdobed in front, with a smaJl triangular process at each cor-
ner, bluntly pointed behind.

Shell of a more regularly oval shape than B. undatum,
thin, but nearly opaque, somewhat glossy : sculpture, numerous
and delicate, wavy, spiral impressed lines or striae, visible
only with a magnifying glass ; the surface is also covered with
still finer, slighter, and much more numerous longitudinal
striae, which require a stronger power to observe them ; no
distinct reticulation is produced, but the interstices of the
spiral striae are microscopically punctured : colour yellowish
or whitish, mottled with fawn or reddish-brown, or irregularly
banded with rows of spots or chain-Hke markings of the last
colour : epidermis none : spire rather short, regularly tapering ;
apex blunt and depressed : whorls 7-8, rounded and convex ;
the last occupies more than three-fourths of the shell : suture
deep : mouth forming an obtuse angle on the inner or colu-
mellar side, contracted above into an acute angle, and expand-
ing outwards with a curved outline ; length about five-ninths
that of the spire: canal wide, open, and deep, exhibiting
outside a corresponding notch : outer lip semicircular, flexuous,
scarcely sinuated in the middle, sloping outwards from the

* Named in honour of the late Mr. J. D. Humphreys, a conchologist
at Cork.

294 BUCCINIDiE.

periphery ; edge in full-grown specimens reflected ; inside
smooth : inner lip imperceptible, consisting merely of a slight
glaze which imparts a polished appearance to that side : pillar
microscopically pustulated : operculum very small, triangular,
with a rounded outline, not very thin, somewhat concave ;
lines of growth fibrous and close-set. L. 1*75. B. 1.

Var. lactea. Milk-white.

Habitat: The outer '^haaf^^ or fishing-banks^ east
and north of the Shetland Isles, in 73-90 f. j also in
Vidlom voe on the mainland of Shetland, 18 f. (Nor-
man) ; Hebrides (Forbes, M^Andrew, and Barlee) ; co.
Cork, 40 f. (Humphreys and Armstrong) ; Connemara
(Professor King) . ? Fossil in Palermo and Calabria
(Philippi, as B. striatum). Living in Manger fiord
(Sars, mus. Christ.). The shells received by the late
Mr. G. B. Sowerby from Newfoundland, and referred
by him to this species, appear to be B. Groenlandicum ;
and the same remark applies to those recorded by Pro-
fessor Geikie from the Clyde beds. Dr. Stimpson must
have mistaken some other species (perhaps B. ciliatum)
for B. Humphrey sianum when he described the latter
as having a ciliated epidermis ; and I therefore cannot
recognize the North American localities indicated by
him. B. ventricosum of Kiener (from the coast of Pro-
vence) is closely allied to our shell ; but the whorls are
more tumid and gibbous, and the operculum is not so
disproportionately small. They bear the same relation
to each other as Aporrhais Serresiana does to A. Mac-
andrece.

This shell differs from the variety Zetlandica of B.
undatum in its more regularly oval shape, thinner tex-
ture, much finer sculpture, entire absence of an epi-
dermis, not having a basal keel or an inner lip, and in
its extremely small and triangular operculum ; from all

BUCCINUM. 295

the other varieties it is easily known by its far greater
delicacy, the want of longitudinal ribs, and remarkable
style of colouring. The operculum bears the same pro-
portion to the size of the mouth as that of Aporrhais ;
it seems to be more ornamental than useful, like the
coquettish hats worn by the girls of Tuscany on the
crown of their heads. The opercular lobe covers only
the centre of the operculum, the upper and under sides
of which are sometimes encrusted with sessile Forami-
nifera. The egg-cases are separate and hemispherical.
Some of the above characters are so peculiar as perhaps
to warrant the generic separation of B. Humphrey-
sianum — under the name of Mada, its surface being
glabrous.

It is the B. Puxleianum of Leach ; not B. Humphrey-
sianum of MoUer, Loven, Middendorff, Sars, Danielssen,
or Malm. Forbes (Mem. Geol. Surv. pp. 381 and 426)
hastily considered it identical with the B. ciliatum of
Fabricius ; his suggestion that the B. fusiforme of Bro-
derip (which is a true Fusus) may be ^'^an extreme
form '' of the same species is equally inexact.

The following are spurious or not British : —

B. glaciale, Linn. =5. carinatum, Phipps., "Orkney
Islands, Mr. Agnew, gardener to the Duchess of
Portland " (Donovan) ; in the Portland-sale catalogue
it is stated to be from Greenland, which is the true
habitat. Fleming^s Zetlandic specimen was, I believe,
given to him by the captain of a whaler.

B. Grmnlandicum, Chemn., with no end of syno-
nyms, is one of our glacial fossils ; it does not now live
south of Finmark. Fabricias broached an odd idea,
that by means of the pallial tube (which he called a
cirrus) the animal was accustomed to catch hold of the
leaves of fuci, so as to facilitate its progress, and when

296 MURICIDiE.

that prehensile organ was not used it did not get on so
well!

B. ciliatum, Fabr. With Scalaria Groenlandica, from
Shetland (Bean) : Greenland. See p. 97 of this volume.

B. plicosum, Menke= Fusits cirierem, Say=F. Forbesi,
Strickland. Isle of Man (Forbes) : Arctic Ocean and
United States. See vol. ii pp. 58 & 59.

Dolium perdiXj Linn. Weymouth (Pulteney) and
Jura (Laskey) : South-European and African.

Cassis testiculuSj Linn, (young) , B. decussatum, Penn.
=B. porcatumjVvlt. Weymouth (Pennant) ; Firth of
Forth (Laskey) ; Plymouth (Lambert, fide Fleming) :
West-Indian.

Family XXVIII. MURrCID^, Fleming.

Body spiral, usually long : mantle f pallial fold, head, and
proboscis as in the last family : tentacles forming an elongated
cone : eyes on stalks, which are combined with the outer part
of the tentacles and placed some way up the latter : foot lan-
ceolate, longer than in the other family : opercular lobe, gills,
and odontophore as in the Bucdnidce. Sexes separate.

Shell conic-oval or oblong, variously sculptured : spire pro-
duced : mouth oval : pillar not twisted : canal more or less
extended : operculum horny, never spiral, increasing by semi-
elliptical or curved layers ; nucleus terminal.

This huge collection of moUusca has been divided, for
scientific convenience, into many genera, which are
distinguishable solely by their sheUs, never by their
soft parts. Still, mere conchological characters, and
even the structure of the operculum, are in some cases
not less useful for the purpose of classification than
characters based on the animal. Very few groups of
higher rank than species are equivalent, or can be coor-
dinated. I do not propose, on the one hand, to follow

BUCCINOPSIS. 297

Mr. Clark iu out-Linneanizing Linne, and restricting
nearly all the British Siphonobranchiata to the single
genus Murex, nor, on the other hand, to adopt what I
consider the excessive multiplication of genera proposed
by the Messrs. Adams, Dr. Morch, and other systema-
tists of the extreme party of progress.

The Maricida, like the Buccinida, prey on other mol-
lusca, and eat dead fishes. They frequent every part of
the fflobe.

Genus I. BUCCINOP'SIS^ Jeffreys. PI. V. f. 3.

Shell oval, spirally striated : epidermis filmy : spire short,
with a blunt point: outer lip smooth within: pillar also smooth :
canal short and open : operculum triangular ; nucleus placed
on the inner base of the mouth.

The principal difference between this genus and Buc-
cinum consists in the operculum, the nucleus of which
is in Buccinopsis terminal, at the inner base of the
mouth, the increase taking place by semielliptical layers;
while in the other genus it is placed within the edge, at
the outer side of the mouth, the increase taking place
by concentric layers. The egg-cases of Buccinopsis are
separate, and shaped like a well-filled leather purse,
the opening for the egress of the fry beiug at tlie top
and very wide. According to Mr. Alder, " its tongue
differs from that of Buccinum undatum, as well as from
those of the allied species of the genus Fusus, and makes
a slight approach to that of Mangelia. It has a single
plain and slightly curved tooth on each side, and a very
thin non- denticulated plate in the centre.^'

I am not over fond of repeating the ojo^i^^-camposition
in generic names; but the resemblance of the shell

* Having the aspect of Buccinum.

o5

298 MURICIDiE.

which I am about to describe to that oi Buccinum is
very close, and the name Buccinopsis is of some years'
standing, as well as peculiarly appropriate. Dr. Stimp-
son lately propo'sed (without a description) another
name, Liomesus, for our British species : that name
would convey an erroneous impression, if derived from
the Greek, as the shell is not smooth in the middle.
The Buccinum deforme of Reeve (a sinistrorsal shell),
from Spitzbergen, appears to belong to the present

\\-'f-i> Buccinopsis Da'lei"^,! James Sowerby, ^- A'\^

Buccinum Dalei, J. Sow. Min. Conch, p. 139, pi. 486. f. 1, 2 ; F. & H. iii.
p. 408, pi. cix. f. 1, 2.

Body pale yellowish-white, with a faint tinge of fleshcolour :
jjallial tube rather long : head broadish : tentacles short, diver-
ging at an angle of about 25° ; tips blunt : eyes on short stalks
(the extremities of which appear like prominent tubercles)
near the outer base of the tentacles ; they are very small and
black : foot large and thick, expanded and rounded, as well as
double-edged, in front, minutely tubercled at the sides, and
bluntly pointed behind : verge falcate, very long and narrow.

Shell egg-shaped, with a truncated base, moderately soHd,
semitransparent, somewhat glossy : sculpture, numerous very
slight and delicate spiral strias, and still more close -set lines of
growth ; these marks are only discernible with a magnifying-
power, the surface appearing smooth to the naked or unarmed
eye: colour that of ivory: epidermis extremely thin, pale
yeUowish-white, with a faint tint of brown : spire short and
terminating rather abruptly ; apex compressed and regular :
whorls 5-6, tumid, rapidly enlarging; the last occupies at
least three-fourths of the shell : suture wide and sKghtly ex-
cavated, but not very deep : mouth forming an obtuse angle on
th^ inner side, and curved outwardly ; upper corner contracted
and acute-angled ; the length of the mouth is more than five-
eighths that of the spire : canal wide and deep, a little recurved
to the left, with a corresponding notch on the outside; its
edge is thickened and reflected : outer lip semicircular ; edge

* Named after Dr. Dale, formerly an antiqxiarj at Harwich.

BUCCINOPSIS. 299

also thickened and reflected : - inner lip thin, consisting of a
porcellanous glaze : pillar broad, smooth and polished ; micro-
scopically viewed it is curved with pustules, which are arranged
in lines lengthwise : operculum obliquely triangular, pale
yellowish-brown, thin, marked by several faint lines, which
diverge from the nucleus upwards ; layers of growth numerous
and iiTcgular. L. 1-5. B. 1.

Yar. eburnea. Shell smaller and thinner, with the spire
more produced. Tritonium ehurneum, Sars, Eeise i Lofoten
og Finmarken, 1849, p. 73.

Habitat : Co. Cork, in the stomach of the red gur-
nard and haddock (Humphreys), from which source I
have reason to believe Dr. Turton's typical specimen,
now in my possession, was derived, instead of from
Plymouth as stated by him; west coast of Ireland,
100 f. (Hoskyns, fide King) ; soft ground beyond the
Dogger bank, 40-50 f. (King and others) ; Aberdeen-
shire (Macgillivray and Dawson). The variety has
been dredged by me, on a bottom of fine sand mixed
with mud, in 72-87 f., off the northern and eastern
coasts of Shetland (with Fusus Norvegicus and F. Berni-
ciensis), by Sars at different places between the Loffoden
Isles and the North Cape, at depths of from 40 to 50 f.,
and by M^Andrew and Barrett also in Upper Norway,
in 100-160 f. The typical form occurs in the Red and
Coralline Crag, but is more rare in the latter; Antwerp
Crag (Nyst) . I noticed a specimen from the last-men-
tioned deposit in the Royal Museum at Brussels,
which measured 3| inches in length by 1| in breadth.
Mr. S carles Wood found a specimen in the Red Crag
having the spire reversed. The following localities re-
corded for this species in a living state require confir-
mation : — Sea of Okhotsk (Middendorff, as Tritonium
odides) , and Behring's Straits (P. Carpenter) .

The animal is slimy, and rather active. Its egg-cases

300 MURICID^.

are sometimes deposited on the under side of the ma-
ternal shell ; the base of their attachment is narrower
than the upper portion. The shell is known among the
Staithes fishermen as the "white whelk/^ Its home
appears to be the German Ocean and the Nymph bank,
instead of the arctic seas. Mr. S. Wood^s speculation
as to the reason why fossil are more distinctly striated
than recent specimens is ingenious. He took for granted
that the species is " dying out/^ and suggested that the
faint and imperfect striae on the shells of the surviving
race may be "from failure of vigour in those organs
necessary for such distinction, consequent upon the
approaching demise of the species/^ Some of the Crag
specimens, however, are not less smooth than recent
ones, and were described by Sowerby as his variety
" (a), ventricose, rarely sulcated.^^

It is the Buccinum ovum of Turton (not Tritonium
ovum of MiddendorflP), and probably B. crassum of Nyst;
the young was described by Macgillivray as Halia
Flemingiana.

Genus II. TRITON^ De Montfort. PI. V. f. 4.

Shell thick, each whorl strengthened lengthwise by a vari-
cose rib : epidermis skin-like : spire bluntly pointed : outer lip
and. pillar plaited or tuberculated : canal rather short, open
throughout, and nearly straight: operculum oval or oblong;
nucleus placed at the outer base of the mouth.

The two fine species which I now give as addi-
tions to our moUusca inhabit that part of the sea which
washes the extreme southern coast of England. Those
who reject Haliotis because it has not been found north
of Guernsey would of course consider the Tritones and
a few species of other genera extra-British. With such

* Tlie name of a mythological sea-god.

TRITON. 301

I will not dispute, but leav« them to their own opinion.
If a time should arrive when the Channel Isles cease to
be part of this country, all the above items may be
omitted, and transferred to another account in the
ledger of European fauna.

The name of Triton has long been established and in
use for a well-known genus of lizards. Link and Cuvier
called the shell Tritonium, and Schumacher Lampusia :
the former name, however, was preoccupied by Miiller ;
and, although it has been superseded, some confusion
might arise from the new application of it. Should any
change be necessary, Lampusia may be adopted.

N?4^7 1. Triton nodi'ferus^, (Lamarck) M.^j.

Triton nodiferum, Lam. An. s. Y. vii. p. 179.

Body of a vermiHon tint, marbled with diffused spots of
reddish-brown : mantle white [prettily variegated (Costa)] :
tentacles adorned with two black bands : foot having the sole
orangecolour. (PhiUppi.)

Shell conic -oblong, with an angulated outline, very strong
and solid, opaque, rather glossy : sculpture, a thick rib behind
the outer Hp on the body- whorl, and one in a corresponding
position on each of the other whorls, which form varices and are
apparently the marks of annual growth ; the whole surface is
irregularly covered with numerous spiral ridges and finer in-
termediate striae (besides close-set microscopic Hnes in the
same direction), the ridges being more or less tuberculated or
nodose : colour whitish, with a pale flesh tinge, variegated by
coffeecoloured spots, stripes, and blotches : epidermis brownish-
yeUow, thin, and easily peeled off: spire elongated: whorls
8-10, swollen, and compressed upwards ; the last occupies
nearly two-thirds of the shell : suture rather slight : mouth
acute-angled at the upper and lower comers ; length about
one-half that of the spire : canal wide and deep, ending out-
side in a shallow notch : its edge is thick, but not reflec-
ted : outer lip semicircular, sloping or bevelled inwards, and
furnished inside with from 15 to 20 short coffeecoloured

* Knot-bearing.

302 MURICIDyE.

ridges which terminate inwards in small tubercles, and out-
wards in points, giving a scalloped appearance to the outer
edge ; some of these ridges are double or arranged in pairs :
inner lip forming a polished glaze, which is thicker on the
outside of the canal : pillar broad, furrowed across with nu-
merous plaits or narrow ridges, the uppermost of which is the
largest, and the lowermost are sometimes broken or inter-
rupted; there is a smooth space between the top plait and
the upper corner of the mouth : operculum obliquely oblong,
homcolour, rather solid; layers of growth shghtly imbri-
cated or overlapping one another. L. 6. B. 2-75.

Habitat : Guernsey coast, where three living speci-
mens were trawled at different times between 1825
and 1832. Two were procured by Mr. Lukis (who
kindly presented one of them to me) , and the third by
Sir Thomas Mansell: the largest was taken near the
Caskets, by James Ozanne of Paridis Vale, on the 25th
of August 1825. Mr. Lukis kept this specimen alive
for some time. I was assured both by him and Mr.
GaUienne that the Guernsey fishermen trawl only within
a short distance from their own land, and never go on
the opposite coast of France, and that French trawlers
never come to the Channel Isles. Fossil at Piacentino
(Brocchi) and Palermo (Calcara, ?Philippi). It in-
habits the North Atlantic from Brest (Fremin\ille, fide
CoUard des Cherres) to the Azores (Drouet) , both sides
of the Mediterranean (Lamarck and others), the Adri-
atic (v. Schrockinger), and Archipelago (Linne).

It seems to have the same faculty as the snails and
slugs for reproducing amputated parts. Madame Power
lopped off a tentacle ; and at the end of 20 days a new
one had been formed, six lines in length ; previously to
amputation it measured fourteen lines. According to
Philippi, the animal, shortly before death, emits a fluid
which he calls '^ pulcherrime ccslestem.'^ The Sicilian
fishermen not only use the shell as a trumpet, but eat

TRITON. 303

the leathery inhahitant and esteem it a delicacy ; M 'An-
drew saw it offered for sale with other shell-fish in the
market at Algiers. Verany tells us that at Nice the
shell of T. modiferus, with a hole at the top, serves as a
trumpet for the fishermen and countrypeople, and that
the braying noise produced by it renders this musical
instrument indispensable for the old-fashioned charivari,
which he describes as a deafening serenade to signalize
the marriages of widows and ill-assorted couples. My
specimen is incrusted with several kinds of Lepralia
not noticed south of the British coasts, Spirorbis granu-
latus, S. corrugatuSj and Truncatulma lobatula.

Mureoc Tritonis of Linne is a large tropical shell (the
true Triton's trumpet), although his description inclu-
ded the present species.

r/*. 4*? 3. T. cuTA'cEus"^,(^Linne.) u . .

Murex cutaceus, Linn. S. N. p. 1217.

Body on the upper part painted with irregular spots of dark
purple, which are separated by narrow white lines : foot pale
violet above, marbled on the sides, and speckled here and there
with reddish spots which are edged with white. (Philippi.)

Shell conic-oval, with a twisted and angulated outhne,
very strong and solid, opaque, rather glossy : sculpture, a thick
and expanded rib behind the outer hp, a prominent and some-
what crested rib on the middle of the body- whorl, another on
the penultimate whorl, and frequently a fourth on the prece-
ding whorl (all but the labial rib being varicose) ; there are
also broad flattened spiral ridges (from 6 to 10 on the body-
whorl), besides a few irregular thread-like striae in the inter-
stices ; the penultimate whorl has 3 or 4 ridges, and each of
the next two whorls has 2 ridges ; the ridges on the upper
part of the shell are more or less tuberculated or nodose ; the
whole surface is covered with fine and close-set longitudinal
striae, which produce an imperfect cancellation: colour yel-
lowish-white, tinged or obscurely streaked with purplish-

* Covered with a skin or epidermis.

304 MURICIDiE.

brown : epidermis brownish-yellow, moulded on the longitu-
dinal sculpture, more adhesive or persistent than in the last
species : spire turreted, short ; apex depressed, and smooth,
consisting of an incomplete turn : whorls 5-6, convex, strongly
angulated by the varices, and compressed upwards ; the last
occupies three-fourths of the shell : suture deep, interrupted
by the varices : mouth narrow, acute-angled above and below,
contracted at the upper corner by a tooth on each side, so as
to leave an excavation like the top of a key-hole ; length,
exclusive of the canal, about two-fifths that of the whole
spire : canal narrow and contracted, ending outside in a rather
deep and oblique notch with a thick edge : outer lip nearly
semicircular ; that part which consists of the last-formed rib
is flat, thick, and strengthened by a continuation of the spiral
ridges ; the inside of the lip is furnished with 7 or 8 strong
tuberculated plaits, the spaces between which, where the lip
is inflected, are deeply excavated : inner lip broad and rather
thick, united above with the outer lip, reflected over the lower
part of the pillar, behind which there is a shallow groove ter-
minating in a small umbilical hole, caused by the superposition
of the new mouth on that of the prece(Ung whorl: pillar
broad, shelving inwards, curved above, and sloping below to
the left ; close to the upper comer of the mouth is a tooth or
short tubercular plait, and frequently another minute tooth
just below it ; at some distance within may also be detected
four or five ridge-like plaits ; the lower part of the pillar is
indistinctly corrugated or wrinkled across : operculum obliquely
oval, yellowish-brown or homcolour, rather solid ; layers of
growth numerous. L. 2*4. B. 1*7.

Habitat : Guernsey, dredged by Dr. Lukis and Mr.
Barlee; from a crab-pot (MaccuUoch) ; taken by Mr.
John Rougier on a large flat stone at the extreme verge
of the lowest spring tide, while gathering ormers (Halio-
tis tuberculata) in the island of Lihou (Dr. Lukis) :
dead shells have also been found by Mr. Lukis and others
on the beaches at Guernsey and Herm. Forty years
ago Dr. Turton recorded the capture of this species at
Padstow, and afterwards at Falmouth and Guernsey;
but the Cornish localities have not been verified by any
subsequent discovery. For my specimens I am indebted

MUREX. 305

to the liberality of Dr. Lukis and Mr. Macculloch ; I
likewise have one in the Turtonian collection. T. cu-
taceus is not uncommon on the coasts of the north, west,
and south of France, and those of Spain, Portugal,
Italy, Algiers, and the Canary Isles.

Young shells resemble stunted specimens of Murex
erinaceus.

No habitat is given by Linne for his Murex cutaceus ;
his description and reference to Seba^s figure may apply
to some tropical species of Triton. I should have pre-
ferred considering the present species his M. pilearCy
which he says is Mediterranean. Our shell is the type
of De Montfort's genus Aquillus.

The obliging attention of the Rev. Dr. Robinson has
enabled me to examine and compare the unique speci-
men of T, elegans, Thompson (Ann. & Mag. N. H. xv.
p. 317, pi. xix. f. I), stated to have been found by the
late Dr. Farran alive at Portmarnock in Dublin Bay,
and now in the public museum at Armagh. It is the
Hindsia angusticostata of Pease, a common shell of the
Sandwich Islands. Portmarnock has been from the
time of Turton a prolific source of such erroneous ad-
ditions to the catalogue of British shells.

Genus III. MUREX^ Linne. PI. V. f. 5.

Shell more or less turreted, ribbed lengthwise and ridged
spirally, so as to form an imbricated kind of sculpture, often
with prickly points ; the body-whorl has more than one varix :
spire prominent and sharp-pointed ; apex mammiform : outer
lip plaited or tuberculated within : pillar smooth : canal rather
long, narrow, covered over, turning obliquely to the left : oper-
culum oval ; nucleus placed at the lower side of the outer Up.

The name of this genus (as well as 'jrop<f>vpay purpura,
* The name given by Pliny to a kind of shell-fish.

306 MURICTD^.

and ostrum) was in familiar use among the ancients, and
signified not only the Tyrian dye but also the shell-fish
[M. trunculus) which produced it. It is related by Isi-
dorus that the dye results from the purple tears shed by
the murex when wounded. Aldrovandi collected an im-
mense number of poetical quotations having reference
to this highly prized colour, which was for so many
ages the emblem of rank and distinction. Sumptuary
laws were then very strict : indeed two centuries have
not elapsed since they were in force in England and
much commended by our great philosopher. Bacon.
The deposit of the spawn and production of the
young murices were described by Aristotle with his
usual accuracy ; and yet he persisted in asserting that
all testaceous moUusca were generated from putrefying
matter and slime. The shells of this genus are remark-
able for their elegant sculpture ; some are ornamented
by elaborately carved leaf- like varices, others by a series
of flounced ribs, a few by rows of long almost tubular
spines ; occasionally the aperture is profusely enamelled,
and tinged with roseate hues. The temperate zone,
however, cannot boast of such beauty. It was supposed
by the late Mr. G. B. Sowerby that, when the outer lip
of a Murex is fringed with spines, the animal can remove
these processes by some means, probably a solvent liquor,
to enable it to enlarge its shell. But his own admirable
figures are opposed to the conjecture, and show that the
spines are persistent.

p\.?iV- 1. Murex ERiNA'cEus^^Linne.) fs/*5»*

M. erinaceus, Linn. S. N. p. 1216 ; F. & H. iii. p. 370, pi. cii. f. 4, and
(animal) pi. TT. f. 1.

Body yellowish of different shades, mottled or hneated with

* A hedgehog ; from its prickly surface.

MUREX.

307

flake-white : pallial tvhe short : [^prohoscis 8-10 lines long
(Bouchard-Chantereaux) :] tentacles sometimes saffroncolour,
slender, and tapering to a fine point; they are nearly close
together at the base, and diverge at a right angle : eyes on
long stalks, which are united with the tentacles outside and
extend two-thirds of their length from the base : foot rather
small and narrow, rounded and double-edged in front with
short angular corners, bluntly pointed behind ; sole slightly
grooved down the middle : [gills very small, brownish (Bou-
chard-Chantereaux) :]oc?ontopAorg cylindrical, rather long [cen-
tral tooth convex, keeled, projecting in the middle in front,
the angles extended behind, base curved and prominent,
cutting-edge finely notched in a groove-like manner on each
side, and having 3 crested points, the middle of which is larger
and expanded, grooved on the inner side ; lateral teeth having
a long claw-like hook (Loven)].

• Shell conical, rugged, solid, opaque, of a rather dull hue :
sculpture, strong buttress-like longitudinal ribs, of which
there are 7 or 8 on the body-whorl, 8 or 9 on the next, and
one more (in a progressive ratio) on each of the preceding
whorls ; some of these ribs are varicose ; but there seems to be
no regularity in this respect, as the number probably depends
on the quick or slow growth of the individual ; there are also
several cord-like spiral ridges on all the whorls (except those
which form the apex), alternating in size, two on each of the
upper whorls being more prominent ; the surface is also covered
with small and close-set wavy plait-like striae, which are ar-
ranged in transverse rows of short vaulted scales on the lower
whorls, and give an imbricated or flounce-like aspect ; the
upper whorls are coarsely cancellated : colour yellowish- white,
sometimes mottled or streaked with reddish- or purplish-brown,
and the upper part of each whorl is now and then encircled
by a white or pale band : spire turreted, rather short ; apex
somewhat cylindrical, smooth and glossy, obliquely twisted
upwards : whorls 8-10, convex, but angulated, more or less
flattened at the top; the last occupies three-fourths of the
sheU : suture wide and deep, partly interrupted by the ribs :
mouth regularly oval, with the upper comer curved ; it is pro-
portionally larger and somewhat expanded in half-grown spe-
cimens ; length (exclusive of the canal) between one-third and
one-fourth that of the shell: canal open throughout in the
young, and in after growth becoming tubular except at the
base, in consequence of the overlapping on each side of the

308 MURICID-S.

outer and pillar lips, which are ultimately welded together ;
it is obliquely truncated towards the base, and terminates out-
side in a deep and rounded notch with a thick edge : outer lip
nearly semicircular ; that part which consists of the last-formed
rib slopes outwards, and is strengthened by a continuation of
the spiral ridges ; the edge is slightly prominent ; inside fluted,
and furnished with 7 or 8 small tubercles or teeth : inner lip
thick, united above with the outer lip ; at the base of the pillar
is a groove and umbilical chink, as in Triton cutaceus, but it is
much smaller and less distinct : pillar broad and glossy : oper-
culum reddish-horncolour, thinner than in the last-mentioned
species, irregularly laminated, and microscopically and super-
ficiaUy wrinkled. L. 2'2b, B. 1-125.

Yar. sculpta. Spiral ridges much more prominent and keel-
like, especially those on the upper part of each whorl, giving
the shell a scalariform appearance; space below the suture
deeply excavated.

Habitat : Stony ground, at low-water mark and in
the laminarian and coralline zones, on the southern and
western coasts of England and Scotland, and throughout
Ireland and Wales; estuary of the Thames (Thomas
and J. G. J.) ; trawled off Yarmouth (Rose) ; Scar-
borough (Bean) ; Northumberland and Durham (Alder) ;
dredged in Berwick Bay, 50 f. (Mennell) ; Moray Firth
(Gordon) ; Aberdeen (Macgillivray). All the specimens
procured from the northern coasts were dead. I dredged
the variety off Guernsey. M. erinaceus occurs in quater-
nary deposits at Strethill (Maw) ; Macclesfield (Darbi-
shire); Kelsey Hill (Prestwich); Moel Tryfaen (Darbi-
shire and Drury Lowe); Belfast (Grainger); Ireland and
Clyde beds (J. Smith and Forbes) ; ^^ Mammalian Crag ''
at Bramerton (S. Wood); "Norwich Crag^' (Witham,
fide Woodward); Italian tertiaries (Brocchi, Scacchi,
and Philippi) . Living in the Cattegat (Loven) ; North
Atlantic from Boulogne (Bouchard) to Madeira (M*^ An-
drew) and the Azores (Drouet) ; Mediterranean (Linne

MITREX. 309

and others) ; Black Sea (Middendorff) . Bathymetrical
range^ shore to 30 f.

The animal yields a purple dye_, like that of Purpura
lapillus, but not in such quantity ; the tint is violet_, and
is said to become more vinous, more blue, or more rosy
under apparently the saiiie conditions. It is the " sting-
winkle '^ of our fishermen, who do their best to get rid
of it on account of the ravages which it commits in
oyster-beds. This destructive habit has been well de-
scribed by Dr. Fischer in the ^Journal de Conchyliologie^
for January 1865. He says that at Arcachon M. eri-
naceus goes by the name of '^ cormaillot '^ or ^' perceur/'
and preys on the young oyster (from 6 to 8 months
old), drilling the shell between the muscular impression
and the beak, generally in the concave and larger valve.
The shells of old oysters are too hard for the Murex to
penetrate. The drilling-operation takes 3 or 4 hours.
When a hole is made, the whelk uncurls and inserts its
long proboscis, and leisurely devours its victim. MM.
Petit, Cailliaud, and Tasle have also noticed the damage
done by this noxious mollusk on other parts of the
French coast. Man is not the only animal that relishes
an oyster. M. Cailliaud attributes the perforating
power of the Murex to its " trompe acidulee ; " the
spinous tongue, however, is usually considered the agent.
The egg-cases are separate, of a triangular shape, and
compressed at the sides, with a small round hole at
the top for the egress of the fry ; the stalk is short
and narrow. They are deposited indiscriminately
on shells and stones, and form a cluster of from 15 to
150, each containing from 12 to 20 perfect whelklings.
I caught a small M, erinaceus feeding on an Anomia,
and found that the perforation in the shell of the latter
was one-sixth of an inch in diameter, being greater than

310 MURICID^.

that of the proboscis at its point ; it therefore seems that
the hole had been enlarged after it was made. Some
specimens of M. erinaceus are very much larger than
others, even in the same locality ; in the Mediterranean
they attain a comparatively gigantic size.

The " urchin-shell ^^ of Pennant, Buccinum porcatum
of Da Costa, and perhaps M. cinguliferus of Lamarck,
when half-grown it is the M. Tarentinus of the last-
named author. M. decussatus of Gmelin (from Adan-
son) is closely allied, if not identical. M. torosus of
Lamarck is, according to the Rev. R. T. Lowe, a variety,
probably sculpta ; but most conchologists refer to that
species a tropical shell with smooth ridges. Leach
called, the present species Ocinebra erinacea. What
right have naturalists to play such pranks,

" And nickname God's creatures " i

in this fashion ?

Y'^^' 2. M. acicula'tus"^, Lamarck. K5 S'\'2-

M. aciculatus, Lam. An. s. V. vii. p. 176. no. 66. M. corallinus, F. & H.
iii. p. 374, pi. cii. f. 5, 6.

Body bright coral-red or scarlet [vermilion (Philippi)], oc-
casionally speckled with yellowish-white or golden-yellow:
mantle thick, lining the mouth of the shell : pallial tube rather
long : head small : tentacles extensile, of a paler colour than
the rest of the body, microscopically cihated, especially at the
tips, which are bluntly pointed : eyes small, placed on stalks
which are amalgamated with the tentacles at their outer bases
and extend between one-third and more than halfway up:
foot rather slender, rounded or truncated and double-edged in
front, contracted and narrower in the middle, and bluntly
pointed behind ; sole having a clear edge or margin.

Shell oblong, approaching to spindle-shaped, soHd, opaque,
lustreless : sculpture, strong, broad, and rounded, but not very
prominent longitudinal ribs (8 to 10 on the last whorl, and

* Eather finely pointed.

MUREX. 311

one more on the penultimate), some of which are occasionally
varicose, as in M. erinaceus ; all the whorls except the upper-
most are encircled by thread-like ridges, of which there are
about 20 on the body-whorl, 7 or 8 on the sixth, 5 or 6 on the
fifth, 3 on each of the fourth and third, and 2 on the preceding
whorl, the whorl and a half which constitute the apex being
smooth and glossy ; many of these ridges on the body-whorl al-
ternate in size, and some of those below the periphery are often
larger and coarser than the rest ; the surface is also covered
lengthwise with numerous and close-set twilled striae, which
form transverse rows of short vaulted scales on the crests of the
ridges upon the lower whorls, the ridges upon the upper whorls
beiag tuberculated : colour dark reddish-brown : spire pro-
duced ; apex somewhat cylindrical, with a globular extremity,
which is obliquely twisted on one side: ivhorls 7-8, convex,
but compressed upwards ; the last occupies two-thirds of the
shell : suture wide, not deep, more or less interrupted by the
ribs : mouth exactly oval, expanding outwards ; length (ex-
clusive of the canal) five-twelfths of the shell : cciTial short,
turning to the left, covered over on the lower part by the
interjunction of the two lips, and terminating in an oval
fistulous orifice : outer lip nearly semicircular, sharp and thin,
slightly scalloped by the spiral ridges, and sloping inwards
to the throat, which is furnished with 6 or 7 small white
tooth-like tubercles : inner lip detached at its edges, and re-
flected on the piUar and canal; it is continuous with the
outer lip at the upper corner of the mouth ; behind it on the
lower part is a narrow depression or groove, which separates
the new from the old canal, the base being twisted : piUar
broad and glossy : operculum reddish-homcolour, rather thin,
irregularly laminated, and microscopically fretted ; muscular
impressions on the underside elliptical, and nearly central.
L. 0-5. B. 0-25.

Var. hadia. Baycolour.

Habitat : Channel Isles, on stony and rocky ground
at low-water mark and in the laminarian and coralline
zones. I obtained the variety by dredging in 22 f. off
St. Martin's Point, Guernsey. Scacchi and Philippi
have recorded this species from the Italian tertiaries,
and Woodward from the Coralline Crag at Gedgrave.
Its existing distribution comprises the North Atlantic

312 MURICID^.

from Brittany to the Canary Isles and the Azores, the
Mediterranean, and the Adriatic ; depths 4-40 f.

M. Martin showed me the spawn-cells, attached to
the underside of the shell. I have dredged similar cap-
sules at Guernsey. These are solitary, barrel-shaped
and strongly corrugated ; the ova are elliptical and pris-
matic. Specimens of M. aciculatus from the coralline
zone are not unfrequently covered with a sponge, or now
and then with one of the minute tubular Hydrozoa,
which gives the shell the appearance of having a hairy
epidermis.

Lamarck^s descriptions are usually too concise or too
vague to identify species; but in the present case no
doubt can arise, and I must retain the name imposed
by him, in preference to the later one (corallirms) of
Scacchi. Lamarck received this species from the coast
of Brittany, where it is not uncommon ; and it is enu-
merated in the list of CoUard des Cherres under the
name of M, aciculatus. Philippi placed it in the genus
FusuSj and referred it to the F. lavatus of Basterot.
Sowerby and Reeve called it M. inconspicuus.

Genus IV. LA'CHESIS^ Risso. PI. VI. f. 1.

Shell having the shape of a short spindle, strong, ridged
spirally, and ribbed lengthwise but not varicosely : spire pro-
duced ; apex mammiform : outer lip notched within : pillar
smooth : canal short, wide, nearly straight, open throughout :
operculum oval, bluntly pointed at the base ; nucleus placed
at the lower side of the outer Hp.

The species are few and of small size ; they inhabit
the littoral and laminarian zones. Risso appears to
have ingeniously constructed another genus {Nescea)
out of the same type.

* One of the Fates.

fiACHESIS. 313

K^+q^ Lachesis Mi''NiMA"^XMoiitagu.) ^l i-^ •

Buccinum minimum, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 247, t. 8. f. 2. L. minima,
F. & H. iii. p. 377, pi. ci. f. 7, 8.

Body yellowish, speckled with flake- white : pallial tube long
and cylindrical: tentacles extensile (short and club-shaped
when the animal is at rest), diverging from their base at an
acute angle, compressed in front and behind : eyes small, on
the extremity of stalks which extend about halfway up the
tentacles: foot comparatively long and slender, although shorter
than the shell, squarish and double-edged in front with small
angular corners, becoming narrower behind, and ending in a
bluntly pointed tail.

Shell oblong, solid, opaque, and rather glossy : sculpture, a
broad rib or callus behind the outer lip, and narrower longi-
tudinal ribs on all the whorls except the first; these ribs seldom,
however, cover the last half of the body- whorl ; when they do
so, 9 may be counted on that whorl, and 10 on the next ; they
are crossed by broad and flattened spiral ridges, which are
defined by impressed lines or striae (15-20 on the body-whorl,
and 4 on each of the preceding four whorls, the first or apical
whorl being closely and microscopically striated in the same
direction) ; the ribs consequently become more or less nodulous
or tuberculated ; marks of growth close-set: colour that of
coffee or reddish-brown, varying in intensity : spire abruptly
pointed ; apex globular, twisted on one side : whorls 5-6,
rather convex, compressed upwards ; the last occupies four-
sevenths of the shell : suture distinct, but not deep : mouth
oval, somewhat expanding outwards ; length (exclusive of the
canal) two-fifths of the shell: cunal bending a little to the
left, terminating at the base in a deep rounded notch with a
thick edge : outer lip curved, slightly inflected on the peri-
phery, plain-edged ; throat furnished with half a dozen tooth-
like ridges or plaits, the largest of which is close to the canal :
inner lip rather thin and narrow, spread over the pillar and
side of the canal, indistinctly united with the outer lip ; there
is no trace of an umbilical chink, the base being even and
rounded: pillar obtusely angulated at the entrance of the
canal : operculum yellowish, closely and finely striated in the
Une of growth. L. 0-2. B. 0-1.

Yar. pallescens. Of a paler colour, and occasionally milk-
white.

* The smallest (viz. of the Buccina).
VOL. IV. P

314 MURICID.E.

Habitat : Rocky and stony ground at low-water
mark, and in the laminarian zone, on the coasts of
Cornwall, Dorset, Devon, and the Channel Isles ; com-
mon, but local. The following recorded notices are by
no means reliable or prove that L. brunnea is indigenous
to these places : — Langland Bay, near Swansea (Dill-
wyn); St. Cyrus, Kincardineshire (Brown); Tynemouth
and Cullercoats (Alder) . With regard to the last two
localities Mr. Alder tells us that this species has never
been found there alive, and that " the sand of the coast
is rather vitiated with ballast from the ships.^^ I found
the variety at Guernsey. L. brunnea is fossil at Pezzo
in Calabria (Philippi) ; ? Ireland (J. Smith). It in-
habits the Atlantic shores of France, Spain, Portugal,
and Madeira, the Mediterranean, and Adriatic ; depths,
shore -35 f.

This has a different habit from most other whelks,
viz. swimming with its foot upwards. It does not seem
to require the use of the top whorls, the spire being
sometimes truncated in living and vigorous specimens.

Donovan, simultaneously with Montagu, described
the present shell as Buccinum brunneum; this specific
name is not Ciceronian, but appropriate, and better than
minima, which gives a wrong standard of comparison.
However, the latter name is sanctioned by Philippi
having also used it, without being aware of Montagu's
publication ; he afterwai'ds noticed the curious coinci-
dence. The Buccinum minimum of Turton, in his trans-
lation of the ' Systema Naturae,' is Nassa incrassata.
It is the L. mamillata of Risso (and apparently also his
Nescea mamillata), Murex Massence of Delle Chiaje,
according to Philippi Fusus turritellatus of Deshayes,
Buccinum rubrum of Potiez and Michaud, and Fusus
subnigris of Brown.

TROPHON. 315

Murex gyrinus of Montagu (not of Linne), a base
coin from the Laskeyan mint, is exotic ; Turton^s speci-
men shows it to be a Lachesis.

Genus V. TROPHON^, ? De Montfort. PI. VI. f. 2.

Shell spindle-shaped, never umbilicate, lengthwise plaited
or having laminar (occasionally varicose) ribs, and sometimes
cancellated by spiral ridges : epidermis none : sjpire elongated ;
apex mammiform : outer lip seldom notched or toothed within :
pillar smooth, more or less twisted : canal usually long and
beak-like, open throughout : operculum pear-shaped, flexuous ;
nucleus placed at the inner base of the mouth : egg-cases sepa-
rate, membranous, hemispherical, and attached by the circular
base.

De Montfort has the credit of instituting this genus ;
but his definition does not correspond with our idea of
it. He describes the shell as globular, with an expanded
mouth, the outer lip foliated or plaited, the base umbi-
licate, and the canal short ; indeed he lays great stress
on its having a very deep and conspicuous umbilicus,
as distinguishing Trophon from Buccinum. The genus,
as now recognized, possesses scarcely one of the cha-
racters attributed to it by the founder. The name,
however, is immaterial. Whether Trophon is distinct
from Fusus, or is merely

et nomen et genus inutile,"

are other questions that require much consideration.
I adopt the genus provisionally.

Trophon frequents the laminarian and coralline zones,
and appears to be restricted to the North Atlantic.

* Contracted from Trophonius, the name of a mythological deity.

p2

316 MURICIDiE.

I^V- ^-^ 1. Trophon murica'tus, IMontagu^ tV''.5if

Murex muricatus, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 262, t. 9. f. 2. T. muricatus,
F. & H. iii. p. 439, pi. cxi. f. 3, 4, and (animal) pi. SS. f. 5, as T. echi-
natum.

Body whitish : palUal tube short [often extending beyond
the canal of the shell (Clark)] : head inconspienous : tentacles
rather long and tapering to a point ; two-thirds of each on
the lower side are more than twice the thickness of the npper
portion, owing not only to the addition of the eye-stalk, but
to the tentacle itself being broader at the base : eyes small and
black : foot rather long and expansile, squarish in front with
a gently curved outline, somewhat angulated at the corners,
and bluntly pointed behind ; sole slightly grooved : verge large,
sickle-shaped.

Shell slender, not very solid, nearly opaque, and having
scarcely any gloss: sculpture, numerous longitudinal ribs,
which (especially on the body-whorl) are often laminar, and
more or less varicose ; these ribs usually do not extend to the
infrasutural part of each whorl; there are also thread-like
spiral ridges, about 12 on the body- whorl, 4 or 5 on the next,
and gradually lessening in number towards the apex, which
is microscopically and closely striated in the same direction ;
the points of intersection between the longitudinal and spiral
sculpture on the crests of the ribs are tubercular, or corru-
gated, sometimes prickly like the vaulted scales on the ribs of
many species of Pecten ; the lines of growth are minute and
irregular : colour yellowish- white, or fleshcolour tinged with
reddish-brown : spire extending to an abrupt point ; apex
globular, twisted either on one side or downwards : whorls
7-8, convex and rather tumid, angulated and flattened on the
upper part, so as to give a turreted aspect to the spire ; the
last occupies nine-fourteenths of the shell : suture wide and
deep : mouth proportionally small, triangularly oval, expanding
outwards ; length two-sevenths of the shell : canal semitubular,
inclining a little to the left, and terminating in a deep and
obliquely rounded notch ; externally it is devoid of any sculp-
ture except the marks of growth : outer lip prominent, con-
tracted above, and abruptly incurved under the periphery ;
edge thin, scalloped by the spiral ridges; inside, or throat,
finely plicated or furrowed : inner lip reflected over the pillar
and canal, continuous with the outer lip ; pillar curved, broad,

* Muricated or prickly.

TROPHON.

317

and flattened, sloping inwards to a sharp cutting edge : oper-
culum yellowisli (horncolour in darker specimens), obliquely
and irregularly striated in the line of growth. L. 0"625.
B. 0-25.

Var. lactea. Milk-white.
\/ax. bat-v»c<-n»t'5 . T«r^fx^f&T».

Habitat : Muddy sand in the coralline zone of
Devon^ Cornwall, and Guernsey ; Tenby (Lyons) ; Fish-
guard (J. Gr. J.) ; Isle of Man (Forbes) ; Dublin Bay
(Turton and others) ; Cork (Humphreys) ; Arran Isle,
CO. Galway (Barlee) : not uncommon. Other localities
have been published ; but I believe T. Barvicensis was
in these cases mistaken for the present species. One is
off the Mull of Galloway, in 145 f. (Beechey). The
variety occurs on the coasts of Devon and Guernsey,
particularly in ' Hurd's Deep,' a submarine trough near
the latter island, in about 60 f. Bed and Coralline Crag
(Wood); ? CO. Wexford (Forbes). The T. muricatus of
Nyst, from the Belgian tertiaries, is a different species.
Living on the Atlantic coasts of France, Spain, Portugal,
the Mediterranean, and ^gean ; depths 8-150 f. Dr.
Gould enumerated it among the shells of Massachusetts,
on what he admitted was unsatisfactory authority ; the
lamented death of that excellent zoologist may, I fear,
preclude the appearance of the expected new edition of
his '^Beport,' which would have doubtless cleared up
the point.

The capsules are about a line in diameter, and have
an oval orifice ; they contain a purplish liquor, together
with the fry. The shell is often incrusted with a fine
reddish sponge, regarded by Montagu as an epidermis.
My largest specimen is more than four- fifths of an inch
long. After the spire has been accidentally truncated,
the rest of the shell is sufficient for the animal.

Philippi described it as the Fusus echinatus of J.

318 MURICID^.

Sowerby, and referred to it the Murex variabilis of
Cristofori and Jan. The type of Leach's Fusus asper-
rimuSj in the British Museum^ is a specimen of the
white variety of T. muricatns, having the ribs more
prickly than usual.

F^-^'^ 2. T. Barvicensis"^_, Johnston. Nf c,5-

Murex Barvicensis, Johnst. in Edinb. Phil. Journ. xiii. p. 225. T. Bar-
vicensis, F. & H. iii. p. 442, pi. cxi. f. 5, 6, and (animal) pi. SS. f. 4, as
T. Barvicense.

Body white, and microscopically veined or speckled with
chalk- white flakes: mantle thick: pallial fM?>« very short : ten-
tacles cylindrical, rather short, widely diverging, with blunt
tips ; the upper third part is more slender, and the lower part
twice as thick ; they are flattened, as well as narrower, above
the eye-stalks : eyes small and black, placed outside the ten-
tacles, about two-thirds of the way up, at the top of stalks,
which are amalgamated with the tentacles and appear to form
part of them : foot extensile, double-edged and nearly square
in front, becoming narrower behind, and ending in a rounded
or bluntly pointed tail ; the front corners are slightly auricled
or angular.

Shell resembling the last species in many respects ; but
this is broader, more delicate and glossy ; the longitudinal
ribs are much fewer (about two-thirds of the number), more
laminar, prominent, and flounce-like ; they extend to the
suture ; the spiral ridges are numerically in the same propor-
tion as the ribs ; the top of each whorl is encircled by an
elegant coronet of spines : colour pure white : spire distinctly
scalariform or turreted : month more triangular, and narrower :
canal rather straighter : outer lip sometimes upturned at the
upper corner of the mouth, which ends in a sharp point : pillar
straighter : operculum of a paler colour, thinner, and smoother.
L. 0-65. B. 0-25.

Habitat : Stony ground in the laminarian, coralline,
and deep-water zones, on the coasts of Yorkshire, Nor-
thumberland, Durham, Berwick, Aberdeenshire, the
west of Scotland, the Orkneys, and Shetland; Cork,

* From the ancient name of Berwick-on-Tweed.

TROPHON.

319

with T. muricatus (Humphreys) ; Dublin Bay (Kinahan
and Walpole); Lough Strangford, 12-15 f. (Dickie); co.
Antrim, 8-35 f. (Hyndman and J. G. J.) ; perhaps also
Dunbar (Laskey, as Murex muricatus). "Irish Drift ^^
(Forbes). All the foreign localities are Scandinavian,
viz. from OxQord in Finmark (Sars and Danielssen) to
Bohuslan (Loven and Malm), at depths of 40-150 f.

It creeps, like Lachesis, foot upwards, on the sur-
face of the water. A capsule, in a valve of Leda minuta
(now before me), is very thin, semitransparent, and
marked with delicate, close-set, microscopic concentric
lines ; orifice oval. Some shells are more elongated
than others. The outer point of the old canal is occa-
sionally visible, so as to make the base double, or (when
neither of the two previous canals has been covered
with new shelly matter and incorporated with the base)
triple. Specimens from beyond the Dogger bank, in
50-60 f., are of unusual size, being nine-tenths of an
inch in length.

I consider this species not less distinct from T. muri-
catus than the following species from T. clathratus ;
they bear the same analogy to each other.

N^rit 3. T. trunca'tus*, Strom. \^^M'

Buccinum (truncatum), Strom in Norsk. Vid. Selsk, Skr. iv. p. 369, t. xvi.
f. 26. T. clathratus, F. & H. (not Murex clathratus, Linn6) iii. p. 436,
pi. cxi, f. 1, 2, and (animal) pi. SS. f. 3, as T. Bamffium.

Body whitish, pale yellowish-white, or creamcolour, with
sometimes a faint tinge of fleshcolour, and thickly covered
with milk-white specks : pallial tube very short, scarcely pro-
truded: tentacles awl-shaped, rather short, and diverging,
with blunt tips ; that part which surmounts the eye -stalk is
slender : eyes small, placed on long and thick stalks which
reach about two-thirds up the tentacles, on their outside:
foot narrow, double-edged and bilobed or nearly truncated in

* Cut off.

320

MURICIDiE.

front, with small angular corners, rounded or bluntly pointed
behind.

Shell conic-oval, rather solid, nearly opaque, somewhat
glossy : sculpture, numerous laminar longitudinal ribs (about
20 on the body-whorl, and 25 on the penultimate), which are
folded or incline towards the mouth ; they extend to the
suture, but not to the base or the canal ; the surface of all
the whorls except the upper two is covered with minute and
slight, close-set, spiral impressed lines or striae, which do not
cause any decussation or make the ribs tubercular ; top whorls
smooth and of a polished lustre ; the lines of growth are irre-
gular : colour yellowish-white or pale fleshcolour : spire rather
short, ending in an abrupt and somewhat truncated point;
apex angular, twisted at first obliquely upwards, and then in-
wards : whorls 6-7, convex and rather tumid, the last occupying
two-thirds of the shell : suture wide and deep : mouth oval
(with a triangular outline, when the outer lip is flattened on
the upper part), expandini? outwards; length (exclusive of
the canal) a little more than one-third of the shell : canal
shorter than in either of the foregoing species of Trophon,
slightly recurved to the left, and terminating in an obliquely
rounded notch ; externally it exhibits only the marks of
growth : outer lip curved, sometimes flattened above and
abruptly inflected on the periphery ; edge shaip, somewhat
reflected in adult specimens ; inside smooth : inner lip slight
and inconspicuous, coating the pillar and upper part of the
canal, not continuous with the outer lip : pillar curved, broad,
and somewhat flattened : operculum thin, yellowish, irregularly
puckered by the oblique lines of growth. L. 0-6. B. 0*275.

Yar. 1. alha. White.

Yar. 2. scalaris. Ribs deeper, abruptly truncated and
crested at the top of each whorl.

Habitat : Hard ground in the laminarian and coral-
line zones, from 2 to 50 f., on the eastern and northern
coasts of England, all Scotland, Shetland, and the
southern and eastern parts of Ireland; Isle of Man
(Forbes) ; Goodwick, near Fishguard, 18 f. (J. G. J.) ;
Tenby (Lyons); oflP the Mull of Galloway, 110-140 f.
(Beechey) . Both the varieties are Zetlandic. It is less
common than T. clathratus as a post-glacial fossil, hut

TROPHON. 321

is generally diffused ; they occur in the same deposits,
and also in the Norwich Crag (Woodward), and Red
Crag (S. Wood). The existing distribution of the pre-
sent species is arctic and boreal, extending from Green-
land (Moller) to Bohuslan (Loven and Malm) in the
eastern hemisphere, and from Canada (D' Urban) to
Massachusetts Bay (Gould and Stimpson) in the western
hemisphere; depths recorded 35-120 f.

The 2nd variety of this species corresponds with the
variety Gunneri of T. clathratus. For my largest speci-
men of the present species I am indebted to Mr. Rose,
who procured it by trawling off Yarmouth ; it is nine-
tenths of an inch in length, and has the usual number
of ribs. T. clathratus of the same size has only 14 ribs
on the body- whorl; it is a thinner and more tumid
shell, and attains far greater dimensions than our species.
T. clathratus is a characteristic fossil of all glacial and
post-glacial beds here and abroad ; in a recent or living
state it inhabits Spitzbergen (the extreme limit of the
European fauna), Iceland, Norway, and the Faroe Isles,
the coasts of Northern Asia southwards to Japan (A.
Adams), as well as Greenland, the eastern and western
coasts of North America (Fabricius, Gould, P. Carpenter,
and others), from the shore to 100 f. According to
Olafsen and Povelsen it was called by the Icelanders
^^ St. Peders-snekke,^' or St. Peter^s snail; the tradition
or superstition in which this name originated seems to
have been lost. Mohr gave a somewhat similar verna-
cular name ('' Peturs-kongr,^' or King Peter) for Fusus
Islandicus.

Both species of Trophon have several synonyms ; but
those best known are Murex Bamffius of Montagu for
T. truncatus, and Fusus scalariformis of Gould for T.
clathratus. Murex Bamffiics of Donovan includes the

p5

322 MURICIDiE.

two species ; his figured type is T. clathratus, and what
he considered the young is T, truncatus. The Fusus
scalariformis of Nyst, from the Belgian tertiaries, is
difierent from that of Gould.

Another arctic species, found by Sir Henry James in
the Wexford postglacial deposit, is T, craticulatus of
Fabricius (not of Linne) ; it is the Fusus Fabricii (Beck)
of Moller, and Murex borealis of Reeve. This inhabits
Greenland and the White Sea.

A specimen of T. Syracusanus was picked up by Dr.
Lloyd of Malahide on the sands at Portmarnock in
Dublin Bay; it is a rather common Mediterranean
shell. Owing to some mistake this specimen is noticed
in the ' History of British MoUusca ' (vol. iii. p. 440,
footnote) as the Murex rostratus of Olivi, and as having
been found by Mrs. R. Smith at Tenby : possibly the
Fusus decussatus of Brown (said to have been discovered
by him at Killough, co. Down) may be the plain-coloured
variety of the first-named species.

Genus VI. FUSUS^ Bruguiere. PI. VI. f. 3.

Shell spindle-shaped, never umbilicate, spirally striated, and
sometimes also ribbed, although not varicosely : epidermis mem-
branous, occasionally pilose or hispid : spire long and tapering ;
apex usually mammiform, but in certain species symmetrical :
mouth nearly always plain-edged and having a smooth throat
and pillar : canal and operculum as in Trophon.

Although it is very difficult to distinguish this genus
from Trophon, its operculum is constructed on a dif-
ferent plan from that of the Buccinum family. Their
habitat also must be taken into account. Purpura and
for the most part Buccinum are littoral ; this never lives

* A spindle.

Fusus. 323

above low- water mark, and its bathymetrical range pro-
bably extends to the yet "unsounded deeps/' The
egg-cases of Fusm are membranous, double-sheathed,
semioval or hemispherical, and attached by their base :
in F. antiquus they are agglomerated (as in Buccinum
undatum) ; but in the other British species they are
separate, and resemble those of Trophon. The tongue
is enclosed in a sheath of muscular fibre. According
to Loven the odontophore of F. antiquus agrees with
that of B. undatuMj and differs from F. gracilis and F.
Berniciensis in having the central tooth broader across,
with the front margin extended on each side in a trun-
cated form ; while in the last two species it is squarish.
Judging, however, from drawings, kindly furnished by
my friend Mr. Alder, of this apparatus in seven of our
native species, the plan of construction varies consider-
ably in all but F. IslandicuSj F. gracilis, and F. propin-
quus, the odontophores of which are similar.

Klein was the original author of the name Fusus ;
but he applied it to a large group which he called a
genus, each of his species containing several modern
genera. Bruguiere's definition was likewise too exten-
sive ; and Lamarck restricted this genus to nearly its
present limits. The species are apparently peculiar to
the northern hemisphere.

A. Sculptured only by slight spiral ridges or striae.

W.^^'^ 1. Fusus ANTIQUUS^, Xinne] |3^.5-r.

Murex antiquus, Linn. S. N. p. 1222. F. antiquum, P. & H. iii. p. 423,
pi. civ. f. 1, 2.

Body whitish or yellowish-white, with a faint tinge of
fleshcoloiir, sometimes partially speckled with black : pallial

* Of great antiquity, regarding it as also fossil.

324 UVRICIBM.

tvJbe short but broad, upturned, streaked across with purplish -
brown, or speckled like other parts of the body : tentacles tri-
angular and flattened, very short, widely diverging, spread out
at the base : eijes small, on broad lobes which surmount the
stalks, and placed near the outer base of the tentacles : foot
oblong, squarish, and double-edged in front, with short
angular comers, expanding at the sides, and bluntly pointed
behind ; sole often strawcolour or light orange : odontophore
having the central tooth oblong, broadly excavated above,
and armed below with three short equidistant and equal-sized
points ; lateral teeth palmated or deeply divided by tw6 wide
notches, which leave three thorn-like processes, the outermost
being longer and larger than either of the other two.

Shell conic above and expanded in the middle, with a short
and bluntly pointed base, solid, opaque, having scarcely any
gloss : sculpture, numerous spiral ridges, which are sometimes
regular, at other times alternately large and small, or arranged
in equidistant rows or series having one of the striae more pro-
minent than the rest ; the ridges do not extend to the suture ;
lines of growth microscopic and more conspicuous on the
upper whorls : colour yellowish- or reddish-white deepening
into fawn : epidermis very thin, nearly always wanting : spire
tapering to a blunt point ; apex mammiform : whorls 7-8, con-
vex and rather tumid, compressed on the upper part towards
the suture ; the last occupies more than two-thirds of the
shell : suture wide but not deep : mouth (exclusive of the canal)
angularly oval, considerably expanding outwards ; length alto-
gether about four-ninths of the shell : canal broad, turning to
the left, and ending in a deep obtuse-angled or curved notch :
outer lip semicircular, bevelled to a reflected and thickened
edge, not much contracted above ; inside smooth, often of a
deeper hue than the outside, and sometimes orange : inner lip
in aged specimens continuous with the outer lip, and making
together an angle corresponding with that of the mouth; it
varies in thickness, being frequently perceptible on the lower
side only : base strengthened by a thick and occasionally rugged
fold or ridge : pillar flexuotis and broad, sharply angulated on
the lower part : operculum strong, marked by numerous semi-
eUiptical striae in the line of growth. L. 3'25. B. 2.

Yar. 1. alba. White, and of a much larger size; body-
whorl and mouth often greatly expanded. 2. ventricosa.
Thinner; whorls more swollen. 3. striata. Spiral striae
stronger, and two on each of the upper whorls forming pro-

rusus. 325

minent ridges. {Murex carinatus of Turton, not of Pennant.)
4. gracilis. Slender, thinner, and spirally ridged.

Monstr. 1. contrarium. Spire reversed. {Murex contra-
rius, Linn.=ii^. sinistrorsus, Desh.) 2. acuminatum. Spire
elongated. 3. scalan'forme. Whorls more or less detached.
4. cinctum. Encircled with a sharp ridge at the top or in the
middle of the lower whorls, now and then bicarinated. 5. sul-
catum. Lower whorls furrowed in the middle, and enter lip
notched, like a Pleurotoma. 6. Bahylonicum. Spire turreted.
{F. Babylonicus, Brown.) 7. compressum. Squeezed in at the
sides ; mouth narrow. 8. volutcBforme. Shaped like a Valuta.
(JBuccinum undatum has an analogous form.) 9. varicosum.
Former outer hp, sometimes two or three, persistent. 10. con^
tortum. Spire twisted on one side or inwards. 11. suffultum.
Basal ridge continued to the periphery. 12. hioperculatum.
Having two opercula.

Habitat : Coralline zone, from Cornwall (Conch) and
the south-eastern coast of England northwards to Shet-
land, where it lives also in the laminarian and deep-water
zones ; on the western coast it ranges from Fishguard
and Barmouth (J. G. J.) to Shetland; throughout Ire-
land, from Bantry Bay (Humphreys) eastward to Dublin
Bay, and along the North Channel. It has not been
found, or noticed, in Devon or the Bristol Channel ; but
Pulteney gives Dorset, and Dodd Pontac in Jersey, as
localities. The 1 st variety seems peculiar to the Cheshire
coast ; the 2nd to deep water outside the Dogger bank ;
the 3rd to the south and south-east of Ireland, Dublin
Bay (O^Kelly,^c?e Turton), the Hebrides, and Shetland ;
the 4th was dredged off Cape Clear. The monstrosities
are chiefly from Kent and Lincolnshire; Mr. Hyndman
has noticed one having an intorted spire as found at
Groomsport by Mr. Vance. F. antiquus occurs in most,
if not all, of our raised beaches (including Moel Tryfaen,
Wexford, and Stornoway) ; Belfast (Grainger); boulder-
clay at Wick (Peach) ; Clyde beds (Smith and others) ;
Mammalian and Red Crag (S. Wood) ; Belgian Crag

326 MURICID^.

(Nyst). Var. striata, Kelsey Hill (Prestwich) ; Nor-
wich Crag (Woodward); Uddevalla (J. G. J.) . Monstr.
contrarium, Wexford (Sir H. James) ; Kelsey Hill
(Prestwich); Aberdeenshire Crag-beds (Jamieson); Sicily
(Philippi); Red Crag (S.Wood); Antwerp Crag (Nyst) .
Monstr. contortum, Red Crag (S. Wood). The present
distribution of this species extends from Havosund
(Sars) to the Boulonnais (Bouchard), and further south-
wards to the Loire-Inferieu-re (Cailliaud), and the Cha-
rente-Inferieure (Cassaigneaud, fide Aucapitaine, and
Des Moulins,/6?c Fischer) ; depths 20-40 f. The TrU
tonium antiquum of Middendorff is apparently a different
species, having the upper part of the whorls more or less
flattened, and being destitute of the spiral sculpture.
The monstrosity contrarium has been recorded as taken
by Michaud at Barcelona, and by M^Aiidrew as living
on the shore at Vigo ; I have it from Sicily.

This is a good bait for codfish, and a favourite deli-
cacy of the lower working-classes in London. At Bil-
lingsgate it is sold under the name of ''almond'^ or
'^ red whelk ; ^^ according to Rutty's History of Dublin
the Irish call it " barnagh," the tail [liver] being said to
be more fat and tender than a lobster. The egg-cases or
capsules overlap one another in an imbricated fashion,
each being firmly attached by its base to the underlying
capsule ; they are deposited in clusters of from a dozen
to a hundred, the capsules in each cluster being equal in
size. Those which compose one cluster, however, are not
half as large as those forming another cluster, although
in both cases the fry are in the same state of maturity.
When they are dry, the upper or convex side shrivels, and
is wrinkled or pitted ; the under or flat side (which by
contraction becomes concave) is of a silky texture, and
divided across by a few lines ; the opening is a wide slit.

rusus. 327

lying just under the top which makes a narrow flap.
Before leaving the capsule the fry are perfectly formed,
with conspicuous tentacles, eyes, and operculum ; their
shell has two whorls, the first being smooth, and the
other showing a few slight incipient striae. Each cap-
sule produces only from two to four fry. The latter end
of winter seems to be the spawning-season : on the 26th
of January 1861 I examined fresh capsules which con-
tained merely eggs immersed in a glairy liquid; and
seven days afterwards I found in other capsules full-
sized and living young whelks. The spawn and fry
have been well described and figured by Baster in his
' Opuscula subseciva.^ The sculpture of the adult shell
differs according to the locality and nature of the ground;
sometimes it is coarse, and at other times scarcely per-
ceptible. Specimens from Kiel Bay are stunted and
^^ depauperated,^^ owing probably to the admixture of
fresh water from the Baltic. In Shetland and at Ber-
wick the fishermen make an elegant lamp of the shell,
suspending it horizontally, mouth upwards, by a string
round the middle, from a nail in tlie wall ; the cavity
contains oil, and the canal a wick. Now and then giants
are seen, 7 or 8 inches long. The body-whorl of the
female is larger than that of the male. Chemnitz knew
the reversed form as a Crag fossil of Harwich ; and he
deplored in moving terms the indolence and apathy of
naturalists in not procuring live specimens of this " most
delicate monster.'^ It is still very rare. Not only the
spire of the shell, but also the curve of the operculum
is reversed. I am not aware of any explanation of the
phenomenon having been offered on physiological
grounds. Many of the spiral mollusca are liable to this
remarkable kind of malformation. Moquin-Tandon hafs
enumerated 38 species of French land and freshwater

328 MURICIDiE.

shells^ usually dextral, that have been noticed as hete-
rostrophe^ and 5 sinistral species of which orthostrophe
specimens have been discovered. I have been able to add
a few more examples from our own fauna. Conditions of
habitability (such as the depth and mineral ingredients
of water_, the soil^ food^ and climate) do not afford any
clue to the solution of the problem ; for the normal and
abnormal forms live together. Nor, if such be the
agents, can we tell

•' Why all these things change, from their ordinance,
Their natures and preformed faculties
To monstrous quality."

This is the " whelke ^' (par eminence) of Lister, and
Buccinum magnum of Da Costa. Pennant and others
of the old English school of conchology mistook it for
the Murex despectus of Linne ; the fry is M. decollatus
of Pennant, but not of Gmelin. The Tritomum anti-
quum of Fabricius is F. Islandicus. Bolten founded his
genus Neptunettj and Swainson his genus Chrysodomus
on the present species.

F. despectus is an arctic species, having a bathyme-
trical range of 8-160 f. ; its southern limit is Christian-
sund, in lat, 63° 7'. I procured two live specimens in
the Billingsgate market, mixed with F. antiquus. It
seems that a vessel sailed from Hull for the long-line
fishery at Iceland, and took a quantity of our common
whelks as bait ; that when the supply was exhausted;
the fishermen used refuse portions of fish to catch fresli
whelks on the spot ; and that, on bringing their cargo
of fish to England, some of the Iceland whelks that
remained found their way into the London fish-market.
This is one way of accounting for the casual introduction
of foreign species into the British fauna. F. despectus
is mentioned by Mr. S.Wood (as a carinated variety of

rusus. 329

his Trophon contrarius) from, the glacial bed at Brid-
lington, and by Forbes (as F. tornatus of Gould) from
Bramerton, Dalmuir, and Bridlington ; it was first de-
scribed by Linne, in his 'Wastgotha Resa/ as an Ud-
devalla fossil. It is the Murex carinatus of Pennant.
Donovan figured a half-grown and much cleaned (or
^' doctored ^') specimen under the name of M. despectus
[M. subantiquatuSf Maton and Backett) , supposing it to
be Orcadian, on the vague belief of a friend. Pennant's
shell (from the Portland cabinet) and that of Donovan
are now in my collection,

F.fornicatus {Tritonium fornicatum, Fabr.) was also
figured as a British species, but without any authority,
by Donovan ; he at first referred it to the Murex anfA-
quus of Linn^ but subsequently called it M. duplicatus.
This is Greenlandic.

t^'^<\(\ 2. F. Nokve'gicus^, (iVo7'i^flr^ic?/5)i^Chemnitz?) ('^•^■r

Strombus Norvagicus, Chemn. Conch. Cab. xi. p. 218, t. 157. f. 1497-8.
F. Norvegicus, F. & H. iii. p. 428, pi. crii. & cviii. f. 7-9.

Body pale orange or yellowish -white, irregidarly streaked
with purple : mantle thickened on the pillar-side of the shell;
head-veil broad : pallial tube rather long, curved, and wide :
tentacles conical, short, and flattened, bordered outside by a
narrow line of purple, widely diverging ; tips sometimes dark
purple: eges proportionally small, on bulbs or offsets at the
outer base of the tentacles, where the latter are much swol-
len: foot huge, oblong, double-edged, and rounded in front,
with small angular corners, very broad at the sides, and
rounded or bluntly pointed behind : verge large : odontophore
having an oblong rhachis, armed with five small equal cusps
or points which occupy the entire base ; pleurae large, the
base veiy long and sloping, middle deeply and widely exca-
vated, outer fang hooked, inner fang smaller and tooth-like.

Shell shaped like a Voluta (the body- whorl and mouth
being disproportionately large, compared with the spire, which
is abruptly attenuated) ; it is of a porcellanous texture, not

* Norwegian.

330 MURICIDiE.

very solid, nearly opaque, and somewliat glossy : sculpture^
extremely slight, close-set, and minute spiral striae, which are
stronger and more perceptible on the base and near the sum-
mit of the shell ; some of these striEe in the middle of the last
whorl form obscure ridges ; top whorl smooth ; there is no
basal ridge or keel : colour pale yellowish- white or creamy :
epidermis very thin, light yellowish-brown : spire short ; apex
bulbous, of an amber tint, larger than in the last species :
whorls 5-6, tumid ; the last is considerably produced or elon-
gated towards the base, and occupies three-fourths of the
shell : suture wide and deep : mouth angularly oval, capacious,
and widely expanding outwards ; length (including the canal,
which appears to be part of the mouth) nearly three-fifths of
the shell : camil very short, wide, open, nearly straight, and
ending in a large and obliquely curved notch : outer lip semi-
circular, not contracted above ; edge reflected, and in aged
specimens thickened by the addition of many layers ; inside
smooth and brilliantly polished, sometimes having at the base
a lovely tinge of pale fleshcolour : inner lip usually consisting
of only a thin glaze, which is spread over the greater part of
the lower side of the body- whorl ; in aged specimens it is con-
siderably thickened and folded over the lower part of the pillar
and the canal ; it has (as well as the inside edge of the outer
lip) a prismatic lustre : pillar gently curved in the middle,
and slightly angulated where the canal commences : operculum
small, light horncolour, rhomboidal with three rounded corners,
the fourth or basal corner being angular and forming the nu-
cleus ; layers of increase oblique ; a few slight lines radiate
upwards from the base. L. 4-25. B. 2-5.

Habitat : Coasts of Yorkshire, Durham, and Nor-
thumberland, in 50-60 f. (Bean and others) ; Shetland,
in fine muddy sand, 70-85 f., at a distance of from 40
to 50 miles from land (J. G. J.). The locality of Bute,
given by the late Mr. James Smith, must be a mistake.
A variety having the spire rather longer, and approach-
ing F. Turtoniy occurs in the glacial shell-mounds at Ud-
devalla; Norwich Crag (Middleton and Fitch, fide
Woodward) . This species ranges from Spitzbergen and
the north-eastern coast of Greenland (Torell) to Norway
(Spengler,^fi?e Chemnitz, and others), at a depth of 100 f.

rusus.

331

(specimens from Vadso being very large) ; Iceland
(Steenstrup) ; sea of Okhotsk (Middendoff). The Ud-
devalla form (F. Largillierti, Petit) has been recorded
from Newfoundland by Petit on the authority of M.
Largilliert, and from Greenland by Morch on the autho-
rity of Herr Jorgensen.

The egg- cases were first noticed by Professor King,
and figured by Mr. Howse. They are solitary. Each
forms a compressed hemisphere^, measuring about an inch
in diameter; it is of a dirty lemoncolour, semitransparent,
attached by the whole of its base to the inside of old
bivalve shells and other flat substances, and edged by a
rim or strip of membrane. The upper surface is covered
with a thin whitish crust, which breaks up into crystal-
line particles, and it is finely corrugated ; the underside
is satiny. Ova pink or bright fleshcolour. There are
in each capsule from two to four perfect fry, which make
theu' escape through a slit in the rim. The shell has
the expressive name of ^' wide mouth '^ among the north-
country fishermen.

It is the type of Morch^s subgenus Volutopsius, and
of Gray^s genus Strombella.

H'.s^ 3. F. TuRTo'Ni-^,(Bean.) jjljrr.

F. Turtoni, Bean in Mag. N. H. viii. p. 493, f. 61 ; F. & H. iii. p. 431,
pi. cv. f. 3, 4, and cvi. f. 2-A:.

Body white, with purple markings (Howse) : odontophore
having a small plain oblong rhachis without any cusp ; pleurae
irregularly triangular, the base broad and straight, inner side
sloping outwards, outer fang shaped Hke a canine tooth, inner
fang short and cloven.

Shell of an elegant shape (not unlike that of F. antiquuts,
monstr. acuminatum, but having a much shorter and straight
canal and a shallower suture), rather solid, nearly opaque,

* Named in honour of Dr. Turton.

332 MURICIDiE;

scarcely glossy: sculpture, slight and flattened, but conspicuous
and regular spiral ridges, which are numerous on the body-
whorl, and consist of about 15 on each of the preceding whorls;
they become less distinct on the upper part of ihe body-whorl;
top whorl smooth ; there is an obscure basal ridge or keel :
colour whitish, tinged inside with purple: epidermis thin, bright
yellow passing into olive-green : spire elongated and tapering;
apex remarkably conical : whorls 7-8, convex and somewhat
angulated in the middle, compressed and shelving upwards to
the suture ; the last slopes towards the base, and occupies
about two-thirds of the shell: suture distinct but not dee]):
mouth angularly oval, expanding outwards ; length (including
the canal) about one-half of the shell : canal extremely short,
wide, and open, almost straight, and ending in a large, deep,
and obliquely curved notch : outer lip semicircular and pro-
minent, not contracted above ; edge somewhat reflected ; inside
or throat smooth and polished, often purplish -brown : inner
lip consisting of a porcellanous glaze, which varies in thickness
according to the age of the individual ; it is broad, but does
not extend far beyond the pillar as in the last species : pillar
flexuous : operculum large, horncolour, forming a long and
oblique triangle with a pointed apex and rounded base ; layers
of increase close-set ; a few impressed lines radiate upwards
from the nucleus. L. 4-75. B. 2'b.

Habitat : With F. Norvegicus, on soft ground, in the
coralline zone of Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumber-
land. I dredged a capsule in 78 f. on the east coast of
Shetland ; the same haul yielding the other species and
its capsule. Vadso, 100 f. ; two large specimens (Sars).

This fine shell was discovered by a naturalist who has
just passed away, full of years, after a long and zealous
career. Old Bean of Scarborough (as he was familiarly
called) did much by example and kind assistance to
promote the cultivation of natural history in the north
of England ; and he was just and true in all his dealings
— not a common virtue in these times. The capsules
of F. Turtoni are pale orange, either solitary, or two
together and attached side by side, not to each other,
but to a rather broad membranous substratum ; they are

rusus. 333

triangularly oval, the base being the narrowest part_, and
consist of an outer filmy sheath and an inner and thick
fibrous case ; the latter resembles in structure a cocoa-
nut husk ; the opening is a wide slit at the top. Mr.
Howse found six young in one capsule. The fry are
almost cylindrical and of a dark reddish-brown hue.
The shell goes by the name of " long neck '''' among the
Staithes fishermen. F. Turtoni is distinguishable from
F. Norvegicus in having a longer spire, shallower suture,
compressed whorls, much stronger sculpture, a conical
apex, difi'erent colour, greater solidity, and especially in
the shape of the operculum.

f^*.So\ ^' F. IsLAN'Dicus"^,lphemnitz./ f)|.^.

F. Mandicus, Chemn. Conch. Cab. iv. p. 159, t. 141. f. 1312-3.

Shell regularly spindle-shaped, in consequence of the elon-
gation of the base, not very soHd for its size, nearly opaque,
slightly glossy : sculpture, numerous spiral ridges, which are
somewhat flattened on the body- whorl, but prominent on the
upper whorls and the base ; there are about 14 on the penul-
timate and each of the next four whorls, besides a few slight
intermediate striae ; they do not extend to the margin below
the suture ; the upper two whorls are smooth ; hues of growth
extremely fine and close-set : colour white beneath the epi-
dermis (Icelandic specimens have a pale flesh tint) : epidermis
cortical (like the bark of a birch-tree), fawncolour or yellowish-
brown : spire elongated and gradually tapering ; apex stiliform,
and exhibiting a prominent bulbous point, which is broader
than the flrst regular whorl: whorls 9, convex, compressed
upwards ; the last is attenuated towards the base, and occupies
three -fifths of the shell : suture well defined and rather broad,
but not deep : mouth (exclusive of the canal) oval, not expand-
ing outwards as in the last two species ; length (including the
canal) rather more than two-fifths of the shell : canal very
long, more or less straight, semitubular, ending in a wide and
curved notch: outer lip nearly semicircular and somewhat
flexuous, sHghtly contracted above ; edge rather thin ; inside

* Icelandic.

334 MURICIDiE.

smooth and polished : inner lip forming a glaze, the limit of
which is parallel with the outer lip, not spread on the lower
side ; it becomes thicker towards the base, and lines the inner
side of the canal : pillar slightly curved, and bevelled inwards :
opercidum(m a specimen from Iceland) pear-shaped, and rather
thick, with oblique layers of increase. L. 5-5. B. 2.

Habitat : South-eastern coast of Shetland, 40-50
miles from land, in 78 f. ; two specimens only were
procured, both dead, but one in an excellent state of
preservation. Mr. Walpole possesses a specimen from
the Wexford coast. Sars, Loven, and Danielssen have
taken this species, together with F. gracilis, on many
parts of the Norwegian coast, north of Christiansund,
in 40-100 f. ; M^ Andrew and Barrett also dredged both
in Finmark, in 30-50 f. ; Iceland (Chemnitz, Mohr,
and Steenstrup) ; Faroe Isles (Morch) ; Greenland
(Fabricius, as Tritonium antiquum, MoUer, and Pingel) .

It is much larger than the next species {F. gracilis) ,
which has been confounded with it by many authors ;
F. Islandicus is more spindle-shaped, being produced
and attenuated towards the base; the canal is much
longer, and in some specimens quite straight ; the whorls
are more rounded; the apex is stiliform and prominent;
and the ridges are less crowded, and are sharper or
more raised, especially on the upper whorls. The odon-
tophore differs nearly as much from that of F. gracilis
as the latter does from F.propinquus in the same respect.
The pleurae in F, Islandicus and F. gracilis are exactly
similar ; but the rhachis in the present species is broader,
and has three distinct and nearly equal points at the
base. In F. propinquus the pleurae have a more deeply
lobed fang in front; and the rhachis is still broader
and straight behind, with cuspidations as in F. Is-
landicus.

Dr. Jonas pointed out the distinction between F, Is-

rusus. 385

landicus and F, gracilis (which latter he described as
F. Listeri) in the ' Transactions of the Society of Natural
Sciences at Hamburg/ The young of the present shell
appears to be the F. Sabini of Hancock; Buccinum
Sabinii of Gray is another species. Dr. Morch tells me
that he regards F. Islandicus as bearing the same re-
lation to F. gracilis as F, despectus does to F. antiquus.
The Tritonium Islandicuin of Loyen is F. Berniciensis.

t^.^cfi 5» F. GRA'ciLis'^^jQDa Costa.) ^•

Buccinu7n gracile, Da Costa, Br. Conch, p. 12-1, t. vi. f. 5. F. Islandimis,
F. & H. iii. p. 416, pi. ciii. f. 1, 3, and (animal) pi. SS. f. 2.

Body white, with frequently a tinge of pale yellow : pallial
tube short but broad, upturned when the animal crawls : pro-
boscis cylindrical, very long and muscular, fleshcolour on the
underside : tentacles triangular and flattened, short, with
rounded tips ; they diverge in consequence of being separated
by the head- veil, which forms an intervening membrane : eyes
small and black, nearly sessile, about halfway up the tentacles,
on their outer side : foot oblong, squarish and double-edged in
front, with angular corners, expanded at the sides, and bluntly
pointed behind.

Shell broader near the base than towards the other extremity,
rather solid, almost opaque, somewhat glossy: sct^Zp^wr^, nume-
rous slight spiral ridges, which are defined on the upper whorls
by impressed lines ; there are about 16 on the penultimate
whorl, 14 on the antepenultimate, 12 on the next, 10 on the
next, 8 on the next, and 6 on the next whorl, the upper
two whorls being smooth ; the ridges extend to the suture on
each side ; lines of growth curved and very fine : colour white
(with rarely a tinge of fleshcolour) beneath the epidermis: this
is membranous, usually yellowish-brown, lemoncolour, or even
of a paler hue in specimens from deep water ; the epidermis
is frequently wanting below the periphery, near the upper
part of the inner lip, so as to expose a broad triangular patch
the base of which is uppermost : spire elongated and abruptly
tapering ; apex irregularly mammiform, and twisted in front,
but not prominent or forming a bulbous point as in the last

* Slender.

336 MURICID^.

species: whorls 9, less convex than in F. Islandicus, but
likewise compressed upwards ; the last is much broader towards
the base, and occupies more than two-thirds of the shell:
suture narrowish, and slightly channelled : mouth oblong-oval,
narrower than in the last species, and acute-angled above ;
length (including the canal) rather more than half the shell :
canal very much shorter than in F. Islandicus, turning some-
what abruptly to the left, wide, and two-thirds open, ending
in a large and obliquely curved notch : outer lip rounded and
slightly flexuous, not projecting so much as in the last species,
nor contracted or incurved above ; edge sharp ; inside smooth
and polished : inner lip forming a glaze, the limit of which is
coextensive with the outer lip : pillar curved, and bevelled
inwards ; it is sharply angulated at the commencement of the
canal': operculum triangularly oblong, rather solid, yellowish-
brown or horncolour, marked with fine and close-set lines of
growth, and lengthwise with a few slight and irregular striae
or impressed lines, which radiate from the nucleus. L. 3.
B. 1-25.

Var. convoluta. Smaller, narrower, and somewhat cylin-
drical, more solid, with a longer spire, having sharper ridgea
and a deeper suture ; mouth proportionally smaller.

Habitat : Coralline and deep-sea zones, on all our
coasts, from 20 to 145 f . ; common on the northern
fishing-banks, but rare in the south of England. The
late Lord Vernon procured a specimen in the Scilly
Isles, and Dr. Lukis one at Guernsey. The variety
occasionally occurs in rather shallower water. F. gracilis
has been found in quaternary deposits at Kelsey Hill
(Prestwich), Macclesfield and Moel Tryfaen (Darbi-
shire) , and Wexford (James) . I do not consider the Crag
specimens which have been referred to this species by
Searles Wood, Woodward, and Nyst identical with the
above. These last agree with the North-American
form, which is smaller, more tumid, and has a short spire.
If such should prove to be distinct, it might be called
curtus. The present species appears to inhabit Behring^s
Straits (Wossnessenski, fide Middendorfi*) , White Sea

Fusus. 337

and coasts of Russian Lapland (Middendorff ) _, Iceland
(Chemnitz) , Faroe Isles (Morcli) , Norway^ as far north
as Havosund, 30-100 f. (Sars and others), Sweden (Lo-
ven and Malm), the Cattegat (Jonas), Boulonnais
(Bouchard), Pirou in Brittany (De Gerville), and Loire-
Inferieure, 25-30 f. (CailKaud) .

Of many hundred specimens which I have at different
times examined, the males were more numerous than the
females. One had no operculum nor the usual lobe by
which that part is formed. The capsules are solitary,
small, membranous, pouch-shaped, and attached by a
broad base to stones and corallines; their surface is
microscopically and closely reticulated; orifice extremely
large, and sometimes having the edge partly stained
with pink. Each capsule contains only a single embry-
onic shell, which is transparent, and through it may be
seen the orange liver and two unequal- sized plumes of
pale yellow gills. My largest specimens (from the Dog-
ger bank and Exmouth) are nearly four inches long.
Specimens from deep and still water are thinner than
those from the coast line ; others are more slender.
Monstrosities now and then occur, viz. some of the
ridges being prominent and keel-like ; spire twisted on
one side or downwards ; penultimate whorl swollen ;
apex broken off and replaced by a shelly plug ; or the
operculum aborted and concave. This whelk is occa-
sionally brought to Billingsgate market, mixed with the
common eatable kinds; but it is not saleable. The
fishermen call it " borer."

Lister first made known the present species, giving it
a compound name {Buccinum angustius &c.); and it is
comprehended in Linnets description of Murex corneus,
which now represents the F. lignarius of Lamarck, a Me-
diterranean shell. Chemnitz distinguished it, as a sub-

VOL. IV. Q

338 MURICID.E.

species^ from F. Islandicus : he says that it is smaller and
slenderer^ has a shorter beak (canal) , and that its oper-
culum, when held against the light, is of a honeycolour.
Pennant and his followers called it, after Linne, Murex
corneus. W. Wood went further back, and adopted the
first specific name given by Lister. The Buccinum gracile
of Costa is the species at present known as F, comeus,

\\'i^- 6. F. propin'quus*,( Alder) N«?ib4-

F. propinquus, Aid. Cat. Moll. North.,& Durh. (Trans. Tynes. Nat. Field
Club), p. 63 ; R & H. iii. p. 419, pi. ciii. f. 2, and (animal) pi. SS. f. 1.

Body milk-white, faintly tinged with light brownish-yellow :
pallial tube cylindrical, rather long : head extremely short :
tentacles conical, tapering to a rather fine point, and diverging ;
lower half disproportionately thickened : eifes on small bulbs
or offsets at the top of the stalks or enlarged portions of the
tentacles : foot oval and thick, broader, rounded, and double-
edged in front, bluntly pointed behind : verge falciform and
flattened, on the right-hand side above the foot.

Shell resembling F. gracilis in shape, but narrower, thinner,
less opaque, and somewhat more glossy : sculpture, numerous
fine spiral ridges, which extend to the suture on each side ;
they are rather sharp (often alternately large and small) on
the lower two whorls, flattened, broader, and defined by im-
pressed lines on the upper whorls ; the penultimate and ante-
penultimate whorls have quite as many ridges as in the last
species, but each of the preceding whorls in this has only
7 or 8 the first two whorls are smooth; Hues of growth
microscopic, curved, and close-set: colour white: epidermis
yellowish-brown of various shades according to the habitat,
being very pale and almost creamcolour in specimens from
deep water, and below the periphery often of a still Hghter
hue ; it is thin and hispid on the ridges, rising into small
whitish thorn-like points ; as in the last species, it is generally
wanting outside the mouth, where a bare triangular patch is
exposed: spire elongated, turreted, and gradually tapering;
apex blunt, but regularly spiral and compressed, never mam-
miform or distorted : whorls 8-9, not so convex as in the last

* Eesembling (so. F. gracilis).

Fusus. 339

species, and rather slowly increasing ; the last occupies a little
more than five- eighths of the shell: suture narrow, deeply
channelled : mouth oblong-oval, acute-angled above ; length
(including the canal) nine- sixteenths of the shell : canal rather
short and wide, turning to the left, half open, ending in a
large and obliquely curved notch: outer lip rounded and
slightly flexuous, not projecting so much as in F. gracilis, but
more contracted or incurved above ; edge sharp and thin ; in-
side smooth and polished : inner lip forming a thin glaze :
jyillar curved, bluntly angulated at the commencement of the
canal: operculum triangularly oblong, with an oblique con-
tour, thin, yellowish-brown or light horncolour, somewhat
concave and furrowed lengthwise at the distance of about one-
third from the outer lip, marked with fine and numerous but
irregular laminae of growth, and sometimes with a few slight
impressed lines down the middle, which radiate from the
nucleus. L. 1-75. B. 0-75.

Var. turrita. Smaller and thinner, more slender and almost
cylindrical, with a longer spire. Tritonium turritum, Sars,
Arct. MoU. Norg. in Vet. Forh. Christ. (1858) p. 39.

Habitat : Muddy and sandy ground in the coralline
and deep-water zones on the coasts of Yorkshire, Dur-
ham, and Northumberland,Berwick Bay, Aberdeenshire,
Hebrides, and Shetland ; New Brighton, near Liverpool
(Collingwood) ; Dublin Bay (Kinahan) ; Cork (Hum-
phreys, fide Walpole) . The variety is from 78 f. off the
east of Shetland. Fossil in the Wexford raised beach
(Sir H. James) ; glacial beds, Aberdeenshire, at a height
of 150-200 feet (Jamieson). Finmark, 20-150 f. (Sars,
M'Andrew, and Barrett) ; KuUaberg, in South Sweden
(Lilljeborg); Cattegat (Jonas, as F. Listeri, var.).

The shell of the female is more tumid than that of
the male. Capsules solitary, and attached to the in-
side of old bivalves; they are hemispherical, and
resemble those of F. gracilis, but have a smaller
and oval orifice ; the base is margined by a narrow
membrane. Embryo the colour of a pomegranate. In

q2

340 MURIClDiE.

a young monster from Shetland the last two whorls are
unnaturally swollen, so as to be not unlike the F, ven-
tricosus of Gray — if that species be not identical with
his Buccinum Sabinii, although the latter is described
as having the inside of the outer lip '^ slightly crenated."
The smaller size and more delicate texture, finer and
closer sculpture, longer, turreted, and regularly tapering
spire, deeper suture, hispid epidermis, less abrupt cur-
vature of the canal, and especially the symmetrical apex
will readily serve to discriminate this from the last
species.

It was discovered by the late Sir Walter Trevelyan at
Seaton, and noticed by Brown as a variety of F. gracilis.
Its recognition as a species is due to the lamented
Joshua Alder ^. This admirable naturalist was so be-
loved by all his friends, that to each may be said of
him, —

** NuUi flebilior quam tibi."

F. Islandicus, var. pygmceus, of Gould (a North- Ame-
rican species) seems to bear the same relation to F.pro-
pinquus as his F. Islandicus does to F. gracilis.

V^«^ 7. F. BUCciNA'TUsf J Lamarck. N?rc5"

F. buccinatus, Lam. An. s. V. vii. p. 132.

Shell differing from that of F. propinquus in being much
larger, more ventricose and sohd, and in having a conical and
shorter spire ; the whorls are more convex, and the last occupies
eight-elevenths of the shell; the ridges on the back of the
canal are stronger ; the surface is covered with microscopic
spiral striae, which intersect the equally fine lines of growth,
so as to produce a sUght and partial decussation ; the epidermis
is membranous and deciduous, fibrous near the outer lip, never
hispid, and of a brownish-yeUow colour ; the alternation of

* Died 21st January 1867, aged 74.
t Shaped like a Buccinum.

pusus. 341

size in the spiral ridges gives a lineated appearance to that
part of the epidermis on the body- whorl which is of a paler
colour and situate below the periphery ; the canal is propor-
tionally shorter, much wider, and more open ; the outer lip is
sinuated in the middle; operculum ambercolour. L. 2*25.
B. 1-15.

Habitat : Exmouth (coll. Clark) ; Torquay (King) ;
Brixham and Plymouth (Jordan) ; Ban try Bay (Hum-
phreys and J. G. J.) ; Waterford^ Wexford^ and Dublin
coasts (Walpole). It inhabits sandy ground in the
coralline zone, and was in most of the above instances
procured by trawling; I dredged it in about 18 f. Belle-
ile, Morbihan (Delaunay, fide Tasle, as F. propinquus);
Loire-Inferieure, with F. gracilis (Cailliaud_, as the same) ;
Gulf of Gascony (D'Orbigny pere) ; ? south-west of
France (Fischer, also as F. propinquus) ; Gulf of Lyons,
from the stomach of a gurnard (Martin) .

The fry are as distinct from those of F. propinquus
as the adult of each from the other.

Lamarck gave no habitat ; but his description is quite
suitable to the present species. His reference to Born's
figure of F, vulpinus was conjectural and erroneous.

B. Decussated by longitudinal striae or ribs and spiral ridges.
N^5oa 8. F. BERNiciEN'sis"^,(King.) H-^7

F. berniciensis, King in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xviii. p. 246 ; F. & H. iii.
p. 421, pi. cv. f. 1, 2, and cvi. f. 1.

Body white or creamcolour, with a slight tinge of flesh-
colour : mantle sometimes edged with brown : pallial tube ex-
tensile, occasionally protruded beyond the canal, with an ex-
panded or trumpet- shaped oi^ening: proboscis exceedingly long,
measuring nearly two inches even when contracted after the
death of the animal : tentacles conical, rather short, and close

* From Bernicia, the ancient name of the kingdom said to have been
founded by Ida and compriBing some of the northern English counties.

342 MURICID^.

together, with bluntly pointed tips: eyes small and black, seated
on the top of long stalks, about halfway up the tentacles :
foot lanceolate, thick, rounded and double-edged in front ; tail
either pointed or blunt and somewhat truncated : odontophore
long; rhachis square, armed below with a single projecting
spine ; pleurae comb-shaped, and deeply serrated.

Shell forming a spindle of moderate length, rather solid,
nearly opaque, not glossy: sculpture, numerous thread-like
spiral ridges, which are alternately large and small on the
lower whorls and equal in size on the upper whorls ; there are
about 6 of each size on the penultimate and each of the two
preceding whorls, and 5 or 6 of the larger size only on each of
the next two whorls ; the larger ridges extend to the base and
suture ; the surface is also covered with minute and close-set
curved longitudinal striae, which by crossing the ridges pro-
duce a slight decussation, especially towards the apex ; the
first two whorls are smooth and glossy: coZowr pinkish-white :
epidermis rather thick, brownish-yellow, or sometimes fawn-
colour, rising into crowded prickly points on the ridges, so as
to give a regularly hispid appearance : spire tapering to a blunt
point ; apex symmetrical and compressed, resembling that of
the last two species : whorls 8, convex and in the middle tu-
mid, rather slowly enlarging; the last occupies about two-
thirds of the shell : suture deep : mouth oval ; upper corner
nearly rectangular ; length (including the canal) about four-
sevenths of the shell : canal of moderate length, wide, nearly
straight, two-thirds open, ending in a large and obliquely
curved notch : outer lip semicircular, flexuous, incurved above ;
edge somewhat thickened, reflected, and expanded ; inside
pinkish, slightly grooved beneath the larger ridges : inner lip
forming a more or less thick glaze (according to the age of
the individual), which is spread over a considerable part of the
underside of the shell ; it is reflected over the lower part of
the pillar and inner side of the canal : pillar curved, slightly
angulated at the commencement of the canal : operculum ear-
shaped, rather thin, amber or light homcolour, somewhat con-
cave, marked with fine and close-set oblique striae in the line
of growth and with a few impressed lines which radiate from
the nucleus. L. 3-25. B. 1-625.

Var. elegans. More slender, and the spire elongated.

Habitat : Muddy or soft ground in the coralline
zone, on the coasts of Yorkshire and Northumberland ;

Fusus. 343

Aberdeensliire (Bell^ fide Dawson) . Mr. Barlee pro-
cured the variety from the outer haaf or fishing-banks
on the east of Shetland ; and I dredged it there in fine
sand^ at depths of 78-100 f., with F. Narvegicus and
Buccinopsis Dalei. It is a rare species. Norway (Rasch,
fide Loven, as Tritonium Islandicum) ; Vadso, 140 f.
(Danielssen) ; Loffbden Isles and Christiansund (Sars) .
The last-named author likewise gives the north coast of
Russia and north-west America^ but without citing any
authority.

The young, when fresh caught and living, look like
tiny rose-buds. The colour of full-grown specimens
(especially of the inside) is not less beautiful ; these may
vie with

" the dappled shells,

That drink the wave with such a rosy mouth."

^'iSos 9. F. fenestra'tus*^ Turton. H ^]

F. fenestratus, Turt. in Mag. N. H. vii. p. 351 . Buccinum fusiforme,
F. & H. iii. p. 412, pi. ex. f. 2, 3.

Body uniform white, or yellowish-white with the exception
of the branchial tube, the upper or convex surface of which
is deep grey with rather close-set black transverse streaks, its
extremity being white : head narrow : tentacles rather short
and pointed : eyes on the outer side of the tentacles, at about
one-fourth of their length: foot large, tmincated in front,
acute- angled on every side. (Sars.)

Shell having a short base and long spire, rather thin, semi-
transparent, lustreless: sculpture, curved longitudinal ribs,
which do not extend to the lower part of the body- whorl ; there
are from 20 to 25 on that whorl, 18 on each of the next two,
and 12-15 on each of the next two whorls, where they
cease ; the whole of the sheU is encircled by thread-like spiral
ridges or strias, of which there are from 18 to 20 on the body-
whorl, 8 on each of the next two, 6 on each of the next two,
and 4 on the next whorl, the top whorl being smooth and

* Latticed, like a window.

344 MURICIDiE.

glossy; a few small intermediate striae traverse also all or
some of the whorls ; the points of intersection on the ribs are
slightly nodulous : colour pale yellowish- white or whitish :
epidermis rather thin, brownish-yeUow, rising into numerous
fine prickles on the spiral striae ; the same bald triangular patch
is observable below the periphery near the mouth as in several
allied species : spire elegantly tapering to a blunt point ; apex
button-shaped, symmetrical and much compressed, like that of
the last three species : whorls 8, convex, gradually enlarging ;
the last occupies five-eighths of the shell : suture deep : mouth
angularly oval ; length (including the canal) about one-half
of the shell : canal short, very wide, bending to the left, two-
thirds open, ending in a large and obliquely curved notch:
outer lip nearly semicircular, flexuous, abruptly incurved above;
edge sharp ; inside plain : inner lip forming a thin glaze on
the pillar, but not spread over the underside of the shell : pillar
deeply curved, bevelled inwards, and sharply angulated at the
commencement of the canal : operculum (in a Norwegian speci-
men) pear-shaped, light brown, with the nucleus as in other
species of Fusus. L. 1*7. B. 0*8.

Habitat : '^ Outside Cork Harbour," in 40 f., with
Buccinum Humphrey sianum, and in the stomachs of
haddock and red gurnard (Humphreys) ; very rare.
Two living specimens were dredged between Cape Clear
and Newfoundland by the master of a vessel on her
voyage from Bristol (Stutchbury) ; Finmark, 30-160 f. in
sand (M^ Andrew and Barrett) j Mangerfiord and Vadso,
50-100 f. (Sars): Christiansund, 50 f. (Danielssen) .

Buccinum fusiforme of Broderipj but as it belongs
to the genus Fusus, that specific name is of course in-
appropriate. I proposed at one time to change it for
Broderipi, not being then aware that Turton had de-
scribed the shell under the name which I have now
adopted : Murex fenestratus of Chemnitz is a species of
Triton.

F. latericeus of MoUer (an arctic species) was found
by Sir Henry James in the Wexford deposit ; it is the
Tritonium incarnatum of Sars.

NASSID^.

345

Pyrula Carica was wrongly given by Turton, in his
' Conchological Dictionary/ as a Dublin-Bay shell; it
is a native of the North- American coasts. His relation
of the supposed discovery made my eyes when youthful
expand with prospective joy, not unmixed with wonder.
Now the latter feeling is almost extinct — perhaps both
of them.

Family XXIX. NAS'SID^, Stimpson.

Body spiral, usually short; in other particulars agreeing
with the last two famiUes. Sexes also separate.

Shell conic-oval or oblong, of small size, variously sculp-
tured : spire more or less turreted : canal short and abrupt :
'pillar plicated : operculum horny, increasing by semielliptical
or curved layers ; nucleus blunt and terminal.

This family has been founded lately, by Professor
Stimpson, on an odontological basis, ^'on account of the
arched form and very numerous denticles of the rhachi-
dian tooth of the lingual ribbon.^^ Mr. Macdonald had
previously adduced another character of the same kind,
in distinguishing Nassa from Buccinunij viz. " the ab-
sence of smaller denticles between the two principal
fangs of the pleurae.^' The shells of Nassidce differ from
those of Buccinidcs and Muricidce in having the pillar
plicated ; the nucleus of the operculum is placed as in
the last-named family.

Genus I. NASSAU Lamarck. PL VI. f. 4.

Body short : pallial tube narrow and extended : tentacles of
moderate length : eyes placed on stalks from one-third to half
the way up the tentacles : foot large, in front broad and with an-
gular comers ; tail cloven, and furnished with two tentacle-
like processes : [odontophore ; rhachis broad, arched, pecti-
nated ; uncinus having a tooth at the base. (Loven.)]

* A wicker basket, with a narrow neck, for catching fish.

q5

346

NASSIDiE.

Shell solid: spire having a regular nipple-shaped apex:
mouth oval : outer Up strengthened by a rib, and furrowed in-
side : inner lip expanded and thick, having a small ridge or
tooth-like process on the upper part: canal truncated, recurved,
and deeply notched : pillar furnished at the base with a single
retired plait or fold : operculum ear-shaped or oval, serrated
on the outer edge, and occasionally also on the inner edge near
the base.

The animal of N. mutabilis, with its forked tail, was
well described and figured by Colonna in 1575 : it was
in his time esteemed at Naples as a palatable and diges-
tible morsel ; and this popular taste is still the same.

The generic name originated with Klein, but it was
properly applied by Lamarck. According to Woodward
there are 210 recent, and 19 fossil species ; the latter
are comparatively modern. The recent species chiefly
inhabit shallow water — although I have taken N. incras-
sata living on the shore and at a depth of 90 fathoms,
and Capt. Beechey found it dead at 145 fathoms. Risso,
in his unscientific fashion, quadrupled the genus.

\v^.

1. Nassa reticula'ta^, Linne. M?5"i2i

Buccinum reticulatum, Linn. S. N. p. 1204. .A'', reticulata, F. & H. iii.
p. 388, pi. cviii. f. 1, 2, and (animal) pi. LL. f. 3.

Body yellowish, mottled with dark brown or sootcolour,
sometimes variegated by minute flake-white points: mantle
loose about the neck : pallial tube long and narrow : tentacles
widely separated by an intermediate flap or head-veil, awl-
shaped, long and slender, more than twice as thick below the
eyes as above them : eyes small, on the top of rather long
stalks, about one-third of the way up the tentacles, and form-
ing part of them : foot long and broad, squarish, rounded, or
bilobed, and double-edged in front, with triangular and pointed
comers, notched behind : caudal appendages short ; when the
animal is in motion these are folded back over each side of the
notch at the tail : odontophore rather long ; [rhachis having

* Eeticulated or net-like.

NASSA. 347

the corners produced in front, and smooth-edged on each side ;
uncinus having a plain shaft. (Loven.)]

Shell having a broad base, thick, opaque, nearly lustreless :
sculpture, strong, but not prominent, and slightly flexuous lon-
gitudinal ribs, of which there are from 15 to 20 on the body-
whorl, 20 to 25 on the penultimate whorl, and nearly as many
on the next whorl, the number gradually decreasing on the
upper whorls ; these ribs are crossed by rather deep and -wide
spiral striae, 12 to 15 encircling the body- whorl (besides those
at the base), 6 the penultimate, 5 the antepenultimate, and 4
each of the preceding whorls, except those constituting the
apex, which are quite smooth and glossy ; the basal portion is
separated from the rest of the body-whorl by a broad groove
(as if pinched up), and has half a dozen spiral ridges ; a tu-
bercular decussation is produced by the intersection of the ribs
and striae ; the whole surface is also covered with fine micro-
scopic spiral lines : colour buff, with a narrow band of purplish-
brown below the suture on each whorl, and now and then
traces of a broader band in the middle of the body-whorl and
of another at the base, which are discernible only near the
outer lip ; fresh specimens are more or less distinctly marked
with fine thread-like spiral hues of yellowish-brown, some of
which are interrupted and form rows of spots ; in such cases
the number of these Hues or rows is from two to four on each
ridge; the mouth is white: epidermis extremely thin and
membranous : spire rather short, ending in an abrupt point ;
apex formed of the two first whorls, and nipple-shaped : wJiorh
10, the last or body-whorl more convex than the others, but
compressed towards the suture ; the body- whorl occupies about
two-thirds of the shell : suture slight : mouth irregularly oval ;
length (including the canal) about five-twelfths of the shell :
canal rather narrow, obliquely turning to the left, and ending
in a remarkably deep notch, which is very conspicuous when the
shell is placed mouth downwards : outer lip squeezed in and
acute-angled above, curved in the middle and below, with a
thick edge which is scalloped at the bottom ; inside thickened,
and regularly fluted with from 8 to 12 tooth- like processes :
inner lip forming a fine enamel, which is spread over a consi-
derable part of the underside of the shell and folded behind
the pillar ; it is more or less tuberculated, one tubercle or tooth
being more prominent and placed near the upper angle of the
mouth : pillar nearly semicircular, furnished at the base with
a retired flexuous fold or plait : operculum ear-shaped, light

348 NAssro^.

homcolour, serrated on the outer edge, and often also on the
inner edge near the base ; the serratnre arises from the laminae
of which the operculum is composed being spinous or angu-
lated at their external maigins ; lines of growth numerous and
obliquely elliptical L. 1-25. B. 0-7.

Habitat : Sand at low- water mark_, and in the lami-
narian zone, throughout the British Isles; common.
It occurs in many of our quaternary deposits, including
those at Selsea, Moel Tryfaen, and Belfast ; Norway,
O-^M feet (Sars); Uddevalla (J. G. J.); Baltic pro-
vinces of Prussia (Lehmann, fide Rosmer) ; French and
Italian tertiaries (Basterot, Brocchi, and others); marine
beds of the Vienna basin (Homes) . An inhabitant of
the North Atlantic (from Bejan near Drontheim to
Gibraltar) , the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Black Sea,
at depths of 0-70 f.

The "smaU latticed Whelk ^' of Petiver. At the
recess of each tide this moUusk buries itself in the sand
in a slanting position, its lurking-place being betrayed
by a little hillock. It also gets into lobster-pots, for
the sake of the bait. Bouchard-Chantereaux attributes
to this, as well as to other whelks, the habit of piercing
and devouring bivalves. According to M. Lespes N.
reticulata is preyed upon by a parasitic Trematode (Or-
caria sagittata) which infests its liver. Its spawn-cases
are deposited on the leaves of Zostera and on various
other things which are left dry only at spring tides ; the
capsules are arranged in rows, and so closely that they
overiie each other "like the brass scales of the cheek-band
of a hussar '^ (Johnston) . They are compressed pouches,
each of the size of a large spangle, supported on a very
short stalk, with a small opening at the top to allow the fry
to escape. Mr. Peach described and figured the capsules
in the Reports of two Cornish Societies for 1843 and

NASSA.

349

1844 j and lie has given us some amusing particulars of
the fry. These behaved themselves like the fry of other
Gastropods, skipping about and whirling round by means
of their ciliated lobes,, apparently in a state of pleasur-
able excitement; but it seems that the exercise was
compulsory, or necessary to prevent the attacks of a
swarm of Infusoria, which made short work of any tired
or feeble infant Nassa. The shell varies considerably
in size and in the length of the spire ; an adult speci-
men, fi'om Mr. Clark^s collection, is not half an inch
long.

Linne gave the Mediterranean as the only locality
known to him. The present species is the Buccinum
cancellatum &c. of Lister, B. vulgatum of GmeHn, and
probably the B. tessulatum of Olivi ; B, reticulatum of
the last-named author may be the next species. The
young appears to be the B. pullus of Pennant but not of

K"!5r2.l 2. N. ni'tida^ Jeffreys. H' ^]

Body greyish, with a slight tinge of purple, and closely
speckled with flake-white : pallial tube cyhndrical, veiy long,
slender, and flexible: tentacles flattened, tapering to a fine
point : eyes small, on stalks conjoiQed with the tentacles on
their outside ; these stalks are about half the length of the
tentacles, so that the eyes are placed about the middle of the
latter : foot broadly lanceolate, squarish and double-edged in
front, with small and pointed comers, blunt and wedge-shaped
behind ; tail forked and ridged : appendages rather short and
yellowish.

Shell differing from N. reticulata in the following particu-
lars : — It is smaller, narrower, and remarkably glossy ; the ribs
are much fewer, viz. 10 to 12 on the body-whorl, 15 on
the next, 16 or 17 on the next, and 18 on the next whorl,
when they diminish in number upwards ; occasionally the ribs
are varicose ; the spiral striae or ridges are also less numerous.

350 NASSIDiE.

being 10 on the body-whorl (besides the basal ridges), 4 on the
penultimate and antepenultimate, and 3 on each of the preced-
ing whorls ; the apical whorls are quite smooth and lustrous ; the
basal portion is smaller, and has only three or four ridges ; the
ribs being much more prominent than the striae, the lower
half of the shell never displays the tubercular or cancellated
appearance of the other species, although the upper whorls in
this are somewhat nodulous ; the surface is microscopically
marked with close-set longitudinal lines and a few less dis-
tinct spiral lines : colour purplish on a yellowish- white ground,
with the ribs of the latter hue ; the purple bands and lines are
brighter in this species, the lines being from two to three in
number : epidermis inconspicuous, or obscured by an earthy in-
crustation : spire turreted : whorls flattened ; apex more glo-
bular than in the last species : suture deeper : mouth propor-
tionally larger: canal not so abruptly recurved: outer lip
strengthened by the last-formed rib, ridged within by the
undersides of the spiral striae ; the intermediate furrows are
sometimes stained with purple : inner lip much thinner, and
never tuberculated : pillar having a shghter fold : operculum
oval, more solid, but smaller. L. 1. B. 0*5.

Habitat : Muddy estuaries of the Thames and Orwell
rivers, in 3-5 f. ; abundant. Brittany (Cailliaud) ;
Gulf of Lyons (Martin and J. G. J.); Bonifacio, with
N. reticulata (Susini) ; Mogador, in mud (M' Andrew) ;
Adriatic (Nardo).

Among a number of specimens which I dredged in
the Roach River, one had two eyes on the right-hand
tentacle ; the eyes were smaller than usual, and close
together.

This was noticed by Montagu as a variety of N. reti-
culata. I propose it as a distinct species with some
misgiving ; for, although I have not yet seen any inter-
mediate form, it has not been ascertained that the two
live together, and the present form seems to be peculiar
to brackish water and mud. Both these last conditions,
however, prevail in Kiel Bay, where A^. reticulata occurs
in a depauperated state. The difference between that

NASSA. 351

species and N. nitida is not less than between N, incras-
sata and N, pygmcea, Kiener^s variety of N. reticulata
is evidently not our shell : he distinguishes it solely by
the spiral striae being less marked.

r." '- . 3. N. incrassa'ta^/ Stromi h^-^sr

Buccinum (Incrassatum), Strom in Kong. Norsk. Vid. Selsk. Skr. iv.
p. 369, t. xvi. f. 25. N. incrassata, F. & H. iii. p. 391, pi. cviii. f. 3, 4,
and (animal) pi. LL. f. 1.

Body yellowish of various shades, closely and minutely but
irregularly speckled or marked with black ; there are also
some milk-white flakes scattered over different parts : pallial
tube cylindrical, very long and flexible, projecting when the
animal is in motion, and recurved when it is at rest ; this
serves as an auxiliary tentacle or organ of touch, as well as to
supply the giUs with water : head extremely small, of a pinkish
hue: proboscis thicker towards the point: tentacles thread-
shaped, rather long, with rounded tips : eyes on stalks con-
joined with the tentacles at their outer base, each stalk being
nearly equal in length to that part of the tentacle which is
above the eyes: foot triangular and expansile, slightly in-
dented in front, with a small ear-shaped lobe or flap at each
corner, bluntly pointed behind ; tail forked, or furnished with
two short flattened prongs or cirri ; in specimens from deep
water the foot is largely bilobed behind, but has no point at
the tail, which is merely cloven in the middle : odontopliore
narrow ; [rhachis having the corners incurved and produced
in front, edge smooth on each side ; uncinus broad, with a
large single-spined tooth at the base. (Loven.)]

Shell, although small, stout and thick, opaque, somewhat
glossy : sculpture J strong but not prominent, obliquely curved
longitudinal ribs, from 15 to 18 on each of the last three
whorls, the number decreasing on the upper whorls ; that
which margins the outer lip is extremely large and broad ;
the ribs are crossed by conspicuous spiral ridges or striae, of
which there are from 12 to 16 on the body- whorl, 9 to 11
on the penultimate whorl, the number proportionally dimi-
nishing upwards; the ridges below the suture are narrow
and close together, those in the middle of each whorl being
broader and more apart; in some specimens the ridges are

* Thickened.

352 NASSID^.

finer and more thread-like than usual ; the intercrossing of
the sculpture produces a tubercular or nodulous decussation,
the tubercles being transversely elongated ; top whorls quite
smooth and glossy ; the basal part is separated from the rest
of the body- whorl by a deep and oblique groove (as if pinched
up), and has about a dozen oblique ridges or striae, which
become slight and indistinct towards the base ; the whole sur-
face (especially the interstices of the ridges) is covered with
microscopic and close-set longitudinal lines : colour pale buff
or yellowish- white, passing into purple, pink, orange, or brown,
and often variegated by three broad and interrupted bands of
reddish-brown, or by a narrow and broken white zone ; it is
occasionally milk-white; the base has a purplish-brown or
chocolate blotch, the mouth is white (rarely pinkish), and the
tip frequently purple or pink : epidermis thin and somewhat
fibrous, usually abraded but sometimes retained in the inter-
stices of the ridges : spire rather short, and abruptly termi-
nating in a nipple-shaped point : whorls 8-9, convex, indis-
tinctly angulated in the middle, and rapidly enlarging ; the
last occupies about three-fifths of the shell: suture rather
deep : mouth oval, comparatively small, acute-angled above ;
length (including the canal) nearly one-half of the shell:
canaZ narro wish, obhquely recurved to the left, ending in a re-
markably deep notch, which is very conspicuous when the shell
is placed with its mouth downwards : outer lip somewhat com-
pressed and nearly straight above, semicircular in the middle ;
edge rather thin, and slightly reflected outwards ; inside thick-
ened, as well as strengthened by the labial rib, and fluted by
8-10 narrow plaits : inner lip forming a thick coat of enamel,
which is spread over a considerable portion of the under side
of the shell, and folded behind the pillar ; it has just below the
outer lip a plait or ridge-like process that partially winds
round the uj)per part of the pillar, and a few other irregular
and obliquely transverse processes of the same kind (or
wrinkles) towards the base : pillar curved, furnished at the
base with a flexuous fold : operculum ear-shaped, hght hom-
colour, more or less serrated on the outer edge, and often
deeply jagged or notched on the inner edge near the base ;
lines of growth numerous, and obliquely elliptical. L. O-O.
B. 0-3.

Var. 1. major. Much larger. 2. minor. Dwarf. 3. simu-
lans. One of the ribs on the body- whorl varicose.

NASSA.

353

Habitat : Everywhere, on stony ground, from low-
water mark to 145 f. (Beecliey). Var 1. Channel Isles.
Var. 2. Filey Brigg; west coast of Scotland, 50-60 f. ;
Lerwick Sound. Var. 3. Whitburn (Alder); Conne-
mara (Barlee) ; Lerwick (J. G. J.) . This last variety,
although varicose, diifers from N. pygmcBa in the angu-
larity of the whorls, and in sculpture. Fossil in all our
quaternary deposits ; Norwich Crag (Witham, fide
Woodward); Red and Coralline Crag (S.Wood); glacial
and postglacial Norwegian beds, 0-460 feet (Sars);
Uddevalla, 40 feet (Malm and J. G. J.) ; upper, middle,
and lower Crag at Antwerp (Nyst); Italian tertiaries
(Brocchi and others); Vienna basin (Homes). The
present distribution in space of this common species is
not less extensive, viz. from Iceland (Steenstrup) and
Finmark (Sars and others) to the Azores (Drouet) and
throughout the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and -^gean;
depths, shore (M'Andrew) to 100 f. (Malm) .

N. incrassata is a very active mollusk, and now and
then changes its crawling position by leisurely floating
with its foot upwards. It often gets into lobster- and
whelk-pots. In the half-grown shell the outer lip is
excavated within and folded inwards. The spawn-cases
are solitary, yellowish, and shaped like a round flask,
with a small neck or opening at the top.

It is the " small Gibraltar Ruggle '' of Petiver. Out
of 14 synonyms which I have collated it may be un-
necessary to specify more than Buccinum minutum, Pen-
nant, B. ambiguum, Pulteney, B. Ascanias, Bruguiere,
B. raaculttj Montagu, B, coccinella, Lamarck, and ap-
parently B. asperulum, Brocchi. B. incrassatum of the
' Mineral Conchology "' k a different species.

354 NASSIDiE.

a t

\\ ■ ^ ' 4. N. pyg'm^a^, (Lamarck) N^S"-!?*

Banella pygrruea, Lam. An. s. V. vii. p. 154. N. pygmaa, F. & H. iii.
p. 394, pi. cviii. f. 5, 6, and (animal) pi. LL. f. 2, as N. varicosa.

Body more slender and invariably of a much lighter colour
than that of N. incrassata ; the pallial tube and tentacles are
longer ; the anterior processes of the foot are larger and more
recurved ; and the tail is not only forked, but has two long
and pointed diverging filaments. (Clark and E. & H.)

Shell not so stout and thick as the last species, of a more
delicate texture, and decidedly glossy : sculpture as in N. incras-
sata, but the ribs are finer ; there are from 15 to 22 on the
body-whorl, 15 or 16 on the penultimate whorl, 12 on the next,
becoming gradually less upwards; the labial rib is larger,
and one or more of the whorls are varicose, or have extra labial
ribs denoting previous periods of growth or repose ; the spiral
ridges or striae are likewise fewer, never exceeding 12 on the
body-whorl, and 6 on the preceding whorl ; points of cancel-
lation granular, instead of elongated tubercles; basal ridges
fewer and stronger : colour uniform yellowish- white with a
tawny tinge ; the labial rib and varices are nearly white and
very conspicuous; mouth purplish-brown throughout (there
being no basal spot as in the last species) ; apex never purple
or pink, although sometimes ambercolour : spire less abrupt :
whorls evenly rounded, instead of angulated : suture not quite
so deep : mouth less contracted : canal broader : outer lip not
so much compressed above ; inside fluting more prominent and
tooth-like : inner lip thicker at the edge ; plaits fewer, and
not so wrinkly : pillar having a sharper fold : operculum more
deeply serrated on the inner edge. L. 0-45. B. 0*225.

Habitat : Coralline zone on the South Devon, Dorset^
and Cornish coasts ; Connemara (Alcock) ; Bantry Bay
(M 'Andrew, fide Thompson) ; Dublin Bay (Kinahan) ;
CO. Antrim (Waller). Brick-earth on the Nar, West
Norfolk (Rose) ; Belfast deposit, with N, incrassata
(Grainger) . Norway, with the last species, 10-40 f.
(Danielssen and Asbjornsen) ; Bohusran(Lov^n) ; and,with
the same, 4-100 f. (Malm) j French coasts of the Atlantic
and Mediterranean (Lucas, fide Lamarck and others) ;
* From its pigmy size as a Banella.

NASSA.

355

Spain and Portugal,, 4-30 f. (M ^Andrew) ; Italy (Costa
and others); Algiers, 6-10 f. (M^Andrew and Wein-
kauff) ; Black Sea and Crimea (Middendorff) ; iEgean,
27 f. (Porbes).

Dr. Goodall told me that Turton introduced himself
to him at Torquay, by sending in his card on which was
written '^Sic pictores Coi," accompanied with speci-
mens of this shell. It reminds us somewhat of the
epilogue in one of the Idyls of Theocritus, in which
Menalcas is supposed to be presented with a koKov
oarpaKov as a compliment. The learned Provost of
Eton, however, was anything but a piping shepherd.

It is the Buccinum tuberculatum and Tritonia varicosa
of Turton, and (according to Fischer) the B. tritonium
of De Blainville in the ' Faune Fran9aise.'

Some tropical species of Nassa and of the allied genus
Planaxis have been erroneously described as European.
Such are : —

N. hepatica : Weymouth (Pulteney) ; Lough Strang-
ford (Brown) ; St. Germain- sur- Ay (De Gerville) . West
Indies.

N. ambigua : Weymouth (Bryer) j Cork Harbour
(Humphreys) ; Portmamock, Dublin Bay (Turton) ;
Herm (Lukis) ; north of France (De Gerville and Bou-
chard-Chantereaux); Toulon (Martin) . A common West-
Indian shell.

Planaxis lineatus=s Buccinum pediculare, Lam., in-
serted in several local lists as English and French : an
abundant West-Indian sheU.

P. Brasilianus= Hima laevigata j Leach (Syn. Moll. Gr.
Brit.), said to be from Plymouth (Prideaux or Cranch) :
South America.

,t A-JiA./v^--.. K^,(.^^ v..f•Ac..^G,tc.*.u^^^-
356 NASSIDiE.

Genus II. COLUMBEULA^ Lamarck. PI. VI. f. 5.

Body more extended than in the last genus : pallial tube
very long and flexible : tentacles short and cylindrical : eyes on
the outer base of the tentacles : foot long and thick, sometimes
cloven at the extremity, but without any caudal processes:
[odontophore ', rhachis crescentic, laminar, bent forward (?);
uncinus having a double hook at the point, and furnished with
a round wing-like lobe before the base. (Loven.)]

Shell varying in thickness : mouth contracted and narrow :
outer lip slightly sinuated on the upper part : inner lip not
expanded, nor thick : pillar having a single fold at the base :
canal deeply notched : operculum homy, roundish-oval, plain-
edged ; nucleus rounded, and obscurely concentric, placed near
the base.

This connects the Nassidce with the Pleurotomatidce.
We have but one or two species of Columbella, although
several inhabit the coasts of North America. Two species
(C rustica and C. minor) are Mediterranean.

De Montfort capriciously changed the generic name
to Columbus.

A. Outer lip thickened and furrowed inside ; apex of the spire
regularly nipple- shaped.

\i- n • 1. Columbella HALiiE'ETif, Jeffreys. N'?5Xc>

Body whitish, delicately suffused with tleshcolour: pallial
tube cylindrical, broader and expanded at the orifice, which is
plain-edged ; when the animal crawls, this part projects in
front, and is straight, and nearly as long as the shell ; when
it is placed on its back the tube is coiled round and (as if un-
easily) twisted about from side to side : anus at the upper
corner of the mouth of the shell, on the outside ; I frequently
observed faecal pellets expelled from it : tentacles short, cylin-
drical, close together at their base, and diverging outwards ;
tips blunt : eyes small, black, and globular, at the outer base

* Diminutive of columba, a dove.

t From the yacht ' Osprey,' by means of which this interesting species
was discovered.

COLUMBELLA. 357

of the tentacles ; they appeared to be sessile and not placed
on any stalk or protuberance : foot lanceolate, long, narrow,
and thick, truncated, or bilobed and double-edged in front,
with angular corners, considerably expanding towards the tail,
which is in some specimens blunt and in others cloven.

Shell between oval and oblong, rather solid, nearly opaque,
glossy : sculpture, narrow and rather sharj) longitudinal ribs,
from 12 to 16 on the body-whorl, 14 to 20 on each of the two
preceding whorls, and nearly as many on the next whorl, where
they cease and are replaced by a remarkable kind of orna-
mentation which will be noticed presently ; the ribs are flexuous
on the body-whorl, and do not extend to the base, curved on
the upper whorls ; labial rib broad and thick ; the whole sur-
face is covered with numerous spiral striae, which are minutely
and closely beaded, in consequence of their being decussated
by microscopic lines of growth; the striae at the base are
stronger than elsewhere ; the three or four top whorls that
form the apex have a dichotomous kind of sculpture, the lower
half of each being closely and minutely striated lengthwise,
and the upper half striated spirally with a Yandyke or scallop
pattern : colour whitish, more or less distinctly but irregularly
mottled with reddish-brown : epidermis, none perceptible :
spire somewhat turreted, varying in length, never slender ;
apex swollen, nipple-shaped and abrupt : whorls 8, compressed
but rounded, rapidly enlarging ; the last occupies two-thirds
of the shell : suture rather deep : mouth oval, comparatively
small ; length (including the canal) three-sevenths of the
shell : canal rather broad, abruptly bending to the left, and
ending in an obliquely curved notch: outer lip flexuous al-
though not much curved, somewhat expanding outwards ; the
sinus on the upper part is very slight, but distinct ; inside
thickened, and fluted by half a dozen tooth-like plaits, the
lowermost of which is the strongest : inner lip forming a glaze
on that side of the mouth, not much spread over the underside
of the shell ; its outer edge is thickened and well defined ;
some specimens have two or three obscure tubercles near the
base, as in typical species of Columhella : 'pillar curved, furnished
at the base with a strong and sharp flexuous fold : operculum
roundish-oval, thin; lines of growth semicircular. L. 0*35.
B. 0-175.

Habitat : Gravelly sand, in 85-95 f. about 25 miles
N.N.W. of Unst^ with Limopsis auritUj Trochus amabilis,

358 NASSID.E.

and Cylichna alba ; extremely local, and nearly as rare.
The deep-sea soundings taken by Capt. Hoskyns in
H.M.S. ^ Porcupine^ off the west coast of Ireland
yielded a very young specimen. Vienna tertiaries
(Homes, as C. corrugata)-, Faluns of Touraine (Cail-
liaud) . I also noticed in the Gottenburg Museum a very
young specimen procured by the Curator, Dr. Malm,
from the Eggers bank in Norway at a depth of 150 f.

The animal is very lively and active. When placed
in a vessel of seawater it creeps rapidly to the surface,
being apparently actuated rather by a necessity of better
aerating its gills than by a curiosity to see the outer
world. It also floats, like the Rissoce. It is sometimes
preyed on by other zoophagous moUusks, judging from
the perforation of its sheU. The discovery of this ter-
tiary fossil, as well as ofLimopsis aurita, in a living state,
within a very circumscribed part of our sea-bed, shows
the imperfection of the zoological record, and militates
strongly against the doctrine of the successive creation
of species. We must do more than scrape here and
there to justify the conclusion somewhat hastily formed
by certain naturalists that all the British marine mol-
lusca are known ; and after all, what an insignificant
proportion do these bear to the marine moUusca of the
whole globe !

Homes referred his shell to the Buccinum corrugatum
of Brocchi; but that is evidently a species of Nassa,
and, according to Philippi, one of the innumerable vari-
eties of N. variabilis.

To this section of Columbella belong : — 1. Buccinum
cincturriy Pulteney, as from Weymouth (Bryer), which
is West-Indian: 2. Purpura picta, Turton (not of
Scacchi), as from the British Channel ; Cork Harbour
(Humphreys) ; Gulf of Lyons (Martin) ; this also is

COLUM BELLA. 359

West-Indian : 3. Valuta hyalina, Montagu, as from
Dunbar (Laskey) ; young of C. lactea, a common West-
Indian shell. Tlie V. heteroclita of Montagu, a sinis-
trorsal shell, introduced on the last more than suspi-
cious authority, is likewise exotic.

B. Outer lip thin and smooth ; apex of the spire irregularly
coiled. Thesbia (one of the sea-nymphs of Hesiod).

N^.S^S 2. C. NANA^,(L0V^n.)|;Ctf<aMl,-JU7 bl^g-.

Tritonium "inanum, Lov. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 12. Mangelia nana,
F. k H. iii. p. 461, pi. cxii. f. 8.

Body milk-white, aU but the gills and liver, which are Hght
brown : tentacles cylindrical, rather short [slender (Loven)] :
eyes proportionally large, placed on the tentacles, close to their
outer bases : foot narrow and thin : [odontophore having a
pleural spine almost Hke that of ^^Manglia costata.^^ (Loven.)]

Shell spindle-shaped, resembhng Fusm gracilis in minia-
ture, thin, semitransparent, and glossy : sculpture, numerous
fine and narrow spiral impressed hues, of which there are
about a dozen on the penultimate whorl ; they are closely and
regularly punctured, so as to form rows of circular dots ; top
whorls very closely and microscopically corrugated in the same
direction : colour uniform milk-white : epidermis, none per-
ceptible : spire tapering ; apex abruptly twisted : whorls 4|-5|,
convex and evenly rounded, rather suddenly enlarging; the
last occupies about three-fifths of the shell : suture deep, some-
what oblique : mouth irregularly oblong, acute-angled above ;
length (including the canal) two-fifths of the sheU: canal
rather broad, inclining a httle (but not abruptly) to the left,
and ending in a sHght and obliquely curved notch ; outer lip
flexuous, retreating at the upper part, but vrithout exhibiting
any fissure or notch ; it folds inwards rather than outwards ;
edge sharp and thin ; inside quite smooth : inner lip slight,
narrow, and even : pillar flexuous ; fold obscure : operculum,
none that I could detect in the moistened animal of a specimen
from which I have taken an imperfect description of the soft
parts. L. 0-25. B. 0-125.

Habitat : Shetland, in the coralline zone, rare (J.

* Dwaxf.

360 PLEUROTOMATIDiE.

G. J., M^Andrew and Forbes, and Barlee) ; Orkneys
(Thomas, ^^e F. & H.). Finmark (Loven); Christian-
sund, 30-40 f. (Lilljeborg); Upper Norway (M^Andrew
and Barrett) .

It is variable in size. We do not know the exact
position, in a generic point of view, of this delicate little
shell. In 1841 1 named it Fmus albus. The Pleurotoma
nanum of Scacchi is a very different species. Our shell
is allied to C. Holbollii ; but that has a small shield-like
operculum, and is longitudinally ribbed at the top.

The last-named species is one of our glacial fossils ;
it has been dredged by Mr. Waller, Mr. Hyndman, and
myself on the Turbot bank, co. Antrim, in 20-25 f., by
Mr. Norman and myself in the Hebrides, at a depth of
60 f., and by Mr. Dawson off the Aberdeenshire coast.
I found it also in the Fort William deposit. It inhabits
every part of the Arctic seas, from Bergen, northwards,
and the United States. The late Professor Gould de-
scribed it as Buccinum rosaceum. This species was
erroneously placed by Morch in the genus Mitrella (as
''Mitsella") of Risso.

Family XXX. PLEUROTOMA'TID^, (Pleu-
rotomacea) Loven.

Body spiral, more or less elongated : mantle forming a short
fold above the head for excretal purposes, the fold occupying
a fissure or notch in the outer Up of the shell : pdllial tube not
protruded much beyond the canal of the shell : head small :
proboscis retractile : tentacles placed far apart, with slender
points; eyes on the extremity of stalks, which are conjoined
with the lower portion of the tentacles, and placed outside
them : foot lanceolate, double-edged in front, with a pointed
tail : gills arranged in two unequal-sized plumes : odontopTiore
having no central tooth [" rhachis edentula," Loven] ; pleurae

DEFRANCIA. 361

consisting of spines, which are arranged in a single row on
each side and terminate in sharp points. Sexes distinct.

Shell spindle-shaped, or forming a lengthened cone with
a pointed base : S2nre tapering or turreted : mouth oblong :
outer lip fissured or notched : caTial nearly straight : pillar
smooth: operculum (when present) like that of TropJion or
Fusus.

This family ought to be separated from the ConidcB,
with at least as much justice as Muricida and Nassidce
have been removed from the Buccinidce. According to
Loven the proboscis in Conus is not retractile. Wood-
ward enumerated 430 recent and 378 fossil species of
Pleurotoma ; the geographical and bathymetrical distri-
bution of the former is very extensive.

Genus I. DEFRAN'CIA^ Millet. PL VII. f. 1.

Shell spindle-shaped : spire tapering ; apex somewhat
stiliform (as in Cerithiopsis), finely pointed, and minutely re-
ticulated : mouth open : outer lip fissured at its junction with
the periphery ; inside grooved : operculum none.

M. Millet constructed the present genus from some
shells of the '^ calcaire grossier/^ which have the outer
lip " sinue a sa partie superieure/^ in contradistinction
to Pleurotoma, in which the outer lip is notched at the
side. The apex of the spire is also very different. There
is, besides, a certain diversity of form and sculpture
in each of these groups of species, although they are

" all affin'd and kin."

Defrancia was used by Bronn for a genus of Polyzoa ;
but that is a synonym of Pelagia, Lamouroux.

* Named in honour of M. Defrance, a well-known French naturalist
and geologist.

VOL. IV. B

362 PLEUROTOMIDiE.

^^ ■ 1. Defrancia teres^, Forbes. K'^47

Pleurotoma teres, Forbes in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiv. p. 412, pi. ii. f. 3.
Mangelia teres, F. & H. iii. p. 462, pi. cxiii. f. 1, 2, and (animal)
pl.EE.f.3.

Body white, minutely frosted: pallial tube rather short;
head (or mentum) wedge-like, never protruded beyond the
foot : tentacles nearly cylindrical, of moderate length, widely
diverging, slightly scalloped at the edges ; tips blunt : eyes
small, on short stalks at the outer base of the tentacles:
foot deeply indented and angulated in front, with ear-shaped
and pointed corners which occasionally curl inwards and are
very flexible ; it is expanded at the sides, and tapers to a fine
point behind.

Shell slender, rather thin, semitransparent, and somewhat
glossy : sculpture, numerous cord-like spiral ridges, which are
nearly always much broader than their insterstices ; from 20
to 25 of these ridges encircle the body- whorl, 8 to 10 the next
whorl, 6 or 7 the next, and others at the same rate of decrease
the remaining whorls; many of those on the body-whorl
and all on the upper whorls are alternately large and small ;
the top whorls are minutely and closely reticulated by curved
cross striae in an exquisitely beautiful fashion ; the wide groove
immediately below the suture (which indicates the former
course of the fissure characteristic of this genus) is marked
with close-set curved striae in the line of growth ; the rest of
the surface is thickly covered with oblique and microscopic lines
in the same direction: colow pale yellowish-white, prettily
but irregularly spotted with reddish-brown ; the spots appear
to be produced by interrupted longitudinal streaks; some
specimens are spotless ; apex yellowish-brown : spire elon-
gated and finely tapering: whorls 10, convex and evenly
rounded ; the last occupies three -fifths of the shell viewed
mouth upwards, and about one-half of the sheU in the contrary
position: suture very deep, formed by the fissural groove:
mouth pear-shaped; length a little more than two-fifths of
the shell : canal rather broad, a little inclining to the left, and
ending in a slight and obliquely curved notch : outer lip semi-
circular, furrowed within by the underside of the ridges ; edge
thin, scalloped or indented by the spiral sculpture : fissure re-
markably distinct and broad, extending some way along the
suture ; its course can be traced throughout every part of the

* Eounded or well-turned.

DEFRANCIA.

363

spire except at the apex (the fissure being apparently formed
subsequently to the embryonic growth) by the striated groove,
which is of a thinner substance than the other part of the
shell : inner lip very slight and narrow : pillar long and nearly
straight. L. 0-6. B. 0-2.

Habitat: Shelly and sandy ground, in 15-85 i.,
Shetland and the west of Scotland (Forbes and others);
Orkneys, in 15 and 80 f. (Thomas, fide F. k H.); co.
Antrim (Hyndman) ; Connemara, 14 f. (Barlee and J.
G. J.); deep-sea soundings off the west of Ireland
(Hoskyns) ; Berwick Bay (Mennell) ; Durham and
Northumberland (Abbes, Howse, and Alder) ; Plymouth
(Jordan); Cornwall (Peach, Cocks, and Hockin): not
common. Apparently an Appulian and Calabrian fossil,
as the Pleurotoma Renieri of Scacchi (Philippi) . It has
both a northern and southern range, comprising Norway
(Loven, as P. boreale, and others), Sweden (Malm),
north of Spain (M^Andrew), both sides of the Medi-
terranean (Testa, as P. Trecchi, Philippi, M ^Andrew,
and Martin), ^Egean (Forbes), Adriatic (Barbieri, fide
Brusina, as Raphitoma Barbierii) , and Madeira and the
Canaries (M'Andrew); depths 18-120 f.

It crawls slowly, and floats in a supine position like
many of its congeners. My largest specimen is three-
quarters of an inch long.

N*s^^ 2. D. gra'cilis^,( Montagu.) jW-^r

Murex gracilis, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 267, 1. 15. f. 5. Mangelia gracilis,
F. & H. iii. p. 473, pi. cxiv. f. 4, and (animal) pi, ER. f. 8.

Body white, closely but irregularly speckled with pink and
flake -white : pallial tube somewhat extensile, usually short :
head bulbous: tentacles extremely short — mere points above
the eyes ; below the eyes they are cylindrical and stout : eyes

* Slender.

r2

364 PLEUROTOMIDiE.

proportionally large, on long stalks conjoined with the ten-
tacles : foot rounded in front, with small angular comers,
pointed behind.

Shell of an elegant shape, rather solid, opaque, moderately
glossy : sculpture, several strong longitudinal ribs, which are
usually oblique on the body- whorl and straight on the upper
whorls ; the rib near the mouth, which is placed at a little dis-
tance from the outer lip, is much longer and broader than the
rest ; in some specimens a similar rib or varix may be observed
in the middl-e of the body-whorl ; there are from 14 to 16 ribs
on this as well as on the penultimate whorl, 12 on the next,
and at the same rate of decrease upwards ; the top whorls are
ribless ; the ribs do not extend much below the periphery, nor
across the sutural groove ; all the whorls except that at the
top (but including the sutural groove) are encircled by flat-
tened or thread-like spiral ridges, which are very close-set and
mostly alternate in size ; the second whorl from the top (and
sometimes also the succeeding whorl) has but a single ridge,
which being in the middle imparts a keeled aspect to that
part ; top whorl reticulated ; a sHghtly nodulous, but not can-
cellated, appearance is produced by the intersection of the ribs
and ridges ; the whole surface is microscopically and densely
granulated lengthwise, especially in the insterstices of the
ridges : colour pale fawn, passing into reddish-brown, or indis-
tinctly streaked lengthwise with the latter colour ; the peri-
phery is marked by a white band, and the part below the
suture is sometimes margined by a reddish-brown Hne which
is occasionally interrupted so as to become a row of spots ; the
lines which separate the ribs are paler, and the ridges often of
a dark hue ; apex yellowish-white : spire elongated : whorls
10-11, moderately convex, the upper ones somewhat angu-
lated ; the last occupies three-fifths of the shell : suture broad
and rather deep, formed by the fissural groove : mouth pear-
shaped and long ; length nine-twentieths of the shell : caTial
rather long, broad, and expanded at the opening ; it is some-
what twisted or bent backwards, and ends in a deepish and
curved notch : outer lip rounded ; inside thickened, finely and
closely furrowed; edge rather sharp, notched by the spiral
ridges ; it is often deeply coloured within ; fissure deep and
broad, incurved at the further extremity ; it is defined out-
wardly by a sharp angular point ; its previous course is indi-
cated by a closed groove similar to that of the last species :
inner lip slight and narrow, furnished very near the top of

DEFRANCIA. 365

the mouth with a small tubercle or tooth : pillar long and
flexuous. L. 1. E. 0-375.

Habitat : Not uncommoii in the coralline zone
on the coasts of Guernsey, Cornwall, Devon, Bristol
Channel, Ireland (west, south, and east), and the Clyde
district ; Anglesea (M 'Andrew) ; Coldingham Bay,
Berwickshire (Maclaurin); Dunbar (Laskey); Orkneys
(Forbes); Shetland (Barlee and J. Gr. J.). Italian ter-
tiaries (Philippi and Calcara). Its present known dis-
tribution is entirely soutbern as regards the British
Isles, and comprises the sea-board of the Atlantic from
Cherbourg to the Canary Isles, the Mediterranean,
Adriatic, and ^geanj depths recorded by Forbes and
M'Andrew 4-80 f.

Like all its molluscan kindred, it prefers, when in
captivity, darkness to light. My largest British speci-
men is from Unst, my smallest from Guernsey ; some
from Corsica are very diminutive. The tubercle on the
upper part of the inner lip and the angulated point on
the outer lip at the commencement of the fissure are
especially noticed by Millet among the characters of his
genus Defrancia,

It is not the Murex gracilis of Brocchi, nor that of
Scacchi. Donovan described our shell as M. emargi-
natus, Michaud as Pleurotoma Comarmondi, Bronn as
P. suturale, and Costa as P. Cyrilli ; Chiereghini called
it M. Poelarius. The young appears to be P.fallax
of Forbes, and is the Fusus Branscombi of Clark.

D. sinuosa {Murex sinuosus, Mont.) is allied to the
present species ; it is a native of the west coast of Africa.
Bryer is reputed to have found it at Weymouth, Laskey
at Dunbar, De Gerville at Quineville in the north of
France, and Martin in Provence.

366 PLEUROTOMIDiE.

).l.^5

3. D. LEUFRo'Yi^,vMicliaiid.) N*Mq

Pleurotoma Leuffoyi, Mich, in Bull. Soc. Linn, Bord. ii. (1828) p. 121,
f. 5, G. Mangelia Levfroyi, F. & H. iii. p. 468, pi. cxiii. f. 6, 7, and
(animal) pi. RE. f. 1, as M. Lefroyi.

Body white, with a faint tinge of yellow (" sometimes
slightly tinged with purple," F. & H.) : pallial tube conical,
short, not protruded beyond the canal of the shell : tentacles
cylindrical, rather short (" long and slender," F. & H.), with
blunt tips ; they widely diverge, and sometimes assume the
shape of the letter Y : eyes on thick stalks united with the
tentacles at their outer base : foot (" very large and expanded,"
F. & H.) broader and indented in front, with small ear- shaped
corners, bluntly pointed behind.

Shell broad towards the base, more or less solid according to
habitat (being much thicker in the lower part of the littoral zone
than in deep water), and for the same reason either opaque or
semitransparent, rather glossy : sculpture, several strong curved
longitudinal ribs, which extend to the base but do not cross
the fissural groove or subsutural area; the body- whorl has
from 14 to 18 ribs, the next 14 to 16, the next 12 to 14, and
the next 10 to 12, when they rapidly decrease in number,
disappearing towards the apex ; the rib immediately behind
the mouth is not disproportionately large ; all the whorls ex-
cept those which compose the apex are encircled by fine thread-
like ridges or striae, which are very close-set and occasionally
alternate in size ; of these may be counted more than 30 on
the body- whorl, 12 on the next, 8 on the next, 6 on the next,
and so on ; the third whorl from the top sometimes is indis-
tinctly keeled in the middle ; fissural groove not only having
3 or 4 slight spiral ridges, but crossed by numerous fine curved
striae ; the points of intersection on the upper whorls form
oblong nodules, with the major axis in the direction of the
spire, and are now and then muricated or prickly ; the whole
surface is microscopically and closely marked by the lines of
growth ; top whorls exquisitely reticulated by curved striae,
which cross each other diagonally, like the wirework of a
fire-guard : epidermis thin, yellowish -brown, persistent only
in the fissural groove: colour whitish, passing into cream-
colour, variegated by irregular purplish- or reddish-brown
blotches, which are arranged in two very broad zones or bands

* A complimentary dedication by Professor Michaud to his friend
M. Leufroy.

DEFRANCIA. 367

on the body-whorl (one above and the other below the peri-
phery), and in a single band on one or more of the upper
whorls ; the spiral striae are generally lineated with purplish-
or reddish-brown ; apex pink, orange, or reddish-brown : spire
rather short; apex proportionally much smaller than the
succeeding part, and of a different appearance : whorls 8-9,
swoUen, rapidly enlarging : the last occupies two- thirds of
the sheU : suture deep : mouth pear-shaped, sinuated above,
and expanding outwards ; length from the commencement of
the fissure to the extremity of the canal about half the shell :
canal rather short, wide, nearly straight, and ending in an ob-
liquely rounded but not conspicuous notch : outer lip curved ;
inside more or less thickened, and slightly furrowed ; edge
rather sharp, finely and closely notched by the spiral striae :
fissure wide but not very deep, forming an incurved notch
rather than a slit ; it is defined outwardly by an angular point :
inner lip slight, frequently exhibiting an attrition by the foot
in that part instead of the usual layer deposited by the mantle :
pillar rather long and flexuous. L. 0-6. B. 0*25.

Yar. carnosula. Pale fleshcolour ; length sometimes eight-
and even nine-tenths of an inch.

Habitat : Stony ground, from low- water mark of
spring tides at Herm (Gallienne) to 90 f. off Unst (J.
G. J.) ; local. I will mention the principal places where
it has been taken : — Guernsey (Metcalfe and others) ;
Falmouth (Hockin) ; Whitburn (Abbes, fide Alder) ;
Connemara (Barlee and J. G. J.) ; Cork (Humphreys) ;
CO. Antrim (Hyndman and Waller); west of Scotland
(Smith and others); Orkneys (Thomas, j^c?e F. & H.);
Shetland (Fleming and others). The variety is from
the last-named district. Glacial deposit at Wick
(Peach); Red Crag (S. Wood); upper tertiaries of
Italy (Philippi, Calcara, and Homes). Inhabiting the
coasts of Bergen (Sars), Bohuslan, 20-30 f. (Malm),
Brittany (Delaunay, fide Tasle), Corunna (M*^ Andrew
and H. Woodward), Gibraltar, 10 f., and Canary
Isles, 12 f. (M ^Andrew), Mediterranean (Michaud and

H-^5

368 PLEUROTOMIDiE.

others), Adriatic (Chieregbini and others), and ^gean
(Forbes) .

It frequently turns upon its back and floats. The
shell varies in size and in the length of the spire. Spe-
cimens from the Clyde district resemble those of the
Mediterranean in their deep but bright colour.

Fleming described this species as Pleurotoma sinuostty
supposing it to be the Murex sinuosus of Montagu ; it
is the P. zonalis of Delle Chiaje, P. inflata of Cristofori
and Jan, P. concinna of Scacchi, Fusus Boothii of Brown,
and (according to Nardo) Murex caudicula of Chiere-
gbini. P. Leufroyi of Homes appears different.

4. D. LiNEA'RTs^,\Montagu) H^.sSo

Murex linearis, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 261, t. 9. f. 4. Mangelia linearis,
R & H. iii. p. 470, pi. cxiv. f. 1-3, and (animal) pi. ER. f. 6.

Body white, with occasionally a faint tinge of yellow or
jEleshcoloiir, and sometimes minutely speckled with flake-white :
pallial tube varying in compactness and length, with a wide
opening : head very small, short, and flat : tentacles conico-
cylindrical, extensile, occasionally saffroncolour, with bulbous
tips : eyes rather prominent, about halfway up the tentacles,
on the usual stalks : foot expansile, sometimes narrow and
very long, more or less deeply cloven in front, with triangular
and recurved comers, tapering behind to a fine point.

Shell very much smaller than D. Leufroyi, and of a
narrower shape, always solid, opaque, and not so glossy:
sculpture, strong, curved, and buttress-like longitudinal ribs,
which extend not only to the base but to the suture; the
body- whorl and the next have each about a dozen, the next
about 10, and in the same proportion upwards ; these ribs are
traversed by thread-like spiral striae, of which about a dozen
are on the body-whorl, 5 or 6 on the next, 4 or 5 on the next,
and so on ; crests of the ribs muricated ; third whorl slightly
keeled in the middle, and top whorls reticulated, as in the last
species ; the entire surface is microscopically and closely reti-
culated, and the lines of growth are rather distinct : colour

* Marked with lines.

DEFRANCIA. 369

yellowish-white, variegated by reddish-brown lines which
wholly or partially decorate the spiral striae ; apex orange or
purple : spire rather long ; apex shaped as in the last species :
luhorls 8-9, rather convex ; the last occupies three-fifths of
the shell : suture deep : wowf/i pear-shaped, angulated above,
and contracted ; length nearly half that of the shell : canal
rather short, moderately open, and turning to the left ; notch
obliquely rounded, and somewhat distinct : outer lip curved ;
inside thickened, and furrowed or toothed, the uppermost and
lowermost teeth being the largest ; edge sharp, crenellated by
the spiral striae : fissure as in the last species : inner lip slight
and retired: pillar long and flexuous. L. 0*35. B. 0-175.

Yar. cequalis. Body white, microscopically frosted : pallial
tube rather short and wide : tentacles of moderate length above
the eye-stalks, compressed on the upper and under sides : eyes
proportionally large, black, placed on longish stalks : foot
leaf-shaped, indented in front, with angular corners, broad
and expanded towards the sides, and obtuse-angled behind.
Shell broader than the typical form, with the whorls more
rounded ; ribs more numerous, and not so prominent or rug-
ged ; spiral striae closer and finer ; apex yellowish-white ;
coloured lines regularly distributed, and of a paler hue ; in
some specimens these markings are very faint or altogether
wanting. L. 0*5. B. 0*225. Mangelia linearis, vars. inter-
media amd pallida, F. & H. iii. pp. 471, 472.

Habitat : Laminarian, coralline, and deep-water
zones, on aU our southern coasts, and occasionally also
in the north. The distribution of the variety, which is
equally common, is the reverse of this. Fossil in Ire-
land (J. Smith) ; post-glacial bed in Norway, 0-100 feet
(Sars); Italian tertiaries (Philippi and Calcara). The
typical form and the variety have an extensive range
throughout the north Atlantic, from Iceland (Steen-
strup) and Finmark (Sars) to Madeira and the Canaries
(M^ Andrew), as well as in the Mediterranean, Adriatic,
and ^gean ; depths 8-70 f.

The animal is sluggish; it has the same habit of float-
ing as its smaller congeners. The spawn-cases are se-

r5

370

PLEUROTOMID^.

parate, hemispherical, membranous, and thin, one-fifth
of an inch in diameter, with a small oval hole in the
centre. They are attached at the base to the inside
of old bivalve shells and to other smooth surfaces. Each
capsule contains from 200 to 300 fry. These are of a
brown colour and exquisitely reticulated, each having
a single whorl, globular, and partially umbilicate, with
a roundish mouth and an incomplete canal like that of
lanthina. The fry, when in the capsule, are very rest-
less, and gyrate freely by means of their ciliated front
lobes. The young shell may be distinguished from that
of D. Levfroyi by its microscopical texture, as I have
described in the account of each.

Among the numerous synonyms are Murex elegans
of Donovan, Pleurotoma versicolor (including D. pur-
pureaj var. Philberti) of Scacchi, Fusus multilinearis of
Brown, F. Buchanensis of Macgillivray, Mangelia Cran-
chiana of Leach, and Raphitoma rosea of Brusina. Cla-
vatula linearis of S. Wood is unknown to me as a recent
species. , .

^\ r^ 5. D. reticula'ta^, (Kenier) <^„^r»

Murex reticulatus, Eenier, Tav. alf. conch. Adr. p. 2.

Body white, with a few scattered and minute flake-white
specks, and having a tinge of yellow in front and a streak
of the same colour down the upper part of the foot ; the tissue,
examined microscopically, appears veined : pallial tube exten-
sile, and therefore varying in length : head broad, deeply
cloven in front, with an angular ridge on each side : tentacles
rather long, slender above the eye-stalks, with pointed tips :
eyes black and distinct ; stalks about half the length of the
tentacles : foot large and broad, deeply notched or bilobed in
front, with recurved ear-shaped corners, finely pointed behind ;
this last character (as well as others derived from parts of an
expansile nature) depends on the state of activity of the animal

* Reticulated.

DEFRANCIA. 371

when observed, the tail being sometimes sharply pointed, and
at other times bluntly angular or even rounded in the same
individual.

Shell having the last whorl produced into a rather long
beak, of a thin texture between the ribs, semitransparent,
partially glossy (especially the fissural groove and the inter-
stices of the ribs, which frequently are glistening) : sculpture,
longitudinal and spiral ribs, nearly equally prominent, and
forming by their intersection oblong spaces in a transverse di-
rection ; the points of junction are prickly ; of the longitu-
dinal ribs there are usually 15 or 16 on the body-whorl, and
one or two less on the penultimate whorl, the number dimin-
ishing in that proportion upwards ; they extend to the base,
but never cross the fissural groove ; the spiral ribs are slighter,
15 or 16 on the body-whorl, 5 on the next, 4 on the next,
and so on ; sometimes a very fine intermediate stria is obser-
vable between some of the spiral ribs ; the third whorl from
the top, and part of the second whorl are bluntly keeled by
the first spiral rib, and all the apical whorls are exquisitely
reticulated ; the surface is faintly marked with microscopic
and distant lines of growth, but not reticulated : colour yel-
low, irregularly mottled or streaked with purplish-brown;
apex yeUowish-brown : spire long and turreted; apex very
small, slender, and distinct : ivhorls 9-10, convex ; the last
occupies three-fifths of the shell : suture deep : mouth as in
the last species, but not so much contracted ; length nearly
half that of the shell : canal rather long, wide, more
or less reflected at its extremity ; notch obliquely rounded,
not conspicuous outside : outer lip curved ; inside thickened,
and fluted by about 10 tooth-like ridges ; edge sharp, crenel-
lated by the spiral ribs : fissure deep, broad, and incurved ; its
former course is distinctly traceable : inner lip slight and re-
tired : pillar long, in some cases nearly straight, and in others
flexuous. L. 0-5. B. 0-2. , ^^ ^, -^^ p^,^^ ^^^^^.^^

Yar. formosa. Pure snow-white, or with a slight tinge of
fleshcolour or pink, and occasionally encircled by a pale band
below the periphery ; spire elongated ; whorls tumid. Man-
gelia purpurea, var. asperrima, F. & H. iii. p. 467, pi. cxiii.
f . 5 (not Fu^us asperrimus of Brown) .

Habitat : Coralline zone,, at Guernsey (J. G. J.) ;
Plymouth (Jordan) ; Falmouth (Hockin) ; Birterbuy

372 PLEUROTOMIDiE.

Bay, CO. Galway (Walpole) ; Cork (Humphreys) ; co.
Antrim, in 60 f. off Loch Ewe, and in 43 f. on the
Shetland coast (J. Gr. J.). The variety is from Fal-
mouth (Cocks and Barlee); Shetland, 78-86 f. (Barlee
and J. G. J.). D. reticulata belongs to our Red and
Coralline Crag (S. Wood, as Clavatula cancellata) , and
to the Italian tertiaries (Philippi and Calcara). It is
spread along the north- Atlantic coasts, from Brittany
(CoUard des Cherres and Tasle) to Gibraltar (M'^An-
drew), and throughout the Mediterranean, Adriatic,
and ^gean, at depths of from 4 to 35 f. The variety
has been dredged by Lilljeborg in Norway, by Loven
and Malm in Bohuslan (by the latter in 40 f.), and by
Forbes in the ^gean (as var. spinosa) in 105 f.

This species varies remarkably in size. An Irish
adult specimen is only three lines long; another, from
Shetland (the varietal form), measures nearly an inch
and a quarter. Those from the Mediterranean are of
two kinds, one like ours, and the other (which is more
usual) having a shorter spire and very tumid whorls,
and averaging three-quarters of an inch in length. The
latter may therefore be considered the typical form.
The variety is extremely beautiful, and almost " para-
gons description;^' it will be figured in the next
volume.

It is the Murex cancellatus of J. Sowerby (not Pleu-
rotoma cancellata of Calcara, nor Fmus cancellatus of
Mighels and Adams, both of which appear to be also
species of Defrancia) , M. echinatus of Brocchi, Pleuro-
loma Cordieri of Payraudeau, P. rude of Scacchi, and
P. purpureum of Philippi — not M. purpureus of Mon-
tagu; I described the present species as P. scabrum^
under the impression that it was distinct from the
Mediterranean shell and not merely a variety.

DEFRANCIA. 373

N'5'52 6. D. PURPu'REA^,liy[oiitagu.> pi ^a

Murex purpureus, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 260, t. 9. f. 3. Mangelia pur-
purea, F. & H. iii. p. 465, pi. cxiii. f. 3, 4.

Body whitish, with a tinge of purple, minutely and closely
speckled with flake-white : pallml tube cylindro-conical, rather
long : head conical, short : tentacles spike -shaped, very short
above the eye-stalks, and bluntly pointed : eyes placed about
one-third of the way down the tentacles, from which part the
tentacles increase considerably in thickness : foot squarish in
front, with angular comers (to each of which a ridge runs
from the neck or back of the head, forming an inverted V),
pointed behind.

Shell less fusiform than the last species, owing to the base
not being so much produced or elongated, rather soKd, nearly
opaque, and of a somewhat dull hue : sculpture^ numerous and
crowded, but not prominent, longitudinal and spiral ribs, which
produce by their mutual decussation a granular (not prickly)
appearance ; the interstices are very narrow, and do not form
any oblong spaces ; of the longitudinal ribs there are from 20
to 24 on the body- whorl, and 18 to 20 on the next ; they ex-
tend to the base, and nearly to the suture ; the spiral ribs are
narrower and thread-like, 24 to 28 on the body-whorl, and
about a dozen on the next whorl, besides a few slight inter-
mediate striae ; the third whorl and part of the second are
bluntly keeled, and all the top whorls are finely reticulated ;
the microscopic texture is closely but indistinctly frosted: colour
purplish brown, chocolate, or reddish-brown, sometimes varie-
gated with white, fawncolour, pale yellow, or occasionally
pure white, now and then encircled by a pale narrow zone
below the periphery ; top orange or pale yellow : spire long,
tapering, and somewhat turreted ; apex as in the allied species,
but more slender : whorls 12, convex and rounded ; the last
occupies rather more than half the shell : suture deep : mouth
narrowly pear-shaped, contracted above to form the fissural
sinus ; length two-fifths of the shell : canal rather short, wide,
and expanding towards the orifice; it bends a little to the
left ; notch broad and rounded, scarcely visible outside : outer
lip gently curved ; inside white and thickened, fluted by about
15 tooth-like ridges ; edge sharp, notched by the spiral ribs ;
fissure deep, rather narrow, and incurved ; its previous course

* Purple.

374 PLEUROTOMID^.

is not so conspicuous in this as in the last species, being partly
covered bj the sculpture : inner Up slight and retired : jyiUar
flexuous. L. 1. B.0-4.

Yar. 1. Philhert'i. Body pale yellowish-white, more or less
tinged in front with purplish-brown, and covered with minute
round flake-white dots : pallial tube cylindrical, rather long,
projecting, and somewhat curved ; it is of a darker hue than
the rest of the body : tentacles forming compressed cylinders,
rather long above, the eye-stalks : eyes on the tops of short
stalks, which are amalgamated with the tentacles : foot elon-
gated and thin; front deeply indented or notched in the
middle, and expanding at each comer into an arched lobe or
auricle; hinder part broad, and abruptly pointed. Shell
dwarf, more solid, and particoloured ; ribs less numerous, but
not in proportion to the size of the shell. L. 0-4. B. 0*2.
Pleurotoma Philberti, Michaud in Bull. Soc. Linn. Bord. iii.
p. 261, f. 2, 3. ^ cttt,'tt»uTcU<t^T|>itr««L V. UvIa:'.

Yar. 2\oblonga.) Body light grey, mottled with purple:
pallial tube long, purpKsh-brown, finely wrinkled: tentacles
rather short, cylindrical, light grey; lower portion speckled
with white : eyes on long stalks amalgamated with the ten-
tacles, about halfway up the latter : foot narrow ; front in-
dented in the middle, with angular corners ; hinder part finely
pointed ; sole white. Shell of the same size as the other
variety, but having the spire much shorter and not turreted ;
the body- whorl is proportionally much larger ; sculpture finer,
and not so tubercular.

Habitat : Chiefly in the coralline zone and deeper
water, on stony and shelly ground, along the coasts of
Guernsey, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, and Shetland;
Lundy Island (M^Andrew) ; Isle of Man (Forbes) ;
Cork (Humphreys) . The first variety is mostly confined
to the laminarian zone, and is more diffused : I dredged
it off Croulin Island, Skye, in 30-40 f., close to the
shore ; and I found it in the Channel Isles under stones,
and among Zoster a at low- water mark ; Mr. Peach and
Mr. Norman have also procured it on the recess of the
tide, the former at Paignton, and the latter in the Clyde
district. The 2nd variety appears to be peculiar to the

PLEUROTOMA. 375

Channel Isles; I obtained it alive by dredging off St. Ca-
therine's Bay, Jersey, in 10-12 f., and dead at Guernsey,
in 18 f. Fossil (var. Philberti) ? Ireland (Smith); Coral-
line Crag (Wood) ; Touraine, south of France, and Italy
(Homes and others) . The range of this species and the
variety Philberti^ as recent, comprises Christiansund,
30-50 f. (Danielssen), Bergen (Sars), Bohuslan, 18-50 f.
(Malm), north Atlantic, from Normandy to Madeira and
the Canaries, Mediterranean^ Adriatic, and ^gean;
shore to 55 f.

The animal is sluggish. Very young shells of the
typical form are extremely slender and finely pointed.

There are several obsolete or useless synonyms. Man"
gelia purpurea of Risso can scarcely be this species ; he
described it as subfossil only.

Genus II. PLEURO'TOMA*, Lamarck. PL VII. f. 2.

Shell forming a more or less lengthened cone : spire tur-
reted ; apex regular and blunt : mouth narrow : outer lip
notched at the side, below its junction with the periphery ;
inside smooth : operculum possessed by some species, and re-
sembling in shape an elongated pear, with the nucleus or point
at the base.

Although the notch in the outer lip of British species
is usually slight, such is not the case in P. nivalis, which
has as deep a slit as many typical species of Pleurotoma ;
the depth of the notch or slit is merely a comparative
character.

This genus has been very unscientifically and need-
lessly divided by authors, and has received various
names. Mangelia (correctly Mangilia, from Mangili,
an Italian naturalist) is one of these synonyms, and has
been attributed to Risso on Leach^'s authority; but Risso

* From a notch in the side of the lip.

^Q

376 PLEUROTOMIDvE.

did not notice either the canal at the base or the notch in
the outer lip, and his description might serve for Risso-
inUj species of which he in fact included in Mangelia.

M^r\d«Xifl. sfnoU'hv (^cACc'»i)
A. InopercTilated.

1. Pleurotoma striola'ta"^, (Scacchi) Philippi. ^°5^'\

P. striolatum, Phil. Moll. Sic. ii. p. 168, t. xxvi. f. 7. Mangelia strio-
lata, F. & H. iii. p. 483, pi. cxiv. A. f. 1, 2.

Body white, minutely and closely speckled with flake-white,
and marked with 8 or 9 bright pink spots on the jyallial tube,
which is short and rather open or scoop-shaped : tentacles short
and thread-shaped above the eye-stalks : eyes placed very near
the tips of the tentacles : foot truncated in front, very slightly
auricled at the corners, and tapering behind to a point ; the
sole has no medial groove. (Clark.)

Shell slender, rather sohd, semitransparent, not glossy,
except in dead and rubbed specimens : sculpture, flexuous and
prominent longitudinal ribs, which are remarkably high-
shouldered or angulated at the top of each whorl, and extend
to the suture and base ; there are 9 or 10 on the body-whorl,
and one less on the penultimate whorl, decreasing at the same
rate upwards ; the whole surface (with the exception of the
apex) is traversed by fine and numerous spiral striae, which
are discernible with a low magnifying-power, but not by the
naked eye ; the third whorl is marked with numerous longi-
tudinal striae, besides the spiral striae (which latter are stronger
than usual), but there is no appearance of reticulation ; the first
and second whorls are smooth and glossy : colour buff or pale
yellow, sometimes variegated by several obscure and narrow
bands of reddish-brown; and occasionally the periphery is
encircled by a broader purplish band, and the upper part of
each whorl (just below the suture) has a second band of a
purplish hue : spire long, tapering, and turreted ; apex some-
what mammiform, but not having the peculiar character of
any Defrancia : whorls 9, moderately convex, angulated by the
ribs ; the last whorl occupies rather more than one-half of the
shell: suture deep: mouth contracted, exhibiting the labial
notch near the upper part ; length five-twelfths of the shell :
canal rather long and wide ; basal notch obliquely rounded :

* Slightly striated.

PLEUROTOMA. 377

outer lip not much curved, somewhat inflected ; edge thin and
plain : labial notch rather short, very distinct, and incurved ;
it is situate below the periphery, to which the upper comer of
the outer lip is attached : inner lip retired, forming a mode-
rately thick glaze : pillar flexuous. L. 0-6. B. 0-2.

Habitat : Coralline zone at Exmouth (Clark and
J. Gr. J.) j Torbay (Alder) ; Falmouth and Land's End
(Hockin) ; Weymouth and Guernsey (Hanley) ; Good-
wick Bay, Pembrokeshire, 20 f. (J. G. J.); Bantry Bay,
12-15 f. (M^Andrew); Connemara (Forbes and others) j
west coast of Scotland (Smith and others); co. Antrim
(Hyndman). Fossil in Sicily (Philippi and Calcara).
Living in Christiansund, 30-40 f. (Danielssen) ; Norway
(Lilljeborg,^c?eDanielssen) ; Loire-Inferieure (Cailliaud) ;
Vigo and south coast of Portugal, Madeira, and Canary
Isles, 8-60 f. (M^Andrew); Mediterranean, 8-50 f.
(Philippi and others) .

P. Smithii of Forbes, P. Farrani of Thompson, Fusus
elegans of Brown and Leach, and Mangelia Loveneana
of Reeve. This last-named author made also a great
many other so-called species from the late Mr. Cuming's
collection, which will not stand the test of criticism ;
but the excellent illustrations that form the chief merit
of his ' Conchologia Iconica ' amply compensate for such
failures. Mangelia striolata of Risso is apparently P.
attenuata.

P. accincta {Murex accinctus, Mont.), one of Las-
key's pseudo-discoveries, is West-Indian.

iS^.S^o 2. P. attenua'ta*, Montagu. ^\ ^^

Murex attenuatus, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 266, t. 9. f. 6. Mangelia at-
tenuata, F. & H. iii. p. 488, pi. cxiii. f. 8, 9, and (animal) pi. ER. f.5.

Body white, with flaky specks [there are a few pink or red
* Attenuated.

378 PLEUROTOMID^.

spots near the extremity of the pallial tube (Clark)] : pallial
tyhe rather more slender than usual: tentacles awl-shaped,
comparatively very long, close together at their bases: eyes
on bulgings, very low down, and not far from the origin of the
tentacles : foot truncated and acutely angulated, with auricles
in front (P. & H), [when fully extended, as long as the shell
(Clark)].

Shell slender, attenuated towards each extremity, rather
thin, semitransparent, very glossy : sculpture, fine, sharp, nar-
row, and flexuous longitudinal ribs, which extend to the base
as well as to the suture, being apparently continued along the
spire in an uninterrupted line ; there are 9 on the body- whorl,
and usually the same number on the next whorl, after which
they dwindle upwards ; the whole surface (except the apex)
is covered with very slight microscopic and close-set spiral
striae, which can be detected only by a high magnifying-power ;
the third whorl is keeled in the middle, and has rather
numerous and curved longitudinal riblets, the first two whorls
being quite smooth : colour pale tawny, encircled by several
reddish-brown lines and by a chestnut band below the peri-
phery, sometimes also by a narrow and obscure band just below
the suture ; the ribs are paler : spire long and gradually
tapering; apex as in the last species : ivTiorls 9-10, moderately
convex, somewhat angulated by the ribs ; the last whorl occu-
pies four-sevenths of the shell : suture rather deep : mouth
contracted ; length three --sevenths of the shell : canal straight,
rather long and wide ; basal notch rounded : outer lip flexuous,
incurved ; edge narrow, sharp, and plain : labial notch small
and shallow but distinct, situate as in the last species : inner
lip retired, forming a tolerably thick glaze : pillar nearly
straight. L. 0-6. B. 0-2.

Habitat : Gravelly and muddy sand in the coralline
zone, on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall (Montagu,
Couch, and others); Guernsey (Forbes); Sark (Barlee);
Bideford (Montagu); Scarborough (Bean); Goodwick
Bay, Barmouth, and Bantry (J. G. J.) ; Cork (Hum-
phreys) ; Connemara (Alcock) ; Dublin Bay (Turton) ;
Lough Strangford (Dickie) ; Oban (Barlee) ; Hebrides
(M^ Andrew and Forbes) . Fossil in Calabria and Tarento
(Philippi); Professor Geikie's statement that it had been

PLEUROTOMA. 379

found in tlie Bute deposit by Mr. Crosskey is erroneous.
Its present distribution is mostly soutbern — altbough
Loven and Malm bave dredged it in tbe soutb of Sweden,
and Sars bas recorded it witb doubt from Oxfjord —
Atlantic coasts of France,, Spain, and Portugal, from
Boulogne to Gibraltar ; TeneriflFe (M^Andrew); Mediter-
ranean, Adriatic, and iEgean : deptbs 2-40 f.

Tbis elegant sbell differs from P. striolata in being
more slender, and bigbly polisbed ; tbe ribs are not an-
gulated at tbe top, nor is tbe spire turreted ; tbe surface
is smootb ; and tbe linear markings are very peculiar.
My finest specimen (for wbicb I am indebted to the
kindness of Dr. Battersby, wbo dredged it at Torquay)
is tbree- quarters of an incb long.

It appears to be tbe Mangelia striolata of Risso, P.
Villiersi of Micbaud, P. gracilis of Scaccbi, and P. nu-
perrimum of Tiberi.

N*5^4\ 3. P. costa'ta"^, Donovan. \^\ 90

Murex costatus, Don. Br. Sh. iii. pi. xci. Mangelia costata, F. & H. iii.
p. 485, pi. cxiv. A. f. 3-5, and (animal) pi. ER. f, 4.

Body clear white, with a bluish tinge, more or less closely
speckled with light purplish-brown or yellow, or with irregular
flakes of milk-white : pallial tube cybndrical, rather long and
flexible, exhibiting a notch-like fold at the opening : tentacles
rather short, with bulbous tips, doubled in thickness for the
lower half by the eye-stalks: eyes rather large, placed on
swollen terminations of the stalks : foot elongated, narrow, and
thick, in front truncated, gently curved, or slightly indented
with small angular comers, attenuated and finely pointed be-
hind ; when the animal is at rest, the sole is strangulated or
divided across in the middle: [odontophore, pleural spine
strong, with the head or top folded back, and the side indented
and gaping or incurved. (Loven.)]

Shell agreeing in many particulars with that of P. atte-
* Ribbed.

880 PLEUROTOMIDiE.

nuata ; but this is much smaller, thicker, less slender, not
attenuated towards either extremity, nor glossy ; the base is
considerably broader in proportion; the ribs are stronger,
blunter, and more angulated, and there are only 7 (or at the
most 8) on the body- whorl; their interstices are somewhat
concave; the spiral striae are closer and finer: colour less
regular, with the lines and bands broader, sometimes mottled,
or the upper part of the shell chocolate, and the lower yellowish;
the outside of the mouth and the throat or inside of the outer
lip usually exhibit a purplish-brown blotch : spire less taper :
whorls not so convex, the last occupying three -fifths of the
shell : suture not so deep : mouth much narrower ; length two-
fifths of the shell : canal more curved, shorter, and broader :
outer lip continuous with the inner lip, considerably thickened
within, where it is frequently furnished with a narrow white
ledge ; edge not so thin or sharp : labial notch much deeper :
inner lip thickened, and reflected above: pillar flexuous.
L. 0-45. B. 0-185.

Habitat : Generally distributed ; living at low- water
mark of spring tides, in rock-pools, on the coasts of
Devon and Cornwall (Clark and Templer), in 95 f., on
fine sand, off Unst (J. G. J.), and in 145 f. off the Mull
of Galloway (Beechey) . The " P. coarctata '' of Forbes
is merely the northern, and consequently larger, form
of this common species. Fossil in the glacial deposit
at Wexford (Sir H. James) ; Belfast (Grainger) ; Bed
and Coralline Crag (Wood); Norway, 70-80 feet, retain-
ing its coloured band (Sars); Lillo near Antwerp (De
Wael) ; Antibes (Mace) . Finmark to Bohuslan, 10-70f.
(Sars, Loven, and others); Zealand (mus.Copenh.); Brit-
tany (De Gerville and others) ; Arcachon (Fischer) ;
Eochelle (D^Orbigny pere) ; Spain and Portugal, 7-12 f.
(M'Andrew); Provence (Gay); Spezzia (J. G. J.); and
probably every part of the Mediterranean and Adriatic,
as P. tceniata and under other less known names.

TliB Murex costatus of Pennant is a mixture of small
shells belonging to different genera. Da Costa's Bucci-

PLEUROTOMA. 381

num costatum is P. septangularis. The present species
is -prohahly Fusus fasciatm, F.pyramidatm, and F. eras-
sus of Brown^ and the young his F. minimus ; Hanley
described it as P. Metcalfeij and Leach as Mangelia Pen-
nantiana.

P. lineolata [Mangelia lineolata, Risso) = P. multi-
lineolatum, Desh.=FiM5W5 lineatus, Brown, is a Mediter-
ranean and Adriatic shell, closely allied to P. costatum ;
it was described and figured by Leach as Mangelia lineata
and recorded from Cork on the authority of Dr. Drum-
mond.

P. prowimum [Murex proximus^ Mont.) is West-Indian.
Laskey pretended to have found it on ^' Tyningham
sands, near D unbar .^^ The specimen in the British
Museum, marked '^ mus. Montagu,^^ however, is a worn
P. nebula, and quite unlike the description and figure
given by the author.

■"^^ 4. P. RTJGULo'sA^, Philippi. bl^o

P. ruguhsum, Phil. Moll. Sic. ii. p. 169, t. xxvi. f. 8.

Shell at first sight mistakeable for a small and stumpy P.
costata ; but the following characters will serve to distinguish
it. The present species is more sohd, and has a broader base
and shorter spire ; the ribs are thicker, and angulated near the
top of each whorl, so as to give a turreted appearance to the
shell ; another and peculiar difference is that, instead of the
spiral striae being uniform, some of them are larger and more
raised than the rest, viz. about a dozen on the body- whorl, and
4 on the preceding whorl ; the colour is tawny, or yellowish-
white, with sometimes an obscure reddish-brown band on the
periphery ; the whorls are only 7 in number, and end abruptly;
the canal is truncated ; and the outer lip is remarkably thick,
and never has a ledge on the inside. L. 0-25. B. 0-125.

Habitat : Bay in St. Merryn Parish, Cornwall (Hoc-

* Slightly wrinkled.

■qo

382 PLEUROTOMIDiE.

kin) ; Padstow (Goodall, fide Leach) . Fossil in Sicily
and Calabria (Philippi and Calcara). An inhabitant
of the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and ^gean seas.

Mangelia Goodalliana, Leach (whose typical specimen
is in the British Museum), and Raphitoma Sandrii,
Brusina. . . h 't\ -^

5. P. brachy'stoma*, [brachystomum) Philippi. ^* ^4-^

P. brachystomum, Phil. Moll. Sic. ii. p. 169, t. xxri. f. 10. Mangelia
brachysfoma, F. & H. iii. p. 480, pi. cxiv. f. 5, 6, and (animal) pi. EE.
f.2.

Body whitish, minutely speckled with flake -white [purphsh-
white (F. &H.)] : pallial tube cylindrical and long, projecting
in front : tentacles short, with blunt tips : eyes large, on the
thickened end of stalks which are two -thirds the length of the
tentacles : foot very long and narrowish, truncated or indented
in front, with a rather large flap or auricle at each corner,
bluntly pointed behind.

Shell cylindrical, and pointed at each extremity, sohd,
nearly opaque, of a rather dull aspect : sculpture, strong, broad,
rounded, and rather prominent longitudinal ribs, from 7 to 9
on each of the last three whorls ; they extend to the base, but
not quite to the suture, the space below which is strongly and
spirally sculptured; the whole surface (except the apex) is
covered with thread-like spiral ridges, which are finely and
closely reticulated by microscopic longitudinal striae, making
the crests of the principal ridges (especially of those below the
suture) beaded and the surface roughened ; these ridges are
more or less wavy and of different sizes, the larger and
more conspicuous numbering about 15 on the body-whorl,
5 or 6 on the next whorl, and decreasing upwards ; the third
whorl has several minute ciured striae in the line of growth,
their interstices being pitted, or the striae granulated, by the
intersection of four or five equally minute spiral striae ; the
top whorls are smooth and glossy : colour yellowish- white,
orange, or occasionally deep reddish-brown ; paler specimens
sometimes exhibit traces of a broad orange band below the
periphery : spire turreted, and gradually tapering to a some-
what abrupt and blunt point : whorls 8-9, moderately convex,

* Short-moutb.

PLEUROTOMA. 383

somewhat flattened or shelf-like at the top, and angulated by
the ribs ; the last whorl occupies six-elevenths of the shell :
suture deep : mouth narrow, compressed and acute-angled
above, and broader in the middle ; length nearly four-elevenths
of the shell : cawjl short, straight, and wide, expanding at the
extremity in full-grown specimens ; basal notch obliquely in-
curved : outer lip flexuous, slightly bent inwards ; edge sharp
and muricated by the extremities of the spiral strise : lahial
notch small and short, situate on the shelf-like ledge at the top
of the body-whorl : inner lip retired, finely polished : pillar
short and nearly straight. L. 0-275. B. 0*1.

Habitat : Mud among stones^ and muddy sand, in
10-60 i., Weymouth (Thompson), Exmouth (Clark),
Torquay (Battersby and J. G. J.), Plymouth (Barlee and
Jordan), Falmouth (Barlee and Hockin), Cornwall
(M^Andrew), Whitburn (Alder), Dogger bank (Men-
nell), Bantry (Barlee), co. Antrim (Waller), Oban,
Skye, and Loch Carron (J. Gr. J., Forbes, and others),
Moray Firth (Gordon), Aberdeenshire (Dawson), Wick
(Peach), Shetland (M'Andrew and others). Newer
tertiaries at Tarento (Philippi). Christiansund, 40-50 f.
(Danielssen) ; Bohuslan (Loven, and in 16-50 f. Malm) ;
Loire-lnferieure (Cailliaud); Arcachon (Fischer); Co-
runnato Gibraltar, 8-30 f. (M'Andrew); Malaga (M' An-
drew) to Naples (Philippi) on the European coast of the
Mediterranean, in 10-50 f., and on the North African
coast, in 35 and 36 f. (M ^Andrew and Weinkauff); Adria-
tic (Brusina); ^gean (Forbes, ^c?e Reeve, as P. Cycla-
densis) .

Most of the specimens which I received from the late
Mr. Clark under this name belong to a dwarf and deep-
water variety of P. nebula. The Clavatula brachy stoma
of Searles Wood appears to be an extinct species. Loven
described our shell as Mangilia tiarula.

384 PLEUROTOMID^.

\^- 3^ ' 6. P. ne'bula^, Montagu. iW* 54^ -)

Murex nebula, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 267, t. 15. f. 6. Mangelia nebula,
F. & H. iii. p. 476, pi. cxiv. f. 7, and (animal) pi. ER. f. 7.

Body whitish, minutely speckled with yellow : pallial tvhe
long and narrow : head small and compressed : tentacles short,
diverging, cjiindrical from the base to the eyes, and after-
wards becoming less than half the size to the tips : eyes small
and black, seated externally on the top of the thickened part
of the tentacles, about one-third from their extremities : foot
long and broad, truncated or slightly indented in front, with
small and obscure angular comers, gradually tapering behind
to a blunt point.

Shell forming an elongated cone having its base or greater
diameter just above the periphery, and abruptly attenuated
towards the canal ; it is solid, opaque, and of a rather dull and
rough aspect : sculpture, strong, broad, rounded, and somewhat
prominent longitudinal ribs, from 10 to 12 on the body- whorl,
diminishing by degrees upwards; they are flexuous on the
body- whorl, and nearly straight on the upper whorls ; they
scarcely extend to the base, and never to the suture, the space
below which is spirally sculptured and is margined on the
upper whorls by two close-set wavy rows of bead-like striae ;
the whole surface (except the apex) is covered with very
numerous spiral striae, which are crossed by microscopic and
oblique longitudinal striae, and reticulated as in the last species;
the spiral striae are equal in size, and three times as many as
in P. hrachy stoma ; the third whorl has three rows of granu-
lated striae, the top whorls being smooth and glossy : colour
chocolate, with the ribs sometimes of a paler hue : spire some-
what turreted, gradually tapering to a rather fine point : whorls
10-11, moderately convex, somewhat compressed towards the
top of each and sloping downwards ; they are angulated by
the ribs ; the last whorl occupies five-elevenths of the shell :
suture rather shallow : mouth lozenge-shaped, compressed and
acute-angled above, broader in the middle; length four-elevenths
of the shell ; canal short and wide, turning a little to the left,
expanding at the extremity ; basal notch incurved, and con-
spicuous outside: outer lip gently curved, slightly bent in-
wards ; edge sharp, and closely muricated by the points of the
spiral striae : labial notch rather deep, placed a little below the

* From its smoky hue.

PLEUROTOMA. 385

slope which surmounts the last whorl : inner lip as in the pre-
ceding species : pillar flexuous. L. 0*55. B. 0-2.
f Yar. 1. ahhrwiaia. Dwarfed, of the usual colour. •M^-v4t«k:te^. Hi»nn«a.o

Yar. 2. lactea. Also dwarfed, white or yellowish- white.

Yar. 3. e lo nga ^ff^^op y pale yellowish-white or whitish,
marked with purplish-brown or flake-white spots of different
sizes, which appear opaque when the animal is examined as a
transparent object : palVial tube cylindrical, long and extensile:
head semicircular, very small : teritacles short, cylindrical, and
(without the eye-stalks) slender ; the free extremities are re-
markably short and finger-like, with rounded tips : eijes pro-
minent, on nearly oval bulbs at the top of long and thick stalks
which are conjoined with the tentacles, on their outer side (like
a spliced rope), and extend from two-thirds to three-fourths
of their length : foot very long and flexible, rounded in front,
"svith short triangular or ear-shaped corners, narrower in the
middle, and bilobed or obliquely truncated behind : verge falci-
form, situate behind the right-hand tentacle. Shell larger,
and having the spire more elongated, of a thinner and more
delicate texture : sculpture finer and smoother : colour yel-
lowish-white with the interstices of the ribs purplish-red,
sometimes wholly milk-white. L. 0-75.

Habitat : Common in sand on all the coasts of the
south of England, Wales, and Ireland, from low-water
mark of spring tides to the depth of a few fathoms ;
Scarborough (Bean) ; Coldingham Bay, Berwickshire
(Maclaren,j^c?e Johnston); Clyde district (Smith); Lam-
lash (Landsborough); Moray Firth (Macdonald) . Var. 1 .
Coralline zone at Exmouth (Clark); Falmouth and co.
Galway (Barlee) ; YV^hitburn (Alder). Var. 2. Aber-
deenshire (Dawson). Var. 3. Deep water, Guernsey
(Hanley and J. G. J.) ; Plymouth (Jordan) ; Exmouth
(Clark); Arran Isle, co. Galway (Barlee); Hebrides and
Shetland, in 30-90 f. (Barlee and J. G. J.). I am by
no means certain that this last variety may not be
specifically distinct ; but I prefer reducing to increasing
the number of species, unless some valid and persistent

VOL. IV. s

386 PLEUROTOMID^.

character can be made out. The typical form has
occurred in a fossil state at Moel Tryfaen (Trimmer),
Macclesfield (Darbishire) , Italian tertiaries (Philippi and
Calcara) ; and the variety elongata in the glacial drift
of Caithness (Jamieson). The geographical distribution
of this species at present is as follows : — As to the typical
form, from the north of France (De Gerville and others)
to Madeira (M^Andrew), throughout the Mediterranean
(Risso and others), Adriatic (Heller and others), and
iEgean (Spratt) ; depths 4-25 f. : as to the variety
elongata, from Finmark (Sars) to Gottenburg, 10-30 f.
(Malm), Brittany (Cailliaud), and Vigo (M 'Andrew).

The animal is exceedingly active ; it gives out a very
dark purple dye, like that of Scalaria communis. Be-
tween thirty and forty years ago I observed the present
species burrowing in sand at Oxwich, near Swansea, on
the recess of a high tide; and I also procured it by
dredging on the same coast. The Rev. R. N. Dennis
tells me that specimens from Seaford Bay, when placed
in a basin of sea-water, crawled to the edge and sus-
pended themselves by a thread. A monstrosity which
I found at Tenby (where P. nebula is very abundant)
has the spire twisted and curved on one side.

Among the synonyms may be mentioned P. Ginnania-
num of Philippi (who, by the by, omitted to notice the
spiral striae), P. nigra of Potiez and Michaud, and
Raphitoma polita of Brusina. According to Verany it
is the Mangelia costulata of Risso^s collection. Clavatula
nebula of Searles Wood is not our species.

7. p. LiEviGA^A^, Philippi. |rt 4-^if,

p. levigatum, Phil. Moll. Sic. i. p. 199, t. xi. f. 17. ^

Body clear white, speckled aU over with opaque white : pal-
* Rubbed smooth ; properly levigata.

PLEL'ROTOMA. 387

lial tube long and cylindrical-: head short, cloven in front:
tentacles cylindrical, mere club-shaped and slender points above
the eyes, three or four times as thick below them : eyes placed
outside the tentacles, at the extremities of very long stalks,
which are conjoined with the tentacles in the usual manner :
foot elongated, truncated or bilobed in front, with angular
corners, bluntly pointed or sometimes swallow-tailed behind :
odontopliore simple ; pleurae diamond-shaped, with a minute
notch just below the middle on the inner side.

Shell spindle-shaped, having the base broader than the
apex, rather solid, nearly opaque, of a dull but smooth aspect :
sculpture, broad and rounded, although not prominent, some-
what flexuous longitudinal ribs, which are more or less wanting
on the body -whorl and do not extend to the base or suture ;
there are 10 or 11 on each of the preceding three whorls ; the
space below the suture is girded by a tliickened rim, and is
always ribless ; the whole surface (except the apex) is covered
with exceedingly numerous and fine spiral strias, w^hich are
crossed and indistinctly beaded by still more delicate flexuous
striae in the line of growth ; the spiral striae on the body-
whorl alternate in size, but elsewhere are equal ; the third
whorl has four rows of spiral stria% which are not beaded
as in the foregoing two species; top whorls quite smooth
and lustrous: colour yellow, variegated with chocolate; the
former colour is more perceptible as a broad band round
the upper part of the body-w^horl, and on the ribs in the
other whorls, the interstices of the ribs in all the whorls
being of the darker colour ; apex chocolate : spire tapering to
a somewhat abrupt point : whorls 9-10, moderately convex and
rounded, shelving upwards, not angulated by the ribs ; the
last whorl occupies seven-twelfths of the shell : suture shallow :
mouth obliquely lozenge-shaped, compressed and acute-angled
above, broader at about one-third from the upper part ; length
five-twelfths of the shell : canal very short, wide, and trun-
cated, turning slightly but abruptly to the left ; basal notch
incurved, conspicuous on the outside : outer Up curved ; edge
blunt and even : labial notch broad and rather deep, placed
below the sutural rim : inner lip shght, but more spread and
not so retired as in many other species: pillar broad and
flexuous. L. 0-6. B. 0-225.

Var. minor. Dwarfed or stunted, and more slender. L. 0*3.
B. 0-1.

Habitat : Between tide-marks in Belgrave Bay,

s2

388 PLEUROTOMIDiE.

Guernsey (Gallienne). The variety or smaller form
inhabits the coralline zone, and occurs in the Channel
Isles also, and on the coasts of Dorset, Devon, and
Cornwall ; Connemara (Alcock) . North Atlantic, from
Cherbourg (De Gerville and Mace) to Gibraltar, and
westward to the Azores (M^Andrew) ; both sides of the
Mediterranean, the Adriatic, and ^gean: depths 2-
15 f.

When the tide goes out this little moUusk burrows in
the sand, but not deeply, in a slanting position ; and it
rises to the surface when the tide comes in, like several
other univalves of similar habits. Dead shells thrown
up on a sandy beach, and rolled about by the waves,
become polished by the attrition and appear smooth.
The chief differences between P. brachy stoma, P. nebula,
and P. l(Bvigata consist in the first being small and
cylindrical, and having some of the spiral striae larger
and more prominent than the rest; the second forms
an elongated cone, the spiral striae being equal in size
and more numerous; the present species is spindle-
shaped and smoother, the body- whorl is nearly ribless
(especially near the mouth) , and the suture is thickened
by a strap-like rim.

This is the P. Metcalfei of Hanley, and apparently
the Raphitoma polita of Brusina.

B. Operculated.
8. P. niva'lis"^, Loven. ^'o 5-35-

P. nivale, Lov. Ind. Moll. Scand, p. 14.

Body milk-white : head prominent, and slightly cloven in
front : mouth or proboscidal orifice knob-hke, and placed in
the middle beneath the tentacidar membrane : tentacles very

* Snow-white.

PLEUROTOMA. 389

short, cylindrical, and diverging, with blunt tips; they are
somewhat curved and resemble the prongs of a dung-fork :
eyes none, nor any eye-stalks : foot long and slender, truncated
in front, and obtuse-angled behind ; sole broad : verge falcate,
on the right hand : [odontopliore composed of thin and some-
what curved spine-shaped pleurae, with a large head which is
excavated or gapes on the lower side. (Loven.)]

Shell elegantly spindle-shaped, attenuated towards each
end, the axis or greater diameter being nearer the base and
formed of the upper portion of the body-whorl ; it is of a deli-
cate and rather thin texture, semi transparent, and not glossy :
sculpture, numerous oblique longitudinal ribs, which are plait-
like and slight on the lower two whorls (nearly wanting on the
last), more prominent and nodulous on the upper whorls ; they
neither extend to the base nor to the suture, and occupy only
the middle portion of each whorl ; the whole surface (except
the apex, which is quite smooth and glossy) is covered with
fine and close-set spiral striae, some of which on the body-
whorl alternate in size ; lines of growth microscopic and iiex-
uous ; colour uniform milk-white : spire gradually tapering to
a blunt point : whorls 10, convex, somewhat angulated in the
middle, and compressed or slightly excavated below the suture ;
the last whorl occupies about one-half of the shell: suture
shallow : mouth of an irregular shape, long and narrow, acute-
angled above; length nearly one-third of the shell: canal
rather short, but slender, very wide and open, bending a little
to the left, and ending in an obliquely curved notch : outer lip
rounded from the labial notch to the base, with a thin and
even edge : labial notch broad, deep, and remarkably distinct ;
it is placed considerably below the junction of the outer lip
with the periphery: iymer lip consisting of a thin glaze or
polish, which is spread over the pillar ; its limit is coextensive
with the outer lip : pillar broad and flexuous : operculum pear-
shaped, having the point or nucleus at the base on the inner
side ; it is rather small, ambercolour, and marked with ellip-
tical lines of increase, like the valves of a Pinna. L. 0'85.
B. 0-25.

Habitat : Fine muddy sand, east of Shetland, m 78 f. :
apparently very rare ; for several dredging- voyages which
I have made in these seas yielded only one live and three
dead specimens. Its discoverer, Professor Loven, re-

390 PLEUROTOMIDiE.

corded it as Norwegian (Bergen to Finmark) ; and it
has also been taken on the same coast by M*^ Andrew
and Barrett, Danielssen_, Sars, and Lilljeborg, at depths
of from 30 to 150 f.

My largest specimen of this graceful and remarkable
species exceeds an inch in length.

As Loven well observed, it is allied to P. torquatum
of Philippi, a Calabrian fossil; but the dimensions
and figure given in the latter^s work represent a much
less slender shell. The lines of growth vary in strength,
and are not so conspicuous in living as in dead speci-
mens. H cu<-Ar*|)iettr<L c* stA-t*. (^Co5t<9 •

9. P. septangula'ris"^, Montagu. W^^?-*

Murex septangularis, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 260, t. 9. f. 5. Mangelia
{Bela) septangularis, F. & H. iii. p. 458, pi. cxii. f. 6, 7, and (animal)
pi. TT. f. 3.

Body white, powdered with minute flake-white points:
mantle rather thick at the edges : palUal tube fleshy, extending
beyond the canal of the shell : head compressed, narrow, with
a vertical fissui-e below it, from which the retractile proboscis
issues : tentacles short, '^ setose " [?], coalescing at their bases;
eyes on the external points of thick stalks annexed to the ten-
tacles, at about two-thirds of their length : foot rather narrow,
truncated in front, and slightly auricled, moderately long, with
the termination nearly as broad behind as in front, without a
trace of a distinct point, although the tail is often more or less
notched. (Clark.)

Shell forming an elongated cone with a produced base, re-
markably thick, opaque, somewhat glossy : sculpture, strong,
angular, and rather prominent longitudinal ribs, which extend
to the suture but not to the base ; they are flexuous on the
body-whorl, and nearly straight on the upper whorls, where
they usually form a continuous series along the spire ; their
interstices are concave ; the labial rib is very large, and aged
specimens frequently have a similar rib or varix on the middle
of the body-whorl ; there are from 7 to 9 ribs (usually 7 only)
on the body- whorl, and one less on the next whorl, the number

* Heptagonal, or having seven angles.

PLEUROTOMA. 391

diminislimg in the same ratio upwards; the whole surface
(except the apex, which is quite smooth and glossy) is covered
with extremely fine and close-set minute spiral striae, which
become stronger towards the base ; these spiral striae are par-
tially decussated by irregular microscopic lines of growth ;
colour chestnut or reddish-brown, the ribs being (probably from
attrition) of a paler hue or sometimes whitish ; throat or in-
side of the outer lip purplish : spire extending to an abrupt
point : whorls 8-9, moderately convex, but compressed towards
the base and strongly angulated by the ribs ; the last whorl
occupies nearly three -fifths of the shell ; the first two or three
are cylindrical, and the topmost whorl is button- shaped : suture
shght : mouth irregularly oblong, acute-angled above ; length
about two-fifths of the shell : canal short, nearly straight,
extremely wide and open, truncated at the point, and ending
in a curved notch : outer lip flexuous, with a sharp and even
edge ; it seems to form a wedge-like margin to the labial
rib: labial notch very broad, but shallow, placed at some
distance from the upper corner of the mouth : inner lip forming
a porcellanous glaze, and occasionally thickened above so as
to produce a pad or callus at the junction of the two lips :
pillar curved in the middle, and nearly straight below : oper-
culum as in the last species, sometimes folding inwards or con-
cave down the middle. L. 0*55. B. 0-2.

Habitat : Laminarian and coralline zones, in, 7-25 f.,
on our southern and western coasts (including the
Bristol Channel), from Guernsey (J. G. J.) to Anglesea
(M*^ Andrew), all Ireland, and the west of Scotland;
Firth of Forth (Forbes, MS.), ? Dunbar (Laskey).
? Fossil in Ireland (Forbes); south of Italy and Palermo
(Philippi and Calcara) . The only northern locality that
I can find recorded is Bergen, on the excellent authority
of Professor Sars : the distribution south of Britain is
very extensive, and comprises the coasts of France,
Spain, and Portugal, the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and
iEgean ; Madeira and the Canary Isles (M^Andrew, as
P. secalinum). Bathymetrical range 6-40 f.

My finest specimens were collected in Langland

392 PLEUROTOMID^.

Bay near Swansea; one measures three-quarters of
an inch in length, and is proportionally broad and
stout. An operculum in a Scotch specimen is shaped
like a weaver^s shuttle, and has the nucleus nearly cen-
tral and the lines of growth irregularly elliptical.

This is the Buccinum costatum of Da Costa, Mureoc
septangulatus of Donovan, and P. (egeensis of Forbes;
to these may probably be added the following synonyms
— Mangelia Ginnania, Eisso, P. Bertrandii, Pajnraudeau,
P. heptagona, Scacchi, and P. costulaium, Cantraine.
P. secalinum of Philippi appears to be a dwarf form,
having the ribs less angular and the spiral striae more
distinct. The name proposed by Da Costa takes prece-
dence of that which I have adopted and which is so well
known ; but we have another still more common species
called costata : let the older name, therefore, be con-
signed to oblivion, so far as it relates to the present
species. f^ g( ^ ^,,j^ ^ fAc^r^1r^ju; •

10. P. RUFA"^, Montagu. ^^.s^^

Murcx rufus, Mont. Test, Br. (i.) p. 263. Mangelia {Bela) rufa, F. & H.
iii. p. 454, pi, cxii, f. 3-5, and (animal) pi. TT, f. 4.

Body white, speckled with chall^y flakes, and having a
slight tinge of purple : palUal tube rather long : tentacles
cylindrical; upper part (above the eye-stalks) extremely
short, club-shaped, and of a bluish hue : eyes black and dis-
tinct, on the top of thick stalks : foot thick and broad, slightly
rounded in front, and bluntly pointed behind.

Shell oblong-fusiform, solid, nearly opaque, lustreless :
sculpture, flexuous and rather narrow longitudinal ribs, which
extend to the suture but seldom lo the base, and often become
indistinct or are entirely absent towards the mouth ; the upper
part of each rib is angular ; there are usually 14 or 15 on each
of the last five whorls, becoming more numerous and thread-
Hke on the preceding whorl, and disappearing on the top
whorls ; the ribs are narrower than their interstices ; the

* Keddish.

PLEUllOTOMA. 393

w hole surface (except the apex, which is smooth and glossy)
is covered with numerous and fine spiral striae or lines, many
of which are doable ; the spiral striae or lines on the ledge or
shelf below the suture are slighter and obscure, the strongest
being those on the upper whorls ; they are nowhere decussated
by the microscopic lines of growth : colour purplish-brown,
the ribs being frequently paler ; inside of the mouth occasion-
ally of a rich purple : spire turreted, and regularly tapering ;
apex twisted : whorls 7, rather convex, shelving abruptly to
the suture, so as to give the turreted aspect to the spire ; the
last whorl occupies three-fifths of the shell: suture rather deep:
mouth shaped as in P. septangidaris, but not so acute- angled
above ; length two-fifths of the shell : canal as in the last
species, except that the basal notch is more rounded : outer lip
arched, with a thin and even edge ; it is slightly angulated
above : labial notch small, but distinct, forming an indentation
in the infrasutural shelf: inner lip somewhat expanded, and
presenting a polished appearance : pillar broad and flexuous :
operculum ear-shaped, and elongated, marked lengthwise by a
furrow on the pillar side ; layers of increase numerous and
obliquely curved. L. 0*5. B. 0'2.

Yar. 1. lactea. Body milk-white ; pallial tube short and
rather broad : tentacles cylindrical, very short and club-shaped
above the eyes, much thicker below them : eyes proportionally
large, on the top of stalks which are amalgamated with the
tentacles : foot rounded in front, with small angular comers,
bluntly pointed beliind. Shell milk-white.

Yar. 2. semicostata. Lower whorls ribless ; shell often
larger than the usual size.

Yar. 3. Ulideana. Shell orange-brown or fawncolour, with
stronger sculpture. P. Ulideana, Thompson in Ann. & Mag.
N. H. XV. p. 316, pi. xix. f. 2.

Yar. 4. Cranchii. Ribs twisted. Fusus Cranchii, Brown,
111. p. 6, pi. V. f. 5.

Yar. 5. angusta. Shell narrower, and slender, with sharp
and oblique ribs.

Habitat : Sand in the laminarian and coralline zones,
on onr eastern, southern, and western coasts, the Bristol
and St. George^s Channels, all round Ireland, and the
west of Scotland; Scarborough (Bean and J. G. J.) ;

s5

'694i PLEUROTOMIDiE.

Northumberland and Durham (Alder and others); Aber-
deenshire (Dawson) ; Durness,, Sutherland shire (Mrs.
MThcrson, fide Gordon). Var. 1. Guernsey, living
with P. Icevigata in Belgrave Bay, and dredged in 18 f.
(Gallienne and J. G. J.) ; Exmouth (Clark) : a small
form of this pretty variety, mostly having the upper
part of the spire tinged with purplish-brown, was pro-
cured by Mr. Hyndman from Port Ballintrae, co. Antrim.
Var. 2. Channel Isles and Fishguard (J. G. J.) . Var. 3.
Connemara (Farran) ; Clyde district (Eyton) ; Oban,
Loch Carron, and Skye (Barlee and J. G. J.) . Var. 4.
Falmouth (Cranch,yjWe Brown) , and Plymouth (Cranch,
fide Leach). Var. 5. Exmouth (Clark); Tenby and
Manorbeer (J. G. J.) . As a post-glacial or quaternary
fossil this species has been in most cases mistaken for
P. pyramidalis, Strom; I have identified P. rufa from
only the Belfast deposit. A somewhat similar remark
applies to their foreign distribution in a living state.
Sars dredged some very large specimens of P. rufa
(mixed with the other species) in Finmark ; Mace and
Tasle have correctly included it in their lists of Breton
shells. Dr. D'Orbigny found it at Rochelle, and Fischer
gives Arcachon as a locality ; French coast (Potiez and
Michaud) .

It is the P. nigra of the last-named authors, and
Fusus fuscus of Brown ; the young is Tur ton's Murex
chordula. Leach described the 4th variety as Bela Cran-
chiana.

P . pyramidalis is not uncommon as a post-tertiary
fossil, in the Clyde beds, as well as at Macclesfield,
Moel Tryfaen, Bridlington, Kelsey Hill, Wexford, and
Fort William, and in Aberdeenshire and Caithness;
Norwich Crag (Woodward); Uddevalla (J.G. J.); Canada
(Dawson and Bell). It inhabits the arctic seas from

PLETJROTOMA. 395

Bergen to Spitzbergen in one hemisphere, and from
Cape Cod to Greenland in the other. This species differs
from P. rufa in having a longer body- whorl, a smaller
and more abruptly tapering (but not turreted) spire, an
oblique and shallow suture, and slighter ribs. It is the
Fusus pleurotomarius of Couthouy, and Defrancia Vahlii
of Beck in MoUer's Index.

N?5'2.r 11. p. TURRi'cuLA^, Montagu. ^\- 3».

Murex turricula, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 262, t. 9. f. 1. Mangelia turri-
cula, F. & H. iii. p. 450, pi. cxi. f. 7, 8, and (animal) pi. TT. f. 2.

Body creamcolour, faintly suffused with brown, and some-
times closely covered with very minute chalk-white specks :
head small and thick : palUal tube cyUndrical and very long,
sometimes projecting in front hke a horn : tentacles cylindrical,
extremely short ahove the eyes, with blunt tips : eyes smaU,
placed on the extremities of stalks which are nearly three-
fourths of the length of the tentacles and are annexed to (but
not amalgamated with) them, giving to this part of the ani-
mal the shape of an elongated and irregular cone : foot large
and broad, truncated or bilobed in front, with small angular
corners, and bluntly pointed or rounded behind : \odontopliore,
pleural spine straight, with a conical head and the side exca-
vated and open. (Loven,)]

Shell oblong-fusiform, rather solid, semitransparent, and
lustreless : sculpture, strong, sharp, and narrow, but not very
prominent longitudinal ribs ; these are angular on the top of
each whorl, curved on the body-whorl, and nearly straight on
that portion of the other whorls which hes below the suturai
ledge or step ; they extend to the suture and mouth, but not
to the base ; each of the last five whorls has from 12 to 15
ribs, the next has more, and on the preceding whorl they
become fine and close-set strias and are separated by the
stronger spiral striae ; they disappear towards the apex ; the
ribs are much narrower than their interstices ; the whole
surface (except the apex, which is quite smooth and glossy) is
thickly covered with fine, and usually equal-sized, spiral striae
(with frequently slighter intermediate striae), which are more

* A turret.

396 PLEUROTOMIDiE.

crowded on the base as well as on the top or npper shelf of
each whorl ; the second whorl has only three of these spiral
stria), and two are more prominent than the rest on all the
top whorls ; on the third whorl and the top of the fourth the
longitudinal ribs and spiral striae, being equal in size, intersect
each other and produce a cancellated appearance, the interspaces
being excavated ; the points of junction on the edge of the
shelf at the top of each whorl are slightly nodulous ; micro-
scopic lines of growth slight : colour milk-white or tinted with
yellow: spire remarkably turreted or scalar, gradually
tapering to a small but truncated point : whorls 7-8, convex,
each having on the upper part a wide step-like shelf, which is
strongly angulated ; the last whorl occupies four- sevenths of
the shell : suture not deep, but well defined by a wavy line :
mouth oblong, angular above; length three-sevenths of the
shell : canal short and wide, nearly straight, ending in an
obliquely rounded notch : outer lip angular at the top, and
sloping downwards with a gentle curve ; edge slightly crenel-
lated by the points of the spiral stria) : labial notch small,
having its greatest depth in the angle of the infrasutural shelf:
inner lip rather large, presenting (as usual in this section of
Pleurotoma) a smooth and polished surface ; pillar broad and
flexuous, sloping inwards to a rather sharp edge : operculum
ear-shaped and elongated, marked lengthwise by a furrow on
the inner or pillar side, and sometimes by one or two slight
strise in the same direction ; layers of growth numerous and
oblique ; nucleus at the base, on the inner side. L. 0-65.
B. 0-25.

Yar. rosea. Fleshcolour or reddish-brown. Tritonium
roseum (Sars), Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 12.

Habitat : Sand, at varions depths, in the Bristol
Channel, and in the western, eastern, and northern parts
of England and Wales, and on all the Irish, Scotch, and
Zetlandic coasts. Donovan gives Brighton and Wey-
mouth as localities; but I am not satisfied that this
species has been found in any of our southern counties.
The variety is from Oban. P. turricula has been noticed
in all our quaternary deposits (including that at Selsea),
and in the Norwich and Bed Crag ; Uddevalla (J. G. J.);
Canada (Dawson) . Its present range is mostly northern,

PLEUROTOMA. 397

and comprises Greenland^ Spitzbergen^ Iceland^ Scandi-
navia^ Heligoland (Frey and Leuckart)^ the Boulonnais
(Bouchard- Cliantereaux), Cherbourg and La Hougue
(De Gerville)^ and the United States (Mighels and
Stimpson); depths 10-150 f.

The length of the spire is a very uncertain character.
Monstrosities are rare ; I have one in which the mouth
and canal are considerably curved. A specimen in my
cabinet, from the body-whorl of which a large piece had
been at one time taken away, exhibits a peculiar sort of
repair : the renewed portion has no trace of longitudinal
ribs, although the spiral sculpture is replaced. The
largest specimens I have ever seen were dredged in from
50 to 60 f. off the Dogger bank on the Yorkshire coast ;
they measure three-fourths of an inch in length, and
about one-third of an inch in breadth. One from Shet-
land is as long, but narrower.

It is probably the Turbo albus of Pennant, certainly
the Murex angulatus of Donovan, and the Fusus turri-
cola of Fleming and Forbes; the fry is apparently
Adamses Buccinum minutum. Leach also placed it in
the genus Buccinum. Through the kindness of Dr.
Morch I have compared the types of MoUer^s Green-
landic species with British specimens in my own collec-
tion ; and I would refer the Defrancia nobiliSj scalaris,
and exarata of the last-named author to the present
species. Fusus discors, discrepans, and castaneus of
Brown may be placed in the same category. The Mu-
rex turricula of Brocchi (which is also a Pleurotoma) is
very different from ours, and must have another specific
name.

398 PLEUROTOMID^.

9(- 12. P. Trevelya'na^, {Trevellianum) Turton. ^''■^^^

P. Trevellianum, Turt. in Mag. N. H. vii. p, 351. Mangelia Trevelliana,
R & H. iii. p. 452, pi. cxii. f. 1, 2.

Shell approaching P. turrieula, but essentially distinct.
This is smaller, and more oval than oblong ; the spire is not
so decidedly and abruptly turreted or scalar ; the whorls are
rounded ; the sculpture is very much finer and closer (there
being twice as many longitudinal ribs) ; and the whole surface
is decussated, in consequence of the ribs and spiral striae being
equal-sized and intercrossing ; the second whorl is marked by
minute and numerous spiral lines ; the colour is uniformly
milk-white ; the canal is shorter ; the labial notch is deeper ;
and the operculum has a strong ledge on the inner side, and
is microscopically striated (as well as slightly reticulated)
lengthwise. L. 0-45. B. 0-2.

Habitat : With P. turrieula in the stomachs of had-
docks, Scarborough (Bean); muddy sand outside the
Dogger bank, on the Yorkshire coast, in 50-60 f. (Lec-
kenby) ; Durham and Northumberland (Alder and
others) ; Berwick Bay (Mennell) ; Firth of Forth (M 'An-
drew) ; Aberdeenshire (Macgillivray and others) ; Eda
Sound, Orkneys (Thomas, fide F. & H.); Shetland
(Forbes and others) ; west coast of Scotland (Barlee and
J. G. J.). Fossil in the Clyde beds (Brown and Cross-
key); Hebrides (J. G. J.); Turbot-bank, co. Antrim
(Hyndman and others); boulder-clay, Wick (Peach);
Bridlington (Woodward) ; Bramerton (Witham, fide
Woodward); Uddevalla (J. G. J.); glacial deposits in
Norway, 50-240 feet (Sars); Canada (Dawson). This
species is exclusively northern, and is distributed from
Zealand to Spitzbergen, along the coast of Greenland
westward to Massachusetts ; west coast of North Ame-
rica (P. Carpenter) : depths 8-200 f.

For my largest specimen I am indebted to my able

* A complimentary dedication to Sir Walter Trevelyan, Bart.

CYPR^ID^. 399

and assiduous fellow-labourer^ Mr. Robert Dawson_, of
Cruden, who dredged it off Kinnaird^s Head ; it is five
lines and a half in length.

Synonyms : P. reticulata, Brown, Fusus decussatus,
Couthouy (not P. decussata of Lamarck, which is a
Grignon fossil), and Defrancia Woodiana, Moller.
American specimens are much smaller than ours, as is
also the case with Purpura lapillus and Buccinum un-
datum.

Family XXXI. CYPR^ID^, {CyprwadcB)
Fleming.

Body oval or oblong : mantle expanded over the back of
the shell in the form of two lobes (one on each side) : pall'ml
tube projecting or recurved : head furnished with a retractile
proboscis or a contractile snout : tentacles cylindrical or awl-
shaped : eyes on short stalks, which are conjoined with the
tentacles, as in the last family : foot tongue-shaped, double-
edged in front, weg e-shaped or bluntly pointed behind:
gills arranged in a single plume : odontophore long, partly
contained in the visceral cavity ; rhachis 1-cusped ; uncini
3-cusped. Sexes distinct.

Shell having invariably an external spire in the young
state : spire short, usually concealed in the adult ; axis nearly
horizontal : mouth very long : canal short and somewhat
truncated : no epidermis, nor any operculum.

These are animal-eaters, and are said to subsist prin-
cipally on zoophytes. Individuals of the same species
vary greatly in size ; the young, before the outer lip is
formed, has been in many cases considered a distinct
species.

/ V

400 er<<to,KxS50 CYPR^ID^.

Genus I. MARGINEL'LA*, Lamarck. PI. VII. f. 3.

Body oval : mantle pustulated : head fumished with a re-
tractile proboscis.

Shell conic-oval, smooth and polished : spire visible in
every state of growth : mouth nearly as long as the shell,
narrow, channelled at the base only : pillar plicated.

Risso proposed the genus Erato for the reception of
our only species ; but I agree with Deshayes and Phi-
lippi thai Erato cannot be distinguished fromMarginella.

• ^:l Marginella L^vist,iponovan.) Wf5"j<^

Valuta l(svis, Don. Br. Sh. v. pi. clxv. M. Icevis, F. & H. iii. p. 502,
pi. cxiv. B. f. 4, 5, and (animal) pi. NN. f. 8, 9.

Body milk-white, closely and minutely speckled all over
with orange, pink, and black ; these markings are arranged
in various patterns : mantle thick, forming two flaps which
cover from one-half to two-thirds of the shell, leaving the
back only exposed ; these flaps or lobes are elegantly tessel-
lated with purplish-brown, and are more or less studded with
small pale yellow pustules or nipple-shaped tubercles of dif-
ferent sizes ; the front and lower portions of each side are
often marked with purplish -brown spots : pallial tube rather
long, folded in a cylindrical form : proboscis white and cylin-
drical, more than half an inch long : tentacles extensile, usually
rather short, with blunt tips, forked at their bases and widely
diverging : eyes on short stalks : foot long and slender, slightly
rounded in front, with angular corners, contracted in the
middle and tapering to a blunt point or tail : vei'ge very large,
bent and triangular.

Shell harp-shaped, solid, opaque, porcellanous and highly
lustrous : sculpture, none except linear marks of growth, and
a few slight and microscopic spiral striae on the top whorls :
colour milk-white, with a pale orange-brown tint and a pink
outer lip in southern specimens : spire prominent, although
blunt ; apex somewhat globular and excentric : whorls 5-6 ;
the last is gibbous, and occupies J-| of the shell: suture
very slight and indistinct : mouth nearly equal in width

* A diminutive ; of Tnargo, a rim. f Smooth ; properly levis.

MARGINELLA. 401

throughout, incurved and aicute-angled above; length coex-
tensive with that of the body-whorl : canal wide and open,
slightly bending to the left : outer lip thick and broad, forming
a distinct rim which is continued round the base ; inside
closely notched, or furnished with about 15 small teeth : inner
lip apparently wanting : pillar flexuous, having two or three
slight transverse plaits or folds at the base (the lowermost
being the strongest or most conspicuous), besides a row of
minute tubercles above the plaits, which exceed in number
the teeth of the outer lip. L. 0-4. B. 0-25.

Yar. ohlonga. Pure white, more elongated, and compressed
in front.

Habitat : Sandy ground, from 12 to 85 f., on every
part of our coast, from Guernsey to Unst ; local. Las-
key gives Dunbar; but his specimen in the British
Museum is M. Maugerice, a tropical species. The va-
riety is Zetlandic. M. Icevis occurs in the Red and
Coralline Crag, and (according to Woodward) in the
Norwich Crag also; Pont le Roy, in the Faluns of
Touraine (Cailliaud); Vienna basin (Homes); Italian
and Grecian tertiaries (Brocchi and others) . Brittany
(DelsiUJiaj, fide Tasle); Corunna to Gibraltar (M'' An-
drew) ; both sides of the Mediterranean, the Adriatic,
and iEgean : depths 8-55 f.

The animal is very lively and active, a great beauty,
and by no means bashful. When on the march it
carries the branchial tube in an upturned position.
One pair, having crawled out of the water in a glass
jar, coupled for seven or eight hours; their union was
cruelly dissolved by immersion in boiling-water. The
size of the shell is extremely variable. The outer lip is
at first thin and sharp ; then it becomes inflected, and
has a plain edge; afterwards the lip is thickened and
notched.

This is the Cypraea Valuta of Montagu, Valuta cy-
prcBola of Brocchi, and M. Donovani of Payraudeau;

402 CYPRyEIDiE.

the young is probably Valuta pallida of Adams (not of
Linne), and it agrees with the type in my possession of
Turton^s V. fusiformis,

M. catenata and M. alba were erroneously described
as British by Colonel Montagu, M. catenata on the au-
thority of Swainson and Laskey, and M, alba on the
unsupported testimony of the last-named witness ; both
species are common in parcels of West-Indian shells.

Genus II. CYPR^'A^ Linnd. PI. VII. f. 4.

Body like that of Marginella.

Shell oval, usually smooth and polished: spire in most
species covered over and concealed when the shell is fuli-
grown : mouth narrow, stretching from one end of the shell
to the other, and channelled at the top and bottom : outer lip
folding inwards : pillar notched or tuberculated.

Mucianus and Rondelet supposed that this shell-fish
was the famous e^ev7)t<i, which is said by Herodotus to
have arrested, at the instance of Venus, the course of
Periander's ship, and to have thus prevented the exe-
cution of his barbarous design' with regard to the Cor-
cyrian youths. Hence the name of Cyprcea or Concha
Venerea. The ixevr)t^ of Aristotle was evidently the
sea-lamprey or lumpsucker.

The young shell has a prominent spire, like that of
Marginella, which it resembles in shape also; in the
adult or perfect state the spire is covered and usually
concealed by successive layers of porcellanous matter,
and the shell then exhibits a close affinity to Ovula.
The outer lip in the earlier state of growth is thin and
has a sharp edge ; it is subsequently folded inwards and
thickened, so as to contract the mouth. Bruguiere

* More correctly Cypria ; from Cypris, one of the names of Venus.

CYPRiEA. 403

stated, and Lamarck believed that_, as the animal in-
creased in size_, it was obliged to leave its shell, in order
to make a new and more capacious one. The notion of
Sowerby and Reeve, that CyprcBa can absorb the outer
lip and form another, is not less fanciful. Such hypo-
theses were founded on the circumstance that fall-grown
shells are often smaller than half-grown specimens ; but
the difference of size in individuals of the present family
offers a simple explanation. In a very curious report
by Dr. Briickmann of Brunswick (1722) on the ^'Concha
Venerea '' and another shell, it is mentioned that, by
applying the former closely to the ear, '' sie konnten das
Meer brausen horen.'^ The embryology of Cyprcea must
be somewhat anomalous; for Mr. A. Adams observed
at Singapore some fry, supposed to belong to C. annulus,
adhering in masses to the mantle of that mollusk, or
swimming (some in rapid gyrations, and others with
abrupt jerking movements) by means of their head-
lobes.

Some of the ancient Greeks called this well-known
shell ')(o'ipo^, and the Romans porcus or porculus ; the
old English name is '^gowrie^^ (now ^^ cowry ^^), and
the French " pucelage '' or ^^ pou-de-mer.^^

While tropical seas are enriched by so many and such
beautiful species, our own has but a single puny repre-
sentative of the genus.

Trivia., ft**-**©^**-

^* 377 Cypr^a Europ^'a* (Montagu) |>l 91 -

a Europgea, Mont. Test. Br. (ii.) p. 88;' F. & H. iii. p. 495, pi. cxiv. a.
f. 6-y, and (animal) pi. NN. f. 5-7.

Body of various hues, the predominant ones being yellow,
brown, and pink ; it is sometimes marked with transverse
stripes or lines : mantle very large, spread (in the adult) over

* European.

404 CYPR^ID^.

the back or upper part of the shell, which it oftens covers
completely ; it is more or less studded with conical or wart-
like processes, some of which frequently are branched and
others longer than the rest ; colour pale orange-brown with
the papillae yellow or white, and occasionally variegated by
red spots and a few purplish blotches : pallial tube conico-
cylindrical, rather long, projecting horizontally or somewhat
upturned ; this is also studded with papillae, and is orange
or light yellowish-brown ; edges of the orifice slightly reflexed :
proboscis long : tentacles long, flexible, tapering to a blunt
point, and widely diverging ; they are speckled with yellow :
eyes on short stalks at the outer bases of the tentacles : foot
expansile, so as to be twice the length of the shell, in front
truncated, with small angular corners, behind rounded or
obtuse-angled ; it is pale yellowish-brown, and edged with a
rather broad border of a lighter tint ; sole whitish, yellow, or
orange : verge large, orange : jaws elliptical and horny :
odontophore short.

Shell roundish-oval, solid, opaque, and glossy : sculpture,
from 20 to 2d fine thread-like ribs, which cross the back of
the shell or body- whorl, and are continued within the mouth ;
a few of these ribs anastomose, or are shorter and placed
between others of full length ; those at each end are fork-like ;
their interstices (especially on the underside of the shell) are
microscopically pustulated : colour pale reddish-brown or
fleshcolour (sometimes whitish) above, often variegated by
three purplish-brown spots along the back, one at each end
and the third in the middle; the underside of the shell is
white ; ribs paler in highly coloured specimens : spire very
short, more or less conccialed in the adult ; apex of young
shells (in which alone it is visible) not unlike that of Natica :
whorls, apparently a single one which enwraps all the others ;
in the young between 3 and 4 may be counted : suture in
the early state of growth slight, afterwards coated over:
mouth slit-like, nearly of the same width throughout, and
somewhat arched : canal very short and straight, exhibiting
on the outside a conspicuous notch : outer lip very thick,
broad, and rounded ; edge notched by the ribs : inner lip
scarcely perceptible : pillar gently curved, angulated or
ridged on the outside, with a cavity or depression underneath ;
inside traversed by the ribs, and notched. L. 0-45. B. 0-35.

Habitat : All our coasts, on stony and coral ground,

CYPRiEA. 405

from low-water mark to 100 f. Dead shells are com-
mon on sandy beaclies_, having been washed up by the
tide and waves from the laminarian zone. Fossil in
most quaternary and upper tertiary deposits in Europe^
as far back as the Coralline Crag and Vienna basin, but
not found in the Clyde or other glacial beds. The range
of this species, in a recent or living state, extends from
Drontheim to Gibraltar, and throughout the Mediter-
ranean, Adriatic, and jEgean ; depths 0-100 f.

" It is surprising to see with what facility the expan-
ded animal withdraws itself — foot, mantle, head, and
tube — through the narrow opening of the sheir^ (Clark^s
MS.). Like Buccinum undatum it continually discharges
an immense quantity of clear slime. Couch says that
it often gets into crab-pots ; so that it seems to be fond
of all kinds of animal food. The colour and spots ap-
pear on the shell when it is half-grown. Northern spe-
cimens, whether from shallow or deep water, are almost
invariably plain — although I have a spotted one, dredged
alive in 86 fathoms. Those from the south are more
frequently spotted; but bathymetrical conditions do
not seem to affect the colour. Young shells are trans-
parent and ribless. The variation in sizeTs very great.
A specimen from Shetland is 5 J lines in length, while
another from Guernsey measures barely 2^ lines ; the
bulk of the former is therefore five times that of the
latter. Some are more globular than others ; and mon-
strosities or misshapen forms now and then occur.
Spanish and Mediterranean specimens are remarkably
small.

According to Lister these pretty playthings of chil-
dren used to be called '^ nuns " at Hartlepool : he dis-
tinguished ours from the Jamaica shell [C.pediculus) by
not having a furrow along the back. Linne noticed

rsoH\m<J \»5T(wt t»-*iA«< Ovu4a^ *^ f^^n^U - 9oc . L^a».

406 CYPR.EID.E.

three geographical varieties of his C. pediculus, viz. In-
dica, Europ{Ba, and Anglica, the last being without
spots. Our species is the C. arctica, (Solander) Pulte-
neyj C. coccinella, Lamarck^ C. mediterranea and C.
Europ(2a, Risso, and C. norvegica, Sars. The half- grown
shell is C. bullata of Pulteney, p-nd the young (before the
outer lip is formed) is Bulla diaphana of Montagu and
B. Candida of Macgillivray. Among other provincial
names are " John-o^-Groat^s buckie " and " sea-cradle.'^
The present species is the type of Gray's genus Trivia.
C. pediculus has been erroneously recorded as Euro-
pean by Turton and Collar d des Cherres. C. moneta
(the money- cowry of South Africa) has been picked up
on the shore near Bangor^ co. Down (Hyndman), in
Provence (Martin, fide Petit), and at Algiers (Wein-
kauff ) ; but these cases by no means prove that it in-
habits either the Irish sea or the Mediterranean.

Genus III."^ O'VIJLA^ Bruguiere. PL VII. f. 5.

Body oblong : mantle pustulated or smooth : head fur-
nished with a contractile snout.

Shell forming a complete spindle, glossy, but spirally
striated : spire very short, perceptible in the young only, and
concealed in the adult : mouth extending the whole length of
the shell, channelled at each end : outer lip in some species
folded inwards and notched or thickened, in other species
prominent and thin : pillar smooth.

The difference between a retractile proboscis and a
contractile snout is not, in my opinion, so important,
taken by itself, as to justify the separation of this genus
from the Cyprceidce. The passage from Cypraa to Ovula
is very gradual ; and these genera are closely allied, as
regards both the animal and the shell. The genus

* From ovulum, a little egg.

OVULA. 407

Simnia of Leach's MS. was founded on tlie solitary
species which our seas produce ; the two Mediterranean
species assigned to it by Risso (if they are not iden-
tical) have the outer lip inflected,, with a notched edge ;
although he describes that genus as having the mouth

K*. 375 OvuLA pa'tula*, (Pennant) \^<iu

Bulla patula, Penn. Br. Zool. iv. p. 117, t. Ixx. f. 85 A. 0. patula, F. &
H. iii. p. 498, pi. cxiv.B. f. 1, 2, and (animal) pi. NN. f. 1-4.

Body yellowish -white tinged with brown : mantle smooth,
loose about the neck, and having two lateral lobes, which
are reflected on the back of the shell, so as at times to cover
the whole of it ; these lobes are striped transversely with pale
red-brown or brownish fine Hnes, interrupted by small spots
or dots : pallial tube not extending one-eighth of an inch
beyond the canal or beak of the shell ["rather long,"
F. & H.]: head consisting of a rather large and moderately
long contractile muzzle (not a proboscis), the mouth being
placed at its extremity underneath, with a concave disk which
is marked in a star-hke fashion with white lines on very fine
plates ; at the bottom of this disk is a vertical orifice, within
which is the buccal mass, containing two strong white semi-
circular jaws with a short rough lingual riband running
between them : tentacles rather long and conical, somewhat
bluntly pointed ; they are white, and their extremities pale
brown tipped with white : eyes on very large broad stalks
(which are considerably raised) on the external angles of the
tentacles : foot very large, exceeding the limits of the shell
[" scarcely broader than the shell," F. «& H.] ; it is truncated
or subangular in front ["its frontal angles are rounded,"
F. & H.], marked lengthwise with intensely flake-white lines,
which, when the animal is at rest or not fully extended,
corrugate into distinct folds or plaits, and the front margin
of the foot then seems notched; it expands considerably
beyond the right side of the shell, and tapers behind, termi-
nating in a sharpish [" obtuse," F. & H.] point, much beyond
the posterior part of the shell ; sole grooved down the middle :
gills coarsely pectinated, forming a single plume : verge large
and flat, curved, and ending in a point. (Clark, MS.)

* Open.

408 CYPR^ID^.

Shell forming a short spindle, thin, semitransparent, and
glossy : sculpture, minute, delicate, and rather close-set spiral
striae, which are more conspicuous at the extremities and in
young shells ; they are somewhat wavy, and slightly reticu-
lated by microscopic lines of growth : colour pale yellowish-
white, sometimes orange, and occasionally tinged with pink :
spire excentric, visible only in young shells, extremely short,
lying within the level of the upper canal ; it exhibits under
a strong magnifying-power a finely punctured appearance,
like the apex of Rissoa Jeffrey si : whorls, apparently a single
tumid one which envelopes all the rest ; in the young may be
counted 3 convex whorls, the first of which is blunt and
mammiform : suture in the early state of growth slight,
afterwards covered over : mouth large and wide, somewhat
expanding, of an irregular shape in consequence of the
periphery projecting into it ; it is narrower above than below :
upper canal semitubular, expanding outwards, and having
the inner side or wall more or less twisted, thickened, and
white : lower canal very short and broad, usually straight ;
notch obliquely but not deeply incurved : outer lip flexuous ;
edge plain and prominent, now and then thickened within :
pillar excavated or indented, and girded by a twisted ridge.
L. 1. B. 0-5.

Habitat : Coralline zone, on the coasts of Dorset,
Devon, and Cornwall; Guernsey (J. G. J.); co. Gal-
way (Barlee); Macgilligan, co. Londonderry (Mrs. R. A.
Hyndman, fide Thompson) ; Turbot bank, co. Antrim
(Waller) ; Sound of Mull (Bedford) . Mr. Horace Mar-
ryat found it living among tufts of Tubularia indivisa,
in the Gouliot caves at Sark, at low water. Laskey
gives " Porto-bello sands ; " but such a locality seems
improbable. M. Martin has taken this species in the
Gulf of Lyons, regarding it as the young of 0. carnea
(Bulla carnea, Gmelin), of which the O. Adriatica of
Sowerby is perhaps a variety.

If the present species should prove to be also a variety
of O. carnea (which differs only in its outer lip being
inflected and the edge notched) , Pennant's name patula

BULLlDiE. 409

lias the precedence. Our shell varies in thinness,, in
comparative length and breadth, and in the turgidity of
the body-whorl. 0. carnea is not uncommon in the
Mediterranean; the young is probably Kisso^s Simnia
nicaensis.

Order IV. PLEUROBRANCHIATA, Gray.
(See Vol. III. p. 200.)

In the same year that Dr. Gray proposed the name
which I have adopted for this order, Professor Loven pub-
lished another name, viz. Pomatobranchia. I now place
it immediately after the Siphonobranchiata, and post-
pone the Pulmonobranchiata (as being more perfect
Gastropods) not only to the present order, but also to
the Nudibranchiata and Pellibranchiata. I accidentally
omitted in page 265 " Order III. SIPHONOBRAN-
CHIATA/^ The families Cerithiopsida to Cyprmda
inclusive belong to the last-named order ; and the num-
bers prefixed to them (viz. XXVI. to XXXI.) ought
therefore to be I. to VI.

Family I. BUL'LID^, {Bulladoe) Clark.

Body gelatinous, generally divided into separate parts or
lobes, and not always containable within the shell : head
snout-shaped : tentacles either united and forming a hood or
head- veil, or consisting of two distinct and broad lappets :
eyes, when present, sessile or subcutaneous, at the base of the
tentacles or at the sides of the head : foot usually large, some-
times expanded on each side, hke fins (epvpodia) which serve
for swimming, as well as behind into a single lobe (meta-
podium), so as to cover the crown or apex of the shell : gills
forming a single triangular plume, which is placed across the
back on the right side, and protected by the shell : gizzard
peculiar to most (if not all) genera, and composed of several

VOL. IV. T

410 BULLION.

(usually three) calcareous or homy plates. Both sexes com-
mon to each individual.

Shell convolute, external or internal : epidermis thin :
spire mostly short, frequently truncated or concealed : mouth
extending the whole length of the shell, or the greater part
of it ; it is entire (i. e. not channelled) at the base : outer Up
having a prominent and sharp edge : operculum very seldom
present.

As to the characters founded on the tongue, Loven
says, '' Typus armaturse lingualis vagus : '' this is not a
strong recommendation of the odontological system.
The structure and anatomy of Bulla, Scaphander, and
Philine have been admirably investigated by Cuvier;
he first showed the afiinity of the last-named genus to
Aplysia. Some of the Bullida are zoophagous, others
feed indifi'erently on fresh or decayed animal matter.
The former swallow their prey (which chiefly consists
of other mollusca) entire ; and the calcareous plates of
the gizzard, moved by muscles of great strength, serve
to crush the most solid shells. This family does not
appear to be ancient. According to Mr. Searles Wood
a species of Bulla has been found in the Cornbrash, and
another in the Wealden formation. Many are tertiary ;
and the existing members of this group have a very
wide geographical and bathymetrical range. Most of
them are truly marine, while a few prefer brackish
water ; all live in sand and ooze or in

. . . . " the slimy bottom of the deep."

Bonanni and Gualtieri called the present family '^ nux
marina,'^ D'Argenville '^ gondole,^' and Pennant " dip-
per.^^ It is the Bullcsina of Macgillivray.

Genus I. CYLICH'NA*, Loven. PI. VIII. f. 1.

Body containable within the shell : mantle thickened at the
* A medicine-box.

J

CYLICHNA. 411

edge: head depressed: tentacles united with the head, and
forming together an elongated and right-angled disk, which
is recumbent on the front of the shell : eyes none (?) : foot
very long, expansile behind : gizzard calcareous.

SuELL altogether external, and cylindrical ; spire concealed :
mouth extending the whole length of the shell, contracted
above and widening below : pillar furnished with a more or
less obscure fold : operculum none.

Loven included in this genus several species of Utri-
cuius. Cylindrella, Swainson, has priority of publi-
cation ; but that author gave the same name to a genus
of Conidce, and Pfeiffer also applied it to a genus of
Helicidce : the latter application has been confirmed by
general usage.

Uis(t>9 1. Cylichna ACUMiNA'TA*JBruguiere.) \i\

Bidla acuminata, Brug. in Enc. Meth. (Vers) t. vi. p. 376. no. 9. Omila ?
acuminata, F. & H. iii. p. 500, pi. cxiv. b. f. 3, as 0. acuminata.

Shell regularly spindle-shaped, or forming an elongated
oval which is pointed above and broad below; it is thin,
almost transparent, and glossy: sculpture, slight spiral striae
at each end, and very faint microscopic lines in the same di-
rection on the intermediate space ; the striae near the apex are
fewer and more remote than those near the base : epidermis in-
conspicuous '. colour clear white : mouth very long, commencing
at the top in a short and slightly recurved spike, and gra-
dually widening towards the base, where it is expanded and
rounded : outer lip jflexnous, with a sharp edge : inner lip
consisting of a mere film on the upper part and in the middle,
but thickened and reflected at the base, so as to give the
pillar the appearance of having a short fold : pillar twisted,
and bending a little to the left. L. 0-15. B. 0-075.

Habitat : Muddy sand in the coralline zone_, on the
coasts of Cornwall (M ^Andrew, Barlee, and Hockin) ;
Plymouth among trawl-refuse, and dredged off" the
Arran Isles in co. Galway (Barlee) ; south of Ireland
(M^Andrew) ; co, Antnm, 25 f. (Hyndman and Waller) ;

* Pointed.

t2

412 BULLIDiE.

Loch Fyne and west of Scotland (Barlee, Alder, and
J. G. J.) ; Banff (Edward, fide Gordon) ; Aberdeen-
shire (Dawson) ; Wick (Peach) ; Shetland (Barlee and
J. G. J.). It is somewhat rare. Coralline Crag at
Sutton (Wood); black or lower Crag at Antwerp
(Nyst) ; Dax (Grateloup) ; Italian tertiaries (Soldani,
Brocchi, Cantraine, Philippi, and Calcara). Inhabiting
the coast of Norway (Danielssen, 40 i., and Lilljeborg) ;
Sweden (Loven, and Malm who found this species and
Mytilus Adriaticus living together in 12 f.) ; Gibraltar,
20 f. (M'Andrew) ; both sides of the Mediterranean, in
many places, at depths of from 20 to 35 f. (Plancus and
others) ; Adriatic (Chiereghini, v. Schrockinger, and
Brusina) ; .^gean, 40 f. (Forbes).

Loven has examined the animal, and ascertained that
it is undoubtedly a Cylichna. The shell differs
generically from Ovula in the mouth not being channelled
or open at the upper end.

It appears to be the type of De Montfort's genus
Rhizorus, founded on the Nux marina minuscula of
Soldani, and named by the former R, Adeldidis.
According to Nardo it is the Bulla fucicola of Chiere-
ghini. Not B. acuminata of the ^ Mineral Conchology,'
which is a Barton fossil.

Torn of in <^ n'»Vilui«'

^'^b. 2. C. niti'dula*, (Loven) K? sTg

C. nitidula, Lov. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 10 ; F. & H. iii. p. 515, pi. cxiv. c.
f.6.

Body clear white.

Shell oblong and somewhat elongated, attenuated behind
or towards the top, thin, semi transparent, glossy and sHghtly
iridescent : sculpture none, even under the microscope ; lines
of growth extremely sHght, forming wrinkles towards the top :
epidermis inconspicuous : colour clear white : mouth narrow
above and in the middle, and wide at the base, where it is

Rather glossy.

CYLICHNA. 413

expanded and rounded : out&r lip gently curved ; the upper
part projects beyond the apex or crown ; this latter part is
considerably contracted, and encircled by a solid rim, and it
exhibits a very small opening through which part of the
involute spire is indistinctly visible : inner lip usually slight,
but thickened in older specimens, a little reflected below:
pillar short, and furnished with a small slight tooth-like fold
near the base ; it is somewhat curved to the left. L. 0*125.
B. 0-06.

Habitat : On the same kind of sea-bottom as the
last species, in 30-50 i.j Loch Fyne and the west coast
of Scotland (Barlee and J. G. J.) ; off Larne, co. Antrim,
and outside the Dogger bank (J. G. J.) ; Berwick Bay
{ioYm^toHjdi^ Bulla umbilicata)', Banff (Edward,^c?e Gor-
don); Aberdeenshire coast (Dawson) ; Shetland (Barlee
and J. G. J.) . It is more local than rare. Danielssen
records this species as Norwegian, and Loven, Malm, and
Lilljeborg from the south of Sweden : depths 12-40 f.

H^.SSO^ 3. C. UMBILICA'TA^,(MontagU^ H'9^

Bulla umbilicata, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 222, t. 7. f. 4. C. umbilicatOi
F. & H. iii. p. 519, pi. cxiv. c. f. 8, 9.

Shell oblong, not so much attenuated behind as the last
species, more sohd, nearly opaque, and glossy but not pris-
matic : sculpture, slight and sometimes wavy spiral striae or
impressed lines, which vary in strength and remoteness on the
body, and are more or less close-set near the base ; they
are visible in fresh specimens by means of a low magnifying-
power, but are not easily observable in rubbed specimens
picked out of drift sand : epidermis brownish-yellow, hable to
peel off: colour creamy, becoming bleached and white in dead
sheUs: mouth somewhat open at the top, contracted and
narrow in the middle, pear-shaped and wide at the base,
where it is expanded and rounded: outer lip gently curved;
the upper part is obliquely truncated, but it does not project
so far beyond the apex or crown as in the last species : apex
twisted and somewhat contracted, encircled by a solid white
rim (jperiomphalus, Loven), and exhibiting a perforation in the

* Umbihcate, or provided with a navel.

414 BULLID^.

centre, like that of C. nitidula : inner Up as in the last species :
pillar short and thick, furnished with a rather strong tooth-
like fold near the base ; it has a sharp curve to the left.
L. 0-125. B. 0-065.

Var. conulus. Larger, narrower at the apex, and conical ;
the upper angle of the outer lip is higher and more projecting.
Bvlla conulus, S. "Wood, Crag Moll. pt. i. p. 173, pi. 21. f. 2
a-c. C. conulus f F. & H. iii. p. 517, pi. cxiv. c. f. 7.

Habitat : With C. nitidula in the north, and south-
wards to Cornwall, as well as on our eastern and
western coasts, and in Ireland ; local, but extensively
diffused. Of the variety a single specimen only has
occurred, and was dredged by me in Deal Voe, Shetland,
at a depth of about 10 f. ; it is not uncommon in the
Coralline Crag at Sutton (Wood), and in the Belgian
tertiaries (Nyst). The typical form is fossil in a post-
glacial deposit at Skien in Norway, 100 feet (Sars);
Bordeaux and Asti (Cantraine) ; and Italian tertiaries
(Brocchi and others). The geographical range of this
species is considerable, comprising the Scandinavian
coast, from the Loffoden Isles (Sars) to Bohuslan
(Loven and Malm), the oceanic shores of France (Becluz,
Tasle, and CaiUiaud), Vigo Bay and Gibraltar (M*^ An-
drew), both sides of the Mediterranean (Cantraine and
others), the Adriatic (Brusina), and ^gean (Forbes) ;
depths 4-50 f. Weinkauff gives the variety conulus as
common at the entrance of and inside the harbour of
Algiers, in from 10 to 20 f.

Differs from C. nitidula in being somewhat broader
in proportion to its length, and not so much attenuated
behind, being spirally striated instead of smooth, having
frequently a conspicuous epidermis, in the upper angle
of the outer lip not being so prominent, the apical
perforation being larger, and the columellar fold more
distinct.

CYLICHNA. 415

This appears to be the Bulla Blainvilliana of Recluz_,
and Volvaria subcylindrica of Brown. The C. strigella
of Loven was founded on fresh specimens of the present
species, having the striae more distinct than usual. I
do not regard the variety as the Bulla conulus of Des-
hayes (an Eocene and Miocene species), which is repre-
sented as much narrower at the top and wider at the
bottom, with the apex abruptly truncated, and the
spiral strise more remote.

^^1-^3 4. C. cylindra'cea*, (Pennant) r/f 5"^

Bulla eyUndracea,'Penn. Br. Zool. iv. p. 117, t. Ixx. f. 85. C. cylindracea,
F. & H. iii. p. 508, pi. cxiv. b. f. 6, and (animal) pi. YV. f. 3.

Body milk-white, pale strawcolour, or dirty white with a
faint tinge of yellowish-brown ; [" mantle not thick, rarely
produced beyond the front and lateral margins of the shell ;
it is edged with a series of minute red papillae " (Clark) : ] head
snout-Hke, broad, wrinkled across, and truncated or sUghtly
cloven in front : tentacles united with the head, and forming
a kind of hood, which folds back over the front of the shell,
and is indistinctly bilobed above : eyes, none that Mr. Clark,
Mr. Alder, or myself could detect, although I carefully ex-
amined many specimens for that purpose ; but Forbes and
Hanley say, after describing the tentacles, "some way in
front of their bases are two very minute and obscure eyes : "
foot rather short, assuming various shapes, being sometimes
triangular and at other times square, oval, or oblong, occasion-
ally semicylindrical and wedge-shaped in front, where it meets
the edge of the snout or head-flap ; it is slightly folded up at
the sides, and usually broader behind, which part is furnished
with two angular points : verge small, conical, and hyaline :
gizzard composed of three minute shelly plates, imbedded in
a muscular mass ; these are semicylindrical and narrow.

Shell forming a long cyHnder of nearly the same breadth
throughout, solid, opaque, and rather glossy : sculpture, nume-
rous fine and wavy spiral striae, which are visible in fresh
specimens by the aid of an ordinary lens, but being slight
easily disappear: epidermis brownish-yellow, darker at the
base : colour white under the epidermis, and having a bluish

* Meaning cylindrical, but not a classical word.

416 BULLION.

or slaty tinge in worn specimens: mouth narrow and of
equal width in the upper and middle portions, pear-shaped
and very wide at the base, which is rounded although some-
what truncated : outer lip nearly straight in the middle, with
a curved slope at each end ; the outer comer at the top is
bluntly rectangular, and not prominent; inner corner ob-
liquely incurved: apex twisted and slightly contracted, ob-
liquely truncated, encircled by a solid white rim or keel, and
concave in the centre ; perforation small and indistinct : inner
lip conspicuous, sometimes thickened, and partly folded over
the apex : pillar short, curved or somewhat twisted, and
having a broad fold at the base ; it abruptly turns to the left.
L. 0-6. B. 0-2.

Yar. linearis. Shell somewhat shorter, nearly smooth and
decidedly glossy, marked at each end with yellowish-brown
spiral lines, which are few and remote at the top, and close-
set at the bottom ; apex invariably perforated and exhibiting
part of the internal spire.

Monstr. Base irregularly cup-shaped, with the edge re-
flected.

Habitat : Muddy sand in the coralline zone, on all
our coasts, from Guernsey to Unst; rather common.
I obtained the variety in Loch Fyne and Shetland ; it
may be specifically distinct. The monstrosity is from
Tenby. This species occurs in the Clyde beds (Smith)
Red and Coralline Crag (Wood) ; Antwerp crag (Nyst)
French tertiaries (Grateloup and Mayer) ; Nice (Risso)
Italian tertiaries (Brocchi and others) ; Vienna basin
(Homes) ; Rhodes (Hedenborg, fide Homes). Its
diffusion, as recent, extends from Vadso in East Fin-
mark (Danielssen) to Madeira and the Canaries (M^An-
drew), and throughout the Mediterranean (Risso and
others), Adriatic (Brocchi and Cantraine), and ^Egean
(Forbes) ; depths recorded 3-160 f.

Its habits are sluggish ; and its progress is painfuUy
slow, although by means of its foot it can crawl up the
side of a glass vessel. When irritated it ^mits a saflPron-
coloured liquid. The head and the front of the foot.

€YL1CHNA. 417

being of the same length, make a broad wedge, which
probably serves for probing the muddy sand in quest of
prey, like the snout of a pig grubbing for earthworms.
The apex of specimens from tenacious mud in Loch
Fyne and Shetland is coated with a thick and prominent
crust, having the appearance of a blunt spire ; this may
be owing to an accumulation in that part of faeces and
slime mixed with fine sand and mud, which had been
trailed along in the progress of the animal.

It is the Bulla Oliva of Gmelin, B. cylindrica of
Bruguiere, Pulteney, and Donovan (not of Chemnitz) ,

B. convoluta of Brocchi, and Cylindrella alba of Swain-
son ; the young is the Bulla producta of Brown, and
Bullina producta of Macgillivray. The Bulla cylin-
dracea of Da Costa is Marginella pallida, a common

West-Indian shell.

O u^U I ri « ll <»- aJ btf^
t^^'.SY 5. C. ALBA^,(Brown.) (4-^3.

Volvaria alba, Brown, 111. Conch. G. B. & I. p. 3, pi. xix. f. 43-44.

Body clear white, with a faint tinge of fleshcolour on the
upper part : mantle thick, extending as a prominent fold or
process at each extremity of the shell : head thick, bilobed in
front : tentacles forming an entire and rather short disk in ex-
tension or continuation of the head, and folded back over the
front of the shell : eyes, none perceptible : foot lozenge- shaped ,
short, bluntly rounded in front, and opposed to the head (so as
to make together a blunt wedge), expanded and rounded
behind, with an angidar lobe on each side in that part ;
[odontophore, rhachis small, compressed, erect, broader above,
with the cutting-point slightly produced and jagged ; uncini 6,
the first by far the largest and having the base extended on
each side, with the cutting-point strong, bent inwards, and
jagged or notched on the inner side, the others minute and
shaped like curv^ed claws (Loven) :] gizzard like that of

C. cylindracea ; but the plates in the present species are
oblong, thicker, gibbous (instead of rounded) on the upper
side, with a boss in the centre, and more convex beneath.

* White.

T 5

418 BULLIDiE,

Shell forming a short cylinder, or oblong, broader in the mid-
dle, and less solid than in the last species, semitransparent, and
decidedly glossy : sculpture, numerous and close-set but ex-
tremely fine and slight spiral striae, which can only be de-
tected by the aid of a strong magnifier : epidermis, a pellucid
creamy film : colour white : mouth more open than in C.
cylindracea, although having the same shape : outer lip gently
curved throughout ; it is higher at the top than in the last
species, and at the outer comer it recedes or slopes more
abruptly ; inner comer obliquely incurved : apex twisted
(not contracted) ; it is encircled by a strong and angulated
rim, and concave in the centre, with a minute perforation in
some specimens : inner lip forming at the upper end a thick
fold, which is reflected on the apex and usually covers the
perforation ; it is conspicuous, but thin, in other parts : pillar
short, broad, curved and twisted to the left, with an obscure
plait. L. 0-35. B. 0-175.

Habitat: Fine sand^ in 84-95 f., about 25 miles
N.N.W. of Unst^ with Limopsis aurita and other rare
mollusca. It is one of our post-glacial fossils, and has
been found at Greenock (Stewart Kerr, fide Brown),
Paisley and Lochgilphead (Crosskey), Dalmuir (Robert-
son), and Annochie in Aberdeenshire (Jamieson) ;
Mammaliferous Crag near Norwich (Witham, ^6?e S.
Wood as Bulla cylindracea, var. monstrosa) ; Norway
2-40 feet (Sars). Its existing range is arctic and high
northern, and comprises Norway, Iceland, Spitsbergen,
Greenland, and North-east America; west coast of
North America (P. Carpenter) : depths 10-160 f. The
most southern limit appears to be Bergen.

This lives with C cylindracea ; and its movements
are equally slow. In one Norwegian specimen the
colour of the epidermis is brownish-yellow, as in
the other species. I have figured the tongue, from a
drawing kindly made for me by my late friend Mr. Alder.

It is the Bulla triticea of Couthouy, and B. corticata
(Beck) of Moller.

UTRICULUS. 419

C. striata (Bulla striata, Brown) = -B. insculpta,
Totten=5. Reinhardi, (Holboll) MoWev = C. propinqua,
Sars, is one of the Clyde-bed fossils ; but it does not
now exist in our seas. The late Mr. Thompson of
Belfast erroneously noticed this arctic species as found
at Bangor, co. Down, by Mr. Hyndman. It inhabits
the eastern coasts of North America, Greenland, and
Finmark. '\Tir*'c*^u.9 *»t5ol«r«.: n^T<^na:^inA.,XAdUm» C*n |»

Genus II. UTRTOULUS^ Brown. PI. VIII. f. 2.

Body containable within the shell : mantle slightly thickened
at the edges : Jiead broad : tentacles separate and triangular :
eyes minute, placed at the base of the tentacles : foot oblong
or oval, shorter than the shell, more or less divided or bilobed
behind : [odontophore, according to Loven's description of that
organ in his Amphisphyra globosa, having the rhachis broad
and nearly rectangular, with the cutting-point transverse and
jagged ; the uncinus is single, claw- shaped, slender, expanded
at the base, and winged outside :] gizzard small, homy.

Shell altogether external, forming a short cylinder, or
globular : spire exposed, mostly truncated : whorls angulated
or keeled, the first being nipple-shaped ; mouth usually ex-
tending the whole length of the shell, narrow at the upper
part, and expanding in front : pillar furnished at the base
Avith a small fold or plait : operculum none.

This genus differs from Cylichna in the tentacles
being separate, eyes distinct, gizzard horny, and the
shell ha\dng a visible spire with a mammillar apex. It
is the Bullina of Risso and De Blainville, and perhaps
of Ferussac also ; but that name has been appropriated
to another genus allied to Aplustrum. I regard Am-
phisphyra of Loven as a synonym of the present genus.
Brown had many years previously proposed the objec-
tionable name Diaphana ; but he afterwards cancelled

* A husk of grain.

420

BULLID.i:.

or discarded it in favom* of Utrtculus, which has also
precedence of Amphisphyra.

A. Shell cylindrical or pblong, and solid.

n'^^- 1. UtRICULUS MAMMILLA'TUS^,(Philippi.) HtSSS

Bulla mammillata, Phil. Moll. Sic. i. p. 122, t. vii. f. 20. Cylichna
mammillata, F. & H. iii. p. 614, pi. cxiv. c. f. 4. 5.

Shell forming a short cylinder, somewhat constricted in the
middle, and having the same breadth at each end ; it is semi-
transparent and glossy: sculpture, minute and rather sHght
striae, which vary in number and contiguity, and in fresh
specimens examined under a microscope appear delicately and
closely punctate : epidermis inconspicuous : colour clear white :
spire truncated, and encircled by a narrow and solid rim ; it
is sunk below the level of the apical rim or periomphalus :
whorls 2-3 ; the last (as usual in this genus) envelopes all the
rest ; the penultimate whorl exhibits the outside rim only ;
the innermost is globular, prominent, and turned inwards or
inflected, but not reversed : suture deep : mouth narrow above,
more contracted in the middle, pear-shaped and vsdde at the
base, which is rounded : outer lip flexuous, curved and folded
inwards in the middle ; the upper part projects a little beyond
the apex; outer comer rounded; inner corner receding and
incurved, so as to make the suture transversely excavated in
front : inner lip continuous with the outer lip above, where it
is slightly folded on the apex, as weU as on the pillar below :
pillar short, flattened, and curved: fold indistinct. L. 0*1.
B. 0-05.

Habitat : Laminar ian and coralline zones in the
Channel Isles, Devon, and Cornwall; co. Galway
(Barlee) ; Turbot bank, co. Antrim (Waller) ; Hebrides
and west coast of Scotland (J. G. J. and others) ;
Dunbar (Brown) ; Aberdeenshire (Macgilli^Tay and
Dawson) ; Shetland (Barlee and J, G. J.) . Fossil at
Dalmuir (Crosskey) ; post-glacial beds in Norway,
30-50 feet (Sars) ; Bordeaux (Cantraine) ; Sicily
(Philippi and Calcara) . Recent : Grip, Finmark, in

* Furnished with a nipple ; not a classical word.

UTRICULUS. 421

tlie stomach of an Astropecten Mullen^ and southwards
to Christiansund (Sars) ; Norway (Lilljeborg) ; Bohus-
lan, with Mytilus Adriaticus (Malm) ; Loire-Inferieure
(Cailliaud) ; Orotava in the Canaries (M^Andrew) ;
Mediterranean, from the Gulf of Lyons (Martin) to
Sicily (Philippi) ; Algiers (Weinkauff) ; Adriatic (von
Schrockinger and Brusina) ; ^gean (Forbes) : depths
7 to 60 f.

It is the Bulla striatula (sec. typ. in mus. Brit.) of
Forbes, B, minuta of Macgillivray, and B. truncatula of
myself. ^ ^- +. ^ ,

li'iS'SLf 2. U. TRUNCA'TULUS"^,(Bruguiere?^ \>\- ^^

Bulla truncatula, Brug. in Enc. Meth. (Vers) t. vi. p. 377. no. 10. Cy-
lichna truncata, F. & H. iii. p. 510, pi. cxiv. b. f. 7, 8, and (animal)
pi. VV. f. 4.

Body nearly clear white, with often a tinge of brownish -
yeUow on the upper part, and minutely frosted : mantle lining
the mouth of the shell, and forming an excretal canal at the
posterior extremity: head squarish, depressed, cloven and
sHghtly advanced in front of the foot: tentacles large, flat,
triangular and rather long, vdth pointed tips, usually folded
or curhng back towards the front of the shell [" lying like the
ears of a hare close to each side of the neck " (Clark)], but
carried nearly erect when the animal is crawling : eyes yqtj
small and round, apparently sunk within the outer integu-
ment, placed rather close together in the middle between the
head and tentacles: foot oblong, indented in front, and
rounded or occasionally nicked behind [" this organ is at times
considerably reflected laterally on itself and the front of the
shell, and, when the animal is quiescent, assuming a quadri-
lobate form " (Clark's MS.)] : gizzard cartilaginous, enclosing
three oval corneous yeUowish-brown plates, which are studded
with squarish black tubercles of different sizes.

Shell forming a conical cyhnder, narrow on the upper half,
more or less deeply constricted in the middle, and expanding
on the lower half ; it is nearly opaque, and glossy : sculpture,
numerous longitudinal striae or fluted ribs on the upper half ;

* Truncated; diminutive.

422 BULLIDiE.

these are often sharp at the apex, not so distinct in the middle
of the shell, and usually disappear towards the base, where
they are replaced by lines of growth ; the spire is frequently
striated across, like an Ammonite : epidermis filmy : colour
white : spire involute, abruptly truncated, and encircled by a
narrow and solid rim or rounded keel : luhorls 3-4, gradually
decreasing in size towards the centre of the apex ; the first or
innermost whorl is globular : suture deep : mouth narrow for
more than half its length on the upper part, pear-shaped and
very wide at the base, which is rounded : outer lip gently
curved, and folded inwards in the middle; the upper part
projects (sometimes considerably) beyond the apex; outer
corner rounded ; inner corner receding and obliquely incurved :
inner lip slight, continuous with the outer lip above, where it
is folded a little over the apex, as well as over the pillar, be-
hind which it forms a small and narrow umbilical chink:
pillar short, thick, and flattened : fold tooth-like and strong.
L. 0-175. B. 0-075.

Var. pellucida. Smaller, shorter, thinner, more transparent,
and less strongly ribbed (sometimes quite smooth) ; epidermis
slightly prismatic. Volvaria pellucida, Brown, lU. p. 4, pi.
xix. f. 45, 46.

Habitat : Everywhere (chiefly in the laminarian
zone) on muddy ground and at the base of seaweeds,
from low- water mark to 15 f. The variety appears to
be northern, having been noticed by Brown from Dun-
bar, and found at Aberdeen by Macgillivray, and in
Shetland by myself. This species occurs in the Coral-
line Crag (Wood) ; post-glacial beds, Norway, 0-100
feet (Sars); Courtagnon (Bruguiere); Italian tertiaries
(Brocchi and others) ; Vienna basin (Homes). It
ranges from Oxford in Finmark (Sars) to the Canary
Isles (M 'Andrew), and throughout the Mediterranean,
Adriatic, and ^gean ; depths 4-100 f.

Rather active and fond of floating with its shell down-
wards. Professor Loven having informed me that it
possesses an operculum, I carefully dissected and exa-
mined several live specimens, but I could not detect

UTRICULUS. 423

any. Those from Kiel Bay, which Dr. H. A. Meyer
kindly gave me, when I looked over his collection at
Hamburg, have a brownish -yellow epidermis.

Walker described it as Bulla crassa, &c., Adams as
B. truncata (nine years after Bruguiere^s publication),
Maton and Rackett as B. retusa, Schroter (according to
Menke's Synopsis) as B. ieverensis, Scacchi (according
to Philippi) as B, cylindrical Chiereghini (according to
Nardo) as B. cylindracea, Philippi as B. semisulcata,
and Brusina apparently as Cylichna leptoeneilema. The
B, truncata of Gmelin is a different species.

^^557 3. U. OBTu'sus^,(Montagu.) \^- K

Bulla ohtusa, Mont. Test. Br. (i.) p. 223, t. 7. f. 3. Cylichna obtusa, F.
& H. iii. p. 612, pi. cxiv. c. f. 1-3.

Body whitish : head remarkably short : tentacles placed
laterally and standing up hke ears, rounded above, and not
terminating in points like those of U. truncatulus: eyes not
perceptible. (Alder.)

Shell forming an oblong cylinder, constricted in the middle,
and becoming broader towards the base ; it is usually opaque,
and rather glossy : scidpture, numerous slight hues of growth ;
and in young and fresh shells may be sometimes detected under
the microscope extremely close-set and fine wavy spiral hues ;
spire indistinctly striated across : epidermis skin-Hke, cream-
colour passing into brownish -yellow : colour white : spire short,
but very variable in that respect, being in some cases almost
truncated, while in others it is more or less extended : whorls 4,
slightly angulated at the top ; those in the middle gradually
enlarge ; tbe apical or central whorl is globular and turned
inwards : suture deep and narrowly excavated : mouth flexuous ;
upper half narrow; lower half wide, with a rounded base:
outer lip gently curved, never extending to the apex ; it re-
cedes above, so as to leave a space between the outermost
whorl and the next, and is contracted and inflected in the
middle ; outer comer rounded ; inner corner obliquely in-
curved : inner lip thicker than in the last species, continuous
with the outer Up above ; it is reflected over the pillar, behind

* Blunt.

424 BULLIDiE.

which it occasionally forms a small umbilical chink : pillar
broad, flattened, and curved; folcl obscure. L. 0-225. B.
0-115.

Var. LajonkaireaTia. Smaller and proportionally narrower,
with the spire mofFproduced. Bulla Lajonkaireana, Baste-
rot, Mem. geol. Bord. (1825) p. 22, t. 1. f. 25.

Habitat : Muddy estuaries (such as those of the
Solent^ Thames, Wash, Humber, Mersey and Dee, Sol-
way Firth, Severn, Shannon, Belfast Lough, Loch Fyne,
and. the Firths of Clyde and Forth), and. in brackish
water on many other parts of our coast from Jersey to
Urist j gregarious at low-water mark, and ranging thence
to 15 f. The variety inhabits deeper water in the open
sea, off the Channel and Shetland Isles (20-85 f., J. G.
J.); it has a wide distribution, as fossil, from our Co-
ralline Crag (Wood) to the Vienna basin (Homes) . The
typical form is recorded from the Mammalian Crag at
Bramerton (Wood), and has been found by the Rev. H.
W. Crosskey at Dalmuir and Oban. Its extra-British
habitat, as recent, appears to be limited, and comprises
Iceland (Torell), Denmark (mus. Copenh.), Holland
(Menke), Normandy (Mace), Loire-Inferieure (Cailli-
aud), Bay of Biscay (D^Orbigny pere and Fischer), from
Massachusetts Bay southwards to New England (Gould
and Stimpson, as Bulla obstrida), and probably Green-
land (MoUer, as B. turrit a) .

Mr. Bretherton says (^Zoologist,' p. 6236) that it
feeds on Hydrobice (which abound on the sand-banks
where the present mollusk is found), and that it lives
in sand, slowly moving about with the head-disk and
fore part of the shell buried, and leaving a very distinct
trail. It is to be regretted that this gentleman did not
describe the animal. I have given a figure of it from a
drawing by Mr. Alder. Judging from the contents of
the stomachs of mullets caught in Lough Larne, that

UTRICULUS.

425

fish must commit as great ravages among the Utriculi
as the latter are said to do with regard to the Hydrobice,
This is the Voluta alba &c. of Walker, Bulla Regul-
biensis of Adams on the Microscope, B. minuta of Wood-
ward, and the U. plicatus and U, discors of Brown ; the
fry is apparently B. denticulata of Adams. The second
of these names, although prior to that given by Mon-
tagu, is local and obsolete.

B. Shell globular or oval, and thin.
N"S'(>v 4. XJ. VENTRo'sus^, (Jeffreys.')

Amphisphyra globosa, Jeftr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3rd ser. i. p. 47, pi. ii.
f. 6 (not A. globosa of Loven).

Shell globosely ear-shaped (not unHke a Velutina), nearly
transparent, glossy, and slightly prismatic : sculpture, numerous
fine, curved, minute longitudinal striae, which are very close-
set on the upper edge of the body-whorl; these striae are
orossed by a few indistinct spiral lines, but not so as to
make the surface reticulated : epidermis inconspicuous : colour
whitish, with a faint tinge of reddish-brown near the outer
Hp : spire small, truncated, and flat : whorls 3, slightly angu-
lated at the top ; the last is disproportionately large, and the
first or central whorl is oval and intorted : suture very deep
and channelled : mouth expanded, nearly oval, contracted above
by the projection of the periphery; base even and curved:
outer lip semicircular ; the upper part is on a level with the
spire ; outer corner rounded ; inner comer not receding, nor
incurved, as in the last species (but my solitary specimen is
imperfect in this part) : inner lip forming a whitish film,
which is spread over the upper part of the underside ; it is
folded over the pillar, behind which it forms a narrow umbi-
Jical groove : pillar sHght and curved : fold obscure. L. 0*125.
B. 01.

Habitat : Mr. Barlee procured a single specimen by
dredging off Glenelg in Skye ; this is now in my col-
lection. I tried the same ground with Mr. Norman

* Bellying out.

426 BULLION.

last year_, in the hope of confirming the discovery ; but
we were unsuccessfal.

Its nearest ally appears to be the AmpMsphyra glohosa
of Loven (a Scandinavian species) : our sheU, however,
is ear-shaped, instead of globosely oval, the spire is pro-
portionally broader, the mouth much wider, and the
sculpture peculiar, U. globosus exhibiting only the lines
of growth. . .: . ,u,^,<^^-^^'

p\.<</^. 5. U. EXPAN^sus*, (Jeffreys.) ^'i s^%

Amphisphyra expansa, Jeffr. in Eep. Brit. Assoc. 1864, p. 330.

Body gelatinous, clear white, sprinkled all over with minute
black specks : head or snout broad, bilobed in front : tentacles
large, triangular or ear-shaped, expanding sideways: eyes none:
foot oval, cloven in front, widely, deeply, and evenly forked
behind : ovary yeUowish-brown.

Shell barrel-shaped, narrower at the top, dilated and some-
what angular at the sides, and expanding towards the base ;
it is nearly transparent, glossy, and sHghtly prismatic : sculp-
ture apparently none ; but under the microscope may be seen
a few slight and indistinct spiral lines and a frosted appearance:
epidermis inconspicuous : colour whitish, except the nucleus
or embryonic whorl, which is brownish -yellow : spire abruptly
truncated : whorls 3-4, compact, and angulated at the top ;
the first is oval, twisted inwards, and slightly projects beyond
the rest : suture deep and channelled : mouth pear-shaped, not
extending to the spire ; base expanded and rounded : outer lip
flexuous ; outer corner bluntly angular ; inner comer receding
and incurved : inner lip folded over the pillar, wanting on the
upper part : pillar nearly straight above, and curved below :
fold obscure : umbilicus narrow and groove-like, but well de-
fined by the flexure of the inner lip. L. 0-225. B. 0*175.

Habitat : Muddy sand in 43 f. near Fetlar Island,
and in 82 f. between 40 and 50 miles S.S.E. of the
Whalsey or Out Skerries, both localities being in Shet-
land; rare. Professor Sars informs me that in 1865
his son dredged this species off the Loffoden Isles.

* Spread out.

UTRICULUS. 427

This little creature is bold, and crawls rapidly. The
absence of eyes is a remarkable character; and there
can be no question of the fact, so far as the best optical
instruments, long and patient examination under the
most favourable circumstances, and the concurrent tes-
timony of three practised observers (Mr. Waller, Mr.
Peach, and myself) can establish it. Living specimens
of U. expansus and U. hyalinus were placed side by side,
and fully displayed themselves. The latter had distinct
eyes at the base of the tentacles, outside the shell.
The other, which was three times as large and equally
exposed to view, showed no trace of eyes anywhere, al-
though it was carefully examined in every position, in
order to detect them. They could not have been sub-
cutaneous j because the tissues of the animal were almost
transparent, and I used a high microscopic power, by
means of which the internal structure was clearly
seen. Similar anomalies in respect of these so-called
visual organs occur in the genera Eulima, NaticUj and
Pleurotoma amon^ our native mollusks.

N^jbs 6. U. HYA'LiNus^,lTurton) P ^"^

Bidla hyalina, Turt. in Mag. N. H. vii. p. 353. Amphisphyra hyalina,
F. & H. iii. p. 521, pi. cxiv. d. f. 1, 2, and (animal) pi. UU. f. 2.

Body white, with a faint tinge of brownish-yeUow : head
large and broad, deeply cloven or bilobed in front : tentacles
triangular, flanking the head, folded back or carried erect at
the wiU of the animal : eyes very small, but distinct and black,
widely separated ; when the animal is crawling they are out-
side the shell, some way behind the head ; when it is at rest
this part of the animal is to some extent withdrawn, and the
eyes are seen through the front of the transparent sheU:
foot oblong, rounded in front (where it is broader than in the
middle), and unequally forked behind, Hke the tail of a shark :
gill-plume pale yellow : ovary brown.

Shell cylindric-oval, dilated in the middle, and nearly

* Glassy.

428 BULLID^.

equally broad at each end ; it is quite transparent and lustrous :
sculpture, very slight and indistinct spiral lines"(perceptible
towards the spire only) and the usual marks of growth : epi-
dermis inconspicuous : colour clear white, except the nucleus
or embryonic whorl which is brownish -yellow : spire abruptly
truncated : whorls 3-4, angulated at the top ; the iirst is oval,
twisted inwards, and slightly prominenr; suture deep and
channelled ; mouth rather narrow on the upper part and very
wide below ; in full-grown specimens it never extends to the
spire, and is shorter than in the last species ; base expanding
and obliquely rounded • outer lip flexuous, contracted and in-
flected at about one-third of its length from the top ; outer
corner bluntly angular ; inner comer considerably receding
and incurved : inner lip folded over the pillar, elsewhere want-
ing : pillar short, almost straight above, and curved below :
fold obscure: umbilicus distinct and deep, although small.
L. 0-2. B. 0-125.

Habitat : Living in the laminarian zone, on various
parts of the British coast, and dead in deeper water. I
will mention a few localities (out of about thirty which
I have noted), to show the extent of distribution: —
Guernsey, Cornwall, Dorset, South Devon, South Wales,
Donegal, Galway, Cork, Dublin, west and east of Scot-
land, Shetland, and the north of England. Fossil at
Dalmuir (Crosskey and Robertson) ; post-glacial bed
in Norway, 50 feet (Sars) ; Sparebakken near Christi-
ania (Robertson). Its existing range abroad comprises
Kiel Bay (Meyer and Mobius), Sweden (Lov^n and
Malm) , Norway (Danielssen and others) , Iceland (ToreU),
Greenland (Moller and others), Massachusetts (Gould),
New England (Stimpson), Madeira and Canaries (M*^ An-
drew) ; depths 10-60 f.

The animal differs from that of U. expansus in having
eyes, and in the extremity of the foot being unevenly
lobed or heterocercal ; the shell may be distinguished by
its smaller size, want of angularity in the middle, and
by its larger and more conspicuous umbilicus.

ACERA. 429

U. pellucidus of Brown is the adult, his U. minutus
the half-grown shell, and his U. candidus the young ;
Gould described this species as Bulla debilis, and Moller
as B. subangulata. It is not the B. hyalina of Gmelin.

Genus III. A'CERA^ {Akera) MiiUer. PI. VIII. f. 3.

Body gelatinous, not containable within the shell : mantle
forming at the rear a cyhndrical or thread-shaped process,
which occupies a slit in the front of the spire when the animal
is at rest : head snout-like and extensile : tentacles none : eyes
placed on each side of the head, near the front : foot very large
and flexible, expanding into broad wing-like lobes (one on
each side), which fold back over the sheU and front of the
body, a great part of which is covered by them : gizzard horny.

Shell tumid, very thin and elastic : spire exposed, and trun-
cated : whorls angulated or keeled at the top ; the first is
nipple-shaped, and the last is partly separated from the pre-
ceding one : suture deeply excavated : mouth occupying nearly
the whole length of the shell, open in front and contracted
behind : pillar sharp-edged : no operculum.

Perhaps this and Bulla subsist on soft organisms;
their gizzards seem adapted to such food, not being,
like the calcareous millstones with which Scaphander
and Philine are provided, strong enough to crush hard
shells. The odontophore or tongue of Acera is broad,
and has numerous spines in each row ; that of Utriculus
is narrow, and has only two spines in a row. The shell
consists of two layers — the inner one membranous, and
the outer testaceous.

It is not the "Acere^^ or Bulla carnosa of Cuvier
(Acera, Lamarck) , which belongs to the Aplysia family
and is shelless. Leach called the present genus
Eucampe.

* Without horns (or tentacles).

430 BULLIDiE.

]p\'(\9 ' AcERA bulla'ta^, Miiller. N<? 5^ 5*

A^era bullata, Miill. Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 242, no. 2921 ; F. & H. iii.
p. 527, pi. cxiv. D. f. 4-6, and (animal) pi. VV. f. 6.

Body varying in colour from greyish or nearly clear white
to pale yellowish-white or orange, covered with minute and
numerous flake- white or dark specks, and usually streaked in
front with interrupted lines of purplish-brown : mantle spread
over the underside of the shell, and partly over the spire or
crown : head, when the animal is crawling, attenuated, and
sheathed underneath by the side lobes of the foot ; it is wedge-
shaped and bilobed in front (so that occasionally the corners
assume the shape of ears or tentacles), and margined by a
narrow purplish-brown line : eyes small and black, but always
perceptible : foot oblong, swollen at its base ; side lobes or flaps
slightly tuberculated ; front rounded and narrower than the
posterior portion, where the foot dilates and is truncated at
the extremity, with angular comers : [odontophore, rhachis
minute, erect, broader at the base, which is produced on each
side, having the top expanded and compressed on the upper
part, the cutting-edge bent downwards and one-cusped, with a
notched crest on each side; uncini about 21, forming long
hooks which are longer in the middle row, the first furnished
on the inner side with short wings and jagged, the rest always
more slender (Loven) :] gizzard composed of a dozen triangular
plates.

Shell forming a short oval, dilated in the middle, and almost
equally broad at each end, semitransparent and glossy: sculp-
ture, extremely fine, close-set, and wavy microscopic spiral
striae, which pervade the whole surface : epidermis filmy but
distinct, brownish-yellow of difierent shades : colour, under
the epidermis, whitish with sometimes a faint tinge of green :
spire truncated, sometimes slightly prominent : whorls 6, ridged
or keeled at the top ; the first is globosely oval and intorted :
suture deep and channelled, with sloping sides ; it is slit or
narrowly open in front for a considerable distance^ so as to
disconnect the outer part of the body -whorl from the preceding
whorl, and to make the shell elastic when held between the
thumb and fingers : mouth somewhat contracted above, and
very wide below, with a rounded base ; it extends nearly the
whole length of the shell : outer lip flexuous, folding inwards

* Inflated.

ACERA. 431

on the upper part ; outer corner rounded ; inner corner in-
curved at the further extremity: inner Up consisting of a
rather thin glaze on the pillar and within the mouth : pillar
slightly folded, and projecting ; there is no umbilicus. L. 1'25.
B. 0-8.

Yar. nana. "[Indistinguishable except by its dwarf size.

Habitat : Oozy ground and mud-flats (often among
Zostera) in the laminarian zone, in many estuaries, and
along our southern, Irish, Scotch, and Zetlandic coasts ;
Walton-on-the-Naze (W. B. King) ; Orwell River
(Clarke); Scilly Isles (Lord Vernon); Guernsey (Han-
ley); Jersey (Dodd). It is gregarious. The variety
occurs in Lough Lame and Balta Sound at low-water
mark and in 3-5 f. (J. G. J. and M^Andrew); Norway
(Loven). Mr. Grainger found the typical form in the
Belfast deposit. The foreign distribution of this species
extends from Oxfjord in Finmark (Sars) to Vigo Bay
(M*^ Andrew), the French and Italian coasts of the Me-
diterranean, the Adriatic, and jEgean ; depths recorded
2-20 f.

A. bullata flits about, like a Pteropod, by means of
its ample and flexible foot-lobes. The account given by
Olivi of its swimming and migratory habits is very in-
teresting, and helps to explain the sudden appearance
and disappearance of certain marine mollusca in parti-
cular localities. " The fishermen call them sea-snails,
and assured us they were very Kvely in warm weather,
and sometimes quitted their shells ; this circumstance,
however, is to be doubted ^^ (Montagu). Mr. Hynd-
man says that when touched they give out a purple
liquid. The fact of Acera having eyes was, I believe,
first noticed by me in the 'Annals and Magazine of
Natural History ' for September 1859. The head bears
a fanciful resemblance to the snout of a restored DinO"

432 BULLIDiE.

therium. According to Professor Loven the egg-case
of the present mollusk may be compared to a rope
twisted in different ways. I have some remarkably
large specimens of the shell, which the late Dr. Farran
procured in Connemara; they are upwards of an inch
and a half in length, and nearly an inch and a quarter
in breadth. The flounder appears to feed on it, Miiller
having taken the shells from the stomach of one caught
in the Cattegat.

This is probably the Bulla canaliculata of Linne ; but
his diagnosis being too concise, and no habitat given,
there may be some doubt as to the identification. It is
the Valuta Jonensis of Pennant, B. valuta parva &c. of
Chemnitz, B. akera of Gmelin, B. Norvegica of Bru-
guiere, B. resiliens of Donovan, B. fragilis of Lamarck,
Eucampe Donovani of Leach, and B. elastica of Danilo
and Sandri.

Genus IV. ACTiE'ON^ [Acteon) De Montfort.
PI. VIII. f. 4.

Body fleshy, containable within the shell : head contractile,
squarish, depressed, and cloven in front : tentacles ear-shaped
or lobular : eyes placed in the middle of the head, below the
tentacles : foot oblong, cloven in front, but not expanding at
the sides : [odontophore, rhachis none ; uncini 11, shaped like
long broken hooks, the largest of which form the middle row,
inner side resembling a rounded wing, outer side having a
notched crest at the bending (Loven).]

Shell moderately soHd, oval, spirally striated : spire pro-
minent and bluntly pointed : whorls rounded, and connected
throughout ; the first is twisted inwards : suture well marked,
but not excavated : mouth occupying about two-thirds of the
shell in length : pillar furnished near the base with a ridge-
like fold, which is continued within the spire : operculum fitting
the irregular shape of the mouth, and altogether homy (not

* A mythological name.

ACTiEON.

433

partly testaceous, as in Odostomid) ; spire small, with the ni^.-
cleiis on the inner side at the base of the shell, ear-shaped, and
defined or separated from the greater part of the operculum by
a furrow on the upper- and a ridge on the underside.

This generic name and its synonym Tornatella were
applied by Grateloup^ Nyst, and Sismonda to species of
Odostomia ; and their shells have certainly a degree of
similarity. But the apex of the spire in Actceon is re-
gular, instead of being reversed ; and the animal is dif-
ferent from that of Odostomia. (See page 110 of this
volume.) Nearly twenty years ago Mr. Alder pointed
out the affinity of Actceon to Bulla ; and his views have
been confirmed by the observations of other concholo-
gists. Indeed Linne at first placed our typical species
in Bulla, although he afterwards removed it to Voluta.
The operculum was described by Turton, in his little
treatise entitled ^' Conchology,, arranged on the amended
system/^ which was published in 1829. Delle Chiaje
was the first to make known the animal. The present
genus exhibits also a slight analogy to Melampus ; but
the spire of that shell is hollow, and has no internal
partition.

Actaon has an extensive distribution, both in time
and place; according to Woodward it comprises 16
recent and 70 fossil species.

It is the genus Tornatella of Lamarck and Speo of
Risso. The name Actaon was used by Oken (subse-
quently to De Montfort^s work) for a genus allied to
Aplysia, which is now recognized as the Elysia of Risso.

K»55a Action TORNA'TiLis^,(Linne.^ r

Voluta tornatilis, Linn. S. N. p. 1187. Tornatella fasciata, F. & H. iii.
p. 523, pi. cxiv. D. f. 3, and (animal) pi. W. f. 7, as T. tornatilis.

Body pale yellowish-white, with a slight purplish tint and

* Turned in a lathe.
VOL. IV. XJ

434 bullid;e.

minute specks of flake- white : mantle thick, sometimes folded
over part of the underside of the shell, and forming an angular
lobe or process just below the junction of the outer lip with
the body-whorl of the shell : head large and broad, deeply
bilobed in front, and extending (when the animal is in motion)
beyond the foot : tentacles large, leaf-like or obtusely trian-
gular, either carried erect or partly reflected on the front of
the shell : eyes black, minute, and sometimes concealed beneath
the outer integument, or " immersed in the skin: " foot large
and widely expanded, bilobed in front, with small but sharp
angular corners on each side of that part, bluntly pointed be-
hind ; the lobes of the head, the tentacles, and the front of the
foot occasionally correspond in position, so as to present a triple
row of curves : verge scimitar- shaped and thick, placed behind
the right-hand tentacle ; {jgills consisting of a single long and
coarsely pectinated plume (Clark).]

Shell conical above, somewhat attenuated at the base, and
barrel-shaped in the middle ; it is opaque and rather glossy :
sculpture, numerous fine spiral impressed lines, which are more
or less distinctly punctate on the upper part; at the base
(where the lines become broader and groove-like) they are
crossed by finer and close-set longitudinal striae ; tlie spiral
lines are not quite regular in their relative distance, and some
are deeper than others; in one specimen I counted 70 on
the body-whorl, 12 on the penultimate, 8 on the next, and 4
on the preceding whorl, the top whorls being eroded : epidermis
inconspicuous: colour light pink or fleshcolour, with three
white bands on the body-whorl, and one beneath the suture
on each of the other whorls ; those on the body-whorl are thus
disposed — a narrow one beneath the suture, a second and
broader band on a level with the top of the outer lip (which
band is usually continued round the base of the upper whorls),
and the third (which is equally broad, but occasionally want-
ing) encircling the middle of the body- whorl ; the latter two
bands are often defined by lines of a deeper pink : spire short
and conical : whorls 7-8, compressed although convex ; the last
(as usual in this family) is disproportionately large, but the
rest gradually decrease in size towards the apex ; the first is
tumid and obliquely intorted : suture fine and apparently
slight, but seen to be narrowly channelled by looking down
upon the spire : mouth narrowly and irregularly pear-shaped,
acute-angled above and obtuse-angled below, with the base
rounded and effuse or expanding outwards ; length two-thirds

ACTvEON. 435

of the shell : outer lip gently curved, not folding inwards :
inner lip forming a thin glaze on that part of the body -whorl
which lies within the mouth, and broadly reflected over the
lower part : pillar very short and flexuous : fold or plait tooth-
like and strong, winding obliquely along the pillar : operculum
horny, long and wing- like ; the inner part has the aspect of a
Cristellaria, with a nearly terminal spire ; the whole surface of
the operculum is marked by puckered lines of growth, and
the outer part is slightly and irregularly scored by curved and
other scratch-like striae. L. 0*75. B. 0*4.

Var. 1. subulata. Smaller and narrower, with an elongated
spire. A. svhulatus, S. "Wood, Crag. Moll. pt. 1. p. 170, t. xix.
f. 7 a, h.

Yar. 2. tenella. Body milk-white : foot lanceolsite and slender.
Shell smaller, thinner, semitransparent, more glossy, and of
a paler hue, sometimes without bands ; the young have the
middle of each whorl smooth. A. tenellus, Loven, Ind. Moll.
Scand. p. 11.

Var. 3. buUceformis. Smaller and regularly oval, with a
much shorter spire.

Habitat : Sandy bays, at low-water mark of spring
tides, to about 20 f. ; not uncommon, and widely dis-
tributed. Capt. Beechey dredged a dead specimen in
145 f. off the Mull of Galloway. Var. 1. Fishguard
and the Hebrides ; rare. Var. 2. Muddy sand in 80-
90 f., Shetland. Var. 3. Loch Fyne, in mud, 40-50 f.
^A. M^Nab). This species occurs in a fossil state at
Belfast (Grainger) ; boulder-clay in Caithness (Peach) ;
Red and Coralline Crag at Sutton (Wood); post-glacial
beds in Norway, 50-100 feet, some specimens retaining
their coloured bands (Sars) ; lower Crag of Antwerp
(Nyst); Italian tertiaries (Scacchi and others); Germany,
Greece, and Vienna Basin (Homes). The 1st variety
is described by Wood from the Red Crag at Sutton.
A. tornatilis ranges from the Loffoden Isles (Sars), and
Iceland (Steenstrup) , to the ^gean (Forbes); depths
recorded 10-100 f. The variety tenella inhabits sandy

u2

436 BULLID^.

mud in deep water on the Scandinavian coast (Loveu
and M'Andrew) .

It makes a shallow hole or burrow in the sand, and
is rather sluggish. Forbes and Hanley say that, when
handled, it gives out a milky fluid tinged with purple.
My largest specimen is not quite an inch in length.
Very juvenile conchologists call these shells " barrels.^^

This is the Turbo ovalis of Da Costa, Auricula bifas-
ciata of Martini, and Speo bifasciatus of Risso (his S.
tornatilis being fossil and apparently a different species);
the young is Tornatella pusilla of Forbes, T. pellucida of
Macgillivray, and possibly T.puncto -striata of Professor
C. B. Adams from Massachusetts ; the fry is T, globu-
laris of Forbes.

Valuta heteroclita of Montagu, said to be from Dun-
bar, is one of Laskey^s more than suspicious discoveries ;
it is described as having a reversed spire and being a
quarter of an inch long. Forbes and Hanley refer this,
with doubt, to the present genus. It may be a young
exotic land shell, of the Achatina family.

Genus V. BULLA* Klein. PI. VIII. f. 5.

. Body gelatinous or fleshy, not containable within the shell :
mantle thickened at its edges, and folded behind : head snout-
shaped : tentacles more or less distinct, but forming a continua-
tion of the head : eyes not perceptible in every species ; when
present they are placed at the base of the tentacular disk : foot
very large, expanded on each side in the shape of broad lobes
or flaps, which serve as fins for swimming, and cover part of
the shell and of the upperside of the body : gizzard composed
of 3 homy equal-sized oval plates.

Shell oval: spire involute, usually concealed: mouth ex-
tending the whole length of the shell : 'pUlar sometimes fur-
nished with a fold or plait : operculum none.

* A bubble.

^ BULLA. 437

Build was also used by Rumph, previously to Klein,
but not in a generic sense. De Montfort cites 32 ver-
nacular names by which the shell was known in different
countries ; he called the genus Bullus. Leach proposed
Hamimea or Haminea and Roxania for our two indige-
nous species ; the first of these names was given in Tur-
ton^s tract on conchology.

A. Thin ; crown imperforate, and spire wholly concealed.

N« STi 1. Bulla HY'DATis'^,(Jjinne.) |'-^r-

B. hydatis, Linn. S. N. p. 1183; F. k H. iii. p. 530, pi. cxiv. d. f. 7, and
(animal) pi. UU. f. 3.

Body gelatinous, when fully extended and in motion of an
elongated oval shape and nearly as long again as the shell ;
colour variable, usually a mixture of purphsh-brown, cinereous,
and orange-yeUow, disposed in minute granular or confluent
specks : head large, notched in front ; tentacles united, so as to
form a small squarish lobe or disk, somewhat narrower and
indented behind: eyes very distinct, placed far back on the
tentacular disk, and not very close together [" closely set," F,
& H.] ; they are black, and each Hes in the centre of a minute
circular lucid spot : foot sinuous, capable of being considerably
dilated and extended ; the side-lobes are often reflected over
the greater part of the shell : gizzard encircled by a cartila-
ginous or muscular ring, with the ahmentary canal issuing
from its centre; plates dark purplish -brown or chocolate,
somewhat resembhng the shells of a Chiton. (Montagu and
Clark).

Shell roundish-oval, fragile, semitransparent and glossy :
sculpture, extremely numerous, dehcate, spiral striae, besides
lines of growth ; the strisB are scarcely perceptible unless with
microscopic aid: epidermis yeUo wish-brown, thicker than is
usually the case in this family : colour greenish-yellow, with
the crown and pillar white: spire concealed; the crown or
apex is obliquely indented or shghtly umbihcate : mouth irre-
gularly elliptical, rather narrow (although not much contracted)
above, and pear-shaped below ; total length exceeding that of

* A water-coloured gem.

438 BULLID^.

the spire : outer Up more or less curved, not folding inwards ;
it projects beyond the crown : inner lip forming a broad and
flexuous glaze : inllar short, solid, smooth, and curved. L. 1.
B. 0-75.

Var. glohosa. Smaller, thinner, globular, pale yeUowish-
green or creamcolour.

Habitat : Mud-flats and ooze in the littoral and
laminarian zones, on the coasts of Hants, Dorset, Devon,
and Cornwall; Sark, in 15-20 f. (J. G. J.) ; Jersey
(Dodd and Jordan); Manorbeer, near Tenby (J. G. J.);
Birterbuy Bay, co. Galway (Farran); Bantry Bay (Mrs.
Puxley and Leach); Cork Harbour (Humphreys); Bal-
briggan in Dublin Bay (Turton); ? Scarborough (Bean);
? Dunbar (Laskey). A local species. The variety was
taken by Mr. Clark at Exmouth. It is impossible to
define exactly the geological and geographical range of
B. hydatis) because two European species have been
confounded by authors under that name. It is said by
Cantraine and others to occur in the Italian tertiaries ;
and there is no doubt that it inhabits the Atlantic shores
of France and Portugal, both sides of the Mediterranean,
the Adriatic^ and ^gean, at depths of 0-69 f. ; Canary
Isles (M*^ Andrew).

More than thirty years have elapsed since I had the
good fortune to observe, in company with my late friend
Mr. WiUiam Clark, hundreds of these creatures, in the
shallow and slushy pools left by the tide near high-water
mark on Dawlish Warren; soon afterwards, owing
to a shifting of the sands, these pools disappeared, and
with them the Bulla. When it swam or floated, the
side-lobes of the foot were withdrawn from the shell and
spread out like a pair of fins. The shell is occasionally
distorted, having either a rude spiral groove below the
apex or a depression behind the pillar.

BULLA. 439

It is the B. ampulla of Tennant (not of Linne), B,
navicula of Da Costa,, B. cornea of Lamarck (who erro-
neously referred to it the B. Cranchii of Leach), B. pa-
pyracea of Ulysses' Travels (fide Dillwyn), smd Haminaa
Cuvieri of Leach ; the young appears to be the B. utri-
cuius of Eisso (not of Brocchi), and, according to Scacchi,
the B, pisum of Delle Chiaje.

B. elegans {H. elegans) of Leach is much smaller, ob-
long, narrower, and more solid, with the outer lip not
projecting beyond the crown. Dr. Leach records it from
Tenby, Swansea, and the Devon coast ; but I believe he
was misinformed as to at least the first two of these places.
I have it in the Turtonian collection. Mr. Lukis and
Mr. MaccuUoch found it at Herm, and I dredged a
fragment in Guernsey; so that this species may be
looked for on our southern coasts. It is common in
the Mediterranean, and is probably the H. folliculus of
Menke.

Another species, equally doubtful as a native of our
seas, is B. dilatata of Leach. This difi'ers from B. hy-
datis in its much smaller size, depressed shape, micro-
scopical and more close-set spiral sculpture, and in its
widely expanded mouth, the upper corner of which pro-
jects far beyond the crown, in a wing-like fashion. Fal-
mouth (Leach); Dublin Bay (coll. Turton); Cork Har-
bour (Humphreys); Loire-Inferieure (Cailliaud) ; Ilede
Rhe, in the Gulf of Gascony (J. G. J.); Grand Canary
(M^Andrew) . B.pemphis of Philippi (from the Red Sea)
and B. virescens of Sowerby (from Pit cairn's Island)
are allied to the present species.

440 BULLIDiE.

B. Solid; crown perforated aud expo3ing part of the spire,
l^t^r- 2. B. UTRi'cuLUS^,iBrocchi.) N^573

B. uirioulus, Brocchi, Conch, foss. Subap. i. p. 633, t. 1. f. 6 a, b. B.
Cranchii, F. & H. iii. p. 533, pi. cxiv. d. f. 8, 9, and (animal) pi. VV.
f. 2.

Body greyish- white, faintly tinged above with brownish-
yellow : mantle thick, protruded behind, and folding over the
crown of the shell as well as partly over its underside : head
very large and flexible, wedge-shaped in front : tentacles tri-
angular or ear-shaped, turned back over the front of the shell,
and covering nearly one-third of it : eyes, none perceptible :
foot squarish, truncated in front, rounded behind, and forming
on each side a broad triangular flap, which is folded over part
of the head and tentacles : ovary yellow, visible through the
shell.

Shell oval, with a tendency to become cylindrical, rather
solid, semitransparent and glossy : sculpture, numerous spiral
striae or impressed lines, which are visible to the naked eye ;
towards each end they are stronger, and alternately large and
small (sometimes two or three smaller striae between two of
the larger size), and they are throughout closely punctate in
consequence of the interstices being crossed by fine longitudinal
striae ; the spiral striae are much slighter in the middle of the
shell, which in the young is usually quite smooth : epidermis
reddish-brown; it is chiefly persistent on the spiral striae,
which are therefore darkly lineated : colour pale yellowish or
creamcolour, occasionally milk-white : spire partly exposed ;
crown perforated, and obliquely encircled by a thick angular
rim : mouth as in the last species, but narrower ; its length
exceeds that of the spire : outer lip not much curved in the
middle, nor folding inwards ; it projects a little beyond the
crown : inner lip slight : pillar short, thick, and flexuous ; at
its base is a rather strong fold, which makes the lower part
of the mouth appear channelled ; behind the pillar is a small
and groove-like umbilicus. L. 0*5. B. 0-3.

Yar. ohlonga. Smaller, longer in proportion to its breadth,
and more cylindrical.

Habitat : Muddy sand in 20-86 f., Plymouth (Pri-

* A husk of grain.

BULLA. 441

deaux, fide Leach); Torbay and Plymouth (coll. Turton);
Falmouth (Cranch_, fide Leach, Cocks, and Hockin) ;
Dogger bank (Parke); Scarborough (Bean); Northum-
berland (Alder); Berwick Bay (Johnston and Mennell);
Arran Isles, co. Galway (Barlee); Cork Harbour (Hum-
phreys); CO. Antrim (Hyndman) ; western coasts of
Scotland (Barlee and others) ; Moray Firth (Gordon) ;
Aberdeen (Macgillivray) ; Shetland (M' Andrew and
others) . I dredged a single specimen of the variety in
Loch Fyne. B. utriculus occurs in the Antwerp Crag
and Bordeaux tertiaries (Nyst); upper miocene bed near
Antibes (Mace); Italian tertiaries (Brocchi and others) ;
Vienna basin (Homes) . Its present distribution extends
from Finmark (Sars) to the Canary Isles (M^Andrew),
both sides of the Mediterranean (Cantraine, Weinkauff,
and others) , Adriatic (Brocchi and Brusina) , and JEgean
(Forbes); depths 20-140 f.

Its habits are sluggish. The head supports the front
of the shell, while the foot forms the base of the living
cushion. In the north it seems to be a favourite food
of the haddock.

This species was at first considered by Brocchi the B,
striata of Bruguiere. Leach called it B. Cranchii,
Johnston B.punctura, and Nyst B, utricula. B. modesta
of Hisso is probably the young. It may also be the
B. puncto-striata of Mighels and Adams, from the
eastern coasts of North America.

B. striata was described by Turton as British, under the
name of B. alba. I cannot, on such authority, recog-
nize it as indigenous. His specimens (two in number)
have evidently been acted upon by muriatic acid, so as
nearly to remove the outer and coloured layer. Dr.
Gordon kindly sent me for inspection two specimens
collected in North Uist and at Durness. How they got

u 5

442 BULLIDiE.

SO far north is not easily explicable. I entertain a high
opinion of Dr. Gordon^s accuracy; but I must reserve
my faith in the present case until I see a living specimen
from Scotch waters. B. striata inhabits the Mediter-
ranean, Adriatic, and Black Sea; and Drouet has re-
corded it from the Azores. The only other Atlantic
habitat, of which I am aware, is Faro in Algarve, where
M 'Andrew procured it.

B. media of Philippi (a common West-Indian shell)
was erroneously described by Montagu as B. ampulla of
Linne, the locality which he gave being Falmouth Har-
bour. Possibly B, utriculus was meant. Laskey must
have been determined to find it also at Dunbar ; for it
figures in his list of the shells of North Britain !

Genus VI. SCAPHANDER^ De Montfort.
PI. VIII. f. 6.

Body fleshy, not containable within the shell : mantle thick,
folded behind : head oblong, broad, and depressed : tentacles
united, and forming part of the head : eyes wanting : foot di-
lated, with narrow and reflected side-lobes: gizzard large,
composed of 3 calcareous plates ; the larger two (which form
the sides) are ear-shaped or triangular, and the smallest (which
lies between the others) is irregularly oval, and doubled.

Shell pear-shaped or oval, spirally striated : spi7'e involute,
entirely concealed in the adult; crown obliquely truncated,
perforated in the young : mouth extending the whole length
of the shell, contracted behind, and expanding in front : pillar
smooth, and blunt-edged : operculum none.

The curious gizzard was described and figured by the
Cavalier Gioeni in 1783 as the type of a new family of
multivalve shells, to which he proposed to give his own
name ! Modern naturalists have been more modest, and
have contented themselves with striving for a sort of

* A boatman ; badly compounded.

SCAPHANDER. 443

vicarious immortality, by associating the names of their
wives with their real or supposed discoveries. Gioenia,
as a genus, was adopted by Bruguiere ; Retz substituted
for it Tricla. This strange mistake was exposed and
rectified by Draparnaud.

An obsolete synonym of the present genus is Assula
of Schumacher.

Yi'^.arLl^ Scaphander LiGNA'Rius^,(^Linne.) fi '^r-

Bulla lignaria, Linn. S. N. p. 1184. 8. lignarius, F. & H. iii. p. 536,
pi. cxiv. F. f. 3, and (animal) pi. W. f. 5, as 8. lignaria.

Body fleshcolour, orange, brownish-yellow, or creamcolour :
mantle folded over the underside of the shell and the lower
part of the crown or apex : head shield-Hke, wedge-shaped and
rounded or sHghtly indented in front : tentacles forming a
single squarish lobe, being a continuation of the head ; this
lobe has angular or ear-shaped comers on the upper or hinder
part: eyeSj none perceptible: /ooi bulky, of an oval shape,
squarish, corresponding and coextensive with the head in front,
expanded and bluntly notched behind; the side-lobes fre-
quently overlap part of the shell : [odontophore, rhachis
wanting ; uncini arranged in a single row, claw-shaped,
crenellated on the hinder margin towards the point ; outer
side winged, with a crest at the base (Loven).]

Shell pear-shaped, peaked or acuminated at the top, and
expanded at the base, rather solid, nearly opaque, and some-
what glossy : sculpture, numerous spiral striae or fine grooves,
which (owing to the size of the shell) are very conspicuous ;
they are equally strong in every part, and are equidistant,
except at the top (where they become more or less crowded),
and also except an occasional slighter intermediate stria ; the
interstices of the spiral striae or grooves are crossed by fine
and close-set longitudinal striae, which often give the former
a punctate appearance ; the whole surface is covered with
close-set microscopic spiral lines and with equally numerous
and minute longitudinal striae, producing by their intersection
a slight cancellation : epidermis orange or tawny, passing
into chestnut : colour, under the epidermis, yellowish-white or

* From its colour resembling that of fir- wood.

444 BULLID^.

creamcolour ; young and half-grown specimens are often
adorned with narrow reddish-brown zones, parallel and alter-
nating with the white spiral striae and their walls : spire
loosely coiled, not exposed in the adult, being coated over by
successive deposits from the hinder lobe of the mantle : crown
obliquely indented, and encircled by an angular rim; it is
perforated in the young and fry, so as to show the outer part
of the spire : mouth narrow above, and dilated below, with a
rounded base ; its length exceeds that of the spire : outer lip
not much curved in the middle ; it projects beyond the crown,
forming in that part an obtuse angle : inner lip broad and
fiexuous, consisting of a rather thick glaze: piUar arched,
visible throughout by holding the shell upside down. L. 2*33.
B. 1-5.

Var. 1. alba. White, with a creamcolour epidermis.

Var. 2. curta. Smaller and shorter, but not having the
compactly convoluted spire and comparatively small mouth of
S. lihrarius.

Habitat : All our coasts : it usually frequents the
coralline zone, ranging as deep as 90 f. ; but. Dr. Lands-
borough says that " at Whiting Bay, in Arran, it may
be taken by digging in the sand at ebb tide.^^ The
1st variety is generally diffused, but rare. Var 2.
Shetland. This species occurs in the quaternary and
upper tertiary beds at Belfast (Grainger) ; Greenock
(Robertson) ; and the Red and Coralline Crag (Wood) ;
as well as throughout Belgium, France, Italy, Germany,
and the southern parts of Europe. Its distribution, in
a living state, extends from Finmark (Danielssen and
Sars) to Gibraltar (M^ Andrew), and through the Medi-
terranean, Adriatic, and ^gean ; depths 8-60 f.

This voracious mollusk does not despise any kind of
animal food, from minute Foraminifera to the sea-mouse
or Aphrodita, the spines of which I found in the gizzard
of one individual. Corbula gibba is evidently a favour-
ite morsel j and I have observed Dentalium entails,
Odostomia rufa, ajid Ditrupa arietina in other specimens.

SCAPHANDER. 445

George Humphreys mentions Cylichna cylindracea also.
The Dentalium and Ditrupa, when sticking in the giz-
zard, look like spits through joints of meat. Accor-
ding to Landsborough (' Zoologist/ 1843, pp. 87, 88)
" though they seem to indulge very freely as to quantity,
they appear to be wiser than our biped gourmands ; for
they keep to one dish. In every one of the specimens
I procured, the capacious gullet was filled with the fry
of Mactra subtruncata. The gullet was in the form of
a cornsack, quite distended, for each contained some
scores of these little bivalve shells in an unbroken state.
The sack, however, gradually emptied itself into the
gizzard; and in this shelly mill the shells and their
contents were reduced to powder, or rather a fine paste,
well fitted, no doubt, to be wholesome nutriment for
the industrious little marine miller.^^ The plates of the
gizzard are white, with the middle portion of the inside
brownish-yellow and raised, the centre being white and
ground down by use. The side-plates slope from a boss
in the centre to a sharp edge ; and the intermediate or
small plate resembles an opera hat : in the young it is
not unlike Ancylus lacustris. Among other wonderful
tales of the sea, the Guernsey fishermen will tell you
that the Scaphander bites oflf a portion of the outer lip
of its shell, when it finds itself a prisoner in the trawl-
net ! It is preyed on by the haddock. A monstrosity
in my collection has the crown deeply and widely
channelled.

Risso described it as 8. lignarius and S. giganteus ;
the fossil shell of the same species is probably his
S. targionius. Bulla zonata of Turton and S. Brownii
of Leach are the young; I once thought (but
wrongly) that the former might be S. librarius of
Loven.

446 BULLION.

Of the last-named species I obtained a very young
specimen in my Shetland dredgings. S. librarius is
much smaller than S. lignariuSj of an oval shape,
having the spire compactly coiled, and the mouth con-
sequently more contracted. It inhabits the Scandina-
vian coasts, in from 20 to 150 f., and [fide Torell)
Iceland.

Genus VII. PHILI'NE*, Ascanius. PL VIII. f. 7.

Body semioval, gelatinous and slimy, not containable
within the shell : mantle shield- like, covering the shell and
gill-plume : head oblong, wedge-shaped in front : tentacles not
distinct, but forming part of the head : eyes wanting : foot
broad, folded on each side as a flap, which together with the
paUial disk and head give the animal a quadrilobate appear-
ance : gizzard composed of three calcareous plates, which in
some species are shuttle-shaped and equal in size, and in
other species are similar to those of Scaphander : odontophore
without any rhachis or central tooth ; the uncini are claw-
shaped, and arranged in single or double file.

Shell wholly internal (being concealed under the mantle),
and thin : spire loosely coiled, smaU, and truncated : mouth
very large and open, not always as long as the spire : pillar
sharp-edged, flexuous, and visible throughout.

A description and figure of this genus by Professor
Ascanius were published in the 33rd volume of the
Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences at
Stockholm for 1772, the species on which it was
founded being the Bulla aperta of Linne. The ' Zoo-
logical Journal' for 1827 contains a valuable and in-
teresting account by Mr. Clark of several British species
which he examined in a living state.

* Possibly from " le Philin " of Adanson, a fancy name, applied by him
to a species of Cymbium. It should be Pkylline, if derived from the
leaf-like appearance of the shell ; but that name was given by Okcu to a
genus of parasitic Annelids.

PHILINE. 447

It is the genus Lobaria of Miiller, and Bullaa of La-
mark ; the former was carelessly referred by Rang to
the shelless genus Acera {^' acere '') of Cuvier.

A. Having a chain-like or punctate sculpture ; spire con-
spicuous.

N*. i"?^ 1. Philine scABRA*,[Miiller.^ \>^- <)^

Bulla scabra, Miill. Zool. Dan. ii. p. 41, t. Ixxi. f. 10-12. P. scabra,
F. & H. iii. p. 543, pi. cxiv. e. f. 4, 5, and (animal) pi. W. f. 1, as

Bullaa scabra.

Body elongated, whitish or creamcolour, sometimes minutely
speckled with black : mantle folded over the crown and under-
side of the shell, ending behind in two angular points : head
large, broad, and gibbous ; the upper part or tentacular disk is
rounded behind, and marked lengthwise by a slight darkish hne
of division: foot oval and very large, wedge-shaped in front, and
rounded behind ; side-lobes broad : gizzard-plates shuttle-
shaped and equal-sized, having a flat rib down the middle
with a small depression on each side : [odontophore armed with
two rows of uncini ; inner ones much the larger, lobed on the
inside and jagged ; outer ones minute and plain-edged
(Loven).]

Shell resembUng in shape a miniature Sccfphander ligna-
rius, but more cylindrical ; it is of a delicate texture, semi-
transparent, and of a glistening and iridescent lustre : sculp-
ture, numerous and close-set spiral and parallel rows of minute
oval dots which are interwoven and arranged hke the links of
a chain ; some of these rows being intermediate, and ap-
parently squeezed or compressed at the sides, become merely
fine lines ; the front edge or base of the mouth and top of the
outer lip are exquisitly fringed with sharpish points, like short
teeth of a comb : colour clear white when the shell is ex-
tracted from the animal, afterwards becoming milk-white:
spire sHghtly prominent : whorls 3 ; the body-whorl (as usual
in this genus) is disproportionately large and voluminous;
the other two are small, with an indistinct and thickened
nucleus : suture deep and channelled : mouth acute-angled
above, and greatly expanded below, with a squarish base :
outer lip gently curved, folding inwards on the upper part ;

* Scratched.

448 BULLID/E.

the top of this lip is below the spire ; inner corner cloven
or excavated, so as to cause a disjunction of the suture in
front and a partial separation of the body-whorl from the
next: inner Up forming a rather thick and broad glaze. L. 0-2.
B. 0-1.

Habitat : Living in sand at low-water mark of spring
tides, Gwyllyn vase, Falmouth (Barlee and Miss Vigurs,
fide Cocks) ; Hayle and Falmouth (Hockin) ; Porthcur-
now Cove, near the Land^s End (Miss Lavars) ; Mounts
Bay, Penzance (Templer) ; Scarborough (Bean and J.
G. J.) ; Northumberland coast (Alder) ; Dogger bank,
Coquet, and Berwick Bay (Mennell) ; Berwick (John-
ston) ; Tenby (Lyons) ; Cork, in stomach of the black
sole (Humphreys) ; co. Galway (Barlee) ; co. Antrim
(Hyndman and Waller) ; west of Scotland and the
Hebrides (Barlee and others) ; Moray Firth (Gordon) ;
Aberdeenshire (Macgillivray and Dawson) ; Shetland
(Forbes and others) : muddy sand and mud, 3-85 f.
Coralline Crag, Sutton (Wood) ; glacial bed in Norway,
50-70 feet (Sars) ; Nice (Risso); Palermo (Philippi).
Inhabiting Greenland (Moller) ; Iceland (Steenstrup) ;
Scandinavia, from the LofFoden Isles (Sars) to KuUa-
berg in Skane (Lilljeborg) ; Vigo Bay (M'Andrew) ; Gulf
of Lyons (Martin); Spezzia (Doria); Sicily (coll. Petit):
depths recorded 15-140 f.

From the stomachs of a flounder (Miiller) and had-
dock (Gordon). A comparatively gigantic specimen
was kindly presented to me by my old and esteemed
friend Mr. Waller, who dredged it at Groomsport ; it
measures four lines by two and a quarter.

Very distinct from Bulla scabra of Chemnitz, which
does not even belong to the present genus. Dillwyn
called our shell B. pectinata ; Risso described it (ap-
parently) as Scaphander patulus ; Leach (according to

PHILINE. 449

Turton) gave it the name of S. catenatus; it is the
Bullaa granulosa of Sars, partly the Bullcea angustata
of Philippi, Bullcea catena and Bullcea catenulifera of
Macgillivray, and Bulla dilatata of S. Wood.

P. lima ( Utriculus Lima) of Brown is stated by him
to have been found by Mr. Stewart Kerr at Greenock ;
and it would therefore be a glacial fossil of the Clyde
beds. It is allied to P. scabra, but differs from that
species in having a smaller and compact crown, a more
produced spire, and a less patulous mouth. It is the
Bulla lineolata of Couthouy, and probably the Bullcea
punctata of MoUer (not of Clark), its existing distribution
being confined to the eastern coasts of North America
and to Greenland.

fN/* g-f-i 2. p. CATE'NA*,(Montagu) \\^^

Bulla catena, Mont Test. Br. (i.) p. 215, t. 7. f. 7. P. catena, F. & H.
iii. p. 545, pi. cxiy. e. f. 6, 7, and (animal) pi. UU. f. 4, as Bulkea catena.

Body on the upper part yellowish-white ; the shield or
anterior portion, and the lateral lobes caused by the reflexion
of the foot on the back, are sprinkled with close-set very
minute reddish-brown points ; the posterior part of the body
is divided into one or two digitations. (Clark.)

Shell oval, compressed and expanding outwards, of delicate
but not fragile texture, semi transparent and glossy : sculpture,
numerous and close-set spiral rows of minute links, arranged
in a chain-like fashion, which vary in shape from roundish-
oval to oblong, besides occasional intermediate lines as in
P. scahra ; the edge of the mouth (especially at its base and
on the upper part of the outer hp) is finely scalloped by the
continuation of the spiral sculpture: colour as in the last species :
spire extremely small, but prominent: whorls 2-3, similar
(except in size) to those in the last species : suture narrow,
deep, and channelled : mouth equalling about three-fourths of
the circumference of the shell, broadly oval, contracted above
by the periphery, with a bluntly rounded (or almost truncated)

* From its chain-like sculpture.

450 BULLID^.

base : outer lip flexuous, slightly indented or concave in tlie
middle ; the top is level with the spire, the shell being placed
mouth downwards; inner comer cloven, and producing the
same partial disconnexion of the body-whorl as in the last
species : inner lip forming a broad and thickened glaze. L. 0-15.
B. 0-1.

Yar. zona. Rather more depressed, with a belt of clear
white in the middle, taking in from eight to ten of the chain-
like rows.

Habitat : Exmouth, alive in rock -pools at the time
of the lowest spring tides (Clark ) ; on different parts
of the coasts of South Devon, Cornwall, and Dorset
(Montagu, Tyacke, fide Forbes's MS., J. G. J., and
others) ; Guernsey (Barlee and J. G. J.) ; Tenby (J.
Adams and J. G. J.) ; Manorbeer near Tenby, and
Langland Bay near Swansea (J. G. J.) ; Scarborough
(Bean and J. G. J.) ; Northumberland (Alder) ; Ber-
wick Bay (Johnston) ; Cork (Humphreys, from the
stomach of a sole, and J. G. J.) ; Miltown-Malbay, co.
Clare (Harvey, fide Thompson) ; Arran Isles, co. Gal-
way (Barlee) ; Bundoran, co. Donegal (J. G. J.) ; Dub-
lin Bay (Walpole and J. G. J.) ; Lamlash, Isle of Bute
(Landsborough) ; Skye (Barlee); Firths of Forth and
Clyde (Brown) ; Shetland (Barlee) . The variety is
from Bigberry Bay, near Plymouth (Montagu), and
Guernsey (coll. Turton and J. G. J.) . P. catena occurs
in the Coralline Crag at Sutton (Wood, as Bullcea
sculpta) ; Palermo (Calcara, as B. punctata). Its extra-
British distribution, as a recent species, appears to be
southern, and comprises the Loire-Inferieure (Cailliaud),
Mediterranean, from the Gulf of Lyons (Martin) td
Sicily (Maravigna and Philippi), and-^gean, in 119 f.
(Forbes).

The gizzard resembles that of P. scabra, but is
smaller and has a shorter midrib. My largest specimens

PHILINE. 451

are from Galway and Shetland, and measure nearly two
lines in length.

Montagu refers the Bulla punctata of Adams (Linn.
Trans.) to this species : I believe he was right in doing
so. It is probably the Bullcea angustata of Bivona
(according to Philippi), and the Scaphander catenatus
of Leaches ' Synopsis.^

K« sje 3. P. angula'ta^, Jeffreys. \>^(\(:>.

Shell rhomboidal, depressed, fragile, transparent and glossy:

sculpture, numerous rows of very fine spiral striae, composed of

oval and almost microscopic dots, and appearing punctate ;

the upper part of the body-whorl is angulated or margined by

a sharpish keel, between which and the suture is a flattened

space marked with 5 of the spiral striae and sloping towards

the spire ; there is also a tendency to angularity in other

parts ; edge of the mouth plain or smooth : colour clear white,

becoming opaque in dead specimens which have been picked

out of shell-sand ; occasionally one or two transparent zones

may be seen, as in the variety of P. catena : spire extremely

small, shghtly prominent : whorls 2-3, conspicuous ; the outer

edge of each is keeled or ridged : suture deep and channelled :

mouth squarish, remarkably wide and large, nearly truncated

at the base : outer lip forming an obtuse angle at the junction

of the front and base ; the top is higher than the spire, and it

projects outwards (but all my specimens are more or less

broken in this part) ; inner corner deeply and widely cloven,

so as to make the disjunction of the outer whorl from the next

very conspicuous : inner lip forming a narrow but thick ledge

or fold, behind which is a slight depression. L. 0*1. B.

0-075.

Habitat; Larne, co. Antrim, Hebrides, and Shet-
land, in 60-80 f. (J. G. J.); Aberdeenshire (Dawson).
It is apparently rare.

The keeled spire will serve to distinguish this from
any other species of Philine in the present section.

* Angukir.

452 BULLIDiE.

t'l-^t . 4. P. QUADRA'TA^,(Searles Wood.) N*l57^

Bullaa quadrata, S. Wood in Ann. N. H. iii. p. 461, pi. vii. f. 1. P.
quadrata, F. & H. iii. p. 541, pi. cxiv. e. f. 2, 3.

Body whitish and semitransparent : head rounded : tentacles
not separate : eyes wanting : foot oblong, symmetrical and
even with the head in front : gizzard minute ; plates elliptical.

Shell squarish- oval, convex, contracted or compressed on
the upper part below the spire, and bluntly angulated in the
middle ; it is not very thin, is semitransparent, and when
fresh of a glistening lustre : sculpture, numerous rows of fine
spiral striae, which are composed of minute oval dots and ap-
pear punctate ; these striae are irregularly disposed, being in
some parts more close together than in others, and they here
and there form intermediate and slight lines ; the upper part
of the body-whorl is thickened and rounded, and the middle
is furnished with a blunt and slight spiral rib, which is usually
visible also within the mouth ; the top of the outer lip is de-
licately scalloped : colour white, crystalline when extracted
from the animal : spire small, more or less sunken ; apex ob-
scure: whorls 2-3, rounded; the inner ones are minute:
suture deep : mouth broadly oval, contracted above by the
periphery, and expanded below, with the base obliquely curved
and somewhat truncated : it occupies about two-thirds of the
underside of the shell : outer lip nearly straight in front and
forming an obtuse angle at the junction of that part with
the base ; the top is rather higher than the spire, and projects
outwards ; outer corner bluntly angular or rounded ; inner
corner receding and acute-angled, but not exhibiting any
further disjunction of the outer whorl from the next : inner lip
broad and thick. L. 0-25. B. 0-2.

Habitat : Mud and sand^ Dogger bank (Mennell and
J. G. J.) ; Whitburn (Abbes and Howse, fide Alder) ;
Arran Isles^ co. Galway (Barlee); Moray Firth (Gor-
don) ; Aberdeenshire (Dawson) ; Orkneys, 12-40 f.
(Thomas, fide Forbes) ; Shetland, 3-76 f. (M'Andrew
and others) ; Coralline Crag, Sutton (Wood) ; post-
glacial beds in Norway, 60-100 feet (Sars) . Its exist-

* Square.

PHILINE. 453

ing distribution beyond our seas, as at present known,
includes Nordland and Finmark, from 20 to 150 f.
(Loven and others), Greenland (Sars), and Massachu-
setts Bay (Stimpson).

The young and fry are more globose than the adult ;
in the former the spire is proportionally smaller and
more depressed or umbilicate, and in the latter it is
rudimentary and consists of only half a whorl. The fry
is perfectly smooth and very glossy. In all these
respects the present species differs from P. angulata.

It is the P. scutulum of Loven, and P.formosa of
Stimpson, the types of which I have examined.

-•-I (3". Adam'

Nosrs^ 5. P. PUNCTA'TA*,^eiaris^ f^ "^^ '

Bullcea jpunefata, Clark in Zool. Journ. iii. p. 339. P. punctata, F. & H.
iii. p. 547, pi. cxiv. e. f. 8, 9, and (animal) pi. UU. f. 5, as B. punctata.

Body oblong- oval, above dirty white, marked with the
finest longitudinal dark close lines, mixed with minute
streaks and points, giving the whole surface a dark cloud -
coloured sombre aspect ['^ tinged and speckled with reddish-
brown on a yellomsh ground," P. & H., ex fig. Alder] ; hinder
part digitated or lobed, and yellowish-white [" Its capital disk
seems difi'erent in shape, and much shorter and broader than
that of catena, and the margin of the mantle is not laminated,"
F. & H.]; gizzard minute, cylindrical, and yellow. (Clark.)

Shell oval, convex, but somewhat compressed in the
middle, of dehcate texture, nearly transparent, and glossy :
sculpture, extremely numerous and close-set spiral rows of
minute rings or impressed circular dots, which are not united
or chain-like, but appear punctate ; edge of the mouth plain
at its base and slightly scalloped at the top of the outer lip :
colour as in all the foregoing species : sj>ire very small, but pro-
minent : whorls 2, similar to those of the other species : suture
narrow, deep, and channelled : mouth regularly oval, rounded
at the base: outer Up flexuous, widely indented or sHghtly
concave in the middle ; the top Hes somewhat below the spire ;
outer corner bluntly angulated, and projecting ; inner corner

* Punctured : not a classical word.

454 BULLION.

cloven and causing a disconnexion of the outer whorl from the
next : inner Up narrow, folding over the pillar, behind which
is a depression or approach to an umbilicus. L. 0*1. B. 0*075.

Habitat : With P. catena at Exmouth (Clark) ; Tor-
Imy (Clark and J. G. J.) ; Burrow Island, near Saltash
(Barlee and Hanley); Land's End and Hayle (Hockin);
Whitesand Bay and Guernsey (J. G. J.) ; Scarborough
(Bean and J. G. J.); Northumberland coast, with P.
catena, ^^ rarely found alive in pools among the rocks
within tide-marks '^ (Alder) ; bays near Swansea,
Barmouth and Bundoran (J. G. J.) ; Miltown-Malbay,
CO. Clare (Harvey); Kilkee in the same county, and
Bundoran (Mrs. Hancock, ^c?e Thompson); Bantry Bay
(Norman) ; Dublin Bay (Warren and B. W. Adams) ;
Cumbrae (Landsborough and Robertson); The Minch
(J. G. J.); Loch Maddy (M'Intosh) ; Aberdeenshire
(Macgillivray and Dawson); off Troup Head on the
same coast, in 60 f. (Thomas, fide F. & H.) ; Shetland
(J. G. J.). Floroen in Norway (Sars, as P.pusilla);
Bohuslan (Malm, as P. quadrata) ; Algiers, 35 f. (M^An-
drew); ^gean, 119 f. (Forbes, as Bullaa alata). An
examination of the types has enabled me to determine
the above synonyms.

B. Sculpture latticed ; spire conspicuous.

,1 , ^^^*^> t

^•qb • 6. P. PRUiNo'sA^,(Clark.) K*! s%\

Butlesa pruinosa, Clark in Zool. Journ. iii. p. 339. P. pruinosa, F. & H.
iii. p. 549, pi. cxiv. f. f. 1, 2.

Body oblong (" convex above, flat beneath," Clark ; " parum
depressum," Loven) ; it is white, the tentacular disk and all
the margins being speckled with snowy points : mantle open
along the back, extended behind, and indented in the middle ;

* Like hoar-frost.

PHILINE. 455

maroon jagged : mouth having a transverse orifice, and armed
with a pair of homj ]Qiw% :' tentacles united to form a large
squarish-oval disk, which is notched in front : foot very large ;
sole as broad as it is long, somewhat exceeding half the length
of the whole body ; it is indented on each side in front ; side-
lobes wing-like, thick, and folding back, with jagged edges :
gizzard none ; but, instead of this organ, the stomach is fur-
nished with two horny and finely shagreened plates, one on
each side : gills arranged in a single coarsely pectinated plume,
situate under the shell. (Loven, and Clark's MS.)

Shell oval, tumid, but compressed or pinched in below the
apex, more solid than any of its congeners, nearly opaque,
glossy in the young only : sculpture, numerous strong and
irregular longitudinal wrinkly striae (fringed at their edges)
and finer spiral striae, which by intercrossing give the surface
a reticulated and frosty aspect, or that of lacework ; the reti-
culation is less distinct in full-grown specimens ; the very
young have spiral rows of circular dots, as in P. punctata ;
edges of the mouth plain : colour white, with frequently a broad
tawny band round the middle and a tinge of the same hue on
the upper part; these markings are rather evanescent, and
appear to be superficial: spire very small, sunk below the
apex or crown, which is considerably thickened : whorls 2|,
irregularly twisted and indistinct : suture deep and excavated :
mouth oval, contracted above by the periphery and inflexion
of the outer lip, curved below ; it occupies about two-thirds
of the under surface : outer lip flexuous, widely indented in
the middle, and bending inwards above ; edge often thick ; the
top slightly exceeds the crown in height; outer corner rounded;
inner comer receding and acute-angled : inner lip broad and
rather thick on the upper part, occasionally forming in the
middle a tooth-like process or fold (in one specimen converted
into a cluster of minute pearls), behind which is a distinct um-
bilical groove or depression. L. 0-25. B. 0-2.

Var. dilatata. Nearly smooth, more expanded and some-
what angular at the sides, and abruptly attenuated towards
the crown. L. 0-075. B. 0-05.

Habitat : Dredged off Budleigh Salterton (Clark);
Plymouth (Webster) ; Falmouth, in trawl-refuse (Miss
Vigurs^^^e Cocks); Whitburn, dredged and from the
stomachs of fish (Ho^^q, fide Alder); Loch Fyne and

456 BULLION.

Hebrides (Barlee and others) ; Firth of Forth (Fleming,
fide F. & H.); Moray Firth (Gordon); Aberdeenshire
(Dawson) ; Shetland (Barlee and J. G. J.) : depths 18-
70 f. Bohuslan (Loven); Norway, in 30-60 f., sandy
mud (Danielssen). The variety is from Shetland.

" The animal flaps the sides of the foot upwards and
downwards, as if beating the water, with considerable
quickness, especially when first taken from the sea."
(Clark^s MS.)

The fry is devoid of sculpture ; it differs from that of
P. quadrata (which is also smooth) in being much
smaller at the top, and in having the sides angulated
and projecting.

C. Smooth ; spire conspicuous.

^ ^ 7. P. ni'tida^ Jeffreys. ^^ S$7-

Shell oblong, convex, very thin and fragile, nearly trans-
parent, and of a polished lustre : sculpture, none on the body-
whorl ; but the spire has two keels or ridges, one at the outer
edge of each whorl, and the other in the middle, giving this
part an angulated appearance : colour clear- white, becoming
opaque in dead specimens : spire flattened, placed somewhat
obUquely ; it is quite exposed and occupies the top of the shell :
whorls 2|, irregularly twisted, but distinct: suture deep and
excavated: mouth oval, truncated above, wide and rounded
below ; its area equals about two-thirds of the under surface :
outer lip expanded, squarish at the top, and gently curved in
the middle ; it is level with the spire, viewed mouth down-
wards, and is below it, viewed mouth upwards ; outer comer
angular and projecting ; inner corner considerably receding and
acute-angled : inner lip forming a broad glaze on the upper
part, and reflected on the pillar ; there is no umbilical groove
or depression. L. 0*075. B. 0-05.

Habitat : Skye (J. G. J.) ; Haroldswick Bay, Unst
* jGHpssy.

PHILINE. 457

(Dawson). It is as yet r.are. My Skye specimen lias
the remains of the mantle still adhering to the spire on
the outside,, showing that the shell is internal. Being
minute, I have carefully compared all the specimens
(half a dozen) with the fry of other species of Philine,
as well as with those of Utriculus and Acera. 1 cannot
identify this with any of them. In the last two genera
the fry has the same cylindrical shape as the adult, and
the first whorl or nucleus of the spire is nipple-shaped.
Phyline sinuata of Stimpson (from 6 i., sand, in Bos-
ton Harbour) appears to be aUied to the present species ;
but the spire of the North- American shell is represented
as rounded instead of carinated or angular.

D. Smooth ; spire indistinct.
IV*.5^ ^* -P* APERTA"^, (Linne.)

Bulla ajperta, Linn. S. N. p. 1 183. P. a'perta, F. & H. iii. p. 539, pi. cxiv. e.
f. 1, and (animal) pi. UU. f. 1, as Bullaa aperta.

Body broadly oval, rather convex above and flat underneath,
slimy, and of a consistency between gelatinous and fleshy, pale
yellowish-white or sometimes nearly clear white, with nume-
rous minute snowy specks : mantle shield-like, with a mem-
branous margin in front, and forming behind an angular lobe
which covers the crown of the sheU: head or anterior disk
somewhat elongated, gently curved or squarish in front (now
and then slightly notched in the middle of this part), and
truncated behind : tentacles, or eyes, none : foot flexible, usually
rounded in front, with a membranous margin; side-lobes
thickened and folded back; these lobes, with the head-disk
and paUial shield, give a quadripartite appearance to the animal:
gizzard composed of three calcareous plates, united by a strong
cartilage ; they are concave on the outside, and covered over
with a thin tightly stretched membrane ; two of the plates,
which flank the sides, have the shape of an inequilateral tri-
angle, and are equal-sized ; the third is smaller and lozenge-

* Open.

VOL. IV. X

458 BULLIDiE.

shaped, lying at the base between the two lateral plates ; each
plate has two small holes (muscular impressions?) in the
middle : odontophore, rhachis wanting ; uncini 12-15, arranged
in a single row, claw-shaped, and furnished on the inner side
with a jagged crest.

Shell squarish oval, depressed in front, very thin and fra-
gile, semitransparent, glossy, and iridescent : sculpture, plait-
like and irregular lines of growth, and a few extremely slight
and more irregular spiral lines, which latter are not discern-
ible except with a lens and at certain angles of light; the
texture, examined under a microscope, resembles curdled milk :
colour whitish, with sometimes two or three clear streaks across
the back : spire very loosely coiled, with the nucleus extremely
small and concealed by a shelly deposit from the hinder lobe
of the mantle ; it is always more or less indented, and in the
young is slightly umbilicate : mouth roundish-oval, of enor-
mous size compared with that of the convoluted portion, and
occupying seven-eighths of the under surface ; it is obliquely
truncated above, and rounded below : outer lip dilated, with
a sinuous and very thin edge ; the upper part slopes outwards,
and projects considerably beyond the spire ; inner comer re-
ceding and acute-angled : inner lip spread over the pillar, and
forming at the angle where it meets the outer lip a thick and
shapeless callus : pillar sharp and flexuous ; there is no um-
bihcal groove or depression. L. 0-85. B. 0-7.

Yar. patula. Smaller, with the mouth larger and more
expanded.

Habitat : Sand, from low-water mark of spring tides
to 50 f., on all our coasts between the Firth of Forth
(Forbes) and Jersey (Dodd). It seems to attain its
largest dimensions in the Bristol Channel ; specimens
which I found in Swansea Bay are nearly an inch and
a quarter in length. The variety is from Tenby, Dub-
lin Bay, and Connemara. I am not aware that this
species has occurred in a fossil state except at Belfast,
where Mr. Grainger observed it. Its existing distri-
bution comprises the Atlantic sea-board from Upper
Norway to the Canaries, the Mediterranean, Adriatic,
and iEgean, at depths varying from 4 to 110 f.j speci-

PHILINE. 459

mens from tlie Cape of Good Hope (the original locality
given by Linne) , Australia, and New Zealand appear to
be specifically identical with those from the north of
Europe.

Its burrow or track is not unlike the run of a
mole. When placed in a dish of sea- water, its gliding
motion is so slow and gradual as to be perceptible only
by marking the distance traversed. Mr. Daniel detec-
ted sessile Foramiuifera in its gizzard ; one now before
me contains an Echinocyamus pusillm. Sometimes the
plates of the gizzard, instead of being convex on the
inner side, become concave by the continual process of
shell-crushing. According to Loven the fry is enclosed
in a spiral shell, and swims by means of a vibratile head-
veil or lobe ; it is eyeless, but furnished with an oper-
culum ; the eggs are extremely numerous, and arranged
in a single row, forming a very long and loosely twisted
rope like a necklace ; these are enveloped in oval gelati-
nous and transparent capsules. Another, but less pre-
cise, description of the spawn has been lately published
in the ' Comptes Rendus ' by Lacaze-Duthiers (who,
however, does not allude to Loven's account) ; and he
notices some double embryos. The gizzard was first
made known and figured by Colonna, who mistook it
for an operculum. Miiller gave full particulars of this
curious instrument ; but he left it to posterity to inquire
its use. Strange to say, this great zoologist seems to
have imagined that the shell of this species (which he
calls Bulla Candida) belonged to some other mollusk,
which had served as food for his Lobaria ! The spire is
visible in Baltic specimens, and consists of between two
and three whorls ; this is clearly shown in the admirable
illustrations which accompany the first volume of the
work of Meyer and Mobius on the fauna of Kiel Bay.

x2

460 BULLION.

Plancus says that the fishermen in his time called
this shell '' amygdala marina ^' (sea-almond) ; it is the
Philine quadripartita of Ascanius_, Lobaria quadrilcba
of Miiller, Bulla bulla of Da Costa, and Bullcea plan-
ciana of Lamarck ; the fry is Bulla emarginata of Adams.
In Gmelin^s edition of the ^ Systema Naturae ' it is placed
among the Testacea as Bulla aperta, and among the
Mollusca as Lobaria qitadriloba. Among the synonyms
quoted by Martini in his ^ Conchylien-Cabinet/ is the
fanciful one of " unguis humana/' derived from Colonna ;
the genders are thus treated somewhat in the German
fashion. Pfeiffer named the South African specimens
Bullcea Capensis, and Philippi B. Schroeteri. ThesC;,
like the European, vary in convexity, size of the con-
voluted portion, and height of the outer lip. I have
in vain attempted to discover a single character by
which they can be distinguished.

And now, good Reader, I should be sorry if you have
complained of my being too voluminous. I never pro-
fessed to make this a manual; nor have I yet quite
done. Let me remind you of the advice given by
Seneca (De Ira, Lib. iii. c. 31. § 3), '^Age potius
gratias pro his quae accepisti : reliqua expecta, et non-
dum plenum te esse gaude. Inter voluptates est, su-
peresse quod speres.^^

The next volume will complete the work, and contain
an account of the few remaining Pleurobranchiata, the
Nudibranchs (by Mr. Alder), the marine Pulmono-
branchs, the Pteropods, and the Cephalopods, a Sup-
plement to the volumes already published, and other
useful matter, besides plates (plain and coloured) by Mr.

ANNOUNCEMENT. 461

Sowerby, to represent all- the species and remarkable
varieties of British shells. Most of these plates are
engraved, and the colouring is in progress.

ERRATA.

Page 28, lines 12-13 from bottom, omit the words '* B. BallicB of
Thompson."
„ 47, line 14 from bottom, for " L. 001 " read " L. 01."
,, 55, line 6 from bottom, for " Cuaplidcs " read " Capulida."
„ 68, line 5 from top, for " Akera " read " Acer a"
„ 84, line 6 from bottom, for " Christophori " read '* Oristofori"
„ 91, line 16 from top, for " Broun " read " Bronn."
„ 108, line 7 from bottom, for " 1862 " read " 1826."
„ 167, line 13 from top, for "was (although loosely)" read "(with

others) was."
„ 193, line 3 from top, for " Mangilia " read " Pteurotoma."
,, 209, line 4 from bottom, for " Renieri " read " Renier."
„ 217, line 12 from bottom, for "south-west " read " north-west."
„ 265, after CERITHIOPSID JE, for " Gray" read " P. P. Carpenter."
„ 301, Triton nodiferus. In strictness the specific name ought to

be NODIFER.

„ 314, lines 5 and 12 from top, for " L. hrunnea " read " L. minimal

,, 356, line 15 from top, for " Pleurotomatidcs " read " PkurotomidcB.'^

„ 359, line 15 from top, for " Manglia " read " Mangilia.''^

„ 360, for " PLEUROTOMATID^ " read " PLEUROTOMID^."

Pleurotoma is certainly feminine (from irXevpov and rofiii]),

and not (as Philippi would have it) neuter. I was at first

misled by his statmg that those who make Pleurotoma a

noun of the first declension, and of the feminine gender, offend

against the laws of grammar (Moll. Sic. ii. p. 165, footnote).

Anatomia, apotome, and epitoma or epitome, formed from the

same rerb (re^vo)), are all feminine.

„ 381, line 4 from top, omit the words " Hanley described it as P.

MetcaJfei."
„ „ line 8 from top, for "P. costatum" read "P. costata"
,, „ line 12 from top, for ^^ P. proximum" read " P. proxima"
„ 386, lines 7-8 from bottom, omit the words " and Baphitomapolita

of Brusina."
„ „ line 8 from bottom, omit the words " P. nigra of Potiez and

Michaud."
„ 388, line 9 from bottom, for " Hanley " read " Reeve."
„ 397, line 14 from bottom, after "probably" add "and in part."
„ 399, line 13 from bottom, for " wegde-shaped " read "wedge-
shaped."

462

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION.

Table of geographical and geological distribution.

(See Vol. I. pp. 314-320, Vol. II. p. 448-451, and
Vol. III. pp. 377-380.)

Species.

g

I

i

1

Extra-European localities.

Gastropoda {continued
from vol. iii. p. 380).

Rissoa striatula

—

—

9

p

North Africa.

North Africa, Madeira, and

Canaries.
Canaries.
North Africa.
Greenland.
North America.
Canaries.

North Africa, and Canaries.
North Africa, and Canaries.
North Africa, and Canaries.

North Africa, and Canaries.
North Africa.
North Africa.
Greenland, Northern Asia,

and Canaries.
Canaries. ,

North Africa.

North Africa.
Canaries.

Madeira, Greenland, and

Massachusetts.
North Africa.
North Africa.

North Africa, and Canaries.
Canaries.

cancellata

calathus . .

reticulata

cimicoides

Jeifreysi

punctura

abyssicola

Zetlandica

costata . . «

parva

inconspicua

albella

membranacea ....

costulata

pulcherrima

fulgida

soluta ...... ....

semistriata

cingillus

Hydrobia ulvse . . ....

Barleeia rubra

Jeffreysia diaphana

opalina

globularis

Skenea planorbis

Homalogyra atomus ....

rota

Csscum trachea

glabrum

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION.

463

Species.

1

1

0

If

Extra-European localities.

il

o

H

Gastropoda {continued).

Turritella terebra

North Africa.

Truncatella truncatula ....

North Africa, and Canaries.

Scalaria Turtonae

North Africa, and Madeira.

communis

—

North Africa, and Canaries.

Trevelyana

clathratula

—

North Africa.

Aclis unica

—

—

ascaris

supranitida

—

_

North Africa, and Madeira.

Walleri

Gulsonae

Odostomia minima

•

nivosa

truncatula

clavula

Lukisi

albella

rissoides

—

North Africa.

pallida

—

conoidea ....

—

~

North Africa, and Canaries ;
?EedSea.

umbilicaris . .

acuta

—

—

—

Canaries.

conspicua

—

—

unidentata ....

?—

—

? North Africa.

turr^ita

Canaries.

plicata

—

—

North Africa.

insculpta

—

—

diaphana ....

obliqua

—

—

dolioliformis . .

—

—

decussata

clathrata ....

Canaries.

indistincta. , ..

—

—

—

Canaries.

interstincta . .

Canaries.

spiralis

—

—

—

eximia

—

fenestrata

North Africa.

excavata

—

—

North Africa.

scalaris

1

—

—

—

North Africa, and United
States.

1 ruf a

—

—

North Africa, Madeira, and
Canaries.

lactea

—

—

—

North Africa, Madeira, and

Canaries.

pusilla

—

—

North Africa.

464

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION.

Species.

"5 [ ^^"g Extra-European localities.

Gastropoda {continued).

1

Odostomia Scillae

—

—

Madeira and Canaries.

aeicula

North Africa.

nitidissiraa

—

lanthina rotundata

—

—

Madeira and Canaries ;
? Azores.

Stilifer Turtoni

—

—

Canaries.
North Africa.

Eulima polita

intermedia

—

—

—

North Africa, Madeira, and
Canaries.

distorta

—

—

North Africa, Madeira, and
Canaries; ?Mazatlan.

stenostoma

—

subulata

—

—

North Africa, and Madeira.

bilineata

—

Natica Islandica

—

—

Northern Asia and North
America.

G-roenlandica

—

—

Northern Asia and North
America (east and west).

sordida

North America.

catena

Alderi

—

—

—

North Africa.

Montacuti

Adeorbis subcarinatus ....

North Africa.

Lamellaria perspicua ....

—

—

—

North Africa, Madeira, Azores,
and North America.

Velutina plicatilis

—

Greenland and Northern Asia.

laevigata

—

—

Northern Asia and North
America (east and west).

Torellia vestita

Trichotropis borealis ....

—

—

North America and Northern
. Asia.

Aporrhais pes-pelecani . .

—

—

—

North Africa.

Macandreae ....

—

Cerithium metula

?—

United States.

reticulatum . .

—

—

—

North Africa, Madeira, and
Canaries.

perversum ....

"

~

"

North Africa, Madeira, Cana-
ries, and North-west Ame-
rica.

Cerithiopsis tubercularis . .

~

"

~

North Africa, Madeira, Ca-
naries, Azores, and United

States.

Barleei

pulchella

Metaxa ....

—

North Africa, Madeira, and

Canaries.

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION.

465

u

fe^

Species.

%

1
3

Extra-European localities.

§,

O

^&

Gastropoda {continued).

Cerithiopsis costulata

—

Greenland.

Purpura lapillus

North Africa, Azores,Northern
Asia, North America (east
and west), and Mexico.

Buccinum undatum

—

North America.

Humphreysianum

?

Buccinopsis Dalei

—

?Sea of Okhotsk and Behring's
Straits.

Triton nodifer

North Africa, and Azores.

cutaceus .....'...

North Africa, and Canaries.

Murex erinaceus

—

—

—

North Africa, Madeira, and
Azores.

aciculatus

—

—

—

North Africa, Madeira, and
Canaries.

Lachesis minima

?-

North Africa, and Madeira. ■

Trophon muricatus

—

? Massachusetts.

Barvicensis

truncatus

—

North America.

Fusus antiquus

—

Norvegicus

Greenland and Sea of Okhotsk.

Turtoni

Greenland.
Northern Asia.

Islandicu3

gracilis

propinquua

—

buccinatus

Berniciensis

fenestratus

Nassa reticulata

North Africa.

nitida

—

North Africa.

North Africa, Madeira, and

incrassata

Azores.

pygmaea

—

North Africa.

Columbella haliseeti

—

nana

Defrancia teres

North Africa, Madeira, and
Canaries.

gracilis

—

—

North Africa, Madeira, and
Canaries.

Leufroyi

—

—

—

North Africa, Madeira, and
Canaries.

linearis

—

—

—

North Africa, Madeira, and
Canaries.

reticulata

—

North Africa.

purpurea

—

—

—

North Africa, Madeira, and
Canaries.

Pleurotoma striolata ....

—

—

Madeira and Canaries.

466

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION.

Specie8.

1

^

13

Extra-European localities.

^

1

^1

Gastropoda {continued).

Pleurotoma attenuata ....

—

North Africa, and Canaries.

costata

rugulosa ....

North Africa.

brachystoma . .

, —

North Africa.

nebula

—

North Africa, and Madeira.

laevigata

—

North Africa, and Azores.

nivalis

septangularis

—

—

? —

North Africa, Madeira, and
Canaries.

rufa

turricula

G-reenland and United States.

Trevelyana . .

—

North America (east and west).

Marginella lasvis

—

North Africa.

Cypraja Europsea

—

North Africa.

Ovula patula

Cylichna acuminata

North Africa.

nitidula

umbilicata

—

North Africa.

cylindracea ....

—

North Africa, Madeira, and

Canaries.

alba

North America(eastandwe8t).
North Africa, and Canaries.

Utriculus mammillatus . .

truncatulus ....

North Africa, and Canaries.

obtusus

North-east America ; ? Green-
land.

ventrosus

expansus

hyalinus

Madeira, Canaries, and North
America.

Acera bullata

—

—

North Africa.

Act£eon tornatilis

Bulla hydatis

—

North Africa, and Canaries.

utriculus

.

North Africa, and Canaries.

Scaphander lignarius

—

North Africa.

Philine scabra

—

—

—

catena

angulata

quadrata

Greenland and Massachusetts.

punctata

—

—

North Africa.

pruinosa

nitida

—

—

—

North Africa, Madeira, Ca-
naries, Cape of Good Hope,

aperta

Australia, and New Zea-

land.

Total 182

160

126

93

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION. 467

This Table (excluding doubtful cases) showSj with
regard to the British seas, 114 northern and southern,
46 peculiarly northern, and 12 peculiarly southern
species ; 10 other species have not yet been noticed on
any foreign coast. The following species occur in our
newer tertiaries, viz. : — Turritella polaris, T. reticulata^
Scalaria Grcenlandica, Acirsa borealis, Natica affinis,
N. Smithii, Velutina undata, V. lanigera, Trichotropis
insigniSf Admete viridula, Cerithium tuberculatum, Bug-
cinum GrcBnlandicum, B. plicosum, Trophon clathratus,
T. craticulatus, Fusus despectus, F, latericeus, Columbella
Holbollii, Pleurotoma pyramidalis, Cylichna striata, and
Philine lima ; all these, except Cerithium tuberculatum,
inhabit the arctic seas. Of the species given in the
present Table as fossil, 24 are peculiarly northern, and
4 peculiarly southern; the rest are common to both
divisions.

INDEX TO VOL. IV.

The synonyms, as well as the names of spurious species, and of species,
genera, and other groups which are not described in this volume, are in
italics. — The figures in smaller type refer to the page in which the description
of species, genera, and higher groups will be found.

Jcera, Cuv., 447.
Accra, Lam., 429.
AcERA, Miill., 429, 431, 457.

buUata, MiilL, 68, 430, 431.
Achates, Gistel, 186.
Achatina, 436.
Acirsa, Morch, 98.

borealis, Beck, 98,
AcLis, Lov., 99, 102, 107, 110, 192.

ascaris, Turt., 102, 103, 105, 106.

Gulsonse, Clark, 106, 107, 115.

supranitida, S. Wood, 100, 103,
105.

unica, Mont., 100, 107.

Walleri, Jeffr., 105.
Action, De Montf., 110, 432, 433.

subulatm, S. Wood, 435.

tenellus, Lov., 435.

tomatilis, L., 433, 435.

tornatilis, var. tenella, 435.
Acteon, Pe Mont., 432.
Adeorbis, S. Wood, 230, 231.

subcarinata, F. & H., 231.

subcarinatus, Mont., 231.

supranitida, S. Wood, 232.
Admete, 248.

crispa, Moll., 248.

viridula, Fabr., 248.
AJcera, Mull., 429.

bullata, Mull., 430.
Alvania, Leach, 2, 3, 100.

albella, Leach, 104.

Beani, Brus., 13.

Cranchiana, Leach, 129.

Europea, Risso, 50.

Fremingvilleana, Risso, 50.

glabra. Leach, 104.

mamillata, Risso, 50.

supranitida, S. Wood, 103.
VOL. IV.

Amauropsis, Morch, 212.
Amethystina, Schintz, 186-
Ammonicerina, Costa, 69.

pavoicostata, Costa, 73.

pulchella, Costa, 73.

simplex, Costa, 71.
Amphidesma nitens, 50.
Amphisphyra, Lov., 419, 420.

expansa, Jeffr., 426.

globosa, Jeffr., 425.

globosa, Lov., 419, 425, 426.

hyalina, F. & H., 427.
Ampullaria, 220.
Ancylus lacustris^ 445.
Ancnnia, 309.
Aplustrum, 419.
Aplysia, 88, 410, 429, 433.
Aporrais, Gualt., 249.
ApoRRHAiDiE, Trosch., 248, 274.
Aporrkais, Aldr., 249.
Aporrhais, Da Costa, 249, 295.

Macandrese, Jeffr., 253, 294.

pes-carbonis, Brongn., 254.

pes-carbonis, F. & H., 253.

pes-pelecani, L., 249, 250, 254, 264.

quadrifidtbs, Da Costa, 252.

Serresiana, 254, 294.
Aporrhais, Klein, 249.
Aquillus, De Montf., 305.
ArchitectomidcB, Gray, 231.
Architectonicida, H. & A. Adams,

231.
Argonaut a, 183.
Assiminea litorina, 71.
Assula, Schum., 443.
Auricula, Lam., 129.

bifasciata. Mart,, 436.
Auriculina, Gray, 109.

exilissima, Brus., 144.

470

INDEX.

Balds, Leach, 201.

arcuator, Leach, 207.

testacea. Leach, 209.
Barleeia, Clark, 56.

rubra, Mont., 2, 3, 55, 56, 57.

rubra, var. unifasciata, 3, 57.
BarleeiadcB, Gray, 55.
Bela Cranchiana, Leach, 394.
Bifrontia, 67, 74.
Bittium, Leach, 256.
Bonellia, 109.
Brochina, Gray, 77.
BrochuSy Brown, 75.

annulattis, Brown, 77.

arcuatus. Brown, 79.

glabrus, Brown, 79.

Uevis, Brown, 79.

reticulatus, Brown, 77.

striatus. Brown, 77.

trachiformis, Brown, 77.
Brownia, D'Orb., 235.
BucciNA, 285.
BucciNiDiE, Flem., 273, 296, 297,345,

361.
BucciNOPSis, Jeffr., 297, 298.

Dalei, J. Sow., 298, 343.
BucciNUM, L., 55, 218, 231, 274, 284,
290, 297, 298, 315, 322, 345,397.

acuminatum, Brod., 287.

ambiguum, Pult., 353.

anglicum, Gm., 283.

anffustius &c.. List., 337.

Ascanius, Brug., 353,

asperulum, Brocchi, 353.

Bornianum &c., Chemn., 287.

breve. Ad., 283.

brunneum, Don., 314.

cancellatum &c.. List., 349.

carinatum, Phipps, 287.

carinatum, Turt., 287.

ciliatum, Fabr., 294, 295, 296.

cinctum, Pult., 358.

coccinella, Lam., 353.

Comubiense, Pet., 283.

corrugatum, Brocchi, 358.

cosiatum. Da Costa, 381, 392.

crassum, Nyst, 300.

Dalei, J. Sow., 298.

decussatum, Penn., 296.

deforme, Reeve, 298.

fusifoTTne, Brod., 295, 343, 344.

glaciak, L., 287, 295.

gracile, Costa, 338.

gracile, Da Costa, 335.

BucciNUM (continued).

Groenlandicum, Ch., 293, 294, 295.

hcemastoma, L., 283.

Humphreysianum, Benn., 288, 293,
294, 295, 344.

Humphreysianum, Moll., 295.

imjperiale, Reeve, 287.

incrassatum, J. Sow., 353.

{Incrassatum), Strom, 351.

Labradorense, Reeve, 293.

IcBve, Ad., 283.

lapillus, L., 276.

macula, Mont., 353.

magnum. Da Costa, 328.

minimum, Mont., 313.

minimum, Turt., 314.

minutum. Ad., 397.

minutum, Penn,, 353.

omm, Turt., 300.

pedicular e, Lam., 355.

plicosum, Menke, 296.

porcatum. Da Costa, 310.

porcatum, Gm., 293.

porcatum, Pult., 296.

pullus, L., 349.

pullus, Penn., 349.

purpuro-buccinum, Da Costa, 283.

Puxleianum, Leach, 295.

reticulatum, L., 346.

reticulatum, 01., 349.

rosaceum, Gould, 360.

rubrum, Pot. & Mich., 314.

Sabinii, Gray, 335.

striatum, Penn., 286.

striatum, Phil., 294.

tessulatum, 01., 349.

tritonium, De Bl., 355.

{truncatum), Strom, 319.

tuberculatum, Turt., 355.

undatum, L., 280, 284, 285, 289,
290, 291, 293, 297, 323, 325,399,
405.

undatum, var. Zetlandica, Forbes,
286, 294.

ventricosum, Kien., 294.

vulgare. Da Costa, 293.

vulgatum, Gm., 349.
Bullms, Brown, 212.
Bulbus, Humphr., 212.
Bulimus anatinus, Poir., 54.

decollatus, 193.
Bulla, Klein, 62, 88, 410, 429, 433,
436, 438.

acuminata, Brug., 411.

INDEX.

471

Bulla (continued).

acuminata, J. Sow., 412.
akera, Gm., 432.
alba, Turt., 441.
ampulla, L., 439, 442.
ampulla, Penn., 439.
aperta, L., 446, 457, 460.
Blainvilliana, !R6cl., 415.
bulla. Da Costa, 460.
canaliculata, L,, 432.
Candida, Miill., 459.
carnea, Gm., 408.
carnosa, Cuv., 429.
catena, Mont., 449.
conulus, Desh., 415.
conulus, S. Wood, 414.
convoluta, Brocchi, 417-
cornea, Lam., 439.
corticata, Beck, 418.
Cranchii, Leach, 439, 440, 441.
crassa &c., Walk., 423.
cylindracea, Chier., 423.
cylindracea, Da Costa, 417.
cylindracea, Penn., 415.
cylindrica, Brug., 417.
cylindrica, Chemn., 417.
cylindrica, Scaechi, 423.
dehilis, Gould, 429.
denticulata, Ad., 425.
dilatata. Leach, 439,
dilatata, S. Wood, 449.
elastica, Dan. & Sandri, 432.
elegans. Leach, 439.
emarqinata, Ad., 460.
jlexiiis, Mont., 240.
fragilis. Lam., 432.
fucicola, Chier., 412.
hyalina, Gm., 429.
hyalina, Turt., 427.
hydatis, L., 437, 438, 439.
ieverensis, Schr., 423.
insculpta, Tott., 419.
Lajonkaireana, Basterot, 424.
latens, Strom, 236.
lignaria, L,, 443.
lineolata, Couth., 449.
mammillata, Phil., 420.
media, Phil., 442.
minuta, Macg., 421.
minuta, Woodw., 425.
modesta, Kisso, 441.
navicula, Da Costa, 439.
Norvegica, Brug., 432.
obstricta, Gould, 424.

Bulla {continued).

obtusa, Mont., 423.

Oliva, Gm., 417.

papyracea, Ulysses, 439.

patula, Penn., 407.

pectinata, Dillw., 448.

pemphis, Phil, 439.

pisum., Delle Ch., 439.

plicatilis, Miill., 239.

producta, Brovm, 417.

punctata, Ad., 451.

puncto-striata, Migh. & Ad., 441.

punctura, Johnst., 441.

Eegulbiensis, Ad. (Micr.), 425.

Beinhardi, Holb., 419.

resiliens, Don., 432.

retusa, Mat. & Eack., 423.

scabra, Chemn., 448.

scabra, Miill,, 447.

semisulcata, Phil., 423.

striata, Brug., 441, 442.

striatula, Foi*b., 421.

subangulata, Moll., 429.

triticea. Couth., 418.

truncata, Ad., 423.

truncata, Gm., 423.

truncatula, Brug., 421.

truncatula, JeflPr., 421.

turrita, M6U., 424.

umhilicata, Mont., 413.

utricula, Nyst, 441.

utriculus, Brocchi, 439, 440, 441,
442.

utriculus, Brisso, 439.

velutina, Miill., 238, 240, 242.

virescens. Sow., 439.

voluta parva &c,, Chemn,, 432.

zonata, Turt., 445.
BulladcB, Clark, 409.
Bullcea, Lam,, 447.

alata, Forb., 454.

angustata, Biv., 451.

angustata, Phil., 449.

aperta, F. & H., 457.

Capensis, Pf., 460.

catena, F. & H., 449.

catena, Macg., 449.

catenulifera, Macg., 449.

granulosa, Sars, 449.

planciana, Lam., 460.

pruinosa, Clark, 454.

punctata, Calc, 450.

punctata, Clark, 449, 453.

punctata, Moll,, 449.

472

INDEX.

Bullma (continued).

quadrata, S. Wood, 452.

acabra, R & H., 447.

L^chroeteri, Phil.. 460.

sculpta, Wood, 450.
Bullaina, Macg., 410.
Bullion, Clark, 64, 193, 211, 409,

410.
Bullina, Mr., 419.
Bullina, Risso, 419.

producta, Macg., 417.
Bullus, De Montf., 437.

CcBcidcB, Gray, 74.
CiECUM, Flem., 67, 73, 74.

annulatum, Brown, 77.

glabrum, Mont., 77, 79, 193.

mammillatum, S. Wood, 76.

pulchellum, Stimps., 74.

trachaa, Caill., 77.

trachea, Mont., 73, 74, 75, 78, 193.
Calcarella, Soul., 235.
Campulotus, Guett,, 193.
Canalifera, Reeve, 192.
Cancellaria, 243, 248.

viridula, 248.
Cancellariadcs, F. & H., 243.

CANCELLARIIDiE, F. & H., 243.

CapulidcB, 55.

Capulus, 245.

Cassis testiculus, L., 296.

Ceratia, Ad., 3.

Cerithiadcs, Flem., 255.

CERiTHiiDiE, Flem., 255.

CERiTHiopsiDiE, P. Carp., 192, 265,

409.
Cerithiopsis, F. & H., 261, 265, 361.

Barleei, Jeffr., 268.

costulata, Moll., 272.

Metaxa, Delle Ch., 271.

nivea, Jeffr., 273.

pulchella, Jeffr., 269.

tuherculare, F. & H., 266.

tubercularis, Mont., 265, 266, 269,
270.

tubercularis, monstr. Clarkii, 258,
267.

tuherculata, P. Carp., 268.
Cerithium, Adanson, 192, 249, 255,
256, 263, 265, 266, 267.

acicula, Brus., 268.

adversum, F. & H., 261, 263.

afrum, Dan. & Sandri, 261.

angustinum, M'Andrew, 272.

Cerithium {continued).

angustissimum, Forb., 272.

arcticum, Morch, 273.

hicinctum, Sars, 258.

cancellatum, Brown, 263.

costatum, Da Costa, 264.

creperum, S. Wood, 272.

cribrartum, S. Wood, 272.

Crosseanum, Tib., 272.

Banicum, Beck, 260.

Enter sonii, C. B. Adams, 257.

ferrugineum, Brug., 261.

fuscatum, L., 264.

Greenei, C. B. Adams, 267.

Henkelii, Nyst, 268.

Henkeltbsii, Nyst, 268.

Latreilii, Payr., 260.

lima, Brug., 261.

metula, Lov., 256, 269.

metula, var., Malm, 273.

minimum, Brus., 268.

Naiadis, Woodw., 273.

nitidum, M'Andr. & Forb., 258.

perversum, L., 256, 261, 263, 267.

pygmcBum, Phil., 268.

reticulatum. Da Costa, 258, 260,
261, 263, 265.

scabrum, 01., 261.

Spencerianum, Leach, 167.

subulatum, Mont., 264.

telescopium, 255.

trilineatum, Phil., 270.

tuberculatum, L., 264.

imlgatum, Brug., 264.
Ceritium, Pre v., 256.
Chemnitzia, D'Orb., 102, 109, 110,
115, 148.

Barleei, Clark, 156.

curvicostata, S. Wood, 151.

densecostata, Phil., 110.

ekgantissima, F. & H., 110, 164,
273.

eximia, F. & H., 155.

fasciata, Req., 164.

fenestrata, F. & H., 110, 156.

formosa, F. & H., 164.

fulwcincfa, F. & H., 163.

gracilis, De Kon., 166.

gracilis, Phil, 110, 166.

Chulsona, Clark, 106.

indistincta, F. & H., 149.

lactea, 110.

M' Andrei, F. & H., 169.

minima, Horn., 116.

INDEX.

173

Chemnitzia (continued).
nitidissima, S. Wood, 172.
ohliqua, Clark, 141.
pallida, Phil., 7.
perlata, Req., 154.
pusilla, C. B. Adams, 168.
pusilla, Phil., 110, 167.
rufa, Phil.. 162, 163.
rufescens, Forb., 161.
scalaris, Phil., 160.
terebellum, Phil., 152.
Chemnitzia, 107.
Chenopus, Phil., 250.

desciscens, Phil., 254.
azYow, 62, 437.
Choristoma, Crist. & Jan, 84.
Chrysodomus, Sw., 328.
Cingula, Flem., 4.
a/6a, Flem., 26.
sculpt a, Harv., 159.
Clathrus, Oken, 89.
Clausilia, 193.

Clavatula hrachystoma, S.Wood, 383.
cancellata, S. Wood, 372.
linearis, S. Wood, 370.
weiw^a, S. Wood, 386.
Cochlea catena. Da Costa, 220.

parva. Dale, 223.
CoLUMBBLLA, Lam., 356, 358.
corrugata, Horn., 358.
haliaeeti, jeffr., 356.
Holbbllii, 360.
lactea, 359.
minor, 356.
nana, Lov., 359.
rustica, 356.
Columbus, De Montf., 356.
Concha Venerea, 402, 403.
ConidcB, 361.
Cowws, 193, 361.
Corbula gibba, 444.
Coriocella, De BL, 234.
Corniculina, Miinst., 75.
Cornitoides, Brown, 75.
major, Brown, 79.
minor, Brown, 79.
Crania anomala, 95.
Cryptocella, H. & A. Adams, 234.
CyclophoridcB, 196.
Cyclostoma, 54.
concinnum, Scacchi, 87.
elegans, 128.

truncatulum, Drap., 85, 87.
Cyclostrema, 65, 67.

CyclostreTtia, Flem., 4.
Cylichna, Lov., 410, 412, 419.

acuminata, Brug., 41 1.

alba. Brown, 358, 417.

conulus, F. «& H., 414.

cylindracea, Penn,, 415, 417, 418,
445.

cylindracea, var. monstrosa, S
Wood, 418.

leptoeneilema, Brus., 423.

mammillata, F. & H., 420.

nitidula. Lot., 412, 413, 414.

obtusa, F. & H., 423.

propinqua, Sars, 419.

striata, Brown, 419.

strigella, Lov., 414.

truncata, F. & H., 421.

umbilicata, Mont., 413.
Cylindrella, Sw., 411.

alba, Sw., 417.
Cymbium, 446.
Cypr^a, L., 234, 402, 403, 406.

annulus, 403.

arctica, Sol., 406.

bullata, Pult., 406.

Candida, Macg., 406.

coccinella. Lam., 406.

Europaea, Mont,, 403, 406.

Tmditerranea, Risso, 406.

moneta, 406.

norvegica, Sars, 406.

pediculus, L., 405, 406.

pediculus, var. Anglica, L., 406.

pediculus, var. Europcea, L., 406.

'pediculus, var. Indica, L., 406.
Voluta, Mont., 401.
Cyprceadm, Flem., 399.
Cypu^id^, Flem., 399, 406, 409.

Dbfrancia, Mill., 361, 365, 372, 376.
exarata, Moll., 397.
gracilis, Mont., 363.
Leufroyi, Mich., 366, 368, 370.
linearis, Mont., 368.
nobihs, Moll., 397.
purpurea, Mont., 373.
purpurea, var. Philberti, 370.
reticulata, Ren., 370, 372.
reticulata, var. spinosa, Forb., 372.
scalaris, Moll., 397.
sinuosa, Mont., 365.
teres, Forb., 362.
Vahlii, Beck, 395.
Woodiana, Moll., 399.

474

INDEX.

Ddphinoidea, Brown, 65.
Letphinula minuta, D'Orb., 233.

trigonostoma, Basterot, 233.
Dentaliopsis, Clark, 75.
Bentalium, 75, 191, 445.

entalis, 444.

glabrum, Mont., 77.

imperforaium, Ad., 77.

minutum, L., 79.

trachea, Mont., 75, 77.
Diaphana, Brown, 419.
Doliwn, 218.

perdix, L., 144, 296.
Doris, 234.

Echinospira, Krohn, 235.
Elysia, Risso, 433.
Entoconcha, 191, 192.
Eraio, Risso, 400.
Ermea, Gray, 234.
Erpetometra, Lowe, 84.
Eticampe, Leach, 429.

Donovani, Leacb, 432.
EuLiMA, Risso, 105, 109, 110, 114,
170, 190, 193, 194, 198, 200, 201,
204,427.

acicula, Phil., 170.

affinis, Phil., 172.

anglica, Sow., 203.

bilineata, Aid., 200, 208, 209, 210.

crassula, Je£fr., 170,

decussata, Macg., 162.

distorta, Desh,, 203, 205, 208.

elegantissima, Risso, 176, 203.

glaherrima, Risso, 203.

intermedia, Cantr. 203.

Jeffrey sii, Thomps., 161.

lineata, Sow., 209, 210.

MacAndrei, Forb., 170.

micans, P. Carp., 203.

nitida, Phil., 172, 205, 207.

nitidissima, Macg., 87.

polita, L., 167, 201, 203, 204, 206.
207.

stenostoma, JeflEr., 207.

mbcylindrica, Dunk., 172.

subulata, Delle Ch., 209.

Bubulata, Don., 208, 210.

subulata, Risso, 204, 209.

subulata, S. Wood, 209.

turritellata, Req., 172.

unidens, Req., 139.
EuLIMiE, 205.

EulimeUa, Forb., 109, 110, 115, 169.

EuHmeUa (continued).

acicula, 'F. & H., 110, 170.

affinis, F. & H., 171.

clavula, F. & H., 118.

gracilis, Jeffr., 172.

Scilla, F. & H., 169.
EuLiMiDiB, H. & A. Adams, 192, 200,

231.
Euomphaltis, Sow., 68.

Fusi, 252.

Fusus, Brug., 288, 295, 297, 312,
315, 322, 323, 344, 361.

albus, Jeffr., 360.

antiquus, L., 289, 290, 323, 325,
328, 335.

antiquus,monstr.acuminatum,325.

asperrimtis, Brown, 371.

Bahylonicus, Brown, 325.

Bemiciensis, King, 299, 323, 335,

341.
Boothii, Brown, 368.
Branscombii, Clark, 365.
Broderipi, Jeffr., 344.
buccinatus, Lam., 340.
Btichanensis, Macg., 370.
cancellahis, Migh. & Ad., 372.
castaneus, Brown, 397.
cinereus. Say, 296.
cometcs, L., 338.
Cranchii, Brown, 393.
crasstiSy Brown, 381.
curttts, Jeffr., 336.
decussatus. Brown, 322.
decussatu^, Couth., 399.
despectus, L., 328, 335.
discors, Brown, 397.
discrepans, Brown, 397.
echinatus, J. Sow., 317.
elegans. Brown, 377.
Fabricii, (Beck) Moll., 322.
fasciatus, Brown, 381.
fenestratus, Turt., 343.
Forbesi, Strickl., 296.
fomicattts, Fabr., 329.
fusctis, Brown, 394.
gracilis, Da Costa, 323, 334, 335,

336, 338, 339, 340, 359.
Islandicus, Chem., 321, 323, 328,

333, 334, 335, 336, 338.
Islandicus, F. & H., 335.
Islandicus, Gould, 340.
Largillierti, Pet., 331.
LasJeeyi, Macg., 248.

INDEX.

475

Fusus {continued),

latericeus, Moll., 344.

lavatics, Basterot, 312.

lignarius, Lam., 337.

lineatus, Brown, 381.

Listen, Jonas, 335.

Listeri, var., Jonas, 339.

minimus, Brown, 381.

multilinearis. Brown, 370.

Norvegicus, Chemn., 299, 329, 332,
333, 343.

pleurotnmarius. Couth., 395.

propinquus. Aid., 323, 334, 338,
340, 341.

pygmcBus, G-ould, 340.

'pyramidatus, Brown, 381.

Sabini, Hanc, 335.

scalariformis, Gould, 321.

scalariformis^ Nyst, 322. ^

sinistrorsiis, Desh., 325.

suhnigris, Brown, 314.

tornatus, Gould, 329.

ttirricola, Flem., 397.

turriculatus, Desh., 314.

Turtoni, Bean, 330, 331, 332, 333.

ventricosus, Gray, 340.

vulpinus, Born, 341.
Fidelis, Kisso, 84.

Theresa, Eisso, 87.

Galericulum, Brown, 239.

ovatum,'BTOVfn, '2A2.
Gioenia, Brug., 443.
Glaucotho'e, Leach, 84.

Montaguana, Leach, 87.
Globulus, Sow., 212.
Graphis, Jeffr., 102.

Haliotis, 236.

tuberculata, 304.
Haminaa, Leach, 437.

Cuvieri, Leach, 439.

elegans, Leach, 439.

follicuhts, Menke, 439.
Haminea, Leach, 437.
HelicidcB, 411.
Helix, 114, 175,216.

arenaria, Mat. & BacL, 147.

aspersa, 242.

bicolor. Ad., 71.

coriacea, Pall., 240.

depreasa, Mont., 66.

ericeforum, 65.

fiavocincta, Miihlf., 209.

Helix (continued).

fulgidus, Ad., 43.

glabrata, v. Miihlf., 123.

haliotoidea, L., 235, 242.

haliotoides, Fabr., 242.

haliotoides, Miill., 242.

janthina, L., 188.

loevigata, L,, 242.

lavigatum, Penn., 240.

nemoralis, 185.

nitidissima, Ad., 71.

octona, L., .53.

pella, L., 49.

perspicua, L., 235.

resupinata, Mont., 124.

rupestris, 66.

subcarinata, Mont., 231.

subcylindrica, L., 86.

umbilicata, 66.

variegata, Ad., 28.
Hemicyclostoma, De Bl., 211.
HETEROPHRosYNiDiE, Clark, 55.
Hima IcBvigata, Leach, 355.
Hindsia angusticostata, Pease, 305.
HoMALOGYRA, Jeffr., 62, 67, 68, 71,
88, 192.

atomus, Phil., 67, 68, 69, 71, 72.

rota, F. & H., 71, 73.
Hyala, Gray, 192.
Hydrobia, 2, 51.

ulvae, Penn., 52, 53, 57.
ulvae, var., Barleei, 53.
Hydrobia, 424.

Ianthina, Bolten, 88, 110, 174, 175,
176, 177, 178,179, 181, 182,183,
184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 193, 194,
213, 370.

Britannica, Leach, 188.

communis, Lam., 177, 182,184,188.

communis, Wood, 186, 188.

exigua, Brug., 188.

fragilis, Lam., 188.

globosa, Swains., 182, 188.

pallida, Harv., 188.

rotundata, Leach, 184, 1 86,188,189.

SmithicB, Reeve, 188.
Xanthine, 175, 181, 182.
lanthinea. Brown, 174.

lANTHINIDiE, Dcsh., 1 74, 192.

lanthinoidcB, Agass., 174.
lanthinus, De Montf., 186.
lodes, Leach, 186.

476

INDEX.

Jaminia, Brown, 109.

obtusa. Brown, 153.

jmllus. Brown, 127.
Jcuionilla, Macd., 235.
Jeffreysia, Aid., 58, 61, 62, 105, 137.

diaphana, Aid., 58, 59, 60, 62, 63,
129.

globularis, Jeflfr,, 60, 62,

opalina, Jeffr., 60, 63.

Lachesis, Risso, 312, 315.

minima, Mont., 313.
Lacuna, 192.

divaricata, 196.
Lamellaria, Mont., 199, 234, 235,
237, 238, 239.

perspicua, L., 199, 234, 235.

prodita, 234.

tentamlata, Mont., 235, 238.
Lampusia, Schum., 301.
Leiostraca, H. & A. Adams, 200.
Leiostracus, Alb., 200.
LeptocoTichus, Rupp., 193.
Limapontia, 68.
Limntsa, 178, 274.

auricularia, 242.

stagnalis, 142.
Linuypsis aurita, 357, 358, 418.
Liomesus, Stimps., 298.
Littorina, 9, 42, 84, 90, 183, 278.

obtusata, 185.
LiftorintSs 279.
LittorinidtB, 55.
Lobaria, Miill., 447, 459.

quadriloba, Miill., 460.
Loxonema, Phill., 109.
Loxostoma, Biv., 4.

Mactra mbtruncata, 445.
MactrcB, 223.
Mad A, Jeffr., 295.
Magilus, De Montf., 193.
Mamma, Klein, 218.
Mangelia, Leach, 297, 375.
Mangelia, Risso, 376.

attenuata, P. & H., 377.

braehystmna, F. & H., 382.

cosfafa, F. & H., 379.

costulafa, Risso, 386.

Cranchiana, Leach, 370.

Ghmama, Risso, 392.

Goodalliana, T>each, 382.

gracilu, F. & H., 363.

Lefroyi, F. & H., 366.

Mangelia (continued).

Lmfroyi, F. & H., 366.

linearis, F. & H., 368.

linearis, vars. intermedia and jpff/-
^/(/«, F. & H., 369.

lineata. Leach, 381.

lineolata, Risso, 381.

Loveneana, Reeve, 377.

nana, F. & H., 359.

nebula, F. & H., 384.

Pennantiana, Leach, 381.

purpurea, F. & H., 373.

purpurea, var. asperrima, F. & H.,
371.

purpurea, Risso, 375.

{Bela) rufa, F. & H., 392.

{Bela) septan gularis, F. & H., 390.

striolata, F. & H., 376.

striolafa, Risso, 377, 379.

teres, F. & H., 362.

Trevelliana, F. & H., 398.

turricula, F. & H., 395.
Mangilia, Lov., 193, 375.

costata, 359.

tiartda, Lov., 383.
Marginella, Lam., 400, 402.

alba, Mont., 402.

catenata, Mont., 402.

Donovani, Payr., 401.

laevis, Don., 400, 401.

Maugerice, 401.

pallida, 417.
Marsenia, Leach, 234.

complanata. Leach, 238.

producta. Leach, 238.
Marsenina, Grav, 234.
MeUimpus,M,hs,.

bidentatus, 129.

bull/Bo'ides, 193.
Melania, 109, 114.

acicula, Phil., 170.

Campanella, Phil., 167.

Campessedesii, Payr., 209.

distorta, (Desh.) Phil., 205.

Donovani, Forb., 209.

Gervillii, CoU., 203.

Matoni, Gray, 264.

nitida. Lam., 205.

rufa, Phil., 162.

scalnris, Phil., 160.

ScillcB, Scacchi, 169.
Menippe, Jeffr., 107.
Mitrella, Risso, 360.
Mitselh. Morch, 360.

INDEX.

477

^fonfacllfa subsfriata, 191, 197.
Monaptaxis, Clark, 109.
Monoptygnia albulum, Fabr., 99.
MuREx, L., 249, 265, 297, 305, 306,
309.

accinctus, Mont., 377.

aciculatus, Lam., 310, 312,

aciiminatus, Penn., 260,

adverstis, Mont., 263.

angulatus, Don., 397.

antiquum, L., 323, 329.

Bamffius, Don., 321.

Bamffiu^, Mont., 321.

Barvicensis, Johnst., 318.

borealis, Reeve, 322.

cancellatus, J. Sow., 372.

cannatm, Penn., 247, 325, 329.

carinatus, Turt., 325.

caudicula, Chier., 368.

chordida, Turt., 394.

cinguliferus, Lam., 310.

clathratus, L., 319.

contrarius, L., 325.

corallinus, Scacchi, 10, 310, 312.

corneus, L., 337.

comeus, Penn., 338.

costatiis, Don., 379.

cosfatus, Penn., 380.

costellifer, J. Sow., 248.

costosus, Ifl., 250.

cutaceus, L., 305.

cUcollatus, Gni.,328.

decoUatus, Penn., 328.

decussatus, Gm., 310.

despectm, Don., 329.

despectus, L., 328.

diiplicatus, Don., 329.

echinatus, Brocchi, 372.

ekgans, Don., 370.

emarginattcs, Don., 365.

erinaceus, L., 10, 282, 305, 306,
308,309.

fenestratus, Chemn., 344.

frondosus, Kl., 250.

inconspicuus, Sow., 312,

gracilis, Brocchi, 365.

gracilis, Mont., 363.

gracilis, Scacchi, 365.

gyrinus, Mont., 315.

linearis, Mont., 368,

MassencB, Delle Ch., 314,

iV/e^flj-a, DelleCh., 271.

muricatus, Mont., 316, 319»

nebula, Mont, 384.

MuRE.K {continued).

pileare, L., 305.

Poelarius, Chier., 365.

proximus, Mont., 381.

purpumis, Mont., 373.

reticvlatus, Ren., 370.

rostrattis, 01., 322.

rufus, Mont., 392.

scaher, 01., 260.

septangularis, Mont., 390.

scptangulatus, Don., 392.

sdnuosus, Mont., 365, 368.

siibantiquatiis, Mat. & Rack., 329.

svMilatus, Mont., 264.

Tarentintts, Lam., 310.

torosus, Lam., 310.

Tritonis, L., 303.

trunculus, L,, 275, 306.

ttibercularis, Mont., 266.

turricicla, Brocchi, 397

turrictda, Mont., 395.

variabilis, Crist. & Jan, 318.
MuRiciD.*;, Flem., 274, 296, 297,

345, 361.
Mytilus, 32.

Adriaticus, 130, 412, 421.

Nassa, Lam., 345, 349, 355, 358.
ambigua, 355.
hepaiica, 355.
incrassata, Strom, 314, 346, 351,

353, 354.
mutabilis, 346.
nitida, Jeffr., 349, 351.
pygmaea. Lam., 351, 353, 354.
reticulata, L., 346, 348, 349, 3."30,

351,
variabilis, 358.
varicosa, F. & H., 354.
Nassid.«, Stimps., 274, 345, 356, 361.
Natica, Adanson, 195, 212, 213,

214, 217, 218, 230, 404, 427.
alba, Lov., 218.
Alderi, Forb., 213, 224, 227»

228.
Alderi, var. lactea, 224, 227.
ampullaria, Lara., 22.3.
aperta, Lov., 230', 245.
Beverlii, Leach, 218.
borealis. Gray, 218.
Brotvniana, Leach, 230.
bulbosa. Reeve, 218.
canaliculata, Gould, 216.
canaliculata, Ijam., 216s

478

INDEX.

Natica {continued).

canrena, L., 220.

castanea. Lam., 223, 226.

catena, Da Costa, 219, 220, 222,
225, 226, 289.

cirriformis, Sow., 219.

clausa, Bred. & Sow., 229.

coUaria, Lam., 223.

cornea, Moll., 216.

exulans, Lov., 216.

Jlava, Gould, 230.

fragilis. Leach, 230.

glacialis, Dan., 230.

glav^ina'i, Scacchi, 220.

Gouldii, Phil., 218.

Groenlandica, Beck, 216, 218,220.

helicoides, Johnst., 214, 216.

immaculata, Tott., 227.

intermedia, Phil., 226.

Islandica, Gm., 212, 214, 218.

lactea, Lov., 218.

Lamarckiana, Leach, 227.

livida, Bean, 218.

Tnarochiensis, Phil. 226.

millepunctata, S. Wood, 212, 222.

Tnonilifera, Lam., 220, 223.

Montacuti, Forb., 227, 228.

Montagui, Forb., 227.

nana, Moll., 218.

mcolii, Forb., 223.

nitida, F. & H., 224.

olla, 214.

pallida, Brod. & Sow., 218.

plumbea, Lam., 220.

jproxima, S. Wood, 219.

pulchella, Eisso, 226.

pvMlla, Gould, 216, 218.

rutila, Macg., 229.

similis, Koch, 227.

Smithii, Brown, 230.

sordida, Phil., 218.

sordida, Sow., 220.

squalida, Macg., 229.

Valenciennesii, Payr., 238,
Natice, 213, 228, 279.
Naticid^, Sw., 211, 235, 243.
Naticina, Qoiild., 214.

lactea, Guild., 230.
Nautilus, 280.
Neptunea, Bolt., 328.
Nerita, 218.

affinis, Gm., 229.

alba, Ad., 227.

glcdrrissima, Brown, 230.

Nerita (continued).

glaucina, L., 220, 223, 226.

glaucina, Penn., 223.

helicina, Brocchi, 228.

intricata, Don., 230.

Islandica, Gmel., 214.

Icevida, Lask., 220.

marochiensis, Gm., 226.

nitida, Don., 226, 230.

pelludda, Ad., 227.

rufa, Mont., 229.

sulcata. Born, 230.

sulcata, Turt., 230.

tuberosissima, Mont., 230.

virginea, L., 230.
Nerita MaroccanxB, Chemn., 226.
Neritina, 55, 280.
Neritoidea, Humphr., 186.
Nesaa, Risso, 312.

mamillata, Risso, 314.
Neverita, Risso, 214.
Niso, 109.

Nudibranchiata, 409. •
iVkc marina minuscula, Sold., 412.

Ocinebra erinacea, Leach, 310.
Odontidium, Phil., 75.

rugulosum, Phil., 76.
Odontina, Zborz., 75.
Odontostoma, Cantr., 75.

IcBvissima, Cantr., 79.
Odontostoma, Turt., 108.
Odontostomia, 107.

erythrtsa, Phil., 129.

dcula, Phil., 129.
Odostomia, Flem., 2, 58, 59, 99, 102,
107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 114,
116, 119, 171, 192, 193, 201,
433.

acicula, Phil., 110, 115, 170, 172.

acuta, Jeffr., 114, 130, 133, 135.

alba, Jeffr., 123.

albella, Lov., 114, 121, 123.

Anna, Macg., 117.

clathrata. Jeffr., 115, 148, 150.

clavula, Lov., 114, 118.

conoidea, Brocchi, 114, 120, 121,
126, 127, 132, 134, 136.

conoidea, F. & H., 127.

conspicua. Aid., 114, 132, 135.

crassa, Thomps., 125.

cylindriea, Aid., 116, 117.

decussata, Mont., 114, 145, 149.

diaphana, Jeffr., 114, 141, 142.

INDEX.

479

Odostomia {continued).

dolioliformis, Jeffr., 114, 144.
duhia, Jeffr., 123.
eulimoides, F. & H., 124.
Eulimoides, Hani., Ill, 127.
eulimoides, Jeffr., 129.
excavata, Phil., 115, 158.
eximia, Jeffr., 115, 155.
fenestrata, Forb., 115, 156.
formosa, Jeffr., 164.
glabrata, F. & H., 123.
GuJsoncB, F. & H., 106.
indistincta, Mont., 115, 149, 153.
insculpta, Mont., 114, 139,142.
interstincta, Mont., 115, 126, 151,

153,155.
interstincta, var. terebellum, 152,

154
lactea,'L., 115, 164, 167,168.
Lukisi, Jeffr., 114, 120.
MarioncB, Macg., 38.
minima, Jeffr., 114, 115, 156.
Moulinsiana, Fisch., 153.
Naffli, Brus., 129.
nitida, Aid., 123.
nitida, var. ?, F. & H., 122.
nitidissima, Mont., 115, 173.
nivosa, Mont., 114, 116, 117, 118.
notata, Jeffr., 125.
Novegradensis, Brus,, 126.
obeliscus, Jeffr., 171.
obliqua. Aid., 114, 14a.
oblonga, Macg., 153.
palUda, Mont., Ill, 112, 114, 122,

124, 135, 145.
jplicata, Flem., 129.
jpKcata, Macg., 155.
pHcata, Mont., 113, 114, 122, 126,

128, 137,140.
jpv.j>a, Dub., 153.
pusiUa, Phil., 115, 167, 169.
rissoides, Han., 58, 114, 121, 122,

126.
rufa, Phil., 115, 162, 165, 444.
rufa, var. fulvocincta, 165.
scalaris, Macg., 124.
scalaris, Phil., 115, 160.
Scillse, Scacchi, 115, 169, 171, 173.
spirahs, Mont., 110, 113, 115, 126,

154.
striolata, Aid., 136, 137.
truncatula, Jeffr., 114, 117.
turrita, Hani., 114, 135, 138.
umbilicaris, Malm, 114, 129, 132.

Odostomia (continved).

umbilicata, Aid,, 131.

unidentata, Flem., 114, 126.

unidentata, Hani,, 129, 133.

unidentata, Mont., 112, 114, 126,
134,137,152.

unidentata, var. ?, F. & H,, 135.

vitrea, Brus,, 139.

Warrenii, F. & H., 143.
Odostomia, 174.
Omalaxis, 67, 74.
Omalogyra, Jeffr., 67.
Onoha, Ad., 3.
Orthocera, 75.

trachea, Flem., 77.
Orthoceras, 75.

Orthostelis, Ar. & Magg., 109.
OvuLA, Brug,, 402, 406, 412.

acuminata, F. & H., 411.

? acuminata, F. & H., 411.

Adriatica, Sow., 408.

carnea, Gm., 408.

patula, Penn., 407, 408.
Oxy stoma, De Bl., 174.

Faludina, 54.

balthica, Nilss., 54.

minuta, Req., 54.

strigilata. Par., 87.
Paludinella, Pfeiff., 71.

vulgaris, brst., 54.
PaludinidcB, 51.
Parthenia, Lowe, 109.

fenestrata, A. Ad., 158.

turris, Forb., 171.

turrita. Mete., 159.

varicosa, Forb., 7.

ventricosa, Forb., 171.
Pasithea, Lea, 201.

nigra, Tott., 15.
Pecten, 62, 316.

aratus, 254.

Bruei, 254.

Islandicus, 97.

maximus, 112, 125, 126, 134.

opercularis, 112, 125.

septemradiatus, var. Dumasii, 254.

Test(s, 254.
Pellibranchiata, 409.
Persephona brevis, Leach, 7.

Goodallana, Leach, 36.

Hutchinsiana, Leach, 11.

rufilabris, Leach, 36.

Scotica, Leach, 26.

480

INDEX.

Pes anserinus, Kl., 250.
PhadaneUa, 114, 192.

sty lifer a, Turt., 190, 194, 195.
PniLiNE, Asc, 410, 429, 446, 451,
457.

angulata, Jeffr., 451, 453.

aperta, L., 457.

catena, Mont., 449, 450, 454.

formosa, Stimps., 453.

lima, Brown, 449.

nitida, Jeffr,, 456.

pruinosa, Clark, 454.

punctata, Clark, 453.

ptisilla, Sars, 454.

quadrata, S. Wood, 452, 454, 456.

quadripartita, Asc., 460.

scabra, MiUl., 447, 449, 450.

scutulum, Lov., 453.
Phyline sinuata, Stimps., 457.
Pinna, 389.
Pisidia, 4.

Planaria, Brown, 68.
Planaxis, 355.

Brasilianus, 355.

lineatus, 355.
Planorbis, 67.

albus, 68.

corneus, 69, 88.

spirorbis, 68.
Pleurobranchiata, Gray, 409.
PleurobranckuSf Cuv., 234.
Pleurobranchus membranaceus, 234.
Pleurotoma, Lam., 325, 361, 375,
397, 427.

accincta, Mont., 377.

cegeensis, Forb., 392.

attenuata, Mont., 377, 379.

Bertrandii, Payr., 392.

boreale, Lov., 363.

brachystoma, Phil., 382, 384, 388.

hrachystomum, Phil., 382.

cancellata, Calc, 372.

coarctafa, Forb., 380.

Comarmondi, Mich.. 365.

concinna, Scacchi, 368.

Cordieri, Payr., 372.

costata, Don., 379, 381, 392.

costulatum, Cantr., 392,

Cycladensis, Reeve, 383.

Ct/rilli, Costa, 365.

decussafa, Lam,, 399.

fallax, Forb., 365.

Farrani, Thomps,, 377.

Ginnanianum, Phil., .386.

Pleurotoma (continued).

gracilis, Scacchi, 379.

heptagona, Scacchi, 392,

inflata, Crist. & Jan, 368.

laevigata, Phil., 386, 388, 394.

IcBvigatum, Phil., 386.

Leufroyi, Horn., 368.

Leufroyi, Mich., 366.

lineolata, Risso, 381.

Metcalfei, Reeve, 388.

multilineolatum, Desh., 381.

nanum, Scacchi, 360.

nebula, Mont., 381, 383, 384, 386,
388.

nebula, var. elongata, 385, 386.

nigra. Pot. & Mich., 394.

nivale, Lov., 388.

nivalis, Lov., 375, 388.

nuperrimum, Tib., 379.

Philberti, Mich., 374.

proxima, Mont., 381.

purpureum, Phil., 372,

pyramidalis, Strom, 394.

Benieri, Scacchi, 363,

reticulata, Brown, 399.

rude, Scacchi, 372.

rufa, Mont., 392, 394,395.

rugulosa, Phil., 381.

rugulosum, Phil., 381.

scabrum, Jeffr., 372.

secalinum, Phil,, 391, 392.

septangularis, Mont., 381, 390,
393,

sinuosa, Flera., 368.

SmitUi, Forb., 377.

striolata, Phil., 376, 379.

striolatum, Phil., 376.

suturale, Bronn, 365.

taniata, 380.

teres, Forb., 362.

torquatum, Phil., 390.

Trecchi, Testa, 363.

Trevellianum, Turt., 398.

Trevelyana, Turt., 398.

turricula, Mont., 395, 396, 398.

Ulideana, Thomps., 393.

versicolor, Scacchi, 370.

Villiersi, Mich., 379.

zonalis, Delle Ch., 368.
Pleurotomacea, Lov., 360.
Pleurotomid^., 356, 360.
Pomatobranchia, Lov., 409.
Pterocera, Lam., 249.
Piilmonobi'anchiata, 409.

INDEX.

481

Pupa, 109.

Purpura, Brug., 218, 231, 249,
274, 275, 279, 280, 281, 290,
322,

hcemastoma, L., 278, 282.

imbricata, Lam., 277.

lapillus, L., 275, 276, 278, 280,
282, 309, 399.

lapillus, var. imbricata, 277.

lapillus, Eisso, 283.

picta, Scacchi, 358,

picta, Turt., 358.
PuRPUR^E, 275, 280.
Purpura anglicana, List., 283.
PYRAMiDELLiDiE, Gray, 98, 99, 192.
Pyramis acutissimus, Brown, 103.

candidus, Brown, 38.

crenatus. Brown, 164.

discors. Brown, 38.

lactev^, Brown, 153.

IcBvis, Brown, 173.

Lamar ckii, Brown, 153.

nivosus, Brown, 140.

spirolinv^, Brown, 147.
Pyrgiseus, Phil., 109.
Pyrula Carica, 345.

Ranella pygvrusa, Lam., 354.
Eaphitoma Barhierii, Brus., 363.

polita, Brus., 388.

rosea, Brus., 370.

Sandrii, Brus., 382.
Eecluzia, Petit, 174, 245.
Ehizorus, De Montf., 412.

Adelaidis, De Montf., 412.
RissoA, Frem., i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 20,
23, 29, 46, 49, 60, 51, 56, 58,
62, 65, 67, 68, 71, 100, 102,
112, 114,151,191,258.

abyssicola, Forb., 3, 4, 11, 15, 19.

acicula, Risso, 49.

aculeus, Stimps., 38.

acuta, Desm,, 49.

albella, Lov., 4, 29.

Alderi, Jeffr., 45.

appro jcima. Brown, 18.

arctica, Lov., 37.

auriscalpium, L., 49.

Ballice, Thomps., 151.

Barleei, Jeifr., 53.

Beanii, Hani., 3, 12, 14.

Binghami, Brown, 50.

Boscii, Payr., 203.

calatbus, F. &H., 4, 11, 13, 15.

EissoA {continued).

cancellata, Da Costa, 2, 4, 6, 8,

10, 11.
cancellata, Desm., 11, 50.
Candida, Brown, 51.
carinata, Phil., 23.
cerasina, Brus., 26.
cimex, L., 11, 50.
cimicoides, Forb., 4, 13, 14, 15.
cingillata, Maeg., 49.
cingillus, Mont., 5, 48, 122.
cingillus, var. rupestris, 48, 49.
cingilus, Mich., 49.
clathrata, Phil., 21.
cochlea, Mich., 7.
communis, Forb., 38.
cornea, Lov., 32.
costata, Ad., 4, 22.
costata, Desm., 23, 36.
costulata, Aid., 4, 31 , 32, 34, 3 5, 36. b ce,
costulata, Risso, 36.
costulata, S. Wood, 36.
crenulata, Mich., 8, 11.
crystallina. Brown, 41.
cyclostomata. Reel., 21,
decussata. Brown, 38.
delicata, Phil., 38.
Leshayesiana, Reel., 153.
discrepans. Brown, 26.
disjunct a, Mont., 50.
elata, Phil., 32.
excavata, Phil., 158.
exigua, Mich., 23.
eximia, Jeffr., 155.
fallax. Brown, 49.
fasciata, Req., 45.
fragilis, Mich., 32.
fulgida, Ad., 5, 43, 44.
fulva, Mich., 3, 58.
fuscata. Brown, 26.
glabra. Brown, 5S, 124.
glabrata, v. Miihlf., 50, 123.
glohosa. Mart., 46.
gracilis, Macg., 38.
granulata, Phil., 50.
grossa, Mich., 32. 1(4,

6=wm«M, R6cl., 35. ^^^-< ^^-^Ka^r,
Harveyi, Thomps., 159.
hyalina, Desm., 32.
inconspicua. Aid., 4, 26, 28, 30, 43.
inconspicua, var. tenuis, F. & H., 29.
intersecta, S. Wood, 46.
Jeffreysi, Waller, 4, 15, 408.
labiata, Phil., 7.

482

INDEX.

RissoA {continued),
labiosa, F. & H., 30.
lactea, Brown, 61.
lactea, Mich., 4, 7, 11.
lilacina, Reel., 35.
Uneolata, Mich., 26.
maculata, Brown, 28.
marginata, Mich., 26.
Matoniana, Reel., 26.
membranacea, Ad., 4, 30.
minutissima, Bean, 46.
minutissima, Mich., 38.
Montagui, Payr., 50.
nitida, Brus., 50.
oblonga, Desm., 32.
obscura, Phil., 25, 26.
obtusa, Brown, 21.
parva, Da Costa, 4, 23, 58.
parva, var. interrupts, 24, 25, 30,

58, 126.
pedicularis, Menke, 38.
politUj Scacchi, 129.
porifera, Lov., 34.
proxima. Aid., 3, 4, 39, 40, 41.
pulchella, Forb., 26.
pnlcherrima, Jeffr., 4, 5, 42.
pulchra, Johnst., 4^.
pulla. Brown, 32.
punctata, Pot. & Mich., 35.
punctulum, Phil., 50, 123.
punctura, Mont., 4, 14, 16, 17, 18,

147.
puncturata, Macg., 18.
pupoides, Req., 40.
pygmcea, Mich., 45.
pyramidella, Brown, 51.
reticulata, Mont., 3, 4, 11, 12,

13.
reticulata, Phil., 14.
reticulata, S. Wood, 13.
rubra, F. & H., 56.
rubra, Macg., 55.
rufilabrum, F. & H., 33, 34.
rupestris, Forb., 48.
Sarsii, Lov., 26, 29.
saxatilis, Moll., 38.
scabra, Phil., 20.
scalariformis, Mete., 21.
s(nilpta, F. & H., 14, 15.
sculpta, Phil., 15, 20.
semistriata, Mont., 3, 5, 46, 163.
semistriata, Phil., 48.
similis, Brown, 30.
similis, Scacchi, 37.

RissoA (continued).

simplex, Phil., 26.

siniwsa, Scacchi, 207, ' q,

soluta, Phil., 5, 44, 45. . S'<3J^\au j^

Souleyetiana, Reel., 32.

striata. Ad., 3, 4, 14, 37, 38, 100,
122.

striata, var. arctica, 37, 40.

striata, Phil., 152.

striatula, Jeffr., 40.

striatula, Mont., 2, 4, 5, 8.

subcostulata, v. Mohr., 37.

subsulcata, Phil., 48.

sulcata. Brown, 51.

suturalis, Phil., 152.

tenuis, Aid., 30.

textilis, Phil, 13, 14, 18.

tristriata, Macg., 26.

tristriata, Thomps., 48.

turricula. Brown, 32.

turritella, Scacchi, 167.

ulvce, F..& H., 52.

variabilis, v. Miihlf., 23, 36.

variegata, v. Mohr., 27.

ventricosa, Desm., 32.

venusta, Phil., 31, 32.

violacea, Desm., 4, 31, 32, 33, 34,
36.

virginea, Brown, 41.

vitrea, Mont., 3, 5, 39, 40, 41, 192.

vitrea, Nyst, 41.

vulgatissima, Clark, 260.

Warreni, Thomps., 143.

Zetlandica, Mont., 4, 20.
Rissoa ? diaphana. Aid., 59.

'I glabra, Aldi., m.

? opalina, Jeffr., 60.
Rissoa, 1, 4, 57, 58, 358.
Rissoella, Gray, 58, 59.
BissoellidcB, Gray, 55.
Rissoina, D'Orb, 50, 51, 376.

Bruguieri, Payr., 50.

Bryerea, Mont., 50.

Chesnelii, Mich., 51.

conifer a, Mont., 51.

decussata, Mont., 51.

denticulata, Mont., 51.
Boxania, Leach, 437.

Sahanma Binghamiana, Leach,58.

Montaguana, Leach, 135.

paucicostata. Leach, 26.
Scala, Klein, 89.
ScALARiA, Lam., 87, 88, 192.

INDEX.

483

ScALARiA {continued),
alternicosta, Bronn, 91.
clathratula, Ad., 96, 97, 98.
communis, Lam., 88, 89, 91, 94,

98, 386.
elegans, Risso, 91.
Eschrichti, Holb., 98.
frondicula, S. Wood, 95.
Georgetina, Kien., 97.
Groenlandica, 88, 97, 296.
planicosta, Biv., 91.
plicata, Scacchi, 91.
jpseudoscalaris, Brocchi, 98.
pulchella, Biv., 97.
tenuicostata, Mich., 91.
TVeveliana, Hani., 95.
Trevelyana, Leach, 90, 93.
Turtonae, Turt., 89, 92, 95, 98.
Turtonia, Risso, 91.
Turtoniana, Leach, 91.
Turfonii, Lov., 199.
Turtonis, Turt., 89.

SCALARLE, 89.

Scalarida, Brod., 87.
SCALARIIDiE, 87, 256.
Sealants, Montf., 89.
Scaphander, De Montf., 410, 429,
442, 445, 446.

Brownii, Leach, 445.

catenatics, Leach, 449,451.

giganteus, Risso, 445.

librarius, Lov., 444, 445, 446.

lignaria, F. & H., 443.

lignarius, L., 209, 443, 446,
447.

patultts, Risso, 448.

targionius, Risso, 445.
Scrobicularia alba, 225.
Serpula incurvata, Ad., 79.
Setia, Ad., 3.
Sigaretea, Menke, 211.
SigaretidcB, 243.
Sigaretus, Cuv., 234.
Sigaretus, Lam., 235.

Stroma, Sars, 237.
Siliquaria bidens, 50.
Simnia, Leach, 407.

niccBensis, Risso, 409.
Siphonobranchiata, 265, 409.
Skbnea, Flem., 64, 65, 67, 68.

depressa, 65.

divisa, 65.

nitidissima, F. & H., 69.

planorbis, Fabr., 65.

Skenea (contimied).

rota, F. & H., 71.

serpuloides, 65, 66.

tricarinata, Webst., 73.
SJceneadcB, Clark, 64.

SKENEID.E, 64.

SoLARiiD^, Chenu, 230.
Solarium, 68, 198, 230, 231.
Speo, Risso, 433.

bifasciatus, Risso, 436.

tornatilis, Risso, 436.
Spira, Brown, 68.
Spirialis, 173.
Spirifer, 194.
Spirolidium, Costa, 75.

Mediterraneum, Costa, 77.
Spirula, 189.

Stilifer, Brod., 62, 67, 110, 184, 189,
190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196,
197, 198, 199, 201.

astericola, 190.

Orbignyanus, 190.

ovoideus, A. Adams, 190.

stilifer, 200.

Turtoni, Brod., 186, 190, 191,
192, 195, 196, 199, 200.
Stiliferid^, 189.
Stilifers, 190, 198, 199.
Stiliger, 194.
Strombella, Gray, 331.
Strombidm, 249.
Strombiformis albus. Da Costa, 203.

clathratus, Da Costa, 93.

costatus. Da Costa, 264.

glaber, Da Costa, 209.

reticulatus, Da Costa, 258.
Strombus, 245.
Strombus Norvagicus, Chemn., 329.

pespelecani, L., 250.

turboformis, Mont., 264.
Stylifer, Sow., 194.

astericola. Brown, 200.

globosus, Johnst., 200.

Turtoni, F. & H., 195.
Styliferidce, H. & A. Adams, 189.
Stylina, Flem., 194.

stylifer a, Macg., 196.

Tellina ballaustina, 254.

carnaria, 50.

donacina, 211.

pusilla, 211.
Tellina, 223.
Terebra speciosa, Bean, 151.

484

INDEX.

Thesbia, Jeffr., 359.
ToRELLiA, Lov., 244, 247.

vestita, Jeffr., 244.
Tornatella, Lam., 110, 433.
fasciata, Lam., 433.
glohularis, Forb., 436.
pellucida, Macg., 436,
functo-striata, C. B. Adams, 436.
pusilla, Forb., 436.
tornatilis, F. & H., 433.
Tornus, Turt., 231.
Trichoteopis, Brod. & Sow., 243,
245, 249, 265, 277.
acuminata, Jeffr., 248.
atlantica, (Beck) Moll., 248.
borealis, Brod. & Sow., 243,

245, 248.
cancellata. Hinds, 248.
carinata, 248.
costellatus, Couth., 248.
insignis, Midd., 248.
Tricla, Eetz, 443.
Triforis, Desh., 256.
Triton, De Montf., 300, 301, 305,
344.
cutaceus, L., 303, 308.
elegans, Thomps., 305.
nodifer, Lam., 301, 303.
nodiferum. Lam., 301.
Tritones, 300.
Tritonia varicosa, Turt., 355.
Tritoniwn, Link, 301.
Tritonium, Miill., 274.
antiquum, Fabr., 328.
antiquum, Midd., 326.
antiquum, Moll., 334.
eburneum, Sars, 299.
fornicatum, Fabr., 329.
incarnatum, Sars, 344.
Islandicum, Lov., 335, 343.
ooldes, Midd., 299.
(/mm, Midd., 300.
roseum, Sars, 396,
turritum, Sars, 339.
undatum, Fabr., 293.
viridulum, Fabr., 248.
Tritonium ? nanum, Lov., 359.
Trivia, Gray, 406.
Trochi, 279.
Trockida, 55.
Trochus, 62, 67, 231.
amabilis, 357.
fragarimdes, 282.
helicinus, 61.

Trochus (continued).
perversus, L., 256, 261.
punctatus, L., 260.
rugosus, Brown, 233.
tessellatus, 282.
Trophon, ? De Montf., 93, 315, 321,
322, 323, 361.
Bamffium, F. & H., 319.
Barvicense, F. &H., 318.
Barvicensis, Johnst., 317, 318.
clathratus, F. & H., 319.
clathratus, L., 319, 320, 321, 322.
clathratus, var. Gunneri, 321.
contrariiis, S. Wood, 321.
craticulatus, Fabr., 322.
cratieulatus, L., 322.
echinatum, F. & H., 316.
muricatus, Mont., 316, 318, 319.
muricatus, Nyst, 317.
Syracvsanus, 322,
truncatus, Strom, 319, 321, 322.
Truncatella, Risso, 84.
atomus, Phil., 69.
costulata, Risso, 87.
Desnoyersii, Payr., 87.
fusca, Phil., 43.
IcBvigata, Risso, 87.
Montagui, Lowe, 85.
succinea, C. B. Adams, 86.
truncatula, Drap., 54,71, 85, 118,

193.
truncatula, Lowe, 87.
Truncatellid^, Gray, 83, 84.
Truncatula, Leach, 84.
Turhinacea, Reeve, 192.
TurbinidtB, 55.
Turhinina, Macg., 192.
Turbo, 29, 102, 108, 114, 218, 231.
acutus, Don., 1 67.
alUdus, Ad., 102.
albulus, Fabr., 28, 99.
albulus. Mat. & Rack., 28.
albus, Ad., 28.
albus, Penn., 167, 397.
ambiguus, L,, 91.
aTnethgstinus, Ren., 35.
arcuatus, Dillw., 49.
ascaris, Turt., 102.
auriscalpium, L., 49.
Bryeretcs, Mont., 50.
calathiscus, Mont., 11, 50.
canaliculatus, Ad., 153.
cancellatus. Da Costa, 8.
cancellatus, Lam., 8, 11.

INDEX.

485

Turho (continued).

carinatus, Da Costa, 7-

cimex, Don., 11.

cimex, L., 50.

cinctus, Da Costa, 83.

cinffillm, Mont., 48.

clathratulus, Ad., 96.

clathratics, L., 93.

clathrus, L., 91, 93.

coniferus, Mont., 51.

conoideus, Brocchi, 127.

cornea, Lam., 82.

costatus, Ad., 22.

cosfatus, Don., 50.

costatus, Pult., 32.

crassus, Ad., 23.

curvatics, Chier., 207.

decussatus, Mont., 51, 145.

denticulatus, Mont., 51.

disjunctus, Mont., 50.

divisus, Ad., 140.

duplicatics, L., 83.
ekgantisstmiis, Mont., ]09, 167.
exoletus, L., 83.
fasciafus, Een., 209.
graxnlis, Brocchi, 166.
graphicus, Turt., 49.
tmbricatus, L., 83.
indistinctus, Mont., 149.
insculpta, Flem., 108.
insculptus, Mont., 139.
interruptus. Ad., 24.
interruptus, Mont., 3.
inferstincta, Flem., 108.
interstinctus, Ad., 153.
interstinctics, Mont., 151.
lahiosus, Mont., 32.
lacteits, Don., 23.
lacteus, L., 109, 164.
Itsvis, Penn., 203.
lamelhms, Delle Ch., 97.
hinnm^ Desh., 82.
marginaftis, Mont., 49,
Mavors, Chier., 35.
memhranaceus, Ad., 30.
minutus, Tott., 54.
Tfionilis, Turt., 7.
muriaticus, Beud., 54.
nitidissimus, Mont., 173.
nitidus. Ad., 60.
nivosus, Mont., 116,
ovalis, Da Costa, 436.
pallidus, Mont., 124, 126.
parvus, Da Costa, 23.

Turbo (continued).

parvus (lacteus), Don., 23.

parvus, Mont., 3.

pellucidus, Ad., 147.

planorbi§, Fabr., 65.

plicata, Flem., 108.

plicatus, Mont., 137.

plicatus, V. Muhlf., 23.

politus, L., 201.

punctura, Mont., 17.

reticulatus, Ad., 14.

reticulatus, Mont., 12.

retiformis, Mont., 18.

Eissoanus, Delle Ch., 35.

ruber. Ad., 58.

ruber, Mont., 56.

Sandivicensis, Flem., 108.

Sandivicensis, Mont., 145.

scriptus, Ad., 48.

semicostatus, Mont., 38.

semistriatus, Mont., 46.

simillimus, Mont., 164.

spiralis, Mont., 154.

striatulu^, L., 7.

striatulus, Mont., 5.

striatus. Ad., 37.

strigatus. Ad., 83.

subarcuatus, Ad., 167.

mbtruncatus, Mont., 86.

subulafus, Don., 208.

stibumbilicatv^, Mont., 54.

terebra, L., 80, 82.

trifasciatus, Ad., 49.

truncatus, Mont., 86.

Turtonis, Turt., 89.

ulva, Penn., 52.

ungulinus, L., 82.

unicus, Mont., 100.

unidenfata, Flem., 108.

unidentafus, Mont., 109, 114, 134.

unidentatus, Turt., 114, 126.

unifasciatus, Mont., 57.

vitreus, Mont., 40.

vittatus, Don., 49.

Zetlandicus, Mont., 20.
Turbonella, Leach, 109.

angusta. Leach, 139.

Hibernica, Leach, 164.

Montaguana, Leach, 153.

transparens. Leach, 124, 140.
Turbonidce, Flem., 108.
Turbonilla, Leach, 108, 110, 111,
115, 148.

albella, Lov., 121.

486

INDEX.

Turbonilla (continued).

clavula, Lov., 118.

ej:imia, A. Adams, 156.

obliqua, Lov., 140.

oscitans, Lov., 127.

plicata, Lov., 129.

plicatula, Risso, 166.

producta, Lov., 173.

umbilicaris. Malm, 129.

Warrenii, Malm, 140.

Weinkauffi, Dunk., 158.
Turricula turricula, 200.
TuERiTELLA, Lam., 8o, 83, 102, 114,
192, 273.

Clealandiana, Leach, 102.

communis, Risso, 80.

Danmoniensis, Leach, 164.

Borvilleana, Leach, 18.

fulvocincta, Thomps., 163.

Hibernica, Wall., 98.

indistincta, Flem., 162.

interrupta, Tott,, 162.

lactea, Moll., 83.

minor y Brown, 104.

nitida, Leach, 104.

nivea, Leach, 104.

polaris, Beck, 83.

reticulata, Migh. & Ad., 83.

striatula, Risso, 82.

terebra, L., 8o, 82.

truncata, Flem., 151.

UTnbilicata, Dunk., 104.
Ikirritella? costulata, Moll., 272,

273.
TuRRiTELLiD^, Clark, 74, 79, 83,
256.

Utriculi, 424.

Utriculus, Brown, 411, 4.19, 420,
429, 457.

candidus, Brown, 429.

discors, Brown, 425.

expansus, Jeffr,, 426, 427, 428.

hyaUnus, Turt., 427.

Limxi, Brown, 449. ' ;

mammillatus, Phil, 420. f^'^i^H ♦ ^

minimus, Brown, 4!29.

obtusus, Mont., 423.

pellucidus. Brown, 429.

plicatus, Brown, 425,

truncatulus, Brug., 421, 423.

Utriculus {continued).
ventrosus, Jeffr., 425, 426.

Valvata piscinalis, 63.
Velutella, Gray, 240.
Velutina, Flem., 192, 238, 242, 425
capuMdea, De Bl., 242.

elongata, Forb. & Goods., 243.

jkxilis, F, & H., 239.

haliotoidea, Stimps., 242.

laevigata, Penn., 240, 242.

lanigera, M61L, 243.

Miilleri, Desh., 242.

plicatilis, Miill., 239.

rupicola, Conr., 242.

striata, Macg., 242.

undata, J. Smith, 242.

vulgaris, Flem., 242.

zonata, Gould, 242.
Velutinid^e, Gray, 233, 243.
VERMETiDiE, D'Orb, 73, 79.
Vermetus, 74.
Vermiculum, Mont., 75.

pervium, Mont., 79.
Vitrina, 194.
Voluta, 114, 249, 329, 433.

alba &c.. Walk., 425.

amhiguoj Mat. & Rack., 126.

cyprcBola, Brocchi, 401.

fusiformis, Turt., 402.

heteroelita, Mont., 359, 436.

hyalina, Mont., 359.

jonensis, Penn., 432.

IcBvis, Don., 400.

pallida. Ad., 402.

pallida, L., 402.

pellucida, Dillw., 155.

plicatula, Dillw., 139.

tomatilis, L., 433.
Volutopsius, Morch, 331 .
Volva volva, 200.
Volvaria alba. Brown, 417.

pellucida. Brown, 422.

subcylindrica, Brown, 415.

Zeanoe, Leach, 84.

nitida. Leach, 87.
Zippora Drummondiana, Leach, 49.

Drummondii, Leach, 49.
Zonites cellarius, 71.

radiatulus, 71.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Fig.

JRissoa parva.
Barleeia rubra.

3. Jeffreysia diaphana.

Frontispiece.
lanthina and float.

Plate I.

Fig. 4. Skenea planorhis.

5. Homalogyra atomus.

6. Ccecum trachea.

Fig. 1. Turritella terehra.

2. TruncateUa truncatula.

3. Scalaria communis.

Plate II.

Fig. 4. Aclis supranitida.
5. Odostomia spiralis.

Fig.

Fig.

1. lanthina rotundata.

2. Stilifer Turtmi.

3. JEulima polita.

4. Natica catena.

Plate III.

Fig. 5. Adeorbis suhcari7iatus,

6. Lamellaria perspiciM.

7. Velutina Icevif/ata.

1. Torellia vestita.

2. Trichotropis horealis.

3. Aporrhais pes-pelecani.

Plate IV.

Fig. 4. Cerithium reticulatum. *
6. Cerithiopsis tubercularis.

Fig. 1. Purpura

2. Buccinum undatum.

3. JBuccinopsis JDalei.

Fig. 1. Lachesis minima.

2. Trophon muricatus.

3. Fustis antiquus.

Plate V.
Fig.

Plate VI.
Fig.

4. Triton cidaceus.
6. Murex erinaceus.

4. iVa««a reticulata.

5. Columbella Judiaeti.

Plate Vn.

Fig. 1. Defrancia linearis.

2. Pteurotoma turricula.

3. Marginella Icevis.

Fig. 4. Cypr(Ba JSttropiBa.
6. Omda patula.

Plate Vni.

Fig. 1. Cylichna cylindracea.
1*. Odontophore of C a/6a.

2. Utriculus obtusus.

3. Accra bullata.

Fig. 4. AettBon tomatilis.

5. Bulla hydatis.

6. Scaphander lignanus.

7. Philine aperta.

END OP VOL. IV.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

ia^te I

i

IJiissocb parvcb. 2.£orleeia rubra. . 3 . Jeff^-eysicv diaphcinw
■hSKeriecL planofbis..SSHomcLioc!yr(L a.tcinas . 6 .Ccecnrru tracheci.

P lib. by Van Voorst.

Pla.te II

i'. A cli,s s uprcLnAthda^ . S. Odoscomia spiroAis .

P 11 b . b y Van V o o r s i .

PLueiil.

Yol. IV.

I . IcbntKiacc ro twrudci ta . 2. S tilifer Tiircc nv. 3 . EuUrncL' /> o lu-a^.
4'. N/ztL,'>a' catena^. J.Adeorbis sahcarin/tivts . B.LameUaricL perspicua.
7. VelrWiua, lcy.vic(aTcL\

Pab.bj Vaji Voorst.

Plate IV.

/ Torelliaj vcstnXOy. 2. 'rrichj)tropis bar talis. 3. AporrJ-uois pes -pelecani
4^.revi ihinrrt recicuAcUurro. 5. Cet^lthlopsis ULhe,rca2a.ris .

h ■ o ow trfy.

M^} . "by ^.^oXi- Vo or .s t.

Plate V.

VolIY

J.Icbrpvjray loypiUns. 2 . Bv^ocimbm urtdcvtunrv . 3 . Baxcinopsis D aZei
± Triton cutaceus S.Mivrea^ erinacem .

G.B.Scw&fby

laAeVI

^l.N.

l.Lcuchesis mi>timcu. 2.TrophoTVTnxirica.tas. 3. Fastu andqav^ .
4^.N<xssOu reUcThla^ta,. S. Colurnbellcu haJtceeU.

G. B.So^erby.

Pn-b "b J Ysua. Voorst .

Plate ^IT

/ Defranc'uL linearis. 2 . PUurotoma. tarrtclila-. 3. Ma.r^ irceUcc he^VhS.
^ Cfprcea. Earopceco . 6. Ovulco jyatnlco.

O.B S.iwerhy

Poi, oj ^an Voorst.

Fiaxe Yin

^;oi.Ti

7 Oylichncy cvhf>dracAco. 7.*0doiLto-pliore of C albcu. 2. Utnculmf ohtusus
3 A^cerKo halUta.1^.Act.a,oiv tornatibis. 6.B11IU hydo-.tis. 6.5caph,arij£r Ugnanus
7 Pki.Une apertaj.

Pnli>iv"Van^[ooi:st

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